O F-~ HENNEPIN COUNlf i^BS-C) .:?•>■; .i'^i- •--■•^.;'-».- CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library F 612.H5W28 History of Hennepin County and the City 3 1924 006 600 484 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924006600484 HISTORY ov HENNEPIN COUNTY AND THE CITY OF MIUIEIPOLIS, INCLUDING THE EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS of MINNESOTA, By KEV. EDWAKD D. NEILL, AND OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, By J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS, MINNEAPOLIS : NOETH STAE PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1S8I. ,;; > V PREFACE , We live not alone in the present but also in the past and future. The radius that circumscribes our lives must necessarily extend backward indefi- nitely and forward infinitely. We can never look out thoughtfully at our im- mediate surroundings but a course of reasoning will start up leading us to inquire the causes that produced the development around us, and at the same time we are led to conjecture the results to follow causes now in operation. We are thus linked indissolubly with the past and the future. " Now for my life," says Sir Thomas Browne, " it is a miracle of thirty years, which to relate were not a history, but a piece of poetry, and would sound to common ears like a fable. * * Men that look upon my outside, perusing only my condition and fortune, do err in my altitude ; for I am above Atlas his shoulders. I take my circle to be above three hundred and sixty. Though the number of the arc do measure my body, it comprehendeth not my mind." If, then, the past is not simply a stepping-stone to the future, but a part of our very selves, we can not afford to ignore it, or separate it from ourselves, as a member might be lopped off from our bodies ; for though the body thus maimed might perform many and perhaps most of its functions, still it could never again be called complete. We, therefore, present this volume to our patrons in Hennepin county, not as something extrinsic, to which we would attract their notice and secure their favor, but as a part of themselves, and an important part, which it is the province of the historian to re-invigorate and restore to its rightful owner. Moveover, we can not but hope that we shall thus confer much pleasure. The recounting of events which have transpired in .our own neighborhood is the most interesting of all history. There is a fascination in the study of the intermingled fact and fiction of the past which is heightened by a familiarity with the localities described. The writer remembers the glow of enthusiasm with which he once stood at the entrance of the old fort at Ticonderoga, and repeated the words of Ethan Allen : " In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress, etc." " The river which flows through our native village acquires a new interest when, in imagination, we see the Indian canoe on its surface and the skin-covered tepee on its banks, as in days of yore. Log cabins, straw roofs, and the rude " betterments " of the hardy pioneer, are the next changes on the scene, followed soon by mushroom towns, some of which perish as quickly as they spring up, while others astonish us by their rapid growth ; cities are built, and moss and ivy, the evidences of age, soon accumulate. The log cabin and all the incipient steps of first settlement are things of the past ; "The place which knew them shall know them no more forever," iv PBEFACK Our purpose is to present these pictures in their natural succession, arousing the enthusiasm of the reader, if possible, giving him a more vig- orous enjoyment of the present by linking it with the past. The compass of the virork is wide, extending over a long period of time, embracing the accounts of early explorers, also reaching back among the legends of the past, and approaching the events of to-day, almost undesignedly casting a prophetic glance forward at what must be the future after such a beginning. St. Anthony Falls and the environs present an exceptionally rich field for a work of this character. By situation, it was the highway of travel for Indian and white man, explorer, missionary, voyageur arid trader. This was the favorite hunting ground "as ^well as the battle-field of our savage predeces- sors. Here, too, they calmed their barbarous hearts, and bowed in worship of the Manitou, whose abode was at the great water-fall. Incidents connected with the early settlement derive interest from the military reservation, and are unique in character. While reviewing these events and enterprises inaugurated for the development of the county, we come to regret that we can not claim the prestige belonging to the aristocracy of early settlers. To give in detail all the various sources from which the facts here given have been obtained, would be tedious if not impracticable. It may be suffi- cient to say that it fairly presents the history of our remarkable development and a faithful picture of our present condition. We must, however, exprc^ss our obligations to a host of living witnesses, from whom a large portion of the facts have been obtained and doubtful points verified ; they have our hearty thanks. Material has been drawn largely from the columns of newspapers, which have given, from time to time, a record of passing events. The contri- bution of Rev. Edward D. Neill will be of great permanent value in imperish- able print, and will be greatly prized by histographers everywhere. We have also drawn upon the accumulation of facts in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society, for a valuable paper by its secretary, Mr. J. Fletcher Wil- liams. The value of a reservoir of historical data at the capital of the state, for such purposes, was fully appreciated, and the maintenance of such a centre of information can not be too strongly advocated. In conclusion, we have an obligation to express to our patrons, and are pleased to acknowledge a liberal patronage and more than ordinary courtesy toward our employees ; for all of which we tender our hearty thanks. Hoping that those who have subscribed for and are about to receive this volume, will favor it with a kind reception, and take as much interest in reading as we have in compiling the history of Hennepin county, we are, very respectfully, Yours, GEO. E. WARNER, CHAS. M. FOOTE. CONTENTS. Peeface, Map, PAGE iii opp. 1 CHAPTEE I— XXIII. Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota — Eev. Edward Duffield Neill, 1-128 CHAPTEES XXIV— XXIX. Outlines of the History of Minnesota from 1858 to 1881— J. Fletcher WiUiams, 129-160 CHAPTEE XXX. Fort Snelling, 161-166 CHAPTEES XXXI— XXXIV. Hennepin County History, 167-187 CHAPTEE XXXV. "War Eecord, - 188-211 CHAPTER XXXVI. EicMeld, . 212-221 CHAPTEE XXXVII. Bloomington, 222-230 CHAPTEE XXXVIII. Eden Prairie, 231-237 CHAPTEE XXXIX. Minnetonka, - ' 238-246 CHAPTEE XL. Excelsior, 247-256 CHAPTEE XLI. Minnetrista, 257-262 CHAPTEE XLII. Independence, - 263-268 CHAPTEE XLIII. Medina, 268-277 CHAPTEE XLIV. Crystal Lake, - 278-284 CHAPTEE XLV. PAGE 285-293 Brooklyn, CHAPTEE XLVL Osseo, 294-297 CHAPTER XLVII. ChampUn, 298-301 CHAPTEE XLVIIL Dayton, 302-306 CHAPTEE XLIX. Hassan, - 307-310 CHAPTEE L. Greenwood, 311-316 CHAPTEE LL Corcoran, 317-321 CHAPTEE LII Maple Grove, 322-328 CHAPTEE LIIL Plymouth, 328-338 CHAPTEE LIV. Minneapolis, Town of, 339-353 CHAPTEE LV. Saint Anthony, Town of, 353-356 CHAPTEES LVI— LXXV. Minneapolis, City of, 357-499 CHAPTEES LXXVI— LXXXIV Minneapolis, City, Biographies, 499-662 CHAPTEE LXXXV. Chronology, 662-668 CHAPTEE LXXXVI. Directory, 669-696 Index, - - 697 r MIMIFM e Wlf X ^ \nNXE S OTA, ^ 1881. ^Y'-'P^*""/ Scale Smiles to a/t /'//cA North Star Publishing Co .SiiiiMLuTi^Oli StiDMspdhs EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINI^ESOTA. CHAPTEK I. FOOTPRINTS OF CIVILIZATION TOWARD THE EXTREMITY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Minnesota's Central Position.— D'Avagour 'a Prediction.— Nicolet's Visit to Green Bay.— First White Men in Minnesota.— Ifotices of Groselliers and Tladisson.— Hurous Flee to Minnesota. — ^Visited by rrenclinien. — Father Menard Disap- pears. — Groselliers Visits Hudson's Bay.— Fatlier Allouez Describes the Sioux Mission nt La Pointe.— Father Marquette.— Sioux at Sault St. Marie,— Jesuit Missions Fail.— Gr&selliers Visits England.— Captain Gillam, of Boston, at Hud- son's Bay. — Letter of Mother Superior of UrsuUnes., at Quebec, — Death of Groselliers. The Dakotahs, called by the Ojibways, Nado- waysioux, or Sioux (Soos), as abbreviatsd by the French, used to claim superiority over other peo- ple, because, their sacred men asserted that the mouth of the Minnesota Eiver was immediately over the centre of the earth, and below the centre of the heavens. While this teaching is very different from that of the modem astronomer, it is certainly true, that the region west of Lake Superior, extending through the valley of the Minnesota, to the Mis- souri Eiver, is one of the most healthful and fer- tile regidns beneath the skies, and may prove to be the centre of the republic of the United States of America. Baron D'Avagour, a brave oflScer, who was killed in fighting the Turks, while he was Governor of Canada, in a dispatch to the Trench Government, dated August I4th, 1663, after referring to Lake Huron, wrote, that beyond " is met another, called Lake Superior, the waters of which, it is believed, flow into New Spain, and this, according to general opinion, ought to he the centre of the country.'''' As early as 1635, one of Champlain's interpre- ters, Jean Mcolet (Nicolay), who came to Cana- da in 1618, reached the western shores of Lake Michigan. In the summer of 1634 he ascended Entered according to act of Congress, in tlie year 1881, Ijy Geo. E. Warkkr and the St. Lawrence, with a party of Hurons, and probably during the next winter was trading at Green Bay, in "Wisconsin. On the ninth of De- cember, 1635, he had returned to Canada, and on the 7th of October, 1637, was married at Quebec, and the next month, went to Three Elvers, where he lived until 1642, when he died. Of him it is said, in a letter written in 1640, that he had pen- etrated farthest into those distant countries, and that if he had proceeded " three days more on a great river which flows from that lake [Green Bay] he would have found the sea." The first white men in Minnesota, of whom we have any record, were, according to Garneau, two persons of Huguenot afiinities, Medard Chouart, known as Sieur Groselliers, and Pierre d'Esprit, called Sieur Eadisson. Groselliers (pronoimced Gro-zay-yay) was bom near Ferte-sous-Jouarre, eleven miles east of Meaux, in France, and when about sixteen years of age, in the year 1641, came to Canada. The fur trade was the great avenue to prosperity, and in 1646, he was among the Huron Indians, who then dwelt upon the eastern shore of Lake Huron, bartering for peltries. On the second of Septem- ber, 1647, at Quebec, he was married to Helen, the widow of Claude Etienne, who was the daugh- ter of a pilot, Abraham Martin, whose baptismal name is still attached to the suburbs of that city, the " Plains of Abraham," made famous by the death there, of General "Wolfe, of the English army, in 1759, and of General Montgomery, of the Continental army, in December, 1775, at the C, M. Foots, ia tile office of the Librarian ofCongress, at Washington, D. Ci EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. commencement of the " War for Independence." His son, Medard, was born in 1657, and the next year his mother died. The second wife of Gro- selliers was Marguerite Ilayet (Hayay) Radisson, the sister of his associate, in the exploration of the region west of Lake Superior. Radisson was born at St. Malo, and, while a boy, went to Paris, and from thence to Canada, and in 1656, at Three Rivers, married Elizabeth, the daughter of Madeleine Hainault, and, after her death, the daughter of Sir David Kirk or Kerkt, a zealous Huguenot, became his wife. The Iroquois of New York, about the year 1650, drove the Hurons from their villages, and forced them to take refuge with their friends the Tinon- tates, called by the French, Petuns, because they cultivated tobacco. In time the Hurons and their allies, the Ottawas (Ottaw-waws), were again driven by the Iroquois, and after successive wanderings, were found on the west side of Lake Michigan. In time they reached the Mississippi, and ascending above the Wisconsin, they found the Iowa River, on the west side, which they fol- lowed, and dwelt for a time with the Ayoes (loways) who were very friendly ; but being ac- customed to a country of lakes and forests, they were not satisfied with the vast prairies. Return- ing to the Mississippi, they ascended this river, in search of a better land, and were met by some of the Sioux or Dakotahs, and conducted to their villages, where they were well received. The Sioux, delighted with the axes, knives and awls of European manufacture, which had been pre- sented to them, allowed the refugees to settle upon an island in the Mississippi, below the mouth of the St. Croix River, called Bald Island from the absence of trees, about nine miles from the site of the present city of Hastings. Possessed of firearms, the Hurons and Ottawas asserted their superiority, and determined to conquer the country for themselves, and having incurred the hostility of the Sioux, were obliged to flee from the isle in the Mississippi. Descending below Lake Pepin, they reached the Black River, and ascending it, found an unoccupied country around its sources and that of the Chippeway. In this region the Hurons established themselves, while their allies, the Ottawas, moved eastward, till they found the shores of Lake Superior, and set- tled at Chagouamikon (Sha - gah - wah - mik - ong ) near what is now Bayfield. In the year 1659, Groselliers and Radisson arrived at Chagouamik- on, and determined to visit the Hurons and Pe- tuns, vnth whom the former had traded when they resi(i0d east of Lake Huron. After a six days' journey, in a southwesterly direction, they reached their retreat toward the sources of the Black, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers. Prom this point they journeyed north, and passed the winter of 1659-60 among the " Nadoueehiouec," or Sioux villages in the Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) re- gion. From the Hurons they learned of a beau- tiful river, wide, large, deep, and comparable with the Saint Lawrence, the great Mississippi, which flows through the city of Minneapolis, and whose sources are in northern Minnesota. Northeast of Mille Lacs, toward the extremity of Lake Superior, they met the "Poualak," or Assiniboines of the prairie, a separated band of the Sioux, who, as wood was scarce and small, made fire with coal (charbon de terre) and dwelt in tents of skins ; although some of the more in- dustrious built cabins of clay (terre grasse), like the swallows build their nests. The spring and summer of 1660, GroseUiers and Radisson passed in trading around Lake Superior. On the 19th of August they returned to Mon- treal, with three hundred Indians and sixty car noes loaded with " a wealth of skins." " Purs of bison and of beaver, Purs of sable and of ermine." The citizens were deeply stirred by the travelers' tales of the vastness and richness of the region they had visited, and their many romantic adven- tures. In a few days, they began their return to the far West, accompanied by six Frenchmen and two priests, one of whom was the Jesuit, Rene Me- nard. His hair whitened by age, and his mind ripened by long experience, he eeemed the man for the mission. Two hours after midnight, of the day before departure, the venerable missionary penned at " Three Rivers," the following letter to a friend : 'Reverend Father : " The peace of Christ be with you : I write to you probably the last, which I hope will be the seal of our friendship until eternity. Love whom the Lord Jesus did not disdain to love, though the greatest of sinners; for he loves whom he FATHEB MEN ABB LOST IN WISCONSIN. loads with his cross. Let your friendship, my good Father, be useful to me by the desirable fruits of your daily sacrifice. " In three or four months you may remember me at the memento for the dead, on account of my old age, my weak, constitution and the hard- ships I lay under amongst these tribes. Never- theless; I am in peace, for I have not been led to this mission by any temporal motive, but I think it was by the voice of God. I was to resist the grace of God by not coming. Eternal remorse would have tormented me, had I not come when I had the opportunity. " "We have been a little surprized, not being able to provide ourselves with vestments and oth- er things, but he who feeds the Uttle birds, and clothes the lilies of the fields, will take care of his servants ; and though it should happen we should die of want, we would esteem ourselves happy. I am burdened with business. What I can do is to recommend our journey to your daily sacrifice, and to embrace you with the same sen- timents of heart as I hope to do in eternity. " My Eeverend Father, Your most humble and affectionate servant in Jesus Christ. R. MENARD. "From the Three Rivers, this 26th August, 2 o'clock after midnight, 1660." On the Idth of October, the party with which he journeyed reached a bay on Lake Superior, where he found some of the Ottawas, who had fled from the Iroquois of New York. For more than eight months, surrounded by a few French voyageurs, he lived, to use his words, " in a kind of small hermitage, a cabin built of flr branches piled one on another, not so much to shield us from the rigor of the season as to correct my im- agination, and persuade me I was sheltered." During the summer of 1661, he resolved to visit the Hurons, who had fled eastward from the Sioux of Minnesota, and encamped amid the marshes of Northern "Wisconsin. Some Frenchmen, who had been among the Hurons, in vain attempted to dis- suade him from the journey. To their entreaties he replied, " I must go, if it cost me my Ufe. I can not suffer souls to perish on the ground of saving the bodily life of a miserable old man like myself. What! Are we to serve God only when there is nothing to suffer, and no risk of Ufe?" "Upon De I'lsle's map of Louisiana, published nearly two centuries ago, there appears the Lake of the Ottawas, and the Lake of the Old or De- serted Settlement, west of Green Bay, and south of Lake Superior. The Lake of the Old Planta- tion is supposed to have been the spot occupied by the Hurons at the time when Menard attempt- ed to visit them. One way of acpess to this seclu- ded spot was from Lake Superior to the head- waters of the Ontanagon River, and then by aport- age, to the lake. It could also be reached from the headwaters of the "Wisconsin, Black and Chip- pewa Rivers, and some have said that Menard descended the "Wisconsin and ascended the Black River. Perrot, who lived at the same time, writes: "Father Menard, who was sent as missionary among the Outaouas [Utaw-waws] accompanied by certain Frenchmen who were going to trade with that people, was left by all who were with him, except one, who rendered to him imtil death, all of the services and help that he could have hoped. The Father followed the Outaouas rUtaw- waws] to the Lake of the Illinoets [lUino-ay, now Michigan] and in their flight to the Louisianne, [Mississippi] to above the Black River. There this missionary had but one Frenchman for a companion. This Frenchman carefully followed the route, and made a portage at the same place as the Outaouas. He found himself in a rapid, one day, that was carrying him away in his canoe. The Father, to assist, debarked from his own, but did not find a good path to come to him. He en- tered one that had been made by beasts, and de- siring to return, became confused in a labyrinth of trees, and was lost. The Frenchman, after having ascended the rapids with great labor, awaited thg good Father, and, as he did not come, resolved to search for him. "With all his might, for several days, he called his name in the woods, hoping to find him, but it was useless. He met, however, a Sakis [Sauk] who was carrying the camp-kettle of the missionary, and who gave him some intelligence. He assured him that he had found his foot -prints at some distance, but that he had not seen the Father. He told him, also, that he had found the tracks of several, who were going towards the Scioux. He declared that he supposed that the Scioux might have killed or captured him. Indeed, several years afterwards, .4 EXPL0BEB8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. there were found among this tribe, his breviary and cassock, which they exposed at their festivals, making offerings to them of food." In a journal of the Jesuits, Menard, about the seventh or eighth of August, 1661, is said to have been lost. Groselliers (Gro-zay-yay), while Menard was endeavoring to reach the retreat of the Hurons which he had made known to the authorities of Canada, was pushing through the country of the Assineboines, on the northwest shore of Lake Superior, and at length, probably by Lake Alem- pigon, or Nepigon, reached Hudson's Bay, and early in May, 1662, returned to Montreal, and surprised its citizens with his tale of new discov- eries toward the Sea of the North. The Hurons did not remain long toward the sources of the Black Biver, after Menard's disap- pearance, and deserting their plantations, joined their allies, the Ottawas, at La Pointe, now Bay- field, on Lake Superior. While here, they deter- mined to send a war party of one himdred against the Sioux of Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) region. At length they met their foes, who drove them into one of the thousand marshes of the water-shed between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, where they hid themselves among the tall grasses. The Sioux, suspecting that they might attempt to es- cape in the night, cut up beaver skins into strips, and hung thereon little bells, which they had ob- tained from the Trench traders. The Hurons, emerging from theirwatery hidingplace, stumbled over the unseen cords, ringing the bells, and the Sioux instantly attacked, killing all but one. About the year 1665, four Frenchmen visited the Sioux of Minnesota, from the west end of Lake Superior, accompanied by an Ottawa chief, and in the summer of the same year, a flotilla of canoes laden with peltries, came down to Mon- treal. Upon their return, on the eighth of Au- gust, the Jesuit Father, AUouez, accompanied the traders, and, by the first of October, reached Che- goimegon Bay, on or near the site of the modern town of Bayfield, on Lake Superior, where he found the refugee Hurons and Ottawas. While on an excursion to Lake Alempigon, now Ne- pigon, this missionary saw, near the mouth of Saint Louis Kiver, in Minnesota, some of the Sioux. He writes : " There is a tribe to the west of this, toward the great river called Messipi. They are forty or fifty leagues from here, in a country of prairies, abounding in all kinds of game. They have fields, in which they do not sow Indian corn, but only tobacco. Providence has provided them with a species of marsh rice, which, toward the end of summer, they go to col- lect in certain small lakes, that are covered with it. They presented me with some when I was at the extremity of Lake Tracy [Superior], where I saw them. They do not use the gun, but only the bow and arrow with great dexterity. Their cabins are not covered with bark, but with deer- skins well dried, and stitched together so that the cold does not enter. These people are above aU other savage and warUke. In our presence they seem abashed, and were motionless as statues. They speak a language entirely unknown to us, and the savages about here do not understand them." The mission at La Pointe was not encouraging, and AUouez, " weary of their obstinate unbelief," departed, but Marquette succeeded him for a brief period. The "Belations" of the Jesuits for 1670-71, allude to the Sioux or Dakotahs, and their attack upon the refugees at La Pointe : " There are certain people called Nadoussi, dreaded by their neighbors, and although they only use the bow and arrow, they use it with so much skill and dexterity, that in a moment they fill the air. After the Parthian method, they turn their heads in flight, and discharge their ar- rows so rapidly that they are to be feared no less in their retreat than in their attack. "They dwell on the shores and around the great river Messipi, of which we shall speak. They number no less than fifteen populous towns, and yet they know not how to cultivate the earth by seeding it, contenting themselves with a sort of marsh rye, which we call wild oats. " For sixty leagues from the extremity of the upper lakes, towards sunset, and, as it were, in the centre of the western nations, they have all united their force by a general league, which has been made against them, as against a common enemy. " They speak a peculiar language, entirely dis- tinct from that of the Algonquins and Hurons, whom they generally surpass in generosity, since they often content themselves with the glory of GBOSELLIEBS AND BADISSON IN THE ENGLISH SEB VICE. having obtained the victory, and release the pris- oners they have taken in battle. " Our Outouacs of the Point of the Holy Ghost [La Pointe, now Bayfield] had to the present time kept up a kind of peace with them, but affairs having become embroiled during last winter, and some murders having been committed on both sides, our savages had reason to apprehend that the storm would soon burst upon them, and judged that it was safer for them to leave the place, which in fact they did in the spring." Marquette, on the 13th of September, 1669, writes : " The Nadouessi are the Iroquois of this country. * * * they lie northwest of the Mission of the Holy Ghost [La Pointe, the modem Bay- field] and we have not yet visited them, having confined ourselves to the conversion of the Otta- was." Soon after this, hostilities began between the Sioux and the Hurons and Ottawas of La Pointe, and the former compelled their foes to seek an- other resting place, toward the eastern extremity of Lake Superior, and at length they pitched their tents at Mackinaw. In 1674, some Sioux warriors came down to Sault Saint Marie, to make a treaty of peace with adjacent tribes. A friend of the Abbe de Galli- nee wrote that a council was had at the fort to which "the Nadouessioux sent twelve deputies, and the others forty. During the conference, one of the latter, knife in hand, drew near the breast of one of the Nadouessioux, who showed surprise at the movement ; when the Indian with the knife reproached him for cowardice. The Nadouessioux said he was not afraid, when the other planted the knife in his heart, and killed him. All the savages then engaged in conflict, and the jS'adouessioux bravely defended them- selves, but, overwhelmed by numbers, nine of them were killed. The two who survived rushed into the chapel, and closed the door. Here they found munitions of war, and fired guns at their enemies, who became anxious to burn down the chapel, but the Jesuits would not permit it, be- cause they had their skins stored between its roof and ceiUng. In this extremity, a Jesuit, Louis Le Boeme, advised that a cannon should be point- ed at the door, which was discharged, and the two brave Sioux were killed." Governor Prontenac of Canada, was indignant at the occurrence, and in a letter to Colbert, one of the Ministers of Louis the Fourteenth, speaks in condemnation of this discharge of a cannon by a Brother attached to the Jesuit Mission. Prom this period, the missions of the Church of Rome, near Lake Superior, began to wane. Shea, a devout historian of that church, writes: "In 1680, Father Enjalran was apparently alone at Green Bay, and Pierson at Mackinaw ; the latter mission still comprising the two villages, Huron and Kiskakon. Of the other missions, neither Le Clerq nor Hennepin, the EecoUect, writers of the West at this time, makes any mention, or in any way alludes to their existence, and La Hon- . tan mentions the Jesuit missions only to ridicule them." The Pigeon Biver, a part of the northern boun- dary of Minnesota, was called on the French maps GroseUier's River, after the first explorer of Min- nesota, whose career, with his associate Radisson, became quite prominent in connection with the Hudson Bay region. A disagreement occurring between GroseUiers and his partners in Quebec, he proceeded to Paris, and from thence to London, where he was intro- duced to the nephew of Charles I., who led the cavalry charge against Fairfax and Cromwell at Naseby, afterwards commander of the English fleet. The Prince listened with pleasure to the narrative of travel, and endorsed the plans for prosecuting the fur trade and seeking a north- west passage to Asia. The scientific men of Eng- land were also full of the enterprise, in the hope that it would increase a kno\^ledge of nature. The Secretary of the Royal Society wrote to Rob- ert Boyle, the distinguished philosopher, a too sanguine letter. His words were : " Surely I need not tell you from hence what is said here, with great joy, of the discovery of a northwest passage; and by two Englishmen and one Frenchman represented to his' Majesty at Oxford, and an- swered by the grant of a vessel to sail into Hud- son's Bay and channel into the South Sea." The ship Nonsuch was fitted out, in charge of Captain Zachary Gillam, a son of one of the early settlers of Boston ; and in this vessel GroselUers and Radisson left the Thames, in June, 1668, and in September reached a tributary of Hudson's Bay. The next year, by way of Boston, they re- turned to England, and in 1670, a trading com- 6 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. pany was chartered, still known among venerable English corporations as " The Hudson's Bay Company." The Reverend Mother of the Incarnation, Su- perior of the Ursulines of Quebec, in a letter of the 27th of August, 1670, writes thus : "It was about this time that a Frenchman of our Touraine, named des Groselliers, married in this country, and as he had not been successful in making a fortune, was seized with a fancy to go to New England to better his condition. He excited a hope among the English that he had found a passage to the Sea of the North. With this expectation, he was sent as an envoy to Eng- land, where there was given to him, a vessel, with crew and every thing necessary for the voy- age. With these advantages, he put to sea, and in place of the usual route, which others had ta- ken in vain, he sailed in another direction, and searched so wide, that he found the grand Bay of the North. He found large population, and filled his ship or ships with peltries of great value. * * * He has taken possession of this great region for the King of England, and for his personal benefit A publication for the benefit of this French ad- venturer, has been made in England. He was a youth when he arrived here, and his wife and children are yet here." Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, in a dis- patch to Colbert, Minister of the Colonial Depart- ment of France, wrote on the 10th of November, 1670, that he has received intelligence that two English vessels are approaching Hudson's Bay, and adds : " After reflecting on all the nations that might have penetrated as far north as that, I can alight on only the EngUsh, who, under the guidance of a man named Des GrozeUers, for- merly an inhabitant of Canada, might possibly have attempted that navigation." After years of service on the shores of Hudson's Bay, either wdth English or French trading com- panies, the old explorer died in Canada, and it has been said that his son went to England, where he was Uving in 1696, in receipt of a pension. HA KLY MENTION OF LAKE SUPEHIOS COPPEB. L CHAPTER II. EAELT MBIfTION OF LAKE SUPEKIOR COPPEB. Sagard, A. D. 1636, on Copper Mines.— Boucher, A. D. 1640, Describes Lake Supe lior Copper.— Jesuit Relations, A. D. 1660-67.— Copper on Isle Royals.— Half- Breed Voyageur Goes to Prance with Talon.— Jolliet and Perrot Search for Copper.— St. Lusson Plants the French Arms at Sault St. Marie.— Copper at Ontonagon and Head of Lake Superior. Before white men had explored the shores of Lake Superior, Indians had hrought to the tra- ding posts of the St. Lawrence Hi ver, specimens of copper from that region. Sagard, in his History of Canada, published in 1636, at Paris, writes: ' • There are mines of copper which might be made profitable, if there were inhabitants and work- men who would labor faithfully . That would be done if colonies were established. About eighty or one hundred leagues from the Hurons, there is a mine of copper, from which Truchemont Brusle showed me an ingot, on his return from a voyage which he made to the neighboring nation." Pierre Boucher, grandfather of Sieur de la Ve- rendrye, the explorer of the lakes of the northern boundary of Minnesota, in a volume published A. D. 1640, also at Paris, writes : " In Lake Su- perior there is a great island, fifty or one hundred leagues in circumference, in which there is a very beautiful mine of copper. There are other places in those quarters, where there are similar mines ; so I learned from four or five Frenchmen, who lately returned. They were gone three years, without finding an opportunity to return; they told me that they had seen an ingot of copper all refined which was on the coast, and weighed more than eight hundred pounds, according to their es- timate. They said that the savages, on passing it, made a fire on it, after which they cut ofE pie- ces with their axes." In the Jesuit Eelations of 1666-67, there is this description of Isle Eoyale : " Advancing to a place called the Grand Anse, we meet with an island, three leagues from land, which is cele- brated for the metal which is found there, and for the thunder which takes place there; for they say it always thunders there. " But farther towards the west on the same north shore, is the island most famous for copper, Minong (Isle Royale). This island is twenty-five leagues in length ; it is seven from the mainland, and sixty from the head of the lake. Nearly all around the island, on the water's edge, pieces of copper are found mixed with pebbles, but espe- cially on the side which is opposite the south, and principally in a certain bay, which is near the northeast exposure to the great lake. * * * " Advancing to the head of the Mke (Fon du Lac) and returning one day's journey by the south coast, there is seen on the edge of the water, a rock of copper weighing seven or eight hundred pounds, and is so hard that steel can hardly cut it, but when it is heated it cuts as easily as lead. Near Point Chagouamigong [Sha - gah - wah - mik- ong, near Bayfield] where a mission was establish- ed rocks of copper and plates of the same metal were found. * * * Returning still toward the mouth of the lake, following the coast on the south as twenty leagues from the place last mentioned, we enter the river called Nantaouagan [Ontona- gon] on which is a hill where stones and copper fall into the water or upon the earth. They are readily found. "Three years since we received a piece which was brought from this place, which weighed a hundred pounds, and we sent it to Quebec to Mr. Talon. It is not certain exactly where this was broken from. "We think it was from the forks of the river ; others, that it was from near the lake, and dug up." Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, visited France, taking a half-breed voyageur with him, and while in Paris, wrote on the 26th of Febru- ary, 1669, to Colbert, the Minister of the Marine Department, " that this voyageur had penetrated among the western nations farther than any other Frenchman, ' and had seen the copper mine on Lake Huron. [SuperiorV] The man offers to go 8 EXPLOBMBS ANB FIONEEBS OF HHNNESOIA. to that mine, and explore, either by sea, or by lake and river, the communication supposed to exist between Canada and the South Sea, of to the regions of Hudson's Bay." As soon as Talon returned to Canada he com- missioned JoUiet and Pere [Perrot] to search for the mines of copper on the upper Lakes. Jolliet received an outfit of four hundred livres, and four canoes, and Perrot one thousand Uvres. Minis- ister Colbert wrote from Paris to Talon, in Feb- ruary, 1671, approving of the search for copper, in these words : " The resolution you have taken to send Sieur de La Salle toward the south, and Sieur de St. Lusson to the north, to discover the South Sea passage, is very good, but the principal thing you ought to apply yourself in discoveries of this nature, is to look for the copper mine. ""Were this mine discovered, and its utility evident, it would be an assured means to attract several Frenchmen from old, to New Prance." On the 14th of June, 1671, SaintLusson at Sault St. Marie, planted the arms of Prance, in the pres- ence of jSTicholas Perrot, who acted as interpreter on the occasion ; the Sieur Jolliet ; Pierre Moreau or Sieur de la Taupine ; a soldier of the garrison of Quebec, and several other Prenchmen. Talon, in announcing Saint Lusson's explora- tions to Colbert, on the' 2d of November, 1671, wrote from Quebec : " The copper which I send from Lake Superior and the river Nantaouagan [Ontonagon] proves that there is a mine on the border of some stream, which produces this ma- terial as pure as one could wish. More than twenty Prenchmen have seen one lump at the lake, which they estimate weighs more than eight hundred pounds. The Jesuit Fathers among the Outaouas [Ou-taw-waws] use an anvil of this ma- terial, which weighs about one hundred pounds. There will be no rest until the source from whence these detached lumps come is discovered. " The river Nantaouagan rOntonagon] appears between two high hills, the plain above which feeds the lakes, and receives a great deal of snow, which, in melting, forms torrents which wash the borders of this river, composed of solid gravel, which is rolled down by it. " The gravel at the bottom of this, hardens it- self, and assumes different shapes, such as those pebbles which I send to Mr. BeUinzany. My opinion is that these pebbles, rounded and carried ofE by the rapid waters, then have a tendency to become copper, by the influence of the sun's rays which they absorb, and to form other nuggets of metal similar to those which I send to Sieur de BeUinzany, found by the Sieur de Saint LusEon, about four hundred leagues, at some distance from the mouth of the river. "He hoped by the frequent journeys of the savages, and French who are beginning to travel by these routes, to discern the source of nroduc- tion." Governor Denonville, of Canada, sixteen years after the above circumstances, wrote : " The cop- per, a sample of which I sent M. Amou, is foxmd at the head of Lake Superior. The body of the mine has not yet been discovered. I have seen one of our voyageurs who assures me that, some fifteen months ago he saw a lump of two hundred weight, as yellow as gold, in a river which falls into Lake Superior. When healed, it could be cut with an axe ; but the superstitious Indians, regarding this boulder as a good spirit, would never permit him to take any of it away. His opinion is that the frost undermined this piece, and that the mine is in that river. He has prom- ised to search for it on his way back." In the year 1730, there was some correspond- ence with the authorities in France relative to the discovery of copper at La Pointe, but, practi- cally, little was done by the French, in developing the mineral wealth of Lake Superior. BU LUTH PLANTS THE FMENCH ABM8 IN MINNESOTA. CHAPTER III. HV LUTH PLANTS THE FRENCH ARMS TN MINNESOTA Du Luth's Relatives.— Bandin Visits Extremity of Lake Superior. — Su Luth Plants King's Arms, — Post at Kaministigoya.— Pierre MoreaP, alias La Taupine. — La Salle's Visit. — A Pilot Deserts to tile Sioux Country, — uaffart, Du Lutli's Interpreter. — ^Descent of tlie River St. Oroix. — Meets Fatlier Hennepin. — Crit- icised by La Salle. — Trades with New England. —Visits France. — In Command at Machinaw, — Frenchmen Murdered at Keweenaw.— Du Luth Arrests and Shoots Murderers. — Builds i^rt above Detroit. — With Indian Allies in the Seneca War. — Du Luth's Brother. — Cadillac Defends the Brandy Trade. — Du Luth Disapproves of Selling Brandy to the Indians. — In Command at Fort Frontenac. — Death. In the year 1678, several prominent merchants of Quebec and Montreal, with the support of Governor Prontenac of Canada, formed a com- pany to open trade with the Sioux of Minnesota, and a nephew of Patron, one of these merchants, a brother-in-law of Sieur de Lusigny, an oflBcer of the Governor's Guards, named Daniel Grey- solon Du Luth [Doo-loo], a native of St. Germain en Laye, a few miles from Paris, although Lahon- tan speaks of him as from Lyons, was made the leader of the expedition. At the battle of Seneffe against the Prince of Orange, he was a gendarme, and one of the King's guards. Du Luth was also a cousin of Henry Tonty, who had been in the revolution at Naples, to throw off the Spanish dependence. Dii Luth's name is var riously spelled in the documents of his day. Hen- nepin writes, "Du Luth;" others, "Dulhut^" " Du Lhu," " Du Lut," " De Luth," " Du Lud." The temptation to procure valuable furs from the Lake Superior region, contrary to the letter of the Canadian law, was very great ; and more than one Governor winked at the contraband trade. Eandin, who visited the extremity of Lake Superior, distributed presents to the Sioux and Ottawas in the name of Governor Prontenac, to secure the trade, and after his death, DuLuth was sent to complete what he had begun. With a party of twenty, seventeen Prenchmen and three Indians, he left Quebec on the first of September, 1678, and on the fifth of April, 1679, Du Luth writes to Governor Prontenac, that he is in the woods, about nine mUes from Sault St. Marie, at the entrance of Lake Superior, and adds that : he " will not stir from the Nadous- sioux, until further orders, and, peace being con- cluded, he will set up the King's Arms ; lest the English and other Europeans settled towards California, take possession of the country." On the second of July, 1679, he caused his Majesty's Arms to be planted in the great village of the Nadoussioux, called Kathio, where no Prenchman had ever been, and at Songaskicons and Houetbatons, one hundred and twenty leagues distant from the former, where he also set up the King's Arms. In a letter to Seignalay, published for the first time by Harrisse, he writes that it was in the village of Izatys [Issati]. Upon Pran- queUn's map, the Mississippi branches into the Tintonha [Teeton Sioux] country, andnot far from herej he alleges, was seen a tree upon which was this legend: " Arms of the King cut on this tree in the year 1679." He estabUshed a post at Kamanistigoya, which was distant ilfteen leagues from the Grand Port- age at the western extremity of Lake Superior ; and here, on the fifteenth of September, he held a council with the Assenipoulaks [Assineboines] and other tribes, and urged them to be at peace with the Sioux. During this summer, he dis- patched Pierre Moreau, a celebrated voyageur, nicknamed La Taupine, with letters to Governor Prontenac, and valuable furs to the merchants. His arrival at Quebec, created some excitement. It was charged that the Governor corresponded with Du Luth, and that he passed the beaver, sent by him, ia the name of merchants in his in- terest. The Intendant of Justice, Du Chesneau, wrote to the Minister of the Colonial Department of Prance, that " the man named La Taupine, a famous coureur des bois, who set out in the month of September of last year, 1678, to go to the Ou- tawacs, with goods, and who has always been in- terested with the Governor, having returned this year, and I, being advised that he had traded in 10 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIOWEEBS OF MINNESOTA. two days, oiie hundred and fifty beaver robes in one village of this tribe, amounting to nearly nine hundred beavers, which is a matter of public no- toriety ; and that he left with Du Lut two men whom he had with him, considered myself bound to have him arrested, and to interrogate him ; but having presented me with a license from the Gov- ernor, permitting him and his comrades, named Lamonde and Dupuy, to repair to the Outawac, to execute his secret orders, I had him set at liberty : and immediately on his going out, Sieur Prevost, Town Mayor of Quebec, came at the head of some soldiers to force the prison, in case he was still there, pursuant to his orders from the Governor, in these terms : " Sieur Prevost, Mayor of Quebec, is ordered, in case the Intendant arrest Pierre Moreau alias La Taupine, whom we have sent to Quebec as bearer of our dispatches, upon pretext of his having been in the bush, to set him forthwith at liberty, and to employ every means for this purpose, at his peril. Done at Montreal, the 5th September, 1679." La Taupine, in due time returned to Lake Su- perior with another consignment of merchandise. The interpreter of Du Luth, and trader with the Sioux, was Faffart, who had been a soldier under La Salle at Port Prontenac, and had deserted. La Salle was commissioned in 1678, by the Bang of Prance, to explore the West, and trade in cibola, or buffalo skins, and on condition that he did not traffic with the Ottauwaws, who carried their beaver to Montreal. On the 27th of August, 1679, he arrived at Mackinaw, in the " Griffin," the first sailing ves- sel on the great Lakes of the "West, and from thence went to Green Bay, where, in the face of his commission, he traded for beaver. Loading his vessel with peltries, he sent it back to Niag- ara, while he, in canoes, proceeded with his ex- pedition to the Illinois Eiver. The ship was never heard of, and for a time supposed to be lost, but La Salle afterward learned from a Pawnee boy fourteen or fifteen yeais of age, who was brought prisoner to his fort on the I llinois by some Indians, that the pilot of the " Griflhi " had been among the tribes of the Upper Missouri, lie had ascended the Mississippi with four others in two birch canoes with goods and some hand grenades, taken from the ship, with the intention of jom ing Du Luth, who had for months been trading with the Sioux ; and if their efforts were unsuc- cessful, they expected to push on to the EngUsh, at Hudson's Bay. While ascending the Missis- sippi they were attacked by Indians, and the pilot and one other only survived, and they were sold to the Indians on the Missouri. In the month of June, 1680, Du Luth, accom- panied by Paflart, an interpreter, with four Prenchmen, also a Chippeway and a Sioux, with two canoes, entered a river, the mouth of which is eight leagues from the head of Lake Superior on the South side, named Nemitsakouat. Beach- ing its head waters, by a short portage, of half a league, he reached a lake which was the source of the Saint Croix Kiver, and by this, he and his companions were the first Europeans to journey in- a canoe from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. La Salle writes, that Du Luth, finding that the Sioux were on a hunt in the Mississippi val- ley, below the' Saint Croix, and that Accault, Au- gelle and Hennepin, who had come up from the Illinois a few weeks before, were with them, de- scended until he found them. In the same letter he disregards the truth in order to disparage his rival, and writes: " Thirty-eight or forty leagues above the Chip- peway they found the river by which the Sieur Du Luth did descend to the Mississippi. He had been three years, contrary to orders, with a com- pany of twenty " coureurs du bois" on Lake Su- perior; he had borne himself bravely, proclaiming everywhere that at the head of his brave fellows he did not fear the Grand Prevost, and that he would compel an amnesty. " While he was at Lake Superior, the Nadoue- sioux, enticed by the presents that Uie late Sieur Randin had made on the part of Count Fronte- nar , and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are the sav- ages who carry the peltries to Montreal, and who dwell on Lake Superior, wishing to obey the re- peated orders of the Count, made a peace to unite the Sauteurs and French, and to trade with the Nadouesioux, situated about sixty leagues to the west of Lake Superior. Du Luth, to disguise his desertion, seized the opportunity to make some reputation for himself, sending two messen- gers to the Count to negotiate a truce, during which period their comrades negotiated still bet- ter for beaver. Several conferences were held with the Na- FAFFART, DU LUTH'S INTEBPBETEB. 11 douessioux, and as he needed an interpreter, he led ofE one of mine, named Faflart, formerly a sol- dier at Fort Frontenac. During this period there ■were frequent visits between the Sauteurs [Ojib- ways] and Nadouesioux, and supposing that it might increase the number of beaver skins, he sent Faffart by land, with the Nadouesioux and Sauteurs [Ojibways]. The young man on his re- tnm, having given an account of the quantity of beaver in that region, he wished to proceed thither himself, and, guided by a Sauteur and a Nadoue- sioux, and four Frenchmen, he ascended the river Nemitsakouat, where, by a short portage, he de- scended that stream, whereon he passed through forty leagues of rapids [Upper St. Croix Eiver], and finding that the Nadouesioux were below with my men and the Father, who had come down again from the village of the ITadouesioux, he discovered them. They went up again to the village, and from thence they all together came down. They returned by the river Ouisconsing, and came back to Montreal, where Du Luth in- sults the commissaries, and the deputy of the 'procureur general,' named d'Auteuil. Count Frontenac had him arrested and imprisoned in the castle of Quebec, with the intention of return- ing him to France for the amnesty accorded to the coureurs des bois, did not release him." At this very period, another party charges Frontenac as being Du Luth's particular friend. Du Luth, during the fall of 1681, was engaged in the beaver trade at Montreal and Quebec. Du Chesneau, the Intendant of Justica for Can- ada, on the 13th of November, 1681, wrote to the Marquis de Siegnelay, in Paris : "liTot content with the profits to be derived from the countries under the King's dominion, the desire of making money everywhere, has led the Governor [Fron- tenac], Boisseau, Du Lut and Patron, his uncle, to send canoes loaded with peltries, to the En- glish. It is said sixty thousand livres' worth has been sent thither ;" and he further stated that there was a very general report that within five or six days, Frontenac and his associates had di- vided the money received from the beavers sent to New England. At a conference in Quebec of some of the dis- tinguished men in that city, relative to difficulties with the Iroquois, held on the 10th of October, 1682, Du Luth was present. From thence he went to France, and, early in 1683, consulted with the Minister of Marine at Versailles relative to the interests of trade in the Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior region. Upon his return to Canada, he departed for Mackinaw. Governor De la Barre, on the 9th of November, 1683, wrote to the French Government that the Indians west and north of Lake Superior, " when they heard by expresses sent them by Du Lhut, of his arrival at Missili- makinak, that he was coming, sent him word to come quickly and they would unite with him to prevent others going thither. If I stop that pass as I hope, and as it is necessary to do, as the Eng- lish of the Bay [Hudson's] excite against us the savages, whom Sieur Du Lhut alone can quiet." While stationed at Mackiaaw he was a partici- pant iti a tragic occurrence. During the summer of 1683 Jacques le Maire and CoUn Berthot, while on their way to trade at Keweenaw, on Lake Su- perior, were surprised by three Indians, robbed, and murdered. Du Luth was prompt to arrest and punish the assassins. In a letter from Mack- inaw, dated April 12, 1684, to the Governor of Canada, he writes: "Be pleased to know. Sir, that on the 24th of October last, I was told that FoUe Avoine, accomplice in the murder and rob- bery of the two Frenchmen, had arrived at Sault Ste. Marie with fifteen families of the Sauteurs [Ojibways] who had fled from Chagoamigon [La Pointe] on account of an attack which they, to- gether with the people of the land, made last Spring upon the Nadouecioux [Dakotahs.] " He believed himself safe at the Sault, on ac- count of the number of allies and relatives he had there. Eev. Father Albanel informed me that the French at the Saut, being only twelve in num- ber, had not arrested him, believing themselves too weak to contend with such numbers, espe- cially as the Sauteurs had declared that they would not allow the French to redden the land of their fathers with the blood of their brothers. " On receiving this information, I immediately resolved to take with me sis Frenchmen, and em- bark at the dawn of the next day for Sault Ste. Marie, and if possible obtain possession of the murderer. I made known my design to the Eev. Father Engalran, and, at my request, as he had some business to arrange with Eev. Father Al- banel, he placed himself ia my canoe. " Having arrived within a league of the village 12 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. of the Saut, the Eev. Pather, the Chevalier de Fourcille, Cardonnierre, and I disembarked. I caused the canoe, in which were Baribaud, Le Mere, La Fortune, and Macons, to proceed, while we went across the wood to the house of the Eev. Pather, fearing that the savages, seeing me, might suspect the object of my visit, and cause Folle Avoine to escape. Finally, to cut the matter short, I arrested him, and caused him to be guarded day and night by six Frenchmen. " I then called a council, at which I requested all the savages of the place to be present, where I repeated what I had often said to the Hurons and Ottawas since the departure of M. Pere [Per- rot], giving them the message you ordered me. Sir, that in case there should be among them any spirits so evil disposed as to follow the example of those who have murdered the French on Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, they must separate the guilty from the innocent, as 1 did not wish the whole nation to suffer, unless they protected the guilty. * * * The savages held several councils, to which I was invited, b:it their only object seemed to be to exculpate the prisoner, in order that I might release him. " AU united in accusing Achiganaga and Ids children, assuring themselves with the belief that M. Pere, [Perrot] with his detachment would not be able to arrest them, and wishing to persuade me that they apprehended that all the Frenchmen might be killed. " I answered them, * * * ' As to the antici- pated death of M. Pere [Perrot], as well as of the other Frenchmen, that would not embarrass me, since I believed neither the allies nor the nation of Achiganaga would wish to have a war with us to sustain an action so dark as that of which we were speaking. Having only to attack a few murderers, or, at most, those of their own family, I was certain that the French would have them dead or alive.' " This was the answer they had from me during the three days that the councils lasted ; after which I embarked, at ten o'clock in the morning, sustained by only twelve Frenchmen, to show a few unruly persons who boasted of taking the prisoner away from me, that the French did not fear them. " Daily I received accoimts of the number of savages that Achiganaga drew from his nation to Elaonan [Keweenaw] under pretext of going to war in the spring against the Ifadouecioux, to avenge the death of one of his relatives, son of Ou- enaus, but really to protect himself against us, in case we should become convinced that his chil- dren had killed the Frenchmen. This precaution placed me between hope and fear respecting the expedition which M. Pere [Perrot] had under- taken. " On the 24th of November, [1683], he came across the wood at ten o'clock at night, to tell me that he had arrested Achiganaga and four of his children. He said they were not all guilty of the murder, but had thought proper, in this affair, to follow the custom of the savages, which is to seize all the relatives. FoUe Avoine, whom I had ar- rested, he considered the most guilty, being with- out doubt the originator of the mischief. " I immediately gave orders that FoUe Avoine should be more closely confined, and not allowed to speak to any one ; for I had also learned that he had a brother, sister, and uncle in the village of the Kiskakons. " M. Pere informed me that he had released the youngest son of Achiganaga, aged about thirteen or fourteen years, that he might make known to their nation and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are at Nocke and in the neighborhood, the reason why the French had arrested his father and bro- thers. M. Pere bade him assure the savages that if any one wished to complain of what he had done, he would wait for them with a firm step ; for he considered himself in a condition to set them at defiance, having found at Kiaonau [Keweenaw] eighteen Frenchmen who had wmtered there. " On the 25th, at daybreak, M. Pere embarked at the Sault, with four good men whom I gave him, to go and meet the prisoners. He left them four leagues from there, under a guard of twelve Frenchmen ; and at two o'clock in the afternoon, they arrived. I had prepared a room in my house for the prisoners, in which they were placed under a strong guard, and were not allowed to converse with iiny i)ne. "On the 26th, I commenced proceedings; and this, sir, is the course I pursued. I gave notice to all the chiefs and others, to appear at the council which I had appointed, and gave to FoUe Avoine the privilege of selecting two of his rela- INDIANS CONDEMNED TO BE SHOT. 13 lives to support his interests ; and to the other prisoners I made the same offer. " The council being assembled, I sent for Folic Avoine to be interrogated, and caused his answers to be written, and afterwards they were read to him, and inquiry made whether they were not, word for word, what he had said. He was then removed under a safe guard. I used the same form with the two eldest sons of Achiganaga^ and, as FoUe Avoine had indirectly charged the father with being accessory to the murder, I sent for him and also for Polle Avoine, and bringing them into the council, confronted the four. " FoUe Avoine and the two sons of Achiganaga accused each other of committing the murder, without denying that they \vere participators in the crime. Achiganaga alone ^ongly maintained that he knew nothing of the idesign of FoUe Avoine, nor of his children, and called on them to say -if he had advised them to kill the French- men. They answered, 'Ko.' " This confrontation, which the savages did not expect, surprised them; and, seeing the prisoners had convicted themselves of the murder, the Chiefs said: 'It is enough; you accuse your- selves; the French are masters of your bodies.' " The next day I held another council, in which I said there could be no doubt that the French- men had been murdered, that the murderers were known, and that they knew what was the prac- tice among themselves upon such occasions. To all this they said nothing, which obliged us on the following day to hold another council in the cabin of Brochet, where, after having spoken, and seeing that they would make no decision, and that all my councils ended only in reducing tobacco to ashes, I told them that, since they did not wish to decide, I should take the responsibility, and that the' next day I would let them know the deter- mination of the French and myself. " It is proper, Sir, you should know that I ob- served all these forms only to see if they would feel it their duty to render to us the same justice that they do to each other, having had divers ex- amples in which when the tribes of those who had committed the murder did not wish to go to war with the tribe aggrieved, the nearest rela- tions of the murderers killed them themselves; that is to say, man for man. " On the 29th of November. I gathered together the French that were here, and, after the interro- gations and answers of the accused had been read to them, the guilt of the three appeared so evi- dent, from their own confessions, that the vote was unanimous that all should die. But as the French who remained at Kiaonan to pass the win- ter had written to Father Engalran and to myself, to beg us to treat the affair with all possible len- iency, the savages declaring that if they made the prisoners die they would avenge themselves, I told the gentlemen who were with me in coun- cil that, this being a case without a precedent, I believed it was expedient for the safety of the French who would pass the winter in the Lake Superior country to put to death only two, as that of the third might bring about grievous conse- quences, while the putting to death, man for man, could give the savages no complaint, since this is their custom. M. de la Tour, chief of the Fathers, who had served much, sustained my opinions by strong reasoning, and all decided that two should be shot, namely, FoUe Avoine and the older of the two brothers, while the younger should be released, and hold his life. Sir, as a gift from you. " I then returned to the cabin of Brochet with Messrs. Boisguillot, Pere, De Eepentigny, De Manthet, De la Ferte, and Macons, where were all the chiefs of the Outawas du Sable, Outawas Sinagos, Kiskakons, Sauteurs, D'Achiliny, apart' of the Hurons, and Oumamens, the chief of the Amikoys. I informed them of our decision * * * that, the Frenchmen having been killed by the different nations, one of each must die, and that the same death they had caused the French to suffer they must also suffer. * * * This decision to put the murderers to death was a hard stroke to them all, for none had believed that I would dare to undertake it. * * * I then left the council and asked the Rev. Fathers if they wished to baptize the prisoners, which they did. "An hour after, I put myself at the head of forty-two Frenchmen, and, in sight of more than four hundred savages, and within two hundred paces of their fort, I caused the two murderers to be shot. The impossibility of keeping them until spring made me hasten their death. * * * When M. Pere made the arrest, those who had committed the murder confessed it; and when he asked them what they had done with our goods, 14 EXPL0REB8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. they answered that they were almost all con- cealed. He proceeded to the place of conceal- ment, and was very much surprised, as were also the French with him, to find them, in fifteen or twenty different places. By the carelessness of the savages, the tobacco and powder were entire- ly destroyed, having been placed in the pinery, under the roots of trees, and being soaked in the water caused by ten or twelve days' continuous rain, which inundated all the lower country. The season for snow and ice having come, they had all the trouble in the -^orld to get out the bales of cloth. " They then went to see the bodies, but could not remove them, these miserable wretches hav- ing thrown them into a marsh, and thrust them down into holes which they had made. Not sat- isfied with this, they had also piled branches of trees upon the bodies, to prevent them from float- ing when the water should rise in the spring, hoping by this precaution the French would find no trace of those who were killed, but would think them drowned; as they reported that they had found in the lake on the other side of the Portage, a boat with the sides all broken in, which they believed to be a French boat. " Those goods which the French were able to secure, they took to Kiaonau [Keweenaw], where were a number of Frenchmen who had gone there to pass the winter, who knew nothing of the death of CoUn Berthot and Jacques le Maire, imtil M. Pere arrived. " The ten who formed M. Pere's detachment having conferred together concerning the means they should take to prevent a total loss, decided to sell the goods to the highest bidder. The sale was made for 1100 livres, which was to be paid in beavers, to M. de la Chesnaye, to whom I send the names of the purchsers. " The savages who were present when Achiga- naga and his children were arrested wished to pass the calumet to M. Pere, and give him cap- tives to satisfy him for the murder committed on the two Frenchmen; but he knew their inten- tion, and would not accept their offer. He told them neither a hundred captives nor a hundred packs of beaver would give back the blood of his brothers ; that the murderers must be given up to me, and I would see what I would do. " I caused M. Fere to repeat these things in the council, that in future the savages need not think by presents to save those who commit similar deeds. Besides, sir, M. Pere showed plainly by his conduct, that he is not strongly inclined to favor the savages, as was reported. Indeed, I do not know any one whom they fear more, yet who flatters them less or knows them better. " The criminals being in two different places, M. Pere being obliged to keep four of them, sent Messrs. de Eepentigny, Manthet, and six other Frenchmen, to arrest the two who were eight leagues in the woods. Among others, M. de Ee- pentigny and M. de Manthet showed that they feared nothing when their honor called them. " M. de la Chevrotiere has also served weU in person, and by his advice, having pointed out where the prisoners were. Achiganaga, who had adopted him as a son, had told him where he should hunt during the winter. ***** It still remained for me to give to Achiganaga and his three children the means to return to his family. Their home from which they were taken was nearly twenty-six leagues from here. Know- ing their necessity, I told them you would not be satisfied in giving them life ; you wished to pre- serve it, by giving them all that was necessary to prevent them from dying with hunger and cold by the way, and that your gift was made by my hands. I gave them blankets, tobacco, meat, hatchets, knives, twine to make nets for beavers, and two bags of com, to supply them till they could kill game. " They departed two days after, the most con- tented creatures in the world, but God was not ; for when only two days' journey from here, the old Achiganaga fell sick of the quinsy, and died, and his children r'^tumed. AHien the news of his death arrived, the greater part of the savages of this place [Mackinaw] attributed it to the French, saying we had caused him to die. I let them talk, and laughed at them. It is only about two months shice the children of Achiganaga returr.e 1 to Kiaonan." Some of those opposed to Du Luth and Fron- tenae, prejudiced the Iving of France relative to the transaction we have described, and in a letter to the Governor of Canada, the IQng vreites : " It appears to me that one of the principal causes of the war arises from one Du Luth having caused two to be killed who had assassinated two French- BNQLmH TBABEBS OAPTUBEB. 15 men on Lake Superior ; and you sufficiently see now much this man's voyage, which can not pro- duce any advantage to the colony, and which was permitted only in the interest of some private persons, has contributed to distract the peace of the colony." Du Luth and his young brother appear to have traded at the western extremity of Lake Superior, and on the north shore, to Lake Nipegon. In June, 1684, Governor De la Barre sent Guil- let and Hebert from Montreal to request Du Luth and Durantaye to bring down voyageurs and In- dians to assist in an expedition against the Iro- quois of New York. Early in September, they reported on the St. Lawrence, with one hundred and fifty coureurs des bois and three hundred and fifty Indians ; but as a treaty had just been made with the Senecas, they returned. DelaBarre's successor. Governor Denonville, in a dispatch to the French Government, dated November 12th, 1685, alludes to Du Luth being in the far West, in these words : " I likewise sent to M. De la Durantaye, who is at Lake Superior under orders from M. De la Barre, and to Sieur Du Luth, who is also at a great distance in an- other direction, and all so far beyond reach that neither the one nor the other can hear news from me this year ; so that, not being able to see them at soonest, before next July, I considered it best not to think of undertaking any thing during the whole of next year, especially as a great number of our best men are among the Outaouacs, and can not return before the ensuing summer. * * * In regard to Sieur Du Luth, I sent him orders to repair here, so that I may learn the number of savages on whom I may depend. He is accredit- ed among them, and rendered great services to M. De la Barre by a large number of savages he brought to Niagara, who would have attacked the Senecas, was it not for an express order from M. De la Barre to the contrary." In 1686, while at Mackinaw, he was orderea to establish a post on the Detroit, near Lake Erie. A portion of the order reads as follows : " After having given all the orders that you may judge necessary for the safety of this post, and having well secured the obedience of the Indians, you will return to Michilimafikinac, there to await Rev. rather Engelran, by whom I will commu- nicate what I wish of you, there." The design of this post was to block the pas- sage of the English to the upper lakes. Before it was estabUshed, in the fall of 1686, Thomas Boseboom, a daring trader from Albany, on the Hudson, had found his way to the vicinity of Mackinaw, and by the proffer of brandy, weak- ened the allegiance of the tribes to the French. A canoe coming to Mackinaw with dispatches for the French and their allies, to march to the Seneca country, in New York, perceived this New York trader and associates, and, giving the alarm, they were met by three himdred coureurs du bois and captured. In the spring of 1687 Du Luth, Durantaye, and Tonty all left the vicinity of Detroit for Ni- agara, and as they were coasting along Lake Erie they met another English trader, a Scotchman by birth, and by name Major Patrick McGregor, a person of some influence, going vidth a number of traders to Mackinaw. Having taken him pris- oner, he was sent with Roseboom to Montreal. Du Luth, Tonty, and Durantaye arrived at Ni- agara on the 27th of June, 1687, with one hun- dred and seventy French voyageurs, besides In- dians, and on the 10th of July joined the army of Denonville at the mouth of the Genesee River, and on the 13th Du Luth and his associates had a skirmish near a Seneca village, now the site of the town of Victor, twenty miles southeast of the city of Rochester, New York. Governor Denon- ville, in a report, writes: " On the 13th, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, having passed through two dangerous defiles, we arrived at the third, where we were vigorously attacked by eight him- dred Senecas, two hundred of whom fired, wish- ing to attack our rear, while the rest would attack our front, but the resistance, made produced such a great consternation that they saon resolved to fly. * * * We witnessed the p3,inful sight of the usual cruelties of the savages, who cut the dead into quarters, as is done in slaughter houses, in order to put them into the kettle. The greater number were opened while still warm, that the blood might be drunk. Our rascally Otaoas dis- tinguished themselves particularly by these bar- barities. * * * We had five or six men killed on the spot, French and Indians, and about twenty wounded, among the first of whom was the Rev. Father Angelran, superior of all the Otaoan Missions, by a very severe gun-shot. It is a great 16 EXPL0BER8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. misfortune that this wound will prevent him go- ing hack again, for he is a man of capacity." In the order to Du Luth assigning him to duty at the post on the site of the modern Fort Gra- tiot, above the city of Detroit, the Governor of Canada said: " If you can so arrange your affairs that your brother can be near you in the Spring, I shall be very glad. He is an intelligent lad, and might be a great assistance to you; he might also be very serviceable to us." This lad, Greysolon de la Tourette, during the winter of 1686-7 was trading among the Assina- boines and other tribes at the west end of Lake Superior, but, upon receiving a dispatch, hastened to his brother, journeying in a canoe without any escort from Mackinaw. He did not arrive until after the battle with the Senecas. Governor Den- onville, on the 25th of August, 1687, wrote: " Du Luth's brother, who has recently arrived from the rivers above the Lake of the Allempi- gons [Nipegon], assures me that he saw more than fifteen hundred persons come to trade with him, and they were very sorry he had not goods suffl- eient to satisfy them. They are of the tribes ac- customed to resort to the EngUsh at Port Nelson and River Bourbon, where, they say, they did not go this year, through Sieur Du Lhu's influence." After the battle in the vicinity of Rochester, New York, Du Luth, with his celebrated cousin, Henry Tonty, returned together as far as the post above the present city of Detroit, Michigan, but this point, after 1688, was not 0,gain occupied. Prom this period Du Luth becomes less prom- inent. At the time when the Jesuits attempted to exclude brandy from the Indian country a bit- ter controversy arose between them and the traders. Cadillac, a Gascon by birth, command- ing Port Buade, at Mackinaw, on August 3, 1695, wrote to Count Prontenac: " Now, what reason can we assign that the savages should not drink brandy bought with their own money as well as we? Is it prohibited to prevent them from be- coming intoxicated? Or is it because the use of brandy reduces them to extreme jnisery, placing it out of their power to make war by depriving them of clothing and arms? If such representa- tions in regard to the Indians have been made to the Count, they are very false, as every one knows who is acquainted with the ways of the savages. * * * It is bad faith to represent to the Count that the sale of brandy reduces the savage to a state of nudity, arid by that means places it out of his power to make war, since he never goes to war in any other condition. * * * Perhaps it will be said that the sale of brandy makes the labors of the missionaries unfruitful. It is neces- sary to examine this proposition. If the mission- aries care for only the extension of commerce, pursuing the course they have hitherto, I agree to it; but if it is the use of brandy that hinders the advancement, 9£ the cause of God, I deny it, for it is a fact which no one can deny that there are a great number of savages who never drink brandy, yet who are not, for that, better Chris- tians. "All the Sioux, the most numerous of all the tribes, who inhabit the region along the shore of Lake Superior, do not even like the smell of brandy. Are they more advanced in religion for that? They do not wish to have the subject men- tioned, and when the missionaries address them they only laugh at the fooUshness of preaching. Yet these priests boldly fling before the eyes of Europeans, whole volumes filled with glowing descriptions of the conversion of souls by thou- sands in this coimtry, causing the poor missiona- ries from Europe, to run to martyrdom as flies to sugar and honey." Du Luth, or Du Lhut, as he wrote his name, during this discussion, was foimd upon the side of order and good morals. His attestation is as follows : "I certify that at different periods I have lived about ten years among the Ottawa nation, from the time that I made an exploration to the Nadouecioux people until Port Saint Jo- seph was estabUshed by order of the Monsieur Marquis Denonville, Governor General, at the head of the Detroit of Lake Erie, which is in the Iroquois country, and which I had the honor to command. During this period, I have seen that the trade in eau-de-vie (brandy) produced great disorder, the father killing the son, and the son throwing his mother into the fire; and I maintain that, morally speaking, it is impossible to export brandy to the woods and distant missions, with- out danger of its leading to misery." Governor Prontenac, in an expedition against the Oneidas of New York, arrived ^t Port Pron- tenac, on the 19th of July, 1695, and Captain Du Luth was left in command with forty soldiers, DU LUTH AFFLICTED WITH QOTTT. 17 and masons and carpenters, with orders to erect new buildings. In about four weeks he erected a building one hundred and twenty feet in length, containing officers' quarters, store-rooms, a bakery and a chapel. Early in 1697 he was still.in com- mand of the post, and in a report it is mentioned that " everybody was then in good health, except Captain Dulhut the commander, who was unwell of the gout." It was just before this period, that as a member of the Eoman Catholic Church, he was firmly impressed that he had been helped by prayers which he addressed to a deceased Iroquois girl, who had died in the odor of sanctity, and, as a thank offering, signed the following certificate : '*!, the subscriber, certify to aU whom it may concern, that having been tormented by the gout, for the space of twenty-three years, and with such severe pains, that it gave me no rest for the spac of three months at a time, I addressed myself to Catherine Tegahkouita, an Iroquois virgin de- ceased at the Sault Samt Louis, in the reputation of sanctity, and I promised her to visit her tomb, if God should give me health, through her inter- cession. I have been as perfectly cured at the end of one novena, which I made in her honor, that after five months, I have not perceived the slightest touch of my gout. Given at Fort Fron- tenac, this 18th day of August, 1696." As soon as cold weather returned, his old mal- ady again appeared. He died early in A. D. 1710. Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor of Canada, un- der date of first of May of that year, wrote to Count Pontchartraln, Colonial Minister at Paris, " Captain Du Lud died this winter. He was a very honest man." 18 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER IV. FIEST WHITE MEN AT FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA. Palla of St. Anthony Visited Ijy White Men.— La Salle Gives the First Description or Upper Mississippi Valley.— Accault, the Leader, Accompanied by Augello and Hennepin, at Falls of Saint Anthony.— Hennepin Declared Unreliable by La Salle.— His Early Life.— His First Book Criticised by Abbe Bornou and Tronson. — Deceptive Map. — First Meeting with Sioux.] — Astonishment at Reading His Breviary, — Sioux Name for Cruns. — Accault and Hennepin at Lake Pepin. — Leave the River Below Saint Paul. — At Mille Lacs. — A Sweating Cabin, — Sioux Wonder at Mariner's Compass. — Fears of an Iron Pot. — Making a Dictionary. — Infant Baptised. — Route to the Pacific. — ^Hennepin Descends Rum River. —First Visit to Falls of Saint Anthony.— On a Buffalo Hunt.— Meets Du Luth.— Returns to Mille Lacs.- With Du Luth at Falls of St. Anthony.— Returns to France. — Subsequent Life. — His Boolis Examined. — Denies in First BookHisDesoenttotheGulfofMoxieo.— Dispute with Du Luth at Falls ofSt, Anthony.— Patronage of Du Luth. — Tribute to Du Liith.— Hennepin's Answer to Criticisms.— Denounced by D'Iberville and Father Gravier.— Residence in Rome. In the summer oJ 1680, Micliael Accault (Ako), Hennepin, the Franciscan missionary, Augelle, Du Luth, and FafEart aU visited the Tails of Saint Anthony. The first description of the valley of the upper Mississippi was written by La SaUe, at Fort Fronteriac, on Lake Ontario, on the 22d of Au- gust, 1682, a month before Hennepin, in Paris, obtained a license to print, and some time before the Franciscan's first work, was issued from the press. La Salle's knowledge must have been received from Michael Accault, the leader of the expedi- tion, AugeUe, his comrade, or the clerical attache, the Franciscan, Hennepin. It differs from Hennepin's narrative in its free- dom from bombast, and if its statements are to be credited, the Franciscan must be looked on as one given to exaggeration. The careful student, however, soon learns to be cautious in receiving the statement of any of the early explorers and ecclesiastics of the Northwest. The Franciscan depreciated the Jesuit missionary, and La Salle did not hesitate to misrepresent Du Luth and others for his own exaltation. La Salle makes statements which we deem to be wide of the truth when his prejudices are aroused. At the very time that the Intendant of Justice in Canada is complaining that Governor Fronte- nac is a friend and correspondent of Du Luth, La Salle writes to his friends in Paris, that Du Luth is looked upon as an outlaw by the governor. While oflScial documents prove that Du Luth was in Minnesota a year before Accault and asso- ciates, yet La Salle vfxites: " Moreover, the Na- donesioux is not a region which he has discov- ered. It is known that it was discovered a long time before, and that the Eev. Father Hennepin and Michael Accault were there before him." La SaUe in this communication describes Ac- cault as one well acquainted vrtth the language and names of the Indians of the Illinois region, and also " cool, brave, and prudent," and the head of the party of exploration. We now proceed vsdth the first description of the country above the Wisconsin, to which is given, for the first and only time, by any writer, the Sioux name, Meschetz Odeba, perhaps in- tended for Meshdeke Wakpa, Eiver of the Foxes. He describes the Upper Mississippi in these words : " FoUovrtng the windings of the Missis- sippi, they found the river Ouisconsing, Wiscon- sing, or Meschetz Odeba, which flows between Bay of Puans and the Grand river. * * ■* About twenty-three or twenty-four leagues to the north or northwest of the mouth of the Ouisconsing, * * * they found the Black river, called by the Nadouesioux, Chabadeba [Chapa Wakpa, Beaver river] not very large, the mouth of which is bor- dered on the two shores by alders. " Ascending about thirty leagues, almost at the same point of the compass, is the Buffalo river [Chippewa], as large at its mouth as that of the Illinois. They follow it ten or twelve leagues, ■where it is deep, small and without rapids, bor- dered by hills which widen out from time to time to form prairies." About three o'clock in the afternoon of the 11th of April, 1680, the travelers were met by a war party of one hundred Sioux in thirty-three birch bark canoes. "Michael Accault, who was the HENNEPIN GBITIGISED BY LA SALLE. 19 leader," says La Salle, "presented the Calumet," The Indians were presented by Accault with twenty knives and a fathom and a half of tobacco and some goods. Proceeding with the Indians ten days, on the 22d of April the isles in the Mis- sissippi were reached, where the Sioux had killed some Maskoutens, and they halted to weep over the death of two of their own number ; and to assuage their grief, Accault gave them in trade a box of goods and twenty-four hatchets. When they were eight leagues below the Palls of Saint Anthony, they resolved to go by land to theii; village, sixty leagues distant. They were well received ; the only strife among the villages was that which resulted from the desire to have a Frenchman in their midst. La Salle also states that it was not correct to give the impression that Du Luth had rescued his men from captivity, for they could not be properly called prisoners. He Continues: "In going up the Mississippi again, twenty leagues above that river [Saint CroixJ is found the falls, which those I sent, and who passing there first, named Saint Anthony. It is thirty or forty feet high, and the river is nar- rower here than elsewhere. There is a small island in the midst of the chute, and the two banks of the river are not bordered by high hills, which gradually diminish at this point, but the country on each side is covered with thin woods, such as oaks and other hard woods, scattered wide apart. "The canoes were carried three or four hun- dred steps, and eight leagues above was found the west [east?] bank of the river of the Nadoue- sioux, ending in a lake named Issati, which ex- pands into a great marsh, where the wild rice grows toward the mouth." In the latter part of his letter La Salle uses the following language relative to his old chaplain: " 1 believed that it was appropriate to make for you the narrative of the adventures of this canoe, because I doubt not that they will speak of it, and if you wish to confer with the Pather Louis Hen- nepin, Recollect, who has returned to Prance, you must know him a little, because he will not fail to exaggerate all things; it is his character, and to me he has written as if he were about to be burned when he was not even in danger, but he ' believes that it is honorable to act in this manner. and he speaks more conformably to that which he wishes than to that which he knows." Hennepin was born in Ath, an inland town of the Netherlands. Profu boyhood he longed to visit foreign lands, and it is not to be wondered at that he assumed the priest's garb, for next to the soldier's life, it suited one of wandering pro- pensities. At one time he is on a begging expedition to. some of the towns on the sea coast. In a few months he occupies the post of chaplain at an hospital, where he shrives the dying and admin- isters extreme unction. Prom the quiet of the hospital he proceeds to the camp, and is present at the battle of SenefEe, which occurred in the year 1674. His whole mind, from the time that he became a priest, appears to have been on " things seen and temporal," rather than on those that are " un- seen and eternal." While on duty at some of the ports of the Straits of Dover, he exhibited the characteristic of an ancient Athenian more than that of a professed successor of the Apostles. He sought out the society of strangers "who spent their time in nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing." With perfect non- chalance he confesses that notwithstanding the nauseating fumes of tobacco, he used to slip be- hind the doors of sailors' taverns, and spend days, without regard to the loss of his meals, listening to the adventures and hair-breadth escapes of the mariners in lands beyond the sea. In the year 1676, he received a welcome order from his Superior, requiring him to embark for Canada. Unaccustomed to the world, and arbi- trary in his disposition, he rendered the cabin of the ship in which he sailed any thing but heav- enly. As in modem days, the passengers in a vessel to the new world were composed of hete- rogeneous materials. There were young women going out in search for brothers or husbands, ec- clesiastics, and those engaged in the then new, but profitable, commerce in furs. One of his fellow passengers was the talented and enterpri- prising, though unfortunate. La SaUe, with whom he was afterwards associated. If he is to be credited, his intercourse with La Salle was not very pleasant on ship-board. The yoimg women, tired of being cooped up in the narrow accommo- dations of the ship, when the evening was fair 20 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOIA. sought the deck, and engaged in the rude dances of the French peasantry of that age. Hennepin, feeling that it was improper, began to assume the air of the priest, and forbade the sport. La Salle, feeling that his interference was uncalled for, called him a pedant, and took the side of the girls, and during the voyage there were stormy discussions. Good humor appears to have been restored when they left the ship, for Hennepin would oth- erwise have not been the companion of La Salle in his great western journey. Sojourning for a short period at Quebec, the adventure-loving Franciscan is permitted to go to a mission station on or near the site of the present town of Kingston, Canada West. Here there was much to gratify his love of novelty, and he passed considerable time in ram- bling among the Iroquois of New York. In 1678 he returned to Quebec, and was ordered to join the expedition of Robert La Salle. On the 6th of December Father Hennepin and a portion of the exploring party had entered the Niagara river. In the vicinity of the Falls, the winter was passed, and while the artisans were preparing a ship above the Falls, to navigate the great lakes, the EecoUect whiled away the hours,, in studying the manners and customs of the Sen- eca Indians, and in admiring the subUmest han- diwork of God on the globe. On the 7th of August, 1679, the ship being completely rigged, unfurled its sails to the breezes of Lake Erie. The vessel was named the " Grif- fin," in honor of the arms of Frontenac, Governor of Canada, the first ship of European construc- tion that had ever ploughed the waters of the great inland seas of North America. After encountering a violent and dangerous storm on one of the lakes, during which they had given up all hope of escaping shipwreck, on the 27th of the month, they were safely moored in the harbor of " Missilimackinack." From thence the party proceeded to Green Bay, where they left the ship, procured canoes, and continued along the coast of Lake Michigan. By the mid- dle of January, 1680, La Salle had conducted his expedition to the Illinois Elver, and, on an emi- nence near Lake Peoria, he commenced, with much heaviness of heart, the erection of a fort, which he called Crevecoeur, on account of the many disappointments he had experienced. On the last of February, Accault, Augelle, and Hennepin left to ascend the Mississippi. The first work bearing the name of the Eev- erend Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan Mis- sionary of the Recollect order, was entitled, " De- scription de la Louisiarie," and in 1683 published in Paris. As soon as the book appeared it was criticised. Abbe Bernou, on the 29th of February, 1684, writes from Eome about the " paltry book" (mes- hcant livre) of Father Hennepin. About a year before the pious Tronson, under date of March 13, 1683, wrote to a friend: " I have Interviewed the P. Eecollect, who pretends to have descended the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico. I do not know that one will believe what he speaks any more than that which is in the printed relation of P. Louis, which I send you that you may make your own reflections." On the map accompanying his first book, he boldly marks a Eecollect Mission many miles north of the point he had visited. In the Utrecht edition of 1697 this deliberate fraud is erased. Throughout the work he assumes, that he was the leader of the expedition, and magnifies trifies into tragedies. For instance, Mr. La SaUe writes that Michael Accault, also written Ako, who was the leader, presented the Sioux with the calu- met ;" but Hennepin makes the occurrence more formidable. He writes : " Our prayers were heard, when on the 11th of April, 1680, about two o'clock in the afternoon, we suddenly perceived thirty- three bark canoes manned by a himdred and twenty Indians coming down -with very great speed, on a war party, against the Miamis, Illinois and Maro- as. These Indians surroimded us, and while at a distance, discharged some arrows at us, but as they approached our canoe, the old men seeing us with the calumet of peace in our hands, prevent- ed the young men from killing us. These sava- ges leaping from their canoes, some on land, others into the water, with frightful cries and yells approached us, and as we madfe no resist- ance, being only three against so grea;t a number, one of them wrenched our calhmet from our hands, while our canoe and theirs were tied to the shore. We first presented to them a piece of HUNJ^EPIN'S DIFFICULTY WITH PBAYEB-BOOK. 21 French tobacco, better for smoMng than theirs' and the eldest among them uttered the words' " Miamiha, Miamiha." " As we did not understand their language, we took a little S'tick, and by signs which we made on the sand,' showed them that their enemies, the Miamis, whom they sought, had fled across the river Colbert [Mississippi] to join th^ Islinois; when they saw themselves discovered and unable to surprise their enemies, three or four old men laying their hands on my head, wept in a mourn- ful tone. " With a spare handkerchief I had left I wiped away their tears, but they would not smoke our Calumet. They made us cross the river with great cries, while all shouted with tears in their eyes; they made us row before them, and we heard yells capable of striking the most resolute with terror. After landing our canoe and goods, part of which had already been taken, we made a fire to boil our kettle, and we gave them two large wild turkeys which we had killed. These Indians having called an assembly to deliberate what they were to do with us, the two head chiefs of the party approaching, showed us by signs that the warriors wished to tomahawk us. This com- pelled me to go to the war chiefs with one young man, leaving the other by our property, and throw into their midst six axes, fifteen knives and six fathom of our black tobacco ; and then bringing down my head, I showed them with an axe that they might kill me, if they thought proper. This present appeased many individual members, who gave us some beaver to eat, put- ting the three first morsels into our mouths, accor- ding to the custom of the country, and blowing on the meat, which was too hot, before putting the bark dish before us to let us eat as we liked. We spent the night in anxiety, because, before reti- ring at night, they had returned us our peace calumet. " Our two boatmen were resolved to sell their lives dearly, and to resist if attacked ; their arms and swords were ready. As for my own part, I determined to allow myself to be killed without any resistance ; as I was going to announce to them a God who had been foully accused, un- justly condemned, and cruelly crucified, without showing the least aversion to those who put him to death. We watched in turn, in our anxiety, so as not to be surprised asleep. The next morn- ing, a chief named Narrhetoba asked for the peace calumet, filled it with willow bark, and aU smoked. It was then signified that the white men were to return with them to their villages." In his narrative the Franciscan remarks, "I found it difiicult to say my office before these Indians. Many seeing me move my lips, said in a fierce tone, ' Ouakanche.' Michael, all out of countenance, told me, that if I continued to say my breviary, we should all three be killed, and the Picard begged me at least to pray apart, so as not to provoke them. I followed the latter's advice, but the more I concealed myself the more I had the Indians at my heels ; for when I en- tered the wood, they thought I was going to hide some goods under ground, so that I knew not on what side to turn to pray, for they never let me out of sight. This obliged me to beg pardon of my canoe -men, assuring them I could not dis- pense with saying my ofiSce. By the word, ' Ou- akanche,' the Indians meant that the book I was reading was a spirit, but by their gesture they nevertheless showed a kind of aversion, so that to accustom them to it, I chanted the litany of the Blessed Virgin in the canoe, with my book opened. They thought that the breviary was a spirit which taught me to sing for their diversion ; for these people are naturally fond of singing." This is the first mention of a Dahkotah word in a European book. The savages were annoyed rather than enraged, at seeing the white man reading a book, and exclaimed, " Wakan-de I" this is wonderful or supernatural. The war party was composed of several bands of the M'de- wahkantonwan Dahkotahs, and there was a di- versity of opinion in relation to the disposition that should be made of the white men. The relatives of those who had been killed by the Miamis, were in favor of taking their scalps, but others were anxious to retain the favor of the French, and open a trading Intercourse. Perceiving one of the canoe-men shoot a wild turkey, they called the gun, " Manza Ouackange," iron that has understanding; more correctly, " Maza Wakande," this is the supernatural metal. Aquipaguetui, one of the head men, resorted to the following device to obtain merchandise. Says the Father, " This wily savage had the bones of some distinguished relative, which he 22 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. preserved with great care in some skins dressed and adorned witli several rows of black and red porcupine quiUs. From time to time he assem- bled his men to give it a smoke, and made us come several days to cover the bones with goods, and by a present wipe away the tears he had shed for him, and for his own.son killed by the Miamis. To appease this captious man, we threw on the bones several fathoms of tobacco, axes, knives, beads, and some black and white wampum brace- lets. * * * We slept at the point of the Lake of Tears [Lake Pepin], which we so called from the tears which this chief shed all night long, or by one of his sons whom he caused to weep when he grew tired." The next day, after four or five leagues' sail, a chief came, and telling them to leave their canoes, he piilled up three piles of grass for seats. Then taking a piece of cedar fuU of Uttle holes, he placed a stick into one, which he revolved between the pahns of his hands, until he kindled a Are, and informed the Frenchmen that they would be at Mille Lac in six days. On the nineteenth day after their captivity, they arrived in the vicinity of Saint Paul, not far, it is probable, from the marshy ground on which the Kaposia band once lived, and now called Pig's Eye. The journal remarks, " Having arrived on the nineteenth day of our navigation, five leagues below St. Anthony's Palls, these Indians landed us in a bay, broke our canoe to nieces, and se- creted their own m the reeds." They then followed the trail to MUle Lac, sixty leagues distant. As they approached their villa- ges, the various bands began to show their spoils. The tobacco was highly prized, and led to some contention. The chalice of the Pather, which gUstened in the eun, they were afraid to touch, supposing it was "wakan." After five days' walk they reached the Issati p^ahkotah] settle- ments in the valley of the Rum or Knife river. The different bands each conducted a Prenchman to their village, the chief Aquipaguetin taking charge of Hennepin. After marching through the marshes towards the sources of Rum river, five wives of the chief, in three bark canoes, met them and took them a short league to an island where their cabins were. An aged Indian kindly rubbed down the way- worn Pranciscan; placing him on a bear- skin near the Are, he anointed his legs and the soles of his feet with wildcat oil. The son of the chief took great pleasure in car- rying upon his bare back the priest's robe with dead men's bones enveloped. It was called Pere Louis Chinnen. In the Dahkotah language Shin- na or Shinnan signifies a buffalo robe. Hennepin's description of his life on the island is in these words : " The day after our arrival, Aquipaguetin, who was the head of a large family, covered me with a robe made of ten large dressed beaver skins, trimmed with porcupine quiUs. This Indian showed me five or six of his vsdves, teUing them, as I afterwards learned, that they shouP' in fu- ture regard me as one of their children. " He set before me a bark dish fuU of fish, and seeing that I could not rise from the ground, he had a small sweating-cabin made, in which he made me enter with four Indians. This cabin he covered vyith buffalo skins, and inside he put stones red-hot. He made me a sign to do as the others before beginning to sweat, but I merely concealed my nakedness with a handkerchief. As soon as these Indians had several times breathed out quite violently, he began to sing vo- ciferously, the others putting their hands on me and rubbing me while they wept bitterly. I be- gan to faint, but I came out and could scarcely take my habit to put on. "When he made me sweat thus three times a week, I felt as strong as ever." The mariner's compass was a constant source of wonder and amazement. Aquipaguetin hav- ing assembled the braves, would ask Hennepin to show his compass. Percei^'ing that the needle turned, the chief harangued his men, and told them that the Europeans were spirits, capable of doing any thing. In the Prancisean's possession was an iron pot with feet like lions', which the Indians would not touch unless their hands were wrapped in buffalo skins. The women looked upon it as " wakan," and would not enter the cabin where it was. " The chiefs of these savages, seeing that I was desirous to learn, frequently made me write, naming all the parts of the human body ; and as I would not put on paper certain indelicate words, at which they do not blush, they were heartiLjr amused." HENNEPIN'S VISIT TO FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY. 23 They often asked the rranciscan questions, to answer which it was necessary to refer to his lex- icon. This appeared very strange, and, as they had no word for paper, they said, " That white thing must he a spirit which tells Pere Louis all we say." Hennepin remarks : " These Indians often asked me how many wives and children I had, and how old I was, that is, how many winters; for so these natives always count. Never illu- mined by the light of faith, they were surprised at my answer. Pointing to our two Frenchmen, whom I was then visiting, at a point three leagues from our village; I told them that a man among us could only have one wife ; that as for me, I had promised the Master of life to live as they saw me, and to come and live vrith them to teach them to be Uke the French. " But that gross people, till then lawless and faithless, turned all I said into ridicule. ' How,' said they, ' would you have these two men with thee have wives? Ours would not live with them, for they have hair all over their face, and we have none there or elsewhere.' In fact, they were never better pleased with me than when I was shaved, and from a complaisance, certainly not criminal, I shaved every week. " As often as I went to visit the cabins, I found a sick child, whose father's name was Mamenisi. Michael Ako would not accompany me; the Picard du Gay alone followed me to act as spon- sor, or, rather, to witness the baptism. " I christened the child Antoinette, in honor of St. Anthony of Padua, as well as for the Picard's name, which was Anthony Auguelle. He was a native of Amiens, and nephew of the Procurator- General of the Premonstratensians both now at Paris. Having poured natural water on the head and uttered these words : ' Creature of God, I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,' I took half an altar cloth which I had wrested from the hands of an Indian who had stolen it from me, and put it on the body of the baptized child; for as I could not say mass for want of wine and vest- ments, this piece of linen could not be put to bet- ter use than to enshroud the first Christian child among these tribes. I do not know whether the softness of the linen had refreshed her, but she was the next day smiling in her mother's arms. who believed that I had cured the child ; but she died soon after, to my great consolation. " During my stay among them, there arrived four savages, who said they were come alone five hundred leagues from the west, and had been four months upon the way. They assured us there was no such place as the Straits of Anian, and that they had traveled without resting, except to sleep, and had not seen or passed over any great lake, by which phrase they always mean the sea. " They further Informed us that the nation of the Assenipoulacs [Asslniboines] who lie north- east of Issati, was not above six or seven days' journey ; that none of the nations, within their knowledge, who lie to the east or northwest, had any great lake about their countries, which were very large, but only rivers, which came from the north. They further assured us that there were very few forests in the countries through which they passed, insomuch that now and then they were forced to make fires of buffaloes' dung to boil their food. All these circumstances make it appear that there is no such place as the Straits of Anian, as we usually see them set down on the maps'. And whatever efforts have been made for many yearns past by the English and Dutch, to find out a passage to the Frozen Sea, they have not yet been able to effect it. But by the help of my discovery aud the assistance of God, I doubt not but a passage may stUl be found, and that an easy one too. " For example, we may be transported into the Pacific Sea by rivers which are large and capable of carrying great vessels, and from thence it is very easy to go to China and Japan, without cross- ing the equinoctial line; and, in all probability, Japan is on the same continent as America." Hennepin in his first book, thus describes his first visit to the FaUs of St. Anthony: "In the beginning of July, 1680, we descended the [Rum] River in a canoe southward, with the great chief Ouasicoude [Wauzeekootay] that is to say Pierced Pine, with about eighty cabins composed of more than a hundred and thirty families and about two hundred and fifty warriors. Scarcely would the Indians give me a place in their little flotilla, for they had only old canoes. They went four leagues lower down, to get birch bark to make some more. Having made a hole in the ground, to hide our silver chalice and our papers, till our 24 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. return from the hunt, and keeping only our bre- viary, so as not to be loaded, I stood on the bank of the lake formed by the river we had called St. Francis [now Eum] and stretched out my hand to the canoes as they rapidly passed in succession. "Our Frenchmen also had one for themselves, which the Indians had given them. They would not take me in, Michael Ako saying that he had taken me long enough to satisfy him. I was hurt at this answer, seeing myself thus abandoned by Christians, to whom I had always done good, as they both often acknowledged; but God never having abandoned me on that painful voyage, in- spired two Indians to take me in their little canoe, where I had no other employment than to bale out with a little bark tray, the water which entered by little holes. This 1 did not do with- out getting aU wet. This boat might, indeed, be called a death box, for its lightness and fragility. These canoes do not generally weigh over fifty pounds, the least motion of the body upsets them, unless you are long accustomed to that kind of navigation. " On disembarking in the evening, the Picard, as an excuse, told me that their canoe was-half- rotten, and that had we been three in it, we should have run a great risk of remaining on the way. * * * Pour days after our departure for the buffalo hunt, we halted eight leagues above St. Anthony of Padua's Palls, on an eminence opposite the mouth of the Elver St. Prancis [Rum] * * * The Picard and myself went to look for haws, gooseberries, and little wild fruit, which often did us more harm than good. This obliged us to go alone, as Michael Ako refused, in a wretched canoe, to Ouisconsin river, which was more than a hundred leagues off, to see whether the Sieur de la Salle had sent to that place a re- inforcement of men, with powder, lead, and other munitions, as he had promised us. "The Indians would not have suffered tliis voyage had not one of the three remained with them. They wished me to stay, but Michael Ako absolutely refused. As we were making the portage of our canoe at St. Anthony of Padua's Palls, we perceived five or six of our Indians who had taken the start ; one of them was up in an oak opposite the great fall, weeping bitterly, with a rich dressed beaver robe, whitened inside, and trimmed with porcupine quills, which he was offering as a sacrifice to the falls; which is, in it- self, admirable and frightful. I heard him while shedding copious tears, say as he spoke to the great cataract, ' Thou who art a spirit, grant that our nation may pass here quietly, without acci- dent ; may kill buffalo in abundance ; conquer our enemies, and bring in slaves, some of whom we will put to death before thee. The Messenecqz {so they call the tribe named by the French Outa- gamis) have killed our kindred ; grant that we may avenge them.' This robe offered in sacrifice, served one of our Frenchmen, who took it as we returned." It is certainly wonderful, that Hennepin, who knew nothing of the Sioux language a few weeks before, should understand the prayer offered at the Falls without the aid of an interpreter. The narrator continues : " A league beyond St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, the Picard was obliged to land and get his powder horn, which he had left at the Falls. * * * As we descended the river Colbert [Mississippi] we found some of our Indians on the islands loaded with buffalo meat, some of which they gave us. Two hours after landing, fifteen or sixteen warriors whom we had left above St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, en- tered, tomakawk in hand, upset the cabin of those who had invited us, took all the meat and bear oil they found, and greased themselves from head to foot," This was done because the others had violated the rules for the buffalo hunt. With the Indians Hennepin went down the river sixty leagues, and then went up the river again, and met buffalo. He continues : "While seeking the Ouisconsin Eiver, that savage father, Aquipaguetin, whom I had left, and who I believed more than two hundred leagues off, on the 11th of July, 1680, appeared with the warriors." After this, Hennepin and Picard continued to go up the river almost eighty leagues. There is great confusion here, as the reader will see. When at the mouth of the Eum Eiver, he speaks of the Wisconsin as more than a hun- dred leagues off. He floats down the river sixty leagues ; then he ascended, but does not state the distance; then he ascends eighty leagues. He continues : " The Indians whom he had left •with Michael Ako at Buffalo [Chippeway] Eiver, HENNEPIN MEETS SIEUB DU LUTH. 25 with the flotilla of canoes loaded with meat, came down. * * * AH the Indian women had their stock of meat at the mouth of Buffalo Eiver and on the islands, and again we went down the Col- bert [Mississippi] about eighty leagues. * * * We had another alarm in our camp : the old men on duty on the top of the mountains announced that they saw two warriors in the distance ; all the bowmen hastened there with speed, each try- ing to outstrip the others ; but they brought back only two of their enemies, who came to tell them that a party of their people were hunting at the extremity of Lake Conde [Superior] and had found four Spirits (so they call the Prench) who, by means of a slave, had expressed a wish to come on, knowing us to be among them. * * * On the 25th of July, 1680, as we were ascending the river Colbert, after the buffalo hunt, to the In- dian villages, we met Sieur du Luth, who came to the Nadouessious with five French soldiers. They joined us about two hundred and twenty leagues distant from the country of the Indians who had taken us. As we had some knowledge of the language, they begged us to accompany them to the villages of these tribes, to which I readily agreed, knowing that these two French- men had not approached the sacrament for two years." Here again the number of leagues is confusing, and it is impossible to believe that Du Luth and his interpreter Faffart, who had been trading with the Sioux for more than a year, needed the help of Hennepin, who had been about three months with these people. "We are not told by what route Hennepin and Du Luth reached Lake Issati or Mille Lacs, but Hennepin says they arrived there on the 11th of August, 1680, and he adds, " Toward the end of September, having no implements to begin an establishment, we resolved to tell these people, that for their benefit, we would have to return to the French settlements. The grand Chief of the Issati or Nadouessiouz consented, and traced in pencil on paper I gave him, the route I should take for four hundred leagues. With this chart, we set out, eight Frenchmen, in two canoes, and descended the river St. Francis and Colbert pium and Mississippi]. Two of our men took two bea- ver robes at St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, which the Indians had hung in sacrifice on the trees." The second work of Hennepin, an enlargement of the first, appeared at Utrecht m the year 1697, ten years after La Salle's death. During the in- terval between the pubUcation of the first and second book, he had passed three years as Super- intendent of the EecoUects at Eeny in the province of Artois, when Father Hyacinth Lef evre, a friend of La Salle, and Commissary Provincial of Recol- lects at Paris, wished him to return to Canada. He refused, and was ordered to go to Eome, and upon his coming back was sent to a convent at St. Omer, and there received a dispatch from the Minister of State in France to return to the coun- tries of the King of Spain, of which he was a subject. This order, he asserts, he afterwards learned was forged. In the preface to the English edition of the New Discovery, published in 1698, in London, he writes : "The pretended reason of that violent order was because I refused to return into America, where I had been already eleven years ; though the particular laws of our Order oblige none of us to go beyond sea against his will. I would have, however, returned very willingly had I not known the malice of M. La Salle, who would have ex- posed me to perish, as he did one of the men who accompanied me in my discovery. God knows that I am sorry for his unfortunate death ; but the judgments of the Almighty are always just, for the gentleman was killed by one of his own men, who were at last sensible that he exposed them to visible dangers without any necessity and for his private designs." After this he was for about five years at Gosse- lies, in Brabant, as Confessor in a convent, and from thence removed to his native place, Ath, in Belgium, where, according to his narrative in the preface to the "Nouveau Decouverte," he was again persecuted. Then Father Payez, Grand Commissary of Recollects at Louvain, being in- formed that the King of Spain and the Elector of Bavaria recommended the step, consented that he should enter the service of William the Third of Great Britain, who had been very kind to the Roman Catholics of Netherlands. By order of Payez he was sent to Antwerp to take the lay habit in the convent there, and subsequently went to Utrecht, where he finished his second book known as the New Discovery. 26 EXFLOBEBS AND PIQNEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. His first volume, printed in 1683, contains 312 pages, witli an appendix of 107 pages, on the Customs of the Savages, while the Utrecht book of 1697 contaias 509 pages without an appendix. On page 249 of the New Discovery, he begins an account of a voyage alleged to have been made to the mouth of the Mississippi, and occupies over sixty pages in the narrative. The opening sentences give as a reason for concealing to this time his discovery, that La Salle would have re- ported him to his Superiors for presuming to go down instead of ascending the stream toward the north, as had been agreed ; alid that the two with him threatened that if he did not consent to de- scend the river, they would leave him on shore during the night, and pursue their own course. He asserts that he left the Gulf of Mexico, to return, on the 1st of April, and on the 24th left the Arkansas ; but a week after this, he declares he landed with the Sioux at the marsh about two miles below the city of Saint Paul. The account has been and is still a puzzle to the historical student. In our review of his first book we have noticed that as early as 1683, he claimed to have descended the Mississippi. In the Utrecht publication he declares that while at Quebec, upon his return to France, he gave to Father Valentine Eoux, Commissary of Recol- lects, his journal, upon the promise that it would be kept secret, and that this Father made a copy of his whole voyage, including the visit to the Gulf of Mexico ; but in his Description of Louis- iana, Hennepin wrote, " We had some design of going to the mouth of the river Colbert, which more probably empties into the Gulf of Mexico than into the Red Sea, but the tribes that seized us gave us no time to sail up and down the river." The additions in his Utrecht book to magnify his importance and detract from others, are many. As Sparks and Parkman- have pointed out the plagiarisms of this edition, a reference here is unnecessary. Du Luth, who left Quebec in 1678, and had been in northern Minnesota, with an interpreter, for a year, after he met Ako and Hennepin, be- comes of secondary importance, in the eyes of the Franciscan. In the Description of Louisiana, on page 289, Hennepin speaks of passing the Falls of Saint Anthony, upon his return to Canada, In these few words : " Two of our men seized two beaver robes at the Falls of St. Anthony of Padua, which the Indians had in sacrifice, fastened to trees." But in the Utrecht edition, commencing on page 416, there is much added concerning Du Lnth. After using the language of the edition of 1683, already quoted it adds: "Hereupon there arose a dispute between Sieur du Luth and myself. I commended what they had done, say- ing, ' The savages might judge by it that they disliked the superstition of these people.' The Sieur du Luth, on the contrary, said that they ought to have left the robes where the savages placed them, for they would not fail to avenge the insult we had put upon them by this action, and that it was feared that they would attack us on this journey. I confessed he had some foun- dation for what he said, and that he spoke accor- ding to the rules of prudence. But one of the two men flatly replied, the two robes suited them, and they cared nothing for the savages and their superstitions. The Sieur du Luth at these words was so greatly enraged that he nearly struck the one who uttered them, but I intervened and set- tled the dispute. The Picard and Michael Ako ranged themselves on the side' of those who had taken the robes in question, which might have resulted badly. " I argued with Sieur du Luth that the savages would not attack us, because I was persuaded that their great chief Ouasicoude would have our interests at heart, and he had great credit with his nation. The matter terminated pleasantly. " When we arrived near the river Ouisconsin, we halted to smoke the meat of the buffalo we had killed on the journey. During our stay, three savages of the nation we had left, came by the side of our canoe to teU us that their great chief Ouasicoude, having learned that another chief of these people wished to pursue and kill us, and that he entered the cabin where he was consult- ing, and had sti-uck him on the head with such violence as to scatter his brains upon his associ- ates ; thus preventing the executing of this inju- rious project. " We regaled the three savages, having a great abundance of food at that time. The Sieur du Luth, after the savages had left, was as enraged as before, and feared that they would pursue and attack us on our voyage. He would have pushed TBIBUTE TO DANIEL OBEY SOLON BU LUTH. 27 the matter further, but seeing that one man would resist, and was not in the humor to be imposed upon, he moderated, and I appeased them in the end with the assurance that God would not aban- don us in distress, and, provided we confided in Him, he would deliver us from our foes, because He is the protector of men and angels." After describing a conference with the Sioux, he adds, " Thus the savages were very kind, without mentioning the beaver robes. The chief Ouasicoude told me to offer a fathom of Marti- nico tobacco to the chief Aquipaguetin, who had adopted me as a son. This had an admirable effect upon the barbarians, who went off shouting several times the word ' Louis,' [Ouis or We] which, as he said, means the sun. "Without van- ity, I must say that my name will be for a long time among these people. "The savages having left us, to go to war against the Messorites, the Maroha, the Illinois, and other nations which live toward the lower part of the Mississippi, and are irreconcilable foes of the people of the North, the Sieur du Luth, who upon many occasions gave me marks of his friendship, could not forbear to tell our men that I had all the reason in the world to believe that the Viceroy of Canada would give me a favorable reception, should we arrive before winter, and that he wished with all his heart that he had been among as many natives as myself." The style of Louis Hennepin is unmistakable in this extract, and it is amusing to read his pa- tronage of one of the fearless explorers of the JSTorthwest, a cousin of Tonty, favored by Fron- tenac, and who was in Minnesota a year before his arrival. In 1691, six years before the Utrecht edition of Hennepin, another Recollect Franciscan had pub- lished a book at Paris, called " The First Estab- lishment of the Faith in New France," in which is the following tribute to Du Luth, whom Hen- nepin strives to make a subordinate : " In the last years of M. de Frontenac's administration, Sieur Du Luth, a man of talent and experience, opened a way to the missionary and the Gospel la many different nations, turnmg toward the north of that lake [Superior] where he even built a fort, he advanced as far as the Lake of the Issati, called Lake Buade, from the family name of M. de -Frontenac, planting the arms of his Majesty in several nations on the right and left." In the second volume of his last book, which is called " A Continuance of the New Discovery of a vast Country in America," etc., Hennepin no- ticed some criticisms. To the objection that his work was dedicated to William the Third of Great Britain, be repUes : "My King, his most Catholic Majesty, his Elec- toral Highness of Bavaria, the consent in writing of the Superior of my order, the uitegrity of my faith, and the regular observance of my vows, which his Britannic Majesty allows me, are the best warrants of the uprightness of my inten- tions." To the qviery, how he could travel so far upon the Mississippi in so Uttle time, he answers with a bold face, " That we may, with a canoe and a pair of oars, go twenty, twenty-five, or thirty leagues every day, and more too, if there be oc- casion. And though we had gone but ten leagues a day, yet in thirty days we might easily have gone three hundred leagues. If during the time we spent from the river of the Illinois to the mouth of the Meschasipi, in the Gulf of Mexico, we had used a little more haste, we might have gone the same twice over." To the objection, that he said, he nad passed eleven years in America, when he had been there but about four, he evasively rephes, that " reck- oning from the year 1674, when I first set out, to the year 1688, when I printed the second edition Of my ' Louisiana,' it appears that I have spent fifteen years either in travels or printing my Discoveries." To those who objected to the statement in his first book, in the dedication to Louis the Four- teenth, that the Sioux always call the sun Louis, he writes : "I repeat what I have said before, that being among the Issati and Nadouessans, by whom I was made a slave in America, I never heard them call the sun any other than Louis. It is true these savages call also the moon Louis, but with this distinction, that they give the moon the name of Louis Bastache, which in their lan- guage signifies, the sun that shines in the night." The Utrecht edition called forth much censure, and no one in France doubted that Hennepin was the author. D 'Iberville, Governor of Lou- isiana, while in Paris, wrote on July 3d 1699, to 28 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. the Minister of Marine and Colonies of France , in these words : " Very much vexed at the Eec- oUect, whose false narratives had deceived every one, and caused our suffering and total failure of our enterprise, by the time consumed in the search of things which alone existed in his imag- ination." The Eftv. Father James Gravier, in a letter from a fort on the Gulf of Mexico, near the Mis- sissippi, dated February 16th, 1701, expressed the sentiment of his times when he speaks of Hen- nepin " who presented to King William, the Kelar tion of the Mississippi, where he never was, and after a thousand falsehoods and ridiculous boasts, * * * he makes Mr. de la Salle appear in his Relation, wounded with two balls in the head, turn toward the Recollect Father Anastase, to ask him for absolution, having been killed in- stantly, without uttering a word • and other Uke false stories." Hennepin gradually faded out of sight. Bru- net mentions a letter written by J. B. Dubos, from Borne, dated March 1st, 1701, which men- tions that Hennepin was living on the Capitoline Hill, in the celebrated convent of Ara Coeli, and was a favorite of Cardinal Spada. The time and place of his death has not been ascertained. NICHOLAS PUBBOT, FOUNDEB OF FIBST POST ON LAKE PEPIN. 29 CHAPTEE V. NICHOLAS PERBOT, FOUNDER OF FIBST POST ON LAKE PEPIN. Early Life, — Searches for Copper, — Interpreter at Sault St, Marie, Employed by La Salle. — Builds Stockade at Lake Fepin, — Hosiile Indians Rebuked. — A Silver Ostensorium Given to a Jesuit Chapel,— Perrot in the Battle against Senccas, in New York, — Second Visit to Sioux Country,— Taking Possession by "Proces Verbal," — Discovery of Lead Mines, — Attends Council at Montreal, — Establishes a Post near Detroit, in Siohigan, — Parrot's ueath, and his Wife. Nicholas Perrot, sometimes -written Pare, was one of the most energetic of the class in Canada known as " coureurs des bois," or forest rangers. Born in 1644, at an early age he was identified with the fur trade of the great inland lakes. As early as 1665, he was among the Outagamies [Foxes], and in 1667 was at Greei} Bay. In 1669, he was appointed by Talon to go to the lake re- gion in search of copper mines. At the formal taking possession of that country in the name of the King of France, at Sault St. Marie, on the 14th of May, lb71, he acted as interpreter. In 1677, he seems to have been employed at Fort Frontenac. La Salle was made very sick the next year, from eating a salad, and one Mcholas Perrot, called Joly Coeur (Jolly Soul) was sus- pected of having mingled poison with the food. After this he was associated with Du Luth in the execution of two Indians, as we have seen. In 1684, he was appointed by De la Barre, -the Governor of Canada, as Commandant for the "West, and left Montreal with twenty men. Ar- riving at Green Bay in Wisconsin, some Indians told him that they had visited countries toward the setting sun, where they obtained the blue and green stones suspended from their ears and noses, and that they saw horses and men like Frenchmen, probably the Spaniards of New Mex- ico ; and others said that they had obtained hatch- ets from persons who lived in a house that walked on the water, near the mouth of the river of , the Assiniboines, alluding to the English established at Hudson's Bay. Proceeding to the portage be- t«'een the Fox and Wisconsin, thirteen Hurons were met, who were bitterly opposed to the es- tablishment of a post near the Sioux. After the Mississippi was reached, a party of Winnebagoes was emplayed to notify the tribes of Northern Iowa- that the French had ascended the river, and wished to meet them. It was further agreed that prairie fires would be kindled from time to time, so that the Indians could follow the French. After entering Lake Pepin, near its mouth, on the east side, Perrot found a place suitable for a post, where there was wood. The stockade was built at the foot of a blufE beyond which was a large prairie. La Potherie makes this statement, which is repeated by Penicaut, who writes of Lake Pepin : " To^he right and left of its shores there are also prairies. In that on the right on the bank of the lake, there is a fort, which was built by Nicholas Perrot, whose name it yet [1700] bears." Soon after he was established, it was announced that a band of Aiouez [loways] was encamped above, and on the way to visit the post. The French ascended in canoes to meet them, but as they drew nigh, the Indian women ran up the blufEs, and hid in the woods ; but twenty of the braves mustered courage to advance and greet Perrot, and bore him to the chief's lodge. The chief, bending over Perrot, began to weep, and allowed the moisture to fall upon his. visitor. After he had exhausted himself, the principal men of the party repeated the slabbering process. Then buffalo tongues were boiled in an earthen pot, and after being cut into small pieces, the chief took a piece, and, as a mark of respect, placed it in Perrot's mouth. During the winter of 1684r-85, the French tra- ded in Minnesota. At the end of the beaver hunt, the Ayoes [loways] came to the post, but Perrot was absent visiting the Nadouaissioux. and they sent a chief to notify him of their arrival. Four Illinois met him on the way, and were anxious for the return of four children held by the French. When the 30 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. Sioux, who were at war with the Illinois, per- ceived them, they wished to seize their canoes, but the French voyageurs who were guarding them, pushed into the middle of the river, and the French at the post coming to their assistance, a reconciliation was effected, and four of the Sioux took the Illinois upon their shoulders, and bore them to the shore. An order having been received from Denon- ville. Governor of Canada, to bring the Miamis, and other tribes, to the rendezvous at Niagara, to go on an expedition against the Senecas, Per- rot entrusting the post at take Pepin to a few Frenchmen, visited the Miamis, who were dwel- ling below on the Mississippi, and with no guide but Indian camp fires, went sixty miles into the country beyond the river. Upon his return, he perceivea a great smoke, and at first thought that it was a war party pro- ceeding to the Sioux country. Fortunately he met a Maskouten chief, who had been at the post to see him, and he gave the intelligence, that the Outagamies [Foxes], Kikapous [Kickapoos], and Mascoutechs [Maskoutens], and others, from the region of Green Bay, had determined to pillage the post, kill the French, and then go to war against the Sioux. Hurrying on, he reached the fort, and learned that on that very day three spies had been there and seen that there were only six Frenchmen in charge. The next day two more spies appeared, but Perrot had taken the precaution to put loaded guns at the door of each hut, and caused his men frequently to change their clothes. To the query, " How many French were there?" the reply was given, " Forty, and that more were daily expected, who had been on a buffalo hunt, and that the guns were well loaded and knives well sharpened. ' ' They were then told to go back to their camp aud bring a chief of each nation represented, and that if Indians, in large numbers, came near, they would be fired at. In accordance with this mes- sage six chiefs presented themselves, After their bows and arrows were taken away they were in- vited to Perrot's cabin, who gave something to eat and tobacco to smoke. Looking at Perrot's loaded gims they asked, '-If he was afraid of his children?" He replied, he was not. They con- tinued, " You are displeased." He answered, ' ' I have good reason to be . The Spirit has warned me of your designs; you will take my things away and put me in the kettle, and proceed against the Nadouaissioux, The Spirit told me to be on my guard, and he would help me." At this they were astonished, and confessed that an attack was meditated. That night the chiefs slept in the stockade, and early the next morn- ing a part of the hostUe force was encamped in the vicinity, and wished to trade. Perrot had now only a force of fifteen men, and seizing the chiefs, he told them he would break their haads if they did not disperse the Indians. One of the chiefs then stood up on the gate of the fort and said to the warriors, " Do not advance, young men, or you are dead. The Spirit has warned Metaminens [PerrotJ of your designs." They fol- lowed the advice, and afterwards Perrot present- ed them with two guns, two kettles, and some tobacco, to close the door of war against the Xa- douaissioux, and the chiefs were all permitted to make a brief visit to the post. Returning to Green Bay in 1686, he passed much time in collecting allies for the expedition against the Iroquois in New York. During this year he gave to the Jesuit chapel at Depere, five miles above Green Bay, a church utensil of silver, fif- teen inches high, still in existence. The stand- ard, nine iruches in height, supports a radiated circlet closed with glass on both sides and sur- mounted with a cross. This vessel, weighing about twenty ounces, was intended to show the consecrated wafer of the mass, and is called a soleil, monstrance, or ostensorium. Around the oval base of the rim is the follow- ing inscription: \ "^-^ .4' ^^9 V7 ss aaI^"^'^ «oO* In 1802 some workmen in digging at Green Bay, Wisconsin, on the old Langlade estate dis- A cur OF BBANDY AWD WATEB DETECTS A THIEF. 31 covered this relic, which is now kept in the vault of the Eoman Catholic bishop of that diocese. During the spring of 1687 Perrot, with De Lu- th and Tonty, was with the Indian allies and the French in the expedition against the Senecas of the Genessee Valley in New York. The next year Denonville, Governor of Canada, again sent Perrot with forty Frenchmen to the Sioux who, says Potherie, " were very distant, and who would not trade with us as easily as the other tribes, the Outagamis [Foxes] having boasted of having cut oif the passage thereto." When Perrot arrived at Mackinaw, the tribes of that region were much excited at the hostility of the Outagamis [Foxes] toward the Sauteurs [Chippeways]. As soon as Perrot and his party reached Green Bay a deputation of the Foxes sought an interview. He told them that he had nothrag to do with this quarrel with the Chippe- ways. In justification, they said that a party of their young men, in going to war against the Nadouaissioux, had found a young man and three Chippeway girls. Perrot was silent, and continued his journey towards the Nadouaissioux. Soon he was met by five chiefs of the Foxes in a canoe, who begged him to go to their village. Perrot consented, and when he went into a chief's lodge they placed be- fore him broiled venison, and raw meat for the rest of the French. He refused to eat because, said he, "that meat did not give him any spirit, but he would take some when the Outagamis [Foxes] were more reasonable." He then chided them for not having gone, as requested by the Governor of Canada, to the Detroit of Lake Erie, and during the absence of the French fight- ing with the Chippeways. Having ordered them to go on their beaver hunt and only fight against the Iroquois, he left a few Frenchmen to trade and proceeded on his journey to the Sioux coun- try. Arriving at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Elvers they were impeded by ice, but with the aid of some Pottawattomies they trans- ported their goods to the Wisconsin, which they found no longer frozen. The Chippeways were informed that their daughters had been taken from the Foxes, and a deputation came to take them back, but being attacked by the Foxes, who did not know their errand, they fled without se- curing the three girls. Perrot then ascended the Mississippi to the post which in 1684 he had erected, just above the mouth, and on the east side of Lake Pepin. As soon as the rivers were navigable, the Na^ douaissioux came down and escorted Perrot to one of their villages, where he was welcomed with much enthusiasm. He was carried upon a beaver robe, followed by a long Une of warriors, each bearing a pipe, and singing. After taking him around the village, he was borne to the chief's lodge, when several came in to weep over Ms head, with the same tenderness that the Ayoes (loways) did, when Perrot several years before arrived at Lake Pepin. " These weepings," says an old chronicler " do not weaken their souls. They are very good warriors, and reported the bravest in that region. They are at war with all the tribes at present except the' Saulteurs [Chippeways] and Ayoes [loways], and even with these they have quarrels. At the break of day the Nadouaissioux bathe, even to the youngest. They have very fine forms, but the women are not comely, and they look upon them as slaves. They are jealous and suspicious about them, and they are the cause of quarrels and blood-shedding. " The Sioux are very dextrous with their ca- noes, and they, fight unto death if surrounded, Their country is full of swamps, which shelter them in summer from being molested. One must be a Nadouaissioux, to find the way to their vil- While Perrot was absent in New York, fight- ing the Senecas, a Sioux chief knowing that few Frenchmen were left at Lake Pepin, came with one hundred warriors, and endeavored to pillage it. Of this complaint was made, and the guilty leader was near being put to death by his associ- ates. Amicable relations having been formed, preparations were made by Perrot to return to his post. As they were going away, one of the Frenchmen cornplained that a box of his goods had been stolen. Perrot ordered a voyageur to bring a cup of water, and into it he poured some brandy. He then addressed the Indians and told them he woidd dry up their marshes if the goods were not restored ; and then he set on fire the brandy in the cup, The savages were astonished and terrified, and supposed that he possessed su- pernatural powers ; and in a little while the goods 32 EXPL0REB8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. were found, and restored to the owner, and the French descended to their stockade. The Foxes, while Perrot was in the Sioux country, changed their village, and settled on the Mississippi. Coming up to visit Perrot, they asked him to establish friendly relations between them and the Sioux. At the time some Sioux were at the post trading furs, and at first they supposed the French were plotting with the Foxes. Perrot, however, eased them by present- ing the calumet and saying that the French con- sidered the Outagamis [Foxes] as brothers, and then adding: "Smoke in my pipe; this is the manner with which Onontio [Governor of Can- ada] feeds his children." The Sioux replied that they wished the Foxes to smoke first. This was reluctantly done, and the Sioux smoked, but •would not conclude a definite peace until they consulted their chiefs. This was not concluded, because Perrot, before the chiefs came down, received orders to return to Canada. About this time, in the presence of Father Jo- seph James Marest, a Jesuit missionary, Boisguil- lot, a trader on the Wisconsin and Mississippi, Le Sueur, who afterward built a post below the Saint Croix River, about nine miles from Hastings, the following document was prepared: " Nicholas Perrot, commanding for the King at the post of the Nadouessioux, commissioned by the Marquis Denonville, Governor and Lieuten- ant Governor of all New France, to manage the interests of commerce among all the Indian tribes and people of the Bay des Puants [Green Bay], Nadouessioux, Mascoutens, and other western na- tions of the Upper Mississippi, and to take pos- session in the King's name of all the places where he has heretofore been and whither he will go: " We this day, the eighth of May, one thousand six hundred and eighty-nine, do, in the presence of the Reverend Father Marest, of the Society of Jesus, Missionary among the Nadouessioux, of Monsieur de Boisguillot, commanding the French in the neighborhood of tlie Ouiskonche, on the Mississippi, Augustin Legardeur, Esquire, Sieur de Caumont, and of Messieurs Le Sueur, Hebert, Lemire and Blein. " Declare to all whom it may concern, that, be- ing come from the Bay des Puants, and to the Lake of the Ouiskonches, we did transport our- selves to the country of the Nadouessioux, on the border of the river St. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre, on the bank of which were the Mantantans, and further up to the interior, as far as the Menchokatonx [Med-ay-wah-kawn- twawn], with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitons [Se-see-twawnsJ and other Nadou- essioux who are to the northwest of the Missis- sippi, to take possession, for and in the name of the King, of the countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors. The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand, and subscribed." The three Chippeway girls of whom mention has been made were still with the Foxes, and Perrot took them with him to Mackinaw, upon his return to Canada. While there, the Ottawas held some prisoners upon an island not far from the mainland. The Jesuit Fathers went over and tried to save the captives from harsh treatment, but were unsuc- cessful. The canoes appeared at length near each other, one man paddling in each, while the war- riors were answering the shouts of the prisoners, who each held a white stick in his hand. As they neared the shore the chief of the party made a speech to the Indians who lived on the shore, and giving a history of the campaign, told them that they were masters of the prisoners. The warriors then came on land, and, according to custom, abandoned the spoils. An old man then ordered nine men to conduct the prisoners to a separate place. The women and the young men formed a line with big sticks. The young pris- oners soon found their feet, but the old men were so badly used they spat blood, and they were con- demned to be burned at the Mamilion. The Jesuit Fathers and the French officers were much embarrassed, and feared that the Iro- quois would complain of the little care which had been used to prevent cruelty. Perrot, in this emergency, walked to the place where the prisoners were singing the death dirge, in expectation of being burned, and told them to sit down and be silent. A few Ottauwaws rudely told them to sing on, but Perrot forbade. He then went back to the Council, where the old men had rendered judgment, and ordered one prisoner to be burned at Mackinaw, one at Sault St. Marie and another at Green Bay. Undaunted he spoke as follows : "I come to cut the strings of the PERBOT VISITS THE LEAD MINES. 33 dogs. I will not suffer them to be eaten . I have pity on them, since my Father, Onontio, has com- manded me. You Outaouaks [Ottawaws] are like tame beats, who will not recognize them who has brought them up. You have forgotten Onon- tio's protection. When he asks your obedience, you want to rule over him, and eat the flesh of those children he does not wish to give to you. Take care, that, if oyu swallow them, Onontio will tear them with violence from between your teeth. I speak as a brother, and I think I am showing pity to your children, by cutting the bonds of your prisoners." His boldness had the desired effect. The pris- oners were released, and two of them were sent with him to Montreal, to be returned to the Iro- quois. On the 22nd of May, 1690, with one hundred and forty-three voyageurs and six Indians, Per- rot left Montreal as an escort of Sieur de Lou- vigny La Porte, a half-pay captain, appointed to succeed Durantaye at Mackinaw, by Frontenac, the new Governor of CanMa, who in October of the previous year had arrived, to take the place of Denonville. Perrot, as he approached Mackinaw, went in advance to notify the French of the coming of the commander of the post. As he came in sight of the settlement, he hoisted the white flag with the fleur de lis and the voyageurs shouted, " Long live the king ! ' ' Louvigny soon appeared and was received by one hundred "coureur des bois" under arms. From Mackinaw, Perrot proceeded to Green Bay, and a party of Miamis there begged him to make a trading establishment on the Mississippi towards the Ouiskonsing ( Wisconsin. ) The chief made him a present of a piece of lead from a mine which he had found in a small stream which flows into the Mississippi. Perrot promised to visit him within twenty days, and the chief then returned to his village below the d'Ouiskonche (iWsconsin) Eiver. Having at length reached his post on Lake Pepin, he was informed that the - Sioux were forming a large war party agaiast the Outaga- mis (Foxes) and other allies of the French. He gave notice of his arrival to a party of about four hundred Sioux who were on the Mississippi. 3 They arrested the messengers and came to the post for the purpose of plunder. Perrot asked them why they acted in this manner, and said that the Foxes, Miamis, Kickapoos, Illinois, and Maskoutens had united in a war party against them, but that he had persuaded them to give it up, and now he wished them to return to their families and to their beaver. The Sioux declared that they had started on the war-path, and that they were ready to die. After they had traded their furs, they sent for Perrot to come to their camp, and begged that he would not hinder them from searching for their foes. Perrot tried to dis- suade them, but they insisted that the Spirit had given them men to eat, at three days' journey from the post Then more powerful influences were used. After giving them two kettles and some Eierchandise, Poerrt spoke thus: " I love your life, and I am sure you will be defeated. Your Evil Spirit has deceived you. If you kill the Outagamis, or their allies, you must strike me first; if you kill them, you kill me just the same, for I hold them under one wing and you under the other." After this he extended the calumet, which they at first refused; but at length a chief said he was right, and, making invocations to the sun, wished Perrot to take him back to his arms. This was granted, on condition that he would give up his weapons of war. The chief then tied them to a pole in the centre of the fort, turning them toward the sun. He then p'ersuaded the other chiefs to give up the expedition, and, send- ing for Perrot, he placed the calumet before him, one end in the earth and the other on a small forked twig to hold it firm. Then he took from his own sack a pair of his cleanest moccasins, and taking off Perrot's shoes, put on these. After he had made him eat, presenting the calumet, he said: " We listen to you now. Do for us as you do for our enemies, and prevent them from kill- ing us, and we will separate for the beaver hunt. The sun is the witness of our obedience." After this, Perrot descended the Mississippi and revealed to the Maskoutens, who had come to meet him, how he had pacified the Sionx. He, about this period, in accordance with his prom- ise, visited the lead mines. He found the ore abundant " but the lead hard to work because it lay between rocks which required blowing up. It had very little dross and was easily melted." 34 EXPLOBUBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Penicaut, who ascended the Mississippi in 1700, wrote that twenty leagues below the "Wisconsin, on both sides of the Mississippi, were mines of lead called " Nicolas Perrot's." Early French maps indicate as the locality of lead mines the site of modern towns, Galena, in Illinois, and Du- buque, in Iowa. In August, 1693, about two hundred French- men from Mackinaw, with delegates from the tribes of the West, arrived at Montreal to at- tend a grand council called by Governor Pronte- nac, and among these was Perrot. On the first Sunday in September the governor gave the Indians a great feast, after which they and the traders began to rfetum to the wilder- ness. Perrot was ordered by Frontenac to es- tablish a new post for the Miamis in Michigan, in the neighborhood of the Kalamazoo Eiver. Two years later he is present again, in August, at a council in Montreal, then returned to the West, and in 1699 is recalled from Green Bay. In 1701 he was at Montreal acting as interpreter, and appears to have died before 1718: his wife was Madeline Raclos, and his residence was in the Seigneury of Becancourt, not far from Three Rivers, on the St. Lawrence. BABON LA HONTAN'S FABULOUS VOYAGE. 85 CHAPTEE VI. BARON LA HONTAN'S FABULOUS VOYAGE. La HoDtan, a Gascon by Birth.— Early Life.— Description of Vox. and Wisconsin Rivers — Indian Feast.^Alleged Ascent of Long River.— Bobe Exposes the Deception.— Route to the Pacific. " The " Travels " of Baron La Hontan appeared in A. D. 1703, both at London and at Hague, and were as saleable and readable as those of Hennepin, which were on the counters of booksellers at the same time. La Hontan, a Gascon by birth, and in style of writing, when about seventeen years of age, ar- rived in .Canada, in 1683, as a private soldier, and was with Gov. De la Barre in his expedition of 1684, toward Niagara, and was also in the battle near Rochester, New York, in 1687, at which Du Luth and Perrot, explorers of Minnesota, were present. In 1688 he appears to have been sent to Fort St. Joseph, which was built by Du Luth, on the St. Clare River, near the site of Fort Gratiot, Michigan. It is possible that he may have accom- panied Perrot to Lake Pepin, who came about this time to reoccupy his old post. From the following extracts it will be seen that his style is graphic, and that he probably had been in 1688 in the valley of the Wisconsin. At Mack- inaw, after his return from his pretended voyage of the Long Eiver, he writes: " I left here on the 24th September, with my men and five Outaouas, good hunters, whom I have before mentioned to you as having been of good. service to me. All my brave men being provided with good canoes, filled with provisions and ammunition, together with goods for the In- dian trade, I took advantage of a north wind, and in three days entered the Bay of the Pouteouata- mis, distant from here about forty leagues. The entrance to the bay is full of islands. It is ten leagues wide and twenty-five in length. " On the 29th we entered a river, which is quite deep, whose waters are so affected by the lake that they often rise and fall three feet in twelve hours. This is an observation that I made dur- ing these three or four days that I passed here. The Sakis, the Poutouatamis, and a few of the Malominis have their villages on the border of this river, and the Jesuits have a house there. In the place there is carried on quite a commerce in furs and Indian com, which the Indians traflBc with the ' coureurs des bois' that go and come, for it is their nearest and most convenient passage to the Mississippi. " The lands here are very fertile, and produce, almost without culture, the wheat of our Europe, peas, beans, and any quantity of fruit unknown in France. " The moment I landed, the warriors of three nations came by turns to my cabin to entertain me with the pipe and chief dance ; the first in proof of peace and friendship, the second to indi- cate their esteem and consideration for me. In return, I gave them several yards of tobacco, and beads, with which they trimmed their capots. The next morning, I was asked as a guest, to one of the feasts of this nation, and after having sent my dishes, which is the custom, I went towards noon. They began to compliment me of my arrival, and after hearing them, they all, one after the other, began to sing and dance, in a manner that I will detail to you when I have more leisure. These songs and dances lasted two hours, and were sea- soned with whoops of joy, and quibbles that they have woven into their ridiculous musique. Then the captives waited upon us. The whole troop were seated in the Oriental custom. Each one had his portion before him, like our monks in their refectories. They commenced by placing four dishes before me. The first consisted of two white fish simply boiled in water. The second was chopped meats with the boiled tongue of a bear ; the third a beaver's tail, all roasted. They made me drink also of a syrup, mixed with water, made out of the maple tree. The feast lasted two 36 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. hours, after which, I requested a chief of the nation to sing for me ; for it is the custom, when we have business with them, to employ an inferior for self in all the ceremonies they perform. I gave him several pieces of tobacco, to oblige him to keep the party till dark. The next day and the day following, I attended the feasts of the other nations, where I observed the same formalities." lie alleges that, on the 23d of October, he reached the Mississippi Eiver, and, ascending, on the 3d of November he entered into a river, a tributary from the west, that was almost without a current, and at its mou^h filled vfith rushes. He then describes a journey of five hundred miles up this stream. He declares he found upon its banks three great nations, the Eokoros, Essa- napes, and Gnaesitares, and because he ascended it for sixty days, he named it Long Eiver. For years his wondrous story was believed, and geographers hastened to trace it upon their maps. But in time the voyage up the Long Eiver was discovered to be a fabrication. There is extant a letter of Bobe, a Priest of the Congregation of the Mission, dated Versailles, March 15, 1716, and addressed to De L'Isle, the geographer of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, which exposes the deception. He writes: " It seems to me that you might give the name of Bourbonia to these vast coun- tries which are between the Missomi, Mississippi, and the Western Ocean. "Would it not be well to efface that^reat river which La Hontan says he discovered'? "All the Canadians, and even the Governor General, have told me that this river is unknown. If it existed, the French, who are on the Illinois, and at Ouabache, would know of it. The last volume of the ' Lettres Ediflantes' of the Jesuits, in which there is a very fine relation of the Illinois Country, does not speak of it, any more than the letters which I received this year, which tell won- ders of the beauty and goodness of the country. They send me some quite pretty work, made by the wife of one of the principal chiefs. " They tell me, that among the Scioux, of the Mississippi, there are always Frenchmen trading; that the course of the Mississippi is from north to west, and from west to south; that it is known that toward the source of the Mississippi there is a river in the highlands that leads to the western ocean; that the Indians say that they have seen bearded men with caps, who gather ^old-dust on the seashore, but that it is very far from this country, and that they pass through many nations unknown to the French. " I have a memoir of La Motte Cadillac, form- erly Governor of Missilimackinack, who says that if St. Peters [Minnesota] Eiver is ascended to its source they will, according to all appearance, find in the highland another river leading to the West- ern Ocean. " For the last two years I have tormented exceedingly the Governor-General, M. Raudot, and M. Duche, to move them to discover this ocean. If I succeed, as I hope, we shall hear tidings before three years, and I shall have the pleasure and the consolation of having rendered a good service to Geography, to EeUgion and to the State." Charlevoix, in his History of New France, al- luding to La Hontan's voyage, vsrites: " The voyage up the Long Eiver is as fabulous as the Island of Barrataria, of which Sancho Panza was governor. Nevertheless, in France and else- where, most people have received these memoirs as the fruits of the travels of a gentleman who wrote badly, although quite lightly, and who had no religion, but who described pretty sincerely what he had seen. The consequence is that the compilers of historical and geographical diction- aries have almost always followed and cited them in preference to more faithful records." Even in modem times, NicoUet, employed by the United States to explore the Upper Mississ- ippi, has the following in his report: "Having procured a copy of La Hontan's book, in which there is a roughly made map of his Long Eiver, I was struck -with the resem- blance of its course as laid down vnth that of Cannon Eiver, which I had previously sketched in my own field-book. I soon convinced myself that the principal statements of the Baron in ref- erence to the country and the few details he gives of the physical character of the the river, coin- cide remarkably with what I had laid dovm as belonging to Cannon Eiver. Then the lakes and swamps corresponded; traces of Indian villages mentioned by him might be foimd by a growth of wild grass that propagates itself aroimd aU old Indian settlements." .LE SUSUB, EXPLOBEB OF THE MINNESOTA BIVER. 37 CHAPTER VII. LB STJEUK, EXPLORER Or THE MINNESOTA RIVER. Le Suetir Visits Lake Pepin. — Stationed at La Pointe. — Establishes a Post on an Island Above Lake Pepin.— Island Described by Penicaut.— First S oux Chief at Montreal. — Qjibway Chiefs' Speeches.— Speech of Sioux Chief.— Teeoskah- tay's Death. — Le Suenr Goes to France. — Posts West of Mackinaw Abandoned — Lo Sueur's License Revoked.— Second Visit to France.- Arrives in Gulf of Mexico with D'Iberville. — Ascends the Mississippi. — Lead Mines. — Canadians Fleeing from the Sioux.— At the Mouth of the Wisconsin.— Sioux Robbers,- Elk Hunting. — Lake Pepin Described. — Rattlesnakes. — La Place Killed. — St. Croix River Ifained After a Frenchman. — Le Sueur Reaches St. Pterre, now Minne' sota River. — Enters Mankahto, or Blue Earth, River. — Sioux of the Plains. — Fort L'Huillier Completed. — Conferences with Sioux Bands. — Assinaboines a Separated Sioux Band. — An Indian Feast — Mames of the Sioux Bands.- Char- levoix's Account. — Le Sueur Goes with D'Iberville to France. — D'Iberville's Memorial.— Early Census of Indian Tribes.— Penicaut's Account of Fort L'Huil lier.— Le Sueur's Departure from the Fort.- D'Evaqe Left in Charge.- Return" to Mobile. — Juchereau at Mouth of Wisconsin. —Bonder a Montreal Merchant — Sioux Attack Miamis.— Boudor Robbed by the Sioux. Le Sueur was a native of Canada, and a rela- •tive of D'Iberville, the early Governor of Louis- iana. He came to Lake Pepin in 1683, with Nicholas Perrot, and his name also appears at- tached to the document prepared in May, 1689, after Perrot had re-occupied his post just above the entrance of the lake, on the east side. In 1692, he was sent by Governor Prontenac of Canada, to La Pointe, on Lake Superior, and in a dispatch of 1693, to the French Government, is the following : " Le Sueur, another voyageur, is to remain at Chagouamagon [La Pointe] to en- deavor to maintain the peace lately concluded be- tween the Saulteurs [Chippeways] and Sioux. This is of the greatest consequence, as it is now the sole pass by which access can be had to the latter nation, whose trade is very profitable ; the country to the south being occupied by the Foxes and Maskoutens, who several times plundered the French, on the ground they were carrying ammu- nition to the Sioux, their ancient enemies." Entering the Sioux country in 1694, he estab- lished a post upon a prairie island in the Missis- sippi, about nine miles below the present town of Hastings, according to Bellin and others. Peni- caut, who accompanied him in the exploration of the Minnesota, writes, " At the extremity of the lake [Pepin J you come to the Isle Pelee, so called because there are no trees on it. It is on this island that the French from Canada established their fort and storehouse, and they also winter here, because game is very abundant. In the month of September they bring their store of meat, obtained by hunting, and after having skinned and cleaned it, hang it upon a crib of raised scaffolding, in order that the extreme cold, which lasts from September to March, may preserve it from spoil- ing. During the whole winter they do not go out except for water, when they have to break the ice every day, and the ;abin is generally built upon the bank, so as not to have far to go. When spring arrives, the savages come to the island, bringing their merchandize." On the fifteenth of July, 1695, Le Sueur arrived at Montreal with a party of Ojibways, and the first Dakotah brave that had ever visited Canada. The Indians were much impressed with the power of France by the marching of a detach- ment of seven hundred picked men, under Chev- alier Cresafl, who were on their way to La Chine. On the eighteenth, Frontenac, in the presence of Callieres and other persons of distinction, gave them an audience. The first speaker was the chief of the Ojibway band at La Pointe, Shingowahbay, who said: " That he was come to pay his respects to Onon- tio [the title given the Governor of Canada] in the name of the young warriors of Point Chagouami- gon, and to thank him for having given them some Frenchmen to dwell with them; to testify their sorrow for one Jobin, a Frenchman, who was killed at a feast, accidentally, and not ma- liciously. We come to ask a favor of you, which is to let us act. We are allies of the Sciou. Some Outagamies, or Mascoutins, have been killed. The Sciou came to mourn with us. Let us act. Father; let us take revenge. " Le Sueur alone, who is acquainted with the language of the one and the other, can serve us. We ask that he return with us." 88 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNE801A. Another speaker of the Ojibways was Le Bro- chet. Teeoskahtay, the Dahkotah chief, before he spoke, spread out a beaver robe, and, laying an- other with a tobacco pouch and otter skia, began to weep bitterly. After dryiug his tears, he said: " All of the nations had a father, who afforded them protection; all of them have iron. But he was a bastard in quest of a father; he was come to see him, and hopes that he will take pity on him." He then placed upon the' beaver robe twenty- two arrows, at each arrow naming a Dahkotah vUlage that desired Frontenac's protection. Ee- suming his speech, he remarked: " It is not on account of what I bring that I hope him who rules the earth will have pity on me. I learned from the Sauteurs that he wanted nothing; that he was the Master of the Iron; that he had a big heart, into which he could receive aU the nations. This has induced me to abandon my people and come to seek his protection, and to beseech bim to receive me among the number of his children. Take courage. Great Captain, and reject me not; despise me not, though I ap- pear poor in your eyes. All the nations here present know that I am rich, and the little they offer here is taken from my lands." Count Frontenac in reply told the chief that he would receive the Dahkotahs as his children, on condition that they would be obedient, and that he would send back Le Sueur vnth him. Teeoskahtay, taking hold of* the governor's knees, wept, and said: " Take pity on us; we are well aware that we are not able to speak, be- ing children; but Le Sueur, who understands our language, and has seen all our villages, will next year inform you what will have been achieved by the Sioux nations represented by those arrows be- fore you." Having finished, a Dahkotah woman, the wife of a great chief whom Le Sueur had purchased from captivity at Mackinaw, approached those in authority, and, with downcast eyes, embraced their knees, weeping and saying: " I thank thee. Father; it is by thy means I have been liberated, and am no longer captive." Then Teeoskahtay resumed: " I speak like a man penetrated with joy. The Great Captain; he who is the Master of Iron, as- sures me of his protection, and I promise him that if he condescends to restore my children, now prisoners among the Foxes, Ottawas and Hiurons, I will return hither, and bring with me the twen- ty-two villages whom he has just restored to life by promising to send them Iron." Pn the 14th of August, two weeks after the Ojibway chief left for his home on Lake Superior, Nicholas Perrot arrived with a deputation of Sauks, Foxes, Menomonees, Miamis of Maramek and Pottowatomies. Two days after, they had a coimcU with the governor, who thus spoke to a Fox brave: " I see that you are a yoimg man; your nation has quite turned away from my wishes; it has pillaged some of my yoimg men, whom it has treated as slaves. I know that your father, who loved the French, had no hand in the indignity. You only imitate the example of your father who had sense, when you do not co-operate with those of your tribe who are wishing to go over to my enemies, after they grossly insulted me and defeated the Sioux, whom I now consider my son. I pity the Sioux; I pity the dead whose loss I deplore. Perrot goes up there, and he wUl speak to yoior nation from me for the release of their prisoners; let them attend to him." Teeoshkahtay never returned to his native land. While in Montreal he was taken sick, and in thirty-three days he ceased to breathe; and, fol- lowed by white men, his body was interred in the white man's grave. Le Sueur instead of going back to Minnesota that year, as was expected, went to France and received a license, in 1697, to open certain mines supposed to exist in Minnesota. The ship in which he was retm-ning was captured by the Eng- lish, and he was taken to England. After his release he went back to France, and, in 1698, ob- tained a new commission for mining. Wliile Le Sueur was in Europe, the Dahkotas waged war against tlie Foxes and Miamis. In retaliation, the latter raised a war party and en- tered the land of the Dahkotahs. Finding their foes intrenched, and assisted by " coureurs des bois," they were indignant; and on their return they had a skirmish with some Frenchmen, who were carrying goods to the Dahkotahs. Shortly after, they met Perrot, and were about to burn him to death, when prevented by some LJE SUHUB ASCENDS THE MISSISIPPI BIVEB. 39 friendly Foxes. The Miamis, after this, were disposed to be friendly to the Iroquois. In 1696, the year previous, the authorities at Quebec de- cided that it was expedient to abandon all the posts west of Mackinaw, and withdraw the French from Wisconsin and Minnesota. The voyageurs were not disposed to leave the country, and the governor wrote to Pontchar- train for instructions, in October, 1698. In his dispatch he remarks: " In this conjuncture, and under all these cir- cumstances, we consider it our duty to postpone, until new instructions from the court, the execu- tion of Sieur Le Sueur's enterprise for the mines, though the promise had already been given him to send two canoes in advance to Missilimackinac, for the purpose of purchasing there some pro- visions and other necessaries for his voyage, and that he would be permitted to go and join them early in the spring with the rest of his hands. "What led us to adopt this resolution has been, that the French who remained to trade off with the Five Nations the remainder of their merch- andise, might, on seeing entirely new comers arriving there, consider themselves entitled to dispense with coming down, and perhaps adopt the resolution to settle there; whilst, seeing no arrival there, with permission to do what is for- bidden, the reflection they will be able to make during the winter, and the apprehension of being guilty of crime, may obUge them to return in the spring. - " This would be very desirable, in consequence of the great difficulty there will be in constraining them to it, should they be inclined to lift the mask altogether and become buccaneers; or should Sieur Le Sueur, as he easily could do, furnish them with goods for their beaver and smaller peltry, which he might send down by the return of other Frenchmen, whose sole desire is to obey, and who have remained only because of the impossi- bility of getting their effects down. This would rather induce those who would continue to lead a vagabond life to remain there, as the goods they would receive from Le Sueur's people would afford them the means of doing so." In reply to this communication, Louis XIV. answered that — " His majesty has approved that the late Sieur de'Frontenac and De Champigny suspended the execution of the license granted to the man named Le Sueur to proceed, with fifty men, to explore some mines on the banks of the Mississippi. He has revoked said license, and desires that the said Le Sueur, or any other person, be prevented from leaving the colony on pretence of going in search of mines, without his majesty's express permis- sion." Le Sueiu:, undaunted by these drawbacks to the prosecution of a favorite project, again visited France. Fortunately for Le Sueur, D'Iberville, who was a friend, and closely connected by marriage, was appointed governor of the new territory of Louis- iana. In the month of December he arrived from France, with thirty workmen, to proceed to the supposed mines in Minnesota. On the thirteenth of July, 1700, with a felucca, two canoes, and nineteen men, having ascended the Mississippi, he had reached the mouth of the Missouri, and six leagues above this he passed the Illinois. He there met three Canadians, who came to join him, with a letter from Father Mar- est, who had once attempted a mission among the Dahkotahs, dated July 13, Mission Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin, in IlUnois. " I have the honor to write, in order to inform you that the Saugiestas have been defeated by the Scioux and Ayavois [lowas]. The people have formed an alUance with the Quincapous [Kicka- poosj, some of the Mecoutins, Eenards [Foxes], and Metesigamias, and gone to revenge them- selves, not on the Scioux, for they are too much afraid of them, but perhaps on the Ayavois, or very likely upon the Faoutees, or more probably upon the Osages, for these suspect nothing, and the others are on their guard. "As you will probably meet these allied nar tions, you ought to take precaution against their plans, and not allow them to board your vessel, since they are traitors, and utterly faithless. I pray God to accompany you in all your designs." Twenty-two leagues above the Illinois, he passed a small stream which he called the Biver of Oxen, and nine leagues beyond this he passed a small river on the west side, where he met four Canar dians descending the Mississippi, on their way to the Illinois. On the 30th of July, nine leagues above the last-named river, he met seventeen Scioux, in seven canoes, who were going to re- 40 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. venge the death of three Scioux, one of whom had been burned, and the others killed, at Tamarois, a few days before his arrival in that village. As he had promised the chief of the Illinois to ap- pease the Scioux who should go to war against his nation, he made a present to the chief of the party to engage him to turn back. He told them the King of France did not wish them to make this river more bloody, and that he was sent to tell them that, if they obeyed the king's word, they would receive in future all things necessary for them. The chief answered that he accepted the present, that is to say, that he would do as had been told him. From the 30th of July to the 25th of August, Le Sueur advanced fifty-three and one-foiu:th leagues to a small river which he called the River of the Mine. At the mouth it runs from the north, but it turns to the northeast. On the right seven leagues, there is a lead mine in a prairie, one and a half leagues. The river is only navigable in high water, that is to say, from early spring till the month of June. From the 25th to the 27th he made ten leagues, passed two small rivers, and made himself ac- quainted with a mine of lead, from which he took a supply. From the 27th to the 30th he made eleven and a half leagues, and met five Canadians, one of whom had- been dangerously wounded in the head. They were naked, and had no ammu- nition except a miserable gun, with five or six loads of powder and balls. They said they were descending from the Scioux to go to Tamarois, and, when seventy leagues above, they perceived nine canoes in the Mississippi, in which were ninety savages, who robbed and cruelly beat them. This party were going to war against the Scioux, and were composed of four different nations, the Outagamies [Foxes], Poutouwatamis [Pottowatta- mies], and Puans [Winnebagoes], who dwell in a country eighty leagues east of the Mississippi from where Le Sueur then was. The Canadians determined to follow the detach- ment, which was composed of twenty-eight men. This day they made seven and a half leagues. On the 1st of September he passed the Wisconsin river. It runs into the Mississippi from the north- east. It is nearly one and a half miles wide. At about seventy-five leagues up this river, on the right, ascending, there is a portage of more than a league. The half of this portage is shaking ground, and at the end of it is a small river which descends into a bay called Wimiebago Bay. It is inhabited by a great number of nations who carry their furs to Canada. Monsieur Le Sueur came by the Wisconsin river to the Mississippi, for the first time, in 1683, on his way to the Scioux coun- try, where he had already passed seven years at difCerent periods. The Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin, is less than half a mile wide. From the 1st of September to the 5th, our voyageur advanced fourteen leagues. He passed the river " Aux Canots," which comes from the northeast, and then the Quincapous, named from a nation which once dwelt upon its banks. From the 5th to the 9th he made ten and a half leagues, and passed the rivers Cachee and Aux Ailes. The same day he perceived canoes, filled with savages, descending the river, and the five Canadians recognized them as the party who had robbed them. They placed sentinels in the wood, for fear of being surprised by land, and when they had approached within hearing, they cried to them that if they approached farther they would fire. They then drew up by an island, at half the distance of a gun shot. Soon, four of the princi- pal men of the band approached in a canoe, and asked if it was forgotten that they were our brethren, and with what design we had taken arms when we perceived them. Le Sueur replied that he had cause to distrust them, since they had robbed five of his party. ;N"evertheless, for the surety of his trade, being forced to be at peace with all the tribes, he demanded no redress for the robbery, but added merely that the king, their master and his, wished that his subjects should navigate that river without insult, and that they had better beware how they acted. The Indian who had spoken was silent, but an- other said they had been attacked by the Scioux, and that if they did not have pity on them, and give them a Uttle powder, they should not be able to reach their villages. The consideration of a missionary, who was to go up among the Scioux, and whom these savages might meet, induced them to give two pounds of powder. M. Le Sueur made the same day three leagues; passed a stream on the west, and afterward an- other river on the east, which is navigable at aU times, and which the Indians call Ked Kiver. BATTLESNAKES ON SH0BE8 OF LAKE PEPIN. 41 On the 10th, at daybreak, they heard an elk whistle, on the other side of the river. A Cana- dian crossed in a small Scioux canoe, which they had found, and shortly returned with the body of the animal, which was very easily killed, " quand il est en rut," that is, from the beginning of Sep- tember until the end of October. The hunters at this time made a whistle of a piece of wood, or reed, and when* they hear an elk whistle they an- swer it. The animal, believing it to be another elk, approaches, and is killed with ease. From the 10th to the 14th, M. Le Sueur made seventeen and a half leagues, passing the rivers Baisin and Pjiquilenettes (perhaps the Wazi Ozu and Buffalo.) The same day he left, on the east side of the Mississippi, a beautiful and large river, which descends from the very far north, and called Bon Secours (Chippeway), on account of the great quantity of buffalo, elk, bears and deers which are found there. Three leagues up this river there is a miae of lead, and seven leagues above, on the same side, they found another long river, in the vicinity of which there is a copper mine, from which he had taken a lump of sixty pounds in a former voyage. In order to make these mines of any account, peace must be ob- tained between the Scioux and Ouatagamis (Fox- es), because the latter, who dwell on the east side of the MisMssippi, pass this road continually when going to war against the Sioux. Penicaut, in his journal, gives a brief descrip- tion of the Mississippi between the Wisconsin and Lake Pepin. He writes: "Above the Wis- consin, and ten leagues higher on the same side, begins a great prairie extending for sixty leagues along the bank; this prairie is called Aux Ailes. Opposite to Aux Ailes, on the left, there is another prairie facing it called Paquilanet which is not so long by a great deal. Twenty leagues above these prairies is found Lake Bon Secours " [Good Help, now Pepin.] In this region, at one and a half leagues on the northwest side, commenced a lake, which is six leagues long and more than one broad, called Lake Pepin. It is bounded on the west by a chain of mountains; on the east is seen a prairie; and on the northwest of the lake there is another prairie two leagues long and one wide. In the neighborhood is a chain of mountains quite two hundred feet high, and more than one and a half miles long. In these are found several caves, to which the bears retire in winter. Most of the caverns are more than seventy feet in extent, and two hundred feet high. There are several of which the entrance is very narrow, and quite closed up with saltpetre, It would be dangerous to enter them in summer, for they are filled with rattlesnakes, the bite of which is very dangerous. Le Sueur saw some of these snakes Which were six feet in length, but generally they are about four feet. They have teeth resembling those of the pike, and their gums are full of small vessels, in which their poison is placed. The Scioux say they take it every mornin j, and cast it away at night. They have at the tail a kind of scale which makes a noise, and this is ealled the rattle. Le Sueur made on this day seven and a half leagues, and passed another river, called Hiam- bouxecate Ouataba, or the Kiver of Flat Rock. [The Sioux call the Cannon river Inyanbosndata.] On the 15th he crossed a smaU river, and saw in the neighborhood several canoes, filled with Indians, descending the Mississippi. He sup- posed they were Scioux, because he could not dis- tinguish whether the canoes were large or small. The arms were placed in readiness, and soon they heard the cry of the savages, which they are ac- customed to raise when they rush upon their en- emies. He caused them to be answered ia the same manner; and after having placed all the men behind the trees, he ordered them not to fire until they were commanded. He remained on shore to see what movement the savages would make, and perceiving that they placed two on shore, on the other side, where from an eminence they could ascertain the strength of his forces, he caused the men to pass and repass from the shore to the wood, in order to make them beheve that they were numerous. This ruse succeeded, for as soon as the two descended from the eminence the chief of the party came, bearing the calumet, which is a signal of peace among the Indians. They said that having never seen the French navi- gate the river with boats like the felucca, they had supposed them to be EngUsh, and for that reason they had raised the war cry, and arranged them- selves on the other side of the Mississippi; but having recognized their flag, they had come with- out fear to inform them, that one of their num- ber, who was crazy, had accidentally killed a 42 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. Prenchman, and that they would go and bring his comrade, who would tell how the mischief had happened. The Frenchman they brought was Denis, a Ca- nadian, and he reported that his companion was accidentally killed. His name was Laplace, a de- serting soldier from Canada, who had taken ref- uge in this country. Le Sueur replied, that Onontio (the name 'they give to all the governors of Canada), being their father and his, they ought not to seek justification elsewhere than before him; ,and he advised them to go and see him as soon as possible, and beg him to wipe off the blood of this Frenchman from their faces. The party was composed of forty-seven men of different nations, who dwell far to the east, about the forty-fourth degree of latitude. Le Sueur, discovering who the chiefs were, said the king whom they had spoken of in Canada, had sent him to take possession of the north of the river; and that he wished the nations who dwell on it, as well as those under his protection, to live in peace. He made this day three and three-fourths leagues; and on the 16th of September, he left a large river on the east side, named St. Croix, be- cause a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked at its mouth. It comes from the north-northwest. Four leagues higher, in going up, is found a small lake, at the mouth of which is a very large mass of copper. It is on the edge of the water, in a small ridge of sandy earth, on the west of this lake. [One of La Salle's men was named St. Croix.] From the 16th to the 19th, he advanced thir- teen and three-fourths leagues. After having made from Tamarois two hundred and nine and a half leagues, he left the navigation of the Missis- sippi, to enter the river St. Pierre, on the west side. By the 1st of October, he had made in this river forty-four and one-fourth leagues. After he entered Blue river, thus named on acco>mt of the mines of blue earth found at its mouth, he found- ed his post, situated in forty-four degrees, thir- teen minutes north latitude. He met at this place nine Scioux, who told him that the river belonged to the Scioux of the west, the Ayavois (lowas) and Otoctatas (Ottoes), who lived a little farther off; that it was not their custom to hunt on ground belonging to others, imless invited to do so by the owners, and that when they would come to the fort to obtain provisions, they would be in danger of being killed in ascending or de- scending the rivers, v/hich were narrow, and that if they would show their pity, fee must establish himself on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the St. Pierre, where the Ayavois, the Otoctatas, and the other Scioux could go as well as they. Having iinished their speech, they leaned over the head of Le Sueur, according to their custom, crying out, "Ouaechissou ouaepanimanabo," that is to say, " Have pity upon us." Le Sueur had foreseen that the estabUshment of Blue Earth river would not please the Scioux of the East, who were, so to speak, masters of the other Scioux and of the nations which will be hereafter men- tioned, because tliey were the first mth whom trade was commenced, and in consequence of which they had already quite a nmnber of gims. As he had conunenced his operations not only with a view to the trade of beaver but also to gain a knowledge of the mines which he had pre- viously discovered, he told them that he was sor- ry that he had not known their intentions sooner, and that it was just, since he came expressly for them, that he should establish himself on their land, but that the season was too far advanced for him to return. He then made them a present of powder, balls and knives, and an armful of to- bacco, to entice them to assemble, as soon as pos- sible, near the fort he was about to construct, that when they should be all assembled he might tell them the intention of the king, their and his sovereign. The Scioux of the AVest, according to the state- ment of the Eastern Scioux, have more than a thousand lodges. They do not use canoes, nor cultivate the earth, nor gather wild rice. They remain ' generally on the prairies which are be- tween the Upper ^lississippi and Missouri rivers, and live entirely by the chase. The Scioux gen- erally say they have three souls, and that after death, that which has done well goes to the warm country, that which has done evil to the cold regions, and the other guards the body. Poly- gamy is common among them. They are very jealous, and sometimes fight in duel for their wives. They manage the bow admirably, and have been seen several times to kill ducks on the BLUE EABTH ASSAYED BY VHULLIEB IN PARIS. 43 ■vying. They make their lodges of a number of buffalo skins interlaced and sewed, and carry them wherever they go. They are all great smo- kers, but their manner of smoking differs from that of other Indians. There are some Scioux who swallow all the smoke of the tobacco, and others who, after having kept it sonie time in their mouth, cause it to issue from the nose. In each lodge there are usually two or three men with their families. On the third of October, they received at the fort several Scioux, among whom was Wahkan- tape, chief of the village. Soon two Canadians arrived who had been hunting, and who had been robbed by the Scioux of the East, who had raised their guns against the establishment which M. Le Sueur had made on Blue Earth river. On the fourteenth the fort was finished and named Fort L'Hiiillier, and on the twenty-second two Canadians were sent out to invite the Aya- vois and Otoctatas to come and establish a vil- lage near the fort, because these Indians are in- dustrious and accustomed to cultivate the earth, and they hoped to get provisions from them, and to make them work in the mines. On the twenty-fourth, six Scioux Oujalespoi- tons wished to go into the fort, but were told that they did not receive men who had killed Frenchmen. This is the term used when they have insulted them. The next day they came to the lodge of Le Sueur to beg him to have pity on them. They wished, according to custom, to weep over his head and make him a present of packs of beavers, which he refused. He told them he was surprised that people who had rob- bed should come to him ; to which they replied that they had heard it said that two Frenchmen had been robbed, but none from their village had ^been present at that wicked action. Le Sueur answered, that he knew it was the Mendeoucantons and not the Oujalespoitons ; " but," continued he, "you are Scioux; it is the Scioux who have robbed me, and if I were to fol- low your manner of acting I should break your heads ; for is it not true, that when a stranger (it is thus they call the Indians who are not Scioux) has insulted a Scioux, Mendeoucanton, Oujalespoitons, or others— all the villages revenge upon the first one they meet?" As they had nothing to answer to what he said to them, they wept and repeated, according to custom, " Ouaechissou ! ouaepanimanabo !" Le Sueur told them to cease crying, and added that the French had good hearts, and that they had come into the country to have pity on them. At the same time he made them a present, saying to them, " Carry back your beavers and say to all the Scioux, that they will have from me no more powder or lead, and they will no longer smoke any long pipe until they have made satisfaction for robbing the Frenchman. The same day the Canadians, who had been sent ofE on the 22d, arrived without having found the road which led to the Ayavois and Otoctatas. On the 25th, Le Sueur went to the river with three canoes, which he filled with green and blue earth. It is taken from the hills near which are very abundant mines of copper, some of which was worked at Paris in 1696, by L'lluillier, one of the chief collectors of the king. Stones were also found there which would be curious, if worked. On the ninth of November, eight Mantanton Scioux arrived, who had been sent by their chiefs to say that the Mendeoucantmis were still at tlieir lake on the east of the Mississippi, and they could not come for a long time ; and that for a single village which had no good sense, the others ought not to bear the punishment ; and that they were willing to make reparation if they knew how. Le Sueur replied that he was glad that they had a disposition to do so. On the 15th the two Mantanton Scioux, who had been sent expiessly to say that all of the Scioux of the east, and part of those of the west, were joined together to come to the French, be- cause they had heard that the Christianaux and the Assinipoils were making war on them. These two nations dwell above the fort on the east side, more than eighty leagues on the Upper Mississippi. The Assinipoils speak Scioux, and are certainly of that nation. It is only a few years since that they became enemies. The enmity thus origi- nated: The Christianaux, having the use of arms before the Scioux, through the English at Hud- son's Bay, they constantly warred upon the As- sinipoils, who were tlieir nearest neighbors. The latter, being weak, sued for peace, and to render it more lasting, married the Christianaux 44 EXPLOBURS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. women. The other Scioux, who had not made the compact, continued the war; and, seeing some Christianaux with tlie Assinipoils, broke their heads. The Christianaux furnished the Assini- poils with arms and merchandise. On tlie 16th the Scioux returned to their vil- lage, and it was reported that the Ayavois and Otoctatas were gone to establish themselves to- wards the Missouri Eiver, near the Maha, who dwell in that region. On the 26th the Mantan- tons and Oujalespoitons arrived at the fort; and, after they had encamped ip the woods, Wah kantape came to beg Le Sueur to go to his lodge. He there found sixteen men with women and children, with their faces daubed mth black. In the middle of the lodge were several buffalo ■ skins which were sewed for a carpet. After mo- tioning him to sit down, they wept for the fourth of an hour, and the chief gave him some wild rice to eat (as was their custom), putting the first three spoonsful to his mouth. After which, he said all present were relatives of Tioscate, whom Le Sueur took to Canada in 1695, and who died there in 1696. At the mention of Tioscate they began to weep again, and wipe their tears and heads upon the shoulders of Le Sueur. Then Wahkantape again spoke, and said that Tioscate begged him to for- get the insult done to the Frenchmen by the Mendeoucantons, and take pity on his brethren by giving them powder and balls whereby they could defend themselves, and gain a living for their wives and children, who languish in a coun- try full of game, because they had not the means of killing them. " Look," added the chief, " Be- hold ihy children, thy brethren, and thy sisters; it is to thee to see whether thou wishest them to die. They will live if thou givest them powder and ball; they will die if thou refusest." Le Sueur granted them their request, but as the Scioux never answer on the spot, especially in matters of importance, and as he had to speak to them about his establishment he went out of the lodge without saying a word. The chief and all those within followed him as far as tlie- door of the fort; and when he had gone in, they went around it three times, crying with all their strength, " Atheouanan! " that is to say, " Father, have pity on us." [Ate unyanpi, means Our Father.] The next day, he assembled in the fort the principal men of both villages; and as it is not possible to subdue the Scioux or to hinder them from going to war, unless it be by inducing them to cultivate the earth, he said to them that if they wished to render themselves worthy of the protection "of the king, they must abandon their erring life, and form a village near his dwelling, where they would be shielded from the insults of of their enemies; and that they might be happy and not hungry, he would give them all the com necessary to plant a large piece of ground; that the king, their and his chief, in sending him, had forbidden him to purchase beaver skins, knowing that this kind of hunting separates them and ex- poses them to their enemies; and that in conse- quence of this he had come to establish himself on Blue Eiver and vicinity, where they had many times assured him were many kinds of beasts, for the skins of which he would give them all things necessary; that they ought to reflect that they could not do without French goods, and that the only way not to want them was, not to go to war with our allied nations. As it is customary with the Indians to accom- pany their word with a present proportioned to the affair treated of, he gave them fifty poimds of powder, as many balls, six guns, ten axes, twelve armsful of tobacco, and a hatchet pipe. On the first of December, the Mantantons in- vited Le Sueur to a great feast. Of four of their lodges they had made one, in which were one hundred men seated around, and every one his dish before him. After the meal, Wahkantape, the chief, made them all smoke, one after another, in the hatchet pipe which had been given them. He then made a present to Le Sueur of a slave and a sack of wild rice, and said to him, showing him his men: " Behold the remains of this great village, which thou hast aforetimes seen so nu- merous! All the otliers have been killed in war; and the few men whom thou seest in this lodge, accept the present thou hast made them, and are resolved to obey the great chief of all nations, of whom thou hast spoken to us. Thou oughtest not to regard us as Scioux, but as French, and in- stead of saying the Scioux are miserable, and have no mind, and are fit for nothing but to rob and steal from the French, thou shalt say my breth- ren are miserable and have no ipijid, and we must D' IBERVILLE'S MEMOIR ON THE MISSISSIPPI TRIBES. 45 try to procure some for them. They rob us, but I will take care that they do not lack iron, that is to say, all kinds of goods. If thou dost this, I as- sure thee that in a little time the Mantantons will become Frenchmen, and they will have none of those vices, with which thou reproachest us." Having finished his speech, he covered his face with his garment, and the others imitated him. They wept over their companions who had died in war, and chanted an adieu to their country in a tone so gloomy, that one could not keep from partaking of their sorrow. Wahkantape then made them smoke again, and distributed the presents, and said that he was go- ing to the Mendeoucantons, to inform them of the resolution, and invite them to do the same. On the twelfth, three Mendeoucauton chiefs, and a large number of Indians of the same vil- lage, arrived at the fort, and the next day gave satisfaction for robbing the Frenchmen. They brought four hundred pounds of beaver skins, and promised that the summer following, after their canoes were built and they had gathered their wild rice, that they would come and establish themselves near the French. The same day they returned to their village east of the Mississippi. NAMES OF THE BANDS OF SCIOTJX OF THE EAST, WITH THEIR SIGKIFICATION. Mantantons— That is to say. Village of the Great Lake which empties into a small one. Mbndeouacantons— Village of Spirit Lake. Qtjiopetons — Village of the Lake with one Kiver. PsiotTMANiTONS — Village of Wild Rice Gath- erers. OxJADEBATONS — The River Village. Otjaetemanetons — Village of the Tribe who dwell on the Point of the Lake. SoNGASQUiTONS— The Brave Village, THE SCIOUX of THE WEST. TouCHOUAESiNTONS — The Village of the Pole. PsiNCHATONS — Village of the Red Wild Rice. OujALESPOiTONS — Village divided into many small Bands. PsiNOUTANHiNHiNTONs — The Great Wild Rice Village. TiNTANGAOUGHiATONS — The Grand Lodge Village. OuAEPETONS — Village of the Leaf. OxJGHETGEODATONS — Dung Village. OuAPEONTETONs— Village of those who shoot in the Large Pine. HiNHANETONS — Village of the Red Stone Quarry. The above catalogue of villages concludes the extract that La Harpe has made from Le Sueur's journal. In the narrative of Major Long's second expe- dition, there are just as many villages of the Gens du Lac, or M'dewakantonwan Scioux mentioned, though the names are different. After leaving the Mille Lac region, the divisions evidently were different, and the villages known by new names. Charlevoix, who visited the valley of the Lower Mississippi in 1722, says that Le Sueiur spent a winter in his fort on the banks of the Blue Earth, and that in the following April he went up to the mine, about a mile above. In twenty-two days they obtained more than thirty thousand pounds of the substance, four thousand of which were se- lected and sent to France. On the tenth of February, 1702, Le Sueur came back to the post on the Gulf of Mexico, and found D'Iberville absent, who, however, arrived on the eighteenth of the next month, vidth a ship from France, loaded with supplies. After a few weeks, the Governor of Louisiana sailed again for the old country, Le Sueur being a fellow passenger. On board of the ship, D'Iberville wrote a mem- orial upon the Mississippi valley, with sugges- tions for carrying on commerce therein, which contains many facts furnished by Le Sueur. A copy of the manuscript was in possession of the Historical Society of Minnesota, from which are the following extracts: "If the Sioux remain in their own country, they are useless to us, being too distant. We could have no commerce with them except that of the beaver. M. Le Sueur, who goes to France to give an account of this country, is the proper per- son to make these movements. He estimates the Sioux at four thousand famUies, who could settle upon the Missouri. "He has spoken to me of another which he calls the Mahas, composed of more than twelve hundred families. The Ayooues (loways) and the Octoctatas, their neighbors, are about three hundred families. They occupy the lands be- 46 EXPLOBEBB AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. tween the Mississippi and the Missouri, about one hundred, leagues from the Illinois. These savages do not know the use of arms, and a de- scent might be made upon them in a river, which is beyond the Wabash on the west. * * * " The Assinibouel, Quenistinos, and people of the north, who are upon the rivers which fall into the Mississippi, and trade at Port Nelson (Hud- son Bay), are about four hundred. We could prevent them from going there if we wish." " In four or five years we can establish a com- merce with these savages of sixty or eighty thou- sand buffalo skins; more than one hundred deer skins, which will produce, delivered in France, more than two million four hundred thousand livres yearly. One might obtain for a buffalo skin four or five pounds of wool, which sells for twenty sous, two poimds of coarse hair at ten sous. "Besides, from smaller peltries, two hundred thousand livres can be made yearly." In the third volume of the " History and Sta- tistics of the Indian Tribes," prepared under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian affairs, by Mr. Schoolcraft, a manuscript, a copy of which was in possession of General Cass, is referred to as containing the first enumeration of the Indians of the Mississippi Valley. The following was made thirty-four years earlier by D'Iberville: "The Sioux, Famihes, 4,000 Mahas, , 12,000 Octata and Ayoues, 300 Canses [Kansas], . . . * 1,500 Missouri, 1,500 Akansas, &c., ■ . . . . 200 Manton [Mandan], 100 Panis [Pawnee], ' . . . 2,000 Illinois, of the great village and Cama- roua [Tamaroa], 800 Meosigamea [Metchigamias], .... 200 Kikapous and Mascoutens, .... 450 Miamis, . , 600 Chactas, 4,000 Chicachas, 2,000 Mobiliens and Chohomes, 350 Concaques [Conchas], 2,000 Ouma [Houmas], 150 Colapissa, 250 Bayogoula, 100 People of the Fork, 200 Counica, &c. [Tonicas], 300 Nadeches, 1,500 Belochy, [Biloxi] Pascpboula, .... 100 Total, 23,850 " The savage tribes located in the places I have marked out, make it necessary to establish three posts on the Mississippi, one at the Arkansas, another at the Wabash (Ohio), and the third at the Missouri. At each post it would be proper to have an oflScer with a detachment of ten sol- diers with a sergeant and corporal. All French- men should be allowed to settle there with their families, and trade with the Indians, and they might establish tanneries for properly dressing the buffalo and deer skins for transportation. " No Frenchman shall lie allowed to follow the Indians on their hunts, as it tends to keep them hunters, as is seen in Canada, and when they are in the woods, they do not desire to become tiller? of the soil. ******* " I have saidnothing in this memoir of which I have not personal knowledge or the most relia- ble sources. The most of what I propose is founded upon personal reflection in relation to what might be done for the defence and advance- ment of the colony. ***** * * * It will be absolutely necessary that the king should define the limits of this country in relation to the government of Canada. It is important that the commandant of the Mississippi should have a report of those who inhabit the rivers that fall into the Mississippi, and principally those of the river Illinois. " The Canadians intimate to the savages that they ought not to Usten to us but to the governor of Canada, who always speaks to them with large presents, that the governor of Mississippi is mean and never sends them any thing. This is true, and what I cannoTao. It is imprudent to accus- tom the savages to be spoken to by presents, for, with so many, it would cost the king more than the revenue derived from the trade. When they come to us, it will be necessary to bring them in subjection, make them no presents, and compel them to do what we wish, as if they were French- men. " The Spaniards have divided the Indians into parties on this point, and we can do the same. When one nation does wrong, we can cease to PENICAUT BESCBIBES LIFE AT FOBT VRUILLIER. 47 trade with them, and threaten to draw down the hostility of other Indians. "We rectify the diffi- culty by having missionaries, who will bring them into obedience secretly. " The Illinois and Mascoutens have detained the French canoes they find upon the Mississippi, saying that the governors of Canada have given them permission. I do not know whether this is so, but if true, it follows that we have not the liberty to send any one on the Mississippi. "M. Le Sueur would have been taken if he had not been the strongest. Only one of the canoes he sent to the Sioux was plundered." ** * Penicaut's account varies in some particulars from that of La Harpe's. He calls the Mahkahto Green Eiver instead of Blue and writes: " We took our route by its mouth and ascended It forty leagues, when we found another river falling in- to the Saint Pierre, which we entered. "We called this the Green Eiver because it is of that color by reason of a green earth which loosening itself from from the copper mines, becomes dis- solved and makes it green. " A league up this river, we found a point of land a quarter of a league distant from the woods, and it was upon this point that M. Le Sueur resolved to build his fort, because we could not go any higher on account of the ice, it being the last day of September. Half of our people went hunting whilst the others worked on the fort. "We killed four hundred buffaloes, which were our provisions for the winter, and which we placed upon scaffolds in our fort, after having skinned and cleaned and quartered them. We also made cabins in the fort, and a magazine to keep our goods. After having drawn up our shallop within the inelosure of the fort, we spent the winter in our cabins. " "When we were working in our fort in the beginning seven French traders &om Canada took refuge there. They had been pillaged and stripped naked by the Sioux, a wandering nation living only by hunting and plundering. Among these seven persons there was a Canadian gen- tleman of Le Sueur's acquaintance, whom he rec- ognized at once, and gave him some clothes, as he did also to all the rest, and whatever else was necessary for them. They remained with us during the entire winter at our fort, where we had not food enough for aU, except buffalo meat which we had not even salt to eat vnth. "We had a good deal of trouble the first two weeks in ac- customing ourselves to it, having fever and di- arrhoea and becoming so tired of it as to hate the smell. But by degrees our bodies became adapt- ed to it so well that at the end of six weeks there was not one of us who could not eat six pounds of meat a day, and drink four bowls of broth. As soon as we were accustomed to this kind of living it made us very fat, and then there was no more sickness. " When spring arrived we went to work in the copper mine. This was the beginning of April of this year [1701.] We took with us twelve labor- ers and four hunters. This mine was situated about three-quarters of a league from our post. We took from the mine in twenty days more than twenty thousand pounds weight of ore, of which we only selected four thousand pounds of the finest, which M. Le Sueur, who was a very good judge of it, had carried to the fort, and which has since been sent to Prance, though I have not learned the result. '• This mine is situated at the beginning of a very long mountain, which is upon the bank of the river, so that boats can go right to the mouth of the mine itself. At this place is the green earth, which is a foot and a half in tMckness, and above it is a layer of earth as firm and hard as stone, and black and burnt like coal by the exhalation from the mine. The copper is scratched out with a knife. There are no trees upon this mountain. * * * After twenty-two days' work, we returned to our fort. When the Sioux, who belong to the nation of savages who pillaged the Canadians, came they brought us merchandize of furs. "They had more than four hundred beaver robes, each robe made of nine skins sewed to- gether. M. Le Sueur purchased these and many other skins which he bargained for, in the week he traded with the savages. * * * * We sell in return wares which come very dear to the buyers, especially tobacco from Brazil, in the proportion of a hundred crowns the pound; two little horn-handled knives, and four leaden bul- lets are equal to ten crowns in exchange for skins ; and so with the rest. " In the beginning of May, we launched our shallop in the water, and loaded it with green 48 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. earth that had been taken out of the river, and with the furs we had traded for, of which we had three canoes full. M. Le Sueur before going held council with M. D'Evaque [or Eraque] the Canadian gentleman, and the three great chiefs of the Sioux, three brothers, and told them that as he had to return to the sea, he desired them to live in peace with M. D'Evaque, whom he left in command at Fort L'lluillier, with twelve Frenchmen. M. Le Sueur made a considerable present to the three brothers, chiefs of the sava- ges, desiring them to never abandon the French. Afterward we the twelve men whom he had chosen to go down to the sea with him embarked. In set- ting out, M. Le Sueur promised to M. D'Evaque and the twelve Frenchmen who remained with him to guard the fort, to send up munitions of war from the Illinois country as soon as he should arrive there ; which he did, for on getting there he sent off to him a canoe loaded with two thou- sand pounds of lead and powder, with three of our people in charge." Le Sueur arrived at the French fort on the Gulf of Mexico in safety, and in a few weeks, in the spring of 1701, sailed for France, with his kinsman, D'Iberville, the first governor of Lou- isiana. In the spring of the next year (1702) D'Evaque came to Mobile and reported to D'Iberville, who had come back from France, that he had been attacked by the Foxes and Maskoutens, who killed three Frenchmen who were working near Fort L'Huillier, and that, being out of powder and lead, he had been obliged to conceal the goods which were left and abandon the post. At the Wisconsin River he had met Juchereau, formerly criminal judge in Montreal, with thirty-five men, on his way to establish a tannery for buffalo skins at the Wabash, and that at the Illinois he met the canoe of supplies sent by Bienville, D 'Iberville's brother. La Motte Cadillac, in command at Detroit, in a letter written on August 31st, 1703, alludes to Le Sueur's expedition in these words: " Last year they sent Mr. Boudor, a Montreal merchant, into the country of the Sioux to join Le Su- eur. He succeeded so well in that journey he transported thither twenty-five or thirty thous- and pounds of merchandize with which to trade in all the country of the Outawas. This proved to him an unfortunate investment, as he has been robbed «f a part of .the goods by the Outa- gamies. The occasion of the robbery by one of our own allies was as follows. I speak with a full knowledge of the facts as they occurred while I was at Michillimackianc. From time immemo- rial our allies have been at war vidth the Sioux, and on my arrival there in conformity to the or- der of M. Frontenac, the most able man who has ever come into Canada, I attempted to negotiate a truce between the Sioux and all our allies. Succeeding in this negotiation I took the occa- sion to turn their arms against the Iroquois with whom we were then at war, and soon after I ef- fected a treaty of peace between the Sioux and the French and their allies which lasted two years. "At the end of tha; time the Sioux came, in great numbers, to the villages of the Miamis, un- der pretense of ratifying the treaty. They were well received by the Miamis, and, after spending several days in their villages, departed, apparent- ly perfectly satisfied with their good reception, as they certainly had every reason to be. " The Miamis, believing them already far dis- tant, slept quietly; but the Sioux, who had pre- meditated the attack, returned the same night to the principal village of the Miamis, where most of the tribe were congregated, and, taking them by surprise, slaughtered nearly three thousand(?) and put the rest to flight.. "This perfectly infuriated all tne nations. They came with their complaints, begging me to join with them and exterminate the Sioux. But the war we then had on our hands did not permit it, so it became necessary to play the orator in a long harangue. In conclusion I advised them to ' weep their dead, and wrap them up, and leave them to sleep coldly till the day of vengeance should come;' telling them we must sweep the laud on this side of the Iroquois, as it was neces- sary to extinguish even their memory, after which the allied tribes could more easily avenge the atrocious deed that the Sioux had just committed upon them. In short, I managed them so well that the affair was settled in the manner that I proposed. " But the twenty-five permits still existed, and the cupidity of the French induced them to go among the Sioux to trade for beaver. Our allies complained bitterly of this, saying it was injust- TBABE FOBBIDBEN WITH THE SIOUX. 49 ice to them, as they had taken up arms in our quarrel against the Iroquois, while the French traders were carrying munitions of war to the Sioux to enable them to kill the rest of our allies as they had the Miamis. " I immediately informed M. Frontenac, and M. Champigny having read the communication, and commanded that an ordinance be published at Mon- treal forbidding the traders to go into the country of the Sioux for the purpose of traflSc under penalty of a thousand francs fine, the confiscation of the goods, and other arbitrary penalties. The ordi- nance was sent to me and faithfully executed. The same year [1699] I descended to Quebec, having asked to be relieved. Since that time, in spite of this prohibition, the French have con- tinued to trade with the Sioux, but not without being subject to affronts and indignities from our allies themselves which bring dishonor on the French name. * * * I do not consider it best any longer to aUow the traders to carry on com- merce with the Sioux, under any pretext what- ever, especially as M. Boudor has just been robbed by the Fox nation, and M. Jucheraux has given a thousand crowns, in goods, for the right of passage through the country of the allies to his habitation. " The allies say that Le Sueur has gone to the Sioux on the Mississippi; that they are resolved to oppose him, and if he offers any resistance they will not be answerable for the consequences. It would be well, therefore, to give Le Sueur warning by the Governor of Mississippi. "The Sauteurs [Chippeways] being friendly with the Sioux wished to give passage through their country to M. Boudor and others, permit- ting them to carry arms and other munitions of war to this nation; but the other nations being opposed to it, differences have arisen between them which have resulted in the robbery of M. Boudor. This has given occasion to the Sau- teurs to make an outbreak upon the Sacs and Foxes, killing thirty or forty of them. So there is war among the people." 50 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA, CHAPTER yill. EVENTS WHICH LED TO BUILBIKG FORT BEAUHARKOIS ON LAKE PEPIN. Re- Establishment of Mackinaw. — Sieur de Louvigny at Mackinaw. — Do Lignery at Mackinaw. — Louvigny Attacks ihe Foxes. — Du Luth's Post Reoccupiod. — Saint Pierre at La Pointe on Lako Superior. — Preparations for a Jesuit Mission among the Sioux. — La Perriere Boucher's Expedition to Lake Pepin. — De Gonor and Guipuas, Jesuit Missionaries.— Visit to Poxes and Winnebagoeg. — 'Wisconsin River Described. — fort Beauharnois Built. — Fireworks Displayed, — High Water at Lake Pepin, — De Gonor Visits Mackinaw.— Boucherville, Mont- brun and Guiguas Captured by Indians.— Montbrun's Escape. — Boucherville's Presents to Indians. — Exaggerated Account of Father Guiguas' Capture. — Dis- patches Concerning Fort Beauharnois. — Sieur de la Jemeraye. — Saint Pierre at Port Beauharnois.— Trouble between Sioux and Foxes. — Sioux Visit Quebec. — De Lusignan Visits the Sioux Country, — Saint Pierre Noticed in the Travels of Jonathan Carver and Lieutenant Pike. After the Fox Indians drove away Le Sueur's men, in 1702, from the Makahto, or Blue Earth river, the merchants of Montreal and Quebec did not encourage trade with the tribes beyond Mack- inaw. D'Aigreult, a French officer, sent to inspect that post, in the summer of 1708, reported that he arrived there, on the 19th of August, and found there but fourteen or fifteen Frenchmen. He also wrote: " Since there are now only a few wanderers at Michilimackinaek, the greater part of the furs of the savages of the north goes to the English trading posts on Hudson's Bay. The Outawas are unable to make this trade by them- selves, because the northern savages are timid, and will not come near them, as they have often been plundered. It is, therefore, necessary that the French be allowed to seek these northern tribes at the mouth of their own river, which empties into Lake Superior." Louis de la Porte, the Sieur De Louvigny, in 1690, accompanied by Nicholas Perrot, with a de- tachment of one hundred and seventy Canadians and Indians, came to Mackinaw, and until 1694 was in command, when he was recalled. In 1712, Father Joseph J. Marest the Jesuit missionary wrote, " If this country ever needs M. Louvigny it is now ; the savages say it is ab- solutely necessary that he should come for the safety of the country, to unite the tribes and to defend those whom the war has caused to return to Michilimacinac. ****** I do not know what course the Pottawatomies will take, nor even what course they will pursue who are here, if M. Louvigny does not come, es- pecially if the Foxes were to attack them or us." The next July, M. Lignery urged upon the au- thorities the establishment of a garrison of trained soldiers at Mackinaw, and the Intendant of Can- ada wrote to the King of France : " Michilimackinac might be re-established, without expense to his Majesty, either by sur- rendering the trade of the post to such individu- als as wiU obligate themselves to pay all the ex- penses of twenty-two soldiers and two officers; to furnish munitions of war for the defense of the fort, and to make presents to the savages. " Or the expenses of the post might be paid by the sale of permits, if the King should not think proper to grant an exclusive commerce. It is ab- solutely necessary to know the wishes of the King concerning these two propositions; and as M. Lignery is at Michilimackinac, it will not be any greater injury to the colony to defer the re-estab- ment of this post, than it has been for eight or ten years past." The war with England ensued, and in April, 1713, the treaty of Utrecht was ratified. France had now more leisure to attend to the Indian tribes of the West. Early in 1714, Mackinaw was re-occupied, and on the fourteenth of March, 1716, an expedition under Lieutenant Louvigny, left Quebec. His arrival at Mackinaw, where he had been long ex- pected, gave confidence to the voyageurs, and friendly Indians, and with a force of eight hun- dred men, he proceeded against the Foxes in Wisconsin. He brought with him two pieces of cannon and a grenade mortar, and besieged the fort of the Foxes, which he stated contained five hundred warriors, and three thousand men, a declaration which can scarcely be credited. After DESIRE FOB A NOBIHEBN BOUTE 10 THE PACIFIC. 61 three days of skirmishing, he prepared to mine the fort, when the Foxes capitulated. The paddles of the hirch bark canoes and the gay songs of the voyageurs now began to be heard once more on the waters of Lake Superior and its tributaries. In 1717, the post erected by Du Luth, "on Lake Superior near the northern boun- dary of Minnesota, was re-occupied by Lt. Eo- bertel de la Noue. In view of the troubles among the tribes of the northwest, in the month of September, 1718, Cap- tain St. Pierre, who had great influence with the Indians of Wisconsin and Minnesota, was sent with Ensign Linctot and some soldiers to re-oc- cupy La Pointe on Lake Superior, now Bayfield, in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. The chiefs of the band there, and at Keweenaw, had threatened war against the Poxes, who had kUled some of their number. When the Jesuit Charlevoix returned to Prance after an examination of the resources of Canada and Louisiana, he urged that an attempt should be made to reach the Pacific Ocean by an inland route, and suggested that an expedition should proceed from the mouth of the Missouri and fol- low that stream, or that a post should be estab- lished among the Sioux which should be the point of departure. The latter was accepted, and in 1722 an allowance was made by the French Gov- ernment, of twelve hundred livres, for two Jes- uit missionaries to accompany those who should establish the new post. D'Avagour, Superin- tendent of Missions, in May, 1723, requested the authorities to grant a separate canoe for the con- veyance of the goods of the proposed mission, and as it was netjessary to send a commandant to persuade the Indians to receive the mission- aries, he reconamended Sieur Pachot, an oflScer of experience. A dispatch from Canada to the French govern- ment, dated October 14, 1723, announced that Father de la Chasse, Superior of the Jesuits, ex- pected that, the next spring, Father Guymoneau, and another missionary from Paris, would go to the Sioux, but that they had been hindered.by the Sioux a few months before killing seven French- men, on their way to Louisiana. The aged Jesuit, Joseph J. Marest, who had been on Lake Pepin in 1689 with Perrot, and was now in .Mon- treal, said that it was the wandering Sioux who had killed the French, but he thought the sta- tionary Sioux would receive Christian instruction. The hostility of the Foxes had also prevented the establishment of a fort and mission among the Sioux. On the seventh of June, 1726, peace was con- cluded by De Lignery with the Sauks, Foxes, and Winnebagoes at Green Bay; and Linctot, who had succeeded Saint Pierre in command at La Pointe, was ordered, by presents and the promise of a missionary, to endeavor to detach the Dah- kotahs from their alliance with the Foxes. At this time Linctot made arrangements for peace be^een the Ojibways and Dahkotas, and sent two Frenchmen to dwell in the villages of the latter, with a promise that, if they ceased to fight the Ojibways, they should have regular trade, and a " black robe" reside in their country. Traders and missionaries now began to prepare for visiting the Sioux, and in the spring of 1727 the Governor of Canada wrote that the fathers, appointed for the Sioux mission, desired a case of mathematical instruments, a universal astro- nomic dial, a spirit level, chain and stakes, and a telescope of six or seven feet tube. On the sixteenth of June, 1727, the expedition for the Sioux country left Montreal in charge of the Sieur de la Perriere who was son of the dis- tinguished and respected Canadian, Pierre Bou- cher, the Governor of Three Rivers. La Perriere had served in Newfoundland and been associated with Hertel de Rouville in raids into ITew England, and gained an unenviable no- toriety as the leader of the savages, while Rou- ville led the French in attacks upon towns like Haverhill, Massachusetts, where the Indians ex- ultingly killed the Puritan pastor, scalped his loving wife, and dashed out his infant's brains against a rock. He was accompanied by his brother and other relatives. Two Jesuit fathers, De Gonor and Pierre Michel Guignas, were also of the party. In Shea's " Early French Voyages" there was printed, for the first time, a letter from Father Guignas, from the Brevoort manuscripts, written on May 29, 1728, at Fort Beauharnois, on Lake Pepin, which contains facts of much interest. He writes: " The Scioux convoy left the end of Montreal Island on the 16th of the month of June last year, at 11 A. m., and reached Michili- 52 EXFLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. mackinac the 22d of the month of July. This post is two liundred and fifty-one leagues from Montreal, almost due west, at 45 degrees 46 min- utes north latitude. ""We spent the rest of the month at this post, in the hope of receiving from day to day some news from Montreal, and in the design of strengthening ourselves against the alleged ex- treme difficulties of getting a free passage through the Foxes. At last, seeing nothing, we set out on our march, the first of the month of August, and. after seventy-three leagues quite pleasant sail along the northerly side of Lake Michigan, running to the southeast, we reached the Bay [Green] on the 8th of the same month, at 5:30 P. M. This post is at 44 degrees 43 minutes north latitude. "We stopped there two days, and on the 11th in the morning, we embarked, in a very great Impatience to reach the Foxes. On the third day after our departure from the bay, quite late in the afternoon, in fact somewhat in the night, the chiefs of the Puans [Winnebagoes] came out three leagues from their village to meet the French, with their peace calumets and some bear meat as a refreshment, and the next day we were received by that small nation, amid several discharges of a few guns, and with great demonstrations. " They asked us with so good a grace to do them the honor to stay some time with them that we granted them the rest of the day from noon, and the following day. There may be in all the village, sixty to eighty men, but all the men and women of very tall stature, and well made. They are on the bank of a very pretty little lake, in a most agreeable spot for its situation and the goodness of the soil, nineteen leagues from the bay and eight leagues from the Foxes. " Early the next morning, the 15th of the month of August, the convoy preferred to continue its route, with quite pleasant weather, but a storm coming on in the afternoon, we arrived quite wet, still in the rain, at the cabins of the Foxes, anation so much dreaded, and really so little to be dreaded. From all that we could see, it is composed of two hundred men at most, but there is a perfect hive of children, especially boys from ten to fourteen years old, well formed. '■ They are cabined on a little eminence on the bank of a small river that bears their name, ex- tremely tortuous or winding, so that you are con- stantly boxing the compass. Yet it is apparently quite wide, with a chain of hills on both sides, but there is only one miserable little channel amid this extent of apparent bed, which is a kind of marsh full of rushes and wild rice of almost impenetrable thickness. They have nothing but mere bark cabins, without any kind of palisade or other fortification. As soon as the French ca- noes touched their shore they ran down with their peace calumets, lighted in spite of the rain, and all smoked. "We stayed among them the rest of this day, and all the next, to know what were their designs and ideas as to the French post among the Sioux. The Sieur Eeaume, interpreter of Indian lan- guages at the Bay, acted efficiently there, and with devotion to the King's service. Even if my testimony. Sir, should be deemed not impartial, I must have the honor to tell you that Bev. Father Chardon, an old missionary, was of very great as- sistance there, and the presence of three mission- aries reassured these cut-throats and assassins of the French more than aU the speeches of the best orators could have done. " A general council was convened in one of the cabins, they were addressed in decided friendly terms, and they replied in the same way. A small present was made to them. On their side they gave some quite handsome dishes, lined with dry meat. On the following Sunday, 17th of the month of August, very early in the morning, Father Chardon set out, with Sieur Keaume, to return to the Bay, and the Sioux expedition, greatly re- joiced to have so easily got over this difficulty, which had everywhere been represented as so in- surmountable, got under way to endeavor to reach its journey's end. " Ifever was navigation more tedious than what we subsequently made from uncertainty as to our course. No one knew it, and we got astray every moment on water and on land for want of a guide and pilots. We kept on, as it were feeUng our way for eight days, for it was only on the ninth, about three o'clock p. m., that we arrived, by accident, believing ourselves still far off, at the portage of the Ouisconsin, which is forty-five leagues from the Foxes, coimting all the twists and turns of this abominable river. SITUATION AND BESGRIPTION OF FOBT BEAUHABN0I8. 53 This portage is half a league in length, and half of that is a kind of marsh full of mud, " The Ouisconsin is quite a handsome river, but far belowwhat we had been told, apparently, as those who gave the description of it in Canada saw it only in the high waters of spring. It is a shallow river on a bed of quicksand, which forms bars almost everywhere, and these often change place. Its shores are either steep, bare mountains or low points wi th sandy base . Its course is from northeast to southwest. From the portage to its mouth in the Mississippi, I estimated thirty-eight leagues. The portage is at 43 deg. 2-i min. north latitude. " The Mississippi from the mouth of the Ouis- consin ascending, goes northwest. This beauti- ful river extends between two chains of high, bare and very sterile mountains, constantly a league, three-quarters of a league, or where it is narrowest, half a league apart. Its centre is oc- cupied by a chain of well wooded islands, so that regarding from the heights above, you would think you saw an endless valley watered on the right and left by two large rivers ; sometimes, too, you could discern no river. These islands are overflowed every year, and would be adapted to raising rice. Fifty-eight leagues from the mouth of the Ouisconsin, according to my calculation, ascending the Mississippi, is Lake Pepin, which is nothing else but the river itself, destitute of islands at that point, where it may be half a league wide. This river, in what I traversed of it, is shallow, and has shoals in several places, be- cause its bed is moving sands, like that of the Ouisconsin. " On the 17th of September, 1727, at noon, we reached this lake, which had been chosen as the bourne of our voyage. We planted ourselves on the shore about the middle of the north side, on a low point, where the soil is excellent. The wood is very dense there, but is already thmned in consequence of the rigor and length of the winter, which has been severe for the climate, for we are here on the parallel of 43 deg. 41 min. It is true that the difference of the winter is great compared to that of Quebec and Montreal, for all that some poor judges say. " From the day after our landing we put our axes to the wood: on the fourth day following the fort was entirely finished. It is a square plat of one hundred feet, surrounded by pickets twelve feet long, with two good bastions. For so small a space there are large buildings quite distinct and not huddled together, each thirty, thirty-eight, and twenty-flve feet long by sixteen feet wide. " All would go well there if the spot were not inundated, but this year [1728], on the 15th of the month of April, we were obliged to camp out, and the water ascended to the height of two feet and eight inches in the houses, and it is idle to say that it was the quantity of snow that fell this year. The snow in the vicinity had melted long before, and there was only a foot and a half from the 8th of February to the 15th of March; you could not use snow-shoes. " I have great reason to think that this spot is inundated more or less every year; I have always thonght so, but they were not obliged to believe me, as old people who said that they had lived in this region fifteen or twenty years declared that it was never overflowed. We could not enter our much-devastated houses until the 80th of April, and the disorder is even now scarcely re- paired. " Before the end of October [1 727] all the houses were finished and furnished, and each one found himself tranquilly lodged at home. They then thought only of going out to explore the hills and rivers and to see those herds of all kinds of deer of which they tell such stories in Canada. They must have retired, or diminished greatly, since the time the old voyageurs left the country; they are no longer in such great numbers, and are killed with difficulty. " After beating the field, for some time, all re- assembled at the fort, and thought of enjoying a little the fruit of their labors. On the 4th of No- vember we did not forget it was the General's birthday. Mass was said for him [Beauharnois, Governor-General of Canada] in the morning, and they were well disposed to celebrate the day in the evening, but the tardiness of the pyro- technists and the inconstancy of the weather caused them to postpone the celebration to the 14th of the same month, when they set off some very fine rockets and made the air ring with an hundred shouts of Vive le Boy I and Vive Charles de Beauharnois! It was on this occasi.on that the wine of the Sioux was broached; it was par ex- 64 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. cellence, although there are no wines here finer than in Canada. ■' What contributed much to the amusement, was tlie terror of some cabins of Indians, who were at the time around the fort. When these poor people saw tlie fireworks in the air, and the stars fall from heaven, the women and children began to take flight, and the most courageous of the men to cry mercy, and implore us very earn- estly to stop the surprising play of that wonder- ful medicine. " As soon as we arrived among them, they as- sembled, in a few days, around the French fort to the number of ninety-five cabins, which might make in all one hundred and fifty men; for there are at most two men in their portable cabins of dressed skins, and in many there is only one_ This is all we have seen except a band of about sixty men, who came on the 26th of the month of February, who were of those nations called Sioux of the Prairies. " At the end of November, the Indians set out for their winter quarters. They do not, indeed, go far, and we saw some of them all through the winter; but from the second of the month of April last, when some cabins repassed here to go in search of them, [he] sought them in vain, du- ring a week, for more than sixty leagues of the Mississippi. He [La Perriere?] arrived yesterday without any tidings of them. I " Although I said above, that the Sioux were alarmed at the rockets, which they took for new phenomena, it must not be supposed from that they were less intelligent than other Indians we know. They seem to me more so ; at least they are much gayer and open, apparently, and far more dextrous thieves, great dancers, and great medicine men. The men are almost all large and well made, but the women are very ugly and dis- gusting, which does not, however, check debauch- ery among them, and is perhaps an effect of it." In the summer of 1728 the Jesuit De Gonor left the fort on Lake Pepin, and, by way of JNIack- inaw, returned to Canada. The Foxes had now become very troublesome, and De Lignery and Beaujeu marched against their stronghold, to find they had retreated to the Mississippi Eiver. ' On the 12th of October, Boucherville, his bro- ther Montbrun, a young cadet of enterprising spirit, the Jesuit Guignas, and other Frenchmen, eleven in all, left Fort Pepin to go to Canada, by way of the Illinois Eiver. They were captured by the Mascoutens and Kickapoos, and detained at the river " Au Bceuf ," which stream was prob- ably the one mentioned by Le Sueur as twenty- two leagues above the Illinois Eiver, although the same name was given by Hennepin to the Chip- pewa Eiver, just below Lake Pepin. They were held as prisoners, with the view of delivering them to the Foxes. The night before the deliv- ery the Sieur Montbrun and his brother and an- other Frenchman escaped. Montbrun, leaving his sick brother in the Illinois country, journeyed to Canada and informed the authorities. Boucherville and Guignas remained prisoners for several months, and the former did not reach Detroit until June, 1729, The account of expen- ditures made during his captivity is interesting as showing the value of merchandize at that time. It reads as follows: " Memorandum of the goods that Monsieur de Boucherville was obliged to furnish in the ser- vice of the King, from the time of his detention- among the Kickapoos, on the 12th of October, 1728, until his return to Detroit, in the year 1729, in the month of June. On arriving at the Kick- apoo village, he made a present to the young men to secure their opposition to some evil minded old warriors — Two barrels of powder, each fifty pounds at Montreal price, valued at the sum of 150 Uv. One hundred pounds of lead and balls making the sum of 50 liv. Four pounds of vermillion, at 12 francs the pound 48 fr. Four coats, braided, at twenty francs. . . 80 fr. Six dozen knives at four francs the dozen 24 fr. Four hundred flints, one hundred gun- worms, two hundred ramrods and one hundred and fifty files, the total at the maker's prices 90 liv. After the Kickapoos refused to deliver them to the Eenards [Foxes] they wished some favors, and 1 was obliged to give them the following which would allow them to weep over and cover their dead: Two braided coats @ 20 fr. each 40fr. Two woolen blankets @ 15 fr 30 One hundred pounds of powder @ 30 sons 75 One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous . . 25 BOUVUEBVILLE'S FBESBNTB WHILE IN CAPTIVITY. 65 Two pounds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24fr. Moreover, given to the Eenards to cover their dead and prepare them for peace, fifty pounds of powder, making 75 One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous. 50 Two pounds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24 During the winter a considerable party was sent to strike hands with the Illinois. Given at that time : Two blue blankets @ 16 fr 30 Four men's shirts @ 6 f r 24 Pour pairs of long-necked bottles @ 6 f r 24 Four dozen of knives @ 4 f r 16 Gun-worms, flies, ramrods, and flints, es- timated 40 Given to engage the Kickapoos to establish themselves upon a neighboring isle, to protect from the treachery of the Renards — Four blankets, @ 15f 60f Two pairs of bottles, 6f 24 Two pounds of vermillion, 12f 24 Four dozen butcher knives, 6f 24 Two woolen blankets, @ 15f 30 Four pairs of bottles, @ 6f 24 Four shirts, @ 6f 24 Four dozen of knives, @ 4f 16 The Kenards having betrayed and killed their brothers, the Kickapoos, I seized the favorable opportunity, and to encourage the latter to avenge themselves, I gave — Twenty-five poundsof powder, @ 30sous 37f.l0s. Twenty-five pounds of lead, @ 10s I2f.lOs. Two guns at 30 livres each. 60f One half pound of vermillion 6f Flints, guns, worms and knives 20f The Illinois coming to the Kikapoos vil- lage, I supported them at my expense, and gave them powder, balls and shirts valued at oOf In departing from the Kikapoos village, I gave them the rest of the goods for their good treatment, estimated at 80f In a letter, written by a priest, at New Orleans, on July 12, 1730, is the following exaggerated ac- count of the capture of Father Guignas: " We always felt a distrust of the Fox Indians, although they did not longer dare to undertake anything, since Father Guignas has detached from their al- liance the tribes of the Kikapous and Maskoutins. You know, my Reverend Father, that, being in Canada, he had the courage to penetrate even to the Sioux near the sources of the Mississippi, at the distance of eight hundred leagues from New Orleans and five hundred from Quebec. Obliged to abandon this important mission by the unfor- tunate result of the enterprise against the Foxes, he descended the river to repair to the lULaois. On the 15th of October in the year 1728 he was arrested when half way by the Kickapous and Maskoutins. For four months he was a captive ' among the Indians, where he had much to suffer and everything to fear. The time at last came when he was to be burned alive, when he was adopted by an old man whose family saved his life and procured his liberty. " Our missionaries who are among the Illinois were no sooner acquainted with the situation than they procured him all the alleviation they were able. Everything which he received he em- ployed to conciliate the Indians, and succeeded to the extent of engaging them to conduct him to the Illinois to make peace with the French and Indians of this region. Seven or eight months after this peace was concluded, the Maskoutins and Kikapous returned again to the Illinois coun- try, and took back Father Guignas to spend the winter, from whence, in all probability, he wiU return to Canada." In dispatches sent to France, in October, 1729, by the Canadian government, the following refer- ence is made to Fort Beauharnois : " They agree that the fort built among the Soioux, on the bor- der of 'Lake Pepin, appears to be badly situated on account of the freshets, but the Indians assure that the waters rose higher in 1728 than it ever did before. When Sieur de Laperriere located it at that place it was on the assurance of the In- dians that the waters did not rise so high." In reference to the absence of Indians, is the fol- lowing : "It is very true that these Indians did leave shortly after on a hunting excursion, as they are in the habit of doing, for their own support and that of their families, who have only that means of livelihood, as they do not cultivate the soil at all. M. de Beauharnois has just been informed that their absence was occasioned only by having fallen in while hunting with a number of prairie Scioux, by whom they were invited to occompany them on a war expedition against the Mahas, 56 EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. which invitation they accepted, and returned only in the month of July following. " The interests of religion, of the service, and of the colony, are involved in the maintenance of this establishment, which has been the more nec- essary as there is no doubt but the Foxes, when routed, would have found an asylum among the Scioux had not the French been settled there, and the docility and submission manifested by the Foxes can not be attributed to any cause ex- cept the attention entertained by the Scioux for the French, and the offers which the former made the latter, of which tie Foxes were fully cognisant. " It is necessary to retain the Scioux in these favorable dispositions, in order to keep the Foxes in check and counteract the measures they might adopt to gain over the Scioux, who will invaria- bly reject their propositions so long as the French remain in the country, and their trading post shall continue there. But, despite all these ad- vantages and the importance of preserving that establishment, M. de Beauharnois cannot take any steps until he has news of the French who asked his permission this summer to go up there with a canoe load of goods, and until assured that those who wintered there have not dismantled the fort, and that the Scioux continue in the same sentiments. Besides, it does not seem very easy, in the present conjuncture, to maintain that post unless there is a solid peace with the Foxes; on the other hand, the greatest portion of the tra- ders, who applied in 1727 for the establishment of that post, have withdrawn, and will not send thither any more, as the rupture with the Foxes, through whose country it is necessary to pass in order to reach the Scioux in canoe, has led them to abandon the idea. But the one and the other Case might be remedied. The Foxes will, in all probability, come or send next year to sue for peace; therefore, if it be granted to them on ad- vantageous conditions, there need be no appre- hension when going to the Sioux, and another company could be formed, less numerous than the first, through whom, or some responsible mer- chants able to afford the outfit, a new treaty could be made, whereby these difficulties would be soon obviated. One only trouble remains, and that is, to send a commanding and sub-offlcer, and some soldiers, up there, which are absolutely necessary for the maintenance of good order at that post; the missionaries would not go there without a commandant. This article, which re- gards the service, and the expense of which must be on his majesty's account, obliges them to ap- ply for orders. They will, as far as hes in their power, induce the traders to meet that expense, which will possibly amount to 1000 livres or 1500 livres a year for the commandant, and in proportion for the officer under him; but, as in the beginning of an estabUshment the expenses exceed the profits, it is improbable that any com- pany of merchants will assume the outlay, and in this case they demand orders on this point, as well as his majesty's opuiion as to the necessity of preserving so useful a post, and a nation which has already afforded proofs of its fidelity and at- tachment. " These orders could be sent them by the way of He Eoyale, or by the first merchantmen that will sail for Quebec. The time required to re- ceive intelligence of the occurrences in the Scioux country, will admit of their waiting for these orders before doing anything." Sieur de la Jemeraye, a relative of Sieur de la Perriere Boucher, with a few French, during the troubles remained in the Sioux country. After peace was established with the Foxes, Legardeur Saint Pierre was In command at Fort Beauhar- nois, and Father Guignas again attempted to es- tablish a Sioux mission. In a communication dated 12th of October, 1736, by the Canadian au- thorities is the following: ''In regard to the Scioux, Saint Pierre, who commanded at that post, and Father Guignas, the missionary, have written to Sieur de Beauharnois on the tenth and eleventh of last April, that these Indians ap- peared well intentioned toward the French, and had no other fear than that of being abandoned by them. Sieur de Beauharnois annexes an ex- tract of these letters, and although the Scioux seem very friendly, the result only can tell whether this fidelity is to be absolutely depended upon, for the unrestrained andinconsistent spirit which composes the Indian character may easily change it. They have not come over this summer as yet, but M. de la St. Pierre is to get them to do so next year, and to have an eye on their proceed- ings.-" The reply to this communication from Louis BE LUSIONAN VISITS THE SIOUX UOUNTBY. 57 XV. dated Versailles, May 10th, 1737, was in tjjese words : " As respects the Scioux, according to what the commandant and missionary at that post have written to Sieur de Beauhamois rela- tive to the disposition of these Indians, nothing appears to be wanting on that point. " But their delay in coming down to Montreal since the time they have promised to do so, must render their sentiments somewhat suspected, and nothing hut facts can determine whether their fidelity can be absolutely relied on. But what must still further increase the uneasiness to be entertained in their regard is the attack on the convoy of M. de Verandrie, especially if this officer has adopted the course he had informed the Marquis de Beauhamois he should take to have revenge therefor." The particulars of the attack alluded to will be found in the next chapter. Soon after this the Foxes again became troublesome, and the post on Lake Pepin was for a time abandoned by the French. A dispatch in 1741 uses this language : " The Marquis de Beauhamois' opinion respect- ing the war against the Foxes, has been the more readily approved by the Baron de Longeuil, Messieurs De la Chassaigne, La Come, de Lig- nery, LaNoue, and Duplessis - Fabert, whom he had assembled at his house, as it appears from all the letters that the Count has written for sev- eral years, that he has nothing so much at heart as the destruction of that Indian nation, which can not be prevailed on by the presents and the good treatment of the French, to live in peace, not- withstandmg all its promises. " Besides, it is notorious that the Foxes have a secret understanding with the Iroquois, to secure a retreat among the latter, in case they be obliged to abandon their villages. They have one already secured among the Sioux of the prairies, with whom they are allied; so that, should they be advised beforehand of the design of the French to wage war against them, it would be easy for them to retire to the one or the other before their passage could be intersected or themselves at- tacked in their villages." In the summer of 1743, a deputation of the Sioux came down to Quebec, to ask that trade might be resumed. Three years after this, four Sioux chiefs came to Quebec, and asked that a commandant might be sent to Fort Beauhamois ; which was not granted. During the winter of 1745-6, De Lusignan vis- ited the Sioux country, ordered by the govern- ment to hunt up the "coureurs des hois," and withdraw them from the country. They started to return with him, but learning that they would be arrested at Mackinaw, for violation of law, they ran away. While at the villages of the Sioux of the lakes and plains, the chiefs brought to this officer nineteen of their young men, bound with cords, who had killed three Frenchmen, at the Illinois. "While he remained with them, they made peace with the O jib ways of La Pointe, with whom they had been at war for some time. On his return, four chiefs accompanied him to Montreal, to solicit pardon for their young braves. The lessees of the trading-post lost many of their peltries that winter in consequence of a fire. Reminiscences of St. Pierre's residence at Lake Pepin were long preserved. Carver, in 1 766, "ob- served the ruins of a French factory, where, it is said, Captain St. Pierre resided, and carried on a great trade with the Nadouessies before the re- duction of Canada." Pike, in 1805, wrote in his journal: " Just be- low Pt. Le Sable, the French, who had driven the Renards [Foxes] from Wisconsin, and chased them up the Mississippi, built a stockade on this lake, as a barrier against the savages. It became a noted factory for the Sioux." 58 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER IX. VEEEITDETE, THE BXPLOEER OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA, AND DISCOVERER OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Conversation of Verendrye with Father De Qonor.— Parentage and Early Life. — Old Indian Map Preserved. — Verendrye's Son and Nephew Explore Pijjeon River and Reach Rainy hake. — Father Messayer a Companion. — Fort St. Pierre Established. — Lake of the Woods Reached and Fort St. Charles Built. — De la Jemeraye's Map. — Fort on the Assinaboine River. — Verendrye's Son, Father Ouneau and Associates Killed by Sioux, on Ofassacre Isle, in Lake of the Woods — Port La Ueine.—Verendrye's Eldest Son, with Others, Reaches the IVIissouii River.— Discovers the Rocky Mountains. — Returns to Lake of the Woods. — Exploration of Saskatchewan River. — Sieur de la Verendrye Jr. — Verendrye the Father, made Captain of the Order of St. Louis. — His Death. — The Swedish Traveler, Kalm, Notices Verendrye. — Bouprainville Describes Verendrye's Ex- plorations. — Legardeur de St. Pierre at Fort La Reine. — Fort Jonquiere Estab- lished. — De la Corne Succeeds St. Pieri'e. — St. Pierre Meets Washington at French Greek, in Pennsylvania. — Killed in Battle, near Lake George. Early in the year 1728, two travelers met at the secluded post of Mackinaw, one was named De Gonor, a Jesuit Father, who with Guignas, had gone with the expedition, that the September before had built Fort Beauharnois on the shores of Lake Pepin, the other was Pierre Gualtier Va- rennes, the Sieur dela Verendrye the commander of the post on Lake Nepigon of the north shore of Lake Superior, and a relative of the Sieur de la Perriere, the commander at Lake Pepin. Verendrye was the son of Eene Gualtier Va- rennes who for twenty-two years was the chief magistrate at Three Bivers, whose wife was Ma- rie Boucher, the daughter of his predecessor whom he had married when she was twelve years of age. He became a cadet in 1697, and in 1704 accompanied an expedition to 'New England. The next year he was in Newfoundland and the year following he went to Prance, joined a regi- ment of Brittany and was in the conflict at Mal- plaquet when the French troops were defeated by the Duke of Marlborough. When he returned to Canada he was obliged to accept the position of ensign notwithstanding the gallant manner in which he had behaved. In time he became iden- tified with the Lake Superior region. "While at Lake Nepigon the Indians assured him that there was a communication largely by water to the Pacific Ocean. One, named Ocbagachs, drew a rude map of the country, which is still preserved among the French archives. Pigeon Eiver is marked thereon Mantohavagane, and the River St. Louis is marked R. fond du L. Superior, and the Indians appear to have passed from its head- waters to Rainy Lake. Upon the western ex- tremity is marked the Eiver of the West. De Gonor conversed much upon the route to the Pacific with Verendrye, and promised to use his influence with the Canadian authorities to advance the project of exploration. Charles De Beauharnois, the Governor of Can- ada, gave Verendrye a respectful hearing, and carefully examined the map of the region west of the great lakes, which had been dravm by Ochar gachs (Otchaga), the Indian guide. Orders were soon given to fit out an expedition of fifty men. It left Montreal in 1731, under the conduct of his sons and nephew De la Jemeraye, he not joining, the party till 1733, in consequence of the deten- tions of business. Ill the autumn of 1731, the party reached Eainy Lake, by the ISTantouagan, or GroseUiers river, now called Pigeon. Father Messayer, who had been stationed on Lake Superior, at the Grosel- liers river, was taken as a spiritual guide. At the foot of Eainy Lake a post was erected and called Fort St. Pierre, and the next year, having crossed Minittie, or Lake of the Woods, they es- tablished Fort St. Charles on its southwestern bank. Five leagues from Lake Winnipeg they established a post on the Assinaboine. An un- published map of these discoveries by De la Jem- eraye still exists at Paris. The river Winnipeg called by them Maurepas, in honor of the minis- ter of France in 1734, was protected by a fort of the same name. About this time their advance was stopped by the exhaustion of supplies, but on the 12th of April, 1735, an arrangement was made for a sec- ond equipment, and a fourth son joined the expe- dition. In June, 1736, while twenty-one of the expedi- BISCOVEBY OF THE BOCKY MOUNTAINS. 59 tion were camped upon an isle in the Lake of the Woods, they -were surprised by a band of Sioux hostile to the French allies, the Cristinaux, and all killed. The island, upon this account, is called Massacre Island. A few days after, a party of five Canadian voyageurs discovered their dead bodies and scalped heads. Father Ouneau, the missionary, was found upon one knee, an ar- row in his head, his breast bare, his left hand touching the ground, and the right hand raised. Among the slaughtered was also a son of Ver- endrye, who had a tomahawk in his back, and his body adorned with garters and bracelets of porcu- pine. The father was at the foot of the Lake of the Woods when he received the news of his son's murder, and about the same time heard of the death of his enterprising nephew, Dufrost de la Jemeraye, the son of his sister Marie Keine de Varennes, and brother of Madame Youville, the foundress of the Hospitallers at Montreal. It was under the guidance of the latter that the party had, in 1731, mastered the difficulties of the Nantaouagon, or Groselliers river. On the 3d of October, 1738, they built an ad- vanced post. Fort La Reine, on the river Assini- boels, now Assinaboine, which they called St Charles, and beyond was a branch called St. Pierre. These two rivers received the baptismal name of Verendrye, which was Pierre, and Gov- ernor Beauharnois, which was Charles. The post became the centre of trade and point of departure for explorations, either north or south. • It was by ascending the Assinaboine, and by the present trail from its tributary, Mouse river, they reached the country of the Mantanes, and in 1741, came to the upper Missouri, passed the Yel- low Stone, and at length arrived at the Rocky Mountains. The party was led by the eldest son and his brother, the chevalier. They left the Lake of the Woods on the 29th of April, 1742, came in sight of the Rocky Mountains on the 1st of January, 1743, and on the 12th ascended them. On the route they fell in with the Beaux Hom- mes, Pioya, Petits Eenards, and Arc tribes, and stopped among the Snake tribe, but could go no farther in a southerly direction, owing to a war between the Arcs and Snakes. On the 19th of May, 1744, they had returned to the upper Missouri, and, in the country of the Petite Cerise tribe, they planted on an eminence a leaden plate of the arms of France, and raised a monument Of stones, which they called Beau- harnois. They returned to the Lake of the Woods on the 2d of July. North of the Assiniboine they proceeded to Lake Dauphin, Swan's Lake, explored the riv- er "Des Biches," and ascended even to the fork of the Saskatchewan, which they called Pos- koiac. Two forts were subsequently established, one near Lake Dauphin and the other on the river " des Biches," called Fort Bourbon. The northern route, by the Saskatchewan, was thought to have some advantage over the Missouri, be- cause there was no danger of meeting with the Spaniards. Governor Beauharnois having been prejudiced against Verendrye by envious persons, De Noy- elles was appointed to take command of the posts. During these difficulties, we find Sieur de la Verendrye, Jr., engaged in other duties. In August, 1747, he arrives from Mackinaw at Mon- treal, and In the autumn of that year he accom- panies St. Pierre to Mackinaw, and brings back the convoy to Montreal. In February, 1748, with five Canadians, five Cristenaux, two Ottawas, and one Sauteur, he attacked the Mohawks near Schenectady, and returned to Montreal with two scalps, one that of a chief. On June 20th, 1748, it is recorded that Chevalier de la Verendrye de- parted from Montreal for the head of Lake Supe- rior. Margry states that he perished at sea in November, 1764, by the wreck of the " Auguste." Fortunately, Galissioniere the successor of Beauharnois, although deformed and insignifi- cant in appearance, was fair minded, a lover of science, especially botany, and anxious to push discoveries toward the Pacific. Verendrye the father was restored to favor, and made Captain of the Order of St. Louis, and ordered to resume explorations, but he died on December 6th, 1749, while planning a tour up the Saskatchewan. The Swedish Professor, Kalm, met him in Can- ada, not long before his decease, and had inter- esting conversations with him about the furrows on the plains of the Missouri, which he errone- ously conjectured indicated the former abode of an agricultural people. These ruts are familiar to modem travelers, and may be only buffalo trails. Father Coquard, wno had been associated with 60 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Verendrye, says that they first met the Mantanes, and next the Brochets. After these were the Gros Ventres, the Crows, the Plat Heads, the Black Feet, and Dog Feet, who were established on the Missouri, even up to the falls, and that about thirty leagues beyond they found a narrow pass in the mountains. Bougainville gives a more full account; he says; " He who most advanced this discovery was the Sieur de la Veranderie. He went from Fort la Reine to the Missouri. He met on the banks of this river the Mandans, or White Beards, who had seven villages with pine stockades, strength- ened by a ditch. Next to these were the Kinon- gewiniris. or the Brbchets, in three villages, and toward the upper part of the river were three villages of the Mahantas. All along the mouth of the Wabeik, or Shell Elver, were situated twenty-three villages of the Panis. To the south- west of this river, on the banks of the Ouanarade- ba, or La Graisse, are the Hectanes or Snake tribe. They extend to the base of a chain of mountains which runs north northeast. South of this is the river Karoskiou, or Cerise Pelee, which is supposed to flow to California. " He found in the immense region watered by the Missouri, and in the vicinity of forty leagues, the Mahantas, the OwiUniock, or Beaux Hom- mes, four villages; opposite the Brochets the Black Feet, three villages of a hundred lodges each; op. posite the Mandans are the Ospekakaerenousques, or Flat Heads, four villages; opposite tha Panis are the Arcs of Cristinaux, and Utasibaoutchatas of Assiniboel, three villages; following these the Makesch, or Little Foxes, two villages; tho Pi- wassa, or great talkers, three villages; the Ka- kokoschena, or Gens de la Pie, five villages; the Kiskipisounouini,, or the Garter tribe, seven vil- lages." Galassoniere was succeeded by Jonquiere in the governorship of Canada, who proved to be a grasping, peevish, and very miserly person. For the sons of Verendrye he had no sympathy, and forming a clique to profit by their father's toils. he determined to send two expeditions toward the Pacific Ocean, one by the Missouri and the other by the Saskatchewan. Father Coquard, one of the companions ©f Ve- rendrye, was consulted as to the probability of finding a pass in the Kocky Mountains, through which they might, in canoes, reach the great lake of salt water, perhaps Puget's Sound. The enterprise was at length confided to two experienced officers, Lamarque de Marin and Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre. The former was assigned the way, by the Missouri, and to the latter was given the more northern route; but Saint Pierre in some way excited the hostil- ity of the Cristinaux, who attempted to kiU him, and burned Fort la Eeine. His lieutenant, Bou- cher de Niverville, who had been sent to establish a post toward the source of the Saskatchewan, failed on account of sickness. Some of his men, however, pushed on to the Eocky Mountains, and in 1753 established Fort Jonquiere. Henry says St. Pierre established Fort Bourbon. In 1753, Saint Pierre was succeeded in the command of the posts of the West, by de la Come, and sent to French Creek, in Pennsylva- nia. He had been but a few days there when he received & visit from Washington, just entering upon manhood, bearing a letter from Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia, complaining of the en croachments of the French. Soon the clash of aitos bet^'een France and England began, and Saint Pierre, at the head of the Indian allies, fell near Lake George, in Sep- tember, 1 755 , in a battle with the English. After the seven years' war was concluded, by the treaty of Paris, the French relinquished all their posts in the Xorthwest, and the work begun by Veren- drye, was, in 1805, completed by Lewis and Clarke ; and the Northern Pacific Eailway is fast approaching the passes of the Eocky Mountains, through the valley of tlie Yellow Stone, and from thence to the great land-locked bay of the ocean, Puget's Sound. EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH WAR. 61 CHAPTEK X. EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH WAR. Englbh Influence Increasing. — Le Due Robbed at Lake Superior. — St. Pierre at Mackinaw.— Escape ot Indian Prisoners. — LaRonde and Verendrye. — InHueuce of Sieur Marin. — St. Pierre Recalled from Winnipeg Region.— Interview with Washington. — ^Langlade Urges Attack Upon Troops of Braddock.— Saint Pierre Silled in Battle. — Marin's Boldness. — ^Rogers, a Partisan Ranger, Commands at Mackinaw. — At Ticonderoga.— French Deliver up the Posts in Canada. —Capt. Balfour Takes Possession of Mackinaw and Green Bay. — Lieut. Gorrell in Com. mand at Green Bay.— Sioux Visit Green Bay, — Pennensha a French Trader Among the Sioux. — Treaty ofParis. English influence produced increasing dissatis- faction among the Indians that were beyond Mackinaw. Not only were the voyageurs robbed and maltreated at Sault St. Marie and other points on Lake Superior, but even the commandant at Mackinaw was exposed to insolence, and there was no security anywhere. On the twenty-third of August, 1747, Philip Le Due arrived at Mackinaw from Lake Superior, stating that he had been robbed of his goods at Kamanistigoya, and that the Ojibways of the lake were favorably disposed toward the English. The Dahkotahs were also becoming unruly in the absence of French oflicers. In a few weeks after Le Due's robbery, St. Pierre left Montreal to become commandant at Mackinaw^ and Yercheres was appointed for the post at Green Bay. In the language of a docu- ment of the day, St. Pierre was •' a very good officer, much esteemed among all the nations of those parts ; none more loved and feared." On his arrival, the savages were so cross, that he ad- vised that no Frenchman should come to trade. By promptness and boldness, he secured the Indians who had murdered some Frenchmen, and obtained the respect of the tribes. While the three murderers were being conveyed in a canoe down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, in charge of a sergeant and seven soldiers, the savages, with characteristic cunning, though manacled, suc- ceeded in killing or drowning the guard. Cutting their irons with an axe, they sought the woods, and escaped to their own country. "Thus," writes Galassoniere, in 1748, to Count Maurepas, was lost in a great measure the fruit of Sieur St. Pierre's good management, and of all the fatigue I endured to get the nations who surrendered these rascals to listen to reason." On the twenty-first Of June of the next year. La Eonde started to La Pointe, and Verendrye for West Sea, or Fon du Lac, Minnesota. Under the influence of Sieur Marin, who was in command at Green Bay in 1753, peaceful re- lations were in a measure restored between the French and Indians. As the war between England and France deep- ened, the officers of the distant French posts were called in and stationed nearer the enemy. Legardeur St. Pierre, was brought from the Lake Winnipeg region, and, in December, 1753, was in command of a rude post near Erie, Pennsylvania. Langlade, of Green Bay, Wisconsin, arrived early in July, 1755, at Fort Duquesne. With Beauyeu and De Lignery, who had been engaged in fight- ing the Fox Indians, he left that fort, at nine o'clock of the morning of the 9th of July, and, a little after noon, came near the English, who had halted on the south shore of the Monongahela, and were at dinner, with their arms stacked. By the urgent entreaty of LanglaJde, the western half-breed, Beauyeu, the officer in command or- dered an attack, and Braddock was overwhelmed, and Washington was obliged to say, " We have been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of Frenchmen." Under Baron Dieskau, St. Pierre commanded the Indians, in September, 1755, during the cam- paign near Lake George, where he fell gallantly fighting the English, as did his commander. The Eev. Claude Coquard, alluding to the French defeat, in a letter to his brother, remarks: " We lost, on that occasion, a brave officer, M, de St. Pierre, and had his advice, as weU as that of several other Canadian officers, been followed, Jonckson [Johnson] was irretrievably destroyed, 62 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0WEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. and we should have been spared the trouble we have had this year." Other officers who had been stationed on the borders of Minnesota also distinguished them- selves during the French war. The Marquis Montcalm, in camp at Ticonderoga, on the twen- ty-seventh of July, 1757, writes to Vaudreuil, Governor of Canada: " Lieutenant Marin, of the Colonial troops, who has exliibited a rare audacity, did not consider himself bound to halt, although his detachment of about four hundred men was reduced to about two hundred, the balance having been sent back on account of inability to follow. He carried off a patrol of ten men, and swept away an ordinary guard of fifty like a wafer; went up to the en- emy's camp, under Port Lydias (Edward), where he was exposed to a severe flre, and retreated like a warrior. He was unwilliag to amuse himself making prisoners; he brought in only one, and thirty-two scalps, and must have kiUed many men of the enemy, in the midst of whose ranks it was neither wise nor prudent to go in search of scalps. The Indians generally all behaved well. * * * The Outaouais, who arrived with me, and whom I designed to go on a scouting party towards the lake, had conceived a project of administering a corrective to the English barges. * * * On the day before yesterday, your brother formed a detachment to accompany them. I arrived at his camp on the evening of the same day. Lieuten- ant de Corbiere, of the Colonial troops, was re- turning, ia consequence of a misunderstanding, and as I knew the zeal and intelligence of that officer, I made him set out with a new instruc- tion to join Messrs de Langlade and Hertel de Chantly. They remained in ambush all day and night yesterday; at break of day the English ap- peared on Lake St. Sacrament, to the number of twenty-two barges, under the command of Sieur Parker. The whoops of our Indians impressed them with such terror that they made but feeble resistance, and only two barges escaped." After De Corbiere's victory on Lake Cliam- plain, a large French army was collected at Ti- conderoga, with which there were many Indians from the tribes of the Northwest, and the loways appeared for the first time in the east. It is an interesting fact that the English offi- cers who were in frequent engagements with St. Pierre, Lusignan, Marin, Langlade, and others, became the pioneers of the British, a few year^ afterwards, in the occupation of the outposts of the lakes, and in the exploration of Minnesota. Eogers, the celebrated captain of rangers, sub- sequently commander of Mackinaw, and Jona- than Carver, the first British explorer of Minne- sota, were both on duty near Lake Champlain, the latter narrowly escaping at the battle of Fort George. On Christmas eve, 1757, Eogers approached Fort Ticonderoga, to fire the outhouses, but was prevented by discharge of the cannons of the French. He contented himself with kiUing fifteen beeves, on the horns of one of which he left this laconic and amusing note, addressed to the commander of the post: '• I am obliged to you. Sir, for the repose you have allowed me to take; I thank you for tke fresh meat you have sent me, I request you to present my compliments to the Marquis du Montcalm." On the thirteenth of March, 1758, Durantaye, formerly at Mackinaw, had a skirmish with Eog- ers. Both had been trained on the frontier, and they met "as Greek met Greek." The conflict was fierce, and the French victorious. The In- dian allies, finding a scalp of a chief underneath an officer's jacket, were furious, and took one hundred and fourteen scalps in return. When the French returned, they supposed that Captaan Eogers was among the killed. At Quebec, when Montcalm and Wolfe fell, there were O jib ways present assistmg the French The Indians, returning from the expeditions against the English, were attacked with small- pox, and many died at Mackinaw. On the eighth of September, 1760, the French delivered up all their posts in Canada. A few days after the capitidation at Montreal, Major Eogers was sent with English troops, to garrison the posts of the distant Northwest. On the eighth of September, 1761, a year after the surrender. Captain Balfour, of the eightieth regiment of the British army, left Detroit, with a detachment to take possession of the French forts at Mackinaw and Green Bay. Twenty-five soldiers were left at Mackinaw, in command of Lieutenant Leslie, and the rest sailed to Green Bay, under Lieutenant Gorrell of the Eoyal PENHTENSHA WHITES A LETTER FOB THE SIOUX. 63 Americans, where they arrived on the twelfth of October. The fort had been abandoned for sev- eral years, and was in a dilapidated condition. In charge of it there was left a lieutenant, a cor- poral, and fifteen soldiers. Two English traders arrived at the same time, McKay from Albany, and Goddard from Montreal. Gorrell in his journal alludes to the Minnesota Sioux. He writes — " On March 1, 1763, twelve warriors of the Sous came here. It is certainly the greatest nation of Indians ever yet found. Kot above two thousand of them were ever armed with firearms ; the rest depending entirely on bows and arrows, which they use with more skill than any other Indian nation in America. They can shoot the wildest and largest beasts in the woods at seventy or one hundred yards distant. They are remarkable for their danciug, and the other nations take the fashions from them. ***** This nation is always at war with the Chippewas, those who destroyed Mishamakinak. They told me with warmth that if ever the Chippewas or any other Indians wished to obstruct the passage of the traders coming up, to send them word, and they would come and cut them oft from the face of the earth ; as all Indians were their slaves or dogs. I told them I was glad to see them, and hoped to have a lasting peace with them. They then gave me a letter wrote in French, and two belts of wampum from their king, in which he expressed great joy on hearing of there being English at his post. The letter was written by a French trader whom I had allowed to go among them last fall, with a promise of his behaving well ; which he did, better than any Canadian I ever knew. ***** With regard to traders, I would not allow any to go amongst them, as I then understood they lay out of the government of Canada, but made no doubt they would have traders from the Mississippi in the spring. They went away extremely well pleased. June 14th, 1763, the traders came down from the Sack coun- try, and confirmed the news of Landsiug and his son being killed by the French. There came with the traders some Puans, and four young men with one chief of the Avoy [loway] nation, to demand traders. ***** " On the nineteenth, a deputation of Winneba- goes, Sacs, Foxes and Menominees arrived with a Frenchman named Permensha. This Pennen- sha is the same man who wrote the letter the Sous brought with them iu French, and at the same time held council with that great nation in favour of the English, by which he much promo- ted the iuterest of the latter, as appeared by the behaviour of the Sous. He brought with him a pipe from the Sous, desiring that as the road is now clear, they would by no means allow the Chippewas to obstruct it, or give the English any disturbance, or prevent the traders from coming up to them. If they did so they would send all their warriors and cut them off." In July, 1763, there arrived at Green Bay, Bruce, Fisher; and Roseboom of Albany, to en- gage in the Indian trade. By the treaty of Paris of 1763, France ceded to Great Britain all of the country east of the Mis- sissippi, and to Spain the whole of Louisiana, so that the latter power for a time held the whole region between the Mississippi Eiver and the Pa- cific Ocean, and that portion of the city of Min- neapolis known as the East Division was then governed by the British, while the West Division was subject to the Spanish code. 64 EXPL0BER8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOIA. CHAPTER XI. JONATHAN CAEVEE, THE FIEST BBITISH TEAVELEE AT FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY. Carver's Early Life.— In the Battle near Lake George.— Arrives at Mackinaw.— Old Fort at Green Bay.— Winnebago Village.— Description of Prairie du Chien. Earthworks on Banks of Lake Pepin.— Sioux Bands Described.— Cave and Burial Place in Suburbs of St. Paul.— The Palls of Saint Anthony.— Burial Rites of tLe Kioux.— Speech of a Sioux Chief.— Schiller's Poein of the Death Song. — Sir John Hei-schel's Translation.— Sir E. Buhver Lytton's Version.— Correspondence of Sir William Johnson,— Carver's Pi-cgeot for Opening a Route to the Pacific— Supposed Origin of the Sioux.— Carver's Claim to Lands Ex- amined.— Alleged Deed.— Testimony of Bev. Samuel Peters.— Communication from Gen. Leavenworth.— Report of U. S, Senate Committee, Jonathan Carver was a native of Connecticut His grandfather, William Carver, was a native of Wigan, Lancashire, England, and a captain in King William's army during the campaign in Ireland, and for meritorious services received an appointment as an officer of the colony of Con- necticut. His father was a justice of the peace in the new world, and in 1732, the subject of this, sketch was bom. At the early age of fifteen he was called to mourn the death of his father. He then commenced the study of medicine, but his roving disposition could not bear the confines of a doc- tor's office, and feeling, perhaps, that his genius would be cramped by pestle and mortar, at the age of eighteen he purchased an ensign's commis- sion in one of the regiments raised during the French war. He was of medium stature, and of strong mind and quick perceptions. In the year 1757, he was captain under Colonel Williams in the battle near Lake George, where Saint Pierre was killed, and narrowly escaped with his life. After the peace of 1763, between Prance and England was declared, Carver conceived the pro- ject of exploring the Northwest. Leaving Boston in the month of June, 1766, he arrived at Macki- naw, then the most distant British post, in the month of August. Having obtained a credit on some Prench and English traders from Major Eogers, the officer in command, lie started with them on the third day of September. Pursuing the usual route to Green Bay, they arrived there on the eighteenth. The French fort at that time was standing, though much decayed. It was, some years pre- vious to his arrival, garrisoned for a short time by an officer and thirty English soldiers, but they having been captured by the Menominees, it was abandoned. In company with the traders, he left Green Bay on the twentieth, and ascending Pox river, arrived on the twenty-fifth at an island at the east end of Lake Winnebago, containing about fifty acres. Here he found a Winnebago village of fifty houses. He asserts that a woman was in author- ity. In the month of October the party was at the portage of the Wisconsin, and descending that stream, they arrived, on the ninth at a town of the Sauks. While here he visited some lead mines about fifteen miles distant. An abundance of lead was also seen in the village, that had been brought from the mines. On the tenth they arrived at the first village of the " Ottigaumies" [Poxes] about five miles be- fore the Wisconsin joins the Mississippi, he per- ceived the remnants of another village, and learned that it had been deserted about tliirty years before, and that the inhabitants soon after their removal, built a town on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the " Ouisconsin," at a place called by the Prench La Prairie les Chiens, which signified the Dog Plains. It was a large town, and contained about three hundred families. The houses were built after the Indian manner, and pleasantly situated on a dry rich soil. He saw here many houses of a good size and shape. This town was the great mart where all the adjacent tribes, and where those who inhabit the most remote branches of the Mississippi, an- nually assemble about the latter end of May, bringing with them their furs to dispose of to the traders. But it is not always that they conclude their sale here. This was determined by a gen SUPPOSED FORTIFICATIONS NEAB LAKE PEPIN. 65 eral calmcil of the chiefs, who consulted whether it would be more conducive to their interest to sell their goods at this place, or to carry them on to Louisiana or Mackinaw. At a small stream called Yellow Eiver, oppo- site Prairie du Chien, the traders who had thus far accompanied Carver took up their residence for the winter. From this point he proceeded in a canoe, with a Canadian voyageur and a Mohawk Indian as companions. Just before reaching Lake Pepin, while his attendants were one day preparing din- ner, he walked out and was struck with the pecu- liar appearance of the surface of the country, and thought it was the site of some vast artificial earth- work. It is a fact worthy of remembrance, that he was the first to call the attention of the civilized world to the existence of ancient monu- ments in the Mississippi valley. We give his own description : " On the first of November I reached Lake Pepin, a few miles below which I landed, and, whilst the servants were preparing my dinner, I ascended the bank to view the country. I liad not proceeded far before I came to a fine, level, open plain, on which I perceived, at a little dis-_ tance, a partial elevation that had the appearance of entrenchment. On a nearer inspection I had greater reason to suppose that it had really been intended for this many centuries ago. Notwith- standing it was now covered with grass, I could plainly see that it had once been a breastwork of about four feet In height, extending the best part of a mile, and sufficiently capacious to cover five thousand men. Its form was somewhat circular and its flanks reached to the river. " Though much defaced by time, every angle was distinguishable, and appeared as regular and fashioned with as much military skill as if planned by Vauban himself. The ditch was not visible, but I thought, on examining more curiously, that I could perceive there certainly had been one. Prom its situation, also, I am convinced that it must have been designed for that purpose. It fronted the country, and the rear was covered by the river, nor was there any rising ground for a considerable way that commanded it; a few straggling lakes were alone to be seen near it. In many places small tracks were worn across it by the feet of the elks or deer, and from the depth 6 of the bed of earth by which it was covered, I was able to draw certain conclusions of its great anti- quity. I examined all the angles, and every part with great attention, and have often blamed my- self since, for not encamping on the spot, and drawing an exact plan of it. To show that this description is not the offspring of a heated imag- ination, or the chimerical tale of a mistaken trav- eler, I find, on inquiry since my return, that Mons. St. Pierre, and several traders have at dif- ferent times, taken notice of similar appearances, upon which they have formed the same conjec- tures, but withont examining them so minutely as I did. How a work of this kind could exist in a country that has hitherto (according to the gen- erally received opinion) been the seat of war to untutored Indians alone, whose whole stock of military knowledge has only, till within two cen- turies, amounted to drawing the bow, and whose only breastwork even at present is the thicket, I know not. I have given as exact an account as possible of this singular appearance, and leave to future explorers of those distant regions, to dis- cover whether it is a production of nature or art. Perhaps the hints I have here given might lead to a inore perfect investigation of it, and give us very different ideas of the ancient state of realms that we at present believe to have been, from the earliest period, only the habitations of savages." Lake Pepin excited his admiration, as it has that of every traveler since his day, and here he remarks : " I observed the ruirs of a French fac- tory, where it is said Captain St. Pierre resided, and carried on a very great trade with the Nau- dowessies, before the reduction of Canada." Carver's first acquaintance with the Dahkotahs commenced near the river St. Crouc. It would seem that the erection of trading posts on Lake Pepin had enticed them from their old residence on Bum river and Mille Lacs. He says: "Near the river St. Crois reside bands of the Naudowessie Indians, called the Jliver Bands. This nation is composed at pres- ent of eleven bands. They were originally twelve, but the Assinipoils, some years ago, re- volting and separating themselves from the oth- ers, there remain at this time eleven. Those I met here are termed the Biver Bands, because they chiefly dwell near the banks of this river; the other eight are generally distinguished by the 66 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. title of Nadowessies of the Plains, and inhabit a country more to the westward. The names of the former are Nehogatawonahs, the Mawtaw- bauntowahs, and Shashweentowahs. Arriving at what is now a suburb of the cap- ital of Minnesota, he continues: "About thir- teen miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, at which I arrived the tenth day after I left Lake Pepin, is a remarkable cave, of an amazing depth. The Indians term it Wakon-teebe [Wakan-tipi]. The entrance into it is about ten feet wide, the height of it five feet. The arch within is fifteen feet high and about thirty feet broad; the bottom consists of fine, clear sand. About thirty feet from the entrance begins a lake, the water of which is transparent, and extends to an unsearch- able distance, for the darkness of the cave pre- ents all attempts to acquire a knowledge of it.] I threw a small pebble towards the nterior part of it with my utmost strength. I could hear that it fell into the water, and, notwithstanding it was of a small size, it caused an astonishing and ter- rible noise, that reverberated through all those gloomy regions. I found in this cave many In- dian hieroglyphics, Avhich appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them. They were cut in a rude manner upon the inside of the wall, which was composed of a stone so ex- tremely soft that it might be easily penetrated with a knife; a stone everywhere to be found near the Mississippi. " At a little distance from this dreary cavern, is the burying-place of several bands of the Nau- dowessie Indians. Though these people have no fixed residence, being in tents, and seldom but a few months in one spot, yet they always bring the bones of the dead to this place. "Ten miles below the Palls of St. Anthony, the river St. Pierre, called by the natives Wada- paw Menesotor, falls into the Mississippi from the west. It is not mentioned by Father Hennepin, though a large, fair river. This omission, I con- sider, must have proceeded from a small island [Pike's] that is situated exactly in its entrance." When he reached the Minnesota river, the ice became so troublesome that he left his canoe in the neighborhood of what is now St. Anthony, and walked to St. Anthony, in company with a young Winnebago chief, who had never seen the curling waters. The chief, on reaching the emi- nence some distance below Cheever's, began to invoke his gods, and offer oblations to the spirit in the waters. "In the middle of the Falls stands a small island, about forty feet broad and somewhat lon- ger, on which grow a few cragged hemlock and spruce trees, and about half way between this island and the eastern shore is a rock, lying at the very edge of the Falls, in an oblique position, that appeared to be about five or six feet broad, and thirty or forty long. At a little distance be- low the Falls stands a small island of about an acre and a half, on which grow a great number of oak trees." From this description, it would appear that the little island, now some distance below the Falls, was once in the very midst, and shows that a con- stant recession has been going on, and that in ages long past they were not far from the Minne- sota river. No description is more glovsdng than Carver's of the country adjacent: " The country around them is extremely beau- tiful. It is not an uninterrupted plain, where the eye finds no relief, but composed of many gentle ascents, which in the summer are covered with the finest verdure, and interspersed with little groves that give a pleasing variety to the pros- pect. On the whole, when the Falls are inclu- ded, which may be seen at a distance of four miles, a more pleasmg and picturesque view, I believe, cannot be found throughout the uni- verse." " He arrived at the Falls on the seventeenth of November, 1766, and appears to have ascended as far as Elk river. On the twenty-fifth of November, he had re- turned to the place opposite tlie Minnesota, where he luid left his cimoe, and this stream as yet not being obstructed witli ice, he commenced its as- cent, witli the colors of Great Britain flying at the stern of his canoe. There is no doubt that he entered this river, but how far he explored it cannot be ascertained. He speaks of the Kapids near Shakopay, and asserts that he went as far as two hundred miles beyond Mendota. He re- marks: " On the seventh of December, I arrived at the utmost of my travels towards the West, where I SIOUX BUBIAL OBATION VERSIFIED BY SCEILLEB. 67 met a large party of the Naudowessie Indians, among whom I resided some months." After speaking of the upper bands of the Dah- kotahs and their allies, he adds that he " left the habitations of the hospitable Indians the latter end of April, 1767, but did not part from them for several days, as I was accompanied on my journey by near three hundred of them to the mouth of the river St. Pierre. At this season these bands annually go to the great cave (Day- ton's Bluff) before mentioned. When he arrived at the great cave, and the In- dians had deposited the remains of their deceased friends in the burial-place that stands adjacent to it, they held their great council to which he was admitted. When the Naudowessies brought their dead for interment to the great cave (St. Paul), I attempted to get an insight into the remaining burial rites, but whether it was on account of the stench which arose from so many dead bodies, or whether they chose to keep this part of their custom secret from me, I could not discover. I found, however, that they considered my curiosity as Ul-timed, and therefore I withdrew. * * One formality among the Kaudowessies in mourning for the dead is very different from any mode I observed in the other nations through which I passed. The men, to show how great their sorrow is, pierce the flesh of their arms above the elbows with arrows, and the women cut and gash their legs with broken flints till the blood flows very plentifully. * * After the breath is departed, the body is dressed in the same attire it usually wore, his face is painted, and he is seated in an erect pos- ture on a mat or skin, placed in the middle of the hut, with his weapons by his side. His relatives seated around, each in turn harangues the de- ceased; and if he has been a great warrior, re- counts his heroic actions, nearly to the following purport, which in the Indian language is extreme- ly poetical aud pleasing " You still sit among us, brother, your person retains its usual resemblance, and continues sim- ilar to ours, without any visible deficiency, ex- cept it has lost the power of action! But whither is that breath flown, which a few hours ago sent up smoke to the Great Spirit? Why are those lips silent, that lately delivered to us expressions' and pleasing language? Why are those feet mo- tionless, that a few hours ago were fleeter than the deer on yonder mountains? Why useless hang those arms, that could climb the tallest tree or draw the toughest bow? Alas, every part of that frame which we lately beheld with admira- tion and wonder has now become as inanimate as it was three hundred years ago! We will not, however, bemoan thee as if thou wast forever lost to us, or that thy name would be buried in oblivion; thy soul yet lives in the great country of spirits, with those of thy nation that have gone before thee; and though we are left behind to perpetuate thy fame, we will one day join thee. " Actuated by the respect we bore thee whilst living, we now come to tender thee the last act of kindness in our power; that thy body might not lie neglected on the plain, and become a prey to the beasts of the fleld or fowls of the air, and we will take care to lay it with those of thy predeces- sors that have gone before thee; hoping at the same time that thy spirit will feed with their spirits, and be ready to receive ours when we shall also arrive at the great country of souls." For this speech Carver is principally indebted to his imagination, but it is well conceived, and suggested one of Schiller's poems, which Gcethe considered one of his best, and wished " he had made a dozen such." Sir E. Lytton Bulwer the distinguished novelist, and Sir John Herschel the eminent astronomer, have each given a translation of Schiller's " Song of the Nadowessee Chief." SIB E. L. BULWER'S TBANSLATIOK. See on his mat — as if of yore. All Ufe-like sits he here I With that same aspect which he wore When light to him was dear But where the right hand's strength ? and where The breath that loved to breathe To the Great Spirit, aloft in air. The peace pipe's lusty wreath ? And where the hawk-like eye, alas 1 That wont the deer pursue. Along the waves of rippling grass, Or fields that shone with dew ? 68 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Axe these the limber, bounding feet That swept the winter's snows ? What stateliest stag so fast and fleet ? Their speed outstripped the roe's ! These arms, that then the steady bow Could supple from it's pride, How stark and helpless hang they now Adown the stiffened side I Yet weal to him — at peace he stays ' Wherever fall the snows ; Wliere o'er the meadows springs the maize That mortal never sows. Where birds are blithe on every brake — Where orests teem with deer — Where glide the fish through every lake — One chase from year to year ! With spirits now he feasts above ; All left us to revere ofThe deeds we honor with our love, The dust we bury here. Here bring the last gift ; loud and shrill Wail death dirge for the brave ; What pleased him most in life, may still Give pleasure in the grave. We 1 ly the axe beneath his head He swung when strength was strong — The bear on which his banquets fed. The way from earth is long. And hsre, new sharpened, place the knife That severed from the clay. From which the axe had spoiled the life, The conquered scalp away. The paints that deck the dead, bestow ; Yes, place them in his hand, That red the kingly shade may glow Amid the spirit land. SIB JOHN HERSCHEL'S TRANSLATION. See, where upon the mat he sits Erect, before his door. With just the same majestic air That once in life he wore. But where is fled his strength of limb. The whirlwind of his breath, To the Great Spirit, when he sent The peace pipe's mounting wreath? Where are those falcon eyes, which late Along the plain could trace. Along the grass's dewy waves The reindeer's printed pace? Those legs, which once with matchless speed, Flew through the drifted snow, Surpassed the stag's unwearied course, Outran the mountain roe? Those arms, once used with might and main^ The stubborn bow to twang? See, see, their nerves are slack at last, All motionless they hang. 'Tis well with him, for he is gone Where snow no more is foimd, Where the gay thorn's perpetual bloom Decks all the field around. Where wild birds sing from every spray, Where deer ccme sweeping by, Where fish from every lake afford A plentiful supply. With spirits now he feasts above. And leaves us here alone. To celebrate his valiant de?ds, And round his grave to moan. Sound the death song, bring forth the gifts. The last gifts of the dead, — Let all which yet may yield him joy Within his grave be laid. The hatchet place beneath his head Still red with hostile blood; And add, because the way is long. The bear's fat limbs for food. The scalping-knife beside him lay. With paints of gorgeous dye, That in the land of souls his form May shine triumphantly. It appears from other sources that Carver's visit to the Dahkotahs was of some effect in bring- ing about friendly intercourse between them and the commander of the English force at Mackinaw, CABVEB'S PBOJECT FOB A BOUTE TO THE PACIFIC. 69 The earliest mention of the Dahkotas, in any pubUc British documents that we know of, is in the correspondence between Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Colony of New York, and General Gage, in command of the forces. On the eleventh of September, less than six months after Carver's speech at Dayton's Bluif , and the departure of a number of chiefs to the English fort at Mackinaw, Johnson writes to General Gage: " Though I wrote to you some days ago, yet I would not mind saying something again on the score of the vast expenses incurred, and, as I understand, still incurring at Michil;i- mackinac, chiefly on pretence of making a peace between the Sioux and Chippeweighs, with which I think we have very little to do, in good policy or otherwise." Sir William Johnson, in a letter to Lord Hills- borough, one of his Majesty's mmisters, dated August seventeenth, 1768, again refers to the subject: " Much greater part of those who go a trading are men of such circumstances and disposition as to venture their persons everywhere for extrava- gant gains, yet the consequences to the pubUc are not to be slighted, as we may be led into a general quarrel through their means. The In- dians in the part adjacent to Michilimackinac have been treated with at a very great expense for some time previous. " Major Rodgers brings a considerable charge against the former for mediating a peace between some tribes of the Sioux and some of the Chippe- weighs, which, had it been attended with success, would only have been interesting to a very few French, and others, that had goods in that part of the Indian country, but the contrary has hap- pened, and they are now more violent, and war against one another." Though a wilderness of over one thousand miles intervened between the Falls of St. Anthony and the white settlements of the English, Carver was fully impressed with the idea that the State now organized under the name of Minnesota, on ac- count of its beauty and fertility, would attract settlers. Speaking of the advantages of the country, he says that the future population will be "able to convey their produce to the seaports with great facility, the current of the river from its source to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico being ex- tremely favourable for doing this in small craft Tliis might also m time he facilitated hy canals or shorter cuts, and a com/munication opened hy water loith New York by way of tlie LaTces." The subject of this sketch was also confident that a route would be discovered by way of the Minnesota river, which "would open a passage to China and the, English settlements in the East Indies." Carver, having returned to England, interested Whitworth, a member of parliament, in the northern route. Had not the American Revolu- tion commenced, they proposed to have built a fort at Lake Pepin, to have proceeded up the Minnesota until thoy found, as they supposed they could, a branch of the Missouri, and from thence, journeying over the summit of lands un- til they came to a river which they called Oregon, they expected to descend to the Pacific. Carver, in common with other travelers, had his theory in relation to the origin of the Dahko- tahs. He supposed that they came from Asia. He remarks: " But this might have been at dif- ferent times and from various parts — from Tar- tary, China, Japan, for the inhabitants of these places resemble each other. * * * " It is very evident that some of the names and customs of the American Indians resemble those of tho Tartars, and I make no doubt but that in some future era, and this not far distant, it will be reduced to certainty that during some of the wars between the Tartars and Chinese a part of the inhabitauts of the northern provinces were driven from their native country, and took refuge in some of the isles before mentioned, and from thence found their way into America. * * * " Many words are used both by the Chinese and the Indians which have a resemblance to each other, not only in their sound, but in their signi- fication. The Chinese call a slave Shungo; and the JSTaudowessie Indians, whose language, from their little intercourse with the Europeans, is least corrupted, term a dog Shungush [Shoan- kah]. The former denominate one species of their tea Shoushong; the latter call their tobacco Shou- sas-sau [Chanshashaj. Many other of the words used by the Indians contain the syllables c/ie, chaw, and chu, after the dialect of the Chinese." 70 EXPLOBEBS Aim PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. The comparison of languages has become a rich source of historical knowledge, yet many of the analogies traced are fanciful. The remark of Humbolt in " Cosmos" is worthy of remembrance. "As the structure of American idioms appears remarkably strange to nations speaking the mod- ern languages of Western Europe, and who readily suffer themselves to be led away by some acci- dental analogies of sound, theologians have gen- erally believed that they could trace an affinity with the Hebrew, Spanish colonists with the Basque and the EngUsh, or E/ench settlers with Gaelic, Erse, or the Bas Breton. I one day met on the coast of Peru, a Spanish naval officer and an English whaling captain, the fontier of whom declared that he had heard Basque spoken at Ta- hiti; the other, Gaelic or Erse at the Sandwich Islands." Carver became very poor while in England, and was a clerk in a lottery-office. He died in 1780, and left a widow, two sons, and five daught- ers, in New England, and also a child by another wife that he had married in Great Britain After his death a claim was urged for the land upon which the capital of Minnesota now stands' and for many miles adjacent. As there are still many persons who believe that they have some right through certain deeds purporting to be from the heirs of Carver, it is a matter worthy of an investigation. Carver says nothing in his book of travels in re- lation to a grant from the Dahkotahs, but after he was buried, it was asserted that there was a deed belonging to him in existence, conveying valuable lands, and that said deed was executed at the cave now in the eastern suburbs of Saint Paul. DEED PUKPOKTING TO HAVE BEEN GIVEN AT THE CAVE IN THE BLUFF BELOW ST. PAUL. " To Jonathan Carver, a chief under the most mighty and potent George the Third, King of tlie English and other nations, the fame of whose warriors has reached our ears, and has now been fully told us by our good brother Jonathan, afore- said, whom we rejoice to have come among us, and bring us good news from his country. "We, chiefs of the Naudowessies, who have hereunto set our seals, do by these presents, for ourselves and heirs forever, in return for the aid and other good services done by the said Jona- than to ourselves and allies, give grant and con- vey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his heirs and assigns forever, the whole of a certain tract or territory of land, bounded as follows, viz: from the Falls of St. Anthony, running on the east bank of the Mississippi, nearly southeast, as far as Lake Pepin, where the Chippewa joins the Mississippi, and from thence eastward five days travel, accounting twenty English miles per day; and from thence again to the Falls of St. Anthony, on a direct straight line. We do for ourselves, heirs, and assigns, forever give unto the said Jo- nathan, his heirs and assigns, with all the trees, rocks, and rivers therein, reserving the sole lib- erty of hunting and fishing on land not planted or improved by the said Jonathan, his heirs and assigns, to which we have affixed our respective seals. " At the Great Cave, May 1st, 1767. "Signed, HAWNOPAWJATIN. OTOHTGNGOOMLISHEAW. " The original deed was never exhibited by the assignees of the heirs. By liis English wife Car- ver had one child, a daughter Martha, who was cared for by Sir Eichard and Lady Pearson. In time she eloped and married a sailor. A mercan- tile firm in London, thinking that money could be made, induced the newly married couple, the day after the wedding, to convey the grant to them, with the understanding that they were to have a tenth of the profits. The merchants despatched an agent by the name of Clarke to go to the Dahkotalis, and ob- tain a new deed; but on his way he was murdered in the state of New York. In the year 1794, the heirs of Carver's Ameri- can wife, in consideration of fifty thousand pounds sterling, conveyed their interest in the Carver grant to Edward Houghton of Vermont. In the year 1806, Samuel Peters, who had been a tory and an Episcopal minister during the Revolu- tionary war, alleges, in a petition to Congress, that he had also purchased of the heirs of Carver their rights to the grant. Before the Senate committee, the same year, he testified aS follows: "In the year 1774, 1 amved there (London), and met Captain Carver. In 1775, Carver had a hearing before the king, praying his. majesty's ' approval of a deed of land dated May first, 1767, UNITED STATUS BEJECT CABVER'S CLAIM. 71 and sold and granted to him by tlie Naudowissies. The result was his majesty approved of the exer- tions and bravery of Captain Carver among the Indian nations, near the Falls of St. Anthony, in the Mississippi, gave to said Carver 1371Z. 13s. %d. sterling, and ordered a frigate to be prepared, and a transport ship to carry one hundred and fifty men, under command of Captain Carver, with four others as a committee, to sail the next June to New Orleans, and then to ascend the Missis- sippi, to take possession of said territory conveyed to Captain Carver ; but the battle of Bunker Hill prevented." In 1821, General Leavenworth, having made inquiries of the Dahkotahs, in relation to the alleged claim, addressed the following to the commissioner of the land ofiice : " Sir: — Agreeably to your request, I have the honour to inform you what I have understood from the Indians of the Sioux Nation, as well as some facts within my own knowledge, as to what is commonly termed Carver's Grant. The grant purports to be made by the chiefs of the Sioux of the Plains, and one of the chiefs uses the sign of a serpent, and the other of a turtle, purport- ing that their names are derived from those ani- mals. "The land lies on the east side of the Mississ- ippi. The Indians do not recognize or acknowl edge the grant to be valid, and they among others assign the following reasons: "1. The Sioux of the Plains never owned a foot of land on the east side of the Mississippi. The Sioux Nation is divided into two grand di- visions, viz: The Sioux of the Lake; or perhaps more literally Sioux of the .Kiver, and Sioux of the Plain. The former subsists by hunting and fishing, and usually move from place to place by water, in canoes, during the summer season, and travel on the ice in the winter, when not on their hunting excursions. The latter subsist en- tirely by hunting, and have no canoes, nor do they know but little about the use of them. They reside in the large prairies west of the Mississippi, and follow the buffalo, upon which they entirely subsist; these are called Sioux of the Plain, and never owned land east of the Mississippi. " 2. The Indians say they have no knowledge of any such chiefs as those who have signed the grant to Carver, either amongst the Sioux of the River or the Sioux of the Plain. They say that if Captain Carver did ever obtain a deed or grant, it was signed by some foolish young men who were not chiefs and who were not author- ized to make a grant. Among the Sioux of the Eiver there are no such names. " 3. They say the Indians never received any- thing for the land, and they have no intention to part with it without a consideration. Prom my knowledge of the Indians, I am induced to think they would not make so considerable a grant, and have it to go into full efdect without receiving a substantial consideration. '• 4. They have, and ever have had, the pos- session of the land, and intend to keep it. I know that they are very particular in making every person who wishes to cut timber on that tract obtain their permission to do so, and to ob- tain payment for it. In the month of May last, some Frenchmen brought a large raft of red cedar timber out of the Chippewa Eiver, which timber was cut on the tract before mentioned. The In- dians at one of the villages on the Mississippi, where the principal chief resided, compelled the Frenchmen to land the raft, and would not per- mit them to pass until they had received pay for the timber, and the Frenchmen were compelled to leave their raft with the Indians until they went to Prairie du Chien, and obtained the nec- essary articles, and made the payment required." On the twenty- third of January, 1823, the Com- mittee of Public Lands made a report on the claim to the Senate, which, to every disinterested person, is entirely satisfactory. After stating the facts of the petition, the report continues: " The Eev. Samuel Peters, in his petition, fur- ther states that Lefei, the present Emperor of the Sioux and Naudowessies, and Eed Wing, a sachem, the heirs and successors of the two grand chiefs who signed the said deed to Captain Car- ver, have given satisfactory and positive proof that they allowed their ancestors' deed to be gen- uine, good, and valid, and that Captain Carver's heirs and assigns are the owners of said territory, and may occupy it free of all molestation. The committee have examined and considered the claims thus exhibited by the petitioners, and remark that the original deed is not produced, nor any competent legal evidence offered of its execu- tion ; nor is there any proof that the persons, who 72 EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. it is alleged made the deed, were the chiefs of said tribe, nor that (if chiefs) they had authority to grant and give away the land belonging to their tribe. The paper annexed to the petition, as a copy of said deed, has no "subscribing witnesses ; and it would seem impossible, at this remote pe- riod, to ascertain the important fact, that the per- sons who signed the deed comprehended and understood the meaning and effect of their act. " The want of proof as to these facts, would interpose in the waj of the claimants insuperable difHculties. But, in the opinion of the committee, the claim is not such as the United States are under any obligation to allow, even if the deed were proved in legal form. " The British government, before the time when the alleged deed bears date, had deemed it pru- dent and necessary for the preservation of peace with the Indian tribes under their sovereignty, protection and dominion, to prevent British sub- jects from purchasing lands from the Indians, and this rule of policy was made known and en- forced by the proclamation of the king of Great Britain, of seventh October, 1763, which contains an express prohibition. " Captain Carver, aware of the law, and know- ing that such a contract could not vest the legal title in him, applied to the British government to ratify and confirm the Indian grant, and, though it was competent for that government then to confirm the grant, and vest the title of said land in him, yet, from some cause, that government did not think proper to do it. " The territory has since become the property of the United States, and an Indian grant not good against the British government, would ap- pear to be not binding unon the United States government. " What benefit the British government derived from the services of Captain Carver, by his trav- els and residence among the Indians, that gov- ernment alone could determine, and alone could judge what remuneration those services deserved. " One fact appears from the declaration of Mr. Peters, in his statement in writing, among the papers exhibited, namely, that the British gov- ernment did give Captain Carver the sum of one thousand three hundred and seventy-five pounds six shillings and eight pence sterling. To the United States, however. Captain Carver rendered no services which could be assumed as any equit- able ground for the support of the petitioners' claim. " The committee being of opinion that the United States are not bound in law and equity to confirm the said alleged Indian grant, recom- mend the adoption of the resolution: " ' Resolved, That the prayer of the petitioners ought not to be granted." ' Lord Palmerston stated in 1839, that no trace could be foimd in the records of the British oflSce of state papers, showing any ratification of the Carver grant. EXPLOBATIONS BY LIEUTENANT Z. M. PIKE. 73 CHAPTEE XII. EXPLORATION BY THE FIRST TTNITED STATES ARMY OFFICER, LIETTTENAU'T Z. M. PIKE. Trading Posts at the beginning of Nineteentli Century. — Sandy Lalce Fort. — Leech Lake Fort. — William Morrison, hefore Schoolcraft at Itasca Lake,— Divi- sion of Northwest Territory, — Organization of Indiana, Michigan and Upper Louisiana. — Notices of Wood, Frazer, Fisher, Cimeron, Faribault.— Early Traders. — Pike's Council at Mouth of Minnesota River.— Grant for Military Posts. — Encampment at Falls of St. Anthony. — Block House near Swan River. — Vibit to Sandy and Leech Lakes.— British Flag Shot at and Lowered. — Thompson, Topographer of Northwest Company. — Pike at Dickson's Trading Post. — Returns to Mendota.— Pails to find Carver's Cave, — Conierence with Little Crow. ~Cameron sells Liquor to Indiana, At the beginning of the present century, the region now known as Minnesota, contained no white men, except a few engaged in the fur trade. In the treaty effected by Hon. John Jay, Great Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from all posts and places within certain boundary lines, on or before the first of June, 1796, but all Brit- ish settlers and traders might remaiu for one year, and enjoy all their former privileges, with- out being obliged to be citizens of the United States of America. In the year 1800, the trading posts of Minnesota were chiefly held by the Northwest Company, and their chief traders resided at Sandy Lake, Leech Lake, and Ton du Lac, on St. Louis Eiver. In the year 1794, this company biiilt a stockade one hundred feet square, on the southeast end of Sandy Lake. There were bastions pierced for small arms, in the southeast and ia the northwest comer. The pickets which surrounded the post were thirteen feet high. On the north side there was a gate ten by nine feet ; on the west side, one six by five feet, and on the east side a third gate six by five feet. Travelers entering the main gate, saw on the left a one story building twenty feet square, the residence of the superintendent, and on the left of the east gate, a building twenty- five by fifteen, the quarters of the voyagenrs. Entering the western gate, on the left was a stone house, twenty by thirty feet, and a house twenty by forty feet, used as a store, and a workshop, and a residence for clerks. On the south shore of Leech Lake there was another establishment, a little larger. The stockade was one hundred , and fifty feet square. The main building was sixty by twenty-five feet, and one and a half story in height, where resided the Director of the fur trade of the Pond du Lac department of the North- west Company. In the centre was a small store, twelve and a half feet square, and near the main gate was flagstaff fifty feet in height, from which used to float the flag of Great Britain. "William Morrison was, in 1802, the trader at Leech Lake, and in 1804 he was at Elk Lake, the source of the Mississippi, thirty-two years after- wards named by Schoolcraft, Lake Itasca. The entire force of the Northwest Company, west of Lake Superior, in 1805, consisted of three accountants, nineteen clerks, two interpreters, eighty-five canoe men, and with them were twenty-nine Indian or half-breed women, and about fifty children. On the seventh of May, 1800, the Northwest Territory, which included all of the western country east of the Mississippi, was divided. The portion not designated as Ohio, was organ- ized as the Territory of Indiana. On the twentieth of December, 1803, the province of Louisiana, of which that portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi was a part, was officially delivered up by the French, who had just obtained it from the Spaniards, accord- ing to treaty stipulations. To the transfer of Louisiana by France, after twenty days' possession, Spain at first objected ; but in 1804 withdrew all opposition. President Jefferson now deemed it an object of paramount importance for the United States to explore the country so recently acqiiired, and make the acquaintance of the tribes residing therein ; and steps were taken for an expedition to the upper Mississippi. Early in March, 1804, Captain Stoddard, of the United States army, arrived at St. Louis, the agent of the French Kepublic, to receive from 74 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MIJ^IJSEISOTA. the Spanish authorities the possession of the coimtry, which he immediately transferred to the United States. As the old settlers, on the tenth of March, saw the ancient flag of Spain displaced by that of the United States, the tears coursed down their cheeks. On the twentieth of the same month, the terri- tory of Upper Louisiana was constituted, com- prising the present states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and a large portion of Minnesota. On the eleventh of January, 1805, the terri- tory of Michigan was organized. The first American oiBcer who visited Minne- sota, on business of a public nature, was one who was an ornament to his profession, and in energy and endurance a true representative of the citi- zens of the United States. "We refer to the gallant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a native of !New Jersey, who afterwards fell in battle at York, Upper Canada, and whose loss was justly mourned by the whole nation. When a young lieutenant, he was ordered by General Wilkinson to visit the region now known as Minnesota, and expel the British traders who were found violating the laws of the United States, and form alliances with the Indians. With only a few common soldiers, he was obliged to do the work of several men. At times he would precede his party for miles to reconnoitre, and then he would do the duty of hunter. During the day he would perform the part of surveyor, geologist, and astronomer, and at night, though hungry and fatigued, his lofty enthu- siasm kept him awake until he copied the notes, and plotted the courses of the day. On the 4th day of September, 1805, Pike ar- rived at Prairie du Chien, from St. Louis, and was politely treated by three traders, all born un- der the flag of the United States. One was named Wood, another Prazer, a nati\e of Vermont, who, when a young man became a clerk of one Blakely, of Montreal, and thus became ;i fur trader. The third was Henry Fisher, a captain of the Militia, and Justice of the Peace, whose wife was a daughter of Goutier de Verville. Fisher was said to have been a nephew of Pres- dent Monroe, and later in life traded at the sources of the Minnesota. One of his daughters was the mother of Joseph Eolette, Jr., a mem- ber of the early Minnesota Legislative assem- blies. On the eighth of the month Lieutenant Pike left Prairie du Chien, in two batteaux, with Sergeant Henry Kennerman, Corporals William E. Mack and Samuel Bradley, and ten privates. At La Crosse, Frazer, of Prairie dii Chien, overtook him, and at Sandy point of Lake Pepin he found a trader, a Scotchman by the name of Murdoch Cameron, with his son, and a young man named John Rudsdell. On the twonty- flrst he breakfasted with the Kaposia band of Sioux, who then dwelt at the marsh below Day- ton's Bluff, a few miles below St. Paul. The same day he passed three miles from Mendota the encampment of J. B. Faribault, a trader and native of Lower Canada, then about thirty years of age, in which viciaity he continued for more than fifty years. He married Pelagie the daugh- ter of Francis Kinnie by an Indian woman, and ids eldest son, Alexander, bom soon after Pike's visit, was the founder of the town of Faribault. Arrivrag at the confluence of the Minnesota and the Mississippi Rivers, Pike and his soldiers encamped on the Northeast point of the island which still bears his name. The next day was Sunday, and he visited Cameron, at his trading post on the Minnesota Elver, a short distance above Mendota. On Monday, the 23d of September, at noon, he held a Council with the Sioux, under a cover- ing made by suspending saUs, and gave an ad- mirable talk, a portion of which was as follows : * " Brothers, I am happy to meet you here, at this council fire which your father has sent me to kindle, and to take you by the hands, as our chil- dren. We having but lately acquired from the Spanish, the extensive territory of Louisiana, our general has thought proper to send out a number of his warriors to visit all his red children ; to tell them his will, and to hear what request they may have to make of their father. I am happy the choice fell on me to come this road, as I find my brothers, the Sioux, ready to listen to my words. " Brothers, it is the wish of our government to establish military posts on the Upper Mississippi, at such places as might be thought expedient. I have, therefore, examined the country, and have pitched on the mouth of the river St. Croix, this GRANT OF LAND FBOM TEE SIOUX. 75 place, and the Falls of St. Anthony ; I therefore wish you to grant to the United States, nine miles square, at St. Croix, and at this place, from a league below the confluence of the St. Peter's and Mississippi, to a league above St. Anthony, extending three leagues on each side of the river ; and as we are a people who are accustomed to have all our acts written down, in order to have them handed to our children, I have drawn up a form of an agreement, which we will both sign, in the presence of the traders now present. After we know the terms, we will fill it up, and have it read and interpreted to you. " Brothers, those posts are intended as a bene- fit to you. The old chiefs now present miast see that their situation improves by a communication vith the whites. It is the intention of the United States to establish at those posts factories, in which the Indians may procure all their things at a cheaper and better rate than they do now, or than your traders can afford to sell them to you, as they aie single men, who come from far in small boats ; but your fathers are many and strong, and will come with a strong arm, in large boats. There will also be chiefs here, who can attend to the wants of their brothers, without their sending or going all the way to St. Louis, and will see the traders that go up your rivers, and know that they are good men. * * * * "Brothers, I now present you with some of your father's tobacco, and some other trifling things, as a memorandum of my good will, and before my departure I will give you some liquor to clear your throats." The traders, Cameron and Frazer, sat with Pike. His interprnter was Pierre Rosseau. Among the Chiefs present were Le Petit Cor- beau (Little Crow), and Way-ago Enagee, and L'Orignal Leve or Eising Moose. It was with difficulty that the chiefs signed the following agreement ; not that they objected to the lan- guage, but because they thought their word should be taken, without any mark ; but Pike overcame their objection, by saying that he wished them to sign it on his account. " Whereas, at a conference held between the United States of America and the Sioux na- tion of Indians, Lieutenant Z. M. Pike, of the army of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of said tribe, have agreed to the follow- ing articles, which, when ratified and approved of by the proper authority, shall be binding on both parties : Akt. 1. That the Sioux nation grant unto the United States, for the purpose of establishment of military posts, nine miles square, at the mouth of the St. Croix, also from below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, up the Missis- sippi to include the Falls of St. Anthony, extend- ing nine miles on each side of the river ; that the Sioux Nation grants to the United States the full sovereignty and power over said district forever. Abt. 2. That in consideration of the above grants, the United States shall pay [filled up by the Senate with 2,000 dollars]. Art. 3. The United States promise, on their part, to permit the Sioux to pass and repass, hunt, or make other use of the said districts, as they have formerly done, without any other exception ' than those specified in article first. In testimony whereof, we, the undersigned, have hereunto set our hands and seals, at the mouth of the river St. Peter's, on the 23d day of September, 1805. Z. M. PIKE, [L. S.] 1st Lieutenant and agent at the above conference. his LE PETIT CORBEAU, X [L. S.] mark his WAY-AGO ENAGEE, X [L. S.] mark " The following entries from Pike's Journal, des- criptive of the region around the city of Minne- apoUs, seventy-five years ago, are worthy of pres- ervation: "Sept. 26th, Thursday.— 'Embarked at the usual hour, and after much labor in passing through the rapids, arrived at the foot of the Falls about three or four o'clock ; unloaded my boat, and had the principal part of her cargo carried over the portage. With the other boat, however, full loaded, they were not able to get over the last shoot, and encamped about six yards below. I pitched my tent and encamped above the shoot. The rapids mentioned in this day's march, might properly be called a continuation of the Falls of St. Anthony, for they are equally entitled to this appellation, with the Falls of the Delaware and 76 BXPLOBEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. Susquehanna. Killed one deer. Distance nine miles. Sept. 27tli, Friday. Brought over the residue of my loading this morning. Two men arrived from Mr. Frazer, on St. Peters, for my dispatches. This business, closing and sealing, appeared like a last adieu to the civilized world. Sent a large packet to the General, and a letter to Mrs. Pike, with a short note to Mr. Frazer. Two young Indians brought my flag across by land, who ar- rived yesterday, just as we came in sight of the Pall. I made them a present for their, punctual- ity aind expedition, and the danger they were ex- posed to from the journey. Carried our boats out of the river, as far as the bottom of the hUl. Sept. 28th , Saturday. — Brought my barge over, and put her in the river above the Falls. While we were engaged with her three-fourths miles from camp, seven Indians painted black, appeared on the heights. We had left our guns at the camp and were entirely defenceless. It occurred to me that they were the small party of Sioux who were obstinate, and would go to war, when the other part of the bands came in; these they proved to be ; they were better armed than any I had ever seen ; having g^uns, bows, arrows, clubs, spears, and some of them even a case of pistols. I was at that time giving my men a dram ; and giving the cup of liquor to the first, he drank it off ; but I was more cautious with the remainder. I sent my interpreter to camp with them, to wait my coming ; wishing to purchase one of their war clubs, it being made of elk horn, and decorated with inlaid work. This and a set of bows and arrows I wished to get as a curiosity. But the liquor I had given him began to operate, he came back for me, but refusing to go till I brought my boat, he returned, and (I suppose being offended) borrowed a canoe and crossed the river. In the afternoon got the other boat near the top of the hUl, when the props gave way, and she slid all the way dovm to the bottom, but fortunately without injuring any person. It raining very hard, we left her. Killed one goose and a racoon. Sept. 29th, Sunday. — I killed a remarkably large racoon. Got our large boat over the port- age, and put her in the river, at the upper land- ing ; this night the men gave sufficient proof of their fatigue, by all throwing themselves down to sleep, preferring rest to supper. This day I had but fifteen men out of twenty-two ; the others were sick. This voyage could have been per- formed with great convenience, if we had taken our departure in June. But the proper time would be to leave the Illinois as soon as the ice would permit, when the river would be of a good height. Sept. 30th, Monday. — Loaded my boat, moved over and encamped on the Island. The large boats loading likewise, we went over and put on board. In the mean time, I took a survey of the Falls, Portage, etc. If it be possible to pass the Falls in high water, of which I am doubtful, it must be on the East side, about thirty yards from shore ; as there are three layers of rocks, one. be- low the other. The pitch ofE of either, is not more than five feet ; but of this I can say more on my return. On the tenth of October, the expedition reached some arge island below Sauk Sapids, where in 1797, Porlier and Joseph KenviUe had wintered. Six days after this, he reached the Rapids in Morrison coimty, which still bears his name, and he writes: "When we arose in the morning, found that snow had fallen during the night, the ground was covered and it contiaued to snow. This, indeed, was but poor encourage- ment for attacking the Rapids, in which we were certain to wade to our necks. I was determined, however, if possible to make la riviere de Cor- beau, [Crow Wing River], the highest point was made by traders in their bark canoes. We em- barked, and after four hours work, became so benumbed with cold that our limbs were perfectly useless. We put to shore on the opposite side of the river, about two-thirds of the way up the rapids. Built a large fire ; and then discovered that our boats were nearly half fuU of water; both having sprung large leaks so as to oblige me to keep three hands bailing. My sergeant (Ken- nerman) one of the stoutest men I ever knew, broke a blood-vessel and vomited nearly two quarts of blood. One of my corporals (Bradley) also evacuated nearly a pint of blood, when he attempted to void his urine. These unhappy circumstances, in addition to the inability of four other men whom we were obliged to leave on shore, convinced me, that if I had no regard for my own health and constitution, I should have some for those poor fellows, who were kill- PIKE'S BLOCK HOUSE NEAB SWAW BIVEB. 77 ing themselves to obey my orders. After we had breakfast and refreshed ourselves, we went down to OTir boats on the rocks, w^ere I was obliged to leave them. I then informed my men that we would return to the camp and there leave some of the party and our large boats. This informa- tion was pleasing, and the attempt to reach the camp soon accomplished. My reasons for this step have partly been already stated. The nec- essity of unloading and refitting my boats, the beauty and convenience of the spot for building huts, the fine pine trees for peroques, and the quantity of game, were additional inducements. We immediately unloaded our boats and secured their cargoes. In the evening I went out upon a small, but beautiful creek, which emptied into the Falls, for the purpose of selecting pine trees to make canoes. Saw five deer, and killed one buck weighing one hundred and thirty-seven pounds. By my leaving men at this place, and from the great quantities of game in its vicinity, I was ensured plenty of provision for my return voyage. In the party left behind was one hunter, to be continually employed, who would keep our stock of salt provisions good. Distance two hundred and thirty-three and a half mUes above the Falls of St. Anthony. Having left his large boats and some soldiers at this point, he proceeded to the vicinity of Swan River where he erected a block house, and on the thirty-first of October he writes: "En- closed my little work completely with pickets. Hauled up my two boats and turned them over on each side of the gateways ; by which means a defence was made to the river, and had it not been for various political reasons, I would have laughed at the attack of eight hundred or a thousand savages, if all my party were within. For, except accidents, it would only have afford- ed amusement, the Indians having no idea of taking a place by storm. Found myself power- fully attacked with the fantastics of the brain, called ennui, at the mention of which I had hitherto scoffed ; but my books being packed up, I was like a person entranced, and could easily conceive why so many persons who have been confined to remote places, acquire the habit of drinking to excess, and many other vicious prac- tices, which have been adopted merely to pass time. During the next month he hunted the buffalo which were then in that vicinity. On the third of December he received a visit from Eobert Dickson, afterwards noted in the history of the country, who was then trading about sixty mUes below, on the Mississippi. On the tenth of December with some sleds he continued his journey northward, and on the last day of the year passed Pine River. On the third of January, 1806, he reached the trading post at Red Cedar, now Cass Lake, and was quite indig- nant at finding the British flag floating from the staff. The night after this his tent caught on fire, and he lost some valuable and necessary clothing. On the evening of the eighth he reach- ed Sandy Lake and was hospitably received by Grant, the trader in charge. He writes . " Jan. 9th, Thursday. — Marched the corporal early, in order that our men should receive assurance of our safety and success. He carried with him a small keg of spirits, a present from Mr. Grant. The establishment of this place was formed twelve years since, by the North-west Company, and was formerly under the charge of a Mr: Charles Brusky. It has attained at present such regularity, as to permit the superintendent to Uve tolerably comfortable. They have horses they procured from Red River, of the Indians ; raise plenty of Irish potatoes, catch pike, suckers, pickerel, and white fish in abundance. They have also beaver, deer, and moose ; but the pro- vision they chiefly depend upon is wild oats, of which they purchase great quantities from the savages, giving at the rate of about one dollar and a half per bushel. But flDur, pork, and salt, are almost interdicted to persons not principals in the trade. Flour sells at half a dollar ; salt a dollar; pork eighty cents; sugar half a dollar; and tea four dollars and fifty cents per pound. The sugar is obtained from the Indians, and is made from the maple tree." He remained at Sandy Lake ten days, and on the last day two men of the Northwest Company arrived with letters from Fon du Lac Superior, one of which was from Athapuscow, and had been since May on the route. On the twentieth of January began his journey to Leech Lake, which he reached on the first of February, and was hospitably received by Hugh 78 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. McGillis, the head of the Northwest Company at this post. A Mr. Anderson, in the employ of Eobert Dickson, was residing at the west end of the lake. While here he hoisted the American flag in the fort. The English yacht still flying at the top of the flagstaff, he directed the Indians and his sol- diers to shoot at it. They soon broke the iron pin to which it was fastened, and it fell to the ground. He was informed by a venerable old Ojibway chief, called Sweet, that the Sioux dwelt there when he was a youth. On the tenth of February, at ten o'clock, he left Leech Lake with Corporal Bradley, the trader McGillis and two of his men, and at sunset arrived at Bed Cedar, now Cass Lake. At this place, in 1798, Thompson, employed by the Northwest Company for three years, in topographical surveys, made some ob- servations. He believed that a line from the Lake of the Woods would touch the sources of the Mississippi. Pike, at this point, was very Mndly treated by a Canadian named Boy, and his Ojibway squaw. On Ids return home, he reached Clear Elver on the seventh of April, where he found his canoe and men, and at night was at Grand Rapids, Dickson's tradingpost. He talked until four o'clock the next morning with this person and another trader named Porlier. He forbade while there, the traders Greignor [Grig- non] and La Jennesse, to sell any more liquor to Indians, who had become very drunken and un- ruly. On the tenth he again reached the Palls of Saint Anthony. He writes in his journal as follows : April 11th, Friday. — Although it snowed very hard we brought over both boats, and descended the river to the island at the entrance of the St. Peter's. I sent to the chiefs and informed them I had something to communicate to them. The Pils de Pincho immediately waited on me, and informed me that he would provide a place for the purpose. About sundown I was sent for and introduced into the council-house, where I found a great many chiefs of the Sussitongs, Gens de Peuilles, and the Gens du Lac. The Yanctongs had not yet come down. They were all awaiting for my arrival. There were about one hundred lodges, or six hundred people; we were saluted on our crossing the river with ball as usual. The council-house was two large lodges, capable of containing three hundred men. In the upper were forty chiefs, and as many pipes set against the poles, alongside of which I had the Santeur's pipes arranged. I then informed them in short detail, of my transactions with the Santeurs; but my interpreters were not capable of making them- selves understood. I was therefore obliged to omit mentioning every particular relative to the rascal who fired on my sentinel, and of the scoun- drel who broke the Pols Avoins' canoes, and threatened my life; the interpreters, however, in- formed them that I wanted some of their princi- pal chiefs to go to St. Louis; and that those who thought proper might descend to the prairie, where we would give them more explicit infor- mation. They all smoked out of the Santeur's pipe, excepting three, who were painted black, and were some of those who lost their relations last winter. I invited the Pils de Pinchow, and the son of the Killeur Eouge, to come over and sup with me; when Mr. Dickson and myself en- deavored to explain what I intended to have said to them, could I have made myself understood; that at the prairie we would have all things ex- plained; that I was desirous of making a better report of them than Captain Lewis could do from their treatment of him. The former of those savages was the person who remained around my post all last winter, and treated my men so weU; they endeavored to excuse their people. "Apkil 12th, Saiwrda?/.— Embarked early. Al- though my interpreter had been frequently up the river, he could not tell me where the cave (spoken of by Carver) could be found ; . we carefully sought for it, but in vain. At the Indian viUage, a few miles below St. Peter's, we were about to pass a few lodges, but on receiving a very partic- ular invitation to come on shore, we landed, and were received in a lodge kindly; they presented us sugar. I gave the proprietor a dram, and was about to depart when he demanded a kettle of liquor; on being refused, and after I had left the shore, he told me he did not like the arrange- ments, and that he would go to war this summer. I directed the interpreter to tell him that if I returned to St. Peter's with the troops, I would settle that afEair with him. On our arrival at the St. Croix, I found the Pettit Corbeau with his people, and Messrs. Prazer and Wood. We had a conference, when the Pettit Corbeau made CAMEBON SELLS LIQUOB TO INDIANS. 79 many apologies for the misconduct of his people; he represented to us the different manners in which the young warriors had been inducing him to go to war; that he had been much blamed for dismissing his party last fall; but that he was de- terniined to adhere as far as lay in his power to our instructions; that he thought it most prudent to remain here and restrain the warriors. He then presented me with a beaver robe and pipe, and his message to the general. That he was determined to preserve peace, and make the road clear; also a remembrance of his promised medal. I made a reply, calculated to confirm him in his good intentions, and assured him that he should not be the less remembered by his father, although not present. I was informed that, notwithstand- ing the instruction of his license, and my par- ticular request, Murdoch Cameron had taken liquor and sold it to the Indians on the river St. Peter's, and that his partner below had been equally imprudent. I pledged myself to prose- cute them according to law; for they have been the occasion of great confusion, and of much injury to the other traders. This day met a canoe of Mr. Dickson's loaded with provisions, under the charge of Mr. Anderson, brother of the Mr. Anderson at Leech Lake. He politely offered me any provision he had on board (for which Mr. Dickson had given me an order), but not now being in want, I did not accept of any. This day, for the first time, I observed the trees beginning to bud, and indeed the climate seemed to have changed very materially since we passed the Falls of St. Anthony." The strife of political parties growing out of the French Eevolution, and the declaration of war against Great Britain in the year 1812, post- poned the military occupation of the Upper Mississippi by the United States of America, for several years. 80 EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAJPTEE XIII. THE TAILET OB" THE TJPPEE MISSISSIPPI DURING SECOITD WAK WITH GREAT BEITAXfT. Dickson and other tradors hostilo— Amorican stoolcade at Frairio du Chicn — Fort Shelby surrenders to Lt. Col. William McKay — Loyal traders Provenoallo and Faribault — Rising Moose or Onor, "W. G. Camp, Lieutenant. Lt. and Q. M. E. A. McCabb, H. Wilkins, Lieutenant. Lieutenant." During the summer of 1820, a party of the Sisseton Sioux killed on the Missouri, Isadore Poupon, a half-breed, and Joseph Andrews, a Canadian engaged in the fur trade. The Indian Agent, through Colin Campbell, as interpreter, notified the Sissetons that trade would cease with them, until the murderers were delivered. At a council held at Big Stone Lake, one of the murderers, and the aged father of another, agreed to surrender themselves to the commanding officer. On the twelfth of November, accompanied by their friends, they approached the encampment in solemn procession, and marched to the centre of the parade. First appeared a Sisseton bear- ing a British flag ; then the murderer and the de- voted father of another, their arms pinioned, and ABRIVAL OF THE FIBST STEAMBOAT. 98 large wooden splinters thrust through the flesh above the elbows indicating their contempt for pain and death ; in the rear followed friends and relatives, with them chanting the death dirge. Having arrived in front of the guard, fire was kindled, and the British flag burned ; then the murderer delivered up his medal, and both prison- ers were surrounded. Col. Snelling detained the old chief, while the murderer was sent to St. Louis for trial. EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1821. Col. Snelling built the fort in the shape of a lozenge, in view of the projection between the two rivers. The first row of barracks was of hewn logs, obtained from the pine forests of Rum River, but the other buildings were of stone. Mrs. Van Cleve, the daughter of Lieutenant, afterwards Captain Clark, writes : " In 1821 the fort, although not complete, was fit for occupancy. My father had assigned to him the quarters next beyond the steps leading to the Commissary's stores, and during the year my little sister Juliet was born there. At a later period my father and Major Garland obtained permission to build more commodious quarters outside the walls, and the result was the two stone houses afterwards occupied by the Indian Agent and interpreter, lately destroyed." Early in August, a young and intelligent mixed blood, Alexis Bailly, in after years a member of the legislature of Minnesota, left the cantonment with the first drove of cattle for the Selkirk Set- tlement, and the next winter returned with Col. Robert Dickson and Messrs. Laidlow and Mac- kenzie. The next month, a party of Sissetons visited the Indian Agent, and told him that they had started with another of the murderers, to which reference has been made, but that on the way he had, through fear of being hung, killed himself. This fall, a mill was constructed for the use of the garrison, on the west side of St. Anthony ralls,under the supervision of Lieutenant McCabe . During the fall, George Gooding, Captain by brevet, resigned, and became Sutler at Prairie du Chien. He was a native of Massachusetts, and entered the army as ensign in 1808. In 1810 he became a Second Lieutenant, and the next year was woimded at Tippecanoe. In the middle of October, there embarked on the keel-boat " Saucy Jack," for Prairie du Chien, Col. Snelling, Lieut. Baxley, Major TaUaferro, and Mrs. Gooding, EVENTS OF 1822 AND 1823. Early in January, 1822, there came to the Tort from the Red River of the North, Col. Robert Dickson, Laidlow, a Scotch farmer, the superin- tendent of Lord Selkirk's experimental farm, and one Mackenzie, on their way to Prairie du Chien. Dickson returned with a drove of cattle, but owing to the hostility of the Sioux his cattle were scattered, and never reached Pembina. During the winter of 1823, Agent Taliaferro was in Washington. While returning in March, he was at a hotel in Pittsburg, when he received a note signed G. C. Beltrami, who was an ItaUan exile, asking permission to accompany him to the Indian territory. He was tall and commanding in appearance, and gentlemanly in bearing, and Taliaferro was so forcibly impressed as to accede to the request. After reaching St. Louis they embarked on the first steamboat for the Upper Mississippi. It was named the Virginia, and was built in Pittsburg, twenty- two feet in width, and one hundred and eighteen feet in length, in charge of a Captain Crawford. It reached the Fort on the tenth of May, and was saluted by the discharge of cannon. Among the passengers, besides the Agent and the Italian, were Major Biddle, Lieut. Russell, and others. The arrival of the Virginia is an era in the history of the Dahkotah nation, and will proba- bly be transmitted to their posterity as long as they exist as a people. They say their sacred men, the night before, dreamed of seeing some monster of the waters, which frightened them very much. As the boat neared the shore, men, women, and children beheld with silent astonishment, supposing that it was some enormous water-spirit, coughing, puffing out hot breath, and splashing water in every direction. When it touched the landing their fears prevailed, and they retreated some distance; but when the blowing off of steam commenced they were completely un- nerved : mothers forgetting their children, with streaming hair, sought hiding-places ; chiefs, re- 94 BXPZOREBS AND PIONDEBS OF MINNESOTA. nouncing their stoicism, scampered away like affrighted animals. The peace agreement beteen the Ojibways and Dahkotahs, made through the influence of Gov- ernor Cass, was of brief duration, the latter be- ing the first to violate the provisions. Oh the fourth of June, Taliaferro, the Indian agent among the Dahkotahs, took advantage of the presence of a large number of Ojibways to renew the agreement for the cessation of hostili- ties. Tlie council hall of the agent was a large room of logs, in which waved conspicuously the flag of the United States, surrounded by British colors and medals that had been delivered up from time to time by Indian chiefs. Among the Dahkotah chiefs present were "Wapashaw, Little Crow, and Penneshaw ; of the Ojibways there were Kendouswa, Moshomene, and Pasheskonoepe. After mutual accusations and excuses concerning the infraction of the pre- vious treaty, the Dahkotahs lighted the calumet, they having been the first to infringe upon the agreement of 1820. After smoking and passing the pipe of peace to the Ojibways, who passed through the same formalities, they all shook hands as a pledge of renewed amity. The morning after the council, Flat Mouth, the distinguished Ojibway chief, arrived, who had left his lodge vowing that he would never be at peace with the Dahkotahs. As he stepped from his canoe, Penneshaw held out his hand, but was repulsed with scorn. The Dahkotah warrior immediately gave the alarm, and in a moment runners were on their way to the neighboring villages to raise a war party. On the sixth of June, the Dahkotahs had assem- bled, stripped for a fight, and surrounded the Ojibways. The latter, fearing the worst, con- cealed their women and children behind the old barracks which had been used by the troops while the fort was being erected. At the solicitation of the agent and commander of the fort, the Dahko- tahs desisted trom an attack and retired. On the seventh, the Ojibways left for their homes; but, in a few hours, while they were making a portage at Falls of St. Anthony, they were again approached by the Dahkotahs, who would have attacked them, if a detachment of troops had not arrived from the fort. A rumor reaching Penneshaw's village that he had been killed at the falls, his mother seized an Ojibway maiden, who had been a captive from infancy, and, with a tomahawk, cut her in two. Upon tlie return of the son in safety he was much gratified at what he considered the prowess of his parent. On the third of July, 1823, Major Long, of the engineers, arrived at the fort in command of an expedition to explore the Minnesota Biver, and the region along the northern boundary line of the United States. Beltrami, at the request of Col. Snelling, was permitted to be of the party, and Major Taliaferro kindly gave him a horse and equipments. The relations of the Italian to Major Long were not pleasant, and at Pembina Beltrami left the expedition, and with a " bois brule ", and two Ojibways proceeded and discovered the northern sources of the Mississippi, and suggested where the western sources would be found ; which was verified by Schoolcraft nine years later. About the second week in September Beltrami returned to the fort by way of the Mississippi, escorted by forty or fifty Ojibways, and on the 25th departed for New Orleans, where he published his discov- eries in the French language. The mill which was constructed in 1821, for sawing lumber, at the Falls of St. Anthony, stood upon the site of the Holmes and Sidle Mill , in Minneapolis, and in 1823 was fitted up for grind- ing flour. The following extracts from corres- pondence addressed to Lieut. Clark, Commissary at Fort SnelUng, will be read with interest. Under the date of August 5th, 1823, General Gibson writes : " From a letter addressed by Col. Snelling to the Quartermaster General, dated the 2d of April, I learn that a large quan- tity of wheat would be raised this summer. The assistant Commissary of Subsistence at St. Louis has been instructed to forward sickles and a pair of millstones to St. Peters. If any flour is manu- factured from the wheat raised, be pleased to let me know as early as practicable, that I may deduct the quantity manufactured at the post from the quantity advertised to be contracted for." In another letter. General Gibson writes : " Below you will find the amount charged on the books against the garrison at Ft. St. Anthony, for certain articles, and forwarded for the use of the troops at that post, which you will deduct FIBST FLOUB MILL IN MINNESOTA. 95 from the payments to be made for flour raised and turned over to you for issue : One pair buhr millstones $250 11 337 pounds plaster of Paris 20 22 Two dozen sickles 18 00 Total $288 33 Upon the 19th of January, 1824, the General writes: " The mode suggested by Col. SnelUng, of fixing the price to be paid to the troops for the flour furnished by them is deemed equitable and just. You will accordingly pay for the flour $3.33 per barrel." Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve, now the oldest person living who was connected with the can- tonment in 1819, in a paper read before the De- partment of American History of the Minnesota Historical Society in January, 1880, wrote : "In 1823, Mrs. Snelling and my mother estab- lished the first Sunday School in the Northwest. It was held in the basement of the commanding offtcer's quarters, and was productive of much good. Many of the soldiers, with their families, attended. Joe. Brown, since so well know in this country, then a drummer boy, was one of the pupils. A Bible class, for the oflftcers and their wives, was formed, and all became so inter- ested in the history of the patriarchs, that it fur- nished topics of conversation for the week. One day after the Sunday School lesson on the death of Moses, a member of the class meeting my mother on the parade, after exchanging the usual greet- ings, said, in saddened tones, ' But don't you feel sorry that Moses is dead ¥ ' Early in the spring of 1824, the TuUy boys were rescued from the Sioux and brought to the fort. They were children of one of the settlers of Lord Selkirk's colony, and with their parents and others, were on their way from Ked River Valley to settle near Tort SnelUng. The party was attacked by Indians, and the parents of these children murdered, and the boys captured. Through the influence of Col. Snell- ing the children were ransomed and brought to the fort. Col. Snelling took John and my father Andrew, the younger of the two. Everyone became interested in the orphans, and we loved Andrew as if he had been our own litr tie brother. John died some two years after his arrival at the fort, and Mrs. SneUing asked me when I last saw her if a tomb stone had been placed at his grave, she as requested, during a visit to the old home some years ago. She said she received a promise that it should be done, and seemed quite disappointed when I told her it had not been attended to." Andrew TuUy, after being educated at an Orphan Asylum in New York City, became a carriage maker, and died a few years ago in that vicinity. EVENTS OF THE YEAR A. D. 1824. In the year 1824 the Fort was visited by Gen. Scott, on a tour of inspection, and at his sug- gestion, its name was changed from Fort St. Anthony to Fort Snelling. The following is an extract from his report to the "War Department : " This work, of which the War Department is in possession of a plan, reflects the highest credit on Col. Snelling, his otficers and men. The de- fenses, and for the most part, the public store- houses, shops and quarters being constructed of stone, the whole is likely to endure as long as the post shall remain a frontier one. The cost of erection to the government has been the amount paid for tools and iron, and the per diem paid to soldiers employed as mechanics. I wish to suggest to the General in Chief, and through him to the War Department, the propriety of calling this work Fort Snelling, as a just compliment to the meritorious officer under whom it has been erected. The present name, (Fort St. An- thony), is foreign to all our associations, and is, besides, geographically incorrect, as the work stands at the junction of the Mississippi and St. Peter's [Minnesota] Rivers, eight miles be- low the great falls of the Mississippi, called after St. Anthony." In 1824, Major Taliaferro proceeded to Wash- ington with a delegation of Chippeways and Dah- kotahs, headed by Little Crow, the grand father of the chief of the same name, who was engaged in the late horrible massacre of defenceless women and children. The obj ect of the visit, was to secure a convocation of all the tribes of the Upper Mississippi, at Prairie du Chein, to define their boundary lines and establish friendly rela- tions. When they reached Prairie du Chein, Wahnatah, a Yankton chief, and also Wapashaw, by the whisperings of mean traders, became dis- 96 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. affected, and wished to turn back. Little Crow, perceiving this, stopped all hesitancy by the fol. lowing speech: "My friends, you can do as you please. I am no coward, nor can my ears be pulled about by evil counsels. We are here and should go on, and do some good for our nation. I have taken our Father here (Taliaferro) by the coat tail, and will follow him until I take by the hand, our great American Father.'' While on board of a steamer on the Ohio River, Marcpee or the Cloud, in consequence of a bad dream, jumped from tlje stern of the boat, and was supposed to be drowned, but he swam ashore and made his way to St. Charles, Mo., there to be murdered by some Sacs. The re- mainder safely arrived in Washington and ac- complished the object of the visit. The Dahko- tahs returned by way of New York, and while there were anxious to pay a visit to certain par- ties with Wm. Dickson, a half-breed son of Col Robert Dickson, the trader, who in the war of 1812-15 led the Indians of the Northwest against the United States. After this visit Little Crow carried a new double-barreled gun, and said that a medicine man by the liame of Peters gave it to him for signing a certain paper, and that he also prom- ised he would send a keel-boat full of goods to them. The medicine man referred to was the Rev. Samuel Peters, an Episcopal clergyman, who had made himself obnoxious during tlie Revolution by his tory sentiments, and was sub- sequently nominated as Bishop of Vermont. Peters asserted that in 1806 he had purchased of the heirs of Jonathan Carver the right to a tract of land on the upper Mississippi, embracing St. Paul, alleged to have been given to Carver by the Dahkotahs, in 1767. The next year there arrived, in one of the keel- boats from Prairie du Chien, at Fort Snelling a box marked Col. itobert Dickson. On opening, it was found to contain a few presents from Peters to Dickson's Indian wife, a long letter, and a copy of Carver's alleged grant, written on parch- ment. EVENTS OF THE TEAKS 1825 AND 1826. On the 30th of October, 1825, seven Indian women in canoes, were drawn into the rapids above the Falls of St. Anthony. All were saved but a lame girl, who was dashed over the cata- ract, and a month later her body was found at Pike's Island in front of the fort. Forty years ago, the means of communication between Fort Snelling and the civilized world were very limited. The mail in winter was usu- ally carried by soldiers to Prairie du Chien. On the 26th of January, 1826, there was great joy in the fort, caused by the return from furlough of Lieutenants Baxley and Russell, who brought with them the first mail received for five months. About this period there was also another excite- ment, cause by the seizure of liquors in the trad" ing house of Alexis Bailey, at New Hope, now Mendota. During the months of February and March, in this year, snow fell to the depth of two or three feet, and there was great suffering among the Indians. On one occasion, thirty lodges of Sisse- ton and other Sioux were overtaken by a snow storm on a large prairie. The storm continued for three days, and provisions grew scarce, for the party were seventy in number. At last, the stronger men, with the few pairs of snow-shoes in their possession, started for a tradmg post one hundred miles distant. They reached their des- tination half alive, and the traders sympathizing sent four Canadians with supplies for those left behind. After great toil they reached the scene of distress, and found many dead, and, what was more horrible, the living feeding on the corpses of their relatives. A mother had eaten her dead child and a portion of her own father's arms. The shock to her nervous system was so great that she lost her reason. Her name was Pash- uno-ta, and she was both young and good look- ing. One day in September, while at Fort Snell- ing, she asked Captain Jouett if he knew which was the best portion of a man to eat, at the same time taking him by the collar of his coat. He replied with great astonishment, "No !" and she then said, "The arms." She then asked for a piece of his servant to eat, as she was nice and fat. A few days after this she dashed herself from the bluffs near Fort Snelling, into the river. Her body was found just above the mouth of the Minnesota, and decently interred by the agent. The spring of 1826 was very backward. On the 20th of March snow fell to the depth of one or one and a half feet on a level, and drifted in NmSO SLAVE3 AT FOUT SNELLlNQ. ^1 heaps from six to fifteen feet in height. On the 5th of April, early in the day, there was a violent storm, and the ice was still thick in the river. During the storm flashes of lightniag were seen and thunder heard. On the 10th, the thermome- ter was four degrees ahove zero. On the 14th there was rain, and on the next day the St. Peter river broke up, but the ice on the Mississippi re- mained firm. On the 21st, at noon, the ice began to move, and carried away Mr. Faribault's houses on the east side of the river. For several days the river was twenty feet above low water mark, and all the houses on low lands were swept off. On the second of May, the steamboat Lawrence, Captain Boeder, arrived. Major Taliaferro had inherited several slaves, which he used to hire to officers of the garrison. On the 31st of March, his negro boy, WilUam, was employed by Col. Snelling, the latter agree- ing to clothe him. About this time, William at- tempted to shoot a hawk, but instead shot a small boy, named Henry CuUum, and nearly killed him. In May, Captain Plympton, of the Fifth Infantry, wished to purchase his negro woman, Eliza, but he refused, as it was his intention, ultimately, to free his slaves. Another of his negro girls, Har- riet, was married at the fort, the Major perform- ing the ceremony, to the now historic Dred Scott, who was then a slave of Surgeon Emerson. The only person that ever purchased a slave, to retain in slaviSry, was Alexis BaiUy, who bought a man of Major Garland. The Sioux, at first, had no prejudices against negroes. They called them " Black Frenchmen," and placing their hands on their woolly heads would laugh heartily. Tte following is a list of the steamboats that had arrived at Fort Snelling, up to May 26, 1826 : 1 Virginia, May 10, 1823 ; 2 Neville ; 3 Put- nam, Aprils, 1825 ; 3 Mandan ; 5 Indiana ; 6 Law- rence, May 2, 1826 ; 7 Sciota ; 8 Eclipse ; 9 Jo- sephine; 10 Fulton; 11 Eed Rover; 12 Black Eover ; 13 Warrior ; 14 Enterprise ; 15 Volant. Life within the walls of a fort is sometimes the exact contrast of a paradise. In the year 1826 a Pandora box was opened, among the officers, and dissensions began to prevail. One young officer, a graduate of West Poiut, whose father had been a professor in Princeton College, fought a duel with, and slightly wounded, William Joseph, the talented son of Colonel Snelling, who was then 7 twenty- two years of age, and had been three years at West Point. At a Court Martial convened to try the officer for violating the Articles of War, the accused objected to the testimony of Lieut. William Alexander, a Tennesseea,n, not a gradu- ate of the Military Academy, on the ground that he was an infidel. Alexander, hurt by this allu- sion, challenged the objector, and another duel was fought, resulting only in slight injuries to the clothing of the combatants. Inspector Gen- eral E. P. Gaines, after this, visited the fort, and in his report of the inspection he wrote: "A defect in the discipline of this regiment has ap- peared in the character of certain personal con- troversies, between the Colonel and several of his young officers, the particulars of which I forbear to enter into, assured as I am that they will be developed in the proceedings of a general court martial ordered for the trial of Lieutenant Hun- ter and other officers at Jefferson Barracks. " From a conversation with the Colonel I can have no doubt that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of the con- troversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his willingness to sanction in certain cases, and even to participate in personal conflicts, con- trary to the twenty-fifth. Article of War." The Colonel's son, William Joseph, after this passed several years among traders and Indians, and became distinguished as a poet and brilliant author. His "Tales of the Northwest," published in Boston in 1820, by Hilliard, Gray, Little & Wil- kins, is a work of great literary ability, and Catlin thought the book was the most faithful picture of Indian life he had read. Some of his poems were also of a high order. One of his pieces, deficient in dignity, was a caustic satire upon modem American poets, and was published under the title of " Truth, a Gift for Scribblers." Nathaniel P. WilUs, who had winced under the last, wrote the following lampoon : " Oh, smelling Joseph ! Thou art like a cur. I'm told thou once did Uve by hunting fur : Of bigger dogs thou smellest, and, in sooth. Of one extreme, perhaps, can tell the truth. 'Tis a wise shift, and shows thou know'st thy powers. To leave the ' North West tales,' and take to smelling ours." 98 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. I In 1832 a second edition of " Trutli " appeared with additions and emendations. In this ap- peared the following pasquinade upon Willis : . "I live by hunting fur, thou say'st, so let it be, But tell me, Natty 1 Had I hunted thee, Had not my time been thrown away, young sir, And eke my powder ? Puppies have no fur. Our taUs ? Thou ownest thee to a tail, I've scanned thee o'er and o'er But, though I guessed the species right, I was not sure before. , Our savages, authentic travelers say, To natural fools, religious homage pay, Hadst thou been born in wigwam's smoke, and died in, Nat ! thine apotheosis had been certain." ' Snelling died at Chelsea, Mass., December six- teenth, 1848, a victim to the appetite which en- enslaved Robert Burns. In the year 1826, a small party, of Ojibways (Chippeways) came to see the Indian Agent, and three of them ventured to visit the Colum- bia Fur Company's trading house, two miles from the Fort. While there, they became aware of their danger, and desired two of the white men attached to tlie establishment to accompany them back, thinking that their pres- ence might be some protection. They were in error. As they passed a little copse, three Dah- kotahs sprang from behind a log with the speed of light, flred their pieces into the face of the fore- most, and then fled. ' The guns must have been double loaded, for the man's head was literally blown from his shoulders, and his white com- panions were spattered with brains and blood. The survivors gained the Fort without further molestation. Their comrade was buried on the spot where he fell. A staff was set up on his grave, which became a landmark, and received the name of The Murder Pole. The murderers boasted of their achievement and with impunity. They and their tribe thought that they had struck a fair blow on their ancient enemies, in a becom- ing manner. It was only said, that Toopunkah Zeze of the vUlage of the. Batture aux Fievres, and two others, had each acquired a right to wear skunk skins on their heels and war-eagles' feathers on ^heir heads. EVENTS OF A. D. 1827. On the twenty-eighth of May, 1827, the Ojib- way chief at Sandy Lake, Kee-wee-zais-hish called by the EngUsh, Flat Mouth with seven warriors and some women and children, in all amounting to twenty-four, arrived about sunrise at Fort Snelling. Walking to the gates of the :: .rison, they asked the protection of Colonel Snelling and Taliaferro, the Indian agent. They were told, that as long as they remained under the United States flag, they were secure, and were ordered to encamp within musket shot of the high stone walls of the fort. Dming the afternoon, a Dahkotah, Toopunkah Zeze, from a village near the first rapids of the Minnesota, visited the OJibway camp. They were cordially received, and a feast of meat and com and sugar, was soon made ready. The wooden plates emptied of their contents, they engaged in conversation, and whiffed the peace pipe. That night, some officers and their friends were spending a pleasant evening at the head-quarters of Captain Clark, which was in one of the stone houses which used to stand outside of the walls of the fort. As Captain Cruger was walking on the porch, a bullet whizzed by, and rapid firing was heard. As the Dahkotahs, or Sioux, left the Ojibway camp, notwithstanding their friendly talk, they tuHied and discharged their guns with deadly aim upon their entertainers, and ran off with a shout of satisfaction. The report was heard by the sentinel of the fort, and he cried, repeatedly, " Corporal of the guard !" and soon at the gates, were the Ojibways, with their women and the wounded, telling their tale of woe in wild and in- coherent language. Two had been killed and six wounded. Among others, was a little girl about seven years old, who was pierced through both thighs with z bullet. Surgeon McMahon made every effort to save her life, but without avail. Flat Mouth, the chief, reminded Colonel Snel- ling that he had been attacked while under the protection of the United States flag, and early the next morning. Captain Clark, with one hundred soldierc, proceeded towards Land's End, a tra- ding-post of the Columbia Fur Company, on the Minnesota, a mile above the former residence of TBAGIG SCUNH UNDEB THE WALLS OF THE FOBT. 99 Franklin Steele, where the Dahkotahs were sup- posed to be. The soldiers had just left the large gate of the fort, when a party of Dahkotahs, in battle array, appeared on one of the prairie hills. After some parleying they turned their backs, and being pursued, thirty-two were cap- tured near the trading-post. Colonel Snelling ordered the prisoners to be brought before the Ojibways, and two being pointed out as participants in the slaughter of the preceding mght, they were delivered to the aggrieved party to deal with in accordance with their customs. They were led out to the plain in front of the gate of the fort, and when placed nearly without the range of the Ojibway guns, they were told to run for their lives. With the rapidity of deer they bounded away, but the Ojib- way bullet flew faster, and after a few steps, they fell gasping on the ground, and were soon lifeless. Then the savage nature displayed itself in all its hideousness. Women and children danced for joy, and placing their fingers in the bullet holes, from which the blood oozed, they licked them with delight. The men tore the scalps from the dead, and seemed to luxuriate in the privilege of plunging their knives through the corpses. After the execution, the Ojibways returned to the fort, and were met by the Colonel. He had prevented all over whom his authority extended from vrtt- nessing the scene, and had done his best to con- fine the excitement to the Indians. The same day a deputation of Dahkotah warriors received audience, regretting the violence that had been done by their young men, and agreeing to deliver up the ringleaders. At the time appointed, a son of Plat Mouth, with those of the Ojibwa party that were not wounded, escorted by United States troops, marched forth to meet the Dahkotah deputation, on the prairie just beyond the old residence of the Indian agent. With much solemnity two more of the guilty were handed over to the assaulted. One was fearless, and with firmness stripped himself of his clothing and ornaments, and distributed them. The other could not face death with composure. He was noted for a hid- eous hare-lip, and had a bad reputation among his fellows. In the spirit of a coward he prayed for life, to the mortification of his tribe. The same opportunity was presented to them as to the first, of running for their lives. At the first fire the coward fell a corpse; but his brave compan- ion, though wounded, ran on, and had nearly reached the goal of safety, when a second bullet killed him. The body of the coward now became a common object of loathing for both Dahkotahs and Ojibways. Colonel Snelling told the Ojibways that the bodies must be removed, and then they took the scalped Dahkotahs, and dragging them by the heels, threw them off the blufE into the river, a hundred and fifty feet beneath. The dreadful scene was now over ; and a detachment of troops was sent with the old chief Flat Mouth, to escort him out of the reach of Dahkotah vengeance. An eyewitness wrote : " After this catastrophe, all the Dahkotahs quitted the vicinity of Fort Snel- ling, and did not return to it for some months. It was said that they formed a conspiracy to de- mand a council, and kill the Indian Agent and the commanding officer. If this was a fact, they had no opportunity, or wanted the spirit, to exe- cute their purpose. " The Flat Mouth's band lingered in the fort till their wounded comrade died. He was sensi- ble of his condition, and bore his pains with great fortitude. When he felt his end approach, he desired that his horse might be gaily caparisoned, and brought to the hospital window, so that he might touch the animal. He then took from his medicine bag a large cake of maple sugar, and held it forth. It may seem strange, but it is true, that the beast ate it from his hand. His features were radiant with delight as he fell back on the pillow exhausted. His horse had eaten the sugar, he said, and he was sure of a favorable reception and comfortable quarters in the other world. Half an hour after, he breathed his last. We tried to discover the details of his superstition, but could not succeed. It is a subject on which Indians unwillingly discourse." In the fall of 1826, all the troops at Prairie du Chien had been removed to Port Snelling, the commander taking with him two Winnebagoes that had been confined in Fort Crawford. After the soldiers left the Prairie, the Indians in the vicinity were quite insolent. In June, 1827, two keel-boats passed Prairie du Chien on the way to Fort Snelling with provis- ions. When they reached Wapashaw village, on 100 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA.. the site of the present town of "Winona, the crew were ordered to come ashore by the Dahkotahs. Complying, they found themselves surrounded by Indians with hostile intentions. The boatmen had no fire-arms, but assuming a bold mien and a defiant voice, the captain of the keel-boats ordered the savages to leave the decks ; which was suc- cessful, The boats pushed on, and at Ked Wing and Kaposia the Indians showed that they were not friendly, though they did not molest the boats. Before they started on their return from Tort SneUing, the men on board, amounting to thirty-two, were aU provided with muskets and a barrel of ball cartridges. When the descending keel-boats passed Wapa- shaw, the Dahkotas were engaged in the war dance, and menaced them, but made no attack. Below this point one of the boats moved in ad- vance of the other, and when near the mouth of the Bad Axe, the half-breeds on board descried hostile Indians on the banks. As the channel neared the shore, the sixteen men on the first boat were greeted with the war whoop and a vol- ley of rifle balls from the excited Winnebagoes, killing two of the crew. Bushing into their car noes, the Indians made the attempt to board the boat, and two were successful. One of these stationed himself at the bow of the boat, and fired with killing efEect on the men below deck. An old soldier of the last war with Great Britain, called Saucy Jack, at last despatched him, and began to rally the fainting spirits on board. Du- ring the iight the boat had stuck on a sand-bar. With four companions, amid a shower of balls from the savages, he plunged iato the water and pushed ofE the boat, and thus moved out of reach of the galUng shots of the Winnebagoes. As they floated down the river during the night, they heard a wail in a canoe behind them, the voice of a father mourning the death of the son who had scaled the deck, and was now a corpse in possession of the white men. The rear boat passed the Bad Axe river late in the night, and escaped an attack. The first keel-boat arrived at Prairie du Chein, with two of their crew dead, four wounded, and the Indian that had been killed on the boat. The two dead men had been residents of the Prairie, and now the panic was increased. On the morn- ing of the twenty-eighth of June the second keel -boat appeared, and among her passengers was Joseph Snelling, the talented son of the colonel, who wrote a story of deep interest, based on the facts narrated. At a meeting of the citizens it was resolved to repair old Port Crawford, and Thomas McNair was appointed captain. Dirt was thrown around the bottem logs of the fortification to prevent its being fired, and young Snelling was put in com- mand of one of the block-houses. On the next day a voyageur named Loyer , and the well-known trader Duncan Graham, started through the in- terior, west of the Mississippi, with intelligence of the murders, to Fort Snelling. Intelligence of this attack was received at the fort, on the evening of the ninth of July, and Col. SnelUng started in keel boats with four companies to Port Crawford, and on the seventeenth four more companies left under Major Powle. After an absence of six weeks, the soldiers, without firing a gun at the enemy, returned. A few weeks after the attack upon the keel boats General Gaines inspected the Port, and, subsequently in a communication to the War Department wrote as follows ; " The main points of defence against an enemy appear to have been in some respects sacrificed, in the effort to secure the comfort and conven- ience of troops in peace. These are important considerations, but on an exposed frontier the primary object ought to be security against the attack of an enemy. " The buildings are too large, too numerous, and extending over a space entirely too great, enclosing a large parade, five times greater than is at all desireable in that climate. The build- ings for the most part seem well constructed, of good stone and other materials, and they contain every desirable convenience, comfort and securi- ty as barracks and store houses. " The work may be rendered very strong and adapted to a garrison of two hundred men by re- moving one-half the buildings, and with the ma- terials of which they axe constructed, building a tower sufiBciently high to command the hill be- tween the Mississippi and St. Peter's [Minnesota], and by a block house on the extreme point, or brow of the cUfE, near the commandant's quarters, to secure most effectually the banks of the river, and the boats at the landing. DEATH OF COL. JOSIAH SNELLING. 101 " Much credit is due to Colonel Snelling, Us oflScers and men, for their immense labors and excellent workmanship exhibited in the construc- tion of these barracks and store houses, but this has been effected too much at the expense of the discipline of the regiment." From reports made from 1823 to 1826, the health of the troops was good. In the year ending Sep- tember thirty, 1823, there were but two deaths ; m 1824 only six, and in 1825 but seven. In 182rf there were three desertions, in 1824 twenty-two, and in 1825 twenty-nine. Most of the deserters were fresh recruits and natives of America, Ten of the deserters were foreigners, and five of these were bom in Ireland. In 1826 there were eight companies numbering two hun- dred and fourteen soldiers quartered in the Port- During the fall of 1827 the Fifth Eegiment was relieved by a part of the First, and the next year Colonel Snelling proceeded to Washington on bus- iness, where he died with inflammation of the brain. Major General Macomb announcing his death in an order, wrote : " Colonel SnelUng joined the army in early youth. In the battle of Tippecanoe, he was distinguished for gallantry and good conduct. Subsequently and during the whole late war with Great Britain, from the battle of Brownstown to the termination of the contest, he was actively employed in the field, with credit to himself, and honor to his country." 102 DXPLOBEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XVII. OOCTJREENCES IN THE VICINITY OF FOET SNELLING, CONTIiniED. Arrival of J. N. NiooUei— Marriage of James WoUs — Nicollet's letter from Falls- of St. Anthony — Perils of Martin McLeod— Chippeway treachery— Sioux Re venge — Rum River and Stillwater battles— Grog shops near the Fort. On the second of July 1836, the steamboat Saint Peter landed supplies, and among its passengers was the distinguished Trench as- tronomer, Jean N. McoUet (Nicolay). Major Taliaferro on the twelfth of July, wrote; " Mr. McoUet, on a visit to the post for scientific research, and at present in my family, has shown me the late work of Henry B. Schoolcraft on the discovery of the source of the Mississippi ; which claim is ridiculous in the extreme." On the twenty-seventh, NicoUet ascended the Mississippi on a tour of observation. James Wells, a trader, who afterwards was a member of the legislature, at the house of Oliver Cratte, near the fort, was married on the twelfth of September, by Agent Taliaferro, to Jane, a daughter of Duncan Graham. "Wells was killed in 1862, by the Sioux, at the time of the massacre In the Minnesota Valley. McoUet in September returned from his trip to Leech Lake, and on the twenty-seventh wrote the foUowing to Major TaUaferro the Indian Agent at the fort, which is supposed to be the earUest letter extant written from the site of the city of Minneapolis. As the principal hotel and one of the finest avenues of that city bears his name it is worthy of preservation. He spelled his name sometimes Nicoley, and the pronuncia- tion in EngUsh, would be Nicolay, the same as if written Nicollet in French. The letter shows that he had not mastered the English language : " St. Aiithony's Palls, 27tli September, 1836, Dear Feiend : — I arrived last evening about dark; aU weU, nothing lost, nothing broken, happy and a very successful journey. But I done exhausted, and nothing can reUeve me, taut the pleasure of meeting you again under your hospitable roof, and to see all the friends of the garrison who have been so kind to me. " This letter is more particularly to give you a very extraordinary tide. Flat Mouth, the chief of Leech Lake and suite, ten in number are with me. The day before yesterday I met them again at Swan river where they detained me one day. I had to bear a new harangue and gave answer. All terminated by their own resolution that they ought to give you the hand, as weU as to the • Guiuas of the Fort (Colonel Davenport.) I thought it my duty to acquaint you with it be- forehand. Peace or war are at stake of the visit they pay you. Please give them a good welcome until I have reported to you and Colonel Daven- port all that has taken place during my stay among the PiUagers. But be assured I have not trespassed and that I have behaved as would have done a good citizen of the U. S. As to Schoolcraft's statement alluding to you, you wiU have full and complete satisfaction from Flat Mouth himself. In haste, your fiiend, J. X. MCOLEY." EVENTS OF A. D. 1837. On the seventeenth of March, 1837, there ar- rived Martin McLeod, ^yho became a prominent citizen of Minnesota, and the legislature has given his name to a county. lie left the Red River country on snow shoes, with two companions, one a Polander and the other an Irishman named Hays, and Pierre Bot- tineau as interpreter. Being lost in a violent snow storm tlie Pole and Irishman perished. He and his guide, Bottineau, lived for a time on the flesh of one of their dogs. After being twenty- six days ^^ ilhout seeing any one, the survivors reached the trading post of Joseph R. Brown, at Lake Traverse, and from thence they came to the fort. EVENTS OF A. D. 1838. In the month of April, eleven Sioux were slain in a dastardly manner, by a party of Ojibways, INDIAN BATTLES AT BUM BIVEB AND STILLWATEB. 103 under the noted and elder Hole-in-the-Day. The Chippeways feigned the warmest friendship, and at dark lay down in the tents by the side of the Sioux, and in the night silently arose and killed them. The occurrence took place at the Chippe- way River, about thirty miles from Lac qxd Parle, and the next day the Rev. G. H. Pond, the Indian missionary, accompanied by a Sioux, \.ent out and buried the mutilated and scalpless bodies. On the second of August old Hole-in-the-Day, and some Ojibways, came to the fort. They stopped iirst at the cabin of Peter Quinn, whose wife was a half-breed Chlppeway, about a mile from the fort. The missionary, Samuel W. Pond, told the agent that the Sioux, Of Lake Calhoun were aroused, and on their way to attack the Chippe- ways. The agent quieted them for a time, but two of the relatives of those slain at Lac qui Parle in April, hid themselves near Quian's house, and as Hole-in-the-Day and his associates were pass- ing, they fired and killed one Chippeway and wounded another. Obequette, a Chippeway from Red Lake, succeded, however, in shooting a Sioux while he was in the act of scalping his comrade. The Chippeways were brought within the fort as soon as possible, and at nine o'clock a Sioux was confined in the guard-house as a hostage. Notwithstanding the murdered Chippeway had been buried in the graveyard of the fort for safety, an attempt was made on the part of some of the Sioux, to dig it up. On the evening of the sixth. Major Plympton sent the Chippeways across the river to the east side, and ordered them to go home as soon as possible. EVENTS OF A. D. 1839. On the twentieth day of June the elder Hole- in-the-Day arrived from the Upper Mississippi with several hundred Chippeways. Upon their return homeward the Mississippi and Mille Lacs band encamped the first night at the Palls of Samt Anthony, and some of the Sioux visited them and smoked tiie pipe of peace. On the second of July, about sunrise, a son-in- law of the chief of the Sioux band, at Lake Cal- houn, named Meekaw or Badger, was killed and scalped by two Chippeways of the Pillager band, relatives of him who lost his life near Patrick Quinn's the year before. The excitement was intense among the Sioux, and immediately war parties started in pursuit. Hole-in-the-Day's band was not sought, but the MiUe Lacs and Saint Croix Chippeways. The Lake Calhoim Sioux, with those from the villages on the Minnesota, assembled at the Falls of Saint Anthony, and on the morning of the fourth of July, came up with the Mille Lacs Chippeways on Rum River, before sunrise. Not long after the war whoop was raised and the Sioux attacked, killing and wounding ninety. The Kaposia band of Sioux pursued the Saint Croix Chippeways, and on the third of July found them in the Penitentiary ravine at StUlwater, under the influence of whisky. Aitkin, the old trader, was with them. The sight of the Sioux tended to make them sober, but in the fight twenty-one were killed and twenty-nine were wounded. Whisky, during the year 1839, was freely in- troduced, in the face of the law prohibiting it. The first boat of the season, the Ariel, came to the fort on the fourteenth of April, and brought twenty barrels of whisky for Joseph R. Brown, and on the twenty-first of May, the Glaucus brought six barrels of liquor for David Paribault. On the thirtieth of June, some soldiers went to Joseph R. Brown's groggery on the opposite side of the Mississippi, and that night forty -seven were in the guard-house for drunkenness. The demoralization then existing, led to a letter by Surgeon Emerson, on duty at the fort, to the Sur- geon General of the United States arlny, in which he writes : " The whisky is brought here by citizens who are pouring in upon us and settling themselves on the opposite shore of the Mississippi river, in defiance of our worthy commanding oflicer. Major J. Plympton, whose authority they set at naught. At this moment there is a citizen named Brown, once a soldier in the .Pifth Infantry, who was discharged at this post, while Colonel Snelling commanded, and who has been since employed by the Ameri- can Fur Company, actually building on the land marked out by the land officers as the reserve, and within gunshot distance of the fort, a very expensive whisky shop." 104 EXPLOBUBS AND FI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XVIII. INDIAN TRIBES IN MINNESOTA AT THE TIME OF ITS OEGANIZATION. Sioux or Dahkotah peoplo—MeontngorwordB Sioux and Dahkotah— Early villages —Residence of Sioux in 1S1&— The Winnebogoes— The Ojihways or Cliippeways. The three Indian nations who dwelt in this region after the organization of Minnesota, were the Sioux or Dahkotahs ; the Ojibways or Chip- peways ; and the Ho-tchun-graws or "Wiuneba- goes. SIOUX OE DAHKOTAHS. They are an entirely diflerent group from the Algonquin and Iroquois, who were found by the early settlers of the Atlantic States, on the banks of the Connecticut, Mohawk, and Susquehanna Rivers. When the Dahkotahs were first noticed by the European adventurers, large numbers were occu- pyiagthe Mille Lacs region of country, and appro- priately called by the voyageur, "People of the Lake," "Gens du Lac." And tradition asserts that here was the ancient centre of this tribe. Though we have traces of their warring and hunting on the shores of Lake Superior, there is no satisfactory evidence of their residence, east of the MUleLacs region, as they have no name for Lake Superior. The word Dahkotah, by which they love to be designated, signifies allied or joined together in friendly compact, and is equivalent to " E pluri- bus unum," the motto on the seal of the United States. In the history of the mission at La Pointe, Wisconsin, published nearly two centuries ago, a a writer, referring to the Dahkotahs, remarks : "For sixty leagues from the extremity of the Upper Lake, toward sunset ; and, as it were in the centre of the western nations, they have all united their force by a general league." The Dahkotahs in the earliest documents, and even until the present day, are called Sioux, Scioux, or Soos. The name originated with the early voy- ageurs. For centuries the Ojibways of Lake Superior waged war against the Dahkotahs ; and. whenever they spoke of them, called them Nado- waysioux, which signifies enemies. The French traders, to avoid exciting the atten- tion of Indians, while conversing in their pres- ence, were accustomed to designate them by names, which would not be recognized. The Dahkotahs were nicknamed Sioux, a word composed of the two last syllables of the Ojibway word for foes Under the influence of the French traders, the eastern Sioux began to wander from the MUle Lacs region. A trading post at 0-ton-we-kpa- dan, or Rice Creek, above the Falls of Saint Anthony, induced some to erect their summer dwellings and plant com there, which took the place of wild rice. Those who dwelt here were called Wa-kpa-a-ton-we-dan Those who dwell on the creek. Another division was known as the Ma-tan-ton-wan. Less than a hundred years ago, it is said that the eastern Sioux, pressed by the Chippeways, and influenced by traders, moved seven miles above Fort Snelling on the Minnesota River. MED-DAY-WAH-KAWN-TWAWNS. In 1849 there were seven villages of Med-day- wah-kawn-twawn Sioux. (1) Below Lake Pepin, where the city of Winona is, was the village of Wapashaw. This band was called Kee-yu-ksa, because with them blood relations intermarried. Bounding or Whipping Wind was the chief. (2) At the head of Lake Pepin, under a lofty bluff, was the Red "Wing village, called Ghay-mni-chan Hill, wood and water. Shooter was the name of tlie chief. (3) Opposite, and a little below the Pig's Eye Marsh, was the Kaposia band. The word, Kapoja means light, given because these people are quick travelers. His Scarlet People, better known as Little Crow, was the chief, and isnotorious as the leader in the massacre of 1862. On the Minnesota River, on the south side NOTICE OF THE HOTCHUNOBAWS, OR WINNEBAGOES. 105 a few miles above Fort Snelling, was Black Dog village. The inhabitants were called, Ma-ga-yu- tay-shnee. People who do not a geese,* be- cause they found it profitable to sell game at Port Snelling. Grey Iron was the chief, also known as Pa-ma-ya-yaw, My head aches.^ At Oak Grove, on the north side of the nver, eight miles above the fort, was (5) Hay-ya-ta-o- ton-wan, or Inland Village, so called because they formerly lived at Lake Calkoun. Contigu- ous was (6) 0-ya-tay-shee-ka, or Bad People, Known as Good Boads Band and (7) the largest village was Tin-ta-ton-wan, Prairie Village ; Shokpay, or Six, was the chief, and is now the site of the town of Shakopee. West of this division of the Sioux were— WAK-PAY-KU-TAY. ^ The "War-pay-ku-tay, or leaf shooters, who occupied the country south of the Minnesota aroimd the sources of the Cannon and Blue Earth Rivers. / WAB-PAY-TWAWNS. North and west of the last were the War-pay- twawns, or People of the Leaf, and their princi- pal village was Lac qui Parle. They numbered about fifteen hundred. SE-SEE-TWAWNS. To the west and southwest of these bands of Sioux were the Se-see-twawns (Sissetoans), or Swamp Dwellers. This band claimed the land west of the Blue Earth to the James River, and the guardianship of the Sacred Bed Pipestone Quarry. Their principal village was at Traverse, and the number of the band was estimated at thirty-eight hundred. HO-TCHTJN-GEAWS, OE WIXNEBAGOES. The Ho-tchun-graws, or Winnebagoes, belong to the Dahkotah family of aborigines. Cham- plain, although he never visited them, mentions them. Nicollet, who had been in his employ, visited Green Bay about the year 1635, and an early Relation mentions that he saw the Ouini- pegous, a people called so, because they came from a distant sea, which some French erron- eously called Puants. Another writer speak- iing^of^ these 'people says: "This people are called ' Les Puants ' not because of any bad odor -peculiar to them, but because they claim to have come from the shores of a far distant lake, towards the north, whose waters are salt. They call themselves the people ' de I'eau puants,' of the putrid or bad water." By the treaty of 1837 they were removed to Iowa, and by another treaty in October, 1846, they came to Minnesota in the spring of 1848, to the country between the Long Prairie, and Crow Wing Rivers. The agency was located on Long Prairie River, forty miles from the Mississippi, and in 1849 the tribe numbered about twenty-five hundred souls. In Pebruary 1855, another treaty was made with them, and that spring they removed to lands on the Blue Earth River. Owing to the panic caused by the outbreak of the Sioux in 1862, Con- gress, by a special act, without consulting them, in 1863, removed them from their fields in Min- nesota to the Missouri River, and in the words of a missionary, "they were, like the Sioux, dumped in the desert, one hundred miles above Fort Randall" OJIBWAY OB CHIPPEWAY NATION. The Ojibways or Leapers, when the French came to Lake Superior, had their chief settlement at Sault St. Marie, and were called by the French Saulteurs, and by the Sioux, Hah-ha-tonwan, Dwellers at the Falls or Leaping Waters. When Du Luth erected his trading post at the western extremity of Lake Superior, they had not obtained any foothold in Minnesota, and were constantly at war with their hereditary enemes, the Nadouaysioux. By the middle of the eighteenth century, they had pushed in and occu- pied Sandy, Leech, Mille Lacs and other points between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, which had been dwelling places of the Sioux. In 1820 the principal villages of Ojibways in Minnesota were at Fond du Lac, Leech Lake and Sandy Lake. In 1837 they ceded most of their lands. Since then, other treaties have been made, until in the year 1881, they are confined to a few res- ervations, in northern Minnesota and vicinity. 106 EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XIX. EARLY MISSIONS AMONG THE OJIBWAYS AND DAHK0TAH8 OF MINNESOTA. Jesuit Missions not permanent— Pi'esbyterion Mission at Macliinaw — Visit of Rev. A. Coe and J D. Stevens to Fort Snelling— Notice of Ayors, Hall, and Boutwoll — Formation of the word Itasca — The Brothers Pond — Arrival of Dr. William- son—Presbyterian Church at Fort Snelling — Mission at Lake Harriet — Mourn- ing for the Dead — Chui'ob at Lac-qui parle~.;Father Ravoux — Mission at l,alco Pokeguma — Attack by the Sioux — Chippeway attack at Pig's Eye — Death of Rev. Sherman Hall — Methodist Missions Rev. S. W. Pond prepares a Sioux Grammar and Dictionary Swiss Presbyterian Mission. Bancroft the distinguished historian, catching the enthusiasm of the narratives of the early Jesuits, depicts, in language which glows, their missions to the Northwest ; yet it is erroneous to suppose that the Jesuits exercised any perma- nent influence on the Aborigines. Shea, a devoted member of the Eoman Catho- lic Church, in his History of American Catholic Missions writes : " In 1680 Father Engalran was apparently alone at Green Bay, and Pierson at Mackinaw. Of the other missions neither Le- Clerq nor Hennepin, the EecoUect writers of the West at this time, make any mention, or in any way allude to their existence." He also says that "Father Menard had projected a Sioux mission ; Marquette, AUouez, Druilletes, all en- tertained hopes of realizing it, and had some intercourse with that nation, but none of them ever succeeded in establishing a mission." Father Hennepin wrote: " Can it be possible, that, that pretended prodigious amount of savage converts could escape the sight of a multitude of French Canadians who travel every year? * * * * How comes it to pass that these churches so devout and so numerous, should be invisible, when I passed through so many countries and nations ¥ " After the American Fur Company was formed, the island of Mackinaw became the residence of the principal agent for the Northwest, Robert Stuart a Scotchman, and devoted Presbyterian. In the month of June, 1820, the Rev. Dr. Morse, father of the distinguished inventor of the telegraph, visited and preached at Mackinaw, and in consequence of statements published' by him, upon his return, a Presbyterian Missionary Society in the state of New York sent a graduate of Union College, the Rev. W. M. Ferry, father of the present United States Senator from Michi- gan, to explore the field. In 1823 he had estab- lished a large boarding school composed of children of various tribes, and here some were educated who became wives of men of intelli- gence and influence at the capital of Minnesota. After a few years, it was determined by the Mission Board to modify its plans, and in the place of a great central station, to send mission- aries among the several tribes to teach and to preach. In pursuance of this policy, the Rev. Alvaa Coe, and J. D. Stevens, then a licentiate who had been engaged in the Mackinaw Mission, made a tour of exploration, and arrived on September 1, 1829, at Fort SneUing. In the journal of Major Lawrence Taliaferro, which is in possession of the Minnesota Historical Society, is the following entry : " The Rev. Mr. Coe and Stevens reported to be on their way to this post, members of the Presbyterian church looking out for suitable places to make mission- ary establishment for the Sioux and Chippeways, found schools, and mstruct in the arts and agri- culture."' The agent, although not at that time a commu- nicant of the Church, welcomed these visitors, and afforded them every facility in visiting the Indians. On Sunday, the 6th of September, the Rov. Mr. Coe preached twice in the fort, and the next night hold a prayer meeting at the quarters of the commanding officer. On the next Sunday he preached again, and on the 14th, with Mr. Stevens and a hired guide, returned to Mackinaw by way of the St. Croix river. During this visit the agent oifered for a Presbyterian mission the mill which then stood on the site of Minneapolis, and had been erected by the government, as well as FOBMATION OF THE WOBD ITASKA. 107 the farm at Lake Calhoun, which was begun to teach the Sioux agriculture. CHIPPBWAY MISSIONS. In 1830, F. Ayer, one of the teachers at Mack- inaw, made an exploration as far as La Pointe, and returned. Upon the 30th day of August, 1831, a Macki- naw boat about forty feet long arrived at La Pointe, bringing from Mackinaw the principal trader, Mr. Warren, Rev. Sherman Hall and wife, and Mr. Frederick Ayer, a eatechist and teacher. Mrs. Hall attracted great attention, as she was the first white woman who had visited that region. Sherman Hall was born on April 30, 1801, at Wethersfleld, Vermont, and in 1828 graduated at Dartmouth College, and completed his theological studies at Andover, Massachu- setts, a few weeks before he journeyed to the Indian country. His classmate at Dartmouth and Andover, the Eev "W. T. Boutwell still living near Stillwater, became his yoke-feljow, but remained for a time at Mackinaw, which they reached about the mid- dle of July. In June, 1832, Henry B. School- craft, the head of an exploring expedition, invited Mr. Boutwell to accompany him to the sources of the Mississippi. When the expedition reached Lac la Biche or Elk Lake, on July 13, 1832, Mr. Schoolcraft, who was not a Latin scholar, asked the Latin word for truth, and was told "Veritas." He then wanted the word which signified head, and was told "caput." To the astonishment of many, School- craft struck off the first sylable, of the word ver-i-tas and the last sylable of ca-put, and thus coined the word Itasca, which he gave to the lake, and which some modern writers, with all gravity, tell us was the name of a maiden who once dwelt on its banks. Upon Mr. Boutwell's return from this expedition he was at first asso- ciated with Mr. Hall in the mission at La Pointe. In 1833 the mission band which had centered at La Pointe diffused their influence. In Octo- ber Eev. Mr. Boutwell went to Leech Lake, Mr. Ayer opened a school at Yellow Lake, Wiscon- sin, and Mr. E. F. Ely, now in Calif omia, became a teacher at Aitkin's trading post at Sandy Lake. SIOUX MISSIONARIES. Mr. Boutwell, of Leech Lake Station, on the sixth of May, 1834, happened to be on a visit to Fort Snelling. While there a steamboat arrived, and among the passengers were two young men, brothers, natives of Washington, Connecticut, Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond, who had come, constrained by the love of Christ, and without con- ferring with flesh and blood, to try to improve the Sioux. Samuel, the older brother, the year before, had talked with a liquor seller in Galena, IlUnois, who had come from the Bed River country, and the desire was awakened to help the Sioux ; and he wrote to his brother to go with him. The Rev. Samuel W. Pond still lives at Shako- pee, in. the old mission house, the first building of sawed lumber erected in the valley of the Minne- sota, above Fort SnelUng. MISSIONS AMONG THE SIOUX A. D. 1835. About this period, a native of South Carolina, a graduate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, the Rev. T. S. Williamson, M. D., who previous to his ordiaation had been a respectable physi- cian in Ohio, was appointed by the American Board of Foreign Missions to visit the Dahkotahs with the view of ascertaining what could be done to introduce Christian instruction. Having made inquiries at Prairie du Chien and Fort SnelUng, he reported the field was favorable. The Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, through their joint Missionary Society, appointed the following persons to labor in Minnesota : Rev. Thomas S. Williamson, M. D., missionary and physician ; Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary ; Alexander Huggins, farmer; and their ■vWves; Miss Sarah Poage, and Lucy Stevens, teachers; who were prevented during the year 1834, by the state of navigation, from entering upon their work. During the winter of 1834-35, a pious officer of the army exercised a good influence on his fellow officers and soldiers under his command. In the absence of a chaplain of ordained minis- ter, he, like General Havelock, of the British army in India, was accustomed not only to drill the soldiers, hui to meet them in bis own quar- ters, and reason with them "of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come." In the month of May, 1835, Dr. Williamson and mission band arrived at Fort Snelling, and 108 BXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. were hospitably received by the officers of the garrison, the Indian Agent, and Mr. Sibley, Agent of the Company at Mendota, who had been in the country a few months. On the twenty-seventh of this month the Rev. Dr. Williamson united in marriage at the Fort Lieutenant Edward A. Ogden to Eliza Edna, the daughter of Captain G. A. Loomis, the iirst marriage service in which a clergyman oflBciated in the present State of Minnesota. On the eleventh of June a meeting was held at the Port to organize a Presbyterian Church, sixteen persons who had been communicants, and six who made a profession of faith, one of whom was Lieutenant Ogden, were enrolled as members. Pour elders were elected, among whom were Capt. Gustavus Loomis and Samuel W. Pond. The next day a lecture preparatory to administer- ing the communion, was delivered, and on Sun- day, the 14th, the first organized church in the Valley of the Upper Mississippi assembled for the first time in one of the Company rooms of the Fort. The services in the morning were conducted by Dr. "Williamson. The afternoon service com- menced at 2 o'clock. The sermon of Mr. Stevens was upon a most appropriate text, 1st Peter, ii:25 ; " For ye were as sh^eep going astray, but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls." After the discourse, the sacrament of the Lord's supper was administered. At a meeting of the Session on the thirty-first of July, Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary, was in- vited to preach to the church, " so long as the duties of his mission will permit, and also to pre- side at all the meetings of the Session." Captain Gustavus Loomis was elected Stated Clerk of the Session, and they resolved to observe the monthly concert of prayer on the first Monday of each month, for the conversion of the world. Two points were selected by the missionaries as proper spheres of labor. Mr. Stevens and family proceeded to Lake Harriet, and Dr. Wil- Uamson and family, in June, proceeded to Lac qui Parle. As there had never been a chaplain at Fort Snelling, the Eev. J. D. Stevens, the missionary at Lake Harriet, preached on Sundays to the Presbyterian church, there, recently organized. Writing on January twenty-seventh, 1836, he says, in relation to his field of labor : " Yesterday a portion of this band of Indians, who had been some time absent from this village, returned. One of the number (a woman) was informed that a brother of hers had died during her absence. He was not at this village, but with another band, and the information had just reached here. In the evening they set up a most piteous crying, or rather waDing, which con- tinued, with some little cessations, during the night. The sister of the deceased brother would repeat, times without number, words which may be thus translated into EngUsh: 'Come, my brother, I shall see you no more for ever.' The night was extremely cold, the thermometer standing from ten to twenty below zero. About sunrise, next morning, preparation was made for performing the ceremony of cutting their flesh, in order to give relief to their grief of mind. The snow was removed from the frozen ground over about as large a space as would be required to place a small Indian lodge or vrigwam. In the centre a very small fire was kindled up, not to give warmth, apparently, but to cause a smoke. The sister of the deceased, who was the chief mourner, came out of her lodge followed by three other women, who repaired to the place prepared. They were all barefooted, and nearly naked. Here they set up a most bitter lamenta- tion and crying, mingling their wailings with the words before mentioned. The principal mourner commenced gashing or cutting her ankles and legs up to the knees with a sharp stone, imtil her legs were covered with gore and flowing blood ; then in like manner her arms, shoulders, and breast. The others cut themselves in the same way, but not so severely. On this poor infatuated woman I presume there were more than a hun- dred long deep gashes in the flesh. I saw the operation, and the blood instantly followed the instrument, and flowed down upon the flesh. She appeared frantic with grief. Through the pain of her wounds, the loss of blood, exhaustion of strength by fasting, loud and long-continued and bitter groans, or the extreme cold upon her al- most naked and lacerated body, she soon sunk upon the frozen ground, shaking as with a violent fit of the ague, and writhing in apparent agony. ' Surely,' I exclaimed, as I beheld the bloody A SOMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARY. 109 scene, 'the tender mercies of the heathen are cruelty I' " The little chnrch at the fort begins to mani- fest something of a missionary spirit Their con- tributions are considerable for so small a number. I hope they will not only be wiUing to contribute liberally of their substance, but will give them- selves, at least some of them, to the missionary work. " The surgeon of the military post, Dr. Jarvis, has been very assiduous in his attentions to us in our sickness, and has very generously made a do- nation to our board of twenty-five dollars, being the amount of his medical services in our family. " On the nineteenth instant we commenced a school with six full Indian children, at least so in all their habits, dress, etc.; not one could speak a word of any language but Sioux. The school has since increased to the number of twenty-five. I am now collecting and arranging words for a dic- tionary. Mr. Pond is assiduously employed in preparing a small speUing-book, which we may forward next mail for printing. On the fifteenth of September, 1836, a Presby- terian church was organized at Lac-qui-Parle, a branch of that in and near Fort Snelling, and Joseph Renville, a mixed blood of great influ- ence, became a communicant. He had been trained in Canada by a Roman CathoUc priest, but claimed the right of private judgment. Mr. Renville's wife was the first pure Dahkotah of whom we have any record that ever joined the Church of Christ. This church has never become extinct, although its members have been neces- sarily nomadic. After the treaty of Traverse des Sioux, it was removed to Hazlewood. Driven from thence by the. outbreak of 1862, it has be- came the parent of other churches, in the valley of the upper Missouri, over one of which John Renville, a descendant of the elder at Lac-qul- Parle, is the pastor. KOMAX CATHOLIC MISSION ATTEMPTED. Father Ravoux, recently from France, a sin- cere and earnest priest of the Church of Rome, came to Mendota in the autumn of 1841, and after a brief sojourn with the Rev. L. Galtier, who had erected Saint Paul's chapel, which has given the name of Saint Paul to the capital of Minnesota, he ascended the Minnesota River^ and visited Lac-qui-Parle. Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, wrote the next year of his visit as follows : " Our young missionary, M. Ravoux, passed the winter on the banks of Lac-qui-Parle, without any other support than Providence, without any other means of conver- sion than a burning zeal, he has wrought in the space of six months, a happy revolution among the Sioux. From the time of his arrival he has been occupied night and day in the study of their language. ***** "VYhen he instructs the savages, he speaks to them with so much fire whilst showing them a large copper crucifix which he carries on his breast, that he makes the strong- est impression upon them." The impression, however was evanescent, and he soon retired from the field, and no more efforts were made in this direction by the Church of Rome. This young Mr. Ravoux is now the highly respected vicar of the Roman Catholic diocese of Minnesota, and justly esteemed for his simplicity and unobtrusiveness. CHIPPEWAY MISSIONS AT POKEGUMA. Pokeguma is one of the " Mille Lacs," or thou- sand beautiful lakes for which Minnesota is re- markable . It is about four or five miles iu extent , and a mile or more in width. This lake is situated on Snake River, about twenty miles above the junction of that stream with the St. Croix. In the year 1836, missionaries came to reside among the Ojibways and Pokeguma, to promote their temporal and spiritual welfare. Their mis- sion house was built on the east side of the lake ; but the Indian village was on an island not far from the shore. In a letter written in 1837, we find the fol- lowing: "The young women and girls now make, mend, wash, and iron after our man- ner. The men have learned to build log houses, drive team, plough, hoe, and handle an American axe with some skill in cutting large trees, the size of which, two years ago, would have afforded them a sufficient reason why they should not med- dle with them." In May, 1841, Jeremiah Russell, who was In- dian farmer, sent two Chippeways, accompanied by Elam Greeley, of Stillwater, to the Falls of Saint Croix for supplies. On Saturday, the fifteenth of the month they arrived there, and 110 BXPLOBEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. the next day a steamboat came up with the goods. The captam said a war party of Sioux, headed by Little Crow, was advancing, and the two Chippeways prepared to go back and were their friends. They had hardly left the Falls, on their re- turn, before they saw a party of Dahkotahs. The sentinel of the enemy had not noticed the ap- proach of the young men. In the twinkling of an eye, these two young Ojibways raised their guns, lired, and killed two of Little Crow's sons. The discharge of the guns revealed to a sentinel, that an enemy was near, and as the Ojibways were retreating, he fired, and mortally wounded one of the two. According to custom, the corpses of the chief's sons were dressed, and then set up with their faces towards the country of their ancient ene- mies. The wounded Ojibway was horribly mangled by the infuriated party, and his limbs strewn about in every direction. His scalped head was placed in a kettle, and suspended in front of the two Dahkotah corpses. Little Crow, disheartened by the loss of his two boys, returned with his party to Kaposia. But other parties were in the field. It was not till Friday ,"the twenty-first of May, that the death of one of the young Ojibways sent by Mr. Eussell, to the Falls of Saint Croix, was known at Pokeguma. Mr. Bussell on the next Sunday, accompanied by Captain William Holcomb and a half-breed, went to the mission station to attend a religious service, and while crossing the lake in returning, the half-breed said that it was rumored that the Sioux were approaching. On Monday, the twen- ty-fourth, three young men left in a canoe to go to the west shore of the lake, and from thence to Mille Lacs, to give intelligence to the Ojibways there, of the skirmish that had already occurred. They took with them two Indian girls, about twelve years, of age, who were pupils of the mis- sion school, for the purpose of bringing the canoe back to the island. Just as the three were land- ing, twenty or thirty Dahkotah warriors, with a war whoop emerged from their concealment be- hind the trees, and fired into the canoe. The young men instantly sprang into the water, which was shallow, returned the fire, and ran into the woods, escaping without material injury. The little girls, in their fright, waded into the lake; but were pursued. Their parents upon the island, heard the death cries of their children. Some of the Indians around the mission-house jumped into their canoes and gained the island. Others went into some fortified log huts. The attack upon the canoe, it was afterwards learned, was premature. The party upon that side of the lake were ordered not to fire, until the party stationed in the woods near the mission began. There were in all one hundred and eleven Dahkotah warriors, and all the fight was in the vicinity of the mission-house, and the Ojibways mostly engaged in it were those who had been under religious instruction. The rest were upon the island. The fathers of the murdered girls, burning for revenge, left the island in a canoe, and drawing it up on the shore, hid behind it, and fired upcjn the Dahkotahs and killed one. The Dahkotahs advancing upon them, they were obliged to escape. The canoe was now launched. On,e Iny on his back in the bottom; the other plunged into the water, and, holding the canoe witli one hand, and swimming with the other, he towed his friend out of danger. The Dahkotahs, in- furiated at their escape, fired volley after volley at the swimmer, but he escaped the balls by putting his head under water whenever he saw them take aim, and waiting till he heard the discharge, he would then look up and breathe. After a fight of two hours, the Dahkotahs re- treated, with a loss of two men. At the request of the parents, Mr. E. F. Ely, from whose notes the writer has obtained these facts, be- ing at that time a teacher at the mission, went across the lake, with two of his friends, to gather the remains of his murdered pupils. Ho found the corpses on the shore. The heads cut oH and scalped, with a tomahawk buried in the brains of each, were set up in the sand near the bodies. The bodies were pierced in the breast, and the right arm of one was taken away. Ee- moving the tomahawks, the bodies were brought back to the island, and in the afternoon were buried in accordance with the simple but solemn rites of the Church of Christ, by members of the mission. SIOUX MISSION-ABIES BEFOBE TEE TBEATIES. Ill The sequel to this story is soon told. The In- dians of Pokeguma, after the fight, deserted their village, and went to reside with their countrymen near Lake Superior. In July of the following year, 1842, a war party was formed at Fond du Lac, about forty in num- ber, and proceeded towards the Dahkotah country. Sneaking, as none but Indians can, they arrived unnoticed at the Uttle settlement below Saint Paul, commonly called "Pig's Eye," which is opposite to what was Kaposia, or Little Crow's village. Finding an Indian woman at work in the garden of her husband, a Canadian, by the name of GameUe, they killed her ; also another woman, with her infant, whose head was cut of£. The Dahkotahs, on the opposite side, were mostly intoxicated ; and, flying across in their canoes but half prepared, they were worsted in the en- counter. They lost thirteen warriors, and one of their number, known as the Dancer, the Ojib- ways are said to have skinned. Soon after this the Chippeway missions of the St. Croix Valley were abandoned. In a little while Rev. Mr. Boutwell removed to the vicinity of Stillwater, and the missionaries, Ayer and Spencer, went to Red Lake and other points in Minnesota. In 1853 the Kev. Sherman Hall left the Indians and became pastor of a Congregational church at Sauk Eapids, where he recently died. METHODIST MISSIONS, In 1837 the Eev. A. Brunson commenced a Methodist mission at Kaposia, about four miles below, and opposite Saint Paul. It was afterwards removed across the river to Red Rock. He was assisted by the Eev. Thomas W. Pope, and the latter was succeeded by the Eev. J. Holton. The Rev. Mr. Spates and others also labored for a brief period among the Ojibways. PEESBTTEBIAN MISSIONS CONTINtTED. At the stations the Dahkotah language was dil- igently studied. Rev. S. "W. Pond had prepared a dictionary of three thousand words, and also a small grammar. The Eev. S. E. Eiggs, who joined the mission in 1837, in a letter dated February 24, 1841, writes : " Last summer after returning from Fort SneUtng, I spent five weeks in copying again the Sioux vocabulary which we had collected and arranged at this sta- tion. It contained then about 6500 words, not \ including the various forms of the verbs. Since that time, the words collected by Dr. Williamson i^d myself, have, I presume, increased the num- ber to six thousand. ***** in this con- nection, I may mention that during the Vraiter of 1839-40, Mrs. Eiggs, with some assistance, wrote an English and Sioux vocabulary containing about three thousand words. One of Mr. Een- ville's sons and three of his daughters are en- gaged in copying. In committing the grammati- cal prih'eiples of the language to writing, we have done sonaething at this station, but more has been done by Mr. S. W. Pond." Steadily the number of Indiaji missionaries increased, and in 1851, before the lands of the Dahkotahs west of the Mississippi were ceded to the whites, they were disposed as follows by the Dahkotah Presbytery, Lac-qui-parle, Eev. S. E. Eiggs, Eev. M. N. Adams, Missionaries, Jonas Pettijohn, Mrs. Fanny Pettijohn, Mrs. Mary Ann Eiggs, Mrs. Mary A. M. Adams, Miss Sarah Eankin, As- sistants. Traverse des Sioux, Eev. Eobert Hopkins, Mis- sionary; Mrs. Agnes Hopkins, Alexander G. Huggins, Mrs. Lydia P. Huggins, Assistants. Shakpay, or Shohpay, Eev. Samuel W. Pond, Missionary ; Mrs. Sarah P. Pond, Assistant. Oak Cfrove, Eev. Gideon H. Pond and wife. Kaposia, Eev. Thomas Williamson, M. D., Missionary and Physician; Mrs. Margaret P. Williamson, Miss Jane S. Williamson, Assistants. Bed Wing, Eev. John F. Alton, Eev. Joseph W. Hancock, Missionaries; Mrs. Nancy H. Alton, Mrs. Hancock, Assistants. The Eev. Daniel Gavin, the Swiss Presbyte- rian Missionary, spent the winter of 1839 in Lac- qui-Parle and was afterwards married to a niece of the Eev. J. D. Stevens, of the Lake Harriet Mission. Mr. Stevens became the farmer and teacher of the Wapashaw band, and the first white man who lived where the city of Winona has been built. Another missionary from Switz- erland, the Eev. Mr. Denton, married a Miss Skinner, formerly of the Mackinaw mission. During a portion of the year 1839 these Swiss missionaries lived vyith the American mission- aries at camp Cold Water near Fort Snelling, but their chief field of labor was at Eed Wing. 112 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA.. CHAPTEE XX. TEEAD OF PIONEERS IK THE' SAINT CBOIX VALLET AND ELSEWHERE. Origin of the name Saint Groix — Bu Luth, first Explorer — Frencli Post on the St. Craix — Pitt, an early pioneer — Early settlers at Saint Croix Foils — First women there — Marine Settlement — Joseph R. BroAvn's town site — Saint Croix County organized — Proprietors of Stillwater — A dead Negro woman — ^Pig's Eye, origin of name — Rise of Saint Paul — Dr. Williamson secures first school teacher for Saint Paul — Description of first school room — Saint Croix County roKirganized — Rev. W. T. Boutwell, pioneer clergyman. The Saint Croix river, according to Le Sueur, named after a Frenchman who was drowned at its mouth, was one of the earliest throughfares from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. The first white man who directed canoes upon its waters was Du Luth, who had in 1679 explored Minne- sota. He thus describes his tour in a letter, first published by Harrisse : " In June, 1680, not be- ing satisfied, with having made my discovery by land, I took two canoes, with an Indian who was my interpreter, and four Frenchmen, to seek means to make it by water. With this view I entered a river which empties eight leagues from the extremity of Lake Superior, on the south side, where, after having cut some trees and broken about a hundred beaver dams, I reached the upper waters of the said river, and then I made a portage of half a league to reach a lake, the outlet of which fell into a very fine river, which took me down into the Mississippi. There I learned from eight cabins of Nadouecioux that the Eev. Father Louis Hennepin, Recollect, now at the convent of Saint Germain, with two other Frenchmen had been robbed, and carried ofE as slaves for more than three hundred leagues by the Nadouecioux themselves." He then relates how he left two Frenchmen with his goods, and went with his interpreter and two Frenchmen in a canoe down the Mississippi, and after two days and two nights, found Henne- pin, Accault and Augelle. He told Hennepin that he must return with him through the country of the Fox tribe, and writes : " I preferred to re- trace my steps, manifesting to them [the Sioux] the just indignation I felt against them, rather than to remain after the violence they had done to the Eev. Father and the other two Frenchmen with him, whom I put in my canoes and brought them to Michilimackinack." After this, the Saint Croix river became a chan- nel for commerce, and BelUn writes, that before 1755, the French had erected a fort forty leagues from its mouth and twenty from Lake Superior. The pine forests between the Saint Croix and Minnesota had been for several years a tempta- tion to energetic men. As early as November, 1836, a Mr. Pitt went with a boat and a party of men to the Falls of Saint Croix to cut pine tim- ber, with the consent of the Chippeways but the dissent of the United States authorities. In 1837 while the treaty was being made by Com- missioners Dodge and Smith at Fort Snelling, on one Sunday Franklin Steele, Dr. Fitch, Jeremiah Russell, and a Mr. Maginnis left Fort SneUing for the Falls of Saint Croix in a birch bark canoe paddled by eight men, and reached that iwint about noon on Monday aud commenced a log cabin. Steele and Maginnis remained here, while the others, dividing into two parties, one under Fitch, and the other under EusseU, search- ed for pine land. The first stopped at Sun Else, while Eussel went on to the Snake River. About the same time Eobbinet and Jesse B. Taylor came to the Falls in the interest of B. F. Baker who had a stone trading house near Fort Snelling, since destroyed by fire. On the fifteenth of July, 1838, the Palmyra, Capt. Holland, arrived at the Fort, with the official notice of the ratifica- tion of the treaties ceding the lands between the Saint Croix and Mississippi. She had on board C. A. Tuttle, L. W. Stratton and others, with the machinery for the projected mills of the Northwest Lumber Company at the Falls of Saint Croix, and reached that point on the seventeenth, the first steamboat to disturb the waters above Lake Saint Croix. The steamer Gypsy came to the fort on the twenty-first of WOMEN IN THE VALLEY OF THE SAINT CBOIX. 113 October, with goods for the Chippeways, and was chartered for four hundred and fifty dollars, to carry them up to the Falls of Saint Croix. In passing through the lake, the boat grounded near a projected town called Stambaughville, after 8. C. Stambaugh, the sutler at the fort. On the afternoon of the 26th, the goods were landed, as stipulated. The agent of the Improvement Company at the falls was Washington Libbey, who left in the fall of 1838, and was succeeded by Jeremiah Eussell, Stratton acting as millwright in place of Calvin Tuttle. On the twelfth of December, Russell and Stratton walked down the river, cut the first tree and built a cabin at Marine, and sold their claim. The first women at the Falls of Saint Croix were a Mrs. Orr, Mrs. Sackett, and the daughter of a Mr. Young. During the winter of 1838-9, Jere- miah Russell married a daughter of a respectable and gentlemanly trader, Charles H. Oakes. Among the first preachers were the Rev. W. T. Boutwell and Mr. Seymour, of the Chippeway Mission at Pokeguma. The Rev. A. Branson, of Prairie du Chien, who visited this region in 1838, wrote that at the mouth of Snake River he f oimd Franklin Steele, with twenty-five or thirty men, cutting timber for a mill, and when he offered to preach Mr. Steele gave a cordial assent. On the sixteenth of August, Mr. Steele, Living- ston, and others, left the Falls of Saint Croix in a barge, and went around to Fort SneUing. The steamboat Fayette about the middle of May, 1839, landed sutlers' stores at Fort SneU- ing and then proceeded with several persons of intelligence to the Saint Croix river, who ssttled at Marine. The place was called after Marine in Madison county, Illinois, where the company, consisting of Judd, Hone and others, was formed to build a saw miU in the Saint Croix Valley. The mill at Marine commenced to saw lumber, on August 24, 1839, the first in Minnesota. Joseph E. Brown, who since 1838, had lived at Chan Wakan, on the west side of Grey Cloud Island, this year made a claim near the upper end of the city of Stillwater, which he called Dahkotah, and was the first to raft lumber down the Saint Croix, as well as the first to represent the citizens of the valley in the legislature of Wisconsin. 8 Until the year 1841, the jurisdiction of Craw- ford county, Wisconsin, extended over the delta of country between the Sainb Croix and Missis- sippi. Joseph R. Brown having been elected as representative of the county, in the territorial legislature of Wisconsin, succeeded in obtaining the passage of an act on November twentieth, 1841, organizing the county of Saint Croix, with Dahkotah designated as the county seat. At the time prescribed for holding a court in the new county, it is said that the judge of the district arrived, and to his surprise, found a claim cabin occupied by a Frenchman. Speedily retreating, he never came again, .and judicial proceedings for Saint Croix county ended for several years. Phineas Lawrence was the first sheriff of this county. On the tenth of October, 1843, was commenced a settlement which has become the town of Still- water. The names of the proprietors were John McKusick from Maine, Calvin Leach from Ver- mont, Elam Greeley from Maine, and Elias McKean from Pennsylvania. They immediately commenced the erection of a sawmill. John H. Fonda, elected on the twenty-second of September, as coroner of Crawford county, Wisconsin, asserts that he was once notified that a dead body was lying in the water opposite Pig's Eye slough, and immediately proceeded tp the spot, and on taking it out, recognized it as the body of a negro woman belonging to a certain captain of the United States army then at Fort Crawford. The body was cruelly cut and bruised, but no one appearing to recognise it, a verdict of " Found dead," was rendered, and the corpse was buried. Soon after, it came to light that the woman was whipped to death, and thrown into the river during the night. The year that the Dahkotahs ceded their lands east of the Mississippi, a Canadian Frenchman by the name of Parrant, the ideal of an Indian whisky seller, erected a shanty in what is now the city of Saint Paul. Ignorant and overbear- ing he loved money more than his own soul. Destitute of one eye, and the other resembling that of a pig, he was a good representative of Caliban. Some one writing from his groggery designated it as " Pig's Eye." The reply to the letter was directed in good faith to " Pig's Eye " 114 EXPLOBBBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Some years ago the editor of the Saint Paul Press described the occasion in these words : " Edmund Brisette, a clerkly Frenchman for those days, who lives, or did live a little while ago, on Lake Harriet, was one day seated at a table in Parrant's cabin, with pen and paper about to write a letter for Parrant (for Parrant, like Charlemagre, could not write) to a friend of the latter in Canada. The question of geog- raphy puzzled Brissette at the outset of the epistle; where should he date a letter from a place without a name ?, He looked ' up inquir- ingly to Parrant, and met the dead, cold glare of the Pig's Eye fixed upon him, with an irresist- ible suggestiveness that was inspiration to Brisette." In 1842, the late Henry Jackson, of Mahkahto, settled at the same spot, and erected the first store on the height just above the lower landing, Koherts and Simpson followed, and opened small Indian trading shops. In 1846, the site of Saint Paul was chiefly occupied by a few shanties owned by "certain lewd fellows of the baser sort," who sold rum to the soldier and Indian. It was despised by all decent white men, and known to the Dahkotahs by an expression in their tongue which means, the place where they sell miane-wakan [supernatural water]. The chief of the Kaposia band in 1846, was shot by his own brother in a drunken revel, but sur- viving the wound, and apparently alarmed at the deterioration under the influence of the modem harpies at Saint Paul, went to Mr. Bruce, Indian Agent, at Port Snelling, and requested a mis- sionary. The Indian Agent in his report to gov- ernment, says : " The chief of the Little Crow's band, who re- sides below this place (Fort Snelling) about nine miles, in the immediate neighbourhood of the whiskey dealers, has requested to have a school established at his village. He says they are de- termined to reform, and for the future, will try to do better. I wrote to Doctor "Williamson soon after the request was made, desiring him to take charge of the school. He has had charge of the mission school at Lac qui Parle for some years ; is well qualified, and is an excellent physician." In November, 1846, Dr. Williamson came from Lac qui Parle, as requested, and became a resi- dent of Kaposia. While disapproving Of their practices, he felt a kindly interest in the whites of Pig's Eye, which place was now beginning to be called, after a little log chapel which had been erected at the suggestion of Rev. L. Galtier, and called Saint Paul's. Though a missionary among the Dahkotahs, he was the first to take steps to promote the education of the whites and half- breeds of Minnesota. In the year 1847, he wrote to ex-Governor Slade, President of the National Popular Education Society, in relation to the condition of what has subsequently become the capital of the state. i In accordance with his request, Miss H. E. Bishop came to his mission-house at Kaposia, and, after a short time, was introduced by him to the citizens of Saint Paul. The first school- house in Minnesota besides those connected with the Indian missions, stood near the site of the old Brick Presbyterian church, comer of Saint Peter and Third street, and is thus described by the teacher : •'The school was commenced in a little log hovel, covered with bark, and chinked with mud, previously used as a blacksmith shop. On three sides of the interior of this humble log cabin, pegs were driven into the logs, upon which boards were laid for seats. Another seat was made by placing one end of a plank between the cracks of the logs, and the other upon a chair. This was for visitors. A rickety cross-legged table in the centre, and a hen's nest in one comer, com- pleted the furniture." Saint Croix county, in the year 1847, was de- tached from Crawford county, AVisconsin, and reorganized for judicial purposes, and Stillwater made the county seat. In the month of June the United States District Court held its session in the store-room of Mr. John McKusick ; Judge Charles Dunn presiduig. A large number of lumbermen had been attracted by the pineries in the upper poi-tion of the valley of Saint Croix, and Stillwater was looked upon as the center of the lumbering interest. _ The Rev. Mr. Boutwell, feeling that he could be more useful, left the Ojibways, and took up his residence near Stillwater, preaching to the lumbermen at the Falls of Saint Croix, Marine Mills, Stillwater, and Cottage Grove. In a letter speaking of Stillwater, he says, " Here is a little' village sprung up like a gourd, but whether it ia' to perish as soon, Godjanly knows." NAMES PROPOSED FOB MINNESOTA TERRITORY. 115 CHAPTER XXI. EVENTS PEELIMIHARY TO THE OEGANIZATION OF THE MINNESOTA TEEEITOEY. Wisconsin State Boundaries — First Bill for the Organization of Minnesota Terri- tory, A. D. 1846 — Cliauge of Wisconsin Boundary — Memorial of Saint Croix Valley citizens — ^Various names proposed for the New Territory — Convention at Stillwater — H. H. Sihley elected Delegate to Congress.— Derivation of word Minnesota. Three years elapsed from the time that the territory of Minnesota was proposed in Congress, to the final passage of the organic act. On the sixth of August, 1846, an act was passed by Con- gress authorizing the citizens of Wisconsin Ter- ritory to frame a constitution and form a state government. The act fixed the Saint Louis river to the rapids, from thence south to the Saint Croix, and thence down that river to its junction ■wi^ih the Mississippi, as the western boundary. On the twenty -third of December, 1846, the delegate from Wisconsin, Morgan L. Martin, in- troduced a bill in Congress for the organization of a territory of Minnesota. This bill made its western boundary the Sioux and Red River of the North. On the* third of March, 1847, per- mission was granted to Wisconsin to change her boundary, so that the western Umit would pro- ceed due south from the first rapids of the Saint Louis river, and fifteen miles east of the most easterly point of Lake Saint Croix, thence to the Mississippi. A number in the constitutional convention of Wisconsin, were anxious that Rum river should be a part of her western boundary, while citizens of the valley of the Saint Croix were desirous that the Chippeway river should be the limit of Wisconsin. The citizens of Wisconsin Territory, in the vaUey of the Saint Croix, and about Fort Snelling, wished to be included in the projected new territory, and on the twenty-eighth of March, 1848, a memorial signed by H. H. Sibley, Henry M. Rice, Franklin Steele, William R. Marshall, and others, was presented to Congress, remon- strating against the proposition before the con- vention to make Rum river a part of the bound- ary line of the contemplated state of Wisconsin. On the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, the act to admit Wisconsin changed the boundary line to the present, and as first defined in the enabling act of 1846. After the bill of Mr. Martin was introduced into the House of Representatives in 1846 it was referred to the Committee on Terri- tories, of which Mr. Douglas was chairman. On the twentieth of January, 1847, he reported in favor of the proposed territory with the name of Itasca. On the seventeenth of February, be- fore the bill passed the House, a discussion arose in relation to the proposed name. Mr. Win- throp of Massachusetts proposed Chippewa as a substitute, alleging that this tribe was the prin- cipal in the proposed territory, which was not correct. Mr. J. Thompson of Mississippi disliked all Indian names, and hoped the territory would be called Jackson. Mr. Houston of Delaware thought that there ought to be one territory named after the "Father of his country," and proposed Washington. All of the names pro- posed were rejected, and the name in the original bill inserted. On the last day of the session, March third, the bill was called up in the Senate and laid on the table. When Wisconsin became a state the query arose whether the old territorial government did not continue in force west of the Saint Croix river. The first meeting on the subject of claim- ing territorial privileges was held in the building at Saint Paul, known as Jackson's store, near the corner of Bench and Jackson streets, on the bluff. This meeting was held in July, and a convention was proposed to consider their posi- tion. The first public meeting was held at Still- water on August fourth, and Messrs. Steele and Sibley were the only persons present from the west side of the Mississippi. This meeting is- sued a call for a general convention to take steps to secure an early territorial organization, to assemble on the twenty-sixth of the month at 116 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. the same place. Sixty-two delegates answered the call, and among those present, were W. D. Phillips, J. W. Bass, A. Larpenteur, J. M. Boal, and others frpm Saint Paul. To the convention a letter was presented from Mr, Catlin, who claimed to be acting governor, giving his opinion that the Wisconsin territorial organization was still in force. The meeting also appointed Mr. Sibley to visit Washington and represent their views; but the lion. John H. Tweedy having resigned his office of delegate to Congress on September eighteenth,.1848, Mr. Catlin, who had made Stillwater a temporary residence, on the ninth of October issued a proclamation ordering a special election at Stillwater on the thirtieth, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation. At this election Henry H. Sibley was elected as delegate of the citizens of the remaining portion of Wisconsin Territory. His credentials were presented to the House of Eepresentatives, and the committee to whom the matter was referred presented a majority and minority report; but the resolution introduced by the majority passed and Mr. Sibley took his seat as a delegate from Wisconsin Territory on the fifteenth of January, 1849. Mr. H. M. Eice, and other gentlemen, visited Washington during the winter, and, uniting with Mr. Sibley, used all their energies to obtain the organization of a new territory. Mr. Sibley, in an interesting communication to the Minnesota Historical Society, writes : " When my credentials as Delegate, were presented by Hon. James Wilson, of New Hampshire, to the House of Eepresentatives, there was some curi- osity manifested among the members, to see what kind of a person had been elected to represent the distant and wild territory claiming representation in Congress. I was told by a New England mem- ber with whom I became subsequently quite inti- mate, that there was some disappointment when I made my appearance, for it was expected that the delegate from this remote region would make his debut, if not in full Indian costume, at least, with some peculiarities of dress and manners, characteristic of the rude and semi-civilized peo- ple who had sent him to the Capitol." The territory of Minnesota was named after the largest tributary of the Mississippi within its limits. The Sioux call the Missouri Minnesho- shay, muddy water, but the stream after which this region is named, Minne-sota. Some say that Sota means clear; others, turbid; Schoolcraft, bluish green. McoUet wrote. "The adjective Sotah is of difficult translation. The Canadians translated it by a pretty equivalent word, brouille, perhaps more properly rendered into English by blear. I have entered upon this explanation be cause the word reaUy means neither clear nor turbid, as some authors have asserted, its true meaniag being found in the Sioux expression Ishtah-sotah, blear-eyed." From the fact that the word signifies neither blue nor white, but the peculiar appearance of the sky at certain times, by some, Minnesota has been defined to mean the sky tinted water, which is certainly poetic, and the late Eev. Gideon H. Pond thought quite correct. MINNESOTA IN THE BEGINNING. 117 CHAPTER XXII. MIKNESOTA FROM ITS ORGANIZATION AS A TERRITORY, A, B. 1849, TO A. D. 1854. Appearance of the Country, A. D. 1849 — Arrival of first Editor — Governor Ramsey arrives — Guest of H. H. Sibley — Proclamation issued — Governor Ramsey and H. M. Rice move to Saint Paul — Fourth of July Celebration — First election — Early mewspapers — First Courts— First Legislature — Pioneer News Carrier's Address — Wedding at Fort Snelling— Territorial Seal— Scalp Dance at Stillwater — First Steamboat at Falls of Saint Anthony — Presbyterian Chapel burned— Indian council ut Fort Snelling — First Steamboat above Saint Anthony — ^First boat at the Blue Earth River— ConRressional election — Visit.of Fredril^a Bremer — Indian newspaper — Other newspapers — Second Legislature — ^University of Minnesota — ^Teamster killed by Indians — Sioux Treaties — Third Legislature— Land slide at Stillwater — Death of first Editor— Fourth Legislature Baldwin School, now Macalester College — Indian fight in Saint Fnul. On the third of March, 1849, the bill was passed by Congress for organizing the territory of Minnesota, whose boundary on the west, extended to the Missouri River. At this time, the region was little more than a wilderness. The west bank of the Mississippi, from the Iowa line to Lake Itasca, was unceded by the Indians. At Wapashaw, was a trading post in charge of Alexis Bailly, and here also resided the ancient voyageur, of fourscore years, A. Eocque. At the foot of Lake Pepin was a store house kept by Mr. F. S. Richards. On the west shore of the lake lived the eccentric "Wells, whose wife was a bois brule, a daughter of the deceased trader, Duncan Graham. The two unfinished buildings of stone, on the beautiful bank opposite the renowned Maiden's Rock, and the surrounding skin lodges of his wife's relatives and friends, presented a rude but picturesque scene. Above the lake was a cluster of bark wigwams, the Dahkotah village of Raymneeeha, now Red Wing, at which was a Presbyterian mission house. The next settlement was Kaposia, also an In- dian village, and the residence of a Presbyterian missionary, the Rev. T. S. Williamson, M. D. On the east side of the Mississippi, the first set- tlement, at the mouth of the St. Croix, was Point Douglas, then as now, a small hamlet. At Red Rock, the site of a former Methodist mission station, there were a few farmers. Saint Paul was just emerging from a collection of In- dian whisky shops and birch roofed cabins of half-breed voyageurs. Here and there a frame tenement was erected, and, under the auspices of the Hon. H. M. Rice, who had obtained an inter- est in the town, some warehouses were con- structed, and the foundations of the American House, a frame hotel, which stood at Third and Exchange street, were laid. In 1849, the popu- lation had increased to two hundred and fifty or three hundred inhabitants, for rumors had gone abroad that it might be mentioned in the act, creating the territory, as the capital of Minnesota. More than a month after the adjournment of Congress, just at eve, on the ninth of April, amid terrific peals of thunder and torrents of rain, the weekly steam packet, the first to force its way through the icy barrier of Lake Pepin, rounded the rocky point whistling loud and long, as if the bearer of glad tidings. Before she was safely moored to the landing, the shouts of the excited villagers were heard announcing that there was a territory of Minnesota, and that Saint Paul was the seat of government. Every successive steamboat arrival poured out on the landing men big with hope, and anxious to do something to mould the future of the new state. Mne days after the news of the existence of the territory of Minnesota was received, there arrived James M. Goodhue with press, type, and printing apparatus. A. graduate of Amherst college, and a lawyer by profession, he wielded a sharp pen, and wrote editorials, which, more than anything else, perhaps, induced immigration. Though a man of some faults, one of the counties properly bears his name. On the twenty-eighth of April, he issued from his press the first number of the Pioneer. On the twenty - seventh of May, Alexander Ramsey, the Governor, and family, arrived at Saint Paul, but owing to the crowded state of pub- 118 EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. lie houses, immediately proceeded, in the steamer to the establishment of the Tur Company, known as Mendota, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi, and became the guest of the Hon. H. H. Sibley. On the first of June, Governor Eamsey, by pro- clamation, declared the territory duly organized, with the following officers : Alexander Kamsey, of Pennsylvania, Governor ; C. K. Smith, of Ohio, Secretary ; A. Goodrich, of Tennessee, Chief Justice ; D. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, and B. B. Meeker, of Kentucky, Associate Judges ; Joshua L. Taylor, Marshal ; H. L. Moss, attorney of the United States. On the eleventh of June, a second proclama- tion was issued, dividing the territory into three temporary judicial districts. The first comprised the county of St. Croix ; the county of La Pointe and the region north and west of the Mississippi, and north of the Minnesota'and of a Une running due west from the headwaters of the Minnesota to the Missouri river, constituted the second ; and the country west of the Mississippi and south of the Minnesota, formed the third district. Judge Goodrich was assigned to the first. Meeker to the second, and Cooper to the third. A court was ordered to be held at Stillwater on the second Monday, at the Falls of St. Anthony on the third, and at Mendota on the fourth Monday of August. Until the twenty -sixth of June, Governor Ramsey and family had been guests of Hon. H. II. Sibley, at Mendota. On the afternoon of that day they arrived at St. Paul, in a birch-bark canoe, and became permanent residents at the capital. The house first occupied as a guber- natorial mansion, was a small frame building that stood on Third, between Robert and Jackson streets, formerly known as the New England House. A few days after, the Hon. H. M. Rice and family moved from Mendota to St. Paul, and oc- cupied the house he had erected on St. Anthony street, near the corner of Market. On the first of July, a land office was estab- lished at Stillwater, and A. Van Vorhes, after a few weeks, became the register. The anniversary of our National Independence was celebrated in a becoming manner at the cap- ital. The place selected for the address, was a "■rove that stood on the sites of the City Hall and the Baldwin School building, and the late Trank- lin Steele was the marshal of the day. On the seventh of July, a proclamation was is- sued, dividing the territory into seven council districts, and ordering an election to be held on the first day of August, for one delegate to rep^ resent the people in the House of Representatives of the United States, for nine councillors and eighteen representatives, to constitute the Legis- lative Assembly of Minnesota. In this month, the Hon. H. M. Rice despatch- ed a boat laded with Indian goods from the the Fajls of St. Anthony to Crow Wing, which was towed by horses after the manner of a canal boat. The election on the first of August, passed off with little excitement, Hon. H, H. Sibley being elected delegate to Congress without opposition. David Lambert, on what might, perhaps, be termed the old settlers' ticket, was defeated in St. Paul, by James M. Boal. The latter, on the night of the election, was honored with a ride through town on the axle and fore-wheels of an old wagon, which was drawn by his admiring but somewhat undisciplined friends. J. L. Taylor having declined the office of United States Marshal; A. M. Mitchell, of Ohio, a graduate of West Point, and colonel of a regi- ment of Ohio volimteers in the Mexican war, was appointed and arrived at the capital early in August. I There were three papers published in the ter- ritory soon after its organization. The first was the Pioneer, issued on April twenty-eighth, 1849, under most discouraging circumstances. It was at first the intention of the witty and reckless editor to have called his paper " The Epistle of St. Paul." About the same time there was issued in Cmcinnati, under the auspices of the late Dr. A. Randtill, of California, the first number of the Register. The second number of the paper was printed at St. Paul, in July, and the office was on St. Anthony, between Washington and Market Streets, About the first of June, James Hughes, afterward of Hudson, Wisconsin, arrived with a press and materials, aind established the Minnesota Chronicle. After an existence of a few weeks two papers were discontinued ; and, in their place, was issued the " Chronicle and DESCBIPTION OF THE TEMPOBABY CAPITOL. 119 Kegister," edited by Nathaiel McLean and John P. Owens. The first courts, pursuant to proclamation of the governor, were held in the month of August. At Stillwater, the court was organized on the thirteenth of the month, Judge Goodrich pre- siding, and Judge Cooper by courtesy, sitting on the bench. On the twentieth, the second judi- - cial district held a court. Tlie room used was the old government mill at Mirmeapolis. The presiding judge was B. B. Meeker ; the foreman of the grand jury, Franklin Steele. On the last Monday of the month, the court for the third judicial district was organized in the large stone warehouse of the fur company at Mendota. The presiding judge was David Cooper. Governor Ramsey sat on the right, and Judge Goodrich on the left. Hon. H. H. Sibley was the foreman of the grand jury. As some of the jurors could not speak the English language, W. H. Forbes acted as interpreter. The charge of Judge Cooper was lucid, scholarly, and dignified. At the request of the grand jury it was afterwards published. On Monday, the third of September, the first Legislative Assembly convened in the " Central Hou>i,"in Saint Paul, a building at the corner of Minnesota and Bench streets, facing the Mississippi river which answered the double purpose of capitol and hotel. On the first floor of the main building was the Secretar ry's ofiice and Eepresentative chamber, and in the second story was the library and Council chamber. As the flag was run up the staff in front of the house, a number of Indians sat on a rocky bluff m the vicinity, and gazed at what to them was a novel and perhaps saddening scene ; for if the tide of imimigration sweeps in from the Pacific as it has from the Atlantic coast, they must soon dwindle. The legislature having organized, elected the following permanent officers: David Olmsted, President of Council ; Joseph R. Brown, Secre- ary ; 11. A. Lambert, Assistant. In the House of Representatives, Joseph W. Purber was elect- ed Speaker; W. D. Phillips, Clerk; L. B. "Wait, Assistant. On Tuesday afternoon, both houses assembled in the dining hall of the hotel, and after prayer was offered by Rev. E. D. NeUl, Governor Ram- sey delivered his message. The message was ably written, and its perusal afforded satisfaction at home and abroad. The first session of the legislature adjourned on the first of November. Among other proceed- ings of interest, was the creation of the following counties: Itasca, Wapashaw, Dahkotah, "Wah- nahtah, Mahkahto, Pembina. Washington, Ram- sey and Benton. The three latter counties com- prised the country that up to that time had been ceded by the Indians on the east side of the Mis- sissippi, Stillwater was declared the county seat of Washington, Saint Paul, of Ramsey, and '• the seat of justice of the coimty of Benton was to be within one-quarter of a mile of a point on the east side of the Mississippi, directly opposite the mouth of Sauk river." BYENTS OF A. D 1850. By the active exertions of the secretary of the territory, • C. K. Smith, Esq., the Historical Society of Minnesota was incorporated at the first session of the legislature. The opening an- nual address was delivered in the then Methodist (now Swedenborgian) church at Saint Paul, on the first of January, 1850. The following account of the proceedings is from the Chronicle and Register. "The first pubUc exercises of the Minnesota Historical Society, took place at the Methodist church, Saint Paul, on the first inst., and passed off highly creditable to all concerned. The day was pleasant and the attendance large. At the appointed hour, the President and both Vice-Presidents of the society being absent; on motion of Hon. C. K. Smith, Hon. Chief Justice Goodrich was called to the chair. The same gentleman then moved that a committee, consisting of Messrs. Parsons K. Johnson, John A. Wakefield, and B. W. Bnmson, be appointed to wait upon the Orator of the day. Rev. Mr. Neill, and inform him that the audience was waiting to hear his address. " Mr. Neill was shortly conducted to the pulpit; and after an eloquent and approriate prayer by the Rev. Mr. Parsons, and music by the band, he proceeded to deliver his discourse upon the early French missionaries and Voyageurs into Minne- sota. We hope the society will provide for its publication at an early day. "After some brief remarks by Rev, Mr. 120 EXFLOMJliHa AJSD F10J>I ISJ^tiS .OF MINNESOTA. Hobart, upon the objects and ends of history, the ceremonies were concluded with a prayer by that gentleman. The audience dispersed highly deUghted with all that occurred." At this eaxly period the Minnesota Pioneer issued a Carrier's New Year's Address, which was amusing doggerel. The reference to the future greatness and ignoble origin of the capital of Minnesota was as follows :^- The cities on this river must be three, Two that are built and one that is to be. One, is the mart of all the tropics yield, The cane, the orange, and the cotton-fleld, And sends her ships abroad and boasts Her trade ejftended to a thousand coasts ; The other, central for the temperate zone. Gamers the stores that on the plains are grown, A place where steamboats from all quarters, range. To meet and speculate, as 'twere on 'change. The third will he, where rivers confluent flow Prom the wide spreading north through plains of snow ; The mart of all that boundless forests give To make mankind more comfortably live, The land of manufacturing industry. The workshop of the nation it shall be. Propelled by this wide stream, you'll see A thousand factories at Saiat Anthony : And the Saint Croix a hundred mills shall drive. And all its smiling villages shall thrive ; But then my town — remember that high bench With cabins scattered over it, of Prench ? A man named Henry Jackson's living there, Also a man — why every one knows L. Eobalr, Below Port Snelling, seven miles or so. And three above the village of Old Crow ? Pig's Eye ? Yes ; Pig's Eye 1 That's the spot ! A very funny name ; is't not 'i Pig's Eye's the spot, to plant my city on, To be remembered by, when I am gone. Pig's Eye converted thou shalt be, like Saul : Thy name henceforth shall be Saint Paul. On the evening of New Year's day, at Fort SneUing, there was an assemblage which is only seen on the outposts of civilization. In one of the stone edifices, outside of the wall, belonging to the United States, there resided a gentleman who had dwelt in Minnesota stace the year 1819, and for many years had been in the employ of the government, as Indian interpreter. In youth he had been a member of the Columbia Pur Com- pany, and conforming to the habits of traders, had purchased a Dahkotah wife who was wholly ignorant of the English language. As a family of children gathered aroxmd him he recognised the relation of husband and father, and consci- entiously discharged his duties as a parent. His daughter at a proper age was sent to a boardiag school of some celebrity, and on the night re- ferred to was married to an inteUigent young American farmer. Among the guests present were the officers of the garrison in fuU uniform, with their wives, the United States Agent for the Dahkotahs, and family, the bois brules of the neighborhood, and the Indian relatives of the mother. The mother did not make her appear- ance, but, as the minister proceeded vath the ceremony, the Dahkotah relatives, wrapped in their blankets, gathered in the hall and looked in through the door. The marriage feast was worthy of the occar sion. In consequence of the numbers, the officers and those of European extraction partook first ; then the bois brules of Ogibway and Dah- kotah descent; and, finally, the native Ameri- cans, who did ample justice to the plentiful sup- ply spread before them. Governor Ramsey, Hon. H. H. Sibley, and the delegate to Congress devised at Washington, this winter, the territorial seal. The design was Palls of St. Anthony in the distance. An immigrant ploughing the land on the borders of the Indian country, full of hope, and looking forward to the possession of the hunting grounds beyond. An Indian, amazed at the sight of the plough, and fleeing on horseback towards the setting sun. The motto of the Earl of Dunraven, "Quae sursum volo videre". (I wish to see what is above) was most appropriately selected by Mr. Sibley, but by the blunder of an engraver it appeared on the territorial seal, "Quo sursum velo videre," which no scholar could translate. At length was substituted, "L' EtoUe du Nord," "Star of the North,", while the device of the setting sun remained, and this is objectionable, as the State of Maine had already placed the North Star on her escutcheon, with the motto "Dirigo," "I guide." Perhaps some future legislature may SCALP DANOE IN STILLWATER. 121 direct the first motto to be restored and correctly engraved. In the montn of April, there was a renewal of hostilities between the Dahkotahs and Ojibways, on lands that had been ceded to the United States. A war prophet at Eed Wing, dreamed that he ought to raise a war party. Announcing the fact, a number expressed their wUUngness to go on such an expedition. Several from the Kaposia village also joined the party, .under the leadership of a worthless Indian, who had been confined in the guard-house at Fort Snelling, the year previous, for scalping his wife. Passing up the valley of the St. Croix, a rew miles above StUlwater the party discovered on the snow the marks of a keg and footprints. These told them that a man and woman of the Ojibways had been to some whisky dealer's, and were re- tumiag. Following their trail, they found on Apple river, about twenty miles from Stillwater, a band of Ojibways encamped in one lodge. Wait- ing till daybreak of Wednesday, April second, the Dahkotahs commenced firing on the unsuspecting inmates, some of whom were drinking from the contents of the whisky keg. The camp was com- posed of fifteen, and all were murdered and scalp- ed, with the exception of a lad, who was made a captive. On Thursday, the victors came to Stillwater, and danced the scalp dance around the captive boy, in the heat of excitement, striking him in the face with the scarcely cold and bloody scalps of his relatives. The child was then taken to Ka- posia, and adopted by the chief. Governor Ram- sey immediately took measures to send the boy to his friends. At a conference held at the Gov- ernor's mansion, the boy was delivered up, and, on being led out to the kitchen by a Uttle son of the Governor, since deceased, to receive refresh- ments, he cried bitterly, seemingly more alarmed at being left with the whites than he had been while a captive at Kaposia. From the first of April the waters of the Mis- sissippi began to rise, and on the thirteenth, the lower floor of the warehouse, then occupied by William Constans, at the foot of Jackson street, St. Paul, was submerged. Taking advantage of the freshet, the steamboat Anthony Wayne, for a purse of two hundred dollars, ventured through the swift current above Fort Snelling, and reached the Falls of St. Anthony. The boat loft the fort after dinner, with Governor Eamsey and other guests, also the band of the Sixth Eegiment on board, and reached the falls between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The whole town, men, women and children, lined the shore as the boat approached, and welcomed this first arrival, with shouts and waving handkerchiefs. On the afternoon of May fifteenth, there might have been seen, hurrying through the streets of Saint Paul, a number of naked and painted braves of the Kaposia band of Dahkotahs, ornamented with all the attire of war, and panting for the scalps of their enemies. A few hours before, the warlike head chief of the Ojibways, young Hole- in-the-Day , having secreted his canoe in the retired gorge which leads to the cave in the upper sub- urbs, with two or three associates had crossed the river, and, almost in sight of the citizens of the town, had attacked a small party of Dahkotahs, and murdered and scalped one man. On receipt of the news. Governor Eamsey granted a parole to the thirteen Dahkotahs confined in Fort Snell- ing, for participating in the Apple river massacre. On the morning of the sixteenth of May, the first Protestant church edifice completed in the white settlements, a small frame bnilding, built for the Presbyterian church, at Saint Paul, was destroyed by fire, it being the first conflagration that had occurred since the organization of the territory. One of the most interesting events of the year 1850, was the Indian councU, at Fort Snelling. Governor Eamsey had sent runners to the differ- ent bands of the Ojibways and Dahkotahs, to meet him at the fort, for the purpose of en- deavouring to adjust their diflSculties. On Wednesday, the twelfth of June, after much talking, as is customary at Indian councils, the two tribes agreed as they had frequently done before, to be friendly, and Governor Eamsey presenting to each party an ox. the council was dissolved. On Thursday, the Ojibways visited St. Paul for the first time, young Hole-in-the-Day being dressed in a coat of a captain of United States infantry, which had. been presented to him at the fort. On Friday, they left in the steamer Gov- ernor Eamsey, which had been buUt at St. An- thony, and just commenced rimning between 122 EXPLOREES AND PIOJSEEBS OF MINNESOTA. that point and Sauk Eapids, for their homes in the wilderness of the Upper Mississippi. The summer of 1850 was the commencement of the navigation of the Minnesota Kiver by steamboats. With the exception of a steamer that made a pleasure excursion as far as Shokpay, in 1841, no large vessels had ever disturbed the waters of this stream. In June, the " Anthony Wayne," which a few weeks before had ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, made a trip. On the eighteenth of July she made a second trip, going almost to Mahkahto. 'The " Nominee " also navigated the stream for some distance. On the twenty-second of July the officers of the "Yankee," taking advantage of the high water, determined to navigate the stream as far as possible. The boat ascended to near the Cot- tonwood river. As the time for the general election in Septem- ber approached, considerable excitement was manifested. As there were no political issues before the people, parties were formed based on personal preferences. Among those nominated for delegate to Congress, by various meetings, were H. H. Sibley, the former delegate to Con- gress, David Olmsted, at that time engaged in the Indian trade, and A. M. Mitchell, the United States marshal. Mr. Olmsted withdrew his name before election day, and the contest was between those interested in Sibley and Mitchell. The friends of each betrayed the greatest zeal, and neither pains nor money were spared to in- sure success. Mr. Sibley was elected by a small majority. For the first time in the territory, soldiers at the garrisons voted at this election, and there was considerable discussion as to the propriety of such a course. Miss Fredrika Bremer, the well known Swedish noveUst, visited Minnesota in the month of October, and was the guest of Governor Ramsey. During November, the Dahkotah Tawaxitku Kin, or the Dahkotah Friend, a monthly paper, was commenced, one-half iu the Dahkotah and one-half in the English language. Its editor was the Eev. Gideon H. Pond, a Presbyterian mis- sionary, and its place of publication at Saint Paul. It was published for nearly two years, and, though it failed to attract the attention of the Indian mind, it conveyed to the English reader much correct information in relation to the habits, the belief, and superstitions, of the Dahkotahs. On the tenth of December, a new paper, owned and edited by Daniel A. Robertson, late United States marshal, of Ohio, and called the Minne- sota Democrat, made its appearance. During the summer there had been changes in the editorial supervision of the "Chronicle and Register." For a brief period it was edited by L. A. Babcock, Esq., who was succeeded by W. G. Le Due. About the time of the issuing of the Demo- crat, C. J. Henniss, formerly reporter for the United States Gazette, Philadelphia, became the editor of the Chronicle. The first proclamation for a thanksgiving day was issued in 1850 by the governor, and the twenty-sixth of December was the time appointed and it was generally observed. BVBKTS OF A. D. 1851. On Wednesday, January first, 1851, the second Legislative Assembly assembled in a three-story brick building, since deigtroyed by fire, that stood on St. Anthony street, between Washington and FrankUn. D. B. Loomis was chosen Speaker of the Council, and M. E. Ames Speaker of the House. This assembly was characterized bj more bitterness of feeUng than any that has since convened. The preceding delegate election had been based on personal preferences, and cliques and factions manifested themselves at an early period of the session. The locating of the penitentiary at Stillwater, and the capitol building at St. Paul gave some dissatisfaction. By the efforts of J. W. North, Esq., a bill creating the University of Minnesota at or near the Falls of St. Anthony, was passed, and signed by the Governor. This institution, by the State Constitution, is now Uie State Uni- versity. During the session of this Legislature, the pub- lication of the " Chronicle and Register" ceased. About the middle of JNIay, a war party of Dah- kotahs discovered near Swan River, an Ojibway with a keg of whisky. The latter escaped, with tlie loss of his keg. The war party, drinking the contents, became intoxicated, and, firing upon some teamrters they met driving their wagons with goods to the Indian Agency, killed one of LAWBS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI CEDED. 123 them, Andrew Swartz, a resident of St. Paul. The news was conveyed to Fort Eipley, and a party of soldiers, with Hole-in-the-Day as a guide, started in pursuit of the murderers, but did not succeed in capturing them. Through the influ- ence of Little Six the Dahkotah chief, whose vil- lage was at (and named after him) Shok- pay, five of the oflleiiders were arrested and placed in the guard-house at Fort SnelUng. On Monday, June ninth, they left the fort in a wagon, guarded by twenty-five dragoons, destined for Sauk Rapids for trial. As they departed they all sang their death song, and the coarse soldiers amused themselves by making signs that they were going to be hung. On the first evening of the journey the five culprits encamped with the twenty-five dragoons. Handcuffed, they were placed in the tent, and yet at midnight they all escaped, only one being wounded by the guard. What was more remarkable, the wounded man was the first to bring the news to St. Paul. Pro- ceeding to Kaposia, his wound was examined by the missionary and physician, Dr. WilUamson ; and then, fearing an arrest, he took a canoe and paddled up the Mmnesota. The excuse ofEered by the dragoons was, that all the guard but one fell asleep. The first paper published in Minnesota, beyond the capital, was the St. Anthony Express, which made its appearance during the last week of April or May. The most important event of the year 1851 was the treaty with the Dahkotahs, by which the west side of the Mississippi and the valley of the Minnesota Elver were opened to the hardy immi- grant. The commissioners on the part of the United States were Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian AfEairs, and Governor Eamsey. The place of meeting for the upper bands was Trav- erse des Sioux. The commission arrived there on the last of June, but were obliged to wait many days for the assembling of the various bands of Dahkotahs. On the eighteenth_of July, all those expected having arrived, the Sissetoans and Wahpaytoan Dahkotahs assembled in grand council with the United States commissioners. After the usual feastings and speeches, a treaty was concluded on Wednesday, July twenty-third. The pipe having been smoked by the commissioners, Lea and Eamsey, it was passed to the chiefs. The paper containing the treaty was then read in English and translated into the Dahkotah by the Eev. S. E. Eiggs, Presbyterian Missionary among this people. This finished, the chiefs came up to the secretary's table and touched the pen; the white men present then witnessed the document, and nothing remained but the ratification of the United States Senate to open that vast country for the residence of the hardy immigrant. During-the first week in August, a treaty was also concluded beneath an oak bower, on Pilot Knob, Mendota, with the M'dewakantonwan and Wahpaykootay bands of Dahkotahs. About sixty of the chiefs and principal men touched the pen, and Little Crow, who had been in the mission- school at Lac qui Parle, signed his own name. Before they separated. Colonel Lea and Governor Eamsey gave them a few words of advice on various subjects connected with their future well- being, but particularly on the subject of educa- tion and temperance. The treaty was interpret- ed to them by the Eev. G. H. Pond, a gentleman who was conceded to be a most correct speaker of the Dahkotah tongue. The day after the treaty these lower bands received thirty thousand dollars, which, by the treaty of 1837, was set apart for education ; but, by the misrepresentations of Interested half- breeds, the Indians were made to beUeve that it ought to be given to them to be employed as they pleased. The next week, with their sacks filled with money, they thronged the streets of St. Paul, purchasing whatever pleased their fancy. On the seventeenth of September, a new paper was commenced in St. Paul, under* the auspices of the "Whigs," and John P. Owens became editor, which relation he sustained until the fall of 1867. The election for members of the legislature and county ofllcers occurred on the fourteenth of October ; and, for the first time, a regular Demo- cratic ticket was placed before the people. The parties called themselves Democratic and Anti- organization, or Coahtion. In the month of 2f ovember Jerome Fuller ar- rived, and took the place of Judge Goodrich as Chief Justice of Minnesota, who was removed ; and, about the same time, Alexander Wilkin was 124 BXPLOBEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. appointed secretary of the territory in place of C. K. Smith. The eighteenth of December, pursuant to proclamation, was observed as a day of Thanks- giving. EVENTS OF A. D. 1852. The third Legislative Assembly commenced its sessions in one of the edifices on Third below Jackson street, which became a portion of the Merchants' Hotel, on the seventh of January, 1852. This session, compared with the previous, formed a contrast as great as that between a boisterous day in March and a calm June morn- ing. The minds of the population were more deeply interested in the ratification of the treaties made with the Dahkotahs, than in political dis- cussions. Among other legislation of Interest was the creation of Hennepin county. On Saturday, the fourteenth of February, a dog-train arrived at St. Paul from the north, with the distinguished Arctic explorer, Dr. Eae. He had been in search of the long-missing Sir John Pranklin, by way of the Mackenzie river, and was now on his way to Europe. On the fourteenth of May, an interesting lusus natursB occurred at Stillwater. On the prairies, beyond the elevated bluffs which encircle the business portion of the town, there is a lake which discharges its waters through a ravine, and sup- plied McKusick's mill. Owing to heavy rains, the hills became saturated with water, and the lake very full. Before daylight the citizens heard the " voice of many waters," and looking out, saw rushing down through the ravine, trees, gravel and diluvium. Nothing impeded its course, and as it issued from the ravine it spread over the town site, covering up barns and small tenements, and, continuing to the lake shore, it materially improved the landing, by a deposit of many tons of earth. One of the editors of the day, alluding to the fact, quaintly remarked, that "it was a very extraordinary movement of real estate." During the summer, Elijah Terry, a young man who had left St. Paul the previous March, and went to Pembina, to act as teacher to the mixed bloods in that vicinity, was murdered un- der distressing circumstances. With a bois bnile he had started to the woods on the morning of his death, to hew timber. While there he was fired upon by a small party of Dahkotahs ; a ball broke his arm, and he was pierced with arrows. His Scalp was wrenched from his head, and was afterwards seen among Sisseton Dahkotahs, near Big Stone Lake. About the last of August, the pioneer editor of Minnesota, James M. Goodhue, died. At the November Term of the United States District Court, of Eamsey county, a Dahkotah, named Yu-ha-zee, was tried for the murder of a German woman. With others she was travel- ing above Shokpay, when a party of Indians, of whom the prisoner was one, met them; and, gathering about the wagon, were much excited. The prisoner punched the woman first with his gun, and, being threatened by one of the party, loaded and fired, killing the woman and wound- ing one of the men. On the day of his trial he was escorted from Fort Snelling by a company of mounted dragoons in full dress. It was an impressive scene to witness the poor Indian half hid in his blanket, in a buggy with the civil officer, surrounded with all the pomp and circumstance of war. The jury found him guUty. On being asked if he had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed, he replied, through the Interpreter, that the band to which he belonged would remit their annuities if he could be released. To this Judge Hayner, the successor of Judge Fuller, repUed, that he had no authority to release him; and, ordering him to rise, after some appropriate and impressive remarks, he pro- nounced the first sentence of death ever pro- nounced by a judicial officer in Minnesota. The prisoner trembled while the judge spoke, and was a piteous spectacle. By the statute of Min- nesota, then, one convicted of murder could not be ex( cuted until twelve months had elapsed, and he was confined until the governor of the ter- orrity should by warrant order his execution. EVENTS OF A. D. 1853. The fourth Legislative Assembly convened on the fifth of January, 1853, in the two story brick edifice at the comer of Third and Minnesota streets. The Council chose Martin McLeod as presiding officer, and the House Dr. David Day, INDIAN FIGHT IN 8TBBBI8 OF ST. PAUL. 126 Speaker. Governor Ramsey's message was an interesting document. The Baldwin school, now known as Macalester College, was incorporated at this session of the legislature, and was opened the following June. On the ninth of April, a party of Ojibways killed a Dahkotah, at the village of Shokpay. A war party, from Kaposia, then proceeded up the valley of the St. Croix, and killed an Ojibway. On the morning of the twenty-seventh, a band of Ojibway warriors, naked, decked, and fiercely gesticulating, might have been seen in the busiest street of the capital, in search of their enemies. Just at that time a small party of women, and one man, who had lost a leg in the battle of StUl- water, arrived in a canoe from Kaposia, at the Jackson street landing. Perceiving the Ojib- ways, they retreated to the building then known as the " Pioneer " ofllce, and the Ojibways dis- charging a volley through the windows, wotmded a Dahkotah woman who soon died. For a short time, the infant capital presented a sight similar to that witnessed in ancient days in Hadley or Deerfield, the then frontier towns of Massachusetts. Messengers were despatched to Fort Snelling for the dragoons, and a party of citizens mounted on horseback, were quickly in pursuit of those who with so much boldness had sought the streets of St. Paul, as a place to avenge their wrongs. The dragoons soon fol- lowed, Avith Indian guides scenting the track of the Ojibways, Uke bloodhounds. The next day they discovered the transgressors, near the Falls of St. Croix. The Ojibways manifesting what was supposed to be an insolent spirit, the order was given by the lieutenant in command, to fire, and he whose scalp was afterwards daguerreo typed, and which was engraved for Graham's Magazine, wallowed in gore. During the summer, the passenger, as he stood on the hurricane deck of any of the steamboats, might have seen, on a scalfold on the bluffs in the rear of Kaposia, a square box covered with a coarsely fringed red cloth. Above it was sus- pended a piece of the Ojibway's scalp, whose death had caused the affray in the streets of St. Paul. Within, was the body of the woman who had been shot in the " Pioneer " building, while seeking refuge. A scalp suspended over the corpse is supposed to be a consolation to the soul, and a great protection In the journey to the spirit land. On the accession of Pierce to the presidency of the United States, the officers appointed under the Taylor and Fillmore administrations were removed, and the following gentlemen substitu- ted : Governor, W. A. Gorman, of Indiana ; Sec- retary, J. T. Eosser, of Virginia ; Chief Justice, W. H. Welch, of Minnesota ; Associates, Moses Sherburne, of Maine, and A. G. Chatfield, of Wisconsin. One of the first official acts of the second Governor, was the making of a treaty with the Winnebago Indians at Watab, Benton county, for an exchange of country. On the twenty-ninth of June, D. A. Eohertson, who by his enthusiasm and earnest advocacy of its principles had done much to organize the Democratic party of Minnesota, retired from the editorial chair and was succeeded by David Olm- sted. At the election held in October, Henry M. Eice and Alexander Wilkin were candidates for deligate to Congress. The former was elect- ed by a decisive majority. 126 EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XXIII. EVENTS FKOM A. D. 1854 TO THE ADMISSION OF MINNESOTA TO THE UNION. Fifth Legislature — Execution ofYuhnzee — Sixth Legislature — First bridge over the Mississippi — i^ctio Explorer— Seventh Legislature — Indian girl killed near Bloomington Ferry — Eighth Legislature — Attempt to Remove the Capital — Special Session of the Legit-lature — Convention to frame a State Constitution — Admission of Minnesota to the Union. The fifth session of the legislature was com- menced in the building just completed as the Capitol, on January fourth, 1854. The President of the Council was S. B. Olmstead, and the Speak- er of the House of Eepresentatives was N. C. D. Taylor. Governor Gorman delivered his first annual message on the tenth, and as his predecessor, urged the importance of railway communications, and dwelt upon the necessity of fostering the in- terests of education, and of the lumbermen. The exciting bill of the session was the act in- corporating the Minnesota and Northwestern Railroad Company, introduced by Joseph E. Brown. It was passed after the hour of midnight on the last day of the session. Contrary to the expectation of his friends, the Governor signed the biU. On the afternoon of December twenty-seventh, the first public execution in Minnesota, in accord- ance with the forms of law, took place. Yu-ha- zee, the Dahkotah who had been convicted in November, 1852, for the murder of a German woman, above Shokpay, was the individual. The scafEold was erected on the open space be- tween an inn called the Franklin House and the rear of the late Mr. J. W. Selby's enclosure in St. Paul. About two o'clock, the prisoner, dressed in a white shroud, left the old log pris- on, near the court house, and entered a carriage with the oflScers of the law. Being assisted up the steps that led to the scaffold, he made a few remarks in his own language, and was then exe- cuted. Numerous ladies sent in a petition to the governor, asking the pardon of the Indian, to which that officer in declining made an appro- priate reply. EVENTS OF A. D. 1855. The sixth session of the legislature convened on the third of January, 1855. W. P. Murray was elected President of the CouncU, and James S. Norris Speaker of the House. About the last of January, the two houses ad- journed one day, to attend the exercises occa- sioned by the opening of the first bridge of any kind, over the mighty Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. It was at Falls of Saint Anthony, and made of wire, and at the time of its opening, the patent for the land on which the west piers were built, had not been issued from the Land Ofiice, a striking evi- dence of the rapidity with which the city of Minneapolis, which now surroimds the Falls, has developed. On the twenty-ninth of March, a convention was held at Saint Anthony, which led to the formation of the EepubUcan party of Minnesota. This body took measures for the holding of a territorial convention at St. Paul, which con- vened on the twenty-fifth of July, and William E. Marshall was nominated as delegate to Con- gress. Shortly after the friends of Mr. Sibley nominated David Olmsted and Henry M. Eice, the former delegate was also a candidate. The contest was animated, and resulted in the elec- tion of Mr. Eice. About noon of December twelfth, 1855, a four- horse vehicle was seen driving rapidly through St. Paul, and deep was the interest when it was announced that one of the Arctic exploring party, Mr. James Stewart, was on his way to Canada with relics of the world -renowned and world- mourned Sir John Frankhn. Gathering together the precious fragments found on Montreal Island and vicinity, the party had left the region of ice- bergs on the ninth of August, and after a con- tinued land journey from that time, had reached PB0P08MD BBMO VAL OF THE SEAT OF GO VJUM-NMUJ^T. 127 Saint Paul on that day, en mute to the Hudson Bay Company's quarters in Canada. EVENTS OF A. D. 1856. The seventh session of the Legislative Assem- bly was begun on the second of January, 1856, and again the exciting question was the Minne- sota and Northwestern Eailroad Company. John B. Brisbin was elected President of the Council, and Charles Gardner, Speaker of the House. This year was comparatively devoid of Interest. The citizens of the territory were busily engaged in making claims in newly organized counties, and in enlarging the area of civilization. On the twelfth of June, several Ojibways entered the farm house of Mr. WhaUon, who re- sided in Hennepin county, on the banks of the Minnesota, a mUe below the Bloomington ferry. The wife of the farmer, a friend, and.tliree child- ren, besides a little Dahkotah girl, who had been brought up in the mission-house at Kaposia, and so changed in manners that her origin was scarcely perceptible, were sitting in the room when the Indians, came in. Instantly seizing the little Indian maiden, they threw her out of the door, killed and scalped her, and fled before the men who were near by, in the field, could reach the house. EVENTS OF A. D. 1857. The procurement of a state organization, and a grant of lands for railroad purposes, were the topics of political interest during the year 1857. The eighth Legislative Assembly convened at the capitol on the seventh of January, and J. B. Brisbin was elected President of the Council, and J. W. Furber, Speaker of the House. A bill changing the seat of government to Saint Peter, on the Minnesota Eiver, caused much discussion. — .---'"<-'iv- - On Saturday, February twenty -eighth, Mr. Balcombe offered a resolution to report the bill for the removal of the seat of government, and should Mr. Eolette, chairman of the committee, fail, that W. "W. Wales, of said committee, report a copy of said bill. Mr. Setzer, after the reading of the resolution, moved a call of the Council, and Mr. Eolette was found to be absent. The chair ordered the ser- geant at arms to report Mr Eolette in his seat. Mr. Balcombe moved that fnrther proceedings under the call be dispensed with ; which did not prevail. From that time until the next Thursday afternoon, March the fifth, a period of one hun- dred and twenty-three hours, the Council re- mained in their chamber without recess. At that time a motion to adjourn prevailed. On Friday another motion was made to dispense with the call of the Council, which did not prevail. On Saturday, the Council met, the president declared the call still pending. At seven and a half p. m., a committee of the House was announced. The chair ruled, that no communication from the House coTild be received while a call of the Coun- cil was pending, and the committee withdrew. A motion was again mad^ during the last night of the session, to dispense with all further pro- ceedings rmder the call, which prevailed, with one vote only in the negative. Mr. Ludden then moved that a committee be appointed to wait on the Governor, and inquire if he had any further communication to make to the Council. Mr. Lowry moved a call of the Council, which was ordered, and the roll being called, Messrs. Eolette, Thompson and TiUotson were absent. At twelve o'clock at night the president re- sumed the chair, and annoimced that the time limited by law for the continuation of the session of the territorial legislature had expired, and he therefore declared the Council adjourned and the seat of government remained at Saint Paul. The excitement on the capital question was in- tense, and it was a strange scene to see members of the Council, eating and sleeping in the hall of legislation for days, waiting for the sergeant-at- arms to report an absent member in his seat. On the twenty-third of February, 1857, an act passed the United States Senate, to authorize the people of Minnesota to form a constitution, preparatory to their admission into the Union on an equal footuig with the original states. Governor Gorman called a special session of the legislature, to take into consideration measures that would give efficiency to the act. The extra session convened on April twenty- seventh, and a message was transmitted by Sam- uel Medary, who had been appointed governor in place of W. A. Gorman, whose term of oflSce 128 BXPLOBEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. had expired. The extra session adjourned on tlie twenty-third of May ; and in accordance witli the provisions of tlie enabling act of Con- gress, an election was held on the first Monday ill June, for delegates to a convention which was to assemble at the capitol on the second Monday in July. The election resulted, as was thought, in giving a majority of delegates to the Kepubli- can party. At midnight previous to the day fixed for the meeting of the convention, the Republicans pro- ceeded to the capitol, because the enabling act had not fixed at what hour on the second Mon- day the convention should assemble, and fear- ing that the Democratic delegates might antici- pate them, and elect the oflEicers of the body. A little before twelve, a. m., on Monday, the secretary of the territory entered the speaker's rostrum, and began to call the body to order; and at the same time a delegate, J. W. North, who had in his possession a written request from the majority of the delegates present, proceeded to do the- same thing. The secretary of the ter- ritory put a motion to adjourn, and the Demo- cratic members present voting in the affirmative, they left the hall. The Republicans, feeling that they were in the majority, remained, and in due time organized, and proceeded with the business specified in the enabling act, to form a constitu- tion, and. take all necessary steps for the estab- lishment of a state government, in conformity with the Federal Constitution, subject to the approval and ratification of the people of the proposed state. After several days the Democratic wing also organized in the Senate chamber at the capitol, and, claiming to be the true body, also proceeded to form a constitution. Both parties were re- markably orderly and intelligent, and everything was marked by perfect decorum. After they had been in session some weeks, moderate counsels prevailed, and a committee of conference was appointed from each body, which resulted in both adopting the constitution framed by the Democratic wing, on the twenty-ninth of Aug- gust. According to the provision of the consti- tution, an election was held for state officers and the adoption of the constitution, on the second Tuesday, the thirteenth of October. The constitution was adopted by almost a unanimous vote. It provided that the territorial officers should retain their offices until the state was ad- mitted into the Union, not anticipating the long delay which was experienced. The first session of the state legislature com- menced on the first Wednesday of December, at the capitol, in the city of Saint Paul ; and during the month elected Henry M. Rice and James Shields as their Representatives in the United States Senate. EVENTS OF A. D. 1858. On the twenty-ninth of January, 1858, Mr. Douglas submitted a bill to the United States Senate, for the admission of Minnesota into the Union. On the first of February, a discussion arose on the bill, in which Senators Douglas, Wilson, Gwin, Hale, Mason, Green, Brown, and Crittenden participated. Brovm, of ISIississippi, was opposed to the admission of Minnesota, un- til the Kansas question was settled. Mr. Crit- tenden, as a Southern man, could not endorse £ill that was said by the Senator from Mississippi ; and his words of wisdom and moderation during this day's discussion, were worthy of remem- brance. On April the seventh, the bill passed the Senate with only three dissenting votes ; and in a short time the House of Representatives concurred, and on May the eleventh, the Presi- dent approved, and ilinnesota was fully rec- ognized as one of the United States of America. OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA FROM 1858 TO 1881. CHAPTER XXIV. ADMISSION AND OEGANIZATION OF THE STATE. Admission of the State. — Its want of Kesources.— The Hard Times.— Commence- ment of Railroad Building.— The State Railroad Bonds Discredited.— " Wild- Cat" Banking Scheme.- The Wright County War.— Failure of the State Loan Scheme.— Attempted Adjustment of the Dilemma. — Partial return of Good Times.— The Political Campaign of I860.— Secession Movement.— Prospect of War, &a., &c. On May 11th, 1858, the act of Congress admit- ting Minnesota to the Union, became a law, and our State took her place among the sisterhood of republics, the thirty-second in the order of admis- sion, and had thenceforth a voice in the national councils. On the 24th of May, the State officers elect were quietly sworn in, in the Executive Eooms in the Capitol, and the machinery of the State government was put in motion. The out- look for the little commonwealth at this time, was far from propitious. The terrible financial revulsion of the previous year had prostrated all business, destroyed values, undermined confi- dence, depressed the energies and ambition of the people, and almost entirely checked immigra- tion. There was but limited agriculture (a large portion of the bread-stuffs used being imported), little accumulated wealth, and that mostly based on real estate, now unsaleable, money command- ing two per cent, a month; no established indus- tries or manufactures, not a mile of railroad, no sound banks or currency, no system for raising revenue, and not a cent of money in the State treasury. In fact the State was considerably in debt. The loan of $250,000 authorized by the Legislature the winter previous, was not yet real- ized on. Meantime, denominational treasury 9 warrants, bearmg interest, were used as currency, w^hile town and county " scrip " were generally circulated among the people as money. It was under such gloomy circumstances as these, that the State began its career. An adjourned session of the Legislature was held in July, but little or nothing could be done for the relief of the people from the financial strin- gency or other troubles surrounding them . Some relief was hoped for from the building of the land grant railroads, which were generally got under way during the summer, but there was not as much money disbursed by the companies or contractors, as had been anticipated. The direct- ors of the roads hurried their first ten mUe sec- tions of grading to completion as rapidly as possi- ble, and as soon as they were entitled to bonds, according to the terms of the constitutional amendment, applied to Gov. Sibley for the same. He declined to issue them unless the roads would give the State first mortgage bonds in equal amounts, giving it a priority of lien. This the land grant companies refused to accede to, and applied to the Supreme Court of the State, for a writ of mandamus, to compel Gov. Sibley to issue the bonds, as demanded by them. The writ was issued on November 12th, and left the Executive no alternative in the premises, so the bonds were issued. Efforts were at once made to negotiate them in the New York market. The harvest this year, although a greatly in- creased area was sown, was almost a failure, and — '- — (129) 130 OUTLINES OF THE SISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. bread-stuffs were still largely imported. Every- body was in tbc most desperate straits financially. A winter of gloom nnd depression set in, such as has never boen experienced in the history of the Northwest, and, it is scarcely probable, ever will be again. The price of labor, for such as could get employment at all, touched an unprecedentedly low figure, though, fortunately, the cost of living had declined in the same ratio. Meantime, the ne- gotiation of the bonds in New York, proceeded very slowly. Capitalists were very unwilling to invest in them, as already some journals in the State had predicted the failure and break-down of the whole scheme, added to pretty clearly ex- pressed threats that the bonds would be repudi- ated. Anxious to save the credit of the State, and prevent a disastrous ending of the measure, Gov. Sibley went to New York in person, about the close of the year (1858) and gave his best en- deavors to aid the pending negotiation of the bonds ; but the capitalists there, alarmed at the hostile tone of newspapers in the State, finally refused to touch them at all. The only recourse now loft for the holders of the bonds, and those interested in the railroad scheme, was to use them as a security for the issue of bank notes, under the recently enacted general banking law. Purported sales at^ninety-five cents on the dollar having been certified to the State Auditor, he re- ceived a large number at this figure, and procured for the owners currency in like amount. Mean- time, work was progressing on the four land grant roadc. No session of the legislature was held in the winter of 18S8-'9. The stringency increased with each montli. The newspapers of the state which survived, were crowded with mortgage foreclosure advertisements. Taxes were scarcely paid at all, and the warrants, or scrip, of both State and counties, depreciated, in some in- stances, to forty or fifty cents on the dollar. These were soon replaced by the issues of the new banks based on the state raih-oad bonds which now began to flood the State, until tlie names "Glencoe,' " Owatonna,'' " Ln Crosse and La Crescent," &c., were fcniliar words. These issues were regarded with considerable dis- trust from the outset. Bankers in the state re- ceived them with much disfeUsh, and generally at a discount, while outside the state, they scarcely circulated at all. The Chicago papers, and some financial journals in New York, classed them as "wild-eat." Their issue was pushed for a few weeks, however, until in the spring of 1859 over $200,000 of the currency was in circulation. There were, in addition to these " raUroad banks," several based on Minnesota 8 per cents, which were actually worth par. During the summer of 18o9 the reported discov- ery of gold on Frazer River, and other points in British North America, called the attention of the people of Minnesota to the importance of an over- land route to the Pacific, which might ultimately lead the way for a northern railroad route. Meet- ings were held, and money was subscribed, to equip a train to open a wagon road via the north- em bend of the Missouri Elver. Col. Wm. II. Nobles was placed in command of the expedi- tion, which left St. Paul on June 11, and pro- ceeded safely through. Another important step towards settling the regions beyond us, was the successful navigation of Ked River, by a steamer launched this season. The Minnesota Stage Com- pany also established a line to the Red River. The " Wright county war," as it has been far cetiously termed, occurred this summer. In the fall of 1858, one H. A. "Wallace was murdered in "Wright county, and a neighbor, named Oscar F. Jackson, was tried for the offense in the spring of 1859, and acquitted. On April 25, a crowd of men assembled, and hung Jackson to the gable end of "Wallace's cabin. Gov. Sibley offered a re- ward for the conviction of any of the lynchers. Not long afterwards one Emery Moore was ar- rested on charge of being concerned in the out- rage, and was taken to "Wright County for trial, but was rescued by a mob. Go\-. Sibley at once decided to take vigorous steps to maintain the majesty of the law. A military force was called out, and three companies dispatched (Aug. 5) to Monticollo to arrest the rioters. The troops pro- ceeded to Monticello, reinforced the civil author- ities, arrested eleven lynchers and rescuers, and turned them over to the civil authorities. Hav- ing vindicated the supremacy of law and order, the bloodless expedition returned. The financial condition had meantime been growing worse. Early in June, the brokers of the state had combined to depreciate the " Glen coe money," as the railroad currency was called, ADMISSION' AND OBGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 131 and as several sums which, had been presented at the banks for redemption, were not redeemed, they were protested, and the state auditor was compelled to advertise the securities for sale. This caused a still further depreciation of the money, until shortly it was scarcely current on any terms. Meantime all work on the land grant lines had been finally and completely suspended, and $2,275,000 of the state bonds had been issued. In October, it was stated that the bonds had been sold as low as ten cents on the dollar. The cou- pons due on Dec. 1, 1859, were unpaid, and the companies holding the bonds declared in default. The whole scheme had thus been brought to a complete failure, and was now practically aban- doned, while not a mile of road had been com- pleted. The hard times, and the failure of the real es- tate speculative era, had one good result, how- ever, which was, to turn increased attention to agriculture. A greatly enlarged area was sown, and the agricultural resources of the State began to be known as the true source of its wealth. For the first time, breadstuffs were exported, and immigration began again. The fall of this year witnessed a bitter political fight. Two years before, the parties had been pretty evenly divided. This campaign each one spent its full force and energy, and had nomina- ted for state officers their most popular men. The election took place on Oct. 11. Hon. Alex. Eamsey was chosen governor, by a vote of 21,335, over Hon. George L. Becker, who received 17,532. The legislature which met on Dec. 7, was largely republican. The most important work which came before this session was some adjustment of the dilemma into which the state had fallen, through the adop- tion of the loan amendment. Nearly the entire session was consumed in debating various plans of extrication without much fruit. The loan amendment was expimged, however, and a new amendment was framed for submission to the people, providing that there should be no further issue of bondn; to the companies; also, that no law levying a tax to pay either principal or interest on the bonds already issued, should beof any force or effect, until ratified by a popular vote. These constitutional amendments were adopted by a large majority of votes, in the fall of the same year. The governor was also directed to foreclose the deeds of trust given to secure interest on the bonds loaned, and bid oif and purchase the prop- erty sold, in the name of the state. This was done, the following summer, and the state again secured the forfeited rights, franchises and land grants. The Federal census taken this year (1860), showed that the state had a population of 172,- 123. The harvest was a good one, and business was considerably revived. Immigration was be- ginning to become brisk, and building in the towns and cities was perceptibly increasing, while the tilled area was receiving great additions. It seemed that the " hard times " had about ceased, and the hope of prosperous days was be- ginning to enliven all. But this gleam of sun- shine was of short duration. The memora- ble presidential contest of that year, the first in which Minnesota had a voice, was a period of un- precedented heat and excitement. The electoral vote of Minnesota was cast for Abraham Lincoln by a very large majority, he receiving 22,069, Douglas, 11,920, Breckenridge 748, and Bell 62. It was not long before the disunion cloud arose in the slave states, and the mutterings of rebell- ion began to be heard. It was a period of doubt and forebodings. The currency used generally in the state, being largely based on the bonds of seceding states, became greatly depreciated. All classes suffered much loss, business became de- pressed, real estate unsalable, and soon a condi- tion of distress ensued, almost equal to the dark- est days of the panic, three years before. The iBgislature of 1861 considered the railroad question at length, and passed acts designed to facilitate the construction of the land grant roads by turning over the forfeited franchises of the old companies to new organizations, believed to be able to complete them. The Lake Superior and Mississippi Eailroad Company was also char- tered. The secession movement progressed steadily during the winter, and it soon became apparent to all that war was inevitable. Lincoln was in- augurated, but his address promised only coer- cion, and coercion war. The feeble and unreal movements for compromise and conciliation all failed. Meantime business in this state was daily growing worse. Large numbers were out of em- ployment, and anticipating still further disaster- 132 OVTLINES OF THE BISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XXV. MrN'NESOTA'S SI-IABB IN SUPPRESSING THE REBELLION. The War Actually Begun. — Excitemeut of the Period. — Minnesota Called on for One Regiment.— Iteoruiting Vigorously Begun. — The First Regiment Mus- tered in for Three Years.— It is Ordered to Washingtoni— A Second Regiment called for and Recruited. — The First Engaged at Bull Run. — Contributions for thcRelicf of the Sick and Wounded. — Progress of Railroad Building. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Regiments Called For.— Battle of Mill Springs. — Railroad legislation.— Battle of Pittsburg Landing.— A Sixth Regiment Authorized. — Currency Trxjubles. — Expeditions to Idaho. — First Railroad Completed.— Gal- lantry of Minnesota Troops in the South. —The Seven Days Fight.— Heavy Levies of Men Called For, — The Seventh, Eighth, Minth, and Tenth Regiments Ordered. Saturday, April 13, 1861, was a dark day in the annals of our state. The telegraph brought the unwelcome news of the attack on Fort Sumter, and it was seen that war was inevitable. The bulletin boards of the newspaper offices were sur- rounded all day with an excited and anxious crowd, but courage and determination were every- where visible. The next day was the Sabbath, bright and balmy. The churches had but meagre audiences that day. All day knots of angry and excited men gathered on the streets, con- versing on the startliag events of the time. On Monday, the proclamation of President Lincoln was received, calling for 75,000 volun- teers for three months' service, and assigning to Minnesota one regiment. Gov. Ramsey, who was in Washington, had already tendered to the Pres- ident, in person, a like force. Lt. Gov. Donnelly at once issued a proclamation calling on the citi- zens of Minnesota to enlist, and Adjt. Gen. Acker issued a general order giving the needed instructions. In all the principal towns and cities of the state, public meetings were at once held, and enlistment stations opened. A fervid pat- riotism pervaded all ranks. " The war" was the sole topic of conversation. Everything else, evt^n business, to a large extent, was suspended for the time. Never, and in no other state, was a peo- ple so imbued with warlike zeal. In four or five days ten companies, in various locahties, had been raised and accepted by Adjt. General San- born (Gen. Acker having resigned to recruit a company. ) Fort Snelling having been designated by the war department as a school of instruc- tion, the companies were rendezvoused there, and by the 25th were all in their quarters, and busily engaged in drilling. The regimental oflB- eers were announced on the 29th, and on that day. two weeks from the time when the president's call was received, the " Immortal First," over one thousand strong, was mustered into service, for three months, with Ex-Gov. Gorman as Colonel. Scarcely was this accomplished, when the Wax Department decided that it could only be received as a three years regiment, and it became neces- sary to at once renew the enlistments on that basis. After a few days delay, enough recruits were received, and mustered in, to fiU a three years regiment, and it was accepted on that basis. The War Department, contrary to the hopes of the men, at first ordered the companies to garrison the various posts in and near the state, relieving the regulars stationed there, and some detachments had already left for their posts, when the need of more troops for the Virginia campaign became imminent, and the order was countermanded and the First Regiment directed to proceed at once to Washington. The compa- nies were quickly reassembled at Fort Snelling, and, on June 22d, left that post by boat, arriving in Washington on June 26th. In the various cities through which the First passed, they were re- ceived with patriotic demonstrations of respect, and it was noticed by the press as a remarkable fact that 11 young commonwealth, unknown and almost without population a dozen years before, could now send to the defense of the Union a reg- iment of such stalwart and brave soldiers. Meantime, the war spirit which had been aroused in the State, was not content with send- ing one regiment. There were numbers, in fact several almost full companies, who had tried to get admission into the First, but were too late, and were anxious to go. This fact being made MINNESOTA'S SHABE IN SUPFBESSING THE BEBELLION. 133 known by Gov. Eamsey on May 3(1, to the Secre- tary of War, lie at once authorized the raising of a second regiment, and the recruiting for the same was proceeded with, with alacrity. The regiment was filled to the minimum, and mustered in on June 26th, with the gallant Van Cleve as Colonel, and rendezvoused at Fort Snelling, for the time being, some of the companies, mean- time, garrisoning the forts in and near Minnesota. The First Regiment on reaching "Washington, was, after a few days of camp life at Alexandria, pushed to the front, and took an active part with Heintzelman's Division, in McDowell's campaign against Manassas, acquitting itself well. On July 21st, scarcely more than three weeks after its arrival in the field, it took part in the memorable battle of Bull Bun, in which disastrous engagement it lost 174 men, of whom 44 were killed, 107 wounded, and 23 taken prisoners. The gallantry of the men, and their fine conduct in the heat of battle, gained the regiment as well as our State, great praise ; but the sad news of the loss it suffered, filled our citizens with gloom. The magnitude and solemnity of the great strug- gle in which the nation had engaged, began to be realized, while the sympathy and benevolence of the citizens of the State, especially the ladies, was aroused by the wants of the wounded and sick soldiers in the hospitals, and a general move- ment made for such contributions of money and clothing and delicacies suitable for invalids. Kearly |2,000 In money alone, was promptly con- tributed, and sent to the Chaplain of the First. This was the commencement of a splendid stream of gifts towards the same object, which continued to flow during the whole four years of the war, the Sanitary and Christian Commissions being soon after organized as a means of collecting and distributing relief. In no State, during the strug- gle for the Union, was found a more patriotic, Uberal, actively generous people, than in Minne- sota. Not long after the battle of Bull Eun, the First Eegiment went into camp between PoolesvUle and Edwards Ferry, Maryland, for winter quar- ters, remaining there several months. While these events were occurring, the mate- rial progress of our State was receiving an im- pulse. CapitaUsts from Ohio were induced, under the legislation of the last winter, to embark In the completion of the " Minnesota and Pacific Eail- road," from St. Paul to St. Anthony. This line had been partially graded three years before, and with little labor was made ready for the super- structure. Ties and rails for several miles were provided, and tracli-laying commenced. A loco- motive and cars arrived, and the first wheel turned by a locomotive in this State, was on Sep- tember 19th. At this juncture, unfortunately, a disagreement sprang up between the contractors and the officers of the road, and resulted in a sus- pension of the work for several months. Business remained very much depressed all the season, a result, In part, of the miserable cur- rency used in trade. Eecruiting for the second regiment did not cease until September, by which time all the companies were filled to the maximum, and the battalion was ready for service on southern fields. Meantime a company of Sharp-Shooters had been recruited by Capt. Peteler, and having been ac- cepted (Sept. 3d), left on Oct. 6th for Virginia, where they were attached to Berdan's U. S. sharp-shooters. Congress, at its Special session, commencing July 4th, had authorized the raising of 500,000 troops. Under this call Minnesota was called on for two more regiments, on Sept 17th. There were already some partially completed companies, and recruiting commenced vigorously in all parts of the state. Up to this time all the troops re- cruited had been for the infantry service, but in order to give all who wished to enlist, their pref- erence for the different arms of service, cavalry, and artillery organizations were commenced. Three companies of cavalry were authorized, and began to receive recruits, while a battery of light artillery was gotten under way. On Oct. 3d, Capt. N. J. T. Dana, formerly of the regular army, was commissioned as Colonel of the First, vice Gorman, who-had been pro- moted to Brigadier General. On Oct. 14, the Second Eegiment left for Vir- ginia, but at Pittsburgh was ordered to Louis- ville, Ky., and soon after went Into camp at Leb- anon Junction, where they remained some weeks, guarding bridges. On Oct. 29th, the Third Eegiment was announced as organized, and Hen- ry C. Lester appointed Colonel. On Nov. 16th the Third left for Kentucky, and were employed in 134 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. the same service as the Second, near which they were encamped for some weeks. The Fourth Regiment was filled nearly at the same time, and Adjt. Gen. John B. Sanborn appointed Colonel. It was retained in the state, doing garrison duty, until spring. On Oct. 19th the First Regiment participated in the action at Edwards Ferry, suffering small loss, but making a noble record for gallantry. The state election occurred on Oct. 9th. Parti- san politics were not much noticeable in this con- test. Alex. Ramsey was te-elected for governor, by a vote of 16,274 over E. 0. Hamlin, who had 10,448. The three cavalry companies, commanded re- spectively by Capts. Von Minden, Brackett, and West, were ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., in December, and incorporated into an Iowa troop called Curtis Horse, and subsequently Third Iowa Cavalry. The First Battery Light Artillery, Capt.Mrmch, also left for St. Louis Dec. 1st, and was soon after ordered to Pittsburgh Landing. During this month a Fifth Regiment was authorized, and considerable progress made in filling it. On January 19th, 1862, occurred the memora- ble battle of Mill Springs, in which our Second Regiment won a national reputation. Early on that day, the enemy, under Gen. ZoUlcofEer, at- tacked the union forces. Col. Van Cleve says in his official report: " After proceeding about half a mile, we came iipon the enemy, who were posted behind a fence along the road, beyond which was an open field, broken by ravines. The enemy, opening upon us a galling fire, fought desperate- ly, and a hand to hand fight ensued which lasted about thirty minutes. * * * The enemy gave way, leaving a large number of their dead and wounded on the field. * * * We joined in the pursuit, which continued till near sunset, when we arrived within a mile of their intrench- ments, where we rested upon our arms during the night. * •■* * Six hinidred of our regi- ment were in the engagement, twelve of whom were killed and thirty-three; woimded." Gen. ZolUcoffer himself was among the enemy slain. Private George G. Strong, of Company D, is thought to have killed BailUe Peyton, a promi- nent rebel oflicer. The news of the victory at Mill Springs, oecur- ing, as it did, during a period of depression, was like a gleam of sunshine, and our Second Regi- ment won bright laurels for their gallantry. For meritorious service in this engagement. Col. Van Cleve was soon after promoted to Brigadier Gen- eral. On Feb. 24th Capt. Alfred SuUy was commis- sioned colonel of the First Regiment, vice Dana, promoted to Brigadier General. The legislature of 1862 had many important questions under consideration, prominent among which were those measures providing for military necessities, and putting the state on a " war foot- ing." The work of releasing the land grant rail- roads from the entanglements resulting from the old five-million loan, and bestowing the franchis- es on real capitalists, who would undertake to build in good faith, was another of the important measures of the session. The latter work was successfully accomplished in most cases. On the line of the Minnesota & Pacific, between St. Paul and St. Anthony, work was recommenced and pushed vigorously. On April 6th the battle of Pittsburg Landing occurred. The only Minnesota troops engaged in this conflict was the First Battery, which was in the heat of the action at several points. Sev- eral cannoneers were wounded (Capt. Mimch se- verely) two killed, and also a number of horses. The battery did splendid service, and " mowed the enemy down with cannister.'' Capt. (form- erly adjutant general) "VVm. H. Acker, of the Sixteenth Regulars, was MUed during this en- gagement. On March 20th, the Fifth Regiment was de- clared organized, and the field ofiicers were com- missioned. Rudolph Borgesrode was appointed Colonel. The Second Sharpshooters, Captain Russell, which had been recruited during the whiter, soon after left for "Washington, arriving there April 26th. On April 24th, the Fourth Regiment, and Second Battery of Light Artillery, Ciiptiiia Uoti'hkiss, left for Benton Barracks, and were soon pushed to the front in Mississippi. On May 13th, the Fifth Regiment also left for the same destination, excepting companies B, C, and D, who remained behind to garrison forts, and a few weeks subsequently took a conspicuous part in the Sioux war. On May 26th, the call for a sixth regiment was MINNESOTA'S SHABE IN 8UPPBE8SINQ THE BEBELLION. 185 made, and recruiting was commenced very act- ively, several skeleton companies, partially filled for the Fifth Eegiment, being already in the field. Congress, at its extra session, commencing July 4th, 1861, had authorized the issue of " legal tender " notes, -which were by this date, in large circulation. The result of this was to greatly enliven business and enhance prices. While gov- ernment was expending in our State but a small fraction of the enormous sums it was paying out in. eastern States for materials of war, the results were unmistakably felt here. One effect was the gradual and almost complete withdrawal of coiu, especially small coin, from circulation. This oc- casioned greatinconvenience in "making change," and various devices were used to overcome the trouble. Postage stamps came into general use for fractional sums, and soon became a decided nui- sance. ■ Then many of the cities and towns, as well as business firms and banks, issued fractional "shin-plasters" as currency. The country was soon flooded with these, and it proved an intolera- ble nuisance. The issue by the Treasury Depart- ment, soon after, of " postage currency," some- what relieved the dearth of small change. A steady enhancement in the price of goods, labor, the cost of living, &c., commenced from this date, an inflation which lasted for two or three years. The material development of the State pro- gressed during this period, notwithstanding the burdens and waste of war, and the fact that over six thousand of our young men were withdrawn from productive industry. An increased area was sown. Immigration was becoming large, especially of Scandinavians. Further efforts were also made to open and extend our area of trade towards the northwest. The reported discovery of rich gold fields in the region now known as Idaho and Montana, led to the formation of a company of citizens to proceed thither overland. On May 14th, the expedition left St. Paul, and arrived safely at the diggings. Congress had, meantime, been appealed to for some protection to this emigration movement, and a small appro- priation was made for this purpose, and Captain James L. Fisk appointed to organize and com- mand any party that might wish to go over. An- other expedition was organized and equipped, leaving on June 16th, and made a successful journey to the gold fields. These expeditions did much towards preparing the way for the opening and settlement of the Northwest, and were repeated in 1863 and 1864. Another important event was the completion of the Minnesota and Pacific Railroad from St. Paul to St. Anthony, which was opened for traffic on June .28 — the first line operated in our state. From that date on, railroad building was rapidly carried on, on several of the lines. While these cncor.raging events were in prog- ress in our state, her brave troops, in Virginia and Mississippi, wero contending against great odds. The Fourth and Fifth Eegiments and the Second Battery, whose departure for "Dixie" was noted a few lines back, had been pushed rapidly to the front, and, being a part of the " Army of the Mis- sissippi," were soon face to face with the enemy, in the great Corinth campaign. On May 28th the Fifth Eegiment had a sharp action with the enemy, in which several were killed, and a num- ber wounded, and won much praise for gallantry. On July 12th, near Murfreesboro, Tenn., the Third Eegiment was attacked by a greatly supe- rior force, and after a brave resistance, losing twelve men, ita ammunition became exhausted, and it was compelled to surrender. The men were paroled a few weeks later. Meantime the First Eegiment had taken an active part in a campaign of great danger and hardship. It had remained in its winter quar- ters, near Edward's Ferry, until March, when (attached to Sedgwick's Division) it proceeded to Winchester, from whence they were ordered to join the Army of the Potomac near Fortress Monroe. In AprU they took part in the siege of Yorktown. From thence they participated in McClellan's great Eichmond campaign, and the " seven days fight." At Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, on May 31st and June 1st; at Peach Orch- ard, June 29th; Savage's Station, June 29th; Glendale and White Oak Swamp, June 30th; Nelson's Farm, June 30th; Malvern HiUs, July 1st, the brave First took an active part, and suf- fered severe losses, with great hardship and con- tinual fighting. In all these engagements, it lost ninety men. At the Battle of Fair Oaks, the Second Sharp-Shooters was united with the First Eegiment, and continued with them during the rest of the campaign. The disastrous termination of the operations 136 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOSY OF MINNESOTA. by McClellan, and the heavy losses of the army, produced a feeling of great discouragement and doubt throughout the North. On July 2, the pres- ident called for 300,000 more troops. Still this heavy draft was met cheerfully, and in this State vigorous steps were taken to fill our quota. On July 24th, a rousing war meeting was held at the Capital, which lighted anew the fires of patriot- ism, roused the despondent, and infused new hopes into all. Recruiting commenced vigor- ously. But scarcely was the work under way, when the call of August 4th, for 300,000 more troops, was issued. It now became evident that special exertions would be needed to fill our quo- ta by the 18th, at which time the Secretary of War had ordered a draft to be made, if not filled. Public meetings were held at various places, and large sums of money were subscribed by individ- uals, in addition to local bounties, to stimulate enlistments. Great excitement prevailed through- out the State for some days— fully equal to the patriotic war spirit following the fall of Sumpter, and business seemed to be almost suspended ; in fact, in many instances, actually was, as the en- tire employees of many establishments enlisted. To some extent, martial law was enforced in the State. The Adjutant General, in a published proclamation, forbade citizens (males of military age) from leaving the State without a pass from him, nor were they allowed to go from one county to another without a permit from the Sheriif. The Sixth Regiment, which was partially filled when the call of July 2d was issued, was quickly filled and organized. A seventh regiment was authorized on August 5th. On August 10th the eighth was called for ; on August 13th, the ninth; and soon after even a tenth. Recruiting for the old regiments was also brisk. Four companies were received at Fort Snelling in one day. The Press of August 19th, says : " On Sunday and yesterday, large bodies of men were continually pouring in." Over three thousand men were then at the fort. The work of receiving, muster- ing in, clothing and equipping these troops, laid on the authorities a heavy task. THE SIOUX MA8SACBE. 137 CHAPTEE XXVI. THE SIOUX MASSACRE. The Sioux Massacre — The Events Which Probably led to It.— Discontent of the Indians. — The Murders at Acton. — Commencement of the Carnage at Red . Wood.— Awful Scenes.— Narrow Escape of Wliites. -The Battle of Red Wood Ferry.- Fiendish Cruelties of the Savages. — Panic and Flight of the Settlers.— Condition of Affairs at Fort Ridgely.— The Alarm Reaches St. Peter.— Rein- forcements Set Out from There.— The first Attnek on New Ulni.— The Savages Repulsed.- They Besiege Fort Ridgely— But Fail to Capture It— And Again Fall on New Ulm. — Desperate Fighting.— The Town Nearly Burned Down — The Savages Withdraw, Unsuccessful.— The Town Evacuated.— End of the first " Week of Blood."— Its Results to the State. While these exciting events were occurring, and attracting the attention of our citizens, a fearful storm was gathering in an unexpected quarter, and soon burst upon our state with ap- palling fury. The Sioux Indians, of whom sev- eral thousand were living on reservations in the western portions of Minnesota, had been for sev- eral weeks (i. e. since about June 14th) collected at the Yellow Medicine agency, to receive their annual payment. This would have been made to them by the proper olBcer, at that time and place, promptly, had not the necessities of the government just at that juncture, prevented the prompt transmission of the $70,000 in gold coin, which was to pay the Indians their annuities. As soon as it could be got ready, it was sent, and hurried forward by special messengers, night and day, arriving just one day too late. Meantime the Indians were waiting impatiently for their money, and for the provisions and other supplies which were to be given them when the payment was made. They were almost destitute of food, and some were really suffering from hunger. In this discontented condition, they were ready to listen to bad counsel. Malicious parties had whis- pered to them that the war had destroyed most of the young men of the whites; that only old men and boys were left; and if so disposed they could repossess themselves of the land; that they were to be cheated out of their money by the traders, whom they had before accused of de- frauding them; and other wrongs, real or fan- cied, were recited to inflame them. As was usual, a small detachment of troops had been sent to the agency when the Indians first assem- bled, to preserve order. This consisted of fifty men from Fort Ridgely, under Capt. Jno. S. Marsh, and fifty from Port Ripley, commanded by Lieut. T. J. Sheehan. Yet, notwithstanding the presence of these soldiers, guarding the ware- houses, on Aug. 4th, several hundred Indians attacked and broke into one of the buildings, and took about one hundred sacks of flour before they could be stopped. Tlie missionaries, with Major Galbraith, the agent, at length quieted this outbreak. The agent issued some ammuni- tion and goods to them, and persuaded them to disperse, and he would send them word when the money was ready for them. To this they appeared to agree, and apparently left the agency and went to their hunting-grounds. It was now supposed that the trouble was over, and the troops were allowed, on Aug. 16th, to depart for their posts. But it was only the calm before the storm. All this time bad blood was brewing, and the storm gathering, unnoticed, or at least unheeded by the whites. Only a spark was needed to explode this magazine of savage fury, and that, at length came. There is good evi- dence to believe that dui-ing this interval the In- dians were holding councils and " soldier's lodg- es, " and had concluded that as the forts were manned by but a handful of soldiers, it would be a good time to rise and sweep away the white race from their old hunting-grounds. On Sunday, Aug. 17, a party of four Indians, be- longing to a band noted for insubordination, were in the neighborhood of Acton, Meeker County, where they had been for several days hunting. They were angry and quarrelsome. They came to the house of a Mr. Howard Baker, where they found him and his wife, and a Mr. "Webster and wife. Mr. Robinson Jones and wife and a Miss Wilson, neighbors, came in soon after. The In- dians had previously had a quarrel with Jones, 138 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. which was now renewed. They then proposed shooting at a mark with Baker and Jones, which was done. After discharging their guns, the Indians at once reloaded, and commenced firing on the whites. Jones and his wife, and Baker and Webster were killed, and Miss Wilson, Mrs. Baker and child, and Mrs. Webster, were un- hurt. The four- Indian murderers then stole horses in the neighborhood, and rode rapidly, during the night, to the Indian village near the agency, where they told what they had done, and urged that, as blood had/ been spilt, and they would suffer the penalty, they must all unite and exterminate the whites. The other Indians then armed themselves, and at sunrise, Aug. 18, the work of the death commenced, at the Lower Sioux Agency, near Red Wood. It is strongly asserted by other writers, who give good reasons for the belief, that the Indians collected at the Agency had all ready demanded on the massacre, and commenced it on the 18th, without knowing of the events at Acton. The first victim to tliis hellish plot was James W. Lynde, a clerk in the trading house of Nathan Myrick. He was a man of fine attainments, and had written a work on the History and Eeligion of the Dakotas, which was just ready for publi- cation. Three other persons were killed at the same store. At Forbes' trading house, near by, George H. Spencer, the clerk, was badly wounded, when his life was saved by the interposition of a friendly Indian, named Chaska, who protected him until he recovered. Other white persons in and near the houses at the agency, were either killed or wounded, within a few minutes. At this point the Indians ceased their carnage, in order to plunder the stores and government ware- houses, and this delay enabled Eev. S. D. Hin- man and some other whites, to escape to Fort KidKcly, spreading the alarm as they went. After a brief time spent by the savages in rob- bing the stores, tliey continued their work of car- nage in every direction. They were, soon joined by the warriors of the other bands, and, to the number of two or three hundred, spread through the settlements for several miles up and down the river, murdering all the whites whom they could find, excepting a few young womem, whom they took captive, and in many instances burning the houses of the settlers. Meantime, the whites at the upper, or Yellow Medicine Agency, some thirty miles distant, were in ignorance of these dreadful scenes, and of the danger which threatened them. It was not until nearly night when John Other-Day, a Christian Indian, brought them the dreadful news, and warned them to save their lives. The whites, sixty-two in number, at once took refuge in a warehouse; but flight seemed the only safe course, and before daylight the next morning, they were on their way across the prairies to- wards Henderson, the men on foot, and the wo- men and children, with S. B. Garvie, who had escaped from his warehouse, after being badly wounded, in wagons. The noble Other-Day piloted them truly and skillfully. This party, after great hardships, an-ived safely at the settle- ments on the Minnesota river, and thence to St. Paul, though Mr. Garvie died on the way. The two missionaries, Messrs. WilUamson and RiggS, also escaped, with their families, after suffering much hardship. On Monday mornmg, August 18th, about three hours after the first outbreak at Red Wood agency, a messenger from that place arrived at Fort Ridgely, twelve mUes distant, with the startling news. Captain Marsh, Company B, Fifth Regiment, then in command, at once dis- patched a com-ier to Lieutenant Sheehan, Com- pany C, Fifth Regiment, who, with his detach- ment, had left the post the morning previous on his return to Fort Ripley, and also to ilajor Gal- braith, who had left at the same time for St. Peter, with about fifty recruits, called the "Ren- ville Rangers," en-route for Fort Snelling, urging them to return at once. Captain Marsh at once left for the scene of carnage, with forty-four men on foot. After a forced march, he arrived about 2 o'clock r. Ji. at the ferry opposite the Agency, near which place tliey found nine dead bodies. They were met here by Rev. Mr. Hinman, on his way to the fort, who cautioned Capt. Marsh against an ambuscade, and warned him to return, as the Indians greatly outnumbered his force. Captain Marsh, who was a very brave but very rash man, would not listen to the advice, declaring that he could "whip all the Indians," or something to that effect. Arriving at the ferry, his men were drawn up on the bank, in plain sight, when tliree or four hundred Indians concealed in the thickets THE SIOUX MAS8ACBE. 139 neax by, poured a volley into them. Nearly half of his men fell dead or mortally woimded at the first fire, some of them pierced with twenty bul- lets, while several others were wounded, but managed ultimately to escape ; some of them not reaching the fort for three days. The survivors of this sudden attack ( Captain Marsh being himself uninjured) fell back from the ferry towards the fort, keeping up a running fight amidst the thick timber on the river bottom, but against terrible odds. '^S«*i«;- V- Rushing up to the fallen soldiers, the savages tomahawked those still living, and tore the scalps from most of them, inflicting also nameless bru- talities on their corpses. All the fine Springfield muskets carried by the dead, and their ammuni- tion, f eU into the hands of the redskins, and were subsequently used by them, with deadly effect, at the sieges of Fort Ridgely and New Ulm, and the battle of Birch Coolie. The remains of the fallen heroes were ultimately interred at Fort Eidgely, and the legislature, some years subsequently, caused a fine monument to be erected there in honor of their bravery. For some time a hot battle raged in the forest, Capt. Marsh and his men retreating towards the fort, contesting the ground, inch by inch. Find- ing that his men were falling fast, and that the enemy was gathering in force ahead of him, so as to cut him ofE, he determined to cross the river, so as to gain the open prairie on that side, and reach the fort, if possible. He had now but thir- teen men left. At their head he attempted to Wade the river, but was drowned while so doing. His men got over in safety, and made their way to the fort about dark. Out of the forty-four who had left it that morning, twenty-four were dead. Thus ended the Battle of Redwood Ferry, the first engagement of the war. The Indians, it is thought, lost only one or two warriors. Flushed with this easy victory in tiieir first encounter with our troops, the Indians now con- sidered that the way was clear for their bloody war of extermination. They scattered in every direction, carrying death and torture to the homes of all the settlers within reach. For several days the work of carnage was awful. No pen can describe the horrors of that bloody week. So sudden and unexpected was the outbreak, and so insidious and skulking the mode of warfare of the savages, that the inhabitants were overtaken at their various pursuits and butchered in cold blood, without any chance of flight or resistance. Most of them were European immigrants who had re- cently settled on the frontier, and were quite im- acqualnted with savage warfare and treachery. But few of them possessed effective fire-arms, or weapons of any kind, indeed, and even if they had these, so sudden and stealthy was the onset, that resistance would have been unavaiUng. The savages generally went about on these raids in squads of eight or ten, well armed. In many instances the treacherous devils would advance boldly and with friendly- demeanor into houses with whose owners they were acquainted, as if to ask for food, (as was their custom, for the set- tlers had always freely supplied them) ; when all at once they would shoot down or tomahawk the unsuspecting inmates, perhaps the very per- sons who had many times fed them when hun- gry. In a few instances children, and sometimes adults, fled unobserved while this work of death was going on, and escaped a like fate by skulking in the grass or bushes, from whence they were often compelled to witness the cruel tortures practiced on the other members of their family, or flee for life with the death shrieks of the suffer- ing victims ringing in their ears. Some of those who escaped thus, were rescued many days sub- sequently, after enduring incredible hardships, skulking by day around deserted houses, endeav- oring to find food, and wandering by night through the trackless waste, towards the settle- ments. Delicate women, carrying or leading in- fant children, thus traveled scores of miles to some place of safety, sometimes wounded and sick and almost naked. Many perished from hunger, exposure or wounds. Others lived, to suffer for years from their injuries. There were literally hundreds of such incidents as the above, and a full narrative of these adventures and escapes would fiU volumes. No record can ever be made of them, and the fate of many wiU never be known imtil the last day. The cruel barbarities practiced by the savages on their victims, was another sickening feature of the massacre, and its bare recital makes one shudder. All the fiendish cruelties that their savage nature and pent up hatred of the pale faces could suggest, they wreaked on their vio- 140 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA, tims, a people who had always been their friends and benefactors. The wounded and dying were scalped or tomakawked out of all semblance of humanity. The bowels of many were gashed open, and their hands and feet, or other members, cut ofE and thrust into them. Children were slashed with knives, eyes gouged out, ears or hands cut ofE, or skulls smashed with war clubs. Some of these survived even such awful wounds. Babes were thrust living into stove ovens, and there left, to roast to death. Pregnant women were ripped open, and their unborn babes torn away, and thrown into their face, 'or nailed to a door or tree, for their dying gaze to vrttness. But few women, comparatively, were killed outright. Instant death would have been a more merciful fate than they were reserved for. Frequently delicate young maidens were tied, or held by the fiends, and repeatedly outraged by the band of captors, some actually dying in the hands of their tormentors, or if they survived, l^d into a cap- tivity of horrors. But let us draw a veil over these atrocities. After the murder of the inmates of a house, pillage was the next step, and the torch was then generally applied to it, oftentimes the wounded victims, unable to escape, being burned to death. Day after day the columns of smoke rising here and there showed where the various bands of de- mons were plying their work of destruction, while night after night the sky along the frontier was lurid with the light of burning homes. Two or three thousand dwellings were thus destroyed, in addition to three entire towns. Cattle were shot from mere wantonness, and others left to starve, with no one to attend them, Horses were saved for the use of the marauders, hundreds of them being stolen, and in many instances the savages were observed riding to and fro in fine buggies and carriages. As the houses of the settlers were generally isolated from each other, the news of the out- break could not reach the more remote and scat- tered, in season to save them. Along the main roads leading to the settlements, the alarm was spread by fugitives, after a day or two, and this fact enabled thousands to save their lives who would otherwise have fallen. Abandoning houses, crops, cattle — everything, hastily seizing some food and clothing, and harnessing their teams, they fled towards New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, St. Peter, Mankato, Henderson, and other towns along the river. Some even pressed on to St. Paul. Soon the roads were literally crowded with a panic-stricken cavalcade, on foot, on horseback, in all sorts of vehicles, hurrying along with blanched faces and nervous trepidation. Many were pursued and shot at (some killed, even) while flying, and all had horrid stories to relate. Lieut. Gov. Donnelly, on Aug. 26, wrote from St. Peter : " You can hardly conceive the panic existing along the valley. In Belle Plaine I found 600 people crowded in. In this place there are between 3,000 and 4,000 refugees. On the road between STew Ulm and Marfliato were over 2,000. Mankato is also crowded. * * * Their property in the mean time abandoned and going to ruin." The condition of these throngs of fugitives, crowded into the smaU tovras, was pitiable. The handful of men who survived the massa- cre at Redowod Ferry, and made their way back to Fort Eidgely, found that post already crowded with panic-stricken fugitives from the sur- rounding country. All night these poor settlers arrived from every direction, many of them wounded, having left portions of their families murdered, and their homes in flames. In every direction, all night long, the sky was reddened with the light of burning houses. It was a night of terror and despondency. About ten o'clock on Tuesday morning, the inmates were gladdened with the return of Lieutenamt Sheehan and his command, who, on being overtaken the evening before by the messenger sent out to recall them, had made a forced march of sixteen hours. Lieutenant Sheehan at once took command of the post, and in connection with Sergeant John Jones, of the regular army, post ordinance ser- geant, took effective measures to put the fort in a defensible condition. All the civilians who were fit for duty, were armed, or put on guard, and even the women were employed making cart- ridges, running bullets, &c. No attack was made that day, however, although Indians were seen watching the fort. [The warriors were busy at- tacking New Ulm, as will be seen a little farther on.] About noon on Monday, the messengers and guard in charge of the $70,000 in gold, reached THE SIOUX MAS8ACBE. 141 Tort Eidgely, and remained there during tlie siege. Let us now follow Mr. J. C. Dickinson, of Lower Agency, the messenger sent from Red- wood to recall Maj. Galbraith from St. Peter. Maj. G., so well satisfied was he with the loyal promises of the Indians, had left the agency with some volunteers for Fort Snelling. His family were at Yellow Medieine, and escaped from that place. He, with the " Eenville Ran- gers," Lieut. O'Gorman, had arrived at St. Peter Monday evening, when Mr. Dickinson reached there, with the startling news. It was at first discredited, but he at once made preparations to return, with the Rangers,. and a company of vol- imteer citizens. He immediately dispatched Wm. H. Shelley, cf St. Paul, who was with him, with a message to Gov. Ramsey, asking military aid. Shelley rode at full speed all night, and reached St, Paul, nearly one hundred miles distant, at 10 o'clock p. M. Tuesday, spreading the news as he passed down the valley. Gov. Ramsey at once took steps to send troops to the scene of blood. But of this anon. Monday night was spent by the soldiers and citizens at St. Peter in organizing companies, searching for arms, making cartridges, etc. Early on Tuesday morning, the bells were rung and the inhabitants called together. Great excitement prevailed, but a company was at once organized. Hon. Chas. E. Flandrau, associate justice of the Supreme Court, was elected captain, and W. B. Dodd, first lieutenant. Teams, wagons, camp equipage, etc., were hastily collected. Major Galbraith, with the Renville Rangers, and others who accompanied them, armed as well as could be possible, left St. Peter at 6 A. m., and after a hard march, reached Port Ridgely (Porty-five miles distant) the same evening. Just as they arrived at the fort, a furious thunder- gust came up. In the darkness and rain they got into the fort safely, although hundreds of Indians were watching it, and must have seen them but for the storm. There were now 250 fencible men in the fort, and the crowd of fu- gitives hourly increasing. These were cared for as well as possible, the hospital being full of wounded. Meantime a company of sixteen horsemen left St. Peter (Tuesday) for the aid of Kew Ulm, which was reported by fugitives to be in great danger. At one o'clock the same day , Hon. Chas. E. Plandrau left for the same place with 100 well armed men, on foot. Let us now give some account of the SIEGE OF NEW ULM. This town was on the south bank of the Mume- sota River, thirty miles, by land, from St. Peter, and eighteen miles below Port Ridgely. It con- tained about 1,500 inhabitants, mostly Germans. On Monday morning, Aug. 18th, a party of citizens left New Ulm to recruit for volunteers. When some seven or eight miles west of new Ulm, they found several dead bodies lying in the road. Con- vinced that the Indians had risen, they retraced their steps, but on their way back were fired on, and several of the party killed. The rest fled to town and gave the alarm. At the same time, fugitives came in from other directions, near the town, all telhng horrid tales of butcheiy. This created a great panic in the town, and many fled to St. Peter. All that day and night, and next day, fugitives continued pouring into the place. The leading men of the town at once took steps to organize for defence. Arms were collected, barricades erected, sentinels posted, and every- thing done which could be, to repel an attack. These precautions were taken none too soon. About four o'clock on Tuesday, a party of moimt- ed Indians appeared on the prairie above the town, and dismounting, advanced on the place. The few men who had arms, at once attacked them, but most of the people gathered into the houses in the center of the town, panic stricken. Fortunately, soon after the attack commenced, the fifteen horsemen from St. Peter arrived, and at once began a vigorous defence. The savages burned several buildings on the west edge of th town, and kept up a hot fire on the people with- in the barricade. The St. Peter cavalry soon made such a brave advance on the Indians, that they were compelled to retire, about dark, sev- eral having been killed. During the engagement, the whites lost several, killed and wounded, also. About nine o'clock, in the midst of a furious thunder-storm, Judge Flandrau, with over one hundred men, reached the town, and were warmly welcomed. Vigorous efforts to organize for defence were at once made. Judge Flan- 142 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. drau was chosen commander-in-chief, Capt. Dodd, provost marshal, &c. Small reinforcements con- tinued to arrive from Mankato and other points, and by Thursday, 325 armed men were guarding the town. Wednesday passed without any alarms, and scouting parties were sent out in va- rious directions to bury the dead, of which a number were found. Let us now glance at the condition of tilings AT FOET EIDGISLY. About three o'clock on Wednesday, the 20th, the first attack was made on this post, probably by the same force' who had been at New Ulm the evening previous. It is thought five hundred Indians were engaged in it. Concealing them- selves in the wooded ravines near the post, the savages suddenly advanced on it with horrid yells and a volley of balls. The suddenness of the on- set almost threw the garrison ofl their guard, and two of the soldiers were killed at the first fire. The men speedily rallied, however, and fought bravely. Sergeant Jones was quickly at his guns, two 6-pounders and one 24-pounder, but on at- tempting to fire, they would not go off. On drawing the charges, he found them stuffed with rags! Some treacherous half-breeds had done this dastardly act, and then deserted to the enemy. Assisted by a citizen, J. C. Whipple, who had served in the Mexican war, and Sergt. McGrew, of Company C, he soon poured several rounds of cannister and shell into the thickets, amongst the foe, killing and wounding a number. The savages then succeeded in crawling up be- hind some old outbuildings and hay-stacks, from which they poured furious volleys into the fort. Sergt. Jones soon set these on fire with shells, and drove the savages off. At dusk the light of this fire, and the noise of the artillery, impressed the people at New Ulm and other places in the vicinity with the belief that the fort had fallen. But when night closed down, the savages witli- drew. The garrison remained on arms all night. One great danger was the dryness of the roofs' which could have been ignited with "liie-ar- rows." A close watch was kept, and Providence favored the beleagured force, for late at night a heavy rain-storm commenced falling, and contin- ued until next day, entirely averting this danger. The large stables of the fort, about thirty rods distant, were perfectly filled with government mules, and horses brought in by the fugitives. These the Indians succeeded in getting out and stampeding. The next morning (Thursday) the attack was renewed about 9 o'clock, and lasted hotly for an hour, when the savages retreated, but again at- tacked the fort about 6 p. m., when another en- gagement took place, and lasted about an hour. But their efforts to capture the fort were useless. They found it too well defended. It could have been taken by charging into it, but this Indians are afraid to do. Meantime the garrison was be- coming worn out with loss of sleep and continual labor and fighting. Nearly five hundred refugees were crowded into its small buildings, where they were compelled to lie on the floor to avoid the bullets of the foe, which swept like a hail- storm through the windows. To add to the trou- ble, many were becoming sick, and the stores both of ammunition and provisions, and even water, were running low. That night, as subsequent evidence revealed, Little Crow and his forces returned to the Lower Agency, where he found the upper Indians, whom he had sent for, arrived. This increased his force to 450 warriors. Large munbers were also marauding among the settlements, as far east as Forest City and as far south as Lake Shetek. Confident that with this large force he could take both Fort Eidgely and New Ulm, he now moved on the former post. During the night, however, the garrison had strengthened its weak points with great skill and success. Earthworks had been thrown up, bar- ricades erected, out of cordwood, sacks of grain, etc., and other defenses provided, while the can- non were stationed so as to command the most exposed points, and the riflemen posted where tliey could do the greatest execution. About noon the Indians appeared in greater numbers tlian on either previous attack, and commenced an assault so determined and furious, it seemed as if they were confident that this time the post must fall. But as they advanced, yelling like de- mons, the gunners sent a storm of grape and can- nister amongst them, while the riflemen poured volley after volley into them, and the savages re- treated from this hot fire. They soon rallied and took possession of the stables and other outbuild- THE SIOUX MASSACRE. 143 ings near the fort, and kept up a terrible lire from tliem. A perfect storm of balls poured into the frame buildings in the fort, sometimes passing clear through them. Several soldiers were hit, and some civilians (one being killed), though all the non-combatants kept vi^ell concealed. Finally Sergt. Jones was compelled to fire the outbuild- ings with shells, and drive the savages out. Soon the flames and black smoke rolled up, and, with the yells of the Indians, the rattle of small arms, and the thunder of the cannon, made an exciting scene. Por five hours the battle raged hotly. Little Crow was heard repeatedly order- ing his warriors to charge into the fort, and sev- eral times they gathered for that purpose and started, but Sergt. Jones would send a storm of shell or cannister among them, and drive them back. It is thought numbers of them were kiUed in this attack. About dark their fire ceased, and the night was passed in. quiet, but there were few slept around the post except the non-combatants. All the men were under arms all night, being five nights of weary vigil and sleeplessness. The garrison were well nigh worn out, and expected another day of hard fighting. The sun rose, but no signs of In- dians. Work was continued on the fortifications, which were greatly strengthened. While thus engaged, a large body of mounted Indians (said by Louis Robert, who counted them, to number nearly 1,000) were seen coming down from the Lower Agency on the opposite side of the river. They did not, however, cross to the Fort Eidgely side, but kept on towards New TJhn. It now became evident that the latter place was their objective point, and the garrison breathed freer. Still, they knew not what a day might bring forth, and kept up their working and watching. Let us now return to NEW TTLM, and see how that beleagured town fared. After the battle of Tuesday, before described, no at- tack had been made onthotown, though small parties of Indians, doubtless scouts, were once or twice seen near the place. This interval of quiet was spent in erecting barricades, and other works of defence, and in taking such steps as seemed necessary, in case of another attack. About ten o'clock A. m. on Saturday, the 23d, the Indians (mounted) appeared in great force on the prairie above town, and our forces were at once posted on the open ground in that direction. The Indians first approached slowly, but when about a mile from our line, increased their speed, and gradually spread out their front, Uke a fan, until it covered our whole line. On they came at full speed, yelling like demons. When about double rifle-shot off. Col. Flandrau's men, inex- perienced in such warfare, fell back on the town, the Indians firing on them. The whites com- mitted the error of passing the outermost build- ings, and not occupying them, an error the sav- ages soon took advantage of, as they at once took possession of them, and opened a furious Are on our men. By the exertions of Col. Plandrau, the latter soon rallied, and commenced a vigorous fire from every protected spot, each doing duty as best he could, '-on laisownhook." They soon recovered their coolness, and fought bravely. The enemy, from their great numbers, were able to surround the town, and soon poured into it a fire from every direction. The battle became fu- rious and general. The Indians also succeeded in getting possess- ion of the houses on the bluff, which gave them a great advantage, commanding, as it did, the inte- rior of the town below, but about twenty men of the Le Sueur company had occupied the windmill, a high building in that locality, and kept up such a hot fire , the Indians could do taut Uttle execution on that side. They took possession of the lower end of the city, however, and, the wind being from that direction, fired the houses one by one, ad- vancing thus towards the center of the city, con- cealing themselves behind the smoke. The greatest danger seemed now to be from this di- rection, and a strong force of the best marksmen was sent to resist the ad.vance. They fought bravely, and checked the enemy considerably. The battle here was very hot for several hours. About three o'clock the enemy concentrated a force on the river side, asifpreparingfor a grand assault. A detachment was sent to meet it. The Indians came on at full speed, but our men stood firm, and sent such volleys among them, that they broke and retreated, losing several. Two of our best marksmen, however, fell at the same time. The battle raged furiously and without inter- mission until dark. Many of our men were 144 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. wounded, several killed. All had fought nobly, some performing feats of great daring. The en- emy had left ten dead on the field, besides many killed and wounded carried oU, and had gained, so far, no great advantage; but if the attack con- tinued much longer, the worst result was feared. Night closed on the weary defenders, full of doubt and anxiety. A consultation was now held among the leading men and those in command, as to the " situation.' One thing that seemed necessary, was to contract the lines of defence toward^the center of the town so that a less number could more readily defend any point. To do this it was voted that all build- ings, except a few in the center of the town, must be burned. To this the inhabitants consented, and themselves applied the torch to about forty buildings. One brick house was left, and loop- holed for defence. Including those burned by the savages, 190 houses in all were now in ashes. Only about twenty-flve were still standing. A range of rifle-pits were now dug in front of the barricade, and all the defences strengthened. When morning dawned (Sunday, August 24th), the savages feebly renewed their attack, but they soon saw they were foiled. In order to get near enough to the barricade or buildings to do any execution, they must pass over an open space right in the face of the defenders' rifles, where there was not even a bunch of grass to skulk behind. They kept up a Are at long range for three or four hours, but as il made no impression they ceased the attack about noon, and left ii the direction of Lower Agency They were seen from Fort Kidge- ly tha afternoon, passing up the river with a long train of wagons, probably loaded with their plun- der, and many horses and cattle stolen from the settlers. Neither Fort Ridgely nor New Ulm were again attacked. The brave resistance of the whites had balked the red demons at both places. Had either of those posts fallen, hundreds of women and children, and even of the armod men, would have been massacred. But few would have escaped, and there is no doubt but that the victorious savages would have pressed on and taken both St. Peter and Mankato. In the attack on New Ulm, ten whites were killed and about fifty woimded. The few build- ings left standing in the place, were almost filled with the dead and wounded, and with sick people ; for disease had by this time commenced to do its work. The provisions were nearly exhausted, and it seemed impossible to hold the place any longer. There were no houses adequate to shel- ter the two thousand people now crowded within the fortifications. Hundreds had been for several days huddled in cellars and other imsuitable pla- ces. On Sunday afternoon, one hundred and fifty more volimteers from St. Peter and vicinity, arrived, in command of E. St. Julien Cox, weU armed and equipped. A council of war was held, and it was resolved to evacuate the town. Ac- cordingly, on Monday, August 25th, every inhab- itant, some two thousand in number, with a train of one hundred and fifty-three wagons bearing the sick, wounded and feeble, commenced the march to Mankato. " It was a melancholy spec- tacle (says Colonel Flandrau, in his report) to see two thousand people, who a week before had been prosperous and happy, reduced to utter beggary, starting on a journey of thirty miles through a hostile country." The volimteer troops guarded the train through safely One week had now elapsed since the cruel mas- sacre began. It was a "week of blood." Over seven hundred persons had been murdered (many think the number exceeds one thousand); two hundred had been taken captive; nearly two thousand houses burned; thousands of horses and cattle stolen, and a fertile region some two hundred miles long and one hundred wide, laid waste and depopulated. Eighteen counties were ravaged, thirty thousand people (one-tenth of the population of the State) homeless, their crops and property going to ruin. Claims were subsequently filed by nearly three thousand persons, who lost property valued at $2,500,000. But this does not represent the total loss to our State, while no sum ran represent the sorrow and suffering caused by the massacre. DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 145 CHAPTEE XXVII. DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. Military Measures to Defend the Frontier.— Want of any Organized Force.— H. H. Sibley Appointed to Command an Expedition.— Great Lacit of Anns and Am- munition. — Volunteers Hurry to the Rescue in Large Porce.~CoI. Sibley Gath- ers a Column at St. Peter— And Relieves Fort Ridgely.— Great Want of Ammu- nition, Transportation, and Supplies — Danger of a Cliippewa Outbrealt.— Ac- count of Indian Raids in Kandiyohi, Meeker, and other Counties. — Siege of Hutchinson. — Siege of Fort Abercrombie. — A Mounted Force Provided — The Battle of Birch Coolie. — Relief Measures for tlie Refugees. — The State Apro- priates $25,000.— Col. Sibley Opens Negotiations for the Release of Prisoners.— They Prove Successful. — Extra Session of the Legislature. — Battle of Wood Lake. — The Savages Defeated. — Release of the Captives,— Arrest and Trial of the Guilty Murdereis.— Three hundred and Three Convicted and Sentenced to be Hung.— Close of the Indian War. — Departure of more Regiments for the War.— Hard Fighting by our Troops in the South.— Execution of Thirty-eight Indian Murderers at Mankato. While these exciting events were occurring along the frontier, the State authorities had been acting with great energy and promptness in or- ganizing and equipping a military force to pro- ceed against the savages. The suddenness of the outbreak found them totally unprepared for any such emergency. The Sixth Eegiment was in barracks at Fort SnelUng, nearly full and par- tially organized, but its field officers had not yet been appointed, nor had the men received their arms. The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Regiments were also partially recruited but not mustered in. Skeleton companies were at Fort SneHing, but none had been organized, and the men were undisciplined. Large numbers had been let off on furlough, to complete harvesting their crops. All the arms due the State had been drawn and issued to the old regi- ments. The general government was so hard pushed that even blankets and tents could not be furnished to the new troops. Immediately on receiving the news. Governor Kamsey appointed Hon. H. H. Sibley, of Men- dota, to the command of such forces at Fort Snelling as the commandant there, Colonel B. F. Smith, could organize on the instant. Colonel Sibley was admirably qualified for such a respon- sible duty. His long and intimate acquaintance with the Indian character and habits, and espe- cially with the bands now in rebellion, together with his knowledge of military matters, and his 10 familiarity with the topography of the country, enabled him to either meet the savages in the field successfully, or to treat with them to advantage. Four companies of troops, about three hundred: in all, armed with Belgian rifles and 19,000 cart- ridges, were furnished to him ; and they at once started on a small steamer for Shakopee, arriving there on the 20th. From thence they marched to St. Peter. On the 21st, the six remaining compa- nies of the Sixth Regiment were filled by consol- idation and transfers, and sent forward as rapidly as possible. On the 21st, Governor Ramsey is- sued a proclamation, reciting the news of the out- break, and calling on such citizens as had horses and arms, to start at once and join the expedition moving up the river. Considerable numbers did so. Companies of horsemen were formed in St. Paul, and several other places, and rode forward night and day. Small companies of infantry also organized in various towns in the central and east- em portion of the State, and made forced marches to the relief of the frontier. By the end of the first " week of blood " (a very short period, con- sidering how unprepared the State was for such ' a war) several thousand armed men were pressing forward on different routes to meet and drive back the savages. These companies were mostly distributed at stockades and garrisoned towns along the frontier, where they remained for sev- eral weeks, until the worst danger was over. On September 9th, Governor Ramsey's message re- ports, there were twenty-two militia companies, with 2800 men under arms, and volunteer troops enough to make 5500 men in all. On Friday, the 22d, Col. Sibley arrived at St. Peter, and remained there some three days, get- ting his troops in hand and properly armed. The latter was a work of difficulty. Most of the Sixth Regiment were armed with Belgian rifles, many of them almost worthless, and none of them very reliable. But a small part of the cartridges fur- 146 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. nished were of the right cahbre, and much time was lost " swedging " bullets. Gov. Eamsey had, on the 20th, telegraphed to the governor of "Wis- consin to "borrow" 100,000 cartridges. They were promptly sent, and reached Col. Sibley at Tort Eidgely. Provisions had to be collected, and transportation secured. Meantime the peo- ple of the State were nervous with anxiety, and blamed the commander and State authorities for not throwing his half-armed and unorganized troops at once on the several hundred well armed and desperate savages at New Ulm or Port Eidgely. Had this been done, a " Custer massa- cre " would have resulted, and another rout and panic ensued, many fold worse than that of the week previous. By the 24th, nine companies of the sixth reg- iment (of which Wm. Crooks had just been ap- pointed colonel) were concentrated at St. Peter. There were also some three hundred mounted men, and several companies of militia infantry. On the morning of August 26th, Col. Sibley, with his entire force, about 1400 men^ commenced the march to Fort Eidgely. Col. McPhaili, with one hundred and eighty mounted men, was sent on in advance. These arrived at the Fort at dark, to the great joy of its beleaguered inmates. The main force arrived on August 28th. No Indians were encountered on the way. The expedition was halted at this post for several days, imtil nec- essary reinforcements and ammunition (which he called for from the executive) should arrive, and enable him to pursue and successfully act against the Indians, who had retreated some distance up the river ,where it was reported they had a number of prisoners. On August 25th, Col. B. F. Smith was ordered to organize a force of 1000 men, out of detach- ments of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth regiments, at Fort Snelling, and dispatch said force at once to join Col. Sibley. This force was put under command of Lt. Col. Wm. E. Marshall, of the seventh regiment, and moved forward as soon as it could be properly equipped, reaching the expedition on September 1st. The difficulty of securing transportation lor these expeditions, was a serious drawback to ce- lerity of movements. Finally, a general order was issued by the adjutant general, authorizing the commanding officers of detachments in act- ual service, to seize and impress citizens teams whenever needed. This was done, and enough transportation secured in that way, resulting in many cases of individual hardship, but this is one of the Inexorable "necessities of war." Another great need which bothered the state au- thorities, was the scarcity of serviceable arms. Good rifles were few. Many of the troops were very poorly armed, and even of these inferi- or guns, enough could not be had. The general government was telegraphed to, but could supply none, in season to do any good. The authori- ties then seized all the gun-shops in the states and confiscated their serviceable rifles and mus- kets, and ammimition. AH the powder and lead In the hands of dealers everywhere was seized, yielding 3,175 pounds of powder and 1,200 pounds of lead. Even this was Insufficient. A lead pipe, some 3,000 feet long, which had been laid in one of the streets oi St. Paul, but was just then unused, was dug up and melted Into buUets. A force of yoimg women were working day and night making cartridges. Finally, however, aU the troops were wel supplied and equipped, and no further trouble was felt. It must be remem- bered that there were then no railroads in the state (except one ten-mUe section between St. Paul and Minneapolis,) and no telegraph but one from St. Paul to La Crosse. All military messages and dispatches to the frontier, had to be sent by special couriers. DANGEE OF A CHIPPEWA WAR. Meantime, a new danger threatened the people of the state. In addition to the powerful Sioux nation, there wore in Minnesota the "Winnebagoes, with 400 warriors, and in the northern half of the state, the Chippewas, wh( could muster 2,500 or 3,000 warriors. There were good grounds for be- lieving that these tribes had been in consultation with the Sioux, and that if the latter were suc- cessful they would also rise It has-been proved that several Winnebagoes participated in the earlier murders near the Upper and Lower Agen- cies, while on the same day as the outbreak at Redwood, the Chippewas commenced plundering their agency at Crow Wing on the Upper Miss- issippi, and assembling armed warriors. They acted very turbulent and defiant, and an out- break between them and the whites was immi- DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 147 ment. Indeed, on one occasion, shots were act- ually exchanged. The possibility of an outbreak by them so weighed on the mind of Maj. L. C. Walker, their agent, that he committed suicide near Monticello, on Aug. 23d. Companies of cavalry were authorized by the state authorities to protect the coimtry north of St. Paul, and per- formed patrol duty for some days. Had the Chippewas risen also, nearly the whole state would have been laid waste. Even the cities of St. Paul, MinneapoUs, etc. , would have been captured, as there were not arms in those places enough to have defended them. A company of Home Guards was organized in St. Paul as a precau- tionary measure. Tor some days the situation was very critical, and full of danger. Finally, Hon. Wm. P. Dole, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hon. H. M. Kice, Major E. A. C. Hatch, Clark "W. Thompson, and other men who had influence with the Ojibways, calmed them down, and averted what might have proved an awful disaster. THE WAR IN MEEKER. KAUDITOHI AND STEABNS COUNTIES. The counties along the Minnesota Kiver were not the only ones ravaged by the red devils during that week of blood. McLeod, MonongaUa, Kandi- yohi, Steams, Meeker, Otter Tail, Douglas, Sib- ley, etc. , were aU overrun la whole or in part, and the inhabitants either butchered or driven away. The first blood of the outbreak had been shed at Acton, Meeker county. A messenger was sent post haste by the citizens there to inform Gov. Bamsey. He arrived at the capitol just at the same time that the courier from St. Peter bore the news from Redwood. The Governor issued to Capt. Geo. C. Whitcomb, of Forest City, seventy-five guns and a smaU amoimt of ammunition, to en- able them to make a stand. Capt. W. returned with these at once, via Hutchinson, where he left some of the guns. On arriving at Forest City he found the whole region in a state of panic, the inhabitants fleeing, and the Indians killing and ravaging the coimtry. A company was at once organized and armed, and marched over into Monongalia county (since a part of Kandiyohi), where they found the bodies of a number of slain, and also of hundreds of cattle kUled in mere wan- tonness. They also rescued several persons who had been wounded and were hiding. The miUtia, aided by citizens at Forest City, at once began erecting a large stockade for defence, in the cen- ter of town, in which the inhabitants and refugees could take shelter. Hearing that a family at Green Lake were in great danger, Capt. Whit- comb went to their relief. Near that spot his men had a hard skirmish with the Indians, in which three of the redskins were left dead on the ground, and only one of his own men sUghtly wounded. He returned to the stockade that night, but next day, with a larger party, again attempted to reach Green Lake. The Indians again attacked him, and after a sharp battle he returned without loss to Forest City. That night the savages made a fierce attack on the town, burned several buildings, and fired on the stock- ade, but fortunately hurting no one. The troops returned the fire. About daylight the 'Indians were seen trying to drive off a number of horses and cattle in a corral. The troops saUied out and drove them off, killing two, and having two of their own number badly wounded. By this time Meeker county west of Forest City, and all of Kandiyohi and Monongalia counties, were entirely deserted by the whites. On August 26th, Captain Richard Stroiit of the Tenth Regiment, was ordered to proceed to Glen- coe and the region adjacent, to protect it. He reached that place about September 1st, and found the town had been well fortified and de- fended by the militia under command of General John H. Stevens, of the state militia, and was safe from any immediate danger. He therefore marched, with about seventy-five men, towards Acton. On the morning of September 3d, he was attacked near that place by about one hundred and fifty Indians, and a sharp battle ensued. The troops were driven back towards Hutchinson, fighting all the way, until afternoon, -when they reached that place. Captain Strout lost three men killed and fifteen wounded, all of whom were brought off the field, and lost most of their equi- page, rations, &c., and several horses and wagons abandoned and mired. The Indians must have lost several killed. At Hutchinson, a large stockade had been bmlt, and a company of about sixty militia commanded by Captain Harrington, were defending the town. About nine the next morning, September 4th, the 148 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. Indians attacked the post. They burned all the houses on the edge of the town and one or two more centrally located. Our troops sallied out and routed them, however, and a succession of skirmishes ensued, which lasted all day. Meantime, General Stevens had heard of the engagement near Acton, and at once sent the companies of Captain Davis and Lieutenant "VVeinmann to the relief of Hutchinson. They arrived about six o'clock on the evening of the fight, but the Indians had withdrawn. Several persons in the neighborhood' were killed by them, and others escaped into the stockade. All the signs indicated that the Indians had retreated towards the upper Minnesota, taking a large drove of stolen horses and cattle with them. The Indians were not seen again in this vicinity until September 23d, when a band of about fifty inva- ded Meeker and Kandiyohi counties. They killed two or three settlers who had returned to their farms, but seemed more intent on stealing cattle than on killing whites. They were pursued by the troops, and sixty-five head of cattle rescued from them. Wright county does not seem to have been in- vaded by the Indians. Portifications were erect- ed by the inhabitants at various points, but no depredations were made in that locality, so far as known. Western and southern Steams county, how- ever, suffered severely from the depredations of the red foe. About August 23d, they committed murders and other crimes near PaynesviUe. The people of that town erected a strong stockade, and the citizens and refugees from points further west, sheltered themselves therein. A part of the town was burned, but no attack was made on the post. At Maine Prairie, St. Joseph's, Sauk Centre, Clear Water, Little Palls, and other pla- ces, similar stockades were built, and held by a few determined citizens. At St. Cloud, which was filled with refugees, strong fortifications M'ore built, and preparations made to defend the placo to the utmost, but no foe ever appeared, fortu- nately. A number of persons were murdered in the western and southern part of Steams county, and houses burned. The southwestern portion of the State was also overrun, and a number of murders committed. This district was soon after placed in command of Colonel Plandrau, and about five hundred mUitia garrisoned at different points, who soon rid the country of Indians. The Third Regiment, which had been paroled, after its surrender, at Murfreesboro, was now at Benton Barracks, Mo. Gov. Ramsey telegraphed on Aug. 22d to have them sent to this state at once, for service against the Indians. The re- quest was complied with. The regiment received its exchange on Aug.24th, and they arrived in St. Paul on Sept. 4th. All their officers were still prisoners in the hands of the rebels, and the companies were commanded by non-commissioned officers. Maj. Welch, who was not with the regi- ment at its surrender, (having been taken pris- oner at Bull Bun) was in command of the regi- ment. Three hundred men were at once sent to the frontier, where they did good service, being the only veteran troops engaged during the war. On Aug. 28d, Gov. Ramsey, in response to many petitions, called an extra session of the legislature, to meet on Sept. 9th. SIEGE OF FORT ABEECR03IBIE. On Aug. 23d the Indians commenced hostili- ties in the valley of the Red River. Port Aber- crombie was then garrisoned by Co. D., Fifth Regiment, Capt. J. Van der Horck, but about half the company was stationed at Georgetown, protecting the Transportation Company's goods at that place. Early on the 23d a band of 500 Sissetons and Yanktons crossed the Otter Tail River, with the intention of capturing a train of goods and cattle en route for Red Lake, where a treaty was to be made with the Cliippewas. The train was at once ordered to take refuge in Port Abercrombie, and did so. Most of the citizens in the surroimding region also repaired to that post, for safety, but many were killed, or taken prisoners. The town of Dayton was destroyed. Reinforcements were ordered to Port Aber- crombie as soon as its danger was learned, but the troops sent out were detained en route, to protect and aid threatened places in Stearns and Meeker Counties, and did not reach the fort. Meantime it was in great danger, and was quite surrounded by the enemy. Skirmishes near by had taken place between detachnients of the troops and the Indians. On Aug. 80th the latter appeared in large niunbers before the fort. A DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 149 large herd of the treaty cattle (172 head) and about 100 horses and mules were grazing on the prairie near by. The Indians drove these off, and the small garrison could make no resistance. On Sept. 3d, at daybreak, the Indians attacked the post. A fight was kept up for two or three hours, but they were repulsed, with some loss on both sides. Active measures were then taken to strengthen the post by a stockade of timber. On Sept. 6th, a second attack was made, and a sharp battle raged until nearly noon. A number of the Indians were killed and wounded, but only one of our force was killed, and one mortally wounded. The Indians hung around the fort, occasionally attacking a messenger, or a water- ing party, until Sept. 23d, when reinforcements arrived via St. Cloud to the great joy of the be- leaguered garrison, who had now been besieged over three weeks. !No farther demonstrations, of any force, were made by the Indians. But for the brave resistance made by a mere handful of soldiers, aided by a few citizens, the post must have fallen. A BEGIMBKT OF MOUNTED EANGEE8 EAISED. The want of a mounted force to pursue the In- dians was severely felt by Col. Sibley. His small number of irregular mounted militiamen were leaving for their homes. He several times urged Gov. Eamsey to provide cavalry, and that official in turn asked of the War Department the proper authority. This was granted on Sept. 1st, and a regiment of mounted rangers at once called for, for three months service, which was subsequently changed to one year. The regiment was soon recruited, and Col. S. McPhaill appointed colonel. BATTLE OF BIECH COOLIE. While waiting at Fort Eidgely for proper sup- plies and equipments, and before undertaking any offensive campaign agaujet the Indians, Col. Sibley sent out, on August 31st, a detachment to bury dead bodies, rescue any fugitives that might be found, and make reconnoissances. This de- tachment consisted of part of Co. A, sixth regi- ment, Capt. H. P. Grant, about seventy mounted men under Capt. Jos. Anderson, and a fatigue party — about one hundred and fifty men in all, accompanied by seventeen teams. The whole force was in command of Maj. Joseph K. Brown, who was perfectly familiar with the country and with Indian warfare. On the first day's march sixteen dead bodies were found and buried. The next day (Sept. 1) the force separated into two detachments. During this day fifty-five mutil- ated bodies were buried. In the evening the whole force went into camp at Birch Coolie (or Coulee) in a spot selected by Maj. Brown. No Indians had been seen that day. Just before daybreak on the 2d, the camp was aroused by a volley of firearms and the yells of Indians, who had crawled unperceived within a few yards of the encampment. For a few min- nutes terrific volleys were poured into the tents, cutting them into shreds and wounding or killing a number of men and horses. As soon as they could seize their arms, tho^e who. were unhurt crawled out, and sheltering themselves as well as they could behind wagons, dead horses, etc., re- turned the fire. Shortly after daylight the men began excavating, with such Implements as they could get, a line of rifle-pits, and in a short time had about two hundred feet dug. The firing in the still of the morning was heard by the sentinels at Fort Eidgely, fifteen miles away, and a detachment of troops uuder Colonel McPhaill, at once pushed off to their relief. When within three miles of Birch Coolie, they were met by such a large force of Indians they could not advance, and scLt a courier back for reinforcements. Meantime, the troops of Major Brown's command lay all day in their rifle pits, keeping the savages at bay. The wounded were cared for as well as possible, but some died du- ring the day. As soon as McPhaill's courier reached Fort Eidgely, a large force, with some artillery, was sent to the relief of his and Brown's troops. They came up about daylight, and the whole col- umn then pushed on to Birch Coolie, dislodging and driving the Indians from their position, after keeping our men under Are for thirty hours , with- out food or drink. The camp was an awful scene, when relieved. Twenty-three men had been killed outright or mortally wounded^ forty-flve badly wounded, and seventy horses killed. The dead were buried on the spot, and the wounded carried back to Fort Eidgely in wagons. Thus terminated the most bloody battle of the war, and one which spread gloom over the State. It is not creditable to 150 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Minnesota that this battle ground should have been allowed to pass into private hands, and be plowed over. It should have been reserved by the State as a historic spot, and marked with a suit- able monument. All the bodies, however, were subsequently removed, and properly interred else- where. RELIEF MEASUBBS FOK THE REFUGEES. The condition of the poor refugees from the ravaged districts, was deplorable in the extreme. In St Peter alone, there were in September, as many as 6,000 or 7,000 for some days, and at one time 8,000. In St. Paul there were 1,000, and at Minneapolis an equal number, and all the towns had more or less. They were all destitute of money, clothing, employment, &c., and many were sick, while not a few were actually insane from trouble and grief. The active exertions of citizens of St. Peter alone prevented great suffer- ing there, but their means were soon exhausted. They then appealed through the papers for aid, and Governor Kainsey appointed commissioners to receive and disburse supplies. About $20,000 in money was contributed, half of which came from eastern cities, while large quantities of cloth- ing were collected by local relief committees, in St. Paul and other places. The Legislature, when it met, voted $25,000 more. These amounts relieved the worst cases of need. In October, most of those whose homes had not been des- troyed returned to them, and the number of des- titute rapidly decreased. Several hundred, how- ever, were supported all winter. Fortunately, laborers had now become scarce, and wages en- hanced, so that all could get employment. The building of railroads went along unchecked in the midst of all the panic. The Winona and St. Peter EaUroad completed about ten miles of road this fall. NEGOTIATIONS FOB BELEASE OF THE PBIS- ONEES. Before leaving the battle-field of Birch Coolie, Col. Sibley left the following note attached to a stake: " If Little Crow has any proposition to majie to me, let him send a half-breed to me, and he shaU be protected in and out of camp. "H. H. SIBLEY, " Col. Com'g Mil. Exped'n." Col. Sibley had reason to believe that their re- peated defeats had discouraged the foe, and ne- gotiations could be made with the disaffected Indians, and those tired of fighting, for the re- lease of the prisoners. This note bore good fruit very soon. It was now evident that all the marauding bands from the interior had been called in, and that the Indians would oppose the column on its march with all their combined forces. Col. Sibley ordered the Third regiment, then at Glencoe, to join his command, and it reached Port Ridgely on Sept. 13th. Meantime Col. Sibley's note had been shown Little Crow on his return from the, raid on the Big Woods settlers, and A. J. Campbell, a half- breed who acted as his secretary, read it to him. Crow at once dictated a reply, blaming Galbraith and ttie traders for wronging them, and enumer- ating some grievances which caused the war. He requested an answer. This note reached Col. Sibley at Port Kidgely on Sept. 7th. Col. S. at once repUed demanding that Little Crow should release the prisoners, and he would then treat with him. On Sept. 12th a reply was received from Crow, saying that the Mdewakantons had 150 prisoners, and other bands some more. He said: "I want to know from you, as a friend, what way I can make peace for my people. " Col. * Sibley at once replied, urging Crow to give up the prisoners, and complaining that he had allowed his young men to kill nine more whites since he sent the first letter. The same courier who brought Little Crow's letter also brought one pri- vately from the chief Wabasha, and Taopi, a Chiistian Indian. They asserted that they were forced into the war, and were now anxious to make peace, and if a chance ofEered they would come in and give themselves up, with all their prisoners. Col. Sihley replied^ to this message urging them to do so, and promising them pro- tection, adding that he was now strong enough to crush all the Indians who held out. When this letter was received by Wabasha and his friends who wished to separate from the other Indians, a great dispute arose among all the bands. Indeed, disaffection and jealousy had been brewing ever since the outbreak. The pris- oners were in great peril and might have been murdered. But at last all worked out well, and DEFEAT AJSTD PVNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 161 the friendly and repentant Indians carried the day. The War Department had meantime created Minnesota and Dakota into a military depart- ment, and appointed Gen. John Pope to the com- mand. He reached St. Paul on Sept. 12th, and established his headquarters there. The EXTRA SESSIOIT OF THE LEGISLATTJEB, called by the Governor, met on September 9th, and adjourned on September 29th. The legisla- f on was mostly in regard to matters growing out of the Indian war. A Board of Auditors was created to adjust claims growing out of the mas- sacre, and $75,000 was appropriated to settle them. Congress was memorialized to reimburse the State for this outlay. A Board of Commis- sioners was authorized to coUect names of slain, and the facts of their death, &c. [This was never done.] The sum of $25,000 was voted for the relief of indigent refugees. Congress was also memorialized for the removal of the Winneba- goes from the State. THE NEW EEGIMENTS, (the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) which had been hurried ofE to the frontier, half organized, were, by this time, completely organized and mustered in. The Colonels were appointed as follows: Sixth, "Wm. Crooks ; Seventh, Stephen Miller ; Eighth, Minor T. Thomas ; Ninth, Alex. Wilkin ; Tenth, James H. Baker. BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE. Col. Sibley, after the arrival of the Third Kegi- ment and the suppUes and ammunition he had needed, broke camp, on Sept. 18th, and started in pursuit of the Indians at or near Yellow Medi- cine. On the morning of Sept. 23d, while en- camped near Wood Lake, the Indians suddenly attacked the force. The Eenville Rangers were thrown out, and met the enemy bravely. Maj. Welch soon had the Third Eegunent in line, and they poured steady volleys into the advancing line of Indians, as did also the Sixth Eegiment, under Maj. McLaren. The flght then became general. Lieutenant Colonel Marshall charged the enemy with three Companies of the Seventh and A of the Sixth, and put them to rout. The bat- tle had lasted an hour and a half. Our loss was four killed and fifty wounded; among the latter, Maj. Welch. The Indians lost quite a number- thirty, it is said — fifteen being found dead on the field. After burying the dead, Col. Sibley marched toward Lac qui Parle, near which place Wabasha had notified him he would meet him and deliver up the prisoners. RELEASE OF THE CAPTIVES. On September 26th the column arrived at the camp where the friendly Indians had the prison- ers, and made their own near by. It was oppo- site the mouth of the Chippewa Eiver, and was named by our men "Camp Eelease." Col. Sibley without delay visited the Indians and demanded the captives. They were at once produced, nearly two hundred and fifty in number. Many wept with joy at their release ; others had grown almost indifferent. These poor people — mostly women and children — were sent as soon as_possi- ble to their friends, if the latter were still living. The Indians who had given themselves up were at once placed under guard nntil they could be examined as to their guilt. During the next few days a number came in and gave themselves up, and some smaller parties were captured soon after by our troops under Lt. Col. Marshall, so that soon our force had over 2,000 Indian war- riors in their hands. Col. Sibley at once organized a military commission, composed of Col. Crooks, Lt. Col. Marshall, and Capt. Grant, with I. V. D. Heard as judge advocate, to examine all evi- dence against the Indians, and Indicate the guilty ones. Another commission of five officers was appointed to try the accused. These commissions continued at work until November 5th, by which time they had foimd three hundred and twenty-one Indians guilty of murder, ravishing, and other crimes, and sen- tenced three hundred and three to death. These were at once removed to South Bend, there to await the orders of the president. The other Indians and their famUis were taken to Port Snelling and confined all winter in a stockade. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR. Meantime Little Crow and the still hostile In- dians had retreated into Dakota, and before winr ter reached Devil's Lake, where they remained until the next season. As the war in this State was now practically over, most of the settlers whose homes had not been destroyed returned to 152 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. them. The Third Minnesota regiment, and the Twenty-flfth Wis. and Twenty-seventh Iowa, were sent south before winter, but the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Minn., with the Mounted Rangers, were retained for liome service, and were stationed in detachments in a cordon of posts reaching from the south line of the State across the frontier to St. Cloud. The country between the garrisons was carefully scouted and patrolled, so that no hostile Indians covUd pass the line. On November 25th, Gen. Pope removed his headquartSrs to Milwaukee, and Brig. Gen. Sibley (for such he was made after the battle of Wood Lake) remained in command at St. Paul. The winter passed without any hostilities. OUR REGIMENTS IN THE SOUTH had not been idle meantime. On Sept. 4th the Fifth Regiment was in the battle at Corinth, and tinder fire some time. One account says: " The ground in front of us was covered with killed and wounded rebels." The Fifth suffered a loss of six killed, eighteen wounded and three .missing. The Fourth Regiment was also in the same fight, and lost, during two days' fighting, three killed and nine wounded. The Fourth Regiment was also hotly engaged at the battle of luka, on Sept. 19th. It lost three killed, four wounded, two missing. At Corinth, Oct. 3d and 4th, the Fourth also bore an active share, losing three killed and five wounded. " The regiment bore itself most gal- lantly," says an official report. In the same en- gagements the Fifth Minnesota also shared, ex- pending about fifty rounds of ammunition, with which they made deadly work among the enemy, losing six killed, sixteen wounded, and four miss- ing. The First Battery were also in this en- gagement, and did good work, having only one man wounded. THE FIRST REGIMENT also bore its share during this period. At the Battle of Antietam, on Sept. 17th, it was closely engaged, and left ninety men dead or mor- tally wounded on the field. Their bodies now rest in the national cemetery there. The First also participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, on December 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th, during which it lost nine wounded and one missing. EXECUTION or THE INDIAN MURDERERS. The three hundred and three Indian murderers were kept at South Bend a short time and then removed to Mankato, where they were confined in a stone warehouse strongly guarded. Mean- time, some (so called) " philanthropists," princi- pally Quakers, at Philadelphia and other eastern cities, interfered in the matter, and got up a strong pressure on President Lincoln to pardon the guilty wretches. This was resisted by the prominent men and officials of Minnesota, the people of the State almost unanimously demand- ing their execution, and threatening, if it were not done, to apply lynch law to them. President Lincoln selected thirty -nine of the murderers, and (on December 6th) ordered General Sibley to execute them. This was carried into effect on December 26th, at Mankato, (one, meantime, dying of disease). Thirty-eight of the savages were swung off of one scaffold, in the presence of a large concourse of people. The rest of the mur- derers were imprisoned until spring, then taken to Davenport, Iowa, where they were confined a few months, after which they were removed to a reservation on the Missouri river, and set at liberty. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAB OF SECESSION. 163 CHAPTER XXVIII. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAK OV SECESSION. Events of the Year 1863.— Scattering Raids on the Frontier.— A Scalp Bounty Offered. — Eemoval of the Sioux and Winnebagoes. — Gen. Sibley's Expedition of 1363.- Brave Conduct of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Regiments.— The First at Gettysburg. — Death of Little Crow.— Gen. Sibley's Column Attacked by the Sioux.— BemaTkable Drought in 1803-.64. — ^Thiee More Regiments sent South. — ^Return of the Firet Regiment. — Gen. Sibley's Expedition in 186i.— Heavy Drafts for Men. — Inflation and High Prices. — Battles in which Minnesota Troops Took Port. — Union Victories.— Close of the War. — Return of our Troops.— The State's Share in the Confliot.---A new Era of Material Prosperity Begun. The -winter of 1862-'63 was spent by Gen. Sib- ley in making preparations for an expedition to the Missouri Eiver, to pursue and punish the hostile Sioux. A third battery of light artillery was recruited for this purpose, and John Jones, the gallant defender of Fort Eidgely, appointed captain. At the session of the legislature, Gov. Eamsey was elected U. S. Senator, but did not vacate the gubernatorial chair imtil June 30th. Early in the spring, small parties of Sioux be- gan to make predatory incursions into the state, and these raids continued all summer. Some twenty persons were killed, in all, and a num- ber of horses stolen. The Indians were pur- sued by troops in every case, and a number of them killed. A reward of $25 was offered by the Adjutant General for Sioux scalps, and afterwards raised to $200. In May, the Sioux were removed from the state, together with the Winnebagoes, and sent to a new reservation on the Missouri Eiver. Efforts were made to get rid of the Chippewas, but were not successful. Gen. Sibley in May concentrated three thous- and troops at Camp PopCj on the upper Minnesota Eiver, for his expedition. These were: the Sixth, Seventh-, and Tenth Infantry, Capt. Jones' Bat- tery, and the Mounted Eangers. On June 17th, the expedition started on its march. Gen. Ste- phen Miller was meantime in command of the department here. Gen. Alfred Sully was at the same time moving up the Missouri Eiver -with another expedition. On Jime 22d, the War Department authorized the formation of a three years battalion of six companies of cavalry, for service against the In- dians, to be commanded by Major E. A. C. Hatch. This was soon recruited, and in active duty at the various posts in this department. OTJE BBGIMENTS IN THE SOUTH. The suromer of 1863 was one of hard service and brilliant renown to our regiments in the South. On May 3d, the Fourth Eegiment was in hot action in the battle at the crossing of Big Black river, with a loss of three killed. One of its officers planted the Union flag on the Capitol at Jackson. At Champion HUls (May 16th) it lost one killed. On May 22d, at Vicksburg, it again suffered severely, losing twelve killed and forty-two wounded. The Third Eegiment was also in the same campaign. On May 19th, the Fifth Eegiment near Vicksburg, lost one killed and five wounded. The severest loss of any of our regiments in the war, however, was that suffered by the First Eegiment at Gettysbiurg, on July 3d. It took part in the hottest of that memorable action, and made a movement in the face of an awful fire from the rebels. In a few minutes it lost sixty- eight killed, 149 wounded, 90 missing, and when it emerged from the baptism of fire, had only 87 men in its ranks. The news of this terrible car- nage was received with profound sympathy by the people of the State, mingled with thankful- ness, however, for the great victory won there, and at Vicksburg, on the same day. DEATH OF LITTLE CBOW. During June, a band of seventeen Indians greatly aimoyed the settlers in Meeker and Kandi- yohi counties, killing several. On July 3d, a man named Nathan Lampson, and his son Chauncy, were hunting near Hutchinson, when they espied two Sioux. A fight ensued, in which Mr. Lamp- son was badly wounded, when his son, by a fortu- 154 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. nate shot, killed one of the Indians. The dead body of the latter was taken to Hutchinson. From its appearance, and certain marks, it was supposed to be Little Crow. It was scalped, and the re- mains buried. Not long after, an Indian was captured in Dakota, which proved to be Wo-wi- na-pe, Little Crow's son. He confessed that the Indian kiUed by Lampson was his father, and that he was with him at the time. The remains of the celebrated chieftain, whose name for months was a terror to our people, were then exhumed, and the skeleton preserved. The scalp and arm bones are in the museum of the Histori- cal Society, at St. Paul. Gen. Sibley's expedition reached the Coteau of the Missouri on July 24, and on that day, at a place called "Big Mound," was attacked by about one thousand Indians. A sharp engage- ment ensued, in which twenty-one Indians were killed, and only two of our troops. On July 26, at " Dead Buffalo Lake," the Sioux again attacked his column, but were repulsed, with a loss on our side of one man. On July 28, at " Stony Lake," about two thousand Indians again gave battle, but were routed, with considerable loss. The expedition pursued the savages to the Missouri river, across which they escaped. It returned to the state about Sept. 1st. Gen. SuUy's colmnn had several engagements with the Indians, chas- tising them severely. The summer of 1863 was memorable for an in- tense drouth, which continued until the close of 1864. During these two seasons almost no rain fell, yet the harvests were good. The worst re- sult was on the river, which was unprecedently low, and business was badly interfered with, and the lumbering interest was, for the same reason, greatly depressed. On Sept. 19 and 20, at Chickamauga, the Second Regiment was hotly engaged, and suffered a loss of thirty-five killed and one hundred and thirteen wounded. Early in October, the Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Eegiments were relieved from duty here and sent to St. Louis, from whence they went to the front. On Oct. 12th, the War Department, having called for two hundred thousand more troops, authorized the Second Regiment of cavalry to take the place of the Mounted Rangers, whose term of service had expired. On Oct. 14 the First Regiment was engaged at Bristow's Station, and lost one killed and nine- teen wounded, capturing two hundred prisoners and several guns. At the state election this faU, Gen. Stephen Miller was elected governor, by a vote of 19,628 over Henry T. WeUs, who had 12,739. On Nov. 23, the Second Regiment was in the action at Mission Ridge, and suffered a loss of five killed and thirty-four wounded. The provost marshals of the state made an en- rollment of all the male citizens this fall, pre- paratory to the draft. Resistance was made in some cases, but no serious disturbances took place, as in other states. EABLY IN 1864, the regiments which enlisted in 1861, and had re- enlisted as " veterans," were allowed to return to the . State on furlough. They were received in the various towns of the State with the most lively demonstrations of pride and grati- tude, and banqueted and petted as the brave heroes deserved. On April 28th the First regiment, whose term of service had expired, was mustered out at Fort Snelling. Barely one hundred of the 1080 men who had stood on the same parade ground three years before, were in the ranks. Out of some re- enUsted men and recruits a battaUon was formed, called the "First Battalion," which did good ser- vice during the next year. On March 30th tlie Third regiment had a close action at a place called Fitzhugh's Woods, near Augusta, Ark. Seven were killed and sixteen wounded. Gen. Andrews, commanding, had his horse shot under him. On June 6th an expedition left Fort Ridgely in piu-suit of the hostile Sioux on the Missouri River, under command of Gen Sully. It con- sisted of the Eighth Minn, (mounted), six compa- nies of the Second Cavalry, three sections of Jones' Battery, and Brackett's Battalj.on of cav- alry, which had re-enlisted and was now organ- ized as a separate command. On June 14, the Sixth Regiment left Fort Snel- ling for the south, and was soon after placed in the Sixteenth Army Corps, in which was also the CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR AND THE WAB OF SECESSION. 155 Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota reg- iments. The Fifth had, not long previously, taken a part in the disastrous Red Eiver cam- ' paign, and the Ninth had borne a share in the unfortunate Guntown expedition (June 10), where it suffered a loss of seven killed, thirty-three wounded, and two hundred and forty-six taken prisoners. On Feb. 1 the War Department had made a call for two hundred thousand men, and on March 14 another call for the same number, fol- lowed by one in April for eighty-five thousand. The quota of our state under these heavy calls was about five thousaiid men, and on May 26 drafting commenced to fiU the quotas of some districts which were delinquent. The desire of some towns and districts to escape a draft led to the issuing of bonds, with the proceeds of which they paid high bounties and procured recruits. Subscriptions were raised in some districts for the same purpose. A class of middle men, called recruit, or bounty, agents, sprang up, who, in bidding for recruits, sometimes gave as high as $700 or $800 for men to fill quotas. Under this stimulus recruiting went on pretty lively, while a considerable number of men were drafted and sent to fill old regiments. On July 18th came an- other call for five hundred thousand, and this again produced a new struggle to fill quotas. The entire number of men apportioned to our state up to this time was 21,442. That these frequent and heavy drafts for men produced a feeling of doubt and despondency can not be denied. It was now the fourth year of the war, and its end still seemed far off, while its rapa- cious maw appeared to Uterally swallow up the enormous levies which the people in their pride and patriotism promptly furnished at each call. There was mourning in nearly every household for some "unreturning brave," and sufEering in the families of enlisted men. The inflation of the currency also produced an unheard-of rise in the price of living. On June 1 gold was 150. On July 11th it had reached 285— the highest point during the war. All other values advanced accordingly. There was some silver lining to the dark cloud, though. The great advance in goods literally made the for- tunes of many dealers. Even real estate began to show life, while there was an ease in the money market which reminded one of 1857. Several of our railroads were now in active progress, and labor was in great demand. The continued drouth and low water was a serious drawback, however. Prayers were put up in most of the churches for rain. Small raids were made by the Sioux several times during the summer, and several persons killed, but these attacks occasioned but little alarm. On July 13th, our Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Regiments were in the Battle of Tupelo, and all suffered some loss. The Seventh had nine killed and fifty-two wounded. Col. "Wilkin, of the Ninth, was killed — one of the bravest and finest officers who left our state. Under the call of July 23d, an eleventh regi- ment of infantry was authorized, and flUed very quickly. James GilfiUan, formerly of the Sev- enth, was appointed colonel. The Eleventh left the state on Sept. 22d, for Tennessee, where it performed guard duty for several months. A battalion of heavy infantry was also re- cruited, which was soon increased to a full regi- iment. Wm. Colville , late of the First Eegiment, was placed in command. The regiment served for several months at Chattanooga, Term. The bullets of the enemy were not so disas- trous to some of our regiments, as the malaria of southern swamps. Our Sixth Eegiment at Helena, and the Third at Pine Bluff, Ark., were both decimated by disease. Sometimes only a handful of men were found well enough for duty. On October 5th, the Fourth Eegiment was in a heavy action at Altoona, and captured two flags. Their loss was killed, 13 ; wounded, 31. On December 7th, the Eighth Eegiment took part in an engagement near Murfreesboro, Tenn- essee, in which it lost 14 killed and 76 wounded, in a charge on the enemy's batteries. On December 16th, the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Eegunents took part in the great bat- tle of Nashville, between Thomas's and Hood's armies. All suffered loss, though fortunately not severe. On December 19th, another call was made, for 300,000 troops, and the recruiting and boimty business grew more intense than ever, and con- tinued all winter. During this time, the patriotic people of our 156 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. State were contributing with generous liberality to the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, to various relief movements, to special hospital funds of our various regiments, for the support of destitute soldiers' families, and individual cases of distress without number. No State in the Union did more, proportioned to their means, in these works, than the people of Minnesota. THE YEAR 1865 opened with more encouraging prospects. The large forces of the Union army were gaining sub- stantial victories. The successes of Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, Sherman in his historic march to the sea, " crushing the confederacy like an eggshell," and Grant, doggedly- consuming the enemy at Petersburg, were fast shattering the rebelUon. In the siege of Spanish Fort, at Mobile, in April, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Minnesota Volunteers bore an active and honorable part. Not unmingled with tears were the rejoicings over these victories. Every battle bulletin brought sorrow and mourning to many homes in our state On April 3d came the great news of the fall of Richmond, and on April 8th, while the people celebrating this event, the dispatch of General Grant announcing the unconditional surrender of Lee and his army was received, setting nearly everybody crazy with joy. On April 13th the provost marshals received an order to cease draft- ing and recruiting, and the war was practically over. One of its saddest results was yet to come — the death of President Lincoln, on April 15th. This calamity was duly observed in all the towns of the State, on April 19th, by suspension of business, and religious services. These gloomy feelings were soon dispelled, however, by the KETUKN OF OUB REGIMENTS, early in the summer, and their muster out at Fort Snelling. As earOi of these bodies of brave men returned, they were received with sucli ovations and demonstrations of joy as a grateful people could devise. Quietly our soldiers " hung up their bruised arms," and were soon again ab- sorbed into the body of the people. In all, Min- nesota had furnished to the armies of the repub- lic 25,052 men, or about one-seventh of its entire population at the beginning of the war. Of these, it is estimated from the best data obtaina- ble, that 2500 were killed in battle and died of disease during the war, while probably'twice as many more received wounds from which they will suffer through life. Many died shortly after the war, from the effects of disease or imprison- ment incurred in service. In her devotion to the cause of the Union, our State has a bright record. The state was almost free from Indian raids during all this year. Only one of any moment occurred. On May 2d a family of five persons named Jewett, were murdered near Garden City. A half breed named Campbell, who aided in the raid, was arrested at Mankato several days afterward, and hung by a mob. The census of 1865, showed a population of 250,099 — a gratifying increase, considering the war of secession and the Indian war as draw- backs. With the close of the war a new era of pros- perity seemed to have begun in the state. Money was abundant, immigration brisk, labor in de- mand, and real estate advancing. Our railroads were in rapid progress in all directions, and vil- lages and towns springing up everywhere. On Nov. 11th, at Fort Snelling, Shakopee and Medicine Bottle, two Sioux convicted of taking part in the massacre of 1862, were hung. They had fled to Manitoba, and were not caught until 1864. This fall much excitement was occasioned by the reported discovery of gold quartz at Lake Vermillion. Several , mining companies were formed, and veins opened and worked, but the yield did not pay, and the mines were soon aban- doned. The state election this year was very feebly contested. Two well-known old settlers were nominated for governor, but the vote was light. Wm. E. Marshall received 17,318 and Henry M. Rice 13,842. At the same election an amend- ment to the constitution was voted on, proposing to confer the elective franchise on negroes, but was defeated. PBINCIPAIj events FMOM 1866 TO 1881. 157 CHAPTEE XXIX. PKINCIPAI, EVENTS FROM 1866 TO 1881. & Period of Inflation.— Rapid Railroad Construction.— Proposed Removal of the Capital.— Attempted Adjustment of the Railroad Bonds.v-Legislative Control of Freight Tariifs.— Prairie Fires in 1871.— An Arctic Cyclone.— Impeachment of State Treasurer.— The Jay Cooke Panic— Regulating Railroad Tariffs.— Grasshopper Ravages.— Suffering on the Frontier.— Relief Measures Adopted hy the Legislature.— Murderous Raid by Missouri Outlaws. — Further Attempts to Adjust the Railroad Loan Deht.— End of the Grasshopper Scourge.^'Retum of " Good Times," and Rapid Growth in Prosperity. The year 1866 was one of great financial ease. The large expenditure of money by the govern- ment, in the pay of discharged troops, bounties, and various war claims, made money unusually plenty. The railroads of the State were pushed this year with great vigor. By winter, 315 miles were in operation. There was a contiauous Une from St. Cloud, via Owatonna, to Winona, a distance of 245 miles. These roads were an important element in aiding the settlement and business of the State. Formerly the sole dependence for travel and freight had been on the river, and the winter was a season of dullness and depression. This was now largely changed. At the State election in the faU of 1867, "Wm. E. Marshall had 34,874 votes, and Charles E. riandrau 29,502. This would indicate a popula- tion of about 320,000, showing a heavy immigra- tion during the years 1866 and 1867. At this election, a negro suffrage amendment was again voted on and defeated. The following year [1868] the amendment was a third time voted on, and adopted; ayes, 39,493; noes, 30,121. PROPOSED REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL. At the session of the legislature in 1869, a bill was introduced to remove the seat of government to a spot near Big Kandiyohi Lake. The bUl was at first regarded as a joke, and it met with small opposition, passing both houses with little delay. Gov. Marshall vetoed the measure, and an at- tempt to pass the act over his veto, failed. At this session, the legislature celebrated the completion of an all-rail route to the east by a visit to Milwaukee, and to the "Wisconsin legisla- ture at Madison. At the state election in the fall of 1869, Horace Austin (rep.) was elected governor, by a vote of 27,348, over George L. Otis (dem.), who had 25,401. By the census of 1870, Minnesota was found to have 439,706 population. PROPOSED ADJUSTMENT OF THE RAILROAD BONDS. At the session of the Legislature in 1870, an act was passed submittrag to the people an amendment to the constitution, providing for the sale of the five hundred thousand acres of what was known as the "Internal Improvement Lands," and the use of the proceeds in extin- guishing the state railroad loan bonds, in the fol- lowing manner: Two thousand of the bonds were to be deposited with the State Land Commis- sioner on or before the day of sale, by the hold- ers, they agreeing to purchase with them the lands at $8.70 per acre, etc. The amendment was adopted by a popular vote, but as only 1,032 bonds were deposited by the owners, the measure failed. The unusual low water of 1863, '64 and '65 had now given way to a series of years of the oppo- site extreme. In 187G occurred great freshets, doing much damage, and the water was reported " higher than for twenty years." Eaihoad construction had been pushed with great vigor for the last year or two. At the close of 1870, there were 1,096 miles in operation, 329 of v/hich were built that year. A road had been completed to Lake Superior during the season, thus connecting the river and lake systems, while the Northern Pacific Eailroad was under full headway. During 1869 and '70, much complaint was made by shippers, of unjust charges by the railroads of 158 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. the State. Governor Austin, in his message, January, 1871, called attention to the subject very pointedly. An investigation was made by a legislative committee, which resulted in the en- actment of a freight and passenger tarifE, and the creation of the office of Bailroad Commissioner. The tariff so fixed was disregarded by the rail- roads, and in 1871, an action, as a sort of test case under that statute, was commenced by John D. Blake, of Eochester, against the Winona & St. Peter Eailroad, for unjust freight charges. The presiding judge decided the act unconstitu- tional, but the Supreme Court of the State re- versed this decision, when the railroad company appealed the case to the Supreme Court of the United States. It was not until 1876 that a de- cision was rendered, sustaining the right of legis- lative control over railroad tariffs. An act was passed by the legislature of 1871 to " Tcsi tho validity and provide for the equitable adjuistmcnt" of the State railroad bonds, by the erection of a commission, to ascertain and award the amount due on each. The act was voted on in May following, and rejected by the people. Another important measure passed at the same sSssion, was an act dividing up the 600,000 acres of Internal Improvement Land, among various railroad companies. This was vetoed by Gov. Austin. Two years later the constitution was amended so that no act disposing of these lands, should be vaUd, unless approved by a vote of the people. In the fall of 1871, destructive fires, driven by high winds, swept over a number of frontier coun- ties, lasting several days, and inflicting great damage on the settlers. Hundreds lost their houses, crops, hay, fences, etc, and several per- sona were burned to death. During the summer, many had also lost their crops by destructive hail storms. Gov. Austin appealed to the people of the State, by proclamation, for aid for the suffer- ers. Tie received in response, $14,000 in money, and clothing, provisions, etc., worth $11,000 more, while the next legislature appropriated $20,000 for the purpose of purchasing seed wheat, for those who had lost their crops. In November, 1871, Horace, Austin, was re- elected Governor, by a vote of 45,833; oveir W. Young, who had, 30,092. From 1870 to 1873, was a period of great infla- tion and speculation. The money market was unprecedentedly easy, and real estate partook of the same excitement as characterized the flush times of 1856 and 1857. Kailroad-building was carried on to a remarkable extent, and the entire State was enjoying an unusual period of material progress and development. The winter of 1872-3 was an unusually early and severe one. On January 7th, 8th and 9th, 1873, occurred an " Arctic Cyclone", or "Polar "Wave ", of a violence and intensity never before experienced in this State. The worst ei^ects were felt in the prairie region. Gov. Austin, in a spe- cial message to the legislature, reported that sev- enty lives were lost, thirty-one persons suffered loss of Umbs, and about three hundred cattle and horses perished. The legislature voted §5,000 as a reUef fund to aid sufferers. During the session of 1873, charges of corrupt conduct and misdemeanors in ofiice, were made against Wm. Seeger, State Treasurer. On March 5th, the House of Kepresentatives impeached him, and the Senate, on being presented with the arti- cles, appointed May 20th as the date to sit as a Court of Impeachment. Prior to that date, Mr. Seeger resigned his office, and Gov. Austin ac- cepted the resignation. When the Senate met on May 20th, this fact left that body uncertain whether to proceed with the trial or not. On May 22d, Mr. Seeger sent in a written plea of " guilty" to all the charges. A resolution was then adopted by the Senate, declaring that the judgment of the court was, that he be removed from office, and disqualified to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit in this State. On September I9th, 1873, the news was circu- lated in this State, of the failure of Jay Cooke's banking house in Philadelphia, occasioning a financial panic. Its effects here were far dif- ferent from those of the panic of 1857. There was some stringency in the money market, rail- road building ceased, and real estate was very dull for several years, but not a bank in the State closed its doors, and but few mercantile houses failed. Immigration was large, good harvests added annually to the wealth of the State, and it advanced steadily in prosperity. PBINGIPAL EVENTS FBOM 1866 TO 1881. 159 THE GBASSHOPPEB SCOtTEGB. During the summer of 1873, a species of grass- hopper, called the " Eocky Mountain Locust," made its appearance in myriads, in some of the south-western counties, ahnost totally destroying the crops. Hundreds of families were feft in great destitution. These facts being reported by the press, an energetic movement was made in the towns and cities in the eastern portion of the state, to send reUef to the sufferers, and large quantities of clothing, provisions, medical sup- plies, etc., were collected and distributed to them, beside quite an amount of money. At the state election this year, Cushman K. Davis was elected governor, by a vote of 40,741, over Ara Barton, who had 35,245. When the Legislature of 1874 assembled, it promptly voted $5,000 for the temporary relief of the frontier settlers, and on March 2nd, a further sum of $25,000 for the purchase of seed grain. With the aid thus furnished, the settlers planted their crops again, but soon the ground was fairly aUve with young grasshoppers, hatched from eggs deposited the year previous. As soon as these were large enough, they laid bare the region about them, then fell on other localities near by, and thus destroyed the crops in a number of coun- ties again. The people were once more in a state of great destitution. Gov. Davis addressed a circular to the com- missioners of the counties not ravaged by the lo- custs, asking them to advance money propor- tioned to their property, for a reUef fund. Con- tributions were also solicited from the people of the state. By the latter, $18,969 was raised, to- gether with very large quantities of clothing and provisions, and forwarded to the sufferers. Even with this aid, there was much suffering the next winter. The Legislature of 1875, immediately on as- sembling, appropriated $20,000 for immediate relief, and later in the session, $75,000 for the purchase of seed grain. Only $49,000 of this was used. The faimerr again planted their crops, in hope, but early in the summer they were, for a third time, destroyed. The situation now became serious. All the state was beginning to foel the effects of this calamity, though the portions yet imharmed kept up an active collection and for- warding of supplies for the destitute. Without this benevolent work, the suffering would have been severe. By the state census this year, the population of Minnesota was found to be 597,407. At the state election, John S. Pillsbury was elected Gov- ernor, by a vote of 47,073, over D. L. Buell, who had 35,275. The season of 1876 saw the grasshopper devas- tations repeated, and over a larger area than be- fore. The crops were more or Ipss a failure, and again an appeal was made to the benevolent people of the rest of the State for aid, which was liberally and cheerfully responded to. On September 6th, a daring crime was perpe- trated at JTorthfleld. A band of eight outlaws from Missouri, attacked the National bank in that town, with the intention of robbing it. The cashier and another citizen were shot dead, and two of the robbers killed by persons who hastily armed themselves. The rcsi of the desperadoes fled, and, after a chase of several days, four of them were surrounded in a thicket in Watonwan county, where one was kUled, and three taken prisoners. The latter, who were brothers named Younger, plead guilty of murder, and were sent to the State's Prison for life. The legislature of 1877 prepared an amend- ment to the constitution, providing for biennial sessions of that body, and the amendment was adopted by the people at the fall election. Five acts were passed at the same session, re- lating to the grasshopper scourge. One of these appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs. [This was never put into effect.] A State loan, to raise the money therefor, was also authorized. In ad- dition, townships or villages were authorized to levy a tax to pay similar bounties. The sum of $75,000 was also appropriated to purchase seed grain for those who had lost their crops, and $5,000 was voted for a special relief fund. At the same session was passed an act provid- ing for the redemption of the State railroad bonds, by giving for each outstanding bond sur- rendered, a new bond for $1,760, at 6 per cent, interest. The amendment was defeated at an election held on June 12th. Early in the summer [1877] the grasshoppers appeared in myriads again, and began devouring 160 OUTLINES OF THE HI8T0ST OF MINNESOTA. tie crops. " The farmers endeavored to destroy them by fires, ditching, and catching them in pans smeared wiih tar. J A day of fasting and prayer for riddance from the calamity, was ap- pointed by the Governor, and generally observed throughout the State. % Soon after this, the grass- hoppers disappeared, and a partial harvest was secured in the region formerly aflflicted by them. For five successive seasons, the farmers in that district had lost their crops, more or less entirely. In the fall, of 1877, Gov. Pillsbury was re- elected Governor, receiving 67,071 votes, over Wm. L. Banning, who received 39,147. The legislature of 1878, appropriated $150,000 to purchase seed grain for destitute settlers, the amounts issued, to such, to be repaid by them. Over six thousand persons, in thirty-four counties, received loans imder this act, enough to plant 223,727 acres. Most of these loans were repaid. At the same session an act was passed, propo- sing a constitutional amendment, offering to the holders of State railroad bonds. Internal Improve- ment Lands, in exchange for such bonds. The amendment was rejected by the people at the next election. > During the year 1878, railroad extension, which had been almost suspended for four years, was renewed again with much vigor, and the mate- rial progress of the State was very marked, the western counties, especially, developing rapidly. At the election in 1879, John S. Pillsbury was re-elected Governor for a third term, by a vote of 57,471, over Edmund Kice, who had 42,444, and other candidates, who received 6,401. On November 15th, 1880, the Hospital for the Insane, at St. Peter, was partially destroyed by flre, and twenty-seven of the patients lost their lives, by burning, or in consequence of exposure and fright. The census of 1880, showed a population in Minnesota, of 780,082. The assessors' returns give a valuation of real and personal property, of $268,277,874. These figures show a proud and gratifying condition of growth and prosperity in the short space of thirty-one years, since Minne- sota began its political existence. FORT SNELLING. CHAPTEB XXX. FOET SNELLING. A Plain Post— Its Associations— Situation — Cliannel of Mississipri— Recent Im- provements — Department of Dakota — Department Headquarters — Lieut. Douglas' Report— .Purchase of Reserve— Purpose of Fort— Building— Hard- ships-Saw Mill— Name— Squatters— Pike Island— Reduction of 1853— Sale to Mr. Steele— Re-entry by U. S.— Reduction of 1862— Claim of Mr. Steele— Re- duction of 1870— New Buildings— General Description. If a visitor expects to see a stone fortification, bristling with cannon and prepared for defense against. , intruders by land or water, he will be disappointed in Fort SnelUng. If, on the other hand, he anticipates a pile of ruins over- grown.with ivy, the remains of former greatness and., strength, he will, find himself as much deceived in that direction. No mark of cannon- ball or even musket shot exists. The fort has never sustained an attack. Some old buildings, it ip trjie,.. are. disused and look sadly forsaken, their places being supplied by new and more modern structures, still it would require some stretch of the iniaginatioii to construe them in- to ruins. One of the officers, however, jokingly suggested that iyy be planted around the tower that . in old time guarded the main entrance, pierced for two tiers of musketry, and a rum be made of it. .This was a valuable suggestion, as in its present condition it performs no useful purpose and. is an eye-sore to the visitor. Thus we .see that, the fort fails to attract, either by its inilitary freshness or by a ruinous condition. It is. simply, a plain military post without dis- play.. ..It has, .however, served a purpose, and is now the historical landmark for the State and the Northwest. Here was the first settlement, the first birth, first marriage and first death. Here was organized the first church, here was the first farming, first, milling and, first enter- prise of every kind. Around Fort Snelling clus- ter all the early associations of the State. What matters it, if it has been a means, of fraud on the national resources and a continual charge to the 11 ' government ? Had the paltry dollars been kept back, much would have been lost and the country made poorer not richer. As the skillful general in the hour of battle wastes ammunition, pro- perty of all kinds and even lives of men that in a less critical hour he would cherish, to accom- plish a result superior in importance to money or lives, so the government is often compelled to submit to much waste to achieve great ends. The fort stands on the bluffs of the Mississippi, whose pure white sandstone affords a strong con- trast to the dark water below, as well as to the green banks above. The wide gorge through which the Father of "Waters brings down the floods of the North is here greatly increased in width, after receiving the waters of its confluent the Minnesota. Geologists tell us that once the Minnesota was the larger river, and that the Mis- sissippi was its tributary. They tell us, too, that the Mississippi once traversed a different course, leaving its present channel at the mouth of Bas- sett's Creek and, taking a route through the Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, flowed into the Min- nesota at some point between Shakopee and the fort. No historian, however, can confirm the testimony of the rocks, and the old fort cannot reach back far enough to aid in the research. We are indebted to the' politeness of Colonel John Gibbon, the officer in command, and to Adjutant Harding for the following history of the fort, prepared by S. E. Douglas, 2nd Lieut. 7th Infantry. This will give the facts of the fort as it was, and as it is, except the improve- ments of the past year. The improvements con- sist of a bakery, a commissary store house and a stable, added at a cost of about §9000. It will be necessary for us, however, to notice some im- provements lately made in the reservation, in consequence of the establishment of the head- (161) 162 FOBT SNELLING. quarters of the " Department of Dakota " at this point. The ' ' Department of Dakota" was created. Aug. 11th, 1866, out of the departments of tlie Missouri and Platte, and Brevet Major General Alfred H. Terry assigned to command. May 18th, 1869, General Terry was succeeded by Major General Winfield S. Hancock. December 3d, 1872, the latter was succeeded by Brevet Major General, now Brigadier General, Alfred 11. Terry. The Department of Dakota now includes the Territories of Montana and Dakota, and the State of Mimiesota. The object of the department is to facilitate the movement of troops, tlie distribution of supplies, etc., etc. The troops in this depart- ment are the Second and Seventh cavalry. Third, Fifth, Seventh, Eleventh, Seventeenth, Eigh- teenth and Twenty-fifth infantry. The head- quarters have been located at St. Paul since the creation of the department, with the exception of a short time when they were located at Port Snelling, During the year past, extensive build- ings have been erected on the Port Snelling res- eiTation with a view to the establishment of the headquarters of this department there, near the military post. These improvements are still in progress, and, when complete, will add greatly to the beauty and usefulness of the reservation. Fourteen buildings built of cream colored brick, are nearly complete, and present a fine appear- ance. They differ in architecture and are large and elaborate. The headquarters building is a handsome structure. So much has been said and is still to be said in this history in reference to Fort Snelling, that it has been thought best to insert the following re- port of the fort : Poet Snelling, Minn., / December 4th, 1879. f To the Post Adjutant, Fort Snelling, Minn. Sib:— Pursuant to instructions from the com- manding officer. Port Snelling, Minn., I have the honor to submit the following report, viz: In 1805, Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, U. S. Army, was sent out to explore the upper Missis- sippi river ,/to expel British traders who might be found violating United States laws, and to make treaties with the Indians. On the 21st of September, 180$, he encamped on what is now known as Pike Island, at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota, (then St. Peters) rivers. Two days after, he obtained by treaty with the Sioux Nation, a tract of land for a military reservation, which was described as follows : "Prom below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter, up the Mississippi to include the Palls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river." By this treaty, as ratified by the Senate, the United States stip- ulated to pay two thousand dollars ($2,000) for the lands thus ceded. The reserve, thus purchased, by Lieutenant Pike, was not used for military purposes until February 10th, 1819, at which time, to cause the power of the United States government to be fully acknowledged by the Indians and settlers of the Northwest, to prevent Lord Selkirk, the Hudson Bay Company and others, from establish- ing trading posts on United States territory, to better the condition of the Indians, and to de- velop the resources of the country, it was thought expedient to establish a milita;ry post near the junction of the Mississippi and the St. Peters. Accordingly part of the 5th U. S. Infantry, com- manded by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Leaven- worth, was despatched to select a site and erect a post. They arrived at the St. Peters in Sep- tember (1819) and went into cantonment on the south side of it, near where the town of Mendota now stands. The first monthly report was rendered for Sep- tember, 1819. During the ensuing winter (1819-20) scurvy raged amongst the troops, referring to which. General H. H. Sibley, in his address before the Minnesota Historical Society, says : "So sud- den was the attack, that soldiers apparently in good health when they retired at night, were found dead in the morning. One man who was relieved from his tour of sentinel duty, and stretched himself upon a bench, when he was called four hours after, to resume his duties, was found lifeless." In May, 1820, the command left their cantonment, crossed the St. Peters, and went into summer camp at a spring, near the old Baker trading house, and about two miles above the present site of Fort Snelling. This was called " Camp Cold Water." During the summer the men were busily engaged in procur- ing -logs and other necessary materials for the BEDVCTION AND SALE. 163 work. All preparations were being made to com- mence building the new post, which was called "Fort St. Anthony;" the site selected being that of the present military cemetery. But in August, 1820, Colonel Josiah SnelUng, 5th U. S. Infantry, having arrived and assumed command, selected the site where Fort Snelling now stands. Work steadily progressed, the troops perform- ing the labor, and on September 10th, 1820, the corner stone of Fort St. Anthony was laid with due ceremony. During the following winter (1820-'21), the buildings of the new post not being habitable, the troops were quartered in the cantonment of the preceding winter. The first measured distance between Fort St. Anthony and Fort Crawford (Prairie du Chien), was taken in February, 1822, and was given as two hundred and four miles. "Work on the post was pushed forward with ^11 possible speed. The buildings were made of logs, and first occupied in October, 1822. The first steamboat, the Virginia, arrived at the post in 1823. A saw-mill was built, the first in Minnesota, by troops from the post, in 1822, and the first lumber ever sawed on Eum Elver, was for use in the construction of the fort. Minneapolisnow includes the mill-site. The post continued to be called Fort St. An- thony until 1824, when, upon the recommendation of General Scott, U. S. A., who inspected the fort, it was named Fort Snelling, in honor of its founder. In 1830 stone buildings were erected for a four company infantry post, also a stone hospital and a stone wall nine feet high surrounding the post. These buildings were not actually completed, however, until after the Mexican War. Notwithstanding the treaty made by Lieuten- ant Pike, the Indian title to the Fort Snelling Reservation, did not cease until the treaty of 1837, which was ratified by the Senate in 1838, and by which the Indian claim to all lands east of the Mississippi, including said reservation, ceased. In 1836, before the Indian title ceased, many settlers located on the reservation, on the left bank of the Mississippi. On October 21st, 1839, the President of the United States issued an order, by virtue of the act of March 3d, 1807, " An act to prevent settle- ments being made on lands ceded to the United States, until authorized by law," directing the United States Marshal to remove squatters from the Fort Snelling reserve, and if necessary, to call on the commanding oflBcer at Fort Snelling for troops to assist him in executing his order. Ac- cordingly, on the 6th of May, 1840, a few of these settlers, having received the necessary notice, were forcibly removed by the Marshal, assisted by U. S. troops from the fort, In 1837, Mr. Faribault presented a claim for Pike Island, part of the reservation purchased by Lieutenant Pike, in 1805. This claim was based on a treaty made by him with the Dakotas in 1820. A military reservation of seven thousand acres, at Fort SnelUng, Minnesota, was set aside by the President, on May 25th, 1853. In November fol- lowing, the President amended his act of May 25th, and reduced the reservation to about six thousand acres. The first map of the Fort Snelling reserve was made by 1st Lieutenant James W. Abert, Corps Engineer, in October, 1853. Pursuant to the act of March 3d, 1857, which extended the provisions of the act of March 19th, 1819, authorizing the sale of certain military sites, the Secretary of War sold the Fort Snelling reserve, excepting two small tracts, to Mr. Frank- lin Steele. The articles of agreement between the board appointed for the purpose on the part of the United States, and Mr. Steele, were dated June 6th, 1857, and were approved on the second day of July following. The reservation and build- ings thereon were sold for ninety thousand dol- lars, one-third to be paid on July 10th, 1857, and the balance in two equal yearly installments. The first payment (f 30,000) was actually made, July 25th, 1857, on which date Mr. Steele, in pur- suance of military authority, took possession of said property. The troops were withdrawn from the post previous to Mr. Steele's occupancy there- of. Mr. Steele having made default in the two remaining payments, the United States entered into possession and occupancy of the reservation and post, on April 23d, 1861. By act of August 26th, 1862, the Fort Snelling reservation was reduced and defined as follows : 164, FOBT 8NELLING. " Beginning at tlie middle of the channel of the Mississippi Kiver below Pike's Island ; thence . ascending along the channel of said river in such direction as to include all the islands of the river to the mouth of Brown's Creek ; thence up said creek to Eice Lake ; thence through the middle of Rice Lake to the outlet of Lake Ame- lia; thence through said outlet and the middle i of Lake Amelia to the outlet of Mother Lake ; : thence through said outlet and the middle of Mother Lake to the outlet of Duck Lake ; thence through said outlet and the middle of Duck Lake to the southern extremity of Duck Lake ; thence in a line due south to the middle of channel of the St. Peter's River ; thence down said- river so as to include all the islands to the middle of the ■. channel of the Mississippi River ; reserving fur- ther,- for military purposes, a quarter section on the right hank of the St. Peter's River, at the present ferry, and also a quarter section on the , left hank of the Mississippi River, at the present ferry across that stream.'' Mr. Steele presented, on February 6th, 1868, a claim against the United States government for the possession and occupancy by U. S. troops, of said post and reservation ; which claim exceeded ■ in amount the original purchase with interest. By act of May 7th, 1870, the Secretary of War was authorized "To select and set apart for a permanent military post, so much of the military reservation of Port Snelling, not less than one thousand acres, as the public interest may require for that purpose, and to quiet the title to said reservation, and . to settle all claims in relation thereto, and for the use and occupation thereof, <. upon principles of equity." In pursuance of which act, the Secretary of War set apart for a , permanent military reservation fifteen hundred > and -thirty-one and twenty hundredths acres, de- , . fined as follows : "Beginning at a point where the south line of the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section thirty-two, township twenty-eight north, ; of range twenty-three west of the fourth principal meridian, intersects the middle of the main chan- nel of the Minnesota River ; thence west to the ' southwest corner of the northwest quarter of sec- tion thirty-two, town and range aforesaid ; thence noi-th to the northwest corner of section twenty, town-and-range aforesaid ; thence east to middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence along the main channel of the Mississippi Kiver and the confluence -of, the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers at the head of Pike Island and the middle of the Minnesota River, to the place of beginning, including the officers' quarters, bar- racks, &c." A reserve of ten acres granted by the United States to the Catholic Church at Mendota for a cemetery, was also reserved.- Mr. Steele executed full release of all claim whatsoever to this prop- erty, and for the use or occupation of aU property sold to him per agreement dated June 6th, 1857; in consideration of -which, the. United States re- leased Mr. Steele from all indebtedness on the purchase made by him, and- granted and con- veyed to him the. remainder of the so-called Fort Snelling reservation( excepting one small tract), which is defined as follows : "All of sections nineteen, thirty and thirty- one, and all that part of section eighteen lying south of Minnehaha Creek, and all that part of section ■ seventeen lying south of Minnehaha Creek and west of the Mississippi River; all that portion of section twenty, lying east of the main channel of the Mississippi River, including the islands east of said main channel, and the south- west quarter of the northwest quarter, and all that poi^tion of the southwest quarter and of the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of sec- tion twenty-one which Ues east or northeast of the main channel of the Mississippi River, and all those portions of sections twenty-one, twenty- two and twenty-eight lymg on Pike's Island (so- called) being the entire island, and all that other portion of section twenty-eight which lies east and south of the Minnesota River, except twenty acres, being the south half of the southeast quar- ter of the northeast quarter of said section, the same being reserved for a Catholic Church and burial ground, where the church and burial ground now are ; all that portion of the south half and of the south half of the north half of section thirty-two which lies west or north- west of the Minnesota River; all the above described lands being in township twenty-eight north, of range twenty-three west of the fourth principal meridian. Also all that portion of sec- tion thirteen lying south of Minnehaha and Rice Lake and east, of the creek running, between said NEW BUILDINGS AND DESCRIPTION. 165 Kice Lake and Lake Amelia and east of said Lake -Amelia, and all land in section twelve that may be included in said boundaries. All of sec- tion twenty-four lying east of the western bound- ary of said reservation ("reserve selected ") and any portion of section twenty-three that lies east of the creek joining Mother Lake and Lake Ame- lia, and the east half of section twenty-five and the east half of section thirty-six, all in town- ship twenty-eight north, of range twenty-four west of the fourth meridian. Also all that por- tion of section five which lies west or northwest of the Minnesota Kiver; all of section six; all that portion of section seven which lies north of the Minnesota Biver, and all those portions of section eight and eighteen which lie west and north of the Minnesota Biver ; all in township twenty-seven north, of range twenty-three west. Also the east half of section one, and the east half of section twelve, and all that portion of the east half of section thirteen which lies north and east of the Minnesota River ; all in"; township twenty-seven north, of range twenty-four west. The action of the Secretary of "War in selecting said reservation and buildings and conveying the above specified lands to Mr. Steele, was approved by the President on January 4th. 1871. A stone prison was erected during the war of the rebellion, which is now used as a commissary storehouse. The old stone hospital is now used for offices and laundress' quarters. The new hospital is just completed. Tort Snelling is situated on a high bluff on the right bank of the Mississippi, in latitude 44 deg. 52 min. 46 sec. north, and longitude 93 deg. 4 min. 54 sec. west. It is an irregular shaped bastioned redoubt. A wagon road runs entirely around the post, and is eight feet below the parade at the gorge, but gradually arrives on the same level at the shoulder angle. The old post is almost enclosed by five build- ings, and in form is nearly a rhombus, with a tower at each angle. A new two-story barracks for six companies of infantry and sixteen sets of officers' quarters, was built during 1878. The east tower, stone wall, and old guard house, have been torn down. The commanding officer's quarters have been re- modeled during the current year. The water is obtained from a spring about three-quarters of a mile from the post, by means of water wagons. Water is also obtained. from the Minnesota Biver, being forced through pipes by an engine, into a large tank on the west side of the parade ground, but the water thus obtained is unfit for drinking purposes. During extreme cold weather the water pipes freeze up, rendering it impossible to refill the tank except during the open weather. There is a post-office, a telegraph office and a railroad station at the post. ********** The nearest supply depots are at St. Paul, four miles distant from the post, by wagon road, and six miles by railroad. A bridge is building across the Mississippi Biver at the post. Porage and fuel are obtained by contract. The post and company garden supply vegetables for the garrison. The armament consists of two three-inch rifled cannon, with carriages, model of 1861. The present strength of the garrison is sixteen com- missioned officers and three hundred and fourteen enlisted men. It is impossible to obtain from the records of the post, the various expenditures for barracks and quarters, and repairs of same, for any definite period. All that I have been able to obtain is that thirty-five thousand dollars ($35,000) was appropriated for barracks and quarters in 1878. It is presumed, however, that the required in- formation can be obtained at the Quartermaster General's office. The work, practically, (with few exceptions), has been performed by the labor of the troops, and the cost to the Government cannot be correctly estimated. A site has been selected on the Port Snelling reservation upon which to erect buildings for the Headquarters of the Department. The records of the post are very incomplete. It seems, from all attainable evidence, that the records were removed iii 1857, when the troops were withdrawn, and have not been returned. It further appears that these records had not been received by the Adjutant General of the army prior to July 18th, 1866. The last Board of Officers appointed to investigate claims on the 166 FOBT 8NELLINQ. Fort Snelling reservation met pursuant to S. O. No. 278 A. G. O. dated October 17th, 1870. I have been unable to find any general order re- ferring to the reservation of 1853 or 1862, or re- ferring to lands sold in 1857 and 1870. The reservation of 1870 was announced in General Order No. 66, Adjutant General's office of that year, and was first surveyed by Captain D. P. Heap, Corps of Engineers, on April 13th, 1871. A new line for the southern boundary was run by First Lieutenant Edward Maguire, Corps of Engineers, on May 7th, 1877. «»*»»#*♦»* I respectfully submit the foregoing, believing it will cover a few of the points required. I am. Sir, Very EespectfuUy Your obedient Servant, S. R. Dougi-as, Second Lieut. 7th Infantry. HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. CHAPTEE XXXI. INTBOD-UCTION — MOUNDS — INDIANS — EARLY MISSIONAKIES—VOYAGBTJRS— EARLY EXPLO- RERS — MISSIONARIES — ONE OF THE INDIAN BATTLES— NEW MISSIONARIES. When Livy wrote the history of Rome, he was compelled to admit that facts and fiction had become so intermingled that it was impossible to distinguish the one from the other. The legends of the past were such a mixture of facts, mytho- logical superstitions and wild fancies that it was a relief to reach the restful word "constat" (it is admitted), and find that there was some ground upon which all agreed and could stand with firm feet. Though the settlement of Hennepin county was not determined by the flight of birds, and thougih there was no barbarous uncle or remark- able infants, Eomulus and Remus, still there are always, in the growth and settlement of any country, fancies and superstitions that take the form of traditions and bewilder the wisest heads. The machinery of the shrewdest Yankee can never so completely separate a mixture of wheat, cockle and pigeon grass that it can be said — here we have now collected all the wheat, here all the cockle and here all the pigeon grass. The histor- ian who delays his separating process until after harvest, mustliave a like experience and will find many a kernel of cockle among his wheat. By beginning thus early, before the first settlers have passed away, we must have a decided advantage over historians who grope among the rubbish of the past, sifting and screening to get the grains of fact as pure as possible. We can talk to-day with eye witnesses of the scenes we describe and hope thus to collect and preserve in almost unal- loyed purity the treasures of history. It must not be supposed, however, that the compilation necessary to furnish a history, such as is here proposed, is an easy task. Though the files of "the Press" afford a valuable thesaurus of information, still many choice items have never found their way to the columns of the newspaper and are accidentally unearthed by the historical explorer as he pokes about, as little noticed by the busy citizen as the ragpicker, who with sack and hook is exploring the ash barrel in the rear of the merchants' store. Out of a vast amount of material gathered by the persistent efforts of these collectors, we purpose to furnish to the public such part as ought to be kept in mind by the present and future inhabitants of this county, and besides furnish entertainment to those who would simply while away an hour among the interesting things of the past, com- paring the old with the new. MOUNDS. Although we are enabled to furnish facts that cannot be questioned in reference to the settle- ment of Hennepin county by white men, still there are, even in this new country, many old things and many mysteries that can never be ex- plained—mounds built by a people whom we can never know, whose history can never be com- mitted to paper. There are many mounds in this county and we here give them a passing notice. Archseologists have divided mounds into the following classes: " Altar or Sacrificial Mounds," "Mounds of Sepulture" (or burial), "Temple Mounds," and " Mounds of Observation." Be- (167) 168 EISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. sides these they have found mounds that do not admit of classification under any of these heads — mounds of curious shapes, having such forms as defy conjecture as to their use. These wise heads liave spent much time in con- jecture, and much in measurement, with mathe- matical instruments, to determine data that will suit their fanciful theories. It is not our purpose in this paper to discuss the antiquity of these mounds, or to speculate on their character. Little attention has been paid to the very numerous mounds found in the county. It may he safe, however, to class them all, at a venture, under the head of Mounds of Sepulture. The investigations made have re- vealed little except bones, and the evidence of great antiquity is not very clear. This method of burial was certainly in use in recent times among our Indian tribes. Jonathan Carver, in a letter found in this volume, speaks of visiting a mound near St. Paul, in 1767, and witnessing the Indian burial. The custom of this imaginative people was to place the bodies of their dead upon high stagings, overlooking lakes, rivers or beautiful scenery, which they would enjoy if living, and leave them there, until at certain intervals, they collected the remains for burial in the mounds. Mounds in this county are found overlooking the water of all the princi- pal lakes and rivers scattered through its various townships. As we can never write the history of the builders, we will leave the subject to future explorers and more fertile imaginations. INDIANS. After the Mound Builders come the Indians in the occupation of the county. If, as has been claimed, the Mound Builders were the Indians, they must have been earlier settlers of tribes now extinct or driven further south. The present tribes of Indians, at least, come after the Mound Builders. The fanciful names, wild natures and curious legends of this people, will always be associated with much that is poetic, grand and brave. The early settlers of Minnesota, however, will hold the Indian in execration, and so, too, their children's children for many generations, in con- sequence of the massacre of 1862. We must, however, refer the reader to the chapters, " Habits of the Tribes " and " Massacre of 1862," found earlier in the volume. EARLY MISSIONARIES. It must be left to the imagination of the reader to picture many of the hazardous experiences and narrow escapes of the early missionaries, which can never be written. Their motto, " Ad majorem dei gloriam ", often exposed them to the tomahawk and scalping knife of the Indian, or to hardships and exposures under which they could but die. The indefatigable explorer is still find- ing new facts to add to the already rich store. VOYAGEUBS. Again fancy may run riot among the stories of the "Voyageurs" who, making the love of adven- ture their highway to happiness, spent weeks and months in dalliance with Indian maidens. Facts in regard to these adventures are coming to the - knowledge ot the explorer among the curious things of the past. Fancy need not be very wild that discovers, on the streets of our great cities, half-breeds, bearing unmistakable marks of noble parentage. The fact that Frenchmen, frequently descendants from noble families, but of broken fortunes, cohabited with the Dakota squaws, rais- ing up sometimes large families, is freely admitted. These half breeds, while In many instances bearing the impress of nobility in countenances, having the high cheek bones and coarse hair of the natives, were often much more reckless than their sires. For, we are assured, that their adven- turous sires frequently solemnized by a veritable marriage, contracts undertaken at first for the diversion of an hour. Their consciences, how- ever, were rather elastic, for the existence of such marriages in their wanderings, seems not to have interfered with others, contracted at home, or with new ones entered into for convenience or diversion at some new camp. The progeny belonged neither to the one race nor the other, and since they could not be ac- knowledged, cared for and educated by the enlightened partner to the contract without ex- posing him to shame, were left to become breeders of strife and contention among the tribes. This is one of the evils that proves that "The effect of contact of the simple minded savage with the deeper and higher life of the intruder is fraught with danger to both." EXPLOBEBS AND MI88IONABIES. 169 EARLY EXPLORERS. Father Louis Hennepin, born in Flanders, in 1640, became a missionary to Canada, in 1670. He accompanied La Salle in his exploration of the ^reat lakes, the upper Mississippi and its tribu- taries. His " Description de la Louisane" pub- lished in 1683, and a similar work published in 1697, are said to do more credit to his imagination than to his priestly character. In spite of the claim that they contain many falsities, both pub- lications are esteemed by his supporters and the traducers of his veracity. In 1680, he dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, but robbed them of a beautiful Indian name, "Kakabika Irara," (severed rock, curling water) and substi- tuted the name of his patron saint. Le Sueur and Faribault were also distinguished explorers coming soon after Father Hennepin. Next comes Captain John Duluth, in 1760, also Nicollet, Schoolcraft, Catlin and Featherstonhaugh. Ac- counts of these explorers will be found in another part of the work. They were valuable contribu- tors to the information of their day and also contributed to the growth of the territory and Subsequently, of the State by their glowing de- scriptions of its resources and healthful climate. Jonathan Carverj in 1767, exhibited here, what many a genuine Yankee has done elsewhere, good speculating qualities. He was the first of the numerous land speculators. He roamed about much with a keen eye to the main chance, while he at the same time took in the scenery, the fu- ture probabilities, and ventured various prophe- cies for the future of the state, predicting that what is now St. Paul would soon have eastern and western communication. His notes and de- scriptions are valuable. MISSIONARIES. Passing over the experiences of the earliest missionaries, French Jesuits — of whom sufficient notice will be found in the preceding early history of Minnesota, by Rev. E. D. Neill — we shall no- tice briefly the missionaries who, though late, compared with Father Hennepin and the Jesuit missionaries accompanying the traders and voya- geurs, are really early in the progress and settle- ment of the county. In a manuscript found at Fort Eidgely, and only partially preserved, writ- ten by James W. Lynde, one of the first victims of the Indian massacre of 1862, are found these words in regard to the missionary work; " It has been," says Mr. Lynde," " a ceasless and untiring effort to promote their welfare "; also, "' The in- fluence of the mission among the Dakotas has ever been of a direct and energetic character. The first efforts of the mission were directed more to the christianizing than to the civilizing of the Sioux ; but of late the missionaries,- though their exertions in the former respect are not at all abated, have been more earnest in their en- deavors to teach the Indians to plant and till." Mr. Eiggs, however, in commenting on this pas- sage, claims that the fruits of the teaching began to show in later years, but that the Bible car- ries with it the plow and the hoe, and that the missionaries were continually aiming to introduce industrial and mainly agricultural habits among the Indians. Two brothers, who afterwards were ordained clergymen, S. W. and G. H. Pond, were the first missionaries to settle in the Territory. They came, in 1834, from Connecticut. They threw great zeal into their work, laboring equally for the good of the white man and the red. Their earnest lives, their Christian example and instruc- tion came to exercise an important moulding in- fluence on the moral and religious, and also on the material fortunes of the State. Setting out as they did, without the patronage of any mission- ary association, theirs may be called a purely Christian enterprise. S. "VV. Pond, by corres- pondence from Illinois, where he was located, with his brother, Gideon H., who still lived in the old Connecticut home, planned this private missionary work. On the east shore of Lake Calhoun they built a log house. This was the first house erected by a private citizen within the county. They did the work with their own hands. These men were simply laymen but had been well educated. They were soon at work pursu- ing acquaintance with the Dakotas, their purpose being to secure a thorough knowledge of their language and modes of life. Mr. Gideon H. Pond was eminently successful in this and ob- tained a very complete knowledge of, and was regarded as an authority on Dakota habits and language. With this in view, he sometimes 170 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. attached himself to their hunting parties, making long expeditions with these wild tribes. The Dakotas were an association of the fiercest tribes of North American Indians. The Jesuit missionaries had long before abandoned all attempts to tame their wild natures. Mr. Pond has given many thrilling accounts of the devilish scenes to which he was a witness in the battles between the Dakotas and Chippewas. Similar scenes, re-enacted in 1862, when white settlers were the victims of the tomahawk and scalping knife, have given the inhabitants of Minnesota a just abhorrence of the Sioux and their savage traits. Men are still living who have taken an oath, as sacred as the ancient oaths of conspir- ators, sealed with blood, to "Hunt and shoot Ind- ians wherever they may be found." Though we may call such retaliation un-christian and even murderous, let each man take home the provoca- tion and imagine similar outrages perpetrated on his own family, before he passes judgment. Here is a scene of August, 1838, which was one of the introductory experiences that taught Mr. Pond the character of this fierce people. We give facts condensed from Neill's account. Peace and friendly interchanges had taken place between the Chippewas, or Ojibways, of Canada, and the Dakotas, or Sioux, of Minnesota, only a few months before the bloody acts, here reported, were enacted. This fact shows the treacherous character of the tribes and how little dependence could be placed on the smoking of the calumet. Mr. Pond had joined a hunting party, consisting, according to Indian custom, of braves, squaws and papooses. During the ab- sence of Mr. Pond and a large division of the Indian party, several Chippewas came to the lodges, and were hospitably entertained and treat- ed with Indian marks of respect, in accordance with the spirit of the existing treaty. During the night, the guests arose and scalped the Dakotas, even including women and children. Among the few to escape was a mother witli her papoose. In the flight, the child perhaps saved the mother's life, for it received the death missle that might have proved fatal to her. She notified the other division of the party, and they quickly returned to witness a dreadful scene. Several had been killed, sleeping, while others had evi- dently engaged in the death struggle. Mr. Pond's eyes were here opened to the fierce character of the people whom he had come to draw by cords of love to embrace the " Gospel of peace." . He assisted in digging a grave into which they gathered the severed limbs, heads and mangled bodies of the Dakotas. As he turned away, sickened, from the sight, it must have required a brave heart to hold him to his work. This act of bad faith began a series of similar atrocities, undertaken, on the one side or the other, by Chip- pewa or Dakota, in retaliation. In some of these attacks, the white settlers were also sufferers. Could Mr. Pond have looked forward, about thirty years, and seen the wholesale slaughter of 1862, perpetrated by these same savages, who were then friendly to him ^ could he have believed that, after the labors of many years, both by him, Mr. Riggs, Dr. Williamson and a host of others, sent here to preach the Gospel — that these tribes would, at a later day, break out with greater ferocity than ever, it seems almost certain that he would have abandoned his work as the Jesuit missionaries had done before him. It seems as if our government would never awake to a realization of the fact that this anom- oly of tribes, having governments independent of the central government at Washington, can never be productive of good, either to the central government, or to the wheels within the wheels, the tribes themselves. Treaties were made with the Ojibwas and with the Dakotas in 1837. That with the Ojibwas was effected by Gov. Dodge of Wisconsin. Although, by the terms of this treaty, the right of the Ind- ians to the land ceased, still they continued to roam over it or occupy it at will, tminterrupted by the government, since they offered no hostility to the whites. Their tribal wars, however, con- tinued, causing at times great uneasiness and alarm to the few settlers. We give here a brief account of ONE OF THE BATTLES of wliich Mr. Pond speaks, in order to emphasize further the ferocity of the tribes, and because the scene was laid in this county. The line of painted warriors marched over what is now the most populous part of the county, holding a war comicil within the territory now covered by the city of Minneapolis. It happened in July, 1839. INDIAN BATTLES AND NEW MISSIONABIES. 171 There was a Sioux village on the west shore of Lake Calhoun which, from its lodges, was esti- mated to contain about five hundred souls. Their old enemies, the Chippewas, were encamped in strong force further north, on the Eum Eiver, near where Anoka now stands, and so, just out- side the limits of the county. The distance be- tween the camps was about twenty -five miles. The Chippewas were usually the aggressors in the tribal wars and were, according to our judgment, more tricky and more ready to break the treaties, which the whites had induced them to make with each other. In the present instance, a party of Chippewas, skulking in the vicinity of the Sioux village, at Lake Harriet, encountered Eu- pa-co-ka-ma-za, son of the chief and nephew of Eedbird, killed and scalped him and made good their retreat. The murderous act was at once reported at the village and the Sioux blood was roused to white heat for retaliation. Summon- ing their allies from neighboring villages, they met for a final council on the east bank of the Mississippi just above Nicollet Island. They there went through their Indian mummery and, before nightfall, set out, four hundred strong, to make a night march and fall on their enemies at dawn. The expedition was successsful. They sur- prised and defeated a body of Chippewas, superior to them in number of warriors. The Sioux, how- ever, lost heavily and Eedbird and his son were among the slain. One squaw is reported to have attended the march of the avengers, to wreak on the enemy vengeance for the death of her hus- band. They returned to the village about night, the day of the battle. Seventy scalps were dis- played on the pole in the centre of the village as soon as they returned. Night after night, they repeated the scalp dance. Mr. Pond, who lived on the other side of the lake, described their orgies as the most heathenish and demoniacal ceremonies. They made night hideous for the few white settlers. It is humiliating to admit that this was enacted within the territory of the United States and under United States jurisdiction, within the memory of many men now living. How much more humiliating to admit that such scenes are repeated to-day among the many tribes whom it pleases our government to recognize as independ- ent. Tlie solution of the difiicult Indian question ought to be, what of late has been offered to the Poncas,.viz., the homestead right with an added provision, requiring the breaking up of these lawless bands, rendering every Indian amenable, like other citizens to the laws, whose protection he enjoys and whose bounty he receives. NEW MISSIONAKIES. Eev. Thomas S. Williamson, M.D., a native of South Carolina and a graduate of Jefferson Col- lege, Pennsylvania, who had been practicing med- icine in Ohio previous to liis ordination as a cler- gyman, was sent out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The Board desired to learn through him if they had any call for labor here. His report induced them to send to his assistance Eev. J. D. Stevens, a native of New York, and Alexander Huggins, a farmer, with their wives, also, as teachers. Miss Sarah Poage and Miss Lucy Stevens. This band of recruits arrived at Fort Snelling, in 1835, and during that siimmer Dr. Williamson organized a Presbyterian church at the fort. Eev. Mr. Stevens located and built his house at Lake Har- riet, near the property of Eli Pettijohn. The rest of the party set out for the post of the trader Eenville, and located at Lac qui Parle. The Ponds soon joined hands with the newcomers and the work went on prosperously, having the support of the American Board of Commission- ers for Foreign Missions. In the summer of 1835, on the second Sabbath in June, the organization of the church at Fort Snelling took place, the first in Hennepin county. The communion was administered on the same day, for the first time in Minnesota. Twenty- two members recieved the sacred emblems. The missionaries from the lake, a few settlers from Mendota and some of the garrison of the fort made up this number. The elders of the church were Col. Gustavus Loomis, Hon. H. H. Sibley, then a young man in charge of the trading post at Mendota, A. G. Huggins and S. W. Pond. The First Presbyterian church in Minneapolis, of which D. M. Stewart, D. D., is pastor, is a continuation or perpetuation of the old church at the fort. It was reorganized in Minneapolis May 22d, 1853, but dates its first organization at Fort Snelling, June 14th, 1835. In 1837, Eev. 172 mSTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Stephen E. Riggs, a graduate of the same college as Dr. Williamson, Jefferson College, Pennsylva- nia, came with his wife to strengthen the mission. In the summer of 1885, Eev. J. D, Stevens, with the assistance of the Messrs. Pond, built a house in the woods on the west shore of Lake Harriet. In this house, in the autumn of that year, a daugh- ter was horn to Mr. Stevens, the first white child born in this vicinity. In the spring of 1836, Gideon H. Pond returned to Connecticut, where he remained a year, and returned an ordained clergyman. He remained at the Lake Harriet Mission several years after his return. Rev. Mr. Riggs, who joined the mission, as stated, in 1837, moved to Lac qui Parle in the autumn of the same year. Mr. Stevens remained only to the following fall, 1838, when he moved to Wabasha Prairie as Indian farmer. The subsequent settlement of Hennepin coun- ty was principally from the good old New Eng- land stock by men who came to establish family altars and build churches. New Englanders have been called the " Salt of the Earth" in whatever state they have located. They have given tone to society and modified the government, the religion and the politics. The men have been men of pluck and spirit, and the women strong minded enough to assert their position and maintain the right, and the rites they brought from the East. They have been the salt of Minnesota. In fact, to follow out the figure chemically, salts of all kinds, when dif- fused, or held in solution, tend to crystalize in certain fixed forms. So it is with the New Eng- landers. Their enterprise carries them to every state. They are found diffused through all societies. Wherever they settle, blood tells, prm- ciple prevails, they crystallize in New England forms. We have New England forms of society, education and religion. New England wives, mothers and Nevi^ England homes. In the city of Minneapolis alone there are fifty-one churches and fifty-eight church organizations. The ambitious strife for splendor in church architecture is as infectious, to say the least, as the more homely Good Samaritan doctrines which the vaulted roofs were built to disseminate. This infection has reached this new country. It exhibits itself in models of architecture, already completed, and in vast piles now rising to be- come rival structures. CHAPTER XXXII. EARLY SETTLEES — AGRICTTLTUEE — WEW SET- TLERS — THE RESERVATION — THE EQUAL RIGHT AND IMPARTIAL PROTECTION CLAI5I ASSOCIATION OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, M. T.— GROWTH— NAMES OF THE OLDER SETTLERS — EXTENDING AND MULTIPLYING SETTLE- MENTS — FINANCIAL PROGRESS. Churches can not grow faster than population comes to build and support them. We must now see who the settlers were, that came in to build up the churches and establish industries to sustain them. The foundation of all industries is Agriculture. The cultivation of the soil is the only employment that is directly creative of wealth. The farmer takes a piece of land which yielded nothing without care. His care makes it productive of hundreds of dollars each year. In other words, he creates valve from what was val- ue-less,while'every other industry contributes value to the country by changes which it effects in the material furnished. Minnesota has come to be acknovvledged as tlie wheat growing state of the Union. It will be interesting to note the growth of agriculture in this county, and see who the early settlers were, that came to develop it. As migratory birds, flying both north and south over the State, stop here on their way from the north, and again, at the proper season, com- ing from the south, give us a call, so it has been with the settlers. They have dropped in on us both from the north and from the south. Curi- ously, the first settlers came, like the fall feath- ered visitors, from the north. They, however, only stopped to oil their plumage, and moved on south. Our subsequent settlers came mainly from the east, or farther south, and came to stay. We shall see who both classes were as the chapter advances. The early attempts at agriculture in Hennepin county were not characterized by those features that mark the beginnings in countries or states, bearing earlier dates of settlement. We cannot entertain the reader by descriptions of crude implements such as wooden plows, but must admit that our pioneers were blessed with many of the modern improvements of scientific farming. THE SWISS COLONY AND NEW SETTLERS. 173 We can only claim for. the first, courage to try the experiment of farming- in so inclement a climate, duriiig:S.9' short a season as the summer was found to continue. Lieut,, Gamp was called plucky, for testing it, but hi^ flrst.attempt proved successful. He made the experiment, in 1823, at Fort Snelling. His success was very important to the future of the State, for, though several years passed, before the example was followed by others. Philander Prescottj employed as Indian farmer, undertook farming, near Lake Calhoun. This was in 1830, and the first plowing, outside the fort. Soon after, others followed. Tlie settlers from the north, came in 1826. A colony, forced from their first settlement, near Hudson Bay, by an unusual flood, settled under the protecting wing of Fort Snelling., -This colony embraced only Swiss. The names of afew of them given are Perry, Garvais and Massey, Perry is described as a great owner of cattle, and was called, in consequence, the "Abraham'' of this region.. The purpose of gov- ernment Military Posts seems to have been inter- preted in one way by these settlers, and in quite another by the officers of the government. These settlers accused the officers, of the fort, of exerci- sing arbitrary and tyrannical power, and thus frustrating one purpose of a fort, viz., affording protection and encouragement to settlers. This view .was sustained by subsequent settlers, who, like these Swiss, wished to settle as squatters on the reservation. The officers of the fort, how- ever, had definite orders from the United States Marshal,, to remove squatters from the Fort Snelling Reserve. In accordance with this order, instead of fostering this colony, they subjected them to persecution, even proceeding so far as to burn, their buildings. At last, in 1836-7, they were compelled to abandon lands where they had made their homes for about ten years. . Mr. Perry moved to the present site of St. Paul, taking his cattle with him, and remained there until his death. Some moved to other points in this terri- tory, and others to the territory, of Wisconsin. Such treatment of emigrants who settled near the fort, operated to discourage rapid settlement. NEW SETTLERS, The arrival of Col. John H. Steyens, with a party of settlers, in April, 184Q,,was,an,important event. Col. Stevens was the first settler in Minr ■neapolis. The party, consisting of ten, stopped first at St. Paul, but soon set out, on foot, to ex- amine the Canaan of their hopes, determined to make this their future home. Dr. William Dyer, a young physician, who subsequently became dis- tinguished in his profession, Alfred Courtwright, a successful teacher, and seven farmers, with the Colonel, constituted tjie party. When they reached Fort Snelling, they, like all their predecessors, coveted the forbidden fruit — the land in the reservation. They pressed on, however, and were fully satisfied to settle at St. Anthony, where the land was open for occupancy. Only two of this famous party reinained.to wit- ness the subsequent marvellous growth of this county, but from them we learn, the country charmed them, beyond any thing they had ever seen. They forgot their fatigue in admiration of the view before them. The inroads of civilization, at that time, were too few to change materially the primeval character of the scenery. On the government reservation, on the west bank, was the old mill, and here and there a log house on the east 'side. These were the only marks of civ- ilization on the scene. The scenery about the falls seems to have attracted and delighted the visitors as much in its original beauty, as it does now, in its practical usefulness. The Colonel conld not, however, become satis- fied so long as he saw the fair lands on the other side of- the river. He and many others were im- patient at the restriction on locating upon and improving these tempting lands. By some means, the restriction was removed in favor of a few, among whom was Col. Stevens, who then occupied claims within the reservation. The occupancy of such settlers, however, was like that of the early settlers, the Swiss, from the north, simply that of squatters. Col. Stevens built a log house in the winter of 1849, and occupied it, with his family, as soon as it was completed. He was, as stated above, the first settler in Minneapolis. A few months later, Calvin A. Tuttle, and soon Mr. Miller, leaving the east side, joined Mr. Stevens, and built houses near him. In the spring of 1850, C. C. Garvey took a claim adjoining Col. Stevens on the south. The settle- ment soon had added to its numbers, Dr. L. Fletcher, John Jackins, Edward Murphy, Judge 174 mSTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Bassett, Charles Iloag, Joseph H. Canney, and others. Their cabins were scattered over what is now Minneapolis, at intervals of half a mile or more. They had no churches. Their spiritual food was furnished by fireside instruction, unless, which often happened. Rev. Gideon H. Pond, or some one of the missionaries, preached at the house of Col. Stevens. Camps of Indians were often made in their vicinity, causing interest and excitement, even though they created no alarm. Still, they were always thievish prowlers, even when professing the greatest friendship. A ner- vous woman might often be startled by seeing the nose of an Indian or squaw flattened against the window pane. THE KESEBVATION. It must be borne in mind, that, at this time, a reservation of land for military purposes, made by a treaty of the United States government with the Indians, in 1805, through Gen. Pike, existed, covering all the territory, from the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, the site of Fort Snelling, up to and including the Palls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles each side of the river. This extensive reservation included many thousand acres, much more land than was neces- sary for military purposes. It was seen, by ex- plorers, to be very valuable, and covetous eyes were fixed upon it. Squatters took possession, as they have often done of land unsurveyed by gov- ernment, trusting that when it came into market, their rights, as on lands not: military, would be respected. In this, however, they were destined to meet disappointment. The government had thrown every possible obstacle in the way of their obtaining a foothold, from the first, and now pro- ceeded with the usual formalities of sale. The plats were to be forwarded, on a certain day, from "Washington, when the sales, of land therein de- scribed, would take place, at public auction, to the highest bidder. Such sales, however, would have been ruinous to those who had occupied claims, and made im- provements, in full expectation of the final right of pre-emption, and entry at the usual govern- ment price. There existed, too, a tacit agreement between the squatters and the officers of the fort, that, on the one side, there should be no interfer- ence with their occupation, and, on the other. there should be a division of spoils, in. case the final decision should be in their favor. Speculators were on the alert. They assembled in considerable numbers at St. Paul, intending to bid on the claims. This led to the following or- ganization among the settlers for mutual protec- tion: THE EQUAL EIGHT AND IMPARTIAL PEOTECTION CLAIM ASSOCIATION OF HENNEPIN CO., M. T. The settlers on the reservation had no inten- tion of sitting idly by and seeing their homes sold to intruders ; neither did they purpose to bid on them, themselves, above the usual pre-emption price, one dollar and twenty -five cents per acre. In this dilemma they called a meeting and estab- lished this Land League. This was an associa- tion of claimants on the reservation, organized to protect their interests by force, if need be. In a word, they proposed to do all the bidding, on the lands put up at auction, themselves, and to make it impossible for any venturesome speculator to put in a counter bid. The association numbered one hundred and twenty-five members. They appointed Thomas W. Peirce as bidder for all members of the league. The remainder were to stand around, to intimidate. If a speculator should not be intimidated, but force himself in as a bidder, the members were to surround him, and hustle him out of range of the sales. This plan was fully matured, and would doubtless, have been carried out to the letter ; for the speculators found the squat- ters resolute, and sustained by public opinion, and it was more than intimated, that the militia, if called on, would, likewise, side with the set- tlers. The speculators appealed to Governor Willis A. Gorman, for support at the coming sale, and asked if the troops could be called out. The Governor promised the troops, but intimated that he should instruct them how to load. "How shall you instruct them to load. Governor?" asked a speculator. " Blank, by — -!" replied the Gov- ernor. The speculators took the hint and the first opportunity to leave. It is probable, that this plan of bulldozing would have succeeded, had not another escape offered. Fortunately, a better method occurred. The plats did not arrive from "Washington, in time for the advertised sale, and it was, necessarily, post- SEDUCTION OF THE BESEB7ATI0N. 175 poned. Seizing the opportunity, afforded by this delay, a delegation of citizens was sent to Wash- ington, to protest against the measure. Dr. A. E. Ames, Franklin Steele, Judge Meeker, H. T. Welles, and others, were delegates. They left home on the 9th of October, 1854. The commis- sioner of the general land oflBce informed them, on application at his office, in Washington, that the lands must be sold to the highest bidder, ac- cording to the previous notice, to comply with the law. On appealing, however, to the Secretary of the Interior, a stay of proceedings was ob- tained, until the assembling of Congress. Dr. Ames spent most of the winter in Wash- ington, and on the 8th of March, 1855, started for home. He was successful in his undertaking. A bill passed Congress, in consequence of his en- deavors, reducing the reservation, and allowing settlers the usual privileges of government land entries. Commissioner Wilson made Dr. Ames the messenger,' to convey to the land office in Minnesota, the laws and regulations, under which the subsequent entries were made. The general government had learned, by a painful experience, and under similar cir- cumstances, in New York State, where the set- tlers on the Holland purchase combined, and in Wisconsin, where the Fox River settlers com- bined, and in other states, that men united for mutual protection, must be respected. The poor doctor came near paying dearly for his success. An Arctic storm caught him, just on the threshold of his home, in southern Minne- apolis, and he nearly perished with cold. The news of the reduction of the reservation had reached home before him, and a general rush -for locations followed. In April and May, 1855, the settlers were able to " prove up " and obtain title to their lands. Thus ended, in a quiet and orderly way, what might have proved a danger- ous and even bloody disturbance. JS'ow begins THE GROM'TH OF HENNEPIK COUNTY. The lands on the east side of the river, outside the reservation, had been taken, and the previ- ous settlement was on that side. The rapid im- migration, and the prospective value of lands on the west side, led to warm contests among the -the conflicting claimants. Litigations followed .in gcea.t numbers, futnishing to lawyers fat fees, their first golden harvest. The rapid influx of 1855, was the natural consequence of the reduc- tion of the reservation. The attractive lands on the west side, had long tantalized the immigrants as well as the older settlers on the river, Before our dates advance further, let us look back at a few of the NAMES OF THE OLDER SETTLERS. Lieut. J. B. F. Russell, acting Q. M. of the regular army at Fort Snelling, who built the old government mill and the house near by, in 1822. B. F. Baker, long the principal fur trader, in what is now known as Hennepin county. He was a famous man in trade and in the chase. He built the stone part of the^St. Louis House, near Fort Snelling, which was burned several years since. Peter Quinn located here in 1823, and had su- pervision of the Indian farms. He came from the fur company of Labrador to Pembina and finally, to this county. Samuel J. Finley, son-in-law of Quinn, came with him. Claims at St. Anthony, occupied by Peter Quinn, Finley and one Joseph Reachi, a Canadian voyageur, were, subsequently, pur- chased by Franklin Steele. Next comes an important person, whose name has figured in the pubUc affairs of this county, J. R. Brown. He took a claim near the mouth of Minnehaha Creek, in 1826. His was the first claim within the present limits of the county. He abandoned it, however, four years later, with- out much improvement. Leaping over a few years, to 1837, we find two very important names, Franklin Steele and Mar- tin McLeod. The former made a claim on what is now a part of the East Division of MinneapoUs, and built a small log house near the corner of Second Avenue South and Main street. Two other log cabins were built the same year, one above and one below. Martin McLeod came by the northwest plains, from the Hudson Bay colonies of Selkirk, to Lac Traverse. In company with him, in this rash expedition, were Capt. J. Pays, formerly of the Polish army, and Richard Hays, an Irishman. The party had, for a guide, Pierre Bottineau, whose name has become familiar, as a resident of St. Anthony. His two companions perished in 176: HISTOBY OF HENNHPIN. COUNTY, the snow, near Cheyenne River, but he made his way, with the guide, to the house of J. R. Brown, having been five days without food, and twenty- six days without seeing any one except his party. The hospitable reception of Mr. Brown was fully appreciated, we may suppose, after the hardships of the previous twenty-six days on snow-shoes. R. P. Russell arrived at Fort SneUing, in 1839. lie made the journey from Lake Pepin, on foot, suffering much from want of food. Alexander Graham acted as his guide. Mr. Russell is still living. His present residence is on Hennepin Avenue, near Twenty-eighth street. The development of Minnesota began in 18.14. During this year, H. H. Sibley, came out as part- ner of the American Fur Company, to superin- tend their interests, from Lake Pepin to the Can- ada line. H. M. Rice, N. W. Kittson, Edmund Rice, D. Olmstead, and others, came soon after Mr. Sibley, and became identified with the pro- gress and growth of the material interests of the state. Their names are found on the map of the state, attached to counties and townships, that have thus attempted to honor their memories. The treaty with the Chippewas, which was ef- fected by Governor Dodge, of Wisconsm, in 1837, ceding the pine valley of the St. Croix and its tributaries, to the United States, greatly accele- rated the development which began three years previous. During the same year, also, a deputa- tion of Dakotas,at Washington, ceded all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. These things opened the way to EXTENDING AND MULTIPLYING SETTLEMENTS. Bloomington was first settled in 1851-2, by William Chambers, Joseph Dean and Reuben B. Gibson. They settled above Nine Mile Creek. Eden Praim was first settled in 1852, by Da- vid Livingston, Hiram Abbott, the Mitchells, and others. Richfield was settled in 1852, by Mark Baldwin, Samuel Stough, and S. S. Crowell. Excelsior was settled in 1868, by a colony of about forty families, under the guidance of George Bertram. Mr. Bertram selected the site, on the south side of Lake Minnetonka, in June of the previous year. After the planting of this large and prosperous colony, the settlement of the country- surrounding went on. rapidly. Ea,rly in 1852, Simon Stevens and CaMn Aj Tuttle .visited. Minnetonka. , They are supposed to be its .first white visitors since 1822. , In that year, J. R. Brown, John Snelling, Samuel Wat- kins, and Mr. Stewart, discovered the lal^e while on an exploring tour through this part. of the county. Mr. Stevens made a claim at this time, 1852, just below the outlet of the lake, and built the first saw-mill in Hennepin county west. During the year, James Shaver settled on Second Lake, and in December following. A: E. Garri- son and a Mr. Robinson located a claim at the present site of Wayzata. These were the first settlers on its north shore. In February, 1853, Stephen Hull built the first house at the Narrows. In April, 1853, William Lithgrow settled near the upper Lake. He was drowned in the lake, in February, 1854, Near the mouth of the Crow River, a settlement was begun in the fall of 1853, by E. H, Robinson and Mr. Baxter. We have thus marked a few of the nuclei .of settlement. Most of these settlers were from New England. Their early training and educar tion had fitted them for what they were to en- counter. Around these centres _ gathered the rapidly increasing population. Their sterling qualities and patient courage attracted settlers, as iron fiUngs are attracted to a. magnet. . Thus the county has continued to fill up. In 1853, an estimate, probably a generous one, put the popu- lation at 2,000. In 1880, the census shows It 66,590. It is admitted that the growth of the State of Minnesota has been more rapid than that of any other state, not only in population, but in wealth, education, and internal improvements. Hennepin county is so situated that it necessa,- rily partook largely of this wonderful growth- Indeed, the enterprising character of the settlers of this county contributed largely to the unex- ampled growth on the part of the state. Much is often said of the power of that genius in certain men, which enables them to foresee future cities on barren lands, immense possibili- ties in things not yet developed. This power, however, must be valueless without the magnetic power to attract men, combine forces, and thus produce, almost create the result sought. The wonderful growth of Minneapolis is proof enough of the character of the men \yho. have .settled FINANCIAL PBOGBESS— MILLS. 177 here, and the progress throughout the county has been largely due to the progress at Minneapolis. The organization of the Hennepin county Ag- ricultural Society took place in 1853. Its pur- pose was to encourage improvements in agricul- ture and stock in the county. The first offlcers, appointed September 7th, 1853, were, J. W. Dow, President ; J. H. Canney, Secretary ; Col. John H. Stevens, Chairman of the Executive Commit- tee. Seconding these efforts for improvement. Col. Stevens imported some Devonshire cattle, at considerable expense, and little ultimate profit to himself. These efforts led to and initiated the improvements since made in methods of agricul- ture and stock-raising in the county. FINANCIAL PBOGBESS. The taxable property of Hennepin county, in 1862, according to Goveronor Ramsey's message, was $43,529. In 1880, only twenty-nine years later, the official records show the assessed valu- ation, 138,183,474. From the records of 1879, are taken the foUo.wing statistics : Wild Hay, tons, 26,168 ; Timothy Seed, bushels,109 ; Apple Trees, growing, 127,038 ; Apple Trees, bearing, 20,995 ; Apples, bushels, 7,714 ; Grape-vines, bearing, p,o85; Grapes, lbs., 15,510; Strawberries, qts., 29,586; Tobacco, lbs., 913; Maple Sugar, lbs., 19,723 ; Maple Syrup, gals., 1,306 ; Sheep, num- ber sheared, 7,326; Wool, lbs., 496,272 ; Cheese, lbs., 4,665 ; Bees, number of hives, 873 ; Honey, lbs., 14,233 ; Milch Cows, 6,658 ; other Cattle, 2,155 ; Hogs, 6,888 ; Horses, 7,717 ; Mules, 211. CHAPTER XXXIII. MILLS, 3IAKUFACT0EIES AND SETTLERS— MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION — NAVIGATION — BAIL- ROADS— GENERAL DESCRIPTION— BIVEBS AND LAKES— GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY— SOIL AND VEGETATION— ZOOLOGY— CLIMATE— ED- UCATION. We have thus far named those settlers who came to make claims, and have thus become iden- tified, more or less,with the agricultural progress 12 of the county. Other inducements brought here another class of settlers, to build mills and inau- gurate manufactories. The Falls of St. Anthony affords the greatest and most available water power in the United States. Besides, there are other minor falls in the county, utilized to some extent. The first improvement, of any kind, in Henne- pin county, consisted in the building of the old government mill and a house near it, in the spring of 1822. Lieut. J. B. F. Russell, built them, acting in his capacity of Q. M. in the reg- ular army. This was the first mill in Minnesota. In July, 1847, Wm. A. Cheever bought of Mr. Steele, on the east side, nine-tenths of the water- power. He made the purchase for Eastern capi- talists, among whom were Robert Rantoul and Caleb Gushing. Ard. Godfrey came from Maine, in the fall of 1847, to build Mr. Steele's mill. John McDonald and Ira Burroughs came at the same time, and were engaged in the same enterprise. Robert W. Cummings, Henry Angell, Capt. John Tap- per, and William Dugas went up the Swan River to cut timber for the new mill. Daniel Stanch- field took another party and opened another lum- bering camp, on Rum River. In the spring of 1848, the mill was ready, and the sawing began. In September, two saws were running. The set- tlers now began building frame houses. The lumber, from the mills, helped on the settlement of the county. An unusual freshet occurred in 1849, which swept about 6,000,000 feet of logs over the falls. Portimately, Mr. Steele had about 2,000,000 feet on the upper streams, secure. These were brought down, and the mills continued running. In 1852, Simon Stevens built the first saw-miU in Hennepin county, west, on the claim which he took at the outlet of Lake Minnetonka. The building of saw-mills was the initial step in the great milling interests of this county. In 1848, the enterprise of mill building took a start from the building of a dam from Hennepin Island to the east shore, and locating four saw-mills on it. In 1856-7, however, the two great incorporated companies, that now control the power, took hold of its development. " Tlie St. Anthony Water Power Company" took control of the water-power, from the centre of the channel, on the west side 178 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. of Hennepin Island, to the east shore. " The Minneapolis Mill Company " took control of the remainder, viz., from the centre to the west shore. The lumbering establishments have done more for the growth of Minneapolis, and Hennepin county, than any other industry. The future development of the county may depend on other manufactories, but the past must give the credit to lumber. In 1860, four years later, the report for the whole state gives 562 manufacturing establish- ments, with $2,388,310, capital invested. In 1874, Minneapolis, alone, produced manufactured goods to the amount of $15,000,000. The last census, 1880, shows that Minneapolis had, in 1879, 406 manufacturing establishments, employ- ing $8,615,250 capital, 7,723 hands, paying, in wages, $3,651,668 annually, using 13,972 horse- power, water and steam combined. The value of manufactured goods produced in 1879, was $29,473,424. The Falls of St. Anthony furnish a water- power with a fall of 82 feet and a width of 1200 feet. It is capable of driving twenty times the present establishments. The companies in con- trol, are ready to make liberal arrangements with parties bringing capital to develop further the capacity of the falls. Full statistics of the man- ufactures of Minneapolis will be found in an- other chapter. JIEANS OF TKANSPOETATIOK— NAVIGATION. For several years after the rapid growth of Minneapolis began, the question of transportation Was a vital one. Though St. Paul was as high a point as the large steamers of the Mississippi could reach regularly, through the season, it was found that boats could reach Minneapolis or St. Anthony, as that part of the city was then called, during a part of the season, in high water, and that boats of light draft might be depended upon for regular transportation, during tlie boating season. It will not be possible, in this outline history, to enter into the details of the discussion which continued so long over the point, whether St. Paul or Minneapolis should be regarded as the head of navigation on the Mississippi. We can only mention the facts in regard to the at- tempts to navigate the river to Minneapolis, and also, on the upper Mississippi, above the falls. The first steamboat that came up as far as Fort Snelling, arrived at Mendota in 1823. Du- ring the same year. Major Stephen H. Long explored the Minnesota River, and the northern frontier. Beltrami, an Italian refugee, explored the sources of the Mississippi, and made a map of the country. The first navigation of the river above Fort Snelling, must date from the arrival of the La- martine, Capt. Marsh, at noon, May 4th, 1850. The laud was made at a point opposite what we call " Bridal Veil." The Captain attempted to force his boat further up the river, but was un- able to stem the current. May 7th, three days later, the "Antimony Wayne,'' Capt. Rogers, suc- ceeded in forcing her way up, in spite of the rapid current, and landed at the old rafting place, near the present location of the lower or iron bridge. The arrival was justly regarded as a great event, as the question of transportation to these upper regions was beginning to assume a serious nature. ■ Speeches were made, by Governor Ramsey and other leading citizens. The band played, and the occasion was duly honored. Later in the season, during the same year, the "Lady FrankUn,' Capt. Smith Harris, came up within a few feet of Spirit Island, " Turned gracefully about and drop- ped down to the landing." Business men now determined to secure regular communication. They were liberal in furnishing means to forward the plan, and the result of their labors was the establishment of a line of steamers. On the 18th of July, 1853, the " Hindoo," a fine steamer from below, landed at Cheever's Flat, and afterwards made regular trips to this point. The Minnesota River was also navigated by smaller craft. Insufticient as this means of com- munication would be in the present advanced stage of our growth, it performed an important part in assisting that growth. NAVIGATION ABOVE THE FALLS. A steamer bearing the distinguished name, " Governor Ramsey," was fitted up by Captain John Rollins, in 1850, to navigate the upper Mississippi. The trial trip seems to have been an eventful day in the colony. It took place May 25th, 1850, She ran up to Baufield Island, BAILROADS— GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 179 about eight miles, then returned, and freighted for Sauk Eapids. Just at dark, she left the land- ing for her first trip. She ran about a mile, and tied up for the night. The next day, Sunday, she ran up to Sauk Rapids, discharged her cargo, and returned to St. Anthony on Monday. She made the return trip in exactly seven hours. After this, Capt. Rollins made regular trips, touching at intervening points. RAILROADS. The year 1862 was the era of railroads. The building and management of the railroads of a new country, is a very important matter, and one fraught with great danger to the interests of the country. The method used in constructing roads, is by furnishing private citizens or corporate bodies, capital obtained by bonding towns; or some method by which the country through which the road passes, is put under contribution to de- fray the expense. This puts the capital of many into the hands of a few. In case the trustees prove reckless or unprincipled, the country at large must become the sufferer. Minnesota has suffered greatly through railroad mismanage- ment. This has been true, not simply in build- ing and equipping the roads, but in exorbitant tariffs. She has b^en loaded with debt, and her attempts at adjustment have loaded her witli odium. This county has suffered greatly from this cause. Such evils are, however, self -correct- ing and Time, the great healer, will remedy all evils of the' past, when such prosperity follows as has followed their construction here. In 1862, the railroad from St. Paul to St. An- thony opened the county to railroad communica- tion. To the making of railroads there is no end. We shall not attempt to enumerate, in this brief article, all the roads and the history of their con- struction. A simple statement of the receipts and shipments of the principal commodities, by the various railroads to and from Minneapolis, during the year ending May 31st, 1880, will show the importance of the roads to this county, and will further indicate the extent of the busmess of the county. RAILROAD SHIPMENTS. Lumber, 1,467,700,000 feet; Flour, 1,650,630 bbls.; Mill Stuffs, 55,746 tons ; Wheat, 76,000 bu.; Com, 113,850 bu.; Merchandise, 10,166 care; Oats, 57,200 bu.; Machinery, 743 cars; Live Stock, 774 cars ; other articles, 1,623 cars. Total shipments of all kinds, 48,447 cars. RAILROAD RECEIPTS OF LEADING ARTICLES. Wheat, 8,103,708 bu.; Corn, 392,200 bu.; Oats, 262,100 bu.; Barley, 70,700 bu.; Flaxseed, 124,900 bu.; Mill Feed, 9,176 tons ; Lumber, 22,770,000 ft.; Flour, 110,700 bbls.; Merchandise, 12,643 cars; Live Stock, 929 cars ; Machinery, 730 cars ; Bar- rel Stock, 1 ,229 cars ; Coal, 2,713 cars; all other articles, 4,265 cars. Total of all kinds of freight, 47,307 cars. GENERAL DESCRIPTION, BOUNDARIES, ETC. Hennepin county, as originally organized, had for its eastern boundary, the Mississippi River, and was held in the embrace of three rivers, the Mississippi, Minnesota, and Crow. These rivers formed almost the entire boundary. Carver and Wright coimties, on the west, completed its boundaries. By a subsequent act of legislature, St. Anthony was attached. The length of the county, north and south, is about thirty -two miles. Its greatest breadth is about twenty-eight miles. Its area is 354,904.96 acres. The forty- fifth parallel of latitude passes through the mid- dle. The summers are very warm, and hasten vegetation to maturity. The winters are very cold. It may serve to assist the mind, to com- pare it with other localities of the country, in re- ference to latitude and temperature. Tlie forty- fifth parallel, which passes through the middle of this county, passes through Green Bay, Wiscon- sin, touches the extreme, northern limit of j^ew York, and forms the northern boundary of Ver- mont. The winter isothermal line, however, strikes considerably north of New York and Ver- mont. The snow-fall is light, but as thaws are infrequent, enough usually accumulates to insure sleighing through the winter. The same is true of this as of all northern climates ; the winter is made jolly by extra sociabiUty. The surface of the country is undulating, though in no part mountainous or hilly. The county belongs to the southern slope of the state, and to the Mississippi valley. The elevation above the level of the sea varies from 663 feet at the crossing of the C. M. & St. P. R. R. on the Minnesota River, to 940 feet at Long Lake sta- tion. The elevation of the Mississippi River at 180 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Nicollet Island is 791 feet, and half a mile below the Falls of St. Anthony 71H feet. EIVEBS AND LAKES. This county is favored with abundance of water to supply all the functions that water ever fulfills. First, for Navigation. The Mississippi has afEorded navigation both above and below the Falls. The Minnesota permits navigation along the southern boundary of the county. Second, Water Power. The immense power of the Falls of St. Anthony, alone, gives this county greater facilities for manufacture, than can be found elsewhere in the United States. There are minor water powers on the smaller streams and lakes. The largest flouring establishments in the world, and other branches of manufacture, de- rive their power from these great falls. In early times travellers have expended their eloquence in descriptions of their beauty, but to- day, if we describe the features correctly, we must admit that the picturesque scenery has largely disappeared and given place to practical business. If we echo the sentiments of this am- bitious people, we must dwell on the wealth in machinery and manufactures that now environs the falls, and not lament over the beauty that has gone. The description of these vast estab- lishments is reserved for a subsequent chapter. Third, Running logs to the numerous saw-mills. Fourth, Beauty of Scenei-y. On the map we can count over two hundred lakes in Henne- pin county. As we ride through the country, they seem innumerable. They are mostly clear and deep, with gravelly margins, and discharge their waters into the large boundary rivers, through numerous beautiful creeks and rivulets. The largest is Lake Minnetonka. Many of the lakes, on account of their great beauty, are places of summer resort. Fifth, Health. The healthfuliiesH of the state is thought to be due, to some extent to its large amount of water surface. Doubtless this, taken with its great distance inland, is a very healthful "feature for Hennepin county, The Crow is not regarded as a navigable river, though, at one time, Capt. Kollins made a run, with the " Gov. Ramsey," twenty miles up the stream. Its banks are low and wooded, present- ing no marked features. The fine river scenery is on the Mississippi from the falls to Fort Snelling. Throughout this distance, of nine miles, the river runs through a gorge about eighty rods vride, with high, bare, rocky bluffs on each side. This is the grandest scenery of the Northwest. After the great tribu- tary, the Minnesota, forms its junction, at Fort Snelling, the gorge widens to about a mile. The same rock - ribbed walls are, however, continued. If we pass up the Minnesota, we And the banks changed in their character. The bluffs, instead of being bare and rocky, are turfed and grown up to small wood. At the early settlement of the county, these banks were described as simply grassy, but the absence of wood was, probably, due to fires sweeping over them. Geologists interpret the clayey deposit, west of the river, and other debris moved by the icebergs of the glacial period, as indicating great surface changes in the county, as well as in the volume and course of its rivers. The Minnesota was once the largest river, and the Mississippi flowed into it. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. The general contour of the county is nearly level, with an undulating drift surface. In a belt varying from six miles to less than one mile in width along the Mississippi, the narrowest point of which is in North Minneapolis, the drift has been modified by the river, and presents almost a level surface, with a soil lighter and more sandy than in parts more remote from the river. Co-existent with the line which marks the limit of this drift, is that of the supposed line be- tween the St. Peter sandstone and the Shakopee limestone of the Lower ^Magnesian formation. The belt included in this line has, a nearly uni- form flat surface, occasionally diversified by a knoll of hard-pan drift. Excavations made at dilierent points included in this belt, never fail to reveal this hard-pan. Underlying this tract, is a laminated or flaky clay, which, when burned, yields an excellent quality of brick of that creamy color known as " Milwaukee brick," The principal out-cropping rocks are the Tren- ton limestone and St. Peter sandstone. The Shakopee limestone crops out at Shakopee, on GEOLOGY, SOIL AND VEGETATION. 181 the opposite side of the Minnesota Eiver, and is believed to exist, covered by the drift, through- out Hennepin county. It is known among build- ers as " Kasota Stone," named from the town where it is extensively quarried. It was called Shakopee limestone from its being first noticed and classified at the out-crop in Shakopee. The Trenton Limestone is composed of three distinct layers — Upper Trenton, Green Shale and Lower Trenton. The Lower is the only out- cropping stratum in the county. The Green Shales are only found on excavating the drift. It is quite fossiUferous, and sometimes called, incorrectly, soap-stone. The Lower Trenton oc- curs along the bluffs of the Mississippi, at and below the falls. It is plainly seen in the quarry below the University. The upper stratum, eight feet, is impure limestone. Under this is a more impure stratum, though of similar character. Third, four feet eight inches Green Shales. Fourth, a little more than two feet of stone used for the roughest building. Underlying, the fifth layer, is the building stone, fifteen feet in thick- ness, xised so extensively in the construction of the best walls in this and adjoining covmties. This stone is too argillaceous (clayey) to be are- liable building material. Its weakness consists in the shales interlarded between layers of the limestone. This cavises, also, a mottled appear- ance on the surface of the stone. The dark spots are shale, and the lighter colored, limestone. Sixth, two feet of blue shale is found. This last layer rests upon the St. Peter sandstone. The fact that the harder limestone of the lower Trenton is super-imposed on the softer St. Peter sandstone gives rise to our water falls. The action of the water cuts away the underlying St. Peter, thus producing after many years' erosion, a great fall. The position of the layers also threatened at one time the destruction of the falls which they had previously produced. Little streams had so percolated the sandstone as to render it more than probable that the overlying limestone would soon be undermined, and the the magnificent fall be change into a simple rapid. Prompt and efficient measures on the part of capitalists, assisted by the general government, arrested the danger, and rescued the fall. SOIL AND VEGETATION. The soil of the county may be distinguished as of two classes ; sandy soil, occupying the belt before described, near the river, and the grayish clay. The changes noticed in the vegetation, as one passes through, will indicate the change in the soil beneath. Copses of oak and aspen show the soil to be sandy, while the large sugar maples, American elms, bass and red oak point out the clayey soil. On the clay also grow the butternut, soft maple, bitternut, black ash, white ash, poplar, white birch and white oak. The principal shrubs are hazel, smooth sumac, wolf-berry, thorn, elder, honey-suckle, kinnikin- nick, wild rose, prickly ash, and speckled elder. Many water-loving plants abound along the numerous lakes. Frost grapes, wild plums, American or native crab-apples, black and red cherries, june-berries, choke-cherries, prickly and smooth wild goose- berries, high bush cranberries, high blackberries, black and red raspberries, strawberries and cran- berries are the principal wild fruits. From the middle of the county westward the soil is clay, rolUng and heavily timbered. East of this is the belt containing the small, sparse tim- ber, covering the eastern part of Maple Grove and Plymouth, the western part of Minneapolis and the central portions of Richfield and Bloom- ington, with occasional tracts in Minnetonka and Eden Prairie. The soil and climate favor the production of spring-wheat. This is grown to the exclusion of winter-wheat which winter-kills. The hardness- of the kernel of Minnesota spring-wheat gives a superior quality to the flour of our mills. Other small grains, of ordinary farming, are readily produced. Sorghum has recently become an im- portant article of production. The cultivation of fruits has been i)roved practicable although it was long supposed impossible to mature choice varieties. Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, has done more than any other man for the improve- ment of varieties of fruits. It can almost be said that he has done all in this county. He struggled for a long time unaided, but now has charge of a " State Experimental Farm." Trees were set out on this farm in the spring of 1878. There, with the patronage of the state, Mr. Gid- 182 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN iJOUNTY. eon will continue his experiments. His purpose is to produce an apple that is a long keeper, 'and grown on a hardy stock. It is impossible in this article to describe his methods. For hardiness, necessarily the first requsite in this climate, he depends on the crab stock. Some valuable va- rieties have already been obtained. ZOOLOGY. On the same grounds that Minnesota has been called the sportsman's state, this county might be called the sportsman's county. Its lakes, prairies and forests are the natural haunts of the many varieties of game with which the state abounds. Gray and prairie wolves, bears, wild cats, rac- coons, foxes, deer, rabbits, squirrels, gophers (found in such abundance throughout the state, as to cause it to be called the " Gopher State ") and wood chucks, were all found in abundance, within a few years, and many of them abound now. Some water animals, sought for their furs, are trapped. The otter, mink, beaver and musk- rat furnish the most valuable pelts. Grouse (prairie-hens), partridges, and pigeons, are the principal feathered game, except in the season when ducks, brant and wild geese abound. This county shares with the state in a multi- tude of small birds of brilliant plumage. Some varieties are pecuUar to this vicinity. They de- light the eye and ear of the tourists, who frequent the charming lakes, woods and streams. The lakes abound in the usual varieties of fish. Some interest , has been shown in adding new and im- proved kinds. CLIMATE. The climate of this county and those imme- diately adjoining, gave to Minnesota at an early day, its reputation for health and made it the asylum for invalids. No other county in the state is better situated or more favorably known for health. It is very beneficial to invalids suf- fering from pulmonary diseases. Instances where this climate does not effect a cure for such in- valids, can usually be explained by the fact that the disease was allowed to progress too far before trying the remedy, or some other circumstance, peculiar to the patient and not chargeable to the climate, interfered. EDUCATION. The first settlers of this county brought with them from New England, not only the fear of God, which lead them to build churches, but, as the natural concomitant of the Bible is education, they brought in their hearts the desire for schools and at once set about educational work. Keflnement and social culture were as essential to them as the vital air. It has been said, and truthfully, that the tendency of western life is verging toward barbarism. Here, however, cul- ture and refinement followed closely on the heels of settlement. It is already abreast of the boasted East in public education. It can be safely said, that the whole state, but pre-eminently Hennepin county has made greater progress in education during the last twenty-two years than any other state or county in the United States. The first school taught was by Miss Electa Bachus, in the summer of 1849, in a small shanty on the east side. This was under territorial jurisdiction. In the faU of that year, the first school house was built in the county. The next teacher, was Miss Nancy E. Miller. The first teacher on the west side, was Miss Mary A. Scofield. The first male teacher, was Reuben Clark. Thirty years only have passed since one little school was all and sufficient for the wants of the community. The following is extracted from the official re- port of 1879, for the sake of contrast. School districts, 110 ; school houses, 130 ; graded schools outside of Minneapolis, 5 ; scholai-s enrolled, 10,245. A larger proportion of children of school age attend school in this than in any other state. CHAPTER XXXIV. ORGANIZATION OF COUNTY— OFFICIAL RECORD — JUDICIAL RECORD — LIST OF COUNTY OFFI- CERS. The bill which fixed the boundaries of this county, passed the Territorial Legislature in 1852, and was approved March 6th, of the same year. It originally formed a part of Dakota county. OBGANIZATION OF COUNTY— OFFICIAL BECOBD. . 183 The bill provided that "So much of Dakota county as lies north of the Minnesota River, west of the Mississippi, and east of a line commencing at a place known as the Little Eapids, on said Minnesota River ; thence in a direct line north by west, to the forks of Crow River ; thence down said river to its junction with the Mississippi." The bill further provided that Hennepin county be attached to Ramsey, for judicial purposes, "Until further provided for." Tor elective pur- poses it was to remain, as then, in conjunctjlon with Dakota county, so far as related to the elec- tion of a councillor and two representatives, un- til the next apportionment. Section 3 of the bill provided that, " When the treaty of Mendota, concluded with the Dakota Indians, should be ratified by the United States Senate, the county of Hennepin shall be entitled to elect, at the next general election, such county and other officials as the organized counties were entitled to." Section 4 provided that the county commissioners elected, should be authorized to establish the county seat temporarily, " Until the same is permanently established by the legisla- ture, or authorized votes of the qualified voters of said county." The county was formally organized on the 21st day of October, 1852. Eleven days previous, an election was held at the house of Col. John H. Ste- vens, at which 73 votes were polled, representing about one-half of the voters residing in the coun- ty. Another voting place was fixed at Mendota, for the accommodation of those living along the ISJinnesota River. Previous to the election, a mass-meeting was held, at which the following ticket was nominated, irrespective of party: Representative, Dr. A. E. Ames ; County Com- missioners, Alex. Moore, John Jackins, Joseph Dean ; County Treasurer, John T, Mann ; Reg- ister of Deeds, John H. Stevens ; District Attor- ney, Warren Bristol ; Sheriff, Isaac Brown ; Cor- oner, David Gorham ; Judge of Probate, Joel B. Bassett; County Surveyor, Charles W. Christ- mas ; Assessors, Edwin Hedderly, Eli Pettijohn, S. A. Goodrich; Road Commissioner, George Parks. The entire ticket was elected without opposition, and the parties named became the first officers of Hennepin county. They were nominated and elected without effort on their part, and in many instances, against their ex- pressed wish. The first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held on the 21st of October, 1862, Alexander Moore being chosen chairman. Dr. H. Fletcher was the first Justice of the Peace before the county organization, and Edwin Hedderly the first Justice after the county organization. Politically, little need be said of Hennepin comity. In its earUer days, and until the organization of the Republican party, the contest for political preferment, was between the old Whig and Democratic parties, the latter usually being in the ascendency. Now, in con- sequence of the death of some of the giants in the land, the masses could no longer be held to the old lines. The Whig party died with Clay. Political chaos throughout the country followed. Down went Whig and Know-Nothing, and out of the ruins was built the Republican party It is not important to give the position of politicians in this state during the political chaos. Since, the Republican element has, with a few exceptions in local politicsi been the ruling factor. In State and National politics the county is largely Re- publican. OFFIOIAL KECOED of state. Judicial and Legislative officers of Hen- nepin county. The first Territorial Legislature convened September 3d, 1849, and adjourned the first of the following November. The county was represented in the Council by John Rollins and Martin McLeod, and in the House, by Wm. R. Marshall, Wm. Dugas, Eifth District ; Alexis Bailey and Gideon H. Pond, Seventh District. Second Legislature, Jan. \st to March 31si, 1851 . —John Rollins, Martin McLeod, Council ; John W. North, E. Patchen, House, Fifth District; Benjamin H. Randall, Seventh District. Third Legislature, Jan. 7th to March 6th, 1852. — Wm. L. Larned, Martin McLeod, Council ; Sum- ner W. Earnham, John H. Murphy, and Benj. H. Randall, House. Fourth Legislature, Jan. 5th to March 5th, 1853. — Wm. L. Larned, Martin McLeod, Council ; R. P. Bassett, G. B. Dutton, A. E. Ames, B. H. Randall, House. Fifth Legislature, Jan. ith to March ith, 1854.— Chas. T. Stevens, Council; Cephas Gardner, Henry S. Plummer, Hezekiah Fletcher, House, 184 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Sixth Legislature, Jan. 3d to March Sd, 1855. — Chas. T. Stevens, Council ; A. M. Fridley, Dan- iel Stanclifleld, D. M. Hanson, House. By the apportionment of 1855, the precinct of St. Anthony was designated as the Third District, and Hennepin, (west,) Carver and Davis, as the Eleventh, an,d remained so until the adoption of the state constitution. Seventh Legislature, Jan. 2d to March 1st, 1856. — J. Eollins, D. M. Hanson, Council, Third Dist., Sumner W. Farnham, C. W. Le Boutillier, James r. Bradley, Thomas W. Peirce, Arba Cleveland, Thomas B. Hunt, Francis Thorndike, House, Eleventh Dist. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. Pursuant to an act of the territorial legislature, approved March 3d, 1857, an election was held on the first Monday in June, to elect delegates to the convention, called for the purpose of framing a state constitution. The following are the names of Hennepin county delegates : Bepublican wing, 3d IHst — D. A. Secomhe, P. Winell,L. C. Walker, J. H. Murphy ; Uth Dist.— Cyrus Aldrich, Wentworth Hay den, R. L. Bar- tholomew, W. F. Kussell,' Charles B. Sheldon, David Morgan, E. N. Bates, D. P. Smith. Democratic wing, 3d Dist. — B. B. Meeker, Wm. M. Lashells, Calvin A. Tuttle,C. L. Chase ; ll«/i Dist. — Alfred E. Ames. With the adoption of the state constitution, a new apportionment named as the Fourth District, " So much of Hennepin as lies west of the Missis- sippi River "; that portion east of the river, as the Twenty-third District. The result of the first fall election, rmder the new constitution, was. Senate — 4th Dist., Erastus N. Bates, Delano T. Smith ; 23d Dist., Jonathan Chase. House — 4th Dist., R. B. Gibson, George II. Keith, AVm. S. Chowen ; 23d Dist., Wm. 11. Townsend, L. C. Walker. No session of the legislature was held during the winter of 1858-9, owing to the extra session just preceding. At the October election, how- ever, the following officers were elected from Hennepin county, though they never took their seats : House— W. D. Washburn, A. C. Austin, R. B. McGrath, and A. Gould ; Senate— 23d Dist., David Heaton. Second Legislature, 1859-60.— Senate, 4th Dist., Jesse Bishop, R. L. Bartholomew ; 23d Dist., D. A. Heaton ; House, 4th Dist., J. P. Abraham, Henry B. Mann, A. C. Austin, Irwin Shrewsbury ; 23d Dist., D. A. Secombe, G. P. Baldwin. In 1860, another apportionment occurred, nam- ing Hennepin East as the Fourth District, and Hennepin West as the Fifth. Third Legislature, 1861. — Senate, 4th Dist., Da- vid Heaton ; 5th Dist., R. J. Baldwin ; House, 4th Dist., Jared Benson, G. V. Mayhew ; 5th Dist. F. R. E. Cornell, Wentworth Hayden. Fourth Legislature, 1862. — Senate, 4th Dist., David Heaton ; 5th Dist., R. J. Baldwin ; House, 4th Dist., J. H. Allen, Jared Benson ; 5th Dist., F. R. E. Cornell, John C. Past. Fifth Legislature, 1863. — Senate, 4th Dist., Da- vid Heaton ; 5th Dist., R. J. Baldwin ; House, 4th Dist., Dwight Woodbury, H. J. Croswell ; 5th Dist., A. C. Austin, R. B. McGrath. Sixth Legislature, 1864. — Senate, 4th Dist., John S. Pillsbury ; 5th Dist., DorUus Morrison ; House, 4th Dist., Jared Benson, Jonathan Firren; 5th Dist., John A. Coleman, Gilbei-t Graham. Seventh Legislature, 1865. — Senate, 4th Dist., John S. Pillsbury, Dorilus Morrison; House, 4th Dist., F. M. Stowell, Stephen Hewson ; 5th Dist., Cyrus Aldrich, F. R. E. Cornell. Eighth Legislature, 1866. — (The apportionment this year did not affect Hennepin, east or west.) —Senate, 4th Dist., John S. Pillsbm-y ; 5th Dist., C. H. Pettit ; House, 4th Dist., E. W. Cutler, A. R. Hayden ; oth Dist., Aaron Gould, Jonas H. Howe. Ninth Legislature, 1867.— Senate, 4th Dist., J. S. Pillsbury; 5th Dist., J. C. '^Miitney ; House, 4th Dist., H. F. Blodgett ; 5th Dist., A. E. Ames, Aaron Gould, John Seboski. Tenth Lrghlatuvc, 1868— Senate, 4th Dist., Jolrn S. Pillsbury ; 5th Dist., C. H. Pettit; House, 4th Dist., Samuel Ross; 5th Dist., C. D. Davison, Chas. n. Clark, John H. Hechtman. Eleventh Legislature, 1869. — Senate, 4th Dist., William Lochren ; 5th Dist., C. H. Pettit ; House, 4th Dist., A. M. Fridley ; 5th Dist., C. D. Davi- son, A. R. Hall, Chas. H. Clark. Twelfth Legislature, 1870.— Senate, 4th Dist., William Lochren; 5th Dist., C. H. Pettit. OFFICIAL BECORD— JUDICIAL BECOBD. 185 House, 4th Dist., A. M. Fridley, A. E. Hall, E. A. Rice, J. H. Pond. Thirteenth Legislature, 1871. — Senate, 4th Dist., John S. Pillsbury; 5th Dist.', C. H. Pettit; House, A. M. Fridley ; oth Dist., W. D. Wash- burn, A. R. Hall, A. J. Underwood. Apportionment of 1871. — Under this apportion- ment, Hennepip East became a part of the 25th District, and Hennepin West formed the 26th and 27th Districts. The 25th District was given one senator and two representatives, the 26th a senator and four representatives, and the 27th a senator and three representatives. Fourteenth Legislature, 1872— Senate , 25th Dist. , A. C.Morrell; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist. , Wm. P. Ankeny ; House, 25th Dist. , Frank- lin Whitney, John H. Strong ; 26th Dist., A. J. Underwood, C. H. Clark, C. F. Adams, Loren Fletcher; 27th Dist., A. R.Hall, Z. Demeules, F. L. Morse. Fifteenth Legislature, 1873.— Senate, 25th Dist., John S. Pillsbury ; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; House, 25th Dist., James McCann, Daniel Anderson; 26th Dist., C. B. Tirrell, Loren Fletcher, Chas. H. Clark, C. F. Adams; 27th Dist., A.R.Hall, Z. Demeules, M. C. Comerford. * Sixteenth Legislature, 1874. — Senate, 25th Dist., John S. Pillsbury; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; House, 25th Dist., C. F. Woodbury, Lyman Brown ; 26th Dist., C. B. Tir- rell, Loren Fletcher, C. F. Adams, C. H. Pettit ; 27th Dist., A. R. Hall, F. L. Morse, John Hecht- man. Seventeenth Legislature, 1875. — Senate, 25th Dist., John S. Pillsbury ; 26th Dist., Levi Butler ; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon ; House, 25th Dist., C. T. Woodbury, Daniel Anderson; 26th Dist., C. H. Pettit, C. H. Drake, Loren Fletcher, A. In- gerson; 27th Dist., Geo. A. Camp, Frank L. Morse, Daniel Bassett. Eighteenth Legislature, 1876.— Senate, 25th Dist., J. B. Gilfillan; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; House, 25th Dist., F. Whitney, Daniel Anderson; 26th Dist., C. H. Pettit, Leander Gorton, John H. Stevens, C. B. Ttrrell; 27th Dist., A. M. Reid, Daniel Bassett, Frank L. Morse. Nineteenth Legislature, 1877.— Senate, 25th Dist,, JohnB. Gilfillan; 26th Dist., Levi Butler; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; Plouse, 25th Dist., D. Anderson, G. W. Putnam ; 26th Dist., Geo. H. Johnson, L. Fletcher, W. H. Rouse, J. H. Clark; 27th Dist., A. R. Hall, Andrew J. Smith, Peter Weinant. Twentieth Legislature, 1878.— Senate, 25th Dist., JohnB. Gilfillan; 26th Dist., Charles A. Pills- bury; 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; House, 25th Dist., Geo. W. Putnam, Baldwin Brown; 26th Dist., W. II. Johnson, H. G. Hicks, J. H. Clark, Ed. McDermott; 27th Dist., Frank L. Morse, Peter Weinant, Harry Ghostly. This Legisla- ture adopted bi-ennial sessions. Twenty-first Legislature, 1879. — (No session, official Roster as follows:) Senate, 25th Dist., J. B. Gilfillan; 2Hth Dist., C. A. Pillsbury; 27th Dist., E. M. Wilson; House, 25th Dist., Jared Benson, Daniel Anderson ; 26th Dist., H. G. Hicks, W. H. Johnson, A. Tharalson, J. Thomp- son, Jr. ; 27th Dist., John Baxter, Geo. Huhn, A. J. Smith. Twenty-first Legislature, Election of 1880. — Senate, 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon; House, 27th Dist., John Baxter, Geo. Huhn, A. Roberts. JUDICIAIi RECORD. The scales of justice were first poised in the old government mill, on the second Monday in July, 1849, by Hon. Bradley B. Meeker, Circuit Judge by appointment of Gov. Ramsey ; Tayl&r Dudley, clerk of the court, Franklin Steele, foreman of the grand jury. The session lasted one week. The first session after the organization of the county, was held in a small house afterwards oc- cupied by Anson Northup. This was in 1852. Sweet W. Case was clerk of the court. Dr. Alfred E. Ames, foreman of the grand jury. The ses- sion was short, only two or three indictments being found, and these quashed by the judge. Following this, in the order given, were Judges A. G. Chatfleld, M. Sherburne, Chas. E. Flan- drau, James Hall, Edward O. Hamlin, Chas. E. Vanderburgh, and A. H. Young. Judge Van- derburgh was elected in 1859, and has since filled the office. Should he continue until the expira- tion of his present term, it would make for him twenty-eight consecutive years. Judge Young was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Hennepin county, in May, 1872, by Gov. 186 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Austin. At the fall election following, he was elected to the office for the term of five years. In 1877, was elected Judge of the Fourth Judicial District, under an act of the legislature allowing two or more judges in one district. LIST OF COUNTY OFFICERS WHOSE TERMS OF SERVICE OCCURRED IN THE ORDER GIVEN. County Auditors — [Until 1859, the duties now- allotted to this office were performed by the Eeg- ister of Deeds.] Ilobart O. Hamlin, Harlow A. Gale, Anton Grethen, Jacob Schaefer, Mahlon Black, Francis S. McDonald. Registers of Deeds — John H. Stevens, Geo. E. Huy, Chas. G. Ames, Geo. "W. Chowen, Robert R. Bryant, James Bryant, L. P. Plummer. Chas. Robinson. Clerks of Court — Sweet "W". Case, Henry A. Partridge, Hobart O. Hamlin, John W. Plum- mer, George W. Chowen, John P. Plummer, D. W. Albaugh, Albert M. Jerome, Jacob A. Wol- verton, E. J. Davenport. County Attorneys — Warren Bristol, D. M. Han- son, Isaac Atwater, Geo. A. Nourse, James R. Lawrence, Jr., Ashley C. Morrill, Wm. W. Mc- Nair, John B. Gilflllan, George R. Robinson, John B. GilfiUan, David A. Secombe, John B. GilfiUan, Jas. W. Lawrence, Wm. E. Hale. Sheriffs — Isaac Brown, Benjamin E. Messer, Benjamin F. Baker, Edward Lippincott, Richard Strout, John A. Armstrong, Wm. Byrnes, Henry G. Hicks, Geo. H. Johnson, Nathaniel R. Thompson, J. M. Eustis. County Treasurers — John T. Mann, Allen Har- mon, John L. Tenny, David Morgan, Joseph Dean, John S. Walker, O. B. King, Jesse G. Jones, L. R. Palmer, W. W. Huntington, Frank Slocum. County Surveyors— Charles W. Christmas, Lewis Harrington, David Charlton, Franklin Cook, C. W. Christmas, C. B. Cliapman, V. W. Christmas, (i. W. Cooley, S. H. Baker, Frank Plummer. Coroners — David Gorham, Henry Menninger, J. C. Williams, F. A. Conwell, C. II. Bleckeii, P. O. Chilstrom, Petrus Nelson, A. C. Fairbairn. Court Commissioners — [Office created in 1868.]— N. H. Miner, Lardner Bostwick, N. II. Miner, Samuel R. Thayer, Albee Smith, Freeman P. Lane. County Superintendents of Schools — Until 1864, the examination of teachers was conducted by commissioners. At a meeting of the County Commissioners, September 7th, 1864, a resolution was passed authorizing the employment of a Su- perintendent of Schools for Hennepin county. At an adjourned meeting, held September 19th, J. T. Fribble was appointed, with a salary of $600 per year. In 1865 re-appointed ; again in 1866, with salary raised to $900 per year. September 8th, 1869, Rev. C. B. Sheldon was appointed from January to April, 1870. At a subsequent meeting the County Commissioners resolved to authorize Commissioner Bartow to employ an examiner of applicants for School Superintendent. Prof. O. V. Tousley was selected, and conducted the ex- amination in presence of the commissioners, on the 5th of January, 1870. On the following day, January 6th, a ballot was taken by the commis- sioners, resulting in a tie vote between Charles Hoag and Rev. C. B. Sheldon. On the 4th of April another ballot was taken, resulting in the election of Charles Hoag for a term of two years, from April 5th, 1870 ; salary §850. At a meet- ing of the commissioners in 1872, Mr. Hoag was re-elected, and salary increased to 31,000, At a meetmg, January 6th, 1874, four candidates pre- sented themselves — B. B. Barnard, C. Allen, I. S. Rankin, and M. Cochran. Mr. Rankin was elected on the third ballot. On the fSth of Jan- uary, 1876, C. W. Smith was unanimously elect- ed, and has been continued in the office on an increased salary, up to the present time. Judges of Probate — Joel B. Bassett, Dr. A. E. Ames, E. S. Jones, Lardner Bostwick, N. H. Hemiup, Franklin Beebe, E. A. Go\e, P. :m. Babcock, John P. Rea. County Cdmniinsioncrs, 1852 to 1858. — [First three elected at time of county organization, others at subsequent elections.] — Joseph Dean, Ale.xander Moore, John Jackins, W. Getchell, Henry Townsend, Alexander Gould, G. G. Loo- mis, David A. Secombe, G. W. Chowen, Nathan- iel Kellogg. 1858— [County Board composed of chairmen of the several Town Boards and Wards of St. An- thony.] Some strife arose at this meeting over credentials. S. L. Merriman, of Minnetrista, was refused a seat, for want of evidence either of election or appointment. James Crowe was admitted from the Second Ward of St. Anthony. COUNTY OFFICIALS. 187 The chairman admitted to seats, with the Towns and "Wards represented, are liere given : Brook- lyn, E. T. Ailing; Bloomingt'on, Martin Mc Leod; Corcoran, Israel Dorman; Dayton, A. C. Kimball ; Excelsior, R. B. McGrath ; Eden Prai- rie, Aaron Gould ; Hamburg, Val. Chilson ; Hassan, Samuel Einieal; Independence, Irwin Shrewsbury ; Maple Grove, A. C. Austin ; Min- neapolis, R. P. Russell; Minnetonka, Pred Bas- sett; Plymouth, Francis Hunt; Greenwood, N. D. Perrill; Richland, Joel Brewster; St. An- thony, First Ward, D. Knobloch ; Second Ward, Jas. Crowe; Third Ward, W. M. Herron; Fourth Ward, J. C. Johnson ; Town of St. Anthony, J. B. Gilbert. 1S59 — Brooklyn, D. C. Smith; Bloomington, Martin McLeod; Champlin, W. Hayden"; Cor- coran, P. B. Corcoran; Dayton, W. W. Cate ; Eden Prairie, Aaron Gould; Excelsior, George Galpin ; Greenwood, N. D. Ferrill ; Hassan, John Mitchell; Independence, Irwin Shrewbury; Minnetonka, Fred. Bassett ; Minneapolis, H. C. Keith, Cyrus Aldrich, J. S. Malbon; Maple Plain, C. W. Blowers; Medina, J. A. Coleman; Plym- outh, J. M. Parker; Richfield, Geo. Odell; St. Anthony, G. W. Thurber, R. W. Cummings, J. B. Gilbert. At a meeting of the Board, June 5th, 1860, the county was divided into Commis- sioners Districts as follows : District No. 1 — Second, Third and Fourth Wards of St. Anthony. District No. 2 — Brooklyn, Crystal Lake, St. Anthony town, and First Ward of city. District No. 3 — Minneapolis. District No. 4 — Minnetrista, Minnetonka, Ply- mouth, pxcelsior, Eden Prairie, Bloomington and Richfield. District No. 5— Champlin, Dayton, Hassan, Corcoran, Maple Grove, Independence, Green- wood, Medina. Commissioners, 1860 — R. W. Cummings, 11. Fletcher, D. Schmitz, J. B. Hinkley, Wm. Finch. 1861— A. B. Blakeman, James Sully, Ezra Hanscomb, J. B. Hinkley, William Finch. 1862-3— A. B. Blakeman, H. S. Plummer, James Sully, Wm. Finch, J. B. Hinkley. 1864— James Sulley, Sewell Phelps, E. W. Grindall, J. B. Hinkley. 1865— James Sully, Sewell Phelps, H. S. Plum- mer, H. H. Hopkins, A. B. Blakeman, J. A. Coleman, J. B. Hinkley. 1866— James Sully, E. W. Grindall, J. A. Coleman, Sewell Phelps, H. H. Hopkins. • 1867-8— Sewell Phelps, J. A. Coleman, J. Sully, J. P. Plummer. 1869— James Sully, A. H. Benson, Wm. E. Evans, Samuel Bartow, David Edwards. 1870— Wm. E. Evans, David Edwards, Samuel Bartow, Ezra Hanscomb, W. E. Jones. 1871— Wm. E. Jones, David Edwards, Ezra Hanscomb, J. G. McFarlane, James A. Ball. 1872 — Wm. E. Jones, Ezra Hanscomb, David Edwards, J. G. McFarlane, Benj. Parker. 1873-4-5— J. G. McFarlane, Wm.Pettit, Benj. Parker, David Edwards, Wm. Finch, R. S. Stevens, J. E. Mitchell. 1876— D. Edwards, J. G. McFarlane, L. R. Palmer, Horace Wilson, Chas. H. Ward, Stiles Gray, Wm. Pettit. 1877— D. Edwards, Edwin Hedderly, Chas. H. Ward, L. R. Palmer, Horace Wilson. • 1878- L. R. Palmer, J^se Jones, Charles H. Ward, Horace Wilson, M. W. Glenn. 1879— Horace Wilson, M. W. Glenn, L.R. Pal- mer, Chas. H. Ward, Jacob Schaefer. November, 1880 — The following officers were elected : Auditor, F. S. McDonald ; Register of Deeds, Chas. Robinson ; Clerk of Court, E. J. Davenport ; County Attorney, W. E. Hale ; Sheriff, J. M. Eustis ; Surveyor, Frank Plummer ; Coroner, Dr. A. C. Fairbairn; Senate, 27th Dist., R. B. Langdon ; House, 27th Dist., John Baxter, Geo. Huhn, A. Roberts ; County Commissioner, [east side], Baldwin Brown. The following official record of Presidential Electors will show the general political bias, as well as the rapid advance in population as indi- cated by the increased vote for each term. Vote of 1860, Lincoln, 1,770, Douglas, 705, Breckenridge, 44. Vote of 1864, Lincoln, 1,711, McClellen, 1,221. Vote of 1868, Grant, 3,128, Seymour, 1,984. Vote of 1872, Grant, 4,075, Greeley, 2,986. Vote of 1876, Hayes, 6,641, Tilden, 4,871. Vote of 1880, Garfield, 8,036, Hancock, 4,104. At this election the vote for member of Congress was, W. D. Washburn, 8,134, H. H. Sibley, 3,991. 188 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXV. WAR- BECOKD OF HEKNEPIN COUNTY — TAKEN FEOM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORT, AFTER THE SAME HAD BEEN CAREFULLY SCRUTINIZED AND CORRECTED BY RESIDENT MEMBERS OF THE SEVERAL COMX'ANIES. The date of the organization of the First Reg- iment of Minnesota Volunteers, April, 1861, will indicate the enthusiasm of the state in re- sponding to the call of the country for defenders. April 12th had heard the first gun at Port Sum- ter ; April 13th had witnessed the surrender of the fort ; April 14th, Abraham Lincoln had issued his famous proclamation calling for 75,000 men, more than enough, we all felt sure, to wipe out every vestige of rebellion. Minnesota, one of the youngest daughters in the family of states, comes to the front in April, and organizes her first regiment. Indeed, this regiment did not furnish places enough for men, wishing to enlist as privates, to show their patri- otism. The country was electrified by seeing this regiment of stalwart men, moving to the front in June, coming from a state of which many citi- zens had not even heard, whose record was yet to be made. This young state was not only quick to respond to the demand for men, under tlie en- thusiasm that pervaded the country during the earlier stages of the war, but she held out to the last with her quota, through all the dark days that followed. When it was ascertained that 76,000 nien would not accomplish it, successive calls were made — 300,000, 300,000, 500,000, etc., until, at last, a grand total of nearly 3,500,000 had been furnished to do what it was anticipated a handful of men could accomplish in a few weeks. Minnesota followed up these successive de- mands, until the very Indians thought her terri- tory was nearly depleted of fighting men, and assailed her unprotected settlers. War was thus brought to her own doors, in forms more dreadful than Antietam or Gettysburg. The records will show how well the state behaved under the fiery ordeal of war. It belongs to us only to transcribe to these pages the roll of honor of the county, hoping to assist in immortalizing the names of the patriotic and brave defenders of our flag. Here they are, rank and file. Honor them all. ABBREVIATIONS. Adjt Adjutant Art Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt Captain Corp Corporal Comsy Commisary Cav Cavalry captd captured destd deserted dis discharged disabl disability inf infantry M. V. I Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Lieut Lieutenant Maj Major mus musicians pro promoted Regt ■ Regiment re-en re-enlisted reg regular res resigned sergt sergeant transf d transferred vet veteran V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps wd wounded wag wagoner FIRST REGIMENT MINN. INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Colonel W. A. Gor- man. Field and Staff Officers— Geo. N. Morgan, Col- onel, com. Sept. 26, 1862, pro. from Co. E, res. May 5, 1863. John N. Chase, Adjutant, com. Oct. 22, 1861, pro. Capt. Co. H, Sept. 26. 1862, dis. with Regt. May 4, 1864. Chas. ^\'. Le Boutillier, Asst. Surgeon, com. April 29. 1861, transfd. to Minn. Skeleton Regt. E. D. Neill, Chaplain, com. April 29, 1861, res. July 13, 1862. John W. Pride, Sergt. Major, com. Mar. 5, 1864, pro. from Co. E, dis. with regt. May 4, 1864. Company J.— John Blesse, priv. en. April 29, 1861, transfd. to V. R. C. Nov. 16, 63. WAR RECORD— FIB8T REGIMENT. 189 John McEwen, Corp. en. April 29, 1861, pro. Sergt. ; killed at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862. Company O— Chesley B. Tirrell, priv. May 22, 1861 , transfd. to bat. Recruits — Chas. C. Blanchard, no record. Wm. Coombs, re-en transfd. to First Battalion. Henry Ghostly, no record. Andrew McCausland dis. for disab. Jan. 8, 1863. Turner Fribble, dis. to enlist in reg. service Oct. 28, 1861. COMPANY D FIRST BEGIMENT INFANTRY. Henry R. Putnam, Capt., en. April 29, '61, trans, to 12th U. S. inf. Geo. H. Woods, 1st Lieut, en. April 29, '61, pro. Capt. Nov. 28, '61, A. Q. M. Dewitt C. Smith, 2d Lieut., en. April 29, '61, pro. Capt. August 8, '61, trans, to Com- pany G, Aug., 1863, resigned for disabl. October, 1863. Seth L. Hammond, 1st Sergt., en. April 29, '61, pro. 2d and 1st Lieut., resigned Sept., '62. Christ. B. Heffelfinger, Sergt., en. April, 29, '61, pro. 1st Sergt., 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut., Capt., Aug. 8, 1863, dis. with regt.. May 4, '64. Wm. Har- mon, Sergt., en. April 29, '61, pro. 2d Lieut. Company D, 1st Lieut. Company C, dis. with regt. Henry W. Longfellow, Sergt., en. April 29, '61, dis for disab., May 11, '62. Joseph Young, Corp., en. April 29, '61, dis, for disab., Jan. 3, '63. EUet P. Perldns, Corp. en, April 29, '61, pro. Sergt., color Sergt., 1st Lieut., dis. with regt.. May 4, '64, re-en. First bat. Isaac N. Hoblitt, Corp., en. April 29, '61, died Nov. 26, '61, of disease. Hanford L. Gordon, Corp., en. May 21, '61, dis, for disab. Dec. 1, '61. Calvin D. Eobinson, Corp., en. April 29, '61, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Ed- ward S. Past, Corp., en. April 29, '61, pro. Sergt. Major, dis. for wds. at battle Antietam, Sept. 17, '62. Orange S. King, Corp., en. April 29, '61, wounded at Bull Run, and left on the field. Mor- ton Robinson, mus., en. June 6, '61, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Wm. A. Lancaster, wag. en. May 22, '61, dis.with regt. Privates— William R. Allen, en. May 16, '61, died, July '63, of wds. received at Gettysburg. Chas. E. Baker, en. May 29, '61, killed July 2d, '63, in battle at Gettysburg. Horace K. Blake, en. May 22, '61, dis. with regt. James Bryant, eh. May 29, '61, re-en. in First Bat. March 31, '64, pro. 1st Lieut, and Captain Company C, dis. with bat. Geo. W. Bartlett, en. May 29, '61, dis. with regt. John Brown, en. May 16, '61, dis. with regt- Henry Bingenheimer, en. May 16, '61, dis. with regt. Jacob W. Chaffee, en. April 29, '61, no record. Enoch H. Chandler, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. John Clator, en. May 22, '61, dis. for disab. Feb. 7, ^oi. Henry W. Crown, en. May 17, '61, trans, to invalid corps, March, '64. Francis 1. Curtis, en. May 26, '61, dis. for disab. Dec, 29, '61. Henry A. Dean, en. May 16, '61, killed July 21, '61, in battle Bull Run. Stephen Donnelly, en. May 20, '61, dis. for disab. January 7, '62. James F. Dunsmoor, en. May 23, '61, dis. for disab. Aug. 1, '61. Cyrus E. Eddy, en. May 17, '61. Ami R. Fogerson, en. April29, '61,dis. with regt. John O. French, en. April 29, "61, pro. Corp., dis. with regt., May 5, '64. August A. Goeppinger, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. William H. Garvey, en. May 16, '61, no record. Alonzo C. Hayden, en. April 29, '61, killed July 2, '63, in battle at Gettysburg. Elmsley I. Ham- ilton, en. April 29, '61, dis. for disab., November 27, '61. John T. Hoblitt, en. April 29, '61, no record. Charles W. Hughes, en. April 29,' 61, dis. with regt. Archibald E. Howe, en. April 29, '61, dis. witli regt. William H. Howe, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. Charles A. Hutehins, en. April 29, '61, dis. for disab. February 20, '63. Cyrus M. Hatch, en. April 29, '61, dis. for disab. Decembers, '62. JohnH. Haner, en. May 21, '61, dis. for disab, December 2, '62. Amos C. Jordan, en. April 29, '61, tranp. to signal corps, August, 1, '63. James W. Kendall, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. Irving Lawrence, en. April 29, '61. died July 7, '63, of wds. at bat. of Gettysburg- George A. Laflin, en. May 17, '61, dis. for disab. March 25, '63. Adin A. Laflin, en. May 17, '61, dis. with reg. May 5, '64. Charles H. Mason, en. April 29,'61, pro. Sergt., dis. forpro. December 27, '62. Henry A. McAllister, en. April 29, '61, died' Aug. '63, of wds. rec. in battle at, Gettysburg. Horace M. Martin, en. April 29, '61 , pro. Corp. and Sergt., dis. with regt. Lewis Meeker, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. George Maddock, en. April 29, '61, wounded at Bull Run, and left on field, dis. with regt. William J. Newton, en. May 22, '61, dis. for disab. April 2, '62. Francis H. Newton, en. May 22, '61, absent sick, on dis. of regt. Thomas B. Nason,en. May 28.pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John W. Plummer, en. April 29, '61, pro. Corp. Sergt., di;< with regt. Robert A. 190 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN' OOVNTY. Plummer, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. Henry C. Plummer, en. May 20, '61, dis. for disab. May 14, '62. Joseph Smithyman, en. April 29, '61, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Leroy F. Sampson, en. May 17, '61, dis. for disab. February 2, '63. Matthew M. Standish, en. May 21, '61, pro. Sergt. transf'd to N. C. S. as Com. Sergt. Feb. 16,' 63. Charles "W. Smith, en. April 27, '61, dis. with regt. Alvin B. Taunt, en. April 20, '61, dis. for disab. Feb. 8, '62. Piatt S. Titus, en. May 21 , '61 , dis. with regt. David G. Wetmur, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. Henry Wilgus, en. April 29, '61, dis. per order Nov. 16, '63. James Walsh, en. April 29, '61 dis. with regt. John D. Whitte- more en. May 23, '61, died of wd.rec.inbat. near Vienna, Va. Recruits — Thomas Hughes, dis. for disab. Dec. 20, '61. Edward D. Messer, dis. for disab. Dec. 29, '61. Henry B. Chase, dis. for disab. Feb. 2, '63. Geo. H. Smith, dis. for disab. Feb. 13, '63. David Jenkins, dis. for disab. Aug, 20, '63. Ran- som A. Bartlett, dis. for disab. Oct. 7, '62. Eben S. ISTasson, dis. for disab. Feb. 15, '63. David M. Howe, dis. for disab. Jan. 6, '63. Joseph B. Holt, dis. for disab. Jan. 9, '62. Frank Rollins, died, Aug. 2, '63, of wds. rec. at battle of Gettysburg. George Grandy, died July 4, '63, of wds. rec. in bat. at Gettysburg. Marcus A. Past died July 5,'6.'?, of wds. at bat, Gettysburg. S. Densmore, transfd. to First Bat. E. J. Hamilton, transfd. to First Bat. J. Pratt, transfd. to First Bat. G. S. Sly, transfd. to First Bat. O. Ames, transfd. to First Bat. J. Hawkes, transfd. to First Bat. W. T. Abra- ham, transfd. to First Bat. D. L. Morgan, transfd. to First Bat. M. G. Pratt, died April, '64. E. Hamilton, no record. Artis Curtis, no record. Edwin Lambdin, dis. for disab. December 2, '62. COMPANY B. George N. Morgan, Capt., en. April 29, '61, pro. Maj., October 22, Lieut. Col., August 28, '62, Col., September 26,'62, res. May 5, '63. James IIol- ister, 1st Lieut., en. April 29, '61, res. November 11, '61. George Pomeroy, 2d Lieut., en. April 29, '61, pro. Capt., October 22, '61, res. for pro. September 22, '62, Lieut. Col. ] 46 N. Y. V. John N. Chase, 1st Sergt., en. April 29, '61, pro. Capt. Company G, September 26, '62. James M. Shep- ley, Sergt., en. April 29, '61, pro. 2d Lieut. Octo- ber 22, '61, 1st Lieut. Company G, July 19, '62, res. Jan. 13, '63. George Boyd, Sergt. en. April 29, '61, pro. 2d Lieut, and 1st Lieut. Company I., April 15, '63, dis. with regt. May 4, '64. Hugh G. Cassedy, Sergt. en. May 23, '61, no record. William Lochren, Sergt., en. April 29, '61, pro. 2d Lieut. Company K, September 22, '62, 1st Lieut. Company E, July 3, '63, res. December 30, '63. Francis Kittel, Corp. en. April 29, '61, pro. Sergt. dis. for disab. December 21. '63. Orville D. That- cher, Corp. en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt., May, '64. Albion Hobson, Corp., en. April 29, '61, no record. Booth C. Mulvey, Corp., en. April 29, '61, no record. William W. Smiley, Corp., en. May 23, '61 trans, to gunboat service, November 16, '63. William W. Wilson, Corp., en. April 29, '61, dis. for disab. July 23, '62. William H. Davenport, Mus., en. April 29, '61, dis. per order, September 26, '61. Charles Northrup, wag., en. April29, '61, dis. with regt.. May, '64. Privates — Asa T. Abbott, en. April 29, '61, no record. John F. Barnard, en. April 29, '61, dis. for disab. July 31, '61. William H. Bassett, en. April 29, '61, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Albert B. Coombs, en. May 20, '61, transfd. to U. S. En- gineers, October 24, '62. Henry M. Day, en. April 29, '61, no record. Amos O. Berry, en. April 29. '51, dis. with regt. Charles A. Berry, en. April 29, '61, no record. William E. Candy, en. May 23, 61 , dis. with regt. Lloyd U. Dow, en April 29, '61, dis. for disab. '63. Benj. Fenton, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. William Fullerton, en. May 20, '61, transfd. to gunboat service, Nov. 16, '63. John Fleetham, en. May 23, "61, dis. for disab. March 25, '63. George N. Hollister, en. April 29, 61, transfd. to 4th U. S. Cav. Oct., '62. James Hanscome, en. May 23, '61, no record. John Harrington, en. May 23, "61, trans, to 4th U. S. Cav., October, "62. Israel Jaekins, en. April 29, T-l, killed July 2, '63, at Gettysburg. Ernest Jefferson, en. May 23, '61, no record. William R. Johnson, en. May 23, '61, dis. for disabl. Mai-ch 25, '63. Edwin Keen, en. April 20, "61, trans, to gunboat service, November," '63. Edwin B. Lowell, en. May 23, '61, dis. with regt. Samuel F. Leyde, en. May 28, '61, trans, to gunboat service. Charles McDonald, en. April 29, '61, no record. Charles McDonald Jr., en. May 23, '61, trans, to 4th U. S. Cav. October, '62. Reuben M. Mayo, en. May 23, '61, no record. George W. Northrup, en. April 29, '61, SECOND BEGIMENl INFANTBY. 191 trans, to 4th U. S. Cav. October '62. James Pat- terson, en. May 28, '61, destd. March, '64. John W. Pride, en. April 29, '61, pro. Sergt. Major, trans, to N. C. S. March *21, '64, dis. with regt. Obed Eussell, en. April 29, 61. dis. for disabl. December 31, '62. TrancisEay, en. May 24, '01, dis. with regt. Oscar W. Sears, en. April 29, '61, trans, to invalid corps. October, '63. Samuel B. Stites, en. April 29, '61, pro. Corp, Sergt., dis, with regt. Stephen B. Sutton, en. April 29, '61, dis. with regt. Harvey E. Scott, en. May 20, '61, wd. and taken prisoner at Savage Station, trans, to V. li. C. George H. Winants, en. April 29, '61, dis. for disabl. December 25, '61, Peter Welin, en. May 23, '61, died July 29, '68, of wds. rec'd. in battle of Gettysburg. William L. Wakefield, en. May 23, '61, dis. for disabl. Janu- ary 4, '64. John D. \Yhite, en. May 26, '61, dis. for disabl. January 9^ '62. Recruits — Kufus H. Jefferson, no date, tran. to 4th TJ. S. Cav. October, '62. C. G. Sherbrook, no record. Adam C. Stites, no record. H. B. O'Brien, no record. E. E. Leighton, no record. W. Bofferding, no record. James D. Weaver, re- en. March 24, '64, trans, to First Battalion. William W. Holden, no record. COMPANY F. Becruits — H. Blackwell, en. March 28, '64, no record. Peter J. Bofferding, en. February 18, '64, no record. E. Jenkins, en. March 28, '64, no record. A. Stanberry, en. March 29, '64, no record. COMPANY I. Becruits— Hi. Shook, en. March 80, 1864, no record. Wm. Schmeigart, en. March 23, '64, no record. COMPANY K. Becruits — Samuel M. Burgess, en. November 11, '64, dis. for disabl. February 8, '63. Alfred Colbum, en. November 4, '61, dis. for disab. August 23, '62. Lewis Hanson, en. December 16, '61, deserted October 24, '62. John W. Sul- ly, en. November 20, '61, deserted October 24, "62. Augustus H. Smith, en. November 26, '61, killed July 2, '63, at Gettysburg. The First Eegiment Infantry was organized April, '61, ordered to Washington, D. C, June 14, '61. Engaged in the following battles, sieges and skirmishes: First Bull Eun, July 21, '61; Edward's Ferry, October 22, '61 ; Yorktown, May 7, '62; Fair Oaks, June 1, '62; Peach Orchard, June 29, '62 ; Savage Station, June 29, "62 ; Glendale, June 30 ; Nelson's Farm, June 30, '62; Malvern Hill, July 1, '62; Vienna, Sep- tember 2, '62 ; Antietam, September 17, '62 ; First Fredericksburg, December 11, 12 and 13, '62 ; Second Fredericksburg, May 3, '63 ; Gettys- burg, July 2 and 3, '63, and Bristow Station, Oc- tober 14, '63. Discharged at Fort Snelling, Min- nesota, May 5, 1864. SECOND REGIMENT MINNESOTA VOLUNTEEKS. Originally commanded by Colonel Horatio P. YanCleve. Horatio P. Van Cleve, Col., com. July 22, '61, pro. Brig. Gen. March 21, '62. COMPANY B Privates — James Hamilton, en. June 26, '61, re-en. December 28, '63, dis. with regt. James Eourke, drftd. September 26, '64, dis, by order, June 11, '65. George W. Stewart, en. Febru- ary 18, '64, dis with regt. Josiah Weaver, drftd. January 28, '65, dis. with regt. COMPANY c. Privates — Daniel Black, drftd May 28, '64, dis. with regt., July 11, '65. Stephen Grover, drftd, November 1, '64, dis. from hosp, August 2, '65. COMPANY D. Alden Kimball, Sergt. en. July 5, '61, dis. for disab. October, '62. Edward B, Perkins, Corp., en. July 5, '61, dis. for disab. October 16, '62. James N. Dudley, mus., en. July 5, '61, dis. for disab. April 19, '62. Privates — Lyman Brewster, en. July 5, '61, dis. on expiration of term, July 4, '63. Albert E. Hall,, en. July 5, '61, pro. Corp. Sergt., wounded at Chickamauga, dis. on expiration of term, July 4, '64. Fred. A. Jennings, en. July 5, '61, dis. for disab. March 9, '68. Alexander Landril, en. July 5, '61, re-en. December 29, '63, pro. Corp. Sergt. dis. July 11, '65. Eugene B. Nettleton, en. July 5, '61, pro. Coi-p., dis. July 4, '64, expiration of term. Henry Stoakes, en. July 5, '61, dis. on ex- piration of term, July 4, '64. Allen Sexton, en. July 5, '61, dis. for disab. November 10, '62. George W. Towle, en. July 6, '61, re-en. Dec. 29, 192 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. '63, wounded at Chickamauga, dis. July 11, '65. Leonard Town, en. July 5, '61, died at Tuscum- bia, Ala., August 2, '62. George A. Wheaton, en. July 5, '61, dis. on expr. of term, July 4th, '64. James Maxwell, drafted May 28, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John B. I'aro, sub. May 30, '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY E. J?ecrmts— John Adelberger, en. September 26, '64, dis. by order, June 11, '65. James R. Brown, en. September 26, '61, died in Chicago of a knife wd. rec'd. in a row May 18, '64. Joseph Ebert en. October 26, '64, dis. by order June 11, '65, Anthony Ebert, en. October 26, '64, dis. by order, June 12, '65. John Salenting, en. May 26, '64, died at Savannah, Ga., December 28, '64. John Thur, en. October 8, '64, dis. by order, May 26, '65. Henry* Truxes, en. September 26, '64, dis. by order war dept., June 11, '65. COMPANY r. Charles H. Friend, Corp., en. July 8, '61, re-en. December 29, '63, pro. 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut, and dis. with regt. William Blake, mus., en. July 8, '61 , threw away his drum and took a gun at Mill Spring, dis. for disabl. August 9, '62. Privates — Charles J. Atwater, en. July 8, '61, dis. for disabl. June 9, '62. Louis AUers, en. July 8, '61, dis. expir. of term, July 7, '64. Perd Birck, en. July ,8, '61, re-en. December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Conrad Lutz, drftd. November 27, '64, dis, with regt. Joseph Pohl, sub. May 30, '64, dis. by order, June 9, '65. Christian Rankin, drftd. May 28, '64, dis. from hospital, July 14, '65. Henry Astrope, en. September 27, '61, re-en. December 23, '63, dis. for disabl., January 17, '6o. William Mattin, en. July 8, '61, re-en. De- cember 29, '63, pro: Corp. and dis. with regt. Joseph McAlpin, en. July 8, '61, dis. for disabl. June 25, '62. Joseph Molan, en. July 8, '61, destd. October 10, '61. George Rutherfoi-d, en. July 8, '61, re-en. December 23, '68, wounded at Kene- saw Mt., discharged for disabl. January 17, '65. COMPANY G. Privates~¥. Bhomback, en. July 8, '61, killed at Mill Spring, January 19, '62. L.- Hoffman en. July 8, '61, dis. on exp. of term. July 7, 1864. Charles Orth, en. July 8, '61, dis. for disab. May 3, '62. Charles Rorhback, en. July 8, '61, dis. for disab. November 20, '61. Nicholas Rossbach, en July 8, '61, re-en. December 26, '64, pro. Corp. Sergt. dis. with regt. Bateus Webber, en. July 8, '61, wd. at Chickamauga, dis. June 11, 1864. Jacob Wohlers, en. July 8, 61, deserted at Louis- ville, October 1. '62. Becruits— Joseph Hoffman, en. July 15, '61, dis. with regt. John Igel, drafted May 30 '64, dis with regt. John Miller, drafted September 26, '64, dis. by order June 10, '65. Nicholas Rossback, en. Feb 27, '64. Pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Reinhardt Riebeth, sub. February 15th, '65, dis. with regt. Herman Radentz, en. Sep- tember 21, '61, killed at Chickamauga, Septem- ber, 20 1863. Henry Strohback, eu. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Peter Schumacker, drafted May 27, '64, dis. with regt. WilUam Schiltz, drafted September 26, "64, dis. by order June 10, '66. Wm. Schuler, drafted September 26, '64, dis. by order, June 10, '65. Christian H. Sander, en. March 6, '62, re-en. December '26, 64, pro. Corp. Sgt. dis. with regt. Balthaser Tsehudy en. December 15, '63, pro. Coi-p. dis. with regiment. John W. Tsehudy, en. September 5, '64, dis. by order June 10, '65. COMPANY H. Joseph Burgher, en. July 15, '61, re-en. Dec. 18, '63, dis. for disabl. June 17, '62. E. T. Cressy, drftd. September 30, '61, destd. May, '62, retd. March 28, '63, dis. on expr. of term, June 15, '65. C03IPANY I. Fred'k. C. Shepherd, Sergt. en. July 30, "61, dis. on expr. of term, July 11, "65. William Bending, Corp., en. August V2. '61, re-en. Dec, '63, pro. Sergt., 2d Lieut., dis. July 11, '65. Privates— John S. Bertraiid, en. July 30, '61, captd. by enemy at Chickamauga, died in Ander- sonville prison. Hiram Haskell, en. July 30, '61, trans, to '\^. R. C., April 28, '64. Charles B. Lay- man, en. September 8, '61, re-en. December, '63, dis. with regt. Isaac Layman, en. September 8, '61, wd. at Chickamauga, dis. on expr. of term, September 5, '64. Albert Parker, en. Septem- ber 5, '61, wd. at Chickamauga, dis. on expr. of term, September 12, '64. Roderick Parker, en. September 11. "61, died at Lebanon, Ky., March 1, '62. John Wheeler, en. July 30, '61, re-en. December, '63, dis. July 11, '6o. SECOND BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 193 Beeruits — George Burton, drftd. March 8, '65, dis. with regt. James Crammond, en. February 24, '64, dis. with regt. Washington Eader, en. February 25, '64, dis with r6gt. Geo. W. Stone, en. September 23, '61, re-en. December, '63, pro. Corp. Sergt., dis. with regt. Jonathans. Serrel, en. February 27, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John W. Tewall, en. February 8, '65, dis. with regt. COMPANY K. William W. Woodbury, 1st Lieut., en. August 23, '61, pro. Capt. resigned July, '64. Privates — WilUam Hamilton, en. August 26, '61, wd. Chickamauga, dis. on expr. of term Lyman 8. Martin, en. August 30, '61, dis. on expr. of term August 30, '64. Chas. W. Strong, en. August 26, '61, re-en. December, '64, dis. for disabl. November, 10, '63. Lewis Wakefield, en. August 21, '61, dis. for disabl. March, '62. Wil- liam Wilson, en. August 26, '61, dis. by reason of wds. rec'd. at Mill Spring. Godfleld Dien, drftd. May 26, '64, dis. from hospital, '65. John Kiser, drftd. May 28, '64, dis. from hospital, '66. Warren Merriman, en. May 28, '64, dis. from hospital, '65. SECOND REGIMENT INFANTBT, organized July, '61, ordered to Louisville, Ky., October, '61, and assigned to the army of the Ohio. Engaged in the following marches, bat- tles, skirmishes and sieges, viz: Mill Spring, January 19, '62; Siege of Corinth, April, '62; transferred to the army of the Tennessee, Bragg's Eaid, Perryville, October 8, '62; skirmishes of the Tullahoma compaign, Chickamauga, Septem- ber 19 and 20, '63 ; Mission Kidge, November 25, '63 ; Veteranized January, '64. Battles and skirmishes of the Atlanta campaign, viz : Eesaca, June 14, 15, and 16, '64 ; Jonesboro, Sherman's march through Georgia and the Caro- linas, Bentonville, March 19, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, July 11, '65. THIRD BEGIMENT INFANTRY. originally commanded by Col. Henry C. Lester. Levi Butler, Surgeon, en. November 11, '61, resnd. September, '63. Moses R. Greeley, Asst. Surgeon, September 5, '62, dis. with regt. COMPANY A, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '61. James P. Howlett, 1st Lieut., ap. regt. Q. M., 13 res. March 2r'64. Adolphus Elliott, 2d Lieut, pro. 1st Lieut., dismissed December 1, '62. E. E. Jaques, Sergt., re-en. December '64, dis. Septem- ber 2, '65. Joseph H. Smith, Sergt., dis. for disabl. April 10, '62. Jesse G. Jones, Corp., pro. Com. Sergt. October 5, '63. Alfred B. Rob- inson, Mus., dis. for disab., June, '62. H. F. Thompson,, Wag., dis. on expr. of term, Sep- tember 30, '64. Privates— 'William Atkinson, dis. for disabl. March 10, '62. Irenus Atkinson, re-en. Decem- ber 23, '63, dis. With regt. William Bisko, died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark., September 11, '63. A. B. Carson, re-en. December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Seldon Coleman, dis. on expr. of term November 14, '64. M. N. Coleman, dis. on expr. of term November 14, '64. A. N. Coleman, dis. on expr. of term, November 14, '64. John A. Coleman, dis. for disabl. July, '62. H. L. Councilman dis. for disabl., March 29, '62. A. N. Doyle, dis. on expr. of term, November 14, '64. L. E. Dudley, dis. for disabl., February 5, '63. William Foster, re-en. December 23, '63, trans, to V. E. C, Jan- uary 13, '65. Cornelius Frederick, re-en. Decem- ber 23, '63, pro. Corp. and discharged with regt. Dudley Green, dis. for disab., October, '62. Thomas H. Green, pro. 1st Lieut, in the 57 U. S. Col. Inf., September 28, '64. M. P. Hamilton re-en. December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Ezra M. Heald, re-en. December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Samuel W. Heald, died at Columbus, Ky., Sep- tember 10, '63. Daniel H. Hunt, trans, to V. E. C, ^November 18, '63. Abner Hough, pro. 1st Sergt., dis. for disabl., February 16, '64. John Jones, dis. on expr. of term, November 14, '64. W. A. Kemp, re-en. December 23, '63, destd. February 3, '65. George S. Maxfield, re-en. December 23, '63, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Jos. B. McCaslin, died at Little Rock, Ark., August 8, '64. Patrick McDonald, dis. for disabl. April 10, '62. George W. Moor, pro. Corp., dis. on expr. of term, November 14, '64. J. V. Mont- gomery, died at Little Rock, Ark., August 16, '64. George Nott, dis. for disabl., July, '62. Josiah Oathoudt, no record. Charles W. A. Nudd, pro Sergt., 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut, and Capt., res. August, '64. Ezra F. Peabody, no record. Jay Pratt, dis. on expr. of term, November 14, '64. James C. Price, re-en. December 23, '63, dis. for disabl., July 21, '65. • James R. Putnam, pro. 2d 194 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Lieut. Company K, January 9, '62, res. Septem- ber 18, '64. S. J. Raymond, died en route from Louisville to Nashville, March 31, '62. Edwin E. Ross, killed at Wood Lake, Minn., September 23, '62. Peter Rosskop, dis. on expr. of term, November 14, "64. William M. Stiles, re-en. •December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Charles M. Sydlinker, dis. on expr. of term, Nov. 14, '64. Secruits— Joseph Brasch, en. August 29, '64, dis. by order July 23, '65. C. H. McCausland, en. February, 29, '64, dis. with regt. John S. Millett, en. Mar. 22, '64, dis. by order June 20, '65. Drafted — Henry Dryer, en. June 25, '64, dis. with regt. Adam Hohenstein, en. June 25, '64, dis. with regt. Frederick Shulte, en. June 25, '64, dis. with regt. Anthony Trump, en. June 25, '64, dis. by order June 20, '65. Joseph Palm, en. June 25, '64, died at Pine Bluff, Ark., Sep- tember 23, '64. COMPANY B. Private — George Selon, en. November 7, '61, re-en. February 2,, '64, dis. by order April 29, '65. COMPANY ¥. Privates— Jsiiaes H. Deremer, en. November 8, '61, re-en. Dec. 20, '63, dis. with regt. Baaron Fowley, en. November 8, '61, dis. for disab. Feb- ruary 5, '63. Neamiah Warts, en. November 8, '61, dis. on exp. of term, November 14, '64. COMPANY G. Privates— Stephen Rhodes, en. November 6, '61, pro. Sergt., 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut., dismissed from service. James W. Kelsey, drftd. June 27, '64, dis. for disab. September 23, '64. Frank Hatcher, drftd. June 26, '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY H. Private — Peter Meurer, recruit, en. September 1, '64, dis. by order July 28, '6.'5. Henry Fane, en. '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY I. Privates — David Blackburn, en. November 6, '61, died at Snyder's Bluff, Miss., July 19, '63. Philander Chamberlain, en. Nov. 6, '61, trans, to Co. A, re-en. December '63, dis. with regt. Chas. A. Hale, en. November 6, '61, dis. for disabl. Fredk. Redlon, en. November 6,' 61, dis, for disabl. November 7, '63. Peter Va'dner, recruit, en. February 11, '64, dis. with regt. Augustin Shoret, drftd. June 25, '64, died at Memphis, Tenn., November 29, '64. THIRD KEGIMENT MINNESOTA INFANTKY. Organized October, 1861, ordered to Nashville, Tenn., March, 1862, captured and paroled at Murfreesboro, Tenn., July, 1862, ordered to St. Louis, Mo., thence to Minnesota. Participated in the battle of Wood Lake, September, 1862, ordered to Little Rock, Ark., November, 1863. Veteranized January 1864. Engaged in the bat- tle of Fitzhugh's Woods, March 30, 1864 ; order- ed to Pine Bluff, Ark., April 1864; thence to Duvall's Bluff October 1864; mustered out at Duvall's Bluff, September 2, 1865; discharged at Fort Snelling. FOURTH REGIMENT MINNESOTA INFANTRY, originally commanded by Col. John B. Sanborn. COMPANY A, ENROLLED OCT., '61. Privates. — Thomas Craig, wounded, re-en. De- cember 30, '63, pro. Corp., dis. July 19, '65. Thom- as Small, pro. Corp., killed by acdl. dis. of gun, October 12, '62. Rufus P. Wells, pro. Corp., 1st Lt. Capt. Co. C, January 7, 64, dis. with regt. Chas. Barkow, recruit, en. "64, dis. with regt. COMPANY B, ENROLLED OCT., '61. WilUam Enable, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. at ex. of term, Oct. 11, '64. Privates — Martin Luther, died September 23, '63. Edward Ziebarth, dis. at exp. of term, Oc- tober 11, '64. Charles Ziebarth, re-en. January 1, '64, pro. Corp., dis. July 18, '65- COMPANY C, ENROLLED OCT., '61. Privates — Andrew J. Brown, died Jan. 14, '63. Otis B. Bailey, dis. for disab. Oct. 2, "62. Moody A. Bailey, dis. for disab., March 25, '63. Joseph Goyette, re-en., dis. June 28, '65, for disab. John N. Morrell, dis. for disab., September 12, '62. ]?eniamin A. Kice, re-en. Jan. 1, '64, pro. Corp,, dis. with regt. Dow Rosenburg, dis. for disab., December 9, "62. Benjamin Robinson, dis. on exp. of term, October 11, '64, John R. Rich, dis., for disab., October 23, '62. Thomas H. Reeves, re-en., January 1, '64, pro. Corp. Sergt., dis. with regt. Morris Woesner, re-en., January 1, '64, dis. with regt. O. N. Washburn, died at Farm- ington. Miss., August 15, '62. Carroll Wilkins, dis. exp. term, October 11, '64. FIFTH BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 195 COMPANY D. Privates — John Maltcan, en. Aug. 30, '64, dis. with regt. Walter L. Winter, drafted May 27, '64, pro. Corp. dis. with regiment. COMPANY E. , Privates — James Billings, en. October 10, '61, re-en. January 1, '64, dis. with regt. Ezra M. Timson, en, October 10, '61, re-en. January 1, '64, dis. with regiment Emil Candeaux, sub. January 6, '65, dis. with regt. Michael Hizer, drafted December 14, '64, dis. with regt. Leonard Lenzen, en. '64, dis. April 23, '65. COMPANY F. Privates — Eichard F. Reeves en. November 16, '61, re-en. January 1, '64, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. K. B. Langdon, en. September 2, '64, dis. by order June 12, '65. COMPANY G, ENROLLED NOVEMBER, '61. Joseph Meyer, Corp. dis. August 16, '63 for pro. in 12th La. Vol's. Privates — Conrad Brustle, dis. for disab. Sep- tember 8, '62. J. F. Grepe, re-en. January 1, '64 pro. Corp. Sergt. dis. with regt. Wm. F. Holtz, dis. for disab. July 29, '62. Clement Lovely, dis. for disab. August 11, '62. Lott Palmer, transferred to V. R. C. COMPANY H. W. J. Maxfleld, wag. en. December 20, '61, re-en. January 1, '64, dis. July 19, '65. A. L. Cummings, priv. en. December 20, '61, dis. for disab. August 22, '63. COMPANY I. Private — Ephriam Dudley, recruit, en. Septem- ber 2, '64, died October 7, '64, of wds. rec'd. at Altoona, Ga. COMPANY K. S. M. MilhoUin, Corp., en. Dec. 23, '61, died December 16, '62, at Quincy, 111. Private — Christian Brezett, drftd. May 28, '64, dis. with regt. FOURTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, organized December 23, '61 ; ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., April 19, '62; assigned to the army of the Mississippi, May 4, '62 ; participated in the following battles, skirmishes, seiges, and marches : Seige of Corinth, April, ^62 ; luka, September 19, '62 ; Corinth, October 3 and 4, '62 ; seige of Vicksburg, Forty Hills, Raymond, Jack- son, Champion Hills. Assault of Vicksburg, cap- ture of Vicksburg, July 4, '63 ; transferred from Seventeenth to Sixteenth Corps, Mission Ridge, November 25, '63 ; Veteranized, January, '64 ; Altoona, July, '64; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas, Bentonville, March 20, '65 ; Mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, '65 ; discharged at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, MINN. VOLS., originally commanded by Colonel Rudolph Bor- gesrode. Field and Staff Officers — William H. Leonard, Surgeon, jSrovember22, '62, pro. from Aspt. Sur., dis. with regt., September 6, '65. James F. Chaffee, Chaplain, May 17, '62, res. June, 23, '62. COMPANY D, ENROLLED MARCH, '62. Louis Carle, Corp., destd., January 30, '64. Pierre Dupre, Wag., destd., July 22, '62. Privates — Michael Brouillette, dis. for disab., February 5, '63. Clement Dubay, re-en., March 11, '64, dis. with regt. Baptiste Joinville, re-en., February 19, '64, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Henry Kocher, re-en. February 19, '64, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. COMPANY E, ENROLLED APRIL, '62. Privates — John Barbalin, re-en. February 28, '64, dis. with regt. KiJlian Barberich, mortally wd. bat. of Nashville, Tenn., December 16, '64, died December 21 . '64. Jacob Dill, dis. on exp. of term. 'Michael Fenerker, killed in bat. October 4, '62. Joseph Herman , dis. for disab. , September 18, '62. Ferdinand Kern, died at Memphis, Tenn. , September 22, '63. Mathias Logley, wd. October '62, dis. for disab., March 31, '63. Julius Motz, destd., January 2, '63, Alton prison, dis. on exp. of term. Anton Marthei', re-en. March 12, '64, pro. Corp. wd., December 16, '64. dis. vrtth regt. Thomas Reilly, transfd. to Co. K., May 1, '62, dis. with regt. COMPANY F, ENROLLED APRIL, '62. Privates — Peter Bottineau, re -en. February 13, '64, pro. Corp dis. with regt. Andrew Israel- son, re-en. March 20, 1864, died August 24, '64, at Abbey ville. Miss., by wounds. Alfred Jar- vis, wounded in battle Corinth, dis. for disab. September 30, '62. Simon Paul, re-en. February 196 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 13, '64, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Severe Reach, dis. exp, of term March 23, '6d. COMPANY G. James Beaupre, priv. en. April 24, '62, re-en. February 26, '64, dis with regt. COMPANY I, BNBOLLED APRIL, 1862. Timothy O'Leary, Sergt., dis. for disab. De- cember 8, '62. Henry B. Dike, mus., re-en. Febrviary 27, '64, dis. with regt. Thomas Quig- ley, wag., transferred to V. E. C. October 17, 1864. Privates — N. J. Burns, pro. hosp. steward, trajasferred to N. C. S. Geo. W. Calvert, pro. Corp. Sergt. re-en. March 31, '64, dis with regt. John Daly, dis for disab. March 5, '63. Daniel Leo, destd. March 14, '63, at Memphis. — Mc- STame, pro. Coi-p., died July 11, '63. John Mc- Laughlin, dested. March 14, '63, at Memphis. Patrick Noon, dis. for disab. Hugh Weir, pris. paroled dis. by order June 14, '65. COMPANY K. Privates — Thomas Reilly, en. March 4, '62, transferred to Company r, Mar- 31, '64. Thos. Walsh, en. January 7, '62, dis. for disab. October 4, '62. SKETCH OF THE FIFTH EEGIMENT, INFANTRY, MINNESOTA VOLUNTEEKS. Organized May '62; ordered to Pittsburg Landing, May 9, '62, a detachment of three com- panies remaining in Minnesota guarding frontier posts. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges, and skirmishes : Siege of Corinth, April and May, '62. The detachment in Minne- sota engaged in battle with Indians at Eedwood, Minn., Aug. 18, '62 ; siege of Port Ridgely, Aug. 20, 21, 22, '62 ; Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August '62. Regiment assigned to 16th Army Corps. Engaged in the battles of luka, Sept. 18, '62 ; Corinth, Oct. 3 and 4, '62 ; Jackson, Tenn., May 14, "63 ; siege of Vicksburg, assault of Vicksbuig, May 22, '63; Mechanicsburg, June 3, '63; Rich- mond, June 15, '63; Fort de Russy, La., March 14, '64; Red River Expedition, March, April and May, '64; Lake Chicat, June 6, '64; Tupelo, June, '64; veteranized, July, '64; Abbeyville, August 23, '64 ; marched in September, '64, from Brownsville , Ark. , to Cape Giradeau , Mo . ; thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas state line; thence to St. Louis, Mo.; ordered to Nashville, Tenn., Nov., '64; engaged in battles at Nashville, Dec. 15 and 16, '64 ; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '66. Mustered out at Demopolis, Ala, Sept. 6, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling. SIXTH EEGIMENT INFANTRY, originally commanded by Col. William Crooks. COMPANY A. Privates — John Wright, en. October 1, '62. trans, to Third Minnesota Battery, May 1, '63. John Chalmers, en. October 1, '62, pro, Corp., dis. with regt. COMPANY B, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '62. Orlando- C. Meniman, Capt., res. June 6, "64. William Grant, 1st Lieut., pro. Capt., June 6, '64, dis. with regt. August 19, '65. Henry A. Par- tridge, 2d Lieut., pro. 1st Lieut. June 6, '64, dis on expr. of term, July, '65. T. H. Wheeler, 1st Sergt., pro. 2d Lieut. June 6, '64, died December 30, '64, at St. Louis. William Moore, Sergt., pro. 2d Lieut., January 1, '65, dis. -nith regt. F. N. Fleming, Sergt., pro. 1st Sergt., February 14, '65, dis with regt. L. P. Plummer, Sergt., trans, to 72d colored regt., as 2d Lieut. P. Benjamin, Sergt., dis. with regt. William P. C. Hawk, Corp., dis. for disabl. August 16, "65 Edward R. Norris, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. for disabl. September 17, "64. Bela F. Burrill, Coi-p., dis. with regt. Leonard T. Young, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. July 28, '65. Thomas Hanney, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. James Lafans, Corp., dis. with regt. Marcus Brownell, Corp., dis. for disabl., October 11, '64. A. B. Robinson, Mus., dis. with regt. James II. Jones, Mus., dis. with regt. F. S. Mitchell, Wag., dis. by order. May 3, '65. Pi/roYcs— JMiles Allen, died August 6, '64, at Helena, Ark. Simeon Auer, transfd. to V. R. C, October 1, '63. David Angus, dis. with regt. Eben J. Bragdon, died, January 3, '65, at Jef- ferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri. Henry Brewer, died, November 1, '63, at Fort Snelling. L. M. Bartlow, transfd to V. R. C, October 1, '63. William H. Bartlow, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. William W. Birch, died November 1, '64, at Jefferson Barracks. Merrill A. Bailey, transfd to V. R. C, October 1, '63. Alonzo Birch, died at SIXTH BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 197 Port Snelling, December 5, '62. James C. Bran- den, died July 5, '65, at Montgomery, Alabama. William Batdorf, died September 3, '64, at Hele- na, Ark. Benjamin Colburn, sick in hospital at dis. of regt., September 7, '65. Francis A. Clay, dis. with regt. John Chalmers, transf d. to Com- pany A, November 1 , '62. Edwin Cooley, transf d to 3d Minn. Batt. Robert Dike, transf d to Y. E. C, October 1, '63. George H.Day, dis.fordisab., May 23, 65. Simeon Farrington, dis. for disab., February, '65. George A. Forbes, transfd. to 3d Minn. Batt. George Forsyth, dis. June 2, '62. J. L. Flemming, dis. per order, July 24, '65. M. A. Getchell, dis. for disab. ISTovember 26, '62. John Galbraith, dis. for disab. May 31 , '65. Jona- than L. Grave, dis. with regt. Charles T. Grave, dis. with regt. Eben Howe, dis. for disab. , March 2, '63. Samuel Howe, dis. with regt. Joel P. Howe, transfd. to V. R. C, October 1, '63. An- drew Huff, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Charles H. Hopper, dis. with regt. Peter "W. Howe, dis. for disab. March 28, '63. Levi T. Hanson, dis. October 11, '64, at Jefferson Bks. L. C. John- son dis. for disab. March 21, '64. Charles E. Jenkinson, transferred to V. R. C. October 1, '63. Levi Longfellow, transfd. to X. C. S. as prin- cipal musician, dis. with regt. March 1, '65. Chas. H. Libby, dis. for disab. February 17, '65. A. S. Lane, dis. with regt. August 19, '65. Wesley Lambert, dis. with regt. August 19, "65. S. C. Miller, transfd. to 7th regt. October 14, 1862. Ennis McGary, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Sam- uel McLean, dis. for disab. May 9, '63. P. Mc- Farland, dis. with regt. Robert McLeod, dis. for disab. May 9, '63. E. M. Munch, dis. for disab. March 8, '64. Hiram Millet dis. for disab. March 20, '63. Lewis Miller, dis. with regt. transfd, to N. C. S. as principal musician, October 10, 64. James McManus, dis. at Montgomery, Ala. July 10, 65. Augustus Miller, dis. for disab. May 8, '63. Thos. O. Nevens, dis. with regt. David Perkins, died in hospital January 26, '63, at Ft. Snelling. Samuel N. Pavitt, dis. for disab. No- vember 9, '64. John Rank, dis. with regt. An- drew Ramsey, dis. for disab. March 20, '63. Da- vid Ramsey, dis. with regt. August 19, 1865. Daniel S. Styner, pro. Sergt. dis. with regt. Enos P. Stubbs, died October 21, '64, at Helena, Arkansas. William R. Shepard, discharged by order May 3, '65. John D. Stafford dis, with regt. Richard F. Smith, des. Feb. 9, 63, at Camp Pope. Silas Somers, died November 9, '64, at Jefferson Barracks. Andrew Thompson, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Stephen Talbert, destd. June 2, '63, at Camp Pope. Samuel D. Thompson, dis. with regt. Darius E. Tidd, destd. January 28, '63, at Fort Snelling. John C. "Vast, dis. with regt. Ephriam Whitney, dis. for disabl. February 1. '63. Franklin Whitney, destd. January 15, '63, at Fort Snelling. Alexander Wood, trans, to Third Minnesota Battery. Urich H. Wilson, dis. for disabl.. May 3, '65. Herman Wolf, destd. Dec- cember 15, '62, while on leave of absence. II. M. Young, dis. with regt. Jesse B. Young, dis. for disabl., March 19, '65. Becruits — Darius A. Keyes, en, March 2, '64, dis. with regt. Henry A. Kenneston, en. March 2, '64, dis. with regt. Robert Munn, en. March 2, '64, dis. with regt. Theo. A. Norris, en. March 2, '64, dis. with regt. Jas. H. Shimin, en. March 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Smithson, en. March 28, '64, dis. with regt. George Stout, en. March 2, '64, dis. per order,' August 3, '65. C. O. Thomas, en. April 2, '64, dis. with regt. C. E. Thomas, en. February 24, '64, dis. with regt. J. L. Wakefield, en. February 24, '64, dis. with regt. William R. Champlin, en. February 27, '64, dis. for disabl., June 12, '65. James Holloran, en. February 25, '64, trans, to Company F., dis. with regt. Luther Huff, en. February 27, '64, died October 10, '64, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. George D. Ingraham, en. February 6, '64, dis. for disabl., May 18, '65. Peter Jenson, en. Feb- ruary 29, '64, dis. for disabl., December 8, '64. Selah Label, Jr., en. February 16, '64, trans, to V. R. C, January 10, '65. George E. Longfellow, en. March 30, '64, died June 29, '65, at St. Louis. Isaac Mendenhall, en. February 27, '64, dis. for disabl., October 24, '64. John B. Robinson, en. February 29, '64, died August 30, '64, at Helena, Ark. Eben M. Rathbone, en. February 26, '64, dis. per order, August 2, '65. William B. Pal- mer, en. February 26, '64, dis. for disabl., Febru- ary, '65. William C. Flemming, en. February 29, '64, died December 23, '64, while. on sick leave. D. B. Champlin, en. February 26, '64, died, August 12, '64, at Helena, Ark. COMPANY C, EKROLLED OCTOBEB, '62. Privates — John Barron, dis. for disab. Decem- 198 EISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ber 9, '64. Samuel Clark, pro. coi-p., dis. with regt. Thomas Hughes, transfd. to invalid corps, January 28, '65. John H. Kelley, dis. with regt. John Logan, dis. with regt. Alex Leighton, dis. for disab. April 22, '63. Samuel McClay, pro. Corp., 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut., dis. with regt. Recruits — John Starrett, en. Feb. 27, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Clinton L. Babcock, en. Feb. 29, '64, died August 16, 1864, at Helena, Ark. COMPANY D, ENROLLED SEPT., 1862. Joseph C. Whitney, Capt., com. Capt. and A. Q. M., Vols. , Feb. 23, '65. Shepherd H. King, 1st Lt. , resigned August 6, '64. Daniel W. Albaugh, 2d Lt., pro. 1st Lt., October 7, '64, dis. by order December 27, '64. Wm. F. Atkinson, 1st Sergt., dis. for disab. October 12, '64. Geo. E. Adams, Sergt., died October 12, '64, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Geo. E. Case, Sergt., pro. 2d Lt., October 7, '64, 1st Lt. January 21, '65, dis. with regt. Ehjah Farrington, Sergt., dis. for disab. Feb. 25, '65. Henry Snyder, Corp., dis. by order. May 24, '65. Isaac D. Carr, Corp., transfd. to V. B. C. Nov. 20, '63. Reuben Robinson, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Washington Pierce, dis. with regt. Henry E. Selder, dis. with regt. Elias G. Brown, pro. Sergt., dis. with. regt. John Wait, dis. with regt. John S. Day, dis. with regt. Geo. A. Cressey, Mus., dis. with regt. Hannibal Hodson , absent, sick at New Orleans when regiment was discharged. John F. Bell, Wag., absent, sick at Memphis, Tenn., when regt. was discharged. Privates — James Allen, dis. with regt. George Ames, pro. corp., dis. with regt., October 15, '64. William C. Brown, dis. per order, June 27, '65. James W. Baird, dis. with regt. Charles T. Beedy, dis. with regt. Asa D. Brown, dis. with regt. John O, Beden, dis. with regt. Frank 8. Coffin, dis. with regt. F. M. Carman, absent sick on dis. of regt. Edgar B. Comstock, dis. with regt. Robert B. Coffin, dis. with regt. S. W. Costellow, died October 23, 18(>4, at Memphis. George E. Collins, died Muy 14, '65, at New Or- leans. Henry Curtis, dis. with regt. M. W. Cotes, died July 31, '64, at Helena, Ark. Rufus E. Draper, dis. for disab., April 25, '65. Thomas D. Dudley, dis. with regt. Nelson Dubuque, dis. with regt. Edwin Edgerly, discharged with regiment. Enos W. Ellman, died September 13, '64, at Jefferson Barracks. C. P. Fletcher, dis. with regt. Julius Farrington, dis. for disab. June 23, '65. William B. Franklin, dis. with regt. James S. Foster, dis. for disab., October 24, '64. Austin L. Fenlason, dis. with regt. Allen L. Goodrich, on detached service when regt. was dis. Charles E. Galpin, died Septem- ber 13, '64, at Memphis. Joseph Goyette, dis. per order. May 19, '65. Albert F. Grove, dis. with regt. Wm. A. Hawkins, dis. with regt. Franz T. Heiss, dis. with regt. E. T. Hamilton, dis. for disab. March 20, '63. Geo. A. Hills, dis. per order February 16, '65. James H. Harmon, dis. per order May 25, '65. Edwin Jackson, dis. with regt. Chas. W. Johnson, dis. with regt. Jos. A. James, dis. with regt. Thos. P. James, trans- ferred to 8d Minn. Battery, May 1, '63. Henry Jackson, dis. June, 5, '63. Silas Livingston, dis. with regt. pro. Corp. Charles Lansing, dis. with regt. Levi L. Leathers; dis. with regt. Alfred Lof tus, absent sick on dis. of regt. Andrew Lay- man, dis. with regt. James McConnell, dis. with regt. Wm. W. Mills, dis. with regt. John ]Mc- Kimball, dis. with regt. Chas. H. Moore, dis. with regt. Wesley Neill, dis. with regt. Levi Neill died November 11, '62, at Mankato. James Pratt, dis. per order. May 16, '65. Ezra Paine, dis. per order, May 17, '65. Eddie Powers, dis. with regt. Dean R. Richardson, dis. with regt. Theodore Ray, dis. with regt. John R. Richard- son, dis. per order. May 3, "65. Russell W. Rock dis. for disab. January 14. 65. Wm. H. Suther- land, transferred to Y. R. C. November 20, 1863. Aretas Smith, dis. with regt. Albion Stimson, dis. with regt. George Storrs, transfd to V. R. C. November 20, '63. William R. Stimson, sick at Prairie du Chien at dis. of regt. Oscar H. Shepley, dis. per order, June 22, '6.5. Christo- pher Swagert, dis. for disab. from wds. reed, at Birch Coolie, date unknown. John S. Stoops, dis. for disab., October 17, "64. Darius D. Suth- erland, transfd. to Invalid Corps, Nov. 20, '63. John C. Shrewsberry, died December 9, '62, at Forest City, Minn. Sylvanus Stinson, sick at Prairie du Chien on dis. of regt. Isaiah Thomp- son, died November 17, '64, at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Willard S. Whitmore, dis. per order. May 16, '65. William H. H. Williams, transfd. to 3d Minn. Batt., May 1, '63. Recruits — William H. Bush, en. March 8, '64, SEVENTH BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 199 died May 7, '65, at St. Louis Hosp.,New Orleans, La. David C. Brown, en. February 3, '64, dis. with regt. John W. Brown, en. February 27, '64, dis. for disab. , October 21 , '64. Charles A. Gates, en. February 9, '64, died October 16, '64, at Jef- ferson Barracks, St. Louis. Nelson T. Derby, en. February 27, '64, dis. with regt. Thomas A. Fisher, en. October 7, '63, dis. with regt. Peter Filbert, en. February 24, '64, dis. for disab., March 9, '65. Charles H. Jordan, en. March 30, '64, died November 14, '64, at Chicago. Samuel Layman, en. February 9, '64, dis. for disab. Dec. 20, '64. Charles H. MuUiner, en. February 24, '64, dis. for disab., June 11, '65. Josiah Richard- son, en. April 15, '63, died October 17, 64, at Jef- ferson Barracks. John Both, en. February 24, '64, dis. with regt. Ira Sanford, en. February 24, '64, transf d. to V. E. C. , January 16, '65. Michael Wolf, en. February 26, '64, died January 18, '65, at St. Louis, Mo. COMPANY I, ENROLLED AUGUST, '62. Privates. — Joseph Burchfield, dis. with regt. Nickolas Mauren, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. COMPANY K, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '62. Privates. — Theo. D. Miller, transfd. to 3d Minn. March 17, '64. George Thomas, transfd. to V. R. C. Jan. 21, '65. Wm. T. Wier, died July 30, '64, at Helena, Ark. Secruits. — Michael Purcell, en. Jan. 4, '64, dis. with regiment. Sixth Regiment was organized August, '62 ; ordered upon Indian expedition of '62. Detach- ment of 200 engaged in battle at Birch Coolie Sept. 2, '62. Regiment participated in battle of "Wood Lake, Sept. 22, '62. Regiment garri- soning frontier posts from Nov. '62, until May '63, when ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, '63, stationed at frontier posts from Sept. 18, '63, to June 5, '64, when ordered to Helena, Ark. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., Nov. '64, then to New Orleans January '65. Assigned to 16th Army Corps. Participated in engagements of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling August 19, '65. SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, organized August, '62, and originally commanded by Colonel Stephen A. Miller. Albert A. Ames, asst. Surgeon, en. August 28, '62, pro. Surgeon, July 23, '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY c. A. A. Thayer, priv., en. February 11, '66, dis. with regt. COMPANY F. Private. — Caleb Hosford, en. August 9, '62, dis. for disab., September 17, '64. The Seventh regiment was organized, August, 1862 ; ordered upon Indian Expedition of 1862 ; engaged in battle of Wood Lake, Minnesota, September 22, '62 ; stationed at frontier posts until May, '62, when ordered upon Indian Expe- dition; engaged with Indians, July 24, 26 and 28, '63 ; ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October 7, '63 ; thence to Paducah, Ky., April, '64; thence to Memphis, Tenn-^and assigned to Sixteenth Army Corps, June, '64 ; participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes : Tupelo, July, '64 ; Tallahatchie, August 7th and 8th, 64 ; march in pursuit of Price, from Brownsville, Ark. , to Cape Girardeau ; thence by boat to Jef- ferson City ; thence to Kansas line ; thence to St. Louis, Mo.; battles of Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15th and 16th, '64 ; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, Minn., August 16, '65. EIGHTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Colonel Minor T. Thomas. Major, Geo. A. Camp; Nov. 20, 1862; resigned May 21, 1865. Assistant Surgeon, Wm. II. Rause ; September 12, 1862 ; Discharged July 11, 1865. COMPANT A, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '62. William P. Ives, Sergt., pro. First Sergt. Aug- ust 1, '63, dis. with regt. Wm. H. Edwards, Sergt., killed by Indians in Meeker county, Minn., September 11, '68. Privates — Frederick T. Bird, dis. in hospital June 23, 65. Albert B. Damon, dis. with regt. Joseph Downs, dis. per order Jaine 3, '66. Chris- tian Johnson, dis. in hospital August 27, 1865 Warren T. Sevey, dis. with regt. Chas. Shea, dis. with regt. Thomas S. Walker, dis. with regiment. COMPANY E, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '62. James F. Bradley, Sergt., dis. November 16, '63, for pro. in Company I. Emerson J. Wood- 200 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ward, Corp. dis. January 19, '64 for pro. in U. S. col'd. Infantry. "Wm. D. Lane, mus. dis. with regiment. Privates. — Wm. F. Bagley, dis. in hosp. June 12, '65. Micliael Batterburg, dis. with regiment. Joseph Vadner, Jr., dis. with regt. J. L. Jelli- son, dis. with regt. COMPANY H. Michael Mil, priv. en. October 30, '62, dis with regiment. COMPANY K, ENROLLED SEPTEMBER, '62. Hubert Weber, Sergt., dis. with regt. Privates — David Birt, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Theo. Goris, dis. with regt. Chas. Henry, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. John Kreamer, dis. with regt. John Kunz, dis. with regt. Xavier Kohler, dis. with regt. Theodore Rosch, killed by Indians on rear guard to Capt. risk's expedi- tion September 2, 1864. John Schemlein, dis. with regt. Mikel Schmitz, dis. with regt. John "Wetzel, dis. with regt. Henry Yentsch, dis. with regt. EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Organized August 1, '62 ; stationed at frontier posts until May, '64, when ordered upon Indian Expedition; engaged in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes : Tah-cha-o-kurtu, July 28, '64; battles of the Cedars, Overall's Creek ; ordered to Clifton, Tennessee ; thence to Cincinnati ; thence to Washington ; thence to Wilmington; thence to Newbern, N. C; battle of Kingston, March 8, 9, 10, '65 ; mustered out at Charlotte, N. C, July 11, '65 . dis. at Fort Snel- ling. NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, originally commanded by Col. Alexander Wilkin. Charles W. Le BoutilUer, Surgeon, en. October 10, '62, died April 3, '63, at St. Peter, Minn. Joel Handy, Prin. mus. en. November 10, '62, died a prisoner at Anderson ville, Ga., August 22, 1864. COMPANY A, ENROLLED AUGUST, '62. George A. Camp, Capt., pro. Maj. Eighth Regt., November 20, '62, res. May 2, '65. Jonathan Chase 1st Lieut, pro. Capt., res. October 5, '63. Harrison Jones, 2d Lieut., pro. 1st Lieut, and Capt., dis. with regt. Benjamin P. Schuler, 1st Sergt., pro. 2d Lieut. 1st Lieut, Capt. Co. H., December 16, '64, dis. with regt. Leonidas M. Lane, Sergt., pro. 2d Lieut., dis. per order May 16, '65. Henry A. C. Thompson, Sergt., pris. at Ander- sonville 7 mos., dis. with regt. David B. Ellis, Sergt., dis. for disab. Nov. 22, '64. Beverly C. Bon- ham, Sergt., pris. at Andersonville 7 mos., dis. with regt. Abner A. Spencer, Corp., dis. for disab.. May 30, '65. Alfred G. Snow, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. in hospital, '65. Charles Ester, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Charles Schorrod, Corp., died October 29, '64, at Savannah, Ga. Louis C. Tenison, Corp., died, date not on record. Daniel Hutchins, Corp., killed June 10, '64, at Brice Cross Roads, Miss. James A. Lennon, Corp., transfd. to V. R. C, November 20, '63. James A. Woodcock, Corp. died December 6, '64, at Cairo, Ills. William S. O'Brien, Mus. dis. with regt. Ed- mundP. Warren, mus., dis. withregt. George W. White, Wag., died September 14, '64, at Ander- sonville, Ga. Privates — Geo. P. Baldwin, pro. Q,. M. Sergt., transfd. to N. C. S. November 17, 1863, dis. for disab. November 20, '64. Hiram A. Barnard, died September 10, '64, at Andersonville, Ga. Miron W. Bartlett, died December 14, '62, at Port Ridgely, Minn. Richmond H. Barrows, died February 15, '65, at Memphis, Tenn. Alonzo Bragdon, dis. per order. May 13, '65. Chas. E. Burrell, dis. in hospital, '65. Daniel Cameron, dis. for disab. April 3, "64. T. Campbell, dis. for wound reed, at Brice Cross Roads. John B. Chase, died at Vicksburg, date not given. Berton F. Cooley, dis. with regt. John M. Cormack,dis. for disab. April 1, '63. Amos Day, died Oct. 14, '64, at Savannah, Ga. Chas. A. Delvin, dis. for disab. March 23, '64. Jeremiah Desmon, dis. withregt. Geo. A. Doman, dis. withregt. Jerome Dumas, died at Savanah, Ga., date not given. Charles Parron, dis. for disab. Charles T. Ful- lerton, dis. with regt. Lewis Gormoch, dis. for disab. March 25, '64. George Goodwin, died October 3, '04, at Andersonville, Ga. Ripley (ioodwin, dis. with regt. Frank Goodwin, de- serted November 7, '63, at Port Snelling, Minn. Simon Goodwin, dis. for disab. Aprils, '63. Joseph R. Gould, captured at Brice Cross Roads, June 10, '64, dis. with regt. Joseph Gray, dis. for disab., date not given. Geo. W. Hall, dis. with regt. Chas. R. Haven, dis. for disab., June 28, '65. Tiliston Heath, transfd. to V. R. C. October 1, NINTH BEGIMENT INFANTBY. 201 '63. David L. Hewitt, dis. witli regt. Burdet Humphrey, dis. for disab. October 9, ?62. Geo. A. Kenedy, captured at Brice Cross Koads, pris- oner 7 mos., dis. with regt. Joseph Kelene, died Sept. 8, '62, of wound received at Birch Coolie. James H. Leighton, dis. per order July 10, '65. Samuel K. Lewis, dis. for disab. May 8, '63. Wm. R. Mangdon, dis. for disab. May 3, '63. Samuel M. Macomber, died at Louisville, Ky., date un- known. Thomas Mavy, killed March 31, '65, in battle at Spanish Fort, Ala. Patrick McBride, captd. at Brice Cross Eoads, prisoner 7 mos., dis. With regt. John McCrimmon, dis. with regt. James MoCost, captd. at Brice Cross Roads, pris- oner 7 mos. Lewis McDonald, dis. for disab. April 3, '63. John McDougal, died August 28, '64, at Anderson ville, Ga.- Alonzo D. Meads, died January 22, '63, at Fort Ridgely, Minn. Samuel W. Merrill, dis. for disability, date unknown. James W. Marden, died August 28th, 1864, at Andersonville Prison, Ga. Carlostin Morton, dis. for disabl., April 4, '64 James Peaver, destd. March 10, '63, while on furlough. Samuel Peaver, destd. March 20, '63, while on furlough. John W. Pell, dis. with regt. John T. Pomeroy, dis. per order, May 23, 65. George W. Pomeroy, captd. at Brice Cross Roads, pris. 7 mos., dis. with regt. Joseph M. Prescott, dis. for disabl., May 24, '64. Joseph Richards, died in prison at Savannah, Ga., date unknown. Charles H. Ricker, dis. per order. May 19, '65. Stephen Rogerson, pro. corp. dis. with regt., Henry E. Seelye, dis. per order. May 29, '65. George P. Shoppe, died August 5, '64, Memphis, Tenn. Paul T. Shoppe, died at Annapolis, Md., date not given. James H. Sinclair, dis. with regt. Hugh Slaith, died October 10, '64, prisoner at Savannah, Ga. Charles H. Spencer, captd. at Brice Cross Roads, pris. 7 mos., dis. with regt. Warren C. Stetson, pro. corp., dis. with regt. Wm. J. Stockton, dis. with regt. Mortimer M. Swin- gler, dis. with regt. James E. Styles, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. William F. Todd, dis. per order, June 5, '65. Sylvanus Weeks, dis. for disabl.. May 12, '63- George Wethern, dis. per order, July 11, 65.' COMPANY B, ENROLLED AUGUST, 1862. Richard Strout, Capt., dis. per order, March 9, '64. William A. Clark, 1st Lieut., pro. Capt. April 17, '64, died Aug. 21, '65, at Minneapolis. Curtis McCane, 2d Lieut., pro. 1st Lieut, dis. per order. May 15, '65. Ezra T. Carr, 1st Sergt. wd. by Indians at Acton, Minn., dis. for disabl. June 19, '63. L. A. Babcock, Sergt. died September 1 8, '64, while in Andersonville pris. C. J, At- water, Sergt., dis. for disabl., February 10, '64. Jaques Winter, Corp., pro. Sergt. March 1, '65. Austin Knight, Corp., dis. per order, June 14, '65. Seneca M. Tarvin, Corp., trans, to V. R. C. George Herrick, Corp., pro. 1st Sergt., dis. v(dth regt. Samuel Gowell, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Henry T. Minton, Corp., dis. for disabl.. May 23, '64. James A. Ames, Mus., dis. per order, July 27, '65. S. L. Fillmore, Wag., died September 29, '64, at Memphis. Privates. — James Adcock, died August 22, '64 at Andersonville Ga. William B. Atwater, dis. while absent from regt. August 1, '65. Wm. H. Brown, dis. per order July 10, '65. George W. Baldwin, pro. Corp. December 31, '64. Abner C. Bennett, died March 17, '63 at Hutchinson, Minn. Alex. J. Bothwick, dis. for disab. August 23, '63 Frank J. Beedle, died September, '63 of wound in battle of Acton, Minn. Benedict Brooks, dis. per order June 5, '65. Lewis L. Crane, dis. with regt. George S. Cyphers, dis. per order August 16, '65. James H. Crandall pro. Corp. dis. with with regt. E. J. Deerow, died Nov. 1, '64, in Milan, Ga. prison. Geo. E. Day, captd. at Brice Cross Eoads, pris. in Andersonvile, dis. with regt. Charles A. Esterly, dis. per order June 12, '65. Volney A. Edgerly, transfd. to V. R. C. (no date.) Geo. W. Gideon, killed Sept. 3, '66, in battle with Indians at Acton, Minn. Alva Getch- ell, killed Sept. 3, '62 at Acton. Geo. Goodsell, dis. with. regt. Henry Goodale, dis. per order May 18, '65. D. C. Handy, dis.per order August 18, '65. Jasper S. Hawkins, dis. while on detached duty 1865. A. H. Hawkins, dis. with regt. C. G. Halgren, dis. with regt. E. D. Kirst, dis. with regt. Samuel A. Lindley, died July 9, '64 in prison at Andersonville, Ga. Wm. Lovelle, dis. per order July 19^ '65. Levi W. Merritt, wounded Sep- tember 3, '62, in battle at Acton, Minn., dis. for disab. May 23, '63. Charles Midgely, dis. per order May 31, '65. William Mogle, dis. per order June 22, '65. Robert E. McKenney, transfd. to y. R. C. Nov. 1, '63. Alex. McCormick, dis.per order June 7, '65. Thomas Pounder, no record. 202 BISTORT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. John Parslow, pro. Corp. (lis. with regt. Jas. H. Kickerson, dis. with regt. Milton A. Stubbs, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Charles Smith died March 13, '63 at Watertown, Minn. Kathan Til- ton, died September 28, '64, at Andersonville prison. Hiram W. Valentine, dis. with regt. N. E. Weeks, died November 6, '62, at Hutchin- son, Minn. John K. Weaver, died June 25, '65, at RoUa, Miss. John B. Wakeheld, died Aug- ust 13, \i4, at Memphis, Tenn. Kee Wakefield pro. Corp. dis. per order July 17, '65. Silas A. Seamans, dis. with regt. COMPANY C, ENROLLED OCTOBER, '62. L.M. Caswell, Corp., dis. for disab. March 23, '63. Privates. — William Breckon, captd. at Brice Cross Eoads, dis. July 31, '65. Pliny S. Conkey, captd. at Brice's Cross Eoads, June 10, '64. Sam- uel W. Rice, dis. for disab., September 3, '64. COMPANY I, Peter Lus, priv., en. October 12, '62, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. COMPANY K, W. O. Curtis, Mus., en. October 16, '62, dis. in hospital at Memphis, '65. Edward Brunell, priv. en. October 16. '62, dis. for disab. May 27, '64. NINTH REGIMENT MINNESOTA INFANTRY, organized August, '62 ; stationed at frontier posts until September, '63, when ordered to St. Louis, Mo.; ordered to Jefferson City, Mo., and distribut- ed among several posts in the interior of the state ; ordered to St. Louis, May, '64 ; engaged in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes: Guntown expedition, June, '64 ; assigned to 16th Army Corps, June. '64 ; Tupelo, July, '64 ; Oxford expedition, August, '64 ; Tallahatchie, August, '64 ; marched in pursuit of Price from Browns- ville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo.; thence, by boat, to Jefferson CUty ; thence to Kansas state line ; thence to St. Louis. Battles ; Nashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and Port Blakely, April, '65 ; discharged at Port Snelling, Minn., August 24, '65. TENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY, Originally commanded by Col. James H. Baker. COMPANY K, ENROLLED AUG. '62. Wm. Byrnes, 1st Lt., dis. with regt. Michael Hoy, 2d Lt., dis. per order April 13, '65. Wm. Dunn, Sergt., dis. with regt. Owen Keegan, Sergt., dis. with regt. Thomas McCarron, Corp., pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. David Shaw, Corp.. dis. with regt. Dennis Sheehey, Corp., captd. Jan. 10, '65, dis. July 25, '65, absent. Privates.— Wm. Broderick, dis. for disab. July 26, '64. Alfred Brezett, dis. with regt. Andrew [ Candron, dis. with regt., pro. Corp. Patrick Corney, dis. with regt. Thomas Clifford, dis. ' with regt. Joseph P. Cobb, dis. per order May I 18, '65. James Connelly, dis. with regt. James Coyle, dis. for disab. April 3, '63. William Daly, I dis. with regt. David Desjarlugh, dis. per order I August 31 , '64. Richard Fewer, pro. Q. M. Sergt. ■ 1st Lt. Co. I, June 2, '65. Patrick Gleeson, pro. corp. dis. with regt. Thomas Gaffney, dis. with regt. William Grace, deserted April 25 '63, at Le Sueur, Minn. Joseph Gaunia, dis. per order March 30, '65. Cornelius Hays, destd. May 10, I '63, at Le Sueur, Minn. James Hays, dis. with I. regt. Thomas Hawkins, destd. September 7, '63, j at Port Ridgely. William Hoy, destd. November ; 12, '62, at St. Peter. Peter Hannon, destd. Sep- j tember 7, '63, at Fort Snelling. John Killila, dis. with regt. Thos. McDonough, dis. August 19, '65, absent. Daniel Molan, dis. with regt. Dan- iel Murphy, dis. per order June 5, '65. Michael Mohan, died March 6, "63, ait St. Anthony. Michael Moore, dis. per order March 5, '64. Ed- ward Moran, destd. May 20, '63, at Le Sueur, Minn. Robert McCue, dis. for disab. Jan. 4 '64. James Nash, wounded at Nashville, dis. '65, ab- sent. Edward Nary, dis. with regt. Wm. O'Bryan, dis. with regt. Patrick O'Conner, destd. June 21, '64, at Memphis, Tenn. Daniel Page, dis. with regt. Patrick Quinn, destd. September 7, '63, at Fort Snelling. James Riley, dis. with regt. Luke Roche, died in Minnesota while on sick furlough. John Keudy, dis. with regt. Pat'k. Sheehan, dis. with regt. Wm. Sheehan, dis. with regt. JSIich. Summers, dis. per order Maich 10, '64. John Sebevry, dis. with regt. Dion Swift, pro. Corp. dis. with regt. Patrick White, dis. with regt. Eevrults. — F. B. O'Brien, en. April 1, '64, dis. with regt.. Daniel Shea, en. Dec. 26, '63, dis. with regt. TENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, was organized August '62. Stationed at frontier ELE VENTH BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 203 posts until June '63 , when ordered upon Indian ex- pedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, '63. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October '63. Thence to Columbus, Ky., Aprir64. Thence to .Memphis, Tenn., June '64, and assigned to 16th Army Corps. Participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes : Battle of Tupelo, July 13, '65, Oxford expedition, August '64. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, thence by boat to Jeff- erson City, thence to Kansas line, thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 15 and 16, '64, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling Aug. 19, '65. KLEVENTH EEGIJIBNT INFANTKY, originally commanded by Col. James B. Gilflllan. COMPANY F, ENROLLED AUGUST, '64. John W. Plummer, Capt., dis. with regt. Jas. Shaver, 1st Lieut., dis. with regt. William S. Chowen, Sergt., dis. with regt. John W. East- man, Sergt., dis. with regt. Jonas H. Howe, Sergt., dis. with regt. Gilbert J. Merritt, Sergt., George A. Plummer, Sergt., dis. with regt. Sol- omon Churchill, Corp., dis. with regt. Chester E. Evans, Corp., dis. with regt. Frank L. IIol- way, Corp., dis. with regt, J. C. Jaques. Corp., dis. with regt. Danford Bedding, Corp., dis. with regt. John J. Spurzeum, Corp., dis. with regt. Adolph Weidenbach, Corp., dis. with regt. Privates — James W. Austin, dis. with regt. Horace W. Bohanon, dis. with regt. Clark S. Bemis, dis. with regt. Martin Biske, dis. with regt. Frederick Biske, dis. with regt. Charles M. Bickford, dis. with regt. Eben- ezer Brandon, dis. with regt. Robert Cham- bers, dis. with regt. Geo. G. Drew, dis. with regt. Henry Doyle, dis. with regt. J. W. DeLamater, dis. with regt. Wm. A. Fisher, dis. with regt. Edward Fairfield, died January 28, '65, at Gal- latin, Tenn. John Gerber, dis. with regiment. Gottleib Geiger, dis. with regt. Daniel Glatz, dis. with regt. L. Gee, dis. with regt. Chas. W. Gordon, dis. with regt. Alonzo Green, dis. with regt. Joshua Howe, dis. with regt. Nelson Herrick, dis. with regt. Ephriam Harrington, dis. with regt. Wm. H. Harrington, dis. with regt. Geo. Hoisington, dis. with regt. E. M. Hoisington, dis. per order May 31, 65. John M. Hamilton, dis. with regt. Alfred G. Jaques, dis. .with regt. David W. Jones, dis. April 22, '65, at Fort SneUing. Thomas Kirkwood, dis. with regt. Michael Larkin, dis. with regiment. Morris H. Lamb, dis. with regt. Nathan Long- fellow, dis. with regt. Wml McKinley, dis. with regt. Phillip Matter, dis. with regt. John Mat- ter, dis. with regt. Ichabod Murphy, dis. with regt. John H. McGary, dis. with regt. Chas. D. Miller, dis. with regt. Mason Murch, dis. with regt. David E. Malbon, dis. with regt. Harvey S. Norton, dis. with regt. Joseph W. Norris, dis. with regt. Thomas Ohn, dis. with regt. Geo. A. Plummer, dis. with regt. Mitch- ell Pelky, dis. with regt. Seth Pribhle, dis. with regt. Geo. C. Phillips, dis. with regt. A. D. Pinkerton, dis. with regt. Daniel Palmer, dis. with regt. James Quinn, dis. with regt. Amasa Richards, dis. with regt. Nicholas Rifenberger, dis. with Regiment. John Rifenberger, dis. with regt. J. P. Shumway, dis. with regt. Z. A. Smith, dis. with regt. H. R. Stillman, dis. with regt. Chas. R. Stimson, dis. vvith regt. H. Schu- macker, dis. with regt. Timothy Shaw, dis. with regt. Daniel Terrell, dis. with regt. Clark A. Wright, dis. with regt. W. A. Willey, dis. with regt. Lorenzo P. Warren, dis. April 1865, at Fort Snelling. Geo. S. Woolsey, dis. with regt. Wm. Allison, dis. with regt. Bernard Gasper, dis. with regt. Hollis Hall, dis. with regt. Carl A. Hamisch, dis. with regt. Chas. C. Midwood, dis. with regiment. Frank J. Stickney, dis. with regiment. Buford Tourman, discharged with regiment. John Lyons, discharged with regt. COMPANY G, ENROLLED AUGUST, 1864. Albert R. Hall, 1st Lieut., dis. with regt. Wm. T. Bowen, 2d Lieut., dis. with regt. Privates. — Arthur B. Chase, dis. with regt. Thomas Cunningham, dis. with regt. Horatio Hawkins, dis. with regt. Benjamin Keesling, dis. with regt. Amasa D. King, dis. with regt. John H. Mitchell, dis. for commission, February 19, '65. C. Plant, dis. with regt. THE ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, was organized, August, '64, ordered to Nash- ville, Tennessee, and engaged in guarding rail- road between Nashville and Louisville, until muster out of regiment, June, '65. 204 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. FIRST BATTALION INFANTRY, MINN. VOL., originally commanded by Col. Mark W. Downie. FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. Cliarles H. Spear, Asst. Surgeon, en. July 1, '65, dis. with regt. John W. Pride, Sergt. Major, en. March 24, '64, pro. 2d Lieut. Co. A and Q. M., prisoner at Andersonville 8 mos., dis. with regt. David L. Morgan, Q. M. Sergt., en. April 1, '64, dis. witli regt. . COMPANY A, FIRST BATTALION INFANTRY. Chesley B. Tirrell, 1st Lieut^ en. May 12, '64, dis. for disabl. December 14, '64, for wds. reed, at Petersburg, June 18, 64. Henry Ghostly, Sergt., en. December 30, '61, dis. on expr. of term, December 29, '64. William A. Joy, Corp., en. March 24, '64, vet. vol., pro. Sergt., 2d Lieut. Co. C, March 16, '65, dis. with Battalion. Prirafes— Charles C. Blanchard, en. November 25, '61, dis. on expr. of term, November 26, '64. Peter G. Boffering, en. Pebruary 18, '64, dis. per per order, June 28, '65. Jeremiah Collins, en. January 1, '64, dis. per order, June 27, '65. Wm. Coombs, en. January 1, '64, dis. with Co. Chas. A. Coombs, en. September 16, '61, dis. on expr. of term. May 20, '65. Turner Pribble, en. Novem- ber 25, '61, captd. June 22, '64, dis. per order, July 24, '65. George Sias, en. March 14, '64, prisoner at Andersonville, dis. with Co. Becruit — Aaron Gould, en. February 28, '65, dis. with Co. COMPANY B, FIRST BATTALION INFANTRY. Ellet P. Perkins, Capt., en. May 5, '64, dis. per order, October l.S, '64. Henry D. O'Brien, 2d Lieut, en. May 12, '64, pro. Capt. Co. A, April 10, "65, dis. with regt., July 14, '65. James Bryant, 1st Sergt., en. March 31, '64, pro. 1st Lieut., March 16, '65, Capt. Co. 0, dis. with regt. Adam C. Stites, Sergt., en. September 28, '61, dis. on exp. of term, September 28, 1864. W. V,'. Holdeu, Corp., en. February 26, '63, pro. 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut., dis. with comp. Archibald Curtis, Corp., en. March 24, 'i)4, dis. with comp. William E. Schumacher, Corp., eh. March 31, '64, pro. Sergt., dis. with comp. George W. F. Abraham, Mns. en. March 30, '64, died November 12, '64, in An- dersonville pris. Privates— Ovville Ames, en. February 25, '64, supposed to have died July, '64. William Boffer- ding, en. February 18, '64, dis. with comp. Da- vid Carlton, en. February 26, '63, dis. with comp. Sylvester Densmore, en. February 27, '64, died November 26, '64, at City Point, Va. E. M. C. Hamilton, en. March 31, '64, dis. in hosp., June 19, '65. Elmsly J. Hamilton, en. February 27, '64, pris. at Andersonville, 8 mos., dis. June 28, '66, absent sick. James Hawks, en. February 29, '64, dis. with comp. F. W. Hohage, en. February 26, '64, dis. with comp. David L. Morgan, en. March 30, '64, pro. Q. M. Sergt. April 1, '65, dis. with regt. Job Pratt, March 1, '64, dis. July 13, '65, absent sick. Daniel Sullivan, en. November 1 , '61, Vet Vol., dis. on exp. of term. May 18, '65. Gilbert E. Sly, en. March 1, '64, died September 21, '64, in pris. at Richmond, Va. George G. Sunbey , en . February 27, '64, died December 7, '64, at Anna- polis, Md., of disease contracted in rebel prison. Peter Shultz, en. February 20, "64, dis. July 21, '65, absent. Harmon Stackloffe, en. Mar. 28, '64, pris. at Andersonville 6 mos.,- dis. '65, absent. William Swager, en. March 24, '64, Vet. Vol. dis. with comp. Norman Shook, en. April 1, '64, dis. with company. James E. Weaver, en. Marcfi 24. '64, Vet. Vol., dis. with comp. Theodore Brown, en. July 20, '61, dis. on exp. of term, July 20, '64. Becruit— Joseph Halleck, en. February 14, "65. dis. per order April 4, '65. First BattalUon Infantry, Minn. "S^ols., origi- nally consisted of two compnies, organized from the re-enlisted veterans, stay-over men and re- cruits of the First Eegiment, Minnesota Infantry Volunteers. Ordered to Washington, D. C. . May '64. Joined the Army of the Potomac June 10, '64. Participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes : Petersburg, Va., June 18, '64, Jerusalem Plank Eoads, Va., June 22 and 23, '64, Deep Bottom, Va., August 14, '64, Hatcher's Run, Xa., October, 27, "(i4, Hatcher's Run, Feb- ruary 5, '65. Company C. joined March 27, "65. Took active part in campaign commencing March 28, "(io, and resulting in the capture of Peters- burg, Va., April 2, '65, and the surrender of Lee's Army, April 9, '65. Four new companies joined at Berksville, Va., April "6.5; marched from Berksville, Va., to Washington, D. C, May '65. Two new companies joined at Wash- ington. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., June '65. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, Ind., July 14, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling July 25, '66. HEAVY ABTILLEBY—8HABP SH00TEB8— MOUNTED BANGEB8. 205 FIRST EEGIMENT HEAVY ARTILLERY , originally commanded by Col. Wm. Colville. Christ. B. Heffelfinger, Major, com. April 25, '65, dis. with regt. COMPANY A. Privates.— Wm. H. Bartlett, en. September 19, '64, dis. with company. John Gotwold, en. Sep- tember 19, '64, dis. June 2, '65, at St. Paul. Richard Hooper, en. September 19, '64, dis. with company. Peter Hoppe, en. September 19, '64, dis. with com- pany. Gordon Jackins, en. September 23, '64, dis. with company. Michael Smith, en. September 29, '64, dis. with company. John S. Wales, en. September 21, '64, dis. '65, absent. COMPANY B. Privates. — James M. Gillaspie, en. September 19, '64, dis. with company. Henry Miller, en. September 19, '64, dis. with company. Henry C. Miller, September 22, '64, transfd to Co. E July 7, '65. dis. per order August 28, '65, Geo. B. Schaffer, en. September 14, '64, dis. with company. Wm. B. Shaffel, en. September 22, '64, dis. with company. Norman Ward, en. September 14, pro. Corp. Sergt., dis. with company. COMPANY c. Irving A. Dunsmoor, en. Oct. 15, '64, Sergt., dis. with company. E. H. Ogburn, en. Septem- ber 2, '64, Ser^t., dis. with company. COMPANY H. John Hussey, Jr., 2d Lieut, en. February 17, '65, resigned June 26, '65. L. F. Sampson, 1st Sergt., en. March, '65, dis. with regt. Remain PouUot, priv., dis. with regt. The First Regiment Heavy Artillery, organized April '65. Ordered to Chattanooga, Tenn., and stationed at post until muster out of regiment, September '65. FIRST COMPANY SHARP SHOOTERS, ENROLLED - MARCH, 1862, originally commanded by Capt. Francis Peteler. Benedict Hipler, First Lieutenant, pro. Capt. February 10, '62, resigned July 28, '62. Dudley P. Chase, Second Lieutenant, pro. First Lieu- tenant February 10, '62, Capt. July 18, '62, died of wounds reed, in battle at Chancellorville Va. Jackson Steward, Sergt. died June 28, '62, at Alexandria, Ya. Uriah E. Penny, Corp. dis. for disab. April 1, '63. Wm. P. Collins, Corp. no record. Privates — Lucius Bell, died January 12, 1862. Jno. W. Babcock, died May 12, '62, at Washing- ton. Preston Cooper, deserted April 17, '63. Daniel W. Jones, dis. per order May 1862. Jas. Kerr, re-en; transferred to 1st Bat. January 1, '65. Wm. T. Kerr, dis. on exp. of term, Septem- ber 22, '64. Henry McGafEery, re-en. transfd. to 1st Bat. January 30, '65. Eugene Moriarty, dis. for disab. February 4, '63. Abraham Maricle, dropped from rolls Aug. 1, '63. Wm. E. Mason, re-en. transfd. to 1st Bat. January 30, 65. Jas. M. Powers, dis. for disab. Jan. 14, '63. Dyer Pettijohn, re-en, transfd. to 1st Bat. January 30, '65. Lawrence. T. Prescott, no record. Silas S. Parmeter, no record. Henry W. Sampson, dis. for disab. March 5, '63. Dudley A. Boan, recruit, transfd. to 1st Bat. Eugene Swartout, transfd. to 1st Bat. January 30; '65. SECOND COMPANY SHARP SHOOTERS, ENROLLED MARCH, 1862. originally commanded by Capt. Wm. F. Russell. A. J. Underwood, Sergt., dis. for disabl., Nov- ember 1, '62. J. B. Chaney, Corp., dis. for disabl. October 18, '62. Privates — Samuel B. Beach, veteran. Charles H. Spear, C. F. Widstrand, S. R. Churchill. The company left St. Paul, Minn., April 21, '62, reported by order of Maj. Gen. McClellan to the first regiment U. S. S. S., at Yorktown, Va., May 6, '62. May 22, '62, by special order No. 153, issued by Maj. Gen. McClellan, the company was assigned for duty with the First Minnesota Volunteers, and on duty with that regiment from June 1, '62, and participating in all the engage- ments and battles of said regiment, until its muster out of the U. S. Service. All the enUsted men of the company whose terms had not ex- pired, were transferred to Companies A and B, of the First Minnesota Infantry, in pursuance of special order No. 102, Headquarters Army of the Potomac, dated April 22, '65. FIRST REGIMENT MOUNTED RANGERS, originally commanded by Col. Samuel McPhaill. George E. DuToit, Hospital Steward, en. De- cember 1, '62, dis. with regt. 206 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. COMPANY A. Eugene M. Wilson, Capt., en. October 9, '62, dis. with comp., October 20, '63. James M. Paine, 2d Lieut., en. October 9, '62, dis. with comp. Elisha Cowan, Sergt., en. October 9, '62., dis. with comp. James R. Wilson, Sergt., en. October 9, '62, dis. with comp. Stephen Pratt, Corp., en. October 9, '62, dis. with comp. Ed- ward Morse, Corp., en. October 9, '62, reduced November 10, '62, dis. with comp. Archibald McGill, Corp., en. Oct. 9, '62, dis. with comp. James Sweeny, Wag. en, October 9, '62, dis. with comp. Privates— 3o\m B. Boseman, en. October 1, '62, dis. with comp. David Christlieb, en. September 20, '62, dis. with comp. Charles Duprey, en. September 20, '62, dis. with comp. Livingston Estes, en. Sept. 23, '62, dis. with comp. Wilson Gray, en. September 20, '62, dis. with comp. Ed- ward Hughes, en. September 20, '62, dis. with comp. Joshua Harris, en. September 27, '62, died at Fort Snelling, November 12, '62. Robert II. Jefferson, en. September 22, '62, dis. with comp. Jasper N. Johnson, en. September 27, '62 desrtd. March, '68. Emanuel Lavelly, en. September 20, '62 dis. with comp. Thomas Otterman, en. Sep- tember 24, '62, dis. with comp. Charles Pope, en. September 27, died at Fort Ripley, Minn., Sep- tember 80, '63. Isaac N. Russell, Jr., en. Sep- tember 27, '62, dis. with comp. Frederick Ray- mond, en. September 20, '62,dis. with comp. Wil- liam E. Roth, en. September 29, '62, dis. with comp. Mathew Sullivan, en. September 28, '62, dis. with comp. Albert Simon, en. September 27, '62, dis. with comp. Charles S. Plummer, en. September 25, '62, dis. with comp. Robert W. Sanborn, en. September 26, '62, pro. Corp. Sergt., dis. with comp. Andrew L. Tennison, en. September 27, '62, dis. with comp. George H. Wiants, en. Sep- tember 20, '62, dis. with comp. Michael Wolf, en. September 20, '62, dis. with comp. JJecrwiis— Alpheus Angell, en. June 19, '63, dis. with comp. James Parker, en. October 17, '68, dis. with comp. COMPANY c. James Patten, Corp., en. October 17, '62, dis. with company. John McCormick, teamster, en. October 17, '62, dis. with company. Clark Ellsworth, blacksmith, en. October 17, '62, dis. with company. Privates.— TSiZTa B. Ames, en. September, 23, '62, dis. with company. Wm. P. Burnett, en. September 19, '62, dis. with company. Ed. C. Coun- tryman, en. September 26, '62, dis. with company. John Droddy, en. October 15, '62, dis. with com- pany. Hiram W. Dorman, en. September 23, '62, dis. with company. Thomas E. Ellsworth, en. September 23, '62, died October 21, '62, at Fort Snelling. P. P. Farrington, en. September 26, '62, dis. with company. Henry Kelly, en. September 27, '62, dis. with company. E. Lenneman, en. Sep- tember 28, '62, dis. with company. Sanford Red- ding, en. October 15, '62, dis. with company. Adol- phus Schenck, en. October 14, '62, dis. with com- pany. Wm. II. Tilton, en. September 25, '62, dis; with company. John Wyman, en. September 23, '62, dis. with company. Samuel Wilson, en. Sep- tember 28, '62, dis. with company. .Becruits. — Harvey Bowen, en. March 14, '63, dis. with company. Andrew J. Cates, en. Feb- ruary 14, '63, dis. with company. Samuel Mur- phy, en. January 80, '63, dis. with company. COMPANY F. Becruits — Horace M. Avery, en. December 23, '62, dis. with company. Job Brown, en. May 22, '63, dis. with company. Levi Ilaviland, en, March 22, '63, dis. with company. COMPANY G. Privates — Alex. Burnell, en. November 21, '62. dis. for disabl., March 1, '63. Samuel Layman, en. November 22, '62, dis. with Co. William H. Lampman, en. October 28, '62, dis. with Co. George Lampman, en. November 22, '62, dis. with Co. George Palmer, en. November 22, '62, dis. with Co. Charles M. Stinson, en. Novem- ber 22, '62, dis. with Co. COMPANY K. Private — James F. Ilyland, en. December 10, '62, dis.^ with Co. : COMPANY M. Prirates — John Bruth, en. December 5, '62, dis. with Co. Peter Langle, en. November 25, '62, dis. with Co. Peter Leonard, en. November 20, '62, dis. with Co. FIRST MOUNTED BANGERS, organized March, '63. Stationed at frontier posts until May, '63, when ordered upon Indian expedi- BBAGKETT'8 BATTALION CAVALBY. 207 tion. Engaged with Indians, July 24, 26, and 28, '63. On return of expedition, stationed at frontier posts until mustered out. Mustered out by companies, between October 1, '63 and December 30, '63. bkackett's battalion cavalry, originally commanded by Major A. B. Brackett. C. O. Johnson, Surgeon, en. Tebruary 1, '62. res. 1864. company a. Nicholas Bode, mus. en. October 7, '61. Privates — Henry Moore, en. October 19, '61, dis. August 27, '62, for wds. reed, in battle May 5, '62. Martin V. Pratt, en. October 11, '61, dis. on exp. of term, October 28, '64. Simon Kiesgraf , en. September 25, '61, dis. on exp. of term, Sep- tember 25, '64. Becruits. — Chas. A. Hutchings, en. March 5, '65, Vet. Pro. Corp. dis. with company. Isaac ]Sr. Hoblitt, en. February 13, '65, dis. on exp. of term, February 13, '66. Wm. Kissinger, en. February 11, '65, dis. on exp. of term, February, 11, '66. Chas. F. Longfellow, en. February 14, '65, dis. on exp. of term February 14, '66. John F. Smith, en. February 11, '65, dis. on exp .of term, February 11, '66. COMPANY B. Privates— Geo. S. Brown, en. March 64, dis. with company. Henry S. Chase, en. March 22, '64, dis. with company. William Finley, en. March 24, '64, dis. with company. Amos B. Hurley, en. March 23, '64, pro. wagoner, dis. with company. John H. Haughley, March 26,'64, dis. with com- pany. Walter Keough, en. March 30, '64, dis. with company. Columbus Myers, en. March SO, '64, dis. with company, James H. Pottle, en. March 30, '64, dis. with company. Samuel J. Peel, en. March 26, '64, dis. with company. Chas. H. Waters, en. March 25, '64, dis. with company, Samuel A. Wilson, en. April 5, '64, vet, dis. with company. Dominick Grutch, en. February 13, 65 dis. with company. Peter Miller en. February 13, '65, dis. on exp. of term, February 28, '66. John Bust, en. February 13,'65, dis. February 28, '66. Nicholas Thilleau, en. February 11, '65, , dis. February 11. 66. Archibald E. Howe, en. February 14, '65, dis. February 27, '66. Peter , C. Howe, en February 14, '65, dis. per order June • 2. 1865. COMPANY C. Henry S. Lindsay, Mus., en. November 28, '61. died January 26, '62, in hospital at Camp Benton, Mo. John Finnegan, Wag., en. November 20, '61, re-en. Dec. 31, '63, dis. per order. Privates. — Francis W. Carlton, en. November 1, '61, dis. on exp. of term December 19, '64. Wallace E. Lashell, en. November 14, '61, re-en. Dec. 31, '63, dis. with company. Oren J. Swan, en. Nov. 1, '61, dis. on exp. of term, December 19, '64. John B. Thompson, en. November 18, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, pro. Corp., dis. with company. Becruits.— Wm. Van Eman, en. February 29, '64, dis. with company. Ephriam Whitney, en. February 29, '64, dis. with company. Geo. B. Allen, en. February 13, '65, one year, dis. on exp. Bernard Cloutier, one year, dis. on exp. COMPANY D. Becruits.— Jas. E. Brownell, en. February 10, '64, dis. with company. John Connor, en. De- cember 15, '63, dis. with company. BRACKETT'S BATTALION CAVALRY, originally 1st, 2d and 3d Companies of this cavalry organized October and November '61. Ordered to Benton BarrackSjMo., December '61. Assigned to a regiment called Curtis' Horse. Ordered to Fort Henry, Tenn., February '62. Name of regiment changed to Fifth Iowa Cavalry, April '62, as Companies G, D and K. Engaged in siege of Corinth April '62. Ordered to Fort Herman, Tenn., August '62. Veteranized February '64. Ordered to Department of Northwest, '64. Or- dered upon Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 28, and August '64. Mustered out by companies between May '66, and June '66. SECOND REGIMENT CAVALRY, originally commanded by Col. E. N. McLaren. COMPANY A, ENROLLED FEBRUARY, '63. Pmofes— Frank Brabic, dis. on expr. of term, Feb. 13, '65. Charles Stien, dis. on expr. of term, '65. Louis Stein, dis. per order, July 11, '65. COMPANY D. James M. Payne, Capt., en. October 23, '63, dis. with Co., December 2, '65. Eobert Wood, 2d Lieut., en. October 24, '63, died November 25, '64, at Fort Wadsworth. Archibald McGill, 1st 208 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Sergt., en. jSTovember 20, pro. 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut. Co. H., June 6, '65, dis. with Co., April 28, '66. Kobert McGrath, Q. M. Sergt. en. November 7, '63, dis. witli Co. Robert W. San- born, Sergt., en. October 23, '63, pro. 2d Lieut., dis. witli Co. Andrew J. Cates, Sergt., en. Nov- ember 2, '63, dis. with Co. Geo. C. .Ticknor, Corp., en. December 3, '63, dis. with Co. David N. Jenkins, Corp., en. October 28, '63, reduced, dis. with Co. Levi W. Merritt, Corp., en Decem- ber 12, '63, dis. for disabl., June, '65. Ancel Ticknor, Wag., en. December 3, '63, reduced, dis. with Co. Geo. C. Mafshall, Blk smth., en. December 7, '63, reduced, dis. with Co. Privates — William Armstrong, en. November 7, '63, dis. with oomp. Charles S. Bardwell, en. November 13, '63, pro. Corp., dis. with comp. Joshua S. Bryant, en. December 7, '63, dis. with comp. A. P. Beeman, en. Nov., '63, dis. with comp. Bichard Clayton, en. December 22, '63, dis. with comp. Thomas Cardman, en. Novem- ber 2, '63, dis. for disab., September 1, '65. Car- los Douglas, en. December 1, '63, dis. with comp. John M. Eddy, en. November 7, '63, appointed blacksmith, dis. with comp. Llewellyn Goodale, en. December 26, '63, dis. with regt. John Larington, en. December 2, '63, destd. May 4, '64, at Fort SnellLag. Patrick McKinney , en. Novem- ber 10, '63, dis. for disab., July 25, '65. Roderick McLennan, en. November 28, '63, dis. with comp. Moses r. OUiver, en. November 21, '63, appointed trumpeter, dis. with regt. Samuel S. Paine, en. November 6, '63, pro. Chaplain, dis. with regt. Edmond Phinney, en. December 4, '63, dis. with comp. Joseph Sharr, en. November 24, '63, dis. with comp. Charles H. Sumner, en. December 13, '63, dis. with comp. James P. Ticknor, en. December 3, '63, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Ben- jamin Wallace, en. October 28, '63, dis, with comp. George II. Wymants, en. December 15, '68, dis. with comp. Henry C. Williams, en. December 16, '63, dis. with comp. Matthias Weidenbach, en. November 24, '63, died March 17, '65, at Fort Wadsworth. Chester C. Ward, en. November 16, '63, dis. with comp. Becruits — (Enrolled February 14, '05.) — Horatio Beeman, dis., no record. Mark M. Bridges, dis., no record. Samuel M.Haws, dis., no record. Joseph Naramore, dis., no record. Edward Stoddard, dis., no record. COMPANY F. JJecrMi«s.— Leander V. Allen, en. February 14, '65, dis. with company. Oscar R. Champlin, en. March 30, '64, dis. with company. Geo. B. Whid- din, en. February 15, '65, dis. with company. COMPANY I. Price B. Ourcus, recruit, en. March 29, '64, dis. with company. COMPANY L. Romain A. Streeter, private, en. February 16, '64, dis. with company. Second Minnesota Cavalry, organized December '68, and January '64. Ordered upon Indian ex- pedition May '64. Engaged with Indians July 28 and August '64. Stationed at frontier posts , until muster out of regiment by companies be- tween November '65 and June '66. INDEPENDENT BATTALION, CAYAI/BY, originally commanded by Major E. A. C. Hatch. COMPANY A. Wm. W. Wilson, Sergt., en. July 6, '63, dis. for disab. James N. Dudley, Sergt., June 30, '63, reduced, dis. with company. Edward G. Libby, Sergt., en. July 15, '63, reded, dis. with company. St. Don Palmer, Corp., en. Jime 30, .'63, pro. Sergt., dis. with comp. John M. Burgan, Corp., en. July 15, '63, reduced, dis. with comp. Nich- olas Am, Trumpeter, June 27, '63, dis. with comp. Privates. — Miles J. Haver, en. July 17, '63, dis. for disab. Edwin Brewster, en. July 15, '63, dis. with comp. Nathaniel Chantler, en. July 15, '63, dis. with comp. And. Cruickshanks, en. June 30, '63, dis. with comp. Ronald Cruickshanks, en. June 30, '63, dis. with comp. John A. Coleman, en. June 30, '63, no record given. Chas. H. Cook, en. July 15, '68, dis. with comp. Sam'l P. Hall, en. June 30, '63, died Oct. 15, '63, at Minnetonka, Minn. Joseph Hankerson, en. July 6, '63, died September 19, '63, at Minneapolis. Charles Ogburn, en. July 6, '63, dis. with comp. Thos. C. Wakefield, en. June 30, '63, dis. with company. Christian Wolter, en. July, '63, dis. with comp. Becruits— AlireA Gervais, en. July 28, '63, dis. for disab. March 14, '65. Edwin M. Snow, en. February 22, '64, dis. per order, April 6, '66. Chas. H. Parrish, en. Feb. 22, '64, dis. for disabl. Frederic Bowers, en. February 23, '64, dis. with INDEPENDENT BATTALION OAVALBT. 209 company. Abe Zimmerman, en. February 23, '64, dis. per order March 29, '66. COMPANY B. Geo. C. Whitcomb, capt., en. July 7, '63, dis. with comp. Thomas R. Briggs, Q. M. Sergt., en. July 4, '63, pro. 1st Sergt. dis. with comp. James W. Hankinson, Corp. en. August 7, '63, reduced December 1, '63, dischd. for promotion February 25, '65. Yolney E. Walters, Corp. en. July 16, '63, reduced December 1, 63, re-appoint- ed Corp. July 17, '64, dis. for disab. February 14, '65. Moses H. Ripley, blksmth. en. August 4, '63, dis. per order January 27, '66. Privates — Robert Archibald, en. August 10, '63 dis. with comp. Joseph Bouldice, en. July 14, '63. dis. with comp. Octave Boucher, en. July 31, '63, dis with comp. Chas. Bohanon, en. Aug- ust 7, '63, dis. with comp. Joseph Burnell, en. August 3, '63, dis. with comp. Beleana Burnell, en. August 3, '63, dis. with comp. Justin A. Dayton, en. July 2, '63, dis. with comp. Joseph Desjardins, en. July, 29, '63, dis. with company. Samuel Helthy, en. August 8, '63, deserted Sep- tember 15, '65. Wm. McKenzie, en. July 1, '63, dis. for disab. September 15, '65. Charles Mid- wood, en. July 8, '63, deserted August 63. Lud- wig Netzbone, en. July 16, '63, dis. with comp. Leroy B. Newton, en. August 7, '63, pro. Sergt. dis. with comp. Luman Putnam, en. July 1, '63 died October 3, '63, at Minneapolis. Michael Patnode, en. August 3, '63 dis. with comp. Moses Patnode, en. August 3, '68, dis. with company. Thomas Peisen, en. July 16, '63, dis. with comp. Lewis Riley, en. July 11, '63, dis. with company. Albert Roth, en. July 15, '63, dis. with with comp. Adolph Roberts, en. August 3, '63, dis. per order May 7, '66. Leon Richards, en. August 7, '63, dis. with comp. John C. Saddler, en. July 1, '63. dis. for disab. July 8, '65. Joseph Scott, en. August 3, '63, dis. with comp. Oliver Van- Bunker, en. July 1, '63, dis. with comp. Edgar Nott, en. July 13, 63, dis. with comp. Becruits— John Donlon,en. August 15, '63, dis. with comp. James Scully, en. September 22, '63, dis. with comp. Albert C. Fletcher, en. March 30, '64, dis. with comp. William E. Roth, en. March 26, '64, dis. with comp. La Salle Roth, en. March 26, '64, dis. with comp. Isaiah Dougherty, en. March 28, '64, dis. per order, March 11, '66. 14 Joseph. Brunell, Jr., en. September 21, '63, dis. with comp. COMPANY c. Daniel W. Getchell, Sergt., en. August 22, '63, dis. with comp. Privates — Frederick H. Chilson, en. August 31, '63, dis. with comp. John Flam, en. August 24, '63, dis. with comp. Jos. Gagne, Jr., en. Sep- tember 9, '63. dis. with comp. John Hollander, en. September 8, '63, dis. with comp. Peter Eoshen, en. September 9, '63, dis. with comp. Ernest Smith, en. September 11, '63, dis. with comp. Becruits — Philo S. Thayer, en. March 25, '64, dis. with comp. William Bushnel, en. March 28, '64, dis. per order, March 22, '65. Amos Hoyt, en. March 28, '64, dis. per order, March 10, '66. Fred'k. Miller, en. April 1, '64, died November 5, '65. Edward Morse, en. April 1, '64, dis. with comp. Charles Eggert, en. April 1, '64, dis. with comp. George Slater, en. April 1, '64, dis. for disabl. July 3, '65. COMPANY D. Privates — Byron E. Bushnell, en. November 19, '63, dis. for disab., March 29, '64. George God- frey, en. February 27, '64, dis. with comp. Chris- tian Keller, en. March 28, '64, dis. with comp. Frederick Biers, en. April 1, '64, dis. with comp. Mahlon Cooper, en. April 13, '64, dis. with comp. COMPANY B. George Boyd, Jr., Capt., en. August 31, '64, dis. with comp. , May 1 , '66. Mark T. Berry, 1st Lieut. , en. August 31, '64, dis. with comp. Alden M. Kimball, 2d Lieut., en. August 31, '64, dis. per order. John M. McKeen, Q. M. Sergt., en. Au- gust 8, '64, dis. with comp. Nelson H. Miner, Com. Sergt., en. August 29, '64, dis. with comp. George H. Stetson, Sergt., en. August 4, '64. re- duced, dis. with comp. Leonard H. Dodge, Corp. , en. August 18, '64, pro. Sergt., dis. with comp. Francis Day, Corp., en. August 8, '64, pro. Sergt. dis. with comp. And. McCausland, Corp., en. August 29, '64, dis. with comp. Israel S. Parker, Corp., en. August 8, '64, dis. with comp. George A. Hall, Corp., en. August 4, '64, dis with comp. Asa Gould, Corp., en. August 29, '64, dis. with comp. Gideon B. Stetson, Mus., en. August 4, '64, dis. with comp. Israel G. Stetson, Mus., en. 210 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY August 4, '64, dis. for disab, March 13, '66. Da- vid P. Palmer, Farrier, en. August 29, '64, dis. witli comp. Privates — Thomas Armstrong, en. August 4, '64, dis. with comp. Cyrus J. Braman, en. Aug. 10, '64, dis. per order, October 26, '65. Francis Bren, en. August 22, '64, dis. with comp. John Chastek, en. August 22, '64, dis. with comp. John H. Crate, en. August 12, '64, dis. with comp. John Droddy, en. August 22, '64, dis. with comp. Jolm Gleeson, en. August 3, '64, dis. with comp. Harrison Goodale, en. August 9, '64, dis. with comp. Patrick B'. Larkin, en. August 9, '64, dis. with comp. Isaac Lloyd, en. August 9, '64, dis. with comp. Cassius H. Lobdel, en. August 4, '64, dis. with comp. Nathaniel G. Leighton, en. August 8, '64, dis. with comp. Peter Miller, en. August 10, '64, dis. with comp. Benjamin Max- on, en. August 24, '64, dis. with comp. Peter Eaymond, en. August 27, '64, dis. with comp. Lawrence Biley, en. August 4, '64, dis. with comp. Peter Rusch, en. August 4, '64, dis. with comp. John Smitana, en. August 22, '64, sent to Insane Asylum, January 23, '66. William Sturman, en. Aug. 23, '64, dis. for disabl. Nov. 8, '65. Geo. D. Tuttle, en. August 4, '64, dis with comp. Daniel T. Thompson, en. August 25, '64, dis. with comp. Charles Wolsfield, en. August 9, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with comp. George Young, en. August 29, '64, dis. with comp. Becruits — [Enrolled February 17, '65 ; dis. on exp. of term, February 17, '66.]— Samuel H. Bo- hanon, Charles E. Carlton, Charles S. Plummer, William Stanchfleld, Justus H. Wylie, Daniel L. Carlton. S. L. Bohanon. COMPANY r. Private — Antoine Pantel, en. August 8, '64, dis. with comp. Independent Battalion Minnesota Cavalry, or- ganized July, '63. Ordered to Pembina, D. T., October, '63; ordered to Fort Abercvombie, D. T., May. '64; stationed at I'ort Abercrombic- until mustered out. Mustered otit by ('(inipanics from April to June, '66. FIKST ISATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY, originally commanded by Capt. Emil Munch. C. C. Cogswell, 1st Sergt., en. October 28, '61, dis. for disabl. July 10, '62. Anthony Grethen, Q. M. Sergt., en. November 11, '61, dis. for disabl. August 5, '62. F. L. Haywood, Sergt., en. October 28, '61, re-en. pro. 2d Lieut., dis. with battery. N. K. Hanks, Corp., en. October 28, '61, died June 19, '62, at Corinth, Miss. C. S. Davis, Corp., en. November 11, '61, died by wds. rec'd. in battle, April 27, '63. Henry Rippe, Bugler, en. October 9, '61, destd. January 11, '62, at St. Louis. Peter Germain, Artificer, en. October 21, '61, dis. March 1, 62, (mustered wrong). John Boflerding, jVrtificer, en. October 25, '61, dis. March 1, '62, (mustered wrong). C. D. Brown, Artificer, en. October 28, '61, dis. for disabl. July 7, 62. Privates — Adolph Butz, en. October 10, '61, re. en. December 1, '63, dis. with battery. Jos. Coleman, en. November 15, '61, re-en. Decem- ber 1, '63, discharged with battery. James Fall, en. October 28, '61, pro. 2d Lieut., dis. with battery. Darwin Gates, en. October 28, '61, dis. for disabl. May 1, '62. Charles Hasselmann, en. October 29, '61, died July 8, '62, at St. Louis. Renselaer Nevers, en. October 28, '61, re-en. January 1, '64, dis. with battery. Charles Pierce, en. October 11, '61 , dis. for disabl. July 21, '62. Royal Plummer, en. October 30, "61, re-en. Janu- ary 1, '64, dis. with battery. Russell Pease, en. October 8, '61, destd. July 3, "62. apprehended April 21, '64, dis. June 30, '65. Howard Robin- son, en. October 26, '61, dis. for disabl. July 19, '62. Joseph Sparks, en. October 28, '61, dis, for disabl. '62. Tracy Wilson, en. August 16, '63, dis. with battery. FIRST BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY, organized October "61. Ordered to St. Louis, December '61, thence to Pittsburg Landing Feb- ruary '62. Engaged in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes: Shiloh, April 5 and 6, '62, siege of Corinth, April '62, Corinth October 3 and 4, "62. :Marched from Corinth to Oxford, j\Iiss., and thence to Memphis, Tenn. Assigned to 17th Army Corps, November '62. Veteranized Jan>iary '64. Ordered to Cairo, 111., thence to Iluntsville, Ala., thence to Ackworth, (ia. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, July 22 and 28. Sherman's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas. Discharged at Fort Snelling June 30, '65. SECOND BATTERY LIGHT ARTILLERY. Wm. A. Ilotchkiss, Capt., en. as private, com. SECOND AND THIBD BATTERIES, LIGHT ABTILLEBT. 211 Capt. pro. Brevet Major at Stone river, Veteran- ized and discharged with battery, September, '65. Henry W. Harder, 1st Sergt. en. December 7, '61, pro. 2d Lieut. July '62, 1st Lieut. January, '64, dis. with battery. John McCausland, Com. Sergt. en. December 4, '61, died January 22 '65 at Chat- tanooga, Tenn. Henry W. Towle, Corp. en. December 21, '61, re-en. March 21, '64, dis. with battery. Wilber Nickols, Corp. en. October 30, '61, dis. for disab. February 15, '63. Edward Rogers, Artificer,, en. February 14, '62, dis. for disab. April 2, '63. John T. Arnell, Artificer, en. March 6, '62, re-en. March 24, '64, dis. for disab. February 16, '65. Privates. — Mcliolas Arn, en. January 6, '62, dis. for disab. October 31, '62. Melchor Blesi, en. January 17, '62, died December 6, '62, at Nash- ville, Tenn. Christopher Blake, en. February 12, '62, dis. for disab. October 3, '62. Gustav Darcachy, en. January 20, '62, died January 31, '63 ia the field. John Gibson, en. January 28, '62 dis. on exp. of term March 28, '65. Martin Hosli, en. January 11, '62, re-en. March 22, '64, dis. with battery. Jolm Kennedy, en. January 4, '62 dis. for disab. April 21 , '63. John L. Kimball, en. January 25, '62, dis. for disab. May 22, '63. Alden C. Meed, en. December 9, '61, dis. for disab. No- vember 15, '62. Geo. F. Murphy, en. January 16, '62, died June 27, '62 at Camp Clear Creek, Miss. John Soper, en. December 12, '61, re-en. March 21, '64, dis. with battery. John C. Stock- ton, en. January 25, '62, died '62 at Juka, Miss. Peter Streiclier, en. January 28, '62, died Aug- ust 21, '64 in the field. Hilarious Schmidt, en. February 5, '62, dis. for disab. January 3, '63. John B. Talcott, en. December 12, '61, re-en. March 21, '64, pro. Corp. discharged with battery. Mathew Taisey, en. January 4, '62, dis. for disab. October 29, '63. Bethuel Then, eja. February 12, '62, died July 30, '62, at Keokuk, la. David Vanderen, en. October 28, '62, dis. on exp. of term, Marcli 28, '65. Chas.'S. Waldron, en. Jan- uary 10, '62, re-en. March 22, 64, dis. with battery. SECOND BATTERY, LIGHT AETILLEEY, organized December '61, and commanded by Captain Hotchkiss. April '62, reported at Saint Louis, Mo., for equipment. Ordered to Corinth May '62, arriving there at close of Shiloh battle. Participated in siege of Corinth. Marched with division commanded by Gen. JefE. C. Davis, as re-enforcement to Buell's army in Tennessee. Battles of Buell's campaign against Bragg. Per- ryville, October 8 and 9, '62, Lancaster, October 12, '62. Knob Gap, December 20, '62. Stone Elver, five day's battle, commencing December 31, '62. During this battle the horses of the bat- tery were not unhitched excepting for water at night. Capt. Hotchkiss was promoted. Brevet Major by general field order, and assigned to duty as Chief of Artillery of General Davis' Division, with a command of three batteries. Battle of TuUahoma. Marched in pursuit of enemy towards Eome, Ga., via Stephen- son, Ala., crossed Tennessee river at Caperton's Ferry, marched across Sand and Racoon Moun- tains and reached Lookout Mountain at Yalley Head. Crossed Lookout Mountain in the direc- tion of Rome, in pursuit of the enemy ; returned and descended into McLamore's Cove. En- gaged in battle of Chickamauga Septem- ber 19 and 20, '63, Mission Ridge, subsequent marches and skirmishes to Ringgold. Marched with Sherman to relief of Knoxville September '63. Spring of '64, battles of Ringgold, Tunnel Hill and Buzzard's Roost. Battery veteranized March '64. Battle of Nashville December 15 and 16, '64. Stationed at Chattanooga and Philadel- phia, East Tennessee. Discharged at Fort Snel- ling September '65. THIRD BATTBKY LIGHT AETILLEKY. Recruits — John E. Brawley, en. February 24, '64, dis. witli battery. David X. Carr, en. March 30, '64, dis. with battery. Samuel H. Clark, en. March 31, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with battery. "Wil- liam H. Garvey, en. February 29. '64, dis. with battery. Charles Pratt, en. March 31, '64, dis. with battery. George M. "Wright, en. March 31, '64, dis. with battery. Third Battery Minnesota Light Artillery, or- ganized February, 1863 ; ordered upon Indian Expedition of 1863 ; participated in engagements with Indians, July 24, 26 and 28, 1863 ; stationed at frontier posts until May, 1864, when entered upon Indian Expedition of 1864 ; engaged with Indians, July 28 and August, 1864 ; upon return of expedition, stationed at frontier posts until muster out of battery, February 27, 1866. 212 HISTORY OF HiJNNEPIN COUNTY. RICHFIELD. CHAPTER XXXVI. GKNBRAL DESCRIPTION— EARLY SETTLEMEliTT — CIVILHISTOKY— SCHOOLS— CHtTRCHES— MILL- ING — SHOP.S — STORES — HOTELS BIOGRAPHI- CAL. This township is situated in the south-eastern part of tlie county, and borders on the east on botli the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers. The northern and central portions of the town are rolling, and the southwestern undulating. The central portion of the town is traversed by the sandy belt, which produces copses of small oaks and aspens. The remainder of the rolling land is well timbered with elm, bass, maple, etc., trees of a larger growth. The south-eastern part, bordering on the Port Snelling Reservation, and extending west as far as Wood Lake, is a beauti- ful prairie. The town contains nearly thirty lakes, many of them of great beauty. Most prominent among them, for size and scenery, are Amelia and Wood Lakes. Aside from the Mis- sissippi and Minnesota Rivers on the east, there are two beautiful streams, Minnehaha and Nine Mile creeks which flow through the town. Minne- haha Creek, taking its rise in Lake Minnetonka, flows easterly through the towns of Minnetonka, Minneapolis, and Richfield receiving the tributary waters of lakes Mother, Amelia and Rice, thence south-easterly, tumbling all its laughing waters over a precipice, forming Minnehaha Falls, and flows into the Mississippi River, above Fort Snelling. These waters, but especially Minne- haha Creek, are very beautiful, and a great attraction to tourists. Nine Mile Creek flows across the south-western part of tlie town into the Minnesota. The Northern Boundary of the township was originally two miles north of the present line, running in a straight line from Minnetonka to the Mississippi. This line was altered by act of legislature in 1867-8. A narrow strip was taken from its entire northern boundary and attached to the township of Minneapolis. It was two miles wide at the west and so continued until it inter- sected Minnehaha Creek at the outlet of Rice Lake, and followed the course of that stream to its junction with the Mississippi. On the east, the Military Reservation, by its original boundaries, included more than half of this township. The dividing line ex- tended west of Lake Harriet. By the first re- duction, November, 1853, the lines were so con- tracted that the western line passed through lakes Mother and Amelia. It includes by its present boundaries only about one thousand acres, and allows the town several miles on the great rivers. EARLY SETTLEMENT. In consequence of its intimate relations to the fort and its once forming part of the reservation, the history of Richfield must begin from the ear- liest records of explorers, before the settlement of the state. We refer to previous chapters in the work for this part of the history, simply remind- ing the reader here, that a few of the Swiss set- tlers, from the Hudson Bay territory of Lord Selkirk, under the leadership of Loips Massey, settled here in June, 1S:27, but were forcibly re- moved by orders from the government. No relic now indicates their occupancy. The leader of the party, Loiiis Massey, is still livmg at Hudson, Wisconsin, at an advanced age. The first claim in the town was that made on Minnehaha Creek by Hon. J. R. Brown. Louis Godfrey was the first settler after the territorial organization. He was a Frenchman and his wife a Chippewa. He lived on section five, where widow Darcy now resides. During the Sioux massacre he fled to Mendota, and died there in 1878. The date of his settlement is uncertain, but it is known to have been prior to 1852. Samuel Stough made a BIGHFIELD- CIVIL HISTOBT. 213 claim in 1852, and resided here until his death, in 1875. William Finch settled here in 1853, and in 1878 removed to California. He lived where Mr. Place now resides. James A. Dunsmoor settled in 1853, removed to California, and died in 187 1. Philander Prescott, who has been men- tioned as arriving at Fort Snelling in 1819, and as Indian farmer in 1830, settled in Kichfield, near where the Richfield Mills now are, about 1852. He was interested in the building of the mills, and prominent in public affairs until his death. He was killed, in the massacre of 1862, by Little Six and Medicine Bottle. He ,was running his horse for life, hoping to reach Fort Eidgely. The murderers were afterwards hung. Many other settlers arrived in 1853. C. W. Harris, who died in 1868 at Minneapolis ; Henry Townsend and his two sons, Henry and Robert ; Mr. Oraper, John McCabe, Mr. Duggan, and others. From this date on, settlers arrived very rapidly, until now it is one of the most populous and prosperous towns in the county. The pres- ent population is 1505. The town has 22,988 acres of land. The assessed valuation of the same for the year 1869, was $150,104; 1875, 1532,530; 1880, $702,670. Personal property, 1869, $49,336; 187o, $98,329; 1880, $119,614. Total taxes in 1869, $3,988,- 1875, $8,497 ; 1880, $7,818, Horses over two years old, 1869, 333 ; 1875, 491 ; 1880, 493. Cattle over two years old, 1869, 666 ; 1875, 866 ; 1880, 790. Sheep, 1869, 493; 1876, 851; 1880, 1816. Hogs, 1869, 184; 1875, 265; 1880, 646. Bushels of wheat, 1869, 49,124; 1875, 43,425 ; 1880, Acreage, 5,698. CIVIL HISTORY. The annual Town meetings were held at the school house, near Richfield Mills, until 1874. A. Keith was moderator at the first meeting held May 11th, '58, with Alonzo Sawtelle, Clerk. In the first call for a meeting the name of "Richland" did not seem to please the people, and the first vote taken was for the new name of Richfield. The Post OfHce had been called Harmony until Rich- field was adopted. The Supervisors elected were Joel Brewster Chairman, Richard Strout, and Jesse Richardson ; Town Clerk, Alonzo Sawtelle ; Assessor, George Odell ; Overseer of the Poor, James A. Dunsmoor; Justices, K. L. Rar- tholomew, Geo. W. Irwin ; Constables, Geo. AV. Townsend and "Wm. R. Moffatt ; Collector, Geo. "W. Townsend ; Overseer of Roads, A. Keith. The first Supervisors meeting was held June 3, 1858, and the town divided into road districts. June 14th, 1858, $400 was voted for town expenses. September 30th, 1858, Wm. Finch elected county Supervisor. April 5th, 1859, voted $100 for town expenses. Supervisors elected, Geo. Odell, C. I. W. Maynard, W. W. Woodward. April 3, 1860, voted $400 for town expenses and author- ized the building of Pounds. Supervisors, Geo. Odell, 6. W. Irwin, J. N. Richardson. April 2, 1861, voted $160 for town expenses and $600 for schools. Supervisors, Geo. Odell, R. R. Bryant, T. W. Peirce. -W. W. Woodward appointed Superintendent of Schools. April 1, 1862, levied IJ mills per dollar for town expenses. Supervisors, Geo. Odell, W. W. Wood- ward, R. Robinson. April 7, 1863, levied 2J mills per dollar for town expenses. Supervisors, W. W. Woodward, A. H. Baston, G. W. Brown. January 30th, 1864, call for a special meeting, which was held February 10th, and by a vote of 64 to 59 raised $8000 to pay soldiers' bounties .and that each one should receive $160, but at a special meeting March 23, the amount was reduced to $126. April 6th, 1864, levied l^mills for town expenses, and 16 mills to pay interest on bounty bonds, and raised the per diem of town officers from $1,00 to $1,50. Supervisors, A. H. Baston, G. W. Townsend, W. G. Moffatt. August 9th, measures were taken to respond to the President's call for 500,000 men. January 28th, 1866, it was voted to take no action in response to the Presidents' call for 300- 000 men. February 8th, voted to raise, not to exceed $8,000, for soldier's bounties, and authorized the Supervisors to issue town bonds for that purpose. April 4, 1865, levied one mill per dollar for town expenses and three cents per dollar to apply on town bonds. Supervisors, A. H. Baston, G. W. Townsend, E. Groesbeck. April 3, 1866, levied one mill per dollar for town expenses, and three cents for Bounty bonds, and to remit county tax of all soldiers who did not receive a local bounty. Supervisors, G. W. Townsend, E. J. Woodward, E. Groesbeck. 214 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. April 2, 1867, raised the salary of town officers 50 per cent above the sum fixed by statute, for as- certaining the names of all the soldiers credited to the town who had not received bounties and to pay them $100 each, and to pay a like sum to Wm. Garvey, W. Wilson, E. F. Hall, Richard Neill and John Dague, they having enlisted prior to any provision for bounties. One mill per dollar levied for town and road expenses. Supervisors D. W. Albaugh, J. A. Bull, J. N. Richardson. July 11, $2,000 town bonds were issued to pay for damages on bridges, andmake other repairs occasioned by a heavy freshet. April 7, 1868, IJ per cent was levied for town and road expenses. Supervisors, J. N. Richard- son, J. A. Bull, R. Townsend. April 6, 1869, levied 3 mills per dollar for town expenses ; voted that Frank M. Thornton, an ex- soldier, be paid $100, he having received no local bounty. Supervisors, J. A. Bull, Aaron Hoover, Horace Wilson. April 5, 1870, three mills per dollar was levied for town expenses. Supervisors, C. H. Clark, Aaron Hoover, E. F. Irwin. March 14, 1871, elected C. H. Clark, E. F. Irwin and Aaron Hoover, Supervisors. No tax for town expenses. March 12, 1872, levied 3 mills per dollar for town expenses. A majority vote against grant- ing a liquor license. Supervisors, C. H. Clark, E. F. Irwin, B. P. Schuler. March 11, 1873, voted 5 mills per dollar for town and road expenses. Supervisors, E. F. Irwin, J. H. Bull, Michael Gleeson.. March 10, 1874. This, and all other meetings were held in Richardson's Hall, until 1880. Supervisors, C. H. Clark, Michael Gleeson, James L. Garvey. Levied four mills for town and road expenses. It not being enough, a special meeting was called September 1st, and $725 raised for town and road fund. March 9, 1875. Supervisors, C. II. Clark, Jas. L. Garvey. Voted to grant license, 63 to .«. Raised $2,000 for all town expenses. The statute of limitation being two mills on the assessed valuation, the amount raised did not reach ttiat sum. March 14, 1876, raised the per diem of town officers to two dollars. Sixty votes cast against liquor license with none for it. Supervisors, B. F. Hanscom, Stephen L. Witbeck, John Craik. At a special meeting 69 votes were cast for, and 18 against paying the State R. R. Bonds by selling the internal improvement lands. March 12, 1878, levied one mill per dollar for the erection of a Town Hall. Supervisors, Wm. Finch, Thos. Richardson, Chas. Hohag. March 11. 1879, levied 2 J mills for building Town Hall, care of poor and town expenses. Supervisors, E. F. Irwin, James Garvey, Chas. A. Hohag. The Town Hall was conipleted this year. March 9, 1880, levied 2J mills for all town ex- penses. Supervisors, E. F. Irwin, Jas. L. Gar- vey, Chas. A. Hohag. SCHOOLS. The first school in the town was taught, during the vsdnter of 1854-5, by Miss Mary Towjisend, in a log school house. It was built near Wood Lake, by five men, R. L. Bartholomew, C. Gregory, George Gilmore, C. CouiUard and William Finch. Miss Townsend afterwards mar- ried Mr. Getchell, and resides in Los Angeles, California. • Miss Craik, now Mrs. Frank Hans- comb, of Minneapolis, taught, in the summer of 1855, in a school house near Richfield Mills. This school house became a residence, and is now oc- cupied by Mr. Schafner. There are now six full and one joint districts in town, with seven school houses. District J^'o. 11, house built in 1859, on section 28 ; District No. 17, house moved on section 18, 1871 ; District No. 16, house built on section 8 in 1872 ; District No. 6, house built in 1875 ; District No. 8, house built on section 14 in 1872 ; District No. 109, house built in section 2o, in 1875. District No. 88 is a joint district, lying in Richfield and Bloom- ington townships ; house built on section 35, in 1860. CHURCHES. The town has four church organizations ; Meth- odist Episcopal, Baptist, Episcopal and Catholic. The Alethodist denomination began its existence under the guidance of Rev. Mills, who held the first services in a granary, owned by Henry Townsend. Services were next held in the school house near Wood Lake, about a quarter of a mile south of where the Baptist church now stands. It was called "Harmony Mission" until 1864, BIGHFIULD—CBUBCHES-MILLING. 215 when it was included in the " Minneapolis Cir- cuit." In the fall of 1865, a change was made, and a new circuit formed, consisting of appoint- ments at Excelsior, Eden Prairie, Cha.nhassen, and Harmony, or Wood Lake, as it was some- times called. In 1869, the neat wooden church was built on section 22. A parsonage and ceme- tery were also located on the church grounds. The cemetery is neatly kept and beautifully or- namented with evergreen and forest trees. The following clergymen have succeeded each other in the charge : Revs. Mills, John Hooper, Elliott, George Galpin, Levi Gleason, J. D. Rich, D. W. Berlin, John Stafford, C. T. Garvin, W. D. Ben- nett, J. H. Macomber, Farber, F. H. Tubbs, Henry Brooks, and J. M. Marsh. THE FIRST BAPTIST CHUECH of Richfield was organized by ReV. Amory Gale, and began its existence by meetings in the school- house near Richfield Mills, where Mr. Schafner now Uves. The church, capable of seating two hundred people, was built in 1869. Rev. J. R. Manton has been pastor since. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, September 28th, 1821, graduated at Brown University, in his native city, in 1848, and first engaged in the ministry at Glou- cester, Mass. Three years after he removed to Tennessee, and labored there until 1857. He then returned north and had charge of a church at Quincy, Illinois, until 1860, when he came to Minneapolis and was pastor of the " First Baptist Church " of that city until -1864. He then went to St. Joseph, Missouri, and remained until 1868, when he returned to Minnesota on account of ill health, and has since been pastor of the church in Richfield. He owns a small farm and has a very pleasant home on the banks of "Wood Lake. EPISCOPAL— TEIJiTITY CHAPEL. In March, 1869, Rev. Knickerbacker began holding services, assisted by S. B. Cowdrey as lay reader, in the school-house of district 17. As a result of those services, a church building was commenced May 20th, 1872, on an acre lot donated by James A. Bull. The opening ser- vices were held August 11th, 1872, by Rev. McMasters and Rev. Knickerbacker. The church was dedicated as Trinity Chapel by Bishop Whipple, September 12th, same year. The congregation numbered about twenty-five families — the Sabbath-school forty-two chil- dren. The latter has been held regularly from 1869. The Brotherhood of Gethsemane had charge of the church until 1877, since which time Rev. Charles RoUit has been in charge. Services are now held once each month. CATHOLIC— ST. VALENTINE'S CHUKCH. This is a Catholic Mission Church and is located on the south line of the town on section 34. It is under the auspices of St. Joseph's Church, O. S. B. of Minneapolis and is visited twice a month by Father Salzeder or his assistant. The church was built in 1874, and is about 28x70 feet. JVUNNEHAHA GEANGE, KO. 398. This society was organized in 1874, by Deputy Chowen of Minnetonka. There were twenty-four charter members. The first Master was J. A. Bull and the first Secretary, Joseph Hamilton who is now master. The regular meetings are held once a month during summer and once in two weeks in the whiter. A fine hall was erected in the win- ter of 1879 and '80, near the Waterville Mills. It is 26x50 feet, with fourteen feet ceiling, and is used for meetings of the Grange, lyceums, festivals, parties and for instructive and enter- taining occasions. MILLING. The only manufacturing establishments are the Flouring Mills. These are the "Richfield Mills" and the "Edina Mills." The former was built in 1854, by Philander Prescott, Judge Moffatt and Eli Pettijohn. The whole property soon came into the possession of Mr. Prescott, and he remained sole owner until his tragic death in 1862. It is situated on Minnehaha Creek, at the crossing of the Bloomington road. The property has passed through the hands of various owners to the present proprietors, Pratt & Baird. The mill is now operated by W. J. Baird & Co. It is a turbine wheel mill with four runs of stone and a capacity of twenty barrels in ten hours. EDINA MILLS. This is commonly called the "Waterville Mill," and is situated on section eighteen. It was built in 1857. The present owners, Andrew and John Craik took the property about 1869, and added two runs of stone and other 216 HISTORY. OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. improvements. The company manufacture oat meal and pearl barley. They are at pres- ent the only manufacturers of these articles in the county. These Mills are both located on Minnehaha Creek and derive their power from that stream. The Creek at the Edina Mills has a fall of fifteen feet, affording a valuable power. This mill has three turbine wheels, two of thirty inches in diameter, and one of thirty-six inches furnishing a fifty horse power. SHOPS. Thomas Page has a blacksmith shop on section twenty-two. William Ewing has a carriage and blacksmith shop combined, near the Edina Mills. STORES. John S. Mann opened the first store in the town. This was a small concern located near Prescott's Mill, opened at the first settlement of the town. Mr. Mann, however, failed in business, and Mr. Prescott kept a store for several years. Only one store remains to be named, that on the lull near the mill, kept by J. N. Richardson. Irvin Dunsmoor opened it in 1859. He was suc- ceeded by Dnnsmoor Bros., and they, by Mr. ■Richardson, in 1872. This is a well-stocked country store. HOTELS. Minnehaha Hotel is a popular summer resort at Minnehaha Falls, kept by J. E. Booth. The house is quite large and the rooms well furnished. It accommodates fifty guests comfortably. The bams, sheds and out-buildings are ample. It is at present under good management. It is a part of the estate of the late Franklin Steele, obtained by him under his purchase of the Military Reser- vation, in 1857. The house was begun in 1873, by Mr. Shaw. When he abandoned it, Mr. Steele carried out the plan and completed tlie work. The pretty new Minnehaha depot on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad is located just opposite the hotel, to accommodate its guests and visitors to the falls. Minnehaha Spring Hotel. This house is about eighty rods below the depot. Its noticeable fea- tures are a fine dancing hall and large stables. Isidore Henry is the proprietor. The Town Hall was built in 1879. It is about eighty rods north of the Baptist Church. The building cost $1500. It is 32x45 feet on the ground. In front of the audience room is an entrance hall and cloak room, with a large and convenient gallery. In the rear are two rooms sixteen feet square, used for public business. Pleasure Garden and Green House. J. E. Booth, who has been previously mentioned as proprietor of the Minnehaha House, has established a green- house near the hotel. He bought and inclosed three acres of land here in 1877. He has since laid it out tastefully with walks, arbors, etc., etc. Flowers and plants fringe the walks on every side. It is called the best landscape garden in the State. A drive- way, starting from the main en- trance, follows around near the sides in a circu- lar form. The plat inclosed by the road- way is cultivated with beautiful flowers and foliage plants in beds, with serpentine walks. In this inclosure is a large arbor with seats and a booth, where refreshments may be obtained. The space outside the drive is also laid out with handsome plants. Opposite the entrance and outside the inclosure are the private residence and green- house. Nursery. In the north middle of the town, on section sixteen, Mr. A. Stewart has a nursery, principally devoted to tree-culture. BIOGRAPHICAL. George W. Baird, is a native of Pennsylvania, born April 16th, 1835. In 1857 he removed to Minnesota and purchased the farm of 120 acres which he now occupies, located on section 18. In the spring of 1860 he imported the first Spanish Merino sheep brought into the State. He sold the first fleece of fine wool in ^Minneapolis receiv- ing 95' cents per pound for the same. He is at present giving his ^^■llole attention to fine Cots- \^•old and Lincoln grades, and received first prizes at the Minneapolis Exposition of 1880. He was married October llth, lK(io, to Miss Sarah G. Gates, a native of Vermont. John E. Booth was born in llnddersfield, York- shire, England, May 12th, 1832. He remained in England, engaged in the manufacture of fancy woolen goods, until 1854, when he came to the United States and located in Xew Jersey. He remained in that State about six months and removed to Albany, N. Y. . Thence, in March, 1855, to Brooklyn, and from there to Toronto, BICHFmLD—BIOGBAPHICAL. 217 Canada. In 1856 he removed, to Boston, thence to Philadelphia where he was married to Mary Beaumont, who died in the fall of the same year. In 1858, his health failing, he returned to England, where he was engaged as florist for eleven years. In 1859 he was married to Mary Morrell, and in 1870 he returned to America, and came directly to Minneapolis, engaging as florist and gardener for Wyman Elliott. After remain- ing with him eighteen months, he leased the grounds and hot houses for five years and carried on the business for himself. In 1877 he pur- chased three acres of ground at Minnehaha, which he laid out and improved as a landscape garden. This garden is valued at f 10,000. In 1880 he l^sed the Minnehaha hotel and grounds, and is now conducting the same. The children are, Herbert M., Annie J., Frederic E., and Arthur C. James A. Bull, was born in Jefferson county, New York, February, 1834. He remained there with his parents, until 1859 when he came to Min- nesota, and settled on the farm he now occupies. He owns 158 acres of fertile land and has im- proved it, until it now ranks among the best farms in this town. Mr. Bull was married in 1856, to Mary E. Comstock, who bore him one child, Mary L. Mrs. Bull died in the winter of 1865. He was married again in '67, to Miss Amy L. Cooper ; has four children, James H. Alvah M. Coates P. and Anna B. Frederick Bush, was born in Stockhausen, Prussia, December 12th, 1849. He remained in his native country until 1869 when he emigrated to America. He came to Minnesota, and settled in Richfield, Hennepin county, December, 1869, owns 15 acres on section 15, Township 28, Eange 24, where he has a pleasant home. John Carey, is the owner of 93| acres of land on sections 8 and 9, Eichfleld Township, 45 acres being under cultivation. He was born in Tipperary, Ireland, June 14, 1826, and remained there until nearly 20 years of age, when he came to America. Eesided in New Jersey one year, thence removing to Maryland, where he remained until 1855,when he came to Minnesota and pur- chased the farm he has since occupifed. Was married to Ann Eegan, a native of Ireland, in 1854. They have had twelve children, ten now living. Lizzie, James, Mary, Maggie, John, Nora, Jeremiah, William, Patrick, Agnes. C. C. Chase was born in Haverhill, Mass., May 16th, 1844. Eesided in his native State until 1874, when he came to Hennepin county, pur- ceased twenty acres of land on section 15, town of Eichfield, where he conducts a market garden. Mr. Chase is a practical gardener, and has been quite successful in the business. George Code owns 200 acres of land, of which fifty acres are cultivated, the balance meadow and woodland. He was born in Carlow county, Ireland, October 29th, 1824. Was engaged in farming in his native country until 1849, when he emigrated to Canada, locating at Ottawa, where he engaged in farming and lumbering . for seven years. In 1856 he came to the United States, coming directly to Minneapolis, where he resided until 1863, when he purchased the land he now owns in Eichfleld, and has since been en- gaged in farming. Was married October 27th, 1859, to Grace Watt, a native of Ontario, Canada. She was born May 15th, 1836. They are the par- ents of six children: Robert F., George A., Mary, William, Elizabeth, and Joseph W. Mary Copley is the owner of eighty-two acres of land, forty acres under cultivation. Was born in Ireland, March 21st, 1837. Eemained in her native country until 1860, when she came to New York City, and thence to Boston, where she re- mained three years. In 1863, removed to St. Paul, where she resided until 1868, when she married Mr. Copley, and has since resided on the farm she now occupies. Cornelius Couillard, one of the old settlers of Eichfleld, was born at Frankfort, Maine, October 31st, 1813. At the age of seventeen, learned the trade of tanner and currier, following it eight years ; then worked in a ship yard. In April, 1854, came to St. Anthony, and engaged in carpenter work, and on the old suspension bridge. In August, 1854, he made a claim of 160 acres, in Eichfleld ; 1855, removed with his family, and has since resided there. The whole quarter sec- tion has been brought under cultivation. He was Married, Sept. 11th, 1834, to Nancy J. Couillard, of Maine, who died October 6th, 1875. They had nine children : Ellen M., Ellery A., Amanda M. died August, 1839 ; Annie A., died August 17th, 218 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 1877 ; Malonah, died March, 1849 ; Adelbert H., Emma D., Charles A., Fred. L. George W. Cummings, a native of Maine, was born April 8th, 1853. Engaged in farming until 1867, when he came with his parents to Bloom- ington, Hennepin county. At the age of twenty- one, he embarked in dairy business. In 1878 he bought the land he now occupies. His dairy business has been quite successful. Was married to Miss Alice Gilchrist, Dec. 25th, 1875. They have three children: Arthur A., George H., and Ruth W. William J. Duggan is the owner of 245 acres of land, 130 is plow land, the balance woodland and pasture. He was born in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1838 ; came to America, with his parents, in 1847, residing in Illinois until 1853, when he came to Hennepin county, and has since resided on the farm he now occupies. This farm was pre-empt- ed by his father in 1853. In 1862 he was one of Capt. Northup's company who went to the relief of Fort Ridgely. Was married January 21st, 1871, to Cordelia Kyte, by whom he has four chil- dren; Mary, Katie, Maggie, John. William M. Ewing was born in Canada in 1816. Learned the trade of wagon maker, and served the government during the rebellion in Canada. In 1848, removed to New York ; remained one year ; thence to Michigan. In 1851 he came to Minnesota, assisted in the survey of Maple Grove township, and in naming it. In 1S57 he removed to Osseo, and was the first secretary of the corporation. In 1862 he removed to a farm in the town of Brooklyn, and resided there eight years. He enlisted in Company C of the Mounted Rangers, serving as clerk in the Quar- termaster's department, until the company was disbanded. Was married in 1 840, to Myra Rogers ; by her he liad five children, two of whom are now hving. He has been married three times ; has four children living, Charles Arkland, Alice Myra, Francis Cordelia and Mary Adelma. Patrick Fogarty was born in Ireland in 1K40; came to this country in 1857, and settled in Rich- field township. He was four years in the emplo> of the government, driving team. In 1862 was with General Sibley on his Indian Expedition. Purchased the farm on which he has since re- sided, in 1865. He now has thirty acres under cultivation. Was married in January, 1869, to Bridget Carrol, by whom he has had seven chil- dren, Mary, Maggie, Ellen, Bridget, Willie, An- nie and Denis. George Fortwingler, a native of Germany, was born November 23d, 1823. He came to this coun- try in 1854, resided in Ohio one year, and in 1855 removed to St. Paul where he remained till 1866, when he removed to Bloomington, Hennepin county. Kept a hotel at Nine-Mile Creek for two years, then purchased the farm he now resides on, Was married in 1855, to Miss A. Reisslei a native of Germany, by her he had four children, George and Caroline, twins, Julius and Julien, twins. His wife died and he again married; his second wife was Miss A. Renz, by whom he has three children, Amelia, Mary, OlilUa. John F. Gilmore was born in Ohio, Decem- ber 2nd, 1816. While young he accompanied his parents to Illinois and resided in that state, occupied in teaching school until 1839, when he went to Mississippi and engaged in the same vocation. In 1845 he removed to Newport, Kentucky, where he was engaged in the nursery business for six years. In 1871 he came to Min- nesota, residing at Faribault two years, engaged in the nursery business. He came to Hennepin county in 1873 and has since resided in Richfield. Was married Dec. 3d, 1872, to ^Sliss Belle Mc- Clure. Their children are Molly and William. Herman J. Gjertsen is a native of Norway, born October 29th, 1826. He followed farming and fishing in his native country until 1868 when he emigrated to America, settUng in Isanti coun- ty, Minnesota. Came to Richfield in 1870 and in 1878 he bought HI acres wliere he now resides. Married Albertina Olson of Norway in 1851. Family record is — Nels P., John C. Ole J., Henry J., Louis C. Assoria M., Eunice T., So- pliia J.. George 11. Three children have died. Michael Gleeson was born in Ireland in 1810, and came to tliis countr)- in 1846. Landed in New York and \\ ent to Massachusetts where he resided until isoo, wlien lie came west and set- tled in Heiuiepin county. He made a claim of 160 acres, which he has since increased by pur- chase to 273 acres. He was married in 1852 to Mary Bolden, of Ireland. They have had nine children; Michael, James and John, twins, Thomas, Mary Ann, Daniel, Bridget, Cornelius, William. BIGHFIELD -BIOGRAPHICAL. 219 Charles Haeg was born in Germany, July 13, 1819. He learned the trade of cabinet maker, served three years in the German army, and in 1844, emigrated to the United States. Enlisted at Milwaukee, Wis., in September, 1845. , Mr. Haeg enjoys the distinction of being a veteran of the Mexican war, serving under General Scott during the continuance of the war. In 1848 he was stationed at Fort Snelling, and, after a stay of six months was removed to Fort Bidgely. In 1851 he received his discharge, and in September of that year made a claim about five miles north of St. Anthony, living there until 1853, when he came to Richfield. In 1865 he purchased the farm on which he has since resided. Was mar- ried in 1856, to Mary Walter, who died in 1866, leaving five children. Married for his second wife Albertina L. Adleman, by whom he has seven children all living. Andrew N. Hall was born in Maine November 1st, 1835. Remained with his parents until 1855 when he come west and located at Minneapolis, residing there until 1862, when he returned to Maine and enlisted in Company B, of the 28th regiment Maine Infantry, serving one year. In 1866 he returned to Minneapolis, and purchased a farm of 72 acres in the town of Richfield. Re- sided in the city until 1872, since which time he has lived on his farm. Was married iii' 1875, to Eliza Caley. Their children are Albion and Wil- liam. James Ilawkes (deceased) was born in York- shire, England, May 6th, 1820. In 1844 he came to America. In 1854 he came to Minnesota and pre-empted a farm of 120 acres in Richfield, where he resided until his death. Mr. Hawkes formed one of the Company who in '62 marched to the re- lief of Fort Ridgely under Capt. Northup. In 1863 he enlisted in the First Minnesota Infantry, and served in the First Battalion until discharged in 1865. He was with his company in several of most severe engagements of the war, and was wounded June 1864, for which he received a pen- sion. He was married in 1839 to Mary Ann Holdsworths. The family record is Harriet, Henry Thomas, David H., John W., Emma J. Alfred, Charles Lincoln. Five children have died. Mr. Hawkes came to his death in Minne- apolis Sept. 29th, 1880, by a fall from his wagon. He was one of the pioneers of Richfield, and was respected by all who knew him. Jesse Haywood is a native of England, born May 10th, 1840. Remained in England, engaged in the Manufacture of woolen Goods until 1872, when he came to America, landed at Quebec, thence by lake to Duluth, going from there to Clay county, Minnesota, where he purchased a half section of land. In 1874 he came to Henne- pin county, and has since been engaged as florist with Mr. Booth, at Minnehaha. Franz J. Heiss was born in Germany, October 19th, 1835, and there learned the trade of carpen- ter. Emigrated to this country in 1855, and to Minnesota in 1859, locating on a farm in Brown county. In 1861 he enlisted in the Sixth Minne- sota, and served until the discharge of the regi- ment, in 1865. He purchased eighty acres of land in Richfield, in 1875, and has since resided there, in the pursuit of farming. In 1871 he was married to Salomey Souder, a native of Germany. Their children are Frank D., Amelia, Charlie, Katie, and Willheim. Frank D. died in 1875. Charles Hoag, one of Richfleld's representative men, and a pioneer of Hennepin county, was born June 29, 1808, in New Hampshire. After re- ceiving such education as the common schools of his native town afforded, he attended the Wolf- boro Academy and Friends' Boarding School, at Providence, R. I. At the age of sixteen he be- gan teaching, and followed that profession for twenty-seven years, thirteen of which he was en- gaged as Principal of a Grammar School in Phil- adelphia. In 1852 he came to Minnesota ; taught school in St. Anthony two terms. In May, 1852, he made a claim of 160 acres of land, in what is now the city of Minneapolis ; was a member of the first town council, and to hun is due the honor of giving to the city its beautiful and ap- propriate name, Minneapolis. He was the second treasui-er of Hennepin county, and has held many positions of public trust. Is an ardent Odd Fel- low, and served one term as Grand Master of the Minnesota Grand Lodge. He claims to be the oldest Odd Fellow in the state. Has also occu- pied the position of President of the Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. In 1857 he pur- chased the farm he now occupies, which is known as the •' Diamond Lake Farm," and removed to it in 1865. Mr. Hoag was County Superintend- 220 H18T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ent of Schools from 1870 to 1874. Has one daugh- ter by his first wife, married to Charles H. Clark, who is in the revenue service. Mr. Hoag's first wife died in 1871, and in March, 1873, he was married to Susan F. Jewett, of Solon, Maine. Laura Ilolman was born in the State of Ver- mont in 1817. In 1855 she came to Minnesota. In 1848 she was married to N. Butterfleld who was drowned in Lake Minnetonka in 1859. She settled with her husband in Minnetonka in 1855 and remained there until 1861 when she removed to the farm in Richfield where she has since re- sided. In 1860, was married to L. Holman. He was killed in 1871, being run over by a heavy load of wood. Mrs. Holman has one son by her first husband, Frank J. Butterfleld. Orrin Hubbard was born in the State of New York, April 5th, 18.35. In 1854, moved to Janes- ville, Wisconsin, where he remained for eleven years, eight of which he passed in the employ of the American Express Company. Enlisted in 1862 in the 12th Wisconsin Battery and served until his discharge in 1865 ; participating in many of the hardest fought battles of the Rebellion. In 1865 he accepted a position as conductor for the C. M. & St. P. Ry. Co., and has since been en- gaged in that vocation. In 1877 he bought a farm in the town of Richfield and has improved it until it is now one of' the finest farms in this part of the county. He was married in January, 1866, to Harriet E. Beaumont. They have had four children, Mary C, Nellie B., Sarah R., de- ceased, Hattie, died February, 1877. He resides in Minneapolis at 916 Sixth Avenue South. E. F. Irwin is a native of New York, born in Erie county February 2d, 1840. In 1855 he came with his parents to Minnesota, settling in the town of Richfield. AVas occupied in various piu-- suits until 1862 when he Joined the company commanded by Captain Northup for the relief of Fort Ridgely. In 1865 he bought the farm he has since occupied, and has improved it until it ranks among the finest farms of the town. Was married October 1st, 1867, ;it Iowa City, Iowa, to Martha J. Bortland. They have one son. John Bortland, born February 16th, 1874. Leopold Kiesel was born in Baden, Germany, December 12th, 1825. He came to the United States in 1852, and to Minnesota in 1856. Enter- ed a claim near Chaska, and after living there three years removed to Bloomington. In 1864 he bought a part of the farm he now occupies in Richfield. Now owns 220 acres, 150 acres being cultivated. Was married in 1856 to Madeline Leppet, who has borne him five children. Edward E. King was born at Peabody, Mass., August, 1st, 1836. Came to Minnesota in 1857 and purchased the farm he now occupies. At the time he came to Richfield there was but little improvement and few settlers. He has since built a substantial barn and fine dwelling house at a cost of $5,000. Married in Nov. 1863., Annie N. Couillard, who died August 17th, 1877. His second wife was Miss Katie R. Woodman who was born December 22d, 1857. John Kyte is the owner of 316 acres of land, 75 acres under cultivation. He was born in Ireland in 1817 and came to this country in 1845. After residing in various places in the Eastern States, he came to Minneapolis in 1855. Pre-empted a quarter section of land, bought as much more, and has since been engaged in farming. Has five children, all of whom are married. Michael Maloney was born in the County of Galway, Ireland, November 20th, 1845 ; came to New York in 1852. and two years later removed to Wisconsin, where he resided for fifteen years. August, 1862, enlisted in a Wisconsin regiment, and served three years imder Generals Sherman and McPherson. He was discharged August, 1865, and four years later removed to ilinnesota. and has since resided in Richfield, where he owns 160 acres of land. He was married November, 1877, to Albertina Erickson. They have one daughter, born December 31st, 1878. Merriman McCabe was born in the state of New York, December 12lh. 1843; came with his parents to Minnesota in 1853, and has since resided in the town of Richlield. In 1862 he was with (laptain Northnp on the Fort Ridgely expedition. John McCabe, his father, was born in Ireland in 1808 ; came to America, and resided in the state of New York until 1853. when he came west and jire-empted a farm in Riclifield, where he re- mained until his death, which occurred in May, 1878 ; he was married to Harriet Toles, who bore him six children, Mercy, Merriman, Emily, Mary, Amelia and Elnoria. George Millam was born in Scotland August, 1849. He came to this country in 1859 and ten BICHFIELB—BIOQBAPHICAL. 221 years later to Hennepin county. He has, since coming to Eichfleld been engaged as miller in the Edina Mills. In 1872 was married to Miss Margaret Jibb, a native of Scotland. Following is the family record: Charles A., born August, 1873; Lily P., born April, 1875, died at the age of three years; Annabella, born May, 1877; and Rosella, born April, 1879. Howard C. Odell was born at Monticello, Indi- ana, October 17th, 1853, and came with his par- ents to Minnesota in the fall of 1856 and located in the town of Richfield. He is the son of George Odell who has a farm on section 27. Howard is employed during the winter in Minneapolis and in the summer season turns his attention to farming. Was married October 14th, 1880, to Miss Fannie Stanchfleld, of Tama City, Iowa. Thomas Peters was bom in England, October 7th, 1848. His father being a shoemaker, Thomas engaged in tlie same business while in England. In 1873 he emigrated to this country, coming di- rectly to St. Paul. Engaged in farming in Ram- sey and Dakota counties until 1876, when he came to Minnehaha, and was employed at the hotel two years ; thence to Hudson, Wisconsin, where he was engaged in a hotel for one year ; then returned to Minnehaha, and has since been employed at the hotel. In Oct., 1871, was married to Kate Weaver. Their residence is near the junc- tion of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi. D. 2Sr. Place was born in New York city, Jan- uary 18th, 1844. At the age of fourteen he ship- ped as seaman, and followed that vocation for eighteen years ; came to Minnesota in 1869, and for three years was engaged in the real estate business ; then returned to the pursuit of sailing, and served as mate on a voyage to Japan ; then served four years as Purser and one year as Cap- tain of the schooner Leader, trading on the Pacific coast ; was married April 15, 1874, to Frances M. BeBJamin. They have had two children, one now living, Charles E. L. Patrick A. Ryan, a native of Ireland, was bom in 1831, and came to this country in 1847. Re- sided in Pennsylvania and Ohio until 1854 when he came to Minnesota, first settling on a home- stead in the town of Hassan, Hennepin county. In 1868 he sold his farm and removed to Saint Anthony where he resided until 1874 when he purchased the farm he has since occupied in the town of Richfield. Married Julia Quinn in 1867. Edward A. Scales was born in Townsend, Massachusetts, April 13th, 1853, and remained in his native town engaged in coopering until 1874 when he came to Minnesota and engaged in farm- ing at Minnehaha. In 1876 he purchased five acres of land and has since given his attention to market gardening. Gilbert Sly was born in the State of Kew York November 4th, 1798, and remained in his native state engaged in farming until 1866 when he came west and purchased of James Davis the farm he now occupies in the town of Richfield. Was married in 1822, to Sarah Crane a native of Massachusetts. They have had twelve children, five of whom are now living, Mary E., Fidelia, Elisha, Paulina and W. H. J. L. Smiht was bom in Holstein, Denmark, July 28th, 1850. In 1873 he emigrated to this country and came directly to Minnesota, locating on section 14, Richfield, where he has since been engaged in farming. Freeman B. Smith was born in Vermont, July 15th, 1822. He removed to Champlain, N. Y., where he resided until 1852. For four years he held the office of postmaster. In 1852 he went to California and ■ was engaged in gold mining for one year. From 1860 till 1867, he was in the revenue service at Virginia City, Nevada. In April, 1878, he came to Minnesota and has since been engaged in conducting the farm of his brother-in-law, Orrin Hubbard, in the town of Richfield. In 1846 married to Sarah E. Beau- mont. She was born in New York, Sept. 24, 1824, James Stansfield was bom in the State of New York, September 3d, 1828. At the age of fifteen he went to sea and followed that occupation until 1849, when he passed one year as steward on the Hudson River steamboats. In 1850 went to Cal- ifornia, and remained five years. Came to St. Anthony in 1855 and engaged in furnishing supplies to steamboats until 1862, when he en- gaged in the restaurant business, which he con- tinued in Minneapolis until 1859, when he engaged in real estate business, and has followed the same extensively. In 1872 he purchased the farm in Richfield which he has since occupied. In 1856 he married Susan Wagner. They have three children living: Frank H., Charles L., and Ella B. 222 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. BLOOMINGTON. CHAPTER XXXVII. GENERAL DESCRIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — CIVIL HISTORY— CHURCHES— SCHOOLS— MILLS, • SHOPS, ETC. — THE FIRST SETTLERS — BIO- GRAPICAL. The town of Bloomington occupies the souths eastern part of the county, lying on the Minne- sota Eiver, which forms its entire eastern and southern boundary. A strip of meadow, varying from twenty rods to a mile in width, skirts the river the whole length of the town. The bluffs are, therefore, back from the river, but here and there stretch out bare, sandy points to the meadow below. Beautiful rolling prairies extend back from the bluils over the whole township. The bluils are not usually bare, but are covered with turf and timber, while the bottom lands, at the foot, have in some parts large areas of water. The sand belt passes through the middle of the town, exhibiting its usual characteristics, viz., less productive soil, and timber of smaller or lighter growth. Heavier timber is found in the northwest. Nine Mile Creek has high, sandy bluffs covered with brush or timber. The small lakes on the prairie east of Nine Mile Creek are now very shallow, without outlet, and appear to diminish year by year. They will doubtless wholly disappear. Lakes Ryland and Bush bet- ter deserve to be classed among the beautiful lakes of the town. The only stream of any size within the limits of the town is Nine Mile Creek, which enters the town near the northwest cornev, takes a southeasterly direction, and flows into the Minnesota Eiver. FIRST SETTLEMENT. Peter Quinn was the first white man to settle and cultivate the soil of this town. He was ap- pointed Indian farmer, in accordance with a treaty with the Indians, and began his work, ill 1843, on land now owned and occupied by James Davis, on section 14. He remained here until 18.54. Rev. Gideon H. Pond, the missionary among the Dakotas, moved here in 1843, and he and his Indian bands pitched their tents on the banks of the Minnesota River, where Mrs. Pond now lives. He lived here until his death, which occurred in 1878. Martin McLeod settled here in 1849, where his son, Walter S. McLeod, now re- sides, at the mouth of Nine Mile Creek. Joseph Dean came next. He arrived in the winter of 1851-2. He had obtained a charter for a ferry which he proceeded to establish in company with William Chambers. He built the log house which still stands near the ferry. William Chambers also came in 1851-2 ; made a claim, now the farm of WilUam Chadwick, and joined Mr. Dean in the ferry enterprise. He died here in 1868. In 1852, the following party came from Illinois and made claims near the river, on the western prairie. S. A. Goodrich, A. L. Goodrich, Orville Ames, Henry and Martin S. Whalon, and Edwin Ames Sr. Not one of those men is now living in Bloomington. We are indebted to Mrs. Rebecca Goodrich for the following information in regard to these worthy pioneers : S. A. tioodrich died in Bloom- ington, in 1865. A. L. Goodrich sold his farm in 1879, and now resides hi Minneapolis. Orville Ames and M. Whalon died in the service of their country, the former in hospital and the latter, it is supposed, in rebel prison. Henry Whalon moved to Princeton, Minnesota, soon after his settlement, but returned a few years later and (lied at Fort Snelling. Edwin Ames died on his claim soon after his arrival, and his widow per- fected the title. Quite a number settled on the prairie east of the creek in 1 853. From this time on the town was rapidly settled. The following statistics will show the popula- BLOOMINGTON— CIVIL HISTOBT. 223 tion of the town and the rapidity with which it has advanced in wealth. The population, by census of 1880, was 820. The town has 23,205 acres of land ; the assessed valuation of the same for the year 1869, was $103,- 693 ; for the year 1875, $298,163 ; and for the year 1880, $460,538. The assessed valuation of personal property for the year 1869 was $41,068 ; 1875, $47,775 ; 1880, $52,320. The total amount of taxes raised in 1869 was $8,574 ; in 1875, $4,- 245; in 1880, $3,718. Number of horses over two years old, in 1869, 287 ; in 1875, 353 ; in 1880, 403. Cattle over two years old, in 1869, 581 ; in 1875, 752 ; in 1880, 592. Sheep in 1869, 309 ; in 1875, 300 ; in 1880, 363. Hogs in 1869, 150 ; in 1875, 159 ; in 1880, 401. Bushels of wheat in 1869, 47,884; in 1875, 48,055; in 1880, acreage 5,109. CIVIL HISTORY. The first town meeting was held at the house of E. B. Gibson, on section 19, May 11th, 1858, at which E. B. Stanley was Secretary and Elijah Rich, Clerk. Whole number of votes cast was twenty-five, and the following officers were elect- ed: Supervisors, Martin McLeod, A. P. Thomp- son, E. B. Gibson. The latter refused to qualify, and Allen G. Goodrich was appointed. Town Clerk, Elijah Eich; Assessor, EUsha Smith; Col- lector and Constable, Orville Ames; Overseer of the Poor, Joseph Kunison; Justices of the Peace, George Cook, E. B. Stanley; Eoad Overseers, Martin S. Whalon, Thomas T. Bazley, Wm. Chadwick. Voted $100 for town expenses for the current year. Eesolutions were passed regu- lating, the licensing of dogs, hogs xunning at large, height and strength of fences, &c. The first Supervisors' meeting was held at the house of Elijah Eich, May 23d, 1858. Chairman absent, and adjourned to the 28th when the full board met and transacted its first regular business. April, 1859. Town meeting at the house of E. B. Gibson, 34 votes cast. Voted $150 for town expenses. Supervisors: Martin McLeod, A. P. Thompson, D. McCullum. April 3d, 1860. Town meeting at R. B. Gib- son's. Mrs. Gibson objecting to the racket, adjourned to the school house. Thirty-nine votes cast. Levied $50 for town expenses and $75 to build a bridge across the slough near Bradbury's, and the Supervisors authorized to purchase a road-scraper. Supervisors: Samuel Goodrich, A. P. Thompson, W. M. Chadwick. At the gen- eral election, November 6th, 94 votes registered, only 68 cast. April 2d, 1861. Annual meeting at school house No. 13. Thirty-two votes cast. $100 voted for town expenses. Voted to build a pound and to let horses, cattle, etc., run at large during the summer months. Supervisors: Sam- uel Goodrich, W. M. Chadwick, John Miller. April 1, 1862, annual meeting at school house No. 13, levied $100 for town expenses. Super- visors, John Miller, W. M. Chadwick, D. McCul- lum. April 7, 1863, voted $50 for a Pound, and $50 for town expenses. Voted to change the height of fences from four feet six inches to four feet three inches. Supervisors John Miller, W. M. Chadwick, James Dean. April 5, 1864, voted $100 for town expenses. Voted to pay a reasonable sum for the use of the school house in District 13, for election purposes. Voted to change the day for annual meetings, from the first Tuesday in April to the second Tuesday in March ; which could not be done till the passage of a legislative act in later years. Special meeting, June 5, 1864, voted to obtain a plat, and record a piece of ground for a ceme- tery, to be the property of the town ; also to raise money to pay the wife of each soldier who had not received a local bounty, $2.00, and each child of the same $1.50 per month, from July 1st, and continuing during term of service. Special meeting, August 1 , 1864. A resolution was lost by 23 to 9, providing for the raising of money by town bonds to pay soldiers' bounties to fill the Bloomington quota under the President's call for 500,000 men. Owing to the action of the electors, the town officers were powerless to act, and a number of citizens, among whom were Wm. Chadwick, John Layman and T. Peteler, gave their individual notes to the First National Bank of Minneapolis, as security for money ad- vanced to pay the bounties of soldiers to fill the quota. Special meeting, January 3, 1865, at the house of A. G. Gillet, voted to issue town bonds to pay bounties to soldiers to fill the quota under the President's call for 300,000 men, the tax for the payment not to be levied on the property of those 224. HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. who were or had been in the service witliout re- ceiving local bounty. Annual meeting, April 4, at the school house, voted $150 for town expenses. Voted to procure a bier and pall for the use of the town, and raise the per diem of some of the town officers. Su- pervisors Sam'l. Goodrich, Wm. Kell, James E. Smith. April 3, '66, levied one mill per dollar for town expenses, and voted that the cemetery be legal- ized by filing the plat, recording, &c. Supervisors: Wm. Chadwick, Joseph Harrigon, Abram Palmer. April 2, 1867, levied one mill per dollar for town expenses, seventeen mills for the payment of interest on the bounty bonds, one-half mill to improve the town cemetery and providing that it be free for the inhabitants of the town and $5 per lot for non-residents. Supervisors: Samuel Goodrich, John Layman, "Wm. Kell. April 7, 1868, levied one mill per dollar for town expenses. Supervisors: Wm. Kell, E. Parker, Wm. Chadwick. March 30, 1869. Supervisors' meeting. • The Treasurers' report showed that the amount of money realized- from the sale of bounty bonds amounted to $1,364.96, and that bonds had been canceled which, including interest, amounted to $1,394.17. And, as the seventeen-mills tax amounted to considerable, there was still some bounty money in the treasury. An attempt was made in 1870 to use this surplus money to build a town house ; this was found to be illegal, and the money was distributed among the soldiers of the town who had not received a full bounty. The date of the annual meeting for 1869 does not ap- pear, but it was held at " Gate's School House." Levied one mill per dollar for town expenses. The building of a town haU was agitated. Su- pervisors: Wm. Kell, E. A. Parker, Wm. Chad- wick. A special meeting was held during the summer for the purpose of purchasing a lot for the town hall and to entertain N. (t. Northrup's proposi- tion, to donate land for a town house. April 5, 1870. Meeting held at Cate's School House. Voted to use the surplus bounty money for the purpose of building a town hall, but as the bounty money could not be used legally ex- cept for the payment of bounties, the matter was dropped. Voted a tax of one mill per dollar for town expenses. Supervisors elected were Henry Harmon, John M. Cummings, A. P. Thompson. An election was held May 31st of this year to decide for or against the payment of state R. B. bonds by the sale of internal improvement lands, and 75 votes were cast; all in favor of such method of payment. March 14, 1871, meeting held at district school- house No. 13. Voted $7.5 to build a pound, aijd one mill per dollar for town expenses. Super- visors, Henry Harmon, A. P. Thompson, J. D. Scofleld. March 12, 1872, meeting held at school-house No. 13. Levied one mill per dollar for town ex- penses. Supervisors — Henry Harmon, J. D. Sco- fleld, Abram Palmer. March 11, 1873, town meeting held at Gates' school-house. Forty-eight votes cast. Supervis- ors — Hemry Harmon, Abram Palmer, Phillip Hynes. Voted a tax of one-half mill per dollar for town expenses. March 10, 1874, meeting at school-house district No. 13. Levied two mills per dollar for town ex- penses. Supervisors^Henry Harmon, Abram Palmer, J. D. Scofleld. March 9, 1875, town meeting held at Oak Grove Hall. $150 voted for town expenses. Supervis- ors—Henry Harmon, J. D. Scofleld, Abram Palmer. March 14, 1876, meeting at Oak Grove Hall. $150 was voted for town expenses. Supervisors — Henry Harmon, Abram Palmer, H. D. Cunning- ham. March 13, 1877, levied $200 for town expenses. Supervisors — Henry Harmon, Abram Palmer, H. D. Cunningham. March 12, 1878, meeting held at Oak Grove Hall. Voted S200 for town expenses. 107 votes cast. Supervisors— Henry Harmon, Walter S. McLeod, 11. D. Cunningham. March 11, 1879, meeting at Oak Grove Hall. $200 voted for town expenses. 105 votes cast. Supervisors— Henry Harmon, W. S. McLeod, J. Mahoney. March 9, 1880, meeting held at Oak Grove Hall. Ninety-nine votes cast. Changed the cemetery name from "Presbyterian" to "Bloomington." Voted $25 for a pound, and $200 for town ex- penses; also special tax to improve the cemetery. Supervisors— Walter S. McLeod, Samuel McGlay, BLOOMINGTOW—GHUBCHES, SCHOOLS, EIG. 22-5 Wm. Chadwick. The subject of building a town house and pound has from time to time been agitated, but neither of them has been built. CHURCHES. The Bloomington Presbyterian Church is at present the only organization in existence in the town. Rev. Mr. Pond took measures for its es- tablishment immediately after the removal of the Indians and the consequent termination of his missionary work. In 1855, the organization was completed with thirteen members, and services were held in the new church. The church was first located at the Bloomington Cemetery, on section 21, but in the spring of 1864, it was removed to its present location near the post office, and en- larged. Three members of the original thirteen still survive, Mrs. G. II. Pond, Mary P. Pond and Mrs. Chadwick. Mr. Pond continued the charge until 1873, when he resigned on account of ill health, and was succeeded in turn by Rev. M. Howell, Rev. Van Emmon, and the present in- cumbent. Rev. J. de Bruyn Kops. The latter took charge in 1877. The First Baptist Church was organized Janu- ary 22d, 1861, with nine members. The church flourished for a time, but, in 1872, only half a dozen remained, and those voted to disband. The pastors during its continuance were Revs. S. S. Utter, A. J. Davis, and Cressy. SCHOOLS. The first school held in the township was at the Dakota mission, by Rev. Mr. Pond and his assist- ants. Though organized for the Indians, some white children of early settlers attended. The first public school was taught in a private house by Miss Harrison, in 1855, since which time pub- lic schools have been regularly kept. The town is divided in four school districts, and has two joint districts with Richfield; the school house of the latter located in Richfield. That of Dis- trict E"o. 13, known as the Gibson school house, on Section 20, finished in 1859, was the first school house built. That of district No. 10, long known as the Gates school house, was first located on section 15, but in 1874 the location was changed to section 16, and the present house built. That of district No. 11 is in section 10, and was built in 1869. That of district No. 14 is on section 32, and was built in 1866. 15 GRANGE NO. 482. This Grange was organized March, 1874, by Deputy "W. S. Chowen, of Minnetonka, in the school-house, district No. 10, with twenty charter members. The first master was J. D. Layman, and the first secretary V. Bailey. The first meetings were held at the house of James Davis and at Pease's Hall. During the, first winter a stock company, under the title of the "Oak Grove Hall Association," was organ- ized, composed only of memers of the Grange, for the purpose of building a hall. Shares were issued at $10 each, the money was raised, and the hall completed during the summer. It stands near the postofflce. A Library Association was formed March 19th, 1874, called the " Blooming- ton Grange Library Association," to consist only of members of the Grange in good standing. Thirty dollars was invested in books at the out- set, and new books have since been added. The membership of the Grange is now forty-eight. HOTELS, ETC. The first hotel in the town was built in 1854, at the crossing of Nine Mile Creek, by a Mr. Baillif, who kept it a number of years. Next, Albee Smith built the hotel and store at the ferry. In 1858 Mr. "Whitney built a hotel near the creek, which was the stopping place for the stage and passengers for a long time. It was subsequently purchased by N. G. Northrup, who opened a store in connection with the hotel. After two years he sold to Mr. Moir, the present owner. Owen R. Dunbar opened a store in 1876, where the Bloom- ington postofflce now is. He was also postmas- ter. In 1878 he sold to Mr. Cumming, who keeps a small general store and is postmaster. BLOOMINGTON FEERT. The ferry was established in 1862 by Joseph Dean and William Chambers. They continued it in company until 1855, when Mr. Dean sold his interest to A. C. and S. A. Goodrich. In 1868 Mr. Chambers sold his interest to James Brown, who, in 1872, sold to John Cameron. Mr. Cam- eron was accidentally killed at the ferry a few years later. His widow and Mrs. Rebecca Good- rich are now the owners. In 1855 Mr. Dean sold to Albee Smith and others, from St. Paul, his in- terest in lands at the ferry, but not including the ferry itself, for a town site. The purchasers sur- 226 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY veyed, platted it and built a hotel, but the town refused to grow. MILL, SHOPS, ETC. " The Bloomington Flouring Mill " is located on Nine Mile Creek, section 21. M. J. McAfee, the present owner, built the dam and mill in 1876-7. It is a wooden building 30x40 feet, three stories high. It has three runs of stone and one set of rollers, and is operated by a twenty-inch turbine wheel of the Leffel pattern, with thirty or forty horse power. It has a capacity of twenty barrels per day. The water power is good. Nu- merous springs feed the pond, and keep up the supply of water, enabling the mill to run steadily during the summer months. Three blacksmith shops are located and owned as follows : one near Bloomington Ferry, by Hec- tor Chadwick ; one on section twenty, by Joseph Pepin, and one at Bloomington post office, by A. Gumming. Mrs. Cameron keeps a hotel and store near the ferry, in a building built by parties from St. Paul. THE FIKST SBTTLEBS. Mrs. Mary Louisa Quinn is the oldest living set- tler in Bloomington, and also probably the old- est settler in the State. She now lives with her daughter, Mrs. Margaret Brosseau. Mrs. Quinn was born in the Kocky Mountains, in the fall of 1800, and is the daughter of a Scotchman, named Findley and a Rocky Mountain Indian woman, who died giving her birth. On the death of the mother, Mr. Findley was left with a family of four children. He, therefore, left the Mountains and came to Fort Garry, where he left the infant in the charge of a family imtil his return from Lachine, Canada. He took the other children with him, but never returned. At Fort Garry the baby grew to womanhood. Peter Quinn, who subsequently became her husband, was one of the earliest settlers in this county, with a career even more eventful than that of his wife. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, about 1789, was carried off by a party of English sailors wlien a school boy, and taken to York Factory, an Esqui- maux trading post, on the coast of Labrador. Making his escape, he lived three years with the Esquimaux, without seeing a white man during the time. He was ransomed by a party of Hud- son Bay trappers in charge of Mr. Graham. Graham was the father of Mrs. Alexander Fari- bault of this State. He brought yoimg Quinn to Fort Garry where he married as stated above. He remained in the employ of the Hudson Bay Company a number of years but was in constant dread of being caught and returned to his origi- nal captors. In 1824, he was sent to the trading post of the xlmerican Fur Company, at Lac qui Parle to rescue a white woman, that had been cap- tured by the Sioux, and there made arrangements to join the American company. He left his wife and family for the time at Fort Garry and accept- ed the appointment as their agent at Fort Snell- ing. He arrived at his new post in 1824. Du- ring his absence his wife suffered many hard- ships. While her protectors were on a hunting excursion, ■ her eldest child died, and, though obliged to carry an infant two months old, she determined to set out alone to find them. A heavy snow storm overtook her on the way, and the baby perished, while she vdth difficulty made her way to her friends, who kindly received her. She now persuaded her friends to go with her to join her husband in Minnesota, and settle there. Several set out with her for Fort Snel- ling, in the winter of 1825. They traveled on snow shoes all the way. Mr. Quinn hearing of their coming, met the party at Crow Wing, and conducted his wife safely to Fort Snelling. He was soon appointed to a trading post at Leech Lake, Minnesota, whither he went with his fami- ly and remained till the spring of 1827. Mrs. Quinn at that time returned with her husband to Fort Snelling, near where she has since lived, and is now over eighty. From 1827, Mr. Quinn was constantly in the employ of the government, until his death. He carried the mail, for a time, from Fort Snellmg to Prairie du Chien. He was often employed as interpreter and in making treaties on account of his familiarity with the Sioux aaid Chippewa languages. In 1837 he went to Washington in charge of a delegation of Indian chiefs. In 1843, he was appointed Indian farmer, and opened the farm for instructing the Indians near where his widow, daughter and grand-daughter now live. In 1854 he was sent to Fort Ridgely as interpreter for the soldiers. At the opening of the Sioux war, in 1862, he was sent by Capt. Marsh to Eedwood Ferry to recon- noitre, and pacify the Indians. He was there BLOOMINQTON—TEE FIBST 8ETTLEBS. 227 maliciously shot by an Indian named White Dog, who imagined himself injured by Quinn and committed the act in retaliation. Mrs. Quinn who was at the time visiting her daughter in Bloomington, did not return to Port Eidgely. Mrs. Quinn is familiar with Indian dialects and the French language but cannot talk EngUsh. She receives a pension from the Government. Kev. Gideon H. Pond came to Bloomington, in 1843. Mr. Pond was born in Washington, Litch- field county, Connecticut, June 30th 1810. He lived on the home farm until 1834, when he re- ceived a letter from his brother, Samuel W. Pond, a school teacher at Galena, Illinois, pro- posing a missionary enterprise to the Dakota In- dians. The proposition was accepted and, in 1834, provided with neither brass, scrip nor purse, he joined his brother at Galena, where they em- barked on a steamer and arrived at Fort Snell- ing in May. They began their labors among the small bands of Dahkotas around lakes Calhoun and Harriet. They built a rude cabin on the east shore of Lake Calhoun, and labored together three years, when Gideon H., the subject of this sketch, leaving his brother in charge of the mis- sion school, went to. Lac qui Parle, where a Pres- byterian church had been organized, and offered his services as Indian farmer and teacher. He remained there a few years and returned to Lake Harriet. As previously stated, the Ponds under- took this missionary labor unaided, but, soon after, on the arrival of missionaries sustained by the A. B. C. F. M., they joined with them and labored under the patronage of that society. They began as laymen but, in 1836, Gideon H. Pond returned to Connecticut, and, during a short absence was ordained, when he returned to his labors. In 1843, owing to the repeated disturbances between the Chippewas and Dah- kotas, the latter changed their location to the banks of the Minnesota river. Mr Pond fol- lowed their fortunes and located in Blooming- ton, where his family now lives. He erected a residence for his own family and a school- house for the Indians. Services were held every Sabbath, and schools were sustained during the week, for the red children, by Mr. Pond and his assistants. Several of these assistants were wo- men. In 1852, in accordance with a treaty, the Indians were removed from the vicinity but Mr. Pond had now become attached to this place as a home and remained here until his death. Mr. Pond was married November 2d, 1837, at Lac qui Parle, to Miss Sarah Poage, who was his faithful assistant until her death, which occurred in 1853. In 1854 he married Mrs. Sarah Hopkins, widow of a missionary, who was drowned in the Minnesota river at Saint Peter, July 4th, 1851. As the settlers arrived in Bloomington very rapidly after the departure of the Indians, Mr. Pond devoted himself to religious, social and po- litical progress among the new settlers. He or- ganized a church and was its pastor for many years; he represented the 7th district in the first territorial legislature, and otherwise took an active part in progressive, political affairs. He died, January 20th, 1878. Hon. Martin McLeod was born in Montreal, Canada, August 1812. During early years he was engaged as a clerk in a wholesale house in his native city. He had a liberal education, but was imbued with a strong desire to explore the West. In 1836, at Buffalo, he met General Dickinson, a British officer, who was organizing a party of young men to explore the western country. McLeod joined the expedition and went to the Hudson Bay Company territory of Lord Selkirk. The company was disbanded, and McLeod found himself, in the winter of 1836-7. cast on his own resources. He, with Capt. J. Pays, a Polish exile, and Richard Hays, an Irish- man, hired Pierre Bottineau, as guide to conduct them to Fort Snelling. Hays was lost in a snow storm, and perished. Pays was so badly frozen that they were compelled to build a shanty for him and leave him behind. On returning for him a few days later, they found him frozen to death. Mr. McLeod arrived with his guide at Lake Traverse, and during the same spring, (1837), proceeded to Fort Snelling. There he became clerk and book-keeper for H. H. Sibley. He afterward became a partner with a Mr. Baker, in a trading post at the fort. After the death of Mr. Baker, he went up the St. Croix River and traded with the Chippewas, during the winter of 1839-40, and afterward up the Minnesota River to Traverse de Sioux, and opened a trading post there, another in 1843, at Big Stone Lake, and still another at Lac qui Parle, in 1846. He took his family with him to the two places last 228 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. mentioned. In 1849 he removed them to where his son now resides. He continued the trading posts already mentioned, and established others at Eedwood and Yellow Medicine, after the Indians were removed to these points. In 1858 he sold out his trading posts and engaged in real estate business until his deatli. He was a mem- ber of the territorial legislature and council, and took a great interest in the affairs of the country. His death occurred in 1860. His son Walter S. McLeod, who lives on the old homestead, was boVn near Fort Snelling, ApriLlGth, 1841, and has always been a resident of the county. He has filled a number of town offices, and is a public spirited and enterprising citizen. Mrs. Margaret Brosseau was born at Leech Lake, Minnesota, October 15th, 1826, and is the daughter of iPeter and Louisa Quinn. Her whole life has been passed in the vicinity of Port Snelling. Her early life was spent among the Indians and traders who frequented the fort. She, by this association, became familiar with the- Sioux, Chippewa and French languages in addition to English. She attended school at the fort and at Mr. Pond's missionary school. Inl846 she was married to S. J. Findley, of Prairie du Chien, a clerk in the sutler's store at Fort Snelling. Mr. Findley kept the ferry and Uved in a house, still standing, on the east bank of the Mississippi River, near the new bridge at the fort. There he died November 8th, 1855, leaving his wife and three children. Two of these children are now dead, and the third, the only survivor, is Mrs. A. E. Scofleld of this town. Mrs. Findley remained at Fort Snelling until 1857 when she married F. X. Brosseau and settled on her farm in Blooming- ton where she now resides. From 1862-'72 they lived in St. Paul, but returned at the latter date and have since lived in their old home. There were two children by the last marriage, James L. and Francis X. ; both are dead. Samuel Augustin Goodrich was horn in Ben- son, Vermont, September 19th, 1827. In 1832 his parents moved to Du Page county, Illinois. He there attended school, and in due time entered Knox College, Galesburg. His health would not permit him to complete his course and he left college. In 1852, in company with others, he came to this town and made a claim where his family now resides. In 1854, and again in 1856, he visited Illinois. During the last visit he married, at Chicago. . His wife was a Miss Adams, a na- tive of Enosburgh, Vermont, born March 18th, 1830. She came to Chicago, in 1854. Mr. Good- rich was the first assessor for Hennepin county, and held the office of Justice of the Peace. He died Nov. 21st, 1865. There were six children. Mrs. Goodrich still resides on the old homestead. William Chad wick was bom in England, Nov. 11th, 1824. He came to America with his parents in 1829, and settled in Quebec, where they re- mained until 1832. They then removed to Kings- ton, where William attended school until fifteen. He was employed afterwards on the steamboats of the St. Lawrence, and canal boats on the Ei- deau canal, until twenty-two, when he married, bought a farm, and lived on it seven years. He then lived one year in Kingston before coming to Minnesota. He came here in 1854, and settled on his present farm in 1869. He married Miss Eliza- beth Morris in 1845. She was bom in England, January 15th, 1827, and ten children, of whom eight are living, followed the marriage. Robert, Mary A., Hector, Emma J., Clara J., George F., William A., and Eddie. BIOOBAPHICAL. J. L. Ancel was born in France, January 22d, 1822 ; served as a soldier seven years in France ; married to Miss Zelie Genevry in 1850 ; emigrated to America in '52 ; remained a short time in New York; removed to Connecticut, and staid four years ; returned to New York, where they re- mained until 1857, when they removed to Minne- sota, and located in Bloomington. In 1874, pur- chased a farm on section 17 ; sold, 1878 ; rented the farm on which he now lives the same year ; has purchased 160 acres in section 19. They have five children. T. T. Bazley was born in England, November 28th, 182H; settled in Canada, 1842; moved to Minnesota, 1852; on his present farm in 1853; married, September 8, 1857, to Miss Catherine Miller, from Ireland, who died, November 10th, 1859 ; married again, September, 1862, to Miss Nancy Stinson. He tried to enlist as a soldier, but was rejected. Children are, Phebe, Kate, Jennette, Tom, Josephine, Lillie J. John Brown was born in. England, September 21,1838; came to America in 1847. His father BLOOMINGTON—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 229 enlisted in the 3d Inft. of XJ. g. Regs., and went to Mexico, his family accompanying him. In 1849, the regiment was ordered to Fort Snelling, where Mr. Brown remained until 1853, when they settled on a farm in this town. John, in 1861 , enlisted in Company D, 1st Minnesota reg- iment ; was in the first Bull Eun battle ; mus- tered out in 1864. The same summer he was sent as a scout to Dakota. Part of '1865 in the Quartermaster's department in Virginia. In the fall of 1866, married Anna M. Ames, of Bloom- ington, and settled on his present farm. They have three children, John A., Cora N., and Wal- ter J. Mr. Brown has a good farm valued at $5,000. H. D. Cunningham, one of the early settlers of the state, was born in Augusta county, Virginia, December 13th, 1822. Came to Minnesota in 1856. Settled in Nicollet county and followed farming. Married Miss Mary Ellison in 1857. In 1858 went to Yellow Medicine and took charge of the schools of the Dakota Mission, where he remained iintU the spring of 1865, when he moved to Minneapolis and engaged in the flour and feed business. Located on his present farm in 1874. Held the office of town supervisor three years, school director and treasurer for two years, and is now in the employ of the American Tract Society as colporteur. Joseph Harrison was born in Ireland, 1815. Emigrated to Canada m 1818. Settled in Kings- ton. Married in 1840 to Miss H. Cook, of Kings- ton. Had thirteen children, nine of whom are living: Cecilia, Amelia, Elizabeth A., Martha J., Frances May, Charlotte, William A., Harriet M., Clement D., Hulda C, Abbie, Eva, Edith Hope. Came to Minnesota in 1854, and moved to his present home in 1874. Has held the office of town supervisor and school director for several years. Has land valued at $7,000. J. W. Kelley was born in Williamsburg, N. Y., June 4th, 1836. Eemoved to Oneida county in 1866. Married in 1859 to Miss C. Joice. EnUsted in 1862 in Co. A, 117 N. Y. Regt, 2d division, and was engaged in many hard-fought battles under Generals Butler, Gilmore, and Terry. Mustered out in 1865. Returned to Oneida same year. Moved to Iowa in 1869, and to Minnesota and his present farm in 1874. They have four children. Mr. Kelley is mail carrier from Minne- apolis to Richfield, Bloomington, and Blooming- ton Ferry. J. H. Kirk was born in Maryland, September 28th, 1827. Went to Ohio in 1834. Moved to Sargents Bluff, loWa, 1849; to Anoka county, Minnesota, May, 1851. Married in 1859 to Miss Mary G. Smith, who was born in Vermont, May 28th, 1834. They settled on their present farm in 1866. Have no children, but have given homes to three friendless girls and one boy. His land is valued at $3,200. John Le Borius was born in Germany in 1844. Came to America and settled in St. Paul in 1854. Spent most of his time until 1861 traveling as cook and waiter with parties looking for and lo- cating claims. Employed by the government as wagon-master and blacksmith. Was with Gen. Sibley's expedition against the Indians in 1863. On his return was employed at Fort Snelling. In 1868 made another trip with Gen. Mercy into Da- kota and the British possessions, inspecting the forts. In 1869 made a trip with Gen. Hancock, inspecting forts and locating new ones. 1870 took the Fort Snelling ferry and run it four sea- sons. 1877 took charge of a large farm in Mower county. . Married, Dec. 1879, Miss L. M. Frank. Jeremiah Mahoney, born in Ireland in 1818. Came to America in 1839. Enlisted in 1840 in the U. S. army, as Quartermaster Sergeant, and was ordered to Florida under Genl. W. S. Harney, to gather the Seminole Indians and take them' to the reservation in Arkansas. Stationed at Fort Gibson four years. Ordered to Mexico in 1846. Was through all the battles of the Mexican war under Gen. Scott. Ordered to Fort Snelling, and appointed Ordnance Sergeant, where he remained until the post was sold to Franklin Steele. Mar- ried in 1853 to xVnna Nevin. Moved to his pres- ent farm in 1858. In 1861 enlisted in the First Minnesota Regiment as Commissary Sergeant. Received the appointment of Head Clerk and Cashier in Quartermaster's Department, Alexan- dria, Va. In 1864 returned to his home. They have one child living, Martha A. Town Super- visor one year, and Justice of the Peace two years. W. J. McAfee, proprietor of Bloomington Flour Mills, was born in Ireland May 8, 1840. Came to St. Johns, X. B., 1843. Learned of his father the millwright and machinist trades. Engaged in the manufacture of lumber, ten years. In 1868 230 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. moved to St. Paul and. opened the City Iron Works; 1869, took a partner, in 1871, dissolved and took in tiis brother, Hugh J.; 1877, bought present property, erected his mill, which, with the improvements made from time to time, makes it a iirst class country mill. Married in 1865 to Miss M. E. Spencer, of St. Johns, N. B. They have had six children. Thomas Oxborough was born in England, April 20, 1814. His mother died in 1823. From that time he was obliged to earn his own living. Married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Parish. Came to America in 1852 and settled in St. Clair, Mich. In 1853 moved to Minnesota, and located on his present farm. Put up a small shanty on his claim, without doors or windows. Indians were numerous, sometimes two hundred would gather around, but did no harm. Has two children, Mathew and Anna. He has land valued at S6,000, also a large livery stable on First street, Minneapolis, valued at $8,000. Abram Palmer, born in Rutland, Vermont, October 9th, 1825. At an early age he moved to Saratoga county, New York. In 1847, mar- ried to Miss A. Snow. Moved to Illinois in 1850, and to DeKalb county in 1853. Spring of 1857 moved to Minnesota, and settled on their present farm ; had seven children, "Wilber, James, Mary E., Emily, Henry, Laura and Abram F. Has been Town Supervisor six years. Assessor five years. J. T. Palmer was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., August 11th, 1834. Learned cabinetmakers trade at Ballston Spa. In 1851 moved to De- kalb county, Illinois. Married in 1856 to Miss Mary E. Patterson, of Pennsylvania. For six years he was master carpenter on the St. P. & P. E. R. Settled on his farm in 1870. Have five children living, Charles E., Robert P. AVillie P., Mary C, and Josie L. Land valued at $5,000. Wilber Palmer was born in Saratoga county, N. Y., 1822. Moved to DeKalb county, Illinois, in 1850. Came to Minnesota in 1859, and on his present farm in '1860. Married in 1844 to Miss Margaret Gray, of Saratoga. He enlisted in the Mexican war, Company E, Third Regiment In- fantry, and served through the war. Mustered out in 1848. Married again in 1853 to Miss Phebe Hedges, of Canada. Has eight children living. Land valued at $3,000. P. M. Petterson was born in Sweden, March 6th, 1818. Came to America in 1854. Moved from New York to Minnesota in 1855, and set- tled in Dakota county. Moved to his present farm in 1866. Married in 1845 to Miss Gustava- Johnson. Divorced in 1873. Married again in same year to Miss H. Johnson. Have four children, Albert, Charles T., Anna M., and Ida. J. D. Scofleld was born in Cortland county, N. Y., August 29th, 1828. Moved to Seneca county, in 1847. Engaged in the lumber trade until 1849 when he came to Saint Paul. Moved to Washington county in 1851, and remained un- til 1853, when he was married to Miss Sophia Cook. Settled on his present farm same year. Had four children, Charles E., Lester H., Alice M., and Florence. Wife died September 22, '61. Married again April 14th, 1865, to Miss C. S. Damon. They have had three children, Cora E., Mabel V., and Carl S. Supervisor for five years. One of the charter members of the Farmers' Grange, organized in 1874. F. G. Standish, born in Benson, Vermont, July 10, 1834. Moved to New York in 1836. To Illinois in 1848. To Minnesota in 1856. Made a claim seven miles west of Rockf ord, Wright Coun- ty, in 1858. Drafted in 1862, and furnished a sub- stitute. Sold his farm same year and moved to this town. Married in 1863 to Miss C. Harrison, and settled on his present farm in 1868. Have four children. He was one of the volunteer com- pany that went to Fort Ridgely in 1862. Garritt Van Ness, Jr., born in Canada, Feb- ruary 23, 1836. Came to Minnesota and settled in Bloomington in 1865, and on his present farm in 1875. Married in 1862 to jSliss Mary Morris. He is a carpenter and boat builder by trade. Keeps a sportsmans station, acting as guide, and furnishing boats for duck hunting. June 29, 1877, a cyclone passed oxev his place and destroy- ed every building he had. Land valued !52,500. Wm. West, Jr., horn in England, February 2S, 1847. Came to America and settled in New York in 1H62. Went to Will county, Illinois, in 1855. To Anoka county Minnesota in 1856, where his father pre-empted a farm which he still owns. Married in 1872 to Miss Mary Kell of this township. Moved to his present farm, in 1863. They have three children, Leona, Fannie, G., Ewing W. Land valued at $2000, EDEN PB.AIBIE—OENEBAL DESGRU'TION. 231 EDEN PRAIRIE. CHAPTEK XXXVIII. GENERAL DESCRIPTION — EARLY SETTLERS — TOWN ORGANIZATION — INDIAN BATTLE — SCHOOLS— CHURCHES RAILROADS STATIS- TICS—BIOGRAPHICAL. Eden Prairie is situated on the Minnesota Riv- er, whicli forms its entire southern boundary. The face of the country is mainly rolling and hilly. This is the character of the northern and middle portions. The name, . however, arose from the southern portion , which consists of a prairie . The town was named, in 1853, by a Mrs. Elliot, who gave it the name Eden, in expressing her admi- ration of this beautiful prairie. It has many lakes and some marshes. The lakes ar^ charac- terized by the usual gravelly shores and high banks that render the lakes of the county so beautiful. It is watered by several small streams. Mill Creek, the largest, rises in Minnetonka, flows across the town from north to south, through Staring Lake and empties into the Minnesota Biver. The whole township is fertile and well adapted to grain. At one time it produced more wheat than any other town in Hen- nepin county. In the northern, or brush-land portion of the town, the soil is a dark loam with clay subsoil. The prairie has a deeper and richer soil. Heavy timber is found in the extreme north-west and south-west and lighter on the hilly land. Eden Prairie is a farming town and contains no village. EARLY SETTLERS. The town was first' settled in 1852, by John McKenzie, David Livingston, Alexander Gould, Hiram Abbott, Samuel Mitchell, Sr., and sons, R. Neill, Aaron Gould, and others. Mr. Abbott made the first claim on the north part of the prairie, immediately after the treaty, with pur- chase of land, was made with the Dahkotas, in 1851 . Mr. McKenzie's claim was in the southern part of the town near the river, on sections 34 and 35. In company with Hon, Alexander "Wil- kin, then secretary of the territory, and others, he platted a village, and called it Hennepin, This was on the Minnesota river, at his claim. - A hotel, store and a few residences were built. It was at one time the chief shipping point for grain, which was taken in the small steamers that plied up and down the Minnesota river. Like many a projected city of the West, it failed to flourish, and was abandoned. TOWN ORGANIZATION. Previous to the state organization, Hiram Ab- bott was appointed Justice of the Peace, and William O. Collins, Constable, in 1854, under the territorial government. These were the only ofiicers previous to the town organization. The township was organized in 1858, and the first town meeting held on the eleventh of May, in the old school house. The following officers were elected : Supervisors, Aaron Gould, chairman ; Robert Anderson and William O. Collins. Clerk, Will- iam H. Rouse. Collector, A. K. Miller. Asses- sor, William J. Jarrett. Overseer of Poor, John Keeley. Justices, William O. Collins and James Gamble. Constables, A. K. Miller and Arch. Anderson. The total expense of the town for the first year was $55.04. The town officers for 1880, were : Supervisors, William Hurlbut, chairman; William Andrews and Aaron S. Neill. Clerk, William O. Collins. Assessor, George N. Gibbs. Treasurer, Sheldon Smith. EARLY EVENTS. The first child of white parentage born in the town, was to Mr. and Mrs. Pauley Butterfleld, and died in infancy. The first marriage was William Chambers and Martha Mitchell, in the 232 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. winter of 1852-3. Neither are living. The first woman to live in this town was Miss Jane Mitch- ell, now Mrs. Frank Warner, of Carver. She came in 1852, to keep house for her father and brothers, before the arrival of the other members of the family. The farm where they located, on section 17, is now owned by the heirs of Fred. Miller. INDIAN BATTLE. On the 27th of May, 1858, only a few days subsequent to the organization of the town, a fearful Indian battle was fought, which was witnessed by several of the settlers. It took place between the old enemies, the Sioux and Ghippwas, near Murphy's ferry in the southern part of the town. The Chippewas wished to avenge a murder, committed the fall previous near Grow Wing by the Sioux. In furtherance of their plan, the Chippewas formed an ambush among the hiUs on the north side of the ferry. The Sioux were encamped on the south side. The Chippe- was numbered about two hundred warriors, the Sioux, only sixty or seventy. The Chippewas therefore counted on an easy victory . The contest began at early dawn by a detachment of Chippe- was firing upon a fishing party of Sioux, who had unsuspectingly crossed to the north side. This roused the Sioux camp and they took possession of the ferry so promptly, as to cross and come on the Chippewas at the banks of Big Creek and get into cover in their near vicinity before they could be repelled. The Chippewas finding their ambush a failure, made several attempts to dislodge their foes by strong detachments, but without success. The Sioux, though inferior in numbers, fought with characteristic vigor and desperation, and about 10 o'clock in the morning completely routed the Chippewas. The number killed is not known biit Noonday, a youngchief of the Chippewas, fell and his body was horribly mutilated by Wau-ma- nung, chief of the Sioux. Phillip Collins, who was an eye witness, states that tlie Sioux chief cut the heart from his fallen foe and drank of its blood, then, after taking the scalp, cut off the head and carried it on a pole to the Sioux camp near Shakopee. Then the victory was celebrated by a scalp dance, lasting several days, character- ized by their usual barbarities. The body of the young chief was burned. After the fight, Mr. CoUins found in a pouch containing the pipe, "Kinnickinnick," etc., of fallen Chippewa, a rude map on birch bark, which bore, besides the localities of hills, lakes and rivers of that vicinity, several mysterious char- acters, among them figures representing cows, others foxes, etc. It is unfortunate that this relic was lost. SCHOOI-S. The first school house was built in 1854. It was built of tamarac logs and finished with bass- wood lumber. In size it was 18x24 feet. This was the second school house built in Hennepin county. Miss Sarah Clark taught during the summer of 1854, which was the opening term of the school. .This old house, which long served as school house, church and town hall, was torn down in 1873, and in its stead was built the pres- ent structure. It is a neat frame building, 20x30 feet, on the east line of section 20, district number 56. The town sustains schools in four entire districts and forms part of two joint districts with Minnetonka, all furnished with substantial school houses. CHURCHES. The earliest report of reUgious instruction is of the preaching of Kev. Gideon H. Pond, in the spring of 1854, at the house of Hiram Abbott. Meetings were afterward held at the house of J. Staring, and, later, in the old log school house. The Rev. Edward Eggleston preached in the school house several times during the early part of his ministry. Three churches are now sustained in the tow-n. The Methodist Episcopal. United Presbyterian and Episcopal. The first effort toward the establishment of a ^lethodist society was the forming of a class by Rev. J. E. Bell. He was soon succeeded by Rev. Mr. Stephenson. For several years the society was small, but gained numerical strength with tlie development of the town. In 1871, a churcli w^as built in section 21, near the site of the old school house. The society jiow numbers about sixty members and has a flour- ishing Sunday School. Tlie United Presbyterian Church was organized in 1858, by Rev. Alex. McHatton, a missionary, ^^■llo remained about two years. Several changes occurred during the next few years. Rev. A. B. Coleman was stationed here in 1868. He was the EDEN PBAIBIE—MILL, 8T0BES, ETC. 233 first stated pastor and remained until 1871, when lie was succeeded by Eev. J. L. "Whitley, who remained three years. Eev. James Kogers was stationed here in 1874 and remained until 1878, when he was succeeded by Eev. S. T. Herron, the present pastor. The elders of the church are Samuel Anderson, James Clark and James Gam- ble. The church edifice is a comfortable frame building 28x40 feet, located in the northwest part of section 26. It was built in part, in 1869, and finished in 1879. The society numbers fifty- three and Sunday School sixty-five. The average at- tendance at the Sunday School is forty. Episcopal, St. John's Church. The first organ- ization of this society was in 1864. It was, how- ever, re-organized in 1873, in consequence of the failure to record the first organization. The church is a very neat wooden structure, 22x34 feet. It was originally built in Chanhassen, Carver county, about the year 1860, and in 1868, was moved to its present location on section 27. The first pastor was Eev. John Fitch. The pres- ent pastor, Eev. William Powell, has officiated since 1873. The officers of the society are Will- iam J. Jarrett, senio;: warden, and George V. Hawkins, junior warden. The present member- ship is about twenty, and a Sunday School is maintained. MILL. A grist-mill, on section 26, on Mill Creek, is the only establishment of the kind in the town. It was built by Dr. Nathan Stanton in 1861 , and be- gan to run in 1862. Isaac Crow bought the mill the next year, and operated it until his death, which occurred in 1872. James Till bought it of the heirs, and sold it in 1878 to its present owner, J. Balme. It has two runs of stone, and has used water power wholly until within three years. Low water has since compelled the par- tial use of steam. STOBBS, HOTELS, ETC. The first store in town was built by Howe & Dunn, at the proposed village of Hennepin, in 1834. In the same year a building was erected near the mill, for the double purpose of store and hotel, by Mr. Dudley. The property soon passed into the hands of A. I. Apgar. He kept open the hotel but closed the store, and it continued thus until destroyed by fire in 1867. A smaU store was also opened in the fall of 1880 at the station, by Jacob Eankins.' A postofflce was es- tablished in 1854, with J. Staring as first post- master. Mr. Staring held the office fourteen years. His son, M. S. Staring, carried the mail to and from Bloomington. This was six miles distant, and the nearest point on the old stage line. He made weekly trips for eighteen months, and received for his services for the entire time, twelve dollars. This office is kept at present by H. Goodrich, who also has a store, established nine years ago. RAILROADS. The Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad enters the town on the north, near the northwest comer of section 3, and passes out at the southwest, through section 30. The depot is situated near the middle of the town, on section 17. A second postofflce is located near the depot, called Wash- burn. The track of this road was laid and the station built in JSTovember, 1871. The first agent was E. O. Eeed, who continued until June 16th, 1872, whcH the present agent took the position. Another railroad, the Hastings & Dakota Cut Off, passes through the northwestern part of the town, built in 1880. STATISTICS. Total number of acres in the township, 19,783. Assessed valuation of land in 1869, $87,373; in 1875,5174,766; in 1880, |266,303. Personal prop- erty in 1869, 126,737; in 1875, $30,116; in 1880, §38,293. Total taxes in 1869, ?2,314; in 1875, $2,486; in 1880, $2,412. Horses over two years old in 1 869, 156; in 1875, 230; in 1880, 284. Cattle over two years old in 1869, 448; in 1875, 664; in 1880, 498. Sheep in 1869, 500; in 1875, 112; in 1880, 391. Hogs in 1869, 125; in 1875, 112; in 1880, 313. Wheat in 1869, 22,593 bushels; in 1875, 28,107 bushels; in 1880, acreage, 3,509. The population by the census of 1880 is 749. BIOGRAPHICAL. Prominent among the early settlers here are the Andersons, three generations of whom are now living in the town, and number upwards of one hundred. Eobert Anderson was born in Knocknabossett, county Cavan, Ireland, in 1824. Eemained with his father until the age of twenty-six, being employed in milhng and 234 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. farming. In 1860 came to America, arriving at Galena, Illinois, November 5th, where he spent four years farming. Came to Minnesota, April, 1854, first stopping in Bloomington, then to Eden Prairie where he has since resided. February, 1850, married Miss Mary J. Hill, daughter of John and Elizabeth Hill, of Ireland. Prom this union nine children were born ; Those now liv- ing: John H., Samuel G., Robert J., Mary J., Anna E., Joseph M., Margaret E. and Agnes E. "When he came to this region there was but one store in Minneapolis on the west side, and no settler between Fort Snelling and Bloomington except Rev. Gideon H. Pond and one French family. Into this wilderness he brought his family by way of the Minnesota River on the rickety little steamer lola. This little craft be- came partially disabled on the way up, obliging the passengers to carry wood and water to keep her in motion. This pastime was indulged in several times during the journey from St. Paul, to the general annoyance of the passengers. Mr. Anderson has been prominent in matters of ed- ucation, temperance and Christianity; now has a son in the University fitting for the ministry. William Anderson was born January 1st, 1837, in North Ireland. When sixteen years old, his father, a prosperous cottager and mill owner, died, and in 1854 William came with the family to America, settling in Jo Davies county, Illinois, where he attended school one year, then went to Galena to work in a store, where he remained until the fall of 1855, when he came to Minnesota crossing the Mississippi at Fort Snelling, and went to Eden Prairie. Ilis motlier made a home- stead claim of the farm he now occupies, on sec- tion 13 and 14, where she lived to see the third generation of her family ; 103 grandchildren and 13 great grandchildren. She died in March, 187K. William Anderson married Miss llacliel Mitchell, April 28th, 1858. They have eleven cluldren •, Harvey, Martlia A., Lizzie K., Ida E., Fannie, Loretta 11., Jennie L., Julia M., Alfred W., Ar- thur H. 11., and Alice P. He lias l)een active in educational and religious matters and largely in- terested in the erection of the three churches in the township. Was one of a few who hewed and hauled the logs for the first school-house in his district, in 1856. Two of his children are now attending the High School in Minneapolis. James Anderson was born in the same town in Ireland, as his brothers Robert and William. His early life, like that of his brothers, was de- voted to milling and farming. In 1852 he came to America. Lived one year in Hanover, Illinois. In 1853 came to Minnesota and located where he has since lived, on section 14. In common with other pioneer settlers, he staked out his "claim," which he subsequently secured by pre-emption and entry. In the spring of 1854 brought his family from Illinois, coming from St. Paul on the steamer lola. Was married February 26th, 1852, to Miss Sarah Hicks, of Cavan county, Ireland. Have had nine children, Robert H., Eliza J., John W., Thomas, Matilda, James, David H., Robert, and a son who died in infancy. John H. Anderson was born at Camp Creek, near Galena, Illinois, November 7th, 1850. When four years of age he came with his parents to Eden Prairie and remained with his father until the age of twenty-three, receiving a common school education, with one term at the graded school in Excelsior. Married January 2d, 1874, to Miss Ida E., daughter of Aaron and Matilda Gould. Has two children, Edward W., and Jen- nie G. Owns a good farm one mile east of Eden Prairie station. William V. Bryant, for manv years a resident of Eden Prairie, was born in Saco, York cormty, Maine, March 21st, 1821. Is a lineal descendant of Stephen Bryant, of the old Plymouth colonies, and of the same family line with William Cullen Bryant. His father, John Bryant, was a seafar- ing man, and died in 1820. At the age of thir- teen, William went lo Salem and learned the sad- dlers' trade, remaining until 1836, then sought adventure upon the ocean, his first service being with Commodore M. C. Perry, of the steamer Fulton, the first steamer built by the U. S. gov- ernment. ^Vlso sailed on the ships Admiral and Henry Clay ; was three years on the whaler America, in Pulaski Bay, Prussian possessions. During eighteen \ ears of ocean life, visited many places of historic interest, sailing around the world, and encountering many thrilling adven- tures and remarkable preservations. In 1852, abandoned ocean life, and in May, was married to Miss Hannah Shepherd, of Boston, Mass. Six chil- dren have been born to them: Sarah L., Blanche M., Martha A., William M., Rose A., and John EDEN PBAIBIE—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 236 M., only four of whom are living. Came to St. Paul in July, 1852; remained one year, then removed to St. Anthony, remaining there for eight months, then removed to his present loca- tion. Nathaniel Brown has been a resident of Min- nesota since 1855, and of Hennepin county since 1874. "Was born in Tranklin county, N. Y., Nov. 9 th, 1825, and in early childhood accompanied his parents to Indiana, from which place the family removed to Fulton county, Illinois, in 1840. Soon after this, his father died and he went with the family to Des Moines county, Iowa, where he remained on a farm for about nine years. March 10th, 1853, married Miss Harriet N. Yan Nice. Have had eight children, seven of whom are liv- ing: Rosa Belle, Stephen E., Frank A., Clara L., Sadie, Oscar H., and Charles L. He entered the army in 1864, enlisting in Co. A., 4th Minn. Inf. Veterans. Was with the regiment through Sher- man's march to the sea. Eeceived his discharge at Louisville, Ky., in 1865. Returned to his family in Scott county, where he had removed from Iowa in 1855, remained there until 1874, when he sold his farm and located at his present place. James A. Brown, is a native of Cavan county, Ireland, where he was born, July 8, 1849. His father, who was a farmer, kept him at school until sixteen years of age. In the fall of 1866 the family came to America, locating near Galena, Illinois, and the following year, removed to Eden Prairie. In 1875, bought the farm he now lives on, five miles east of Shakopee, on the north bank of the Minnesota river. Married Miss Mary A. Dean, March 21, 1877; have two child- ren, Edward J. and William R. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are members of the Presbyterian church and take a lively interest in educational matters. William O. Collins, who figures conspicuously in the early history of Eden Prairie, is a native of Canada. Was born December 6,1812. Until eighteen years of age remained with his parents, on the farm, and when twenty years of age went to Vermont, remaining there one year, then to New York, learning the carpenter's trade, fol- lowing it for two years. Returned to Canada and married Miss Isabella Latta, December 27, 1836. Of eight chjYi^jen the result of this union, three are now livingi Entered the British army ■ in 1S37, during the Rebellion in Canada, and remained in her Majesty's service two years. Removed to Massachusetts in 1842, remained two yeJars, went back to Canada where he remained until 1854, when he sought a home in the West, locating in Hennepin county in 1855, on the farm where he now lives. In 1 866 his buildings, valued at 53,000, were destroyed by fire. Mr. Collins is a member of theM. E. Church and still active in all public affairs. James Clark was born March 17, 1836, in Don- egal county, Ireland, and came with his parents to America in 1843. The journey here was one of extreme peril, and well-nigh proved fatal. The steamer they embarked on, encountered a severe storm and was beached on the Isle of Man ; sailed to Liverpool, and from there to America, landing at New York, August 1843, located in Brooklyn, where, after leaving school, James was engaged in carpenter work until 1855, when the family came to Minnesota, settling in Eden Prairie. James remained in St. Paul, at his trade for about two years, after which he went to New York and in 1861 married Miss Prudence Sterritt, who bore him ten children, all living except one. Returned to Minnesota in 1862, and, leaving his family here, went South and was employed at his trade in the Quartermaster's Department of Maj. General Thomas' command. In 1864, went to Illinois in the employment of the Chicago and Alton R. R. Co. April 1865, went to St. Louis, and Sedalia, Missouri, returning to his family in October. In 1868 went to Tennessee, remained there sixteen months. After the death of his father, in 1878, he settled on the old homestead, where he has since remained. John Cavanaugh was born in King's county, Ireland, June, 1831, and lived with his father un- til twenty-two years of age ; came to America ; spent one year on Long Island, then tried the fortunes of the sea, sailing on the " James Ad- gers " and the " Nashville," plying between South Carolina and New York. After this, spent two years at Cooperstown, and in 1857 came to St. Paul ; from there to Shakopee, where he remained eighteen months. 1858, married Miss Ellen Mo- riarty. Twelve children have been born to them. The living are George S., John R., Henry, Mary L., James O., Charles A., Eugene F., and Ellen A. In 1858, purchased the farm where he now 286 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. lives, which is pleasantly situated north of Lake Riley. William F. Hulbert was born in Pittsfleld, Michigan, in 1837 ; removed with his parents to Ann Arbor in 1854 ; attended school one year, then engaged in farming until 1861, when he came to Eden Prairie, and bought a tract of land. In the fall returned to Michigan, and in Decem- ber, 1863, married Miss Rachel Booth, of Lodi, Michigan, who has borne him two children. Has been active in educational matters, and several times a member of the town^ board. His pleas- ant farm residence, is about one mile from the station of Eden Prairie. William J. Jarrett was born September 14th, 1823, in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania; attended the Moravian school until fifteen years of age. In 1838, removed to Allentown, and engaged in farming until 1840 ; went to Philadelphia as cur- rier, for a short time ; thence to Mauch Chunk, following the same trade until the spring of 1857, when he came to St. Anthony, and engaged with his brother in the Jarrett House, for a short time ; thence to Eden Prairie. While in Pennsylvania, married Miss Susan Detwiler, of Mauch Chunk ; has had six children, five of whom are living. Has been a been a member of the town board several times. H. E. Lowell, is a native of New Hampshire. Born in Sullivan county, February 6th, '25. Re- ceived an academic education, attending school at West Boylston, and completed his studies at Wil- braham, Masis. Was principal of the Academy at Colebrook, Ct., for two years. In 1853 came to Hudson,Wis., thence to St. Paul,where he engaged in dairy business with L. C. Collins. In the spring of 1854 he made a homestead claim in Carver coun- ty, in the town of Chanhassen, and engaged in farming and stock-raising until 1863; sold, and moved to Excelsior, spending six years in the em- ploy of the Northwestern Life Insurance Co. Then went to fruit-growing. After a few years of experimental culture, enlarged his business by purchasing the farm on which he now lives, one and a half miles southwest from Eden Praire Station. Planted ten acres to trees, and has been very successful in developing some choice varie- ties of apples and small fruits. Married, in 1852, Miss Maria Holma% of Wilbraham, Mass. Had five children, four now living. Andrew W. . Mitchell was born in Bally Bay, Monaghan county, Ireland, February 14th, 1831. Came with his father's family to America in 1852, arriving at New Orleans May 1 st. Came from there to St. Anthony by steamer. In July his father made claims in Eden Prairie, upon which they settled in the fall. His father died January 10, 1866. The subject of this sketch was married September 10, 1857, to Miss Francis Anderson. They have five children, Elizabeth A., Andrew W. Jr., Martha J., Fanny and Henry H. Their pleasant rural home is in the central part of the town, and north of Staring Lake. Tliomas Ohm, was born in Germany, February 10th, 1829, lived with his parents until the age of fifteen, and came to America in '48, stopped in Mil- waukee a short time ; thence to Galena, Illinois, where he remained for two years. Came to Min- nesota in 1851 ; located in Carver county, after- wards removed to Eden Prairie. Was married June, 1856, to Miss Mary Easier of Illinois. They have had eleven children ; six are now living: Chas. T., Mary A., Alfred H., John H., Mary M., and Anna L. He enUsted August, 1864, in Company F, 11th Minnesota Volunteers, was in General Thomas' command eleven months ; returned in 1865, when he sold his farm in Carver county and bought, land adjoining his Eden Prairie home on section 6. William B. Paine, was born in Somerset county, Maine, September 10th, 1814. He lived with his father, and attended school luitil he reached the age of twenty-one. In 1855, he came to Minne- sota, and pre-empted the farm on \Yhich his son Ezra now lives. He has owned several tracts of land in Eden Prairie. In March, 1840, he was married to Miss Rosaiina Kempton, of Maine ; she died in 1868. They had six children, three of whom are now living. Peter Ritchie, was born in Canada, October 19, 1828. At tlie age of twenty-two, went toCollin- wood and engaged jn mercantile business, then removed to Pickering, and established a whole- sale cigar house. Married Miss Margaret Kidd in 1854. Have had eight children, seven of whom are living. Came to St. Paul in the fall of 1856, remained there during the winter, then settled in what is now Acton, Meeker county, which town he named. This town has since become noted as the place where the first blood was shed in the HBEN PBAIBIE-BIOGBAPHIGAL. 237 Indian massacre of 1862. Went to Canada this year on account of the Indian outrages, and re- turned in 1864. Lived in Scott county six years. Rented the farm he has since bought, situated on Minnesota river, where he does quite a freighting business, using his own barge. Matthew O. Riley was born in Ireland in 1830. Attended school until fifteen years of age. Came to America in the spring of 1845. Worked in a cotton factory in Lowell, Massachusetts; also on the Meredith Bridge public works. Then to farming in Massachusetts until 1852, when he came to Minnesota. Went from St. Paul to Sauk Rapids on the steamer Governor Ramsey. Re- turned to St. Anthony, spending some time in the St. Charles Hotel, then running a ferry-boat at Fort Snelling. In 1853 located where he now lives. Married Miss Elizabeth Austin, July 22d, 1858. Had five children, three now living: James F., Elizabeth, and Margaret. Mr. Riley is one of the oldest settlers of the county. Jonas Staring, born in Herkimer county, New York, May 6th, 1809. His father died when he was eight years old, and the family located in Lewis county, New York, where he followed farming for ten years. Carried on a grocery for two years at Little Falls, New York. Went to boating on the Erie canal, captain of the Erin, a freight and passenger boat. Bought and run the packet boat Ann Allen, four seasons. Sold out, went to In- diana, and run a boat on the Wabash & Erie canal. His health failing he returned to New York. At Utica he established a large clothing house, employing 380 persons. Came to Minne- sota in 1854, bought his present location, built a house, the first frame in the town, and soon moved his family here. Married Miss Hannah De Voe in 1833. Had five children, two now living: Myron S. and Mary A. John H. Staring was born in Martinsburgh, N. Y., August 26th, 1830. At nine years of age, removed to Jefferson county, where he remained until twenty-one years of age. Went as sailor on the brigs " Manchester," "Northern Light " and "New York." Came to Eden Prairie in 1856, remaining there for five years, and in Min- neapolis one year. Married Miss Margaretta Brewster, April 28th, 1861, by whom he had nine children, six now living: Matilda M., Net- tie F., Cora A., Ada M., Sarah J. and John H. Barnard C. Stewart was born in St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 8, '56. His father came to Minnesota when Barnard was one year old and bought the farm on which he now lives on section twenty-seven. Attended school until eighteen. November 12th, 1879, married Miss Addle Cooper, of Blooming- ton. They have one child, Mary J. C. B. Tirrell, was born September 25th, 1836, in Androscoggin county, Maine. He received his education at the Lewiston Fall Academy. At the age of eighteen he came to Minnesota, and in the summer of 1855, taught one term of school in St. Anthony. After this, he came to Eden Prairie , and taught the first winter school in the town, during the winter of 1855-6. In the fall of 1855, his father came to Eden Prairie, and pre-empted the farm now owned by Chesley. In 1858, he went to Shakopee, began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, March, 1860. He practiced with L. L. Baxter, in Chaska, and in 1861 enlisted in Company C, First Minnesota Infantry, and served imtil discharged for disability, in 1864. E. A. Tuckey was born in Chenango county, N. Y. , August 17th, 1826. At twenty-one started for the North-west, visiting Detroit, Chicago, Galena and Mackinaw. Returned to New York and worked at the carpenter trade until he came West in 1855 and settled in Scott county. Re- mained there fourteen years; then went to Lake Crystal and was engaged in business about two years. In the meantime, bought his present place on section twenty-seven, Eden Prairie. Served three years in Company A. Fourth Minnesota Vol- unteer Infantry, participating in the battles of Corinth and luka, in the siege of Vicksburg, and in Sherrnan's march to the sea. Returned home in the fall of 1864. Married Miss Marcina Baxter, of Steuben county, N. Y., in 1850. Ten children have been born to them, eight of whom are now living: SelahP., ZellaM., AnnM., Emma M., Abbie A.. Ida R., Edson N. and Harry H. Jacob Wolf was born in Prussia in 1828, and came to this country in 1847. After various bus- iness ventures in the East he visited the North- west and in 1854 came to Minnesota and located on his present farm in 1855. Has been twice married, his union with his present wife occurring in 1875. Has three children by his present wife and three by his first. His residence is on sec- tion twenty-six. 2S8 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. MINNETONKA. CHAPTER XXXIX. GENERAL DEgCEIPTIOST — FIRST SETTLERS — OR- GANIZATION—POST OFFICES— OFFICIAL ROS- TER — VILLAGES CHURCHES SOCIETIES SCHOOLS— HOTELS— 3IILLS— RAILROADS— BIO- GRAPHICAL. Minnetonka, is located in the southern part of Hennepin county, and was covered with a heavy growth of timber in the western portion of the town, and with a light growth of underbrush in the eastern part. The surface is rolling, with occasional mounds of considerable height. The soil is principally a sandy loam, while in some portions of the eastern part, a clay loam appears. A number of Lakes are scattered over the town, the principle one being Shady Oak Lake, which is a beautiful body of water, located in the south- east part. Gray's Lake, a larger body of water, is located on Section 8, in the north-western part. Glenn Lake, in the southern part on section 34, Crane Lake, in the north-eastern part on section 2 and Shell Lake on Section 14. Wayzata bay, the eastern arm of Lake Minnetonka, is in the north- western part of the town, and many fine cottages now adorn its banks. FIRST SETTLEMENT. The first settlers in the town were Simon Ste- vens and James Shaver, Jr., who came in the spring of 1852, Mr. Stevens locating on section 15. This was before land could be entered, obliging Mr. Shaver and Mr. Stevens to build a shanty and occupy it to hold possession, until sucli a time as they could legally enter and secure it. On ac- count of a valuable mill site, Mr. Shavei- located his claim on sections 17 and 18, on the south shore of Wayzata Bay. Mrs. James Shaver was the first white woman in the town. Later in the year, came James Mountain, Mrs. Mary Gordon and five sons, John McGalpin, George Andrews, and John Bourgeois. Mrs. Gordon settled on what is now the county poor farm. James Moun- tain, after remaining a short time, sold his claim and left. George Andrews sold his claim early the following spring to Mr. J. P. Miller. Mr. Bourgeois and Mr. McGalpin built a shanty on the east shore of "Wayzata bay, on a spot now known as "Bourgeois' Mound." There they remained until the spriiig of 1853, when they moved into what aftei-wards became the village of Minnetonka. Here Mr. Bourgeois built the first blacksmith shop west of St. Anthony. That same spring Simon Stevens, Calvin Tuttle, Horace Webster and others began the erection of a saw mill, which they completed and had in operation that fall, on the site now occupied by the Minnetonka Mills. Mrs. James Shaver, the pioneer woman of the town, did the cooking for the men who worked on the mill. From the 8th of November, 1852, until the 24th of Jan., 1853, she never saw a white woman. At that time Mr. O. E. Garrison and A. B. Robinson came with their famiUes and settled on the present site of Wayzata. Mr. Rob- inson building his shanty on the spot where the Arlington House now stands. Later in 1853, came Mr. J. P. Miller, Pascal SpafEord, W. S. Chowen, W. B. Harrington, A. N. Gray, Samuel Bartow, Horace Webster, 1?. E. McKinney, and D. E. Dow. Pascal Spafford built the second building in the village of Minnetonka, and occu- pied it lis a store, which was the first store in the town. Some of the early settlers have left the town, among whom are O. E. Garrison, now in St. Cloud, Simon Stevens at Clearwater, Horace Webster near the same place, Calvin Tut- tle at Two Rivers, and W. B. Harrington who died at Hutchinson, McLeod county several years ago. Most of the others are still living in the town. Many incidents connected with the early history MINNETONKA—OBGANIZATION. 239 of the town might be mentioned would the limits of this work permit. One, however, is deserving of special notice. The Indian chief. Little Six, and his band of braves, camped on Wayzata Bay, near the present site of Wayzata village, during the winter of 1852 and 1853, returning every winter follow ing until the outbreak of the Sioux in 1862. Although they were not considered particularly dangerous, they were a constant source of annoyance on account of their begging and pilfering propensities. Lit- tle Six was considered an exemplary Indian, who was cleanly, manly and brave, but his son. Little Six, as frequently happens with the sons of white sires, was of a different type. He was a drunken, worthless vagabond. Let him see a bottle, and a demand for it was immediately in order, no mat- ter what was in it, especially if it was in the possession of a woman. This was the fatal snare he fell into, after the . massacre. Knowing this habit, a bottle was dmgged and given to a woman who lived where he was supposed to be sure of visiting. He came, saw the bottle, demanded it, and -eagerly drank of its contents and was soon imder the influence of the drug, when he was secured and afterwards hung with "Medicine Bottle " at Fort Snelling. In the spring of 1854, settlement became more rapid, and the town began to take on the appear- ance of civilization. As each new settler came, he added strength to the number, as well as in- creasing its material prosperity. One remarkable as well as pleasing feature in connection with the history of this town, is the fact that the people have very little use for a Justice of the Peace, or a Constable. Their office has been almost entirely nominal. The first white children born in the town were Bayard T. and Bernard G. Shaver, twin sons of James and Sarah C. Shaver, in August, 1853. Bayard teaches school in the winter and works on the farmer in the summer. Bernard is a carpen- ter and joiner. No more births occurred until February 1855, when S. M. Bartow was born. The first death occurred in June, 1855 ; that of Mr. Waters, who had just arrived with his family from Pennsylvania, 'having contracted the cholera on board the boat upon which he took passage. It occurred about a week after his arrival. Like all new communities, the people heartilv sympa- thized with his bereaved family, doing all they could to ameliorate their sad condition. Nearly the entire population attended the funeral. The coffin was made by Mr. A. N. Gray, and the body buried in Groveland Cemetery. His wife, now living in Excelsior, has since been twice married. A few days later a Mr. Jordan died of the same disease, and soon after a young man at Wayzata, followed in a few days by the mother of Mr. O. E. Garrison. The latter death was caused by fright, she being an old lady and quite feeble. The first marriage in the town, was Newton Sperry to Mrs. Waters, in the spring of 1857, at the house of W. S. Chowen. The ceremony was performed by James Shaver, Justice of the Peace, he being the first one to hold that office in the town previous to its organization. The first citizen of the town elected to the state legislature was W. S. Chowen, who was elected in the fall of 1857, and served until March, 1858. ORGANIZATION. The first meeting for the organization of the township occurred on the eleventh of May, 1858, at what was then the Minnetonka Hotel, part of which is now the residence of C. H. Burwell, and Samuel Bartow was chosen chairman, pro tem., B. M. Vanalstine, clerk, pro tem., with L. W. Eastman for moderator. On motion , it was voted unanimously, that Minnetonka be the name of the town. The electors then proceeded to ballot for town officers, and elected for Supervisors, Fred- erick Bassett. chairman, B. M. Vanalstine and J. P. Miller ; Clerk, George McKinley ; Assessor, L. W. Eastman ; Collector, H. E. Eddy ; Over- seer of the Poor, John McGann ; Constables, M. B. Stone, A. R. Richards ; Justices of the Peace, A. B. Robinson, J. C. Clay ; Road Overseer, John McKenzie. The first meeting of the board was held at the office of the Town Clerk, in the vil- lage of Minnetonka, May 28th, 1858. No busi- ness of importance was transacted, and they ad- journed to meet June 21 , 1858. At this meeting the road districts of the town were divided, and numbered, one, two, three, and four, respectively. The second town meeting was held in the village of Minnetonka, April 5th, 1859, at the Minne- tonka Hotel. The first wagon road laid out by the town, was called the Harrington road. It was surveyed by B. F. Christleib, and reported 240 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. by him to the town board, January 21st, 1860. It began at J. S. Harrington's house, near the lakie shore, and ran in a northeasterly direction, until it intersected the Watertown road, about a mile west of the village of Wayzata. POST OFFICES. The first post oflSce in the town was established at Minnetonka early in the year of 1855, and Pas- cal Spafford appointed the first postmaster. He was succeeded by George McKinley, who held it until 1861, when A. B. Kobinson was ap- pointed, and held it until he enUsted in the army. Then Calvin A. Tuttle was appointed. Late in 1864, Thomas Morse was appointed, and the office was moved to his residence, on the east side . of section 17. In 1867, M. A. Page was appointed and the office moved back to Minnetonka, where it has since remained. E. E. Perkins was ap- pointed in April 1868, followed by H. M. Vroman in 1870, George Browning in 1874, H. M. "V^roman again in 1875 and C. H. Burwell in 1876; he is the present postmaster. The second post office in the town was estab- lished at Wayzata in 1855, and a Mr. Chapman appointed postmaster, with A. W. Day, deputy, who subsequently was appointed postmaster, his wife attending to the duties of the office. Of her, many amusing stories are told. One of them was, that when parties called for their mail, the old lady would reach down into the capacious depths of her pocket and draw out the package of letters, carefully look them over and give out the letters, if any, and return the rest to her " petticoated " post office. She also had a very inquisitive mind. Well, what woman has not? Particularly, when an unopened letter is passing through her hands. Wm. Dudley was appointed to the office in 1858, and continued until 1862, when it was discontin- ued. In the spring of 1865, the office was re- established and named Freeport, and A. O. Mat- son appointed postmaster. The people doing business through the office, particularly the old settlers, were not pleased with the new name, and it was finally changed to Wayzata again, late in 1866. In 1867 Mr. 0. E. Stimpson was appointed, and remained until July , 1 869 . He was succeeded by J. S. Harrington in 1870, J. T. Dudley in 1872, G. W. Hedderly in 1874; November 16, 1874, A. K. Eichards; May 8th, 1879, G. W. Hedderly was again appointed, and now holds the office. South Plymouth post office was established soon after the office at Wayzata was vacated, and located about a mile and a half east. F. A. Clay was appointed postmaster, and held the office until the re-establishment of the office at Wayzata, when the South Plymouth office was discontinued. OFFICIAL BOSTEB. The present officers for the town are: Super- visors, W. S. Chowen, B. F. Keesling, J. K. Jack- son; Town Clerk, D. M. Burwell; Treasurer, G. M. Burnes; Assessor, E. W. Bartow; Justices of the Peace, D. M. Burwell, J. H. Empenger; Con- stable, F. L. Perkins. Population of the township of Minnetonka, in- cluding villages, 1,974. It contains 21,712 acres of land, which was assessed in 1880 at §282,254. Town lots, $12,291. The assessed valuation of personal property for the same year was 341,683. Total amount of taxes for 1880, $3,817. VILLAGES. The village of Wayzata is located in the north- western part of the town, on the Breckenridge division of the St. P., M. & M. E. E., and was laid out by O. E. Garrison in 1854, who erected a steam saw-mill and run it about a^year, then sold it to parties who took it down and moved it. Af- ter making a few other improvements, he sold his interest to L. C. Walker, a non-resident, who took little interest in the village, and its progress was slow. After his death in 1862, the property was in such a condition that Xt could not be sold until a few years ago. Since then a little in- crease in the population has been made. Has one general store and one grocery and confection- eiy store. ^Vvlington, Gleason, and ^Slinnetonka Hotels, open only for summer visitors. A tem- perance society was organized in 1877 with about lifty members. Tliere is a fine school-house, whi(;li was erected in l.s70, with sixty scholars attending. The third school in the town was taught here. The village of Minnetonka was laid out by Messrs. Stevens, Tuttle and Webster, in 1854 on section five. The platted portion of it comprises about thirty-five acres. Only a few buildings oc- cupy the platted part, most of them being built on land owned by the Minnetonka Mill Company. MINNET0NKA—GHUBGHE8, SCHOOLS, ETC. 241 One store is all there is at present. It is located on the line of the St. Paul, MinneapoUs & Man- itoba Eailroad. The Minnetonka branch of the Minneapolis & St. Louis, runs through the south part of the village. In January, 1881, Mr. C. M. Loring, of Minneapolis, President of the Minne- tonka Mill Company, donated a number of books and magazines to the people of the village for the purpose of estabUshing a free library, with J. C. Emmet for librarian. It is named " The Lor- ing Library," and is located in the office of the Minnetonka Mill Company. CHURCHES. St. John's Church, Episcopal, is located in the west of Minnetonka village, and was built by the Rev. J. S. Chamberlain, a pioneer missionary, in 1858, and consecrated by Bishop Kemper at that time. In 1857-'8 the village deoUned and with it the church. In November, 1872, Eev. Dr. Knickerbacker took hold of it, had it enlarged, re-modeled and painted. It was consecrated by Bishop Whipple, Dec. 2d, 1872. Since that time services have been maintained twice a month. About fifteen families are connected with it, and it has a Sunday-school of about thirty members. D. M. Burwell, superintendent. Bohemian Catholic Church. This structure was begun in the fall of 1879, and located on section 36. Have no regular preaching, but have readings by some member every Sunday. Presbyterian. The protestant element of the Bohemian settlement, have regular weekly meet- ings at the houses of the members. J. H. Empen- ger and Frank Bren act as readers. They are now preparing to build a church. SOCIETIES. Minnetonka Lodge of Good Templars was organized in 1867 with a large membership, and was one of the prominent lodges of the county. It has been in a flourishing condition. Minnetonka Grange of the Patrons of Hus- bandry, No. 327, was organized July 28th, 1873, with W. S. Chowen, M.; Winslow Baker, O.; E. E. Perkins, Lect., C. D. Miller, Steward ; H. M. Vroman, Assistant Steward; S. K. Churchill, Chaplain ; E. Eidam, Treasurer ; A. E. Shaver, Secretary ; L. S. Hedderly, Gate Keeper ; Ceres, Mrs. J. B. Perkins ; Flora, Mrs. M. M. Chowen ; Pomona, Mrs. S. C. Shaver ; Lady Assistant 16 Steward, Mrs. M. E. Vroman. The membership is now forty-three. Present place of meeting, Groveland school house. SCHOOLS. The first school house in the town was built in the present district of 58, in the fall of 1854, and was a neat log structure, 20x24 feet. First school taught in the summer of 1855, by Miss Mary Car- man — had about ten scholars, now have sixty- five. The log school house was used until 1871, when the present one was built across the road from the old site. It is 24x30 ft. , with a seat- ing capacity for sixty. Costing 11 ,100. The second school was taught in Minnetonka village by Miss Elizabeth Hainer. They built the present house in the fall of 1875. HOTELS. ArUngton House, Wayzata, was built in the spring of 1880 by Hyser & Brown, at a cost of $25,000, including furniture and fixtures. The main building is 42x150 feet, with a wing 40x75. It has 104 rooms besides parlors, dining rooms, etc. with a capacity for 150 guests ; occupies a beau- tiful site on the north shore of Wayzata bay, just east of the village, commanding a fine view of the main lake. Minnetonka House, located in the central part of the village of Wayzata, was built in 1870, by Henry Maurer and William Eockwell, at a cost of $3,500. An addition was put on in 1876, cost- ing $1,100. It now has a capacity for the accom- modation of fifty guests, and is exclusively a summer hotel. Gleason House, located in the central part of the village of Wayzata, was originally built for a summer boarding house, by A. O. Madison. The present proprietor, Mr. H. L. Gleason, bought it • in 1871, built an addition and fitted it up for a summer resort, and now has all the conveniences for the accommodation of thirty guests. MILLS. The Minnetonka Mill property, consisting of 640 acres of land, with the houses and water power, was bought by T. N. Perkins in 1868, who built a grist mill 44x32, ^ stories high, and put in three runs of stone and other necessary machinery. In 1870, Edwin Hedderly and' H. 242 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. M. Vroman bought the property, and continued the business four years. In 1874 Loren Pletcher and C. M. Loring, bought Hedderly's one-half interest. Messrs. Fletcher, Loring & Vroman, in the summer of 1874, organized a stock company to be known as the Minnetonka Mill Company, dating from October 20th, 1874. They immediately re- fitted the mill, adding to it a wing 26x44 feet, and to the machinery four run of burrs, six purifiers, and considerable other machinery. They built an elevator 30x40, and thirty feet high, holding about 30,000 bushels, and a warehouse 30x30, three stories high. In 1876 Vroman sold his in- terest to Fletcher and Loring. In 1878 the com- pany added to the mill, so that it now stands on the ground 72x58 feet, and four stories high, also adding to the machinery two run of burrs, four setts of rolls, two purifiers, and other machinery. The same year they built an addition to their ware- house, making it 30x74; built an engine-house 30x38 feet, and put in a Keynolds-Corliss engine of one hundred horse-power. Also placed in their wheel-pit a 66-inch American turbine wheel, and are now using both steam and water. The pres- ent equipment of the mill is five runs of stone, eleven double setts of rolls, eleven purifiers, and is now manufacturing 300 barrels of flour per day; has storage for. 50 ,000 bushels of wheat, 4,000 barrels of flour and 150 tons of bran. A cooper-shop, 24x80, two stories, with room for thirty- two men, supplies the mill with barrels. The market for their flour is mainly in New York, Boston and Europe. The mill gives con- stant employment to eighteen men, who are paid as wages, about $10,000 per annum. With the mill are twelve houses, owned by the company, in which the employes reside. This property is on the St. Paul, Minneapolis .& Manitoba Kail- way, ten miles from Minneapolis, and also on the Minnetonka branch of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway. St. Albans Mill. Located on Minnehaha Creek. It is 35x45 feet, three stories high, and built in 1874, by John Alt & Co., for a "newprocess mill." Alt & Co. sold it to Schafer and Fuller, in 1876, who finding the water insuflicient, put in a thirty horse power engine. They sold in 1878 to R. W. Hanson, who is the present proprietor. RAILBOADS. The St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Ry. (Breckenridge division) crosses the town north of the center. This road has also a surveyed line, leaving the main line about a mile west of Way- zata, and extending southwest to Lake Minne- tonka. The Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway have a surveyed line partly ironed, leaving their main line at Hopkins Station, andrunning north- west to the village of Minnetonka, thence west- erly and crossing the west line of section 18, a short distance south of the quarter post, and ter- minating at present, near the Hotel St. Louis, on the east shore of Lake Minnetonka. The main line of this road, passes through the sputheast part of the town. The Benton Cut Off of the H. & D. division of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, crosses the town nearly parallel to the main line of the M. & St. Louis R. R. BIOGRAPHICAL. Samuel Bartow, born in Ohio, April 18th, 1818. When nineteen, bought a farm in Monroe county. Lived there until the fall of 1849, when he lo- cated in Bartholomew county, Indiana. Lived there three years, teaching school part of the time, then went to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and St. Louis, Mo.; from there by steamer to St. Paul and to Minnetonka. Made a claim to the farm on which he now lives, located on the south shore of Lake Minnetonka. Married in 1839 to Mary McKenney. They have five children. He has held the office of county commissioner and has been prominent in the affairs of the town. Robert W. Bartow, born in Monroe county, Ohio, May 10th, 1845. In 1849 moved to Indi- ana, then to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Came to Min- nesota in 1852, and worked with his father on the farm; then bought the one on which he now lives. Married Miss E. M. Page, July, 1869, who died March 17th, 1879. Has two children: Horace B. and Robert W. Joseph Bren, born in Bohemia, October 19th, lH2>s. Married September 28th, 1850, to Miss Anna Pliillipi, of Bohemia. In 1854, came to America. Lived in Gallatin, Racine county, Wisconsin, one year. Came to Minnetonka and located where he now lives. Has a fine farm. They have eight children: Joseph, Frank, John, William, Josephine, Edward, Benjamin, George. MINNETONKA—BIOQBAPHICAL. 243 Frank Bren was bom in Bohemia, March 26th, 1838. Came to America in 1854, and settled in Minnetonka; in 1858, bought the farm on which he now lives, situated two miles from Hopkins Station. Enlisted August 22d, 1864, in company E, Independent Battallion Cavalry. Discharged May 1st, 1866. Married September 26th, 1870, to Josephine Miller. Have eight children, Anna, Frank, Alice, Joseph, Samuel, Daniel, llosa, and Elizabeth. Thomas C. Bryant was born in Maine, Decem- ber 10th, 1843. In 1856 he came to Saint Paul, spent, one year, then went to Ohio. Enlisted in company B, Third Ohio Veteran Volunteer Cav- alry. Mustered out at Nashville, Tenn. Re- turned to Ohio and turned his attention to cooper- ing. April 19th, 1868, married Amelia Hanford. Came to Minneapolis in 1872, and worked at cooperage till 1873, when he came to Minnetonka and worked at his trade one year longer. Then he bought the farm on which he now lives. Alanson G. Butler' was born in Hallo well, Maine, December 30th, 1816. When 23 years old went to New York, and remained there three years. "Worked five years in the lumber regions of Pennsylvania. In 1856, came to Minneapolis, stayed one year, then went to Wright county and opened a farm. Lived on it till 1875, when he came to Minnetonka where he has since lived, and for the last two seasons, carried on the dairy business. September 22d, 1853, married Louis- anna Marsh, of Pennsylvania. They have one child, Minnie May. John M. Chastek, born in Bohemia, February 24, 1837. In 1854 came to America. Lived in Bacine county, Wisconsin, till 1855, when he came to Minnetonka, and in 1864 bought the farm on which he now lives. EnUsted in Company E, Hatch's Battallion, Minnesota Volunteers. Was mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1866. Married Annie Pribyl, of Wisconsin, March 17, 1868. They have seven children, Apolona, Anna, John, Frank, Emil, PetroUna and George. Joseph H. Chowen was born May 1, 1831, in Monroe, Wyoming county, Penn. Lived there twenty-three years, then came to Minnesota and located the farm he now lives on in Minnetonka. He established a nursery in the spring of 1880. Married Jane Fuller, March, 1859, who died Sep- tember 1872. In 1873, was married to Caroline E. Gunn. He has seven children, four by his first wife. William S. Chowen, bom in Green county, N. Y., June 22d, 1826. Moved to Wyoming county, Pennsylvania. At twenty years of age, he went to White Haven, and engaged in lumbering ; fol- lowed it for eight years, and one year lumbering in Virginia. Came to Minnesota in 1853, and located the farm in Minnetonka on which he now lives. Helped build the first school house in the town. In 1857, was elected to the first Legisla- ture of the state, and introduced the Agricultural School bill and a memorial to Congress for an agricultural land grant, for college purposes. . Both bills were passed while he was in the House. Enlisted, August, 1864, in Co. F, Eleventh Minn. Inf., with the rank of Sergeant. Stationed at Nashville and Gallatin, Tennessee. Mustered out, 26th of June, 1865, at Fort SnelUng. Has been several times chairman of town board. Married, May 25, 1865, to Mary M. Frear; have six chil- . dren. Salmon E. Churchill, born in Trumbull county, Ohio, February 28d, 1823. Lived there twenty- one years, and learned the shoemaker's trade. Came to Minnesota in 1856, and located where he now lives. Enlistedin 1861 in the Second Compa- ny Minnesota Sharpshooters, and was mustered . out in 1862, on account of disability, at Washing- ■ ton, D. C. Health improved, andhe enlisted again in Co. F, Eleventh Minn. Inf. On September 4th, 1850, he married Sarah Hoagland. They have had four children. Two are now living. T. Connolly, born in Ireland in 1842. Came to Minnesota in 1860, stopped in St. Paul short time, and went to Georgetown in the employ of the Hud- son Bay Company for two years, when the Indians compelled the company to leave. In 1863 went to Lake Winnipeg, as trader for the Hudson Bay Company; returned to St. Paul 1864, and to Minneapolis in 1867 and worked five years lumbering. Then as patrolman on the police force for three years, court officer one year, and captain one year. In 1878 he was appointed Superuitendent of Hennepin county Poor farm Married Anna Kelley in 1867. They have three children, two boys and one girl. William Dobson, born in England, February 14, 1837, came to America in 1857 and to Min- nesota, stopping in St. Paul until 1861, when he 244 HJ.8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, enlisted in company D, Second Minnesota Infant- ry; was at the battles of Sliiloh and Corinth, served four years, mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 1865. Returned to St. Paul, and lived there until 1871, when he located on the farm where he now lives. Married, August 1866, to Anna Vernon. They have four children. Daniel E. Dow, born in Maine, January 25, 1831, lived there twenty-one years, then came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, and worked at black- smithing for two years ; pre-empted land on Lake Calhoun, sold it, and located tlie farm on which he now lives. In 1880 visited the old home in Maine. Married Mrs. Belinda Hamilton, Septem- ber 6, 1855. Thev have three children now living. Edward H. Eidam, born in Germany 1839. Came to America when young, and moved from place to place. In 1853 came to Eillmore county, Minnesota. Lived there five years, then moved to Decorah, Iowa, and went to school. " Married Susan Bender, December 31, 1860. In 1867 came to MinneapoUs. Lived there a year, then moved to Minnetonka, and worked at coopering till 1877, when he opened the store now owned by him. He has three children now living. Fernando EUingwood, was born in Maine, Octo- ber 27, 1846. Lived there twenty years, then came to St. Anthony. From there to Anoka- where he Uved ten years. 1865 went to Lake George and built a planing, lath and shingle mill. Run it for three years, and in 1868 sold out ; moved to Spencer Brook, Isanti county. Bought a saw mill, and in '70, built a grist mill. Is now sole proprietor. It was the first mill built in that county. Was postmaster five years, and county commissioner three. Married, November 30, 1859, Ellen Carson. Have three children living. Joseph H. Empenger was bom in Bohemia, January 19th, 1847, and came with his parents to America, in 1858, settling in Minnetonka town- ship, where he has followed farming. He held the office of assessor for six successive years, end- ing in 1878. Was elected justice in 1879, and held through tlie following term, on account of his successor failing to qualify. He married Anna Miller, November 22, 1871. She was born in Bohemia in 1849. They have four cliildren, Emily E., Edward, Anna and Joseph. A. N. Gray was born in Duchess county, New York, August 29th, 1824. In 1830, moved with parents to Pennsylvania, and engaged in farming until eighteen years of age, when he engaged in lumbering, also learning the trade of millwright. He came to Minnesota in 1853, and settled in Minnetonka township. In August, 1864, he en- listed in Company B, Eleventh Inf., serving in the Commissary Department. He was the first Overseer of Highways in the township after its oirganization, and member of the town board in 1861-2-3. Married Susan A. Chowen, in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, May 30th, 1847. They have had eleven children. Those living are Alcester E. , Phoebe C, Sybilla H., Ernest W., Willie E. and Jessie W. Capt. N. H. Harrison, bom in Petersburgh, Virginia, in 1822. Moved to Hennepin county in 1855, and settled on what is now known as " Harrison Bay," Upper Lake Mnnetonka, and remained there eleven years. Went to Excelsior for about two years, and then returned to the Upper Lake, where he has since lived. Is a ship carpenter by trade, having built the steamers " Mary," " May Queen," and " City of Minneapo- lis," and the sailboat "Coquette." Was one of the first white settlers on Upper Lake Minnetonka. John S. Harrington, born in Canada East, August 11th, 1815. Moved to Western Reserve, Ohio, where he attended school. Then traveled through a part of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa. In 1854, came to Minnetonka, and made a claim to the farm on which he now lives, known as " Lake Side Home." Has been a member of the town board several times. Married Minerva Hoagland, December 23d, 1842. Has six chil- dren now living. William Hoagland, bom in Trumbull county, Ohio, December 16, 1824. Learned the tailor's trade, then turned his attention to farming. In the spring of 1862 came to Minnetonka, Min- nesota,' wliere he has since lived for most of the time ; now furnislies hotels with supplies. Mar- ried Joanna Wakefield, February 27, 1845. They have seven living children. J. R. Jackson, born in Ulster county, New York, March, 1846, and came with his father to St. Paul . Mr. Jackson was one of the first business men in the place. He maide one of the first claims where Minneapolis now stands. John R. enlisted in 1863, in Company F, First Minnesota Cavalry, served fourteen months, was mustered out at Fort MINNETONKA-BIOGBAPHIGAL. 245 Snellingin 1865. Married Lucretia H. Miller of Hennepin county ; they have five children living. Gustavus V. Johnson, born in Clayton county, New York, March 2nd, 1845; learned the trade of ship building. In 1863 enlisted in Company M, 14th New York heavy artillery, and was mus- tered out September 1865, at Rochester. The same fall came to Chicago , worked at ship building , then to Fox Lake, Wisconsin, and did carriage making a number of years. Sold out and went to Winona, then to La Crosse, where he was engaged in boat building four years, thence to White Bear Lake, following same business three years, then to Lake Minnetonka and established a large boat building business. Married Elizabeth BufEett, Sept. 23, 1869. Have two children living. John Kokesh, born in Bohemia January 6, 1830. When twenty-three years old married Josephine Kostlan. Cameto Americain 1868, and settledin Minnetonka, and in 1869, bought the farm on which he now lives. Has ten children. George Ley, born in Wisconsin October 17, 1843. Came to Minnesota in 1857. Settled in Scott county; remained there until 1864, when he went to Montana and engaged in mining five years. Returned and married Lena Spungmann, July 13, 1872. Have three children. In 1873 worked for the Minneapolis & St. Louis R. R. Co., and in 1880, bought the farm where he now lives. Charles Lyons, born in Appleton, Maine, June 11, 1852. In 1871 went to Rockland. Spent two years, then to South Adams, Mass. Was there three years, then went to Charleston, S. C, and to Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky. Came to Minneapolis in 1876 and worked at coopering. In 1879 came to Minnetonka, and has since done cooper work for the Minnetonka Mill Company. David Locke (deceased) born in Virginia, April 13, 1808. Moved to Ohio, and in 1833 married Harriet A. Stafford, who has borne him ten chil- dren. In 1837 went to Indiana, and run the Rockford flouring mill several years. From that to railroad building. Came to Minnetonka in.l855, and made a claim. Returned to Indiana. In 1865 came to Hastings, and in 1866 settled his family in Minnetonka, where he resided until his death, April 16th, 1877. John McGenty (deceased), born in Ireland, 1805. Came to America in 1847. Lived in Ver- mont three years. Then went to Illinois and worked three years. In 1855, came to St. Paul then to Minnetonka, and located the farm on which his sons, Dennis and James, with their mother, now live. Died,Sept., 1877, aged 72 years. Ernst Meyer, born in Prussia, October 22, 1858, and moved with his parents to Germany, where he learned the machinist and miller's trade. In 1876, came to America, and worked in the mills at Hazleton, Iowa; also at Elgin, and Clayton county, Iowa. In 1878, came to Minnetonka^ and worked for the Minnetonka Mill Company. Par- ents now live in Holstein, Germany. John P. Miller, born in Pennsylvania, May 11, 1809. In 1831, married Rachael Parks, who died in 1837. Lived in Lancaster, Ohio, three years ; then went to Crawford county, and engaged in the hotel business. In 1848, went to Rockford, IlUnois, and entered grocery business. In 1849, came to Minnesota. Kept a boarding house in St. Paul, and helped to fit up the hall for the first legislative session. Went to Minnetonka in 1853 and made a claim. He afterwards bought the farm on which he now lives. August, 1844, mar- ried Catherine Didie, of Pennsylvania. They have three children. Charles D. Miller, born in Ohio, May 14th, 1845. When four years old, came with his parents to Minnesota. Attended the first school taught in Hennepin county, in the old Government House, near the Government Mill. August, 1864, enlist- ed in Co. F, Eleventh Minn. Inf. under Capt, Plummer. Was mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1865. In May, 1876, married Emma J. Hawkes, of Hennepin county. They have one child. Frank L. Miller, born in St. Paul, Minnesota, October 10th, 1850. When he was two years old his father moved to the farm m what is now Min- netonka. Received his education in the public schools, and has, with his father and brother, made a good farm. George C. Phillips, born February 28, 1828, in Almond, N. Y. In 1848, established a cooper shop. Run it seven years. In 1854 went to St. Paul, then to Minneapolis. Helped finish the old American House. In 1855 made claim to the farm on which he now lives. February 28th, 1854, married Abigail Smith. Enlisted, 1864, in Co. F, Eleventh Minn. Inf. Was with Gen. Thomas at jSTashville, Tenn., and discharged at St. Paul. 246 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. James K. Robertson, born in Scotland, May 14, 1839. Served an apprenticeship of seven years at machine and engineering work. Run a locomotive on the Glasgow & Southwestern E. R., Scotland, then an engine for BairdBros.' Great Ironworks, Scotland. In 1865 came to America. Was engi- neer in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. Went to Nova Scotia in 1866. Started a tobacco factory in Dartsmouth. Sold it, and in 1876 came to Minneapolis, to work for Camp & Walker. Then came to Minnetonka, and now runs the engine in ■the mill. July 12, 1861, married Ellen Park, of Scotland. They have seven children. Alfred B. Robinson, born in Vermont, May 1, 1815. Went to Whitehall, jST. Y., enlisted in Company I, First U. S. Regular Infantry. Joined his regiment at Prairie du Chien, Wis. There three years. Then ordered to Florida under Col. Zachariah Taylor. Remained there five years. Ordered to Fort Snelllng in 1842. Was there until 1845, when he was discharged. Came to Minnetonka in 1853, and in 1855 located where he now lives. In 1861 enlisted in Company A, Third Minnesota Volunteers. Was discharged and en- listed again in Company B, Sixth Minnesota Vol- unteers. Mustered out, October 1865. He mar- ried Celesta Caddet, who died in 1878. He is the father of three children. Two now living. Frederick Rohlfing, (deceased,) born in Prussia, Dec. 29, 1823. Cameto America in 1844. Lived in St. Louis until 1855, When he came to Minnesota and located the farm on which his widow and fam- ily now live. Married Wilmina Telgman, of St. Louis, 1856, and returned to his home in Minne- tonka. They have five children now living. Mrs. E. is an active member of the church, and now superintendent of the Sabbath-school. Mr. Rohlf- ing died November 15th, 1878. Edward D. Shanton, bom in Ohio, March 4th, 1839. Learned the miller's trade. Was superin- tendent of the Shanesville flouring mills for three years. In 1867 he came to Minneapolis and run the Island Mills, Summit Mills, North Star Mill, and the Galaxy Mills. In 1878 went to Minne- tonka, and has since had charge of the mills there. In 1862 enlisted in Company II, 73d In- diana Infantry. Was in several battles, and taken prisoner at Cedar Gap, Georgia, taken to Belle Island, and after a time exchanged. Mustered out at Nashville, Tenn. Married in 1860 to Margaret Schultz. They are the parents of eight children. Bayard T. and Bernard G. Shaver, twin broth- ers, and first white children born in Minnetonka, August 12th, 1853. Here the brothers have lived with their parents, and received their education at the second school organized in the county. Bayard has given his attention to teaching, and Bernard to millwright and carpenter work. Bay- ard (Jast the first vote of any native-bom man in the township. They live on the oldest farm in the town. Eldridge A. Shaver was born in Pennsylvania September 27th, 1849, and came to Minnesota when he was a boy. Landed in Minneapolis, stopped with Col. Stevens a few weeks, then came to Minnetonka City. Remained there till 1853 when his father made the claim on which Eldridge now lives. Married Mary S. TuU, April 26th, 1874. Two children have been bom to them. Sarah C. Shaver was bom in Greene county, N. Y., July 5, 1824. Married James Shaver Sep- tember 27th, 1849. In 1851 :Mr. Shaver came to Minnesota. In 1852 his family came, when he made a claim and settled on the south shore of Lake Minnetonka. Their two sons were the first white children born in the township, and the first native born voters, and their mother the first white woman to settle in the town. Mrs. Shaver and son Bayard attended the Centennial Expo- sition, and remained in the east three years. I George M. Stankard, was born in Ohio, June 27th, 1857. Learned the miller's trade. Went I to Toledo and worked in the South Toledo Mills. In 1877 he moved to Xiles, ^lichigan. Worked in River Side mills till October, 1877, when he came to Minneapolis. Worked in the Pillsbury mill until 1878, then for Croswell and Syme at Long Lake as head stone dresser. In 1880 took the same position with the ^ilimietonka Mill com- pany. His father and family live in Ohio. Knight II. Whipple, born in Foster, Providence county, R. I., July 29, 1836. Went to Providence, worked at the mason's trade for several years. July 1855, came to Minneapolis, lived there three years, helped build the first brick house in the town, built the residence of Rev. Gideon Pond atBloomington. In 1859 made a trip to Red River, . 1864 bought the place on whicli he lives. During the Indian massacre, was Quarter Master under Col. Stevens, at Glencoe. October 1862, married Sarah Fuller. He is the father of one child. EXCELSIOB— GENERAL DESCBIPTION. 247 EXCELSIOR. CHAPTER XL. GENERAL DESCRIPTION — SETTLEMENT — FIRST SETTLERS — EARLY EVENTS — ST. ALBANS — CIVIL HISTORY— CHURCHES— SCHOOLS— MILL — NURSERIES — STATE FRUIT FARM — RAIL- ROADS — SUMMER HOTELS — SOCIETIES — BOATS —BIOGRAPHICAL. Excelsior is situated in the souttiwestern part of the county, the south line of the township sep- arating Hennepin and Carver counties. Nearly one-half of the area of the township is covered by the waters of Lake Minnetonka, leaving but 5,221 acres of land. The surface of the land is rolling and heavily timbered, with here and there small marshes, a few of which are utilized for the production of wild hay. The soil is a close clay, and very pro- ductive. The lake was named soon after the lirst settle- ments were made on its shores. Governor Ram- sey, in his official capacity, as Governor of the territory, visited the lake in company with a large party, and during this visit, it was given its appro- priate name, Minnetonka, the word being derived from the Dahkota, minne meaning water, and tonka meaning large. Lake Minnetonka is noted for the beauty of the scenery of its surrounding shores. Numer- ous points of land project into the lake, some of which are a mile or more in length. They are named from settlers and owners of land on them. Ferguson's and Gibson's on the east shore, Way- zata and Sunrise points on the west shore of the lower lake. In the upper lake, Locke's, Howard and Carman's points derive their names from owners of land thereon. Between these points are bays, some deep, others shallow, the waters of which are plentifully stocked with fish. These bays are known as Robinson, near Wayzata ; Car- son, on the east shore ; St. Alban's, Excelsior and Gideon's on the south, and Holmes Bay on the north. The only one of note in the upper lake, within, the limits of Excelsior, is Carman's. There are several islands within the boundary lines of the town. The largest of these is Big, or Morse's Island, in the lower lake. Brightwood, a small round island, is owned and occupied as a summer residence by H. A. Gale, of Minneapolis. . In the upper lake are situated Enchanted Island, Shady Isle, Spray and Wild Goose Islands. The upper and lower lakes are connected by what is known as Hull's Narrows, originally a small creek, but since widened and deepened to allow the passage of the large steamers plying on the lake. The lakes in the township of Excelsior, aside from Minnetonka, are Lakes Christmas and Gal- pin, both named in honor of early settlers ; the former for Charles W. Christmas, the first county surveyor, and the latter for Rev. Charles Galpin, the first minister in Excelsior. Lake Christmas is located on sections 85 and 36, and is about one . mile in length. Galpin Lake is a small body of water just south of the village. SETTLEMENT. Excelsior was among the first townships in the county, to attract the attention of the prospector in sfearch of a home. The first visit of whites to Lake Minnetonka. was in 1822, when a party from Fort Snelling explored its shores. The first set- tler in Excelsior was Stephen Hull, who located his claim in February, 1853, selecting for his home the site now known as the Lake Park Grounds. He was followed by William LitlTgrow, in the spring of '53, who made a claim of the land now occupied by the "State Fruit Farm." Lith- grow was drowned in the lake in 1854. R. B. McGrath came in May 1853, and still resides in Excelsior. He is the oldest living settler in the 248 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. town. The town of Excelsior owes its name and settlement to a colony, under the title of the ''Excelsior Pioneer Association." They were headed by George M. Bertram and arrived in the summer of 1853. The following "Preamble" to the constitution adopted November 12th, 1852, serves to show that Lake Minnetonka and its surrounding territory, had acquired at that early period, a portion of the notoriety which to-day makes it famous. "PreamftZe. Whereas we, the undersigned, hav- ing associated ourselves into £i body to remove to Minnesota Territory next summer, and occupy some of the government lands now vacated by the late treaty with the Sioux Indians, and hav- ing been on a tour through the Western states last summer, have selected a site for a village and farming country, that for healthfullness of cli- mate, fertility of soil, beauty of scenery and nearness to markets, cannot be surpassed by any other locality in the country ; being within twelve or fifteen miles of two of the most important towns in the territory (St. Paul and St. Anthony Palls) and having a front on a lake, navigable for steam and other boats over forty miles, its waters as clear as crystal and abound with fish. The land around the lake is also supjplied with natural meadow, the country is gently rolling and interspersed with the most beautiful growth of timber that the eye could wish to look upon, consisting of sugar maple, black walnut, butternut, white and *red oak, and a variety of others ; also with wild fruit, grapes and berries of almost every kind. The whole country in fact, possessing almost everything that the heart of man could wish for. Therefore, in order to avail ourselves of all the advantages of an old settled country, and secure ourselves such increase of value as must result from a concentration of numbers upon the land, together with our own efforts in its improvement, erection of a village and settling the farms there- upon, and all the blessings of life: We, cadi and all of us, who subscribe in the following con- stitution, do combine ourselves, our means and our energies, in this enterprise and agree to sup- port and carry into effect its laws. Officers : President, Geo. M. Bertram ; Vice President, John L. Willis ; Secretary, Samuel F. Blodgett ; Treasurer, Edward Bond. Any person at a dis- tance wishing to become a member of this asso- ciation, or wishing information, can have al the information he requires by addressing the President at 268 Grand street. New York." The constitution and by-laws, provided that each person becoming a member, should pay a fee of eight dollars, and one dollar per week as dues, from November 12th, 1852, to July 17th, 1853. That each member should be entitled to a farm, and one village lot of not less than one acre, the farms and lots to be drawn by numbers. Mr. George M. Bertram, the originator of the scheme, visited Lake Minnetonka in the summer of 1852, selected the site of the present village of Excel- sior, returned to New York and organized the Association. While at St. Paul, en route for the East, he met E. B. McGrath, then a resident of Dubuque, Iowa, who became a member of the colony, soon after its organization. About May 1st, 1853, Mr. McGrath started for Minnetonka in advance of Bertram and the remainder of the company. In St. Anthony he met John H. Ste- vens, then acting as agent for the new colony, and received from him instructions to proceed to the site selected, and erect a house for the use of Bertram upon his arrival. A few days later he and E. C. Wiley, set out in company with a sur- veying party which was to locate a government road from St. Anthony to Port Eidgely. They went as far as Lake Christmas, and there the sur- veying party turned back, leaving McGrath and Wiley to find their way alone. A snow-storm arose and they suffered much from exposure. After searching two days they found Stephen Hull, who pointed out to them the site selected by Bertram. They at once commenced the erec- tion of a log house, and put up a shanty for their own use while building the house. The house was ready for occupancy the first week in June. It was two stories in height, built of basswood logs and roofed with shingles procured in St. An- thony. A number of prospectors had visited McGrath and Wiley while building the house, and they often suffered for want of provisions, their generosity leading them to share their sup- plies with the land seekers. The first of the col- onists to arrive was Eev. Charles Galpin, who founded the first church in Excelsior. He was soon followed by Bertram, who arrived with a number of families. The association "mmedi- ately took a claim embracing 160 acres, on the EXGELSIOB—EABLY MYENTS-CIVIL HISTOBY. 249 south shore of the lake. This claim was at once platted into village lots, and was the foundation of the present flourishing village of Excelsior. Mr. McGrath built a frame house and soon after, a carpenter shop, the latter used for public meet- ings. The house still stands. During the win- ter of 1853-4, a meeting was called by President Bertram, at which the name of Excelsior was adopted unanimovisly. FIRST SETTLERS. Peter M. Gideon and A. P. Beeman were among the settlers of 1853. "William Harvey, Silas A. Seamans, Z. D. Spaulding, William Fer- guson and others settled in 1854. Among those who arrived in 1855-'6 and took claims were Eli- jah Carson, Rev. C. B. Sheldon, Enos Day, W. B. Jones and Silas Howard. From this time on the settlement was rapid and the growth of Ex- celsior was an assured fact. Of these early set- tlers, William Ferguson was drowned in 1857. Enos Day died here in 1874. Bertram, after re- maining two or three years with his colony, re- moved to Minneapolis and from there to Monticel- lo, Wright county, where he died. Nearly all the others, of those mentioned, have remained in the homes they have created out of the wilderness. The substantial farm-houses and residences, pleas- antly located on the shores of the lake, bear evi- dence of the prosperity which has attended those who ventured here in early days. EARLY EVENTS. — 1855 TO 1858. The first store was established by M. H. Pease, in 1855. The first mill was erected the same year, by a stock company composed of citizens of the town. It was, a steam saw-mill, and occupied the site on which May's grist-mill now stands. This mill was destroyed by fire in 1858. April 26th, 1858, a newspaper was started by Fred W. Crosby and Henry O. Hammond, called the " Ex- celsior Enterprise." It was short lived as they succeeded in pubUshing but one number. SAINT ALBANS. In 1856, Morris and Hargin platted a village on the south-east shore of Saint Alban's bay, which they called Saiint Albans. A hotel was built by John McKenzie, and a saw-mill erected by Mor- ris and Hargin. The saw-mill burned in 1859. For a short time this village flourished, but the financial crisis of 1857, proved too much for its proprietors, and the village succumbed, and now no trace of it exists. The following is related by an actor in the scene : The proprietors of the village, in order to record their plat were re- quired to produce evidence by a creditable wit- ness, that certain improvements had been made. The gentleman referred to, was taken out from Minneapolis to view the " city " and testify that the improvements required by law had been made. He arrived at the '• city " was shown house number one, then taken out into the woods a short distance, turned round a few times and shown house number two. This was repeated until six houses had been visited. There was but one house in the place and he had been taken to it six times from different directions. One of his visits was to the school {?). Half a dozen urchins had been hastily collected. These were placed in the house during his absence in the woods, and on his return were busily por- ing over their books. The saw-mill was a pile of machinery thrown together. Incidents of this kind were of frequent occurrence in those days. CIVIL HISTORY. April 10th, 1858, the Board of County Commis- sioners designated township No. 117 north, range 23 west, as the town of Excelsior. The first elec- tion was held at the house of John Green, May 11th, 1858. Dr. E. Snell was chosen Moderator, and M. H. Pease, Clerk for the day. The oflScers elected were: Supervisors, B. B. McGrath, chair- man, Lewis Thompson and E. Bennett; Town Clerk, Chas. B. Sheldon; Assessor, Wm. B. Jones; Collector, M. H. Pease; Constables, H. L. Bee- man and P. M. Gideon; Justices, Stephen Hull and Orville Wilcox; Road Commissioner, Morris Powers. List of Chairmen of Supervisors: 1859, Geo. Galpin; 1860, S. Norramon; 1861-'62, Lewis Thompson; 1863, Charles Galpin; 1864, H. L. Beeman; 1865^'66-'67, A. H. Jenkins; 1868-'69, C. F. Adams; 1870, J. H. Clark; 1871-'72; F. G. Gould; 1873-'74, L. F. Sampson; 1875, O. C. Meaker; 1876-'77, Charles May; 1878, R. B. Mc- Grath; 1879, F. G. Gould. The officers elected in 1880 were: Supervisors, L. F. Sampson, chairman, F. G. Gould and A. E. Apgar. Clerk, A. W. Latham; Treasurer, J. H. Letson; Assess- or, G. A. Slater; Justice, W. H. Levan; Consta- ble, H. H. Beers. 250 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. The boundary lines of Excelsior remained as originally designated by the county commission- ers, until March 2d, 1868, at which time the Board detached the territory north of the lake and added the same to the town of Medina. This was done in accordance with the petition of a majority of the voters. The north line of Ex- celsior was made to follow, as nearly as possible, the middle of the northern part of Lake Minne- tonka. At a special town meeting, held November 6th, 1877, the question of gi^ng a subsidy of six thousand dollars to a certain railroad, was de- feated. February 15th, 1878, the town voted aid, to the amount of four thousand dollars, to the Minneapolis & Northwestern railroad. The as- sessed valuation of real estate in the town, ex- clusive of village lots, was in 1880, $155,191. Personal property, S58,716. Total amount of taxes in 1880, $4,064. The population of the township, including the village, is 930. CHURCHES. ' The first Congregational church, was organized July 17, 1853, with the following members : Rev. Charles Galpin, pastor, George M. and Julia Ber- tram, Samuel Staples, Joshua and Hannah Moore^ Clarrisa Cleveland, George M. Powers, David Griffiths and James Phillips. The first services were held in the parlor of the hotel ; after that, they occupied a school house, then the hall over Pease's store, until 1857. Prom that time until 1871, the upper room of the school building was used. In the latter year the society erected a church at a cost of $4,500. The membership now numbers 105. Kev. Charles Galpin had charge until November, 1855, when he was suc- ceeded by Kev. Chas. B. Slieldon, who has since continued in the pastorate without interruption. Episcopal. The first building erected express- ly for a church, was put up by the Episcopal society, in 18t)2. It was a neat log structure. Services were held by the Bev. J. S. Chamber- lain previous to the erection of the chuix'li. No regular services are maintained. The Methodist society have held occasional services, but have no church edifice and no regu- lar organization. SCHOOLS. The first school was held in a small log build- ing erected for the purpose, and taught by Miss Jane "VVolcott during the summer of 1854. This building was used until 1857, when the two story frame building now in use was erected. The second story was used for church services on Sunday, and during the week by Rev. Chas. Gal- pin, who kept a private school known as the "Excelsior Institute." The Institute ceased in 1867, and the Congregational church society used the room until 1871 . Since then the entire build- ing has been used for school purposes, and a graded school maintained. Outside of the village, the township has two entire districts, and one joint district with Min- netonka. District No. 116 has a house lo- cated on section 17, in the north part of the town. School district No. 59 has a house located near the county line, on section 32. Good schools are sustained in all the districts. THE EXCELSIOR GRIST MILL. Was built by C. May, in 1876, at a cost of $8,000. It has three runs of stone, with a capacity of fifty barrels per day. In connection with this mill is a stave mill, producing annually one milUon barrel staves, with heads to match. The prod- uct was formerly two million staves a year, but owing to scarcity of lumber it has been reduced. The expense of operating these mills is about one hundred dollars per day. A six horse-power engine drives the machinery. Both mills are owned and managed by Charles May. NURSERIES. The township has three nurseries. One es- tablished by F. G. Gould, in 1867, has about ten acres under cultivation. Sales extend through Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and Dakota Terri- tory. A. AV. Latham established one in 1870, with one acre, and now has eight acres. In 1873, began planting a vineyard, and now has five acres of grni>es under cultivation. A. Bonjour has a nursery east of the village, containing ten acres, mainly grapes. He has about two-thirds of an acre planted with straw- berries, producing several varieties of excellent fruit. STATE FRUIT FARM. In 1853 Peter M. Gideon made his claim, and the following year began experimenting in. fruit EXCELSIOB—BAILBOADS— HOTELS. 251 culture. He continued perseveringly, though meeting with reverses and often entire failure. In 1878, the state purchased 160 acres of land ad- joining Gideon's farm on the north, and estab- lished an experimental fruit farm, placing Mr. Gideon in charge. He is, under the patronage of the state, meeting with flattering success in rais- ing fruit of all kinds, making a specialty of ap- ples of hardy stock, adapted to this climate. KAILEOADS. The Minneapolis & Northwestern surveyed a line in 1878, which passess through the township from east to west, south of the lake. No work has been done on this line. The Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway have a line, projected in 1880 completed from Hopkins Station, on the main line, to a point in Excelsior near the St. Louis Hotel. On the north side of the township, the St. P., M. & M. E. E. have a line, surveyed in 1880, called the North Shore Branch, leaving the main line near Wayzata, and passing through the northern part of Excelsior to a point on sec- tion 17, where the company purpose erecting a mammoth hotel in 1881. SUMMER HOTELS. The St. Louis hotel was erected in 1879, on the eastern shore of Lake Minnetonka. It is fur- nished with all modern conveniences, and accom- modates four hundred guests. The Lake Park Hotel is located on the south shore of the lake, on the ground laid out by the Northwestern Sunday-school Association, known as the Lake Park Grounds. It was built by this association in 1879. Now owned by Seeley & Griswold. The grounds around the hotel are tastefully laid out in lots, with drives and walks. These lots are occupied by cottages of summer visitors. The hotel occupies an eminence commanding a fine view of the lake. The Hotel Harrow is located on Rockwell Island, in the upper lake, and was built in 1880. This building is finely situated, and has rooms for one hundred and fifty guests. THE VILLAGE OF EXCELSIOR. Excelsior was the first point of settlement in the township. Here was located the post-office, the first stores, shops, etc., forming the nucleus around which the early settlers located their claims and made their homes. The village was platted in 1853, but remained under the town- ship government until 1877, when it was incor- porated by act of legislature. The first election was held April 16th, 1877, at which the following officers were elected : Presi- dent, CMay; Trustees, L. E. Sampson, Eli Small, Jr., and James Letson ;• Recorder, A. Mill- ner; Treasurer, E. H. Page, The village now contains three stores, which carry stocks of dry goods and general merchandise, one grocery store, two meat markets, three blacksmith shops, one harness shop, one hardware store, and one shoe store. Excelsior has become one of the principal points of interest to the tourists, who flock to Lake Minnetonka in summer, and the people find themselves sometimes taxed to accommodate their visitors. HOTELS. The " Excelsior House " was built by George Galpin in 1854, and was at that time of small proportions. The original building is now used as a kitchen for the present hotel. John Green purchased the house and made some additions. The ownership then reverted to Galpin, who sold it to a Mr. Beckf ord. He managed it about four years, since which time it has been owned by the Wait family. The building has been enlarged from time to time, until it now contains room for 150 guests. It is kept open summer and win- ter. The " Long View," located on what is known as the "Water Cure " lot, was built in 1863, and accommodates fifty guests. It is owned and managed by Daniel Connor. The "White House" is a two-story frame building erected, in 1872. It has a capacity for thirty people, and is conducted by William Simp- son. The " Slater House " is also a frame building of two stories, erected in 1880. It has room for fifty guests. The " Appledore " House is run by H. H. Beers. It is pleasantly located, and accommo- dates thirty guests comfortably. It was built in 1878. " May's House," a three-story frame, was built in 1877. It occupies a fine site overlooking the lake. 252 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. There are a number of boarding houses, among them the " DeGroodt " house, and " Pleasant Grove " house. SOCIETIES. Masonic Lodge number 113, A. V. and A. M., of Excelsior, was organized in July, 1874, and a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of the state in the year 1875. The first oiflcers were: O. C. Meaker, W. M.; D. C. Hunt, S. W.; Wm. Milner, J. W.; H. S. Eldridge, Secretary; M. Maynard, Treasurer. This society has been in a flourishing condition since its organization. Until the fell of 1880, they met in the hall over the post-office. They now occupy a room in a building erected for the lodge by Wm. Simpson. A Good Templars society was organized in March, 1866, with a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of the state. This society disbanded in 1867. Another society was organized in 1877, by John Dunham, which remained in existence but one year. BOATS. The first steamboat to ply on Lake Minnetonka was built by Eev. Chas. Galpin, in 1855, and called the "Governor Eamsey". She remained in service until 1862, when becoming loosened from her moorings during a storm, she floated out on the lake and sank. She was afterwards raised, and her machinery is now doing service in the Rambler. The hull was rebuilt and is used as a barge. The Sue Gardner was the next boat. She was brought to the lake by Charles Gardner in the year 1868, and remained about three years. The May Queen was launched in 1873 and was in service until June 29th, 1879, when she was destroyed by the explosion of her boiler at Kock- well's Island. Tliis explosion was attended with loss of life. The Ilattie May is a stei-n-wheel boat, 100 feet long and eighteen feet wide. Slie is owned by C. May, and was launched In 1H78. The City of Minneapolis, is a propeller built in 1880, also owned by C. May. The steamer Mary was launched in 1876, and was in active use until July 1st, 1880, when her boiler exploded as she was lying at the St. Louis Hotel landing. This explosion was also attended with loss of life. The Mary was rebuilt by Major Halsted, in the winter of 1880-'81. The Saucy Kate, formerly the Katie May, was launched in 1878, and exploded her boiler soon after. She was rebuilt, and is now owned by Capt. Shepard. The steamer Rambler is used as a freight-boat. There are several sail- boats owned in Excelsior ; the largest of these is the Coquette, built by A. Westlake in 1879. Several fleets of small boats, for the use of visitors, are owned in Excelsior, and at each of the summer hotels. BIOGKAFHICAIi. L. A. .\_ustin, born in Norway m 1851, emi- grated to America in 1869 and settled at Morris, Minnesota ; he remained there until 1870, then moved to Minneapolis and lived six years, then settled on Lake Minnetonka. He was married in 1873, to Bessie Larson of Litchfield. They have one child, Ida. E. A. Babcock, born in Washington county, Vermont, in 1832. Moved with parents to Wor- cester, Massachusetts, remained there three years; settled finally in Xewport, New Hampshire, until 1839, when they removed to Enfield, remaining there until 1864 ; he then moved to Excelsior, Minnesota. Married in October, 1864, to Emily L. Erskine, of Wayne county, Michigan. They have two children living. His father, Augustus Babcock, came to Hennepin county in 1854. H. H. Beers, born in Addison county, A'er- mont, 1834, moved to Mower county. Minnesota, in 1872, and remained there until 1877, when he moved to Deadwood and remained until he set- tled in Excelsior in 1878, and started the"Apple- dore House." He has been married twice. His first wife died in Mower county. Married for second wife, ^liss M. Eddy of A'ermont. A. P. Beeman, born in Maine, 1828, lived at Lewiston, and Lowell, Mass., seven years. Visited many parts of the world, spending some time in Australia. Moved to Excelsior in 1853, where he has since resided. Enlisted in 1863 in Com- pany D, Second Cavalry. Served two years, was honorably discliarged at Fort Snelling in 1865. JNIarried in IS.')! to Louisa M. Midgley, of Mont- pelier. Is proprietor of a Sorghum machine of Madison Manufacturing Company's patent crush- er and Stubbs pans, with capacity for 150 gallons per day. A. Bonjour, born in Switzerland, 1835, emi- EXGMLSIOB—BIOOBAPHICAL. 253 grated to America in 1872. Settled in Chan- hassen, Carver county, Minnesota, where he remained for two years, when he moved to Ex- celsior, where he has since resided. A. D. Burch, born in St. Lawrence county. New York, September, 1843. Moved to Michi- gan in 1870, remained there until 1873. Came to Excelsior, Minnesota, in 1878. Attended the Wesleyan Seminary in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., graduated "in the law department at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1869. He followed teaching several years ; the present term is his third one at Excelsior as principal of the graded schools. Married in 1870 to Lotta Johnson, of New York. Two children have been born to them. J. H. Clark, born in Bennington, Vermont, 1830. Moved to Wyoming county, N. Y., thence to DeKalb county, Illinois. Married Susan Dud- ley in 1848 ; went to California in 1849 ; returned in 1850 ; went again, and returned to Illinois in 1851, where he remained four years, removed to St. Anthony, Minn. ; thence to Wayzata, being one of the first settlers ; in 1856 pre-empted the land on which Long Lake village now stands ; in the year 1858, moved to Excelsior, and in 1860 re- turned to Illinois and located in IlQiiry county ; in 1862 enlisted in 112th Illinois regiment, serving as Sergeant, promoted to Lieutenant by Governor Yates, had entire command of the company for two years ; was wounded at Atlanta, absent from command only about four months ; joined the company at battle of Eranklin. On dispersion of Hood's army joined Sherman's command at Goldsboro, North Carolina, and was mustered ' out at Greensboro, and honorably discharged at Chicago, July 3, 1865, returning to his family in Henry county, where he remained until the spring of 1867, when he returned to Excelsior. Has been honored with all its oflftces. He repre- sented his disti-ict, in 1877-8, in the House. He is the father of eight children, seven now living. Elijah Carson, born in Somerset county, Maine, 1806 ; lived there thirty years ; moved to Chica- go and remained one year. All his family died there excepting one daughter ; moved to Bloom- ington, Illinois, and remained four years ; settled in Excelsior, Minnesota, in 1855, and has lived here ever since excepting four years in Calif ornia. Married in 1866 to Maria Wilson of Excelsior. Daniel Connor, bom in Ireland, 1823, moved to America in 1849, and settled in New York where he remained two years ; moved to Elgin, Illinois, and worked at shoemaking five years ; moved to Delavan, Wis., and lived five years, then removed to Excelsior, Minnesota, and settled on the banks of Lake Minnetonka. He began keeping summer boarders in 1863, at Long View House, once known as the Water Cure site. Enlisted in Independent Rangers, as 2nd Lieutenant, serving as Captain Co. H, state Militia. Married in 1872 to Mary Ann Nifort. Eritz Dittfach, born in Germany, 1843. Emi- grated to America in 1869, and settled at Winona, where he remained about one year, then to Rush- ford, and worked two years as second miller, and two years as first miller. Worked in the Anchor mill at Minneapolis a short time; then took charge of May's mill at Excelsior. Has been married twice. His present wife was Janett Miller, of Rushford. He has had four children; three are now living. Enos Day, born in St. Albans, Vermont, in 1800. Lived there twenty-one years, then moved to Franklin county. New York. Married to his third wife, Lucinda Simonds, in 1833. Moved to St. Anthony, Minnesota, in 1856, and to Excel- sior the same year. Died in 1874. His wife died in 1872. George E. Day, born in Franklin county, New York, in 1845. Lived with his parents until their death, excepting the time spent in the army. Enlisted August 14, 1862, in Company B, 9th Minnesota Volunteers. Served three years, and was discharged at Fort Snelling. Married in 1877 to Mrs. Stoddard, daughter of C. J. West- lake. They have one child. Alcibiades Day (deceased), born in Franklin county. New York, 1839. Enlisted in Company E, 113th Illinois and died in the hospital at Memphis, Tennessee, in the spring of 1862. WilUam H. Ferguson, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1816. Emigrated to America in 1825, and settled in Maryland. Married in 1845 to Lydia Dale Esty. Taught school in Rockland county, New York, five years, and was railroad agent in Chemung county five years. Moved to Mmnesota in 1854, and settled on what is now known as Ferguson's Point. His house was the resort for the Indians. He wan drowned Novem- ber 22d, 1867. They had two children. Mrs. 254 mSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Terguson was married in 1862 to Frederick Holtz, of Prussia, who enlisted in Company G, 4th Min- nesota Volunteers, in November, 1861, and was wounded at Corinth, Mississippi, in July, 1862. Died at Minneapolis, January 16th, 1869. P. M. Gideon was born in Charapaign county, Ohio, in 1820. Lived there twenty-one years, then moved to Clinton, Illinois; from there to Excelsior, Minnesota, in 1853, where he found plenty of Indians, and but half a dozen families of whites around the lake. He is superintendent of the state experimental fruit farm, founded in 1878. He began fruit growing in 1854. His efforts have been experimental, and have been to his entire satisfaction ; he is now one of the most successful fruit growers in Minnesota. Married "Wealthy Hall, January 2d, 1849. They have seven children. Silas Howard was born in Providence county, Rhode Island, in 1804. Was engaged in the coal and wood trade in the East until he came to Minnesota in 1858, and took, under the home- stead law, what is now known as Howard's Point, located on upper Lake Minnetonka. Mar- ried in 1845 to Lydia Keed. One child was born to them— Simeon, born in 1846. Came to Min- nesota with his parents, and lives on an adjoining farm. He was married in 1870 to Adeline Kib- bey. They have had three children, two now living. A. H. Hopkins, born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1S37. Moved to Hennepin county in 1 854, and located near Hopkins Station. Married in 1859 to Susan C. Wood, of Providence. Re- turned in the same year to the old home. In 1861 came to Excelsior, and has since made it his home. Enlisted in 1862 in Company B, 9th Min- nesota Volunteers, serving one year under Gen. Sibley among the Indians ; then under Generals Smith and Sturgis, in the war of the Rebellion, two years. Was honorably discliarged at Fort Snelling in 1865. Is a member of tlie Old Set- tlers' Association. They have four children now living. Andrew Hoiby, born in Norway, in 1846. Came to America in 1868, and settled in Minne- apolis, working at his trade until he moved to Excelsior, in 1878, and established his present business, blacksmith and wagon-maker. Has been married twice. First wife died in Norway. His second wife was Bertha Delle, of Excelsior, whom he married in 1878. L. C. Hilton, born in North New Castle, Maine, where he lived for twenty-two years, when he came to Minnesota, and settled at Princeton. Enlisted at Red Wing, in Company F, 6th Min- nesota Volunteers. Served in the company about one year; then was transferred to the invalid corps, and was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling. Returned to Princeton, remained there imtil 1877, then bought his present farm on Lake Minnetonka. Married Lucretia Garlinghouse, in 1871. Is the father of four children, all living. William Harvey, bom in Scotland, 1813. Mov- ed to America in 1850. Settled in Broome coun- ty, N. Y., then moved to McLean county, Illi- nois. Came t» Hennepin county in 1854, and took a claim in Excelsior, on which he has since lived. Married 1835, in Scotland, to Isabel Mil- ler. Had one child, that died in Scotland. J. J. Harrison, born in Erie, Pennsylvania, 1848. Moved to Juneau county, Wisconsin, where he lived until he came to Minnesota . in 1874, settling in Excelsior in 1877. In 1878 he bought the blacksmith shop which he is now operating. Married in Juneau county, Wiscon- sin, to Abbie Button. They have three children living. August Hay, born in New York city, 1850. Moved to Minneapolis in 1867, and embarked in the meat business, which he followed until 1880, when he located at Excelsior in the same busi- ness. Married in 1877 to Carolme Thaler, of New York City. Is the father of one child. Jesse L. Jellison, born in Ellsworth, Maine, 1845. Moved to Springfield, Illinois ; moved to Minneapolis when thirteen years old, which has been his home since. Enlisted in company E, Eighth Minnesota, in 1862. Served a few months, when he enlisted again in Hatch's Battallion, in 1863, and served against the Indians. Was hon- orably discharged at Fort Snelling in 1866. Mar- ried in 1871 to Elldora Fuller. They have four children. W. B. Jones, born in Madison county, New York, 1828. Moved and located in Saint An- thony in 1865, then to Excelsior in 1856. Took a claim, and in 1860 started a store. Was Post- master for eighteen years. Has been twice mar- EXCELSIOB—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 256 ried, the first time in 1850 ; the second in 1876 to Mary H. Moore. A. W. Latham, born on Massachusetts Bay, 1845. Came to Minneapolis in 1865, and taught school two years. Served a short term in the war of the rebellion. Married in 1867, to Miss D. W. White. They have five children. He started a nursery in 1870, and now has five acres appropri- ated to grape culture. The stock of this nursery is pecularly adapted to the cUmate of this state and Manitoba. W. H. LeVan, born in Columbia county, Ohio, 1844, where he lived until eighteen years of age, when he moved to Washington county, Illinois. There he remained, except a short time spent in Ohio, until 1874, when he came to Excelsior. Married in 1866, to Miss A. A. Way, of Jefferson county, Illinois. They have five children. R. K. Luce was born in Oneida county, New York, 1839. He lived there until twenty-six years of age, then moved to Saint Joseph, Michi- gan, and was engaged in the fruit business until 1878, when he moved to MinneapoUs. July 15th, 1880, came to Excelsior and engaged with Aug- ustin Thompson. Married in 1865, to EUzabeth Dixon, of Oneida county, New York. They have one child. T. McArty, born in Washington county, Indi- ana, 1820. Lived in different parts of the state until 1854, then moved to Carver county, Minne- sota. He was married to Harriet A. Thompson, of Elkhart county, Indiana, in 1848. He en- listed in the New York Rifles in 1864, was taken prisoner at Cold Harbor and taken to Anderson- ville Prison, where he died from ill treatment in 1865. They have five children. Mrs. McArty was born in Wayne county, Indiana, and now lives at Excelsior. R. B. McGrath, born in Oxford county, Maine, 1831. Moved to Lewiston Palls in 1850, and worked at carpentering. In 1851 he went to Chica- go, then to Dubuque, Iowa, where he remained until 1853. He then came to Excelsior. Was the first white settler at this point, and built the first log-cabin. Enlisted in Company D, Second Cavalry, in 1863, and was honorably discharged at Port Snelling in 1865. Married to his first wife in 1856. She died in 1858. Married again in 1866, to Nellie Midegly. They have two child- ren. O. C. Meaker, born in Monkton, Harrison • county, Vermont, 1835. When nine years of age he went to Barre, Washington county, where he lived eleven years, learning the moulder's trade and working at the same. Moved to Minnesota and settled in Excelsior in 1871, and has since re- sided here, acting as Chairman of town board one year and Justice of the Peace two years. Married Mary Hale, of Stowe, March 4th, 1856. E. D. Newell, born in Essex county. New York, 1848. Moved with parents to Prescott, Wisconsin, and remained until 1877. Came to Minneapolis in May, 1879, and in June of same year moved to Excelsior and established his pres- ent millinery and ladies' furnishing store, the first one of the kind in the town. Married in 1871 to Edla D. Cook, of River Palls, Wisconsin. Their two children have passed to the better land. E. H. Page, born in Penn Yan, Yates county. New York, 1842. Moved with his parents to Litchfield county, Connecticut, and lived there until 1867, when he moved to Excelsior, Minne- sota. In 1875 he married Ellen H. Pease, a wid- ow whose husband established the Pleasant Grov« House, which they have enlarged to double its former capacity. They have four children. E. R. Perkins, M. D., born in Orleans county. New York, 1843. Received his medical educa- tion at the Hahnemann Homoeopathic Medical College of Philadelphia. First commenced the practice of medicine at Excelsior, May, 1878. Came to the state in 1854. Married in 1864 Julia A. Chase. Enlisted in 1861 in Company D, Sec- ond Regiment Infantry. Discharged honorably at Nashville, Tennessee. They have four child- ren: Louis, Willie, Gracie and Edna. C. E. Prince, born at Windsor, Berkshire coun- ty, Mass., in 1856, and resided there until 1862, when he moved to South Adams, and remained until 1874, .then moved to Green Lake county, Wisconsin. In 1875 came to Excelsior, Minne- sota, where he has since lived. Has been in the employ of L. F. Sampson and C. May, as book- keeper, and is now engaged with A. Thompson. L. F. Sampson was born in Franklin county, Maine, 1843, and lived there until he came to Saint Anthony in 1853, where he resided until 1864. He then settled in Excelsior. In 1876 es- tablished himself in mercantile business. Ap- 256 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. pointed Postmaster in 1878, which office he now holds. He enlisted in company D, First Minne- sota Infantry, May, 1861. Was wounded at the battle of Antietam, and honorably discharged at Uplin, Chester county, Pennsylvania, in the hos- pital in 1863. Enlisted again in Battery H, First Minnesota Heavy Artillery, as First Sergeant, in 1865, and served until close of the war. Mar- ried July, 186B, to Eliza Spaulding. Have six children. Harvey E. Scott, born in Orleans county, Ver- mont, 1824, Came to Minnesota in 1865. En- listed in company E, First Minnesota Infantry, and served under General McClellan for three years. Honorably discharged at Washington, D. C, in 1864. Wounded and taken prisoner at Savage's Station. Spent 23 days at "Libby prison." Exchanged at City Point and transferred to the Veteran Reserve Corps. Came to Excel- sior, and located where he now lives. Married in 1869, to Mary E. Murray. They have three children. I Silas A. Seamans, bom in Providence county, R. I., in 1823.. Moved and lived in Windham county, Conn. When eighteen years old, returned to Rhode Island, and came to excelsior in 1854. When he first came here, there were but two houses in the town. He took a claim , and has been engaged in farming until the last few years, which have been spent at his trade as painter. He enlisted in company B, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, and served among the Indians. He has married twice, the second time to Elizabeth Cole of Excelsior. Rev. C. B. Sheldon, born in Williamstown, Berkshire county, Mass., in 1821. Graduated at William's College in 1847, then entered the Wes- tern Reserve Theological Institute, where he re- mained three years. First pastoral charge was at Republic, Seneca county, Ohio. Remained there until 1855, when he started for River Falls, Wis., with his own private conveyance, traveling a dis- tance of over one thousand miles to I^roscott, AV is. , where he learned another minister had been ap- pointed for River Falls, and that the conference had recommended him to Excelsior, Minn. He at once started for that place, and reached it No- vember 16, 1855, where he found six houses, and a church membership of thirty-seven. Preached his first sermon in the sitting room of the hotel. After that held meetings in Pease's Hall for three years. Married in 1847, to Mary K. Pren- tice, of South Canaan, Conn. They have eight children living. William Simpson, bom in New Brunswick, in 1837, where he remained until 1865, when he set- tled at Excelsior, opened the Excelsior House, which he conducted for two years ; then took the White House, which he has enlarged to accom- modate about ninety guests. Married, in 1869, to a daughter of Pardon Sherman, of Indiana. G. A. Slater, born in Champaign county, Illin- ois, in 1843. Came to Minnesota in 1865. Set- tled in Carver county, lived there until he moved to Excelsior, where he has since resided. In 1880, opened the Slater House, which he has enlarged to accommodate fifty guests. Married, in 1867, to Miss R. C. Thompson. They have three children. Z. D. Spaulding, born at Pomfort, Vermont, in 1821. Moved to Sullivan county, New Hamp- shire ; lived there twenty-two years, and moved to Burrellville, R. I., where he learned the machinists' trade. Came to Minnesota in 1854. Settled near Excelsior, experiencing many hard- ships, having to grind com in a coffee mill. Married his third wife, Nancy J., daughter of Amasa and Anna Seamans, in 1875. Mr. Spauld- ing remembers the Indian raid of 1862, very • distinctly. At that time many of his neighboi-s removed to Minneapolis. P. H. Turner, born in Kennebec count}', Maine, in 1838. Came to Minnesota in 1856, and settled in St. Anthony, where he conducted the harness business. Also opened a shop in Minneapolis, managing both at tlie same time. He then spent four years in Anoka county, farming. In 1876, located in Excelsior, and opened the only harness shop in town. Married, in 1876, to Beulah Phil- brook. Have two children. Augustin Thompson was born in Somerset county, Maine, in 1H47, and came to Minnesota in 1K63. Located in Minneapolis. In 1874 he engaged in the drug and fancy goods business, which in 1879 he removed to Excelsior, and has since conducted a general merchandise business. Married, January liith, 1871, to Miss E. Nettie Parker, of Minneapolis. She was the fifth white child born in Hennepin county. MINNETBI8TA—SETTLEMEN T. 257 MINNETRTSTA. CHAPTER XLI. &BKEBAL DESCRIPTION — FIRST SBTTLEMBTSTT — EARLY SETTLERS — ORGANIZATION— SCHOOLS — CHURCHES POST OFFICES ^^STORES — BIO- GRAPHICAL. Minnetrista is located in the extreme .south- western corner of Hennepin county. It is bound- ed on the north by Independence, west and soutli by Carver county, east by Excelsior and Medina. The surface is gently undulating, with an occa- sional abruption, which tends to enhance its gen- eral appearance and take from it all evidence of monotony. Originally, it was covered with a heavy growth of hard and soft maple, white and red oak, basswood and elm. But these somewhat formidable barriers have yielded to the advancing stroke of settlement and civilization, and at the present time, but a small portion of the original timber remains, the settlers having cleared it for farming purposes. The town is dotted here and there, with lakes, the largest one being Whale Tail Lake, so called on account of its shape. No fish, like the one that gave Jonah hispre-his- toric notoriety, swim its pure waters ; but the modern sizes are found in abundance, which grow, perhaps, with reference to the size of the modern frying pan. Ox Yoke lake, which derived its name from being in the form of an ox yoke ; Long Lake, so named because of its length, which is more than one mile; Dutch lake, so named in an early day on account of there being a settlement of Germans on its borders. Here they settled, bringing with them the manners and customs of the Father-land, only to be crystal- lized into the American manners and customs. Langdon Lake, in honor of B. V. Langdon, the first clerk of this town; "Woodward lake, in honor of D. Woodward who located on its banks. Sanders Lake, named for N. H. Sanders, 17 who settled on land lying between Halsted's Bay and the lake bearing his name. He was one of the pioneer settlers of the south-east- ern part of the town, which is almost entire- ly covered by Lake Minnetonka and small bays, prominent among which are "Halsted's" bay, in honor of Frank W. Halsted, an old settler, and "Cook's" bay, named in honor of M.S. Cook who is one of the pioneers. FIRST SETTLEMENT. The different parts of the town of Minnetrista, seem to have been settled, at or near the same time. In the south-western part two brothers, Joseph and John Merz, made a claim of 320 acres, on section thirty-two, some time during the fall of 1853, but did not locate here until the spring of 1854. During the same year a claim of 141 acres was made by John Carman (then living in Excelsior) for M. S. Cook. This claim was made on section thirteen, on what is now known as Cook's Bay. In the spring of 1854, N. II. Sanders and J. F. Buck, arrived and made claims in this part of the township. They at once erected a log-house on Sander's claim, in which they lived the first summer. In the fall of this year M. S. Cook arrived and built a house on his claim. The first settlement made in the north-western part of the town, was by Samuel L. Merriman, who made a claim of 120 acres on section six in the spring of 1857. EARLY SETTLERS. Among the very earliest settlers on Upper Lake Minnetonka was Frank William Halsted, who, in the summer of 1855 built his first home, " Rough and Ready " cabin, on the west shore of that beautiful bay, designated on the map of Lake Minnetonka in honor of him, as " Halsted's Bay." The clearing, about an acre, and the cellar of that cabin, yet mark the spot ; around, the grand old woods yet remain, as when he for many years 258 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. viewed and enjoyed them. Likewise the beautiful water views in front of his cabiia home. Capt. Halsted'was born in Newark, New Jersey , in 1833, and was the youngest son of the late Chancellor, Oliver Spencer Ilalsted, of New Jersey. When sixteen years old, having a taste for the sea, he adopted Greeley's advice, " Go west, young man," and went to that Ultimn Tliule, California, by way of Cape Horn, three brothers accompa- nying him. Keturning in 1850, he next sought the West, overland, coming to Minnesota in 1855. He remained until the breaking out of the Re- bellion, in 1861 , when, feeling competent to serve his country in the naval service, he obtained a commission in June or July of that year, as mas- ter's mate, and served under Flag Officers String- ham and Goldsborough, most of the time in com- mand of a vessel comprising part of that flieet. At the capture of Hatteras Inlet, August 28th and 29th, 1861, he with his brother. Major G. B. Halsted (the latter then secretary to Flag Officer Strrngham), were on board the flagship Minne- sota. (One of the pictures in the Hermitage is a very fine view of that famous ship and fight). Dissatisfied with Flag Officer Goldsborough, whose loyalty and courage they doubted, both the brothers resigned, the elder, the secretary, now the major, November 9th, 1861, joining the army November 11th, 1861, as lieutenantand aid- de-camp to " fighting Phil Kearney," was in the war to the end, being at Appomattox Court- House when Lee surrendered. Frank resigned later, at Hampton Beads, refusing to serve longer under Goldsborough, whom he told on the deck of the Minnesota, "By your vulgar and foul- mouthed profanity you violate, every day, in the presence of this ship's crew, the articles of war you have read to them on Sunday." His resignation then and there, was not done with the intention of remaining inactive while war was going on against the government he loved. Soon after, he enlisted as an able seaman, in Chicago, and was sent the same day, in charge of a squad of men, to the receiving ship, of the Mississippi squadron, at Cairo. Not long after joining, he went before a board of officers, appointed for the purpose of ex- amining and selecting any then in the service who might prove competent for promotion. He was appointed acting master in the U. S. Navy, which took him in one step, from the forecastle. past the steerage, into the ward-room, thus soon finding in this squadron, higher rank than he had held in the North Atlantic squadron. He has related an incident, occurring soon after his pro- motion, when, on being detailed to sit as member of a court martial, he found beside him at the table the officer to whom, but a short time before, he had enlisted as an able seaman, who, with a look of great surprise, inquired how he came there; to which came the prompt reply, " By the same orders which brought you here." Most of the time in the Mississippi squadron he was in command of the steamer General Pillow, sta- tioned at Mound City, surrounded by and in the care and charge of a great number of vessels, loaded with all kinds of ammunition, for the destruction of which the "Johnny Rebs" were constantly devising Schemes; in which, however, owing to the care and vigilance of Capt. Halsted, they were foiled. While here, his own steamer, General Pillow, took fire, and an eye witness, on the vessel at the time, heard frorn officers and men warm praise of the gallantry and daring of their commander, who, taking the hose in his own hands, going be- low where the fire was located, not far from the magazine, remained until the fire was extin- guished. After the close of the war, being hon- orably discharged, he returned to his loved Min- nesota home, and, in 1866, built his larger cabin, on the main lake, well known as " The Hermit- age." Here he resided until the time of his sad death in 1876. Though often solicited by his admiring neighbors to accept public positions in civil life, he declined, with the exception of Justice of the Peace, and on another occasion serving as one of a commission for the improvement of navigation on Lake Minnetonka. AVe think it would be found on investigation that the first marriage in the town of Minnetris- ta, was solemnized by Justice Halsted. We have heard him laugh over his experience in joining together his two German neighbors, making the two, one. Dwelling alone for many years, nay, all the time on Lake Minnetonka, except occa- sional visits of relatives from the East, he acquired the name of "Hermit of Lake Minne- tonka" and his cabin, "The Hermitage." Yet those who knew him then, and recall him now, MINNETBISTA—EABLY SETTLEBS. 259 easily remember, there was not much of the accepted attributes of the old time Hermit, in Captain Frank (as he was often called) whose companionable qualities of heart and head, were well known to all having the pleasure of his acquaintance. His cabin had more charms for its owner than the city could oSer, and he here passed much of his time in company, as he said, of the best of men and women, his favorite authors; his shelves being well supplied with copies of the American and English classic authors, both in poetry and prose. He was an excellent sailor and kept a small sloop yacht, which was always ready for his friends, who could with safety trust them- selves to his skillful pilotage. No one on Lake Minnetonka was more popular with summer visi- tors, or more respected by inhabitants of its ■ shores, old and young, than Frank Halsted. In the winter of 1875-6, he built, near I'The Hermitage," the beautiful steamer "Mary," called by this name in honor of the kindest of mothers, then deceased. Before she was fully completed, in June 1876, the subject of this sketch, disap- peared from his home, and after several days his body was found in the Lake, near Crane Island, nnder such circumstances as induced the Jury of Inquest to conclude it was a case of suicide. In compUance with an oft expressed wish, that when he died, he wanted to be buried on the bank of the lake he loved so well, he was buried at " The Hermitage." The true cause of this much lamented and melancholy occurrence, must ever remain a mystery. The Captain died, and made no sign. Those who knew him beist, and his highly refined and sensitive nature, and especially his repugnance to indebtedness, believe that he became despondent over an undertaking less for pecuniary gain, or tlie hope thereof, than for pro- viding increased facilities and boat accommoda- tions foi the rapidly increasing influx of summer visitors to Lake Minnetonka. Owe no man any- thing, was his motto. He felt the truth of the text, "the debtor is slave to the creditor." In building the " Mary " he incurred debts, which, to ordinary business men, would have been a trifle ; to him it was a load more than he could bear. He died lamented by all who knew him, and is yet held in most pleasing remembrance. John Carman, one of the early settlers of this county, was born in New Jersey, in 1801, where he remained for twelve years, when he moved to Pennsylvania, and worked on a farm until twenty years of age. He was married to Miss Susan Cope, of Pennsylvania, and afterward moved his family to Mahoning county, Ohio, where he re- mained until 1853, when he moved to Minnesota, stopping a few months in Kamsey county; thence to Minnetonka, in September, of the same year, and pre-empted what is now known as " Carman's Point," on Upper Lake Minnetonka, where the beautiful resort, " Spring Park," is located. He lived there until 1860, when he sold and moved to the place now known as " Maple Shade." In 1868 he returned to New Jersey, where he died, December 13, 1877. His family consisted of seven children : Ann, William, Carry, Benton, Mary, Frank, Emma and Lizzie. His son Frank was born in Ohio, and now lives at Mound City. Is one of the navigators of the Lake, and runs a steam freight boat from Mound City to Wayzata. Mathias 8. Cook, one of the early pioneers of the town, was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, May 19th, 1830 ; lived with his parents, Job and Mary A. Cook, until twenty years of age. He was married in 1850, to Miss Anna W., daughter of John and Susan Carman, of Ohio. In 1854, he moved to Minnesota, and settled on the claim where he now lives. His first dwelling was a log cabin, 14x20, one and one-half stories high, it being the third house built on the upper lake, and was the stopping place for the weary traveller in those early days. His buildings are now 56x42 feet, and three stories high. Situated on the north margin of " Cook's Bay," known through all this region as " Cook's Landing." Mr. Cook has, with many others, had his full share of the hardships known only to those who lived here in those early days ; is now an honored and respect- ed citizen of his town, and has filled many offi- ces of public trust. Frederick A. Jennings, one of the early settlers of the town, was born in London, England, May 19th, 1807. His father, an oflScer in the British army, died in 1819. In 1822, the subject of this sketch, emigrated to America, and in 1828 mar- Miss Mary Moult, who died in 1830. Mr. Jen- nings embarked in commission business, dealing largely in iron. In connection with this, he op- erated the first and only rolling mill near Phila- 260 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. delphia. He also introduced the first process of puddling iron by stone coal heat, which was a great economy in its manufacture ; which busi- ness he continued up to 1842, when he moved to Centre county, Pennsylvania, establishing a large mercantile trade, conducting a furnace, and run- ning several freight boats to Philadelphia. This business he conducted for ten years, then made a visit to England, being appointed by Secretary Webster to bear messages to P^ngland ; remained there one year. Returned, and lived in Pitts- burgh, engaging with Ilarvy Ohilds & Co. for sev- eral years. In the fall of 1 855, his family moved to Minnesota and settled on the farm he now owns. In 1857, he joined his family in their new wild home, on what is now known as " Jennings Bay," Lake Minnetonka, one of the attractive views of this famous resort. He remained with his family until 1861 , when he was appointed to a fourth class clerkship in the United States Treasury Depart- ment at Washington, where he remained until 1877, when he returned to his pleasant home in Minnetrista, to live free from the strain of com- mercial and political life. His second marriage, to Mary A. Parrish, occurred July, 1832. He has five children living ; Frederick A., Elizabeth P., Annie P., Susan J., and James G. His son Fred, served in the First Minnesota, also in the Second, and ranked as 1st Lieutenant ; was in New Mexico, on garrison duty ; at the end of the rebellion mustered out at St. Louis, Missouri; now lives in Minneapolis. Samuel L. Merriman, one of the earliest settlers of Minnetrista, was born in Alleghany county, New York, 1825. When twenty years old learned the shoemakers trade, which he followed for five years, then bought half interest in a lumbering mill and operated under the name of Mer- riman and Moorehouse for two years, when he sold his interest and moved to Cumberland county, Illinois, and engaged in farming and other pursuits till the spring of 1856, wIk^u he came to what is now Minnetrista and pre- empted the farm on which he now lives. Like many other pioneers of the northern wilds he suffered many hardships during the early years of his Ufe here. May, 1851, was mari'ied to Miss Marian, daughter of Lovet H. and Nancy Obert, of Alleghany county. New York, who died February, 1877. ORGANIZATION. April 10, 1858, Town 117, Range 24, was set apart by the county commissioners as "German Home." This name was retained until the organ- ization of the town, which occurred in the spring of 1859, when the legal voters met at the house of M. S. Cook and took steps for the organiza- tion of the same. Several names were proposed and rejected. The name of Minnetrista was finally proposed and accepted. Minne (meaning waters) and trista (meaning crooked), and from the fact that the town contained so many crook- ed lakes, this name was considered as the most appropriate, and was accepted. The first election was held at this time, when the following officers were elected : Supervisors, Peter Mitchels, chair- man, M. S. Cook, Ephraim Dudley ; Town clerk, R. V. Langdon. At a special meeting held December 31, 1864, it was voted to raise fifteen dollars for each family wherein were drafted men. The following re- ceived that amount : Warren Merriman, A. Black, Cyrus Beaman, Martin Ort, John Keiser, Henry Trunes, John Adelberger, Joseph Ebert, A. Ebert, Joseph Ball, A. Schneider, F. Merz, John Hirsch- berger, Wm. Schuler, Joseph Schmidt, James Bailey and Ephraim Dudley. The town levied a tax for the extermination of squirrels. March 14 , 1876, resolved, that two cents each be paid, for rat, gopher and chipmunk tails. The town con- tains 18,576 acres. Assessed valuation of real estate in 1880, $219,359. Personal property, $33,806. Total amount of taxes, 1880, S2,540, with a population of 844. CHURCHES. Tlie German Baptist Church, located on Section 32, was organized November 22, 18.j8, and the present church, a log structure, was built ia 1865, at a cost of about SI 50. It has services every Sunday, also a Sunday School, \\'hich is well maintained. St. Bonifacius Catholic Church, built in 1859, is a log structure, and was organized by Father Shearer, now of Hastings. In connection with the above church is a parish school, which was started, and the building erected, in 1864. SCHOOLS. This town was divided by the Town Supervisors in 1861, into three districts. It now has five. MINNETBISTA— HOTELS— ST0BE8—BI0GBAPHICAL. 261 Schools had been held, however, previous to this time ; one at the house of a Mr. Gribble, near where Mound City now stands, in the summer of 1860, and taught by Miss Celia Sturman. Another was held in the house of Peter Mitchels, and taught by Miss Emma Carman. School No. 86, located on section 13, was the first school house built in the town, is a log structure, and still stands. School No. 96 is located on Section 32. School No. 84, is located on Section 5. School No. 83, (joint Minnetrista and Independence) lo- cated on Section 2, in the north part of the town. HOTELS. Mr. M. S. Cook has " kept hotel " ever since his first settlement, and may be truly called the pio- neer hotel man of the Upper Lake. Is now owner of the " Lake View " house, so called from its fine view of the Upper Lake. Many of the sum- mer tourists find their way to this beautiful retreat, beguiling the time in fishing on the lake, or hunting in the woodlands that surround "Cook's." Chapman House was built by S. Chapman, in 1875; a structure 32x44 feet, three stories high. In 1876 an addition, 26 x 32 feet, three stories high, was made, and in 1878 a dining-hall, 22 x 64, with an L, 17 x 34 feet, capable of seating three hundred people, was added, making it large, airy and commodious. STEAM MILLS. Mr. Cook built a flour and feed mill in 1880, 14x20 feet, engine room 12x24 feet, one run of stone, which is found to be a great convenience. S. L. Merriman, also runs a small feed-mill during the winter time, for the accommodation of the neighborhood. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office in the town was established in 1856, and named St. Bonifacius, John Merz appointed postmaster. It was moved one mile north of the village in 1873. Minnetrista post- offlce was established in 1861, on section 6, and Norman Shook appointed postmaster. A post- oflBce was established in 1876 at Mound City, and a Mr. Pearl appointed postmaster. STORES. The first store in the town was started at St. Bonifacius, by John Merz and Anthony Cramer, in 1859, Mr. Merz succeeding to the entire control one year later. At Mound City there are two stores carrying a general stock. The first was established in the fall of 1876, by Hill, Acker & Armstrong, of St. Paul, who sold to Griggs, Fos- ter & Co., who are its present proprietors. The second store was started by E. "Weeks, in the fall of 1880. SHOPS. The first blacksmith shop was established on section 10, by A. W. Clark, in the fall of 1866. In 1868 he built where he now is, on section 9. Another blacksmith shop was started at Mound City, in 1876, which was operated for a short time. BIOGKAPHICAL. Richard Ball was born in England, August 29, 1819. He lived with his father, who was a mem- ber of Parliament, 12 years. At the age of nine- teen he went to New Zealand, spent five years there merchandizing. Eeturned to England and went to Australia, spent ten years there, doing a very successful mercantile business. Eeturned to England and established a large mercantile and farming business until 1876, when he emi- grated to America, and settled on the farm where three of his sons now live. In the spring of 1880 he bought the Delano Flouring and Saw mill, which he is now improving to make it the best mill in "Wright county. He now lives at Delano village. "Was married in England to Miss Eliza- beth Masters. They have eight children. Frank Carman was born in Ohio, and came to Minnesota with his parents in 1823. He enlisted in Company D, Sixth Minnesota Infantry in 1862, and served until mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1865. He was married to Miss Adelia Moore of Hennepin county, March 22, 1868, and the year following, located at the pleasent home in Mound city where he has since resided. They have four children ; Herbert, James, Mabpl and Delia. Mr. Carman is engaged in running a steam freight boat, between Mound City and "Wayzata on Lake Minnetonka. Allen "W^. Clark was born in Cataraugus county. New York, March 22, 1830. His father died July 4, 1852, leaving Allen to care for the family, which he did faithfully. He was engaged in blacksmithing until 1866, when he came to Minne- trista, where he has since divided his time in farming and blacksmithing. In 1870, his shop 262 HI8T0BT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. was destroyed by fire, and in 1877 his house was burned ; after each disaster he rebuilt. He was married November 2, 1854, to Miss Abigal H. Merriman of N Y. They have two children, Ashbel Ingerson was born in Jefferson county. New York, September '19, 1827. At the age of eighteen he went to Georgia and remained three years teaching school. He spent four years as civil engineer in New York state, and came west in 1855. Eemained in Indiana one year, and then came to Steele county, Minnesota. In 1858 was elected county surveyor. In 1862 he enlisted in the Fifth Minnesota, and served ten months, participating in several battles ; he was then transfered to the signal service and dis- charged in 1865. He was clerk in the United States Treasury department for two years, and in 1867 settled in Hennepin county. He was engaged four seasons on government surveys in northern Minnesota. He represented his district in the house in 1875, and has taken an active part in public affairs. In 1880 he removed to his present home, "Aralia," on the west bank of Minnetonka. He married Sarah A. Chase in 1857, and they have had six children. Aaron Merriman [deceased] was born in Una- dilla, Otsego county, New York, July 12th, 1801 . When twelve years of ■ age he moved with the fam- ily to Alleghany county, New York. Married, March 8th, 1821 , to Miss Charlotte Taylor. They have seven children living. He spent most of his time in milling and farming, up to 1866, when he came to Minnetrista. Mr. Merriman died, Sep- tember 15th, 1875. Warren Merriman was born in Alleghany coun- ty, New York, February 16th, 1823. He lived with his parents until eighteen years of age, when for one year he worked on the Erie canal, then worked at the carpenter and joiner trade for about twenty-two years. In 1862 he settled in Minnetrista. May 28th, 1864, enlisted in Co. I, Sixth Minn. Inf. Served one year and was mus- tered out at Montgomery, Alabama. Married Miss Ehoda Clark, December 31st, 1864. Had four children. The living ones are Anor A. and Joseph A. Eugene Merriman was born in Alleghany county. New York, March 17th, 1850. He worked on the farm with his father, till 1866, when with his parents he came to Minnetrista, and settled. Married June 21st, 1871, to Miss Lorena Cook. They have four children Francis McCuUough was born in Crawford county, Pennsylvania, March 22d, 1843. He lived in Chautauqua county. New York, six years, and in Alleghany two years. In 1852, went to McKean county, Pennsylvania. In December, 1861, en- listed in Co. F, 1 st Pennsylvania Eifles ; served until 1864, when he was appointed by General Meade, 2d Lieut, of Co. I. 190th Penn. Inft. He was taken prisoner at Weldon E. E., August 19th, 1864, and kept in Libby Prison two months, also at Saulsbury Prison, one month; then to Danville, and back to Libby Prison again; in one month was paroled, and taken to Annapolis hospital, Maryland. Eeturned home on a furlough, jomed his regiment again, and after Lee's surrender, was mustered out at Washington, June, 1865. In the fall, he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota. April 30th, 1868, was married to Miss Susan J. Jennings. They have six children : Mary P., Francis E., Frederick J., William E., EUanora J., Lucy A. The family moved to their present home on Jennings Bay, Lake Minnetonka, in 1868. Eliza J. Eoemer, the subject of this sketch, was born in Lincoln, Maine, March 26th, 1831, and came with her parents, W. S. and Matilda Stinson,in 1849, to St. Anthony, Minnesota. Jan- uary 27th, 1850, she married W. ^I. Dwinells, of Eamsey county, who was one of the first brick makers in St. Paul, where he died, June 19th, 1875. In 1876, the widow and family came to Min- netrista. She has three children living. Charles C, Clara B., and Emma J. July 9th, 1877, Mrs: Dwinells married ^\^ II. Koemer, who was bom, April 21st, 1850, in Pike county, Pemisylvania, and commenced photographing at thirteen years of age, then learned the harness trade, and fol- lowed other pursuits until 1868, when he came to Minnetrista. They have a fine home, three miles south of Maple Plain. William T. Whitehouse was born in Brooklyn, New York, January 12th, 1 852. Married in 1872, to Miss Mary Major. He did a large business in boots and shoes at Troy, till 1876, then moved to St. Paul, and engaged in the same business. In 1877, he bought the place where he now lives. 1878, moved his family to what is now called " Maple Shade." He organized the Minnetonka Navigation Company in 1880. He intends to have the largest fleet of steamers on Lake Minnetonka. INDEPENDENCE— EABLY SETTLEBS. 263 INDEPENDENCE. CHAPTEK XLII. GENERAL DESCRIPTIOST — EAKLY SETTLEBS — TOWN ORGANIZATION, ETC. — STATISTICS — VILLAGES— RAILROADS— SCHOOLS— CHURCHES —BIOGRAPHICAL. Independence is situated in tlie western part of the county, and derives its name from Lalce In- dependence, a large lake lying partly in this town and partly in Medina. The surface is mainly rolling and timbered. A belt of nearly level land , however, extends around Maple Plain, and to the southwest. The town is well supplied with wild meadow land, and has many small marshes. Nearly a dozen lakes dot the surface, and two streams flow through it. Lake Independence is the largest of the lakes, and is situated a mile from the little village of Maple Plain. It is a beautiful sheet of water, about two miles in length, and one in width, with good fishing. The scenery around the lake is very charming, notice- able features of which are. Cedar Point, at the north, and Pickerel Point, at the southwest. The lake derived its name from a party of Fourth of July excursionists. Kelsey Hinman, one of the party, named it Lake Independence, in honor of the national holiday, on which their excursion took place. In the northern part of the lake is a small island, which was once covered with red cedar, and has several times been inhabited for a short time. The outlet of Lake Independence is Pioneer Creek, the principal stream of the town. This stream flows in a southwesterly course across the town, into one of the small lakes, which, in this county, are frequently united in a chain by small creeks, until, at last, their waters are dis- charged into the boundary rivers. The soil of the town is a close clay, of grayish color. The timber is hard wood, with a liberal intermixture of basswood. EARLY SETTLERS. The town was first settled in 1854-5, by Job Moffat, Irvin Shrewsbury, John B. McGary, E. Hoisington, John M. Williams, J. B. Perkins, E. Brandon, William Eogleman and others. The death of Mr. Lewis was the first in the present limits of the town. The first white child born in the town was Lizzie, daughter of Daniel and Margaret Styner. She is now Mrs. E. B. Dodd, and resides in Minneapolis. The first marriage was that of Kelsey Hinman and Miss Lydia Ann Moffat, in the spring of 1866. The mother of the bride, Mrs. Job Moffat, was the flrstwhite woman in the town. The family removed, several years since. Mrs. Wm. Fogleman is the oldest settler of those now remaining. Her family came origi- nally from North Carolina, but had lived twenty years in Indiana before coming to Minnesota. They reached the present site of Wayzata, May 12th, 1855, cutting their own road a portion of the way from Minneapolis. They made a claim on Long Lake, but soon left it for their present location, near Maple Plain. Among the old settlers of Independence was William Cox, who made and improved a claim, now owned by Joshua Styner, on section 22. He came here from Indiana, in 1856, and had never seen a rail- road until the present line was built through his farm; although over sixty years old. About two years after the road was built he moved to Iowa, and died soon after. One mile west of Maple Plain, and lying partly on the original claim of Mr. Cox, is Armstrong, a flag station, now little used, and having no agent. In 1857, John and Needham Perkins, laid out a village plat on the south bank of Lake Indepen- dence, a part of which is now in Medina. They each built a frame dwelling-house. These were the first frame buildings in this region, and are still standing. jSTeedham Perkins also built a saw-mill, and opened a small store, both of which 264 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. were abandoned after about two years. A school- house was also erected in the present limits of Medina. Aside from the inconveniences incident to west- ern emigration, the early settlers of Indepen- dence suffered from two causes not usual — In- dians and gi-asshoppers. These two pests caused inconvenience and — the latter especially — hard- ship. Hordes of Sioux, not at this time posi- tively hostile, hovered around the settlements, rendering themselves obnoxious as beggars and pilferers. In the winter of 1856-7, about 300 of them were encamped on Pioneer Lake, and the following winter about double the number wintered on the same camping ground. Shako- pee, a sub-chief, was their leader, who fell at the battle of Wood Lake, near the Yellowstone, in an engagement with General Sibley's expedition, in 1862. Their circle hunts swept the game in the near vicinity out of the reach of the settlers, and deprived them of even a fair share. During the first winter of their unwelcome visit, they killed 209 deer, in the near vicinity of their camp. The grasshopper scourge was, however, the greatest hardship. Late in July, 1856, invading swarms came from the northwest, and began overspreading the country. In the fall, vast swarms invaded this town, and remained until the following June. No green leaf or herb escaped the voracious insects, either in the fall or spring, and starvation seemed imminent. Por- tunately, relief came to the afflicted settlers from a novel source. There arose a demand for an un- usual article, the ginseng root, with which the woods abounded. Agents were stationed at various points, to purchase it for shipment to China. The settlers seem to have been provided for by a dis- pensation almost as miraculous as the feeding of the children of Israel with manna. They collect- ed large amounts of the root, and by money re- ceived from its sale, tided over the hardship. TOWN ORGANIZATION, ETC. The town was organized in 1858, and the Ih'st town meeting held on Tuesday, May 11th, at the house of J. Wilson. The meeting was called to order by Eichard McGary. Kobert P. Stinson was chosen Moderator and William C. Hazleton, Clerk. The whole number of votes cast was 18, and the following officers chosen. Supervisors: Irvin Shrewsbury, Chairman, Daniel Styner and Ebenezer Brandon; Clerk, Norman Shook; Assessor, William C. Hazleton; Collector, N. E. McGary; Justices of the Peace, Robert P. Stin- son and Henry Swingler; Constables, Wesley Hall and Earl Iloisington; Overseer of High- ways, John C. Williams. The first regular meet- ing of the new Board was held May 19th, at which meeting, it was ordered that each 160 acres of land in the town be assessed at .$500, and that a tax of thirty cents per §100 be levied upon such lands for roads and highways; also ordered, "that each and every inhabitant over the age of twenty- one and under the age of fifty years, shall per- form two days work as directed by the Over- seer of Roads and Highways." At a meeting of the Board to audit accounts, March 29th, 1859, the orders delivered and audited amounted to $98.59, which amount represented the town ex- penses for its first year. We also give a com- parison of the amount of mail matter, ten years ago and now as a significant item. Ten years ago, when George W. Smith first became post- master at Maple Plain, one pigeon-hole, 3^x4 inches, furnished ample storage for all mail mat- ter. Now, two hundred weekly papers and seven dalles are received, with a proportional increase iff other mail matter. The town officers at pres- ent are: Supervisors, — William W. Budd, Chair- man, John Batdorf, John R. Stinson; Clerk, R. M. Mills; Assessor and Treasurer, John H. Mc- Gary. STATISTICS. The population of Independence by the census of 1880, is 844. Number of acres, exclusive of town lots, 21,344. Assessed valuation of the same in 1869, $85,936; in 1875, $138,127 ; In 1880, §228,- 671. Personal property at assessed valuation, in 1869, $16,855 ; in 1875, $24,211 ; in 1880, $35,999. Taxes in 1869, $2,763 ; in 1875, $2,942; in 1880, $4,022. Horses in 1869, 86 ; in 1875, 121 ; in 1880, 21 s. Cattle over two years old, in 1869, 443 ; in 1875, 588 ; in 1880, 512. Sheep, in 1869, 324; in 1875, 230; in 1880, 593. Hogs, in 1869, 245; in 1875, 2:W; in 1880, 195. Wheat in 1869, 7,523 bushels ; in 1875, 10,836 bushels ; in 1880, acreage, 1,260. VILLAGES. After the railroad was fairly in progress in 1868, a small village plat was laid out during the INDEPENDENCE— SCHOOLS— CHUBCHES—BIOGBAPMIGAL. 265 summer, by H. C. and W. Budd, and later, another adjoining the first on the west, by William H. Marsh. This second plat is now the village of Maple Plain, and the business part of the town. It lies in section 24, while the original plat was in section 25. Here are the hotels, stores, blacksmith shops', mills, etc. MAKUFACTUBING. The town has two steam saw-mills, also a syrup manufactory, run by a stationary engine. The ca- pacity of the syrup factory is 225 gallons per day. During the season of 1880, it manufactured 3,055 gallons. Mr. E. D. Burnett owns a small steam saw-mill on Pioneer Creek, a little north of Arm- strong station. A blacksmith shop and a wagon shop complete the record of inills and shops. There are two hotels, two stores and an eleva- tor. The elevator is owned by the Elevator Company. It is little used except as a store- house. A church, school house and Good Tem- plar's hall comprise the public buildings. POST OFFICE. Mr. Irvin Shrewsbury, who in 1860, repre- sented the district in the Legislature, was the first postmaster. The oflflce was established in 1856 and located at his residence, near the cen- tre of section 26. The mail was brought weekly from Minneapolis. This was the terminus of the route until an office was established at Watertown. KAILEOAB. In 1868 a railroad, now known as the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Kailway, was built through the town, and in September the station. Maple Plain, was established. SCHOOLS. The first school house in Independence, was near the present site of school No. 81, and was built in the springof 1858. A log building 14x18 feet was first built, but after a few years it was replaced by a larger building of hewn logs, which in 1878, gave place to the present structure, a neat frame building, 26x44 feet, well finished and furnished with patent desks, seats, etc., etc. The first school was taught in the winter of 1857- 8, by Norman Shook, in a dwelling left vacant by the death of William Lewis and the removal of his family. Schools are also sustained in four other districts. No. 80 in section 2, No. 79 in section 17, No. 82 in section 30, No. 102 in section 3, a joint district, part of which is in the town of Greenwood. There are also three other joint districts. No. 61, with Medina ; No. 83, with Minnetrista and No. 112 with Greenwood. CHURCHES. Methodist. The first religious meeting was held, in 1855, by Rev. J. J. Camp, a Methodist clergyman, under whose guidance a class was formed, of which Mr., Irvin Shrewsbury was leader. This society still preserves its organiza- tion and, though not large, holds regular meet- ings in the school house of district No. 81. Presbyterian. The only church edifice in the town is the Presbyterian church, at Maple Plain This is a substantial frame building, well finished inside. It is 26x40 feet in size, built in 1872-3. The society was organized in 1871 by Kev. Charles Thayer. G. W. Smith and C. W. Inger- son were chosen elders, which office they still hold. The membership was twelve, at the time of organization. Mr. Thayer resigned his pastor- ate September 20, 1875. Eev. Benson followed Mr. Thayer, remaining about one year. Revs. Hall, Iliggins, Wood and McCahan have in turn succeeded to the charge, remaining but short terms. The church is without stated preaching at the writing of this sketch. The Good Templars Lodge was organized in April, 1874. Its present membership is about forty and steadily gaining. Meetings are held every Saturday evening. BIOGRAPHICAL. Henry Astrope was born in Canada, in 1839, and came with his parents to Minnesota in 1855. He returned to Canada three years later, and re- mained one summer, then came again to Minne- sota. In September, 186 1 , he enlisted in Company E. of the Second Regiment, and re-enlisted in 1863, serving until discharged for disability, in January, 1865. He has since drawn a pension. He was married in 1873, and has two children. W. W. Budd, a native of Ohio, was born in Preble county, in 1833. In early life he removed with his parents to Indiana, and in 1855, he en- gaged in the lumber trade, which he followed for two years. In 1863 he enlisted in the Ninth In- diana Light Artillery, served two years, particiT 266 HISTOET OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. pating in ten engagements. In 1865 he came to Independence, bought and cleared the farm he now occupies. He married Emeline Cunning- ham, of Polk county, Indiana, in 1855. They have Ave children ; Ella F., Anna C, Lilly M., William S., and Charles J. Samuel Briley was born in Canada, in 1835, and came to Minnesota in 1865, locating in Dodge county, where he remained until 1871, then re- moved to Minneapolis. In 1876 he removed to this town wliere lie has since resided. He was married, in 1858, to Jane DelahHnt, by whom he has had six children, all living, with the exception of one, who died in Minneapolis. J. D. Brandon was born in Jefferson county, Indiana, August, 1851, and in 1856 came with his parents to Hennepin county, locating at Maple Plain, where he now resides, on the farm secured by his father. He is engaged in farming, and dealing in lumber and railroad ties. He was married. May 14, 1876, to Belle C. McDonald. Ida M. and Charlie F., are their children. His father, Moses Brandon, died May 14th, 1880. His mother is still living, and a member of his family. John eleven has been a resident of Independ- ence since 1872. He was born inNorway in 1842, and came to America, locating in Minneapolis, in 1870, remaining there until he removed to his present home. He married Miss Inger Eegene, in 1871. Clara R., James and Emma, are thechil- dren, aged respectively, six, four, and one and a half years. H. C. Dickey, is a native of Nova Scotia, and came to St. Anthony, in 1865, where for ten years he worked at carriage making. In 1876 he re- moved to Maple Plain, where he continued car- riage and wagon making, and now does a thriv- ing business. Johan Histed was born in Sweden, in 1821, and in 1861 came to America, locating at Long Lake, Hennepin county, where he remained two years. He then removed to the town of Independence and leased a farm, which he lield until 187.S, when he purchased the farm on which he now lives. He was married, in 1844, to Anna Ilemmingson, of Sweden. Their children are; Hannah, aged 34; Peter, 32; Charles J., 30; Matilda, 24; and Josephine, 20. Charles J. Ilisted married Mary Moline in 1878. They have one child. Aimer. "John Hillstrom was born in Sweden, in 1849, and emigrated to America in 1870. After a short residence in New York and eight months in Michigan, he came to Minneapolis and worked in a lumber mill until 1876, when he removed to Maple Plain. In 1877 he bought the farm he now lives on. He married Miss Clara M. John- son, who was bom in Chicago, IlUnois, in 1855. The children are: Jennie, aged four years, and Hannah, aged two. Henry Jackson, is a native of England, bom in Chatham, in 1821. He came to New York while young, and engaged in the manufacture of cut- lery and surgical instruments, until he reached the age of twenty-one. He then removed to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and was engaged in the boot and shoe trade rmtil 1 856, when poor health forced him to retire. He then came west and lo- cated near Lake Minnetonka. He was one of the voters to elect the first Town Board of Minne- tonka, and put on the first shingle roof in town, using shingles of his own make. In 1862, he purchased his present home in Independence, where he has since resided. In 1862, he married Mrs. Stimson. They have one child, Edwin W., aged seventeen. Mr. Jackson enlisted in the 6th Minnesota Infantry, August, 1862; was dis- charged June, 1863. He was drafted in 1864, and served about four months. William Manning, a native of Ireland, was born in 1826, and came to America at the age of thirteen. He resided in New York and Albany, engaged as laborer, until 1861, when he enlisted in the 31st Indiana Volunteers. He was wound- ed at Fort Donaldson, and discharged after an active service of two and one-half years. After his return from the army, he went to Pennsylva- nia, and in 1868 came to Minneapolis, where he remained one year ; then came to Independence, and cleared the farm he has since lived on. He married Miss Dugan, soon after leaving the army. Their children are : William, Jr., Katy, Thom- as, and Charlotte. Sainu{4 Moore was born in Park county, Indi- ana, in 1832. He learned the trade of carpenter, at which he worked until 1858, with the excep- tion of two years in mercantile business. He then came to Mumesota and located in the town of Independence, where he has since been en- gaged in the pursuit of farming and carpenter work. He married, in 1855, Miss Nancy Wasson. INDEPENDENCE-BIOGBAPHIGAL. 267 of Park county, Indiana. They have six child- ren: Jerome C, Florence A., Eoscoe, Sophronia, John L. and Effie V. John H. McGary was born in Montgomery county, Kentucky, May 2d, 1842, and went with his parents to Indiana the same year. In 1855 they came to Minnesota and located in Independ- ence. He remained with his parents until 1864, when he enlisted in the Eleventh Eegiment and served one year. He was married September 3d, 1866, to Mrs. Eliza Brandon, by whom he has three children: Ruth A., Katy W. and Omar Kay. Mr. McGary has held the offices of Assess- or and Town Treasurer for nine years. His father, who died August 13th, 1879, was promi- nent among the early settlers of Hennepin county. N. Moline was born in Chisago county, Min- nesota, in 1855. In 1870 he removed to Minne- apolis and remained there for six years, then came to Independence, and with his father pur- chased a farm of 160 acres in section thirty-six. His post-office address is Maple Plain. R. M. Mills, is a native of Henry county, Indi- ana, where he was born in 1845. In 1854 he re- moved to Kentucky and remained three years, then returned to Indiana. In the fall of 1863 he enlisted in the Ninth Indiana Cavalry, and served until the fall of 1865. He then came to Minnesota and purchased a farm in the town of Independence. This farm, located on section twenty-two, was entered by Job Moffat, and was the first claim taken within the present limits of the town. He married Miss Maria Batdorf in June, 1866. They have one child, William D., born January 3d, 1868. C. W. O'Leary, a life-long resident of Henne- pin county, was born in Minneapolis in 1859. He attended the schools of that city, and in 1871 removed with his parents to this town. His father died in 1876, and since that time he has lived with his mother at the old home on section eighteen, and carried on . the farm. His post- office address is Delano, Wright county. John Pagenkopf, is a native of the State of Illinois, and was born December 23d, 1857. In July, 1861, he came vrath his parents to Indepen- dence, and has since resided in this town. On the 19th of March, 1878, he was married to Miss Carrie Horsch, who has borne him one child, Freddie, born January 23d, 1879. Daniel 8. Styner, was born in Pennsylvania, July 8th, 1815. He married Margaret Rheene, in 1843. In 1856 he came to Minnesota, and pre- empted 160 acres of land on section 26, in what is now the town of Independence, where he has since resided. He is one of the pioneers of this town, and was a member of the first Town Board. He has since held many offices of trust. The house he built, on his arrival here in 1856, was the first to have a shingle roof. The Indians, who passed back and forth at that time, gave him the title of the "Dutch Squire." Of his childi-en, Mary L., Julia E., and Charles, came here with their parents; Cora was born while Minnesota was a Territory, and Frank after its admission as a state. Frank Shrewsbury was born in 1855, in In- diana, and came with his parents to Minnesota the same year. They located at what is now Maple Plain, where he grew to manhood, and in 1875 married AUie Ingerson. They have two children, Maud and Mabel. Mr. Shrewsbury is a farmer, and lives on the farm pre-empted by his father. His mother is still living. G. W. Smith, is a native of Jefferson county, New York, born November 14th, 1816. In 1864 he came to Minnesota, locating at Saint Cloud, where he remained one year ; then engaged in mercantile business in Minneapolis, until 1870, when he bought the store of J. D. Perkins, at Maple Plain, and has since resided there, con- ducting a general merchandise store. Mr. Smith received his appointment as postmaster at Maple Plain, in 1870, and has since held that office. He is also a Justice of the Peace, which office he has filled since his first election, in 1875. He is the oldest postmaster on this line of railroad. His children, who were born in Jefferson county. New York, are Mary Jane, wife of J. E. Bell, cashier of the Hennepin County Savings Bank. Minneapolis; Charles H., book keeper in the same bank, and William A., who died in Minne- apolis, in 1869. He has a son who was born in Hennepin county ; Lyndon B., six years of age. Adam Tautges was born in Prussia, in 1847, and came to America in 1868. He came directly to Minnesota, and located in Medina township, where he remained with his parents until 1876, when he bought the farm he now occupies in this town. He married Miss Mary Wagner, hi 268 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNIT. 1877. They have one child, Anna, aged two years. Peter Tautges was born in Prussia, in 1856, and came to this country with his parents, in 1868. He located on his present farm in 1879. He was married to Sophia L. Hofflin, in 1877. Their children are Mary A. , aged two years, and William A., aged one year. A. Weidenbach, also a native of Prussia, was born in 1833, and emigrated to this country in 1858. He came at once to Hennepin county and has cleared a good farm on section three. He is a teacher, and justice of the peace. In 1865, he married Miss Cacilia Bukorwsky. Adolph, Cacilia, Harmon, John, Amelia, Mary, Lucy, and Edward, are their children. His post- oflBce address isRockford, Wright county. John Williams, a native of New York, was born in 1818. From that state he went to Indiana, where he remained until 1855, when he came to Independence, and- pre-empted a claim of 160 acres. He was the second man who moved into this town, and has since resided here. In 1848, he enlisted, and served one year in the Mexican war. James, AUie, Harvey, Moses, George, and Imogene are children by his first marriage. His present wife was a Miss Wright, to whom he was married in 1878. George Washington was born in Virginia, in 1843, and remained there until 1849, when he re- nioved with his parents to Tennessee, and in 1863 came to Minnesota. He was married in 1879, to Phoebe Yancey, by whom he has one child, WilUe, bom, March 21st, 1880. Mr. Washington is en- gaged in farming, and is the owner of eighty acres of land on section fifteen. MEDINA. CHAPTER XLIII. SITUATION— TOPOGRAPHY— EARLY SETTLERS— EVENTS OF 1855-8— TOWN ORGANIZATION — LATER EVENTS — MISCELLANEOTTS ITEMS, 1869 -69— BUSINES.S ENTERPRISES— THE PAST DE- CADE — BIOGRAPHICAL. Towns, tliough tracing their settlement and origin to the same general causes, perhaps the same dates, are, nevertheless, found to possess historic data differing from their immediate neighbors, as widely as do the lives of indi- viduals. Some furnish little, save the prosaic record of settlement and growth, the current flowing smoothly on, its surface scarcely rippled by an incident or legend. In others the tide is swollen with such plenteous accumulations of fact and fancy, that the chief difficulty encoun- tered by the historian, is the selection of such items as will be of the greatest general interest, since the limits of space in this volume, consigns many noteworthy facts to the uncertain custody of future tradition. The latter is the case with Medina, and it is a matter of no little regret that so few of the interesting events pertaining to its early history can here be given. SITUATION AND TOPOGRAPHY. Medina is an interior town, embracing, in ad- dition to the original township, that portion of Excelsior lying north of Lake Iilinnetonka, and has an area of 2(),023 acres. Its surface is uneven, and in the northwestern portion somewhat hilly. Several cleiir lakes dot the surface. On the west, and lying partly in the town bearing its name, is Lake Independence. This and the larger lake mentioned as forming the southern boundary, are the principal bodies of water. Long Lake, from which the only village of the town is named, is of peculiar beauty. A few small streams fur- nish outlets for nearly all the interior lakes. The MEDINA— EABLY EVENTS. 269 ■town is heavily timbered, excepting a small belt skirting the north-western portion. EARLY SETTLERS. The first permanent settlers came here in 1854. A marked character among them was Stephen Bean, who came from Maine, and settled about a mile west of Long Lake. He was a kind neighbor, hospitable, open-hearted, generous, and had a wonderfully fertile imagination. Karl and William Charles Kassube came in 1854. A. T. French came from Ohio and settled on the north side of Crystal Bay, a point commanding one of the finest views of the lake; he has seen all the lights and shadows of fortunes changes. Mr. French, Yincent Cox and the Foglemans brought the first horses into this region. New- ton French, William Carman, Evan Templin and Eichard Danforth came from Ohio; Theo- dore A. jSTorris, Wallace Hatter and Judson Beach from Michigan; James Dumbrack, David Lydiard, Eleazer Dickey and Daniel Thompson from Nova Scotia, and John Mattison from Illi- nois, all taking claims near Long Lake. In the same year came William KusseU from New York and Fred A. Jennings from Ohio. The location selected by Mr. Russell was in section seventeen. on the west shore of one of the numerous bays now partly in Medina and Excelsior. Here he laid the foundation for a city which never came, and "Island City" waited in vain for the state cap- ital. Fred A. Jennings was a man whose daring nearly cost him his life by drowning in Lake Minnetonka, and once, lost him in the wilderness between the lake and his home. EVENTS OF 1855. Prominent among the arrivals this year, were Isaac A. Christlieb, K. H. and J. L. Knettle, B. C. Haines and John Schaffer, from Pennsylvania; Vincent Cox, WilUam and Henry Fogleman and Edward Turnham, from Indiana; Asa Kelley and Kelsey Hinman from Ohio ; E. F. Walsh, Jas. Dillman, Samuel Lydiard and Miles Bayers, from Nova Scotia; Shepherd Barnes from Maine; Hon. A. J. Underwood (now editor of the Fergus Falls Journal) from Ohio; Henry Stubbs, Allen Grave, George, James and F. R. Maxwell from Illinois. Mr. Grave's and Mr. Stubb's daughters were the first young ladies in the .settlement, and their advent produced quite a ripple in the bachelor element. The Maxwell brothers brought their father with them; one of Napoleon's trained veterans, who followed the fortunes of the great Captain through many of his campaigns. John Schmidt, built and owns the "Medina House," which he now rents to A. J. Rosander. This year about" fifty German families, settled in the north part of the town ; prominent among them were Matthias Miller, John Wolsfeld, Phillip Klein, and C. W. Burchfield. Mr. Miller was the "Peacemaker" and one of the founders of Medina, whose death in 1880, was mourned by the entire community. Mr. Wolsfeld, while returning from Minneapolis seven years ago, was attacked by a man named Wirth, and so severely beaten that he lost his eyesight. Wirth was arrested, tried, and sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The enraged citizens wanted to save the state the expense of the trial. Miss EmmaMaxwell was the first child born in Medi- na. She is now Mrs. Melvina Smith. Elkand Cox, who died at the residence of his brother, on the farm now owned by I. A. Christlieb, was the first death. The Wayzata road, from Minne- apolis to a point near the western margin of the county, where it intersects another established road, was located by O. E. Garrison. A few ad- ditional names are given of those who settled here from 1855 to 1860. Isaac Sharth, Bradford Wakefield,Perry Parrish, from Ohio;Gibson Teas, J. B. & O. B. Brown, from Indiana; E. M. Snow and B. F. Christlieb from Pennsylvania; James Johnson, W. A. Spafford, A. Kruikshanks, Val- erous Chilson and B. Gasper. In 1862 they were followed by William and Joseph Lydiard, Andrew Brown, C. Dittman, and others, all set- tling in or near the present village of Long Lake. Alonzo Coleman was an early settler and promi- nent in town affairs. EVENTS OF 1856. Claim jumping was one of the initial events ; one Kohler, thus attempted to gain posses- sion of C. E. Dickey's claim, on section 26. He built his cabin, and took possession when the neighbors, led by Samuel Lydiard, drove the intruder away and demolished his castle ; he, however, compromised, and pur- chased the claim he would have jumped. It was again attempted on a mulatto, named Alfred, but 270 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. his "backers" were too many, and. the invader wisely retreated. No written contract existed between tlie settlers of Medina, but there was a distinct understanding that each actual settler should be protected in his rights ; this fact being known, put an end to claim jumping. The first marriage was that of Sebastian Kohler to Miss Baumeister. The first school, was taught by Charles Christlieb, in an old claim shanty on sec- tion 34, owned by George Knettle, his wages being paid by subscription. A school house was built on section 4, but never used. In 1858 ano- ther was built on section 34, known as the Hursh school house, in which a school, supported by tax, was opened by Miss Jane Cowden of Ashta- bula, Ohio. EVENTS OF 1857. During this year, the old Territorial Eoad, known as the Minneapolis and Fort Ridgely road, was laid through the town. The route was sug- gested by I. A. Christlieb, who, with the assist- ance of Samuel Lydiard, secured the survey by R. J. Mendenhall. George Knettle built a small steam saw mill a short distance west of the pres- ent village, and also built a house and a hotel. This was the foundation for his " City of Cum- berland." D. A. Keyes and Frank Fleming built houses within the limits of the city, and there its growth ended. A lyceum was organized in one of the buildings, where the Solons met and discussed the questions of those times. Another city was located on the town line between Medina and Independence, by John and Needham Per- kins, and called Perkinsville. A store, hotel and a few dwellings marked its greatest growth. It struggled for metropolitan honors, but finally went down, and now exists only in memory. This year was one of want, occasioned by the ravages of the grasshoppers. The prices of what was left of the crop were so low that the settlers were driven to the verge of despair. They were relieved by the sudden demand for the ginseng root, which grew abundantly in the woods. All went to gathering it, and were tempoi'arily re- lieved. EVENTS OF 1858. In this year was established the first post-office, the lirst school house was built, and the town organized. Henry Stubbs secured the establish- mpnt of a post office on section 23, called Tama- rac, which was continued there until 1861, when it was removed to Long Lake, and John A. Cole- man appointed postmaster. The name was changed from Tamarac to Long Lake, in 1867. The mail came from Minneapolis once a week, until the building of the railroad in 1868 ; since then they have had a daily mail. TOWN ORGANIZATION. April 10th, 1858, township 118, range 23, was des- ignated by the County Commissioners as Ham^ burg, and the first town records appear under that name. On the 11th of May, 1858, the first town meet- ing was held at the house of Valerous Chilson, at which thirty-seven voters were present. Mr. Chilson was called to the chair, Andrew Scherer elected Moderator, and W. F. Hillman Clerk. The following officers were then elected : ■ Supervisors, Valerous Chilson, Chairman, C. W. Burchfield. George Eeiser; Town Clerk, W. F. Hillman ; Assessor, L. Lenzen ; Collector, An- drew Scherer ; Overseer of Poor, Jos. Lenzen ; Justices, Wm. Archibald and James Crowe ; Con- stables, Leo Stumpf and Adolph Buttz ; Overseer of Roads, B. Gasper. Resolutions were offered to organize school districts, defining legal fences, and regulating the running at large of stock. George Reiser offered a resolution to change the name of the town to Medina, which was unani- mously adopted. The town then embraced but one regular township, and remained so until 1868, when that part of Excelsior lying north of Lak^ Minnetonka was added, by act of County Com- missioners, March 2d. This was proposed in 1863, but rejected by a vote of sixty to fifteen. LATER EVENTS. Ill December, 1859, Shakopee (Little Six) and his band, including the notorious Cut Nose, camped on the south shore of Long Lake, on the grounds now in use as the village cemetery, where they remained about a month, and would have remained much longer, but for a ruse adopted by Selden Coleman and John B. "Wakefield. They started a rumor that the Chippewas were massing in the vicinity. The ruse had the desired effect, and the camp was quickly deserted. The same Coleman afterward recognized both Shakopee and MEBINA— MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. 271 Cut Nose in the band captured by Gen. Sibley in his raid across the plains. The massacre of 1862 filled the community with excitement and alarm. A stockade was built where now stands the residence of John McCormick, in the village of Long Lake, and at several other points, where the people gathered nights for mutual protection. Many from farther west flocked here for safety. The dwellings of I. A. Christleib, George Knettle, and James Johnson (old Cumberland House) were converted into semi-fortresses for defence. In 1863 came another scare, from the fact that Little Crow, with a few braves, was seen skulking in the vic- inity. Whatever might have been his intentions, they were not accomplished, and on his way back to the plains he was met by a Mr. Lampson, near Hutchinson, who shot him at sight, and ended the life of this cunning leader. During all these exciting times, Mrs. Matthias Miller was the only woman who did not leave her home, but with Spartan courage remained at her post, exhibiting a coolness that would do honor to the sterner sex. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS — 1859-1869. The first regular preaching was in the school house at Cumberland, about 1858, by Rev. Geo. Galpin, a Methodist. Free Thinkers' Club. This name was adopted by a small society forrned in 1860; numbering at one time about thirty; at presentit has about half that membership. They own a hall 28x40 feet, with basement for culinary use on social occa- sions. It was built in 1874. In 1860 a post-office was established in the north-ea^ part of the town through the efforts of L. L'enzen, who was the first postmaster. The office was named in honor of its founder — " Lenz." J. O. Hamel is the present postmaster. Presbyterian Church. In 1863 Eev. James Hunter commenced preaching at Long Lake, and in 1869 a church was built. It is open to all denominations. Rev. Charles Thayer has been the principal pastor since it was opened. St. Peter's and St. Paul's Catholic Church was organized about 1862, and a small structure built, which was replaced by the present edifice in 1867. The society is now large and sustains weekly service. German Catholic Church. In 1863 a society was formed and a small building erected on sec- tion twenty-four, which, in 1876 gave place to the present structure, the old building being remod- eled as a residence for the priest. The society is now large, and sustains weekly services, Rev. P. Magnus M. Mayr officiating. Good Templars. A lodge of Good Templars was organized several years ago, which is now steadily increasing in numbers, holding their meetings in " Free Thinkers' Hall " on Friday evening of each week. Union Cemetery. In 1861 a cemetery associa- tion was formed, and a site selected on the south bank of Long Lake, affording a fine view of the lake and surrounding country. A portion of it is platted and laid out into walks and carriage drives, a charming spot. The first burial was an infant child of Bradford Wakefield, in 1862. BUSINESS ENTEEPRISES. In 1866, Mills, Cutler & Co., built a stave fac- tory at Long Lake, and sold it in 1868 to Chas. May & Co., who operated it for ten years. Since that time it has only run at intervals. In 1867 Mills, Condit & Co., opened a general store near the west end of Long Lake ; it was the only store at that time. They sold to Low, May & Co., who sold to other parties. Its building was due to the prospect of the speedy completion of the St. P. & P. R. R., which was surveyed in 1865. Grading was commenced in 1866, and in 1868, the cars were running, a depot built, and the village of Long Lake began to grow. In 1855, the Hon. Lewis Harrington stood at a land cor- ner on section 33, and with prophetic accuracy said : " Gentlemen, when a road is built through this region, it can not go far from where we now stand." The right of way now includes that iden- tical spot. THE LAST DECADE— 1870-80. Saint Anna Church, French Catholic. This structure was commenced in 1874, and completed in 1879. The first regular service was held in May, same year. Rev. Z. G. Chandonnet was its first pastor, and remained until January 1st, 1880. He was succeeded by Rev. Peter Boucher, the present incumbent. The society numbers about five hundred. 272 mSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. MEDINA MILL COMPANY. In January, 1875, a stock company was formed for the purpose of building a flrst-class flouring mill. The incorporators were: Samuel, David and Joseph Lydiard, E. and B. Dicl^ey, I. A. Christlieb, Robert Logan, Wm. Braden, C. W. Weeks, John Burns and E. M. Snow. It was rented for a term of years to B. M. Smith, who operated it only two years. After passing through various changes of ownership, it came into the hands of its present owners, Syme & DeMott. It is about sixty feet square, 'five stories high, and run by a Corliss condensing engine, of 150 horse power. The mill has a capacity for 350 barrels per day, and furnishes employment to twenty-five workmen. They own and operate a cooper shop where they manufacture their barrels, and have a side track, for receiving and discharging freight. The quality of the flour made at this mill, with its new and improved machinery, is not excelled by any in the North- west. LENZ GRIST MILL, was built in 1876, by Francis Huot. It is two stories high, and has two runs of stone, driven by a twenty-five horse-power engine, and is doing a thriving business. TOWN HOUSE. In 1878, a Town House was built on the south- west corner of Section 22, a location selected with especial reference to the accommodation of the majority of voters. Medina now has a population of 1,462 inhabitants, with a real estate valuation of §319,633, with $21,285 in the village of Long Lake, and an assessed valuation of $47,664 in per- sonal property. Its taxes for 1880 were $4,705. Its stock reports for 1880, show 370 horses, 565 cattle over two years old, 783 sheep, 495 hogs. The reports also show 2,960 acres sown to wheat the same year. The village of Long Lake con- tains a good school building, erected in 1878, where a graded school is supported, nine months in the year. It has a seating capacity for about one hundred. The other schools of the town have houses located as follows: Joint District No. 90, (Medina and Corcoran,) section 6 ; Dis- trict No. 63, section 11 ; District No. 7, section 23; District No. 62, section 8 ; District No. 91, sec- tion 32 ; all in town 118 ; and District l^o. 94, ection 4, Township 117, the portion formerly be- longing to Excelsior. OFFICIAL ROSTER. The following are the names of the Chairmen of Board of Supervisors, since the town organi- zation: 1858, Valerous Chilson; 1859 to 1863, John A. Coleman; 1864, Saml. Lydiard; 1865, I. A. Christleib ; 1866, A. Buttz ; 1867, Samuel Lydiard; 1868, J. P. Meurer; 1869 to 1871, D. A. Keyes ; 1872, C. W. Gordon ; 1873, A. P. Bills ; 1874-5, N. J. Stubbs ; 1876 to 1878, Peter Miller ; 1879, Peter Maurer; 1880, Peter MiUer. The other officers for 1880, were. Supervisors, Benj. Maxon and Nelson Barnes ; Clerk, E. B. Dickey ; Treasurer, B. F. Christlieb; Assessor, J. P. Meurer ; Justices, A. C. Bailey and J. P. Meurer ; Constables, J. A. Coleman and Geo. Reiser. In 1865-6, by a misapprehension of the law, the time of holding town meetings was changed from April to March. The error was discovered in the latter year, and another election held April 14th. This is called a special meeting in the old town records, but was in fact the regular meeting. BIOGRAPHICAL. David Archibald was born in Nova Scotia, in 1845, and moved with his parents to Hennepin county. He enlisted in 1861, in Second United States Sharpshooters, afterwards attached to First Minnesota Regt. , and served three years; was wounded at Cold Harbor, and remained for six months in the hospital at Alexandria. He was honorably discharged at St. Paul, in 1865. William Arcliibald was born in Nova Scotia, in the year 1811. He moved to Hennepin county in 1855, and made a claim where he has since resided. He is one of the founders of the Liber- al League Society, is its President and most active member. In 1884 he married Diana C. Hutchin- son. They had ten children. Mrs. Archibald died ill 1863. ^V. C. Bailey was born in Ohio, in 1840. He was educated at Westminster College. In 1862 he enlisted in the First Ohio Independent ; served over three years, and was honorably discharged, in 1865, at Gallipolis. The same year he moved to Minnesota, and settled in Medina, where he has since resided. He married Hattie M. Parrish in 1867. Three children have been born to them'. S. Barnes was, born in Maine, in 1826. He MEDINA— BIOGBAPHIOAL. 273 settled in Medina in 1855, and lived there until 1880, when he removed to Oregon and settled near Portland. When he came to Hennepin county he had but fifty cents. The first year he cleared three acres and planted it to com, but was scourged with the grasshoppers, and was obliged to support his family by making ox yokes and axe handles. E. S. Barnes, a native of Maine, was born in 1845. He settled in Hennepin county, in 1855. In 1861 he enlisted in the Second Minnesota Sharpshooters, afterwards Company L, First Minnesota Volunteers, served three years, was wounded at Vicksburg and was in thirteen engagements, under Generals McClellan and Burnside. He is part owner of a saw mill, also proprietor of a Sorghum mill, capacity one hund- red gallons per day. He has a farm of 184 acres and half interest in 300 more. In 1867 he mar- ried Martha K. Reynolds. They have two child- ren. Charles Barkow was born in Germany, in 1826, and emigrated to America in 1852. He worked at harness making in Cleveland, Ohio, two years, and two years in Oberlin. In 1861 he settled in Hennepin county. Enlisted in company A, Fourth Minnesota Volunteers in 1864, and was honorably discharged in 1865 ; the same year he married Caroline Sekoggv. They have eight children living. J. D. Bayer was born in Nova Scotia, in 1832. He lived there until 1877, then moved to Boston, Massachusetts, for two years, thence to New York ; he then came to Hennepin county and settled in 1880. Worked on farm thirty years, then learned the carpenters trade. He was sup- erintendent of the Orphan's Home, in Halifax, his wife acting as matron, having charge of it for seven years. His marriage with Elizabeth A. Brown, occurred in the year 1860. Peter Berens, a native of Germany, was born in 1829. He removed to Hennepin county in 1865, having lived one year in Illinois, and settled near Long Lake, being at that time farther west than any other settler in this part of the county. He has since lived here. Alden P. Bills was born in Oneida county, New York, in 1818. .In the year 1865 he moved to Hennepin county, settling at Lake Independence. He moved here in a lumber wagon, building 18 bridges as he went. Arriving at his farm, they put up a stove, and ate their first meal on a dry goods box. Game was plenty at that time, and they did not suffer for food. Mrs. Bills was chased by a panther, that came so near she could dis- tinctly hear its steps. Mr. Bills married Jeanette Purcell, of Ohio. They have two children now living. C. W. Burchfleld was born in Pennsylvania, in 1815. He moved to Wisconsin in 1855, and came to Hennepin county, in 1866. He worked in St. Anthony as carpenter, carrying provisions on his back to his family in " Lenz ;" went six miles for twelve bushels of potatoes, and gave half to have them hauled home ; built his first log house in 1856. He is one of the fathers of Medina ; mar- ried in 1842, to Christina Frantz. They have five children living. A. Burchfleld was born in 1847, and came to Hennepin county with his parents. He is the inventor of the U. S. Military Portable Forge, a very ingenious and useful contrivance ; when ready for moving, it is mounted on wheels, with fireplace, forge, tool box and fan bellows, a model of completeness. Mr. Burchfleld has commenced manufacturing, and selling state rights. Peter Boucher, pastor of St. Anna French Catholic Church at Lenz, was born in the Prov- ince of Quebec, July 6th, 1821. He was educated for the priesthood at the College of Quebec. In 18 17 took charge of Sherbrook Church, remaining two years. Then eleven years at Matane, five years at St. Alphonse, and one year at St. Raph- ael. Thence to Jefferson, D. T., where he re- mained until 1880, when he took charge of the St. Anna Church. L. K. Campbell, a native of Maine, was born in Washington county in 1852. When quite young he moved to Winnebago county, Wisconsin; was educated at Omro, and has followed teaching for the past eight years. He came to Minneapolis in 1878 and taught school in Crystal Lake, Rich- field and Medina. I. A. Christlieb was born in Pennsylvania, in 1834. Moved to Medina in 1855, pre-empted 160 acres and bought for cash as much more. He experienced many hardships, paying exorbitant prices for everything, and was compelled at times to live on sour corn meal. The grasshoppers came and destroyed everything; many of his neighbors 274 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. left, and he would have been obliged to do the same, but for the means he brought with him. During the Indian outbreak he sent his family to Minneapolis to keep them from the murderous Sioux. Has been Town Clerk and Supervisor for seventeen years, and member of School Board ' sixteen years. He married Susie Baird, of Spring- field, Ohio, in 1859. They have two children. B. F. Cliristlieb was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 10th, 1836. He came to Medina in 1859, and until 1864 was engaged as local surveyor and engineer. .He was then in the employ of the St. P. & P. E. K. for several years. In 1870, under Chief Engineer Spaulding, he as- sisted hi locating the first five miles- from N. P. Junction. Has been connected with other roads, among them the Lake Superior & Miss., the St. Paul & Duluth and the Minneapolis & St. Louis. In 1873 he was compelled to abandon his pro- fession on account of poor health. In 1877 he formed a partnership with A. Lydiard in mer- cantile business at Long Lake. He has been prominent in local politics. Has been a candi- date for the Legislature on the Democratic ticket several times; has also been Town Clerk, and was elected Treasurer in 1880. Alex. Dickey was born in Nova Scotia, in 1850. Moved to Bristol county, Massachusetts, where he lived until 1861, when he came to Hennepin county, and settled at Parker's Lake. He spent two years in the Black Hills. In 1880 associated himself with Robert Logan in the meat business, at Long Lake. R. B. Dickey was born in Nova Scotia, in 1842. He was engaged in milling in his native country. In 1868 came to Hennepin county, and finally settled at Long Lake. He is now Deputy Sheriff; was clerk of Medina four year^, and was also census enumerator. In 1865 he married Barbara Stephen. They luive four children now living. Henry Faue, a native of ((ei-many, was born | in 1826. Emigrated to America in 1851 ; he lived on Long Island tlii'ee years, tlicn moved to j Hennepin county in 1854, and locaU^l where he i now resides. Enlisted in Company II, Third Minnesota, in 1864. Served one year, and was honorably discharged at St. Paul. Married in Germany to Louisa Gust, in 1849 ; have eight children, Louis, John, Lizzie, Henry, Annie, Mena, Jennie, and William. Allen T. French was born in Ohio, in 1818. Came to Hennepin county in 1854, and made a claim on Crystal bay. Lake Minnetonka. In 1862 he moved to Minneapolis, and engaged in busi- ness until 1875, when he again returned to his home on Crystal bay, and has since resided there. In 1857 he suffered much from the Indians and grasshoppers, the latter eating everything outside, and the former begging everything inside. Mar- ried Martha Gibson, in 1852. They have two adopted children. Allen Grave was born in Kent county, Dela- ware, in 1811. He came to Hennepin county in 1855, and settled near Long Lake ; at that time the country was thinly settled. In 1857 he suf- fered much from the ravages of the grasshoppers. He married in 1833, Mary Teas, of Wayne county, Indiana. They have six children now living. B. C. Haines was bom in New Jersey, in 1820. Moved to Ohio and Pennsylvania ; then came to Hennepin county in 1855, and made a claim in Medina. In 1863 he returned to Pennsylvania, and remained there until 1868, when he removed to his farm in Medina, and has lived there since. Married Lucy Ann Counselman, of Pennsylva- nia, in 1850. Six children have been bom to them. J. O. Hamel was born in Quebec, in 1839. He was educated at the Seminary of Quebec, the oldest College in the town. In 1857 he moved to Minnesota and settled in Hennepin county, near what is known as Lenz. When he came it was a wilderness. In 1863, he went to Montana; re- turned in 1868, and established his store at Long Lake; the first one in this pai't of the county; the post office of Lenz was transferred to him at that time. Charles W. Iloagland came West with his par- ents, in 1862, and after remaining in the vicinity of Long Lake, a short time, decided to make further explorations ; after several changes he leturned to ^linnesota in 1872, and settled near Long Lake, where he has since resided. He remained with his parents until August, 1880, when he entered the store of Christlieb & Lydiard. He is Lodge Deputy of Long Lake Lodge No. 65, I. O. of G. T. Louis K. Hoagland, a native of Ohio, was born in Trumbull county, in 1852. He moved to Hen- nepin county, and settled at Wayzata. In 1876, MEDINA- BIOOBAPHICAL. 275 he came to Long Lake, and in 1877 began milling, with the North Star Mill B. Married to Annie Johnson, in 1876. They have two children. Jacob Huntsberger was born in Pennsylvania, in 1844. Pie enlisted in 1861, in Company H, 87th Pennsylvania. Served nearly four years ; partici- pating in fifteen engagements ; was taken pris- oner at Winchester. Exchanged and transferred to the Army of the Potomac, and was honorably discharged in 1865, when he came and settled in Medina. Married, in 1866, to Charlotte Arthur. Six children have been born to them. M. Huntsberger was born in Pennsylvania, in 1834. He moved to Hennepin county, in 1865, and settled in Medina. In 1877, started wagon making at Long Lake, having learned the trade at Council Bluffs, Cumberland county, Penn. He worked on the first building in Long Lake. Charles Johnson wa-s bom in Maine, 1816. He moved to St. Anthony in 1852, remained there until 1855, when he went to Nebraska ; was gone four years ; returned and spent two years in Car- ver county ; moved to Minneapolis, for one year, and then came to Long Lake, where he has since resided. When he first came here there were only two houses, and nothing but forest where now is the centre of the village. He married Miss E. F. Barnes, in 1870. They have one child. Karl Kassube was born in Prussia, in 1822. He emigrated to America in 1854 ; came to Hen- nepin county the same year, and made a claim of 160 acres ; all he had to work with was a grub hoe. In 1849 he married Miss P. Dralle, of Ger- many. They have six children living. Wm. C. Kassube, a native of Germany, was born in 1853. He emigrated to America in 1855, and settled in Hennepin county. Married, in April, 1879, to Minnie Schulz, of Wright county. They have one child, born April 21st, 1880. Leonard Lenzen was born in Germany, in 1825. Emigrated to America and moved to Hennepin county in 1856, settling where he has since re- sided. He was the first postmaster of Lenz, which position he held for eleven years. The of- fice was named in honor of him. He enlisted in 1864, in Company E, 5th Minnesota, and was honorably discharged in 1865. Mr. Lenzen mar- ried Susanna Eoscop, in 1857. They have ten children living. Peter G. Lindner was born in Germany, in 1826. He emigrated to America in 1854, and worked at shoemaking in New Orleans until 1856, when he moved to St. Paul. The following year he came to Medina and made a claim. He is now engaged in grape culture. Married, in 1855, to Caroline L. H. Greve. They have no children living- E. Logan, a native of Nova Scotia, was born in 1836. He moved to Parker's Lake, Hennepin county, in 1867, and engaged in the meat busi- ness. In 1873 he moved to Long Lake, and con- tinued in the same business. In 1862 he married Susan J. Archibald. They have six children. A. E. Loranger was born in Quebec, in 1850. He was educated at Three Elvers College and Lennox ville Medical College, where he graduated under some of the best Canadian physicians and surgeons. Came to Hennepin county in 1879, and is now practicing medicine. He was married in 1876, to Albina Galinas, of Three Elvers. A. J. Mayers was born in France in 1822. He emigrated to America in 1867, and settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, remaining there about five years. He then came to Minnesota, and lived in Minneapolis until 1878, when he moved to Long Lake, where he now resides. In 1875 he married Sarah Raphel. One child has been bom to them. Eev. P. Magnus M. Mayr, a native of Bavaria, was bom in 1820. He was educated for the priesthood in the University of Munich. In 1 845, he emigrated to America. He was ordained at Pittsburgh, and his first charge was at St. Cloud, Minnesota. Afterward, he had charge of several churches in Wright and Hennepin counties, but failing health obhged him to abandon them for the less laborious one at Chaska, Carver county, where he remained for seven years. He was also for seven years at New Trier. In 1879 he took charge of the Catholic Church in Medina. George Maxwell was born in Virginia, in 1829. Moved to Hennepin county in 1855, and made a claim where he now lives. He was married in IlUnois, to Miss Slane, and returned in 1856, bringing with him the first wagon used west of Wayzata. His wife camped on Lake Minnetonka until he could build a shanty. They have twice moved away, but now have settled in Medina permanently. J. P. Meurer, a native, of Germany, was bom in 1833. He emigrated to America in 1855, and worked at his trade, plate printing and engraving, 276 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. in New York, for about two years ; then went to St. Paul ; remained there until 1859, when he moved to Hennepin county. Enlisted in 1864, in Co. H. 3d Miim.; was honorably discharged in 1865, and returned to his farm. He has filled the offices of Clerk, Supervisor, and Assessor in the town of Medina, where he has since resided. Peter Miller, born in Prussia, 1833, emigrated to America and lived in Illinois for two years. Moved to Hennepin county, in 1865, and made a claim in Medina ; has held the office of chairman of town board for four years, Married to Mar- garet Shaussen in 1867 ; Enlisted in Company E, Independent Battallion, Minnesota Volunteers, 1864; honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, 1866. P. Parrish was born in Erie county, New York, in 1814. He moved with his parents to Genesee county, and at the age of twenty-two years went to Geauga county, Ohio, thence to Camden, Ohio, in 1841, and engaged in railroading. He came to Hennepin county in 1858, and bought the farm on which he now resides. Married Laura A. Van Valkenburg in 1839. They have four child- ren, Lemira, Charles Henry, Hattie M., Carlos F. Eomain Pouliot, a native of Quebec, was born in 1836. He came to Hennepin county and made a claim ; built a small log house and began to clear his farm. He enlisted in Company II, Heavy Artillery, and was discharged at Fort Snelling in 1865. He married in 1857, Eugenia Hamel. They have eleven children living. George Reiser, a native of Germany, was born in 1816. Moved to America, settled in Boston, Massachusetts, and worked at bronzing for eleven years. In 1855 he settled in Medina, Hennepin county. He was a member of the first board and suggested the name which the town now bears. He married in 1845, Mary Ann Letzkus. They have seven children. Joseph B. Reiser was bom in East Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1846, Moved to Hennepin county in 1855, and settled where he now lives. He is the son of tieorge Reiser, one of the pio- neer setrlers of this part of the county. In 1869 he married Julia Prelwitz. They have six oliild- ren. Andrew J. Rosander, a native of Sweden, was born in 1860. He emigrated to America in 1872, and located at Castle Rock, Dakota county, Min- nesota ; moved to Anoka, then to "Wisconsin for a short time, thence to Minneapolis and engaged in brick making in 1878. Married in 1880 to Han- nah C. Johnson. Mr. Rosander has now rented the "Medina House" at Long Lake for a term of years. Anton Schaar was born in Germany, in 1821. Moved to America in 1848, and settled in Hen- nepin county ten years later. He bought a farm, built a log house, and cleared two acres the first year ; has now cleared it up and built a nice house. His last marriage was to Elizabeth Boetel. They have four children now living. Joseph Schaar was bom in Germany, in 1821, and is a twin brother of Anton. He came to this country one year later than his brother, and they have lived together since that time, he hav- ing bought land near Anton's farm. In 1862, he enlisted in Minnesota Mounted Rangers, serving one year, then in Company D, 2d Minnesota Cav- alry. He was in several engagements, and was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, in 1864. Dr. A. W. Shuck was born in Pennsylvania, in 1887. When fourteen years old he began to work at carpentering ; followed it for two years. Was also engaged in teaching. He attended two courses of lectures at the Eclectic Medical In- stitute, Cincinnati, and one course at Newton's Clinical Institute. He commenced the practice of medicine in 1859. In 1861 he entered the army, serving in the medical department of the army and navy for three and a half years. He moved to Benton county, and practiced medicine from 1866 to 1873, when he went to Lake Minne- tonka. He now resides at Long Lake, enjoying a large practice. He married Mattie A. McClan- nahan. They have seven children. H. Shumacher, a native of Prussia, was born in 1824. Emigrated to America in 1853. Moved to Scott county, Minnesota, in 1855. Finally settled in Independence, made a claim, and lived on it for eight years, then cimie to Medina. He enlist- ed in 1864, in Company F, 11th Minnesota Vol- unteers. Was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, in 1865. Married Miss M. Geigerman. They have eleven children now living. Dr. Mark 11. Sheppard was born in Quebec, in 1820. Moved to England and from there to the Isle of Man. He was educated at King Williams College, served his time at the Royal Infirmary, Liverpool, and passed examination in the Lon- MEBINA—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 277 don College of Surgeons. He has traveled ex- tensively. For a time he was surgeon on the Black Ball Line, sailing between Liverpool and New York, and practiced medicine in Nova Sco- tia for ten years. In 1868 he went to Parker's Lake, and thence to Princeton, where he prac- ticed medicine five years. He then came to Long Lake, and has since resided here. In 1866 he married Catherine A. McCloud. W. A. Spafford, a native of Quebec, was born in 1825. He came to Hennepin county in 1853 and pre-empted a farm near Hopkins Station; lived there two years; then in 1855 moved to Me- dina, bought a claim and sold it three years later; he then located on 'the Lydiard property which he sold in 1862 and moved to where he now resides. The grasshoppers attacked him in 1856; and in 1862, the Indians obliged him to move his family to Minneapolis for safety. Henry Stubbs was born in Ohio, in 1806. He moved to Minnesota in 1856, and made a claim in Medina, where he now resides. At that time Minneapolis had but one or two stores ; Medina people had to go there to mill for some years. The first school in this town was held in an old log blacksmith shop on Mr. Stubbs' place. He was the first postmaster at Tamarac, afterwards changed to Long Lake. J. D. Stafford was born in Indiana, in 1842. Came to Minnesota and settled in Medina, in 1861. He enlisted in 1862, serving part of the time among the Indians, the balance of the time South. He was at the siege of Fort Blakely on Mobile Bay for fourteen days. Was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling in 1865. Married Ella Styner in 1869. They have three children. C. E. Stubbs was born in Ohio, in 1845. He came with his parents to Hennepin county, and has since resided here. Mr. Stubbs married, in 1869, Esther White. They have four children. He owns a Sorghum Mill, Stubbs' Patent Pans, and Excelsior Machine, capacity 150 gallons per day, two horse power. Gibson Teas was born "in Delaware, in 1809. He moved to Wayne county, Indiana, in 1818 ; thence to Hennepin county, Minnesota, in 1856, and settled near Starvation Point, Lake Minne- tonka. In 1858, he sold all his effects but land, for a twenty dollar gold piece, and moved to Indiana. Married Miss D. Stafford in 1859, and returned to Hennepin county in 1861, experi- encing many hardships. In 1862, expecting hourly to be attacked by Indians, they loaded their goods into a spring wagon, and left, but afterwards returned to the farm, where they have since re- mained. J. Turnham was born in Illinois, in 1850; moved to Minnesota and settled in Medina. He is the owner of Turnham's Sorghum Mill, built in 1877, and located on his farm three miles from Long Lake ; capacity one hundred gallons per day. He raises five to ten acres of cane per year, ma- king about 1,000 gallons, besides manufacturing for other parties. Mr. Turnham married Ellen McKeneff in 1875. She has borne him two chil- dren. J. D. Twist, a native of New York, was born in Madison county. He moved to West Virginia, thence to Ohio, thence to Indiana, and in 1867 came to Medina, where he has since resided. He has one of the largest and most complete sorghum mills in the county, producing about 150 gallons of syrup per day, equipped with Stubbs & Sons patent pan's, and all under cover. He married EUzabeth Lynch. They have five children living. E. F. Walsh, born in Nova Scotia, in 1827. He settled in Hennepin county in 1856, and took a claim where he now lives. Married in 1855, to Mary Gilman. They have six children, Lahe- lia, Burke, J. D., Ida May, Eda Mary and Frank. A. W. Wamboldt, born in Nova Scotia, in 1851. He moved to Hennepin county in 1863, and learn- ed the cooper's trade in Minneapolis. He went to Florida, and lived two years, then returned to Medina, where he has since resided, excepting a short time in Meeker county. He was married in 1880, to Miss Ida M. Walsh. Dr. S. J. Wooster was born in Lenawee county, Michigan, in 1850. He came with his grand- parents to Long Lake, Minnesota, and learned thoroughly the prescription part of the drug busi- ness, with George Savoy, of Minneapolis, and was associated with C. A. Bundy in the drug trade. He studied medicine with Dr. Karl Ben- deke, of Minneapolis ; graduated at Keokuk Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, receiving medi- cal advice from some of the best physicians in America. He then located at Long Lake. In 1876 he married Margaret Jordan. One child has been born to them. 278 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN GOV NTT. CRYSTAL LAKE CHAPTER XLIV. GENBEAL DESCRIPTION — SETTLEMENT —CIVIL HISTORY MANUFACTURING INTERESTS CHURCHES— SCHOOLS— RAILROAD— BIOGRAPH- ICAL. This is one of the eastern tier of townships, bor- dering on tlie Mississipj)! River. The surface is undulating, or rolling, and is lightly wooded, ex- cept in the western part where the quality of the soil is better, and merges into a beautiful prairie. The area of brick clay extends along the river, and is utilized as seen under the head of manu- factures. Four lakes and one creek, represent the internal waters of the town. Twin lake is far the largest, formed, as its name would indicate, by the union of two bodies of water by a narrow strait. The shores of this lake are considerably marshy. Crystal lake is smaller, but has a good depth of water and better shores. These lakes are well stocked with fish : pickerel, bass, etc. Armstrong lake is quite small, with shores mostly hard. Crandall lake has no inlet or outlet, and is gradually drying up. Shingle creek flows through the eastern part of the town and affords a water- power near its mouth. SETTLEMENT OF CRYSTAL LAKE. The iirst settlement was made in 1852, and the first settler was John Ware Dow, who came March 26th. John C. Bohanon came March 27th. Later, the same year came Mrs. Rhoda Bean and family, Joel and Eben Howe, John M. Snow, Hiram Armstrong, David Smith, George Camp, Mr. McNair, and Leonard Gould. Mr. Joliu Wesley Dow, son of Jolni Ware Dow, made his claim July 5th of the same year. About the same time and later, came Mr. N. P. Warren, Jo- siah Dutton, Wyman McCumber, L. Wagner, John Gearty, and Rev. Lyman Palmer. Other names of early settlers are Rufus Farnham, D. C. Crandall, George Giebenhain, Peter Schuller, Z. Gillespie, David Morgan, E. McCausland, H. R. Stillman, and J. S. Malbon. The first death occurred in the family of Mr. Bohanon— a little boy, Frederick, aged six months. He was born in St. Anthony, and was about two months old at the time the claim was entered. The second death was that of Mrs. Bohanon, who died January 11th, 1853. In 1857, a few were left destitute by the rav- ages of grasshoppers, but this town suffered much less than others adjacent. After the reduc- tion of the Military Reservation, and the conse- quent settlement of Minneapolis, Crystal Lake, as well as the other towns near by, developed rapidly. The present population of the town is 1023. Acres of land, 14,550. Assessed valuation of land in 1869, $88,588; 1875, §348,035; 1880, $489,194. Personal property in 1869, 527,562; 1875, $37,257; 1880, $69,693. Total taxes. 1869, $2,927; 1875, $3,733; 1880, $4,376. Hoi-ses over two years old, in 1869, 222; ]!s7o. 285: 1880, 364. '., Cattle over two years old, in 1869, 493; 1«75, 636; 1880, 446. Sheep, 1869, 381; 1875, 248; 1880, 281. Hogs, 1869, 143; 1875, 144; 1880. 212. Bushels ' of wheat in 1869, 14.416; 1875. 15,731; 1880, aere- ' age, 2,314. The northern part of Crystal Lake was once called Farmersville, embracing the three northern tiers of sections of the tov^-nship. Previous to the establishment of Farmersville, two of the four tiers of sections which now constitute the town Crystal Lake, belonged to the town of Brooklyn, and two to the town of Minneapolis. The town of Farmersville was set apart by the county com- missioners, July 8th, 1858, by taking two tiers of sections from Brooklyn and one from Minneapo- lis. At a subsequent meeting this action was re-considered and Farmersville was never organ- ized, but lapsed, and the boundaries remained as established April 10th, 1858. In 1860, Crystal GBYSTAL LAKE— CIVIL HISTOBY— MANUFACTURING. 279 Lake was formed, by taking two tiers of sections from Brooklyn and two from Minneapolis. CIVIL HISTORY. The caucus for tlie nomination of the first ofH- cers of the town, was held at the house of J. S. Malbon, March 24th, 1860, and the first election was held at the same place, April 3d. The meeting was called to order by Mr. Malbon and H. S. Camp was elected temporary chairman; Moderator, N. R. Thompson; Clerk, H. S. Camp; Judges of Election, James Brown, J. S. Malbon and Z. Gillespie. The oath was administered by H. S. Camp, notary public. The following offi- cers were elected : Supervisors, Henry S. Plum- mer, chairman, John B. Johnson, Lorenzo P. Warren ; Treasurer, Zachariah Gillespie ; Asses- sor, Luther M. Bartlow ; Justices, H. S. Camp and David W. Jones ; Constables, Warren Willy and J. S. Wales ; Superintendent of Schools, N. E. Thompson. The total number of votes cast at this election, was fifty-five. The supervisors were authorized to levy a tax of $200, on the "polls" and "real estate" to defray incidental expenses for the year of 1860. April 30th, Josiah Button was appointed assessor, Mr. Bartlow having failed to qualify. The town officers for 1880 were : Supervisors, Phillip Ilynes, chairman, Phillip Kuch and George L. Brimhall ; Clerk, N. F. Euss ; Treasurer, J. P. Shumway ; Assessor, Theodore Kirkwood. MANTJFACTUEING INTEKISSTS. David Morgan built the first flouring mill in Crystal Lake, in 1859. It was 30x40 feet, two stories high and had two runs of stone. The mill stood on the north-east quarter of section four, near the present site of H. Oswald's house. A dam was built on the creek, and a race, about twenty-flve rods in length, cut to it. The race has now disappeared, but the dam remains. Mr. Morgan sold the old mill, with the improvements he had made, to parties who built the new one on its present site. The old machinery was used and new material added. It was purchased in 1872, by Oswald and Bingenheimer, and since the death of the latter, in 1873, it has been owned and op- erated by Mr. Oswald. The mill is located near the Mississippi river, on Shingle creek. The main building is 40x47 feet, with one addition for the shafting and water wheel, and another for an engine. It has a seventeen and a half inch tur- bine wheel and an engine of sixty horse power. The engine has been recently added. The mill has four runs of stone, one crusher, three middlings purifiers and five bolting reels. All the machinery is new and complete. The capacity of the mill is about one hundred barrels in twenty-four hours. Morrison's Brick Yard. In 1876 this yard was opened by Messrs. S. D. Morrison and V. Trues- dell, and operated by them three years. It has four mills for grinding clay, and employs about twenty men. The capital employed is about §6.000, and the product of the yard, in 1880, was 1,800,000 brick, which found a ready market in Minneapolis. Brick Yard of Johnson and Berg. This yard was formerly carried on by Todd and Johnson, but is now owned and operated by Johnson and Berg. It employs four clay grinding mills and about twenty men. The capital employed is about $5,000. The brick manufactured in this and the neighboring yards, are the light-colored brick common to this vicinity. Weithoff's Brick Yard. This yard is located on section twelve and is owned and operated by Mr. William Weithoff . It employs two machines for grinding clay, and about eight men. Its product is 600,000 brick annually. Shops. E. L. Higgins' blacksmith shop is the only one in town. It was built long ago, but has been occupied only two years by Mr. Higgins. Only one small store is found in town, which carries the usual stock of dry goods and groce- ries. It is located at Shingle Creek. lu 1875, Anton Wolf built a hotel on section six. It is located four miles from Minneapolis, near the banks of Crystal Lake, and is frequented by sportsmen in the hunting season. The post-office is at Shingle Creek. As this town borders on the city of Minneapolis, nearly all of the south half of section ten has been platted in town lots, as an addition to that city, and the streets are num- bered and laid out regularly as a part thereof, though not embraced under the city government. Witt's stock yards and slaughter house. Chas. Witt , built and put in operation this institution, in 1879, since which time it has been growing rap- idly in favor. The stock yards are the largest in this part of the state, and are situated corner of 280 HISTOjRT of HENNEPIN COUNTY. 2d street and 26th Avenue North, on the south Une of the town. The business of the yard du- ring the lastjyear, has been over six thousand head of cattle, besides a general commission bu- siness in live stock. The sheds afford accommo- dation for eight hundred head of cattle, and tele- phone connection with the city enables Mr. Witt to send men promptly to the depots and markets, for removing stock, and other purposes. The slaughter house is open to the use of all dealers in meats in the city, and is already used by many. It affords facilities for killing sixty head per day, is well equipped, and kept in a neat condition by the proprietor, furnishing every convenience for the transaction of business. In connection with it, is keptVneat hotel, for the accommodation of customers and the general public. CHUBCHES. Three church organizations are sustained in the town : the "Methodist Episcopal," "Free Will Baptist," and "CathoUc." The Methodist or- ganization, began by the forming of a class, in 1867, under Rev. Jesse Smith, at the school house, where preaching was had once in two weeks. Rev. Mr. Smith continued one year. His successors were Revs. J. H. Macomber, three years ; Henry Brook, two years ; David Brooks, one year ; F. II. Tubbs, two years ; L. P. Smith, ! two years; O. E. Stoddard, eight months. Rev. Mr. Stoddard died while in charge, and Rev. J. W. Cornish finished that year. Rev. Boyd Phelps, the next pastor, remained one year, and Rev. Levi Gleason, one year. Rev. J. Teter is the present pastor. In March, 1879, the church building was commenced ; it was completed and dedicated November 3()th, 1879. It is a frame building, veneered with brick, in size 80 X 46 feet, with a vestibule 8x16 feet, and twenty feet posts. It is finished in pine and black wal- nut, is heated by a furnace, has a good organ, and cost about $2,100. The cemetery is near the church, on the south. The Crystal Lake and Brooklyn Free Will Baptist church, was organized. May 27tli, 1860, with six members, by Rev. W. Hayden and A. D. Sandborn. It had no pastor, but only occasional preaching until March, 1862. About this time. Rev. R. W. Bryant, of Minneapolis, commenced visiting the church, holding occasional evening meetings, and Rev. H. N. Herrick preached every two weeks. Jlev. 'Mr. Bryant was pastor from this time until May, 1864, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. Elliot. Rev. W. Hayden was pastor, during 1869, and Rev. C. L. Russell, in 1870-71. From this date to 1876, the church was partially supplied by Rev. II. N. Herrick ; then followed Rev. J. C. Robinson for one year. Rev. A. J. Davis, until the fall of 1878, and Rev. A. H. Hanscome for one year. A vacancy then occured, until April 1880, when the present pastor Rev. D. D. Mitchell took the charge. The mem- bership is now thirty, and the officers are, clerk, J. P. Shumway ; deacons, D. W. Jones and William M. Stinchfleld. The church was built in 1875-6, on section 5 and is about 30x40 feet, with 18 feet posts. It is a neat structure, completely finished within, and cost about 52,200. St. Mary's CathoUc Church has about twenty members. The building is of wood, and was built for a German Catholic school-house in 1863. The original building was about 20x30, but in 1873, when it began to be used as a church, an addition was made about two-thirds the size of the original building and it then received its pres- ent name. The first priest was Father Eberhart and the present. Father P. Bartholomeus. The first baptism, was that of Matthias Reichert^ May 10th, 1863. A cemetery adjoins the church on the east. SCHOOT.S. January 3d, 1853, John Ware Dow was notL fied by John H. Stevens, then clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, that a school district called No. 2, had been formed and he was re- quested to notify the legal voters therein and call a meeting. The district at that time included nearly all the north half of the county. A line running west from the river, about a mile north of the south line of Crystal Lake township to the west boundary of the county, was the south line of the district. A school was held that year in a claim slianty on land tliat now belongs to J. Gil. lespie, and taught by >Iiss Smith. This was probably the first school in the northern part of the county. The old school building was located near the site of the present one, belonging to No. 26. A school system has grown up, embracing at the present time, five school districts and several joints districts ; No. 23 on section 18, house built CBYSTAL LAKE—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 281 in 1863 ; No. 24 on section 16, house built in 1867 ; No. 25 on section 10, house built 1872 ; No. 26 at Shingle creek, house built about 1863; No. 118 on section 2, house built in 1877. The buildings with the exception of that on section 18 are good, and are all furnished with patent desks. EAILROAD. The Minneapolis and North-western branch of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway is now in process of construction. It enters from the south, near the east corner of section 7, and passes diagonally across the township, and out on the north line of section 5, west of the center. The location of the road is extremely unfavor- able, and a source of great annoyance to the farmers along a portion of the line. BIOGBAPHICAL. John Berg was born in Sweden, July 16th, 1846. He worked on a farm until fifteen, in a flouring mill ten years, and at carpenter work two years. He came to America, arriving at Red Wing, Minnesota, in May, 1868, when he went to brick-making. In 1871, he was employed by the Minneapolis Brick Company. In 1872, he was in Bismarck, brick-making. In 1874-5-6, worked for Union Brick Company, in Minneapo- Us. In the fall of 1876, worked for R. C. Todd, in '79-80, was a partner with Johnson Brothers. He married Miss Clara C. Anderson, of Minne- apolis, January, 1875. They have three children: " Charles E., F. Alida and Oscar T. John C. Bohanon was born August 23d, 1817, in Alexander, Maine, where he followed the lum- bering business until 1851, when he came to St. Anthony. March 26th, 1852, lie moved to the land he now occupies, section 4, and was the sec- ond man who settled here. He has been engaged in farming and lumbering since he came to Min- nesota. Married, in 1840, Miss Lucretia McKen- zie, of Calais, Maine. January 11th, 1853, his wife died, and was the first white adult buried in this town. November 19th, 1856, he married Sophia H. Longfellow. Nine children are living: S. L., Charles, and H. Willard, by his first wife; John L., Annie T., Frederick N., James M., Sarah E., and Ira E., by second marriage. H. H. Boughton was born August 25th, 1846, in Lorain county, Ohio, and moved with his par- ents to Nauvoo, Illinois ; from there to Galena, and learned the milling trade ; thence to Prescott, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1873, when he went to Minneapolis. He remained there un- til 1878, engaged in milling. He was then em- ployed at the Crystal Flour Mill, at Shingle Creek, where he has since remained. August 14th, 1872, he married Miss Farnsworth, of River Falls, Wisconsin. They have two children : Etta and Ella. G. W. Brookins, a native of Vermont, was born December 12th, 1827. Pie remained there until 1856, farming summers and teaching win- ters. He came to Minnesota in 1856 and settled in Wright county, engaging in farming and en- gineering. Enlisted in the Third Minnesota In- fantry, mustered out in 1864, and served in the commissary department one year. In 1865 he came to Crystal Lake, remaining here until 1872, when he went to Minneapolis in the lumber busi- ness, and from that to the well and piunp busi- ness. In 1880 he again moved to Crystal Lake on his own land in section two. Married in 1867, Miss Zilpha A. Atwood, of Vermont, They have three children: Anna, Clara and Freddie. D. C. Crandall was born at Lake George, War- ren county. New York, November 22d, 1820, where he lived till manhood, and was occupied in lumbering. He moved to Minnesota in 1855, and located where he now lives, and pre-empted the same in 1861. Married, in 1844, Miss Julia My- ers, of Lake George, New York. They have three children living: James, Eugene and Ver- non. Major J. H. Donaldson was born September 5, 1835, in Muskingum county, Ohio, his parents being natives of Virginia, who came to Ohio at an early day. In 1856 he married Miss Cochran of the same county and State, came immediately to Minnesota and located a claim, near where is now the village of Farmington, then a wilderness. He remained there until the breaking out of the war, when he entered the Fourth Minnesota Infantry, as private ; soon after received a com- mission as Lieutenant, and was sent at once to Fort Ripley, where he held command during the winter of '61-2. In the spring of 1862 he went south, and Joined the army immediately after the battle of Shiloh, and helped drive Beauregard's army into Corinth. Was on the staff of General Sanborn, durmg, and prior to, the siege of Vicks- 282 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. burg, and was present at nearly all tlie battles in that vicinity. He received the commissions of First Lieutenant, Captain and Major during his his service. On leaving the service, he returned to his home, and with Governor Wm. R. Mar- shall opened in Mower county one of the largest farms in the state, where he remained for three years. He then removed to St. Paul, and opened a Real Estate office, at the same time conducting his farm. In 1877, removed to Minneapolis where he dealt in real estate. In 1880, purchased his present residence at Shingle Creek. Has been county commissioner of Dakota county, and Rep- resentative of the same. Is still in the Real Estate business. Office in Pence Opera House block, Minneapolis. Josiah Button was born at Charlestown, New Hampshire, September, 1822, and three years after removed with his parents to Essex county, and then to Warren county. New York. There he lived until 1853, when he came to Minnesota, and three months after, pre-empted the land on which he now lives, containing 126 acres, all under cultivation. Married Miss D. C. Clark, of Ver- mont, March 12, 1843. They have had four chil- dren, two now living ; A. C. and Jesse V. David Ellsworth was born in Chenango county. New York, July 28, 1820. In 1836 he moved to Syracuse, where he learned the tanner's trade, following it for some time. He then embarked in the mercantile business, until 1867, when he came to Minnesota, and settled on the land he now occupies. October 7, 18-1.5, he married Miss Caroline Wales, who died May 22, 1849, leaving two children, Mary and Caroline. The latter died in infancy. His second wife was Miss Eu- phemia Stevens. Martha A., Margaret D., Ame- lia E., Frederick J., George W., David F. and Edward H., are children by second marriage. Ruf us Farnham was born in Washington coun- ty. New York, February 2, 1822, and remahied there, following the lumbering business, until he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, October 2li, 1849. He followed lumbering until 1Ho8, wlicn he located on his present farm. In Febi'uary, 1849, he married Miss Eliza J. Gillespie, of Bar- ing, Washington county, Maine. They have had twelve children, eight of whom are living. George Giebenhain was born in Germany, March 29, 1827. He came to America in 1850 ; lived in New York state two years ; went to Illi- nois, and remained about three years. In 1855 he came to Crystal Lake, Minnesota, and located where he now lives. He has 270 acres, 130 un- der cultivation. In 1864 he enlisted in Co. F, 5th Minn. Vol. Inf., and served till the war closed. He was in the two days battle at Nash- ville ; went into it with 300 men, and lost 135. In 1855, he married Miss Margaret Schofleld, of Crystal Lake. They have had twelve children, ten of whom are living ; Louisa, Albert, Nicholas, William, Charles, Katherine, Peter, Edward, Frank and Eldina. R. H. Hasty was born in York county, Maine, December 12th, 1823. Came to Minnesota in 1849, and settled in Stillwater, where he foUow^ed the lumbering business till June 14th, 1862, when he enlisted in the Sixth Minnesota Volunteer In- fantry, and was appointed Lieutenant by Gov. Marshall. He crossed the plains with General Sibley in his campaigns against the Indians. On returning, charge was given him of the conva- lescent department at Fort Goodhue. He was appointed Drill Sargent to the drafted men at Fort Snelling; was relieved July, 1864, and joined his regiment at Helena, Arkansas. Be- fore leaving, Gov. Marshall appointed him Lieu- tenant. At Helena he found half of the officers sick, which obliged him to do double duty. He was taken with fever, obtained sick leave, and came to Minnesota. He was honorably dis- charged in 1865, and again engaged m the lum- bering business, until 1880. He is now manufac- turing brick in Crystal Lake. F. L. Ilolway was born November 11th, 1836, at Machias, '\\'ashington county, Maine. He fol- lowed farming and bimbering till 21 years of age. In lH-')7 he went to Saint Paul, for a short time, then went to Afton, Miiuiesota, and en- gaged in farming. In Ls.jii he went to Saint An- thony, and worked on a contract for railroad ties, a few months ; then came to Crystal Lake to work on a farm ; after wliich lie was employed in various ways in Minneapolis until 1868, when he came to his present farm in Crystal Lake, built a house, and moved into it in 1871. Mr. Ilolway married Ellen Shepard, of Plymouth, Minnesota. Two children have been born to them, Howard and Marcia. In 1864 he enlisted in Company F, of the Eleventh Minnesota Vol- GBTSTAL LAKE—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 283 unteer Infantry, under Captain Plummer, and served till the close of the war. Pie has held several town offices. Jacob Kesler was born July 4th, 1820, in Mer- cer county, Pennsylvania. In 1842 'he went to Keokuk, Iowa, and on his arrival had but half a dollar in money. Took a trip to New Orleans in the winter of 1845. Settled for a time in Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati; then rented the Mansion House at Newport, Kentucky, and boarded the 16th regiment until it left for Mexico. For three years he managed hotels in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1851, went to Fort Recovery, Ohio, and engaged in farming for three years. Diiring this time he cleared, with his own hands, sixty-five acres. Moved to Union City, Indiana, in 1854, and went into the grocery businessi; also dealt largely in grain. In 1863 he came to Minnesota, and set- tled in Brooklyn, and opened a farm of 700 acres, where he remained nine years ; then removed to MinneapoUs, and engaged in the real estate busi- ness. In 1876 he built his present elegant home, and removed to it. He was married to Miss Orinda Nichols, of Campbell county, Kentucky, October 27th, 1846. They have had two children, only one is living. In the winter of 1868-9, he opened the first regular pork-packing house in Minneapolis. Philip Kuch, a native of Germany, was born in 1831. Came to America in 1850, and located in Erie county, Pennsylvania. Followed the butcher business until 1855, when he went to St. Anthony, and remained four years ; then moved to a farm near Medicine Lake. In 1861 he returned to the city, and in 1864 started for Idaho with a number of men, under Capt. Fisk, of St. Paul. When near the foot of the Black Hills' they were at- tacked by Indians, and were surrounded by them for twenty days, when help came from General Sully, at Fort Eice. Thirteen were killed ; the rest returned to the Fort. He returned home and bought his present homestead in 1865. He married Miss Elizabeth Schafer, in 1856. They have seven children : Lizzie, Henry, Katherine, | Leopold, Susan, Marie, and Gracie. W. G. McKnight was born in Nashville, Tenn., January 27, 1853. Moved to Christian county, Missouri, where he lived imtil 1873, when he went to Indiana. In 1875 he went to Yankton, Dakota, and opened a boarding house ; then went to the Black Hills and remained until 1879, when he came to Crystal Lake, and has since been a stock dealer here. W. E. Medcalf , born in Licking county, Ohio, in 1842. In 1852 he moved to Crawford county, Illinois, and remained till 1866, when he came to Crystal Lake where he now lives, and is exten- sively engaged in fancy gardening and the culti- vation of choice fruits. On the 25th, of January 1866, he was married to Miss A. H. Carr. Their children are Ulysses Grant, Cora A. and Effle A. Francis Morrison was born in Windsor, Ver- mont, in 1813. At thirteen years of age he re- moved to Stowe, where he continued for some time. In 1847 he commenced work on the "Vermont Central Eailroad and worked four years. In 1 851 he went to Indiana and took a contract on New Ogden and Michigan City Eailroad. In 1852 came to St. Anthony, and at once located 153 acres in what is now Demmon & Morrison's addition, and paid the first money into the Government Land Office at Minneapolis. He has been extensively engaged in lumbering, in the mean time building a mill at Clearwater. In 1854 he was President and Su- perintendent of the Mississippi Bridge Company, and had charge of building the first suspension bridge across the river ; he and Mr. Griffiths the engineer, were the first to cross it in a carriage. Mr. Morrison was also superintendent of the ma- sonry for the new bridge. Since coming here he has been largely identified with the building up of the city. S. D. Morrison was born December 30th, 1832, in Washington county, Maine. He lived there till 1856. then came to Minneapolis and followed the carpenters trade untill 1870, when he moved to Crystal Lake ; then two years later returned to Minneapolis, In 1874 he moved again to Crystal Lake and followed dairying two years. Since then he has been manufacturing brick in the larg- est establishment in this county, and is one of the leading citizens of the town. H. Oswald was born in Switzerland, March 17th, 1832. ■ Came to Americain 1854 and settled in West Virginia. In 1855 he moved to Illinois, and the following March came to Minneapolis and embarked in mercantile business, following it until 1858, when he was appointed toll-keeper at the upper bridge, holding the position until 1862; he again entered mercantile life and fol- 2S4 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. lowed it until 1872, when he bought the mills in Crystal Lake which he has conducted since. lie was twice elected alderman in Minneapolis. W. P. Peterson was born in Sweden, in 1842. He attended school until fifteen years of age, then learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, and emigrated to America in 1864, settling in Carver, Minnesota, where he stayed one year. He then removed to Minneapolis, and commenced the manufacture of brick on the Champlin Eoad, three miles north of Minneapolis. He is now doing a large business there, imderthe iirm name of Peterson & Benson. P. W. Beidhead, a native of Maine, was born in Hancock county, October 26th, 1844. He lived there until 1860 vvhenhe came to Minneap- olis; remained four years and then returned to Maine. In 1866 he came back to Minnesota and settled on the farm owned by his father in Crys- tal Lake. He married, in 1865, Miss A. M. Kin- caid. They have had four children. Mr. Reid- head's father came to this county about 1849 and remained until his death. A. D. Shoop was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, November 10th, 1837. He started in life for himself in 1859, near the old home- stead, where he farmed until 1865, when he came to Minnesota and rented several farms. He is now living on the farm owned by J. K. and H. G. Sidle, in Crystal Lake. On September 22d, 1856, he married Miss Emeliue Hoke. Their four children are William, James, Charles and Maiy. Peter SchuUer, a native of Prussia, was born August, 1828. Came to America in 1852, and worked in St. Louis as stone mason until 1855, when he came to St. Paul. In 1857 he made his pre-emption of 160 acres in Crystal Lake. He takes a great interest in fruit growing, has now three acres of orchard, lie has held every office in town but clerk, lias also been county coroner. Married, in 1856, Miss Mary (iellner. They have ten children living : Barnard, Susan, Lizzie, Peter, Charles, Margaret, Mary, John, Hubert and Mathias. J. P. Shumway was born in Windham county, Connecticut, June 1830. He remained there, en- gaged in farming, until 1855, when he came to Minnesota and located a claim near Crow River. In 1856 he bought the land where he has since lived. In the fall of 1864 he enlisted in the Eleventh Minnesota Infantry, and served imtil the close of the war. Mr. Shumway has been Treasurer of Crystal Lake foi: the past three years. In 1859 he married Louisa A. Russ, of Chaplin, Connecticut. To them have been born two children. Leonard Wagner was bom in Prussia in 1822. In 1848 he emigrated to America, came to Wis- consin and worked in a saw mill. In 1852 removed to St. Anthony, remained there one year, then went to Crystal Lake. Mrs. Wagner was the first white woman in that vicinity. In 1852 Mr. Wagner was married to Margaret Bauen- feind. They have eight children : Maggie, Eliza- beth, Heimich, Eldena, Eleanora, George, Edwin and Adelia. Charles Witt, a native of Germany, was born in 1827. He came to America- in 1852, settled in Cleveland, Ohio, and engaged in the meat busi- ness. In 1854 he went to Superior City, and thence to Duluth ; which at that tune had but two houses. In 1856 he went to Ontonagon, Michigan, then came to Minneapolis in 1867, and opened the "Lake Superior Market,'" and operated it until 1879, when he started his large stock yard and slaughter house, corner Second street and Twenty-Sixth Avenue north. Anton Wolf, a native of Prussia, was born in 1830. He came to America in 1861, and in com- pany with others went to Georgetown, on the Red River ; remained there three months, then went to St. Cloud, Minnesota, thence to St. Paul, where he remained about three years, then went to Medina, where he married Mrs. Elizabeth Meurer Hilger. For a time he was at Minnea- polis working in a lumber yard ; he also kept the "Harmonia House'' and the "Washington House." In 1875 he came to Crystal Lake and erected the hotel of which he is now proprietor. He has one child, Joseph. William Zirbes was born in Germany, March 24, 1836. Came to America in 1858 and to St. Anthony. He bought the farm where he now lives ; it is beautifully located on Twin Lakes. In 1864 he enlisted in company E, Eleventh Minne- sota Infantry Volimteers, and served till the close of the war. In 1866 he was married to Miss Kate Staffes. Their children are Famiie and Julia. BBOOKLYN— EARLY SETTLEMENT. 285 BROOKLYJS[. CHAPTER XLV. GENERAL DESCEIPTION — EARLY SETTLEMENT — POLITICAL RECORD — CHURCHES — SCHOOLS — BIOGRAPHICAL. Brooklyn is situated in the north-eastern part of the county, on the Mississippi river. The ori- ginal boundaries of the town were established April 10th, 1858, and embraced, in addition to township 119, range 21, the two northern tiers of sections in 118, 21, which now form a part of Crystal Lake. At a session of the board of county commissioners, July 8th, 1858, the boundaries were changed to the present limits, by the estab- lishment of the town of Farmersville. This took off the two southern tiers of sections. At a sub- sequent meeting of the board, the action with regard to the formation of Farmers villa, was re- considered, and the boundary of Brooklyn was left as originally established until the organiza- tion of the town of Crystal Lake. The surface is very level and consequently nearly destitute of lakes, to which the other towns of the county owe much of their beauty. The few that exist are shallow, with low, marshy shores. Palmer Lake, in section 26, through which Shingle Creek flows, is the largest. A va- riation from the uniform level occurs in the south- west, where a small corner reaches on the rolling clay beyond the sandy belt, in which the rest of the township lies. The extensive marshes yield abundance of good wild hay, most of which can be cut by machines. The prairie land is divided in four distinct praires, known as Bottineau, Long, Jenkins and Getchell prairies. The first, named from Pierre Bottineau, an early settler, is about a mile in width and three in length. Long,'took its name from its shape and is four miles in length by one and a half in width. The two last, bear the names of early settlers. Jenkins is one and a half and Getchell, one mile in width. The timber is small, though a little of larger growth is found in the north-east near the river, and in the south-west on the clay. The bluffs along the river are low and sandy. The Mississippi is navi- gable here and small steamers ply up and down. Shingle Creek flows across the township from west to east. EARLY SETTLEMENT. In the spring of 1852, "Washington Getchell, his son Winslow, Amos Berry, and Jacob Long, fellow, made claims at the same time on what is now called Getchell Prairie, in the southern part of the township. Winslow Getchell remained but a few months, and returned to St. Anthony. On the first day of July, Joseph Potvin, P. Bot- tineau, Peter Baiche, and Peter Garvais made claims on Bottineau Prairie, and camped on their claims the first night. Ezra Hanscom, who came to St. Anthony, from Maine, in 1850, took a claim near the Getohells, July 2d, 1852; began his house in April, and completed it in July, 1853. With Ezra Hanscom came his two brothers-in-law, N". S. Grover and John W. Brown, who took claims, but abandoned them. These were, with- out doubt, the first actual settlers in the township. In the spring of 1853, no improvements had been made, and all was wild. Indian trails supplied the place of roads, and the red men were found in great numbers. The Chippewas were the more numerous, and the tribes were continually at war with each other. They were not, however, hos- tile to the whites, and only caused annoyance by pilfering, and frightening women and children. In the fall of 1853, Allen B. Chaffee and a colo- ny of fourteen families came from Adrian, Mich- gan, and that vicinity. In the spring following, some returned and brought out additional set- tlers to the colony. The following were of the Adrian colony: H. H. Smith, Thomas Keeley, D. B. Thayer, 286 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Otis H. Brown, Seneca B., Jeremiah, John and Job Brown, Homer, Ro well and Stephen Eoberts and another brother, Stephen Caner, and John Clark, who all settled within a radius of three or fotir miles of Osseo. At the time of settlement the land was not surveyed, and when afterward, in 1855, the survey was made, part found them- selves in Brooklyn and part in Maple (irove. Most of the members of this colony are still liv- ing in town. John Fogerson, father of Allen Fogerson, Job Brown and others, drove a team and stock through for Chaffee-and Smith. They were six or seven weeks on the road, while those who came without delay, consumed about two weeks in the journey. Their route was by rail- road to Eock Island , and thence by boat to St. Paul. At Minneapolis they crossed the river by ferry, and found the first store on the west side just building, on the corner of First Street and Bridge Square, but could not buy a pound of nails or sugar on the west side of the river. On reaching their claims. Smith, Keeleyand Thayer built, at first, a shanty in company, the roof of which was so poor that tin-pans were used to catch the water as it came through from the rain. Soon, however, each had his own house, more thoroughly built. Mr. Thayer died three years since. Mr.Smith now lives in Minneapolis, where he practices as a magnetic physician. Daniel Chase and Alonzo Bragdon reached Long Prairie about a week sooner than the Adrian settlers. A. H. Benson bought and improved a claim in 1854, and moved on it in 1855. Jonathan Estes, J. M. Durnam, N. Crooker, L. E. Palmer and J. P. Plummer, settled here in 1853- '54. The first settlers on Long Prairie were Hiram Smith, Job Kenneston, Charles Miles, James II. "VV. Brown, Stephen Howe, AVilliam Cate and J. D. llervey. Of the first settlers on Getcliell Prairie, Wasli- ington Getchell and his son, Winslow, are now in California. Jacob Longfellow has always re- mained in the town, and Amos Berry lives in California. Ezra Ilanscom still lives on his orig- inal claim. Of the early settlers on Long Prairie, Mr. Mil- ler is now in Anoka county. Job Kenneston, in Todd county, and Charles Miles in Minneapolis. Brown enlisted in the First Minnesota Infantry, and was several times wounded. He had both legs and one arm broken in different engage- ments. He was taken prisoner at the battle in front of Petersburg, and exchanged after three months. He then went to England to obtain property, to which he had become an heir, but found on arrival that it had reverted to the crown, in default of a claimant within the prescribed time. He returned to America, took a claim at Holmes City, and died there twelve years since. Stephen Howe lives in Anoka city. William Cate lives in Iowa, and llervey went back to Massachusetts six years ago. The grasshopper scourge, from which many of the towns suffered, was felt in a slight degree by this town. In 1857 a narrow strip of country from the Northwest part of the town, extending as far as Ezra Hanscom's, near the center, \\as devas- tated by grasshoppers. At this point their de- struction ceased abruptly, and their sudden flight would be regarded remarkable, had similar ca- prices never been reported elsewhere. POLITICAL RECORD. The first town meeting was held at the house of Ezra Hanscom, May 11th, 1858. At this m'eet- ing, one hundred and twenty-eight votes were cast, resulting in the election of Supervisors, E. T. Ailing, chairman, William Stinchfield and J. P. Plummer ; Clerk, L. T. B. Andrews ; Asses- sor, Ezra Hanscom ; Collector, James McEay ; Overseer of Poor, James Xorris ; Justices of the Peace, H. II. Smith, and A. H. Benson ; Consta- bles, J. M. Durnam and AV. D. Getchell. The oflS- cers of the town for 1880, were. Supervisors, Levi L. Getchell, chairman, Ole Ilalverson and T. E. Doten; Clerk, E. E. Xorris; Assessor, Ezra Hanscom ; Treasurer, William Stinchfield ; Jus- tice of the Peace, E. B. Xorris; Constables, William A. Howe and Warren Fletcher. The settlement of this town went on rapidly from 1H53. Within two years the town was well settled. In 1854, nearly all the land had been taken. " Claim jumping " was common, and led to stirring times and some excitement. The following statistics will show the present status and growth of the town. The number of arres of land, according to the report of 1880, is 20,114. The assessed' valuation of real estate, exclusive of town lots, for 1889, was §112,346 ; for 1875, $258,326 ; for 1880, $346,715 ; of personal property for 1869, $41,566; for 1875, $52,497; BBOOKLYN—CHUBCHES— SOCIETIES— SCHOOLS. 287 for 1880, $53,738. Total amount of taxes for 1869, $4,111 ; for 1875, $4,592 ; for 1880, $3,764. Horses over two years old, in 1869, 343 ; in 1875, 446 ; in 1880, 463. Cattle over two years old, in 1869, 559 ; in 1875, 703 ; in 1880, 459. Slieep, in 1869,351; in 1875,279; in 1880, 326. Hogs, in 1869, 127 ; in 1875, 160 ; in 1880, 198. Wheat, in 1869, 14,714 bushels ; in 1S75, 24,640 bushels ; in 1880, 3,466 acres. The population, from the census of 1880, is 1,060. CHURCHES. Two organizations, "The Methodist Episco- pal" and "Baptist" are sustained. "The Metho- dist" church, began by the formation of a class, in the Spring of 1855. Rev. J. B. Mills was the first pastor. Rev. David Brown was the Presiding Elder. The class consisted of eight members, and the leader was Rev. J. W. Dow, who was soon followed by A. H. Benson. The first preach- ing in town was at the residences of members, sometimes at Mr. Dow's and sometimes at J. P. Plummer's. Mr. Dow lived in a log shanty and Mr. Plummer in a cabin, 12x16 feet. The class gradually increased, and from it three other class- es were formed. The church at the corners was built, and dedicated September 26th, 1866, while Rev. J. D. Rich was pastor. The church is of wood, 23x40 feet. The dedicatory services were conducted by Presiding Elder J. F. Chaffee. A parsonage was built the following year. The present membership is fifty-four. The pastor for 1880-1, is Rev. J. G. Teter. He also has charge of the church at Shingle Creek, preaching Sun- day morning at Brooklyn and in the evening at Shingle Creek. Sabbath school is held every Sunday, with an attendance of about sixty schol- ars. The Brooklyn Centre Baptist church was built in 1868, and dedicated in Septemberof that year. It cost $2,200 and the parsonage, since built, about $700. The size of the church is 25x38 feet, with a vestibule six feet square. Rev. L. C. Hall is now pastor and the church numbers twenty-five members. Mound Cemetery was established, about 1860, by an association duly organized as the "Mound Cemetery Association." Lots are sold to all applicants, irrespective of denomination. It was named from an Indian mound in the vicinity. An examination of the mound revealed bones, pottery ,arrow-heads,tomahawks, etc. The mound is about two rods in diameter at the base, ten feet high, and is circular in form. SOCIETIES. I. O. of G. T. The first attempt to organize a Good Templars Lodge was sixteen or seventeen years ago, but it continued only three or four years. A new organization took place December 19th, 1874,with about thirty charter members, and officers as follow : H. G. Abbott, W. C. T.; Miss Lillie Williams, W. V. T.; Robert W. Norris, L. D. Meetings were first held in the Grange Hall, and continued to be held until about a year ago, since which time meetings have been held over the post-office. The lodge at present, num- bers about ninety members, with officers : Fred A. Hanscom, W. C. T.; Miss Maggie Monser, W. V. T.; Fred Libby, L. D. Patrons of Husbandry. Bohanon Grange No. 445. This society has a hall located at Brooklyn Centre. It has received some additions since it was first built, and is at present 22x42 feet, one story. The society was organized February 25, 1875, with about twenty charter members, which number increased to seventy-five in two or three weeks. The membership at present, is aboiit twenty-five, with N. G. Abbott, W. M. SCHOOLS. The first school was held in 1854, and, therefore, before the town organization, which took place four years later. It was kept on Long prairie in a board shanty, with a board roof and two half- windows. Ten pupils attended. The teacher was Miss Augusta McLaughlin, who came from Port- land, Maine, on account of consumptive tenden- cies, hoping here to recover her health. She died, however, in the spring following. The next teacher was Miss Amelia Griggs, in 1855. The settlement in the mean time grew, the shanty was discarded and a substantial school-house built. The shanty was built by contribution and the ef- fort for the new house was begun in the same manner, but the organization of a school district, the bounds of which are uncertain, enabled the movers to complete it by direct tax. During the fall of 1854, a school was held on Getchell Prairie, taught by Miss Mary Huff, afterward Mrs. Joel F. Howe, now residing in 288 HJ.STOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Minneapolis. This school was taught in a tem- porary building on section 28. In 1859 a school- house was built on the present site, section 27; sold in 1872 and a more commodious building erected. The first school-house in the township was built on section 18, near Osseo, in what was known as the Smith district, in the summer of 1855. Miss Sylvia Rowe was teacher. She was succeeded by H. H. Smith, who taught several suc- cessive terms, of three months in winter and three in summer. This house was burned in 1864. In the summer of 1855, a school was opened in the south-west part of the township, by the wife of Rev. Partridge. She was unable to finish it, on account of sickness, and the term was com- pleted by Mary Smith. The building where the school was held, was a shed, covered with straw, with ground floor and stalls for horses. Mr. Par- tridge removed the stalls, and laid a rough board floor, but the straw roof remained. All the early schools were held in buildings of nearly as rude a character as that above described. The first school in the south-east part of the town, was held in the winter of 1855-6, at the house of Mr. J. Reidhead. This was also taught by Miss Mary Huff. Schools were held at various private houses in the district until 1859, when the first school house was built. The present building is a fine structure, and a model country school- house. It is situated on section 25, and belongs to district 29. Seven school houses are located in the township ; No. 27, a joint district, located on section 32 ; No. 28, entire district, house built in 1872, on section 28 ; District No. 29, house built in 1872, on section 25 ; District No. 30, built in 1873, on section 11 ; No. 31, located on section 9, built in 1858, since remodeled. No. 32, located on section 17, built in 1878, No. 33, a joint district, house on section 6, built in 1880. There are, in addition to those named, three joint districts, with school-houses located in other towns. MILLS, STOUJES, HOTELS, KTC. In 1 859 or '6ft, a saw mill was built at the Mis- sissippi river, on section 36, by a company called "The Industrial Mill Company," of which J. C. Post was manager, and a town platted, called Industriana. The mill did not prove profitable, and the whole enterprise met a tragic end by the explosion of the mill, about two years after it was built, crippling the engineer for life and throwing the boiler about eighty rods. Thus ended the "Industrial Mill Company" and "In- dustriana." A similar experience was had on sections 11 and 12, where a mill was built in 1856-7, and one hundred and sixty acres platted in town lots and called " Harrisburg." A hotel, several dwellings and one or two stores were built. The whole was shortlived. The mill was torn down, a few years after, one house burned, and the remainder removed, so that no trace of the village now remains. A portion, however, has not been vacated, and is still assessed in blocks and lots. The plow runs over a portion and the rest is grown up to brush. At Brooklyn Centre, a small stoie and post- oflBce is united, under C. R. Howe, who has been postmaster since the office was established, in 1873. It is on the Minneapolis and Monticello route and has a tri-weekly mail. The first post- office was on the river road, established about fifteen years ago, but was discontinued about the time of the establishment of the post-office at the centre. Cyrus Hilhnan was postmaster and the route was special, with a weekly maU. The town hall, completed, in 1874, is situated nearly in the center of the town ; its size is 26x36 feet. RAILHOAD. The Minneapolis & North-western branch of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway, passes through a portion of the town. It enters on the south line of section 32, thence in a direct line to the village of Osseo, on section 18, where it leaves the township. BIOGRAPHICAL. James Arclier, born in 'Washington county. New York, in 1822. lie lived there fourteen years ; then moved to Lake county, Illinois, and engaged in farming until 1854 ; then he went to Dakota county, Minnesota, and remained until 1865, when he went to Minneapolis, and started in the livery business, which he followed for seven years. He then moved to Northfield, and built the Archer House. In 1878 he returned to Min- neapolis, and in 1880 bought, and moved to his present location. Married to second wife, Sarah D. Monser, in 1873. They have three children. Levi Brigham, born in Canada East, January BROOKL YN— BIOGRAPHICAL. 289 18th, 1820. At nine years of age he moved to Burlington, Vermont. Remained there about six years ; then went to Worcester, Massachusetts, and lived until 1855, when he came to Minnesota, and took a claim in Hennepin county. This he sold, and bought 140 acres two miles north of Osseo. Married, in 1843, to Miss Mary Cadora, of Massachusetts. They are the parents of four children. Otis II. Brown was born in Hampshire county, Massachu setts , in 1 8 1 1 . He lived there nine years ; then moved to Niagara county. New York. At the age of sfventeen, he went to Pennsylvania, and engaged on the Pennsylvania Canal for six- teen years, when for a time he ran steamboats on the Ohio River. In 1854 he came to Hennepin county, took a claim near Osseo, sold it, and now owns a small place near the village. He settled here before the government survey, and was chairman of the Board that named Maple Grove. Thaddeus C. Capron was born in Bristol coun- ty, Massachusetts, in 1821. He lived there until 1850 ; moved to Waterbury, Connecticut. In the spring of 1854 he came to Hennepin county, and settled in Minneapolis. In 1874, bought the farm on which he now lives. Married, in 1847, to Adelia Prince, of Maine. They have had seven children, five of whom are now living. E. H. Chandler was bornt in Oxford county, Maine, in 1839. He moved to Minnesota in 1854, and settled in Minneapolis, where he remained for eight years ; then he removed to Osseo. En- listed in 1861 in Co. D, 1st Minn. He was crippled for a short time at the first battle of Bull Run ; he served three years, and was discharged at Port Snelling. He was married in 1865, to Sarah Curtis. They have five children living. S. P. Chipman, a native of Maine, was born in Oxford county, in 1823. He lived there thirty years, his occupation being farming. He moved to La Fayette county, Wisconsin, for three and one-half years ; then to Riptey county, Indiana, where he remained eleven years. In the spring of 1868 he came to Hennepin county ; in the fall he was appointed superintendent of the county poor farm, and had charge of it for about four years. He finally settled in Litchfield, Meeker county, and was engaged in wheat buy- ing for eight years. In 1880 he bought his pres- ent farm, and located in Brooklyn. He enlisted 19 in Co. A, 83d Ind. Inf. as Captain, in August, 1862 ; was twice wounded at Vicksburg, May 19, 1863. The first wound was from a spent ball, which struck him, in the forehead ; was soon after struck in the foot, and taken to the hospital, where he remained until he could be taken home. He was granted a furlough until able to take his place, when he was promoted to Lieutenant Col. of the 83d. He was honorably discharged at Huntsville, Alabama, April 26, 1864. In 1854, he was married to Achsa Cutler, of PrankUn county, Maine. They have had three children. One is now living. Andrew J. Coulter was born in Washington county, Maine, in 1830. He spent three years on a coasting vessel, and one year in California. Came to Minnesota in 1855 and took a claim on Rum River which he sold in 1856. He lived three years at Minneapolis ; took a claim at Port Snelling and held it until 1866, when he came to Brooklyn and bought 305 acres. He now has 146 acres. Married in 1854 to Lois M. John- son. They have six children. N. Crooker, born in Limerick, York county, Maine, in 1826. At eleven years of age he moved with his parents to Oxford county, Maine. He spent some time in Massachusetts, and May 10th, 1854, came to St. Anthony. He bought a claim in Brooklyn on which he has since lived. He was married in 1853 to Esther A. Reidliead. Their children are John and Charles. Mr. Crook- er was one of the first settlers in the eastern part of the town. Henry Curtis was born in Cook county, Illi- nois, October, 1844. He came with his father in 1855 to Brooklyn, where he has since made his home. Enlisted in 1862 in Company D., Sixth Minnesota. Served three years and was honor- orably discharged in 1865 at Port Snelling. Mar- ried in 1869 to Susie E. Thayer. They have two children. John M. Durnam was born in New Brunswick, April 11th, 1820. In 1844 he moved to Bangor, and engaged as contractor and builder for about four years. Prom there he went to Lewiston, in the same business. In 1852, lie came to Minne- sota, and settled in St. Anthony. In the fall of 1852, in company with Mr. George T. Vail, he started the first sash and door factory in St. An- thony. Followed- this business for two years. In 290 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. the fall of 1854 he moved to his claim, seven miles above Minneapolis ; rented it in 1867, and returned to Minneapolis. He built a residence there, and lived in it for four years ; then went to his farm for a short time, and again returned to Minneapolis, where he built another house, and lived there five years. Then, in 1876, he went back to the farm to live. He has been Jus- tice of the Peace and Supervisor. In 1853, he was married to Louisa M. Reidhead. She has borne him five children : Maurice M., George A., Jessie, A. B., and De Witt p. Jessie and De Witt C. died in infancy. W. H. Gaslin was born in Maine, December 8th, 1813. He lived there until 1853, when he moved to Ohio, and engaged in railroad contract- ing. In 1854. moved to Kentucky, where he was largely engaged in building railroads. In 1862 he bought horses for the government. He came to Minneapolis in 1866, engaged in business, and continued until 1875; then went in the book trade, firm of Gaslin, Wales & Co., and remained until January, 1878, when he moved to his pres- ent residence, on the Mississippi, twelve miles north of Minneapolis. Married, in June, 1835, to Harriet Monk, of Maine. They have adopted two children ; only one is now living. W. H. Goodrich was born in Carroll county, New Hampshire, November 21st, 1844. When ten years of age he came to Hennepin county with his father, who took a claim in Brooklyn, and was afterward killed by a falling tree. W. H. bought eighty acres in Brooklyn, in 1865. He was married in July, 1864, to Mary A. Gibbs. They have five children : J. Albert, William A., Eugene H., Eva L. and Milo E. W. H. Goodwin was born in New Brunswick, June 4th, 1812. He moved with his parents to Calais, Maine, where he lived until he came to Hennepin county, in 1851, and took a claim in what is now the center of the city of Minneapo- lis. He lived there sixteen years. In 1867 he moved to his present location at Brooklyn Centre. Married to Susan II. Flelclier, August 16th, 1H4.'5. They have three children living: A. J., Harriet A. and Bertha F. John W. Goodale, born in Liverpool, July 24th, 1803. Came to America when seven years of age. Lived in New Brunswick a short time; then went to Maine. Finally settled in Brooklyn, in 1853, and has since made it his home, with the exception of three years spent in Crystal Lake. Married in Penobscot county, Maine, in 1831, to Nancy R. Willis. Nine children have been born to them, four of whom are now living. M. A. Green, a native of Pennsylvania, was born July 22d, 1818. When twenty-one years of age, he moved to Belleville, Illinois, where he worked at saddlery and farming. He enlisted in 1846, for the Mexican war, in Company G. second Illinois, served one year, and was wounded at the battle of Buena Vista. In 1862 he settled in Brooklyn, Minnesota, where he has since lived. Married in November, 1847, to Margaret Jared- They have eight children living. Alexander N., Duff D., Benjaman E., Mary E., Sarah C, Mar- garet O., William H. and Frederick A. C. W. Harrison, born in Essex county. New York, in 1825. He remained there engaged in farming until 1871, when he came to Minnesota, and settled in Minneapolis, being part of the time in the lumber trade, and finally moved to his farm in Brooklyn. Married, in 1852, Ruth A_ Stickney. They have two children, Abbie A. and Clifton D. Abbie was married January 1877, to William Sloan ; Clifton married Elva Moscript in 1879. Asa Howe, born in Washington county, Maine, in 1819. He lived there untU 1853, when he came to Hennepin county, and bought a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, near what is now known as Brooklyn Centre. Mr. Howe was married in 1834. C. R. Howe was bom in Washington county, Maine, in 1848 ; moved with his parents to Hen- nepin county, in 1858, where he has since resided ; was appointed postmaster of Brookljni Centre in 1873, and opened a stock of general merchandise at that place in 1875; married in 1871, to Clara M. Butts. Two children have been bom to them. Sylvanus Jenkins was born in "\^ermont, March 6th , 1818, and lived there twenty years. He then moved to Washington county, Maine, and lived thirteen years. He was married in 1840, to Eu- nice R. Noyes. Came to Hennepin county in 1851, and his family followed in 1852. He took a claim on Jenkins Prairie ; sold it in 1865, and moved to Dakota county, and bought 1,000 acres ; sold this also, and now lives near Farmington, Minnesota. They have seven children, BBOOKL YN—BIOQBAPHICAL. 291 N. H. Jenkins was born in Caledonia county, Vermont, in 1820. He lived there twenty-three years ; lived in Washington county, Maine, eight years ; engaged in teaching part of the time. In 1851 he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, and lived about two years, when he took a claim on Jenkins Prairie ; he lived there fourteen years, then sold it, and moved to Minneapolis, where he lived two years. In 1869 he moved to Brooklyn. He was married in 1850, to Emily B. Hanson. They have five children living. Oscar A. Kelly, born in Adrian, Michigan, in 1853. Moved with his parents to Hennepin county in 1854. His father who took a claim near Osseo, was born in Ireland, moved to Cana- da in 1847 and finally settled in this county in 1854. Oscar was married to Jessie M. Meddey in March, 1879. They have one child. Jacob Longfellow, one of the oldest settlers of Brooklyn, was born in Washington county, Maine, October 6th, 1811. He resided in his native state engaged in lumbering until 1850, when he came to St. Anthony, and in 1853 moved to what is now Brooklyn, and entered his claim. Mr. Long- fellow states that in early days, at a Fourth of July picnic at St. Anthony, the whole communi- ty was present and the total number was less than one hundred. He was married in 1838,; at Machias, Maine, to Jane Getchell. Their child- ren are four boys and four girls, all living in the west. Mrs. Longfellow died in the spring of 1880. Mr. L. is a hale old man, and in the enjoyment of good health. S. W. Merrill, born in Carroll county. New Hampshire, August 17th, 1843. When eighteen years old he came with his parents to Brooklyn, Minnesota. His father died here in 1862, and his mother in June, 1871. He enlisted August, 1862, in Company A, Ninth Minnesota Infantry Volunteers. Served among the Indians one year, then went South, being gone one year and seven months. He was taken sick at KoUa, Missouri, and was honorably discharged at Jefferson Bar- racks, March 31st, 1865, when he returned to his farm where he has since resided. Married in 1865 to Emma Pomeroy. They have three children hving: Georgie A., Albert J. and Fred. Jacob Myers, born in Pennsylvania, 1808, where he lived until he moved to Hennepin county, Minnesota, May, 1866, and settled in Brooklyn. Married June 8th, 1836, to Susan M'Cammon; had seven children, two of whom died in service during the rebellion. Peter was taken- prisoner at Drury's Bluff, sent to Andersonville and died in prison June 23d, 1864. John was killed at the battle of Hatcher's Run, February 6th, 1865. Five children are now living. J. W. Norris, bom in Lincoln county, Maine, April 20th, 1840. Made that his home until 1855, then followed the sea until 1861, and came with the family the same year to Hennepin county. August, 1864, enlisted in Company F, Eleventh Minnesota Infantry, and served until honorably discharged at Fort Snelling in 1865, when he settled on the farm he now owns. Mar- ried in November, 1869, to Seleda Longfellow. They have four children: James A., Alice B., Jacob L. and Mary F. Eobert W. Norris, born in Lincoln county, Maine, May 23, 1848. He lived there until seven years of age. His father, Captain Joseph Norris, being a sea captain, he went on the ocean with him for six years. The family came to Henne- pin county in 1861 . Bobert, married Lizzie Long- fellow, February 8th, 1855. They have three children, William F., Daniel W. and Eobert W. George W. Pomeroy, born in Penobscot coun- ty, Maine, in 1838. He lived there eighteen years, and moved with his parents to Anoka county, Minnesota, stayed there four years, and located in Brooklyn in 1862. He was married the same year to Mary M. Talcot. They have one child. Mr. Pomeroy enlisted in Company A. Ninth Minnesota Infantry, in 1862 ; was taken prisoner at Guntown, Mississippi, June 11th, 1864, and was confined at Andersonville three months, Savannah and CampLawton three months and at Florence three months; was sent to Parole Camp, Saint Louis, received a furlough for thirty days, and was honorably discharged in 1865 ; since which time he has made Brooklyn his home. Seth P. Pribble, born in Kennebec county, Maine, June 13, 1832. He lived there fifteen years, then in Essex county a few years, and then returned to his parents' home for two years. In 1858 he located in Brooklyn, Minnesota. In 1864 he enlisted in Company F, Eleventh Minne- sota Infantry, and served imtil honorably dis- charged at Fort Snelling, in 1865. Married Mary 292 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. A. Smith, in 1861. They have four children. Charles A., Mary E., Evaline E. and Edith E. George W. Savage, born in Lenayi^ee county, Michigan, in 1844. He lived there until 1861, when he enlisted in Company F., Eleventh Mich- igan Infantry, and served three years. He lost two fingers at the battle of Mission Ridge, and was wounded in the left thigh by a minnie ball at Atlanta. He was honorably discharged at Chattanooga, Tennessee, November 24th, 1864. In the year 1865 he came to Minnesota, and located near Osseo. He has jnarried twice, and has had four children. His present wife was Sarah "Whitney, whom he married in 1876. Christian Schreiber, born in Prussia, March 17, 1834. Came to America in 1856, and settled in Cook county. 111., and engaged in the lime trade. In 1858 he located in Meeker county, Minnesota, took a claim, but abandoned it in 1860, and came to Brooklyn, where he now has 240 acres. He has been Town Supervisor and school officer. Married in 1862 to Dora Lent. They have five children living: ^Matilda, Minnie, Mary, Emma and Otto C. George Setzler, a native of Germany, was born in 1832. He came to America in 1847, and settled in Huron county, Ohio, and worked there eleven years at the cooper's trade. In 1859 he came to Minnesota and settled in Maple Grove, where he lived ten years ; then sold, and located in Brook- lyn near Osseo, where he now lives. Married in 1866, Mary Cahm. They have eight children. Eobert J. Smart, born in Penobscot county, Maine, in 1840. Enhsted August 16, 1861, in company B, Eighth Maine. He was wounded by a minnie ball, in the right side, May 20, 1864, which kept him in the hospital until October, when he joined his company at Harrison, Vir- ginia. AVas honorably discharged June 27, 1865. Came to Minnesota in 1867, and located in Min- neapolis, for three years, then liouglit a farm in Brooklyn where he has since resided. Married in 1867, to Ilattie Carr. A. J. Smith, born in Lenawee coimty, Michi- gan, in 1844. He came to Hennepin counly in 1854, and now lives on the claim taken by his father. He was clerk in the Paymaster's Depart- ment in the summer of 1864 ; was on the boat when it was attacked by Guerrillas, and D. C. Smith was killed at Fort Randolph. He was elected to represent his district in the House in 1876, and re-elected in 1878. He married in 1864 ; in 1867, Mrs. Smith died, leaving two children. In 1869 he married Georgia I. Eussel. They have had five children, four are' now living. George H. Smith was born in Albany, New York, in 1843, and moved with his parents to Lenawee county, Michigan, where he lived until eleven years of age ; he then came to Hennepin county, his father taking a claim in Brooklyn. He enlisted in 1861, in Co. D, 1st Minn., and served until honorably discharged at Falmouth, Virginia, in 1863. Married the same year, to Frances I. Thomas, who died in 1876. They have three children living. Harris N. Smith was born in Piscataquis coun- ty, Maine, in 1830. Here he lived for four years, then moved with his parents to Penobscot county, and remained there until he went to St. Anthony, in 1850. In 1855 he came to Brooklyn, and took a claim, upon which he has since resided. Mar- ried In 1857, to Mary J. Flanders. They have two children living. Edward Spafford was born in Orleans county, Vermont, in 1852, and lived there twenty-one years. He was educated at the Normal School of Randolph. In 1874 he moved to Rock Island, IlUnois, where he taught school two years. Then came to Brooklyn, Minnesota, in 1876, and taught school three years. In 1879 was married to Belle Ryan, of this town. William Stevens was born in Nova Scotia, in 1820, and lived there until twenty years of age; then resided in Aroostook county, Maine, four years, engaged in lumbering. Came to Minne- sota in 1850, and went into lumbering on Rum River. At the expiration of one year he entered a store in St. Anthony, where he remained for three years. In 1854 he began trading at Mille Lacs Post, where he remained for eleven years, and in 1865 settled on his present location in Brookl)!!. Married, jSIay 20th, 1865, to Ellen Smith. They have had five children. Those now living are : William W., Robert, Elthea, Clifton and Laura (t. A. A. Thayer was born in Lenawee county, Michigan, December 28th, 1848. He lived there until he came to Minnesota with his parents, in 1854. Enlisted in Company C, 7th Minnesota, February 11th, 1866, and served until the close BBOOKL YN—BIOGBAPHICAL. 293 of the war. Was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, August 16th, 1865. Married his second wife, Carrie Hill, in 1877. They have one child, Elsie May. Mr. Thayer's first wife bore him two children : William and David L. J. J. Tschudy, a native of Switzerland, was born in 1882. Came to America in 1861, and lo- cated in Peoria county, Illinois. Kemained there only four months ; then came to Minnesota, and settled in Maple Grove. In 1869 he removed to Brooklyn. He is now treasurer of school district No. 33. Married Mary Hanser for his second wife. He has three children : Jacob, John and Mary ; the two former by his first marriage. W. W. Wales Jr., was born in North Carolina, in 1828. He moved with his parents to Wayne county, Indiana, and when nine years of age, re- moved to Hancock county, thence to Henry county, where they remained seven years ; then returned to Hancock county and remained five years. In 1853 he came to Hennepin county, and took a claim in Brooklyn township and has since resided here. In 1861 he was married to Miss Sarah E. Gant. They have two children. Flora Helen and Laura Elvina. C. H.Ward was born in Merrimac county. New Hampshire, in 1833. He moved to Hennepin county in 1854, and took a claim in Brooklyn; he now has two hundred acres. In 1875, he was elected county Commissioner, took his seat in 1876, and has held the office for five years; was also Assessor for three years. Married in 1855, to Mrs. M. A. Ward. They have two children. Thomas Warwick, a native of Edinburgh, Scot- land, was born December 26th, 1826. Moved with his parents to Nova Scotia, where he Uved until seventeen years of age; was lumbering in New Brunswick two years, and in Penobscot three years. Went to St. Anthony, Minnesota,in 1850, coming to St. Paul by steamer from Dubuque, Iowa. On arrivmg at St. Paul, chartered a lum- ber wagon to bring himself and family to St. An- thony. He then went to exploring pine lands, and engaged in the lumber trade for seven years ; was one season on Rum river, and two on the St. Croix and Chippewa; he now lives on a claim eight miles north of Minneapolis. Married Mary E. Smith. George Wethern was born in Somerset county, Maine, in 1841, and lived there seventeen years ; came to Minnesota in 1858, and enlisted August 14, 1862, in Company A, Ninth Minnesota Infant- ry ; served until October, 1863, under General Sibley against the Indians, then went south ; came back and was honorably discharged in St. Paul, July 1865. He went to Pierce county, Wisconsin, for one year, then returned to Hen- nepin county. In March, 1867, he married Amanda Wilson, and located in Pierce county, Wisconsin, in 1868 ; but returned to Minnesota in 1875 and settled in Brooklyn, where he has since resided. They have had six children, four are now living. Dr. A. D. Williams was born in Bennington county, Vermont, in 1826. He moved with his mother to Eaton county, Michigan, and lived there twelve years. Eeceived his collegiate and theological education at Rochester University, and Theological seminary at Rochester, New York, graduating from the University in 1855, and the Seminary in 1857. He then took charge of Smyrna, Michigan, Baptist church, and was next Pastor of Almont Baptist church for six years. In 1866 he came to Faribault, Minnesota, engag- ing in home missionary work witli different chuches until 1870 ; then came to Brooklyn and was pastor of the Baptist church here and in Maple Grove for two years. He studied medi- cine and began to practice Homoeopathy at Almont, Michigan. He has practiced medicine at Brooklyn Centre for the past seven years. Dr. Williams was married in 1857, to Helen M. Gas- kin, of New York. They have two children living. John Williams was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1851, and lived there until 1862. He came to Hennepin county in 1868, and settled in Brooklyn, where he has smce resided. In 1875 he married Ida M. Thomas of this county ; they have three children. Christian Wolter, a native of Germany, was born September 22, 1836. He came to America, in 1863, and enlisted the same year in company A, Hatches' Independent Batallion Minnesota Volunteers, and served against the Indians near- ly three years ; was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling. In 1866 he came to Osseo, where he now resides ; has 200 acres of land. Married in 1867 to Francis Zimmerman ; they have five children: Leopold, Rosa, Dora, William and Lillie. 294 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. OSSEO. CHAPTER XL VI GENERAL DESCRIPTION— EARLY SETTLEMENT- CHURCHES — SOCIETIES — SCHOOLS — HOTELS — BTTSINESS ENTERPRISES— BIOGRAPHIC AL . Osseo is situated in tlie north-eastern part of the county, its territory being taken from the townships of Brooklyn and Maple Grove. It oc- cupies a part of the level prairie known as " Bot- tineau Prarie," so called from Pierre Bottineau, who, in July, 1852, made his claim here. With him came Joseph Potvin, Peter Eaiche and Peter Garvais, all making claims near Bottineau. The village of Osseo was platted in 1856, by Warren Sampson and Isaac Labosiniere. Soon after, another village was laid out by A. B. Chaffee, adjoining Osseo on the south-east, called "City of Attraction." This is now included in the limits of Osseo. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Osseo was settled in 1854, by Warren Sampson, Isaac Labosiniere,Clark Ellsworth, Seneca Brown, James McRay and D. B. Thayer. Sampson built, and opened a store, and was post master of the office, then called Palestine. During 1855-6, the surrounding country was occupied by settlers, among whom were A. B. Chaffee, D. C. Smith and others. After the village was laid out, in 1856, the settlement was rapid. A wood market was established by Sampson in 1855, which has been kept up since. The merchants buy green wood, and sell to parties in the city of Minne- apolis, after holding it one season. There are now a number engaged in the wood business, liandling an aggregate of one hundred cords per day during the wood season. The first blacksmith shop was established in 1855, by Clark Ellsworth ; Eli Hav- iland became his partner two years later. The latter still conducts the business. Rudolph hig- gler kept the first hotel in the village. Previous ■ to this, Chaffee and McRay "kept travelers. McRay established the second store in the place. ST. LOUIS CATHOLIC CHURCH. This society was organized in 1853, in charge of Father Hirth, who remained seven or eight years. He was succeeded by Father Genis, who officiated here and at Day ton for about five years. Father Nicholas next had charge, remaining three years. He was followed by Father Maurer who had charge four years, then Father Lechner officiated one year. Father Maesfranx, one and one-half years. He was succeeded by Father Ladriere, the present incuinbent. In 1865, the society built a frame church, 35x54 feet, situated in the northern part of the village on the main street. The priest's residence, adjoining the church, was built in 1869. In 1880, additions were made to the church, giving a sanctuary 16x20 feet, and in the rear of that, a sacristy 16x28. The society now numbers one hundred families. They have a cemetery of one acre lo- cated in the township of Brooklyn and adjoining Osseo. LUTHERAN CHURCH. This society was organized in 1865, the first minister being the Rev. Mr. Jahn, who remained two years. He was followed by Rev. Mr. Eehkopf, who remained in charge until his death, which occurred in 1871. A young man from Germany next took the pas- torate, but remained only one year. Since then the society has been without a regular pastor, but has preaching every third Simday, the pul- pit being supplied from Minneapolis. The soci- ety numbers about twelve families. They have a cemetery of one acre in the southern part of the village. SOCIETIES. In early days a small society of spiritualists existed. They built a hall, and for a time held regular meetings. They were superceded by the OSSEO— SCHOOLS— HOTELS 295 " Osseo Society of Liberalists," who now own the hall known as Liberty Hall. Osseo Liederkranz, a musical and religious so- ciety, was organized in 1867, and continued until 1879, when they were succeeded by the Osseo Turnverein Society. The first society built a hall, which is now used by their successors. They number about twelve members, and meet one evening in each week ; also keep up a Sunday- school for their children. Osseo Dramatic Club. This society has been in existence about three years. They have a good library in connection, purchased With proceeds of dramatic entertainments. The Good Templars also contributed to the purchase of books. The officers of the club are : President, Eugene Smith ; Treasurer, Miss Susie E. Curtis ; Secretary, Delia M. Johnson. Good Templars. An organization was formed about 1867, under the title. Rose of Sharon Lodge, and at one time numbered 150 members. During the first winter the attendance averaged one hundred. This lodge continued four or five years, and was re-organized, after a lapse of eighteen months, as the Osseo Union Lodge. This society continued until 1880, when they dis- banded. Society of Free Thinkers was organized about 1866, and numbers about a dozen members. They meet four times a year. Winslow Lodge No. 125, A. E. and A. M., was organized in 1875, with Stiles Gray, W. M.; G. W. Savage, S. W. and Clark Ellsworth, J. W. The lodge has a membership of forty-three, and holds meetings in Liberty Hall, over Eli Havi- land's blacksmith shop. The charter was granted by the Grand Lodge of the state, January 10th, 1877. The present officers are : A. D. Fogerson, W. M.; John Williams and William Krueger, Wardens, and H. C. Black, Secretary. The so- ciety is in a sound financial condition, having a surplus of over $400 in the treasury. SCHOOLS. The first school was held in the summer of 1856, in the hall erected by the Society of Spirit- ualists, and taught by Miss Sylvia Eowe. About two years later, the Spiritualists disbanded, and sold the hall to the school district, which then embraced a large section each side of the village. The hall was used for school purposes about six years, moved twice, then destroyed by fire. Af- ter this, another hall, Sampson's, was used for six years, and then the present building was erected. It is thirty feet square, with posts eighteen feet high. A graded school has been maintained for the past two years, though two teachers had been employed for twelve years previous. The school numbers about one hundred pupils. HOTELS. In 1867, Rudolph Mggler, who had previously kept a small house for boarders and transient guests, erected a hotel at a cost of nearly $4,000. It was not a good investment, as there was not business enough to sustain it. This house was burned in 1870.' The International Hotel was built by Fritz Schmidt in 1874. It is two-stories in height and has rooms for thirty guests. It has been con- ducted by Mr. Schmidt since its opening. The Temperance House is kept by Z. Labrasch. BUSINESS EKTEBPBISES. Merchants. John Hechtman keeps a large stock of General Merchandise, and deals largely in wood. Business established in 1865. Emil Lefebvre, Drugs and General Merchandise, established in 1873. Mr. Lefebvre is also postmaster. Z. La- brasch, Groceries and Notions. Wagon Maker's, Black and Brown, Nelson Eougier. Black-smiths, O. Leferrier, Eli Haviland, Leferrier and Charest. Boots and Shoes, "William Krueger, Joseph Woodly. Carpenters, William Rodeck, Thomas Flitsch. Harness Maker, Samuel Pavitt. Phy- sician, N. J. Pinault. Dress Makers, Maggie Rougier, Frances Thayer. Osseo remained under the township govern- ments of Brooklyn and Maple Grove, until the spring of 1875, when it was incorporated by act of Legislature. A President, three Councilmen, a Recorder and a Treasurer, constitute its officers. The act of incorporation specified the following boundaries : beginning at the north-west corner of section 18, township 119, range 21, and run- ning east on north line of said section 120 rods, thence south 200 rods, thence west 40 rods, thence south 80 rods, thence west 120 rods, thence north 280 rods, thence east to the place of beginning. The inhabitants within said limits to constitute a body corporate under the name of " The Com- 296 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. mon Council of Osseo," and to constitute one election district for the purpose of general and special elections under the general election laws of the State. The election of village officers was set for the third Tuesday in March each year. The first election was held at the office of John Hecht- man. March 3d, 1876, the following officers were elected : President, John Ilechtman ; Council, D. II. Shepherd, William Krueger, Louis Berth- aume ; Treasurer, E. Lefebvre ; Kecorder, Wil- liam Ewing ; Marshall, H. Blaine ; Justice, Louis Berthaume ; Assessor, A. G. Eay. The election in 1880 resulted as follows: President, J. Sau- cier; Council, J. T. Pribble, Chris. Shappach, Isaac Lobosiniere ; Treasurer, John Hechtman ; Recorder, William Krueger; Assessor, W. S. Johnson ; Justice, H. C. Blake ; Marshall, E. H. Chandler. E. H. Haviland was appointed Marshall N'ovember 6th, 1880, to fill vacancy caused by removal from town, of Chandler. There are 145 acres of land within the corporate limits, not platted. The assessed valuation of all lands and village lots with structures thereon for 1880, was $23,563. Assessed valuation of personal property, $7,813. Amount of taxes, $323. Pop- ulation, 206. BIOGRAPHICAL. H. C. Black, born in New Hanover county, North Carolina, in 1845. He learned the trade of wagon making. In 1875 he came to Hen- nepin county, settled in Osseo, and estab- lished a wagon shop, taking E. H. Chandler as partner; this partnership was dissolved in 1879, and Mr. Black prosecuted the business alone until 1880, when he took two partners. In 1868 he was married to Julia Hancock. They' have five children now living. Seneca Brown, born in Rutland county, Ver- mont, in 1826. Moved to Niagara county, and lived eighteen, years, then to liCnawee, Michi- gan, where he learned the wagon and carpenter's trade. He came to Hennepin county, and set- tled in Maple Grove. Established his wagon shop in Osseo, in 1876. In 1854 he married Eliz- abeth Willetts. They have four living children. Eli Haviland was born in Lenawee county, Michigan in 1836. He came to Hennepin county in 1867, settled near Osseo and started black- smithing here in 1859. He enlisted in 1862 in Company P, MinnesotaMounted Rangers; served nine months and was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling. He sold his interest in the shop and began farming, followed it a short time, and then was engaged in mercantile business for one year in Osseo; he afterward went back to his old trade in Champlin for three years, and finally located at Osseo in 1879. He was married in 1855 to Lavina Lee. They have two children living. Chancy Haviland was born in Lenawee county, Michigan in 1843. When the war broke out he enlisted in Company A, Fourth Michigan Cavalry. Was under Grant and Sherman, and was with the latter in his march to the sea. He was honora- bly discharged at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1864, and re-enlisted in the Third Michigan Light Ar- tillery, Battery C, and served till the close of the war. He was' in Washington at the Grand Re- view, and was honorably discharged at Detroit, Michigan. He went to Indianapolis, Indiana, learned the profession of railroad engineer and fol- lowed it for eight years. Came to Minnesota and settled in Champlin, where he worked as en- gineer; also in Anoka in the same business, and finally settled in Osseo. In 1861 he married Martha Powers. They have one child living: Etta. John H-echtman, a native of Germany, was born in 1828, and came to America in 1832. He settled in Erie, Pennsylvania, and lived there until 1849, when he went to California for two years ; returned to Erie, and in 1857 came to Minneapolis. When the war broke out he was in Pennsylvania looking after his oil interests ; he enlisted with the three months" men, after- wards with the three years men in the Eighty- third Pennsylvania regiment ; was wounded at the battle of the AVilderness in 1864, and honorably discharged at Harrisburgh, September 1864. He established the present general store at Osseo in 1865. Married his second wife, Augusta Schmidt in 1869, by whom he has had five children. Two sons were born to him by his first wife ; both are now in Colorado. Rev. A. Ladriere was born at Levis, near Que- bec, in 1826, and was educated at Quebec Semi- nary. He was assistant at St. Thomas Parish one year, also at Levis one year, then three years at St. Roch, and was pastor at St. Fabian fifteen 088E0—BI0QBAPHI0AL. 297 years ; then at Isle Verte five years ; He came to Osseo in 1876, and took charge of the St. Louis church at this place. E. Lefebvre, born in the province of Quebec, in 1845, and lived there twelve years ; then moved to Clinton county, New York, and learned the shoe trade, which business engaged most of his time untilhe came to Osseo, in 1865. In 1873, he established his present stock of general mer- chandise, having clerked here for eight years, previous to that time. He was married in 1869 to Celina Normandin. They have three children. S. N. Pavitt was born in London, England, in 1830, and came with his parents to America in 1832. He went to the province of Quebec, and remained there until 1846, when he moved to New York city, and learned the harness trade. He came to Minnesota in 1865; located in the harness trade at Minneapolis. In 1862 he enlist- ed in Co. B, 6th Minn. Vols., and served nearly three years, being honorably discharged at Eort Snellingin 1865. October, 1867, he came to Osseo, and started his harness shop. He has since re- sided here. Married in 1857, to Adeline Buck. They have three children now living. N. J. Pinault, M. D., was born in the province of Quebec, in 1848, where he Mved until 1877. Received his collegiate education at Eimouski and St. Anne ; graduated an M. D. at -the Uni- versity Laval, Quebec, receiving the first prizes from the faculty, prize Seivell and prize Morrin, of 1874. His diploma from the University Laval is also from the Eoyal College of Surgeons, of London. After his studies, he made an extensive tour in Europe, and while there had great oppor- tunities to perfect his education. He first prac- ticed medicine at Rimouski. In 1877 he came to Osseo, and has since followed his profession here. J. T. Pribble, a native of Maine, was born in 1830 ; moved to Hennepin county, in 1855, and set- tled in Brooklyn. He was educated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. In 1861 he was elected County Superintendent of Schools, and held the ofiice six years. He has been principal of Osseo graded school for eight years. In 1854 he married Elmira E. iSTorris, of Maine. Five children have been born to them. Nelson Eougier was born in Montreal, in 1818. At the age of three years he removed with his parents to Kankakee, Illinois ; thence to Belle Prairie, Minnesota, in 1856. Ten years later he came to Osseo, and started a wagon shop. He was married, in 1833, to Rosa Begnoche, of Can- ada. They have five children living. Fritz Schmidt was born in Germany, in 1851. Came to America in 1867, and settled at Osseo, Hennepin county, Minnesota. He built the In- ternational Hotel, in 1874. It is two stories high, with a capacity for thirty guests. He owns and conducts it. He married, in 1875, Sophia Oswald. De Witt Clinton Smith (deceased), bom in Or- leans county. New York, in 1825. He lived there about twenty years ; then went to Adrian, Mich- igan. He was married, at Addison, Michigan, to Melissa R. Shepard, in 1874. In 1857 he came to Hennepin ■ county, and bought a farm near Osseo. He enlisted, in 1861, in Company D, 1st, Minnesota, and was appointed second Lieutenant. After the first Bull Run battle he was promoted Captain of the company. He was severely wounded at the battle of Antietam. Mrs. Smith, after many heroic efforts, found him at Hagerstown, Maryland, and succeeded in bring- ing him to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. After resting a few weeks they came home, and he was honorably discharged shortly after. He was ap- pointed State Librarian by Governor Miller, and while Librarian was appointed Major of the Pay Department. He was finally killed at Fort Ran- dolph, the boat being decoyed into that point by a party of guerillas, who-shot and killed him. One child vvas born, Eugene A., living near Benson. David B. Thayer (deceased) was born in Seneca county. New York, in 1822. In 1847 he moved to Lenawee county, Michigan, and married Cath- erine "Warren. He came to Hennepin county in 1 854, and settled near Osseo, on a claim of 160 acres, which is still owned by Mrs. Thayer. Mi. Thayer died at Osseo, August 31, 1873. Four children were born to them. A. A. Thayer, their son, enlisted in 1863, in 7th Minn., as drum- mer boy, when 16 years old ; being taken sick at Montgomery. Alabama, he returned home, and was honorably discharged. E. Wellman was born in Dayton, Hemiepin county, Minnesota, in 1855. He learned the blacksmith trade with Eli Haviland at Osseo. On November 3d, 1878, he was married to Delora Haviland, who was born in Maple Grove, Min- nesota. They have one child: Lorissa. 298 HISTOBY OF HENNHPIN COUNTY. OHAMPLIN. CHAPTEE XLVII. GENERAL DESCRIPTION— SETTLEMENT — INDIAN MOUNDS — EARLY INCIDENTS— ORGANIZATION — SCHOOLS — CHURCHES— SOCIETIES — MILL — BIOGRAPHICAL. This township is located iii the north-eastern part of the county, on the Mississippi river, which forms its northern and eastern boundary. Its surface is varied. Along the river are heavily- timbered bottom-lands, back of which are high bluffs. The western portion of the town 'is cov- ered with a growth of light timber. The central and southern portions are level prairies. The soil is in all parts good and productive. This town- ship, unlike many others in the county, has no large lakes. There are two small bodies of water known as Leman's Lake and Bond Lake, the for- mer on section 25 and the latter on section 36. Hayden's Lake, which is located mainly in the town of Dayton, projects a short distance into Champlin on the west. Elm Creek flows from Hayden's Lake across the northern part of the town, and empties into the Mississippi, just below the village. This creek furnishes an excellent water-power, which is utilized. FIRST SETTLEMENT. The history of Champlin dates from 1852, when Charles Miles located near the junction of Elm Creek and the river, and opened a trading post for Indians. He was the first white settler in the township. The following spring, Joseph and Augustus Holt arrived, and made claims where the village is now located. During the summer of 1853, Augustus Holt erected a frame house, the first in the village. In the summer of 1853, John Pike, Benjamin E. Messer, and a Mr. Ste- vens, built houses near the river above the village. In June of that year. Rev. Lewis Atkinson loca- ted on section 33. He came with teams from Illinois. The same year, R. H. Miller, F. Thorn- dyke and John Shumway, made claims west of the village ; Colby Emery settled on section 30. William MilhoUin made a claim on section 33, March 2d, 1864. He came with his family from Ohio to St. Anthony, in July, 1853, and after re- maining in St. Anthony until the following March, located in Champlin. In 1854, quite a number settled in the town, among them Eev. W. Hayden and Samuel Colburn, both of whom still reside on their original claims. In 1855, Joseph McCann built just above Miles, and during the succeeding two years, several others located near. From this time the settlement went on rapidly. Prominent among the early settlers here, was John G. Howell, who came in 1854. His claim was in Brooklyn, but his home in Champlin. He was a yomig man, a general favorite, and a leader in social gatherings and church meetings. He left in 1856, and after considerable travel, located in California, where he has held several promi- nent positions. The Winnebago Indians roamed over Champ- lin, at the time of its first settlement. Their village was located near Dayton. They were peaceable, and did not molest the settlers, except to beg. On one occasion, during a " big drunk," they stole a canoe from William Milliollin, but it was promptly returned by the women. The first settlers in Champlin had to buy their supphes in St. Anthony, and in order to reach that place, would often fasten two or three logs together, forming a raft, on which they would float down the river. This did very well, going down, but the return trip was more difficult, as it had to be made on foot, following Indian trails. This township was surveyed in 1855. INDIAN MOUND AND GRAVE. Near the mouth of Elm Creek was at one time a mound, called the " Indian Mound," on which GHAMPLIN— INCIDENTS— OBQANIZATION. 299 was planted a red staff, from which floated a red flag of small size. The mound has nearly disap- peared, owing to excavations made in search of relics. In the village near the hotel was a grave, surrounded by a rude fence of logs. This was supposed to be the grave of a chief, as it was or- namented by a red staff, on the top of which was a red flag, or rag. EABLY INCIDENTS. A ferry across the Mississippi, was put in op- eration by Joseph Holt, in 185-5. McCann's lo- cating near the mouth of Elm Creek, led to a dispute between him and Miles, in regard to the ownership ol the" water-power. The contest was carried to the Land Office at Washington, for final decision, and resulted in Miles holding the claim. Both men were nearly ruined by the contest, and soon after, McCann moved to Anoka, where he still resides, and Miles to Minneapolis, where he died in 1878. The first birth in the township was in 1854, a child of Mr. and Mrs. Stevens; the second birth was a daughter to J. B. Holt and wife, November, 1864. The first death was that of a young man— a new-comer named Charles Teag, in 1856. He was buried in a field on Mr. Miller's land. The first marriage was in 1857, the contracting parties being Cyrus Rollin and Miss Clark. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. In 1858, the County Commissioners set apart the territory embraced in township 120, range 22, and the fractional township 120, range 21, as Mar- shall. A meeting was held at Champlin village; May nth, 1858, and officers chosen for the town. At this meeting the question of a division of Marshall, into Dayton and Champlin arose, and finally resulted in designating the following boundaries ; Champlin, all of fractional township 120, range 21, and the eastern tier of sections of township 120, range 22. Dayton, all of township 120, range 22, excepting the eastern tier of sec- tions. The first Town Meeting for Champlin was held April 5th, 1859. At this meeting, Wentworth Hayden presided as Moderator, and J. B. Hunt acted as Clerk, pro tem. The follow- ing officers were elected. Supervisors, Went- worth Hayden, Chairman, Samuel Briggs and S. D. Leman; Town Clerk, J. B. Holt; Assessor, J. A. Linscott; Collector, Job Kenneston; Overseer of Poor, J. D. Hank; Justices, S. Colburn, Alvah Hills; Constables, Joseph Downs, George Hills. Officers in 1880; Supervisors, Harry Ghostly, Chairman, J. B. Hinkley and John Stewart; Town Clerk, S. Colburn; Assessor, J. B. Hinkley; Treasurer, O. S. Miller; Justices, Samuel Colburn and J. B. Hinkley; Constables, Geo. A. Hills and William Dowlin. The Township contains 5,310 acres of land, the assessed valuation of which, was ia 1880, $77,596. The valuation of personal property was $14,348. Total amount of taxes for 1880, $1,252. The population of the town is 456. SCHOOLS. The first school in the town of Champlin, was held in an old shanty above the village, in 1855. Miss Emily Thorndyke (now Mrs. Lum of Min- neapolis) was teacher. A school house was built in 1860, the first teacher being Chandler B. Adams. There are now three schools sustained in the town. A graded school in the village, school district number 35, house located onsection 30, and district number 99, joint district with Brooklyn, school house located on section 34, Champlin. All the school houses are good build- ings. CHURCHES. The Free-Will Baptist church was organized in 1854, as a branch of the Minneapolis church, by Rev. C. G. Ames. It was supplied by Rev. W. Hayden and others, until the following year. The first members of the branch organization were, Betsy Shumway, W. W. Cate, Sarah C. Cate, W. W. Woodman and wife. The first meetings were held in a school-house, and on an unfinished steamboat, which lay on the river bank at this point. In 1855 the church was organized independently, and named Elm Creek church, under which name it contuiued until 1858, when it was changed to Anoka and ChampUn ch urcli, its present name. They have a frame building, erected in 1871 at a cost of §1 ,650. It is located in the village of Champlin, on an eminence over- looking the river. The first regular pastor was W. Hayden, who officiated until 1863, when owing to ill-health he was compelled to resign, and the church was without a pastor for two years, though occasional services were held. In 300 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 1865 Rev. S. S. Paine took the charge, and remained until 1870, when he was succeeded by Rev. C. L. Russell, the present pastor. There has been a Sabbath-school in connection with the church since its organization, and it is now in a flourishing condition. The Methodist Episcopal Church. A class was formed in 1872, by Rev. John Stafford. The year following they erected a church, about 30 x 50 feet in size. Tliey have no resident minister, the church being included in the circuit witli Anoka. A Sabbath-school is maintained in connection with the church. SOCIETIES. A Literary Society and Lyceum, organized in the fall of 1880, meets every Friday evening in the school-house of district No. 99. This society is well attended. In 1879 a circulating library was established in the village, containing three hundred volumes. It is kept at the post-ofHce, and is patronized by the citizens of the township generally. CHAMPLIN MILL. This mill is located on Elm Creek, near its junction with the river, below the village. The first mill at this point was built by A. P. Lane & Co., in 1867. The township records for that year show that two town bonds, of $250 each, were is- sued in favor of this firm, to assist in building a dam and bridge, in connection with the mill. All were built, but were swept away and de- stroyed by high water. The present mill was built in 1874, by Clark and Smith, and after sev- eral changes came into the possession of R. M. Pratt & Co., the present proprietors. It is in size, 30x40 feet, and two stories high above the basement, with an addition for offices and ware- rooms, 25x18 feet. Its machinery consists of five runs of stone, five middlings purifiers, be- sides the necessary minor machinery. It is driv- en by an American turbine wheel, forty-two inches in diameter, of seventy-five horse-power. Its capacity is forty barrels per day. VILLAGE OF CHAMPLIN. Joseph Holt laid out a village on the west bank of the river, and had it surveyed and plat- ted by Hugh Spence. This was in 1853. A hotel was erected in 1855, by George Rollins, and opened by Hugh Spence. Several changes in ownership have since taken place. It is now conducted by F. Thorndyke. The first store was opened by J. B. Holt, in 1856. The post-office was established in 1868, with J. B. Holt as post- master. George Hills now occupies that office. There are three stores, with stocks of general merchandise, three blacksmith shops, two wagon shops, one goldsmith, one millinery, and one flouring mill. The assessed valuation in 1880, of town lots and structures thereon, was §7,302. The nearest railway point for citizens of Cham- plin township, is Anoka, directly opposite the village of Champlin, and connected with it by ferry across the Mississippi [river, ^t one time, steamboats plied on the river, landing at Cham- pUn.; the river is not navigated regularly at the present time. BIOGEAPHICAL. Colby Emery, one of the oldest settlers in ChampUn, was born in 1822, in Oxford county, Maine, where he resided, with the exception of some time passed in the hotel business in Boston and New York, until 1853, when he came to Min- nesota. He at once pre-empted a claim of 160 acres, and has since resided in this town engaged in farming. He now owns 120 acres of fine land. He was married, July 2, 18i)5, to Ruth Blaisdell, of Tamworth Iron Works, Carroll county, Ne^^• Hampshire. She died. January, 187-5. The fam- ily record is, James R., born in 1856; Charles E., 1857; Zenus B.,1863, died 1870; Anna G.,born 1869. William Fullerton was born at Hopewell, Maryland, in 1819. His parents removed to Penn- sylvania when he was two years of age, and he remained there until 1833, when he removed to Ohio, residing in Lower Sandusky four years, and in Lucas count\', until 1866, employing him- self in carpenter work find farming. In the spring of 1864, he enlisted in Company G, First Ohio Sharpshooters, and was afterwards attached to the 60th Ohio. He was wounded in the hand, losing a finger at Petersburgh, Virginia, in 1864, and was honorably discharged at Washington, D. C, in 1865. In 1866 he came to Champlin, where he has since resided. He was married in 1848, to Martha Crosby, of Ohio. They have four children. J. B. Hinkley was born in Geauga county, Ohio, in 1818. He received his education at the Gen- CHAMPLIN—BIOGEAPHICAL. 301 esee Western Seminary, near Rochester, New York, graduating in 1839. He then began teach- ing winters, passing his summers on a farm. In 1854 he came to Hennepin county, and resided in Minneapolis one year, then removed to Dayton township where he took a claim of 160 acres near Diamond Lake, remaining there nine years. In 1857 and 1858 Mr. Hinkley was a member of the legislature, during which time, Minnesota was ad- mitted as a state. He held the office of County Commissioner a number of years, and had charge of the county poor farm for three years, dating from 1864. He then returned to Minneapolis where he remained until 1873, when he came to Champlin and has since resided here, engaged in farming. Mr. Hinkley has held the office of justice of the peace, excepting a short time, since he came to this county, and was census enum- erator of Dayton township in 1880. He was married in 1844 to Miss S. S. Moore. They have two children. Robert H. Miller, is a native of Oxford county, Maine, where he remained until twenty-three years of age ; then removed to New Hampshire. He was married in Conway, New Hampshire, January, 1848, to Sarah R. Hill, and removed to Waterford, Maine, where their only living son. Orange 8., was born September 6th, 1849. In 1852, Mr. Miller came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, where he remained one year, thence to Anoka and after a few months residence there, made a claim on the west side of the river in what is now Dayton. In 1856 he came to Champlin and bought a number of town lots, also the hotel now owned by Mr. Thorndyke, which he conducted for seven years. When he first came to Minne- sota he made a squatters claim, on the west side of the river, the present site of Minneapolis. Mr. Miller learned the trade of carriage maker,, in Maine, which business he engaged in for many years in Champlin. He held the office of post- master from 1860 to 1867. The son, Orange S., resides with his parents. He was married to Miss Mary E. Wiley. They have one son. G. D. Miars is a native of Nova Scotia where he was born, in 1816. At the age of eleven years he went to sea and followed that occupation four- teen years. He then resided in Canada three years, and in Maine, where he was engaged in farming. He came to Hennepin county in 1856 and purchased a claim of eighty acres in the town of Crystal Lake. In 1866 he removed to Anoka county, and three years later came to Champlin, where he has since resided, engaged in the pur- suit of farming. He was married in 1852, to Sy- rene Pratt, a native of Penobscot county, Maine. They have had nine children, eight of whom are living. Turner Pribble was born in Kennebec county, Maine, July 4th, 1836. At the age of twenty, he came to Hennepin county, locating in the town of Brooklyn. In 1860 he purchased a farm of fifty-five acres, which he disposed of in 1865, and the next year bought forty acres m the same town. He resided in Brooklyn until 1877, ex- cepting the time he was absent in the army. In April, 1861 he enlisted for three months, and re- enlisted November, 1861 in the First Minnesota Infantry. At Petersburg, Virginia, he was ta- ken prisoner and held ten months. He was hon- orably discharged July 20th, 1865. He came to Champlain in 1877 and has resided here since, en- gaged in farming. He was married in 1870, to Leila A. Coy, who was born in Maine in 1851. They have one child, Martha Irene born in 1875. J. W. Reeves was born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1842, and remained in his native state until 1865, when he came to Minnesota, and located in Ramsey county, near St. Paul. In 1877 he came to Champlin, purchased a farm of forty acres, and has since resided in this town. In 1863, Mr. Reeves enlisted in Company D, 2d Ohio Heavy Artillery, and served until honorably discharged, in 1865, coming west the same year. J. H. Trussel is a native of New Hampshire, born in New London, Merrimac county, Septem- ber 26th, 1 828. He resided in his native town ten years, then to Wilmot, N. H., and remained there until twenty-one years of age, when he went to Concord, and remained five years. In the fall of 1855, he came to Hennepin county, and made a claim of 160 acres in Brooklyn. Remained on it one year ; then removed to Champlui, where he has since resided. In 1871, he sold his farm in Brooklyn. He has held the office of Supervisor several times, also Assessor and Treasurer. Mar- ried, in 1857, Mary E. Hill, who was born in Car- roll county. New Hampshire, in 1831, and came with her parents to this cormty in 1853. They have had five children, three of whom are liviag. 302 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. DAYTON. CHAPTER XLVIIJ. GENERAL DESCRIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — TOWNORGANIZATION— VILLAGES— SCHOOLS- MILLS — OFFICERS — BIOGRAPHICAL. Dayton is situated in the extreme northern part of Hennepin county. It is bounded on the north by the Mississippi Eiver, east by Champlin, south by Maple Grove, and west by Hassan and Wright county. Its surface is rolling ; in some portions of the town there is a succession of rounded elevations, amounting to hills in some instances. It is well timbered,with a heavy growth of maple, oak, basswood, and elm, excepting in the northeast, where it includes a part of Long Prairie, extending west from Champlin. The soil is a deep, black loam, lying upon a mag- nesium limestone, which underlies the whole town excepting in the north-eastern part, where the St. Peter sandstone is found in a narrow belt along the river. The north-eastern boundary is formed by the Mississippi Eiver, whose high bluffs tower a hundred feet above the majestic river that washes their base. The northern part of the western boundary is washed by the Crow River, which empties into the Mississippi at Day- ton village. Diamond Lake, on sections 17 and 18, is the largest body of water in the town. It was named Diamond on account of the purity of its water. French Lake,the next in size, located on sections 19 and 30, took its name from a French settlement near it, in an early day. The smaller lakes are Lura, on section 2, and Powers, on section 34. A small creek rises in Diamond Lake and flows east- erly across the town, and empties into Hay den's Lake, which is located on section 26. FIRST SETTLEMENT Paul Godine is supposed to be the oldest living settler in the town. He is a Frenchman by birth, and settled here in 1851. He was a man of some notoriety among the Indians in those early days, wielding a magical kind of influence over them, which at times was so potent that he could chastise them with his fist or club or any other article which came first to hand, as occasion required, and they would quietly submit to it, and continue to trade with him. They look- ed upon him through the dim light of their un- tutored minds, as an avenging spirit, sent upon them by the "Great Spirit," hence their submis- sion. John Veine made a claim where the village of Dayton now stands, and built a small cabin on it in 1853, which he sold to E. H. Robinson in 1854, who used it for a trading post, trading almost entirely with the Indians who were principally Chippewas. Marcelles Boulee, Benj Leveillier, and others, settled along the river in 1853. Soon after, a few French families settled on or near the Lake named French Lake, whose names were Daniel Lavallee, Anthony Gelinas, Louis Bibeault, Moses Desjarlais, Joel Desjarlais, Fabien Desjarlais and Edward Greenwood. Other portions of the town were settled soon after, by the French. A hotel was built at Dayton in 1854, by James Haselton and George Hosier, situated on the bank of the main river. It was moved at a later period, to its present site on higher ground, and is now owned and occupied as a hotel by George Slater, who settled here in 1856. Neil McNeil was one of the early settlers, who came to Dayton and took at once, a front rank in shaping the business of the infant settlement. For three years, he had the entire control of Ly- man Dayton's business, his intelligent brain, directed by a master hand, was felt in every thing he touched. Not only was his genius felt in civil life, but he made it felt in military tactics also ; showing himself not an unworthy descend- DAYTON— SABLY EVENTS— CHUBCHES. 303 ent of that race whose prowess, like Bruce's, has adorned and embellished the pages of Scottish history. When the Indian outbreak, in 1862, burst upon the frightened settlers, carrying rapine and butchery in its gory track, he left the peaceful pursuits of life, and aided by that determined look which the earnest man .car- ries, raised a squad of men and hastened to join Captain Strout's command. They marched to the seat of war through Forest City to Acton, where they met the " Bloody Devils,'' and gave them fight. He there received a wound through his right arm, but with his spartan band of sixty- four, fighting for their firesides, and the little prattlers around them, thought not of the eight hundred fiends they were fighting, all the way from Acton to Hutchinson. Before reaching Hutchinson, they were reinforced, adding more strength, but no more courage; when they made a Waterloo, scattering the Indians in every di- rection. Returning from the Indian war, and vyith a country still imperiled, he joined Gen. Thomas' command in 1863, and remained until honorably discharged, when he returned again to Dayton and engaged in the more congenial and peaceful pursuits of Ufe, enjoying the confidence of his fellow-citizens, filling the office of super- visor for ten years, and constable seven years. He was the first constable elected in the town. In 1855, A. C. Kimball settled near French Lake, on the north shore, and was the first American settler back from the river. He re- lates the fact, that the Chippewa Indians passed near his home on their way to the fight near Shakopee, in May, 1858, with their old enemies the Sioux. They came down the Mississippi River and went about a mile up the Crow River, took their canoes ashore, sold two or three to the settlers, and destroyed the rest. EARLY EVENTS. In 1856, E. II. Robinson built a blacksmith shop for his own business, doing some custom work for his few neighbors. The same year, he and his partner, John Baxter, built a steam saw- mill on the banks of the Mississippi River be- low the mouth of the Crow River, which was the first saw-mill built in the town. The first religious services in town, were held at the house of J. B. Hinkley, in the summer of 1855, by the Rev. Winthrop Hayden. The next services were held at the house of J. B. Hinkley in 1855; sermon by David Brooks. The first white child born, was George Dayton Slater, September, 1856, who died at the age of four years. The first death was a Mr. Twombly, who was killed by the falling limb of a tree. The second death was Job Green, an old man, who died in 1857, and was buried by the roadside, and subse- quently removed to the cemetery, in the east part of the village plat, upon its establishment in 1858. The first marriage was that of E. H. Robinson to Mrs. Sarah L. Gardner, June 29th, 1856. J. B. Hinkley was the first justice of the peace. He was appointed by the territorial government. He was also the first representative from his dis- trict to the legislature elected in 1857, and took an active part in forming the state government. The " Five Million Loan Bill " was voted on by the town, in the spring of 1858, and carried by a decided majority. The first post office was established in 1855, and J. Baxter appointed post master. He was succeeded by Mr. Hinkley, in 1856, who made B. R. Hurlbut deputy for two years. Hurl- but was then appointed post master, and remained in office several years. The first school was taught in the summer of 1857, by Miss CyntSiia Slater, on the west side of Crow River. The water, washing the bridge away, the scholars could not cross, and she moved to Mr. Hinkley 's, and later, to Mr. Baxter's house, where the term was finished. CHURCHES. The French Catholic Church was organized in 1857, and a church built the same year, on the farm of Paul Godine, section 5. Father Jennis officiated at the organization. In 1862, Father Nicholas supplied the church for a time. In 1865, the society commenced the erection of a larger church, in the village of Dayton, and com- pleted it in 1866. It is 50x75 feet. The society con- tains one hundred and twenty families. Father Morrell has officiated since 1866, and closed his labors in the fall of 1880. The society has a cemetery of about two acres, located on the north- west comer of section 8. 304 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. TOWN ORGANIZATION. Dayton and Champlin, were formerly organized as a voting precinct, and called Marshall. It was divided in ] 858, and the name of Dayton adopted, in honor of Mr. Lyman Dayton. The meeting for the organization of the town, was held at Champlin, May 11th, 1858. Elected for Super- visors, A. C. Kimball, chairman, W. H. Ed- wards, J. D. H. TIervey; Town Clerk, John Bax- ter; Assessor, J, M. Thompson; Collector, W. P. Ives; Overseer of Poor, Daniel Fife; Justices of the Peace, D. L. Ilerrick and Alvah Hills; Con- stables, J. Downs and A. M. Kimball. After the election of officers and other business inci- dent to the new organization, and the change of the name of the town, the amicable settlement of the question at one time appeared very for- midable, adjourned to exchange mutual congrat- ulations over the successful issue. VILLAGES. There were three town sites selected, but not laid out, but claimed, and held with the inten- tion of making plats. Waterville, held by Charles Aydt, was located mostly on the west side, and included the site where the present saw mill is located. Portland was claimed by Robin- son and Baxter, and included the site on which the present village is located. Lyman Dayton had eighty acres south of the present village, and had it platted and surveyed, but afterwards vacated. The present village was first platted in 1855, and again in 1856, reducing lots from one-quarter to one-eighth of an acre in a lot, owing to the advance in the price of land. The platting was done by Lyman Dayton who had bought of Rob- inson and Baxter an undivided half of the town site. This settled the location of the village, but the more diflficult question was yet to come, that of naming it. Mr. Dayton and his friends desired to call it Dayton, while that part of the settlers who came from Maine, were as anxious to call it Portland. Both parties felt their abil- ity and strength to call it by their chosen name, whilst each doubted the others strength, and a meeting was called to settle the vexed question by vote. On the day appointed, tlie "hosts" were marshalled, but justice always recedes before advancing force, and the " Dayton "party proved too strong for the " Mainites," and named it Day- ton, in 1868. This is the only village in the town, and includes a small plat of ground on the opposite bank of Crow river, in Wright county, and is situated at the junction of the Mississip- pi and Crow livers. It is a flourishing village, containing three stores, carrying a general stock of goods, E. O. Perkins's being the largest ; three blacksmith shops, one furniture and carriage shop, one milluiery establishment, where the latest fashions are tastefully displayed, two boot • and shoe establishments, two carpenters, who " know how to make a house," two meat mar- kets, one lumber mill, one tannery, a brick- yard and a post-offlce, with W. D. Brimmer for postmaster. The second post-office was established in the South-west part of the town about 1866, and called " Maple Grove," a Mr. Permit being ap- pointed post-master. SCHOOLS. The first male teacher was Thomas McLeod, who taught after the organization of the town, in the winter of 1859-60. The first school was taught in a vacant store-room built by E.B.Ames, of Minneapolis, who failed in trade, and the room was used till 1868, when the present vUlage school building was erected, in the village of Day- ton. Besides this, there are four school build- ings, all in good condition, located as follows : School ISTo. 37, on section 14 ; No. 41, on section 29 ; jSTo. 40, on section 7 ; and Xo. 36, on section 28. Two joint districts are included in the above. MILLS. The Dayton flour-mill was first built by Frank Weitzel in 1860, for a three run custom mill. In 1874 lie built a new merchant mill with five runs, 35x65 feet, three-stories and basement. He sold a half interest to ^^'. F. Iluiibut, and in 1878 sold his remaining interest to R. R. Iluiibut. In 1K79 the firm of Ilurlbut and son built an addi- tion 2(i.\r)0 feet, with two runs of stone for a cus- tom mill. They have added all the late im- provenieiits, making it a first-class Merchant and Custom mill, with a reputation second to none. The mill gives employment to twenty-six men. AV. D. Brimmer, has a Saw-mill and Stave Factory, located on the Crow river, and is now using the steam machinery, put in by Robinson in 1860; supposed to be the first in the north-west. I) A TTON—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 305 OFFICIAL KOSTEE. The present town officers are, Supervisors, A. C. Kimball, chairman, 0. E. Evans, and M. F. Taylor ; Town Clerk, C. F. Dugas ; Assessor, M. r. Taylor ; Treasurer, Henry Duhlheimer ; Jus- tices of the Peace, C. E. Evans and Nicholas Engel; Constables, Albert Lewis and. A. A. Laflin. A Town House was built in 1873 at the cross- roads in south part of section 17, size 20x30 feet. The Cemetery is located in the south-west corner of secton 8. The town has 14,811 acres with a land valua- ation of $170,220. Valuation of personal prop- erty, $42,096. Town lots, $7,384. Taxes for 1880, from the above valuations, $2,585. The population of the township, including the village is 698. BIOGRAPHICAL. William Dugas, one of the pioneers of Hen- nepin county, was born at Three Rivers, Canada, May 17th, 1809. He learned the trade of mill- wright, and at the age of twenty-two went to New York city, then started for Africa, engag- ing as ship-carpenter. At New Orleans he aban- doned the trip, as his ship did not sail. He then came up the Mississippi river to Saint Louis, thence to Chicago, and after a stay there of four years, went to Council Bluffs, Iowa, via. the Missouri river, with Bourbonais, who had charge of the Pottawattamie Indians. Then returned to Chicago, and had charge of a crew of men on the canal then being opened there. Three years later, he removed to Galena, Illinois, and then went to Prarie du Chien, Wisconsin, where he married Sophia Stromm, who died twenty-one months later, leaving one child, Charles, who is now town clerk of Dayton. In the spring of 1844 he removed to Saint Paul, where he re- mained over two years, and married, in January, 1846, Miss Susanna Raiche. The same year he made a claim at Saint Anthony, near Cheever's claim, which he afterwards sold to Eranklin Steele. He returned to Saint Paul in May, 1849, and was elected to the Territorial Legislature the following fall. After remaining in Saint Paul two years, engaged in the hotel business, he sold out, returned to Saint Anthony, and es- tablished a ferry about half a mile above the 20 present upper bridge. He, and others, procured a charter for a bridge, but it was not built. In 1857 he sold the ferry and moved to Bottineau Prairie, and engaged in farming until 1866, when he removed to Dayton, where he has since re- sided. His second wife bore him three children, two of whom are living: John, aged twenty-three and Louis, aged twenty-one. Nicholas Engel was born in Prussia, in 1820. Learned the trade of shoemaking. He was drafted into the army at twenty, and served two years. He emigrated to America in 1852, and settled at Port Washington, Wisconsin, working at his trade. Moved to Plattsmouth, Nebraska, in 1858, and followed his trade. In 1875, went to Frankfort, Wright county, and in 1876 came to Dayton. Has held the office of Justice of the Peace for two years. Married, in 1863, to Cath- arine Schluentz. They have had five children, four are now living. F. Gamache, born in Canada, in 1830. Moved to Michigan in 1850, and engaged in mining, three years. He located on his present farm in 1854. Married, in 1852, Margaret Gandrow, who died in 1864. He was married again, in 1867, to Julia Lambert. They have had eight children. He has been Town Supervisor and School Director. He is one of the pioneers of this town. His, was the first team brought to Dayton. R. R. Hurlbut, born in Vermont, in 1830. Fol- lowed railroading when young. He was married in 1852, to Mary Stebbins, and moved to Minneso- ta in 1855. Located in Hassaij for one year; thence to Dayton, where he engaged in mercan- tile business for two years. Located where he now lives in 1870— a fine location in Wright county, opposite Dayton. Purchased, in 1878, one-half interest in the Dayton Flour Mills, which, with his farm, occupies his entire attention. He has two children : William F. and Rodman R. William F. Hurlbut, son of R. R. Hurlbut, was born in Vermont, in 1853. He remained with his parents until 1870, when he entered the State University at Minneapolis, at the same time tak- ing a commercial course. Returned to Dayton in 1874 and purchased ahalf interestin the Day- ton Flour MillSj and also carried on a general merchandizing business in connection with his milling. In 1880 he married Jennie E. Nixon, of Pennsylvania. 306 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. N. McNeil was born in Scotland, in 1830. In 1831 he emigrated with his parents to America. He moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1852, and worked three years in the Navy Yard. Moved to Minnesota in 1856, and lived in St. Paul one year, when he moved to Dayton and worked seven years for Lyman Dayton. In 1863, joined Gen. Thomas' command, was mustered out in 1865, and returned to Dayton and engaged in the stock business. He married, in 1857, Sarah Sweeney. They have had nine children. Mr. McNeil held the office of Supervisor ten years, and was Constable for seven years. Charles Mayer was born in Germany, in 1818, where he taught school for twenty years. He emigrated to America in 1856, and settled in St. Bernard, Ohio, and taught school two years ; then taught eight years in Johnstown, Pennsylva- nia, four years at Utica, and three years in Jeffer- son City, Missoiuri. He is the organist at the Cath- olic church in Dayton, and also teaches music. Married the first time, in 1842, to Veronica Sei- berlich, who died in 1856. Married again to, Kate Oberle. He has six children living. / George Slater, bom in England, in 1821. Em- igrated to America, and settled in Gloversville, Pulton county. New York, in 1824. "Worked at glove-making for twenty years. Moved to Min- nesota, and settled in Dayton, in 1856, and com- menced the manufacture of gloves and mittens. Enlisted in Company C, Independent BattaUon, under General Hatch, in 1864, and was ordered to the frontier. Was mustered out in 1865. Re- turned to Dayton, and opened his farm. His health failing, he purchased the hotel which he now keeps. Married, in 1845, to Catharine Kelly. They have foiu: children now living. Mr. Slater found many relics near the junction of the Crow and Mississippi rivers, which indicated that there had been, at some time, a'French or Span- ish settlement at that point. Abraham Twombley was born in Canada, in 1808. Moved to Champlain, New York. Lived there several years. Married, at twenty-two, to Rosabel Rose. He moved to Bottineau Prairie in 1857, and lived with his wife in a tent three months. Sold his first claim on the Prairie, and bought one in the woods, where he has since lived. Mr. and Mrs. T. Celebrated their golden wedding, November 8th, 1880. They have 108 children and grandchildren. E. H. Robinson, a native of Gardiner, Maine, was born in 1829. He remained with his par- ents on the farm, until seventeen years of age ; then learned the mason's trade. In 1849; he, with his brother, moved to Wisconsin, and worked at his trade during the summer, and in the pine- ries through the winter. In the fall of 1850, he returned to Maine, and the following year, his father and family moved to Wisconsin, locating in Portage county. In the spring of 1853, E. H. came to Minneapolis, and purchased twenty-five dollars' worth of goods, which he hired a French- man to take up to the mouth of Crow River, in a canoe. They reached their destination in two days, and found but one white man, John Veine, of whom he secured the use of a log cabin for his store. He opened a trade with the Indians, whose reservation was on the west side of Crow River. In the spring of 1854, he succeeded in purchasing Veine's claim, which included the site of the present village of Dayton. Mr. Veine left, and Mr. Robinson was for ten months ^alone with the Indians, at whose hands he came near losing his Ufe, on several occasions. He sold John Baxter one-half interest in his store, and in 1855, they sold Lyman Dayton, of St. Paul, an undivided interest in a portion of their land. In 1856, they sold Mr. Dayton an interest in the water-power and land adjoining. In the fall of 1856, they erected a steam saw-mill near the mouth of Crow River. Soon after, Mr. Robinson bought his partner's interest in the store, and in 1857, bought his interest in the mill. He then sold to Mr. Dayton his entire interest in the water-power, and the following spring, sold his stock of goods. In the fall of 1858, he purchased another stock of goods, and in 1861, took as part- ner in the milling busmess, Frank Crocker, and continued thus two years, when he bought Crock- er's interest, and in 1866, sold the entire estab- lishment to a firm who failed, and the mill was taken away. In 1870, he built a new steam saw- mill near the site of the old one. In 1877, he sold the mill to H. A. Bennett, and it was burned the following year. Mr. Robinson's wife was Mrs. Sarah Gilson of New York, whom he mar- ried in 1856. They have had three children; George H., Horace R. and Frank L. HASSAN- GENEBAZ BESGBIPTION. 307 HAS SAN. CHAPTEE XLIX. GENEBAL DESCEIPTION — SETTLEMENT— FIRST BIBTH AKD DEATH — A PAPER TOWN— EVENTS OF 1856-7-8 — CHURCHES — ORGANIZATION — INDIAN SCARE — OUTLOOK — SAW-MILL — BIO- GRAPHICAL. This is one of the extreme northern towns of Hennepin county, and embraces all of township 120 north, ranges 23 and 24 west, lying east of Crow River, covering an area of 17,184 acres. It is washed by the Crow Eiver on the west and north, the stream making the boundary between it and "Wright county. It was surveyed in 1855, the first year of its settlement. Its surface is rolling and heavily timbered, except Bigelow's Prairie, a small tract of about fifty acres, in section 16, on Crow river. Several tracts of marsh, or wild meadow, occur at intervals throughout the town, but are little used, being too soft for pasturage, and afEording but an indif- ferent quality of hay. Peat bog is found in most of the marshy ground, which may yet give it value. In the uplands, the soil is a dark loam, with clay subsoil and well adapted to general agricultural purposes. The oidy streams in the interior are Rush Creek, which flows through the south-east comer, and a small, unnamed rivulet which rises in section 22, flows north-west, and empties into Crow Eiver in r section 16. A stream shown upon the early maps, in the south-west part of the town, is only a ravine through which surface water finds its way to the Crow River in times of freshet. Several small lakes dot the surface of the town, mainly in the western half, the most noticeable of which are here described. Sylvan Lake lies in section 20, and is the largest body of water in the town. It covers an area of about two hundred acres, is of more than ordinary depth, with sandy or gravelly margin on the north, but soft along the southern half. It is well stocked with fish, principally pickerel and bass. JSTortb-east of this is Cowley, better known as Parslow's Lake, in sections 16 and 21. It has sandy margins and hard bottom, but is qidte shallow, and contains a rank growth of water plants, which, though not reaching the surface, are too near to admit of trolling for fish^ with which its waters abound. Lake Harry lies mainly in the south-east corner of section 29, but extends its waters to the three sections joining at this corner. It is of irregular shape, shallow, with low, marshy shores on the north, but hard on the south. It is destitute of fish, and is gradually drying up. In 1855, Jasper Hawkins, one of the early settlers here, found a fine, large canoe fioating upon the waters of this lake, which incident has occasioned no Uttle spec- ulation regarding its early ownership. It was of pine, nearly new, and neatly hewn from a sound log or tree, and not over an inch thick except at the points. No owner ever appeared to claim this mysterious craft, and pioneer settlers disagree as to its origin ; whether it was of Indian manufac- ture, or the handiwork of white men. In any event, it must have been prepared in the forests of the upper Mississippi, brought down that stream and up the Crow river several mUes, and dragged across the coimtry for not less than one and one-half miles, before launching upon the shallow waters of this lake, which, as it afforded no fishing, leaves the subject as much in the dark as ever. The old canoe is now in a useless, half- decayed condition, and partly buried in the mud and water of a smaller lake, appropriately named Mud Lake, near the residence of Mr. Hawkins in section 21. SETTLEMENT. The first settler in the northern part of the town was Alexander Borthwick, who came in 1854, and made his claim on section 12, and later, another 308 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. on section 1, the farm now owned by" Frank Weitzel. He remained until 1867, wlien he "re- moved to Otsego, Wright county, and has since re- sided there. He came from St. Paul to Dayton, crossed the river there, made his claim, and boarded with Robinson and Baxter, through the winter. Harvey Hicks came about one month later than Borthwick, and bought the latter's claim on section 12. He brought the first team and wagon into this town, coming up on the west side of the river and cutting his road through the timber. Dennis Ford, Alpheus Maservy, and Joseph Green came the same fall. Maservy is now in Maine Prairie, Stearns county. In 1855, Mortimer and Patrick Hynes, Thomas Eog- ers and William Demery, located claims in the northern part of the town. John Mitchell and Samuel Gowell settled north of the centre. John Keegan, who came the same year, still resides in the town. Others who came about this time were, Patrick Burke and Owen McCabe. Among those who located In the central and southern portion of the town in 1855 were, George and Ariel Bigelow, A. Woodman and Harvey S. Norton, who came from Ohio, and settled on or near section 16, on the Crow river. Their claims embraced the small prairie tract previously re- ferred to, which gave it the name it has since borne. There were no roads leading into this wood-land region then, and they were forced to cut their way as they advanced, making but slow progress, though only stopping to remove such obstructions as could neither be overcome or avoided. They remained here but a few years, then removed to other parts. Ariel Bigelow, after about six years residence here, removed to Maple Grove, thence to Minneapolis, and later, to his former place m Ohio. He subsequently re- turned to this State, and is now at Princeton, Mille Lacs county. Geo. Bigelow left his claim here about the same time, but afterwards re- turned and located a little east of the old loca- tion, from which he soon after removed to San- tiago, Sherburne county, where lie was drowned several years since. Early in the year, Jasper and Horatio Hawk- ins settled near the central part of the town, hav- ing first engaged in farming in what is now Crys- tal Lake. They were from England, and through their influence others were led to seek homes in this locaUty. Among them were Septimus, Charles and John Parslow, the first two, brothers, the latter their nephew. Henry Ghostly also arrived about this time, and all took claims in one neigh- borhood, where mjost of them still reside. About this time the names of Charles Tucker and James and John Noon were added to the brief roll of pioneers; they came from Ohio, the former from Cincinnati. Late in the fall. Freeman D. James arrived from New York and located on section fifteen, where he now resides. When he reached Winona, navigation suddenly closed, and he was forced to pursue his journey on foot, which he did, coming by way of St. Paul and Dayton. EARLY EVENTS. First Birth and Death. The first white child bom within the limits of the town was a daugh- ter, Mary, bom to Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Bigelow soon after their arrival here. Her brief Ufe ter- minated near Clmstmas of that year; the first grave succeeding the first cradle. A Paper Town. Early in the summer of 1855, the excellent water-power upon the Crow River, on section thirteen, attracted the notice of Harvey S. Norton, and suggested the founding of a vil- lage there. He accordingly employed a surveyor, and laid out a town plat of fair proportions, and decided to name it Hassan, if it was ever born. But it never was; and the name remained un- used until the following year, when the estab- lishment of apost-oflice, furnished an object to which it has smce attached. In the fall of this year occurred the first religious services, by Rev. J. S. Chamberlain, rector of the Episcopal church in Minneapohs. EVENTS OF 1856-8. The first year of pioneer work wrought noticea- ble changes in this forest region. Cabins sprang up as if by magic, and happ>' homes and firesides were seen on every hand, where before was ob- served naught save the campfire of the red man, or the ever-shifting wigwam, which marked his temporary home. With an energy characteristic of the sturdy pioneer element of which this community was composed, a post-oflice was secured in the sum- mer of 1856, and Septimus Parslow received the appointment of Postmaster, the oflice being at . his residence on section twenty-one. HASSAN—OBGANIZATION— INDIAN SGABE. 300 The name designed for Norton's proposed city was here called into requisition, and Hassan was recorded in the list of frontier post-offices. The first mail was received July 4th, 1856, and came in good old primitive style — the carrier making the trip on horseback. About this time the Territorial road from Min- neapolis to Monticello was opened, and the sad- dle soon gave place to a wheeled vehicle, for the accommodation of passengers. Not long after, tri-weekly mail service was secured, which has since been maintained. The post office is still retained by Mr. Parslow. The territorial road referred to was the first legitimate outlet for this section, only "trespass roads" existing before, and they, neither numer- ous or in good condition. In the year 1856, occurred the first marriage in the town — that of Charles Tucker and Miss Eliza- beth Hawkins. The ceremony was performed by Rev. J. S. Chamberlain. They are yet living on their original claim, in section 22. The first school was taught by Miss Sarah Ward, in a small log building, in the west part of town, not far from the present school-house in district No. 72, in the year 1857. She was followed by Miss Helen Tilton, the next season. In 1857- '8, this young community, in common with others, suffered severely from the ravages of grasshoppers, but have since been spared from such annoyance. In 1858, with the admission of the state, the teiTitory now embraced in tliis town was designated by the County Commissioners, and given its present name — Hassan. The town or- ganization occurred two years later. ST. JOHN'S CHURCH — EPISCOPAL. This neat little edifice was begun in 1858, but not completed until a later period. It is located in section 21, near Septimus Parslow's residence, and upon ground donated by him for that pur- pose. The tract included five acres, a portion of wliich was set apart for a cemetery, in which have been twenty-one interments. The history of the society dates back to the fall of 1855, when monthly services were begun at the residence of Septimus Parslow, by Eev. J. S. Chamberlain, and continued in this place until the buUding of the chvu:ch, in 1858. The real organ- ization of the society occurred on Easter Monday, in the spring of 1857, under the rectorship of Rev. Mr. Chamberlain, who faithfully administered to the church during the first five years of its organ- ization. His successors were Revs. D. B.Knick- erbacker, WilUam Polk, George Case, John Scott, S. T. G. Crump ; and since June, 1878, Rev. Dr. Knickerbacker has had charge; assisted by Curate W. T. Pise to date of June, 1880, since then by Curate J. Q. Bevington. Bishop Whipple has held service at u-regular iatervals since 1860. In May, 1858, Bishop Kemper, of Wisconsin, visited the society, and laid the comer-stone of the church edifice. Seven members were added to the church by confirmation during his visit here. There was then no Bishop in Minnesota. The original mem- bership was only four, which has since increased to fifty. Monthly services are maintained, and a flourishing Sabbath-school is connected with the church. TOWN OEGASriZATION". The meeting at which the township organiza- tion was elfected, was held April 3, 1860. No special measm-es were adopted at this meeting, beyond the usual transactions incident to a new organization, and the election of the foUovring of- ficers : Supervisors, Gideon Reeves, chairman, Hawley Hicks, Richard Quinn ; Tovm Clerk, C. J. Parslow, Treasm-er, Septimus Parslow ; Asses- sor, A. Borthwick ; Justice of the Peace, Henry Ghostly ; Constables, Patrick Hynes, John Pars- low ; Superintendent of Schools, B. Wright. The latter resigned in July, and was succeeded by H. C. Parslow. INDIAN SCAllE. In August, 1862, the panic which spread over this entire region, at news of the recent massacre, so terrified the settlers of Hassan that numbers of them fled to Minneapolis, others to Fort Snell- ing, and some even left the state. About three weeks after the first scare, another rumor of butchery and bloodshed was wafted to the ears of the partially quieted citizens, and another panic ensued. It was of short duration, however, and the "troubled waters" soon resumed their wonted tranqviility. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. In the winter of 1873-4, a Grange was organ- ized, whose membership soon reached forty, but though well attended for a time, soon lost its 310 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. original interest, and in 1878 was wholly aban- doned. PRESENT OUTLOOK. By slow but steady progress, Hassan has reached a degree of development in strildng contrast with earlier conditions noted in .this chapter, as the following statistics, gleaned from the official re- ports of 1880 will show. The assessed value of lands is given at $191,610 ; of personal property, $22,333, on which taxes were levied to the amount of $1,918. The population of the township is 735. Five school houses are located at convenient distances, affording the ordinary facilities for a common school education. District No. 72, has a frame building on section 19, near the site of the first school in the town. The building is of moderate dimensions, and in good condition. The other school buildings are: District No. 73, house in section 21, log buUding; No. 69, on section 24, frame house in good condition; No. 70, frame house on section 11, above the average size of country school houses, and in fine condition ; and No. 68, on section 35 — ^joint district with Cor- coran — frame house, small, but in fair condition. A Town Hall is conveniently situated in sec- tion 21, opposite the residence of Charles Pars- low. A saw-mUl is about being put in operation in section eighteen, on Crow Biver, by A. Berning, whose residence is on the opposite shore, in Wright county, an enterprise that can not fail to greatly benefit the farmers of the adjacent ter- ritory, upon whose farms may be found an ex- cellent quality of hard wood for lumber, square timber, etc. Thus is briefly given a sketch of the settlement and rapid growth of the town, which closes with the following list of town officers for 1880: Su- pervisors, John Russell, chairman, Charles J. Ghostly, Thomas Flynn; Clerk, C. J. Parslow; Treasurer, Charles Tucker; Assessor, G. Jackins; Justice of the Peace, Jasper S. Hawkins; Con- stable, Edward Tucker. BIOGEAPHICAL. Aaron Hoag, a native of New Hampshire, was bom in 1806. In 1885 he moved to Bangor, Maine, and followed teaming for twelve years ; then he bought a farm at South Gardner, wMch he occupied for six years. In 1858 he came with his youngest daughter to Minnesota, prospecting — and in 1859 bought part of the land he now Uves on. The same year his family sold out and jomed him. He mamed in 1830, Annie Wig- gins. They have four children. His son Charles lives with him and was married December 1877, to Mary A. Inveen. Their children are George and Ida. Horatio Hawkins, a native of England, was bom in 1827. He learned the trade of shoemak- ing. In 1853 he emigrated to America, moved to Minnesota and settled in Crystal Lake. In 1856 he came to Hassan, and in 1858 made a claim, where he has since lived. In 1864 he en- listed in Eleventh Minnesota, Company G, went south and was discharged in June, 1865. He was married in England to Martha PoweU, in the year 1850. They have five children living. Jasper Hawkins was born in England, in 1829. He emigrated to America in 1853, and moved directly to St. Anthony, where he worked as clerk eighteen months, for John G. Lennon. In 1854 he bought a claim in Crystal Lake, and held it fifteen months. Made a claim in Hassan in 1855, and has since lived here. In 1862 he en- listed in Ninth Minnesota, Company B, was clerk in Quartermasters depai-tment a few months, and was then ordered to General Com- mandery Central District of Missouri ; joined his regiment as clerk for Col. Marsh, until discharged at Davenpoi-t, Iowa, in 1865. He was married in 1869, to Alice M. Mattey. Four children have been born to them. Freeman D. James was born in Chautauqua county. New York, in 1822, where he lived twen- ty-seven years, much of the time engaged in lum- bering. He went to California in 1853, met with considerable sviccess, and returned to New York. In 1855 lie came to Mmnesota and settled in the town of Hassan, where he now lives. He has served the town as supervisor and constable. In September, 1864, he enlisted in Second Battery, Minnesota volunteers, was mustered out in July, 1865, at St. Paul, and returned to his farm. He married, in 1843, Mary B. Strong, who died Feb- ruary, 1876, leaving three cluldren. Mr. James has done much for the cause of education. GBEENWOOJD—EABLY HI8T0BY. 311 GREENWOOD. CHAPTER L. GENERAL DESCRIPTION — EARLY HISTORY— OLD SETTLERS— ORGAKIZATION— CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS — SCHOOLS— STATISTICAL— ROSTER —BIOGRAPHICAL. This town embraces that portion of township 119 north, rapge 24 west, lying east of Crow river. It was set apart by the county com- missioners April 10th, 1858, and named, from the village then located in the south-western part. The origin of the name was the charming appearance of the wood-lands, as seen by the first settlers, in the early days of summer. The surface is broken and hilly, and covered with a heavy growth of hard wood timber, inter- spersed by a few small tracts of marsh-land. The soil, as in other timbered portions, is a dark loam with clay subsoil, the lightest portion being found near the old site of the village. A few small lakes are found in the central portion of the town, and in the southern part, and lying partly in Independence, are lakes Sarah and Re- becca, of larger proportions. The former is about three miles long, and finds an outlet to the Crow river through Edgar creek. The latter is about one mile in length, and connected with the Crow river by a small stream running through the north-western part of Independence, and the extreme south-western part of Greenwood, where it unites with the main stream. EARLY HISTORY. Although separated from the Mississippi, the only course of travel at that date, by miles of dense woodland and morass, this town was among the first in the county to attract the attention of pioneer settlers. The first claims were made in the northern part of the town in 1854. Among these early claimants was Mathias Harff, who lo- cated on section 1 , and opened a farm upon which he lived till 1866, then sold, and purchased a farm on section 10, where he still resides. Mr. Harff is without doubt the oldest living settler in Greenwood. His coming was illustrative of the rugged pathway, by which so many have reached their present easy, though perhaps not happier, condition, and of that determined energy and courage, to which the county owes its present growth and prosperity. He gave one of the two sacks of flour which constituted his principal commissary stock, to a teamster in exchange for transportation from St. Paul to Dayton, then took his wife and aged mother in a " dug out," and "paddled his own canoe" up the Crow river to the nearest accessible point to his claim, from where the remainder of the journey was per- formed on foot. Here, in a small, rude cabin, subsisting chiefly upon wild game, and with no implements but an ax and common grub hoe, he began the difficult task of opening a farm in this almost unknown forest. His success in over- coming the manifold difficulties which beset his pathway, and the degree of prosperity to which he has attained, furnish a noteworthy example of the unfailing reward of persistent energy and perseverence. Mr. Harff has been identified with the growth and developement of the town, and was one of its supervisors for several years. The first settlers in the south part of the town were E. O. Newton, Thomas Hohnes, J. M. Burt, Robert Kennedy, Samuel Allen, Matthew and Albert Taisey and Messrs. Bucklin and Chase, all of whom settled in or near the south-west part of the town, early in 1855. Mr. JTeM-ton came from Massachusetts, stopping a short time at Chaska, from which point he came to Greenwood the last of March, with an ox team and an old-fashioned wood-shod sled. In Febraai-y previous, he had visited the locality and selected his claim, as had also the others named. He wearied of frontier life after about a year's experience, and returned 312 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. to his former home m the old Bay State. Those from Shakopee arrived, in May, 1855, and the next month the tovm was subdivided into sections, by government sm'vey. Others who came in May were James D. Young, WilUam C. Gould and John B. Edgar, the former bringing the first wag- on to this part of the country. In September of this year, John F. Powers and A. W. Dorman ' settled m the south-west part of the town, near the Crow river. Other settlers of 1855 were Kobert Gustine, A- S. Lindsay, Henry Greeling and Au- gust Kuhnn. Among those who came soon after, were George F. Ames, Thoma's R. Briggs, An- drew Thompson and his widowed sister, Mrs. Ann Cunningham, Christian Sipe, Carl Hafften, Benja- min Lawrence, Martin Conzet, W. W. Hall, Adam Hohenstein, Albert Roberts, W. P. C. Hawk, L. Allars, Nathaniel Moore and John O'Mera, some of whom figure conspicuously in the history of the town and deserve even more than the further men- tion yet in reserve in these pages. Before entering into fiu'ther personal detail, however, it is necessary to devote some space to the rise and fall of the ephemeral " city," which now exists only in ti-adi- tion. In the early winter of 1856-7, the few who came from Shakopee surveyed and platted about 200 acres on the south bank of Crow river, which was duly recorded as the " City of Greenwood," and in token of the sincerity of their intentions, those residing within the corporate limits, proceed- ed to the election of the following officers : Mayor, Matthew Taisey ; Councilmen, Samuel Allen, Robert Gustine, John F. Powers ; Recorder, A. S. Lindsay ; Marshal, James D. Young. The first habitable house on the town site was built by Matthew and Albert Taisey in 1855. The next year J. M. Burt opened a general store, in which a thriving business was carried on for some time. After about a year he sold to Albert Taisey, and he to Thos. R. Briggs, who closed out the stock in the fall of 1858. In the winter of 1856-7 large quantities of logs were hauled to the site of a contemplated saw- mill, on the bank of the Crow river. The mill was never built, however, and the logs were re- moved and used for other purposes, or perished from age and exposure. In 1857, a mill was built on the north side of the Crow river, opposite Greenwood, to which fact was due the failure of the project just noted. A town site was also platted, but never recorded, and the subsequent location of the village of Rockford, effectually strangled this projected bor- ough. Of course Greenwood needed a hotel, and so a commodious edifice was erected by Matthew and Albert Taisey, and given the euphonious title, "Beaver House." In 1862, when the Indian "scare" was at its height, the settlers converted this into a fortress, and for their better protection in case of an attack, tamarac poles were brought, and a stockade built, inclosing outbuildings and stable, and allowing space for teams and stock. Several families from Wright county nestled under the protecting wings of this fort, in addi- tion to those of Greenwood, and occasional de- tachments of cavalry from Fort Snelling halted here while scouring the country for traces or tid- ings of the enemy. Many of the first historic events of the town occurred within the limits of the city. In the spring of 1856, the first school was taught in a small building erected by a Mr. Peas- ley, as a residence, and jestingly called "Peasley's Hall." The estimable lady to whom is due the credit of first directing the youthful minds of this infant community, was Miss Ruth A. Powers, daughter of John F. Powers, and now Mrs. Jas. D. Young, of Delano, Wright county. The next to preside over this early band of students, was Miss Mary Ball, daughter of Mrs. A. W. Dorman, by a former husband. In the fall of 1856, occurred the first death, and the first grave made by white men was opened to receive the remains of an infant daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Allen. The little one's name was Jennie. The first preaching in town was m the winter of 1856-7, by Rev. Charles Galpin, of Excelsior, at the residence of John F. Powers. The same win- ter, Rev. Mr. Camp, an invalid spending the win- ter at Excelsior, held religious services at the home of Mr. Powers, on several occasions. In 1857, the census showed the population of tlie city as seventy-six. In this year occurred the first marriage, James D. Young and Miss Ruth A. Powers, the marriage dating September 17th, 1867. They are now liv- ing in Delano, and their eldest daughter. Miss Katie, is remembered as the first white child born in Greenwood, her birth occurring June 15th, 1860. GBEENWOOD—THE OLD SETTLEB8. 313 About 1857, after considerable effort on the part of the citizens, a post-ofiSce was established at Greenwood, and Albert Taisey appointed post- master. Soon after, it passed into the hands of Mr. Powers, who retained it until his removal from Greenwood, in 1868, when he left it with his deputy, Mrs. Taisey. She had charge until 1869, when it was discontinued. In 1857 a society known as the Independent Order Nobilium Pratrum, was organized in Greenwood, and reached a large membership in a short time. It was a select organization, its prin- cipal tenets being fraternal fellowship, and the promotion of literature and music. A lyeeum was started about the same time, and was well sustained for a season. In 1858 both it "and the I. O. N. F. withered and died from lack of vital force. The village of Rockford was founded about 1857, and proved a fatal drain upon the young city, whose auspicious opening bore promise of a better fortune. Thus, one by one its roses faded, until the lo- cation of the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, at some distance south of the town, gave the last fatal blow, and the " City of Greenwood" was numbered with the things that were. Some recompense for this loss, however, is found in the establishment of Rockford, a thriv- ing village situated on the opposite side of the river, about a mile below the old site of Green- wood, which not only affords a trading point, but has good flour and lumber mills, and on the Greenwood side, a fine woolen factory, which is yearly gaining in public favor. THE OLD SETTLEKS. Some further recognition is due the pioneer set- tlers of Greenwood, and a brief record of their fortunes can not fail to interest the general reader. Thomas Holmes was a man of unusual energy and activity. He was one of the founders of Janesville, Wisconsin, and later of Shakopee, this state. He also figured quite prominently in the early development of the cities of Milwaukee and Chicago. He made several trips to Montana, as guide to emigrant companies. He is now liv- ing in northern Georgia. John M. Burt is now a resident of Chemmig county, New York. He visited this section about three years ago, and could but marvel at the changes time had wrought during his absence. Samuel Allen is now a resident of Howard Lake, "Wright county. Kennedy, Bucklin and Chase never became residents here, although largely interested in the town site. Mathew Tai- sey is now in Missouri, whither he removed sev- eral years since. Albert Taisey removed to Lake City, and has distmguished himself as a promi- nent organizer of societies of the Labor League throughout the state, notably so during the year 1880. A brother of Albert (Milton Nobles Taisey) is well remembered by the old settlers of Green- wood, as an active young man, with more appar- ent relish for the city than the forest. His dra- matic talent led him to seek a place behind the footlights, and for that pm-pose he left the rural home, and for a time was lost to his former friends and associates ; but a few years ago he appeared as the manager of a theatrical troupe, under the name of Milton Nobles, having dropped the family name, Taisey. John B. Edgar died on his farm east of the old town site about eight years ago. Geo. F. Ames made a claim opposite the pres- ent village of Rockford in the fall of 1855, and moved his family here early the following year. The first year or two he lived on the Rockford side, but afterward built a house on the Green- wood side, wliere he lived, leading an active life until his death in the fall of 1878. It was his capital and energy that built and put in operation the Rockford Mills, to which the place is largely indebted for its present growth and prosperity. He also built the first carding-mill, which has since developed into the present Rock- ford Woolen Mills. He first built a small shop for general work, and put in machinery for turn- ing broom-handles and other light articles. To this he soon added a carding-machine, from which small beginning the factory has grown. Mrs. Ames still occupies the old homestead, from which pleasant location can be seen the monu- ments of her deceased partner's industry and en- terprise. John F. Powers remained at Greenwood until 1868, when he removed to Delano, Wright county, at the time the raih-oad reached that place, and opened the first hotel at that station. The build- ing was moved from Greenwood, and did service 314 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. at its new location until supplanted by one of more generous proportions. Mr. Powers is still a resident of Delano, though not actively engaged in business. Jas. D. Young, removed to Minneapolis in 1857, remaining something more than a year, during which time he was largely engaged in surveying and platting in the city, west of the river. In 1858 he returned to Greenwood, and in 1862, purchased a farm south of the town site, upon which he resided until 1871, when he re- moved to Delano, and rented the hotel of John F. Powers. He afterward purchased the building, and in 1879, built in its stead the fine hotel he now occupies. Wm. C. Gould has remained in the town since his first coming, except a short residence in Rock- ford, diu:ing the war. He is now located on a farm on section 28, west of Rockford. L. AUars re- moved to Rockford some years since, and in 1876 built and opened the Centennial Hotel, which he still occupies. Thos. R. Briggs removed to Wright county, and is now a prominent lawyer at Howard Lake. Andrew Thompson, still owns a fine, weU cultivated farm on section 28, east of Rockford, but has removed with his family to the west part of the State, where he and his sons have secured quite a large tract of land, which they are fast developing into a fine grain and stock farm. Christian Sipe is still a resident of the town, and in the enjoyment of the comforts secured by his early efEort and enterprise. W. W. Hall is pleasantly located on the north shore of Lake Sarah, section 34. He has been an active member of the community, and always in- terested in matters pertaining to the welfare of the town. Martin Conzet has also been one of the active citizens of the town, and is now pleasantly located near the south line of section 33. W. P. C. Hawk removed several years ago to Wright county, and is now a farmer near Wil- mar, Kandiyohi county. Adam Hohenstein located on section 11, where he now resides upon his original claim, which his industry has developed into one of the best farms in the town. Nathaniel Moore first located near the present village of Cokato, ui Wright county, and the tract since knOwn as Moore's Prairie, still serves to per- petuate the remembrance of this sturdy pioneer, and honored citizen. Two of his sons, A. P. and Henry, are still residents of Wright county, and among its most prominent citizens. Their father removed to Greenwood at an early date, and set- tled on section 27, where he died several years since. His widow still occupies the old home- stead. Mrs. Ann Cunningham still occupies the old place on section 28, and her declining years are rendered pleasant by the faithful care and solici- tude of her son, John Cunningham, who also ranks among the early settlers, and has, for seve- ral years past, held the office of town clerk. Hemy Greeling, on section 10, is among the earliest settlers, and has always been active in ad- vancing the general interests of the community, and holds a prominent place in the German ele- ment of the town. Carl Hafften settled on section 23, near the lake which bears his name . Adj oining his farm is that of Christian Scheudel , whose land also borders upon a lake bearing his name, and connected with HafE- ten Lake by small stream of about eighty rods length. Benjamin Lawrence settled on section 34, and has since opened up three other farms, finally set-, tling upon his present place, on section 28. Pew, if any, of the early settlers can recall more hard- ships or privations endured than his record shows, among which was the total loss of his household goods, provisions, etc., by fire, wliich destroyed his house whUe the family were absent from home. John OMera came here early in 1858, first rent- ing a farm for one year, then purchasuig his pres- ent farm, on section 28. He has held the office of Supervisor for two yeare. Town clerk fifteen years, and Clerk of his school district for eighteen yeai's. His farm is one of tlie best in the county, and he is fast gainuig prominence as a successful stock grower, to which his principal attention is now given. \. B. Dorman is comfortably located on section 31, the only remaining one of the original settlers on the old town site of the defunct city of Green- wood, and the ground once designed for a busy mart is tmned by his plow-share, in the cultiva- tion of his farm, of which it forms a part. About one-half the original plat is included in his farm; the balance is owned by other parties. Mr. Dor- OBEENWOOD—OBQANIZATION—GHURGHBS, ETC. 315 man has been almost constantly in the service of the town in some official capacity, serving as super- visor for several years, and Justice of the Peace for the past twenty years, besides his official con- nection with the public schools. In 1840, he mar- ried Mrs. Susan C. Northup, who has borne him three children : Homer W. , Harriet E. , and Willie N. Of these, Harriet E. married O. C. Willcutt, and, in 1870, died. Homer is now on the farm with his father, as is also Willie, who is married. Mr. Dorman is now seventy years old, but in the full possession of his faculties, and as genial a companion as in the earlier days of his man- hood. A. J. Roberts settled his family here as early as 1867, but did not settle down to farming, himself, until about 1864, being engaged in trapping and trading previous to that date. Albert Eoberts, his son, settled here in 1866, and soon became one of the prominent public men of the town. He has twice been elected chairman of the town board, eight times elected assessor, and was the census enumerator for his town in the years 1875 and 1880. In the fall of 1880, he was elected as representative of his district to the state legisla- ture, on the Republican ticket. TOWN OKGAKIZATION. Like most of the towns throughout the county, Greenwood hastened to embrace the privilege af- forded by the admission of the state, and a legal organization was effected at a meeting held on the nth of May, 1858, at which the following oflflcers were elected : Supervisors, J. R. Ames, chairman, H. G. Eerrell, WilUam C. Hawk ; Clerk, Thomas R. Briggs; Assessor, Benjamin Lawrence; Col- lector, R. W. Currier ; Justices, D. R. Famham and Clinton Howe ; Constables, John O'Mera and Vohiey S. Britt; Overseer of Poor, Andrew Thompson. The town expenses for the first year were $115. Several of the above list of officers are now residents of Wright county, a few only remaining in Greenwood. CHURCHES. The American element of Greenwood mainly find church affiUiation at Rockford. The Ger- man element is about equally divided between the Lutheran, and Methodist churches, and both have erected houses of worship. CHURCH BUILDINGS, The German Methodist society have a comfort- able building on section 12, erected about eight years since. The society is quite numerous, and weekly service is maintained in their church. The Lutheran church, on section 11, was built four years ago. It is a commodious wood struct- ure, and furnishes ample room for the congrega- tion which assembles for service each Sabbath. A parsonage has been erected near the church, on the opposite side of the road, and on the north is the cemetery, established about the time the society was organized. SCHOOLS. From the little band of juveniles who formed the first school, in 1856, the increased population now supports four entire school districts, and shares jointly with two others located mainly in Independence. District No. 76 has a good school building on section 28; District No. 77, on section 25; District No. 75, on section 14; and District No. 74, on section 12. STATISTICAL. Greenwood has an area of 13,460 acres, the assessed valuation of which is 1157,947. Its per- sonal property is assessed at $20,088, and its taxes for 1880 were $1,956, all showing a healthy de- velopment since its first settlement in the not distant past. OFFICIAL ROSTER. The officers elected for 1880 were: Supervisors, George W. Shelley, chairman, John Jacobs and Mathias Harff; Clerk, John Cunningham; Asses- sor, A. Eoberts; Justices, A. W. Dorman and Ephriam Sipe; Constables, George Shelley and Geo. Hohenstein. BIOGRAPHICAL. Martm Conzet, a native of Switzerland, was born in the year 1829, and emigrated to America in 1847. He worked at the carpenter's trade in Dubuque, Iowa, six years, removed to St. An- thony in 1863, and worked at carpentery and cab- inet-making until 1856, when he kept a boarding house. The same year he made a claim, where he now Uves. He was elected constable at St. An- thony in 1855; and held the office two years; has held the office of town assessor ten years. At the Wright county fair, the family made forty- 316 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. three entries and received eleven premiums. He was married in 1852, to Elizabeth Beauchlein. They have seven children. W. W. Hall was horn in Quebec, Canada, in 1832 ; moved to Minnesota in 1855, and settled on a farm in Independence ; sold it in 1866, and bought the one he now occupies. During the Indian troubles he moved to Rockford and worked on the stockade, which was built for pro- tection of the settlers. He assisted in organizuig the town of Independence, and held the office of supervisor for two years, and one year in Green- wood. He is now manufacturing amber cane syrup. Married in 1854, to Harriet Bishop. They have nine children. Adam Hohenstein was born in Germany, in 1832, and emigrated to America in 1850. He was en- gaged three years in the baker's trade, in New York; worked at farming in McIIenry county, Illinois, three years ; then moved to Minnesota in 1856, and located on his present farm. He has been town supervisor eleven years, town clerk seven years, and treasurer two years. He was drafted in 1864, and ordered to Company A, Third Minnesota ; was mustered out in 1865. He was married m 1858, to Caroline Glaser. They have seven children living. George Hohenstein was born in Germany, in 1848, and came with his parents to this country four years later. They remained in New York until 1854, when they removed to IlUnois, and in 1861 came to Minnesota, and located on their present farm. He was married in 1873, to Miss Louisa Bechtle, of Germany. They have four children : Ida, Martha, Louisa and Christian. Mr. Hohenstein has held the office of constable for eight years. Carl Hafften was born in Germany in 1K2H. His father died in 1849, and in 1852, Carl went with his mother to Canada. In 1857, they moved to Minnesota, and settled in Greenwood, where he has since lived. He lias a fine farm located near lakes Hafften and Scheudel. Ilehasbeeu eiiHaged, for the past five seasons, in the manufacture of Amber Cane Syrup, turning out from eight hun- dred to one thousand gallons per year. In 1852, he married Maria Holtz of Germany. They have had sixteen children. Those living are : Charles, August, John, William, Louis, Albei-t, Robert, Emma, Frederick, Matilda, Henry and Mary. John Jacobs, one of the early settlers of this county, is a native of Wales, bom in 1835. He emigrated to the United States, with his parents, in 1843, and located in Oneida county, New York, where his father died. He removed to Wisconsin in 1851, and engaged in lumbering until 1858, wlien he removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota. He enUsted in Comp. B, 6th Regt. Inf., and served against the Indians until 1864, when he went South, where he was taken sick, and mustered out. He was married in 1864, to Miss Matilda McKinley of Wright county. They have had four children, three of whom are living: William, Nettie and Belle. Lizzie R. died. Mr. Jacobs has held the office of town supei-visor, two years. John O'Mera was bom m Vermont, in 1828. He moved to Minnesota in 1857, stopped in Minne- apolis one year, and locating on his present farm in 1859, turned his attention to stock raising, to some extent. He has been tovm supervisor two years; Clerk fifteen years, and school clerk eigh- teen years. In 1855 he married Miss F. M. Emory. They have seven children. Albert Roberts, a native of Maine, was bom in 1844. He enlisted in 1862, in Company C, twen- tieth Maine Regiment, was in the battles of White Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Get- tysburg and Cold Harbor. At the latter place he received a gun shot wound in the face, carrying the ball for nearly two months before it could be extracted. He graduated at Eastman's Commercial College, Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1866. Moved to Mimiesota and settled on his present lo- cation. He has been chairman of tne Board of Supervisors two yeare, assessor eight years, and was enumerator in 1875 and 1880. He maxried in 1868, Isabella M. McKindlx . The> have four children living. Ephriam Sipe was born in Pennsylvania, in 1848. He moved to Minnesota in 1857, and re- manied with his parents until 1880, when he lo- cated on his present farm. He has held the of- liccs of town supervisor one year, school direc- tor live years, and is Justice of the Peace at the present time. His school advantages were limited to a period of fifteen months, but by close application he has gained knowledge sufficient to fill the different offices vrtth credit. In 1880 he married Margaret Husted, of Corcoran, who was born April 29th, 1863. GOBGOBAN-FIBST SETTLEMENT. 317 CORCORAN. CHAPTER LI. GEIiTBEAIi DESCRIPTION— FIKST SETTLEMENT— EAELY EVENTS — ORGANIZATION — CHURCHES SCHOOL POST-OFFICES STORES OFFI- CIAL ROSTER— STATISTICS— BIOGRAPHICAL. The townsliip of Corcoran is located in the north-western part of Hennepin county, and is bounded on the north by Hassan, east by Maple Grove, south by Medina and west by Greenwood. Its surface is rolling, in the south part bluffy. It is heavily timbered with hard and soft maple, oak, elm and basswood. There are occasional patches of wild meadow-land, which produce a good quality of grass. The soil is light in the south part, in the central part it is a heavy black loam, and lighter in the north part, with a clay subsoil throughout, producing wheat, barley, oats and corn abundantly. Amber cane is grown to some extent. Jubert's Lake, the largest body of water in the the town, is located on sections twenty-nine and thirty- two; there are two other small lakes that are unnamed, one located in the southern part, and the other in the western part of the town. FIRST SETTLEMENT. Benjamin Poimder, was the first man to enter the unbroken wilderness, and commenced in 1856 to lay the foundation of what is now the flourish- ing town of Corcoran. He was followed in a few days by P. B. Corcoran, one of the founders of the town. He was accompanied by Morris Ryan, who died in 1878; his family still reside here. Mr. P. B- Corcoran is one of those men who are justly entitled to more than a passing notice, and we regret that our limits will not permit, as much as we desire to write of this enterprismg pioneer. He threaded his way on foot into this then wilderness, with but one hand to help him, having lost his right hand in a lumber-mill in the state of New York. With his left hand he stuck his stake on section twenty-three, and com- menced to build around it, adding acre to acre until he now is the possessor of six hundred and forty (640) of them, which gradually yielded to his intelligent and aggressive strokes, until the wild stillness that surrounded him had been con- verted into the busy hum of an intelligent and advancing civilization. His next care was the school, which engaged his attention, and in two years after his arrival, he organized a school, built the rude log Temple which he dedicated to the Muses, and to prevent any misatrection of his intentions, presided over it himself, cultivating the young minds commit- ted to his care, more carefully, than he did the soil on his chosen and loved homestead. He con- tinued it for three months. This was the lirst school taught in the town. His organizing genius has made itself felt throughout all the multifa- rious affairs of the town. His acknowledged abilities have been recognized by the citizens, who have expressed it, by electing him supervisor for twelve years, and so evenly does he hold the scales of Justice, that he has been called to hold them for fourteen years, making decisions that would honor the Ermine of the higher courts, for all law is based on common sense, which desira- ble quality he possesses in an eminent degree. His next enterprise was a store, which he started in a log house with thatched roof, and located on the west side of his farm. The business in- creased so rapidly that he was obliged to build a larger one with a shinged roof. He located it on the east side of his farm, and in a few jears was obliged to build a still larger one. It is 30x40 feet, two-stories, making a hall of the upper story which is used for town meetmgs, public enter- tainments, etc. He was the first postmaster in the town, winch office he still holds. The settlers with Patrick B. Corcoran were 318 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, William Corcoran, who setttled on section twen- ty-three, Joseph Dejardins, who settled on section ninteen, which he afterwards sold, and now lives on section twei>ty-six. Two brothers named Pounder, and a Mr. Isaac Bartlett, John McDonnell, Francis Morin, Frederick Eein- king and Fred Schuette, all taking claims in 1855. They were followed in 1856, by Joseph Dupont, who settled on section 19, Hugh Keran, who settled on section 26, and Joseph Morin, who settled on section 27. Peter Weinand came in the spring of 1856, and settled on section 17. Mr. Weinand is one of the prominent men of the town, whose wise counsels have contributed largely to its growth and prosperity. His ripe expe- rience and liberal mind, has entitled him to the confidence, not only of his fellow countrymen, but of all the citizens of the town where he has resided since its earliest settlement. In short, he s one of the "Scions" of the town and represent- ative district, in which he Uves; having filled every ofittce of honor and trust. He was twice elected to the state legislature from his dis- trict. Mr. John Kleresy came in 1855, and settled on section 7, now living on section 2. He is the peer of Mr. Weinand, having flUed the various oflSces in the town, and for several years was chairman of the board of supervisors. He is full of public spirit, and a leader in everything tending to the growth of the town. He, as one of the supervisors, with P. B. Corcoran, as chau-- man of the board, laid out the first road in the town — the Minneapolis and Monticello state road, in 1858. Others came about this time, among them Matthew Weinand, Martin Dellis, Michael Weir and Joseph May, all relatives excepting Weir, and all settled in the north-west part of the town. Old Mr. and Mrs. Weinand are still livmg, also old Mr. and Mrs. May, parents of Joseph May. Martin Dellis is still living on his original claim. William Corcoran and Patrick Burke came in July, 1855, and both are now livmg on the claims first made. Several others came that year, but went away and subsequently returned. The first French settlers in 1855 were Michael Patnode and his son Peter, Stephen and George Archam- beau, Michael and Peter Eaymond, Joseph Du- pont, Joseph Scott, and others ; all settling in the south part of the town. Mr. Patnode died in 1861, and his wife, four or five years later. Peter is now living on section 22. Stephen and George Archambeau moved to Faribault two years after making their claim . Michael and Peter Eaymond live on their original claim, on section 20. Joseph Dupont lives on his first claim, on section 19 ; has been postmaster since July 4th, 1875. The post- oflice, called "Dupont," taking its name from the present official, who is a highly esteemed citizen of the town. Joseph Scott died on his claim, in section 29, and the farm is now owned by his son, D. Scott. The same year, Frank Gagne settled on section 27. He was one of tha earliest settlers on the reservation near Minne- apolis, a little southeast of the present site. He had some trouble over a contested claim there, finally sold it and came here vnth his brother, Joseph, who settled on section 27, and is still living here. EARLY EVENTS. Benjamin Pounder built he first house in the town, in 1855, on section 25, near the town line, and occupied it about two years, when Robert Ad- cock occupied it until he could build on liis own claim ; then Thomas Adcock's widow occupied it until 1370. The old house is still standing, as a landmark, though in a dilapidated condition. Its builder died October 18th, 1875. Resolutions of respect and regret at his loss were adopted at a meeting held at the district school-house, De- cember 11th, 1875, which were published in the Weekly Tribune and Farmers' Union. He had been clerk of the district from its first organiza- tion, in 1858. Was universally respected by the community in which he lived. His widow, Eliz- abeth Pounder, still lives on the old homestead. The first blacksmith shop was built by Louis Berthaume, on section 21, about nineteen years ago. He operated it eight years, and then moved to Osseo. The second one was built by P. B. Cor- coran, on section 23, a Uttle west of his present residence ,and operated until he buUt a new one just east of his house, employing workmen up to the time he leased it to Nelson Deroche, who is now operating it, and doing good work. The first birth was James J. Corcoran, son of William Corcoran, bom February 22d, 1856. He now living in Austin, Minnesota. The first marriage was that of John McDonald to Sarah Crawford, in 1867. COBCOBAN—GHUBCHES— SCHOOLS. 319 The first death was Nicholas O'Brien, in 1858, who died at the house of his daughter, Mrs. Fox, in the north part of the town, aged eighty-five years. The first school in the town was taught by P. B. Corcoran, in a log house erected on his own land, in 1857. OEGANIZATION. The town was organized at a meeting held at the house of P. B. Corcoran, May 11th, 1858, when Israel Dorman was made temporary Chair- man, John Molan, Moderator, and Pat Braw temporary , Clerk. Officers elected were: Super- visors, Israel Dorman, Chairman, P. B. Corcoran, John P. Kleresy; Town Clerk, Pat Braw, Assess- or, Thomas Eiley; Collector, Michael Patnode; Overseer of the Poor, Francis Garnieen; Justices of the Peace, Israel Dorman and Peter Patnode; Constables, J. Burret and John Coon. At this meeting, the town was named Corcoran, in honor of P. B. Corcoran, its founder. CHURCHES. Catholic church, located on section two, on the north line, was organized in 1856, and is the old- est church in the town. Services are occasionally held in it. Also have a cemetery in connection with the church. Saint Thomas Catholic Church is located on section 15, and was organized in 1856. It was started by the Irish members from the first men- tioned church, and assisted by the Germans. First officiating priest. Father Jennis, who started with about thirty families. It has contmued to grow in numbers, until it now has about forty- five families with Father Hays as priest. Saint John's French Catholic Church was es- tablished in 1873, by the French element from Saint Thomas Church. The firstpriest was Father Ladriere; present priest. Father Boucher. This church has about forty families, who attend its meetings. German Evangelical Association. This church is located on the north-east corner of section 12, and embraces twenty or thirty families from Cor- coran and Maple Grove. The Lutheran Church is located on section 13, and was erected about fifteen years ago, now has a large congregation. There is a school held in the church for the study of the Gennan language, about SLK months in the year, attended by pupils from Corcoran and Maple Grove. SCHOOLS. The first school in the town was taught by P. B. Corcoran, in a log house 12x16, in the winter of 1857, with about sixteen scholars. This build- ing was used for about four years, when the pres- ent building was erected in district No. 65. School district No. 64, house located oh section 29. School district No. 107, house located on section 7. Joint school district No. 67, house located on section 4. School district No. 66, house located on section 10. There are besides, four joint districts with other towns. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office was established on section 23, P. B. Corcoran postmaster. He has held the office since it was first established, with weekly mail route from Osseo to Eockford, on Saturday. Dupont pos1>office, on section 19, was established in 1875. Joseph Dupont, postmaster, has held the office since its establishment. STORES. P. B. Corcoran established a store on the south- east part of section 23, in 1863, and now has the largest stock of general merchandise in the town. Mr. E. Huot established one on section 21, four years ago, with a fair stock of goods. OFFICIAL BOSTBK. At a town meeting held in April, 1880, the fol- lowing officers were elected : Supervisors, Thomas Corcoran, chairman, Octave Dupere, Joseph Pot- vin; Town Clerk, Peter Patnode; Assessor, John Molan ; Treasurer, John McDonald ; Jus- tices, Peter Weinand and James Corcoran ; Con- stables, John Gaurs and Octave Dupere. STATISTICS. Whole number of acres, 22,948 ; valuation of land, $271,722; valuation of personal property, $48,883. Taxes for 1880, $2,614. The population of the township is, by the last census, 1,078. There were, according to report for 1880, horses over two years old, 404 ; cattle over two years old, 658 ; number of sheep, 625 ; number of hogs, 571 ; acres sown to wheat, 3,300. BIOORAPHICAL. Robert Adcock, a native of Norfolk, England, was born in 1827. He emigrated to America in 1849, and lived in Boston, Massachusetts, sis 320 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. years; lie moved to Minnesota in 1855, made one of the first claims in Corcoran, and is now the oldest living settler in the town. In 1855 he was mar- ried to Margaret Burk. They have six children: Thomas F., Mary E., George W., John, Ruth M. and James. Octave Boucher was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1842. He lived there until twelve years of age. lu 1856 he came to Minnesota with his parents, who took a claim in Plymouth. He enlisted in 1863, in Hatch's Battallion, Company B, Minne- sota Volunteers, and went north during the In- dian outbreak, stayed three years, and was dis- charged at Fort Snelling in 1866. He bought the farm, in 1867, where he now lives. The same year he married Delaina Greenwood, by whom he has had five children. Patrick B. Corcoran, is a native of Ireland, where he was born in 1826. During the Irish fam- ine he occupied the position of Government re- lief oflBcer. In 1847 he emigrated to America ; went to Maine and stayed about two years. In 1849 he went to New York, where, for five years he was engaged as sawyer in a lumber mill; while there, he lost his right hand. In 1855 he came to Minnesota,and after prospecting for a time, located where he now lives. He was one of the first settlers in this town, which was named for him. In 1863 he started a store, and has been post master since that time. He built a new store in 1867, to accommodate his increasing business. Mr. Corcoran has filled the oflBces of Justice of the Peace for fourteen years, and Town Supervisor twelve years ; he also organized and taught the first school in the town. Married in 1851, Anna Freehan. They have eight chil- dren. William Corcoran, a native of Cork county, Ireland, was born in 1821. In 1847 he came to America, landed m Boston, Massachusetts, and lived there two years ; moved to Buffalo, New York, and stayed one year, then moved to Min- nesota in 1855, and located in Corcoran, where he now lives. He has filled all offices of trust in the town. In 1854 he was married to Catherine Craw- ford, by whom he has had five children, four are now living. In 1863 Mrs. Corcoran died, and in 1866 he married Mary Burke. Dennis Daniel was born in Montreal, Can- ada, in 1826. In 1842 he moved to Vermont Where he worked ten years at farming. In 1852 he went to Canada again and stayed one year. Came to Minnesota in 1863, and worked on the river at Stillwater three years, then went to Ar- kansas, and was engaged in lumbering three years. He moved to St. Paul and stayed from 1859 to 1866, when he came to Corcoran and bought the farm on which he now lives. He was married in 1854, to Mrs. Mary Hennesee, who had three children. Joseph Degardins was born in Quebec in 1835, where he lived for seventeen years, when he went to Bangor, Maine, and worked at lumbering two years. In 1854 he moved to Minnesota and worked ia the woods imtil the spring of 1855, when he came to Corcoran and made a claim in section 19 ; sold part of it and made another on section 26, where he now Uves. He enlisted in a Minnesota regiment in 1862, and served three years against the Indians, was discharged at Fort Snelling. July 1861, he was married to Miss T. Scott. They are the parents of six children. Moses Dufour was bom in Quebec, Canada, in 1832, and lived there eighteen years. In 1851 he went to Maine and worked at lumbering five years, to St. Anthony in 1856, went up the river and worked in the pineries five years, after which he spent seven years among the Chippewa Indi- ans as interpreter for traders. In 1870 he bought the farm where he now lives. Married Rosette Lasart, by whom he has had five children. Joseph Dupont, a native of Montreal, Canada, was bom in 1831. He lived there seventeen years, when he moved to Vermont and stayed eight years. In 1856 he came to Minnesota, and made a claim in Corcoran, where he has since resided. He was married in 1859, to ^VngeUna Fortin. They have six children now living. In 1863, Mr. and ISlrs. Dupont visited their native home, remaining about ten months. Hugh Keran, born in Ireland in 1818, came to America in 1849, landed in New York and stayed there until 1850, when he went to Buffalo. In 1856 he moved to Minnesota, and bought the farm he now lives on. He married, in 1862, Mar- garet Branagan, by whom he has had two chil- dren. John McDonnell is a native of Waterford county, Ireland, where he was bom in 1835. He emigrated to America in 1852, and settled in COBCOBAJSf— BIOGRAPHICAL. 321 Orange county, New York ; remained there two years, then went to Wisconsin and lived one year; from tliere he came to Minnesota and made a claim in Corcoran, in 1855. He lived in Minneapolis in 1856, and in 1857 went to his claim, where he has since resided. He held the office of town supervisor one year, and town treasurer seven years. He married, in 1856, Sarah Crawford, by whom he has had ten children. Francis Morin was born in Quebec, in 1826, and lived there twenty years. He moved to Lake Superior in 1846, worked in the copper and iron mines for three years, and then returned to Que- bec. In 1851 he moved to St. Anthony and stayed four years, when he came to Corcoran and has since resided here. He was married in 1863 to Alice O'Hearn. He is the father of seven chil- dren. Joseph Morin was born in Montreal, in 1810. He lived there thirty years ; went to Michigan in 1840, stayed about one year, then worked four years at Lake Superior as ship-wright. Married, in 1844, Lissette Landeau. In 1845 he started for Minnesota with a birch bark canoe ; and accompanied by his wife, followed the Black river fifteen days, then they packed their few things and he carried the canoe, on foot, to the St. Croix river, which they reached in one day ; they followed it to the Mississippi, thence to St. Paul, where they remained eleven years. Moved to Corcoran in 1856, and have since resided here. They have nine children. David Noonan, a native of Ireland, was born in 1820. He lived there thirty years, and came to America in 1850. He went to Philadelphia, where he remained six years, then removed to Iowa for one year, and in 1857 came to Corcoran, where he has since resided. Married, in 1863, Margaret Hayes. They have one daughter. Jacob Oswald was born in Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 1850. He lived there six years, and in 1856, moved to Minnesota with his parents, with whom he lived until seventeen years of age, when his father bought a farm for him and his brother. In 1873 he bought the farm he now lives on. He married in 1873, Caroline Kothrada, by whom he has four children. Christian Ranking was born in Prussia, in 1835. He lived there twenty-four years ; moved to Ame- rica in 1859, and settled in Corcoran, where he 21 now resides. He was drafted in 1865, into the Second Minnesota Eegiment, and was discharged at Washington, at the close of the war. In 1860 he married Katrine Heagleman. They have ten children living. Frederich Eeinking, a native of Prussia, was born in 1827. He emigrated to America in 1847; stopped in Baltimore five months, then went to Pittsburg and remained seven years, working on a steamboat. In 1855 he moved to St. Paul, thence to Corcoran where he has since lived. His wife was Charlotte Schafer; by her, he has had eleven children, eight of whom are now living. Fred. Schuette was bom in Hanover, in 1826, where he lived twenty-one years. He came to America in 1854, resided in Pittsburg eleven months and moved to Minnesota in 1855; stopped a short time in St. Paul, then came to Corcoran, which has since been his home. In 1863 he joined the Third Minnesota Eegiment, went south with it and was gone sixteen months. He married Minnie Schomaker in 1852,by whom he has one son. F. W. Webb was born in England, in 1849, and lived there twenty-one years. He emigrated to America in 1870, and settled in Corcoran where he has since resided. He has built a substantial farm-house valued at $1,000. In the fall of 1872 he returned to England, and married Elizabeth Barrows; he returned the following spring with his wife to his home in Corcoran. They are the parents of. two children. Peter Weinand, a native of Germany, was born in 1838. He emigrated to America in 1852, and settled in Wisconsin; removed to Minnesota in 1856, and in 1858 bought the farm in Corcoran on which he has since lived. In 1877, be was elected representative from the twenty-seventh district, and has held every position of trust in his town. He married, in 1864, Mary Swagert, by whom he has six children. August Westphal was born in Prussia, in 1831. He was educated in his native land; graduated from the College of Bromberg, and followed school-teaching for twelve years. Enhsted in the German army in 1851, and served three years in Berlin. He emigrated to America in 1864, settled in Milwaukee and taught school. In 1866 he came to Minnesota, and finally settled in Corcoran. Married, in 1866, Emily Long, by whom he has had fourteen children. 322 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY MAPLE GROVE. CHAPTER LII. QEHERAL DESCRIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — ORGANIZATION CHURCHES LYCEUM SCHOOLS — MANUFACTURES — TOWN HOUSE — CEMETERIES — ROSTER FOR 1880 — BIOGRAPHI- CAL. The town of Maple Grove is situated in the northern central part of Hennepin county, and is bounded on the north by Dayton and Champlin, east by Brooklyn and Osseo, south by Plymouth, and west by Corcoran. The surface of the town is rolling, excepting on sections 22 and 23, where it is bluffy. When first settled, it was heavily tim- bered with a large growth of elm, oak, basswood and maple, the latter growing in large quantities, scattered in such beautiful groves over the town, that it was named Maple Grove. The south- eastern portion of the town is covered vrith a low underbrush. Bottineau Prairie, west of Osseo, includes half of section 1, all of section 12, one- quarter of section 11, and half of section 13. It is bordered by a narrow belt of brush land. The remaining portion is timber and wild meadow land, with fine rich meadows bordering on Bush Creek. The soil is a black loam with clay sub-soil, excepting on the east part of the prairie, where it is gravel. There are several lakes in the town, all well stocked with fish, except Mud Lake ; among them are Eagle Lake, in the south-east corner of the town, occupying the greater portion of section 36 ; this is the largest lake in the town. Eish Lake is a long and somewhat irregular- shaped body, watering portions of sections 21, 22, 27 and 28. Weaver Lake, on sections 17, 18, 19 and 20, in the west part, and Rice Lalte near the centre, mostly on section 16. Cedar Island Lake on sections 26 and 27, takes its name from the three islands that it surrounds, which are cov- ered with a small growth of cedar. It is also watered by Elm Creek, which rises in the north- eastern part of Plymouth, and flows north-easterly through Bice Lake ; thence on in the same direc- tion, emptying into Hayden's Lake, in the town of Dayton. Bush Creek also flows through the northern portion of the town in an easterly direc- tion, and forms a junction with Elm Creek on section 34, in Dayton, near the northern bound- ary line of the town. ^ FIRST SETTLEMENT. The stillness of the forests which covered much of the territory now embraced vrtthin the limits of the town of Maple Grove, had never been dis- turbed, except by the stealthy tread of the Indian, until Louis P. Garvais, in 1851, broke the silence which for ages had pervaded the wilderness. He settled on the southeast quarter of section 12, and sounded the first notes of civilization from that point. With his family he labored, battling with the forest and wild beasts, and with the more for- midable Winnebagos, who, two years after his settlement, were removed to their reservation. About the same time came William M. Ewing, who helped survey the town and name it. Ewing moved to Osseo, in 1857. With the retirement of the Indians, the prospects of the settlers bright- ened, and the face of the countiy was soon dotted with the betterments of a hardy class of pioneers. In May, 1854, came Harvey Abel, who, following the course of empire, westward, marked his claim where the Town House now stands, the first west of Bottineau Prairie. He sold his claim and made another, and, full of Yankee enterprise, sold that and made the third and last claim, the one on which he now lives, built his log cabin, covered it with bark, and used the same material for floor and tables, cooked for himself, and lived alone for three years. The same year came A. O. Angell, and settled on section 10, built his cabin of rough logs and covered it with bark, split and laid bass- wood slabs for his floor, and commenced house- keeping. The same year came W. E. Evans, from Chittenden county, Vermont, and located MAPLE QBOVE—FIBST SETTLEMENT— CHURCHES. 323 on section 4, where he now lives* He built the first log cabin on the road between Min- neapolis and Crow Eiver. Patrick Devery also came in 1854, and located on section 28, where he still lives. He built him a home, and gathered about him a small stock of cattle. He had one cow stolen and killed by the Indians, who roasted one-half of it, and took the rest away with them, on their way to the battle between the Chippewas and Sioux, at Shakopee, in 1S58. Late in 1854, O. R. Champlin came and set- tled on section 16. He built his house in the woods, and in the place of bark, which was then much in use for covering, used wooden troughs for shingles. In 1855, came J. H. Briggs, who settled on sec- tion 4, in the north part of the town, and built his. log house; brought his provisions on his back, from Saint Anthony, a distance of sixteen miles, marked trees being his only guide. The same year came John Cook, and located on section 30. In June of the same year, Luther Hoff came and settled on section 8; he died in October 1864. His widow, Mrs. Minerva Hoff, is still living on the place. About the same time came Patrick Darmody and settled on section 31, in the south- west corner of the town. In the fall of the same year, came William Trott, and settled on sec- tion 10. He lived in a little shanty covered with bark, the first winter, and with the true pioneer pluck, he worked on alone, opening up his farm, until now he has all the evidences of thrift around him. In 1856, John M. Eddy came from Addi- son county, Vermont, and settled in the north part on section 4, of the town, and is now an honored and respected citizen. He has filled the oflBce of town clerk for many years, with credit to himself and satisfaction to the town. George A. Laflin came from Chittenden county, Ver- mont, in 1856, and settled on section 10, in the north part of the town, and is now one of the prominent citizens of Maple Grove. Erom this date (1856) settlements were quite rapid, and the next care was the church and school, the only real foundations upon which a community can securely build. The first preaching in the town was at the house of P. B. Newton, on section 4, in 1855, by' Rev. L. Atkinson, a Baptist. Later, in 1856-7, came the Rev. C. G. Ames and held services in the north part of the town, preaching to the Free Will Baptists for about a year. About the same time, came the Rev. Mr. White, Methodist, preaching at the house of P. B. Newton, on section 4. The first school was taught in the summer of 1858, in an old vacant dwelling house on section 4, by Delos Hawkins. The first marriage was that of J. M. Eddy to Mary E. Evans, February 24th, 1857, by Rev. Lewis Atkinson. First birth, Persis, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Briggs, in the winter of 1855-6. First deaths, Alonzo and Melissa Corey, chil- dren of James M. Corey, in the winter of 1855-6. ORGANIZATION. The first meeting for the purpose of organizing a board of town officers, was held April 11, 1858, at the house of Hiram Blowers. Meeting called to order and Hiram Blowers elected Moderator, and J. M. Eddy Clerk. Supervisors, A. C. Aus- tin, Jeremiah Brown, Robert Woodard ; Town Clerk, J. M. Eddy ; Assessor, William R. Champ- lin ; Collector, Chauncey Blowers ; Overseer of Poor, P. B. Newton ; Constables, Charles Savage and J. M. Corey; Justices, William E. Evans and Moses Blowers. Previous to this organization a vote was taken on the "Five Million Loan," and every vote in the precinct was against it. CHURCHES. There are two Methodist Episcopal churches in the town, one located on section 17, and built in 1868. A class was formed about twenty years ago, and from it has grown the present church. Rev. Mr. White was the first minister. The sec- ond Methodist Episcopal church is located on section 4, in the north part of the town, and is not yet completed, but in a condition to permit public worship. Both the Methodist churches are now supplied semi-monthly by the pastor from the town of Champlin. Maple Grove Catholic Church is located on section 29, in the south-western part of the town near school No. 45, has been in charge of the Rev. Father, A. Ladriere for the past five years, and has a membership of over a hundred families. The Congregationalists had preaching for a few years in the school-house on section 4, by the Rev. A. K. Packard, from Anoka, but for the past seven years have had no regular preaching. 324 HISTORY OF HENNEPTN COUNTY. Tlie Universalisls have preaching occasionally in the school-house on section 4, by Revs. Good- rich and Harrington. There is also an Episcopal service conducted semi-monthly at the same place by the Rev. Mr. Pise, of Minneapolis. SOCIETIES. I. O. G. T. This Lodge was organized in 1865. They built for their accommodation ,a hall over the school-house in District No. 42, where regular meetings were held for several years, and the town rejoiced over the good work it was doing, but like all human efforts, it had the germ of decay in it, which fed upon its vitality until it finally became entirely extinct. MAPLE GEOVE LYCEUM. Was organized in the winter of 1858-9, in the school-house in District 42. In connection with it, was started a paper called the "Maple Grove Watchman," read each week during the vidnter months. It was here the " Conscript Fathers " of the town, met to discuss the leading questions of the day — to measure swards in an earnest de- bate, and it is to be hoped, always rising above the debasing influences of an angry discussion. It grew, and flourished for a time, calling to its aid such men as W. A. Crawford, Assistant Edi- tor of the " New York Graphic," who gave them a lecture the first winter of its existence. The " Watchman " chronicled the events of the town and many were the sharp "home thrusts" that bristled from its columns. But its glory is past, and it, like some of its founders has gone to rest. SCHOOLS. The school system in this town is equal to any in Hennepin coimty, which is called the banner county of the state. The first school in the town was established on section 4, in school district No. 42, and is now a joint district. The other joint ones are No. 101, located on section 6, and No. 46, lo- cated on section 27. The entire districts are No. 45, located on section 29, No. 44, located on sec- tion 17, and No. 100, located on section 9. Be- sides these are joint distiiets Nos. 33, 43 and 45, houses located in other townships. All the school buildings in the town are nearly new and in good repair; 42 and 46 are furnished with patent desks and seats. MANUFACTUKES. A small saw-mill was built on Elm Creek, sec- tion 10, in 1865, by Eranklin Cook and changed to a grist mill in 1868. It now has two run of stone, one for flour and one for feed, which is a great convenience for the immediate neighbor- hood. There are in the town, four amber cane mills, owned and located as follows: S. S. Hawk- ins, on section 3; E. P. Woodworth, on section 3; Henry Abel on section 17, and one on section 18, owned by William and James Chapman. Each one of them has a capacity of from eight to sixteen hundred gallons annually. TOWN HOUSE. The first building used for a town house, was purchased of Hiram Blowers and fitted up for the use of the town in 1863. It is located on sec- tion 9. It was used until the present building was erected on the site of the old one in 1877. Size, 22x32, one story high, well built and in good condition. CEMETERIES. There are three cemeteries in the \o-vra, located as follows : One on section 4, established sixteen years ago by an association, as a general burial ground ; and one on the extreme west line of sec tion 7 ; also one on the north line of the same section. OFFICIAL ROSTEK FOR 1880. Supervisors — William E. Evans, chairman, Fred Pauley and James McConneU ; Town Clerk, J. M. Eddy ; Treasurer, George A. Laflin ; As- sessor, John A. Conover ; Justices, Charles Leon- ard and William E. Evans ; Constables, W'iUiam Joslin and John Odenbreicht. "\^^lole number of acres, 21 ,318. Valuation of real estate, §293,162; of personal property, $47,607. Taxes for 1880, 13,808. Population in 1880, 1,156. BIOGRAPHICAL. Ilem-y Abel was born in Essex county. New York,' May 8th, 1824. He lived there twenty- three years, and in Hillsdale, Michigan, four years. Married Ann E. Lobdell, in 1850; she died in 1852. He came to Minnesota in April, 1864, and took a claim in Maple Grove, where the town house now stands. He did the first mason work this side of St. Anthony. He made a claim and sold it ; then made another ; sold MAPLE QBOVE—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 325 that, and took the one he now lives on ; huilt a log house ten feet square and covered it with bark, using the same material for floor and tables. In 1858, he was married to Sarah M. Brown, who died in 1861. He married his third wife, Sarah Weaver, in 1862. Mr. Abel built a new house, which, with contents, was destroyed by fire in 1870. He is the father of four children. His third wife died in October, 1880. A. O. Angell was born in Bridgewater, Ver- mont, in 1834. He moved with his parents to Michigan, then to Ohio, and in 1854, came to Minnesota, and made a claim in Maple Grove. Jmie 8th, 1865, he married Mary Atkinson. They have two children living. He lived in his cabin covered with bark and with floor of bass- wood slabs, until 1858. Mr. Arigell helped to cut the first road leading from Osseo to Rice Lake. J. H. Briggs was born in Smyrna, Chenango county, New York, April 19th, 1828. He came to Minnesota, and located in Maple Grove in 1855. Married Jane A. Faulkner in 1852. They have six children. The first year he came, he had to carry provisions on his back from St. Anthony to his home, a distance of sixteen miles. At that time, Minneapolis had but two houses. Mr. Briggs is one of the oldest settlers in this town. William Brooks was born in Trumbull county, Ohio, December 6th, 1826. He remained with his parents twenty years. Lived in Wisconsin eight years, and came to Minnesota in 1857, locat- ing in Maple Grove, where he now lives. In 1852 he married Mary A. Carter, who died in Decem- ber, 1861. His second wife was Sarah L. Jenne- son. The first eight years that he was here, he lived in a log house that was covered with red- oak shakes, and had a floor of split basswood. Octave Caron, a native of Canada, was born in 1836. He Uved there seventeen years ; then came to Minnesota, and worked on a farm ; also at the Sioux Agency. In 1855 he went to Shakopee. He ran a ferry for two seasons, at Mendota. En- listed in 4th Minnesota, Company E. Was in Sherman's march to the sea, and was honorably discharged in 1865. He has lived in Maple Grove since 1878. In 1859 he married Philomene Le Due. They have nine children Uving. He ovms land in Brooklyn, and Wheatland, Kice county. O. B. Champlin, born in Chenango county. New York, January 8th, 1832, and came to Maple Grove in 1854. He married Miss 11. M. Bosworth, in 1857. The first winter he passed in this county, the Winnebagoes gave him some trouble. He built his house in the woods, using wooden troughs for shingles. Mr. Champlin was in Stearns county during the Indian outbreak. Nearly all the people left the country, excepting his family and a young man named Warner. John Cook was bom in Lincolnshire, England, in 1820. When fifteen years of age, he had learned the bakers' trade; came to America in 1849, stopping a short time in New York and Buffalo. In 1850 he went to DuPage county, Illinois, and remained five years. He married Mrs. Mary Ann Hardy. Came to Minnesota in 1865 and settled in Maple Grove. They have ten children living. Mrs. Cook died June 1st, 1876. Patrick Darmody (deceased) was born in Tip- perary, Ireland, in 1825. Came to America, stop- ping a short time in New Orleans and Cincin- nati, landed in Minnesota May 24th, 1855, and settled in Maple Grove. He married Ellen Pe- ters, July 19th, 1855. There are six children Uving. Mr. Darmody died December 5th, 1879. Patrick Devery, a native of Ireland, was born in 1818, and lived with his parents twenty-one years. He then came to America; stayed in Ohio a few months, and in New York ten years. Came to Minnesota and settled in Maple Grove, October 1854 ; he made a shanty of rough boards a bedstead of hickory poles, and used a dry-goods box for a table. Mr. Devery is the father of eleven children. Fredrick Ebert was born in Germany, 1816, came to IlUnois in 1817. Married October 10th, 1848, to Julia Ostrath, of Macon county, Illinois, and lived there eighteen years. Came to Hennepin county, in 1864. Have eleven children : John, Frederick, Margaret, George, Julia, Adam, Henry, Susan, Charles, Conrad and Willie. Louis Pierre Garvais was born at Wolf Eiver, near Montreal Canada, in 1810. Lived there sixteen years, and moved to Lake Champlain, New York, where he resided for twenty-two years ; then came to Saint Paul, remained there two years, and one year in Saint Anthony, after which he came to what is now Maple Grove. He made his claim on what is known as Bottineau Prauie, and was the first settler in this town. For nearly two years their only neighbors were 326 HI8T0BT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. the Winnebago Indians. After he had been here nearly two years, the whites began to settle around him. He married Mary Twombley, in New York, October 15th, 1830. They have had ten children, four boys and six girls, all living, with the exception of the first-born, who died at the age of eleven, in York State. On the 15th of October, 1880, Garvais and wife, celebrated their golden wedding, at Osseo, impressive ceremonies being held at the church. Eight children, and seventy-five grand children were present. John M. Eddy is a native of^New Haven, Ver- mont. When twenty-two years old, he went to California, and stayed about five years. In 1856 he came to Minnesota, and settled in Maple Grove. He was married in 1857, to Mary E. Evans, of Chittenden county, Vermont. They have five children. Mr. Eddy was the first town clerk, and held the oflSce nine years. He enUsted in the Second Minnesota Cavalry, December 22d, 1863, was discharged December 2d, 1865, and has been farming since that time. W. E. Evans was bom in Chittenden county, Vermont, December 28th, 1824. He remained there, working as mill-wright, until he came to Minnesota ; was one of the first settlers of Maple Grove, and built the first house on this road, a log cabin, now used as a granary. Before his block house was finished, he covered it with blankets to protect his family. In 1847 he was married to Miss Lucia C. Austin, of Vermont; she died in 1880. Mr. Evans has held various town oflices since he came here. Leonard L. Hawkins (deceased) was a native of New Hampshire. In 1829 he married Olivia P. Wright, at Keene, Kew Hampshire. He lived in Vermont until he came to MinneapoUs in 1856. For two years he had charge of the tollgate near the University. Mr. Hawkins died in 1863, and Mrs. H. resides in Minneapolis with her daughter, Mrs. G. W. Chowen. 8. 8. Hawkins was born September 12th, 1842, at East Highgate, Vermont, and lived there twenty-two years. He went to Minneapolis in 1856, remained there until 1859, then located in Maple Grove. He was married August 29th, 1864, to Mary Woodworth. He is traveling for O. S. Eixford, of East Highgate, Vermont ; has been in the business for twelve years, traveling winters, and spending summers at home. They have four children living. Minerva HofE was bom in Ohio, April 17th, 1824, and lived with her parents until twenty-two years of age. She was married, in Ohio, to Lu- ther E. HofE, October 19th, 1850. They came to Maple Grove, June 2d, 1855, being among the first settlers of the town. They have five chil- dren living. Mr. Luther E. HofC, her husband, died October 10th, 1864. Sarah Kiefer, a native of New York, was born April 30th, 1831. She lived there for ten years, and then moved, with her parents, to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She married, April 10th, 1849 ; came to Minnesota and settled in Maple Grove, in 1864, and has since made this place her home. Mr. Kiefer was born in Germany, September 5th, 1820, and died April 5th, 1874. Mrs. K. has nine children living. She now owns one hundred and sixty acres of land. Michael Knopf was born near Buffalo, New York, in 1835. Lived there ten years, then moved to Cook county, lUinois; remained there until twenty-five years of age. He was educa- ted at the North-west College of the Evangelical Association at Napierville. In 1860 he came to Rice county, Minnesota, and engaged in farming. He enlisted July 24th, 1864, in Compapy E, Sixth Minnesota Infantry, and served until he was honorably discharged in 1865, at Fort SneUing. He was pastor of the Evangelical Church at Wa- seca for three years, at Frontenac three years, one year near Henderson, and is now pastor of the Evangelical Church in Maple Grove. Mar- ried in 1861, to Miss S. F. Fritch. George A. Laflin, a native of Chittenden coun- ty, Vermont, was born Februai-y 19th, 1837; he lived there nineteen years, and came to Maple Grove, Minnesota, in 1856. On June 10th, 1867, he was married to Miss Annie L. Eddy, of Maple Grove. In October, 1872, she died, and he mar- ried for his second wife, Elizabeth N. Kerr, Jan- uary 7tlii, 1874. Mr. Laflin's first wife bore him three children, and he has two by his second wife. Q. A. Laflin was bom in Milton, Vermont, August 20th, 1850. He came with his parents to Minnesota in 1856, and lived in the town of Day- ton until 1876. He was married December 7th, 1876, to Miss Nellie Knibbe, who was bom in Holland December 18th, 1858, and came to Amer- ica in 1873. They have two children. David Marchand, a native of Canada, was MAPLE GROVE— BIOQBAPHICAL. 327 bom October 14th, 1834. He lived there fifteen years, then removed to Massachusetts, and stayed until 1861, when he came to Minnesota, and set- tled in Maple Grove ; worked at carpentering till 1870, and has Since that time followed farm- ing. In 1863 he joined General Sibley's expedi- tion as a scout, was drafted while on his way from Fort Snelling to Ft. Ridgely and was ordered to return to St. Paul. He paid three hundred dol- lars for a substitute. He was detailed for duty at Fort Wadsworth,transf erred to Fort Abercrombie, and again transferred to Fort Wadsworth ; he left there in November 1864, and returned to Maple Grove. He married Laura Gasner, Sep- tember 20th, 1858. They have six children living. Albert A. Opitz, a native of Ohio,_was bom in Toledo, August 4th, 1865. He came to Mimie- apoUs May 1st, 1868, and worked at the tinners trade until 1879, when he removed to Maple Grove. He married Mrs. Nancy Brownrigg, Feb- raary 15th, 1880, who was bom in "Washington county, Ohio, in 1856. Her first husband died September 28th, 1879, and Mrs. Brownrigg married Mr. Opitz. They live on the farm purchased by Mr. Brownrigg. Otto Ohrmundt was born in Germany, Novem- ber 16th, 1848. He resided in his native country with his parents untU he came to America. He came to this comitry in 1870, and after a residence of eighteen months in Wisconsin, came to Maple Grove, where he has since resided. He was mar- ried in Germany, in 1865. Has two children, a boy aged eight, and a girl four years. William H. Pavitt came to Minnesota in the autumn of 1855. Eemained about two years in Minneapolis, and then moved to Cokato, Wright county ; staid there two years ; then retiu-ned to Minneapolis, and remained until 1867, when he moved to Osseo, and has since lived on his farm, section 16, town of Maple Grove. He married Mary L. HofE, in November, 1873. She is a na- tive of Hennepin county. Catharine Peters was bom in Ireland, in 1832. She Uved with her parents ten years ; then went to England, and lived there three years; then emigrated to America. Came to Minnesota in 1856, and settled in Maple Grove. Married, April 4th, 1855, to John Peters, who died October 30th, 1866. She has two children living. James was bom January 27th, 1866, and Edward, March 4th, 1858. The family is living upon the " Peters Es- tate," of 160 acres, on section 31. Both sons are able and active young men, conducting the farm with ability. Sherman Phelps, born in Smith ville. New York, August 11th, 1820. He lived there twenty-three years ; then moved to Cook county, Illinois, and remained until 1865, wlien he came to Minnesota, and located in Maple Grove, where he has since resided. Married Anna E. Limberger, May 18th, 1848, who died February 14th, 1869. Mr. Phelps has seven children living. A. Robert was bom in Belgium, May- 12th, 1813. For forty-three years he lived in his native land, then came to Minnesota, and settled in Corcoran. He removed to Maple Grove, and has since resided here. In 1863, he enlisted in Hatches Battalion Minn. Cavalry, and was discharged in May, 1866. Mr. Robert has never married. Hem-y Robert, a native of Belgium, was born May 15th, 1819. When thirty-four years of age, he came to America, and located at Lake Superior ; then removed to Minnesota in 1856 ; lived at Greenwood five years, and in Corcoran two years ; then came to Maple Grove. He removed to Corcoran again, but returned to Maple Grove, and has since resided here. He married Miss Matilda Twombley, October 3d, 1859. They have four children living. William Trott was bom in England, in 1828. He came to America in 1846, and worked on a farm in Orleans county. New York, a few years ; then went to Indiana, as foreman on a railroad. Poor health compelled him to resign. He came to Minnesota, m 1853, and bought a claim in Eden Prairie ; sold it for $600 ; then explored different parts of the then territory, making several claims and selling them. In 1864, he came to Maple Grove ; bought a claim, built a shanty, which he covered with bark, and Uved in it the first winter. July, 1866, he married Lilly Sutherland, of Canada. Josiah Weaver, bom in Miramichi, New Brims- wick, November 26th, 1845. Went with his pa- rents to Frederickton, lived there nine years Eind came to Minnesota in 1866, with his father, his mother having died when he was eighteen months old. Since coming to this state he has lived with Mrs. Hofl. He enlisted January, 1865, in com- pany B, Second Minnesota Infantry Volunteers ; 328 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. served until July 10, 1865, when he was dis- charged. J. M. Williamson, a native of Washington, Ohio, was born February 24th, 1857. He came to Minnesota in 1865, and settled in Maple Grove, September 4th, 1880, he married Miss Sophia Zeorb. His father enlisted October 23d, 1861, in Company B, Seventy-fifth Ohio Infantry, but was discharged for physical disability, and was not able do a day's work after he came out of the army. Mr. Williamson, Sr., died in 1880. L. B. Wilmot was born in LaPorte, Indiana, August 18th, 1839, and lived there fifteen years; then went to Minneapolis, and from there to the Black Hills, where he remained two years. Mar- ried Miss R. Foster, August 12th, 1875, and now lives in Maple Grove. They have one child, George. E. P. Woodworth, born in Ashtabula county, Ohio, July 13th, 1844. Lived there seventeen years, and in Pennsylvania three years. He en- listed in the naval service, August 13th, 1864; served ten months, and was discharged. He was married July 24th, 1866, to Selina C. Clarke, of Pennsylvania, and came to Maple Grove where he has since lived. They have three children living. PLYMOUTH. CHAPTER LIII. GENERAL DESCEIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — ORGANIZATION VILLAGES— CHURCHES— SO- CIETIES— SCHOOLS— POST-OFFICES— HOTELS- ROSTER — BIOGRAPHICAL. Plymouth is situated near the center of Henne- pin county and comprises the congressional town- ship of 118 north, range 22 west, fifth princi- pal meridian. The surface is undulating, that portion of the town around the north end of Medicine Lak'e, being the most hilly. When first settled, the west and north-west part was covered with a heavy growth of timber, covering nearly half of the town; the remaining portion being covered by brush, with a few marshes that sup- port a growth of tamarac. The principal woods are maple, oak and elm, with a little ironwood, ash and poplar. The soil generally is a clay loam. Around Parker's Lake it is sandy, and in some places gravelly. Sandy spots occur occa- sionally in the north-east part. The town is in- terspersed with numerous lakes. Among them is Medicine Lake, the largest, situated in the south-east part of the town. It is a beautiful body of water, about two miles long from north- west to south-east, and nearly three-quarters of a mile wide in the widest part. The south-east shore is sandy, wMch with a sandy bottom maketi it an excellent bathing-place, and is much resorted to for that purpose. At different places on the east and west shores, the baiiks are quite high and precipitous. The north and south ends are marshy. Its outlet is Bassett's Creek, wliich flows out of the south end and passes out of the town at the south-east corner and empties into the Mississippi at MinneapoUs. The lake derives its name from an Indian legend, which says that an Indian in his canoe was capsized by a sudden storm, and the Indians not being able to find his body, gave it the name of Medicine Lake. Bass Lake is in section 2, and covers about one hund- red and fifty acres, with an island of several acres in the center. Its shores are marshy, and its out- let is Bass Lake Creek, which leaves the lake from its north-east corner, flows eastwardly out of the town and empties into Shingle Creek in the south-west pai-t of Brooklyn. It received its name from the large number of bass, they being PLYMOUTH— FIBST SETTLEMENT. ' 329 almost the only flsh that swim in its waters. It was named by Antoine Le Count. Parker's Lake situated in the southern part ol section 28, and northern part of section 33, covering about one hundred acres, is a clear and beautiful sheet of water, with sandy shores and a hard bottom. The other lakes in the town are more or less marshy, and small. FIEST SETTLEMENT. Antoine Le Count was the first settler in the town, coming in October, 1858, and locating on the east shore of Medicine Lake, on section 24, where he now lives. Antoine Le Count is one of those men whose adventurous life deserves a record that should be preserved for the benefit of the on- coming generations — a record, commencing with the primitive history of the Northwest, and ex- tending over the eventful scenes that have been en- acted during a half century. The writer of this ar- ticle feels it to be a pleasing duty to give in brief the facts in his possession connected with this ad- venturous traveler, guide, and daring explorer, only regretting that the limits allotted to this work will not allow a more detailed account of the man whose history is so closely interwoven with that of the Northwest. And, as the object most sin- cerely sought for in this work, is to give a succinct and truthful statement of all the facts with which it has to deal, the reader will not do the writer the violence to think that he is reading aught but historic truths, as he follows the history of An- toine Le Count and his father. The latter was a guide in the early days of the Teixitoiy , carrying the mail from the Red River country to points south; also carrying with him fancy trinkets and wam- pum, made by the Indians, taking them to St. Louis, and trading or selling them for horses, or whatever Ids shrewd mind suggested would pay him to bring back to the Red River country. By this means he accumulated quite a fortune. Among the early French settlers, he was known by the name of Le Gros. He took Pierre Bottin- eau, when he was about twelve years old, into his family, and trained hun to be the guide that aftei-ward made him famous. Antoine was born on the Mmnesota side of the Red River, near the International boundary line, November 6th, 1822. In the siunmer of 1837, he came with his father to Fort Snelling, remaining imtil September fol- lowing, when he returned to his home on Red River. His father, in connection with Franklin Steele, made a claim on the east side of the Mis- sissippi River, at the falls, including Nicollet Is- land. The f oUovring June he started for his claim, from Red River, with his family. With them was a gentleman by the name of Thomas Simpson, who was in great haste to get through, and did not wish to take the time necessary to go around by Lac qui Parle, and offered Le Count a tempting price to pilot him across the country in as nearly a direct line as possible. Le Count accepted the proposition, and gave Pierre Bottineau charge of the party containing his family, Pierre Bottineau's, and others, taking besides liimself and Mr. Simpson, his son An- toine, who was nearly seventeen years old, and two others, five in all, and started across. When about a day and a half on their journey, Mr. Simpson showed signs of insanity, but did not appear to be dangerous. About sundown the foiuih day out, while they were preparing to go into camp, Mr. Simpson seized a double-barrelled shotgun, and, without a moments warning, shot Mr. Le Count and one of the men. The shots followed each other so rapidly that the survivors thought but one shot had been flred. Le Count did not die Immediately, but, knowing his end was near at hand, called his son Antoine to him and told him he was going to die, giving him instructions how, and what direction to take, to reach the train his mother was with, and to run for his life before Mr. Simpson had time to reload. The Mred man had already disappeared, and young Antoine, with trembling anxiety, watched his opportunity, and made his escape. He had not gone far when he heard Mr. Simpson calling: "Jim ! Jim ! ! " (the hired man) ; he wanted him to take him back. In the meantime, Antoine had found Jim, and they proceeded together. When about a mile from their recent camp, they heard a gun and concluded the unfortunate man had killed himself. (They subseqviently found that he had shot at and wounded one of the horses.) Urging their horses to their utmost speed, and following the track advised by his father, they struck the train trail of Pierre Bottineau about daylight, having come about fifty miles. In a short time they were in camp, and told their story. Pierre Bottineau took a party and went 330 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. back to the scene. When he reached it he found the unfortunate Simpson had added his own life to those of his two victims, by blowing his head entirely to pieces. The bodies of Le Count and the other man, were brought back and taken to Red River, and there buried. Mr. Simpson's body was left on the spot. The train then moved forward on its road, and reached Fort Snelling about the middle of July 1838. Antoine and mother remained there until the following spring, when they moved to Pigs Eye, where he remained about a year. From that time he was a rover, moving from place to place as fancy or work dictated, until he settled in Plymouth, in October 1853. With Antoine Le Count came Peter Daniels, who made his claim adjoining Le Count, on the north, but did not set- tle until the year following. Almost simultaneously with Antoine Le Count, came Thomas Hughes and family into this wil- derness, the lurking place of Shakopee and his Sioux band. No roads were known other than the wild Indians trail. But with a fixed purpose be- fore him, this hardy and intelligent pioneer has conquered every obstacle, and now in his riper years, is enjoying all the comforts of a good home and the confidence of his fellow.citizens, with his enterprising sons, James, Hem-y, Charles and Ed- ward around him, all possessing the indomitable will of the father. They have built for themselves nice homes and rank with Plymouth's respected citizens. Francis Huot and G. D. Brawley came during the winter. Mr. Huot making a claim on the north end of Medicine Lake, Mr.Brawley adjoining him on the west. Neither settled at that time, but made some improvements and returned to Saint Anthony. Mr. Brawley sold his claim to Mr. E. Boucher, and Mr. Huot returned with his family, November l'5th, 1854. Following these two was Charles MouHeau,whomadea claim join- ing Le Count on the south, did not move on it, but made a few improvements. At the same time with Mr. Huot, came David (Joi ham, Josi^ph Jamme, George Burbeir and Edward Burke. Gorham settling on section 17, the first of March 1854, and moved his family in September 1855. Mr. Jamme selected the west half of section 17, as his claim, put up a shanty and moved his family in Oc- tober that year. Mr. Burbeir took his claim on the north-east quarter of section 8, put up a shanty the following fall, and moved his family in the spring of 1855; lived on it about a year then moved back to Saint Anthony, and now lives in Anoka. Mr. Burke made his claim on section 17, built a shanty, made some improvements, but be- ing a single man, had no regular habitation, but teamed back and forth from Saint Anthony. He married in 1855, and moved to his place, lived there about a year, sold out and moved to Saint Anthony. Israel Michaud made a claim about the same time ; lived on it a few years ; sold, and moved to Medina, but subsequently moved back to Ply- mouth, where he was killed while hauhng lumber in the summer of 1877. In May, 1854, Jonas H. Howe came and made a claim on section 22. Henry L. Moses came in July following, and made his claim on the west side of section 22, living on it a few years ; he now lives in Dakota county. Early in 1854, C. W. Farrington made his claim on section 15, and moved his family on to it in March, 1855 ; subsequently kept a hotel for a num- ber of years. Samuel Merchant made his claim in September, 1854, and moved his family to it, the following May. In the fore part of October, 1854, came three Parker brothers, I. S., C. D. and Alfred, and settled around Parker's Lake. Alfred is now living in Crystal Lake, I. S. in Anoka county, and C. D. is still a resident of Plymouth. Hemy Col- lins and John Carne came a little later. James Berube made his claim in December, 1854, but did not move on to it with his family until No- vember, 1855. During the summer of 1854. came James Hughes and family, and settled where they now Uve. The settlement was quite rapid in 1855. Among those coming were Herman Sandhoff, Francis Day, Chailes Tolman, Amos Iloyt and wife, D. C. Parker, wife and his father, the Rev. James Parker. The wife of the latter died in St. j\.nthon> , of cholera, while en route, and was buried on the site of the present city of Min- neapolis. In June, 1858, the Chippewa Indians made a raid on tlieir deadly enemies, the Sioux, met them at Shakopee, had a fight, and were badly defeated. Upon their return, they passed through the town, doing bodily injm-y to no one, but stole and killed what they wanted to eat. They shot a pair of steers for I. S. Parker, and Amos Hoyt, PLYMOUTH— OBGAmZATION. 331 and emptied D. C. Parker's com crib, wounded a cow, and stole a few more things from others. As they were on the verge of starvation, the whites concluded that it was no more than they would do themselves under like circumstances, and did not molest them. Besides, it may be that a wholesome regard for their own safety arose to the surface quietly, but not to that ex- tent which under the circumstances made it neces- sary to boast loudly of, so, Lo, and his plunder departed in peace, but not without leaving many hearts fluttering with twinges of fear and doubt for their safety. A military company of twenty was formed, with Charles Tolman for captain, who received their guns from Saint Paul, and for two weeks the women and children were collected together in one house at night, while the men stood guard outside. Hearing there was a body of Sioux massmg in the north part of the town. Captain Tolman, with his men, went in search, but found no traces of them. It was sup- posed to have been a scare gotten up by one James Moody, who lived in that part of the town, and it came near costing him his life. Other parties subsequently found traces that showed the Indians had passed through, near where he had indicated he had seen them. This quieted their anger, and ended the disturbance. The first birth in town, was a child to D. C. Parker and wife, April 25th, 1855, two days after their arrival in the town. It lived but two or three days. A boy, Frank, was born to Amos Iloyt and wife, July 25tli, following, and December 25th, same year, twins were bom to F. A. Clay and wife, then living on section 33. The first death that occurred was that of a child belonging to Antoine Le Count, which was caused by overturning a kettle of hot water, in December, 1853. The Kev. James Parker was the first justice of the peace, appointed January 1st, 1856. His son, D. C. Parker, was appointed in 1857. Mr. Fran- cis Huot was appointed the same year, but never qualified. The first marriage was Jean Bourgeoise to Miss Bose Eouilliar. The first school in the town was established in the summer of 1856, in a little shanty belonging to Oliver Huart, on section 14, in what is now District No. 51, and taught by Miss Lorinda Shaw, who also taught the school established the following year in what is now District No. 48. ORGANIZATION. The first meeting for the purpose of forming a town organization, was called at the house of Francis Day, on the ilth day of May, 1858. The meeting was organized by electing G. W. Mes- senger for Moderator, and J. H. Howe, Clerk. The room being too small to accommodate them, the meeting was adjom-ned to the hotel kept by Mr. C. W. Farrington, on section 15. The fol- lowing officers were elected : Supervisors, Fran- cis Huot, chairman, D. C. Parker and Francis Gorham ; Town Clerk, J. 11. Howe ; Assessor, Francis Day ; Collector, Charles Tolman ; Over- seer of the Poor, Eustache Boucher ; Constables, Phillip Otto and Alfred Jordan ; Justices of the Peace, F. A. Clay and William Karson. At a meeting of the eoimty board April 10th, 1858, for the purpose of establishing the boimda- ries of the townships in the coimty, the congres- sional town of 118-22 was named Plymouth, and the first meeting was called under that name, which produced a great deal of dissatisfaction on the part of some of the voters, and another meet- ing was called for June 21st, 1858, which met at the hotel kept by C. W. Farrington. After con- siderable discussion a vote was taken, which resulted in favor of Medicine Lake, for the name of the town. The next meeting was held at the school house in district No. 51, April 5th, 1859, and the call was issued under the name of Medi- cine Lake, and the business transacted under that name. The following year, April 3d, 1860, the meeting was held under the name of Plym- outh, no records showing when or how the change was effected. The county officials never recognized the name of Medicine Lake, and the name reverted back to that given it by the county board. The name was taken from a vil- lage called Plymouth, laid out on the north and west shores of Parker's Lake, in 1856. The following is a copy of the minutes of two meetings held in the town in 1862: "Agreeable to a call of the citizens of the town, met at the house of Francis Day on Monday, the 18th day of August, 1862, to devise means to raise its quota of soldiers for the army. The meeting was organ- ized by choosing Francis Huot Chairman, and Jo 332 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. nas 11. Howe Secretary. Chose a committee of five to report resolutions, viz.: Jonas H. Howe, James M. Parker, Francis Berube, Nicholas BofEerding, M. D. L. Stevens. The following res- olution Was reported adopted unanimously: Ee- solved, That we, the citizens of Plymouth, be" lieve it to be the duty of every man to sustain the government in her present emergency, either in men or money, and we pledge ourselves as a town to furnish oiu' quota, if it can be done, by appeal- ing to the patriotism of her citizens, believing we are second to none in the love of our country and purity of patriotism. Kesolved, That inasmuch as our interests are equal in the cause, those who may see it in their duty to enlist volimtarUy, shordd be paid a bounty by the town, and we hereby pledge, twenty-five dollars to every volun- teer who shall enlist from the citizens of this town. Voted that the Town Clerk be hereby in- structed to call a meeting of the voters of said town, to meet at the house of Francis Day, on Saturday, the 30th day of August, 1862. Ad- journed." "Agreeable to a call on the opposite page, the citizens met at the house of Francis Day, the 30th day of August, at 1 o'clock p. m. 1st, chose Jonas H. Howe, Moderator. 2d, voted to pay those who have volunteered to fill the call for the last 60,000, a bounty of twenty-five dollars, the same to include all whose names are registered and counted from the town. 3d, voted that the town cause the daguerreotypes of all the volunteers from the said town to be taken, at the expense of the town, and that the Town Clerk is author- ized to see that they are taken. Voted that the Town Treasurer be authorized to borrow money for the town, to pay the boiinty of volunteers. Voted that the Supervisors be appointed a com- mittee to act with the Treasurer, and to correct the list of volunteers, if found necessary. Voted that such of the volunteers as do not want their bounty down, shall be entitled to legal interest from the town until paid. Voted that the Super- visors are hereby authorized to act for the town without calling a special meeting. Adjourned. " Jonas H. Howe, Town Clerk." VILLAGE. The site for the village of Plymouth was lo- cated on the north and west shores of Parker's Lake, in the fall of 1856. It was laid out by Jared and Daniel Demon and Messrs. Sherburne, Davie, Davidson and Spicer. They bought the Wayzata Mill and moved it to the north-west corner of Parker's Lake. No other improvements were made excepting the erecting of small shan- ties for the mill hands; the mill was operated that winter. In the spring the water in the lake rose and flooded the mill. The next summer the machinery was taken out, and later to Min- ■ neapolis, and thus ended the village of Plym- outh. CHUROHES. The Plymouth Methodist Church. This so- ciety was organized in 1868, and a church built on the north side of Parker's Lake. The first services were conducted by Rev. Charles Haskell, who continued as pastor about two years. It was dedicated by the Rev. D. Cobb, at that time Presiding Elder of -the District. The sabbath school had a membership of forty or fifty scholars. Miles Dickey, Superintendent. The structure was burned in the fall of 1877. Since then no ser- vices have been held by the society. Medicine Lake Catholic Church. When first built in 1858, it was a log structure 24x32. The first services were conducted by Father Le Dow; at that time the membership included about forty families. When the chiu-ch in Crystal Lake was built a few years later, it took part of the membership. In the spring of 1877, the present church was built. The main building is 36x50 feet, with an addition 16x18, and another 12x14 feet. In its present unfinished condition, it will seat two hundred; when completed it will accom- modate fom- hundred. ^Vlien completed will cost about $2,600. It is located on the east side of sec- tion 15. Present Pastor, Father Boucher. German Evangelical Lutheran Church. The first meeting of this society was held at the house of Herman Sandhoff, February 27th, 1863. Services were conducted by Rev. George Fachtman. Services were held in the school- house and at Mr. SandhofE's for several years. The present church was built in 1880, and lo- cated on the west side of section 14. The pres- ent pastor is the Rev. Herman Fleer. SOCIETIES. Plymouth Grange No. 351, was organized in PLYMOUTH— SCHOOLS— HOTELS— BIOGBAPHIGAL. 333 September, 1874. The officers were: Master, J. M. Parker; Overseer, E. L. Braden; Secretary, E. L. Logan; Financial Secretary, Dennis Schmitz; Lecturer, I. S. Parker; Chaplain, A. H. French; Steward, E. B. Dickey; Ceres, Mrs. A. P. Parker; Pomona, Mrs. Barbara Dickey; Flora, Miss Ma- rietta Parker; L. A. S., Miss Jane Parker. The Grange had twenty-one charter members and reached a membership of forty-two. It was well attended and in a flourishing condition until many of the members moved away, with no new ones coming in, until it finally suspended in 1878. SCHOOLS. Miss Lorinda Shaw taught in District No. 51 in 1856, also in District No. 48 in 1857. In 1859 they built a log house on the west side of sec- tion 14, which was used until 1868, when the present house was built on the same site. The second school was established in what is now District 48, in the summer of 1857. The build- ing used, was a log structure 12x16 feet, and lo- cated on section 28. The number of scholars was about fifteen, the present number of scholars is about eighty-five The third school was established in the sum- mer of 1862, and taught in a granary, on the farm of Francis Berube. Any building that could be obtained was used until 1867, when a school house was built, and used until 1874, when the present one was built on section 17. There are in the town, five entire and six joint districts, with five school houses, all frame and well furn- ished, excepting in District 104, which is unfin- ished. All have patent seats excepting Districts 48 and 104. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office established in the town was at Medicine Lake, in the spring of 1859, and Francis Huot appointed Postmaster, who held the office about- three years, when he was suc- ceeded by his brother Louis. Plymouth Post- offlee was established in 1865, and Nathaniel Day appointed Postmaster, who removed it to his house,, on section 16. Mr. Day died in the win- ter of 1867, and was succeeded by Amos Dick- inson, who was followed by James Hough, who held the office until it was discontinued. In 1878 another office was established on section 4, and Fred. Guesman appointed Postmaster. This of- fice was also discontinued in the spring of 1880. Parker's Lake Post-office was established June 28th, 1871, and J. M. Parker appointed Postmas- ter. Has held the office to the present time. South Plymouth Post-office was established in 1862, and located on section 33. Mrs. Matilda Clay appointed Postmistress. When the post- office at Wayzata was re-established, in 1864, South Plymouth was discontinued. HOTELS. The "Fanners' Home" Hotel was built by Nicholas Boflerding in 1863, and kept by him for several years. He sold it to Carl Schiebe, in the spring of 1872. It is now conducted by Carl Schiebe, Jr., and is located at the forks of the Watertown and Wayzata roads, on the west side of section 36. OFFICIAL ROSTER. The present board of officers for the town are: Supervisors, Jacob Eoths, chairman, David Gor- ham and William Eagan; Town Clerk, J. II. Jordan ; Treasurer, Carl Schiebe, Jr.; Assessor, J. M. Parker ; Constables, J. W. Day and Timo- thy Eyan ; Justices of the Peace, J. M. Parker and P. J. Winnen. Population in 1880, 1,074. Number of acres in the town, 21,480. Valuation of real estate, $268,343 ; of personal property, $37,125. Taxes for 1880, $2,667. BIOGRAPHICAL. Christopher Braesch, one of the first settlers on Bass Lake, was born in Prussia, in 1830. His parents died when he was nine years of age, and he was engaged in farming until he came to America, in 1854. After living in Chicago, Illi- nois, about eighteen months, he came to St. An- thony, Minnesota, where he built a small house. In 1856, he made a claim in Plymouth, where he now lives. Lived on his claim a short time, building a log house, then returned to Minne- apolis, where he engaged in mason work three years; was employed on the old Eastman and Gibson mill, and others. In 1859, came with his family to his claim in Plymouth, where he has since remained, and now has a pleasant home. He married Sophia Peters, at Chicago, in 1854. They have six children : Emma, Albert, Henry, Mary, Minnie and Charley. 334 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Thomas Clark was born in Yorkshire, Eng- land, November 5th, 1828, and lived with his father until eleven years of age, his mother having died while he was young. At the age of thirteen, he began life for himself, and was en- gaged in farming until 1850, when he came to this country. Eesided in Massachusetts, three years; Newr York, five years; in Canada three years, and in Huron county, Michigan, until 1869, when he came to Plymouth. He enlisted in the Twenty-ninth Michigan Volunteers, in 1864, and was mustered out at Nashville, Ten- nessee, in 1865. He was married to Jane A. Sanderson, of England in 1848. They have had eight children, seven of whom are living. Joseph W. Day was born in Piscataquis county, Maine, July 22d, 1849, and lived with his parents, engaged in farming, until 1865, when he came with his father to Hennepin county. His father died in 1877, leaving Joseph to care for the mother and family. He has made his home in Plymouth since coming to this county, and in 1871 settled on his present farm. Married Ellen S. Hughes, in 1871. They are the parents of four children : John A., Albert W., Elmer L., and Elzada B. Benjamin Frost, a native of Maine, was born in Hancock county, March 15th, 1830. His par- ents died when he was twelve years of age, and in 1856 he came to Minneapolis, and engaged in lumbering with L. Day and Sons. He worked on the foundation of the dam at the falls, and on the boom piers above the falls ; also helped to run the first logs for the mill at Minneapolis. Married Ellen Cniikshank, June 25th, 1862. In 1868 he bought the farm where he lives, eight miles west of Minneapolis. They have five children : Edwin, Ada, Orin, Benjamin, Jr., and Elva. David Gorham, one of the earliest settlers of Hennepin coimty, was born in Quebec, Canada. When he was four years of age his father died, and David went to Montreal. lie was occupied in farming until 1836, when he came to the United States, and resided two years in Virginia, and twelve years in Maine, engaged in lumbering on the Penobscot. In April, 1849, he came to St. Anthony. He made a claim of 160 acres in what is now North Minneapolis, and also of the farm now owned by R. P. Russell, near Lake Cal- houn. He ran the first shingle and lath mill in the place. In 1854, he made a claim in what is now Plymouth township, and after remaining on it one year, returned to Minneapolis, where he was engaged in the lumber mills for about twelve years. In 1864, he, in company with others, started for California, but on reaching the Bad Lands, were surrounded by Sioux Indians, and held seventeen days, then rescued by General Sully's Cavalry. They then returned to Minne- apolis, satisfied with their adventure. In 1867 he bought his present farm, and has since lived in Plymouth. He has held the office of Supervisor for ten years, and has done much for the cause of education. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Barber, of Maine. They have had nine children, seven of whom are living: Addelle, Thados, Edwina, David G. T., Emma, Lizzie, and Ange- lina M. Mary L. died the day of her birth, and Angelina died at the age of twelve years. Jonas H. Howe, a native of Massachusetts, was born in Worcester county, April 29th, 1821. He attended the Academy at Deerfield and New Salem, and at the age of twenty-one, went to Boston for two years, then returned to his fath- er's farm for nine years. He came to Hennepin county in 1854, and made a claim where he now lives. The same year, went with a party to Crow Wing to get out timber for the first Suspension bridge. In the fall, built a cabin sixteen feet square, on his claim. This was the second house built in the township. He brought the lumber for his house, from St. Anthony, floating it across Medicine Lake, as there was no road around. In 1855 his family joined him. In 1864 he was appointed enrolling clerk for the township, and afterwards enlisted in Company E, Eleventh In- fantry, with the rank of sergeant, and served one year. He was elected to the House of Repre- sentatives in 1865. In 1873 his dwelling was de- stroyed by fire, and he immediately rebuilt a more substantial house, ilr. Howe has been town clerk for a number of years, justice of the peace, and was census enumerator in 1880 ; has always taken an active part in the affairs of the towu. His wife, whom he married in Massachusetts, was Margaret Swendell, of Boston. They have had ten children, seven, now living. Cora, the eldest, was a member of the first class at the Deaf and Dumb Institute at Faribault ; _was a pupil sev PLYMOUTH— BIOGBAPHICAL. 335 en years, and taught three years, when poor health compelled her to retire from teaehmg. Thomas Hughes, one of the early settlers of Plymouth, was born in England, November 25th, 1803. He served five years in the British Army, andin 1849, brought his family to America, and lo- cated at Burlington, Iowa, until the fall of 1853, when he removed to Minnesota. He settled on the claim in what is now Plymouth, where he has since resided. At the time he came, there were no roads, excepting the Indian trails used by Sha- kopee and his band of Sioux. Mr. Hughes has given his attention to farming, since his first set- tlement, and has built up a fine home. He was married to Hannah Buckell, in England, Febru- ary 6th, 1825. They have had nine children, six of whom are living in Hennepin county. Names of children : James, Mary Ann, John (deceased) Thomas, Henry, Charles, Ellen (deceased) Ed- ward and Ellen second, (deceased.) His son, Thomas, who is now living with him, enlisted in the Sixth Minnesota Infantry in 1861, served one year and was transferred to Company K, Twenty-third Regiment Veteran Beserve Corps, and served until mustered out at St. Paul in 1865. He was engaged in the battle of Birch Coolie and Wood Lake, during the Indian outbreak. James Hughes was born in England, January 2d, 1825. He remained with his parents until the age of twenty-one, in the meantime serving an apprenticeship of seven years at the black- smith trade. He then went to Wales, and was engaged in Lee's iron works for nine months ; returned to England, and established a smithing business. In 1852 he came to Burlington, Iowa, and engaged in business there until March, 1854, when he started for Minnesota, with six yokes of oxen, two cows and one wagon. The journey was pleasant until they arrived in Minnesota Territory, where they found large bodies of snow and no roads. He was obliged to leave his fam- ily alone in the wagon one night, while he went in search of food and assistance, during a terrific storm. When he arrived at Bed Wing he had only five oxen and one cow, the others having perished on the route. Shipped from there to St. Paul, sold his cattle, went to St. Anthony, and in May, 1854, made his claim in Plymouth, where he has since lived. He engaged in fanning and smithing until the war of the rebellion. July, 1864, he enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota, and was detailed as post-blacksmith at Fort Snelling, where he served until mustered out, May, 1865. He has been active in all public affairs of the township, and has held all its ofHces. He was married to Elizabeth Hatcher in England, April, 1848. They have had nine children, of whom six are living : Edward, Ellen, John, Julia, Thomas and Carrie. Henry Hughes, son of Thomas Hughes, was born in England, January 28th, 1835. He came to the United States with his parents, and was engaged in blacksmithing, at BurUngton, Iowa ; came with his parents to Minnesota in 1853, with two yokes of oxen, two cows, three horses and two wagons, being twenty-seven days on the road. He worked at blacksmithing in Minne- apolis, one year, then joined his father on the homestead in Plymouth. He was married De- cember 4th, 1862, to Mary A. Case, of Ohio, who has borne him eight children, seven of whom are living. In July, 1864, he enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota Infantry, and was mustered out May, 1865. Mr. Hughes has a fine farm, and in con- nection with it, carries on the blacksmithing business. Charles W. Hughes was born in England, May 2d, 1838. He came with his parents, Thomas and Hannah Hughes, to America in 1849, and to Minnesota in 1853. Charles W. remained in St. Anthony, working with Daniel Bassett, one of the first carriage-makers in the pla(3e, one and one-half years. He and his brother Henry made claims in Benton county, remained one year, but were obliged to abandon their claims on account of scarcity of provisions. In the fall of 1859, he built a carriage shop near the suspension bridge, in Minneapols, and remained there imtil 1861, when he enlisted in Company D, First Minnesota Infantry, and served until mustered out in May, 1864. He participated in twenty-one engage- ments, some of them the hardest-fought battles of the war. In 1864 he joined Gen. Sully's expe- dition up the Yellowstone ; returned in the fall and worked for the government at Fort Snelling, till the spring of 1865, when he came to Plymouth, bought forty acres of land, to which he has since added forty more, and has built up a good home. Married to Martha Hatcher, of Hennepin county. May 14th, 1865. They have eight children. 336 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Edward Hughes was born in England, October 18th, 1849. At the age of three years, his father and family came to the United States, and resided at Burlington, Iowa, until 1854, when they came to Minnesota. Here Edward grew to manhood, and farmed with his father until November 28th, 1871, when he was married to Sarah Day, of this county. They settled on the present farm in March, 1873. They are the parents of four children: George, Edward, Ada and Edna. Joseph Jamme, one of the early settlers of Hennepin county, was born east of Quebec, Can- ada, May 16th, 1814. He lived with his parents on the farm until he reached the age of twenty- four, and in 1838, removed to the United States, residing in Maine, engaged in lumber business near Bangor. In 1853 he came to Minnesota, and spent two years lumbering at St. Anthony and on the river. In 1855 he made a claim of 160 acres, in what is now Plymouth, where he now lives. After residing on his claim one year, he returned to Minneapolis and engaged in lum- bering until 1866, since which time he has resid- ed in this town where he has a pleasant home twelve miles west of the city. He was married in Oldtown, Maine, to Miss Celeste Barber, of that place. They have had nine children, of whom six are living. Those living are: Addie P., Clara, Phoebe, Joseph K., Henry C, and Ber- nard G. Alexander G. Jardine, a native of Scotland, was born in Ayreshire, on the 8th of October, 1847. At the age of fifteen he commenced to learn the blacksmith's trade, also worked for a time with Randolph, Elder & Co., ship buUders of Govan, Scotland. In 1869, he went to Canada ; stayed one year, and then removed to Massachusetts, but afterward returned to Canada, and in 1879, he came to Plymouth, Minnesota, and established a blacksmith shop, where he is doing a thriving business. October 19th, 1880, he married, in Minneapolis, Miss Sarah, daughter of William and Ellen Allen, of Scotland. John II. Jordan, a native of Prussia, was born January 16th, 1845. When seven years of age, he came with his parents to America. They landed in New York in the fall of 1852, and went to Newark, New Jersey, for a short time, and in 1853, moved to Illinois. In the spring of 1855, they came to Minnesota, and made a claim on section 18 of what is now Plymouth township, where they experienced, of course, their share of the hardships of pioneer life. In July, 1864, John II. enlisted in the 8th Minn. Regt. Vol., served nine months, and was mustered out at Port Snelling, May 16th, 1865. He returned to the homestead and lived, until his mamage with Anna M. Weidenbach, which occurred in Novem- ber, 1868. In 1871 , he bought the farm where he now lives, Mr. Jordan has been active in all the public affairs of the town, also in promoting the causes of Christianity and education. He has been assessor for six years, also justice of the peace, and school officer for a number of years. At present he fills the office of town clerk. They have had six children, only three of whom are living : Anna, John and Alexander. Mathias Klausman was bom Jime 12th, 1828, in Baden, Germany. He lived with his parents until twenty years of age, when he went into the German army for a time. In 1852, he emigrated to America, stayed in New York a short time, then removed to Ohio, where he was engaged in farming, and also freighting for the iron works, until September, 1864, when he enlisted in Com- pany F, One Hundred and Eighty-first Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. In 1866, he came to Minnesota, and settled on a farm in Carver county, where he Uved seven years, then sold out, and came to Plymouth; bought ninety-seven acres, on the east side of Medicine Lake; in 1874, he bought fifty- one acres more in section 23. He has a fleet of pleasure boats, and his place is one of the pleasantest on the lake, situated six miles west of Minneapolis. Mr. Klausman married Miss Frances Kreyer, of Germany, January 12th, 1855. They have three living children: Peter, Charles, and Frances. Thomas Ottaway, a native of Devonshire, Eng- land, was born May 16th, 1828. When he had grown to manhood he took the superintendency of an extensive farm near his birthplace. The most of his time was spent in this business until 1869, when he brought his family to America. He was with Wilham King, at Lyndale farm, one year, then superintended the Wilmar farm, for five years, and in 1876 he bought a farm at Par- ker's lake, but sold in 1880, and bought where he now resides, one and one-half miles east of PL YMOUTH-BIOGBAPHICAL. 337 Wayzata. Mr. Ottaway was married to Miss Mary E. Eowell, of England, August, 1 850. They are the parents of two children: Mary and Emily. Daniel C. Parker was born in Cumberland county, Maine, June 9th, 1823. When four years of age he went with his father's family to Ohio, and remained nine years; then returned to Maine. At the age of twenty-one he began ship-building, and was engaged in this business eleven years, helping build some of the largest sailing vessels of that time. On the 28th of May, 1851, Mr. Parker married Miss Hester A., daughter of Ira and Betsey Green, of Maine. In the spring of 1855 he came to Minnesota and pre-empted the farm where he now lives. In those days lumber was hard to obtain, and he built a log cabin, 20x30 feet, using bass-wood bark for shingles; he now has a fine large barn, and about the year 1870, he built his present residence. He has taken an 3,ctive part in all public affairs of the town; he was a member of the first schoolboard, chairman of the first town board, and was also a delegate to the first convention held in the state. They have had a family of seven children; only five are living. James M. Parker, one of the pioneers of Ply- mouth, was born in Cumberland county, Maine, September 5th, 1820. He accompanied his par- ents to Kentucky, remained there one year and left on account of hostile Indians, removing to Cincinnati', Ohio, where his father engaged in ship-building. He remained there imtil 1836' when they returned to Maine. James lived -^ith his parents until 1846, when he married Anna P. Ridley, and removed to Massachusetts, remain- ing one year. He returned to Maine, and in 1856, broiight his family to Minnesota, and made the claim in this town, where he has since resided. His father preceded him one year. There were no roads at that time, and the Indians were con- tinually passing to and fro. He has held all the ofllces of the townsliip, and has been justice of the peace twenty-one years ; has been postmaster at Parker's Lake for nine years. He has also been largely interested in the cause of education. Alfred A., George M., Ella J., Marietta M., Fran- cis E., Dora A., Carrie E., Walter I., Ida A., are their children. Eugene E. died. John H. Past was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, March 23d, 1849. He came with 22 his father to Minnesota in 1859, and remained until 1863, when they went to Delaware. In 1877, John H. returned to Minnesota, where he has since remained. Married Miss Margaret Rowan, of Pennsylvania, December 25th, 1864. They have had four children; only one of them is living. Henry Prohl was born in Mecklenburg-Schwer- en, in 1827. At the age of sixteen he started in life for himself, and engaged in farming until 1858 when he came to this country, and to Minne- apolis. After living there nine years, he bought the farm where he now Uves, on the south shore of Bass Lake. When he came to this country he was a poor man; now has a fine, well-stocked farm. He was married in Minneapolis, in 1859, to Dora Went, of his native place. They have had eight children, only two of whom are living : Charles and Henry. ¥. Radintz, one of the early settlers of Plym- outh, was born in Prussia, June 29th, 1828. He remained with his parents until fifteen years of age, when he began life for himself, and was en- gaged as shepherd until 1852, when he came to America. He went to Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and thence to the Lake Superior copper mines for nearly two years. In October 1854, he came to what is now Plymouth, and made a claim of the farm where he now lives. He built a small log house and shaved out shingles for the roof. After remaining one year, he removed to Saint Anthony where he was engaged in well-digging for two years. In November 1857, he was mar- ried to Christina Snabel, of Prussia, and located on this farm, which he has since improved un- til it is a fine place. He has been treasurer of of the school district and has done much for the cause of education. Of the fourteen children born to them, eleven reside with their parents on the farm. Nicholas Roehl, a native of Prussia, was born February 21st, 1827. When Nicholas was ten years old, his father died, and four years later, he began teaching, which he continued four years. His mother died, and he engaged in farming for nine years. He was married January 22d, 1849, to Anna Mary Schneider, and in June, 1854, brought his family to America, and settled near Saint Paul. In April, 1864, he bought the farm in Plymouth, where he now lives, situated eleven 388 RISTOBY- OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. miles west of Minneapolis, where he has built up a pleasant home. He has been supervisor and justice of the peace, and has also been assessor three years. Of the twelve children born to them eight are now living. Jacob Roths, a native of Germany, was born August 6th, 1837. He remained with his parents until he reached maturity. He was married Oc- tober 19th, 1865, to Katherine Nilles, of Ger- many, and in November started for America. He came directly to Minnesota and lived on Medicine Lake till January 1866, when he bought the farm where lie now lives. He has been treasurer of the township four years, also supervisor, and is chairman of the present board. He has a fam- ily of seven children : four boys and three girls. August P. Sandhoff was born in Prussia, April 23d, 1834. He lived with his parents until twen- ty-one years of age, and worked at carpenters' trade until 1861, when he came to America. He located in Saint Anthony, and in 1868, bought the farm where he now lives, in the town of Plymouth, eight miles from Minneapolis. In 1869 he was married to Miss Willmina Sprung, of Prussia. They are the parents of five children, three of whom are living : Otto, Emma and Mary. Mr. Sandhoff has been prominent in the growth of the town. He and his wife are members of the Evangelical Church. Herman A. Sandhoff: was born in Prussia, Jan- uary 13th, 1830. He lived with his parents un- til the age of eighteen, when he began the trade of stone mason, and in 1851, moved to Berlin, where he worked until 1854. He then came to America and worked at his trade in Galena, Illi- nois, a few weeks, then came to St. Anthony, where he worked seven months, on the old Island mill and the paper mill. In January 1855, he made a claim to the farm where he now lives. At that time the region around him was an vm- broken wilderness, save one or two settlers. He was married to Miss Amelia Schmidt, of Henne- pin county. They have had seven children, six now living. Mr. Sandhoff has been supervisor, and has been active in promoting the affairs of the town. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. Carl Schiebe Sr., a native of Prussia, was born an the 8th of January, 1822. He lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age, when he commenced freighting, and was thus engaged until 1863, when he came to America ; he lived in New York three years, and in 1866, removed to Minneapolis, where he remained seven years. In 1873 he bought two hundred acres of land in Plymouth,- and built a house, 18x28 feet, which he proposed to use for a hotel ; he soon found it was not large enough to accommodate the nu- merous travelers, so he built an adition 20x28 feet ; the house is now well known throughout the county as the Farmer's Home. In 1879, he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land in section 85, where he erected a large dwelling house and barns on the Minneapolis and Wayzata road. In 1844, Mr. Schiebe married Johanna Genka, of Prussia. Frederick Henry Benjamin Schmidt was born in Prussia, December 27th, 1829. He lived with his parents imtil twenty-one years of age, when he enlisted in the Prussian army, and served three years. In 1853 he came to America, and after a stay of one year near Chicago, came to St. Antho- ny, and in the spring of 1855, made a claim of 160 acres where he now lives. He resided in St. An- thony eleven years, engaged in carpenter work and teaming. In January, 1854, he made a trip, with team, to the Red River country, and was out twenty-nine days. During this trip he expe- rienced many hardships, being several days with- out food for himself or team. He was married December 17th, 1857, to Barbara Ortlieb, of Prussia, and in the following spring moved to his home in Plymouth, where he has since resided. He has been school officer for a number of years. Dennis Schmitz was born in Coblentz Parish, west of the River Rhine, April 29th, 1827. He lived with his parents \mtil eighteen years of age, when he entered the army, and served until 1850. In 1852 he came to America ; spent three years in the lumber regions, of Michigan, and in 1855 came to Minnesota. The same year, his fa- ther and family emigrated to America, and mak- ing claims, settled in what is now Plymouth. Mr. Schmitz has been active in all public affairs of the town ; was a member of the first school board,- and has been chairman of the town board a num- ber of times. He was married in St. Paul, Feb- ruary 6th, 1860, to Miss Susan Gainer, of Prussia. They are the parents of seven children MINNEAPOLIS— QENEBAL BE8CBIFTI0N. 339 MINNEAPOLIS. CHAPTER LIV. GENERAL, DESCRIPTION— EABLY SETTLEMENT —ORGANIZATION SCHOOLS TOWN HALL- CLARK CHAPEL HOPKINS STATION SUM- MER RESORTS— LYNDALB FARM— CEMETER- IES INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES BIOGRAPHICAL. The history of this township is closely identi- fied with that of the City of Minneapolis, from which it derives its name. It is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi river, and partially surrounds the city. A portion of its territory was formerly embraced in the Fort Snelling Res- ervation. The Mississippi river forms its eastern boundary, south of the city limits, and Minne- ha-ha creek separates it from Richfield for a short distance on the south-east. In the south and east, the surface is generally level, and in the north and west, rolling and lightly timbered. Previous to settlement, a growth of small brush, existed over nearly the whole surface. This has since been cleared, or allowed to develop into thrifty young timber ; in the latter case, the larger growth has resulted from care, and freedom from fires. The soil in the south and south-east, is a heavy dark loam and in the north-west it is lighter, with occasional sandy knolls. It generally pro- duces fine crops. This township is noted for the beauty of its lakes, which are found in nearly every portion of its territory. A group of lakes such as are of frequent occurrence in Minnesota, is found in the central and southern parts of the town. The largest of these is Lake Calhoun, which is nearly round and has a circumference of over three miles. Its waters are clear and in some places, of great depth. The shores are sandy and afford excellent bathing places. This lake was named in honor of Hon. John C. Cal- houn, at the time Fort Snelling was first occupied. It is but little more than one mile distant from the city limits, and being of easy access by fine drives and the Lyndale Motor, is a favorite resort with resident and tourist. Accommodations for the comfort and pleasure of the visitor are fur- nished, a description of which will be found fur- ther on in this chapter. Lake Harriet is located just south of Calhoun, and is very near the same in size and shape; a portion of it is in the town of Richfield. Its shores and bottom are sandy. These lakes are of historic interest, for on their shores was erected the first houses, and here was the first farming, by civilians, in Hennepin county. Cedar Lake is situated north-west of Calhoun, and is about one mile in length and half a mile in width. Its shores are sandy, and on the west, stony and gravelly. Lake of the Isles, north of Lake Calhoun and separated from it by a high gravelly beach and a narrow strip of swampy land, contains as its name indicates, a number of small islands. It covers about one hundred and sixty acres, and has generally sandy shores. Bass Lake, half a mile west of Lake Calhoun, has an area of about eighty acres, and shores similar to those of Cedar Lake. In the south-eastern part of the town, is Rice Lake, through which flows Minnehaha creek. In the northern part, is Keegan Lake, on section 20, Sweeney and Twin lakes on sections 18 and 19, and Keller's Lake on section 32. On section 12, near the west line of the town is Lake Han- nan, and in the central part, are lakes Held and Hallaron on section 30. These and other small lakes, are more or less marshy. All the lakes mentioned, like others in the country, were well stocked with fish, when the county was first set- tled and some of them still afford good fishing. The waters of Bass Lake flow south-easterly, through a small creek into Calhoun. The outlet of Calhoun is on the south and connects it with .340 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, Lake Harriet, from whence a small creek con- veys the united waters into Minnehaha creek, near the Kichfleld mills. Cedar Lake and Lake of the Isles, have no visible outlets. The principal creeks of the township, are Bas- sett's and Minne-ha-ha. The latter rises in lake Miimetonka, and, entering the town on the west, flows across the southwest comer into the town of Kichfleld, and thence through Bice Lake, from which point to its junction with the Mississippi river, it forms the boundary of the township. Bassett's creek enters the to-^nship from the west, and flows in an easterly direction across it and the city, and empties into the Mississippi river just within the limits of the original military reservation. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The flrst person who lived within the Umits of this township, is said to have been Joseph R. Brown, a discharged soldier, who, by tolerance of the commanding officer at Port SnelUng, dwelt near Minne-ha-ha Falls, within the reservation. Major Taliaferro, in 1829, opened a farm on the shores of Lake Calhoun, for the benefit of the Sioux Indians, and as Minne-ha-ha was called Brown's Falls, after General Jacob Brown, and Lake Calhoun was named after a late secretary of war, he called the settlement Eatonville, after the Hon. John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, secretary of war under President Jackson from 1829 to 1831. The first farmer of the establishment was Philander Prescott. In 1834, the Pond brothers arrived, and were the first civilians to erect a dwelling in the county. Eatonville grew to quite a village, but upon the removal of the Da- kotahs to the banks of the Minnesota, in 1843, the improvements at Lakes Calhoun and Harriet were abandoned. From that date until 1849, we can learn of no settlements on the west side of the river. In the spring of that year, Philander Prescott made a claim on the east side of what is now Minne-ha-ha avenue. This claim being on the military reservation, he was not allowed to remain, and it was occupied by Franklin Steele, who had permission from the secretary of war for such occupation. Prescott then located a claim adjoining Steele on the west, but did not take possession of it until after the resei-vation came into market. His home was in the town of Richfield until his death. He was born in On- tario county, New York, in 1801. In 1819 he visited a brother at Detroit, Michigan, and while there, engaged as clerk with Mr. Devotion, a sut- tler, for a trip up the Mississippi. In the latter part of the year 1819, he arrived at the canton- ment of Fort St. Anthony, now Fort Snelling, then in command of Col. Leavenworth. In the winter of 1824-5, he was trading near the fort. The Indians stole some of his goods, part of which were restored; in settlement of his claim for those not restored, the chief gave him his daughter in marriage. For three years he was with the Columbia Fur Company, and in 1830, was appointed Indian farmer at Lake Calhoun. He was temporarily engaged as interpreter at the Redwood agency when the outbreak occurred, and was killed by the Indians in August, 1862. His wife and' a daughter were taken prisoners, but effected their escape through the aid of friendly Indians, and returned to their home at Minne-ha-ha. These two, an adopted daughter and one son are dead. The eldest daughter, Mrs. Pettijohn, is living at Shakopee, and an- other daughter, Mrs. Hamilton, is living in Eden Prairie. There is also a son surviving. In the winter of 1849, Charles Mousseairx, by permission of the military authorities at Fort Snelling, made a claim on the eastern shore of Lake Calhoun, and built his shanty on the site of the old mission where the Ponds resided, now oc- cupied by the PavilUon. He remained on this claim until the fall of 1857, when he moved to the city of Minneapolis, where he resided imtil the fall of 1880. He then removed to his present place, south of the city limits, on section 34. He was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1806. He was employed by the American Fur Company as voy- ageur, and in that capacity arrived at Fort Snell- ing in 1829. After about a week he went to Lac qui Parle, where he remained about a year. Pfe then returned to Fort Snelling, and thence to Prairie du Chien. He was a carpenter and house painter, and engaged in those trades for several years. In 1830 he assisted in the improvements then being made at the Foi-t. He also built the house of Col Stevens, the flrst in Minneapolis. Shortly after Mousseaux, came Rev. E. G. Geai', chaplain at Fort Snelling, and made a claim east of Lake Calhoun, by permission of the mill- MINNEAPOLIS- H ABLY SETTLEMENT. 341 tary authorities. He never lived on the claim, but employed Edmond Brissett to hold it until such time as he could enter it. When that time arrived, a contest arose between them as to the ownership of the claim. Mr. Gear, with the aid of Judge Black and Hon. H. M. Eice, got a bill through Congress, allowing him to enter the land at government price. He paid Mrs. Brissett two hundred dollars to leave the claim. Brissett and family then moved to Plymouth, where the family now reside. He now lives in St. Paul. Mr. Gear remained at Fort SneUing until 1860, when he moved to Port Ripley, where he remained imtil 1868, then returned to MinneapoUs. In 1870 he sold his claim, and it is now part of the " Lyndale Farm." He died in October, 1873, and was buried in Lakewood Cemetery. His wife and part of the family still reside in Minneapolis. One of his sons is the present governor of the state of Iowa. The next claimant was David Gorham, who lo- cated on the eastern side of Lake of the Isles. It embraced the southwest quarter of section 33. He sold his claim to R. P. Russell, who bought it for his brother, L. K. Russell. The latter, in 1852, placed a tenant on it for a time, and it finally be- came the property of R. P. Russell, who now owns it. Gorham is living in Plymouth. In April, 1851, John Berry made a claim on the west side of Cedar Lake on section 31, and raised the first crop on the west side. He lived on his claim until 1867, then sold, and has since resided in the city of Minneapolis. During the winter of 1851-'2 rumors of the proposed reduc- tion of the Military Reservation caused consider- able excitement among the residents of Saint Anthony and the new arrivals from the East in search of locations. Early in the spring of 1862, claim-staking began, and in a short time nearly every desirable location south of the city, and vnthin the present boundaries of the town, was claimed. Claim-shanties were erected on nearly all of them, and some had a small piece of land plowed. But the land not being subject to entry, they were trespassers, and soldiers were sent out from the fort to drive them away. It was a common occurrence for a squatter to leave his place with everything all right, and returning, after an absence of one day, to find his shanty a wreck, and any other improvements he might have made destroyed. " Claim jumping " was also greatly in vogue for a time, but the older settlers, who held the prior right to the claims, organized themselves into a society, known as the " Equal Right and Impar- tial Protection Claim Association of Hennepin county, M. T." The object of this association was to protect each actual settler in his right to a claim, and the " jumper " fared badly who fell in- to the hands of this league. A committee, con- sisting of members of the organization, was ap- pointed, whose duty it was to decide questions in regard to the ownership of claims, arising between members of the association. A decision once made, it was not well for the defeated party to try and gain his end by force or strategy. A few, having permission from the officers of the Fort to remain, held their claims easUy ; but the many were obliged to wait until the restriction to settle- ment was removed by the government. In fact, all who had claims, and were Uving on them, pre- vious to the release, did so by the permission of the authorities at the Fort, or of the War Depart- ment. When the reduction of the reservation took place, in the spring of 1853, the rush for claims was so great that it is impossible to name the settlers of that year in the order of their ar- rival. Claims were made simultaneously, west and southwest of Minneapolis, but it was not un- til a later period that the more remore remote por- tions of the township were settled. Among those who settled in 1852, were, T. W. Peirce, who bought his claim of a Mr. Lowell in October of that year, and has since resided in this town on the original claim. He effected a settlement with the government by which he was allowed to remain. His house, on section 5, west of Lake Calhoun, was the only one to be seen, at that time, between Berry's, west of him, and that of J. H. Stevens, then located near the pres- ent suspension bridge. F. X. Cripeau, made his claim at a very early date, and entered it as soon as the land came into market. This was on section 16, just west of the present limits of the city, where he has since lived. Robert Blaisdell and son Robert, made claims in 1852, where they now live. J. T. Blaisdell located on the north-east quarter of section 34. Others who located in that year were, George Parks, Gordon Jackins, Edgar Folsom, Nathan Roberts, Simon Odell, and Titus Pettijohn. Eli Pettijohn had a 342 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. claim near the Fort Snelling road, but never lived on it. Charles Brown took a claim through the aid of Captain John Eollins, in section 1, and Frank Eollins had a claim near by. Benjamin Parker located where the Gilmore Furniture Factory now stands, and William Richardson, on sections 10 and 11. He afterward removed to [Meeker county, where, several years ago, he shot his wife, but not fatally, and then shot him- self with fatal effect. Sweet W. Case located a claim in 1852, and a widow lady, Mrs. Sayer, made a claim shortly after. Deacon John S. Mann, located the north-east quarter of section 9, and in 1857 sold it to John Potts Brown. It is now a part of the Lyndale Farm. Deacon Mann removed to southern Minnesota, and to Iowa, shortly after selling his claim, and is now the owner of a large stock ranche near Mandan, Dakota Territory. Chandler Hutchins made a claim on section 3, on what is now the west side of Chicago avenue. C. C. Garvey, located his claim on section 10, and has since resided there. In 1852, Charles Gilpatrick, who is still living on a part of the original claim, made a selection of eighty acres in what is now section 35. Dur- ing the summer of 1853, he broke one hundred and forty acres of land, for himself and others ; this was the first large amount of breaking by one individual. In 1853, Martin Layman bought the claim taken by Hanscom, audit is stated that he and Mr. Gilpatrick, raised, in 1854, the largest crops in the township. Ard Godfrey, who had resided in Saint Anthony since 1849, made his claim in 1853, on Minne-ha-ha creek. Diu-- ing the year he built a saw-mill, the first in the township, which he operated for a number of years. It was destroyed by fire in 1863. Rev. J. Cressy made, late in the fall of 1852, a claim of the north-west quarter of section 10, south-east of Lake Calhoun, and after holding it two years sold to one Perkins, and went to Hastings, near where he made another claim. He returned to Minneapolis, and resides in the city. The original claim is now the farm of H. Van Nest. W. G. Moffett came to Fort Snelling in 1849, and in 1852, made a claim on section 7 near Min- ne-ha-ha Falls; this is now owned by Joseph Dean . His oldest son, W. R. Moffett came in 1852, and located his claim on section 7, where he still re- sides. Judge Moffett, died about four years ago, at the house of his son-in-law, A. S. Adams, with whom the widow still lives. He was buried in Lakewood cemetery. The western and northern portions of the township were not permanently settled until a later period. Although not included in the mili- tary reservation, land in that part of the town was not considered so desirable, and the rush for locations was not so great. Among the first were the Hallaron brothers, William Byrnes, Thomas Gaffney, Peter Curley, John Green, Frank and John Doyle, and John and Daniel Braekins, the latter with their parents. The Hallarons were from Cortland county, New York, and settled in the western part of the town. The first of these, was Patrick, who came in the fall of 1852. He died from injuries received by the kick of a horse, in 1877. His widow still occupies the homestead on section 29. John J. , Dennis, Michael, Eugene, Thomas and Jeremiah Halloran arrived in 1854. They are all living in that portion of the town where they first settled, with the exception of Thomas, who has been in business in the city for the past five years. Of the Doyle brothers, John died about ten years ago, and Frajik stiU resides on the farm on section 33. The south- west part of the town was settled in 1854 by H. H. Hopkins, George M. Bums and F. H. War- neke. Hopkins and Warneke stUl reside here. Bums died about three years ago; his family still live on the farm. John Hannan and sons, settled in the west part of the township in 1855. From the time the reservation was thrown open to settlers, the grovrth of the township was rapid; more substantial farm houses and their necessary adjuncts, barns and granaries, took the place of the hastily constructed "claim shanties" which had served their purpose, and were no longer needed. The proximity to Saint Anthony and later, to MinneapoUs, the only markets, made locations in this township, and Richfield on the south, eagerly sought for, and speculation in claims was rife, fabulous sums being asked for the more desirable. OKQANIZATIOSr. The first meeting for the organization of the township and the election of officers was held May 11th, 1858. The first officers elected were: Super- MINNEAPOLIS— OBGANIZATION— SCHOOLS. 343 visors, R. P. Eussell, chairman, G. D. Eichard- son, Daniel Bassett, Edward Murphy, 1. 1. Lewis ; Clerk, George H. Hamilton ; Assessor, L. F. Cook; Collector, L. W. Rhine ; Overseer of Poor, Wash- ington Getchell; Justices, George E. Huy and Henry Hill ; Constables, C. C. Beekman and A. P. Hoover ; Overseer of Roads, A. B. Kingsbury. At a special election October 2d, 1858, Daniel Bassett, G. D. Richardson, Cyrus Aldrich, and M. S. HobUtt were elected to seats on the Board of County Commissioners. Following is given a list of the chairman of the Board of Town Super- visors, in the order in which they served : For 1859, Cyrus Aldrich ; 1860, Daniel Bassett ; 1861, Collins Hamer ; 1862 to 1866, inclusive, S. H. Mat- tison ; 1866 to 1873, inclusive, Benjamin Parker ; 1874 to 1876, inclusive, E. Groesbeck; 1877 to 1880, inclusive, R. P. Russell. The other officers for 1880 were : Supervisors, U. P. Wilson and C. L. Larpenteur ; Clerk, A. D. Libby ; Treasm-er, J. T. Grimes; Justices, A. S. Adams and E. Yost ; Constable, WUliam Somers. The bounda- ries of the township, as established by the Board of County Commissioners, April 10th, 1858, were as follows : " Beginning at a poiat on the Missis^ sippi River, at the south line of section 12, town- ship 118 north, of range 21 west of the fifth prin- cipal meridian ; thence west to the southwest cor- ner of section 7 ; thence south, to the southwest corner of section 7, township 117 north, of range 21 west of the fifth principal meridian ; thence east to the Mississippi River; thence up said river to the place of beginning." July 8th, 1858, one tier of sections, on the north, was taken to form part of the town of Farmers ville. This town, however, was never organized, and the bormdaries of Minneapolis remained as originally established until 1860, when two tiers of sections on the north were made a part of Crystal Lake township. No more changes in boundaries occurred until 1867, when the two northern tiers of sections of the town of Richfield, and that portion lying north of Minne-ha-ha creek, below Rice Lake (then called Eagle Lake) were added to Minne- apolis. The legislative bill providing for this change of boundary, was approved March 7th, 1867. An effort was made in the spring of 1868 to restore this territory to Richfield ; but at the annual town meeting in. Mianeapolis, only one vote was cast in favor of the measure. A bill approved February 6th, 1867, in which was de- fined the boundaries of the city of Minneapolis, gave to the territory embraced in the township outside the city, the name of Brighton. This name did not suit the people at all, and the bill above mentioned as annexing the portion of Richfield, restored the name, Minneapolis. The following statistics from the reports of the As- sessor of the township for the years given, serve to show the rapid increase in values and in pop- ulation. In 1869, the assessed valuation of real estate was $266,285 ; in 1875, 51 ,466,376 ; in 1880, $2,569,744. In addition to this valuation, there was in 1880, a valuation of $954,582, for town lots, outside of the city Umits. The number of acres of land in 1880, was given at 24,602. The valuation of personal property in 1869, was, $61,- 262 ; in 1875, $167,828 ; in 1880, $262,419. Num- ber of horses, over two years old, in 1869, 319 ; in 1875, 531 ; m 1880, 700. Number of cattle over two years old, in 1869, 719 ; in 1875, 1,134 ; in 1880, 1,292. Number of sheep, in 1869, 387 ; in 1875, 576 ; in 1880, 460. Number of hogs, in 1869, 154; in 1876, 211; in 1880, 649. Bushels of wheat, in 1869, 44J399 ; in 1875, 23,703 ; num- ber of acres sown in 1880, 2,763. The amount of taxes forjihe township, was in 1869, $8,935 ; in 1875, $21,990; in 1880, $27,995. According to the census of 1880, the township has a popula- tion of 2,767. SCHOOLS. The first school in the township, was opened in the summer of 1863, and Miss Jennie Learning taught a three month's term. The buUding used, was located on section 7, near Minne-ha-ha Falls, and was erected by W. G. Moffett and son and the Blaisdells, assisted by a few of their neigh- bors. The material for the building and the ground on which it stood, were provided by Phi- lander Prescott. Although buUt by private par- ties, and with their own funds, it was made a pubUc school, and all who wished, could avail themselves of its privileges. Mr. Prescott also furnished a large part of the money to pay the teacher. This building was used for a number of years, and was twice moved for the better ac- comodation of the scholars. In 1875, the pres- ent frame building, was erected near the site of the old school-house, on the north-west quarter 344 HTSTOBY OF HENNEPIN GOUNIY. of section 7, on the west side of Mirme-ha-ha Avenue. Tlxis is now district No. 113. Anotlier of the early school-houses, was located on what is now Chicago Avenue, just outside the city lim- its. It was built of brick, and used for some time, but on account of a division of the districts, it was abandoned and subsequently, torn down. The township now has eight^entire and five joint districts, with twelve school-houses. The " Centennial School " located near the Harvester Works, is a very fine building, of brick and two- stories high. District number 9, about one mile north-west of the Centennial, has a one-story stone building. The remaining districts have good substantial frame houses, and are all sup- plied with the necessary apparatus used in the modem district school. TOWN HALL. Since the organization of the township, the an- nual and special town meetings have been held in school-houses ; but in 1880, the increase in pop- ulation, demanding a fixed place, in a central location, the town erected a " Town Hall," on the north-east quarter of section 4, the lot oc- cupied, being one of the Lyndale Park. This is a very neat frame building, and a credit to the town. CLAKK CHAPEL. The only church edifice in the township, is lo- cated in the southern part on section 7. It was erected in 1878, as a branch of Plymouth church, Minneapolis, at a total expense for building and furnishing, of about f 1,400, means being sup- pUed by subscription among the people of the vicinity. It is in size,- 30x48 feet and is nicely furnished. The name was given in honor of E. C. Clark, who established and maintained a Sabbath-school in the school-house opposite the church. Mr. Clark died in 1874, and the Sabbath school has since been kept up, and now has an average attendance of about sixty. Mr. G. B. Shepard of Minneapolis is the superintendent. There is no church organization, but services were held regularly once a month during the time Plymouth church was supplied with a pastor, and since then occasionally. The people of the neighborhood meet every Sunday evening for Bible readings. HOl'KINS STATION. This is a station on the MinneapoUs and St. Louis Kailway, and was established in 1871. It takes its name from H. H. Hopkins, one of the prominent farmers. The post-oflBce, located at the depot is called Hopkins, and was established in 1878. H. H. Hopkins has been postmaster since. This is the only post-office in the town- ship outside of the city. The Minnetonka branch of the M. & St. L. Bailway leaves the main line here, and the Benton cut-off of the C. M. & St. P. Railway passes near. There are no stores or public buildings. South Minneapolis, is a station on the C. M. & St. P. Railway located one mile south of the city limits. This is merely a way station and has no posf>office. SUMMER BESOKTS. The great beauty of the lakes of this township, and the facility with which they may be reached from the city, make them peculiarly attractive to the tourist, and to the business man, who with his family seeks recreation and freedom from the per- plexities of commercial or professional life, by whiling away a few hours, or days, at some of the charming spots to be fomid vnthin an hour's ride of the city. Lake Calhoun, the largest of the lakes, is connected with the city by means of the Minneapolis, Lyndale and Lake Calhoun Railway, which was built in the spring of 1879, and dming the following yeai- extended to Lake Harriet. On the east of Lake Calhoun is Lyndale Park, and the Pavilhon, a large public building, erected by Col. W. S. King, and opened in 1877. The di- mensioias of the buildmg are 60 x 100 feet, and two stories high above basement. Two vrtde ver- andahs extend entirely around the structure, and furnish excellent promenades, with a fine view of the lake and the surroiuiding country. On the west side of this lake is Lakeside Park and hotel. The latter is 40 x 70 feet, and two stories in height. On an eminence in the grounds of Lakeside Park is located a tower, which rises to the height of sixty feet, and they who toil to its summit are amply repaid by a view of the beautiful panor- ama of nature around and below them. On the west side are also located several mineral springs, one of which has been curbed, and its surround- ings improved, and has become quite popular with MINNEAPOLIS—LYNDALE FABM—CEMEJERIES. 345' the public. A sulphur spring is located, a short distance southwest of the lake, but has not yet been developed or improved. The Lake Calhoun House was built on the north shore of the lake in 1876, and was intended for a summer hotel. It was one of the finest structures on the lake, but had never been used to any extent up to the time it was destroyed by fire, in January, 1880. The Lake View House is located on the northeast shore of the lake, and was built in 1875. A large and elegant steamer was placed on Lake Calhoun in the siunmer of 1880, and is run during the sea- son in connection with the Motor railway, making a tour of the lake. The present terminus of the railway is at Lake Harriet, but the intention is to extend it to Excelsior. On the southwest shore of Cedar Lake is located the Oak Grove House' erected in 1877, by the Rev. Mr. Scott. The building is about seventy-five feet square and four stories in height, surmounted by a cupola, from which an extended view, including part of the city of Minneapolis, may be obtained. The hotels and parks above mentioned are open to the public through the summer season, and during that time are well patronized, as may be seen from the fact that, in the summer of 1880, the Lyndale Railway carried over one hundi-ed thousand passengers. Oswald's summer garden, situated on the Cedar Lake road and west of the city limits, was located and improvements begun in 1875. With its at- tractive drives, walks, and rustic decorations, it makes a pleasant place of resort. Connected with it is a green-house, 12 x 32 feet, containing four thousand plants. THK LYNDALTS FABBI. This model farm, which now embraces about one thousand two hundred acres, was opened by Col. W. S. King, who began operations by pur- chasing the farm of John Potts Brown. He ad- ded by purchase, one farm after another, until in 1870, he had acquired a title to one thousand two hundred acres of land. About seven hun- dred acres of this has been broken, and some of it seeded to tame grasses. The farm was originally half timber and half prairie land. The location is excellent, bordering on the shores of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, and distant from the city about three miles. The farm-house, built in 1870, is a double house, having a fi-ontof ninety- six feet, and a depth of forty feet, and is two- stories high. It contains twentv-six rooms, and is well finished through-out. The great barn is built on the most modern plan. Its main part is 52 X 76 feet, and thirty-six feet from the founda- tion to the eaves. The roof adds twenty feet to the height, and above all, is the cupola, the top of which is eighty feet from the ground. The two wings of the bam are 36x180 feet, with six- teen foot posts, and high roof, which affords im- mense storing room, the total capacity being about two hundred and fifty tons of hay. The stables furnish accommodations for two hundred horses and cattle. The farm was stocked with a large number of blooded cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, among them, some of the most noted animals of Great Britain, which had taken pre- miums at the national fairs held there; among' the horses was the celebrated stallion " Duke of Saratoga" a descendant of "Bashaw" and de- scribed by horse-men as a very fine animal. Since 1876, James Smith, of long experience in the management of large farms, has been in charge. CKMETERIES. The township has four cemeteries: the Lake- wood, Cemetery of the Immaculate Conception, the Monteflore and the Minneapolis Cemetery. Lakewood cemetery is situated on the south-east shore of Lake Calhovm, and contains about 140 acres of land. The grounds were purchased in 1871, by an association, formed for the purpose, and the improvements were begun the following year, and have been continued until this ceme- tery ranks with the more beautiful homes of the dead in the country. The cemetery of the Immaculate Conception, is located on the south Une of the township, one mile west of Rice Lake. It contains about thirty acres, and was established in 1867. This is the only cemetery of the Catholic faith in the township, and is under the immediate supervis- ion of Owen Finley. The Montefiore cemetery located on section 10, abotit two and one-half miles south of the city limits, contains two acres, and was purchased by the Monteflore Cemetery Association, in 1876. The improvement of the grounds was com- menced but recently. The Minneapolis cemetery is located south of 346 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN GOVNTY. and near the city limits. It embraces twenty acres of high, dry land, and was laid out in 1860, by Martin Layman, by whom it is still owned. The first interment, was that of a Mrs. Ward- well, since which there have been live thousand interments in this "silent city." This cemetery has received extra attention and shows care and taste in the arrangement of its ornamentations. This was the first cemetery established on the west side of the river. INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. The principal industry of the people of this town is agriculture. The excellent quality of the soil making it a favored locality, and the many fine farms, with their commodious outbuildings) are evidence of a high degree of thrift and pros- perity. An important adjunct of the usual farm products is milk, for the population of the city looks, to the farmer in the vicinity for its daily supply of that necessary article. There are a num- ber of large dairies, employing a small army of men and teams in the transportation and delivery. The Globe Mill, on Minne-ha-ha Creek, in sec- tion 20, was built in 1874, by W. P. Day and Co This is the only merchant mill in the township- It is a frame structure, with four runs of stone' and a capacity of 125 barrels per day. When first put in operation, water power was used ; this proving inadequate, a steam engine was added, which now furnishes the power. The mill is the property of the First National Bank, of Min- neapolis. A side-track extends to it from the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, affording facilities for receiving and shipping. On the north side of Minne-ha-ha Creek, in the south-eastern part of the township, is located a grist-mill, which was erected in 1857, by Ard. God. frey, near the saw-mill which burned in 1863. This mill was operated by Mr. Godfrey imtil 1870, and then sold to other parties. There are two brick-yards in the town ; one owned and operated by W. W. Woodward, abou one mile north of Hopkins Station, and one sit uated north-west of Lake Calhoun, owned by G. U. Erhardt. These yards employ a large force of men during the summer season and manufacture a superior quality of brick. The Minneapolis Knitting Mills. This concern was established on Bassett's creek, in the north part of the town, in 1875.. For one year previous they had been located in the city. The factory was destroyed by fire in 1878, and they immediately rebuilt on the present site. The business con- sists of knitting stockings and half-hose, in both wool and cotton ; large and small scarfs, cardigan jackets, ladies vests, hoods, and all kinds of knit goods. This is the only establishment of the kind in the north-west, and their goods find a ready market. The proprietors are Girling and Company, and twenty-five persons are employed. W. H. Fruen, machinist, manufacturer of the Miimeapolis water-wheel governor, special tools for machinists, lathes, etc. This establishment is located on Bassett's creek at the second cross^ ing of Western Avenue, in the building erected by the North- Western Manufacturing Company in 1874. This company continued business fom- years, engaged in the manufacture of screws, their capacity being a hundred gross per day. Since then Mr. Fruen has occupied the building, which is 30x40 feet, and two and one-half stories high. The machinery is kept in motion by a thirty-five inch turbine wheel, of sixteen hoi-se- power. The Minneapolis Harvester Works, south of the city limits, are located in the township, but as the corporation was organized in the city and business oflflces are located there, a description of the Works, will be found in the chapter on man- ufactures. BIOGRAPHICAL. A. S. Adams was born July 9th, 1848, at Town- send, Middlesex county, Massachusetts. He was raised as a farmer, and lived in his native town until 1867, when he came to Minnesota with his father, and located in Mimieapolis township, where he has since resided, ownmg a farm of thirty-three acres. He was elected justice of the peace in March, 1880. Mr. Adams married Carrie Moffett, April, 1871. William Adams, a native of Scotland, was born in 1835. He came to America in 1869, and lo- cated in JNIinneapolis ; he lived on Washington avenue south until liis present residence was built in 1875. Mr. Adams has been engaged in the carpenter's trade since a boy. His wife was Miss Ellen Walker ; they were married in 1864. Six children have been born to them. MINNSAPOLIS—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 347 R. M. Aitken was born in 1845, at Dunham, Canada East. He lived in his native town until eighteen years of age, when he went to Vermont and worked eight years in the car shops at Saint Albans, then removed to Mississippi and worked for a railroad company. In 1873 he went to Wisconsin, and in 1877, came to Minneapolis ; in ]S"ovember of that year he married Lillian M. Shorey. Mr. Aitkin is proprietor of the Cedar Avenue Dairy, which he started in 1877 with only four cows, but has gradually increased the number to supply a growing trade, until now he has thirty-five. A. B. Allison, a. native of Delaware county. New York, was born in 1840. He was engaged in farming until 1866, when he came to Henne- pin county, and for four years worked in the woods; he then started in the dairy business; was in partnership with Mr. Collins for a time, but since 1875 Mr. Allison has conducted the business alone at his place on section 20, and has twenty-five cows. He was married May 6th, 1880, to Mrs. Broderick, of Maine. "W. Bernstein, a native of Germany, was born in 1826. He emigrated to America in 1848, and for three years worked in Baltimore, as machinist in the railroad shops ; then he removed to Wash- ington and worked seven years in the navy yard; thence to lUinois, and was employed in the car shops at Aurora, until 1869, when he came to this state. In 1856 he married Catharine Paul who has borne him six children. Mr. Bernstein pur- chased his present farm in 1869, and is engaged in gardening and fruit raising. Eobert Blaisdell was born in 1803, atPeacham, Vermont. He was raised as a farmer, came to Saint Anthony in 1852, and took, by pre- emption, the farm where he now resides. Mr. Blaisdell attended the meeting at which Minnea- polis was made a township, and helped to elect the first Town Board. He has never missed a meeting since that time He also assisted in building the first school-house in the township. He married Miss Mary Chandler, in Maine. They are the parents of seven children. Robert Blaisdell, Jr., a native of Aroostook county, Maine, was born May 4th, 1832. In 1846 he went to Wisconsin, and engaged in the lumber business at the head of Green Bay. In 1852 he removed to this state, and made a claim of 160 acres, which is a part of his present farm. He also owns, with his father, 360 acres in McLeod county. He too, attended the first election, and helped to build the first school-house in the town- ship. His wife was Elmira Taunt, who has borne him six children. William Blaisdell was born at Belfast, Maine, in 1834. In 1851 he moved to Minnesota, and five years later pre-empted the farm he now owns. From 1863 until the fall of 1864, he was mining in California, Idaho, and Montana ; then returned, and for one year was in charge of a lumber inter- est in Michigan. He now owns 20,000 acres of timber land in Wisconsin. Mr. Blaisdell acted as clerk at the first annual election held on this side of the river. There were only fourteen votes cast, four of them by the Blaisdell family. In 1861 he enlisted at the first call, and served until the ■ regiment disbanded. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Jennie Fletcher, M. D. Brown was born in 1849, at Elmira, New York. In 1856 he came to Minneapolis, and has since resided here, with the exception of one year, passed at school in the East. Mr. Brown is en- gaged in farming on section 12, where he owns eighty acres of land, and boards horses summer and winter. J. R. Bowman was born April 27th, 1830, in New Brunswick. He learned the carpenter's trade, and worked three years in New York city.- In 1857 he came here, and for twenty years fol- lowed his trade. He worked on the Nicollet House, H. G. Harrison's residence, and others. It was he who cut the brush so a team could pass on First avenue north, from Fourth to Sixth street. Mr. Bowman has only been absent from the town one day since coming here in 1857. He was married, in 1869, to Amanda Christmas. They have three children. William Byrnes (deceased) was a native of Ire- land. He emigrated to America in 1849, and lived in Homer, New York, until 1852, when he came here, and the following year made a claim of one hundred and fifty acres. In 1862 he enlist- ed in the Tenth Minnesota, and served until must- ered out in 1865. He died December 1st, 1867. At the time of his death, he was sheriff of Hen- nepin county. Catherine, his wife, was born in Ireland, March 1827. She came to Amer- ica in 1848, stayed the first year in New York 348 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. city, and then removed to Homer. In 1850, she was married to William Byrnes, and two years later they came to Minneapolis. She has had nine children, seven of whom are living : Ellen, Anna, Mary, Teressa, William, Hugh and Lucelia. Lewis Carlson, a native of Denmark, was born in 1848. He came to America in 1869, and se1> tied in Winona, Minnesota, where for three years he was engaged in the manufacture of barrels, then he removed to Chicago and worked at the trade there, three years. In 1875, he came to Minneapolis and was in the cooper business until 1879, when he staited his dairy; he now has twenty-seven cows. In 1873, he married Abline Hanson. They have two children. F. X. Cripeau was born in 1828, in Canada. At the age of nineteen, he went to Ehode Island, remained only one year and returned to Canada ; in 1848, he moved to Illinois, and the following spring came to Saint Anthony, where he was en- gaged as clerk a few years for Mr. Bottineau, and then made a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, which is a part of his present place. In 1864, he enlisted in the First Mmnesota Heavy Artillery and served until the close of the war, when he started in the gardening business ; he raises vegetables exclusively, using about twenty acres of land for this purpose. Mr. Cripeau was married in 1854, to EosaUe Giard ; ten children have been born to them. Peter Curly, a native of Ireland, was bom in 1825. He came to America in 1846, and worked in the cotton factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, imtil'1849, when he came to Saint Anthony, and helped build the first Catholic church here. He pre-empted the farm where he still lives, one mUe from the city limits, and built his present res- idence in 1856. He was married ui 1849, to Catherine Cain. They have had two sons, only one is living ; John J. C. T. Earenflght, born in 1841, at Cincinnati, Ohio. He lived in Illinois live years, then a short time in Indiana, and in 1863, removed to Minnesota ; he has lived in Minneapolis, or near there most of the time since. He has eighteen acres of land on section 6, and is engaged in gardening ; is also a wholesale dealer in cattle, on foot and dressed. Martin Ekes, a native of German j-, was born in 1834. He received his education in the schools of that country, and was by occupation a farmer. In 1853, he came to America and lived four- years in New York city, being engaged as coachman ; while in that city, he married Miss Catherine Gerard. They are the parents of two children. Mr. Ekes came to MinneapoUs in 1858, and has since resided here ; he has a vegetable garden of fifteen acres on Hennepin Avenue, where he also raises all varieties of strawberries ; he was the first man to sell vegetables m this market. Owen Finley was born in New York city, in 1846. In early life he went with his parents to Watertown, Wisconsm, and worked at the carp- enter's trade ; in 1873, he removed to MinneapoUs and continued working at his trade until he was given charge of the Cemetery of the Immaculate Conception, which is now under his immediate care. Mr. Finley enlisted in 1862, in the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin, Company G, and served over three years. He marxied Maria Magerty in 1870. They have five Uving children. D. M. Foss, born in 1820, in Strafford county. New Hampshh'e. At the age of eighteen, he went to Lowell, Massachusetts, and learned car- pentering. In 1856, he came here and worked at his trade until 1 879 ; assisting in buUding some of the first dwelhngs in the city, the St. James Hotel, and some of the principal places of busi- ness. Mr. Foss is now engaged in gardening ; he makes a specialty of vegetables and small fruits. In 1846, he was marrried, at Lowell, to EUza Murch, who has borne him three children. W. H. Fruen, a native of England, was born Jidy 15th, 1846. At the age of seventeen, he commenced learning the machinist's trade. In June 1865, he came to America and worked at his business in Boston, until removing to Minne- apolis in 1870 ; he worked in a shop on Second and Cataract streets till the present factory was built in 1874. Mr. Fruen has been twice married, his present wife, to whom he was married m 1871, was Miss Henrietta Bu-quest, of Illinois. They have three sons and one daughter. Thomas Gaffney, a native of Ireland, was born in 1826. When two years old he came with his parents to America, and lived on a farm in Ar- oostook county, Maine, until eighteen years of age, when he commenced hunbeiing on the Pen- obscot liver. In 1854, he removed to Saint An- thony, and for eight winters worked in the pine- MINNEAPOLIS— BIOGBAPHIGAL. 849 ries ; in 1857, he secured the claim where he now lives and built his present residence in 1880. August 15th, 1862,.he enlisted and went to Fort Eidgely ; the following summer he went with the expedition against the Indians, across the plains, and in the fall of 1863 went to St. Louis, where he was engaged in guard duty during the winter and in the spring went into active service, partic- ipating in all the battles of his regiment. He was honorably discharged in August, 1865. In April, 1857, he married Ellen Buckley. They have six children. C. C. Garvey was born in New Brunswick, March 29th, 1828. At the age of four years he went with his parents to Maine. When he was but eighteen his father died, and it became his duty to care for and support the family. In 1850 he came to Minnesota, made one of the first claims on the west side of the river, and received the second patent from Washington. Mr. Garvey attended the first election on this side of the river and cast the firstballot. He was married, in 1859, to Miss L. A. Nason. Nine children have been bom to them. W. M. Girling, a native of England, was born in 1830. He came to America, and following the business of his father and grandfather, went to manufacturing knitted goods. He started facto- ries in Boston, and in New Hampshire, and Ger- mantown, Pennsylvania. In 1874 he came here, and is now one of the proprietors of the Minnea- polis Knitting Mills. Mr. Girling has a family of eight children, five sons and three daughters. E. A. Goodspeed was bom in 1854, at Vassal- borough, Maine. He came to Minneapolis in April, 1871, and was engaged in the lumber trade imtil 1877, when he became a member of the firm of Goodspeed and Sons, wholesale dealers in sheep. This business is exclusively wholesale, and they sell either on foot or dressed. The individual members of the firm are A. H., J. B., and E. A. Goodspeed. April 13th, 1879, Mr. Goodspeed married Mary Townsend. They have one child. John Green, born in New Brunswick, in 1820. He lived there until twenty years of age, engaged in farming : then went to Maine, and for eleven years was in the lumber business. In the fall of 1853 he came to Minneapolis, and in 1855, took by pre-emption the farm he still owns, and built his present residence in 1875. Mr. Green was married, in 1850, at Old Town, Maine, to Mary Hutchins, who was born in 1830, at Knox, Waldo county, Maine. They have three children : James, Ehoda, and Luella. M. J. Hallaron, a native of Ireland, was born September 9th, 1832. He emigrated to America in 1851, located in Cortland county. New York, and engaged in farming. In 1857 he came to St. Anthony, and that winter worked in the woods, and in 1855 made a claim one mile west of Cedar Lake. The summer of 1856 he worked on Lake Pepin, and that winter he was with Mr. Nash, in the hardware business. The following summer he was employed by Tufts, Reynolds and Co. Mr. Hallaron was married, December 20th, 1858, to Catharine Wallace. They removed to the farm, and remained until November, 1862, when they came to Minneapolis, and he engaged in the djay and express business for fourteen years. In 1878 he moved to his farm, and erected all the buildings. They have six children: John, Mary, NeUie, James, Katie, and Agnes. Christopher Hanke, a native of Germany, was born in 1826. He emigrated to America in 1854; and lived in Ohio until 1857, when he came here, for two years he rented a farm, and in 1864 pur- chased 205 acres on section 5, 6 and 7, and has since resided there. He was married in Ger- many, November 9th, 1851, to Miss Stammen. They are the parents of five children. Mr. Hanke makes a specialty of raising full blood Jersey cattle, Chester White and Poland China swine. He has one of the finest farms in Hennepin county; his bam, built in 1876, is 88x36 feet, and four stories high; it is considered the second best in the county; he also has a granary 73x24 feet, three stories high; the whole place is a model of neatness. Mrs. Hanke annually man- ufactures 2,000 pounds of fine butter for private customers. J. W. Hayes was born in 1853, at Watertown, Jefferson county , Wisconsin. In 1 866 he moved to Steams county, Minnesota, and engaged in farm- ing; he came to Minneapolis in May, 1875, and worked for G. McPeters until he bought him out in 1877, since which time he has conducted the Lyndale Dairy in partnership with Mr. Mathi- son; they own fifty-three cows, and are doing a successful business. Mr. Hayes was married in May, 1879, to Miss Glenen of Wisconsin. 350 SISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. J. F. Held, a native of Prussia, was born in 1844. He moved to Indiana in 1861; enlisted August, 1862, in the Fiftli Indiana Cavalry, and served until the close of the war. He came to Minneapolis in 1865 and worked three years in a saw mill; afterwards was engaged as a laborer until 1871, when he bought 145 acres of land on section 30, and the spring following started an extensive garden; he makes a specialty of fine celery, also raises a large variety of vegetables, and has a vineyard of one-half acre. His vnfe was Austine Crousey, whom_he married in 1878. They have one child: Margretta. C. Jenson was born in Denmark, in 1847. He emigrated to America, and in 1867 went to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. In the fall of 1868 he re- moved to Minneapolis, and was engaged as laborer until 1872, when he embarked in the dairy busi- ness. The firm of Smith and Jenson started with forty cows, but at the expiration of four months they sold out, and in the fall of 1873, commenced with only twenty cows, which they sold again in the spring. The following autumn, the firm of Jenson Brothers located on the east side, engaged in the dairy business with twenty-four cows, and in 1875, bought their place of fifteen acres, on section 29. In the spring of 1878 this partnership was disolved, and C. Jenson is now sole proprie- tor of the " Western Avenue Dairy." Hans Johanson, a native of Denmark, was born in 1844. He came to Minneapolis in 1872, and in 1876 commenced the dairy business. He now has fifteen cows. Mr. Johanson was married, in 1875, to Miss Anna Madsen. They are the parents of one child. Martin Layman was bom in Greene county, New York, January 18th, 1811. For a time he resided In Tompkins county, and then removed to Illinois, where he worked at farming until 1853, when he came to Minneapolis, and bought the place where he has since lived. He bought the original claim of Hanscom, and paid him f 1,000 for it. He built his present commodious residence in 1876. Mr. Layman manied, in 1832, Miss Eliz- abeth Brown, who has borne him thirteen children. All are living but one son and one daughter. A. D. Libby, a native of Maine, was born in Waldo county, in 1833. After finishing Ms education he was engaged in a store for a time, and in 1857 moved to Minnesota. He first located a farm in Wright coimty, but soon moved here, and helped break the land where South Minnea- polis now stands. For eight consecutive years he taught in the schools of Hennepin county, and was one of the volunteers at the time of the out- break in 1862. Mr. Libby is now Clerk of Min- neapolis township. He was married in 1866, to Miss Hannah Garvey. They have five children : Byron, Louis, Viola, Stella, and an infant. P. S. Miller, a native of Sweden, was born in 1854. In the autumn of 1879, he married Miss Rozetta Jordan, of Minneapolis. He came here in 1872, and worked for dairymen until 1877, when the firm of Miller Brothers started with twenty cows. They own two acres of land on section 17, and now have sixty fine cows. They run one wagon twice a day m summer, and are doing a prosperous business. U. Oswald, born in Switzerland, in 1829. He was a civil engineer, and worked ten years on the first railroad in his native countrj-. He emigrated to America, and in 1875 was married to Frances Eunser, of Wisconsin. He came to Minneapolis in 1867, and worked at farming the first year; after that as landscape gardener ; in the spring of 1875 started his park, on the Cedar Lake road. It is furnished with a good green-house, and its fine drives, walks, etc., make it a favorite resort. Mr. Oswald also fm-nishes his guests- with ice- cream, lemonade, and all kinds of refreshments. B. L. Pratt was born at Lincoln, Maine, Sep- tember 16th, 1830. He lived on a farm until nineteen yeai-s of age, then worked at the lumber business; he came to Saint Anthony in Jmie, 1850, and continued lumbering until 1859, when he removed to California, but returned in 1865 and bought the place he now owns on section 17. He married Lydia, daughter of Rev. A. Turner, of Levant, Mauie. They have three children. Mr. Pratt bought the only dairy in Minneapohs in 1865; it consisted of fifteen cows, which at that time furnished the city with milk. He now owns forty milch cows. Stephen Pratt, a native of Penobscot county, Maine, was born in 1828. In October, 1849, he came to Saint Anthony; there were but three or four houses here at that time. He worked as laborer and in the lumber business until 1858, when he took a claim in Wright county, which he sold four years later. He enlisted in. the MINNEAPOLIS— BIOGRAPHICAL. 351 First Minnesota Cavalry in 1862, and served until the regiment was mustered out in Novem- ber, 1863. The followuig winter, Mr. Pratt worked in the woods and in the spring bought his present farm of 160 acres; he started the dairy and butcher business with a partner, but they separated in 1865, and Mr. Pratt retained the farm; he raised the first "early rose" potatoes in tlus county, paying thirty-three dollars per bushel for the seed. The second year he raised 1,500 bushels which he sold at four dollars per bushel. In June, 1872, he was married to Mfs. Jennie Curtis. They are the parents of one child. J. M. Patten, bom in Penobscot county, Maine, in 1840. He went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1858, and worked at teaming. In 1860 he married Annette Danforth, and in 1862 enlisted in the Forty-fourth Massachusetts and served until mustered out. In the spring of 1864 he went to California for the benefit of his health, and returned to Nebraska by an overland route, walking about nine hundred miles of the way. He was one of the first workmen on the TJ. P. Railroad in 1866-7, then returned to Maine for a short time, thence to Milton, Massachusetts. He bought a farm in Randolph, but only lived there four years, when he removed to Minnesota for the health of an only son, who died February 22d, 1877. Mr. Patten is proprietor of the " City Dairy," and owns fifty cows. Thomas W. Peirce, a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, was born August 23d, 1823. He was one of six sons all of whom learned the carpenter's trade; he commenced working when fifteen years of age, and continued the trade for about fifteen years; moved to Ohio in 1846; he went to Indiana for a short time, but returned to Ohio and formed a partner- ship with a Mr. Hillman, in contracting and building. In the fall of 1852 Mr. Peurce removed to Saint Anthony; he built a house for Mr. Rich- ards, and in October, 1852, he purchased a claim of 40 acres from Mr. Lowell, paid thirty-three dollars for it, and made a settlement with the government. The following spring he cleared a small piece of land and planted one-half acre to potatoes; this was the beginning of his farm. In the summer of 1853 he built a residence for Mr. Hanson. Mr. Peirce was appointed a bidder for the first land sale in the county; the sale never occurred however. In 1855-6 he was a member of the Territorial legislature, and was president of the Protective Association, formed by settlers to defend claims from land jumpers. It was he who sharpened and drove the first stake, for the survey of Minneapolis, at the junction of Nicollet and Hennepin avenues; Charles Christmas was surveyor, Mr. Peirce is one of the oldest living settlers of Hennepin county, and relates many thrUling incidents of pioneer life. He was married in 1849 to Miss Margaretta Moss. They have two children: Fred- erick W. and Laura Jennie. Fred. Peterson was born in 1850; in Denmark. He came here in 1872, and was employed by dif- ferent dairymen for five years. April 9th, 1879, he married Laura Oleson. They have one chUd. The firm of Peterson Brothers, established a dairy in 1877, with forty-five cows, afterward in- creased their stock to sixty-five ; the partnership was discontinued in April 1880, and Mr. Fred. Peterson is now proprietor of the Accommoda- tion dairy. Christian Peterson came to Minneapolis in 1877, and worked for dairymen until the fall of 1879, when he established himself in the business ; he now has twenty cows. Michael Rey was born in Alsace, in 1826. He came to America in 1849, and was employed in a wholesale store at Saint Louis, until 1859, when he removed to Bunker Hill, Illinois, and engag- ed in farming. In September 1869, he came here and bought the place he now owns. He married at Saint Louis, in 1852. Seven children have been born to them. Mr. Rey has a fine garden, with eighty square feet of hot beds ; he raises strawberries, raspberries and all kinds of vegeta- bles. C. B. Sanborn, a native of Carroll county. New Hampshire, was born in 1827. He learned the tailor's trade and was in the clothing business at Great Falls, New Hampshire, for two years, after that he went to Meredith and carried a general stock of merchandise until 1857, when he came here, and for a time engaged in the grocery busi- ness. He was married to Miss Sarah Hubbard. They had one daughter who died May 3d, 1880, at the age of twenty-one. Mr. Sanborn has thirty-three acres on section 34, and raises all kinds of evergreens adapted to this climate. 352 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. IST. Shepherd was bom at Bedford, Vermont, in 1823. At the age of twenty-one, he went to Lo- well, Massachusetts, and remained four years; he passed two years in Newbury, Vermont, then removed to Ripon, Wisconsin, and carried on a building business for four years, employing about twenty men. He married Lydia Newcomb, who bore liim one son and three daughters. Mr. Shepherd came here in fall of 1877, and the following spring started the " North Star Fruit and Vegetable Garden ;" he makes a specialty of the Wilson and Albany strawberries, the Phila- delphia and Turner raspberries and the Britlania blackberries ;. he also raises a great variety of vegetables, and keeps the different kinds of ever- greens that are adapted to this climate. L. Small was born in 1844, at Pembrook, Maine. When but sixteen years of age, he went to sea, and at twenty-three became captain of the ship Vulcan; after six years, he left the water, and lived in Boston six years, then for two years he engaged in the fishing business. In 1862, he married Miss Robina Ostrom. Mr. Small embarked in the dairy business in March, 1879, and now owns forty cows. The firm of Small and Darling, stock dealers, was established in August 1880, located at Sixth avenue south and Thirty-fourth street. They have a desirable farm of forty acres, and do a general stock busi- ness. C. A. Smith, a native of Wilmington, Ver- mont, was born in 1829. He lived there until thirty-three years of age ; then went to Waltham, Massachusetts, and for seven years was engaged in a bakery. He came to Minnesota, and worked at the carpenter's trade, three years in Northfield, and the same length of time in Minneapolis. He was married in 1850, to Elizabeth A. Jefts, who has borne him five children. Jn 1875, Mr. Smith started his garden of ten acres on section 2, and is doing a thriving business ; he has ex- tensive hot beds, and the green house is a build- ing 75x24 feet. James Smith was born in Scotland, in 1834. For a time he held the position of overseer of the Colzium estate in Sterlingshire, for the late Sir Archibald Edmondstone. In 1871, he came to America, and for five years had charge of a stock farm on Long Island, then of the Thorndall farm in Dutchess coimty. New York, two years, and in the spring of 1876, took possession of the Lyn- dale farm, where he now resides ; this place has the finest bam in Minnesota. Mr. Smith raises the celebrated Jersey cattle, Berkshire swine, Norman horses and Cotswold and Lincoln sheep, all from imported stock ; at the late fair, he re- ceived seven first-class premiums amounting to over 1500. Mr. Smith's wife was Margaret Mc- Vicar, of Scotland, they were married in 1860 Five children have been bom to them. Nils Smith, a native of Denmark, was bom August 17th, 1847. He came to America in 1864; located at Minneapolis, and for three years worked on a farm; he then engaged in the dairy- business for himself ; in 1875, having thirty-five cows, he sold a half interest and in 1877, sold the remainder. In the spring of 1880, he started again with thirty-two cows and now has thii-ty- eight. He owns ten acres of land on section 1 , and forty acres on section 29. In October, 1875, he married Hanne Hansen, who has borne him two children : Soren and Hanne. Captain John Tapper, a native of England, was born in Dorsetshire, on the 25th of March, 1820. He emigrated to America in 1840, and spent the first summer in St. Louis. In the faU he went to Fort Atkinson, Iowa, remained one and one-haK years, then went to Fort Crawford, Wisconsin, and lived until the autumn of 1844, when he re- moved to Fort Snelling. At the beginning of the Mexican war he went to Mexico, with Dr. George Turner, of the United States Army, and re- mained mth him imtil the close of the war, when they returned together to Fort Snelling, and Mr. Tapper engaged with Franklin Steele. He was at the Fort something over a year ; then came to St. Anthony, andmanaged Steele's boarding-house one season ; then took charge of the ferry, and afterward of the first suspension bridge. In 1862 he removed to Iowa, and engaged in farming. He retm-ned m the winter of 1880-81, and located on a farm belonging to the Steele estate, near Minne- haha Falls. On the 8th of August, 1853, he mar- ried Matilda Stinson, of Minneapolis. This was the first marriage which occurred on the west side. Five children have been born to them : Rosie E., Frank II., Willie D., Mary M., and Jesse B. The first four were bom on Nicollet Island, the last one in Iowa. L. Tilleny was bom in Plymouth, England, in SAINT ANTHONY— QENEBAL DESCBIPTION. 353 1881. When a babe he came with his parents to America, and lived in Vermont until March, 1854, when he went to California, where he was en- gaged in mining and the dairy business until 1860. He tlien removed to Wisconsin, and in the fall of 1863 came to Minneapolis, and purchased the farm he still owns, on sections 6 and 7. He is a breeder of the celebrated Norman and Clyde horses, from imported stock. Mr. Tilleny was married, in 1858, to Lydia Stanton. Hiram Van Nest was born in 1831, near San- dusky, Ohio. In early life he moved to Illinois with his parents, and when twenty years of age came to Minneapolis. He attended the first elec- tion held on the west side of the river, and, No- vember ii7th, 1854, lie had placed on record the first warranty deed in Hennepin county. It was Mr. Van Nest who cleared the road from the point where it leaves Lake Calhoun to Minne-ha-haCreek near the Goodrich farm. In 1861 he married Rachel Blaisdell. They have two children living. His farm of 120 acres is on section 10. He raises short-horn cattle, Lincoln and Southdown sheep, and Berkshire swine, from imported stock. SAINT ANTHONY. CHAPTER LV. GENERAL DESCRIPTION— EARLY SETTLEMENT — SCHOOLS ORGANIZATION STATISTICAL CEMETERIES— MANUFACTURES — NURSERY — BIOGRAPHICAL. The township of St. Anthony, formerly em- braced a much larger portion of territory than at present, and with somewhat indefinite boun- daries. Until the year of 1848, it was inchided in the Territorial limits of Wisconsin, from which it was separated by the boundary lines established with the admission of Wisconsin as a State. The whole territory then known as St. Croix county, was, by the newly established bounds, practically without a local government until the territorial organization of Minnesota, in 1849, when the county of St. Croix was divided into Washington and Ramsey counties. St. An- thony remamed a part of Ramsey county until 1856, when by a special act of the Territorial legislature, the boundaries of Hennepin county were extended across the Mississippi river. The original bill included a strip about two miles wide, east of the present limits, which was mod- ified by a joint resolution, fixing the eastern boundary one mile east of its present location, and running south to the line between townships 23 28 and 29, thence due west to the river. This arrangement was never wholly satisfactory, and during the session of 1861, a legislative act ap- proved March 9th, fixed the boundaries of the township as follows : " Commencing on the north line of township 29, range 24, on the Mississippi river, thence due east to a point be- tween sections 5 and 6, township 29, range 23, thence due south on the section line to the Mis- sissippi river, thence up said river to the place of beginning." From the territory included in this description a portion embracing several sections was, March 3d, 1855, carved out for the corpo- rate limits of the city of St. Anthony, leaving the town an ell-shaped tract of about ten sec- tions lying principally north and east of the city. North of the city limits and along the river is wild meadow land, merging into a narrow belt of prairie which is skirted by light timber, per- haps better known as brush-land. The latter is hilly, particularly in the north-west. The soil in the timbered portion is black loam, with clay sub-soil, while the prairie is light sandy loam. There are no large -bodies of water in this town- ship. Sandy Lake, in the north-west is a small marshy lake. Bridal- Veil Falls, on the bank of the Mississippi just below the city, are very beau- tiful. A small creek which rises in Ramsey county, here leaps into the river over a precipice, 354 niSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ■with a sheer descent of about sixty feet. The name originated from the supposed resemblance to the veil of a bride. EAKLT SETTLEMENT. In the fall of 1850, N. O. Phillips and L. C. Timpson made claims on the north-west quarter of section 6, and moved to them the following spring. A little latter, Lewis Stone, and his sons Jacob and Leonard, located on sections 6 and 7, and were followed by Mr. Finch, who took a claim on the south-east quarter of section 6. Pre- vious to these actual settters, several parties living in St. Anthony made claims in the north- west part of the town. William Dugas, lived on his a number of years and ran a ferry across the Mississippi. He now resides in the town of Day- ton. Washington Getchell had a claim on the south-west quarter of section 3, which he sold to Edward Patch. Mr. Phillips still lives on his claim. He was appointed town clerk, October 20th, 1862, and has held the oflBce without inter- ruption until the present time. Mr. Timpson lived on his claim until 1862, when he entered the army. He was a prisoner at Andersonville, and died of ill-treatment received there. He was exchanged, but his death occurred before he could reach the union lines. His widow died in Minneapolis, in August, 1878. Mr. Stone Sr., resided on his claim about fifteen years, then went up to the Platte river where he erected a flouring mill. He subsequently went to Pike's Peak and there died; His son Jacob also moved with his family to Pike's Peak and died there. The son Leonard is now in California. Mr. Finch lived on his claim a few years, then moved to the city, where he died some years ago. Chas. Estes settled on section 2, in 1853, and Elijah Grindall located on section 1 , the following year. Estes still resides in the township and Grindall died in 1872. His son Olin conducts the farm. M. F. Kletzin settled on section 12, in 1856, and still resides here. Louis Kampff came in 1857, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of pottery. The early history of this town is closely allied to that of the city of St. Anthony, and in the chapter on the city will be found the incidents connected with its history. SCHOOLS. The first school-house erected in the township, outside the city, was located on the north-west quarter of section 2, and was built in 1858. It was a frame structure, about 24 x 30 feet, and one story high. The district then included all of the township west of the Sandy Lake road, and is now known as district number one. The house was subsequently moved to its present location on the river road, in the north-west quarter of section 10. The second school-house was built in 1859, on the south-east quarter of section 7, in district number two. The house was a frame, 20x30 feet, and located on section 6. In 1861, this dis- trict was divided, giving the township three dis- tricts, the present number. The buildings belong- ing to districts two and three are good frame structures, and furnished with patent seats and desks. In district number one the old house is still in use. OBGANIZATIOlSr. The township of Saint Anthony was organized May 11th, 1858, and at the meeting held for that purpose, David Heaton was chosen chairman, D., A. Secombe moderator, and Thomas T. ]!fewell clerk. The election for town oflBcers was held the same day, and after the polls were closed, Mr. Secombe resigned as moderator, and D. S. B. Johnston was chosen in his place. The votes were then canvassed, with the following result : Supervisors, J. B. Gilbert, chairman, J. C. Tufts, and Richard Fewer ; Clerk, D. M. Demmon ; As- sessor, J. A. Lennon; Collector, J. W. Ellis; Overseer of Poor, James Holmes ; Justices of the Peace, Solon Armstrong and Anthony Grethen ; Constables, L. C. Johnson and Albert Gowen ; Overseer of Roads, Moses Whittier. The first meeting held separate from the city of St. Anthony was on April 3d, 1860, at the Mississippi House, north of the city on the river road. The oflicers elected were : Supervisors, L. C. Timpson, chairman, Edward Patch, and G. W. Buck- more; Clerk, and Superintendent of Schools, G. F. Cross; Treasurer, D. D. Moore; Assessor, E. W. Grindall ; Justices, Stephen Cobb and Jo- seph Hawes, Jr.; Constables, J. E. Philbrook and John Rank. Following is a list of chairmen of the Town Board, and the years for which they were elected : In 1861-2, G. F. Cross; 1863, Ste- phen Cobb ; 1864 to 1872, inclusive, W. H. Cole ; 1873, Joseph Ingerhutt; 1874, A. H. Weeks; 1875 to 1879, inclusive, Edwin Cooley ; 1880, J. B. SAINT ANTHONY— BIOGBAPHICAL. 365 Eustis. The present officers are: Supervisors, J. B. Eustis, chairman, J. G. Swahn, and M. F. Kletzin; Clerk, N. 0. Phillips; Treasurer, L. Kampff ; Assessor, C. Lennehan ; Justices, Ed- win Cooley and S. M. Moore ; Constable, Cornel- ius Lennehan. STATISTICAL. The township has an area of 5,497 acres, the assessed valuation of which, was in 1869, 53,- 885; in 1875, $219,335; in 1880, $400,449. There are also town lots, not included in the city limits, valued at $89,690. The valuation of personal property, was in 1869, $12,240; in 1875, $18,942; in 1880, $33,786. Number of horses over two years old, in 1869, 82; in 1875, 98; in 1880, 132. Number of cattle over two years old, in 1869, 211; in 1875, 227; in 1880, 239. Number of sheep in 1869, 36; in 1875; 38; in 1880, 28. Number of hogs in 1869, 34; in 1875, 146; in 1880, 405. Total amount of taxes for 1869, $1,699; for 1875, $2,- 291; for 1880, $5,962. In 1869, the production of wheat amounted to 6,553 bushels; in 1875, to 3,638 bushels; in 1880, 610 acres were sown to that cereal. The population of the township is 485, according to the last census. CEMETBEIES. Maple Hill Cemetery is located in the south- west corner of section 6, one mile north of the city limits, and has been in use since 1852, in which year it was established by E. W. Cum- mings. The Catholic Cemetery was established about 1857. It contains sixteen acres, and is located on the north-east quarter of section 11, one mile north of the city limits. MANUFACTURES. In August 1857, Louis Kampff located on sec- tion 10, on the river road, and at once began the manufacture of pottery. His first building, was a log shanty about 16x20 feet. In 1860, he erected a new building, of stone, 20x30 feet, two- stories high. Additions have been made from time to time, as increasing business demanded, and he now has a large establishment with an annual business of from four to five thousand dollars. The Minnesota Rendering and Fertihzing Com- pany, began business in the spring of 1877, under the firm name of P. M. Upham and Com- pany. January 1880, William Wyman became a partner, and the present name was adopted. Their rendering works were first located on Bridal Veil creek, a few rods above the falls, but in 1880, new buildings were erected in the south-east part of the township, near Meeker's Island, and the machinery moved there. The main building is 50x100 feet, three stories high, with an engine room on the east, 28x40, and an addition on the west, 25x30 ; also a black- smith shop, 25x30, and a barn 60x80. This company have an abattoir located on the flats near Saint Paul, with a capacity for killing two hundred cattle and five hundred hogs per day. At the rendering establishment twenty-one persons are employed. The business oflices are at nurnber 11, First street north, Minneapolis, and 64, East Seventh street. Saint Paul. irUESEEY. The Summit Nursery was established on sec- tion 12, about 1862, by Thomas Moulton, and contains nearly thirty acres. This nursery is well stocked with fruit trees and shrubbery adapted to this climate. BIOGBAPHICAL. Adam Burg, a native of Germany, was born in 1826, at the village of Moetsch. He attended school until twelve years of age, and afterward worked on a farm. In 1852 he emigrated with his father to the United States. He resided in Chicago three years. In 1855 he came to Minne- sota, settled at St. Anthony, and has since been a permanent resident of Hennepin county. His wife was Therese Kohler. Their marriage occurred in 1866. Of the nine children born to them, six are living. Charles Estes was born in the town of Cornish, York county, Maine, April, 1835. He engaged in railroad business in Massachusetts for a time, and in 1853 moved with his parents to Minnesota. He located at Anoka, and helped build the first mill-dam at that place. He eventually came to St. Anthony, which is still his home. His father is living with him — a vigorous old gentleman, eighty-seven years of age. Charles Estes enlisted in the Ninth Minnesota Infantry, and served three years. He is one of the old settlers, and has a fine place. The first brick made in this county were manufactured on his farm. His wife 356 HISTOBY OF HFNNHPIN COUNTY. was Mrs. Julia Estes, whom he married in 1872. They have three children living. Elijah W. Grindall (deceased) was born Septem- ber 20th, 1804, at Penobscot, Hancock county, Maine. He received his education in the public schools, and then worked at farming. In Janu- ary, 1826, he married Caroline Higgins, who bore him nine children. Mr. Grindall came to St. An- thony in 1854, after a few months residence in Iowa. He was an energetic farmer, and served as County Commissioner several terms. His death occurred in 1872. Mrs. Grindall and her youngest son, Olin, live at the farm. Ernest Hilgedick, a native of Germany, v as born in 1823. He attended school until sixteen years of age, and was emploved in farming from that time until 1844, when he emigrated *ith his parents to America. He resided in "Warren county, Missouri, until 1850 ; then spent three years in California, where he met with considera- ble success in mining. He came to Minnesota, and purchased a farm in Kamsey county. Lived there imtil he settled in this county, in 1872. His marriage with Lisetta Dothage occurred in 1853. They have ten children. Two of the sons are proprietors of the Edgewood Dairy. Louis KampfE was born in Hanover, North Germany, in 1828. He learned the trade of pot- ter, and came to the United States in 1854, lived three years at Galena, Illinois, then came to St. Anthony, where he has since been engaged in the manufacture of pottery, with success. He was married in 1857, at Galena, Illinois, to Minnie Koehlberg, of that place — seven children were bom to them, six of whom are living. M. F. Kletzin was born in North Prussia, in 1830. In 1852, he came to America and lo- cated at Lockport, New York, where he was en- gaged in gardening until 1856, when he came to St. Anthony, and resided in the city till 1865, then located on the place where he now lives. He has made gardening a successful business. Married in 1861, Johanna Sandhoff, who has borne him two children, but one of whom is living. John Oberlies, a native of Germany, was born in 1834. At the age of fourteen, he began an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade, and in 1853, came to America. He lived in Pennsylva- nia five years, then came to this county, and has since resided in the town of St. Anthony. He was among the first carpenters who worked in Minneapolis. His wife was Miss Katherine Kess- ler, whom he married in 1854. They have had eight children, of whom five are living. Nathan O. Phillips, one of the oldest settlers of St. Anthony township, was born in Windham county, Vermont, in 1822. He attended the pub- lic schools, until the age of eighteen, and was also engaged in the occupations of farmer and carriage builder. In 1844, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, and found employment in a wholesale paper establishment, where he re- mained about six years, and in 1850, came to St. Anthony. He lived there one year then made the claim where he has since re- sided. He has been clerk of the town for the last eighteen years. He was married in 1849, to Mary A. Philbrook. Four children have been born to them, two now living: Eugnia F. and Proctor H. C. J. Swanson was born in Smoland, South Sweden. He emigrated to the United States in 1869, and settled in McLeod county, Minnesota; one year later he cam e to Minneapolis. He began the maimf acture of brick in 1876. The business has since been prosperous. The yards are located on the east side of the river, three miles north of the city and furnish employment to forty-five men and ten teams. He was married in 1876, to Christine Johnson, who has borne him one child. Frank Thiry, a native of France, was born February 25th, 1835. He engaged in farming till 1853 when he came to America. After a residence of two years in New York, where he learned the tinners' trade, he removed to Utica, thence to Illinois, and worked at his trade at Napierville. In 1857 he came to Saint Anthony and worked as tinner for Spence and Pomeroy. In 1860 he established a hardware and tin store, and carried on the business five years, then took as partner, Charles Henry, and the firm of Frank Thiry and Company did a successful busi- ness for about ten years. Mr. Thiry was obliged to leave the city on account of ill-health, and has since lived -on his farm. He still owns the business house, number 9, Main street, E. D. He was married in 1860, to Caroline Stolzman; they have had eight children, seven of whom are living. INTBOBUCTOBY. 357 CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS. CHAPTEE LYI. INTEODUCTOEY— CLAIMS— FBAKKLIlSr STEELE — BOTJKDAEIES FIKST DEED— AFFIDAVIT OF SPENCE— NAVIGATION— SETTLBKS AND LUM- BERMEN — STORES — MILL ERECTED — MISFOR- TUNES. Waterfalls have always borne magic with them. It sparkles in their spray and shines in their rain- bows. Fairy stories are based on legends of mount- ain cascades, and good or bad spirits were in an- cient times supposed to hover around them to influ- ence the lives of visitors. Waverly has peopled the crags and glens of old Scotland with spirits wher- ever a well or waterfall was to be found. The poor Indian whose imagination could not extend so far, looked at the " Ka-ka-bi-ka Irara " as the abode of his Manitou. Jonathan Carver writes that, on his first visit to the falls, which happened about 1767, he was accompanied by a chief of the Winnebagoes. He says: " The Prince had no sooner gained the point that overlooked this wonderful cascade than he began with an audible voice to address the Great Spirit, one of whose places of residence he imagined this to be. He told Him that he had traveled a long way to pay his adorations to Him, and now would make Him the best offering in his power. He, accordingly, first threw his pipe into the stream, then the roll that contained his tobacco; after these the bracelets he wore upon his arms and wrists; next an ornament that encircled his neck and the ear- rings from his ears. In short, he presented to his God every part of his dress that was valuable. During this time he frequently smote his breast with great violence, threw his arms about, and appeared to be much afflicted. All this while he continued his adorations, arid at length concluded them with fervent petitions that the Great Spirit would constantly afford us protection on our travels, giving us a bright sun, a blue sky and clear untroubled waters. Nor would he leave until we had smoked together, with my pipe, in honor of the Great Spirit." The white man, who has usurped both hunting-ground and water-fall, worshiped money more than the God of Nature, and looked to the precious yellow metal to cure every disease and afford him both comfort and protection. He did not, like the Indian, fall down and worship the spirit of the falls; stUl, after admiring the beauty, he proceeded with lead and line to take its measurement, estimate its capacity to drive machinery, take its geographical situation with reference to commercial centres, and with mathematical estimates speculate on its future value. The Indian and his romantic vis- ions have passed away, and his Manitou has been forever dethroned. The falls themselves have covered their natural charms in answer to the be- hest of knowledge and progress. The new di- vinity, that has taken the abode of the Indian's Manitou, in obedience to the custom established when knowledge first crept into the Garden of Eden, is in one sense a god. The element of power, at least, remains; that element which to most men is the important attribute of Deity, to which in their view, knowledge, justice and good- ness are subordinate. This, with almost absolute sway, has determined the site of a great city, has compelled capital to come from afar to develop the resources of the great North-west, has gath- ered a population of fifty thqusand people as devotees in its immediate vicinity, and more than twenty thousand more of farmers and smaller merchants to feed the central industry. No wand of fairy queen or " nod " of Indian Manitou was ever knovm to produce such a result. It is the purpose of this history to trace the development from the first. In the year 1886, a territory existed in the North-west,called Wisconsin, organized that year, and including within its boimds, in addition to 368 HISTOBY OF HEIfNEPIN COUNTY. what is now "Wisconsin, part of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole of Minnesota and Iowa, and that part of Dakota lying east of the Missouri and White Earth rivers. At the intersection of the Mississippi river and the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, the waters of the mighty river poured over precipitous rocks, forming a beautiful water-fall, which had been de- scribed by many explorers as picturesque, and possibly of great value in the future. Such reports had prevailed for one himdred and fifty years, without eliciting general attention. Major Plympton, of the 5th United States In- fantry, successor of Major Bliss in command at Fort Snelhng, and others, made a claim at St. Anthony Falls, in 1836, and built a log house. In 1837, Sergeant Carpenter, of Company A of the same regiment, stationed at the Fort, made a claim adjoining that of Major Plympton, et al., on the north. In the summer of 1838, Franklin Steele appears as an interested partner in the claim of Major Plympton. Mr. Steele first arrived at Fort Snelling in 1837, as will appear in his biography, but though it would appear that from the first he purposed to secure the claim at the falls, still he waited the proper time to arrive, and in the meantime became interested in busi- ness at the Falls of St. Croix. The circumstances attending his pre-emption are as follows: The steamer Burlington, Captain Throckmor- ton, arrived at Fort Snelling June 13th, 1838, having on board Franklin Steele, who had been spending the winter at Washington, P. F. Baker, a trader located near Fort Snelling, Captain Ma- ryatt of the British navy, and General Atkinson, U. S. A. The next day the whole party rode out to the Falls of St. Anthony. Five days after this, the steamboat Ariel arrived from St. Louis, and a Mr. Beebe, one of the passengers, an- nounced the rumor that the United States Senate had ratified the treaty with the Indians, by virtue of which the lands between the St. Croix and the Mississippi were ceded to the United States. It was not, however, till the 15th of July, that the official notice was brought by the steamer Pal- myra. The first report created much interest among the aspirants for claims in the newly acquired territory, but the confirmation led to decided action. It is said that in June, 1888, and, if this be a correct date, before the official notice was re- ceived, Franklin Steele and Captain L. Scott, of the Fifth U. S. Infantry, set out post haste for the Falls of St. Anthony, each anxious to secure the best claim, including the falls. Captain Scott came up on the west side of the river, but was unable to cross, while Mr. Steele, who took the east bank, in company with assistants, was able to make a shanty ready to entertain his friends from the Fort when they made the detour neces- sary to join him on the opposite bank. In reply to the allegation of Scott that the claim had been previously occupied by him in company with others, Mr. Steele answered, that their claim was void, for two reasons; first, be- cause made before the ratification of the treaty, and, secondly, because of the incapacity of the claimants to pre-empt land while holding military offices under the government. This claim continued to be known for some time as the claim of Major Plympton and others. An old voyageur, named La Grue, was placed in charge, occupying a log house opposite the falls, and until 1839 took care of the claim. His stewardship ended in a tragical manner. Owing to the distance of supplies and the semi-barbarous method of subsistence, of which hunting and fishing formed an important part. La Grue was frequently absent from home on a visit to the Fort or the government farm, to secure supplies, or on some hunting or fishing excursion. On re- turning from one of these, as he approached his hut, he saw from the high ground the smoking ruins of his cabin. Hurrying to the spot, he not only found everything burned, but the charred remains of his wife were also among the debris. The fire was supposed to be accidental, but no explanation could be obtained where none lived to explain. After grieving over his loss, he set out to go around by the island to cross the river and seek shelter at tlie government farm by the mill on the west side, but met a party of Chip- pewas, who had come down from the north to secure a few Dakota scalps. They received him at their camp, as night was coming on, and af- forded him such comfort as they could give. La Grue after this left the country. One Charles Landry, also a French voyageur, was next placed in charge of the claim by Mr. Steele. His irregularities were more blamable CLAIMS AND TBANSFEBS. 359 than those of La Grue, for, returning from a somewhat extended absence, he found his cabin occupied, guarded and barred against him by some intruder. An adventurer, named James Mink, linowing the irregularities of the steward, had "jumped" the claim in his absence, and as the intruder seemed prepared and disposed to maintain his position, Landry left him in possess- sion and reported the outrage to Mr. Steele at the Port. Mr. Steele recovered his claim by purchase of Mink, paying him several hundred dollars, and Joseph Reachi was put in charge. He was a Canadian voyageur and came from the Tort bringing his wife, five sons and two daughters. In 1838, two houses, one each side of the river, were the only dwellings in what is now Minne- apolis. These were the old government house built in 1822, and the log house of Franklin Steele. . The Plympton claim was bounded on the north by a line beginning at a large cedar tree, situated on the east bank of the river, opposite where the "coffer dam" now is, thence at right angles to the river indefinitely. It will appear from this and following descriptions,that the boundaries of these first claims were usually undefined, except where claims adjoined, and it was long before their east- em boundaries were fixed at all, as claims were not made except on the river. The Mississippi formed the western boundary. The southern boundary was a line beginning at a point opposite the lower end of Spirit Island, thence easterly at right angles to the river indefinitely, as stated of the northern boundary. The Carpenter claim, made as stated above, in 1837, was bounded on the south by the Plympton claim, west by the river; the northern and eastern bounds were left indefinite, the whole to contain about three hundred and twenty acres. These two claims embraced all the lands near the falls on the east side, esteemed valuable by claim- ants. November 8th, 1838. Sergeant Nathaniel Car- penter transferred to Private Thomas Brown, also of Company A, 5th United States Infantry, an un- divided half of his claim, for twenty-five dollars, and a log house was built on the claim by the joint owners, situated near the river, at a place between what are now Third and Fourth Avenues north-east. The instrument by which tliis first transfer of real estate now included in the city of Minneapolis was made, describes the lands as in the county of Crawford and Territory of Wisconsin, and is dated at Fort Snelling, Iowa Territory, signed and sealed by Nathaniel Carpenter, in the presence of Geo. W. P. Leonard. Thomas Brown conveyed his interest, May 6th, 1840, to Peter Quinn, of St. Peter, Iowa Territory, by an in- strument attached to the former deed, signed by his mark and witnessed by Norman W. Kittson. Peter Quinn sold the same. May 1st, 1845, to S. J. Findley and R. P. Russell. The last two transfers were very loosely made, without seal and without naming a consideration. Moreover, Quinn, who by deed had become entitled to an undivided half, after naming his interest adds in a parenthesis, " Half claim say north portion." Findley and Rus- sell deeded. May 9th, 1846, to Pierre Bottineau, This deed describes the property as a certain tract of United States land in the Territory of Wiscon- sin, St. Croix county, on the Mississippi river, above the Falls of St. Anthony, etc., containing one hundred and sixty acres, more or less, and names the consideration, one hundred and fifty dollars. This instrument is in the handwriting of Joseph R. Brown, and is witnessed by Mr. Brown and P. Prescott. It is signed and sealed by Find- ley and Russell. Notes of the transfers of the property and private history of the family have been preserved by J. B. Bottineau, to whom we are indebted. It appears from. notes of J. B. Bottineau that a transfer of the undivided half interest remain- ing in Sergeant Carpenter, after his deed to pri- vate Brown, was made to other parties, and be- came the property of Mr. Bottineau in 1844. In 1842 or '43, Petit John made a claim south of Mr. Steele's claim. After this date Major Plympton ceased to be known in connection witli the claim originally made by liim. In 1845 Bottineau pur- chased of Petit John his claim which extended from Mr. Steele's claim south indefinitely on the river, but was recognized as including the lands now known as University lands. Joseph Rondo made a claim in 1843, north of the Carpenter claim. The other boundaries were quite indefinite. He was aggressive and trouble- some, and wanted to encroach on the Carpenter claim, especially on Boom Island. Witnesses who established the line in I838,were 360 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. brought to prove the original bounds of the Car- penter claim on the north. A copy of his certifi- Ciate is given: " This is to certify that I helped James Mink to run certain lines on claims belonging to Mr. Mink (now said claim belonging to Mr. P. Steele) and one belonging to Mr. Quinn, lying on the east side of the Mississippi river, near the Falls of Saint Anthony. I do hereby certify that the northern line of the claim now belonging to S. J. rindley and R. P. Russell was run by me, in the year 1838, then belonging to Mr. P. Quinn. The said line was marked to commence on a large elm tree, near the shore, above the small island in the Mississippi river opposite said claiming. '5'he said northern line was marked according to law, the trees all in a line, running due north- east from the river, or from above said elm tree, were blazed on four sides, as well as could be done then. This is to certify that according to the way the above said northern line of said claim was drawn, that Joseph Rondo has no claim whatever to it; that said Rondo drew his line inside of the above said line, some two or three years after, September 9th, 1845. Babtist Spbnce. Witness, Peter Hayden." While Rondo, who lived at Saint Paul, was absent from his claim, Mr. Bottineau with others, dragged his little claim cabin by a yoke of cattle, out a mile or more north, at such distance that they thought themselves safe from his encroach- ments. In the fall of 1845, Rondo, finding his claim too far north, and his shanty having been re- moved to a distance, abandoned his claim alto- gether. Now, the whole east side belonged to two men, Franklin Steele and Pierre Bottineau. After this, Bottineau gave part of his claim to Louis Desjarlais, his brother-in-law. In the spring of 1845, Mr. Bottineau and Desjarlais moved on their claims from St. Paul. Mr. Bot- tineau had a family, consisting of a wife and three children. His two brothers, Severre and Charles, lived with him. In 1845, the old Petit John house, south of the Steele claim, was occupied by Baptiste Turpin, a voyageur and half-breed, though the claim was still the property of Pierre Bottineau. Pascal and Sauverre St. Martin, Canadian Frenchmen, made a claim below the Petit John claim, which included a small portion of the southern part of the university land, extending indefinitely. The total population of what is now Minneap- olis consisted at this time of less than fifty souls, and these were scattered along the east side of the river guarding their own claims or those of their employers. One man, whom they called Old Maloney, lived at the government mill on the other side of the river, where he had been em- ployed four or five years. St. Anthony Falls, at this time, boasted only one shingled house, that belonging to Frank- lin Steele and occupied by Reachi. The others were covered with elm bark or sod. Navigation was undertaken in 1842, in a primitive way on the Upper Mississippi, above the Falls. The crafts used were a style called Mackinaw boats. These were keel-boats rigged for both rowing and saihng, manned by eight voyageursand carried four tons burden, or eighty to one hundred packages. These packages were calculated in weight and form for convenient handling. In case a portage was reached, the voyageurs were required each to carry two of these at a load on their backs any distance re- quired. The first package was swung on his own back by means of the strap used in carrying, by the voyageur himself; the second package was placed on top of this by his companions. The whole load was equal in weight to a barrel of flour. These boats were operated by Pierre Bot- tineau, in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany, carrying supplies from St. Anthony Falls to Sauk Rapids and Little Rock. After experi- ence it was found that these boats, on account of their keel, drew too much water to pass bars and shallows in the river durmg low water, and flat- boats of larger size were substituted, manned with twenty-two men and propelled by poles. These boats were employed in transporting goods to various points from St. Anthony Falls to Fort Ripley, for the American Fur Company and for the United States government; both military stores and Indian goods for the upper country. Nicollet Island at this time was covered with magnificent maples, and three or four sugar camps were opened for successive years by the various families living near. The implements SETTLERS FROM THE EAST. 361 used were the very rudest. Birch-bark pans were used to catch the sap which flowed from a gash made by the Frenchman's ax. Kettles, swung from crotched sticks, boiled down the precious liquid. These spring days were the sweetest of the year to the uncultivated inhabitants. These early days remind us of the Darwinian theory, and may be considered as an illustration of that philosopher's doctrine. In the first place, there is the hodge-podge or chaotic condition of the country under Indian brutality, a mixture of Ojibwas, Sioux, Winnebagoes and numerous tribes and combination of tribes, which we may denominate the "Nebular condition." Then came in French voyageurs, a higher, or more en- lightened race, with beads and gew-gaws to en- tice the Indian maidens, illustrating the theory of " Natural Selection." " The struggle for ex- istence," and the " Survival of the fittest," each find a most vigorousillugtratio.n,. The lineaments and habits of the whites appear in these men as imitations or caricatures of the race. The ine- vitable " Struggle for existence " began in earn- est when actual settlers moved in and took claims, for we can hardly regard Mr. Steele as a settler in St. Anthony at this time, since he never lived on his claim, but only attempted to hold it by a color of title, employing a tenant to live in the cabin. Peter Quinn obtained a claim here, but it was subsequenty absorbed by Franklin Steele as well as one taken by his son-in-law Findley. Mr. Steele now owned the most valuable portion of St. Anthony, including the Falls, and, from his social and financial position as well by his natural abilities, became not only the most inter- ested, but the most powerful friend of the new settlement. His claim at St. Anthony Falls was a little in advance of the wheels of progress, but he kept his foot firmly on it until the rest of the world came up with him. He lived near the Fort where he held out a hospitable hand to all new- comers, and encouraged the settlement. Mr. Steele opened a farm of seven acres and em- ployed a man to fence and cultivate it until he entered it and perfected his title in 1848, by pay- ing the usual price, one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. The changes to 1847, were, in addition to the facts already given, exchanges among the owners of claims, of little more import to our history than the swapping of jack-knives among a party of school boys, for settlers came in 1847 who added tone to business, and soon obliterated all traces of these petty trades. In an address of Judge Atwater's we find that Charles Wilson was the first American settler at St. Anthony. He arrived in the spring of 1847. In June of this year, William A. Cheever ob- tained a claim near the present site of the Uni- versity. Through him a negotiation was opened with parties from the East for a purchase of the water-power, which culminated July 10th, in the sale by Mr. Steele of nine-tenths of the water- power of St. Anthony Falls to Hon. Robert Ran- toul, Caleb Cushing and others for twelve thousand dollars, and measures were at once taken for the erection of mills. Mr. Ard Godfrey was secured from Maine to superintend the con- struction of a mill, and arrived in the fall of 1847. Mr. Jacob Fisher, of St. Croix, directed the first work in the construction of the dam previous to the arrival of Ard Godfrey. During this year John Rollins, Calvin A. Tuttle, Luther Patch and his son Edward, Sumner W. Farnham, Caleb D. Dorr, Robert W. Cummings, Charles W. Stimpson, R. P. Russell, John McDonald, Samuel Ferrald, Joseph and William R. Marshall, Daniel Stanchfield and others arrived. Luther Patch brought his wife and two daughters, who were the first resident white women at St. Anthony. Calvin Tuttle also brought his family. R. P. Russell brought a stock of goods from the Fort, where he had been since 1839, and, in connection with Mr. Tuttle, opened a small store, the first in St. An- thony, in a room of the log house on Mr. Steele's claim, occupied at the same time as a residence by Luther Patch and family. Under these favor- able circumstances for acquaintance, it is not surprising that this history records the marriage of Mr. Russell and Miss Patch October 3d, 1848, the first wedding in St. Anthony. In the spring of 1849, William R. Marshall, afterward Governor of the state, established a small store in company with his brother Jo- seph M., in a building on Main street, next above the former residence of John Rollins. Disregarding the small stock of goods kept as stated in a private house by Mr. Russell, this is called by Gov. Marshall 362 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. the first store in St. Anthony. In the fall of the same year Mr. K. P. Russell and his partner, Mr. Cruttenden, opened a store on Main street above the end of the present bridge; counting Marshall's first, this was the second store. John G. Lennon opened the next in connection with the American Fur Company, P. Choteau & Co., whose main office was in New York, with a branch at St. Louis, also located on Main street. In 1851, John H. Stevens opened a store in connection with Mr. Steele, under the name of John II. Stevens and Company. In the fall of 1849 the first steps in lumbering were taken and a gang of men sent up the Mississippi river to Swan river, by Mr. Steele, to secure timber for the proposed mill. They paid the Sioux chief, Hole-in-the-Day, two hundred dollars for fifty sticks of hewed timber. This timber was caught at Pike Eapids, nine miles above Sauk Eapids; and frozen in, but was mostly secured as it came down in the spring. A gang sent up Eum River to obtain timber for the dam were even more un- fortunate, for their logs were frozen in at the mouth of Rum River, and wholly lost in the spring freshet, involving a loss of |3,000. The work must, however, go on during the winter, and the beautiful maple and elm groves on Nicollet and Hennepin Islands were ruthlessly sacrificed to fm-nish the lumber requisite. A block-house was built that fall, near the end of the present stone-arch bridge leading to Nicollet Island, which was called the " Old Mess-house," for the men employed on the dam during the winter, and Da- vid Gorham acted in the capacity of cook. Ard Godfrey, who also brought his family, lived in a comfortable house near the mill, situated on what is now Main Street, just below the falls. His daughter Ilattie was the first white child born at St. Anthony. The winter of 1847-8 was fraught with misfor- tunes to the settlers. The boat in which their supplies from the East were conveyed was sunk in the Erie Canal. The hardware, of which they were greatly in need, was wholly lost. This caused great scarcity of tools with which to carry forward their building. The winter was severe, and provisions were scarce and high. Women were too few to do the cooking, and men were forced to act as cooks and housekeepers. The old government saw-mill was a poor affair and worked slowly ; its utmost capacity was but three or four hundred feet per day, and the settlers were forced to bring lumber from the St. Croix. Worst of all, Rantoul and Gushing failed to meet their pay- ments,and when their paper came back protested, it was a source of great embarrassment to Mr. Steele, and, as all depended on him, to the whole settlement, its effects continued to be felt for some time. In spite of all difficulties, Mr. Steele's mill began to run in the spring of 1848, and many of the inconveniences disappeared. Many new set- tlers came in, and new houses were rapidly built. The first built from the new lumber were one for Mrs. Huse, and part of that occupied by Richard Rogers, built by Washington Getchell ; also one built by him for his own residence. CHAPTER LVII. DESCRIPTION OF SCEKERY IN 1847 — GOVERK- MENT LAND SALES- — SURVEYS ORGANIZA- TION OF TERRITORY — LITERARY AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS — EVENTS OF 1849-50. The early explorers, visitors and pioneer settlers have vied with each other in extolling the beau- ties of this region in its origmal glory. We have Father Hennepin's and Jonathan Carver's de- scriptions at an early day, and in later times novelists and poets have immortalized its scenery. It will be appropriate to this history to give briefly the impressions produced upon the pioneer settlers who arrived in the fall of 1847, just at the time the work on the dam commenced, and before the beauties as God made them had been marred by the hand of man, and at the same time give a picture of the settlement at this date which properly belongs to this chapter. Visitors arriving on foot, the usual mode of travel in those days, obtained their first view of the Falls of St. Anthony from the high ground where the University now stands. At this point they would halt spell bound, and reclining on the green grass take in the magnificent view. The SCHNEBY IN 1847. 363 fall was the central figure, where the mighty Father of Waters leaps over the limestone rocks twenty-five or thirty feet to the foot of the preci- pice, extending in nearly a straight line from Hennepin Island to the east bank, forming a gentle curve from the island to the west bank. The roaring of the fall seemed to threaten the solid land, but the rainbow of promise beckoned on the traveler, inviting his approach and holding out rich rewards. Just below the falls, but in the midst of their spray, was a little green island called " Spirit Island." An old Indian legend makes it the abode of an Indian mother who threw herself with her child into the river and went down into the seething water in anguish of heart because her lord and master brought a new wife into the wigwam. The banks and the islands were covered with beautiful evergreens. At the right, the banks slope gently from the high land above to the bank of the stream, while still farther to the right, above the rising ground, was a level expanse varied by clusters of oaks of low growth which gave the appearance of an old orchard. Still further as a back-ground, extend- ing as far as the eye could reach, a line of low bluffs. On the left was spread out a beautiful rolling prairie covered with a wild luxuriance of grass and flowers, while on the bank near the falls appeared a low pile of limestone, which proved on approach to be the old government mill that grinds a little corn and saws a little lumber in a rude and primitive manner. At this time the falls were nearly perpendicular, and that of the main channel many hundred feet lower down than the present fall. Spirit Island, now almost washed away, was then of considerable size and covered with wood, and only a little way below the main fall. Cataract, Hennepin and Nicollet Islands were densely wooded. Opposite the falls, but a little removed from the bank on the east side, stood the log cabin of Mr. Steele, with a few acres of com growing near it, at what is now the comer of Second Avenue South and Main Street, East Division. The block house then building, Pierrie Botti- neau's house on the bank of the river above the head of Nicollet Island, Calvin A. Tuttle's claim shanty near the ravine north of the University, and two or three French squatter's cabins were all that marked the presence of man. Mr. Luther Patch, with two interesting daughters, Marion and Cora, were living in the old log house of Mr. Steele. The former soon became Mrs. K. P. Eussell, and the latter Mrs. Joseph M. Marshall. At this date Saint Paul, which soon after assumed the position of the commercial centre for the North-west, was little in advance of this poor showing for Saint Anthony, and shrewd men whose wit often comes afterward, now assert that, as the Mississippi is easily navigable to a point three miles below the Falls of Saint An- thony, if the claim held in 1847 by Denoyer, three miles down the riVer, had became the property of such men as built up Saint Paul and Minne- apolis, the commercial center might have been made there, and thus brought in close proximity to what God ordained should be the manufactur- ing centre. Had this happened, doubtless this dual city would long since have become by the union of three, a city of more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, with vastly greater wealth than the present aggregate of all. It must be borne in mind that up to this time these lands still belonged to the United States government. No survey had been made and no title to the land had been or could be conveyed until such survey was made and recorded. Set- tlements, therefore, previous to this were simply squatters' claims, and transfers of claims hereto- fore, had been in anticipation of the survey and government land sale. The sale took place in 1848 and the lands were entered by the several claimants at the government price, one dollar and a quarter per acre. The rights of each were strictly regarded although it was now certain that the claims were quite valuable. It would further appear that some of the claims adjoining, or near Mr. Steele's were held by the claimants under a contract with Mr. Steele, or were bought by him immediately after the survey and entry, for, he is represented as having obtained at the government price, a tract extending from where the bridge now is "to the northern limits of the village, and another at the upper end of the town and the island called Boom Island." From the fact that titles and transfers about this time appear a little mixed, it is inferred that measures were taken by Mr. Steele to cover such lands as he thought most valuable, by employing others to hold them until under the color of purchase 364 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. the claims were, according to previous contract, transferred to him. In the spring of 1848, as stated above, Mr. Steele's mill was complete and running two single sash saws. During this year Mr. Cheever platted and laid out a town where he first located, near the present site of the University. This seems to have been a year of preparation for the incom- ers of 1849, who came in considerable numbers; but the character of the men was of greater sig- nificance than their numbers; such men as Col. John H. Stevens, Judge Bradley B. Meeker, Dr. John H. Murphy, the GetchellsJ Farnlmms, etc., etc. In the spring of this year Wm. E. Mar- shall, afterward Governor of the state, came to reside at St. Anthony. He had visited here in the fall of 1847, at which time he made a claim in the rear of what is now the upper town, and cut logs for a cabin, but could find no team to draw them together, and abandoned the claim for more promising employment on the St. Croix Eiver. On his return, in the spring of 1849, he secured his old claim and erected his house. This subsequently formed Marshall's addition to St. Anthony. Mr. Steele, in further preparation for new- comers, employed Wm. E. Marshall to survey into blocks and lots the town site of St. Anthony. Mr. S. P. Folsom had begun a survey previously, but it was not completed and was superseded by the new survey. Gov. Marshall states that he tried to secure generous-sized lots and wide streets. The lots were made sixty-six feet front by one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and the streets all eighty feet wide except Main street, ■ which was made one hundred feet. Mr. Botti- neau, who had never seen a city, and had a very imperfect conception of one, or the use of all this measurement, for, since he had never learned to read, he had never real of a city, after listening to the conversation of the land speculators, di- rected Mr. Marshall to take his land and fix it like the others, or do as he pleased with it. From this year, dates the real growth of St. Anthony. In addition to those mentioned above, we find Hon. J. W. North, Joljn G. Lennon, J. P. Wilson, and twenty more of names that have be- come of great interest in connection with the de- velopment of the city. This year was a time of general stir and prosperity. Mr. Steele started two more saws. Anson Northrup began the St. Charles hotel. About this time Mr. Steele sold to Arnold W. Taylor, of Boston, an undi- vided half interest in his property at the Falls, for $20,000. This proved subsequently a damage to the settlement, for Mr. Taylor, an eccentric old man, could not agree with any one, and two years after, Mr. Steele thought himself fortunate in buying back the property for $25,000. Litiga- tions growing out of this transaction were pro- ductive of evil, and retarded the growth of the city. The population did not exceed three hun- dred. Near the river were most of the newly built houses, unpainted, but fresh and bright from the recently sawn lumber, while back from the river were log houses already stained by the hand of time. During the year the territory was organized in June, in accordance wdth an act of congress passed March 3d, 1849. The area embraced in the territory was nearly double that of the present state. Pursuant to a proclamation of the governor, courts were organized for the territory of Min- nesota in August. The President appouited Aaron Goodrich, Daniel Cooper, and Bradley B. Meeker, judges in the several districts. Judge Meeker removed at this time from Kentucky to St. Anthony, and held his first court in the old government mill, August 20th, 1849, with Frank- lin Steele, foreman of the grand jury. JohnKoU- ins was elected to the Territorial Council, and William E. Marshall, to the House of Represen- tatives from St. Anthony, and William Dugas from Little Canada, which was united with St. Anthony, in the same representative district. At the meeting of the Legislature, at St. Paul, which had been made temporary capital by the act organizing the territory, a bill was introduced to make it the permanent capital. This bill was opposed by Mr. JMarshall and others, and a vig- orous, though inellectual attempt was made to locate it at St. ^\.nthony. The struggle was aided . by a fore-ruinier of " IS'ast " who caricatured it by a picture of a building, representing a Capitol on wheels with ropes attached by means of which Mr. Marshall was tugging away, endeavoring to drag the building off, while Bronson, Jackson and others of St. Paul were pulling back and blocking the wheels, with humorous and laconic speeches is- POSI-OFFICE AND SCHOOL-BOUSE. 365 suing from their mouths. The struggle, however, led. ultimately to the establishment of the Uni- versity at St. Anthony as a partial equivalent. During this year, the first post-offlce was estab- lished in a small office building belonging to Mr. Steele, with Ard Godfrey as postmaster. Cap- tain John KoUins ran a passenger wagon occa- sionally to St. Paul, but Mr. Godfrey had no reg- ular mail-carrier until the next year, 1850, when Powers and Willoughby established a line of daily stages between St. Paul and St. Anthony. In 1849, Mr. Godfrey obtained the mail at irreg- ular intervals as he could from St. Paul. It had previously been a matter of serious mo- ment, and attended, too, with much apprehension to perceive the approach of a long cold winter, in a country where few of the necessaries of life were produced, where the settlers were depen- dent on supplies brought from a distance by means of very uncertain and irregular communi- cation, where few were able to secure large stores in advance, and were liable to be cut off for weeks together from communicating with the outside world. In the winter of 1849, social en- joyments began, as the direct result of increased population, and the arrival of educated and agreea- ble people as well as better houses and more of the luxuries of life. Mr. and Mrs. North lived in a house near the center of Nicollet Island. Their approach was by a floating bridge, formed by the accumulation of logs for the mills, except when the ice of winter, bridged the entire river. Mrs. North had a piano, the first at the falls, and weekly meetings were held at the house for read- ing, conversation and music. Mr. Marshall pro- cured the passage of a bill incorporating a libraiy association, and nearly two hundred volumes were obtained, and thus the first public library in Min- nesota, was founded. A course of public lectures was instituted during the winter; the lecturers were Hon. M. S. Wilkinson, Gen. R. W. John- ston, then Lieutenant at Fort Snelling, Eev. Father Gear, Rev. E. D. Neill, Elder Chauncey Hobart, Putnam P. Bishop and others. In the summer of 1849, the first public school was op- ened, in a small log shanty by Miss Electa Bachus. In the fall a small school-house was built, the first within the present limits of Hennepin county. During the winter following. Rev. E. D. Neill, of St. Paul, preached every other Sunday afternoon, in this school-house. He stated that his congre- gation was larger at St. Anthony than at St. Paul, where he also preached in the morning. Eev. E. D. Neill delivered the first lecture in the course, in the winter of 1849. The lectures were given in the school-house. Referring to this course of lectures in an address before the Old Settlers Association, Mr. Neill said : " Allusion has been made to the first course of lectures given at the Falls, the introductory to which was delivered under difficulties. It was announced that the course would open on the night of December 26th, 1849. The lecturer had dined at the residence of one of the best educated and most energetic men of the Upper Mississippi Valley, the late Charles W. Borup, then residing at Mendota. After a late dinner, Doctor Borup, with his sleigh and a pair of spirited horses, started with the lecturer for the Falls. " It took but a few minutes to reach the Fort, but after its walls were passed it was dark, and fresh snow had obscured the path, whicli was sel- dom traveled. Soon the horses carried the sleigh into the cellar of a house that had been destroyed, but they quickly clambered out. At last the old government mill was reached, and the horses cau- tiously descended the bluff, to the frozen river. The cakes of ice were jammed perpendicularly, and there were long hollows between, and as the sleigh would pass over, the ice-hillocks would break down with a loud crash, and more than once the thought arose upon the part of the occu- pants, whether the sleigh would halt before it touched bottom. After slow and cautious driving, the east side of Hennepin Island was reached, only to find a large air-hole. Escaping this by a long detour, firm land was touched once more, and as the sleigh approached the school-house John Rollins met it, and in a very kind voice, but at the time it seemed a cool way, told the lecturer he was about ten minutes too late, and that the audience had gone home. Sadder, if not wiser and "warmer" men, the horses were turned around, and driver and lecturer reached Mendota at bed time. The people of the Falls were still determined to have the lecture, and soon after, Wm. R. Marshall, the late governor of the State, who had organized the Library Association, came in a sleigh after the lecturer. In the midst of a heavy snow-storm they drove to St. Anthony from HISTOBT OF HENNHPIN' COUNTY. St. Paul, and the lecture was delivered, and an abstract of it published as an appendix to the first address before the Minnesota Historical Society." This year, 1849, was a prosperous one in all de- partments; preparations were made for the build- ing of churches. The Baptist Church was or- ganized in July, 1850. through the instrumental- ity of J. P. Parsons and W. P. Brown, and in August, the Methodist by Pev. J. G. Putnam and Mr. Newcomb. The Congregational Church, in which the First Presbyterian Church, organized in September, 1850, was merged, was organized November, 1851, with Key. C. Seccombe in charge. In 1852, the Episcopal Church was organized by Rev. Dr. E. G. Gear and T. Wilcoxson, and the Universalist, by Rev. S. Barnes. In 1850 some events of interest occurred. During this year several successful attempts were made to navigate the Mississippi to St. An- thony, already mentioned under Hennepin county. The failure to establish regular com- munication induced some to transfer their resi- dence to St. Paul. A purse of two hundred dol- lars was made up for the "Anthony Wayne," because she established St. Anthony as the head of navigation. The only difficulty was that it would not stay established. In 1850 occurred the exciting election for Dele- gate to Congress, in which Mr., now Gov., Sibley and Col. Alexander M. Mitchell were opposing candidates. Messrs. Sibley and Rice had been partners in the Indian trading interests in con- nection with the great house of Pierre Choteau, Jr., & Co. A quarrel arose in the fall of 1849, in consequence of which Mr. Rice left the firm. General Sibley was at this time delegate to con- gress, and had done good service in securing the passage of the territorial bill, but every effort was made by Gov. Rice and his supporters to defeat him by putting forward and supporting Col. Mitchell. The fears and jealousies of the people, were aroused concerning the monopoly exercised by the Pur company, and under the cry of "Anti- monopoly," local issues were made at St. An- thony that arrayed many unwillingly against General Sibley. The distinguished novelist, Erederica Bremer, visited here in 1850. In her book, "Homes in the New World," she makes happy allusions to this visit. Mr. North and others had difficulty in getting her across the floating bridge to Nicollet Island. The first recorded survey of the town of St. Anthony bears record February 23d, 1850, and the plat is entitled "St. Anthony and Steele and Russell Addition to St. Anthony," by William R. Marshall. The bounds of this plat are Fifth street on the north-east, and the river on the south. The old names of the streets were Mar- shall, Rollins, Dacotah (so spelled on the plat), Todd, Dana, Wood, etc. The original town was laid out on the south- west quarter of section 14, township 29, range 24, west of the 4th principal meridian. Marshall's Addition, surveyed by W. R. Marshall June 18th, 1850, was located on the north-west quarter of section 14. Orth's Addition was surveyed May 1st 1855, by L. P. Drake, situated on fractional lot number 2 in section 15. Bottineau's first addi- tion bears no date; his second is dated May 21st, 1855. In June, 1850, the St. Charles Hotel was com- pleted, which was begun by Anson Northrup the previous season. It stood on Marshall Street, corner of Sixth Avenue North. It was a two- story building, and had twenty-five sleeping- rooms, a large dining-hall, two large parlors and a dancing-hall: the accommodations were suffi- cient for seventy-flve guests. This buUding was afterward burned. Among the arrivals of this year were Allen Harmon, Edwin Hedderly, Judge Isaac Atwater, C. W. Christmas, Joseph Dean, Peter Poncin, Thomas Chambers, Edward Murphy, George W. Chowen, Simon Stevens, Henry Chambers, W. W. Wales, John AVensinger, Warren Bristol, J. B. Bassett, William Finch and others. Mr. Christmas was a surveyor and soon em- ployed. He replaced the stakes that had been removed on Mr. Cheever"s claim at Cheevertown, or St. Anthony City, as called by Mr. Cheever. Here a hotel was kept, and a remarkable feature was a tower ninety feet high built for observa- tion, bearing the euphonious notice, "Pay your dime and climb." Mr. Cheever also put in a hy- draulic ram that furnished water to the stages which passed his door. Another place of public resort, especially for Sunday driving, was kept by Stephen Denoyer about three miles down the MILLS— FIRST NEWSPAPEB. 367 river. Col. Allen, who now keeps the Merchants Hotel at St. Paul, kept a livery stable to provide teams for business or pleasure driving. The dam built in 1847 was a low log frame, and the experi- ence of two spring freshets had proved it inade- quate. Hence it was determined to raise the dam, extending from Nicollet Island to the east bank, two feet. During the summer previous, a temporary dam had been thrown across from the island to the west bank, the main object of .which was to throw the current to the east chan- nel. The contract for furnishing the timber for the new dam was made between Ard Godfrey and Pierre Bottineau on January 21 st, 1 851 . The arti- cles of agreement provided part^payment in oats at 60 cents, corn at 70 cents, sugar at 9J cents and butter at 25 cents; four dollars per thoiisand, board measure by the St. Croix scale, was the price specified for the timber, which was to be delivered by the first of June. These improvements were made in contemplation of running sixteen saws, eight of which were then in operation, producing a total of 50,000 feet per day. H. T. Welles afterward operated seven of the eight, and had $80,000 invested in the lum- bering trade here. Lath and shingles were also manufactured, giving employment to more than one hundred men. Parnham & Stimson operated , one saw, with about $6,000 invested in the busi- ness. The average price of lumber was $10.50 per thousand. In May of this year a division of the Sons of Temperance, Cataract Lodge No. 2, was organized. In the winter of 1850-'61 the University was located here, and the citizens of St. Anthony raised $3,000 by subscription to- ward the building. The St. Anthony Express, the iirst newspaper, came into life May 31st, 1851, under the proprietor, E. Tyler, a merchant tailor. Judge Isaac Atwater editor, and H. Woodbury printer. The first issue gives notice of the es- tablishment of a new line of daily stages be- tween St. Anthony and St. Paul by Patterson and Benson. The rival stage routes cut down the rates of travel to their own damage and the advantage of the traveling public. Among the items of January 3d, 1852, is the notice of the ar- rival of N. W. Kittson, J. Roulette and Mr. Grignon from Pembina in sixteen days by dog train, a journey of six hundred miles. The question is asked, "How long will it be before we have daily communication with Pembina by rail- road?" and adds, "We will venture to say within the next dozen years," a prediction that came nearer fulfillment than the readers of the Ex- press then anticipated. The temperance element of the place seems to have been in the ascend- ancy at that time, for the same paper in its issue of February 7th, 1852, says: "There is not a gambling institution, or a drinking saloon, or a whisky grocery, or a grog shop in town. We have no room for those who frequent such places." CHAPTER LVIII. CHIPPEWAS AND SIOUX AT FOBT SNELLING — REMOVAL OF WINNEBAGOES— ATTACHED TO HENNEPIIT COUNTY INCORPORATED AS A CITY — FERRIES AND BRIDGES. In 1857, a little pamphlet was issued by Thomas Hale Williams, city clerk for many years, from which we quote to show the condition of the city at that time and to show the growth and improve- ment during the first twenty years of its exist- ence. It will be necessary for this history to pass over many events of the intervening years which were full of Interest, as rapid growth and development continued, in order to hasten to the other side of the river, where events were trans- piring worthy of our notice. Mr. Williams' pamphlet states that the estimated capacity of the saws then in operation along Main Street was 20,000,000 feet per annum, besides 13,000 shingles and 20,000 lath daily. Another shingle-mill, on Cataract Island, was estimated at 2,500,000 per annum. D. W. Marr had a steam saw-mill running in the upper town, driven by an engine of 150 horse power, with an estimated capacity of 25,000 feet per day. A machine factory, for turning iron and wood-work, was located below the falls, in which was also manufactured bedsteads, sash, doors, and blinds. On Hennepin Island was the flouring-mill of Rol- lins, Upton and Eastman, and another about half the capacity, near the saw-mUl. Another shingl* 368 HISTORY OF BENNEPm COUNTY. and blind factory was built in 1867, on Hennepin Island, by B. C. Morrison. On the west side of Hennepin Island, Messrs. Kogers, Stimson, Kent and Co. erected a two-story stone building, sixty feet square, with which another, fifty by eighty feet, was connected, for the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, and other inside finish- ings. Two planing-mills and several saws were attached, altogether, with the building, costing about §30,000. This establishment is now used as a paper manufactory. The amount of logs brought down the river that season was estimated at 150,000,000 feet. The University was in process of building, the part then under contract to cost $49,000. A high school or private academy was in session, under the direction of H. B. Taylor. The Baptist, Episcopal, Congregational, Methodist, and Cath- olic societies had church edifices, and an elegant stone church was building by the Universalists. The Winslow House was also building, and its completion the following spring was looked for- ward to with great interest. Its cost was esti- mated at f 100,000, and the opinion expressed that it would be surpassed by no house in the United States, when all its advantages are considered. This city (still St. Anthony) contained one hun- dred and five business places, including cabinet, boot and shoe and other shops, several real estate dealers, two surveyors, two architects, two print- ing offices, a number of hotels and boarding- houses, ten lawyers, and eight physicians. Two steamers, the H. M. Eice and Governor Ramsey, were making regular trips to Sauk Rap- ids and intermediate points, and during the sea- son of navigation, both were crowded with pas- sengers and freight. On one of these trips, the Governor Ramsey, Captain John Rollins, brought about ninety Chip- pewas from Sauk Rapids. From this point they proceeded on foot to Fort Snelling, to meet the Sioux in council for the purpose of effecting a treaty looking to more peaceful tribal relations. A large awning had been prepared at the Fort, under which the Chippewas were ranged, sitting to await the arrival of the Sioux, who soon came with brandish and warlike flourish, evidently with intent to intimidate their foes, for it must be borne in mind that, though met for the purpose stated, there never existed, and probably never will exist, a true friendly feeling between these two powerful tribes. During tliis demonstration the Chippewas remained silent and motionless, not a muscle of the features of any one moving. It is stated by an eye witness, that if the Chippe- was had stampeded, as was the evident design of the Sioux, the latter would, without doubt, have fallen upon them in indiscriminate slaughter. Failing in this, they filed into place under the awning, and assumed the same stolid look as their opponents. Quite a number of ladies were pres- ent on the occasion, which was a matter of great annoyance to the Sioux chief. Little Crow, who made known, through his interpreter, his disgust at the presence, in this " council of braves,'' of the pale-faced squaws. At this the Chippewa chief, Hole-in-the-day, rose to his feet, and with a dignity and grace worthy of the proudest cour- tier, waved his warriors aside, and invited the ladies to seats upon his side. This act gained for the Chippewa chieftain the highest favor of the assemblage. In the spring of 1854, the Winnebago Indians were removed from Watab to the Blue Earth reservation, and on their way spent a week at St. Anthony. During their stay they amused the citizens by their dances and discordant songs, and received in return numerous cold lunches, pennies, etc. On a Sabbath morning, the Rev. Mr. Creighton was holding religious services in the old Methodist Episcopal church, when a practical joker sent a band of Wmneba- goes to the church, telling them the people who lived there would be pleased with their dance, and would contribute liberally. The efEeet upon the audience at seehig their dusky faces peering in at the windows, may be imagined. The worshipers rushed out without the ceremony of benediction, and discovered the imposition too late to return. Though Indians were frequently seen, it was a novel sight to the inhabitants of St. Anthony to see several hundred together. The squaws drag- ged the canoes, about one hundred in number, through the streets, and what with braves, squaws, papooses, dogs, and canoes, a sensation was created. St. Anthony was detached from Ramsey county March 4th, 1856, and attached to Henne- pin for greater convenience of its citizens. We FEBBIES AND BBIDGE8. 369 have thus in the short time covered by this his- tory seen it described in four counties, viz: Craw- ford and St. Croix counties, Territory of Wiscon- sin, and Ramsey and Hennepin, Minnesota. Besides all these, in the early days of St. Anthony an attempt was made, after the organization of Hennepin coimty, to set ofE a strip of territory along the river to form the county of St. An- thony. Wiser minds saw the natural attachment of this to Hennepin county, and to Captain Eol- lins, then in the territorial council, is due the ultimate union of St. Anthony with Hennepin county. As St. Anthony began to assume importance, measures were taken to secure an act of incorpor- ation, and a bill passed the legislature in 1855, granting corporate privileges to the city of St. Anthony, describing its limits as including what lies east of the river, of the following sections and parts of sections, viz: section 10 and the west half of section 11, sections 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, town 29, range 24, stating that it shall con- sist of three wards; the officers shall be a Mayor and a board of aldermen consisting of six mem- bers. At the next session of legislature, 1856, sec- tion 25 was thrown out by an amendatory act. In accordance with this act of legislature, the city of St. Anthony came into the sisterhood of cities in 1860, and a municipal government was established. Many events of great interest in connection with the growth and development of St. An- thony, appear in the history .of the county and are inextricably intermingled with the early history of Minneapolis. To these we must therefore re- fer the reader for fuller details, while many more will appear in the histories of the manufactories, and biographies of individuals, and if, after all, facts that some may deem essential, are omitted, indulgence is entreated, because events, in cities of such rapid growth, crowd on each other so as to compel the omission of some. FERRIES ASTD BRIDGES. We desire, now, to cross the river to investi- gate the settlement, growth and progress there, but before we advance further it will be interest- ing to recall the first method of crossing and fol- 24 low up the improvements, by a sketch of ferries and bridges. The first, and for a long time the only means, of crossing the Mississippi at this point, was by fording on the ledge at the foot of Nicollet Island, which could be performed only at low water and before the building of the dam. The current was very swift and horses required shoes to hold on the rocks and avoid slipping. At Boom Island ^he current was less rapid, and here crossings were made with canoes. One old squaw, who netted fish and lived mostly on the river, derived considerable income from setting travelers across with her canoe. In 1847, Mr. Steele established a ferry near the site of the present suspension bridge, from Nicol- let Island to the west shore. Teams were still compelled to follow the ledge in crossing the eastern channel to the foot of NicoUet Island, and thence up the Island to the ferry, which con- sisted of a flat boat with posts near each end, over which a large rope or cable was drawn, fastened at each end to the banks of the stream. The cable served a double purpose, preventing the drifting down stream, and affording a means for hauUng the boat across. R. P. Russell, Mr. Steele's agent, took charge of the ferry, at first employing Dubey to operate the boat. Edgar Folsom arrived late in the fall of 1847, and the following summer took charge of the ferry and ran it one season; after this. Captain Tapper had charge until the building of the bridge, when he assisted in that, afterward collecting the tolls. Several stories are told at the expense of Mr. Folsom when in charge of the ferry. Once, be- fore he had become familiar with the operation, he lost patience with the man runniag the boat because he did not obey his orders, and cast the rope off one of the posts to escape a blockade of ice that was straining the rope like a bow-cord. Seizing it himself, he cast it off, but was hurled more than twenty feet on the rough ice by the re- bound of the cable. In another instance, a daughter of Reuben Bean, who had located on' the west side, was out in a canoe on the river, being quite skillful in its use, from experience on the Illinois river, the former home of the family, but striking the cable of the ferry, she was upset and in some danger. Folsom hastened to her re- lief and after extricating her from her unfortu- 370 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNl Y. nate situation demanded the damsel's hand as remuneration for his gallantry, but she thinking the demand too high, exclaimed, "Put me back on the ferry rope." Another incident that oc- curred near the ferry, but later, while Captain Tapper was in charge, came near proving fatal to more than one. In this case, Simon Stevens and Captain John Tapper went to the rescue of a little boy about seven years of age, who was alone in a boat floating rapidly toward the falls. It appears that an older boy in stepping out of the boat had lost hold of it, and unwittijigly placed the little fellow who was in his charge, in jeopardy. The loud cries of the older boy attracted the attention of the rescuers to the little fellow, who, with in- nocent unconcern, was enjoying the motion of the boat. They rescued him, though they were com- pelled to row so near the brink of the falls them- selves, that for a moment, it was doubtful which would be victorious, the strong current or their strong arms. Their best efforts at first failed to show any gain, but at last inch by inch, they pulled away from their perilous situation. The little boy in this story became one of the business men of this city, J. H. Pottle, the carriage man- ufacturer. The total income of the ferry the first year was said to be only $300. It soon proved inadequate to the demands, and Mr. Steele conceived the idea of a suspension bridge and carried it out. Our history has not yet reached the west side, but we shall soon see, what Mr. Steele saw, a royal neighbor asking for a royal passage across the stream. History informs us that when Queen Elizabeth proposed to honor Kennilworth Castle by a visit, Leicester ordered a portion of the outer wall thrown down, and a broad passage made, stating that he had never till now had need for a portal that was fit for the passage of a Queen. Franklin Steele seems to have had as grand an idea of Minneapolis. The un- dertaking was the more startling, as the great Mississippi had never been bridged from Lake Itasca to the Gulf. It was undertaken in 1854, us a private enterprise by the Minneapolis Bridge Company, consisting of Franklin Steele, H. T. "Welles and company, and was eight months building, but on the 19th of March follow- ing, it was dismantled by a heavy gale, and nearly all summer consumed in repairing the damage. July 4thj 1865, the first team cross- ed. It is worthy of mention, that the famous " Vermont Morrill," driven by Chester Mar- tin first crossed the bridge. This horse was brought from Vermont, when five years old, to St. Anthony in 1855, and remained here two years. Probably the most celebrated horse ever . raised in the county, was the " Finch " horse sired by the first horse that crossed the first bridge over the Mississippi river. Two years later the tolls at this bridge were estimated at $12,500 per annum. A Howe truss bridge was built in 1856-7 , across the river between 11th and 12th avenues south-east,about three rods above Bridal VeU Falls, and was in charge of Kobert H. JefEerson. Dur- ing a time of high water in 1859, logs were caught by the bridge, in consequence of its being buUt too low, and it became a wreck. Calvin A. Tut- tle gave the right of way to the approaches. It will serve to explain the distance between the ferries and bridges, if we recall the fact that they were private enterprises, under charters obtained from the State, and by the terms of their charters, each was protected against oppo- sition by a provision that no similar charter should be granted withm a mile. The government bridge across the ravine on Third Street, and another connecting Main Street with Hennepin Island, and still another connect- ing Main Street with NicoUet Island were built previous to 1857, and at this date a bridge was building across the Mississippi, about a mile be- low the Suspension Bridge, by the Minnesota Bridge Company, at a cost of 852,000. In 1852-3 a wooden bridge was built across the east chan- nel, which was repaired and replaced by other similar structures. This obviated the necessity of fording the river, as had been necessary pre- viously. The wooden bridge was replaced in 1878 by the present stone-arch bridge. The rail- road bridge of tlie St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani- toba Railway was constructed in 1868 at a cost of $75,000 by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Company. A draw-bridge was built near Orth's brewery, which remained in use about six years. All these were toll bridges except that replaced by the stone-arch bridge. The upper and lower bridges now in use were built in 1874, by the King Bridge Company of Topeka, Kansas. The Suspension Bridge was purchased by the county from Franklin Steele and made a free bridge. THE WEST SIDE. 371 The present Suspension Bridge was built in 1876 and is the pride of the city. Its breaking strain is estimated at 4,980,000 pounds; total strength of all the cables, 10,995,072 pounds. The main cables are nine inches in diameter and swing in- ward about six feet. The outside cables sup- porting the walks are three and one-half inches in diameter and swing inward about eleven inch- es. The length of wire used, exclusive of wrap- pings, is 1,421 miles. The towers are eighty feet high; the length of the bridge 630 feet. Walks for foot-passengers are on both sides of the drive. Its entire cost was $221,024.50. Even this struct- ure proves inadequate to the demand, and a proposition is on foot to extend the bridge in width by swinging outward the cables supporting the walks, which as stated above now swing in- ward. A plan has been matured, and preparations are now making for the construction of a railroad bridge diagonally across the river from the east- ern end of the lower, or iron bridge, to Hennepin Island, and thence to the western end of the suspension bridge, the entire length of which, including that part of the track laid on Henne- pin Island, will be nearly three-quarters of a mile, or more than six times the length of the suspension bridge. The building of this great structure is with a view to a union depot, and as affording railroad access to the new Pillsbury "A" mill, and other mills about to be built. CHAPTER LIX. WEST SIDE — JOHN H. STEVENS — HON. KOBERT SMITH— OTHER RESIDENT CLAIMANTS— EARLY EVENTS. It is unnecessary to recapitulate the facts in regard to the military reservation embraced in the county history, and the history of Fort Snell- ing, in preceding chapters. We refer the reader to these for information necessary to an under- standing of the diflBculties and trials experienced by the early settlers of the west side. This in- visible barrier restrained all settlement within the sacred territory untU 1849, when Hon. Eobert Smith, then a member of Congress from Illinois, and John H. Stevens, just returned from the Mexican war, received permits from the govern- ment to occupy one hundred and sixty acres each of the reserve. Late in the fall of this year Mr. Stevens commenced building his house, and the- foUowing spring completed it and moved on his land. We cannot forbear introducing Mr. Stevens at his first arrival in the] state, for his character appears at first sight. General E. W. Johnson describes his first meeting with the hearty Colonel as follows: "At Eort Snelling, I met for the first time Colonel John H. Stevens between whom and myself an intimacy sprang up, ripening into a friendship which will last as long as Ufe. The Port Snelling post-ofiice was the principal office in the territory, and to all intents and purposes Stevens was Postmaster General of the North-western Territory. Stevens came here to lend his energy towards building up the state, and the part he has performed has been well done. An inventory of his baggage and worldly goods when he arrived in Minnesota may not prove uninteresting. Before leaving Illinois, he had laid in the following bill of goods which he purchased of B. H. Campbell, of Ga- lena: one bbl. pork, $9.50; 200 lbs. ham, 18.00; 10 lbs. cofEee, $1.00; lib. tea, fl.OO; 14 lbs. sugar, 11.00; isack salt, .50; lib. pepper, .30; ^ lbs. tobacco, $1.67 ; 1 bbl whiskey, $6.84. Think of that, will you, 38 gallons of whiskey at 18 cents per gallon! This bill is interesting on several accounts. It shows how we had to de- pend upon ourselves; the character of the meat our 'Csesar' fed on; and the difference between the prices of to-day and twenty years ago. The amount of whiskey may seem large, but it must be remembered that we had no communication with the outside world from the close until the opening of navigation. For the truth of history it should be recorded that Stevens was a temperate man, who never took a drink even. He brought the whiskey with him, to have a remedy at hand in case he was bitten by a snake, and to have it in his power to extend the usual western hospi- tality. Such was the character of our early settlers." In a letter addressed to J. H. Stevens^ dated. 372 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, New York city, February 1st, 1881, Mr. Henry T. Welles says : " Hennepin county owes as much to you, if not more, than to any other man. You were the corner-stone on which Mr. Steele's for- tune was built. You shaped the early beginning of what is now Minneapolis, and in any history of the county you ought to have credit accord- ingly." Traits of unselfishness, which are somewhat inconsistent with the acquisition of large wealth, have characterized the Colonel throughout his life at Minneapolis, and though, he may not, in the view of most, be looked upon as one favored of fortune, still, what better fortune can a man have than the blessings of his grateful friends, in a comfortable and happy home? The perusal of the records of the old settlers proves that in these he is rich indeed. His house was the first built on the west side, with the exception of the gov- ernment house on the knoll, near the mill, buUt In early times. His claim extended from the falls bordering on the river to Bassett's creek. The Nicollet House now stands near the middle of the old claim. Mr. Stevens crossed by the ferry daily to his business at St. Anthony, where he kept his store in connection with Frank- lin Steele. The means taken to obtain a foothold in the reserve calls to mind the fable of the camel, that begged leave of a tailor j ust to warm his nose at his open window, but when his modest request was granted, pushed his demands until the tailor was driven out and the camel left in undisputed pos- session. Hon. Kobert Smith, of Alton, Illinois, while a member of Congress, wrote, February 15th, 1849, from the House of Kepresentatives, in Washing- ton, to the Commissioner of Indian affairs, ex- pressing a wish " To lease for five years the old government house and grist and saw-mill on the west side of the Mississippi River, opposite the Falls of St. Anthony." In the letter he adds: " I shall move into the Territory of Minnesota after the adjournment of Congress, and I wish to pro- cure this house for my family to live in, and to fix up the old grist-mill to grind com and other grain, there being no grist-mill now in that region of country." The Secretary of War consented, providing the commanding oflScer at Fort SnelUng approved. Major Woods, in command, on April 12th wrote that : " With due respect to Mr. Smith, I doubt much if his aim in wishing to settle there is not in expectation that the reserve will be taken off." Mr. Smith took possession of the old house and mill in May, 1849, but did not reside there. Mr. Smith was only allowed, with the house and mill, sufficient ground for a garden ; therefore, in Sep- tember, he renewed the correspondence with the Secretary of War. " I must have ground to raise something to live upon. I cannot cross the river and back, with my team, without paying one dol- lar. Provisions are dear and scarce, while there are tens or thousands of acres of excellent land, with no one within six or seven miles, on the same side of the river, cultivatuig an acre. I cannot but believe it will decidedly be for the interest of the government to permit me to make a farm ad- joining the mill." Mr. Smith had evidently stud- ied the art of diplomacy thoroughly, and, in the disinterested patriotism of the last paragraph, we should see only a satire written at his own expense, except that it is obscured by the very effrontery that won his success. In September, 1852, Mr. Smith asked the priv- ilege of purchasing the buildings and in March, 1853, Captain N. J. T. Dana, quartermaster at Fort Snelling, wrote to the quartermaster-general at Washington: "I returned to this post on the twentieth instant, and on the next day visited the old mill and buildings belonging to the quar- termaster's department and now in the possession of Hon. Robert Smith, and I submit the follow- ing as my opinion of the value of the buildings to the government at the time when Mr. Smith received them : The old stone grist-mill, the building somewhat dilapidated, the water-wheel worn out entirely, but the other machinery, in- cluding two mill-stones, good, was worth $400. The old frame of a saw-mill, greatly decayed, to- gether with the mill irons on it and extra posts, mostly worn out, SIOO. The one-story frame building, much decayed, $200. Fences and races, much decayed, $50." The permit which he received from the Secretary of War allowed him to make a claim where the old government mill stood, which is the present site of Sidle, Fletcher & Holmes' flouring mill, with the pur- pose of operating it for the government. This plan he earned out, employing Reuben Bean as LOCATION OF CLAIMS. 373 miller. Mr. Smith never lived here, nor did he at any time occupy his claim in person, but di- vided it with K. P. Eussell, George E. Huy and others, in consideration of their agreement to make improvements on the propertv. Mr. Smith remained in Illinois, and at the time of his death was still member of congress from Alton district. Though the early settlers on the west side were subjected to many hardships, these were of a kind peculiar to their location on the reserve and very different from the usual experiences of frontier life. Many had been Uvlng at St. Anthony, and the removal of their worldly effects to the oppo- site side of the river was not a very laborious task, besides the river alone separated them from a base of supplies. Those who were new comers and had not lived at St. Anthony could there find temporary shelter and comfort until their modest cabins were in readiness. No land entries could be made, but the following persons staked out their claims in about the order mentioned, except- ing those who made no attempt to secure land, entering other business: Calvin A. Tuttle, J. P. Miller, Dr. H. Fletcher, John Jackins, Warren Bristol, Allen Harmon, Dr. A. E. Ames, Edward Murphy, Charles Hoag, Joel B. Bassett, Colonel E. Case, "Waterman Stinson, Edwin Hedderly, C. W. Christmas, Judge Isaac Atwater, Simon Ste- vens and Henry Chambers. Calvin A. Tuttle, who came over next after Mr. Stevens, was em- ployed by Mr. Smith as miller in place of Mr. Bean, and remained in charge of the mill for several years. While still in charge in 1853, he became interested with Simon Stevens and others in the construction of a mill at Minnetonka. He now resides at Two Rivers, Morrison county, in this state. J. P. Miller, the next to move to the west side, made a claim where Judge Atwater now lives, on the south-west quarter of section 25. His claim is now known as Atwater's addition to Minneap- olis. He built there the second house, and re- mained till 1858, when he moved to Minnetonka, where he still lives, an honored and respected citi- zen. Mr. Miller was a native of Pennsylvania, lived several years in Bucyrus, Ohio, and a short time in Rockford, lUinois, arriving at St. An- thony in 1849. Dr. Hezekiah Fletcher located his claim on the south-east quarter of section 27, and built the third house, which was a small shanty. He never entered the practice of his profession, but gave himself up to speculations, in which he was very successful. He soon sold his claim to John L. Tenney. He represented the county in the territorial legislatme, and was appointed regis- ter of the land office in 1868. He is now in busi- ness in Springfield, Misssouri. John Jackins, the fourth resident claimant, lo- cated back of, and adjoining, Mr. Stevens, and built a house which is still standing on Sixth street below Third Avenue south, though it has been removed from its original site. He lived on his claim several years, and laid it out in lots as Jackins' addition to Minneapolis, but subse- quently removed and now lives at Stillwater. Warren Bristol came fifth, and located Ms claim on section 27, just west of, and adjoining the claim of Dr. Fletcher. He built a shanty, Uved in it about two years, and then exchanged his claim for lots in St. Paul, where he entered the practice of law. While in Minneapolis he held the office of county attorney, and was the first attorney for Hennepin county. He moved from St. Paul to Bed Wing, and represented Goodhue county in the senate and house of representa- tives. He is now judge of the supreme court of the territory of New Mexico. Allen Harmon, the next, located the sixth claim on the north-west quarter of section 27, where he still lives. He farmed his claim for a few years, and afterward laid out a portion in town lots, call- ed Harmon's addition to Minneapolis. Later he platted other portions, until now it is nearly all laid out in town lo .' Dr. A. E. Ames, the seventh resident claimant, located his claim October 14, 1851, on section 26, and built a shanty, but remained in St. Anthony dining the winter. In the spring of 1852 he moved over with his family, and was the first practicing physician in Minneapolis. It will des- ignate the claim more intelligibly to add that the court-house is situated on the original claim. He became prominent in his profession as well as in public life. He was a Vermonter by birth, but studied medicine in Chicago. He first located in Illinois, where he held the office of assistant secretary of state for fouryeais, and was a mem- ber of the state senate and house of represent- atives. After his removal to Minneapolis he rep- 374 inSTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. resented Hennepin county in the territorial leg- islature one term, and subsequently was a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention. He died in September, 1874. His son, Ezra B. Ames, lives in the house of his father, corner of Fifth Street and Eighth Avenue south, having removed it from the original site, comer of Fifth street and Ninth Avenue south. Edward Murphy made the eighth claim, ad- joining and below J. P. Miller, near the river and near the residence of Judge Atwater. He moved on his claim in the spring pf 1852, occupying it until his death. He platted his claim, and it be- came Murphy's addition to Minneapolis. Mr. Murphy was a native of New Jersey, but was a resident of lUuiois before coming to Minnesota. The ninth to arrive was Charles Hoag, in June, 1852,' from Philadelphia, where he had been a teacher in the public schools of that city. He lo- cated his claim next west of Jackins. It ex- tended nearly to Bassett's creek. He lived on his claim a few years and laid it out in blocks and lots, called Hoag's addition to Minneapolis. He contributed much to the growth of the city, but was amply remunerated by the advance in property. To him is due the name Minneapolis, which has incorrectly been ascribed to Mr. George D. Bowman, editor of the St. Anthony Express, in consequence of the prominent position he took with his paper among its advocates. Mr. Hoag, after losing his wealth through the fail- ure of others, moved on a farm in Richfield, where he now resides. Next, and tenth, came J. B. Bassett in the spring of 1852, and located his claim along the river north of the creek that bears his name. The stream was named by Miss Mary A. Scho- fleld, at that time a teacher in the settlement, now Mrs. Prof. Kissell, a resident of Chicago. After working his claim as a farm for a few years, Mr. Bassett imbibed the enthusiasm of the little town and laid out his land in lots in con- nection with others, and it came in under the name of Case, Bassett and Moore's addition to Minne- apolis. He built his first house on a knoll at the mouth of the creek, but now lives in a fine resi- dence 643, North Fourth street, which is also on the original claim. Mr. Bassett was the first Judge of Probate of the coimty, a representative to the territorial legislature, and in 1868, Indian agent to the Chippewas, He was a native of New Hampshire, and came in 1851 to Minnesota. Eleventh, Colonel Emanuel Case located on the river above Judge Bassett. The claim was con- tested with Peter Poncin, who moved on the land during the winter of 1852, and was living there at the time Colonel Case made his claim. Colonel Case defeated him, however, and estab- lished the claim. This was the southern-most land along the river belonging to the Indian res- ervation. He cultivated his claim a few years and laid it out in lots in company with Bassett and Moore, but continued to reside on it until his death about ten years ago. Colonel Case was a native of New York, and in the spring of 1851 came to Minnesota. Waterman Stinson made the twelfth claim, on the north side of Bassett's creek, second above Bassett's, leaving one claim between them not yet taken. His claim soon proved like others too valuable for farming purposes; he, therefore platted it and became a wealthy man by sales of his lots. This formed Stinson's addition to Minneapolis. He lived on his claim untU his death. Next, and thirteenth, was the claim of Edwin Hedderly in company vidth Eev. Alfred C. God- frey, a resident of Maine. They made claims on the river above Miller. Mr. Hedderly's claim ad- joined that of Mr. Miller, and Rev. Mr. Godfrey's came next. The latter soon sold his and returned East, and is now pastor of a church in Massachusetts. Mr. Hedderly lived on his claim until the fall of 1880, when his death occurred. Charles W. Christmas was the fifteenth, and made his claim about a mile north, just outside the reservation, where he built a temporary shel- ter, and subsequently, a fine residence. Mr. Christmas arrived in St. Anthony July 3d, 1850, and made his claim the following year. He was employed as surveyor in both St. Anthony and Minneapolis, and M'as twice elected county sur- veyor. In 1852 he moved on his claim and sub- sequently platted it. He was appointed register of land oflice for Sauk Rapids, but owing to the fail- ure to elect the Whig candidate, Gen. Scott, to the presidency, he held the oflice only six months and received $500, a half-year's salary, though he never went to Sauk Rapids to take possession of the office, nor performed any of the duties of reg- SUBVEYS—FIBST MABBIAOE. 375 ister, excepting the very important one of drawing his salary. He came from Wooster, Wayne county, Ohio, bringing a wife and nine children, attracted by aletter printed in a leading newspaper, written by Hon. J. W. North, in which the territory was described in very attractive terms. He states that the appearance of the country fully satisfied his anticipations and its subsequent growth has not exceeded his predictions. Mr. Christmas, after platting his claim, took Isaac Le\yis and J. C. Eeno as partners for the purpose of adding improvements, and the lots were divided among the partners. By some means Mr. Christmas came out the loser, and, though a respected citi- zen in advanced age, he has failed to secure for his old age the fat income now enjoyed by some of his contemporaries. Judge Isaac Atwater made a claim next but, as he stated before the old settlers; he sold it for ten dollars and never got his pay. Henry Chambers opened a store and Simon Stevens was interested in lumber mills, neither of them making any claim. Joshua Draper made a claim where Mr. D. Mor- rison now resides, the north-east quarter of sec- tion 31, included, it is said in the city in 1867, in order to permit Mr. Morrison, at that time re- siding there, to become a candidate for the office of Mayor. Mr. Draper jumped the claim of Captain Arthur H. Mills, of the United States Army. At the time he made the claim, he was clerk for J. G. Lennon in St. Anthony. A compromise was effected between Draper and Captain MUls, by which each took half of the original claim. Mr. Draper was a native of Oneida county. New York, and in 1851, arrived at St. Anthony. He was advanced in age at the time of his arrival, and brought a large family with him. His death occurred sev- eral years ago at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. Gordon, at Sauk Centre. Mr. Christmas, with William Sloan for assist- ant, surveyed the greater part of Minneapolis, for Mr. Steele and Mr. Stevens. His survey ex- . tended from Helen street, the boundary line be- tween the original claims of Hon. Eobert Smith and Colonel Stevens, to Bassett creek. Governor Marshall had previously surveyed up to Helen street, now Third Avenue south. He also sur- veyed down to Murphy's claim. Before the government survey was made, Mr. Murphy wished to ascertain where the town line would run in order to avoid mistakes in locating and di- viding lands, and for this purpose employed Mr. Christmas. This required nice calculation, but conjecturing how the government surveyors would proceed, he ran out the line, starting from the east side, and carrying it across the river, struck the same point on Lake Calhoun, which the gov- ernment surveyors made two or three years after, when they ran the line with more delicate in- struments than the simple chain and compass used by the first sm-veyors. It should be men- tioned here that the southern boundary of the township was subsequently changed by act of legislature and corresponding changes made in the boundaries of Brooklyn, Crystal Lake and Kichfield ; reference to the history of those town- ships and the township of MinneapoUs, will ex- plain those changes. In making the city surveys, Mr. Christmas states that he followed the in- structions of Col. Stevens in giving Uberal meas- urement, and made an allowance of one and four one hundreds feet on each block,and further, as the streets and avenues do not cross at right angles, he ran the lines to secure as wide streets as pos- sible. In the brick block of Dunham and John- son, on Hennepin Avenue, the history of the sur- vey was placed in a space between the layers of brick with the expectation that at some future time, in the growth of the city, it might be dis- covered and be an interesting relic of the past. The first marriage was that of Captain John Tapper and Miss Matilda Stinson, in August, 1853, ceremony performed by Eev. Mr. Eowell. September 4th, of the same year the second took place, that of Andrew J. Poster and Mrs. M. E. Averill, ceremony performed by Edwin Hedder- ly, first justice. Among the early settlers was Anson Northrup, who has been already mentioned as the builder of the St. Charles Hotel in St. Anthony, a man full of enterprise. Mr. Northrup made a claim, Feb- ruary, 1851, where the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul freight and passenger depots and yards are now located. Part of the ground was marshy, and between the marshy portions was a strip of ground which, in 1853, Mr. Northrup had broken, Mr. Charles Gilpatrick, now living near the Layman Cemetery, doing the work. The amount 376 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. broken was estimated at three acres, and on this, which was platted by Mr. Northrup, was erected previously the first building in which a public school was taught, commencing December 3d, 1852, by Miss Mary E. Miller. The first building used as a hotel was located near where the present shops of O. A. Pray and Company are situated. It was small, but many were thankful for its meager accommodation. In 1857, James Young, now proprietor of Young's Hotel at Delano, opened a flrst-class restaurant on Washington Avenue, opposite the present site of the Pirst National hotel. 'Mr. Young, among the early settlers here, was engaged as surveyor, and was employed as chief engineer for Smith and Carleton. He was proprietor of the old Min- nesota house, after selling his restaurant at the close of a year's business. At the time of the surveys mentioned there was a small pond near the present post-office block, and lots in that vicinity found few purchasers at 520 each. Mr. Young refused lots at that price in payment for his services as surveyor. CHAPTER LX. TYEANNICAL PROCEEDINGS — KAMES — AFFAIRS IN 1854-5— SURVEYS — MILLS AND OTHER BUS- INESS — TOWN GOVERNMENT — CHARTER RE- • PEALED. It would be tedious if not impracticable to carry the enumeration of settlers farther. Set- tlers came in rapidly to take lots and erect houses. Many of those whom we have enumerated came without permits from the secretary of war and in the face of the prohibition of the officers at the Port, who carried out their instructions in a tyrannical mamier, pulling down the houses of some and holding out a sly hand open to bribery to others, offering not to molest those claimants who promised to give half their claims at the time of entry for unmolested possession. Twice were the shanties of the poor squatters torn down, and many retired in disgust from the unequal contest. while the majority rebuUt and patiently waited, until at last they wrought victory from continual defeat. Before the name Minneapolis was decided on, other names were proposed. During one season it was styled All Saints, perhaps because St. Paul and St. Anthony had grown so well under sainted names, it was supposed that under the patronage of all saints it must ecUpse its rivals. The name Lowell was mooted, as it was thought possible the future city might rival that great manufac- turing center in Massachusetts. Another name Albion was offered, for no other reason that we can see but its euphonious character. The word Albion means white, and is sometimes applied to England on account of her chalky clifEs. The name Minneapolis is compounded of the Sioux word, "Minne," meaning water, and the Greek "PoUs," a 6ity, which blends easily and, though contrary to the usual rule in forming compoimds, it is a much more agreeable name than though both had been taken from the Greek, in which case the name would have been, perhaps, Hudor- apolis. In the spring of 1854, Minneapolis contained only twelve houses, and these were scattered at long intervals apart, as if their purpose was that of farms ; moreover, their architecture was some- what uniform, and, though picturesque, could hardly be called elegant, for at this time it was quite uncertain what action the government would take in reference to the reservation. In a chap- ter of the county history wUl be found an account of the measures taken to secm-e the claims by the settlers. In the spring of 1855, all apprehension was removed by the favorable decision of Con- gress, and in April the claimants were able to prove up and obtain undisputed title. Previously the settlers had been subjected to trouble and ex- pense. Money had to be contributed to protect their rights ; clubs and claim associations were organized for the same purpose. These associa- tions had committees before whom conflicting claimants presented their causes for arbitration, and from then- decision there was no appeal, for the very weakness of the settlers led them to in- stitute strong measures, and where any showed signs of making trouble, it is said a rope attached to the limb of a tree was shown the mischief- maker. The result was submission to the rules BUILDING HOUSES— MILLS. 377 of the association. To claim-jumpers no quarter was given. To Hon. Henry M. Rice, delegate to congress from the territory, and to citizens who went to Washington to aid in the matter, was due the passage of the bill. which secured the rights of pre-emption to the settlers. After all was settled and claimants had secured their homes, prosperity began. Claims changed hands, and new men came in, bringing money. This was the time to judge of the character of men. All were pros- perous, and many a poor dog who had never had money before, strutted about with his coat pock- ets full of gold, presenting a twenty-dollar piece to pay for a cigar. Thus the fool and his money soon parted, while wiser men used the prosperous days to prepare for the hard times to follow. Hard times came soon, finding few thoroughly enough hedged to tide over. The first survey was made by William E. Marshall in 1854, but the first record of survey was filed August 2d, 1855, WilUam E. Marshall, surveyor, changed by Heman C. Smith. This was on sections 25 and26. Next, May 13th, 1856, Atwater's addition was recorded. Next, June 19th, 1856, Morrison, Smith and Hancock's addi- tion. These additions were surveyed by H. Clay- ton Smith. Murphy's addition was surveyed July 7th, 1857, by Smith and Carleton. In the fall of 1855 more than one hundred houses had been built, and to quote from the pa- pers of the day, "Some would do credit, both in structure and durability, to the city of New York." The boom of progress was checked and brought to a stand by the financial crisis of 1857. Fabulous rates of interest were paid by even the best men, and disaster followed. The fortunes which seemed already in the grasp of many, treacherouslv slipped away and passed into the hands of others, and in this way some of the first claimants, who were entitled to, and were worthy of, the highest rewards came out poor. It was long thought by the leading citizens of St. Anthony that their neighbor, Minneapolis, would become only a valuable suburb of their city, as the natural conformation of the land and the di- vision of the river by islands favored the St. Anthony side. At first all the business except farming was on the east side, but October 8th, 1853, Mr. Chambers opened the "Pioneer Store" in a building on Bridge Square belonging to Mr. J. H. Stevens, and the following year several more were built. In 1854, the township of Minneapolis was sup- posed to contain nearly one thousand inhabitants and had one newspaper, the Northwestern Dem- ocrat; one physician, Dr. A. E. Ames; two firms of lawyers, Cornell and Hanson, and Atwater and Jones; reUgious services were instituted by the Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists. During this year a land oflSce was established with M. L. Olds register, and E. P. Eussell re- ceiver. Messrs. Olds and Eussell held their offices until 1857, when the land office was removed to Forest City. At one time there was a great rush of business at this office, and from 5500 to $20,000 was paid over in a single day. It may be recorded here that at the time of the Sioux outbreak in 1862, the land office was again located at Mimieapolis, with Dana E. King register, and Mr. Jordan receiver. In 1863 Dr. H. Fletcher was appointed receiver, and in the winter of 1864, B. F. Baker register. In 1866, the office was again removed to Forest City. In 1854, one saw mill, and the first in Minne- apolis, aside from the old government mill, was located just below the falls, with a capacity of 1,500,000 feet per annum, besides a large amount of shingles. The mill was running under the direction of C. King. A contract was entered into in 1855, by Messrs. Bassett and Canney with Messrs. Pomeroy and Bates mill builders, for the erection of a steam saw-mill at the mouth of Bassett's creek, which empties into the Missis- sippi about half a mile above the suspension bridge, beginning the following spring. This mill was completed the following year, and its capacity was estimated at from five to ten mil- lion feet per annum. Another mill was erected the following year, 1857, half a mile above -the last, by A. Wolcott & Co., with an estimated ca- pacity of 30,000 feet per day. The estimated capacity of all the mills at the falls built and building in 1857, was from 60,000,- 000 to 75,000,000 feet per annum. Thus began the great lumber business of MinneapoUs. In another part of this history we shall see to what an extent it has since developed. In 1853, Thos. Chambers's store on Bridge Square was the only store in Minneapolis, and this was burned in 878 HISTOBT OF HENNHPIK COUNTY. April of the following year, but was rebuilt on "Hennepin street." In 1854 nine stores are re- ported, Chambers', Messrs. I. I. Lewis & Co.'s, W. D. Babbitt's, Samuel Hidden's, Jackins & Wright's, Dr. II. Fletcher and James B. Mills', Warren Sampson's, Tufts, Eeynolds & White- more's, Dane & Calif's, hardware. In 1855, this number had increased to seventeen, seven gen- eral, one dry goods and clothing, one fancy and staple dry goods, one clothing, two hardware, two drug, One book and two jewelry and watch stores. Besides these were painters, carriage and sleigh makers, blacksmiths, boot and shoe malsers, gunsmith, tailor; bakeiy and harness naaker. We find three land agents, one news- paper, one hotel, two livery stables, two brick yards, one saw-mill. Pour churches had been organized. First Presbyterian, Baptist, Free Bap- tist and Methodist Episcopal. Two of these had houses of worship, Presbyterian and Free Bap- tist. Societies were represented by the "Free- masons and Odd Fellows, and schools by a Cen- tral University and one district school. Following the year 1855, and the reduction of the reservation, which enabled settlers to obtain perfect titles to their lands, the growth of the west side was as remarkable as that of the east. In 1857, the population was estimated at two- thousand, an increase in the village of eighteen hundred in two years. The court-house was then building; the United States Land OiHce was located here ; a twelve thousand dollar school-house was in procress of erection; the Presbyterian, Free Will Baptist and Episcopal societies had church edifices. Many elegant private residences were also to be seen on both the east and west sides, and both cities were enjoying gi'eat prosperity. A board of trade had been organized, composed of the leading business men of both cities, and the union of St. Anthony and Minneapolis was already looked forward to as a probable and desi- rable event. In MinneapoUs at this time were forty-two business places, a number of real-estate dealers, several hotels and boarding houses, one printing office, three surveyors, four physicians and ten lawyers, a furniture factory opened in 1854, by B. E. Messer, Francis Sampson and Major Craft, to which was added the manufacture of wagons, sleighs, etc. In 1858 Minneapolis, in accordance with an act of legislature approved March 1st, 1856, organ- ized a town government with a council. Hon. H. T. Welles was elected president. The boundaries of the town of Minneapolis, as described in the act of incorporation, were: be- ginning at a point on the Mississippi Kiver where the line between sections 10 and 15 intersects the river, thence west on said line between sections 10 and 16 to the north-west corner of section 15, thence south on section line to the south-west corner of section 27, thence east on the south line of sections 27, 26 and 25 to the Mississippi River, thence up said river to the place of beginning. The first session of the- council was held July 20th, 1858, Mr. Welles presiding. Councillors elected in the several wards were: Isaac I. Lewis, first ward; Charles Hoag, second ward; William Garland, third ward; Edwin Hedderly, fourth ward; Mr. Todd, clerk. G. Henry Hamilton aft- erward became clerk and Mr. Morrison became councillor in place of Mr. Lewis. In 1859 a new council was elected. Cyrus Breeaer, President; Councillors, J. O. Weld, R. H. Pettit N. S Walker and H. E. Mann; Mr. Hamilton, Clerk to November 28th, when, in consequence of his resignation, O. L. Savory was elected. This board continued until 1861 , when a new board was elected. At the session of the legislature of 1862 the charter of incorporation was repealed in compli- ance with the demand of the citizens, who found the expense of the experiment too great for them to bear, and Minneapolis was placed back under the township organization. In 1864, the legislature passed an. act giving town boards new powers. Under this act S. H. Mattison, Judge E. B. Ames and Miles Hills composed the board, with Thomas W. Hale, Clerk. Colonel C. Aldrich, George A. Brackett and O. M. Laraway followed, succeeded by Judge E. S. Jones, J. M. Eustis and E. P. Russell. In February, 1867, the City of Minneapolis was incorporated by act of legislature. Minneapolis and St. Anthony were united by an act of legislature, approved Febuary 28th, 1872, and on the 9th of April, the union was completed by the organization of the new city council. For some time after the consolidation of the two cities, harmony did not exist in the TEMPERANCE AGITATION. 379 council. Many of the citizens of St. Anthony re- gretted the change which gave their city a new name and destroyed its individuality. Each di- vision assumed its own financial management so far as pertained to contracts existing previous to consolidation, and each maintained its own schools, levying, collecting and disbursing its school funds as before. Two or three years before the union, an im- successful attempt was made to obtain a vote to purchase Nicollet Island for a park, and grounds for the public buildings of the county. It has since been a matter of general regret to the citi- zens of Minneapolis, that this project, which would have added so much to the attraction of the city, was not successfully carried out. CHAPTEE LXI. POLITICAL HISTORY OF ST. ANTHQKY— FIBST COUIirCIL— TBMPEEANCE MEETING — SALAEIES — LIST OF OFFICERS — CONSOLIDATION. On the 13th day of AprU, 1855, the first coun- cil of the city of St. Anthony was convened with the following officers present : H. T. Welles, Mayor; Orth, Spencer, Stanchfleld, Lippincott, Dorr and Qummings, Aldermen. Edward L. Hall was chosen clerk pro tem. and the official oath was administered to the Mayor and Alder- men. St. Anthony was thus enrolled among the cities of the West. W. E. Brawley was elected city clerk for the term of one year, after which the Aldermen drew by lot for the one and two year terms with the following result. First ward, Benjamin N. Spencer, one year, John Orth, two years. Second ward, Daniel Stanchfleld, one year, Edwin Lippincott, two years. Third ward, Caleb D. Dorr, one year, Robert W. Cummings, two years. The usual committees were then ap- pointed by the Mayor, and the first session of the council of St. Anthony closed. At the next session, April 14th, the following day, the coun- cil proceeded to elect the following officers: Ira Kingsley, Treasurer; S. W. Famham, Assessor; Benjamin Brown, Marshal; E. L. Hall, City At- torney; E. B. Kash, Collector of taxes; Isaac Gilpatrick, Supervisor of streets. Mr. Farnham declined the office of assessor, and May 7th, Mr. Brott was elected in his stead. At a subsequent meeting April 23d, C. B. Chapman was elected City Surveyor, and at a meeting still later, Lard- nerBostwick was elected City Justice. Alder- man Cummings was authorized to lease a room for the use of the council. Proposals for printing were received from C. G. Ames of the St. Anthony Express, and G. D. Bowman of the Northwestern Democrat. In consequence of a tie vote on the proposals, the Mayor gave the casting vote in favor of the Dem- ocrat, which paper by this means obtained the city printmg. The first petition brought before the city council was from G. E. H. Day and others for the suppression of the sale of intoxi- cating liquors on the Sabbath, and was referred to Aldermen Stanchfleld and Cummings, com- mittee on licenses. On their recommendation a meeting of citizens was called at the school-house in the third ward, April 19th, in order to give the friends of temperance a fair hearing upon the subject of the petition. At this gather- ing a petition was presented by Mrs. King, signed by a large number of ladies, praying the council to prohibit the sale of intoxicating liquors within the city limits. The meeting was ad- dressed by Messrs. ISTourse, North, and Rev. Mr. Creighton, and considerable feeling was mani- fested. The petition was referred to the commit- tee on licenses. The result of the agitation was an ordinance fixing licenses at fifty dollars per year, no Ucense to be issued for a period less than one year, attaching moderate penalties to the selling of liquors without license. Gambling was for- bidden, drunkenness and fighting prohibited, and dealers strictly forbidden keeping their saloons open on the Sabbath, or later than ten o'clock in the evening during the week. Ordinances for the government of the city were adopted April 23d. Salaries were fixed for Mayor, $200 per year; Aldermen, $100 ; Marshal, $300; City At- torney, $250; Clerk, $325, and three per cent, on all taxes collected, as compensation for services of collector. The bonds required were, of Treasurer, $5,000; Assessor, $500; Collector, $5,000; Supervisor of Streets, $500; Clerk, $500; 380 HISTOBY OF HENNEPm COUNTY. City Attorney, $500; Surveyor, $300; Marshal, $5,000. A watch-house was authorized and built Sep- tember 1st, where now is the corner of Seventh street and Central Avenue. About four years since, the old watch-house was sold to private individuals. Several changes took place in the officers the first year. Ira Kingsley resigned and was succeeded by Z. E. B. Nash; Isaac Gilpat- rick resigned and was succeeded by W. H. Town- send; G. P. Brott in like manner was succeeded by J. B. Gilbert; H. Ilechtman was appointed supervisor of streets in place of W. H. Town- send, who resigned, and November 12th, Mr. Hechtman was succeeded by J. M. Brewer. Oc- tober 29th, Benjamin Brown tendered his res- ignation as marshal and collector, and Novem- ber 12th Seth Turner was appointed in his stead. The offices of marshal and collector were so far combined as to be vested in the same officer, who received a stated salary as marshal and a percentage as collector. At the first regular meeting of the council fol- lowing the election of April 7th, 1856, a resolu- tion was offered and passed, dispensing with sala- ries of Mayor and Aldermen, and combining the offices of Clerk and Comptroller and fixing the salary at $225 per annum. At the same meeting an effort was made to elect the several officers to be chosen by the council, but without success. A struggle ensued and bitter feeling was engen- dered. The meeting adjourned, but the wrath was nursed and kept warm to break out in a new war at the next meeting, April 19th, when it was carried so far as to declare the Mayor out of order and elect one of the dissenting Aldermen chair- man. Again they adjourned without accomplish- ing any business, but at a meeting held May 5th, oil was poured on the troubled waters and the election of officers proceeded. It was also voted to occupy the office of Lardner Bostwick as coun- cil room. In August following, the ordinance, combining the offices of Marshal and Collector was repealed. In March, 1857, the city was divided into four wards. Following the election of April, 1857, the offices of Assessor and Super- visor of Streets were separated. May 31st, 1858, the first police force was organized, to consist of the City Marshal and such policemen as may from time to time be appointed by the Council, The ordinance provided that the Mayor should be at the head of the police department, and that the Aldermen should co-operate with the Mayor in enforcing the -laws, and should have power to make arrests either with or without process. CITY OFFICERS OF ST. ANTHONY. The first Council organized April 13th, 1855 — H. T. Welles, Mayor; Aldermen : first ward, Benjamin N. Spencer, one year, John Orth, two years; second ward, Daniel Stanchfleld, one year, Edward Lippincott, two years; third ward, Ca- leb D. Dorr, one year, Robert W. Cummings, two years. Officers appointed by the Council were, W. r. Brawley, City Clerk; Ira Kingsley, Treas- urer; S. W. Famham, Assessor; Benjamin Brown, Marshal; E. L. Hall, City Attorney; Isaac GU- patrick. Supervisor of Streets; E. B. Nash, Col- lector of Taxes; C. B. Chapman, City Surveyor; L. Bostwick, City Justice. Appointments, mostly to fill vacancies, occurring during the year were, G. F. Brott, Assessor; Benjamin Brown, Collect- or; E. B. Nash, Weigh Master; Z. E. B. Nash , Treasurer; W. H. Townsend, Supervisor of Streets; J. B. Gilbert, Assessor; H. Hechtman, Supervisor of Streets, soon succeeded by J. M. Brewer; Seth Turner, Marshal and Collector. First regular election April 7th, 1856, Alvaren Allen, Mayor; Aldermen, William Fewer, first ward; A. D. Foster, second ward; David A. Se- combe, third ward. Appointed officers, W. F. Brawley, Clerk and Comptroller; Richard Fewer, Treasurer; Seth Turner, Assessor and Supervisor of Streets; J. Chapman, Marshal and Collector; J. S. Demmon, City Attorney; J. M. Brewer, Su- pervisor; Lardner Bostwick, City Justice. Sub- sequent appointments — Seth Turner resigned, succeeded by J. M. Brewer, and he by Henry Whipple; Seth Turner, Marshal and Collector; D. B. Dorman, Treasurer. August 12th the ordi- nance combining the offices of Marshal and Col- lector was repealed, and L. W. Stratton was appointed Collector. Mayor Allen resigned and D. A. Secombe, Mayor pro tern., served out the term. William Lochren, City Attorney, in place of Demmon, resigned. Second election, April 6th, 1857. Re-division of city in four wards. Wm. W. Wales, Mayor; Al- dermen—Daniel Knoblauch, first ward; L. W. Johnson, second; William McHerron, third; John OFFICIAL BOSTEB OF ST. ANTHONY. 381 C. Johnson, fourth. Appointed officers— W. P. Brawley, Clerk and Comptroller; N. KeTTogg^ Assessor; L. W. Stratton, Collector; J. M. Brewer, Supervisor, soon succeeded by W. A. Eowell; G. A. Nourse, Attorney; II. S. Temple, Marshal. May 22d, 1857, A. D. Foster, Alderman, re- signed. March 22d, 1868, Moses Whittier ap pointed Supervisor in place of Eowell resigned. Special election April 25th, 1857. William Du- gas. Alderman, first ward. He resigned March 22d, 1858. Third election, April 5th, 1858. Orrin Curtis, Mayor; Aldermen, Daniel Knoblauch, first ward; James Crowe, second, for one year; George W. Thurber, second, for two years; James McMuUen, third; K. "W. Cummings, fourth. Appointed offi- cers— W. F. Brawley, Clerk; Moses Whittier, Su- pervisor; H. S. Temple, Marshal; L. W. Stratton, Collector; O. Curtis, Treasurer; D. M. Dem- mon. Attorney; C. H. Snow, Surveyor; E. W. Cutler, Assessor; July 6th, John Armstrong, Marshal. Fire Department — D. B. Dorman, Chief Engineer; R. W. Cummings, First Assist- ant; S. W. Farnham, Second Assistant. Fourth election, April 16th, 1859. O, Curtis, Mayor; Aldermen — Henry Hechtman, first ward; William Lochren, second; John Pomeroy, third; Benjamin Parker, fourth. Appointed officers — W. W. Wales, Clerk; C. D. Dorr, Assessor; D. B. Dorman, Assistant Assessor; Moses Whit- tier, Supervisor of Streets; James White, Assist- ant; Franklin Cook, Surveyor; S". H. Hemiup, Attorney; John Armstrong, Marshal. June 29th, John Orth, Alderman, first ward, in place of Knoblauch, resigned. December 21st, Lardner Bostwick, City Justice, resigned. Fifth election, April 2d, 1860. R. B. Graves, Mayor; Aldermen — E. W. Cutler, first ward, one year; Henry Hechtman, two years; Richard Few- er, second, one year; William Lochren, two years; O. T. Leavitt, third, one year; Charles Crawford, two years; J. S. Pillsbury, fourth, one year; J. H. Murphy, two years. Appointed officers — W. W. Wales, Clerk; John Babcock, Treasurer; David Edwards, Assessor; J. H. Noble, Marshal; J. B. Gilfillan, Attorney; W. A. Townsend, Supervisor; J. A. Armstrong, Collector; Charles Henry and Solon Armstrong, Justices of the Peace; D. Schofield and W. Mol- itor, Constables; E. S. Brojyn, Chief of Fire De- partment. December 8th, 1860, A. Rowell, Col- lector, vice, J. A. Armstrong. Sixth election, April 3d, 1861. O. C. Mem- man, Mayor; Aldermen — Peter Weuigart, first ward; Richard Fewer, second ward; O. T. Swett, third ward; J. S. Pillsbury, fourth ward. Ap- pointed officers, W. W. Wales, Clerk; D. B. Dor- man, Treasurer, succeeded by John Babcock; David Edwards, Assessor; J IT. ISToble, Marshal; J. B. Gilfillan, Attorney; Charles T. Stinson, Su- pervisor; William Lashells, Constable. June 17th, N. H. Hemiup, Collector, vice Rowell, resigned; Dan M. Demmon, Alderman, second ward, vice William Lochren, resigned; John Dunham, Chief of Fire Department; July 2nd, R. P. Graves, Treasurer, vice Babcock re- signed; September 16th, W. H. Chamberlain, Chief of Fire Department, vice Dunham; Decem- ber 4th, 1861, David Edwards, Collector, vice Hemiup resigned. Seventh election April, 1862. Records from AprU 1865, to June, are missing, and it is probable there are omissions in consequence. O. C. Merriman, Mayor; Aldermen, includ- ing those holding over, J. S. Pillsbury, Dan M. Demmon, Richard Fewer, Peter Weingart, Andrews, Blakeman, Bernhard, T. M. Bohan; Charles F. Simms to fill vacancy. Appointed officers, W. W. Wales, City Clerk; D. Edwards, Assessor; William Lashells, Super- visor; E. Lippincott, Marshal, vice Noble, re- signed. Eighth election April 7th, 1863. E. S. Brown, Mayor; Aldermen, W. M. Lashells, first ward, two years; J. L. Newman, second ward, two years, Charles F. Simms, third ward, two years; S. W. Failiham, fourth ward, two years. Ap- pointed officers, W. W. Wales, City Clerk; E. Ortman, Treasurer; D. Edwards, Assessor; N. H. Miner, Attorney; William Fewer, City Justice, vice Charles Henry; M. B. Rollins, Marshal; John McAulifE, Constable, vice D. Schofield; D. Ed- wards, Supervisor. June 11th, E. Lippincott, Chief engineer, vice W. H. Chamberlain, resign- ed; May 6th, E. Lippincott, City Marshal, vice Rollins, not having qualified. August 15th, Dan M. Demmon, City Clerk, vice W. W. Wales, re- signed; Baldwin Brown, Alderman, second ward, vice Dan M. Demmon, resigned; October 8th, Jo- seph Van Eman, Collector. 382 HISTOBY OF HSNNEPIN COUNTY. Ninth election April 5th, 1864. O. C. Merri- man, Mayor; Aldermen, T. M. Bohan, first ward; L. B. Schrum, second; T. J. Tuttle, third; W. F. CahUl, fourth. Appointed officers, Dan M. Dem- mon, City Clerk; James A. Lovejoy, Treasurer; David Edwards, Assessor; Edw. Lippincott, Marshal; Dan M. Demmon and William Spooner, Justices of the Peace; W. M. Lashells and Edw. Lippincott, Constables. May 14th, George Rich- ards, Supervisor; June 7th, E. W. Cutler,|Alder- man, third ward, to fill vacancy; June 14th, Isaac Crovfe, Alderman, third ward, viceL. B. Schrum, resigned; November 19tli, John M. Gushing, Su- pervisor, vice Richards, deceased; January 6th, 1865, J. M. Shepherd, previously appointed Mar- shal, to fill vacancy, resigned. Tenth election April, 1865. WiUiam W. Wales, Mayor; Aldermen, Louis Vorwerk, first ward; John M. Gushing, second; Elijah Moulton, third; William Gleason, fourth. Appointed officers, Dan M. Demmon, City Clerk; James A. Lovejoy, Treasurer; G. G. Loomis, Assessor; J. E. Butter- field, Justice, to fill vacancy; M. W. Getchell, Marshal. May 16th, J. S. Lane, Chief Engineer Fire Department; W. A. Rowell, first assistant; Peter Thielen, second; May 19th, D. P. Spafford, Supervisor, succeeded by L. D. White; M. W. Getchell, Assessor, vice Loomis, deceased; Octo- ber 7th, L. D. White, Supervisor resigned, suc- ceeded by David Van Deren. Eleventh election, April 3d, 1866—0. C. Merri- man, Mayor; Aldermen: Hubert Weber, first ward; L. B. Schrum, second ward; Thomas J. Tuttle, third ward; John A. Armstrong, fourth ward. Appointed officers — Dan M. Demmon, City Clerk; Samuel H. Chute, Treasurer; David Edwards, Assessor; Dan M. Demmon and Charles Henry, Justices for two years; John M. Gushing and William Spooner, Constables for two years; May 22d, William Lochren, City Attorney; July 13th, M. W. Getchell, Marshal, holding over, re- signed; Joseph Van Eman, Supervisor, resigned July 19th. Twelfth election, April 2d, 1867—0. G. Merri- man. Mayor; Aldermen: T. M. Bohan, first ward; Gilbert B. Dake, second ward; James 8. Lane, third ward; George D. Perkins, fourth ward. Appointed officers — Dan M. Demmon, City Clerk; Edw. S. Brown, Treasurer; Peter Thielen, Assessor; William Lochren, Attorney; Anson Northrup, Supervisor; Michael Hoy, Mar- shal; Charles Lamby, City Justice for one year; William M. Lashells and John Abel, Constables for one year. Thirteenth election, April 7th, 1868— Winthrop Young, Mayor; Aldermen: Nicholas Risch, first ward; L. B. Scrum, second ward; J. B. GilfiUan, third ward, full term; D. M, Demmon, third ward, to fill vacancy; James A. Lovejoy, fourth ward. Appointed officers — William Lochren, City Clerk; E. S. Brown, Treasurer; Peter Thielen, Assessor; Michael Hoy, Marshal; W. W. Wood- bury and Charles Lamby, Justices; Henry Wei- malt and John Abel, Constables; June 2d, Michael Hoy, Supervisor; B. M. Van Alstine, Chief Engineer Eire Department, James McMul- len and Baldwin Brown, Assistants; March 16th, Peter Thielen, City Clerk, vice WilUam Lochren. Fourteenth election, April 6th, 1869-W. W. Mc- Nair, Mayor; Aldermen: T. M. Bohan, first ward; Patrick Kennedy, second ward; M. W. GetcheU, third ward; J. M. Pomeroy, fourth ward. Ap- pointed officers — Peter Thielen, City Clerk; E. S. Brown, Treasurer; C. F. Smith, Assessor; WiU- iam Lochren, Attorney; Michael Hoy, Marshal; May 4th, D. M. Demmon, Chief Engineer Fire Department, Robert Hasty and Leonard G. Smith, Assistants; May 6th, Michael Hoy, Supervisor of Streets, with authority to appoint an assistant. Fifteenth election, April 5th, 1870— W. W. Mc- Nair, Mayor; Aldermen: Phillip Pick, first ward; G. B. Dake, second ward; S. H. Chute, third ward; Thomas Moulton, fourth ward. Appoint- ed oflScers- Peter Thielen, City Clerk; E. Ort- man. Treasurer; L. C. Smith, Assistant Treas- urer; J. B. Gilflllan, Attorney; Michael Hoy, Marshal; William M. Lashells and P. J. Thielen, Justices; John Merchant and Michael Ryan, Con- stables; May 3d, F. H. Warneke, Supervisor. Sixteenth and last election, April 7th, 1871— E. S. Brown; Mayor, Aldermen: T. M. Bohan, first ward; Patrick Kennedy, second ward; M. W. Getchell, third ward; Charles F. Smith, fourth ward. Appointed officers— Solon Armstrong, City Clerk; Ernest Ortman, Treasurer; M. G. White, Assessor; Matthias Weir and Anton Grethen, Constables; Theodore Hess, Supervisor, First ward; Charles Mills, Supervisor, Second ward; May 2d, Solon Armstrong, Justice, vice Thielen, deceased; James S. Lane, Chief Engi- neer Fire Department. OFFICIAL B08IFB OF MINNEAPOLIS. 383 OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE CITY OF MINNEAP- OLIS. In 1867, the city of Minneapolis was organized. The first officers were elected Pehruary 19th, 1867, and took the official oath at the office of the Town Clerk February 26th, following. The elected officers who formed the iirst city council were: D. Morrison, Mayor; Aldermen — William H. Gaslin, Henry Oswald and P. L. Morse, first ward; Hugh G. Harrison, S. H. Mattison and N . B. Hill, second ward; George A. Brackett, E. Price and O. B. King, third ward: Isaac Atwater, F. K. E. Cornell and G. Scheitlin, fourth ward. F. R. E. Cornell was elected President and F. L. Morse Vice-President. Upon drawing by lot for the term of office as aldermen, the result was as follows: for the one year term, Morse, Harrison, Brackett and Atwater; two years term; Gaslin, Mattison, Price and Cornell; three years term, Oswald, Hill, King and Scheitlin. Appointed officers — Thomas Hale Williams, City Clerk; D. R. Barber, Assessor; March 9th, H. H. Brackett, Cliief of Police; 8. H. King, City Surveyor; Charles E. Flandrau, City Attorney; A. J. Mc- Dougall, Street Commissioner. March 16th, the council designated the bounds constituting the Are limits, fixed upon the amount of bond re- quired of the several officers and awarded the city printing to T. S. King of the Atlas Printing Company. At the same meeting it was decided to employ four . policemen at sixty dollars per month. Several new offices were created during the remainder of the year, and a number of or- dinances added for the better government of the city. A board of health was established, and Dr. Lindley appointed health officer. The amount required in the City Treasurer's bond was three hundred dollars. First regular election, April 7th, 1868. H. G. Harrison, Mayor; Aldermen— first ward, Frank L. Morse; second, John H. Thompson; third, George A. Brackett; fourth, Isaac Atwater. Ap- pointed officers— Thomas Hale Williams, City Clerk; O. M. Laraway, Treasurer; John Vander Horck, Comptroller; W. D. Webb, Attorney; S. H. King, Street Commissioner; Daniel L. Day, Cliief of Police; D. R. Barber, Assessor, vice King, resigned. .SecoM election, April 6th, 1869. D. Morrison, • Mayor; Aldermen — F. Beede, first ward; C. .B.. HefEelflnger, second; G. M. Stickney, third; Charles Clark, fourth. Appointed officers — Thomas Hale Williams, City Clerk; O. M. Lara- way, Treasurer; J. Vander Horck, Comptroller; J. M. Shaw, Attorney; D. Morgan and H. A. Partridge, City Justices; O. L. Dudley, ConstaT ble; J. B. Clough, Street Commissioner; H. H. Brackett, Chief of Police. Thurd election, April 5th, 1870. E.B. Ames, Mayor; Aldermen — Henry Oswald, first ward; S. H. Mattison, second; C. M. Loring, third; G. E. Huy, fourth. Appointed officers — Thomas Hale WilUams, Clerk; O. M. Laraway, Treasurer; J. Vander Horck, Comptroller; R. D. Rich, Con- stable; J. M. Shaw, Attorney; J. B. Clough, Surveyor and Street Commissioner, succeeded by M. VanDuzee, May 6th. February 27th, 1871, D. R. Barber was appointed Assessor to fill va- cancy. Fourth election, April 4th, 1871. E. B. Ames, Mayor; Aldermen, F. L. Morse, first ward; A. M. Reid, second; O. A. Pray, third; F. R. E. Cornell, fomrth. Appointed officers, Thomas Hale Wil- liams, City Clerk ; Charles Darrow, Treasurer ; John Vander Horck, Comptroller; D. R. Barber, Assessor ; J. M. Shaw, Attorney ; J. L. Himes and H. G. Hicks, Justices; J. D. Rich, Constable; Cortez L. Peek, Chief of Police. July 5th, A. H. Young, Attorney, vice Shaw resigned, William F. Cahill Alderman first ward to fill vacancy; September 6th, O. M. Laraway, Treasurer, vice Darrow. Previous to the next annual election the cities of Minneapolis and St. Anthony were united by an act of the State Legislature approved Feb- ruary 28th, 1872. April 9th, 1872, the new eoun-- ci] was organized. The officers present were Aldermen Richard Fewer, M. W. Glenn, Bald- win Brown, G. T. Townsend, T. J. Tuttle, John Vander Horck, W. P. Ankeny, Peter Rauen, A. M. Reid, C. M. Hardenbergh, S. C. Gale, O. A. Pray, Leonard Day, N. B. Hill, Edward Murphy, Isaac Atwater, Joel B. Bassett and John Orth. The oath of office was taken. Alderman Atwater elected temporary chairman and the council pro- ceeded to the permanent organization of the city government of Minneapolis. A. M. Reid was chosen President, E. W. Cutler, Vice Presi- dent and Thomas Hale Williams, Clerk. The standing rules of the former city government, 384 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. of Minneapolis were adopted, a few subordinate officers were appointed and the first session of the consolidated city government closed. April 12th the council convened for the tran- saction of necessary business. The newly elected Mayor, E. M. Wilson, delivered his inaugural address, after which the usual committees were appointed. H. H. Corson was appointed Chief Engineer of the Eire Department, and D. K. Barber, Assessor of the West Division. April 17th, the police force was reorganized, with a Chief, Captain, Sergeant and ten patrolmen. May 8th, Dr. Charles Simpson was appointed Health Officer; Jime 5th, A. M. Merrick, City Attorney. First election, April 1st, 1873. George A. Brackett, Mayor; Aldermen, John Orth, first ward; Charles Thielen, second; Solon Armstrong, third; Simeon D. BoUins, fourth; Joel B. Bas- ' sett, fifth; R. E. Grimshaw, sixth; C. M. Harden- bergh, seventh; E. S. Jones, eighth; Leonard Day, ninth; William H. Johnson, tenth. Charles W. Johnson, City Clerk; 0."M. Laraway, Treas- urer; Ernest Ortman, Comptroller; A. M. Mer- rick, Attorney; H. H. Corson, City Engineer; Dr. Charles Simpson, Health Officer. Second election April 7th, 1874. E. M. Wil- son, Mayor; Aldermen, Gottfried Boehme, first ward; G. B. Dake, second; O. C. Merriman, third; G. M. Townsend, fourth; John Vander Horck, fifth; H. A. C. Thompson, sixth; A. M. Keid, seventh; N. R. Thompson, eighth; Wm. E. Jones, ninth; A. H. Edsten, tenth; Frank J. Meade, City Clerk; O. M. Laraway, Treasurer; Ernest Ortman, Comptroller, A. M. Merrick, Attorney; Grove B. Cooley, Municipal Judge; Ed. J. Davenport, Clerk Municipal Court; J. B. Clough, City Engineer; Dr. Charles Simpson, Health Officer. Third election April 5th, 1875. O. C. Merri- man, Mayor; Aldermen, T. M. Bohan, first ward; M. W. Glenn, second; Solon Armstrong, third, resigned, succeeded by Baldwin Brown; T. F. Anderson, fourth; F. L. Morse, fifth; O. J. Evans, sixth; M. L. Higgins, seventh; C. L. Snyder, eighth; A. A. Ames, ninth; W. IL Johnson, tenth. Frank J. Meade, City Clerk; O. M. Lar- away, Treasurer, Ernest Ortman, Comptroller; Eugene M. Wilson, Attorney; J. B. Clough, En- gineer; Dr. Charles Simpson, Health Officer; Grove B. Cooley, Municipal Judge; Ed. J. Dav- enport, Clerk Municipal Court; John H. Noble, Chief of Police; W. M. Brackett, Chief of Fire Department, west division; M. B. Rollins, Chief " of Fu-e Department, east division; Sweet W. Case, Assessor, west divison; C. F. Smith, As- sessor, east division. Fourth election, April 4th, 1876. A. A. Ames, Mayor; Aldermen, Gottfried Boehme, first ward; Michael Lyon, second; Baldwin Brown, third; A. R. Camp, fourth; Daniel Waitt, fifth; Wil- liam Duncan, fifth, to fill vacancy; H. A. C. Thompson, sixth; N. F. Griswold, seventh; John H. Stevens, eighth; J. H. Conkey, ninth; H. Kruckeberg, tenth. April 10th, J. O. Pattee, ninth, vice Ames, elected Mayor; E. S. Corser, seventh, vice M. L. Higgins, resigned. Frank J. Meade, City Clerk; O. M. Laraway, Treas- urer; Ernest Ortman, Comptroller; Eugene M. Wilson, Attorney; Thomas L. Rosser, Engi- neer; Dr. G. F. Townsend, Health Officer; Grove B. Cooley, Mimicipal Judge; Ed. J. Dav- enport, Clerk Municipal Court; Albert S. Mun- ger. Chief of Police; W. M. Brackett, Chief of Fire Department, west division; M. B. Rollins, Chief of Fire Department, east division. Fifth election, April .^d, 1877. John De Laittre, Mayor; Aldermen, T. M. Bohan, first ward; M. W. Glenn, second; Solon Armstrong, third, P. D. McMillan, fourth; J. B. Bassett, fifth; J. G. Mc- Farlane, sixth; E. S. Corser, seventh; C. L. Sny- der, eighth; J. O. Pattee, ninth; A. F. Jackson, tenth. Frank J. Meade, City Clerk; T. J. Bux- ton, Treasurer; William Lochreu, Attorney; Andrew Rinker, Engineer; S. W. Case, Assessor, west division; G. B. Dake, Assessor, east divi- sion; Dr. A. A. Ames, Health Officer; G. B. Cooley, Municipal Judge; Reuben Reynolds, Special Municipal Judge;- L. A. Dimn, Clerk Municipal Court. June 20th, W. B. Hall, Com- ptroller, vice Ortman, resigned; November 7th, Mathias ivees, jVlderman, sixth ward, vice Thompson, resigned. Sixth election, April 2d, 1878. A. C. Rand, Mayor. The number of wards was reduced to six and three members elected from each for terms of one, two and three years. Aldermen, first ward, P. J. Thielen one year, M. Lyons two years, B. F. Nelson three years; second ward, T. F. Andrews one year, W. J^. Barrows two MINNEAPOLIS AFTEB THIRTY YEARS. 385 years, A. R. Camp three years; third ward, J. W. Anderson one year, H. C. Morse two years, D. "Waitt three years; fourth ward, E. 8. Corser one year, T. S. Gilson two years, W. W. Woodward three years; fifth ward, A. Prank Gale one year, Fred L. Smith two years, C. L. Snyder three years; sixth ward, Karl Bendeke one year, Mat- hew "Walsh two years, A. C. Haugan three years. Selah Mathews, City Clerk; Assessors, A. C. Austin, G. B. Dake, William A. Barnes; W. B. Hill, Comptroller; WiUiam Loch- ren. Attorney; A. Rinker, Engineer; Dr. O. J. Evans, Health Officer; Thomas C. Wilson, Clerk of Municipal Court; A. S. Munger, Chief of Po- lice, A. C. Berry, Captain, John West, Sergeant, Michael Hoy, Detective; W. M. Brackett, Chief of Eire Department, W. C. Stetson and C. Pred- erichs, Assistants. Seventh election, April 1st, 1879. A. C. Rand, Mayor; Aldermen: M. W. Glenn, first ward; J. H. Gilmore, second ward; J. W. Anderson, third ward; Frank Beehe, fourth ward; J. M. Parker, fifth ward; Joseph Holscher, sixth ward. R. C. Benton, Attorney; William B. Hill, Comptroller; T. J. Buxton, Treasurer; Dr. A. H. Salisbury, Health OflBcer; Andrew Rinker, Engineer; Ed. McDermott, Sealer of Weights and Measures; A. S. Munger, Chief of PoUce; W. M. Brackett, Chief of Fu-e Department. Eighth election, April, 1880. As this year closes the official record, the entire list is given, embracing both, those officers elected in 1880 and those holding over from previous elections: A. C. Rand, Mayor. City Council, A. R. Camp, President; C. L. Snyder, Vice-President; Alder- men, first ward, B. F. Nelson, M. Lyons, M. W. Glenn; second ward, A. B. Camp, W. M. Bar- rows, J. H. Gilmore; third ward, D. Waitt, H. C. Morse, J. W. Anderson; fourth ward, W. W. Woodward, P. S. Gilson, F. Beebe; fifth ward, F. L. Smith, C. L. Snyder, J. M. Parker; sixth ward, M. Walsh, A. C. Haugan, Joseph Holscher. Selah Mathews, City Clerk; T. J. Buxton, Treas- urer; W. B. HUl, Comptroller; R. C. Benton, City Attorney; W. M. Brackett, Chief Engineer Fire Department; W. H. Johnson, Superintendent of Water-works; Andrew Bmker, City Engineer; Grove B. Cooley, Judge of Municipal Court; A. S. Munger Chief of Police; Dr. A. H. SaUsbury, Health officer. 25 CHAPTER LXII. AFTER THIRTY YEARS — STREETS AND ATBinjES — BUILDINGS — STATISTICS — POPULATIOST — DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER POWER. After following the settlement and growth of Minneapolis until its population became so numerous that it was possible to mention only the few who had become conspicuous, from large fortunes made by the rapid advance In prices and skillful business management, or from re- ceiving the honors of the people in consequence of enterprise, public spirit and high talent, it will be more interesting to leap over the inter- vening years and take a view of the city as it appears in 1881, with its population of fifty thousand, covering an area of nine square miles with houses, the largest city north-west of Chicogo and Milwaukee, and except St. Louis and Kan- sas City, the largest between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains. The surface of the country, from its almost level character, admits of extension ta every di- rection, and at the same time obviates the neces- sity of heavy and expensive grading. The same feature was favorable for regularity in the streets, and the beauty of the city would have been en- hanced, had the irregular course of the river been disregarded, and the streets laid out north and south, instead of following its torturous course. At a distance from the river the north and south course is adopted and the streets are regularly laid out, but at the intersection of streets run- ning by the first plan and the new one, many tri- angular pieces are formed which are a blemish to the appearance of the city. It must in justice be stated, however, that the regularity both in the course of the streets and avenues, and the numbering of houses is better than in most cities east or west. The streets and avenues are named numerically, except the four principal avenues, Washington, Hennepin, and Nicollet on the West and Central on the East Side, and a few formed by the irregularity of the city before mentioned. The streets run north and south, and the avenues east and west, except where varied by the original plats, which were made to con- form to the river. The streets and avenues are 38fl MISTont OP milTKHPlN COUWTt. wide, averaging about one hundred feet. In the central portion of the city the old wooden build- ings have been largely replaced by substantial and elegant brick and stone structures, and the reconstruction is going rapidly forward, which gives the business portion of the city somewhat the appearance of solidity characteristic of the Older cities In the east. Beyond the business centre are, seen many beautiful private residences, giving evidence of wealth and refinement, differing, however, from the Wealthy cities of the east by having larger lots and more extensive grounds laid out with taste. Indeed the resident portion of the city Unites the comfort and freedom of large Villages with the advantages of a city of considerable wealth. The most valuable building material is the na- tive limestone. Which underlies large areas in and near the city, in strata of uniform thickness, convenient for the erection of substantial and el- egant structures. This stone Is largely utilized for both public and private building. Extensive deposits of brick clay also exist, from which build- ers are furnished with bricks in color and texture like those of Milwaukee. It must be added, though it may seem superfluous in a great lum- ber city like Minneapolis, that soft and hard timber, at low prices, furnishes material for the construction of the greatest number of buildings. In addition to the materials mentioned, many building stones of greater beauty are brought from a distance, for ornamental finish or for the entire construction of buildings. Prominent among these foreign materials are the Ohio sand- stone, from which we have many buildings, and the Duluth brown-stone, used for the new West- minster Presbyterian church and other edifices. The streets are well Ughted with gas, except in parts remote from the centre where the mains have not yet been extended; here gasoline is used. The system of sewerage is extending rapidly, and already forms a network draining a large portion of the city; this is an herculean task in a climate where pipes are laid nine feet below the surface to avoid the action of the frost. A general tax is levied for that portion of the sew- erage which benefits the city at large, and spe- cial taxes are assessed on the abutting property to provide for this expensive improvement. At the session of the legislature of 1881, a bill was passed authorizing the city to issue bonds to the amount of $50,000 to carry out extensive plans for sewerage. The amount invested in buildings in 1879, as shown by the annual report of the Board of Trade, to whom we are indebted for these and other facts in regard to the present status of Min- neapolis, was $2,713,600, an increase of $1,605,- 750 over the year 1876. An accurate measure- ment of the frontage of all buildings erected during the year 1879, gives a distance amounting to two and a half miles solid, with no allowance made for streets Dming the year 1880, the report shows a front- age of business blocks greater by 329 feet than the previous year, and a gain of 177 in the num- ber of residences built, over the previous year. The total amount of building in 1880 was: twen- ty-six business blocks for forty-three stores, with a frontage of 1,187 feet, costing $257,000; eleven frame stores, 224 feet, $16,900; two elevators, $70,- 000; expended on three flouring mills, 8375,000; other improvements on mills, $60,000; manufactur- ing buildings, $136,500; four school buildings, $38,- 000; expended on four chm-ches, $62,000; county jail, $60,000; four railroad bruldings, $26,000; street-car and other public stables, $27,000; four hundred and seventy-three residences, costing over $1,000 each, total, $888,200; estimated eighty other residences at $800 each, $6-1,000, making a grand total of $2,080,600. Total sales of real estate during the year, $5,103,017; the largest in- cluded was the sale to J. J. Hill by Water Power Company, $465,000. The increase in busmess blocks and private residences though large was not equal to the demand, and at present a scarcity exists in both. The increase in mercantile and manufacturing interests was greater during 1880, than any pre- ceding year, but the demands of the new coimtry developing and looking to Minneapolis for sup- plies, have been in excess of the facilities furnished here. In short, the demands in all departments of enterprise in the city are greater than the supply, calling in imperative tones for more cap- ital in the various departments of the city trade to keep pace with the enlarged and growing de- mands of the surrounding country. More than 1,600 miles of railroad have been built during INCBHASE IN POPULATION. 387 the year, extending into country tributary to this city, and still greater plans are on foot for the ensuing year. A summary of business for five successive years is as follows: 1876, $21,017,819; 1877, $30,912,152; 1878, $47,149,876; 1879, $62,- 801,513; 1880, $88,298,820. The total bonded in- debtedness of the city in 1880, was $1,101,000, and $395,162.42 was levied in taxes during the year. The fact that the tendency of capital, in util- izing the water-power, is directed to the construc- tion of great flouring mUls with such improved facilities as to manufacture large quantities of flour without the employment of many hands, is not conducive to the most rapid growth of the city, but it is also true that the mUls now build- ing are of such mammoth proportions and em- ploy so large a capital in construction and opera- tion, that small concerns will eventually be unable to compete, and capital will be directed into other channels. The buUding of flouring mills has been stimulated by high prices, and doubtless the business will be enlarged to keep pace with the increasing acreage in the north- west. The undeveloped power of the falls, ad- mits of the introduction of all kinds of mechanical industries under most favorable conditions for success. In the chapter on mills and manufac- tories, will be seen the extent to which the power is already utilized and the amomit still unused. In view of the fact that the growth of Minneap- olis, hitherto has been due to the development of the power of the falls, we may safely predict a very large city when this power is utilized to its full extent, especially if manufactories of furni- ture, woolen and cotton goods, and other indus- tries employing many laborers are multiplied. It may be interesting and profitable to compare the growth of this city with that of others, partly by way of indication of what its future may be, and partly to satisfy the desire of every western citizen to know how his favorite city has held her own in tha strife for supremacy. New York city in 1656 had a population of one thousand; in 1756, at the end of the first century of its exist- ence, a little over ten thousand ; in 1800, over sixty thousand; in 1820, nearly one hundred and twenty-four thousand; in 1830, over two hundred thousand; in 1880, 1,206,590. Chicago came into existence in 1831, with about the same number of houses which Minneapolis had in the spring of 1854. In 1837 its population was 4,170; in 1840, 4,853; in 1850, 29,963; in 1860, twenty-nine years from its first life, 112,172; in 1870, 298,977; in 1880, 503,304. Minneapolis ui 1870, fifteen years from the time when the land was opened for set- tlement, had a population of 18,079, and in 1876 was estimated at 32,000; in 1880, after twenty- five years, 48,053. These figures are gratifying to the vanity of north-western enthusiasts and encouraging to property owners in the infant city, as they show a growth with which the older cities of the coun- try can afford no comparison, and a parallel to Chicago, the greatest prodigy on the continent. Chicago, at the sixth year of its existence, had 4,170; Minneapolis, at fifth, 5,809. Chicago at the ninth year, 4,S53; MinneapoUs at the fifteenth, 18,079. The percentage of growth from 1870 to 1880,269 per cent., was not equaled by any city of equal size on the continent. The population of MinneapoUs by the census of 1880 was 48,053, but at the present time doubt- less exceeds 50,000. The projected plans for machine-shops con- nected with the great trunk hues extending west promise to add immediately, thousands to the per- manent population of the city, besides the num- ber temorarily employed in the construction of new buildings and new roads. Minneapolis is emphatically a busy city, and visitors from the east are disposed to find fault with a town whose citizens cannot find time to waste in idle talk. The recent purchase of the east-side water-power by James J. HUl, manager of the St. Paul, Min- neapolis and Manitoba railway, has given a new impetus to the manufacturing interests. The purchase was made March 1st, 1880, for a private company, consisting of James J. Hill and others interested in operating the railway, though a distinct company, and the price paid was to the St. Anthony Water Power Company, $425,000, and to Mr. Eastman for a few privileges not con- trolled by that company, an additional sum of $42,500, making a total investment of $467,500. The city has no marked characteristic except the great river with its wonderful water-fall, and the Industries which it supports. Of all the in- dustries, that of the flouring mUls is the fore- most, and of such extent as not only to charac- terize Minneapolis as a milling city, but also to 388 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. entitle it to the position of the first in the world. The three great mills are the Wash- bum A, with capacity, when complete, es- timated at 4,200 baiTels, the Pillsbury A, in process of building, estimated at 4,800, and the Crown Roller at 3,000, besides twenty-three more making a total daily capacity of 25,225 according to the estimate of the Board of Trade. In giving a history of the milling interests of Minneapolis, it will be necessary to give a sketch of the changes the falls themselves have under- gone since their first discovery, but we shall not attempt to usurp the ground covered by the "Pioneers and Explorers." That the falls received their name " St. Anthony " from Father Hen- nepin has been already recorded, and the ever- lasting rocks, bear testimony to their " change of venue " by a gorge cut from the mouth of the Minnesota river to St. Anthony. The strata of rock forming the bed of the river was superim- posed upon white sandstone of a very friable nature. From this cause the recession proceeded rapidly by the combined action of frost and water, for the erosion destroyed the sandstone substratum, and the action of the frost and water combined broke down the rock bed of the river. Still another destructive force was added, namely the hand of man in attempting to make the power more available. The value of a water- fall consists as much in its availability as in volume and height, and in these respects the Falls of St. Anthony excel, owing to the high bluffs on each side of the river above the falls, through which sluices can be cut, conducting the water to flumes or canals parallel with the main channel. Besides, the water-power companies, by dams built for the advantage of mills situated on each bank, forced the flood of the river to about one-third the natural width of the stream and thus hastened the disintegration. The work of destruction by these vaiious causes continued silently but nevertheless with alarming rapidity. The attention of citizens was occasionally called to the danger when the undermining process caused an unusual recession, as in 1851, when several rods, ninety feet by actual measurement, of the superstratum fell in one huge mass in the foaming water. It will be interesting to many to find here a record of the exact location of the crest of the fall in 1850. We, therefore, give points from which any one may ascertain it, and note the recession. A line running south 50 deg. west from the north-west comer of the "Pillsbury A" mill, would strike the bend in the crest of the falls, as it was in 1860, about 250 feet west of its eastern end at the old frame saw-mill, and would follow its crest to a point on the west side, nine feet above the lower comer of the Minneapolis Mill, of Crocker, Fisk and Company. The data are obtained from records made and preserved by C. W. Christmas. Persons interested, by standing at the corner of the Pillsbury A miU, can easily follow this line and mark the recession of the falls during the thirty years which have elapsed since the record was made. Dr. S. H. Chute, iii 1864, excavated a tunnel eight feet in diameter, beginning just below the Chalybeate springs, through the soft sand rock about two himdred feet in a straight line, thence parallel with the river to the fall, for a tail-race, in order to secure greater head in utiUzing the power. Into this subterranean channel, it was supposed, after encasing it with masonry or sheet iron, the waste water from many mills could be conducted. The work was never com- pleted, but the eroding tooth was by this means, admitted to cut more rapidly at the very vitals of the power. This excavation was called Chute's cave, and visitors at the falls were invited to ex- plore its dark regions in a boat kept there for the purpose by persons interested in a place of resort near the spring. The attractions here were the mineral water, which still continues to flow in great abundance from fissures in the rock, a fish pond and a few curiosities of the animal king- dom. The view of the falls with these extraor- dinary inducements, rewarded the tourist for the fatigue of descending tlie long stairway to the bed of the river, and the patronage of swing, boat and restaurant compensated the enterpris- ing owner. The springs continue to fumish medicinal water, but the remainder gave place during the winter of 1880 — 1, to the progressive enterprise of mill building. During the winter of 1880 — 1, occurred the breaking down of the limestone ledge above the tunnel. Into the hole, tumbled a part of Main street. A tree was swallowed up to the Umbs, and the corner of a mill standing near, settled to an alarming extent. HENNEFm ISLAND TUNNEL. 389 The danger was near the large and expensive Pillsbury A, but fortunately its foundations are secure. Still another and the most dangerous tunnel, was the excavation on Hennepin Island, begun in 1868 by W. W. Eastman and others, at the foot of Hennepin Island, and intended to extend under the island and under the river to Nicollet Island, where the manufacturing establishments were to be located. Before the work approached completion, and while it was progressing under the river above the island, dangerous percolation began which continued through new and enlarged apertures, but the alarm did not discontinue the work until the laborers were driven out by the rapidly Increasing torrent, by which one of their number was swept away into the current below and narrowly escaped drowning, while the re- mainder hurried out by a perpendicular shaft that had been sunk at the head of Hennepin Island. The power of the falls was thus turned to their own destruction; the sides of the tunnel dropped in and down went the rocks forming the river's bed, with logs and debris in a tangled mass. The alarm was given "The falls are going out!" and citizens as well as proprietors joined in the effort to stay the destruction. The alarm was well grounded, for the rock bed of the river only extended twelve hundred feet above the falls, having at the time of the settlement of St. Anthony cut its way nearly through the limestone layer. The temporary expedients resorted to were continued, renewed and changed, until by an appropriation from the national government, municipal aid and private contribution, elaborate plans were carried out for permanent preservation of the falls. The companies controlling the water- power made , in 1 866 , an attempt to protect the crest of the falls by a timber apron, but this was car- ried ofE in the spring following. A survey, made in 1869, by Major G. K. War- ren, called the attention of the general govern- ment to the necessity of arresting their destruc- tion. James B. Francis, of Massachusetts, was summoned to examine the falls and report as to the best means of averting the catastrophe. He recommended as a protection against the recess- ion of the crest, a substantial apron of timber with heavy crib- work at the bottom; for the dangerous tunnel, that it be filled for four hundred feet with a puddle of clay and gravel; against the third danger, the action of frost, that the limestone be kept flooded by low dams. No time was lost in carrying out energetic measures. A "Board of Construction," appoint- ed by citizens, set about building the apron, and private enterprise and government aid, united in the work. Government appropriations amount- ing to $555,000 were made, beginning in 1870 and ending with that of March 3d, 1879. A concrete wall was laid in the bed of sandstone, beneath the limestone ledge, six feet in thickness at the base and four feet at the top, and forty feet in height, extending entirely across the river, thus efEectually preventing any further leakage. The amount contributed by the citizens of Minneapo- lis toward the preservation of the falls was $334,- 500. The whole cost of the improvement thus buried out of sight, was nearly a million of dol- lars, but from it came the preservation of the falls with its one hundred and twenty thousand horse-power and the future hope of Minneapolis. CHAPTER LXIII. MILL BUILDING — A LARGE GRIST — FIRST SHIP- MENT OF FLOUR — WEST SIDE MILLS— THE EX- PLOSION — NEW PROCESS— MILLS AT PRESENT. Mill building began with the old government mill built in 1822. To the saw-mill was attached a single run of stone for grinding corn, for the use of the large number of cattle and horses employed at Fort Snelling. A penstock was consfa-ucted from the crest of the falls to the wooden "flutter- wheel" of the old-fashioned mill. The mill occu- pied the site of the present mill of Sidle, Fletcher, Holmes & Martin. Twenty-five years passed away before further progress was made, when Franklin Steele built the dam, saw-mill and other Improvements already mentioned in this history. Steele's mill was above the location of the pres- ent structures on the east sidQ, and run under a head of six feet. In 1856, the "St. Anthony 390 mSTOBT OF HENNHPIN COUNTY. "Water-Power Company" was chartered, with Thomas E. Davis, Fred C. Gebhardt and J. F. A. Sandford of New York, Eichard Chute and Franklin Steele of St. Anthony, and John S. Prince, of St. Paul, as incorporators. To this company Mr. Steele and Mr. Ard Godfrey, who had purchased one-twentieth of the power, trans- ferred their entire east side water-power. Feb- ruary 27th of the same year, the "Minneapolis Mill Company" was formed, with E. P. Eussell, M. L. Olds, George E. Huy, Jacob Elliott, Eob- ert H. Smith and D. Morrison as incorporators. In the fall of 1851, E. C. Eogers started a small feed and grist-mUl in a rude way at the end of the row of saw-mills, built by Mr. Steele on the east side. On the same site, the following year, Mr. Steele built a one-story mill and Mr. Eogers put in two run of stone, one thirty-six and the other thirty inches in diameter. The bolting reel was twelve feet long and thirty-two inches in diameter, and the cleaning machinery was zinc and sheet Iron, perforated with a hand punch. What a constrast is here afforded to the immense structures now lining the banks of the river. In 1853, Mr. Larpenteur, a farmer, brought in a thirty-two bushel grist which was recorded as a marvel, and the largest grist ever ground at the falls. The Island mill was completed in 1854, by Captain John Eollins, John Eastman and E. P. Upton, 40x60 in size, three stories high above the basement, and began running with three run of stone, which was soon increased to five. The wheat for so large an enterprise could not be furnished by the suiTounding country, and was therefore transported from Iowa by boats to St. Paul, and thence to St. Anthony by teams. The flour found ready sale among the thousands of new settlers in the territory, at $9 to $12 per barrel in sacks ; but the bran and middlings were difficult to dispose of. The former was frequently spouted into the river, while the middlings were ground over and sold as " red dog," a low grade of flour, to the Indians. In 1858, a little flour was shipped to the east, the beginning of the great business now carried on so extensively with New England, as well as with all parts of this, and other countries. The circumstances attend- ing the first shipment of flour were said to be as follows : Mr. GetcheU, of Champlin, sent a con- signment of flour to New Hampshire, this being in his estimation a safe, though an awkward method of sending money, resorted to for the want of bills of exchange, and, as it proved sat- isfactory, an order for one hundred barrels soon followed, the first ever received at Minneapolis. The next difiicutty was to obtain barrels in which to ship the flour, since there was no barrel maker short of Anoka; this man, a " wet cooper," spUt out the staves by hand, and manufactured very uncouth packages, compared with modem coop- erage. The packing of flour, too, was by old fashioned prod or mangle, and the barrels brand- ed "Minnesota Mills" were sent on at an ex- pense of $2.25 per barrel. In 1863, improvements were added, including cooper-shops, additional runs of stone, and the modem style of packers. In 1869, the mill was rebuilt, and in 1870, .the flrst flour, made from middlings, purified as well as could be done then, was shipped to New York^ To the surpose of the shippers, it sold for fifty cents per barrel more than their best brands. In 1871, Brown and Martiji became proprietors of the mill, and under their management the mill was remodeled and improvements made in the machinery. Eight middlings purifiers were ad- ded, and the miU was just ready to start, with a full supply of wheat in store, when, March 5th, 1872, the very night before they expected to start, the mill was bumed to the ground without in- surance. Thus ended the flrst effort to man- ufacture flour according to the modem pro- cess, just on the eve of its success. Three other mills were erected on the East Side, viz : the " Eiver Mills," afterward called the "Farmers' MiU," built in 1856 by B. C. Mor- rison and N. M. Prescott, a grist mill with first two, then three and afterward four run of stone, which was burned after a few years ; the "St. Anthony Mill," built in 1864 by Messrs. Stam- witz and Schober, burned about three years after its completion, while the property of Peter Schussler and Company; the "Summit Mill," built on the island in 1865, by Messrs, Erb and Kassube, with four run of stone. This mill did not burn but came to an untimely end by reason of its foundations being undermined by the tun- nel before mentioned. We quote here from a valuable series of articles in the "North-western Miller," written by F. E. TSE MILL EXPLOSION, Healer, to whose researches there published, we are indebted, (or many facts relative to the his- tory of the mills at Minneapolis, He writes ; " So perished the mills of the East Side or St, j^nthony, the pioneer structures that fathered the industry which has since grown to such yast proportions. What a marked change from the paltry shipment of ten barrels of unbranded flour sent to the seaboard by way of team and river, to the-thousands of barrels, under brands whose names are legion, packed to-day and landed in three short weeks in the European markets. One run of stone then made one hundred barrels in twenty-four hours; now twenty-two to twenty^ five barrels per run is considered an abundant yield. Then the dark, uncomely straight flour was diflaqult of sale ; now the bright, snowy, patent process, world-wide in fame, is eagerly sought in every land, commanding the highest price in the markets of the world, and bringing millions of dollars annually to our coffers." MUUng on the west side began as soon as the "Minneapolis Mill Company" made preparations by a dam, sluices and other appliances, for utiliz- ing the power. This company was organized, as we have seen, in 1856, and immediately began their improvements. A coffer dam was built to hold the water in check, and the solid limestone rock, which forms the bed of the river, varying from eighteen to forty feet in thickness, was blasted out, and the canal thus formed was extended to "Cataract" street, now Sixth Avenue south, a distance of over three hundred feet, sev-' enty feet wide and fourteen feet deep. The first mill on the west side was bxult by Messrs, Eastman and Gibson, commenced in 1869, and called the "Cataract Mill." It was first built three stories in height, from the stone of the canal, with four run of stone, but has since out- grown the first modest pretensions. It has been operated since the first owners, by Welles, Qardi^ ner, by Gardiner & Barber and now by D- B, Bar- ber ' of the vigorous climate. Every ray of sunshine ever shed here has been accumulating in various forms of pent up heat, waiting for the progress of civilization with its subtle alchemy to utilize it for comfort and for the development of the resources of the country. Every log that comes down the river bears testi- mony by the rings of its successive year's growth, to the preparation of centuries for the habitation of enlightened men. Important and necessary as this material is to the welfare and progress of SOOM COMPANIES. 401 the country, it is nevertheless true that the de- struction of the forest which it entails, may at some future day be a source of regret, for forests exercise a modifying influence on climate and rain fall, and besides add greatly to the beauty of a country, easy to destroy but difficult to re- place. Still lumber for building and wood to burn must be had, and Minneapolis is well sup- plied with both. Twelve lumber mills located at Minneapolis furnished, m 1879, 149,754,547 feet of lumber; in 1880, 195,452,182 feet, 67,058,500 shingles and 31,432,500 lath. The waste from these mills furnishes summer fuel to the citizens and pro- vides a large portion of the wood supply of the city. Employment is furnished by them to a vast number of men, who are seen in the fall in pic- turesque costume, conspicuous by flaming red frocks and buskins, preparing for their winter camps in the pineries. Again they appear on the streets in March, with the earnings of the winter in their pockets, but out of employment until the ice goes out of the river, which usually hap- pens about the middle of April. During the few weeks of interim between the breaking up of the lumber camps and the opening of the river and starting of saw-mills, thousands of idle men spend too freely the hard earned wages of the winter, and often make the streets noisy by dis- orderly carousals. Some are, however, employed in the necessary work of breaking up the ice, a work done annually in the spring, from the falls up two miles on the river, by the use of saws and dynamite to avoid the dangers attending an ice blockade which would be inevitable, where ice forms during the winter to a thickness of three or four feet. After the season opens, sparks fly from the high chimneys, and the hum of the busy saws contuiues night and day. The logs, resulting from the winter's work in the upper streams come down in great numbers guided to their respective destinations by the booms of the boom company. The Mississippi Boom Company, F. Steele, J. R. Brown, Daniel Stanchfield, and their assistant construction company, was chartered February 3d, 1851, for a term of fifteen years, subject to alteration and amendment after five years. Cap- ital stock was placed at $25,000, and shares at $100. Stock-holders liable between St. Paul and 26 St. Anthony. They were permitted to charge for all logs sorted, rafted and delivered at foot of boom, fifty cents per thousand, besides scalage, or cost of measurement. The St. Anthony Boom Company, W. Getchell, F. Steele, J. G. Lennon, S. W. Farnham, Ard Godfrey, Joseph Libbey and assistant construc- tion company, was organized, their charges being forty cents per thousand. These companies were subsequently merged into the Mississippi and Rum River Boom Company. On November 29th , 1856, a meeting was held by the projectors of this company, and articles of incorporation drawn up, in expectation of recognition at the ensuing ses- sion of the territorial legislature, and stock to the amount of $9,200 subscribed. March 21st, 1857, the act of incorporation was passed, with capital stock at $15,000. The first board of directors was composed of C. F. Stimson, R. Chute, J. B. Bas- sett, John R. Lovejoy and D. M. Hall. The first regular meeting was held J^ovember 29th, 1856 and the following officers elected: John S. Prince, president; G. W. Buckmore, vice-presi- dent and James A. Lovejoy, secretary. At that time the limits of the company extended from the limits of the St. Anthony Boom Company four miles above the falls, to a point five miles up Rum river. In 1862, by a legislative act, the limits were extended up the Mississippi to Crow river and down to Nicollet Island. This act took from them all jurisdiction on Rum river. In 1867, another amending act, enabled them to in- crease their capital stock to $100,000, as fast as improvements in the river were made, and also to condemn lands needed for improvement, and reg-- ulate the admission and discharge of logs. In 1868, the limits were extended up Rum river to Cedar creek, and in 1877 extended up the Missis- sippi to Monticello, the present boundary. The officers of the company are: S. H. Chute, presi- dent; O. C. Merriman, vice-president; James A. Lovejoy, secretary and S. B. Lovejoy, treasurer. Board of Directors, S. H. Chute, O. C. Merriman, James A. Lovejoy, J. Dean and L. Day. The business office of the company is at No. 36, Cen- tral avenue. In 1850, S. W. Farnham commenced the man- ufacture of lumber in the first saw-mill at Saint Anthony, the one erected by Franklin Steele in 1847-8. The equipment of the mill was but one 402 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, sash-saw and one sash-machine. Mr. Farnham seems to have got the mills in fair working order, as he states that from 1852 to 1855, the annual production was 1,200,000 feet of lumber. In 1855 Mr. Farnham retired from the lumber busi- ness, but in 1859 he again engaged in it at the present location of the Farnham & Lovejoy mill on Hennepin Island. The estabUshment then contained one muley saw, two rotaries, one shingle and one lath machine, and furnished employment to fifty men,_ producing annually from three to four million feet. In 1861 J. A. Lovejoy became a partner, and the mill was im- proved and new machinery added. From that time until 1873, when the mill was destroyed by fire, the production amounted to from nine to twelve millions annually. The mill was rebuilt and began sawing May 1st, 1874, with two double circulars, one forty-saw gang, two double edgers, and other necessary machinery. The mill is in size 65x140 feet, and produces yearly twenty-five million feet of lumber. One hundred and fifty men find employment with this company. In connection with the lumber mill the firm have a planing-milland dry-house located on the corner of Sixth Street and First Avenue north-east, the building and yard occupying one acre of ground. Four planers and other minor ma- chines are operated, driven by an engine of one hundred and forty horse-power. There is also one dry kiln containing four stalls. The Butler Mill, built in 1877, by L. Butler, was in the fall of 1879 purchased by Eastman, Bovey, and Co. This mill is 50x150 feet, located on the East Side platform. The machinery, con- sisting of one gang of saws, one double circular, one double block shingle machine, edgers, trim- mers, etc., is propelled by a turbme water wheel of one hundred and eighty horse-power. The capacity is 80,000 feet of lumber, 50,000 shingles and 20,000 lath per diem, and the entire cut for 1880, amounts to about 13,000,000. The company employs upwards of eighty men and the pay roll is about $5,000 per month. The valuation of the structure is $30,000. In 1869 Eastman and Bovey bought of the Min- neapolis Mill Company, the Pioneer Mill, located on the West Side platform next to the river. In 1871 the firm was increased by the addition of H. D. Eastman. In 1879 Mr. W. W. Eastman re- tired from the company. The J. B. Bassett and Co. saw mill, located at the foot of Fifth Avenue south, was built in 1870, by its present owners. The building, 80x100 feet, is equipped with one double circular, one forty- saw gang, one shingle and one lath machine, five planers, one re-sawing machine, edgers, trim- mers, and all the fixtures belonging to a first class saw-mill. The motive power is furnished by a sixty inch turbine wheel of two hundred horse power, one hundred and twenty-five of which is used to produce daily 90,000 feet of lumber, 30,000 shingles and 30,000 lath. The valuation of the mill is $60,000, and it requires sixty men to operate it, with a pay roll of $3,500 per month. In con- nection with this mill is a thoroughly equipped planing mill. Capt. John EolUns built the " EoUins " saw- mill in 1871, and operated it until 1873. At that time it produced from 40,000 to 50,000 feet of lumber daily, using one twenty-four-saw gang, one double circular and one lath machine, run by an 150 horse-power engine. "With an increased capacity of 75,000 feet per day, it produced in 1880, about 7,500,000 feet. F. P. Clark, who now owns the mill, purchased it in 1873, and put in a patent trimmer. He employs about one hundred men in mill and yards. Mill No. 2, on the east side platform was buUt by Todd, Conner and Gaines, in 1870—1. About 1876 or 1877, Frederick Butterfield became the owner and allowed it to lie idle until April 1st, 1880, when Cole and Hammond leased, and still operate it. Shortly after the date of this lease, W. W. Eastman purchased and now owns the mill. A fifty-four inch, 200 horse-power turbine wheel propels one double fleet gang, two double rotaries, a shingle and lath machine, which man- ufacture daily 100,000 feet of lumber, 45,000 shingles and 30,000 lath, requiring eighty men to operate. The Platform mills are owned and operated by the Minneapolis Mill Company, of which C. C. Washburn is president, W. D. Hale, secretary, and H. H. Douglass, engineer and agent. The company control seven of the mills on the plat- form, viz: Pioneer mill producing 15,000,000 feet, of lumber annually, with one gang and one circular ; the Day mill having one gang and one LUMBJEB MILLS. 403 circular, makes 10,000,000 feet per annum ; Jones, one gang and one circular, 17,000,000; Crocker mill, one gang and one circular, 8,000,000 ; Lin- coln, two gangs and one circular, 18,000,000 ; Pettit, one gang and one circular, 10,000,000. The Morrison mill is at present dismantled and idle. The Goodnow and Hawley mill was built in 1871, on the site of the mill known as the "Mof- fat Mill," corner of First street and Fourth Avenue north, a small structure with a few circu- lar saws and devoted principally to the manufac- ture of doors, sash and blinds. In 1873 Mr. Mof- fat sold to Mr. Bedford who took as partners Messrs. Boyce and Baker. The mill was by this firm enlarged and new machinery added. In 1875, it passed into the hands of W. C. Baker who operated it until 1878, when he leased it for a term of years to Goodnow and Hawley, the present pro- prietors. The capacity of the mill during a ten hours run is 75,000 feet of lumber, 35,000 shingles, and 15,000 lath. The machinery consists of one twenty-six-saw gang, one rotary saw, one shingle and one lath machine, operated by an engine of 150 horse-power. The firm employs 140 men, and its pay roll amounts to $6,000 per month. In 1879, Messrs. Goodnow and Hawley rebuilt and improved the mill throughout. Its size is 40x80 feet. Mill No. 1, on the East Side platform, owned by Merriman, Barrows and Company, built by L. Butler, in 1870-71, is run by a 200 horse-power wheel, and gives employment to 150 men, whose pay amounts to $7,500 per month. It was op- erated three years by L. Butler and Company, then passed into the hands of O. C. Merriman and Company, who run it four years, when the present firm of Merriman, Barrows and Com- pany was organized, and took possession. This firm consists of O. C. Merriman, J. S. Lane, L. M. Lane and F. C. Barrows. The daily product of this concern is 120,000 feet, the machinery used being a thirty-eight-saw gang, two circulars, two shingle machines, making 46,000 shingles, and two lath machines making 20,000 lath per day. In 1872, McMuUen & Company built a mill on the site of their present structure, known as "Saw-mill No. 5," located on the East Side plat- form. Its capacity was 25,000 feet of lumber and 250,000 shingles every ten hours. In the winter of 1878- '9 this mUl was found inadequate, and rebuilt and fitted with entirely new machinery. This in- creased its capacity to from 80,000 to 90,000 feet of lumber, 100,000 shingles and 30,000 lath every ten hours. The power is furnished by a flfty- four-inch, 250 horse-power turbine wheel. The company employs from 150 to 200 men, and their pay-roll amounts to $8,000 per month. The product of 1880 amounted to 20,000,000 feet of lumber, 15,000,000 shingles and 4,000,000 lath. The firm is composed of Jas. McMullen and two sons, Albert E. and Wilbur H. Mill No. 3, on the East Side platform, built by Todd, Haven, Leavitt & Company, in 1873, is now owned by Todd, Martin & Company. The machinery, gang saw, one double rotary saw, one single and one double shingle machine and one lath machine, produces daily over 90,000 feet of lumber etc. The motive power is a 200 horse- power wheel. The company employs sixty men, paying them $4,500-per month. The " Pacific Mill, " owned by Camp and Walker. This mill is located on the west side, just above the suspension bridge, and is called the largest and most thoroughly equipped lumber mill in the country. The original mill was built in 1865, by J. Dean and Company, who conducted it until 1876, when the present firm became its proprietors. The old mill was destroyed by fire; October 6th, 1880, and the firm began at once to rebuild. The mill is in size 66x132 feet, its construction and machinery costing about |85,- 000. Steam is generated by nine two-flue boilers, 22 feet in length, the engine being of 600 horse- power when using steam pressure of eighty pounds. The immense smoke-stack, the founda- tions of which extend fifteen feet in depth, is 150 feet in height, and in its construction, more brick were used, than are in the Nicollet House. The foundations for the main shaft, gangs and circu- lar mills, are of solid masonry, built up from the ledge below. There are two large circular mills, with steam feed and canters, one Wick's gang of thirty saws, and one twenty-six-saw gang, besides the necessary minor machinery, aU of modern improved make. The estimated product of the mill, is 150,000 feet in ten hours and 25,- 000,000 feet annually. In 1880, the product of the old mUl was 14,036,000 feet of lumber, 15,- 404 inSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 000,000 shingles and 8,000,000 lath. This firm furnishes employment to 200 men, in the mill and in their extensive logging operations. The sash, door and blind factory of Bardwell, Robinson & Co., located at the foot of Thirteenth Avenue south, was established by Bisbee,Bardwell & Huntington in the spring of 1875. In the fall of that year Mr. Huntington retired, and in the "Spring of 1876 P. P. Eddy entered the firm. The following fall Mr. Bisbee sold to 8. C. Eobinson, and in January, 1877, Mr. Eddy was succeeded by C. N. Eobinson, and the firm has since been Bardwell, Eobinson & Co. They cut their own logs and have them manufactured into lumber, of which they annually use 2,500,000 feet, besides 1,000,000 feet which they purchase. Their trade, which amounts to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars per year, extends in all directions, and is steadily increasing. They employ one hundred men, paying them three thousand dollars per month. Camp and Walker's planing mill is on the cor- ner of Pifth street and Fourth Avenue north. Its size is 50x100 feet, contains three planing ma- chines, one siding machine and one rip saw, pro- pelled by a sixty horse-power engine. The engine room and office is a two story brick 18x40 feet. The work done by this mill is exclusively on lum- ber manufactured by the Pacific Mills, belonging to the same firm. It furnishes employment to ten men. J(5hnson and Kurd's planing mill on Third street and Third Avenue south,was erected in 1866 by Jesse Copeland and Co. Between this date and 1870, several changes were made in the firm. At this time Mr. Johnson purchased of L. Lingen" felter three-fifths interest in the business and his partners were Jesse and Frank Copeland, who owned the remaining two-fifths interest. The mill was then 60x100 feet, and two stories high, containing three planing machines, a quantity of sash and door machinery, and a thirty horse-power engine. In 1871, Mr. Johnson purchased Jesse Copeland's interest and enlarged the mill. In the . spring of 1876 he purchased Frank Copeland's in- terest and conducted the business alone for a year. In March, 1877, Mr. Johnson formed a stock company, known as 8. L. Johnson and Co. In April, 1880, B. C. Hurd having purchased all of the stock except Johnson's, the name became Johnson and Hurd. They employ forty men, pay $2,000 per month and enjoy an annual business, of about $75,000. Henry T. Welles built the North Star planing mill, on River street, comer of Third Avenue north-east, in the fall of 1877, and two years later Joy and Erb leased it for a period of five years. Mr. Joy manages the North Star, while Mr. Erb superintends Goodnow and Hawley's mill. The mill contains three planing machines, one siding saw, one re-sawing machine and one lip saw. A forty-five horse-power engine furnishes power to plane 35,000 feet of lumber per day. The planing mill of E. B. Langdon and Co. was erected on Third street, near Tenth Avenue south, in 1872, by the firm, and has been in con- tinuous operation since, planing, and manufactur- ing mouldings. The building is 80x100 feet, has five planers, siding and rip saws, driven by a one hundred horse-power engine. The annual pro- duct is from 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 feet, which requires sixteen men to handle. E. Moulton and Son's planing miU, comer of Division and Taylor streets. East Divison, is 36x56 feet and was built in 1878. It contains two planers and other machinery necessary to a first- class mill. Employing twelve men, it has a ca- pacity of 70,000 feet every ten houi-s. Mr. Moul- ton, who was in the business for sixteen years, first built a mill on the island, which was de- stroyed by the tunnel wash-out of 1868. The St. Lords planing niill. Ninth street and Central Avenue, was built in 1878, by W. C. Stetson and B. F. Nelson. In March, 1879, the firm of Stetson and Nelson dissolved, and Mr. Nelson continued alone until November 1, 1880, when it was leased for a year by the firm of Nelson, Tenney and Co. The structure is 22x80 feet, all stone and iron. A low pressure one hundred horse-power engine drives four planers, one moulding machine, one siding saw, and one rip saw. The company pays $1,000 per month to twenty-five men, who handle 80,000 feet of lumber daily. The firm of Nelson, Ten- ney and Co. are heavy dealers in lumber, sash and doors, occupying a yard containing three squares. Mr. Nelson also owns the large sash factory leased by Smith Parker and Co., who employ one hundred men. This mill is operated by a low pres- sure, one hundred and fifty horse-power engine. PLANING MILLS. 405 The East Side planing mill, on Fiftli street near the depot, was erected by Russell, Tennant and Company, and started up on September 20th, 1878. After this firm had conducted it eighteen months, Mr. Tennant bought out the other two gentlemen, and now owns and con- trols the establishment alone. The building is 16x60 feet, and is fully equipped as a flrst-class mill, turning out about 1,000,000 feet per month, requiring ten men, wlTose pay roll is about $400 per month. The sash, door and blind factory^ and planing mill of Wheaton, Reynolds and Company, Cen- tral Avenue, corner of Sixth street, was built in 1870, by W. C. and H. A. Stetson. The origi- nal building was 30x60 feet, but additions have been made from year to year until the estabUshment now consists of the sash factory, 40x110 feet, two-stories high, planing mill 20x60 feet, one story, steam department 20x40 feet, dry kiln 18x50 feet, and shed room covering space of one acre ; one fifty and one thirty horse-power engine furnish the power. The company em- ploys sixty men, paying them $600 per week. The business for 1880, was $100,000. Their planing mill turns out 80,000 feet per diem. Jenson, Gilbrathson and Company's planing- mill and sash, door and blind factory was estab- lished in 1880, on Nineteenth Avenue south. The main building is two stories in height, 50 x 100 feet. The engine-room, containing a sixty-five horse-power engine, is two stories in height, built of stone. The second story of this building is used as a drying-room. This mUl is fitted up in the most approved stylQ; has elevators, tele- phones, etc. The members of the firm are : James Jenson, business manager, J. N. Gilbrath- son, superintendent of factory, and W. H. Stringer. John Briggs built his shingle-mill on Water Street, corner Tenth Avenue • north-east, in the spring of 1880, and commenced operations in June. The structure is 22 x 75 feet, is operated by a forty horse-power engine, and employs seven men to run it. The machinery consists of one shingle-machine, and another will be added. P. G. Lamoreaux's shingle-mill occupies the site of the Minneapolis Liumber Mill, which was burned in May, 1880. It is located at the east end of the upper bridge. The machinery con- sists of one single and one double shingle-machine. Mr. Lamoreaux has commenced to rebuild his saw-mill, which will be 36x126 feet, containing one gang and one circular saw. Hobart and Chatterton's mill, located at the east end of the upper bridge, was built in 1876. The firm manufactures cedar posts, telegraph poles, piles, and shingles. A twenty-five horse- power engine operates one shingle-machine, one circular saw, and a trimmer, producing 25,000 shingles and from 2,000 to 3,000 posts per day. The firm employs twenty-five men, whose pay roll amounts to $900 per month. The door, sash and blind factory of Trazer and Shepherd, corner of Fifth street and Fourth Avenue north, was built in January, 1879. The factory consists of main building, 30x64, two stories high, dry-house, 18x24, and an addition 1 8 X 24. It is thoroughly equipped with improved machinery, and employs sixty men. The power is furnished by the engine of the Camp and "Walker planing-miQ, on the opposite side of the street, and is transmitted by cable. CHAPTER LXV. IRON MANUFACTOHIES MILL FTTRNISHEHS- HAEVESTER WORKS — PLOW FACTORIES — MIS- CELL ANEOUS MANUFACTURERS. The extensive milling interests, previously de- scribed, necessarily make room for large manu- factories of iron work. This is especially true of the flouring mills in consequence of the pro- gressive character of the business, l^o sooner is a miU in running order than improved machines are invented and introduced, furnishing employ- ment to numerous shops. The heavy iron work and the ornamental iron, brass and copper works are represented by several firms, whose estab- lishments, though from time to time extended, are still overtaxed. The principal firms are the North Star Iron Works Company; Minneapolis Iron Works, O. A. Pray & Co.; the Union Iron Works, J. E. Lockwood & Co.; Gregor Menzel & Company; and the Northwestern Stove Works, 406 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Spear & Bushnell. Other extensive manufacto- ries of wood, iron, etc., find abundant patronage from the demands of the city and surrounding country, a demand increasing beyond the ability of the present establishments to supply. Of the eighty different concerns, half have bfien es- tabUshed during the last five years. The total value of goods manufactured during the year 1879, inclusive of flour and lumber, was ^8,155,- 100, giving employment to 5,475 men. In 1880 the amount was increased to $10,333,000, with 7,250 men employed. , The Minneapolis Iron Works of which O. A. Pray and Company are proprietors, were origi- nated by Otis A. Pray, who, in 1866, formed a partnership with John Webster. This firm was organized for the manufacture of mill furn- ishing and mill-wWght goods. They opened an ofiice in Harrison's block, and during the win- ter began the erection of a brick building on Washington Avenue, between First and Second Avenues south. After conducting business here for several years, the firm purchased a one-third interest in the Minnesota Iron Works, which were then owned by Lee and Hardenbergh, and occupied the site of the Crown Boiler Mill. After remaining with this firm eleven months, Mr. Pray sold his interest to Lee and Harden- bergh, and purchased the machine shops of Plum- mer and Moore, comer of Sixth Avenue south and Second street. After conducting this business for a few years, Mr. Pray sold to the North Star Iron Works, arranging with them for the m'an- ufacture of his goods, though he controlled their sale. In 1873, he leased all of the Minnesota Iron Works, excepting the foundry, which was conducted by C. M. Hardenbergh, who continued until 1876, when Mr. Pray obtained control of the entire works. The present firm of O. A. Pray and Company, was formed June 1st, 1878, by the association wdth A. L. Miner, who had been Mr. Pray's su- perintendent since 1873, and C. E. Holt, his head book-keeper since 1875. Adopting the name of "Minneapolis Iron Works," the new firm leased for ninety-nine years, the ground they now occupy and immediately began the erection of a new foundry and machine-shop. All the tools and patterns of the old Minnesota Iron Works were purchased, but as the tools were worn, they were sold, the patterns valued at $40,000, being retained. Purchasing new tools and machinery, the firm rapidly completed the es- tablishment which consists of a stone building 35x95 feet, two stories high, fronting on Fifth Avenue south, corner of First street, the first floor being used for oflBces and the second for ware-rooms ; a large fire proof vaiQt adjoining the office used to store bolting cloth; a three- story brick warehouse 32x330; two brick one story machine-shops, one 50x100 feet, and the other, used for wood work, 50x65 feet, and a stone building 60x80, used as foundry and black- smith shop. These buildings and materials of the firm are worth not less than S100,000. They employ from eighty to ninety men, and the sales for 1880, amounted to about $300,000. In addition to the large local sales, the com- pany ships goods to all parts of the north-west. Prominent among their splendid facilities for manufacturing heavy iron goods, is a large bor- ing machine for iron, one of the best in the country, and the only machine in the west for re-grinding crusher rolls. To facilitate shipping, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul have laid to the shops, three side tracks which enables the firm to fill large orders from abroad with prompt- ness and dispatch, otherwise impossible. The machinery is driven by a 50 horse-power Buckeye engine and boiler, which is soon to be replaced by more powerful machinery. The shops are heated throughout by steam, and in every department is manifest that complete arrangement and precision which insures that perfection upon which rests the popularity of this prosperous manufactory. North Star Iron Works, which stand high in the rank of American iron works, occupy two and one-half acres of ground on River street and Second Avenue north. Formerly this manufac- tory was on the East Side, but when Mr. J. W. Johnson came into the firm in 1870, it was re- moved to its present location, and its capacity increased by the introduction of the most prac- tical and improved machinery. So great was the demand for its work that though operated fourteen hours per day for months at a time, the orders could not all be filled. In August, 1880, Mr. Johnson disposed of the entire property to the present proprietors, the North Star Iron IBON MANUFAGTOBIES. 407 Works Company. Principal among the products of this concern are mill machinery and mill fur- nishings, wrought iron pipes, engine trimmings, steam and water gauges, water wheels, smut machinery, French buhr mill stones, separators, flour packers, smooth and corrugated rollers, middlings feeders, improved Corliss and other stationary engines, steel and iron boilers. A 50 horse-power engine keeps the vast array of machinery in motion, and 125 men are re- quired to perform the labor necessary to meet the demands of trade. "With the manifest enter- prise of the new firm it is safe to say that the splendid reputation of the North Star Iron Works will not diminish, but will retain its place in the rank of first-class iron-working es- tablishments of the country. North-western Foundry, corner of Third street and Tenth Avenue south, was established in 1874, by G. Menzel, his son, Charles G. Menzel, and D. C. Howard, under the firm name of G. Men- zel and Company: In the fall of that year, L. V. N. Blakeman purchased the interests of Charles G. Menzel and D. C. Howard, but the firm name was unchanged. The building and groimds occupy about one and one-half acres. Fronting on Tenth Avenue south is a building 20x60 feet, one and one-half stories high, in the south-west corner of which is the office. The remainder of the building is used for a pattern room. Back of this is the foundry, a two and one-half story building, 60x120 feet ; attached to this is the engine room 20x30 feet, and above this is the pattern shop. This firm furnishes all the car wheels for the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailway, west of the Mississippi river, and most of those used by the Northern Pacific, MinneapoUs and St. Louis, St. Paul and Duluth, and St. Paul and Sioux City, besides all the wheels used by the Street Railway Company of this city. Besides the manufacture of car wheels, this firm does a large business in all kinds of architectural, ma- chinery and ornamental castings, employing about sixtv men. The Union Iron Works, owned by J. E. Lock- wood & Company, is the outgrowth of a machine shop opened by Mr. Lockwood in 1872, on the present site of the Humboldt mill. After re- maining three years in that locality he removed to the vicinity of J. B. Bassett's mill where he remained four years. In June, 1879, the present firm was founded, Mr. Lockwood taking into partnership C. H. Upton and Nils Nyberg. They at once commenced to fit up their present quarters on Main street and Second Avenue, S. E. Having increased their facilities by purchasing the stock and machinery of the St. Anthony- Iron Works, which had been destroyed by fire the pre- vious April. A stone building fronting on Main street is three stories high, including basement. Its size, 45x60 feet, with a leased basement 15x 60 feet, gives them a machine shop of 60x60 feet. On the first floor is the office and another ma- chine shop, and the second floor is devoted to mill-wright and pattern shops. In the rear of the basement is the foundry, 45x60 feet, one story high. The firm also have at Mr. Lockwood's old stand, on the west side, a blacksmith shop and bolting-cloth manufactory. They employ from fifty to sixty men, and manufacture about 163- 000 worth of goods annually, embracing all kinds of flour and saw-mill machinery. The motive power is furnished by an American turbine wheel of 100 horse-power, part of which is used by other manufacturers. Variety Iron Works of Hashow, Maish & Davis were started by Hashow & Maish on the 1st day of May, 1878, in the basement of Brack- ett's block, with capital invested to the amount of ten dollars. After remaining three months in the basement they took a room on the groimd floor. On the 1st of October, 1879, Wm. H. Davis was: admitted to the firm, and the name changed to Hashow, Maish & Davis. Business continued to increase, and in 1880, the firm sought more com- modious quarters, and leased lots on Second street and Fifth Avenue south for fifty years. On this they have erected athree-story building, 50x60 feet,, with an ell'20x24 feet. The lower story, or half basement, is used for the coarser work of dressing rollers, the second floor for the machine shop and the upper floor for mill-furnishing and general mill-wright work. The principal manufactures are flouring and saw-mill machinery, brewers' machinery, shafting, pulleys, etc. Twenty or more men are employed, producing in 1880 $50,- 000 worth of goods. The Minneapolis Boiler Works of M. "W. Glemi were established in 1867, by Emmerman and 408 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN' COUNTY. Hardenbergh, who operated them until February, 1878, when they were purchased by the present proprietor. These worlis are on Fifth Avenue south between First and Second streets, and are devoted to the manufacture of boilers and all kinds of sheet and boiler iron goods. Its pro- ducts may be seen in almost every town in the north-west, and its present business amounts to about 180,000 per year, requiring the labor of thirty-seven men. Mr. Glenn, the proprietor, is a practical machinist having spent much of his time from childhood in various departments of iron manufactories. ' North-western Stove "Works, owned by Bush- nell and Spear, though comparatively new is the only institution of the kind in the state, and has already acquired a good reputation with the trade; The buildings and yards occupy two and one-half acres of ground in South Minneapolis near the Harvester Works, besides extensive ware-rooms at 204 Hennepin Avenue. The enterprise was es- tablished in 1878, by Edward Spear, Jr., whose twenty years experience enabled him to lay a strong foundation for a large business. In Jan- uary, 1880, he formed a partnership vdth Charles E. Bushnell, practical machinist, and the firm is now known as BushneU and Spear. The factory, is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of stoves, making a specialty of hay stoves for the use of the settlers on the prairies. The full ' working force is seventy-five men. In 1867, Frank Grygla and Company began the manufacture of galvanized iron cornice, shutters, sky-lights, pitch and gravel roofing. Since then a a number of changes have occurred in the firm prior to March, 1880, when H. E. Selden became the sole partner of Mr. Grygla, under the firm name of Grygla and Selden. They retain the original site, 114 North Third street, occupying a frame building, 22x100 feet, three stories ' high, the first story of which is used for manufacturing, and the wareroom is on Eleventh street. Their products, amoimting to 160,000 per annum, are shipped to all parts of the state, and to Wiscon- sin, Iowa, Montana and Manitoba. M. H. Crittenden, senior partner of the firm of Crittenden and Scribner, came to St. Paul in 1866, and engaged in pitch and gravel roofing. This he soon after extended to Minneapolis, and in 1871, took into partnership, Edward E. Scribper. In 1868 they commenced the manufacture of their own tar paper and other roofing material, and in 1873 they added the production of galvan- ized cornice, tin and slate roofing. In April, 1880, the firm procured its present quarters, 203 and 205 First Avenue north,occupying a build- ing 45x62 feet, all of which is used for shop and storage room. Besides this they conduct an ex- tensive business in coal tar, concrete and asphal- tum sidewalks and roofing, requiring the labor of ten workmen. Strothman Brothers, proprietors of the North- western Iron Works, began operations June 1st, 1880, on the corner of Third street and Ninth Avenue south, where they leased ground and erected a building 30x60 feet. They make mill machinery, shafting, pulleys, boxes, and gearing. Both members of the firm are practical machin- ists. J. H. Strothman is at present superintendent of O. A. Pray and Company's works, and his brother, E. E. Strothman, manages their own es- tablishment, which is operated by a ten horse- power engine. The firm expects soon to enlarge to meet the demands of their rapidly increasing trade. H. C. Butler, manufacturer of mill picks and iron work, established business in 1857, in a small shop on Ninth Avenue south, vrith but one forge, and a capital of about ten dollars. He, with one assistant, set to work, and in 1858, just as he was commencing to realize some reward for his in- dustry, his shop was destroyed by fire. He then built on Sixth Avenue, where he did a prosper- ous business until 1860, when his shop was again destroyed by fire. He again built, and was again a sufferer by fire. He then built on the present site of the Humboldt mill, and there enjoyed a season of unobstructed prosperity, until the explo- sion of the mills in 1878, when his shop was totally destroyed. He then purchased his present location, 255 Sixth Avenue south, where he oc- cupies a building 27x100 feet, in which are six forges, furnishing employment to fourteen work- men. Manufactures mill picks and other iron and steel work. Edward Kennedy, mill-pick maker, first began business in 1873, at No. 514 Second street south, where he occupied a building 22x68, used three forges, and employed five workmen. He began manufacturing for the home trade only, but has MACHINISTS. 409 received orders from abroad until now he ships goods to all the north-western states, Manitoba, Washington Territory and California. The shop was burned November 10th, 1880, and was a total loss, but Mr. Kennedy immediately rebuilt on First street between Fourth and Fifth Ave- nues south. The Minneapolis Fence Works, owned by Me- lony & Kyle, was established in 1871, by Day & Rollins, whose shop was located on Second street and Fifth Avenue south. Its manufactures consist of wood and iron fencing and roof crest- ing. After conducting the business four years, Mr. Day died. Mr. Eollins ran it alone until December, 1878, when he took E. F. Melony in- to partnership under the firm name of Charles G. Rollins & Co. In July, 1879, Mr. Eollins sold his interest to J. JST. Kyle, and the firm of Me- lony & Kyle was established. In the spring of 1880, they moved to their present site, corner of Third street and Fourth Avenue south. The North-western Fence and Architectural Iron Works of Philip Herzog, dates its existence from 1869, when Mr. Herzog opened a small shop in the upper part of the old Morrison planing- mill, where he employed but one assistant the first year. In 1872 this mill burned, and Mr. Herzog purchased ground on Third Avenue south and Second street, E. D., and built a shop 40x80 feet, which now constitutes his main building. His business, constantly increasing, has com- pelled him to enlarge, from time to time, until he now occupies 115x132 feet and employs twenty- six workmen. The machinery is driven by a 150 horse-power turbine wheel, though it requires but fifty horse-power to operate the mill. The business amounts annually to 190,000, the products being iron and wood fences, iron lawn-chairs, set- tees, roof -railings, etc. Bachner Bros, in 1867, opened a gun store on Hennepin Avenue, between Wash in ton Avenue and Second street. In January, 1878, they re- moved to their present quarters, at 36 Washing- ton Avenue south. For a number of years they manufactured muzzle-loading rifles, but lately have added machinery by which they are engaged in making breech-loading shot-guns. They do an extensive repairing business, and carry a large stock of fire-arms, huntiug, trapping, fishing, camping, skating and police equipments. In -the fall of 187S, Henry Krueger came to Minneapolis and opened a gun-shop at his present location. No. 10, Second street south. His busi- ness has increased, and he now enjoys an annual trade of about |7,000, carrying a complete stock of guns and other hunting materials. H. J. Pyle on the 1st of May, 1880, commenced the manufacture of fire-arms at 400 Nicollet Ave- nue, where he still remains, carrying a full stock of fire-arms and other goods pertaining to his line of business. In 1880, John Grime and Company, organized for the manufacture of machinists and engineer's tools, taps, dies, etc. They are located on Nicol- let Island, in the basement of the manufacturing building, where they have a room 35x60 feet, em- ploying six workmen. This firm makes a speci- alty of J. Grime and Company's new pipe vice, and also have other inventions nearly ready to introduce to the public. The Minneapolis Drill Manufactory was started in 1865, by I. L. Penny, on the ground now occupied by M. W. Glenn's boiler works. The first machinery was a foot lathe which sufficed the first year At the close of the second year he removed to his present quarters, 315 Third Avenue south, where he erected a building 25x70 feet, two and one-half stories high, in which he employs fifteen men, manufacturing coopers' tools, drills, and forging hammers, besides doing an extensive jobbing business. The machinery of this institution is driven by a fifteen horse- power engine. The machinery and mill furnishing business of W. S. Hall was established in 1876, on Second street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues south, by Dufrasne and Douglas. They re- mained there until May 2, 1878, when their shop and tools were destroyed in the mill disaster of that date. The firm re-organized and employed six men. In January, 1879, the firm of Doug- las and Hall was formed, the building enlarged to 25x100 feet, two and one-half stories, the force increased to twelve men, and an annual business of |25,000 enjoyed. On the 11th day of October, 1880, W. S. Hall purchased Mr. Doug- las' interest, and now conducts the business alone. In 1877 George F. Perkins commenced business, manufacturing and repairing machinery and 410 HTSTOBY OF HENNEPIN' COUNTY. mill work. He invented, and in 1878 com- menced the manufacture of the. Perkins jack- screw. In June, 1880, he formed a partnership with C. E. Thayer, under the firm name of George F. Perkins and Company, and in July, of the same year, they purchased the site. No. 120 Main street south, and erected a building 25x40 feet, two stories high. Their business, making Perkins' jack-screws, and all kinds of screw presses, required the labor of five Epien. Their building was destroyed by Are on the 15th of January, 1881, and the firm leased for five years, No. 125 Main street south, of N. H. Bolton. At this time the firm was strength- ened by the admission of W. B. Cogger, pattern maker, formerly superintendent of the Ohio Bolt Company. In connection with their own work they manufacture Bolton's machinery re- quiring the labor of twelve men. In 1876, Nelson and Hemlund started a black- smith shop at 122 Main street south-east, and did business until the spring of 1878, when they rented a portion of their shop to August Malm- sten, who put in a small lathe for repairing etc. In July of the same year, Mr. Hemlund died, and a partnership was formed by Messrs. Malm- sten and Nelson, who did business together untjl May, 1879, when J. W. Hemlund, son of the for- mer partner was admitted to the partnership which was call Mahnsten, Nelson and Company. Their business of manufacturing wood and iron machinery and bolts, and general blacksmithing and repairing, requires eight men, and amounts to about 18,000 yearly. It has increased imtil the firm was compelled to purchase the entire building which is 40x74 feet, two-stories high above the basement. The power is furnished by the East Side Water Power Company. The mill furnishing establishment of A. 11. Kirk was founded. May 1st, 1878, with a capital of 1250, as a mill-wright and i-epairing sliop. One man was employed in one-half of the lower floor of the building on the corner of Second street and Sixth Avenue south. He now occupies the entire building, which is 36x60 feet, .two- stories high with a full basement, in which he eniploys twenty-five men in the manufacture of middlings purifiers of his own invention, and all kinds of mill furnishings. He requires 25 horse- power to propel his machinery; this is obtained from the North Star Woolen mills which adjoin. A. E. Guilder, manufacturer of middlings puri- fiers and mill machinery. In 1872, Mr. Guilder secured his first patent on a middlings purifier, and has been engaged in their manufacture since. His place of business is on Sixth Avenue south, where he occupies a building 30x44 feet, and em- ploys six men, sales amounting annually to $10,- 000. Mr. Guilder is the inventor of several im- provements in mill machinery, which he manu- factures. Pender and Cuthbertson, 425 Fourth street south, manufacturers of Standard purifiers and dealers in mill furnishing, established their busi- ness in 1874. Mr. Fender is the inventor of the Standard middlings purifier, which was patented in 1874, since when several improvements have been made and patented. C. C. Washburn uses them exclusively, having fifty-five in the "A" mill alone. The firm are at present manufacturing aspirators, a machine called into use by the roUer system of making flour. Fifty of these machnes are now in use in this city. The business of the firm for 1879, amounted to 160,000, furnishing employment to thirty men, whose weekly wages amounts to $300. The shingle, lath and saw-mill machine manu- factory of N. H. Bolton was established by him in 1872, where the express office now stands, on Hen- nepin Avenue. He received his power from the Nicollet House engine, and at first employed one assistant ; but his business soon increased to such an extent that he was compelled to enlarge, and he leased ground upon which he erected a building, at No. 120 Main street S. E„ which he occupied until May, 1879, when he purchased his present location, at 125 Main street. S. E. This building is of stone, 29^x60 feet, four stories high includ- ing basement. In connection with his manufac- tures he deals extensively m engines and boilers, doing an annual business of 110,000. In May, 1867, John Hinton came to Minneapo- lis and began the business of making saws with A. M. Richardson, now deceased, under the firm name of Eichardson & Hinton, on First Avenue south, between First and Second streets. In 1869 Mr. Eichardson retired from the firm. Mr. Hinton continued alone, and soon removed to Second street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, south, where he remained until the spring of PLOW WOBKS. 411 1878, when he removed to his present stand, 252 Second street south. The Minneapolis Plow Works was founded in 1868, by C. K. Perrine & Company, on First Ave- enue north, corner Eiver street. In 1870, Mr. King entered the iirm, which was changed to Lar- away, King & Perrine, which continued until 1877, when Mr. Perrine disposed of his interest, since when the firm has been Laraway & Kinij. The building is of stone, 44x157 feet, turning out annually about 5,000 plows, harrows, hay-rakes and other articles in proportion. In 1860, S. T. Ferguson started the Monitor Plow Works, which he conducted till 1872, when an incorporated stock company, entitled the "Monitor Plow Works," with a capital of |30,000, was formed. In 1874, the capital was increased to .$75,000, and in 1876 the business was again increased by adding the manufacture of sulky- rakes. The company now turns out 7,000 plows and sulky-plows, 800 rakes and a large number of scrapers and corn-planters annually. They em- . ploy seventy-five men, and have established dis- tributing points in various parts of the north- west. The shops are situated on a twenty-acre tract in the town of Minneapolis just outside the city limits. The present ofHcers of the company are S. T. Ferguson, president and superintend- ent, and W. B. Jackson, secretary and treasurer. The plow factory of C. K. Perrine, is a brick building two stories high, 25x72 feet, on First street and Second Avenue north, and was built in 1877. Mr. Perrine is the pioneer plow manu- facturer of Minneapolis, having started a factory on First street north as early as 1861, continuing till 1868, when he entered the firm of Lara- way, Perrine and Co. In 1877, Mr. Per- rine withdrew from this firm and began doing business alone, making plows, wagons and road scrapers, which he disposes of at retail. He an- nually makes five hundred plows. The Minneapolis Harvester Works, located in South Minneapolis. In 1873, a stock company, with a capital of $150,000 was organized under the above title for the purpose of manufacturing reaping machinery. Nelson Williams was secre- tary and treasurer, and M. G. Hubbard, superin- tendent. In 1874 the works were leased to J. L. Spink and Company, who continued the manage- ment until 1876. September 1st, of that year. the present company was organized, and has since enjoyed a prosperous business. October 9th, 1876, the buildings used as factories, were de- stroyed by fire. The company immediately re- built, the new buildings erected being made fire- proof as far as practicable. In the fall of 1878, the Increase of business demanding it, the capaci- ty of the works was doubled. In 1880, the num- ber of machines of all patterns produced, was 2,600. The machines manufactured, are the Dewey Harvester, the Minneapolis Harvester and Twine Binder, and the Minneapolis Harvester No. One, in the making of which two hundred men are employed. The officers of the company are D.Morrison, president; C. Morrison, vice- president; and R. H. Jones, secretary and treas- urer. E. Broad, manufacturer of and dealer in patent cant hooks and allkmds of tools for river driving, is one of the pioneer manufacturers of this city. He located in St. Anthony in 1855, and, in a small shop on Front street, commenced making edged tools. After three weeks this was destroyed by fire and he built a temporary shop on Henne- pin Island, the site of the building he now occu- pies. In 1856 he built a stone building 30x40 feet, and commenced on a larger scale. He con- tinued in the edged tool business until 1870, when he abandoned that branch and gave his entire at- tention to tlie manufacture of a cant hook known as "Broad's Patent Cant Hook," which supplied a want long felt by lumbermen and has saved thousands of dollars in the expense of log-driving. It is used througliout the United States. Mr. Broad owns and occupies, as a wood working department, the upper floor of Herzog's fence works, on Third Avenue south-east. This room is 40x80 feet and is supplied with twenty horse power by cable from the Tower mill on Main street. The business now furnishes employ- ment to seventeen men in the two buildings, pro- ducing 7,000 cant hooks annually, besides other implements used in mills and river driving. The stone building on the island is the first building erected in that locality. The Minneapolis Brass Works, owned by Peet and Mc Waters, were founded in a room 10x20 feet, in 1877, by Richard Peet, whose capital amounted to ten dollars. The small room soon became inadequate, and Mr. Peet secured more 412 H18T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. commodious quarters, which, in their turn prov- ing too small, he abandoned for the spacious basement of the Brackett block. Here he enlarg- ed from time to time, until the burning of the block left him without a shop. A short time be- fore the fire, Mr. Peet had taken, as partner, David McWaters, a practical moulder. They now occupy rooms 30x100 feet, at 212 Pirst Avenue south, in Brackett's new block. Employing ten men, their principal manufactures are plumbers and distiller's brass goods, brass castings, etc. In October, 1880, Mr. Pe^fc purchased Mr. Mc- Water's interest, and associated with himself, Mr. S. Hatfield, under the firm name of Peet and Hatfield. Minneapolis Copper, Brass and Sheet Iron Works of Louis E. Eritsche, was founded in April, 1878, at 516 Second street south, under the firm name of Van Horn and Eritsche. In April, 1879, Mr. Van Horn withdrew, and Mr. Eritsche has since conducted the business alone. Erom a very small beginning the business hasbeen stead- ily increasing. In the building now occupied 33x50 feet, one and one-half stories high, are manufactured and repaired brewery, distillery and mill work, and also soda fountains. The Minneapolis Eile Works, was established at 204 Eirst street north, in 1870, by Herman Boettcher, who has since conducted the business. It is the only manufactory of the kind in the state, making a specialty of files and rasps. Three men are employed. The Hall and Dann Barrel Company was incor- porated June 12th, 1880, and at once began the erection of the mammoth building used as a manufactory, located corner of Eirst street and Third Avenue south. The structure is of brick, four stories high and covers ground space 60x172 feet; it was completed in the fall of 1880. This is the largest barrel manufacturing establishment in the country, having a capacity for turning out 6,000 barrels daily. One liundred and seventy- five men are employed. The building is fur- nished throughout with the latest improved machinery, heating and drying apparatus. A forty-five horse-power engine supplies the motive power. The product of this concern is used for the packing of flour manufactured in Minneapolis. The Co-operative Barrel Manufacturing Com- pany, was incorporated under the general laws of the state, and commenced business November 23d, 1874, the limit of the corporation being fifteen years. The two buildings occupied as factories are located on Sixth street, at Eleventh Avenue south. The shares were placed at one hundred dollars, there being sixteen share-holders when the organization was completed. There are now six- ty members of the association, each holding two shares. The capital stock amounts to $20,000. This company turn out 7,000 barrels per week, employing eighty men in the factory. The offi- cers of the company are, J. A. Smith, president ; J. W. Overacker, secretary and treasurer. J. A. Smith, Thomas Tyler, H. J. Hughes, John Thompson and J. W. Doran, constitute the board of directors. The Hennepin County Barrel Company, was organized and incorporated in January, 1880. It is based on the protective style each member re- ceiving a share of the profits. The capital stock was placed at $10,000, with shares at fifty dollars each. The factory is located on Fifth street, corner Fifteenth Avenue south. This company manufactures 2,500 barrels a week, and employs thirty men. The oflBcers are, W. B. Champion, president and secretary; Joseph Coombs, treasurer ; board of directors, E. J. Car- lin, Charles Tenant, WiUiam Priest and T. J. Bennett. The North Star Barrel Company, was organ- ized for a term of not less than fifteen years, on October 30th, 1877. There are fifty share-hold- ers, shares issued at one hundred dollars each. An article of the by-laws limits the capital stock at $15,000. The originators of this enterprise, and its first board of directors, were P. J. Kenny , Daniel G. Wentworth, E. L. Bachelder, John O'Donnell and H. W. Burroughs. The company occupy as factories, two buildings on Sixth street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Avenues south, where they furnish employment to seventy men. The product amounts to 6,000 barrels per week, which are disposed of at wholesale only. The busi- ness reaches annually $130,000. The present ofii- cers of the company are, J. W. Kline, president; E. L. Bachelder, secretary and treasurer; J. W. Kline, F. L. Bachelder, H. W. Burroughs, George Jaquin and P. J. ICenny, board of direc- tors. The Minneapolis Barrel Works, O. Eames pro- FUBNITUBE MANUFAC1UBEB8. 413 prietor. This establishment was founded in 1873, by A. M. Anson, who continued the management until 1878, when it was purchased by the present owner. In 1877, the works were fitted with bar- rel machinery, operated by steam, which a twelve horse-power engine furnishes. Seventy-flvfe men are employed in this concern, which produces 6,000 barrels weekly, under the management of A. J. Palmes. The factory is located on Pour- teenth Avenue, corner of Sixth street south. The barrel manufactory of A.Bumb & Com- pany, on Sixth street, corner of Fifteenth Ave- nue south, was established in 1874. This concern manufactures about 2,000 barrels weekly, and employs sixty-seven men and twenty-one boys, the pay-roll amounting to |800 per week. Two large factories and a store-house are in use; the machiners' is driven .by a twelve horse-power en- gine. The East Side Co-operative Barrel Company was organized September 10th, 1879, with six members, shares being at fifty dollars each. The factory is on Marshall street, N. E., and occupies a space 24x65 feet. Ten men are employed, pro- ducing 1,500 barrels per week. Nicholas Man- gen, business manager of the company, has su- pervision of the factory. Isaiah Tidd is treasur- er, and Casper Erpelding secretary. Charles Scherf, manufacturer of beer kegs, casks, pork and whiskey barrels, 326 First street north, commenced business in 1867, working alone. The second year he employed one man, and gradually increased the force as the business grew, until now, seven men are employed. The factory is 24x60 feet, two floors. W. Droll, barrel manufacturer, 621 Marshall street, N. B., began business in 1878, and manu- factiu:es pork and beer barrels, liquor kegs, tubs, hogsheads, etc. Six men are employed who are paid as wages sixty-flve dollars per week. The business is prosperous and steadily increasing. P. Daly, manufacturer of flour barrels, estab- lished in 1872, and has since conducted a pros- perous business. He employs a force of six men in the factory, transacting an annual business of 6,500. The factory is located on Main street, corner of Fourteenth Avenue, N. E. The furniture manufactory of Barnard and Cope, is located on Fourth street, at corner of Second Avenue N. E. This business, the first of the kind in the county, was established by F. L. Johnson and Company, and in 1858 purchased by Barnard, Noyce and Waldron, who retained it one year, after which it was conducted one year by a Mr. Pengree, who sold to T. G. and J. P. Barnard. The firm of Barnard Brothers conducted the business until 1865; the firm then became Barnard Brothers and Shuey, and re- mained such until 1872. In 1871, the factory was destroyed by fire, but immediately rebuilt. In 1874, the firm of Barnard and Cope was or- ganized, and has since. continued the manage- ment. For the past six years, attention has been given to the manufacture of furniture exclusively, which is disposed of at wholesale only; trade extending throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Dakota and Montana, and amounting an- nually to $75,000. The buildings occupied are a factory, warehouse and engine-room ; the lat- ter contains a 75 horse-power engine, which also supplies motive power for the planing mill of Clark and McClure. The establishment is under the direct management of Thomas G. Barnard and his son P. H. Barnard. Mr. Cope is the oldest son of T. B. Cope, of the firm of Cope Brothers, Philadelphia, and resides in that city. Gilmore and McCuUoch, furniture manufac- turers. This concern was established by M. C. Burr, who was succeeded by Morris and Com- pany. This firm built, in 1873, the factory lo- cated in South Minneapolis, in use by the present firm, who purchased it in 1874. The main build- ing is 40x126 feet, with a wing 30x60, both two stories in height. An engine of 65 horse-power, drives the machinery. Sixty men are employed, the annual business amounting to $75,000. The business of this establishment is wholesale ex- clusively; trade extending through Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Dakota, Montana and Mani- toba. The business office of the company is lo- cated at 222 Washington Avenue, north. Bobertson and Hiscock, manufacturers of hard- wood and enameled furniture, have their office and salesroom at No. 326 Second Avenue south. The business was established in 1879, by J. H. Hiscock and Company, with the limited capital of $900. During that year the sales amounted to but $700, and the next year about $1,000. The factory was located at the corner of Second Ave- nue south and Third street, and employed a 414 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. working force of twelve men, manufacturing chamber sets and all kinds of common furniture, excepting chairs, their sales extending through Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin. At the begin- ning of the year 1881, the firm was changed to Eohertson and Hiscock, and they removed to their new factory, huilt by James T. Elwell, at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Ninth street, E. D This building is two stories high, 40x145 feet, furnished with power by a 100 horse-power en- gine in an adjoining building, 35x35 feet. This spring they have erected, in the rear of the fac- tory, a dry-house 20x40 feet. ' The entire estab- lishment is heated by steam, and the machinery is of the latest and most improved kind. They have increased the capital to f 15,000, and will employ sixty men. The new member of the iirm, Dr. E. D. Robertson, comes from Cleveland, Ohio, to join Mr. Hiscock in this enterprise. The Knickerbocker Furniture Company, suc- ceeded George Knickerbocker, March 6, 1880. Mr. Knickerbocker commenced the business in 1878, and conducted it until the formation of tlie present company, which is composed of S. E. Knickerbocker, Jerome G. Layman and George Knickerbocker, who is general manager. In 1880, the company had the building 412 and 414 Nicol- let Avenue, known as the Eastman block, erected. This is 45x100 feet, four stories high and base- ment. It is built of brick, with front of Illinois limestone, i-ubbed smooth, and trimmuigs of poUshed marble. The floors are so arranged that eighty sets of furniture may be shown. An hy- drauUc elevator is used for conveying furniture from floor to floor. The firm manufacture fine furniture and draperies to order, and also car- ries a full line of heavy and common furni- ture. They employ twelve workmen, and their sales amount to $75,000 annually. The furniture manufactory and repairing shops of Liljengren and Dean, 111 Third street south, was started in 1877 by M. B. Liljengren, who conducted it successfully until May 1, 1880, when E. Dean took an interest, and they have con- ducted it together since, employing twenty men. Most of their goods are made to order. The ma- chinery is operated by a thirty-five horse-power engine. Sonnen and Werthman, furniture manufactur- ers, organized in 1878, on Third Avenue and Third street south, and continued there until May 1st, 1880, at which time they removed to 113 Washington Avenue north, where they have a salesroom 25x125 feet. Their factory is on Nicol- let Island, occupying space 35x50 feet, two stories above basement, where they employ fifteen men, with a pay roll of f 200 per week. Situated on the southern end of Nicollet Is- land, is a building known as the " Island Water Power Company's manufacturing building," which was erected by the company in 1879. The power is transmitted by a steel wire cable from a wheel located at the platform on Hennepin Is- land, to the building, a distance of 1,000 feet. This operates a shaft which runs the entire length of the structure, thus enabling tenants of each room to get power sufficient to operate machin- ery. It is occupied by J. E. Clark, box factory ; C. E. Eastman, flight factory; R. P. Upton, grist mill ; J. E. Osborne, grist and feed mill ; Skinner and Sly, paint manufacturers ; Sonnen and Werthman, furniture makers ; John Grime and Company, machinists. The Minneapolis Paper Mill, Brown, Warner and Latimer, was built in 1866, by R. D. Warner, Edward Brewster and E. N. Brown. The mill originally had one 62-inch cylinder machine, and when C. N. Warner took an interest, a 64-inch cylinder, together with sufficient machinery to double the capacity of the mill, was added. The building is 68x105 feet, including basement; locat- ed at the foot of Seventh Avenue south, on the ca- nal. The number of persons employed is eighty, of whom one-half are women. The company manufacture from eight to ten hundred tons of print paper annually. The Island Paper Mill, was built at the upper end of Hennepin Island, m 1859, by Johnathan Chase and C. C. Secomlje. It was originally 40x60 feet, three-stories high. In 1860, JSIr. Chase sold his interest to AV. W. Eastman, who in company with Mr. Secombe, ran it about two months and sold to E. W. Cutter. Secombe and Cutter conducted it until the spring of 1861, when H. M. Carpenter entered the firm. In 1866, J. T. Averill entered the company, and the mill was removed to its present location, 405 Main street south-east. The building is three- stories in height, 75x90 feet. In 1869, W. A. Russell entered, and Mr. Secombe retired, and MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAGTOBIES. 415 Mr. Cutter retiring in 1872, the present Arm was organized. Tliey produce 4,000 pounds of wood pulp, and 7,000 pounds of paper daily. The ma- chinery consists of one 62-inch cylinder, five rag engines, four tub bleachers, and four wood pulp stones, operated by two turbine wheels, one 75- inch and one 35-inch, with combined power of four-hundred horse. The business for 1880, amounted to $100,000, furnishing work to fifty people, who are paid $1,500 per month. The Minneapolis cotton mill is located at the foot of Sixth Avenue south, and is owned by Dorillus Morrison. In January, 1877, Messrs. Honkomp & Cummings rented it, and by July had it in running order. In February, 1880, Mr. Cummings retired. The products are seamless bags, carpet warps, and cotton bats. A dye- house in connection does all the coloring. This is the only mill of the kind in the state. It is 40x80 feet, three stories high, and manufactures from raw cotton $50,000 worth of goods annually. The picking, carding, spinning and weaving rooms are each furnished with improved machin- ery. They use a thirty horse-power boiler in the dye-house and for heating purposes. Carding mill of S. Bonfoy, is the only estab- lishment of the kind in the county. It does solely custom work, and wool is sent from all parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, in lots of from five to forty pounds, for which ten cents per pound is charged for carding. F. W. Bullard, bag factory, in Brackett's block, was established in 1871, doing a business of $5,000 the first year, since when it has increased to $25,000 annually. He manufactures cloth and prints paper sacks, also prints for dealers, sacks in which they export flour. In 1879, Mr. Bullard printed 300,000 of these sacks. When he commenced business he used but one hand- press, but now uses two Hoe power-presses. April 6th, 1880, he was burned out, but resumed again on the 29th of the same month. The North Star Boot and Shoe Company was duly incorporated as a stock company in 1873, with H. G. Harrison as president, C. B. Heffel- finger business manager, and A. M. Eeid, secre- tary and treasurer. On opening, they occupied 228 Washington Avenue north, which was 24x80 feet, three stories and basement. They employed twenty-five men ui the factory, five salesmen, and two traveling salesmen, attempting a home trade only. ~ In 1875 they were compelled to seek more commodious quarters, and removed to their present stand, 200, 202 and 204 Washington Avenue north, occupying the entire building, which is sixty-eight feet front and eighty-five deep, three stories high and basement. The base- ment is used for storing stock of rubber goods, sole leather, and boot and shoe pacs. The office, packing and sample room are on the first floor. The first and second fioor are used as stock rooms, custom work and a full line of mens' and boys' eastern made boots. Tlie third floor is devoted entirely to the manufacture of goods, and is di- vided into foreman's room, cutting room, ma- chine room, bottoming room, sole leather room, treeing room and finishing room. They employ, at present, one hundred and twenty-five work- men, four office men, five men in the salesroom and packing room, and seven traveling salesmen. The trade extends throughout Iowa, Minnesota. Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado and Dakota, in- cluding the Black Hills. The officers are, A. M. Eeid, president; C. B. Heffelfinger, business man- ager and treasurer, and F. M. Keid, secretary. The capital is 1150,000, and the pay roll is f 1,050 per week. • James T. Elwell, spring bed and mattress man- ufacturer, began, business October 13th , 1874, with his brother, under the name of Elwell Bros., at the comer of Washington Avenue and Second Avenue north. During the first year he patented and manufactured but one bed, the "Minneapo- Us," his business amounting to but 5500. In July, 1876, James T. Elwell purchased his brother's interest, and has since conducted the business alone. In 1879, he found his quarters insufficient, and purchased the factory corner Third Avenue south and Third street, manufacturing over twen- ty different styles of spring beds, most of which are his own invention. -Mr. Elwell recently pur- chased six and one-half acres near Fifth Avenue south-east and Ninth street where he erected a two-story building, 32x134 feet, and a warehouse 50x100 feet, capable of holding about 4,000 beds. The machinery is run by an one hundred horse- power engine. The annual business amounts to about $30,000, and gives employment to fifteen men. The mattress factory of Salisbury, Eolph and 416 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Company, 110 Main street south-east was estab- lished in January, 1878, by T. G. Salisbury. At first, wool was the only material used. In Sep- tember, 1878, W. P. Washburn took an interest, and the manufacture of husk, hair, excelsior, moss, and all styles of mattresses known to the market added. The business the first year amounted to C 5,000, and in 1880 had increased to 122,000. On the 1st of October, 1880, W. T. Eolph entered the firm, which immediately erected a building 36x50 feet, three stories in height. They have a store ,at ISTo. 20 Bridge Square, and, during the year 1881, expect to do a business of $75,000. The firm is sole agent of J. M. Gaye's hair house, of New York. Sullivan and Parnham's Minnesota Marble, Mantle, and Tile Works, was founded by J. M. Sullivan and Company, at 311, Nicollet Avenue, in 1879, and continued until August, 1880, when the firm was changed to Sullivan and Famham. who removed to 38 Third street south. They occupy a two-story brick building, 22x104 feet, where they do an annual business, of 140,000, employing fifteen men. The North-western Marble Works of E. Don- lin, makps marble and granite monuments, etc., and was started in 1872, in East Minneapolis. In 1877, it was removed to the west side, and located at 325. Third Avenue south, where six men are employed. The annual business is $15,000. C. H. Pauly and Company, marble dealers, or- ganized in March, 1880, occupying a two-story frame building, 24x36 feet at 41 1 Hennepin Av- enue. They employ four men, and do a business of |6,000 per annum. D. Manogue, marble dealer, 385 north Fifth street, E. D., began business in 1872, with E. Don- lin, under the firm name of Donlin & Manogue. In 1877, the firm dissolved, and Mr. Manogue removed to his present stand, where he has en- joyed a lucrative business. The marble works of John Reudelstarz was es- tablished in 1876, at 208 Third street north, in a brick structure, 20x28 feet, where he employs three men, and does an annual business of $4,000. Asbestine Stone Company, organized in 1873, for the manufacture of stone for trimmings, ve- neering, sidewalks, steps, etc., is located outside of the city limits, west of Hennepin Avenue. It occupies a building 40x48 feet, on the second floor of which is the pattern-room, occupying a room 24x48. The stone made by this company is in general use throughout the city. The mem- bers are E. H. and T. E. Barrett and Daniel El- liott. Nudd & Knight, manufacturers of wooden eave-troughs and mouldings, employ eight men, and do an annual business of $30,000, selUng goods in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Texas, Nebraska and Dakota. This business was established in 1868, by Todd & Squires. In 1870, Mr. Todd disposed of his interest to W. H. Nudd, and in 1872 E. K. Smith took Mr. Squires' interest, and the firm became W. H. Nudd & Company. In 1877, J. H. Knight purchased Mr. Smith's interest, and the firm be- came Nudd & Knight. The factory is at 110 Main street, S. E. Simonson Bros., stair-building establishment was organized in 1872, and is the only concern of the kind in the city, devoting themselves solely to stair-building, making stair-railings, balusters, newel-posts, etc. The factory is located at 1006 Washington Avenue south, and is 20x61 feet, two stories high, where they employ ten men, doing an annual business of !i;10,000. The mem- bers of the firm are C. and H. Simonson. J. M. Griffith, broom manufacturer, and whole- sale dealer in broom corn and broom-makers supphes, corner of Fifth street and Eleventh Av- enue north, started in business in 1873. This is the only establishment of the land west of Chi- cago and north of St. Louis. The business has grown from H.OOO per year to $30,000, and reach- ing throughout the entire north-west. The ware- house on Washington Avenue, corner of Fifth Avenue north, is two-stories high, 30x50, feet. The sliow-case manufactory of L. Paulle was established in 1876, at 311 Nicollet Avenue. In 1870, lie removed to 123 Washington Avenue south, where he occupies the second and third floors, employs ten men, and manufactures an- nually a large number of show-cases of superior quality, which are sold in this state, as well as Wisconsin, Dakota and Montana. This is the only factory in the state which makes all the de- tails of show-cases. The North Star Desk Works was established CAREIAOE MANUFACTOBIES. 417 in 1875, at the corner of First Avenue north and Washington, by Foster and Paul, who commenc- ed with a capital of $1,000 and a working force of six men. In 1877, Mr. Paul purchased ground and erected his present building, at 104 Second street south. This building, 20x120 feet, two stories high, accommodates a working force of thirty men, who make church, school and oflBce furniture exclusively. Wales Bros., organ manufacturers, began build- ing organs at 220 Nicollet Avenue. In 1878, they removed to 223 South Third street, and in June, 1879, removed to tlieir present location. No. 211 Nicollet Avenue. They make a specialty of manufacturing pipe organs, which have given satisfaction as far as used. The Minnehaha Carriage Works, owned by J. M. Pottle and Son, are located at 117 Second street south. They were started in 1862, by J. M. Pottle, who conducted them until 1870, when his son, J. H. Pottle, took an interest, and the firm has since been J. M. Pottle and Son. At the start nothing but common work was done, and they employed but one man. They now do the finest work, mostly to order, employing twenty-five men, whom they pay f300 per week. Their business ahiounts to 175,000 annually. The factory occupies space of 125x160 feet. In 1872, M. Koeller began manufacturing car- riages at 246 Second Avenue south, occupying a building 22x104 feet, two stories high. In 1877, he erected a brick building adjoining this, also two stories high, and 22x65 feet. The first floor is used for wood work and blacksmith shop and as carriage repository, and the second floor for trimming-room, painting, and finishing. The shop gives work to fifteen men. Martin Brothers' carriage manufactory, at 117 and lia First Avenue north, commenced opera- tions in 1878, on Third street south. In the spring of 1880. they removed to their present quarters, occupying the whole building, which is 40x100 feet, three stories above basement. The first floor is used as a carriage repository and black- smith shop, the latter occupying space 30x40 feet in the rear. The second floor is used as trimming room, wood shop and store-room. The painting is done on the third floor, and the material is stored in the basement. They employ about thirty men, turning out Ught carriages, cutters, etc. 27 The firm is composed of C. H. and B. J. Martin, who came to Minneapolis from Chicago in 1878. Driscoll and Forsyth, manufacturers of haul- off wagons and logging sleds, also do horse-shoe- ing and general blacksmithing, at Nos. 24 and 26 Main street northeast. The members of the firm are D. Driscoll and W. Forsyth. The business was established by Mr. Driscoll in 1875, and con- ducted by him until 1879, when the co-partner- ship was formed. In October, 1879, they lost their building by fire, but they immediately re- built on an enlarged scale, and resumed two weeks after, in a building 50x70 feet, two stories high, where they now employ twelve men. A. S. Converse began making wagons and car- riages in 1855, in a one and one-half story build- ing on First street, near Seventh Avenue north, where the bridge crosses Bassett's creek. After staying there three years, he opened opposite what is now the Wilbur House, and remained there four years, was then out of business for two years. Then associating with A. J. Wilson, oc- cupied various locations, and finally opened on Washington Avenue and Fourth Avenue north. He there built two more shops and remained up to the present time. The shop on Washington Avenue was burned in 1876, and a portion of the one on First Avenue north in 1878, leaving three small buildings, which he now occupies, doing chiefly a repairing business. Mr. Converse has been awarded five premiums for fine carriage and sleigh work, four at state fairs at St. Paul, and one at Minneapolis. James Iverson, wagon, carriage and sleigh maker, began at First street and Second Avenue north, in 1871, on a small scale. He now occu- pies a building 22x90 feet, two stories high, twen- ty-eight feet of which is of brick, communicating with the work room in the rear by iron doors. The upper floor is used as a trimming room. The business amounts to $15,000 per year. The Minneapolis Carriage Works, N. P. Swan- berg, proprietor, was built in 1873, at 605 south Third street. The business, amounting to $12,000 per annum, is carried on in a building 24x60 feet two stories high, in which are employed twelve men, whose pay roll is flOO per week. Cook Brothers, H. T. and C. H., manufacturers of wagons, carriages and express wagons, do all kinds of repairing in wood and iron, requiring 418 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. two men. 'Iheir factory, 18x54 feet, is at 424 Thirteenth Avenue south. Hennepin Carriage Works, 1502 Hennepin Avenue, were commenced at the corner of Third street and Third Avenue south, in the spring of 1870, by John Clark. After various changes iu firm name, it was sold, and Mr. Clark worked for other parties until the spring of 1880, when he purchased his present place, which is a two- story frame, 22x40, where he employs two men besides himself. Charles Buckendorf established business la 1870, manufactiuing carriages, express wagons, buggies, sleighs and the work usually turned out by a general wagon-maker; also does repair- ing, employing three men in the shop; located at 358 Fourth Avenue south. Peterson & Mumm, manufacturers of heavy and light wagons, buggies, cutters, etc. This ■firm was organized in 1877, and has since enjoyed a prosperous business, on First street, comer of Fifth Avenue north. They do all kinds of re- pairing in wood and iron. There are a number of shops where wagon- making and repairing is carried on, in connec- tion with general blacksmithing and horse-shoe- ing. Among them, Charles D. Brown, Bummert & Thelen, J. Carey, M. "W. Connor, Hern&Olin, J. B. Hunt, McGregor & Mayn, G. Seibel and Weier & Mangen. J. K. Clark, proprietor of the box factory, in the Island Water Power Company's building, be- gan business in 1878, in what is now the base- ment of the Union Iron Works. He soon re- moved to a place near the old Moulton planing mill, where he remained one year, and then re- moved to his present stand, where he has two . stories, 40x50 feet. He employs eight men, and does an annual business of from eight to ten thousand dollars, dealing in boot and shoe, soap, and many other kinds of boxes used for packing articles of export. The flight manufactory of C. E. Eastman was commenced in 1879, on the second floor of the Island Water Power Company's manufacturing building, on Nicollet Island, where he has a room 20x40. The product, " flight," is a wooden pin, used in the construction of conveyers for flouring mills. The business, amoimting to from $6,000 to $7,000 per annum, is the only one of its kind in the city. In 1874, the "Minneapolis Stencil Works " was established by Elwood Levy, who, in the spring of 1878, purchased the business of H. C. Hamlin, and removed his stock to the stand of the latter, on Second street and Nicollet Avenue, where the concern remains . In August, 1880, George Walls purchased it of Mr. Levy and associated with himself, his son C. H. Walls, and A. M. Forres- ter, under the firm name of George Walls and Company. They make stencil plates, steel and rubber stamps, and do seal engraving. George L. Dickinson, paper box maker, 203 Hennepin Avenue, began business in 1878, on the third floor, in a room 22x70 feet, where he employs four men, making goods which are principally disposed of in the city and surround- ing territory. John Guth, paper box manufacturer, 121 Nic- ollet Avenue, began business in 1875. He em- ploys two men, in a basement room, 22x100 feet. In connection with his paper box factory he con- ducts a book and stationery store. The pottery of J. C. Malchow, 804 north-east Marshall street, was foimded in 1870, manufac- turing flower pots, terra cotta vases, rustic ware, etc., employing three men, who produce 100,000 flower pots per year. The Minneapolis Liquid Paint Company, was organized July 1st, 1880, by T. J. Skinner and Company. The factory occupies room 40x50 feet in the Island Water Power Company's build- ing, where they employ four men, producing annually about 40,000 gallons of paint, which they sell in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Dakota and Manitoba. The power used is about twenty horse. In connection with this business they do house and sign pamting and decorating. Their office is at 14 and 16 Thu'd street south; they employ from seventy-five to one hundred men. The trunk factory of Barnum and Goodrich was founded in 1872, by D. D. Whitney, and is the pioneer trunk factory of Minneapolis. Sep- tember 1st, 1880, Mr. Whitney was succeeded by Barnum and Goodrich. Their stand is 25 Wash- ington Avenue north, where they make all kinds of trunks, valises and sample cases. They keep the finest stock of any establishment of the kind MANUFACTUBHES. 419 in the state. The building is 25x85 feet, four stories in height, and is operated by steam. They employ fifteen men, and do an annual business of $30,000. The salesroom is in charge of Mr. Frank Dunnigan, who is a practical trunk maker of large experience, and who came to Minneapolis from St. Louis, in 1876. Messrs. Barnum and Good- rich are natives of Rochester, N. Y., whence they came and purchased they business of Mr. Whit- ney, who was compelled to retire on account of ill health. J. L. Grandy, maker of the "New Comet Wash- ing Machine," and repairer of clothes wringers, commenced in 1879, at 253 Plymouth Avenue, where he occupies a one story frame building, 22x30 feet, doing a rapidly increasing business. Burnham Brothers, corner Tenth Avenue north, and Second street, commenced business in June 1878, in a frame buiMing 40x75, one story high, where they manufacture well and sewer pipe, well curbing and well curb stone. The business is rapidly increasing and they are adding to their facilities. The carpet-beating works, of F. C. Walker, was established in the spring of 1879, for the purpose of beating and cleaning carpets by anew process, invented by the proprietor. During the winter season he manufactures extension lad- ders. The business employs six men, and is on Nicollet Avenue , between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets. N. E. Colstrom, maker of brick machines, moulds, trucks, wheelbarrows and turning machines, first located in 1876, on the corner of Second Avenue north and Sixth street. In 1880, he removed to 1226 Second Avenue north, where he occupies a one and one-half story building, 18x32 feet, with a one-story addition, 18x20 feet, Mr. Colstrom is the inventor of a turning ma- chine, by which twelve bricks may be turned at once, thus saving labor and greatly facilitating the manufacture. Slocum and Woodruff, manufacturers of buck- skin gloves, mittens, etc., opened at 28 Second street north, where they employ from eight to twelve men. This business is rapidly increasing, being 100 per cent greater in 1880, than in the preceeding year. J. H. Putnam, manufacturer of gloves and mittens, 312 First Avenue south, began business at 239 Nicollet Avenue, in 1878. He removed in August, 1880, to his present location, where he does a wholesale and retail business, occupying the first floor and basement, and employing eight men and twenty women. He tans his own ma- terial on the East Side, near the University. The Minneapolis Dye Works of John D. Meyer, No. 2 Hennepin Avenue, was established in 1866, for the purpose of dyeing and scouring all kinds of woolen goods, dresses, shawls, coats, pants, carpet rags, etc. Mr. Meyer is a practical dyer of long experience. The Minnesota Soap Company was established in 1862, by Hechtman and Grethen, who em- ployed six men. In 1872, the Minnesota Soap Company was organized and incorporated, with a capital of 175,000, and located on the comer of Marshall street and Thirteenth Avenue northeast. The members are H. Hechtman, H. Grethen, T. M. Pleins, and James Beach. The factory consists of a building of stone and brick, 66x115 feet, two stories above basement, and a ware- house 22x60 feet. The company employs twenty persons in the factory, and three salesmen. The trade extends throughout Minnesota, Iowa, Wis- consin, Montana, Dakota, and Manitoba. The Minneapolis Soap Works, owned by Pom- eroy and Benner, was established in 1880, at Nos. 207, 209, and 211 north Fifth street. They em- ploy ten men, and are at a weekly expense of about $1,000. The goods are sold in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Dakota. The Minnesota Linseed Oil Company, the pio- neer manufactory of oU from flaxseed grown in the state, was organized in 1869, as a firm, by G. Scheitlin, D. C. Bell, J. K. and H. G. Sidle. In 1870, after the works had begun to be successful, they were totally destroyed by fire, but were im- mediately rebuilt on an enlarged scale, and the present company incorporated. Since 1870 they have fostered among the farmers of Minnesota and Iowa the new industry of raising flaxseed, of which they use 100,000 bushels annually. The factory produces 200,000 gallons of linseed oU, 2,000 tons of oil-cake, which is largely exported to England and Scotland, and from 150 to 200 tons of putty. The company has, within the past year, added to their other products the prepara- tion of liquid paint, thus consuming the surplus linseed oil hitherto shipped abroad, and adding 420 HISTOBY OF HENNEPm COUNTY. $50,000 to the annual income. The works are operated, day and night, by a seventy-five horse- power engine, and furnish employment to about thirty men. The Star Oil Company, A. M. Dole and Com- pany, was formed in October, 1878, and manufac- tures and deals in lubricating and burning oils. They occupy a building 24x60 feet, at 216 Third Avenue south, and as they axe alone in the state, their business is rapidly increasing. This concern also handles a gasoline stove, which is meeting with general satisfaction as the most practical in use, and which is being extensively sold. It is designed for summer use. The cracker manufactory owned by H. F. Lil- libridge, was started in 1870, by J. C. Gardner, at No. 20 "Washington Avenue south. In 1873 Mr. Lillibridge purchased and has since conducted the same. In 1875 he removed to Nos. 13, and 17 Third street south, occupying a building 45x65 feet, and three stories high. In 1880 he erected a four story brick building, 22x90, and now oc- cupies both buildings. This establishment is the largest of the kind in the north-west, employing fifty persons, working day and night, making from 100 to 125 barrels of crackers, besides the bread cake, etc., which is disposed of in the re- tail department and using fifty barrels of flour per day. He does a jobbing busmess in confection- ery, nuts, etc., employing three traveling sales- men. The confectionery manufactory of Bagley & Fay, was started in 1878, by Bagley Bros, at the present location, No. 244 First Avenue south. The business changed hands a number of times before August, 1880, when the present firm of Bagley & Fay became the owners, manufacturing and importing confectioneries. Their salesroom is 20x30 feet, adjoining which is a work-room 20x40 feet. They do an annual business of 150,000, selling extensively in Dakota, Iowa and Wisconsin. The candy factory of J. B. Tinklepaugh was commenced with a very limited capital, in 1877, and the first year his business was corresponding- ly light, but has been steadily increasing, and during the past year his business amounted to about 17,000. During the winter of 1879-'80, he used five tons of sugar, and during the summer of 1880, manufactured between 1,700 and 1,800 gallons of ice cream. His stand is at No. 219 Central Avenue. In 1871, Joseph Miller began the manufacture of candies and ice cream, at No. 127 Nicollet Avenue, and in 1875, removed to his present lo- cation. No. 253 Hennepin Avenue. His ma- chinery is run by a twenty-four-uich hydraulic motor of one horse-power, furnished by the city water works. On the 1st day of October, 1874, E. M. May established his candy manufactory at No. 307 Nicollet Avenue, where his first year's business amounted to about $3,000. This has gradually increased to an annual receipt of $8,000, He employs six persons, and makes all kinds of plain and fancy dishes for suppers, parties, etc. Mr. May makes a specialty of ice creams, producing the past year over 2,000 gallons, a portion of which he shipped to various points in Minneso- ta and Wisconsin. In 1878, G. Bagley commenced to make candy, with his brother, on First Avenue south, where they remained until the spring of 1880, when he formed a co-partnership vsdth 8. C. Weeks, under the name of Bagley & Weeks, who began opera- tions in the rear of Jones & Abbott's fruit store. In December, 1880, they removed to No. 316 Nicollet Avenue, the present quarters, soon after which Mr. Weeks retired, and Mr. Bagley has since conducted the business alone. In 1850 John Orth built a wooden structure, 18x30 feet, on the site of his present brewery. No. 1215 Marshall street northeast. Here he brewed the first beer made in Hennepin county, using a kettle holding but two and one-half barrels. He now uses a vat holding one hundred and twenty barrels. The concern has a fermenting cellar, holding 1,600 barrels, storage for 3,500 barrels, two malt houses, one with a capacity for about 75,000 bushels, one holding 20,000 bushels, and cooling rooms. Formerly cellars dug in sand rock were used, but have been replaced by ice- cellars, for which ice is stored in a house holding 5,000 tons. An artesian well on the premises supplies the water. Gluek's brewery was started in a little wooden building, in 1857, by Bank and Gluek, on Mar- shall street, near Twenty-second Avenue north- east, where it now stands. In 1863, Mr. Gluek purchased Mr. Bank's interest, and run it alone WHOLESALE HOUSES. 421 until his death, which occurred October 16th, 1880. March 20, 1880, the wooden portion was destroyed by fire, but Mr. Gluek immediately be- gan to rebuild, and had nearly completed it when his death occurred. The present building is of brick, two stories high, and 20x60 feet. The first floor is used as a brewing room, 22x60 feet, and the balance for a malt cellar. In connection are two ice houses, one 24x50 feet, and another 24x52 feet. The capacity of the new brewery is forty-five barrels per day. The Minneapolis Brewery, Mueller & Hein- rich proprietors, was built in 1860, by Kranzlein & Mueller. It is located on the lower levee, on the Mississippi river; is 40x60 feet, with storage capacity of 2,800 barrels. Kranzlein & Mueller conducted the concern until 1869, when Mr. Kranzlein became the sole owner, and conducted it four years, and then conveyed it to Mueller & Heinrich, who have enlarged it from time to time, erecting in 1875 a stone building 30x40 feet, two and one-half stories high, used for brewing, in 1876, a three-story brick, 30x40 feet, used for boiler-house and other purposes, besides a malt- Mln and malt-house and three ice-houses. The aggregate stor9,ge capacity is now 6,000 barrels. In 1880, they put in a sixty horse-power boiler, in addition to one of thirty horse-power, and they now have a brewery equipped in a thoroughly first-class manner throughout. The City Brewery, located on Twentieth Ave- nue south, corner of Bluff street, was founded by Mr. Zahler, who took in as partner Mr. Noer- enberg. Mr. Zahler dying, F. D. Noerenberg has had possession since May, 1880. The estab- lishment is thoroughly equipped, and employs eight men, to whom eighty-five dollars per week are paid. CHAPTER LXVI. WHOLESALE TRADE — DRY AOODS — GBOCBEIBS — OTHEB BUSINESS HOUSES. Minneapolis enjoys such facilities, from the many hues of railroads centering here, as makes it naturally a great distributing point for the north-west. Many wholesale establishments have been located here, and the trade is increasing. The failure of IST. B. Harwood and Company, a large dry goods house, during the last year, was a blow to the trade, though attributable to the personal management, and not to lack of advan- tages in the location. The tributary territory is constantly increasing by the extension and mul- tiplication of railroads, in fertile agricultural districts. The wholesale trade in 1880, amounted to 124,299,000, with an increase of $10,000,000 over that of the preceding year, divided as fol- lows : groceries, J6,285,000 ; dry goods, clothing, hats and caps, 13,691,000 ; wines, liquors and cigars, $1,150,000 ; queensware, drugs and oils, $850,700 ; hardware and stoves, $1,825,300 ; boots, shoes, leather and hides, $1,675,200 ; crackers and confectionery, $260,000; paper and stationery, 1350,000; agricultural implements, $3,750,000; furniture, and carpets, etc.; $637,000; produce com- mission, $3,625,000. The retail trade of the city is represented by more than four hundred firms, whose business aggregates about $18,000,000, according to trust- worthy estimates. The wholesale dry goods and notion house of Wyman, Mullin and VanDyke, 214 and 216 Hen- nepin Avenue, was established in April, 1875, by Wyman and Mullin, and is the first wholesale dry goods and notion house founded in Minne- apolis. At first the firm occupied but one floor, but the trade soon increased, and they were com- pelled to rent the entire building, including three floors and a basement. In the spring of 1880, they had a building erected expressly for their business. This is a brick structure, four- stories high, cut stone front, 30x125 feet. In July, 1880, ^Y. J. VanDyke entered the firm, the capital was increased, and trade extended. The firm employs thirty men in and about the build- ing, and keeps seven traveling salesmen constantly on the road. The trade extends throughout Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota and Montana, and is a fair indication of the splendid facilities presented by Minneapolis as a wholesale business centre. Coykendall Brothers and Company, wholesale dealers in dry goods, notions, hosiery, white goods, etc., ISTo's. 118 and 120, Washington Avenue north, commenced business in 1873, in a retail 422 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. dry goods house, which they continued until 1877, when they retired from this, and confined their attention exclusively to wholesale trade. Their building is 50x100 feet four stories high, where they employ twelve men as salesmen, book- keepers, etc. They also have four traveling salesmen, who carry the trade throughout Minne- sota, Iowa, Dakota, and a portion of "Wisconsin, The sales for 1880 amounted to $500,000, The wholesale and retail dry goods and no- tion house of Goodfellow and Eastman, was started in the Herrick block, in 1878. These quarters soon proved inadequate for their busi- ness, and they moved into the block built expressly for them by Mr. Casey. This build- ing has a front of Lemont, IlUnois, lime- stone, and is four stories high. It is one of the finest buildings in the state, and is wholly occupied by this firm. The basement is used for storing and receiving goods, the first floor as general retail sales-room, second floor as cloak and show room, the third floor for storing heavy goods, and the fourth floor is devoted en- tirely to fancy goods and notions. They employ about sixty persons in and about their house. Their retail business extends over the whole of Minnesota, and the jobbing business over the Northern and Western states and territories to the Pacific. George W. Hale and Company, retail dealers in dry goods and notions, began business in 1868, on Washington Avenue south, vsdth but two salesmen. In 1872, they removed to their present quarters, 301 and 303 McoUet Avenue. The building has a frontage of 44 feet, a depth of 120 feet, and was built expressly for this firm, by J. G. Gluck. The first year the business amounted to but $25,000; in 1880 it was $300,000. The members of the firm are George W., and Jefferson M. Hale. Eichelzer and Company, hatters and furriers, No. 212 Nicollet Avenue, do principally a retail business, and manufacture fur goods, cloth hats and caps, and Mackinaw hats. The house was established in 1871, by D. and W. Handly, at the present stand, and purchased in August, 1872, by P. P. Eichelzer and J. S. Snoddy. Mr. Snoddy diedl in July, 1874, and August following, Mr. Eichelzer became the sole proprietor. At the time of the Central block fire, Mr. Eichelzer suf- 1 fered with his neighbors, but saved most of his stock. In March, 1879, R. A. Lanpher, of St. Paul, was admitted to the firm, which became Eichelzer and Company. E. B. Preston and Company, wholesale and re- tail dealers in leather and rubber belting, rubber boots, clothing, and all kinds of rubber goods, be- gan business at No. 240 Hennepin Avenue, in January, 1880. As their trade increased, they jemoved, in May following, to No. 203 Nicollet Avenue, where they occupy one floor and the basement, 25x100 feet. The firm employs six men, two of whom are traveling salesmen, who do business throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Dakota. The members of the firm are E. B. Preston, who has a large house in Chicago, and W. S. Nott, who has charge of the Minnea- polis department. They represent the New York Belting and Packing Company in the West, and are the only firm who handle this line of goods exclusively. H. G. Harrison and Co., wholesale grocers, or- ganized in May, 1880, and located in the Wol- f ord block, on Hennepin Avenue, but the building was insufiiciently strong to hold the heavy goods which were stored on the upper floors, and soon fell. In June they occupied three floors, one hundred feet square, in Brackett's block, doing an exclusively wholesale business, and carrying an extensive stock, doing business in northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota and Mon- tana. The firm employs twenty men, six of whom are constantly traveling. During the first year the sales amounted to $1 ,500,000. The mem- bers of the firm are H. G. Harrison and Frank B. Pelt, both of extensive experience. Anthony Kelly and Co., wholesale grocers, Nos. 125, 127 and 129 Washington Avenue north, located tliere in 1877. In 1858, Messrs. P. H. and Anthony Kelly established a grocery business on Washington Avenue and Second Avenue south, doing a retail trade. In 1860, their business had increased to such a degree that they were com- pelled to seek more room, and they removed into the building now usejj as the National hotel, and after a year into Dayton block; removed next to Bridge square and First street. The firm was known as Kelly and Brother until 1864, when P. H. Kelly retired, and commenced business in St. Paul. Anthony Kelley continued the business WHOLESALE GBOCEBIES. 423 alone, and in March, 1866, was burned out, and then took possession of the building known as the Kelly block. The firm was then known as A. Kelly and Co., and remained in Kelly's block until 1877. The building now occupied is 66x100 feet, and three stories in height, above basement, and has an extension of 57x66 feet, one story and basement, in rear. The business is exclusively wholesale, and employs thirty-two men, six of whom are traveling salesmen. In 1880, it amounted to $1,500,000, and extended through- out the northwest. Hart, Monroe & Thomas, proprietors of the Minneapolis Spice Mills and wholesale fancy gro- cers, are located at 108 Washington Avenue south. The business was estabUshed in 1870, by Squires, Hart & Company, who continued it until 1876, at which time the firm of Hart, Monroe & Thomas was organized, and has since conducted the busi- ness. It is the only establishment of the kind in the state that makes a specialy of its own brands, and grinding spices of all kinds. Their building is 22x130 feet, three stories high above the base- ment. In the rear is a brick biulding used as an engine, roasting and grinding-room. An engine of fifteen horse-power turns the machinery. This consists of three large roasting cylinders of recent invention, two grinding machines, one of which is a small set of buhrs, and two machines for roasting coffee, the capacity being one ton per day. The firm employs ten men, four sales- men traveling constantly, the trade being extend- ed throughout northern Iowa, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, Dakota and Montana. The wholesale grocery of George R. Newell & Company, Nos. 9, 11 and 13 Washington Avenue north, was founded in 1870, by Stevens, Morse & Newell.' In 187.*?, Messrs. Stevens and Morse re- tired, and the firm of Newell & Harrison was or- ganized, and continued until May, 1879, since when Mr. Newell has had entire control of the business. The first year's business amounted to to $25,000, and in 1880 to $2,000,000. S. G. Palmer and Company, wholesale fancy grocers, occupy a building which was erected ex- pressly for their use, at Nos. 12 and 14 Washing- ton Avenue north. The business was established in March, 1878, and S. G. Palmer and Company took charge of it in April, 1880. The building is 44x85 feet, of which they occupy the first floor and basement. The carry a full line of fruits and fancy groceries, employing three traveling sales- men. They do business in all parts of Minneso- ta and Dakota. The house of Dunham and Johnson, wholesale grocers, was founded in 1870, and does business at 212 Hennepin Avenue, where they occupy a build- ing 28x125 feet, four stories high and basement. They employ twelve men, four as traveling sales- men, and do an annual business of about $700,000, extending throughout Minnesota and portions of the adjoining states and territories. The wholesale grocery house of W. W. Harri- son and Company occupies the Oswald building, No. 19 Washington Avenue north. Their build- ing is 26x125 feet, four stories and basement. In 1877, W. W. Harrison commenced business at 222 Hennepin Avenue, dealing wholly in fancy groceries by wholesale. In September, 1880, the firm of W. W. Harrison and Company was or- ganized, and they carry a full line of staple and fancy groceries, employing thirteen men, and do- ing business in' Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Da- kota. Harrison and Knight, wholesale dealers in sad- dlery hardware, wagon and carriage material and iron, commenced, at No. 207 Nicollet Avenue, in 1877, and continued until September 1st, 1880, when they removed to their new building on First Avenue south, between Washington Avenue and Third street. This is 45x135 feet, and has five floors, and is so arranged that light is received on all sides. Two hydraulic elevators, one for pass- engers and one for freight, giving access from floor to floor. The firm employs twelve men, four of whom are traveling salesmen, supplying cus- tomers throughout the north-west. The annual business amounts to |300,000. J. H. Thompson's clothing house is at No. 118 Hennepin Avenue, in a three-story brick build- ing, 45x100 feet, built by himself, in 1871. Mr. Thompson started in business in Minneapolis in 1857, on Second Avenue south, opposite the St. James Hotel. He remained here until 1858, and moved to Pirst street, near where the hay market now is ; thence to a building near the suspension bridge, where he remained until the completion of a building erected by him at No. 109 Nicollet Avenue. Here he opened, in connection with his tailoring department, a stock of clothing, June 424 HI8T0BT OF EENNEPIN COUNTY. 11th, 1860. This building and stock were de- stroyed by fire, and Mr. Thompson went into the Nicollet House, where he remaiaed until 1871, when he purchased his present site and erected a building on it. The New York Clothing House, owned by E. Eees and Bro., is at the corner Hennepin Ave- nue and Second street, in Kees' block. Mr. Bees commenced the business alone, in 1869, un- der Pence opera house, where he remained until 1878, when he purchased ground at his present location, and erected a brick building, three stories high above basement, 2'2k85 feet. In 1878, Gus. Eees took an interest in the business, and the firm has large branch houses in Stillwater and Mankato, and do an annual business of $150,- 000, employing sixteen men. G. S. Butler, proprietor of the U. T. K. cloth- ing house, began in 1876, at No. Ill Washington Avenue south, the firm known as Griffith, Eoberts and Butler. In 1878, they removed to 210, Nicollet and 211 Hennepin Avenue, the store extending from avenue to avenue. Previ- ous to 1879, Mr. Butler had been business manager of the firm, and in September of that year, purchased the interests of the other two, since when he has conducted it alone. Puller and Simpson's hat and shirt store, was founded in 1870, by C. A. Fuller and E. P. Gil- lam, in the Nicollet House block, a few doors from their present location, corner of Washing- ton and Nicollet Avenues, and they carried a complete stock of gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, etc. In 1874, Mr. Gillam sold his interest to G. H. Simpson, and the firm then added a shirt manufactory, and in 1878, a laun- dry, for which they rented a room 22x100 feet, at No. 210 First Avenue south, and were soon compelled to occupy the entire building; they employ five men and thirty girls. Laundry work from all parts of the state is sent to them by express. Their gents' furnishing department and factory is in the Nicollet House block, occu- pying first floor and basement, 22x90 feet, where they employ five men and twenty-five girls. Boston One Price Clothing Store, E. H. Steele proprietor, was established August 1st, 1874, in a room 22x85 feet, in the Academy of Music. Janu- ary 1st, 1876, another room was added and since then he has enlarged from time to time, and now occupies five rooms, four of them 22x85 and one 30x40, and the basement, which is 85x110 feet. The house employs seventy men, fifty of whom are engaged in the manufacture of clothing to order, and during the dull season in making ready-made clothing. The other twenty men are salesmen, book-keepers, etc. The business, the first year, was $65,000, and in 1880, was $200,000. J. H. Kerrick and Co.'s machinery depot. No. 254 First Avenue south, was opened October, 1880, for handling iron and wood working ma- chinery and supplies of every description. The main manufactory is located at Indianapolis, In- diana. The branch at Minneapolis, under the supervision of A. H. Goode, is the only establish- ment in the north-west that deals exclusively in this line of goods, which suppUes a want long felt in Minneapolis and the north-west. They occupy room and basement 50x80. C. W. Shatto, agricultural implement dealer, opened business in 1873, with the firm of Jones, Shatto and Co. In 1875, E. H. Jones withdrew from the firm and went into the Harvester works, and the firm became Shatto and Christian. In 1878, Mr. Shatto purchased Mr. Christian's interest, and has since conducted the business alone. He has branch houses at Fergus Falls and Carver. His present location is No. 807 Washington Avenue north. Clark and Mackroth opened their agricultural implement depot at No. 218 Washington Avenue north, in December, 1879, and have already ac- quired a good and extensive business. They are special northwestern agents for Furst and Bradley, of Chicago, Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, South Bend, Indiana; the Ohio Steel Barb Fence Company, Cleveland; Detroit Safe Company, Detroit, Michigan; and tlie LaClade Fire Brick Manufactiu'lng Company. They also do a jobbing business in miscellaneous articles. The members of the firm are George A. Clark and Otto H. Mackrotli. ■Frauklm Steele, Jr., and Company, agricultm-al implement dealers, commenced doing business in 1880, in abrick building 44x140 feet, on the corner of First street and Second Avenue south. They carry an immense stock, which they dispose of by wholesale and retail, in Minnesota and adjoining states and tenltories. W. H. Jones and Company, dealers in agricuT- BANKS AND BANKEBS. 425 tural implements, ISTos. 206 and 208 "Washington Avenue north, commenced January 1st, 1878. They are state agents for the Marsh Harvester, Wire and Twine Binders, and Warrior mowers. During the year 1880, the business amounted to about |1,10Q,000. George Blake, dealer in Domestic sewing ma- chines, has branch offices in St. Paul and Still- water. In 1879-80, he erected the building now occupied by him at 320 Nicollet Avenue. This building is 44x86 feet, four stories high. The front is of Ohio sandstone, and is highly orna- mental. The pavement in front of this building is the first area stone sidewalk laid in the city. On the first floor Mr. Blake has his salesroom. The second and third floors are rented for oflices, and the fourth for sleeping apartments. At the time Mr. Blake came to Minneapolis, there were but 300 Domestic sewing machines per year sold in Minnesota ; but now his sales amount to 2,500 per year, requiring sixteen salesmen. Winecke and Doerr, wholesale and retail deal- ers in tobacco and cigars, established a retail business in 1873, on Washington Avenue south, where they remained until 1875, when they re- moved to jSTo. 25 Washington Avenue south, and commenced a wholesale and retail business, em- ploying five men. Their goods are sold in Min- nesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Dakota. Harpman and Gronauer, manufacturers and wholesale dealers in cigars, etc., No. 39 Washing- ton Avenue south, employ three traveling sales- men, doing business in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Dakota. The business was first started at No. 114 Hennepin Avenue, by Harpman Bros., who conducted it until October, 1879, when J. A. Gronauer purchased an interest, and the firm be- came Harpman and Gronauer. George F. Warner, undertaker and dealer in furniture and upholstery, commenced business in 1857, and is the oldest established furniture dealer in Minneapolis. His furniture salesroom. No. 325 Nicollet Avenue, is 26x80 feet, and oc- cupies three floors. His undertaking warerooms at No. 106 Washington Avenue south, are 22x100 feet, and occupy two floors. Mr. Warner has three fine hearses, and two furniture trucks, and does an annual business of about 460,000. Wm. Glessner and son, furniture dealers and undertakers, No. 211 Central Avenue, commenced manufacturing furniture in 1859, and continued until 1865, when they retired from manufactur- ing and entered the retail business. Their an- nual business amounts to about |16,000, and is done in a two-story building, 22x80 feet. They employ three men. A. H. Edsten, No. 803 Washington Avenue south, dealer in all kinds of furniture, occupies as salesrooms, two floors 22x60 feet, and a shop 16x35 feet, two stories high. He commenced in 1871, and does an annual business of about 17,000. Phelps & Bradstreet, dealers in furniture and draperies, at Nos. 421 and 423 Nicollet Avenue, organized in April, 1878, They occupy one floor, 44x120, and three floors 44x75, doing an annual business of 170,000 -in fine furniture, draperies and artistic house-furnishing. They make the finest display of draperies and fine furniture of any house west of Chicago. All their finest dra- peries and decorations being made to order. The business is rapidly increasing. CHAPTER LXVII. BANKS — BOARD OF TRADE — CLEARING HOUSE — RAILROADS— INSURANCE COMPANIES. The records of the past twenty-seven years, which have elapsed since the first bank in what is now Minneapolis, came into existence, show twenty-four such institutions, only ten of which are still in existence. Before entering the field of the banks of to-day, we will review the in- stitutions which once in existence, have since wound up their affairs. The history begins vidth Snyder & McFarlane, bankers and brokers, who commenced business in 1854, continuing to 1858, about four years. C. H. Pettit, banker andbrok- er, was the second, commencing in the fall of 1855, continuing to 1859. Next, Beede & Men- denhall, bankers and brokers, organized April 27th, 1856; they afterward organized the State Bank of Minnesota, with E. J. Mendenhall, pres- 426 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ident, and 11. J. Baldwin, cashier. Dorman & Phinney, bankers and brokers, commenced busi- ness in the spring of 1857, and continued till 1861. Grow & Phinney began in 1857, continu- ing to 1862 as bankers and brokers. R. J. Baldwin, banker and broker, commenced business in 1857. In 1862 he organized the State Bank with E. J. Mendenhall, president, and R. J. Baldwin, cashier. The State National Bank grew out of the State Bank of Mimiesota and con- tinued up to 1876, when it wound up business. The National Exchange Bank started in 1867, with Henry Miller, presidenf, and W. P. West- fall, cashier, and in 1875 closed its business. The State Savings Association was organized in 1866 and continued business to 1873. The Ex- change Savings Bank was organized in 1868 and in 1871 , it closed business. The National Ex- change was organized in 1869 and merged into the Merchants National of Hastings. It subsequent- ly moved to Minneapolis and changed to the Merchants National Bank, but February 1st, 1881, went into liquidation. In 1873 the Scandinavian Bank came to the surface but immediately sank. Sparks and McPlierson, brokers, opened in 1870 and in 1875, wound up. The Lumbermen's Ba,nk commenced business in 1876 but soon after closed up its affairs. EXISTING BAKKS. Ten banks are now doing business in Minne- apolis, seven of which represent an aggregate capital of $2,550,000; the remaining three are private bankers and brokers. The capital of com- panies of the first class varies from $1,000,000, the capital of the Security to 150,000 of the City Bank. To facilitate the banking business of the city a clearing house has been established, where the daily balances of the banks are settled. The Security Bank. This staunch and vigor- ous institution takes prominent place among the many successful business enterprises of which Minneapolis can boast. Launching upon the financial tide January 2, 187H, witli a casli cap- ital of $300,000, its admirable management so developed its business that early in 1879, $100,- 000 more stock was added, and in February, 1880, the further addition of $600,000 brought its capital up to $1,000,000, all of which was promptly paid in, and of the entire stock all but $29,200 is owned by residents of Minneapolis. The Bank building is situated on Hennepin Avenue, comer of Third street, and is one of the finest buildings in the city. The officers of the bank are : President— T. A. Harrison ; Vice President— H. G. Harrison ; Cashier— J. Dean ; Assistant Cashier— A. J. Dean; Directors— T. A. Harrison, H. G. Harrison, J. Dean, Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh, Franklin Beebe, W: W. McNair, J. M. Shaw, C. C. Washburn and Franklin Steele. First National Bank. The history of this bank is one of general interest, and deserves more than a passing notice. Its existence dates from October, 185 7, when a local bank was opened under the firm name of Sidle, Wolford and Company, under which title they enjoyed a flattering degree of prosperity for three years, when they organ- ized a Bank of Issue under the state law, as the Bank of Minneapolis. Under this title they did a prosperous business until 1864, when the system of national banks was instituted and the name was again changed to the First National Bank of Minneapolis. The financial history of the bank is one of steady, solid growth. Its reverses have been few, while its prosperity has been aU its founders could wish. Beginning with a cash capital of $50,000, it soon rose to $200,000 by the accumulation of undivided profits, after pay- ing a regular dividend of twenty-four per cent, to its stock-holders. January 1, 1879, $400,000 was subscribed and paid in, making a cash cap- ital of $600,000, mostly owned by residents of Minneapolis. Its stock has always been far above par, and is eagerly sought to-day at 125 per cent. The elegant bank building is situated on the corner of Nicollet and Washington Ave- nues, and is a credit to the city. Northwestern National Bank. This institution was founded in 1872, with a paid up capital of $200,000, and started on a career of prosperity equalled by few, if any, of the banking institu- tions of the northwest. At the time of the or- ganization, D. Morrison was elected president, and S. E. Neiler cashier ; and in 1875, Mr. H. T. Welles was elected president, in the place of D. Morrison, whose term had expired. In 1876, an addition of $300,000 was made to the original stock, making the capital stock a half million dol- lars. In the fall of 1879, owing to the defalca- tion of the assistant cashier, a loss of $127,000 EXISTING BANKS. 427 was sustained, but on account of the flourishing condition of the bank, the loss had been made good before January 1st, 1880, by the subscription of 1100,000 from the stockholders, and 127,000 earnings of the bank. July 1st, 1880, the surplus earnings amounted to f 24,000. This institution is considered one of the solid establishments of the city, and their elegant and substantial build- ing, erected in 1872-3, located at the corner of Washington and First Avenues south; is looked upon with pride by the citzens of Minneapolis. The present officers of the bank are as follows : H. T. Welles, president ; S. A. Harris, cashier ; W. E. Burwell, assistant cashier. The City Bank. The organization of this institution dates from 1869, when a private bank with a capital of |50,000 was established. J. W. Pence, president, and T. J. Buxton, cashier. Oc- tober 10th, 1872, it was reorganized as a stock bank, with a capital of $150,000, which was in- creased the following year to $200,000. The offi- cers were J. W. Pence, president; T. F. Thomp- son, vice-president; T. J. Buxton, cashier. Janu- ary, 1874, Mr. Harrison succeeded Mr. Thompson to the office of vice-president, and in 1878 he was succeeded by John Watson. The officers at present are: J. W. Johnson, president; John Watson, vice-president; T. J. Buxton, cashier, and Charles McC. Eeeve, assistant cashier. The bank has had a prosperous career from the outset and from its organization as a stock bank has declared large dividends, without the omission of a single year. As evidence of the increase of business, the bank handled in 1872, $5,108,000, and in 1880, only eight years later, this sum was increased to $35,374,000, actual cash transactions. The bank is located corner of Hennepin Avenue and Second street. The Hennepin County Savings Bank. This institution first opened its doors to the public September 1st, 1870, and is therefore just enter- ing upon its second decade of remarkable pros- perity and usefulness. Its founders and first Board of Trustees were the following well known gentlemen : E. S. Jones, J. E. Bell, S. A. Harris, D. C. Bell and J. H. Clark. Its first corps of of- ficers from their number as follows, viz. : E. S. Jones, president; J. H. Clark, vice-president; J. E. Bell, cashier. In 1873, Mr. ©. C. Bell was elected vice-president in place of Mr. J. H. Clark, deceased — during the same year Mr. S. A. Harris was chosen to the newly created position of assistant cashier. Such comprised the man- agement until September, 1879, when Mr. Harris resigned his position to accept the more respon- sible one of cashier of the North- Western Nati- onal Bank of this city. Mr. W. H. Lee for many years, the bank's efficient teller, succeeded Mr. Harris as assistant cashier. The' present board of trustees is the same as the original board, with the exception of Hon. George A. Pillsbury in place of J. H. Clark, deceased. The present officers are — E. S. Jones, president ; T>. C. Bell, vice-president ; J. E. Bell, cashier ; W. H. Lee, assistant cashier. The high esteem and confi- dence in which this institution is held by the pub- lic, is evidenced by the fact that it ranks to-day, the foremost institution of its kind in the state. In one decade its deposits have reached the hand- some aggregate of over $400,000, representing 2,000 and more open accounts, and the rate of in- crease in the total of deposits has never been greater than at the opening of this second decade. Farmer's and Mechanic's Savings Bank of Minneapolis. This institution was organized September 10th, 1874, with a capital stock of $50,000. Officers: A. D.Mulford, president; C. Morrison, vice-president; and E. H. Moulton, treasurer. May 15th, 1875, Dr. Levi Butler was made president, the other officers remaining the same. Dr. Butler died, and Winthrop Young was elected president June 10th, 1878, and has held the ofiice since. The legislature of 1879 passed a law making all savings banks mutual, and in January, 1880, this plan was adopted. This is the only mutual savings bank in the state, the depositors receiving the benefit and sharing in the earnings of the institution. As evidence of the confidence of the public, the deposits in- creased to more than double after the adoption of the mutual plan, being for the year 1879, $186,- 200, and in 1880, from January 1st to August 1st, 1292,000. The Citizens' Bank was organized November 1st, 1876, with a capital of 150,000. The bank is located corner of Washington Avenue and Fifth Avenue south, where it has had a pros- perous business since the inauguration of the enterprise. The officers are: N. F. Griswold, president; Joseph H. Clark, vice-president, and 428 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPm COUNTY. George B. Shepherd, cashier. The greater part of the stock is held by citizens of Minneapolis. PRIVATE BANKING INSTITUTIONS. The Bank of Minneapolis was established in 1867, by Thomas W. Wilson and Erastus Byers, and is the only bank in Minneapolis that has conducted business since 1867, without change in name or management. The bank first occu- pied a room in the old post-offlce building, with Mr. "Wilson, president, and Mr. Byers, cashier. They subsequently moved to the Nicollet House block, their present location. The death of Mr. Byers in June, 1880, caused no change in the management, since Mrs. Byers retains the inter- est held by her late husband, Mr. Wilson di- recting affairs as before. A general banking and collection business is transacted. V. G. Hush. This bank was established by V. G. Hush in 1878, located in the Pence block, cor- ner of Nicollet Avenue and Second street. Mr. Hush was interested in the City Bank at its es- tablishment and when that was made a stock bank, withdrew and founded a private bank. He transacts a general banking business and deals in commercial paper, being one of the largest dealers in the state. Mr. Hush has been a resident of Minneapolis fourteen years, eleven of which he has passed in banking. The business has been successful from the start, and for the past year or two has doubled each year. Mr. A. B. Hush occupies the position of cashier in this bank. The Commercial Bank was established in February, 1880, and although its experience has been short, enjoys a flattering degree of prosperity, occupying the bank building on the East Side, comer of Central Avenue and Main street. Davison and Dean, the proprietors, have had a long experience in banking. Eobert A. Davison was with the First National Bank, Cedar Bapids, Iowa, from the time of its organization. John Dean, a native of this city, has been favora- bly known in connection with tlu! Security Bank from the date of its organization until he became identified with the "Commercial." They do a general banking business, paying special atten- tion to loans on city and farm property and in- vestment securities. This is the only bank on the East Side and enjoys the confidence of all the business men of that portion of the city. Minneapolis Clearing House . The Minneapolis Clearing House was organized January 1st, 1881, and has its place of business in the basement of the Security Bank building. Though recently es- tablished, its operation has proved valuable and satisfactory to the banks concerned. All banks in the city, excepting the First National, belong to its membership. The ofiicers are : president, J. Dean, cashier of the Security Bank ; manager, W. E. Burwell, assistant cashier of the North- western National Bank ; directors, J. M. WUl- iams, cashier of Merchants National bank, Chas. McC. Eeeve, assistant cashier of City Bank, T. W. Wilson, president of Bank of Minneapolis, G. B. Shepherd, cashier of Citizens Bank, V. G. Hush, private banker. Meetings are subject to call of the manager. THE BOARD OF TRADE OF MINNEAPOLIS. The Board of Trade of the city of Minneapolis was organized by W. D. Washburn, H. T. WeUes, Eichard Chute, John Potts Brown, A. B. Barton, J. S. Walker, E. W. Herrick, Jacob Stone Jr., and W. W. McNair, who associated themselves together October 30th, 1872, as a body corporate under the above name. " The purpose of the as- sociation is to facilitate and promote the commer- cial, mercantile, and manufacturing interests of the city of Minneapolis ; to encourage just and equitable principles of trade, and uniformity in the commercial usages of the citj*; to acquire, preserve and disseminate valuable business in- formation ; to adjust controversies and misunder- standings that may occur between parties en- gaged in trade, and to advance the general pros- perity of the city of Minneapolis." The first an- nual report of the association was made in 1876, since which time a daily record of business has been kept. The present officers are : George A. Pillsbury, president; Samuel C. Gale, vice-presi- dent; F. W. Brook, second vice-president; C. C. Sturtevant, secretary ; Valentine G. Hush, treas- urei- ; N. W. Yerxa, grain inspector. RAILROADS. From the arrival of the " Anthony Wayne," the first steamboat at the falls, April 13th, 1850, with Gov. Alexander Eamsey and other distin- guished persons on board, to the present time, the "Common Carrier" by land and water has been intimately associated with -every step in the prog- EAILBOADS. 42S ress of this city. Steamboats and stages carried the mails, merchandise and limited products of the pioneer. These were looked upon with par- donable pride as a great advance from the days of the uncertain voyageur, or the half-breed courier, pursuing his course through the trackless forests. The first Minnesota railroad, opened fortrafiic, was the St. Paul and Pacific, June 28th, 1862, on the line commenced by the Minnesota and Paci- fic Railroad Company, which was chartered May 22d, 1857, as a land grant road. This road was only ten miles in length, extending from St. Paul to St. Anthony, and had its terminus and depot near the foot of Central Avenue, running thence along the river bapk, and striking the present line near the University. Upon the completion of the proposed union depot and iron railroad bridge, much of this ground will be again devot- ed to railroad use. The branch line was completed to Anoka, January, 1864, and in the fall of 1867, to Sauk Rapids. In the winter of 1866 and 1867, abridge was built and a depot located on the west side. Cars by this line were run into Minneapolis the latter part of March, following, and to Wayzata the same year. December 31st, 1868, the road was completed to Howard Lake. E. P. Drake was contractor for the first ten miles, and Edmund Rice was president at that time. J. P. Parley operated the road for some years, as general man- ager and receiver. The St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Rail- way Company, organized in 1879, with George Stephen, president; R. B. Angus, vice-president; and J. J. Hill, general manager, now owns and operates these and other roads. A branch to Osseo is in process of construction. The next road, in point of time, operated from Minneapolis, was that now known as the Iowa and Minnesota Division of the Chicago, Milwau- kee and St. Paul, the first record of which is a charter, dated March 1st, 1856, to the Minneapo- lis and Cedar Valley Railroad Company, organ- ized October 9, 1860. Name changed March 6, 1863, to Minnesota Central Railroad Company. This company built and operated the road and re- ceived the land grant. August 5th, 1867, the main part of the line was transferred to the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company and on Pebruary 15th; the eleven miles south of Austin was sold to the same corporation. By the terms of the sale, the Minnesota Central Com- pany continue to own the lands granted to aid in constructing the road. All Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul trains to St. Paul and Chicago, were formerly run over this road as far as Mendota but during the year 1880, a double track short line to St. Paul was constructed. This road crosses the Mississippi at Meeker's Island, three miles below the falls, on a magnificent iron bridge, and was opened for passenger traflflc from September 6th to the 11th, and November 20th it was per- manently opened for business. The same year a "cut-off," extending thirty miles south-west, to connect with the Hastings and Dakota RaUroad; was built. Extensive shops, employing four hundred men, and roujid-house, are located at South Minneapolis. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Company generally own and run their own sleeping cars. The express business is done by the American and United States express companies, but no concessions are made to fast freight lines. The Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway origi- nated in a charter by the legislature of the Terri- tory of Minnesota March 3d, 1853, as the Minne- sota Western Railroad Company, to build from some point on the St. Croix river to St. Paul and St. Anthony, thence across the Mississippi river to the western boundary of the state. The name of the corporation was changed by vote of the board of dh-ectors. May 27th, 1870, to the Min- neapolis and St. Louis Railway Company, and in 1871 , twenty-seven miles were finished to Merriam Junction. The road was completed to Albert Lea, 108 miles November, 1877. This company never had any land grant, but recieved $250,000 in bonds from the city of Minneapolis. They have apermamentlease of the Minneapolis and Duluth Railroad, and a lease for use of track from the St. Paul and Duluth Company. The general offices and shops are located at Minneapolis. Work was commenced on the Minneapolis and Duluth Road April, 1871, and August 15th it was opened for traffic. The Northern Pacific Railroad Company, char- tered by congress July 2d, 1864, re-organized September 29th, 1875, have no road to this place, but run their trains and do a regular business in 430 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. connection with their main line by a lease for ninety-nine years of the Western Railroad of Minnesota, 60.5 miles, and a permanent contract with the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Company for the use of their track from St. Paul to Sauk Eapids, 75.5 miles, paying for this privi- lege 140,000 per annum, and a portion of expen- ses. The Northern Pacific Company do their own express and sleeping-car business. The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Oma- ha Company have a freight depot and extensive yards at the foot of Fourth Avenue north, re- ceiving and sending cars over the Manitoba line, having no road In Hennepin county. The Minneapolis and Eastern Railroad was in- corporated June, 1878, and completed in the spring of 1879. It is used jointly by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha companies for switching and running cars to and from the mills. Cost, $175,000, for about two miles of track. The Lyndale Railway Company was organ- ized as a stock company under the general laws of the state, the object being the construc- tion and management of a suburban excursion line. The company was incorporated in June, 1878, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars. They secured the right of way, and May 19th, 1879, commenced the con- struction of the line. June 26th, a little more than one month after the commencement of op- erations, trains were running regularly to Lake Calhoun, a distance of four miles from the term- inus in Minneapolis. During the first year, over three hundred thousand people were carried over this line, and in 1880 the number reached three hundred and seventy-five thousand. June, 1880, the line was extended to Lake Ilarriet. The same company run a steamer on Lake Calhoun in connection with the Lyndale line. The line is equipped with six passenger cars, three flat cars, and two motors, operating four and a half miles of road, all cars being furnished with the Eames vacuum brake. At Lake Calhoun are sheds for the cars and motors when not in use, also cottages for the employees and their families. Trains start from the terminus, corner of Hennepin Av- enue and First street, and from the corner of Washington and First Avenues south,makingtrips regularly every hour and a half. Business oiBces of the company are located over the Northwestern National Bank. So great is the care taken in the management of the road, that there has never been an accident. Property along the whole line has greatly advanced in value, and no' streets in the city show more new buildings than those which the Lyndale road follows. The Minnea- polis and Lake Park Railway is projected, and will be in operation August 1st, 1881. This line extends from Minneapolis to Excelsior and Lake Park, and will be operated in connection with the Lyndale road. The officers of the road are as follows: C. W. McCrory, president; R. S. Innes, secretary ; S. E. Neiler, treasurer. The Minneapolis Street Railway was incorpo- ated tlune 24th, 1873; incorporators, D. Morri- son, R. J. Mendenhall, W. W. Eastman, W. D. Washburn, W. P. WestfaU, R. B. Langdon, William S. Kmg, J. C. Oswald, W. W. Mc- Nair, Paris Gibson. September 2d, 1875, the road was opened for travel and the first car started. The first officers were Philo Osgood, president; Thomas Lowry, vice-presi- dent; William S. King, secretary; James Tucker- man, treasurer and superintendent. The com- pany have at present eleven and a half mUes of track, twenty-one cars and 150 horses, giving em- ployment to about one hundred men. Plans are made for about eleven miles of additional track, with corresponding increase of cars and horses, during the coming season. The present officers of the company are Thomas Lowry, president; Clinton Morrison, vice-president; C. G. Goodrich Jr., secretary; W. W. Herrick, treasurer; D. At- wood, superintendent. IKSURAlsrCE COMPANXES. The Minnesota Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Association. The incorporators of this associa- tion were, J. P. Plummer, R. J. Mendenhall, A. Chambers, E. W. Grindall, J. A. Coleman, H. H. Smith and W. W. Woodward. The organization was perfected July 15th, 1865, and incorporated under the laws of the state. The present assets amount to $151,188.61 ; receipts for 1880, $38,- 110.36; expenses $29,235.13; liabilities $15,310.39. This is exclusively a farmers insurance company, and its officers and members are scattered throughout the state. Officers; J.Q. Farmer, presi- dent; Ole Peterson, vice-president; W. A. Nim- INSVBANGE COMPANIES. 431 ocks; secretary; C. A. Nimocks, deputy secretary; C. McC. Eeeve, treasurer. Millers and Manufacturers Mutual Tire Insur- ance Company of Minneapolis. This company was organized and incorporated under the laws of the state in Pebuary, 1881, with the following oflScers : E. V. White, president; H. M. Carpen- ter, vice-president; V. G. Hush, treasurer; C. B. Shove, secretary; directors : E. V. White, H. M. Carpenter, James A. Lovejoy, D. M. Gilmore, E. R. Barber, C. J. Martin, R. P. Russell, Charles E. Holt, V. G. Hush, C. B. Shove, D. M. Sabin, W. P. Brown, George W. Newell, John T. Ames, H. G. Page. The Masonic Mutual Aid Association. This association was incorporated June 16th, 1877, and the following were its oflBcers: J. H. Thomp- son, president ; Charles Reeve, treasurer ; E. A. Gove, secretary; A. H. Salisbury, M. D., medical director. The purpose is to provide for the pay- ment of a sum of money to the widow, children mother or assigns of deceased members. The sum paid is levied on the surviving members in accord- ance with by-laws, which distribute the amounts to be raised equitably among the surviving mem- bers. The present officers of the company are: J. H. Thompson, president ; D. M. Goodwin, vice- president ; Charles Eeeve, treasurer ; E. McDer- mott, secretary; A. H. Salisbury, medical ex- aminer. Firemen's Life Association of the State of Minnesota. This institution was organized and incorporated February 2d, 1876, for the purpose of furnishing life insurance to the members of fire departments throughout the state of Minnesota, and is a mutual benefit association. The board of directors consists of one for every twenty mem- bers. The election of officers occurs annually. The board meets at their oflBce, corner of Second street and Third Avenue north, on the second Tuesday in each month. Officers: R. O. Strong, president; W. M. Brackett, secretary; Frank Brewer, treasurer. The Widows' and Orphans' Protective Associa- tion. This association was organized November 16th, 1879, and incorporated under the general laws of the state. The purpose of the association is indicated by its name and it conducts its busi- ness in accordance with mutual principles, ma,k- ing assessments, upon the death of members, in accordance with the terms of certificates issued. The membership is rapidly increasing; no deaths among its members have yet occurred. Officers: C. A. Pillsbury, president ; O. C. Merriman, vice- president; E. McDermott, secretary; Charles Eeeve, treasurer ; A. H. Salsibury, M. D., medi- cal director ; P. M. Babcock, attorney. The North-western Relief Association. The first meeting for the organization of the North- western Relief Association was held April 28th, 1880, when articles of association were approved. April 30th, following, the organization was per- fected and incorporated under the general laws of the state of Minnesota. The affairs of the association are under the control of a board of nine directors. The objects of the association are mutual aid to families of deceased mem- bers and mutual aid to members in physical dis- tress, furnishing insurance at as near actual cost as possible. The officers at present are: C. M. Loring, president ; A. C. Rand, vice president ; E. "W. Laing, secretary; C. McC. Reeve, treas- urer; L. Loring, acting manager; W. D. Law- rence, medical director. CHAPTER LXVIII. TELBGEAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES LOAN ASSOCIATIONS— MILITARY COMPANIES — AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY — MEDICAL SOCIE- TIES — ATHENAEUM. When the North-western Telegraph Company first projected its lines to Minneapolis, it opened its office in St. Anthony, and afterward in a room over E. J. Baldwin's bank on bridge Square. In February, 1866, L. C. Robertson took charge of the business, in Dayton's block, now St. James hotel, in a room also occupied by the Minnesota Central Railway Company. At this time the company seriously contemplated closing the office as unprofitable, the monthly receipts being only $140. The commercial and railroad business was transacted over one Une, in one office, and required but one operator, and no messenger 432 HISTOBT OF HVINNEPIN COUNTY. boys. The line extended from St. Paul to Fari- bault, Yia Minneapolis. When the Minnesota Central Eailway built their depot in 1868, they provided rooms for general ofBees, and the rail- road and commercial telegraph business were separated, the latter going into the "Warner block, opposite the Nicollet, and thence into the city hall building, where it now remains. Here are em- ployed eleven operators, two chiefs and the man- ager. The company's lines extend all over the north-west, and the receipts of this office for one month in 1880, were $4,700. Telephones were first intrdduced in this state in 1877, by B. H. Hankinson, who had been ap- pointed exclusive agent of the Bell Telephone Company for Minnesota and Dakota. The first line built was that of the Monitor Plow "Works, connecting the factory and offices. In December, 1878, Mr. Hankinson organized the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company, which immedi- ately established the exchange at Minneapolis and St. Paul, and opened in March following with fifty-three subscribers in Minneapolis and thirty- seven in St. Paul. The first officers elected were: John Watson, president ; R. H. Hankinson, vice- president and general manager ; F. B. Jilson, sec- retary ; L. M. Towne, treasurer. The present officers are : H. M. Carpenter, president ; John Watson, vice-president and general manager ; P. B. Jilson, secretary ; C. H. Prior, treasurer ; L. M. Towne, auditor. During 1880, exchanges were established in Stillwater, Winona and Du- luth, and others will be started during the pres- ent season. The number of subscribers in Min- neapolis at present is five hundred and fifty, and in Hennepin county 1 ,000 instruments are in use. In Minnesota and Dakota 2,200 are used, and the number is constantly increasing. Hennepin County Catholic Building and Loan Association, limited to twenty years, was incor- porated August 18th, 1874. The object is to ac- cumulate a fund from the savings of its members with which to purchase real estate, build residen- ces, and invest in such other channels as may be deemed advisable. The first issue of stock was limited to 1,500 shares, payable in monthly in- stallments of $1.05; this number has been increased to 2,206. The original officers were: president, Matthew Walsh; secretary, D. L. Toner; treasurer, J. P. O'Neill; managers for a term of five years, M. W. Glenn, B. McElroy and P. J. Callaghan; for two years, John Fewer, M. Kennedy and M. W. Nash; for one year, M. Hoy, Stephen Cody and W. E. Nannary. Meet- ings began August 20th, 1874, and are held on the first Thursday after the 15th day of each month, until every share shall end and be deter- mined. The present officers are: M. Walsh, president; John McGovern, first vice-president; John Fewer, second vice-president; Peter Mc- Cormick, secretary; J. C. Scallon, assistant secre- tary, Wm. McMuUen, treasurer; managers, first section, M. W. Nash, John Fewer and John Hayes; second section, Michael More, James Cullen and J. C. Scallon; third section, J. P. Courtney, B. Monso and Thomas Mulcaley; stew- ards, J. Lahly, James Sweeny and John McEl- roy; attorney, J. T. Burns. Mechanics' and Workingmen's Loan and Build- ing Association, organized September 7th, 1874. The price per share of the stock is $200, and when it started five hundred were immediately taken. In February the number of shares taken was 1,- 250. The association now issues semi-annual series of shares, in March and September. This corpora- tion has for its object the investment in lands and residences, of the savings of its members. Meetings are held the second Tuesday of each month, in the board of trade rooms in the city hall. The present officers are, president, S. L. Brearly; secretary, O. M. Laraway; treasurer, F. S. McDonald; attorney, Charles Robinson. The managers are, W. H. Stickney, C. N. Boardman, F. M. Dunn, Ralph Rees, W. M. Tweedie, Selah Matthews, A. J. Hart, John Walker and J. J. JefEery. The Mimieapolis ISIutual Benefit Building As- sociation was incorporated in January, 1874, for the accumulation of a fund, by the savings of the members, for purchasing of real estate and build- ing of residences and such other investments as may be decided upon. The capital stock was first fixed at 2,500 shares, with power to increase the same from time to time. . The first meeting was held on January 31st, and the regular meet- ings have been held every fourth Saturday since. The present officers are president, E. E. Grimshaw ; secretaiy, W.P. Northway ; treasurer, O. M. Laraway ; attorney, G. W. Chowen. The Turners' Building Association was organ- MILITABY COMPANIES. 433 ized in September, 1877, held their first meeting October 5th, and filed their articles of incorpora- tion, October 10th, follojving. The first officers ■were,George Thele, president; Herman Hein, vice- president ; J. Monasch, secretary ; William Mas- solt, treasurer ; Anton Grethen, attorney. The first issue of stock amounted to 868 shares; since then four series have been made, amounting in allto 3,440 shares, 670 of which have been with- dravm. MINING COMPAlSriES. The Bristol Silver Mining Company was or- ganized December 2d, 1879, with a capital of f60,000, and the first officers were George H. Keith, president; Prank A. Lewis, vice-presi- dent; R. J. Baldwin, secretary and treasurer. The capital has been increased to $200,000, and the officers are unchanged excepting secretary and treasurer, who now are F. Hughes and W. D. Hale. The mines are in Lincoln county, Ne- vada. The Lincoln Mioing Company was organized in October, 1880, with a capital of $250,000. The mines are in Lincoln county, Nevada. The officers are Wm. Windom, i)i;esident; C. C. Jones, vice-president; H. M. Goodhue, secretary; E. S. Jones, treasurer; G. J. Goodhue, manager. The Arizona Northern Mining Company was organized in March, 1880, with a capital of $70,- 000. They own the "Cerbat," "Connor" and "Snowflake" mines in Mohave county, Arizona, and are rapidly developing them. The officers are: Anthony Kelly, president; E. J. Baldwin, secretary; T. S. King, assistant secretary; J. K. Sidle, treasurer. The Minneapolis Gas Light Company was or- ganized February ■24th, 1870, with D. Morrison, president ; W. P. Westfall, treasurer ; George H. Eust, Secretary ; and a board of directors con- sisting of D. Morrison, W.:P.' "Westfall, H. S. Southard, S. C. Gale and P. S. Gilson. The com- pany has continually extended its gas mains,- and now has twenty-five miles laid in the various streets of the city. The present officers are: A. C.Eand, president; H. W. Brown, superin- tendeht ; : A. T. Eand, secretary. The . office is at No. 413 Nicollet Avenue. The North-western Globe Gaslight Company was incorporated in 1877, with a capital of $100,- 000. Its object is to light private grounds and 28 streets with gasoline. The business is extensive, sixty per cent, of the city being lighted by this process. The officers are Dorilus Morrison, president ; A. M. Eeid, vice president ; S. A. Harris, secretary and treasurer, G. A. March, general manager. The directors are D. Morri- son, A. M. Eeid, S. A. Harris, W. W. McNair and G. A. March. The Minneapolis Light Infantry was organ- izied in July, 1879, and sworn into state service October 9, following, by S. A. Sims, mustering officer. The company had at that time a mem- bership of thirty-two persons, and the highest officer was second lieutenant, to which place Mr. Sims was elected, and P. B. Moore was chosen orderly sergeant. In December the number of officers was increased, Mr. Sims elected first lieutenant and W. L. Eldred, second. At this time they received fifty breech-loading Spring- field rifles, and fatigue equipments. In Febru- ary, 1880, the office of captain was created and ■ J. P. Eea elected. In October, 1880, they re- ceived twenty-five more rifles and equipments from the state. During the summer season the company meets in squads for rifle practice on their range in the East Division. The present officers are captain, J. P. Eea ; first lieutenant, S. A. Sims ; second lieutenant, G. M. Naylor ; orderly sergeant, P. S. Barnard; second sergeant, J. G. Eogers, third sergeant and quarter-master. Perry Harrison ; fourth sergeant, E. D. Hill ; color sergeant, d'B. O. Scott ; corporals, E. L. Lockwood, A. Baker, C. Langdon, and P. L. Poote. The oflflcers of the civil organization are, J. P. Eea, president; G. M. Naylor, vice-presi- dent; F. W. Greene, recording secretary; Wil- liam Wright, financial secretary; E. L. Goddard, treasurer. The first child born after the organi- zation of the regiment was a daughter of N. P. Warner. This child, Mary E. Warner, born May 23d, 1880, was, on the 25th of the same month, adopted as the "Daughter of the Eegiment." The Minneapolis Zouave corps of the Minne- sota National Guards, was formerly the Knights of Pythias drill corps, but organized independ- ent of that order, February 14th, 1880, and was mustered into state service on the 24th, of the same month. The officers are A. A. Ames, captain; G. E. Seaton, first lieutenant; L. E. Har- rison, second lieutenant; C. B. Case, orderly ser- 434 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. geant; Mr. Harrison resigned January 6th, 1881, and Albert Marsh was promoted to his place. When mustered into service, the corps numbered thirty-six men besides the officers, and how has seventy-five and a drum corps of seventeen mem- bers. The intention is to form the corps into an infantry and cavalry company, and battery with two pieces. Minnesota Agricultural and Mechanical Asso- ciation. The officers are : Wm. S. King, presi- dent; Charles H. Clarke, secretary, Valentine G. Hush, treasurer; and an advisory board com- posed of Wm. W. Folwell, President University of Minnesota, chairman; Hon. D. L. Buell, Hous- ton county; James Archer, Hennepin coimty; J. C. Easton, Fillmore county, David L. How, Scott county; H. F. Morse, Winona county; Hon. John F. Meagher, Blue Earth county; Hon. J. P. Eahilly, Wabasha county; Gen. James H. Baker, Blue Earth county; Col. W. H. Feller, Wabasha county; Hon. E. 8. Brown, Washington county; Hon. J. A. Thatcher, Goodhue county; Hon. Knute Nelson, Douglass county; Hon. JaredBen- son, Anoka county; Hon. T. C. McClure, Stearns county. This association organized in the season of 1877, has become thoroughly identified with the iijterests of not only Minneapolis and Minnesota, but of the entire north-west. Its efforts in the direction of laying before the public, the vast resources of the north-west, as demonstrated in the unqualified success of its annual fairs and ex- positions, have been largely conducive to the gen- eral interests of Minneapolis, in that, large gath- erings of people from all parts of the United States, are here brought face to face with west- em and particularly Minnesota energy and enter- prise. The results shown from year to year, thus far, in the improvement of stock and machinery, and in the general growing spirit of emulation, proves the value of such a stimulus as this or- ganization. The management disburses annually for expenses and in premiums not less than forty thousand dollars, has always paid its lia- bilities, and aims to keep not only pace with the general growth, but a place at the front, in the rapid and wonderful prosperity of the coun- ti*y. With an advisory board made up of well known and representative men, located m differ- ent parts of the state, the executive control of its affairs rest solely in the hands of the president, Wm. S. King, and secretary, Charles PI. Clarke. Patriotism and public spirit alone, actuate, and a desire to forward the march of improvement, alone rules. The association so far may be said to have paid its own way, only a comparatively small sum, commensurate with the large outlay, having been contributed or donated. The atten- dance at the annual gatherings approximate 100,- 000 people that come from a distance, the city of St. Paul by its close proximity, and frequent railroad connection, receiving its fuU share of the immediate patronage of so large an attendance. This association was not organized with a view of taking the place of any similar organization already in existence, but solely inde- pendent, with a settled location to grow and ac- cumulate with Minneapolis. The Hahnemann Medical Society of Hennepin county, Minnesota, was organized September 16th, 1872, and was the result of an informal meeting of the homoeopathic physicians of the city, held in Dr. W. H. Leonard's office, September 2d of that year. A constitution and by-laws were adopted and signed by Drs. D. M. Goodwin, W. H. Leon- ard, G. T. Flanders, T. E. Huntington, M. H. Wallens, and Petrus Nelson. Dr. Huntington died in March, 1873. The membership of the so- ciety continued to grow rapidly, and dtiring the eight years of its existence the following events of importance have occurred: In April, 1876, a medical fee-bill was established, regulating the charges of the society ; a joint committee of both the homoeopathic and alopathic schools met and agreed on the rates which they should charge. In May, 1880, the joint committee met and drew up a schedule, fixing tlie rates for certain surgical operations. The same month, a plan was formed for the establishment of a free dispensary, where the poor might secure such medical aid as they stand in need of. The result was that it was opened in Cottage Hospital. About 1,500 people, who were unable to pay for medicines, have been treated, nearly 3,000 prescriptions have been put up, and about 300 families, who were unable to apply personally at the dispensary, have been visited. The officers of the society are : A. A. Camp, president; M. L. Swain, vice-president; A. J.Hutchinson, secretary and treasurer; D. M. Goodwin, A. E. Higbee, and W. H. Leonard, censors. Monthly meetings are held. ACADEMY OF SGWNGE—ATHEN^VM. 435 The Union Medical Society was organized, early in 1856, with A. E. Ames, president ; C. L. An- derson, vice-president ; Dr. Wheelock, secretary ; C. W. Le'Boutillier, treasurer. Among the old members were Drs. A. E. Ames, C. L. Anderson, Wheelock, C. W. Be'Boutillier, A. E. Johnson, W. H. Leonard, Loewenberg, A. Ortman, "Ward, A. J. White and W. D. Dibb. Of these, Drs. Johnson, Leonard and Ortman remain; the rest are dead, or have removed from this city. June 7th, 1870, the society re-organized as the Henne- pin County Medical Society, with Drs. A. E. Ames, and N. B. Hill, both since deceased, as president and vice-president. The present oflB- cers are, O. J. Evans, president; C. L. Wells, vice-president; A. C. Eairbairn, secretary; W. Miller, treasurer ; W. A. Hamilton, librarian. The meetings are held the first and third Mondays of each month, at places designated before ad- journment. Minnesota Academy of Katural Sciences. The initiatory step to the formation of this iustituion which has for several years maintained an un- ostentatious but not unproductive activity in pur midst, was taken on January 4th, 1873, when a number of gentlemen gathered in the oflfice of Dr. Johnson, to discuss the feasibility of forming a society, having for its object, " The cultivation of Natural Science in general, and especially the sciences of Geology and Archaeology." Prof. E. W. B. Harvey was elected chairman, and Dr. Charles Simpson, secretary. It was resolved to incorporate a society under the general law, with the above name, and a committee consisting of Charles Simpson, E. W. B. Harvey, and A. E. Johnson, was appointed to frame the articles of incorporation which were more fully discussed iX the next meeting, at which time the first ofla- cers of the academy were elected as follows: president, A. E. Johnson ; vice president, S. C. Gale; secretary, Charles Simpson; correspond- ing secretary, A. E. Ames ; treasiu-er, E. W. B. Harvey; trustees, Paris Gibson, C. E. Eogers, W. H. Leonard, A. E. Elliot, O. V. Tousley, and M. D. Stoneman. From this time onward there has been a gradual increase in numbers and interest, so that the rolls now show about fifty members in place of the eleven charter mem- bers. The earlier meetings of the academy were held in the office of Dr. Johnson, but in Novem- ber of 1875, the academy removed to the west side and was installed in commodious rooms in Centre block, 214 Nicollet Avenue. The muse- ums, which are chiefly dependent upon occa- sional donations, have assumed respectable pro- portions, notably in the direction of ornithology through the labors of Dr. Hatch and others ; valuable contributions to the mineralogical and entomological cabinets were also secured, while the library contains a large number of valuable government reports, and proceedings of various scientific societies. The academy has, from time to time, published bulletins containing not only interesting discussions of living scientific ques- tions, but the results of extensive original investi- gation. It has also proven its public spirited- ness by securing the services of eminent platform speakers. Within a short time it has been found expedient to divide the academy into sections, for purposes of co-operative investigation and study, each section forming an organic part of the academy. During the early part of 1881, a protracted session of the academy was held at which papers by scientific men from different sections of the country were read. To this course of lectures and essays the general public was in- vited, and responded largely. Thus began an era of broader influences for the institution, and it took its place among the educational influences of the state. Minneapolis Athenseum. Early in the spring of 1859, it was announced that Bayard Taylor would visit the north-west and would lecture be- fore any literary society or library association that would pay his expenses, the balance of the receipts to be appUed to the benefit of such as- sociation. A few of the citizens met together at the oflBce of Nicholas & Charlton and resolved to organize a library association. A committee was appointed to draw articles of incorporation. They reported on the 18th of May, 1859, that it was not expedient to draft articles of incorpora- tion, but recommended that the "constitution of the Young Men's Library Association" he, and it was adopted, and the officers elected. May 25th, 1859, Mr. Taylor deUvered his lecture, the proceeds of which amounted to one hundred and forty-one dollars and seventy-five cents. Eifty-eight dol- lars and twenty-five cents were paid to Mr. Tay-- lor, and the balance was received by the associa- 436 BT8T0BT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. tion. The name "Minneapolis Athenseum" was adopted; it was thought best that the society should be a chartered corporation, and public notice was given that a meeting would be held on January 3d, 1860, to take measures to procure a charter. A draft of a charter was made and sent to Jesse Bishop to be presented to the legis- lature for enactment, but was refused, as it was imconstitutional to grant, and also unnecessary, as there was a provision under the general stat- utes for the organization of scientific and educa- tional sociBtiBS, including lit)raries. During the summer of 1866, the lot on which the Athenaeum building now stands, was purchased for $1,500, and the structure erected in 1866, subscriptions to the amount of $10,693.93 being received for that purpose. Dr. Kirby. Spencer, who died March 10th, 1870, a shareholder and staunch friend of the Athenaeum, left a fund of about $45,000 which yields an income of |2,000 annually, to be invested solely in books for the library. The U- brary is valued at between $18,000 and $20,000, and consists of about 9,000 volumes, besides which are received forty magazines and fifteen weekly and daily newspapers. The present offi- cers are: J. E. Bell, president; B. W. Laing, vice- president; W. H. Hinkle, secretary; C. McC. Eeeve, treasurer; T. B. Walker, C. A. Bovey and H. Gr. O. Morrison, directors. CHAPTER LXIX. EDUCATIONAL— PUBLIC SCHOOLS — UNIVERSITY — MACALBSTBE COLLEGE — PRIVATE SCHOOLS — BUSINESS COLLEGES — AUGSBURG SEMINARY — KINDERGARTEN SCHOOLS. The educational System of Minneapolis is justly a som'ce of satisfaction and pride to the citizens. It consists of public graded schools, providing a course of instruction preparatory to the Univer- sity, private schools, supplementary to these, and finally the University and theological Seminaries. However perfect the system of pubUc schools may be, a field is always open for private institu- tions, more especially for families of wealth, whose children can be afforded higher culture in what are called the ornamental branches. In the lower grades of education a similar demand is found in all towns, even under our democratic govern- ment. These wants are supplied in MiimeapoUs by several institutions that rank high in the es- timate of their patrons. The great demand, however, will always be for what the Germans call the " bread and butter sciences," by which term they intend those branches of education that are immediately convertible to practical use, by means of which a man may secure more ele- vating employment and command higher wages. It has long ceased to be a matter of pride to know how to read and write, but it is a positive disgrace not to know how; so the voice of the people, more potent than any state law on the subject, compels the education of all children, at least ill the primary branches. Primary educa- tion is a 'sine qua non' in the struggle for exis- tence; above the primary, branches more or less liberal in the regard to the true function of edu- cation usually operate to the discouragement by the pubUc of the more liberal branches taught in the high schools of the country. When all vote and aU feel at liberty and consider themselves qualified to pass judgment on plans and methods of education, it is not strange that diflferences in opinion exist. The higher the culture of the critic, the more ready he is to admit that there is no science of education, and it must remain em- pyrical until a superior of Edison shall arise, who can take brains upon his experimental table, lo- cate the mind itself and each of its faculties, ex- plain the subtle relation between it and matter, and show a course of training by which each in- dividual faculty can be cultivated, developed or even created. Fortunately for Minneapolis, its educational interests have fallen into the hands of high-minded and cultivated men, whose liberal views have extended beyond the Umited range of the orduiaiy critic. Fortimately, too, business has so engiossed those, who might otherwise be intrusive critics, that greater progress in the right direction has taken place in the school system than would have been possible in an eastern town, where wealth, secure position and leisure afford unlimited opportuntny for Interference. Narrow criticism looks to minutiae and technicalities PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 437 while broad culture looks to the development of the active powers of the mind. The former re- gards the possession of knowledge as the end of education, while the latter regards that education as the most complete, which permits the longest pleasurable extending of the attention on a given subject. In a word knowtedge is the mean and culture the end toward which the educational system of Minneapolis gravitates. The result of the system is, and must be the development of the highest degree of fitness for the exigencies of life. The value of property permanently invest- ed for school purposes in Minneapolis amounts to $2,241,897.59. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. This view of education requires an elastic sys- tem adapted to the variety of minds with which it has to deal. Such a system has been formu- lated under the management of O. V. Tousley, which has extended over a period of about twelve years. During this time the present extensive arrangements have been perfected. At the time of Prof. Tousley's appointment as principal of the high school, only four of the present school buildings had been erected. Ten have since sprung up in the various parts of the city most convenient for the daily attendance of pupils. The first legislation of Miimesota was an act, passed by the first territorial legislature on the last day of its session, November 1st, 1849, to es- tablish and maintain, common schools. On the 3d of March, next preceding, congress, in the act by which the territorial government of Miimesota was established, provided in section 18, "That when the lands in the said territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the gov- ernment of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market, sections number- ing eighteen and thirty-six in each township in said territory, shall be, and the same are hereby reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said territory, and in the states and territories hereafter to be created out of the same." This gave Minnesota about 3,000,000 acres of land for the support of public schools. To Governor Eamsey, the first territorial gover- nor, Miimesota is indebted for timely suggestions pertaining to educational matters, and for appeal- ing to congress for gifts of public lands for higher learning. The school code of 1849 is declared to be an honor to the legislative assembly that passed it. Tlie history of the educational institutions of Minneapolis begins, before the legislative act re- ferred to, and before the territorial organization, by the little school of Miss Electa Bachus, on the east side, with the school-house buUtin 1849 ; and on the west side, that of Miss Mary E. Miller, commenced December 3d, 1852, already referred to. " The earliest books of record in the possession of the board of education contain the following proceedings, and relate to the east side : ^ " The board of public school directors for the city of St. Anthony, consisting of John L. Love- joy, Orrin Curtis, John B. Gilfillan, Martin Stites, S. P. Rankin, and Charles Crawford, duly elected at the annual city election for said city, on the third day of April, 1860, held their first meeting at the office of Orrin Curtis, in said city, oh Saturday, April 7th, 1860, at 7 o'clock p. m. "A resolution offered by Mr. Gilfillan was adopted, to the effect that the secretary be in- structed to notify the trustees of the several school districts in this city that this board is duly organized, and require them to deliver up to this board the books and effects of their respective districts, and also to make a report of their pro- ceedings as required by law. " The first records in the possession of the west side Board of Education are dated Jime 23d, 1865. The salary of the principal, Professor Jenness, was at that time fixed at $1,000 ; his principal assistant, Mr. Eiegel, $400; and a force of female teachers, among whom are some who are stUl employed as teachers, had salaried ranging from $325 to $375. In October, 1865, it was determined to lay the foundation for the Union (now Washington) school buUding, which was completed the following season, and is now the oldest public school building in the city. The first move for the Central (now Winthrop)building, on the east side, was made April 13th, 1865, when it was voted to be expedient to buy a site for a building, which was done, and the building erect- ed m 1867." We may safely pass to the beginning of the present incumbency, without omitting any im^ portant details. Professor Tousley began his ad- 438 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ministration as principal of the high school in 1869, and was subsequently chosen superintend- ent. The influence of his liberal ideas was soon felt, and from them was developed the present educational scheme of the city. Perfect harmony has existed between the school board and the superintendent, and such confidence is felt in him that much of the power vested in them is rele- gated to him. In the management of the schools several items are especially noteworthy. AH religious exercises are forbidden in the schools ; by which provision all causes of controversy growing out of the hete- rogeneous element of the population are avoided. Another item is that, while culture is demanded on the part of the teachers in all grades, in the primary, especially, a cheerful temper full of sun- shine is considered an essential requisite of a teacher. A third point, and one which is especi- ally valuable, is that frequent examinations are required in the intermediate and higher grades, by means of which the varying capacities of pu- pils are measured and provision is made for the rapid advance of some and the corresponding de- lay of others. Examinations are required, under the direction of the superintendent, of all pu- pils before passing from one grade to an- other. It would be impossible to touch on all the many valuable and progressive features of the public schools, such as general and oral lessons, the introduction of supplemental reading matter, etc., etc. It is suflflcient to say that the educational systems of the older states have been canvassed and from their several de- partures, modified by good judgment for the dif- fering conditions, an admirable system has been developed. The public schools are divided into four de- partments, viz: Primary, intermediate, grammar school and high school. The primary schools in- clude the first, second and third grades ; the in- termediate, the fourth and fifth; the grammar schools, the sixth, seventh and eighth. The total expense of conducting the schools of the city during the last year was $88,434.87 ; of which sum $68,728.75 was salaries of teachers. This does not include expenditures for bonds, in- terest, or permanent improvements. Fourteen S3hool buildings are in use in the city, viz: Wash- ington, built in 1866, value of building and site $40,000; Lincoln, 1867, $16,063; Jackson, 1867, $15,000 ; Winthrop, 1867, $45,500 ; Madison, 1870, $14,000; Everett, 1871, $8,100; Marcy, 1872, $14,000 ; Eranlilin, 1873, $18,000 ; Adams, 1874, $19,000 ; Sumner, 1876, $17,000 ; Jefferson, 1877, $29,763 ; Monroe, 1878, $22,920 ; Humbolt, 1878, $13,589 ; High school; 1878, $86,427. Total value of buildings with estimated value of sites, $359,- 362. Unoccupied real estate for school purposes, in addition is $5,400. The number of sittings furnished for pupils is 5,618. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. From the recently taken United States census it appears that the children of this city are distri- buted as to ages as follows: Under five years, 5,362; five years, 1,231 ; between six and fifteen years, 7,157; between fifteen and twenty-one years 5,649. Total under twenty-one, 19,399. From the last report of the board of education it appears that 6,142 pupils were enrolled in the schools. Of this number 352 were between fif- teen and twenty-one. Our schools thus reach over eighty per cent, of the pupils who in the west attend the common schools. It is believed that this is a larger per cent, of what may be termed (for the lack of a better word) schoolable persons than in any other state this side of the Alleghany mountains. An examination of the schools of the country shows that, of the pupils that enter the schools at the age of six years, a larger per cent, reach the high school in Minneapolis than in almost any other city. Out of an enrollment of 5,000 in round numbers, there are now 300 in attendance at the high school, which is six per cent.; and upon this basis schools seldom reach five per cent. This shows at once the tendency of the scholars toward the high school, and its close sympathy with the connecting grades below it. It is also a noteworthy fact that among all the graduates of the high scliool, over seventy-five per cent, have been from the famiUes of intelligent mechanics and people of limited, or, at the most, of moderate means— showing that the interests of these classes of the people are closely bound up in maintaining a high school in fact, as well as in name. Not ten per cent, of the graduates are from the families of the really rich. The average number of pupils in daily attend- THE UNIVEBSITT. 439 ance is 4,248. The cost per pupil, based on average daily attendance is $19.24; based on the total number enrolled, $13.31 per capita. The whole number of teachers employed is one hun- dred and twenty, of whom five are males. The money necessary for the maintenance of pubUc schools is derived partly from the general school fund of the state, which has become large by reason of the careful husbandry of government land endowment, and from direct taxation. The power of taxation is vested in the board of educa- tion, the only limitation of which is, that the tax shall not exceed the generous allowance of fifteen mills. Experience has proved that Minneapolis can elect men worthy of the confidence thus reposed in them. The following is the school board of 1880: Hon. Dorilus Morrison, president, Hon. A. C. Austin, Hon. Winthrop Young, Hon. J. W. Johnson, Prof. 8. Oftedal, Hon. S. C. Gale, Prof. O. V. Tousley, superintendent of schools. The University of Minnesota. The Territory of Minnesota was created by act of congress, March 3d, 1849. A subsequent act passed Febru- ary 19th, 1851, authorized and directed the secretary of the interior to set apart and re- serve from sale, a quantity of public lands not exceeding two entire townships, for the use and support of a university in said territory. In an- ticipation of this act of congress, the territorial legislature had on the 13th of February, 1851, passed a law providing for the establishment of an "institution under the name and style of the University of Minnesota," and for its location at or near the Falls of St. Anthony. Under this act a board of regents was elected by the legisla- ture a few days later. This board organized, se- lected a site near the center of St. Anthony (now the east division of Minneapolis) just above the mills fronting on Main street and the Mississippi river, built a small wooden building by means of private subscriptions, and in November of 1851, opened therein a preparatory department. In January, 1854, order was taken for the location of the public lands already mentioned. In the course of the same year, the site at first selected having been found to be in too close proximity to the business and manufacturing of the town, another, being th^t now occupied, lying on the high bluff on the east bank of the river, about one mile below the falls, was purchased. Owing to this change, the preparatory department was discontmued. In the summer of 1856, a con- tract was made for the erection of the south wing of a university building of large dimensions, to be completed within eighteen months from Sep- tember 6th, 1856. By this time the pubUc lands had all been located except 11,000 or 12,000 acres. The state constitution, adopted by the people October 13th, 1857, and approved by congress May 11th, 1858, contains the following generous and emphatic provision for the university: " The location of the University of Minnesota, as established by existing laws, is hereby con- firmed, and said institution is hereby declared to be the University of the State of Minnesota. All the rights, immunities, franchises, and endow- ments heretofore granted or conferred, are hereby perpetuated unto the said University; and all lands which may be granted hereafter by Congress, or other donations for said University purposes, shall vest in the institution referred to in this section." — Constitution, Article VII, Section 4. The effect of this action was to convert the University of the Territory of Minnesota into the University of the State of Minnesota, but there was no change of administration imtil 1860, in which year a new board of regents was consti- tuted. This board, during its continuance, was mainly occupied in futUe endeavors to liquidate the debts of the old corporation incurred in the erection of the building. It is but justice to say that the territorial board, composed of honest, high minded men, such as Franklin Steele, H. M. Bice, H. H. Sibley, Wm. R. Marshall, Isaac Atwater, and John H. Stevens, erred only as their fellow-citizens had erred in the flush times preceding 1857. They only planned too generously. The sincerity of their interest in the cause of higher education is attested beyond question by their liberal personal contributions. Theirs was not the only noble en- terprise which was overtaken and overwhelmed by the financial reverses of 1857-8. In 1864 the legislature appointed a special com- mission, composed of Hon. John S. PUlsbury, Hon. John Nicols, and Hon. O. C. Merriman, with fuU powers to sell property and pay debts. This board were occupied until 1867 in this duty. 440 HISTOBY OF HENNHPIN COUNTY. when, on December 23d, they reported the in- debtedness substantially liquidated by the sale of : less than 12,000 acres of land. The legislature of 1867 having appropriated a sum of money to repair and renovate the build- ing, which had stood idle and empty for nearly ten years, and having authorized the opemng of a preparatory department, the board had employed as principal the Eev. W. W. Washburn, B. A., who, on the 7th day of October, 1867, with two assistants, began the work of instruction. In 1865, the land grant of the general govern- ment for colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, had been accepted by the state legislature, and Intrusted to the trustees of the state agricultural college, which had been chartered in 1858, and located in McLeod coimty. All of the foregoing legislation save the con- stitutional enactment may be regarded as tenta- tive and provisional. The University as a reality, dates its organization from the law of February 18th, 1868, entitled " an act to re-organize the University of Minnesota, and to establish an ag- ricultural college therein." This act as modified in some details by subsequent legislation may be found in fuU in the general statutes of Minnesota for 1878, and may be regarded as the charter of the institution. , This organic act authorizes the opening of va- rious departments or colleges, places the govern- ment in a board of ten regents, three serving ex-oflBciis, the governor, the state superin- tendent of public instruction, and president of the University, and seven appointed by the governor, with consent of the senate, holding oflBce for three years; and prescribes the ofiBcers of the board and their respective duties. It contains the usual and necessary provisions relating to the election of the faculty, to meetings, and reports, and de- clares the regents a body corporate under the name and style of The University of Minnesota. The only provision of the charter needing special mention, is that contained in section seven, which inviolably appropriates and places at the disposal of the board of regents, all the interest and income of the fund derived from the sales of all lands granted to the state under the act of congress, approved July 2d, 1862, . commonly called the "Agricultural College Act." Thus all the endowments of the general government for higher literary professional and industrial educa- tion were wisely merged and consolidated under a single management. In pursuance of the organic act a board of re- gents was duly appointed, who met and organ- ized, as required by law, on the first Wednesday in March, 1868. The members were William E. Marshall, then Governor; Mark H. Duimel, then state superintendent of public instruction, ex-ofiiciis ; E. S. Donaldson, of Farmington ; A. A. Harwood, of Owatonna; H. H. Sibley, of St. Paul ; E. J. Thompson, of Chatfield ; O. C. Mer- riman, of St. Anthony; John jSTicols, of St. Paul, and J. S. Pillsbury, of St. Anthony. J. S. Pills- bury was chosen president, O. C. Merriman sec- retary, and John Nicols treasurer. The preparatory department, opened in 1867, was conducted in an efficient and satisfactory manner by Mr. Washburn, and his assistants, Messrs. G. Campbell, Ira Moore and E. H. Twin- ing, throughout the years 1868 and 1869. In the summer of 1869 arrangements were made for beginning college work proper. A faculty con- sisting of nine gentlemen, were elected, and on the 13th of September, entered upon their duties. The only college class being the freshmen, and that not exceeding fifteen in number, the faculty were for the first year, and, indeed, for the two succeeding years chiefly engaged in the instruc- tion of the preparatory students, who numbered nearly two hundred. Young women were ad- mitted from the first, and no proposal has yet been made to refuse them instruction. In the course of the year 1869-70 the matter of a per- manent organization of the several departments of instruction, and courses of study, came under consideration. Upon the recommendation of the president of the University, the board of regents, on the 28th day of June, 1870, adopted that general plan of organization which has since been in operation, and which by its apparent novelty has attracted considerable attention. The board were encouraged to adopt it by reason of warm and emphatic recommendations from educators of the highest rank and reputation in the country. The essential features of this plan only can be here noticed. , Under the organic law the board of regents are authorized to establish any desired number THE VNIVEBSITY. 441 of departments or colleges, the following, how- ever, being specified : "A department of ele- mentary instruction; a department of science,_^ literature and the arts ; a college of agriculture ; a college of mechanic arts ; a college or depart- ment of medicine ; a college or department of law." The department of elementary instruction, otherwise designated, by virtue of a by-law of the board of regents, "The Collegiate Depart- ment," is introductory to the permament colleges of the University. It includes, together with the work of the freshman and sophomore classes of the ordinary colleges, the remainder of the old preparatory department, so long as any may be retained. This arrangement of departments emphasizes and formulates the growing tendency and custom of American colleges and universities to make the close of the second or sophomore year, a branching point for the introduction of optional studies, and for certain professional or technical courses. It pre-supposes a separation of the sec- ondary and superior epochs of education, and a corresponding assortment of studies. The high schools and other "fitting schools" of the state are thus invited to extend their work substan- tially up to the junior year. When this shall have been generally done, the University will, as pro- vided bylaw, dispense with the whole of the De- partment of Elementary Instruction, and will extend her work on post-graduate ground. The general plan of the University contem- plates a group or federation of distinct colleg- es;- having each its own organization, faculty, buildings and equipment. Among the advanta- ges claimed for this general plan may be named the following: A faithful adherence to the letter and spirit of the laws, state and national, which have estab- lished and endowed the University, and which contemplates it as a federation of literary, pro- fessional and industrial colleges. That, while offering the old college curriculum and discipline in their best forms to the literary and professional classes, the University will pro- vide for the industrial classes that "liberal and practical education" required by law and pubUc sentiment. The separation of the natural epochs of sec- ondary and superior education, and the ultimate liberation of the University from the elementary work of the former: and coinciding with this di- vision, an advantageous assortment of studies, methods and discipline suitable to the two peri- ods respectively. A close and vital articulation of the University with the public school system of the state. The elevation of the high schools by enlarging the recognized sphere of their instruction. The elevation of the professional schools by requiring of candidates for degrees a good gener- al education as a pre-requisite for admission, while not insisting upon the impossible condition that all shall have gone over the whole of the old college course. The elevation, in particular, of the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts to equal rank and standing with other university courses, and the separation of the studies and exercises properly belonging to them, from the elementary branches taught in 'the primary and secondary schools; which branches it is not the business of the col- leges to teach. Great freedom in the arrangement of details to varying conditons, the main plan remaining un- changed. To put the above plan of organization into ef- fect, the board of regents adopted a code of by- laws which have been revised as has been found needful. Prom the date of its organization for univer- sity work, (1869) the progress of the institution has been steady and sufficiently rapid. The lack of preparatory schools to fit students for the proper college work, confined the work of the earlier years largely to elementary instruction, believing that the indefinite operations of a full preparatory department would discourage the high schools of the state from assuming the duty of preparatory instruction, the board of regents dropped off the first year of the preparatory course in 1876, and second in 1878. There re- mains accordingly but one sub-freshman class, which serves the useful purpose of supplement- ing the preparatory work of the high schools, still in many cases insufficient. It is confidently expected that the effect of a late act of the leg- islature for the " encouragement of higher edu- cation," appropriating a sum of money to such 442 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, high schools as will give free instruction in regu- lar and orderly course of study, preparatory to the University will within a few years render wholly unnecessary any preparatory instruction in the University, itself. The state of Minnesota by virtue of their beneficent law may possess, what no state of the Union is yet provided with, a completed system of free public instruction, primary, secondary and superior, common schools, high schools, and the University federations of colleges, all working in harmony. The regents have constantly aimed to employ as teachers, men and women of the highest qual- ifications available in such number as the finan- ces would allow. Next to the instruction they estimate the importance of the means of instruc- tion. They have accordingly expended liberally upon the library, the chemical and other labora- tories, and upon the museum, all of these estab- lishments are in a condition credible to an insti- tution and a state so young. The library, is the largest and best in the state, and is constantly in- creasing by careful purchases and by gifts. To furnish the additional rooms already much needed for the library, the laboratories and the museum, as well as to enlarge the faciUties for the scien- tific and industrial work of the University, the legislature of 1881, made an annual appropria- tion of thirty thousand dollars for six years, to be expended in buildings, furniture, books and apparatus. This legislation assures the develop- ment of the institution on a scale commensiu-ate with the progress of the state, and that of simi- lar institutions in neighboring states, and it fur- ther proclaims as a matter beyond question, that the people of Minnesota mean to provide them- selves with the amplest outfit for the higher edu- cation of their youth. The people, at length, are sovereign in culture as in government. In 1872, by virtue of an act of the legislature, the geological and natural history survey of the state was authorized and placed under the charge of the board of regents. Professor Newton II. Winchell was employed as state geologist, and as professor of geology and mineralogy in the Uni- versity. For some years he continued the work of teaching in connection with the duties of the survey, but the survey having at length required so much of the time, the regents have been obliged to relieve him from instruction. The work of this most important enterprise is well advanced, and the first volume of the final report is ready for publication. The annual reports of progress of the state geologist may be' found in the annual reports of the board of regents, be- ginning with that of 1872, which report, however, is now unfortunately out of print. The income of the University has not yet been large enough to warrant the board in opening the colleges of law and medicine named in the char- ter. They have wisely considered it their duty to provide for the education of the industrial classes, the intended beneficiaries of the land grant of 1862, from which a considerable share of the revenue is derived. The branches of learn- ing related to agriculture and the mechanic arts will be constantly and specially fostered, while other classical and scientific studies, which the law forbids to be neglected, will have an honored place in the curriculum. While the majority of the students have always been sons and daughters of farmers and artizans, the undoubted fact that but few of them have been willing to pursue the regular industrial courses of study has prevented the institution from receiving a fair credit for her industrial work. With the increased facilities for instruction in agriculture and engineering in their several specialties, it is probable that there will be a larger number who wiU desire to pursue technical courses. The history of the University of Minnesota, like that of the maiden state history is a brief one, but enough has been done by a few individuals to place the future people of what wiU soon be a state of imperial magnitude and influence, under obligations. It would not be seemly to omit the mention of a few names even in a brief sketch, such as this. The Hon. John Nicols, of St. Paul, after seven years' continuous service as regent and treasurer, died in 187 . Gen. H. H. Sibley, the first governor of the state, already mentioned as a member of the territorial board has been a member of the board under the re-organization from the beginning and for the past sixteen years, has been president. His great finanacial experi- ence, and the high place he deservedly holds in the estimation of Minnesotians of all creeds and parties, have made him a tower of strength to the institution. Ex-Gov. Wm. R. Marshall, who has been on PIKE'S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. US the board either ex-oflBcio or by appointment, since 1868, has been a most faithful guardian of the interests of the institution. Conspicuous for his unremitted activity and wholesouled devotion to the University, through a period of years reaching from 1863 to the pres- ent time, must be mentioned Gov. John S. Pills- bury. To say that to his labors and sacrifices, more than to any other agencies the prosperity of the institution is due, is merely to record what is everywhere known and acknowledged. Among members of the faculty it is proper to mention the names of a few of those senior pro_ fessors whose instructions have given just reputa- tion to the University and secured the gratitude of ^arge bodies of students who have enjoyed the same. Professor G. Campbell, who in the earlier years of his service, gave most acceptable instruction in the German language, from the text book, of which he was the author, was occupied later with history, and mental and moral sciences. Professor Campbell was a master of the art of teaching, and had the faculty of interesting all his pupils in the most abstruse subjects. He re- signed his office in 1880. Professor J. Brooks, D. D., ex-president of Hamluie University, and held in esteem amount- ing to reverence, by the alumni of that institu-* tion, has occupied the chair of Greek contin- uously since the beginning of college work in 1869. As a veteran teacher in Minnesota he needs no eulogy. Professor Versal J. Walker, entering the ser- vice of the University at the same time with the other oificers mentioned, died in May, 1876. In this event the University was deprived of a teacher of extraordinary gifts, whose noble char- acter, and inspiring christian influence had en- deared to him all his colleagues and students. Colonel William W. Folwell, a professor in Kenyon college, Ohio, was elected president of the University in August, 1869, and began his duties with the first University faculty in the following month. His services have been satis- factory to the board of regents to the degree that that he has been retained continuously in their service to the present time. Professor Pike's industrial school was organized ^t the University of Minnesota, November 13th, 1880. It meets twice a week, on Monday and Thursday evenings. It is under the charge of Professor W. A. Pike, professor of engineering at the University. Professor Pike is specially qual- ified to conduct a school of this character, being a graduate of the Institute of Technology of Boston, and also has been, for the past nine years, professor of engineering in the Maine State Col- lege. It was suggested by him soon after he came to this city, after becoming somewhat acquainted with the needs of Minneapohs, and his instruction is given, in addition to the duties which he dis- charges to the University itself, gratuitously. The rooms, lighting, heating, and desks are fur- nished by the University, and the students furnish their own books, tools, etc. It is intended specially for mechanics, to afford them an opportu- nity to gain a knowledge of mechanical drawing, that will be useful to any mechanic. The utmost limit of the class is already reached, there being sixty now enrolled. The first night it was opened there were forty-seven applications, and new ap- plications are made every evening, which cannot be acted upon until vacancies occur. The present membership includes carpenters, mill-wrights, cabinet-makers, stone-cutters, and surveyors, and some of our best mechanics are among them. The class begins with a series of geometrical problems taken from three plates, which are enlarged to hang upon the walls in full view of every student. Then projection drawings follow, and thereafter the work is adapted to the various occupations, one set of plates being prepared for wood, and another for metal workers. The ages of the stu- dents range from sixteen to fifty. The success of this school has already demonstrated that there is an active demand for this kind of instruction in Minnesota, and particularly in Minneapolis. In this connection it may be stated that a plan for doing some kind of shop work at the Univer- sity has been presented to the board of regents by Professor Pike, suggested by the Russian sys- tem, which was exhibited at the Centenial in specimens from the industrial schools of that country. This system has been authorized by the Boston Institute of Technology, and the Maine State College, and, briefly speaking, it is to teach certain useful trades upon scientific principles, in the shortest time possible. Macalester College is the outgrowth of the .444 HISTOBY OF HUNNBPIN COUNTY. Baldwin school, incorporated by the legislature of Minnesota, and opened in June, 1853, in the city of St. Paul. Its design was not the -co-education, but the instruction of the youth of both sexes ; the boys under a male principal and the girls under an educated and accomplished woman. The building intended for the female depart- ment was of brick, and is situated next to the City Hall in St. Paul. It was dedicated with ap- appropriate exercises, in December, 1853, and at the time of its completion was the largest building for educational purposes in Minnesota. The first catalogue of a literary institution in Minnesota was issued in January, 1854, by this school. At that time the number of pupils in attendance in the female department had been forty-three, and in the male department twenty-eight, a total of seventy-one. To prevent confusion and to lay the foimdation of a college for male youths, the trustees determiued to reorganize the boys depart- ment as the coUege of St. Paul, and the three- story stone edifice, opposite the residence of W. L. Banning, in St. Paul, now the house of the Good Shepherd, was erected for the purpose. During the late civil war, for financial reasons' the schools were suspended, the buildings sold, and the moneys invested, and by an act of the legisla- ture of 1864, both schools were again brought un- der one charter. Upon the return of the founder, the Eev. Mr- Neill, from Europe, in 1872, he began the work of reorganization, and leased for that purpose, at a rental of twelve hundred dollars per annum, the large stone edifice built for a hotel, in the East Division of Minneapolis. The owner of the build- ing, the late Charles Macalester of Philadelphia, was an old family acquaintance and neighbor of the founder, and by his will, at the suggestion of Mr. Neill, the building was left to be used or sold for educational purposes, and the institution named Macalester College. By an act of the legislature of 1874, it was provided that the Bald- win institution should be called Maoalestei- Col- lege, with the proviso that the preparatory de- partment should be known as the Baldwin school. This school has about thirty boys in attendance, and the Eev. E. Macquesten, is the principal. President Neill has sent in his resignation to the trustees, to take effect whenever $80,000 is raised for the endowment of the presidency, anii a Presbyterian selected for the office. The aim of the institution is set forth in the following ex- tract from an address by its founder, delivered at the dedication of the Baldwin school building, in December, 1853: "We desire that the voice of prayer and the anthem of praise shall be heard in this edifice each day at the assembling or dismissal of the pupils, and that the Holy Bible shall he known as a text-book. The teachers who have been em- ployed during the last term, have belonged to three different branches of the Holy Catholic -Church, and have given pleasing evidence of be- ing actuated by the same catholic spirit. "On the corporate seal of the institution are engraved two female figures, one in classic dra- pery, telescope in hand and compass at the feet, representing Science investigating the laws of na- ture; the other m sitting posture and modem dress, holding the open word of God, represent- ing Bevelation. They are in friendly converse, the twin sisters of heaven, as the motto suggests, 'Natura et Eevelatio, eoeU gemini.' "In the various departments of the Baldwin school, nature and revelation will never be pre- sented in antagonism. The laws that are devel- oped in the study of each, the teachers will en- deavor to prove to be emanations from the same Divine mind. The style of education, it is hoped, will lift the pupil out of the larva or grov- eling state, and prepare for the best society of aU worlds — an immortal existence in the king- dom of heaven, as the soaring butterfly is intend- ed to symbolize." President of Macalester college, Eev. Edward Duffield Neill ; principal of Baldwin school, Eev. Eockwood Macquesten. Tintsd'es .- "William C. Baker, Frederick W. Brooks, Samuel Chute, iSIinueapolis ; Thomas Cochran, Jr., Henry J. Horn, Henry M. Knox, St. Paul; "W. W. McNair, Minneapolis; Henry L. Moss, St. Paul; C. C. Webster, Eed Wing; Alexander Eamsey, St. Paul; Franklin Steele, (deceased) Minneapolis; H. Knox Taylor; St. Paul ; C. E. Vanderburgh, J. C. Whitney, Eugene M. Wilson, Minneapolis, president of college, ex officio. The college buildmg is of stone, five stories and a half high, has a gymnasium 40x100 feet, BUSINJESS COLLEGES. 445 and accommodations for professors and one hun- dred students. The collegiate department will not be opened until two professorships are fully endowed; and meanwhile, the preparatory de- partment, known as the Baldwin school, will pre- pare boys for business, or any college, and will aim to be what Phillips Academy and WiUiston Seminary are in Massachusetts. It is the inten- tion to dispose of the present edifice, and build in the suburb between MinneapoUs and St. Paul, as soon as possible. The Bennett Seminary for yoimg ladies was or- ganized in 1870, by Mrs. B. C. Bennett, who was connected with the school until 1877. Her place was then supplied by Mrs. M. B. Milligan, with Miss E. E. Kenyon as assistant principal. In 1880 Mrs. Milligan withdrew, leaving the schoo^ in charge of Miss Kenyon. The seminary is located at 315 Tenth street south. The faculty are : Miss E. E. Kenyon, princi- pal ; Eev. Dr. Rice, Latin ; Miss Abbott, Latin ; Miss Carrie Ferguson, first assistant ; Miss Mary A. Jacot, drawing ; Madame Hatschek, French ; Miss Todd, German ; Miss Loi Eice, music ; Miss Baldwin, second assistant ; Professor L. Brown, vocal music. Courses of lectures are delivered by gentlemen of high standing, whose names do not appear among the instructors. The trustees and directors are among the leading citizens of Min- neapolis. Miss Judson's school for young ladies is located at 411 Nicollet Avenue, and was opened in Sep- tember, 1879, with four pupils. Its success is, however, assured, and at present forty-one pupils are in attendance. The course of study involves a sub-preparatory department, preparatory, and advanced course, the two latter contemplating to- gether, six years' study. An interesting feature is the system of lectures inauguarated by Miss Judson, who is peculiarly qualified both by taste and cultivation for this work. The corps of instructors is made up as follows: Miss Abby A. Judson, literature, history and rhetoric ; Miss Adeline Wetherbee, science and mathematics ; Miss Edith Wilson, sub-prepara- tory department; Madame Hatschek, French; Miss Todd, German; Professor Lyman Brown, vocal music. Curtiss Business College was established in 1869 by Prof. Henry Barnard. In the spring of 1875, Prof. C. C. Curtis, who had previously been employed as assistant, purchased the entire interest, and removed it, first to Bridge Square, and subsequently, in the fall of 1878, to the pres- ent commodious quarters in the new college block, No.'s 251, 263 and 255 Nicollet Avenue. In September, 1879, Prof. Curtis opened in St. Paul a branch college, the exact counterpart of the Minneapolis institution. The faculty at Min- neapolis consists of C. C. Curtis, A. M., president; W. K. Milliken A. M., Charles T. Rickard, D. W. Sprague, Miss A. A. Noble, Miss Kate Saun- ders, William G. Smith, teachers. The total attendance during the year 1880, was 282 pupils, average attendance about 65. The course of study consists of a preparatory course, an elemen- tary commercial course and the advanced com- mercial course. The Archibald Business Academy, located at ^ No. 12 Third street north, was established- in 1877 by Prof. A. R. Archibald. The course of study is intended to prepare yoimg men and women for college, and for giving instruction in penmanship, book-keeping, mathematics, gram- mar and the business branches generally. About sixty pupils are enrolled as regular attendants. Miss S. A. Archibald, superintends and teaches the intermediate department. The principal is a graduate of Dartmonth college, and a competent instructor. The Minneapolis Academy, at 1313 Fourth street south-east, opened September 16th, 1879 with twenty pupils, and two teachers. The de- sign of the institution is to occupy a middle ground between the district schools and the uni- versity. The academy has established the fol- lowing courses : a business course, a teacher's course, a rmiversity preparatory course, and an academic course, the latter divided into Latin, French, German, and English divisions. It has four regular instructors, all college graduates, and one monitor, who is strictly an officer of dis-- cipline. Faculty: Charles Davidson, A. M. prin- cipal and master in English, German and Greek; Hannah Amelia Davidson, A. B., principal and master in Latin, French and EngUsh literature;- John T. Marvin, A. M., B. D., master in normal work, and business department; William A. Noyes, A. B., B. S., master in mathematics, and; natural sciences. 446 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Several convents and parochial schools are so intimately associated with the churches by which they are directed that mention of them is reserved, and will be found under the churches to which they owe their existence and patronage. Augsburg Seminary of the Norwegian Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 1869, Augs- burg Seminary was organized as a theological school at Marshall, Dane county, Wisconsin, un- der the auspices of the Augustana synod, with Prof. Weenaas as president. Hardly had the pro- fessors begun to feel at home,. when a division in the synod occurred which materially changed the order of things. A meeting of the dissenting ones was held at St. Ansgar, Mitchell comity, Iowa, in August, 1870, which resulted in the or- ganization of the "Norsk Dansk Conference," which independent action lost to them all right of property in the buildings at Marshall. A new organization under the old name was then effected under the auspices of the new conference and at a meeting held at Madison, Wisconsin, in Janu- ary, 1871, it was resolved to procure new build- ings, and the cities of Madison, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, were discussed as desirable locations for the seminary. In June, 1871, the conference held its first reg- ular meeting at Minneapolis. It was then re- solved that their buildings should be erected here and steps were at once taken for the speedy prose- cution of the work. Private subscriptions in land, money, etc., were obtained to the amount of $4,700, and in the fall of the same year building was commenced. At first one structure 40x52 feet, three stories high, was erected, which was ready for occupancy in the fall of 1872, when president Weenaas removed his institution to the new building. He had in the meantime occupied rented buildings at Marshall. In 1874 the main building was commenced and finished the follow- ing year; it is four stories, 113x52 feet, veneered with brick, and is a tasty and imposing structure. A building 60x38, the residence of the professors, erected on the grounds, was also completed the same year. President Weenaas had visited Nor- way the previous year and brought back with him on his return. Prof. S. Oftedal, to whose energy and progressive mind is largely due the speedy completion of Augsburg. In 1874 two important additions were made to the faculty in the per- sons of S. R. Gunnersonand George Sverdrup,who arrived from Norway in the fall of that year. About this time the institution was changed from being a theological seminary only, by the addition of a preparatory course and a Greek course of four years. In 1876, President Weenaas severed his con- nection with the Seminary and returned to Nor- way. At the meeting of the annual conference. Prof. Sverdrup was elected president, which po- sition he still honorably fills. On his assuming the presidency, he found an indebtedness which in 1877, amounted to $16,000, when it was deter- mined to raise money for its liquidation. Prof. Oftedal being president of the board of trustees, was appointed to raise the money. Committees were appointed in all churches, of the Norsk Dansk Conference in this and adjoining states, and by January, 1878, $20,000 in cash had been paid in. The debt was paid, and the surplus was used in the purchase of grounds for present use. In 1872, when the Seminary was first opened,the roster showed the names of twenty-four students, in 1875, it showed one hundred, which is its greatest capacity. Efforts are now making to create an endowment fund and increase the fa- cilities of the institution. It is under the direction of President Sverdrup and Professors Oftedal and Gunnerson, assisted by two teachers, one each as instructor in the English and Norwegian languages. The build- ing and grounds valued at $40,000 are located in South MinneapoUs, corner of Seventh street and Twentieth Avenue south. Kindergarten Schools. Mrs. E. R. Holbrook opened the first Kindergarten school in the city, in 1875, with about twelve pupils, whose ages varied from four to eight years. The school was located on Seventh street, between Nicollet and First Avenues. The school Increased under Mrs. Holbrookes management, rendering another teacher noeess;u:y. The number of schools has now increased to four, three of which require tuition fees for instruction and one is a charita- ble institution conducted by Mrs. Holbrook. The whole number of pupils is now about sixty-two, divided among different schools. Miss Annie L. Couchman, conducts one of the branches at 227 Sixth street south; she has about eighteen pupils, and has been teaching three years. SEGBET SOCIETIES. 447 Miss Lizzie Stevenson at number 80 Eighth street has about eighteen pupils. Mrs. Holbrook on Franklin Avenue, has a school of sixteen be- sides the charity pupils. The Frobel branches are taught viz; sewing, weaving, drawing, stick and slat laying, modeling in clay, peas work, paper folding and perforating. Half an hour each day is spent in games with singing and dancing. In addition to all this, the little ones are instructed orally in French and German. CHAPTER LXX. ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS— KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS — DRUIDS— A. O. TJ. W.— KNIGHTS OF HONOR — MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. • Schiller Encampment, No. 5, was instituted November 24th, 1869, with seven members and the following oflScers : Chief Patriarch, Wm. Duhnke ; High Priest, Adolph Sieber; Senior Warden, August Ende ; S. S. and F. S., C. H. Blecken; Treasurer, Neil Frederichs. The pres- ent membership is forty-nine. They meet on the second and fourth Wednesdays of each month, at their hall in Loring's block, Nos. 17 and 19 Sec- ond street south, and are presided over by the following officers: C. P., Conrad Peters; H. P. C. V. Spiegel; S. R., George Leveffert; J. W., J. H. Roth; R. S. and F. S., Joseph Keryman; Treasurer, Henry Wacks. Robert Blum Lodge, No. 21, was instituted May 21st, 1868. The charter members numbered only seven, and were governed by the following officers: N. G., August Ende; V. G., Rudolph Sieber; R. S. and F. S., Wm. Duhnke; Treasurer, Mathias Nathaker. The membership has in- creased to one himdred and forty-seven, and the lodge meets every Monday evening at its hall in Loring's block, Nos. 17 and 19 Second street south. Present officers are : N. G., Herman Westphal; V. G., Conrad Peters; R. S., Emil von Kiester ; F. S., Frank Wacks ; Treasurer, J. D. Meyer. St. Anthony Lodge, No. 40, was instituted May 16th, 1873, with the following officers: N. G., C. W. Lane ; V. G., C. H. Connor ; Recording and financial secretary, L. W. Valentine; treasurer, Baldwin Brown. This lodge was organized with with but ten charter members, and now has one hundred and six. Meetings are held at the lodge rooms. No. 208 Central Avenue, every Friday evening. The officers are: N. G., G. B. Foster; V. G., Charles Hart ; R. S., J. B. Tinklepaugh; P. S., Fred H. Gowen; Treasurer, Solomon Gray. Union Encampment No. 14, was instituted November 2d, 1874, with twenty charter mem- bers; the present membership is about fifty-two. Present officers; C. P., Geo. W. Drake; H. P., H. S. Patten; S. W., Louis Wilhams; scribe, J. E. Boyden; treasurer, A. C. Peters. Meetings sec- ond and fourth Mondays of each month over Northwestern Bank. This society is in a flourish- ing condition. Fraternity Lodge, No. 62, was instituted Au- gust 31st, 1877, with thirteen charter members and the following officers: N. G., H. S. Patten; V. G., J. E. Boyden ; R. S., A. C. Peters; P. S., James Campbell; Treasurer, A. T. Green. The membership has increased to eighty-one, and the lodge meets every Friday evening over the Northwestern National Bank. The officers are: N. G., H. S. Patten; V. G., Lewis Williams ; R. S., P. O. Bean; P. S., A. C. Peters; Treasurer, J. E. Boyden. The Odd Fellows Battalion was organized from members of the various encampments of this city, and its object is to perfect its members in the drill. The officers are: C. W. Smith, captain; J. A. Smith, assistant captain; J. E. Boyden, secretary and treasurer. Stella Lodge, No. 3, Daughters of Rebekah, was instituted November 17th, 1869, with twenty- one charter members, and at one time numbered forty-seven. September 18th, 1878, it surren-- dered its charter. At that time the officers were: N. G., A. Cantieny; Y. G., Mrs. W. B. Hawley; R. S.. A. C.Peters; F. S., Mrs. C. J. Wooley; treasurer, Mrs. E. A. Stevens. Minne-ha-ha Lodge, No. 13, Daughters of Re- bekah, instituted November 13th, 1878, with nine- teen charter members, now numbers, twenty- • eight. The . lodge meets the first and third 448 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Wednesdays of each month at its hall, No. 208 Central Avenue. The officers are: N. G., Mrs. G. B. Poster; V. G., Mrs. C. E. Haynes; E. 8., Mrs. S. F. Stanley; P. S., Mrs. Viola Stanley; treasurer, Mrs. M. L. Greenway. The first offi- cers of the lodge were: N. G., C. C. Hurd, V. G., Mrs. Viola Stanley; E. S., Mrs. C. E. Haynes; P. S., Mrs. Mary Shepherd; treasurer, Mrs. M. L. Greenway. KKIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. Minneapolis Lodge, No. 1, Knights of Pythias, was instituted July 11th, 1870, by Samuel Eead, Supreme Chancellor. The first officers were : David Eoyal. C. C; Ed. A. Stevens, V. C; A. Leroy Fenalson, K. E. S. Prom but seventeen members the lodge has grown to one hundred and three, governed by C. C, W. E. Gerrish ; V. C, O. A. Eultz ; K. E. S., Andrew J. Hart ; M. E., David Eoyal. They meet Fridays. Eureka Lodge, No. 2, St. Anthony, was insti- tuted August 30th, 1870, with nineteen charter members. The ofl&cers were: C. C. , C. E. Phelps; V. C, A. J. Meacham ; K. E. S., E. E. Newman. In 1873, it surrendered its charter, and most of the members joined local lodges. Germania Lodge, No. 4, organized July 10th, 1871, with ten charter members. C. C, F. D. Conrad ; V. C, G. Boehme ; K. E. S., TJ. Oswald. The membership has increased to fifty- five with the following officers: C. C, Charles Figgs ; V. C, F. Eeimer ; K. E. S., F. Frederick; M. E., C. Goehringer. They meet Tuesdays. Damon Lodge, No. 5, was instituted August 30th, 1871, with fifteen charter members. C. C, J. J. Lynn; V. C, Edwin Phillips; K. E. S., L. J?. Plummer. The members now number twenty- four, officered by : C. C, C. G. Van Vert ; V. C, Ariel C. Harris; K. E. S., J. H. Heisser; M. E., Byron Sutherland. The lodge meets the second and fourth Mondays of each month. Scandia Lodge, No. 6, was organized Novem- ber 21st, 1871, with eight charter members. The first officers were : C. C, A. E. Olson; V. C, O. C. Michaelson; K. E. S., Andrew Eundy. The membership is now one hundred and sixteen, and the officers are: C. C, Nicholas Dahl ; V. C, Gustavus Johnson; K. E. S., M. J. Harlin; M. E., H. O. Peterson. Hold meetings Thursdays. Hermion Lodge, No. 18, organized March 25th, 1878, with 119 members. Officers : C. C, F. S. McDonald; V. C, A. T. Allen; K. K. S., Selah Matthews. The members now number 132, with officers as follows: C. C, W. B. Jones; V. C, J. W. Tomm ; K. E. S., George E. Seaton ; M. E., J. W. Marshall. Meets on Mondays. The Grand Lodge meets annually at Minneapolis, on the sec- ond Tuesday in February. This order has organized various endowment, mutual benefit and building associations. Of these, the following are the most prominent; " Knights of Pythias Mutual Benefit Associa- tion " was organized June 6th, 1876. Its object is mutual or co-operative life insurance. The present officers are George H. West, president ; H. A. Hopper, vice-president ; Ezra B. Ames, secretary ; George H. Johnson, treasurer ; A. H. Salisbury, medical director. " Knights of Pythias Hall Association " was incorporated May 27th, 1879, with Ed. A. Stevens, president; C. Goe- hringer and W. E. Christianson, vice-president ; Selah Mathews, secretary; F. S. McDonald, treasurer. This association was created for the purpose of building or leasing a haU and trans- acting business connected therevdth. The direc- tors were chosen from the different lodges con- nected with it, in proportion of one director for each share held by lodges. It now has about f25,000 invested. The officers are Ed. A. Ste- vens, president , C. Goehringer and A. C. Brand, vice-presidents ; M. J. Harlin, secretary ; H. M. Martin, treasurer. " Endowment Eank, " Knights of Pythias, section No. 88, was created January 26th, 1878. In the first class, which pays a benefit of $1 ,000 at the death of a mem- ber, there is in the United States, a membership of 11,532, and in the second class, which pays $2,000, 15,652. The officers of the section are president, W. B. Jones ; vice-president, Andrew Walstad; chaplain, E. L. Warner; secretary and treasurer, Ezra B. Ames ; guide, J. B. Moore ; guard, Isaac Harrison ; sentinel A. H. Edsten. The organization known as the "Minneapolis Knights of Pythias Drill Corps," was formed November 30th, 1880, for the purpose of perfec- ting its members in the use of the sword, and other military evolutions. The officers are B. F. Cole, captain ; A. C. Harris, first lieutenant ; J. W. Taun, second lieutenant; Olmendinger, standard bearer; Ezra B. Ames, secretary; M. J. Harlin, treasurer. SEGBET SOCIETIES. 449 UNITED ANCIENT OEDER OF DETJIDS. The objects of the United Ancient Order of Druids are the diffusion of social and intellectual intercourse among all its members, and the estab- lishment of a system of general philanthropy and benevolence, by providing for the sick and dis- tressed, and the Interment of its deceased mem- bers throughout the U. A. O. D. The Grand Grove of the state of Minnesota, U. A. O. D., re- cognizes no grove or groves but such as shall con- form, and agree to establish, or have already es- tablished a fund for the purpose of supporting its members during sickness, for the relief of the dis- tressed, for the burial of the dead, and for giving aid to the widows and orphans of its deceased members. Minne-ha-ha Grove, No. 8, was instituted March 16, 1874, with thirteen members, who have in- creased to fifty-five. The regular meetings are held at Druids Hall, Bridge square, every Thurs- day evening. The officers are: P. A.,E. F. L. Blecken ; N. A. , Fred Buuner ; V. A. , Peter Noel; B. S., A. L. Sump; T. S., J. A. Gilman; T., J. A. Maul; C, L. Annueller; J. S. G., August Lanchner; O. S. G., J. M. Johnson. Bards: P. Prederiehs, E. H. B. to N. A.; John Navratill, L. H. B. to N. A.; Bernhard Hunt, K. H. B. to V. A.; A. G. Shefler, L. H. B. to V. A. Eintracht Grove, No. 14, was instituted March 1876, with thirty-three charter members. The present membership is fifty-seven, and hold their regular meetings on Monday evening of each week, at Druids Hall, Bridge square. The officers are: P. A., Ed Pischer; N. A., H. Buckendorf ; V. A., August Siebert; E. S., John Bahr; T., I. Monasch ; G., C. Pust; J. G., P. Heckrieh ; O. G., Alex Honigschmidt. Mistletoe Grove No. 17, was organized June 5th, 1878, with twenty-nine charter members. The membership is now thirty-four, and the grove meets Wednesdays at its hall, No 220 Nic- ollet Avenue. The officers are: N. A., H. M. Martin; V. A., J. P. McLaughlin; secretary, Pe- ter Schissler. Pritzhof Grove, No. 18, was instituted in Sep- tember, 1878, with fifty members. This grove now numbers forty-five members who meet every Friday evening at Swede Brothers' Hall, No. 220 Nicollet Avenue. The present officers are: D. 29 D. G. A., P. Osander; P. A., H. Mortrud; N. A., C. B. Johnson; B. A., O. Dulheim; E. S., P. "Osander; P. 8., G. J. Swan; treasurer, Gustave Lundell; Con., C. A. Howard; I. G., Fred Peter- son; O. G., Peterson; Bards, Peter Knudtson, E. H. B.to N. A.; N. E. Colstrom, L. H. B.toN. A.; O. Marabo, E. H. B. to V. A.; C. O. Swan- son, L. H. B. to V. A. A. o. u. w. . Advance Lodge, No. 6, was organized Decem- ber 4th, 1876, with thirty-six charter members. The present membership in good standing is sixty-one. Officers: P. W.M., O. M. Greely; "W. M., D. W. Egan; P., H. E. Parr; O., J. G. Bugbee; E., G. W. Fox; P., E. D. Blodgett; receiver, A. M. Alden. They meet Wednesdays at their hall No. 214 Hennepin Avenue. Minneapolis Lodge No. 12 was organized April 9th, 1877. It meets Thursdays at No. 214 Hen- nepin Avenue. The present officers are: P. W. M., Seth Emerson; W. M.,L. A. Condit; G. P., J. V. Bailiff; O., Albert Knox; E., E. B. Ames; P., W. W. Poole; receiver, J. H. Ege; G., B. De- venbeck; I. W., J. Lunsden; O. W., D. P. Dela- mater; representative to Grand Lodge, Selah Matthews; trustees, H. J. Harris, Selah Mat- thews and J. H. Ege. Star Lodge, No. 13, was organized May 7th, 1877, with forty-one charter members. The largest membership at any one time was seventy- nine. They now number, in good standing, fifty-six, and meet every Tuesday evening at their hall, No. 214 Hennepin Avenue. The pres- ent officers are: P.-W. M., S. C. Lahatte; W. M., W. B. Hill ; P., J. C. Wilson ; O., J. P. AUaii'e; E. S., E; C. Cauvet; P. S., G. S. Boyd; E., J. H. McConnell. Hennepin Lodge, No. 15, was organized on the 21st day of May, 1877, with thirty-nine charter members. This number increased, and now the lodge has forty-six, all of whom are Scandinavi- ans. Meetings are held Fridays, at No. 214 Hen- nepin Avenue. The officers are: P. W. M., T. Hanson; W. M., John Peterson; G. P., E. New- man; O., S. Mahla; P., John P.Peterson; Ee- ceiver, C, G. Kinney ; E., Chas. Johnson; I. W., E. Freno; O. AV., C. J. Berg; G., J. O. Ness. Nicollet Lodge, No. 16, was organized May 22d, 1877, with forty charter members. The 450 HISTOBY OF BENNEPIN COUNTY. membership at present is sixty-one, out of whicli but two deaths have occurred, since organization. The present officers are: P. W. M., J. W. Mur- phy ; W. M., T. G. Salisbury ; G. F., M. Covill ; O., W. M. Dowlin; E,., O. M. Reed; P., J. W. Smith ; Eec, Isaac Cheney ; G., S. C. Brown ; I. W., B. Huber; O. W., C. E. Harris. Among the objects of the A. O. U. W. is to improve the moral, intellectual and social condf- tion of its members, and to create a fimd for their benefit during sickness, and in case of death to pay a stipulated sum to such person or persons as may have been designated by deceased. KNIGHTS OF HONOR. This order is a secret benevolent society, com- posed of a supreme, grand, and subordinate lodges, wliich was established in 1873, by per- sons who felt that the methods of reUef to fami- Ues of deceased members, as adopted by other orders, was deficient. They beUeved that an order founded with one of its main objects to pay a death benefit, would meet with approval and success. The objects of the order are briefiy stated by the Grand Lodge to be : To unite fra- ternally aU acceptable white men of every pro- fession, business or occupation; to give all moral and material aid in its power to members of the order, by holding moral, instructive and scientific lectures, by encouraging each other in business, and by assisting one another to find employment; to estabUsh a benefit fund, from which a sum not to exceed $2,000, shall be paid, at the death of a member, to his family, or to be disposed of as he may direct; to establish a fund for the re- Uef of sick or distressed members. Minneapolis Lodge, No. 587, was organized April 16th, 1877. Its officers are: P. D.— I. Mc- Nair. D.— D. L. Pratt; V. D.— E. G. Barnaby; A. D.— Ered Bullis ; R.— W. Cheney ; E. R.— S. M. Spaulding; C— P. H. Smith; Guide— E. C. Cauvet ; G.— William Walker ; S.— Jas. Tyler ; M. E. — G. A. Land, M. D.; Trustees, Isaac Mc- Nair, George II. Simpson and P. II. Smith. Another lodge was organized March 23, 1881, with forty-seven charter-members, with C. W. Clauson P. D., and J. N. Cross, Treasurer. AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR. Northwest Council, No. 113, of Minneapolis, was organized March 6th, 1880. The object of the order is to unite fraternally all persons of sound health and good moral character who are socially acceptable, and between the ages of eigh- teen and sixty-five years, and to generally benefit, aid and assist its members, intellectually and pe- cuniarily. The officers are : C, Isaac McNair, V. C, W. R. Cray ; O., J. Newton Nind ; S., T. E. Stark; C, L. E. Longbrake; T., A. B. Hush; Chap., D. H. McPherson ; G., Ered Bullis ; W., Albert Ashenden ; Sentry, J. W. Ellis ; M. E., S. M. Spaulding, M. D.; A. M. E., Otis M. Hum- phreys, M. D.; Trustees, J. H. McClintten, J. E. Seeley, and O. J. Griffith. The order is incorpo- rated by the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and has in the United States a membership of 65,000. Three hundred lodges were instituted during the past year. Grand Order of the Orient. Assumption coun- cil was organized in Eebruary, 1880. It is a ben- eficiary society, govemedby the following officers: Grand Orient, G. H. Huntington ; Vice Grand Orient, R. S. NelUs; Grand Servant, M. Tyson; Secretary, W. B. Jones. Herman Sons. This organization was founded February 25th, 1879. Itis a benevolent and bene- ficiary society, for the purpose of relieving sick and distressed members, who, in case of sickness, draw five dollars per week, and deceased mem- bers are buried at the expense of the society. The officers are : president, August Schwarm ; ^•ice- president, A. Paegel; treasurer, Fred Noeren- berg ; secretary, Ered Tegeler. The Society of Swedish Brothers was organized November 26th, 1876, with eight members. At the first meeting, Mr. P. Osander, the foimder of the society, presided. Its object is to relieve its members in sickness and distress; is a secret mutual benefit association, and pays weekly bene- fits to sick members, and defrays the funeral ex- penses of deceased members. It has a member- ship at present of ninety-five. It meets every Mon- day evening at No. 220 Nicollet Avenue. The officers are, president, Fred. Peterson ; vice-presi- dent, F. P. Korpe ; recording secretary, J. Fredall; corresponding secretary, P. Osander ; treasurer, G. Lundell. Minneapolis Independent Order of Free Insur- ance, was organized July 15th, 1880, with twenty members. It is a benevolent society, the family of each member receiving $1,000 at his death. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 451 Meetings are held at the Synagogue on Fifth street, between First and Second Avenues south. There are now twenty-six members. The oflBcers are: president, G. L. Levi; vice-president, 11. Rothschild ; recording secretary, M. Levi ; finan- cial secretary, A. Mikslas; treasurer, E. Bern- stein ; trustees, L. Werth and Ralph Rees. B'nai B'rith ; Minneapolis Lodge No. 27, I. O. B. B., was organized February 25th, 1877, having twenty-three members. The family of each member receives $1,000 at his death. Meetings are held the first and third Sunday of each month at the Synagogue. The officers are ; pres- ident, J. S. Skoll ; vice-president, J. Kohn ; re- cording secretary, R. Rees; financial secretary, M. Benson ; treasurer, G. Rees. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. This is an order of locomotive engineers, organized first at Detroit, Michigan, August 17, 1863, as the "Brotherhood of the Foot-board," and reorganized at Indianapolis, Indiana, August 17, 1864, under the present title. It was revised at Boston, Mas- sachusetts, October, 1877, and now has in the United States a membership of 10,000. Its object is to elevate the standing of members as engineers and their characters as men. Minne-ha-ha Lodge of the Brotherhood of locomotive Engineers, Min- neapolis division, No. 180, was organized in. 1874. They meet at Druids' Hall, Market square, the second and fourth Sundays of each month.' The present officers are, D. G. Thompson, chief en- gineer ; R. Althouse, secretary ; H. J. Lobdell, treasurer. Society of St. John the Baptist. Tliis order was founded in 1859, for benevolent, educational and fraternal purposes. It took a prominent part in the celebration of the two hundredth anniver- sary of the discovery of the falls of St. Anthony by Father Hennepin. In the afternoon of that day the society had a grand reunion at Market Hall, where Archbishop Tache, of Manitoba, and Bishop Lafleche, of Canada, made addresses ap- propriate to the occasion. Bishop Ireland, of St. Paul, and the American and Belgian consuls at Manitoba were present. The officers are: presi- dent, F. Trepanier ; vice-president, F. Plaisance; secretary, Z. Demeules ; assistant secretary, E. Genevey; treasurer, J. S. Cartier ; collector, A. J. Menard; marshal, George Gadbout; chaplain, Rev. Z. L, Chandonnet. St. Andrew's Society. This society was organ- ized August 4th, 1871, its object being to care for the sick, and find employment and otherwise aid unfortunate Scotchmen. Scotchmen, sons and grandsons of Scotchmen- only, are eligible to be- come members of the society. The present mem- bers number fifty. The officers are: president, M. Jarvie ; vice-president,' R. McMillen ; secre- tary, A. W. Craik ; treasurer, Stewart ' Wight- man ; physician, A. C. Fairbairn, M. D. Board of managers, John Miller, W. McCallum, D. Fer- guson, A. McPhee, A. McDougall. Society Norden. The " Minneapolis Scandina- vian Dramatic Society" was organized August 22d, 1870, and afterwards, on November. 27th, 1870, it was changed to " Society Norden," its purpose from exclusively dramatic to social, and on the 4th day of April, 1871, was incorporated as such. A relief fund was established, for which purpose seventy-five dollars was allowed from the general fund as a foundation. April 1st, 1875, the Scandinavian singing society, "Candia," united with the Society Norden. March 7th, 1877, Society Norden was re-organized, and has since been exclusively Swedish. It has a library of about 800 volumes, consisting of Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and English books. The society now has about thirty members, who during sickness receive four doUaus per week. The officers form a board of trustees, and are : R. Engdahl, president ; John Peterson, vice-pres- ident ; C. H. Hendrickson, recording secretary . Axel Dahlstrand, corresponding secretary ; Au- gust Zimmerman, treasurer ; Alfred Soderstrom, librarian; Peter Pierson, assistant librarian; John Klint, marshal. Immaculate Conception Benevolent Society. In the spring of 1876, several young men conceived the idea of forming a mutual benefit society, to care for each other during sickness, and furnish Christian burial to deceased members. A meet- ing was called, and an organization perfected by the election of officers, on June 5th, 1876. It is No. 342 of the "Catholic Benevolent Union," which has a membership of 500,000, and branch- es in nearly every city in the United States and Canada. Its present officers are : Ed. O'Brien, president ; J. H. McNally, vice-president ; A. F. Boran, recordiag secretary ; J. B. Doherty, finan- cial secretary ; J. W. Doran, treasurer. 462 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. The Chosen Friends. The MetropoUtan Lodge was organized in February, 1881, as a co-opera- tive insurance company, with forty charter mem- bers. The officers elected were: C. C, E. C. Cauvet; V. C.,Lucien Swift, Jr.; P. C, Cliarles H. Clarke ; B., W. Gould ; C, L. L. Longbrake ; T., R. "W. Lauig ; M., C. B. Leonard ; W., J. W. Moore; G., C. A. Rockwell; S., C. A. Rowe; Medical Directors, Drs. McMurdy and Fairbairn ; Prelate, J. P. Rea ; Trustees, B. B. Hart, Isaac McNair, R. II. Rolf. CHAPTER LXXI. FKEEMASONS — TYPOGRAPHICAL UNIONS — MIS- CELLANEOUS ORDERS. Dr. A. E .Ames, upon his advent into the terri- tory in October, 1851, collected the scattering Masons who resided in the neighborhood, and ob- tained a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Illinois to open Cataract Lodge, U. D., in ancient form, and on February 14th, this cer- emony was observed in the little parlor of Ard Godfrey, when A. E. Ames occupied the East, Colonel "W. Smith the West, Isaac Brown the South; Ard Godfrey, treasurer; John H. Stevens, secretary; D. M. Coolbaugh, S. D.; H. S. Atwood, J. D.; Wm. Bramer, tyler; with Captain J. W. T. Gardiner and Col. E. Case, then stationed at Fort Snelling, as members. This is the parent lodge of all the lodges in the vicinity. The above list comprises all the names of Masons then residents of the Territory of Minnesota, from St. Paul to Pembina (exclusive of St. Paul and Stillwater). Of the members. Dr. A. E. Ames had been a member of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, had also been master of the lodge at Roscoe and Belvidere in Illinois and was first M. W. G. M. of the Grand Lodge of Minne- sota. Colonel William Smith, the S. W., was made a Mason in Maine, and had been master of his lodge. Isaac Brown, the J. W., was also from Maine; he was a postmaster, and was the first sheriff of Hennepin county. Ard Godfrey, treasurer, also hailed from Maine, and had held the same ofBce in the lodge of which he was a member. J. H. Stevens, the secretary, was ini- tiated, passed and raised in a military lodge, U. D., from the Grand Lodge of Tennessee In Feb- ruary, 1848, at the National Bridge in Mexico. The S. D., D. M. Coolbaugh, was made a Mason in Pennsylvania, and was subsequently the first W. M. of Hennepin Lodge. The J. D., H. S. Atwood, was made a Mason in New Brunswick. He was a brother-in-law of Calvin A. Tattle, one of the pioneers of this county, and died on his farm near Minneapolis a few years ago. The tyler, Wm. Bramer, a man universally respected, subsequently retired to his farm, and died there soon after. Of the members. Col. Case had previously occupied high positions in the order in the state of Michi- gan, and was the first Grand Treasurer of the Grand Lodge of Minnesota. Capt. J. W. T. Gardiner was a native of HaUowell, Maine, a graduate of West Point, and was at this time sta- tioned at Fort Snelling as captain of Company B, Second regiment U. S. Dragoons, was subse- quently promoted to major general, and died a few years since. The dispensation gave them the right to meet on high hills or low vales. From Cataract Lodge have sprung all other lodges in Minneapolis. The then Grand Master of the State of Illinois who granted the dispensation to Cataract Lodge, was our fellow-citizen. Judge E. B. Ames. The meetings were first held in an old building on Main street north-east, now owned by a Mrs. White. From there they moved to a building on Main street, known as the King block, which was subsequently destroyed by fire. The lodge then occupied Rollms' stone building, on Second Avenue, corner of Prince sti-eet. The next move was to the hall now occupied, located at numbers 18 and 20 Univereity Avenue. The building was erected by Cataract Lodge, at a cost of $16,000. The first election of officers, occurred February 14th, 1852, with the following result: A. E. Ames, W. M.; William Smith, S. W.; Isaac Brovra, J. W.; and J. H. Stevens, secretary. We give a list of those since elected to the ofiice of W. M. and secretary, with year of election. The regu- lar elections have taken place in December of each year. December • 27th, 1852, A.E.Ames, W. M.; J. H. Stevens, secretary. '53, Charles MASONIG SOGIETIEB. 463 F. Stearns, I. I. Lewis. '54, M. W. Getehell, E. K. Knowlton. '55, M. W. Getchell, E. W. Cummings. '56-7, Henry Eeynolds, W. G. Brad- ford. '58, M. W. Getchell, J. B. Gilflllan. '69, G. A. Camp, E. S. Brown. '60, E. S. Alden, S. L. Vawter. '61, C. Woodly, W. F. Cahill. '62, J. B. Gilflllan, W. F. CahUl. '63, J. A. Arm- strong, 0. Woodly. '64-5, M. W. Getchell, Dan. M. Demmon. '66, B. S. Brown, Solon Arm- strong. '67, J. S. Lane, Solon Armstrong. '68, W. Lochren, Edward Parker. '69, W. Lochren, C. F. Smith. '70-1, Solon Armstrong, C. F. Smith. '72, F. L. Smith, C. F. Smith. 73-4, F. L. Smith, E. A. Moore. '75-6, H. M. Kent, Solon Armstrong. '77, E. W. Cummings, Solon Armstrong. '78-9, J. S. Lane, Solon Armstrong. December 18th, 1880, the oflScers elected were, W. E. Johnson, W. M.; O. A. Gardner, S. W.; M. P. Hayes, J. "W.; and Solon Armstrong, secretary. Eegular meetings are held on the first Saturday of each month, at "Masonic Hall," East Division. The Grand Lodge of F. & A. M. was organized January 1st, 1855, with three subordinate lodges, namely: St. John's Lodge, No. 1, of Stillwater ; Cataract Lodge, No. 2. of St. Anthony Falls; St. Paul's Lodge, No. 3, of St. Paul. The following grand officers were duly elected: A. E. Ames, Minneapolis, M. "W. G. M.; Aaron Goodrich, St. Paul, E. W. D. G. M.; D. F. Brawley, St. Paul, E. W. S. G. W.; A. Van Vorhees, Stillwater, E. W. J. G. W.; E. Case, St. Paul, E. W. G. T.; J. G. Lennon, St. Anthony, E. W. G. S.; D. W. G. Dunnell, St. Paul, S. G. D.; D. B. Loomis, Still- water, J. G.D.; S. Partridge, Stillwater, G. S. B.; A. T. C. Pierson, St. Paul, G. M.; H. N. Setzer, Stillwater, G. P.; Wm. Chamberlain, St. Anthony, G. C; Lot Moffat, S. G. S.; C. W. Borup, J. G. S.; Wm. Hartshorn, G. T. The Grand Lodge of Minnesota was then opened and the officers duly installed by P. M., A. J. Morgan, when they sev- erally repaired to their stations. The secretary of the convention being superseded by the Grand Secretary elect, the G. M. proclaimed the election of the grand officers, and that the Grand Lodge of Minnesota was duly and legally organized. Hennepin Lodge No. 4. This lodge was or- ganized January 21st, 1853, and worked under the first dispensation granted by the grand lodge of Minnesota. The officers U. D., were: D. M. Coolbaugh, W. M.; J. N. Barber, S. W.; E. A. Hodson, J. W.; S. W. Case, secretary; E. Case, treasurer; Edward Murphy, S. D.; Anson Nor- thrup, J. D.; Chesman Gould, tyler. January 3d, 1854, this lodge received its charter from the grand lodge. The meetings were held at the house of Anson Northrup, near the brink of the falls, for two years, then in a hall fitted for the pur- pose, over the store of Jackins and Wright, on Bridge Square. After several years removed to a hall in the Dayton block. After several changes a hall over Fletcher's store was taken in 1862, where it remained in connection with Minneapolis lodge, until January, 1876. Since then their new Ma- sonic Hall has been occupied. The first officers after charter was granted were the same as first elected, with the exception of the office of secre- tary, to which Thomas Chambers was elected in place of S. W. Case. During subsequent years the offices of W. M. and secretary have been filled by: 1865, E. A. Hodsdon, Charles Hoag ; '66, D. M. Coolbaugh, I. I. Lewis ; '67, E. E. Bryant, Geo. W. Chowen ; '68, A. E. Ames, Geo. A. Sa- vory; '59, E.B.Ames, Geo. A. Savory; '60, C. N. Daniels, Geo. A. Savory; '61, A. E. Ames, J. L. Tenney; '62 to '67 inclusive, A. E. Ames, Geo. A. Savory ; '68, A. E. Groff, A. H. Linton ; '69, G. T. Vail, C. M. Crump ; '70, H. L. Eockey, H. Tannatt; '71, S. T. Moles, H. Tannatt ; '72, H. Barnard, H. Tannatt ; '73, A. A. Ames, H. Tan- natt ; '74, H. Barnard, H. Tannatt ; '76, J. Wil- son, C. C. Leland ; '76-7, C. H. Benton, C. C. Leland ; '78, H. P. Hungerford, C. C. Leland ; '79, C. H. Benton, W. Gunderson ; '80, W. A. Miller, W. Gunderson. The officers for 1881 are: W. A. Miller, W. M.; C. Eothschild, S. W.; C. D. Hammond, J. W.; John Wilson, treasurer ; Wil- liam Gunderson, secretary; Ed Martin, S. D.; C. B.Tirrell, J. D.; William Cove, tyler ; D. B. Knick- erbacker , chaplain. The lodge numbers 215 mem- bers and holds meetings on the second and fourth Wednesday of each month. MinneapoUs Lodge, No. 19. On the 7th day of January, 1868, the M. W. G. iiodge of Mmnesota granted a charter to Joseph Dean, Joel B. Bassett, Frank Beebe, Emanuel Case^ E. E. Miles, J. O. Weld, A. F. McShee, OUver Davis, and other brethren. Master Masons. On the 23d of Janu- ary, a meeting of the brethren whose names were on the petition to the Grand Lodge for_a charter, 454 HISTOBY OF HENNEPm COUNTY. was held in the Masonic Hall owned by John Jackins, when they elected their first officers, and on January 26th the officers were duly installed by A. T. C. Pierson, M. W. G. M. of Minnesota. In 1859 they moved their lodge to a hall over Men- denhall and Beede's bank on First street, between Hennepin and First Avenue north. In 1862, they moved to a hall over Fletcher's store on Bridge square, which they occupied jointly with Hennepin Lodge, and remained there until Janu- ary, 1876, when they moved into their new " Ma- sonic Hall," which they still occupy, holding regular meetings on first and second Wednesday of each month. The first officers were: Joseph Dean, W. M.; J. B. Bassett, S. W.; Franklin Beebe, J. W.; E. E. Miles, secretary. The officers elected December 18th, 1880, were: T. M. Slosson, W. M.; E. E. Smith, S. W.; J. M. Williams, J. W.; J. H. Thompson, Treasurer; E. Archibald, Secretary. The membership of this lodge was, at the last election, one hundred and eighty-three. Khurun Lodge, No. 112, A. F. and A. M. was organized under dispensation granted July 16th. 1874, by Charles Griswold, G. M. of Minnesota, to thirty-eight members. The officers,* under dispensation were : A. E. Ames, W. M., Edgar Nash, S. W., D. M. Goodwin, "J. W., M. P. Hawkins, secretaiy. Charter granted January 13th, 1875, by Grand Lodge of Minnesota, and lodge constituted February 8th, at Excelsior hall, Minneapolis. The first officers were : E. M. Wilson, W. M., Edgar Nash, S. W., D. M. Goodwin, J. W., E. J. Davenport, secretary. Of- ficers for 1880; E. J. Davenport, W. M., C. M. Foote, S. W., Wm. E. Leonard, J. W. St. Anthony Falls Chapter No. 3, Eoyal Arch Masons. This lodge was organized under the dispensation from Charles Oilman, General Grand High Priest of the United States, dated January 5th, 1858, to E. S. Alden, A. E. Ames, Geo. S. Eaton, M. W. Getchell, D. Greenleaf , D. Heaton, C. E. Hill, Geo. A. Camp and Samuel E. Adams. The first convocation was held January 22d, 1858, with E. S. Alden, H. P., A. E. Ames, K., Abijah Blakeman, S., E. E. Bryant, secretary. September 21st, 1859, a charter was issued by the General Grand Chapter, Albert G. Mackey, G. G. H. P. The first officers under charter were elect- ed October 22d, 1859, as follows: E. S. Alden, H. P., A. E. Ames, K., M. W. Getchell, S., D. Greenleaf, secretary. The subsequent years the offices of H. P. and secretary have been filled as follows: 1850, A. E. Ames, E. S. Brown; Feb- ruary 9th, '61, M. W. Getchell, H. P., June 22d, regular election, E. Patch, E. S. Brown; '62, same re-elected; '63, E. S. Alden, E. S. Brown; '64-5, John I. Black, E. S. Brown; '66, E. Patch, G. F. Townsend; '67, George A. Camp, O. C. Merriman; '68, E. W. Cummings, M. P. Hayes; '69-70, E. W. Cummings, E. S. Brown; '72-'3, William Lochren, E. W. Cummings; '74, William Lochren, F. L. Smith; '75, H. M. Kent, Solon Armstrong; '76, F. L. Smith, Solon Arm- strong; '77, W. C. Noble, Solon Armstrong; '78, W. A. Morse, Solon Armstrong; '79, T. G. For- ster, Solon Armstrong. The list of officers for 1880, were: C. H. Benton, H. P., M. P. Hayes, K., C. W. Weeks, S., Solon Armstrong, secretary; regular convocations on the third Sat- urday of each month, at Masonic HaU, east di- vision. St. John's Chapter, No. 9, Eoyal Arch Masons, was organized under dispensation granted Janu- ary 15th, 1866, by C. W. Nash, G. H. P., Minne- sota. Charter dated October 23d, 1866, from Grand Chapter of Minnesota, C. W. Nash, G. H. P. The regular election is held in December. The offices of H. P. and secretary have been occu- pied as follows : '66, A. E. Ames, George A. Savory ; '67, W. E. Jones, A. A. Ames ; '68, H. L. Eockey, H. F. Balch ; '69, E. A. GrofE, A. M. Shuey ; '70, H. L. Eockey, E. S. Austin; "71, A. E. Ames, F. L. Churchill ; '72, J. W. Hennion, H. Tannatt ; '73, J. W. Hennion, H. Tannatt ; '74, G. W. Cooley, F. D. Carson ; '75, A. A. Ames, G. W. Cooley ; '76, E.. McDermott, C. G. McDuf- fie; '77, J. II. Noble, C. C. Leland; '78, G. B. Cooley, E. McDermott ; '79, G. B. Cooley, E. Mc- Dermott. In 1880 the officers were : G. B. Coo- ley, H. P.; A. H. Sahsbnry, K.; John Wilson, S. Selah Matthews, Secretary. Eegular convoca- tions, third Tuesday of each month, at Masonic Hall, Hennepin Avenue, Minneapolis. Minneapolis Council, No. 2, E. and S. M., or- ganized under dispensation from B. Crabbe, Grand Master of Iowa, May 2th, 1870, and char- tered October 18th, 1870, by the Grand Council or Iowa. The officers under dispensation were : A. E. Ames, T. I. M,; E. S. Alden, D. M.; D. M. MASONIC SOCIETIES. 455 Goodwin, P. C. W.; G. Savory, Rec. The office of T. I. M. under the charter has since been iilled by the following persons : '70-1-2-3, D. M. Good- win; '74-5, G. W. Cooley ; '76, E. McDermott; '77, G. B. Cooley ; '78-9, W. A. Spaulding. The officers of 1880 were : I. M. Williams, T. I. M.; William Cheney, E,. I. D. M.: C. M. Foote, P. C. W., J. A. Schlener, Rec,; T. P. Hurley, Treas. Regular assemblies are held on the third Monday of each month. Adontram Council, No. 5, R. and S. M., Min- neapolis East. Charter was granted February 18th, 1876, by the Grand Council of Minnesota, George W. Cooley, Grand Master, to William Lochren, M. W. Getchell, P. L. Smith, H. M. Kent, Christopher Greeley, Jonathan Chase, J. W. Hennion, S. N. Whitney, E. C, Pratt, John Wil- son and R. S. Alden. The council was consti- tuted by George W. Cooley, G. M., March, 27th, 1876, at which time the following officers were elected: WUliam Lochren, T. I. M.; M. W. Getchell, D. M.; P. L. Smith, P. C. W.; W. C. Noble, Recorder. The offices T. I. M. and Recorder, have been since filled by the following: '76, W. Lochren, W. C. Noble; '77, P. L. Smithi W. C. Noble.; '78, O. A. Broughton, W. C. No- ble; '79, H. M. Kent, Solon Armstrong. In 1880, the following were elected, C. H. Benton, T. I. M.; W. E. Johnson, D. M.; O. A. Broughton, P. C. W.; Solon Armstrong, Recorder. Regular meetings are held on the second Monday of each month, at Masonic Hall, Minneapolis East. Zion Commandery No. 2, Knights Templar, was organized under dispensation granted by B. B. Prench, Grand Master, Knights Templar, for the United States, May 19th 1863. The first officers were: A. E. Ames, E. C; J. M. Eustis, G.; H. P. Balch, C. G. Charter was granted September 7th, 1865, by Hemy L. Palmer, Grand Master Knights Templar, United States. Com- mandery constituted by A. T. C. Pierson, Sep- tember 25th, 1865, A. E. Ames, E. C; G. A. Savory, Rec. Those offices have been filled as follows: '66, A. E. Ames, G. A. Savory; '67, R. S. Alden, H. L. Rocky; '68, J. I. Black, A. M. RadcUffe; '69, M. W. Getchell, H. G. Howe; '70, M. W. Getchell, Paul Pitzgerald; '71, H. L. Rocky, Paul Fitzgerald; '72, D. M. Goodwin, A. L. Scott: '73, A. A. Ames, J. F. Lowe; '74, J. I. Black, H. G. Hicks; '75, J. I. Black, A. L. Scott; '76, A. A. Ames, A. L. Scott; '77, E. McDermott, A. L. Scott; '78, E. McDermott, A. L. Scott; '79, J. I. Black, E. McDermott; '80, J. I. Black, E. McDermott. Meetings held at Masonic Hall, second Tuesday of each month. Darius Commandery, No. 7, Eiiights Templar, Minneapolis East. Dispensaton was granted by Eminent Sir Knight, George L. Otis, Grand Com- mander of Minnesota, February 1st, 1871. The first officers under dispensation were, R. S. Al- den, E. C; M. W. Getchell, G.; William Loch- ren, C. G.; E. S. Brown, recorder. Warrant was dated July 28, 1871, from the Grand Commandery of Minnesota, A. E. Ames, Grand Commander; officers, E. C. and recorder elected since date of charter are as follows, '71, R. S. Alden, E. S. Brown;' 72, William Lochren, E. C. Whitney; '73, WilUam Lochren, E. C. Whitney; '74, M. W. Getchell, George P. ToWnsend. '75, W. C. No- ble, C. P. Smith; '76-7-8, W. C. Noble, Solon Armstrong; '79, H. M. Kent, Solon Armstrong. The officers for 1880, were: P. L. Smith, E. C; T. G. Forster, G.; C. H. Benton, C. G.; Solon Armstrong, recorder. Regular meetings are held first Monday of each month at Masonic Hall, E. D. Excelsion Lodge of Perfection, No. 3, was in- stituted under authority granted to A. E. Ames, by S. W. McMasters, deputy of the state of Min- nesota. Charter was granted Jrme 23, 1873, by A. E. Ames, special deputy. The first officers were, R. S. Alden, G. M.; D. M. Goodwin, S. W.; M. W. Getchell, J. W.; G. B. Cooley, secretary. The officers for 1880, were, D. M. Goodwin, G. M.; J. H. Noble, S. W.; C. H- Ben- ton, J. W.; F. L. Smith, secretary. Lodge meets second Thursday of each month at Masonic Hall. St. Vincent de Paul, Chapter of Rose Croix, No. 1. Charter was granted December 13, 1873, from the sovereign Grand Council of the thirty- third degree, by Albert G. Mackey, Sovereign Grand Commander. The charter members were, A. E. Ames, D. B. Knickerbacker, G. L. Chase, D. M. Goodwin, E. B. Ames, Frank Beebe, J. W. Hennion, J. H. Noble, William Lochren, M. W. Getchell, M. P. Hawkins, E. M. Wilson, R. S. Al- den. The officers elected in 1880, were, William Lochren, M. W. M.: R. S. Inness, S. W.; J. H. Thompson, J. W.; F. L. Smith, secretary. Reg- 456 HISIOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Tilar meetings third Tuesday of each month at Masonic Hall. Minneapolis Consistory No. 2, thirty-first to and thirty-second degi-ees, was constituted April 27th, 1880, by G. W. Merrill of St. Paul. The oflScers are: C. H. Benton, M. of K.; S. E. Adams, prior ; J. H. Noble, preceptor ; J. H. Thompson, chancellor; E. McDermott, registrar. Lodge meets at Masonic Hall, East Division. Alfred Elisha Ames Preceptory No. 2, Knights of Kadosh, eighteenth to thirtieth degrees. Char- ter was granted March 20th, 18S0, by Albert Pike, and constitued by G. W. Merrill. The officers are: A. E. Higbee, C. H. Benton, H. G. Hicks; E. McDermott, recorder. The lodge meets on the fourth Thursday of each month at Masonic Hall. Minneapolis Chapter, No. 9, Order of the East- em Star, was organized, August 31st, 1874, with forty-six members, one-half of whom were ladies. The O. E. S. is a masonic degree which is con- ferred on the wives and daughters of masons only. In addition to the obiect of other masonic lodges it is intended to bring ladies and gentle- men together socially. The officers for 1874 were: Georgie P. Jones, worthy matron ; C. W. Putnam, worthy patron ; Ellen Putnam, associate matron ; Mary A. Goodrich, treasurer ; Sophia P. Munson, ' secretary. The officers for 1881 are, Kate Cove, W. M.; A. C. Brand, W. P.; Sarah Bell, Patten, secretary ; Cooley, treasurer ; Jacoby, conductor. Stated communications are held the first and third Tuesdays of each month at Masonic Hall, on Hennepin Avenue. Harmony Chapter, No. 8, Order of the Eastern Star, Minneapolis East.— The organization of this chapter was effected August 29th, 1874, in the hall of Cataract Lodge, No. 2, by D. W. Thomp- son, Deputy Grand Patron, and the following officers elected at that time: Sarah B. Arm- strong, "W. M.; William Lochren, W. P.; Hannah C. Conner, A. M.; Olive C. Davis, Secretary. The officers W. M. and Secretary have shice been as follows: 1874, Sarah B. Armstrong, Olive C. Davis; 1875, H. P. Conner, O. C. Davis; 1876, O. C. Davis, Mary S. Getchell ; 1877, Helen Valen- tine, Henrietta Kollett; 1878, Henrietta Rollett, Martha Sibley ; 1879, Harriet Weeks, Flora Moore. The officers elected in 1880 were: Lois Philbrick, W. M; Solon Armstrong, W. P.; Mary Pratt, A. M.; Flora Moore, Secretary. Regular meetings second and fourth Tuesdays of each month at Masonic Hall, East Division. St. Anthony and Minneapolis Typographical Union, No. 42.— On the evening of August 17th, 1859, eight of the eleven journeymen printers of St. Anthony and Minneapolis met in the office of the "St. Anthony Express" and organized a Print- ers' Union under the name of the " St. Anthony and Minneapolis Typographical Union," and elected the following board of officers: Daniel L. Pain, president; A. J. Underwood, vice-pres- ident; H. C. Shaw, financial secretary; A. C. Squires, corresponding secretary ; H. W. Ha- ven, recording secretary; J. B. Chaney, treas- urer. Immediate application was made for a charter from the National Union, which was promptly granted, bearing date of September 10th, 1859. The charter members were D. L. Pain, A. J. Underwood, A. C. Squires, H. C. Shaw, H. W. Haven, J. B. Chaney, Benj. Drake, W. C. Allan, William Harpt, James Mowatt and H. M. Metcalf. The Union was prosperous, hav- ing at one time on its list every journeyman printer within its jurisdiction. The war of the rebellion practically dissolved the organization, five of its members entering the Union army, viz: H. M. Metcalf, in the Fifth New Hamp- shire ; O. S. King, in the First Minnesota ; A. J. Underwood, C. W. T. Widstrand and J. B. Chaney, in the Second Company Minnesota Sharp Shooters, afterwards Company L, First Minne- sota. Of these five, two are dead— Metcalf killed in battle, and King died of consumption in Min- neapolis a year or two since. The other members are still working at the printing busmess in dif- ferent capacities. The charter and seal are still in the hands of the last President, J. B. Chaney. Minneapolis Typographical Union, No. 42. The Minneapolis Typograpliical Union is a branch of the International Typographical Union of North America, whose numbers now reach nearly two hundred. No. 42 formerly belonged St. An- thony Union, organized in 1859, which was dis- banded in 1862, by most of its members enlisting in the union army. The Minneapolis Union was organized in December, 1872, the preliminary meetings being held in the Tribune and Evening News rooms. The first officers elected were : Ja- cob Dreher, president ; William H. Hughes, treas- MINNEAPOLIS TUBN VEBEIN. 457 urer; William W. Lyon, vice-president; George McDonald, recording and corresponding secretary; Goddard Park, financial secretary ; J. H. Perry, sergeant at arms ; and a board of five directors. Its object is to cherish, protect and promulgate the interests and rights of the Union, to abolish injurious privileges, and bring under the con- straint of wholesome duty all its members. The organization was supported by nominal dues only, and the sick or distressed members received ben- efits, and all deceased members should have a hu- mane and Christian burial. The society has buried three of its members since its organiza- tion, two lying in " Lakewood," and one sent East to friends. A burial lot has been purchased in the above cemetery, and steps taken for the erec- tion of a suitable monument thereon. The of- ficers elected in January last for the year 1881 are: John McDonald, president; E. O'Brien, vice- president ; J. T. Mannix, recording and corres- ponding secretary; Charles S. Moore financial secretary ; C. B. C. Doherty, treasurer ; George S. Cyphers sergeant at arms ; executive board, John McDonald, W. A. Allen, T. A. Clark, J. B. Meacham. The society is flourish- ing, new members being added at every meeting. Meetings are held the first Sunday in every month. This day is selected to accommodate the morning newspaper printers. Minneapolis Turn Verein. This society was organized In April, 1862, with twenty-five mem- bers, who elected Adam Kegel president, Mathias Rothaker vice-president, N. Eossbach recording secretary, John Wall corresponding secretary, Albert Lieber financial secretary, John Foster treasurer, Rudolph Lieber term teacher. Lamb. Hays assistant term teacher, Gerhardt Boemchen warden. The first money invested was one hun- dred and fifty dollars. The first building for turning exercises was erected on First street, be- tween Third and Fourth Avenues north, on a leased lot, at a cost of about $1,500. In a short time the society increased, and at present has a membership of 107. In October, 1878, the hall was destroyed by fire. After the fire the society rented a hall in Dr. Evans' block, for temporary occupancy, to avoid any interruption in the gym- nastic exercises. In 1877, the society secured the services of Mr. Adler, a regularly educated term teacher, wbo remained with them nine mouths. when he resigned his position in favor of Charles O. Lampe, a gentleman who graduated from the seminary at Milwaukee. In July, 1879, the soci- ety bought a lot on Washington Avenue, comer of Fifth Avenue north, and erected a hall at a cost of iili24,000. This hall is fitted up in first- class style, with all necessary improvements in machinery and requirements of a first-class gym- nasium. At present the teacher and his assist- ants instruct about one hundred and fifty child- ren in gymnastics, besides the exercises the mem- bers of the society have under his direction and guidance. The objects of the society are as follows: "We, the Turners of the United States of America, through this union, under the name of the N. A. T. U., have in view the mutual encourage- ment of each other in the education of thorough- ly cultured men, intellectually and bodily. "We recognize in the diffusion of knowledge and the fostering of morals, the only means for a thorough reform in the social, political and re- ligious life. We advocate and strive after the development of a popular government on a genu- ine humane and popular basis. Every attempt at a restriction of religious toleration, as well as all abridgments of human rights, which oppose perfection and building up of our liberal institu- tions, will on this account be firmly resisted by us." The Union, of which this society is a branch, numbers now about 15,000 members in the United States. The present oflBcers are: John Forler, president; Henry HauschUd, vice-president; Gott- fried Bachner, recording secretary; Jacob Staff, corresponding secretary; Herman Westphal, fi- nancial secretary; Edward Bernstein, treasurer; Charles O. Lampe, teacher; John H. Roth, first assistant teacher; William Monasch, second as- sistant teacher; D. Lesskojus, warden and janitor. Sunday Science Club, organized October, 1880, by an association of students interested in sci- ence, to consider topics of natural and social sci- ence. They meet every Sunday afternoon from two, to four; the first hour is devoted to topics of natural science, and the second hour to social sci- ence. During the summer season they expect to do some field work in botany, geology, etc. Pres- ent officers, C. H. Du Bois, president; A. M. Greeley, vice-president; T. S. Curtis, secretary, V. Truesdale, treasurer. 458 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Lurline Boat Club of Minneapolis, organized and incorporated July 9tli, 1877. The present of- ficers are, L. E. Harrison, president; J. Kennedy, vice-president; W. W, Boss, secretary; Ed. B Clement, treasurer; A. J. Levering, captain; M" II. Eddy, coxswain-; directors, A. J. Levering, W. E. Burwell, A. A. Pond: L. E. Harrison, ten- dered his resignation December 1, 1880, which was accepted, and George Webster, elected to the vacancy. The club numbers forty members, and is in a flourishing condition, financially and oth- erwise. Their boat-house is located on the east side of Lake Calhoun. Minneapolis Driving Park Asssociation. This association was organized in March, 1880. It numbers one hundred members, and is in a pros- perous condition. The treasurer has at this date about five hundred dollars in the treasury. It is the intention of the association to make arrange- ments with the owners of the fair ground track to continue the use of the same for the en- suing year. The present officers are, P. C. Pills- bury, president; J. L. Cadwell, vice-president. J. C. Oswald, treasurer; S. B. Lovejoy, secretary; executive committee; J. C. Oswald, G. L. Cad- well, S. B. Lovejoy, F. C. Pillsbury, K. F. Jones, William Ensign. The Union Veteran Association of Hennepin county was organized June, 24th, 1880, pursuant to arrangements made at Grand Army lot, Lay- men cemetery on Decoration day, in 1880. About seventy-five comrades took part in the or- ganization. Meetings held second Tuesday of each month. First officers were: Col. R. C. Benton, president ; John P. Rea, first vice-president ; H. G. Hicks, second vice-president ; W. P. Roberts, secretary; C. A. Clauson, treasurer. Meetings held regularly until January, 1881, when it was unanimously resolved to organize the association into a post Grand Army of the Republic, and the result was George N. Morgan Post No. 4. Or- ganized January 18th, 1881, by AdamMaity, dep- puty commander, with forty-Iiye members. The first officers were: John P. Kea, ciimmander ; David M. Gilmore, senior vice-commander; Pres- ton Cooper, junior vice-commander ; William P. Roberts, adjutant ; Charles A. Clauson, quarter- . master ; Peter P. Swenson, officer of the day ; E. C. Babb, chaplain ; Alfred F. Foster, officer of the guard ; C. B. Tirrill, sergeant major ; Lewis Maish, quartermaster's sergeant. Meetings held on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month. The Bar Association of Hennepin County, was organized in 1872. The object of this asso- ciation is to foster courtesy and unity of senti- ment among its members; to raise the Bar of the county to the highest plane of efficiency and honor, and to further all projects tending to im- prove the law, and the practice of it. Any mem- ber of the bar of this county in good standipg, may become a member of this association by pay- ing an annual fee of two dollars, and subscribing to its articles of association. Officers, Judge A. H. Young, president ; C. H. Woods, secretary; Thomas Lowry, treasurer. The officers of the association form an executive committee, who may call meetings of the association when- ever they deem it necessary. This association is composed of twenty-two of the leading lawyers of the city. The last meeting of the association was held at the office, of Shaw, Levi and Cray, January 6th, 1881, at which time some important business connected with the Bar was transacted. The present officers are J. M. Shaw, president; C. M. Woods, secretary ; Thomas LoiftTj', treas- urer. The Junior Bar Association, organized Decem- ber 8th, 1879, with M. P. Koon, president ; C. G. Park, vice-president; John F. Byers, secretary, A. B. Ovitt, treasurer. This association was or- ganized for the purpose of mutual improvement. The design was to have lectures by able lawyers, and papers and discussions by members of the as- sociation. They have had some very interesting meetings, which have resulted in much benefit to its twenty members. The officers of 1879 still hold office. The Historical and Old Settlers Association of Minneapolis, was organized January 8th, 1867. The first meeting of the association was held at the office of Judge Atwater to perfect their or- ganization, and the election of the following offi- cers: A. E. .Vmes, M. D., president; Allen Har- mon and John Rollins, vice-presidents; Edwin Iledderly, treasurer; B. B. Meeker, secretary. The following gentlemen were appointed com- mittee on by-laws: Isaac Atwater, J. B. Bassett, Edward Murphy, James H. Canney, R. W. Cum- mings, A. B. Foster. Object : For the purpose of preserving in sound authentic form the early HUMANE SOCIETIES. 45S incidents and events connected with our settle- ment, as well as for the purpose of preserving friendships early formed and being cherished. It now has a membership of about two hundred and fifty. Its present officers are Col. John H. Stevens, president; Caleb Dorr, vice-president; R. P. Russell, treasurer; John G. Lennon, sec- retary. The Frohsinn Singing Society of Minneapolis was organized August 15th, 1879. The present officers are: Henry Hauschild, president; Will- iam Grotjen, vice-president; Joseph Ranch, treasurer ; Peter Weinand, secretary. Music Committee — Charles Pust, William Grotjen and Ferdinand Haase. Minneapolis Bycycle Club. — This club was or- ganized in March, 1880, and the following officers duly elected: C. H. Hathaway, president, C. J. Brown, secretary and treasurer; E. B. Clement, captain. It has at present twelve active mem- bers. Object — physical training. It is in a flour- ishing condition, financially and socially. The Minneapolis Art Association. — This asso- ciation was organized in the spring of 1881, the organizing committee consisting of Professor R. W. Laing, J. R. Wilson, Rev. T. M. Riley, C. H. Du Bois, Mrs. Dr. Murray and Miss Robson. The scope and object of the association are very well expressed in the following: The plan of the organization contemplates the securing of suita- ble rooms and appointments, the formation of an art library, the collection of works of art, course of lectures, the organization of art classes, stated exhibitions of works of art, including loan ex- hibits from Minneapolis and other cities, and such other means of aesthetic and general culture, as Ues within the province of similar associations. Its officers are as follows: W. S. Hinkle, presi- dent; G. B. Ku-kbride, vice-president; J. K. Wil-' son, secretary; E. H. Moulton, treasurer. The association starts off with over one hundred members, and with excellent prospects for the future. Harmonia. A German society, organized Feb- ruary 9th, 1861, for the purpose of cultivating singing, art, and education in general. The fol- lowing were the officers elected at the time of its organization: Alois Knoblauch, president ; Fred Guesmer, vice-president ; Heinrich Rippe, secre- tary ; Cornelius Frederich, treasurer. The Har- monia Society is in a very prosperous condition, the records showing a membership of one hun- dred and ninety-five. They have an excel- lent male-choir of thirty-two, and a mixed choir of seventy-two members. They also have theat- ricals, where much artistic skill is displayed. The present officers are : Peter Rauen, president ; John D. Myer, vice-president; Louis Cressler, recording secretary ; C. C. Schultz, financial sec- retary ; Alois Knoblauch, treasurer Minneapolis Moral and Humane Society. This society was organized November 25th, 1879. Its object shall be to aid in educating the children and youth of Minneapolis to be honest, moral and humane, both to human beings and to ani- mals. Section three provides that there shaU be nothing in its management to interfere with its receiving the full support of all good persons of all parties and churches whatsoever. Original officers : president. Rev. E. S. Williams ; vice- presidents, J. S. Pillsbury, A. C. Rand, General I. V. C. Reeve, Prof. W. W. Folwell, Major W. Lyman, Prof. O. V. Tousley, J. H. Tuttle, D. D., Rev. T. M. RUey, G. A. Brackett, Thomas Low- ry, D. C. Bell, A. B. Ovitt, WiUiam Burwell, Miss Ella Lindley ; secretary, Mrs. John Douglass. The duties of the office have from the first been discharged by Miss Abby A. Judson, who is the present secretary. The treasurer was Mrs. Paris Gibson. The meetings are held the first Tuesday of each month, at Miss Judson 's school-room, 411 Nicollet Avenue. Present officers are : Rev. Dr. J. H. Tuttle, president ; Rev. T. M. Riley, vice- president; Abby A. Judson, secretary; Mrs. Cummings, treasurer. Anti-Cruelty Society. This, called the Min- neapolis branch of Minnesota Anti-Cruelty So- ciety for the prevention of cruelty to animals, was organized in January, 1878; first president, Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, D. D., who has con- tinued its president ever since. First vice-presi- dents, O. V. Tousley, George A. Brackett, J. H. Clark; treasurer, W. H. Chamberlain; secretary and attorney, Albert B. Ovitt. Its object is to provide effective means for the prevention of cru- elty to animals within its jurisdiction, especially in the city of Minneapohs. Its annual meeting occurs on the second Tuesday in January of each year. Cottage Hospital. This excellent institution 460 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. was founded by the Brotherhood of Gethsemane, and opened for the reception of patients in March, 1871, in rented building, corner of Wash- ington Avenue and Ninth Avenue north. About five hundred dollars was secured for furnishing the building, from citizens of Minneapolis. Ma- sons and Odd Fellows contributed liberally to- wards it. In March, 1874, a house and lot, corner of Ninth Avenue south and Sixth street was purchased of Governor C. 0. Washburn, at a cost of six thousand five hundred dollars. Money being contributed by the citizens of Min- neapolis, and secured on the -solicitations of D. B. Knickerbacker D. D., superintendent. In 1879-80, two additional lots were purchased ad- joining its site, at a cost of $2,100, money con- tributed as before. The whole number of pati- ents received February 1st, 1881, is 1,102, of which about one third have been charity or free patients, one quarter private patients, the re- mainder, city and county. As yet, the Hospital has no endowment. It is hoped that by liberal donations or legacies of wealthy citizens of Min- neapolis, it may become a free hospital. Rev. D- B. Knickerbacker D. D., founder and superinten- dent; sister Annette, matron. Young Men's Christian Association. This asso- ciation was organized July 11, 1866, with the fol- lowing officers: David C. Bell, president ; Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh, vice-president; A. W. Wil- liamson second vice-president ; J. A. Wolverton, corresponding secretary; C. J. Johnson, recording secretary; C. D. Davidson, treasurer. The rooms first occupied were situated between First street and the Suspension bridge. Several other places were occupied from time to time, until 1877, when the association leased part of the Market building for a term of ten years, and fitted it up with a hall capable of seating 1,100 persons, and a parlor used as a lecture room, a reading room, and a gymnasium. They also have a room that they rent to the W. C. T. U., in which they hold meetings. In September, ] 877, they gave up the use of the hall in the Market houst^ receiving the balance of the room free for so doing. Upon their tables for free reading can be found about sixty periodicals, and readers are found for all of them. A membership fee of two dollars per year entitles one to the use of the gymnasium, which is liberally patronized. The rooms are open every week day from 8 A. M. to 9 p. M. The secretaries office is in the building, where he can be found during open hours, ready to give any information required by the needy or curious. The member- ship in 1878 was 149. Finding themselves weak financially they concluded not to engage a secretary for that year. From having no one to particular- ly look after the affairs of the association, it de- clined to' about ninety. J. C. Huntington was elected secretary December 1st, 1879. Since then the membership has increased and February 15th, 1881, they had about three hundred members. The present officers are: George Blake, presi- dent ; G. B. Bradbury and D. D. Whitney, vice- presidents; G. R. Lyman, treasurer ; W A.Ram- sey, recording secretary; J. C. Huntington, general secretary. Regular meetings of the board the second Monday of each month. Minneapolis Free Dispensary. This institu- tion was founded in 1878, by Hon. C. A. Pills- bury, George A. Brackett, C. M. Loring, A. B. Barton, B. S. Jones. Its object is to treat with- out charge any of the deserving poor who may apply. It is located at No. 208 Second street south. The buildings are owned and held in trust by the present board of directors. The in- stitution is chartered. It has treated nearly 3,000 patients since its organization. During the year ending December 31st, 1880, 1,292, patients were treated. It is open from 1 to 2 p. m. each day, Sundays excepted. A couple of competent physicians and surgeons are in attendance. It has been supported almost entirely by the liberal- ity of a few of the directors. Some funds, medi- cine and clothing have been furnished by drug- gists and others. Contributions may be handed to the treasurer, E. S. Jones, which will be prop- erly applied. The present officers are: George A. Pillsbury, president; F. S. Hinkle, secretary; E. S. Jones, treasurer; directors — C. M. Loring, A. M. Keith, G. A. Brackett, C. A. Pillsbury. The Woman's Christian Association. This as- sociation was organized in 1868 for the relief of the poor and distressed. Its officers are: Mrs. C. G. Goodrich, president; Mrs. A. C. Morgan and Mrs. Dr. Lindley, vice-presidents; Mrs. J. B. Hanson, recording secretary; Mrs. A. C. Morgan, corresponding secretary; Mrs. S. F. Hance, treas- urer. Report of the finance committee for the year 1880: received from Free Baptist church, TEMPEBANCE SOCIETIES. 461 $23.30; First Presbyterian, f 6.75; Plymoutli Con- gegational, $195.62; First Baptist church, $90.50; Westminster, $93.50; Centenary Methodist, $98.- 93; Friends, $10.95; Seventh Street Methodist, $9.00; Second Congregational, $22.80; FranMin Avenue Methodist, $8.77; excursion to Lake Park, $76.58; concert for Industrial school, $140.00; Thanksgiving collection, $77.25; miscellaneous contributions, $169.35. Total, $1,023.20. Dis- bursements: visitors' salary, $600; for benev- olent purposes, $103.31; expense of Gospel meet- ings, $5.92; paid treasurer of home, $36.12; ward- robe for visitors' use, $7.87; for musical instruc- tion for Industrial school, $12.00; for organ, $97.- 00. Balance, $160.98. Total, $1,023.20. The Woman's Home is connected with the Woman's Christian Association, and is a branch of the work. It was organized in 1875. Its par- ticular object is to furnish board at low rates, to working girls in want of such a home. It is called the woman's boarding-house, and gives them the advantages of a good home, which they could not otherwise obtain ; also furnishing temporary lodg- ings and meals for those who are unable to pay for them, and thus keeping them from begging. During the past year they have given about twenty-seven.weeks board without compensation. Board ranges from two to five dollars per week, depending on the size and location of the room. The table advantages are the same to all. The new building cost $12,000, and is paid for in full. It is located at No. 409 Sixth street south, has accommodations for thirty boarders, and is in charge of a matron. Its present officers are: Mrs. A. F. Hale, president ; Mrs. Charles Gove, vice-president; Mrs. E. V. White, secretary; Mrs. E. S. Jones, treasurer ; reception committee, Mrs. Dr. Luidley, Mrs. W. M. Harrison, Mrs. A. F. Hale; purchasing committee, Mrs. Levi Butler, N. M. Harris. The industrial school. This is another branch of the work of the Woman's Christian Association. It was conducted Saturday afternoons during the winter, and is designed to teach the children of the poor to sew, presenting them with the gar- ments after they are made up. One hundred and twenty-seven children were taught during the past year. Average attendance of teachers, twelve. Average scholars, forty. Superintendent, secretary and treasiurer, Miss E. Taylor and Miss Emily J. Gray. There is another department of the Woman's Christian Association, viz., the vis- iting of the poor and relieving them by small do- nations of money, but chiefly by donations of clothing. The lady visitor, Miss Emily J. Gray, is hired by the association, and gives her entire services to the work. During the year past she has made 672 visits, and received 827. Families visited, 170. Articles of clothing received, 2,531. Articles of clothing distributed, 2,000. Articles of bedding received, seventy-three. Articles of bedding distributed, sixty-one. Families assisted with groceries, provisions, and fuel, sixty-nine. Families assisted by rent and loans, fifteen. Per- sons assisted by furnishing work, twenty. Num- ber of books received, sixty. Number of books lent, fifty-six; given away, eight. Number of papers, tracts, and periodicals given away, 1,415. Number of meetings held, seventy. The Catholic Orphan Asylum for boys only. Third street and Sixth Avenue north. This is a diocesan institution under the charge of the Sis- ters of St. Joseph, eight of whom have forty-two orphans boys in their care. The asylum for girls is located at St. Paul. The asylum is supported by annual collections made at Easter, and by vol- untary contributions. The managers are a cor- poration of which the Bishop of St. Paul is pres- ident, and is composed, of six laymen and four priests. Children are given for adoption to those only who are of excellent character and have no children. The larger boys are sent to the indus- trial school at Clontarf , Swift county. Minneapolis Temperance Eeform Club. This society was organized in June, 1877, and is the result of a temperance revival held in Market hall by Thomas N. Doutney, of Burlington, Ver- mont, assisted by W. W. Satterlee and other local workers. A. H. Young was elected the first president of the club. It is the largest organiza- tion of the kind in the north-west, has about four thousand members, and holds two or three meetings each week. The principal officers are, G. L. Eobinson, president; L. Eoberts, secretary; W. W. Satterlee, chaplain. St. Anthony Lodge, No. 1, 1. O. G. T. Lodge was organized, October 8th, 1859, by Dr. John Quegley, one of the pioneer temperance workers of the state. It was located in St. Anthony, and remained there until 1879, when it was suspended 462 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. for a brief period, and reinstated by J. C. Irving, in the west division. The principal officers are, M. P. Satterlee, W. C. T.; Florence Stedman, W. V. T.; E. Witchie, W. S.; Silas Moffitt, L. D. The lodge meets every Saturday evening at Hush's hall. Minne-ha-haLodge,'No. 6, I. O. G. T. This lodge organized with thirty charter members, only two of whom, S. T. Ferguson and C. W. , Clark, are now members. At one time after the war, the lodge had four hundred members in good standing, and now has about four thousand. The first principal officers were, C. W. Clark, W. C. T.; Mrs. L. M. Chapman, W. V. T.; J. A. WilUams, secretary; Mifs Lucy Adair, treasurer; F. H. Hill, marshal. Father Matthew Total Abstinence Society, Im- maculate Conception Parish, Minneapolis, organ- ized in 1869, with fourteen charter members. The first officers were : Morris Gleason, presi- dent ; John Kennedy, secretary ; Stephen Mc- Bride, treasurer. The average number of mem- bers per year on the roll for six years is 122 ; number who took the pledge and joined in six years, 243; the members in good standing now number seventy. The present officers are: A. B. Page, president ; J. B. Doherty, vice-presi- dent; James Burns, recording secretary; P. H. Prendergast, treasurer. "Women's Christian Temperance Union was organized April 11th, 1877. The first officers were: Mrs. T. B. Walker, president ; Mrs. C. M. Boardman, secretary; Mrs. O. S. Griffith, treas- urer. The present officers are : Mrs. B. H. Tripp, president; Mrs. O. J. Griflith, correspond- ing secretary ; Miss A. M. Henderson, recording secretary; Mrs. H. T. Moffitt, treasurer. Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society was organ- ized for charitable purposes in April, 1877. Pres- ent officers : Mrs. Mary Werth, president; Mrs. M. Wilks, secretary; Mrs. C. SkoU, treasurer. This society is in good financial condition, and is doing a good work among the poor of all denom- inations. The Minnesota Temperance and Prohibition Alliance was formed for the purpose of bringing the temperance cause into shape politically, and was incorporated April 1, 1880. The officers to be chosen annually, and meetings to be held in February of each year. The officers are: Miner Ball, president; M. T. Anderson, secretary; Silas Moffitt, treasurer. Directors— J. M. Durnam, R. P. Lupton, A. Willey, C. J. West, G. W. Green, W. W. Slocum, J. C. Child, J. E. Stewart, J. C. Stearns, W. H. Knowles. Brotherhood of Gethsemane- was organized February, 1869, with the following officers : Kev. D. B. Knickerbacker, D. D., president ; A. E. Ames, M. D., vice-president; W. H. Chamber- lain, treasurer; S. B. Cowdry, secretary. The object of this organization is to promote church work among the laymen of Gethsemane parish, by means of an effort that shall conduce to mu- tual sympathetic improvement, and to systema- tise work of mercy to the bodies and souls of all who need its ministrations. Each member signs the following declaration: "I desire to engage in church work in union with the Brotherhood of the Church of Gethsemane, and I agree to per- form to the best of my ability, the duties which may be assigned to me in accordance with its provisions." Present officers: D. B. Knicker- backer, D. D., president; O. T. Tuttle, vice- president; F. B. Dodge, secretary; W. H. Cham- berlain, treasurer. Board of managers, Dr. W. D. Lawrence, S. A. Marsh, J. A. Thompson. The Brotherhood of Gethsemane owns the fol- lowing property: Cottage hospital, value including furniture, etc., $13,000; St. Andrew's chapel, |2,000; Grace chapel, |1,000; Minnetonka chapel, $1,000; Oak Grove chapel, $1,000; lots, $100. Ladies Missionary and Parish Aid Society or- ganized in 1857. President, Mrs. M. B. Harvey; secretary and treasurer. Miss Mary F. Abraham. It has been in active operation ever since, and has done much good work for the parish of G^eth- semane, having raised on an average about three hundred dollars a year for parochial and mission- ary work. President, Mrs. A. B. Coe; secretary and treasurer, Mary T. Abraham. Young Ladies Association organized in 1870, and has been a useful auxilliary in the work of Gethsemane church. Officers — Miss Kate Len- non, president; Miss Etta Thompson, secretary and treasurer. Irving Club. Young Peoples Association,which existed several years, for the promotion of literary pursuits, was merged in the winter of 1880-1, into the Irving Club, an active association having the same object in view. CEUBCH OBQANIZATIONS. 463 CHAPTER LXXII. CHUECHES. Aside from their distinctive influence as God's instruments for the salvation of men, churches have a conservative influence on society that is felt even by those who never pass their thresh- olds. The foreign element vehich constitutes so large a proportion of the population of the north-west, impregnates society with the usages of the old world. Foreigners, who come here to enjoy the advantages of our institutions, seem to forget that in so far as their old country practices are substi- tuted for those of the country of their adoption, just so far, it becomes like what was left behind and their investments here as well as their pros- pects are diminished in value. Doubtless the puritan estimate of the Sabbath, which has already become unpopular even in New England, will become more and more obsolete, and can never find harborage in the so- ciety of the north-west, still the time must come when a respectful observance of the Sabbath will be considered the only respectable usage. The influence, which must bring about this re- sult and operate as the conservator of society against the counter-influence of increasing for- eign population, must come from the great con- servator, the church. The church must restrain Sabbath-breaking, drunkenness, licentiousness and all the array of vices, not alone by converting men, as the term is commonly understod, but by controlling public opinion and making all irregu- larities of life disreputable. The Bible is always in the vanguard of civilization and homes cannot exist without churches. The external church is a religious organization, and its indicator the church edifice, are each respected by all, and, though the latter is often a means of display, or the result of a superstition that did not die with the temporal power of the pope, viz: that munifi- cent gifts buy indulgence for sin, still they are usually the outgrowth of deep religious sentiment. Such we may charitably believe influenced the establishment of all forms of Christian religion here represented; witness the missionary strug- gles by which the territory was first pre-empted for the cross and the self-sacrificing labors of the pioneers, to build and sustain them in their in- fancy. The names Pond, Riggs, Williamson, Fathers Galtier and Raveaux, and many others are immortal. The feeble beginnings have long since given place to strong organizations and the field, first occupied by one church, is shared by many. Minneapolis has to-day sixty churches, representing nearly all the denomina- tions which accept the Bible as their basis of faith. The Methodists are represented by eleven, the Baptists and Episcopalians each by eight, the Scandinavian Lutheran by seven, the Catholics by six, the Presbyterians by five, the Congrega- tionalists by four, the Evangelical Association and the German Lutheran each by two, the Ad- ventists. Friends, Hebrews and Universalists each by one. Many of these churches have houses of worship that are models of architecture and internal finish. The Church of the Redeemer stands foremost, and is a witnes of the generosity of its founders; the Plymouth, St. Marks and Immaculate Conception are important features of the city. Several in process of construction by societies, that have outgrown in numbers and wealth, their more modest quarters, will rival those now in existence. The Westmenster on Nicollet Avenue, and the Hennepin Avenue Tabernacle exhibit already, evidence of their fu- ture stateliness. CATHOLIC CHURCHES. In 1838, St. Anthony was included in the Dio- cese of Archbishop Henni, of Milwaukee, and under his direction, Father Galtier visited this place as a missionary. Two years later Father Raveaux, then stationed atMendotaand St. Paul, purchased the land where now stands the ohurch and other buildings of the St. Anthony of Pa- dua, and in 1849, commenced the frame building, flrstusedasa church. In 1851, Father Ledow was stationed here, and at once set about the completion of the church, building a residence at the same time. He was succeeded in 1855, by Father FayoUe, who remained until 1860, during which time he commenced the erection of the present church edifice, a stone building 65x140 feet, on the corner of Ninth Avenue north and 464 HISTORY OF SENNEPIN COVNTY. Main street, East Division. In the summer of 1860, his overtaxed mental powers yielded to the weight of financial embarrassment, and necessi- tated his removal. lie is still living, an inmate of an Asylum in St. Louis, Missouri. Following the removal of the unfortunate Father Fayolle, in June, 1860, Father John McDermott arrived here and remained in charge until 1866, completing the church, and building a school-house, and es- tablishing the first parochial school in the city. In November, 1866, Father Tissot took charge, and the spring following, began the erection of the present substantial stone residence, the wood- en building having been assigned to other pur- poses. Another school-house for a boys' school was built in 1870, and in 1874, still another be- tween the two buildings already finished with ad- joining wall, thus uniting all under one roof. The conventional and parochial church of Holy Kosary, is situated on the corner of Fifth street and Ninteenth Avenue south. It was built by Father Power, and dedicated on Eosary Sunday, 1878. It is a neat wooden building, 50x120 feet in size, and pleasantly located. Order of St. Benedict. — The first members of this order who came to Minnesota arrived at St. Paul in May, 1856, and on March 6th, 1857, were granted a charter from the territorial legis- lature. Since then their numerical strength has steadily increased, rmtil now they are among the most vigorous sectarian bodies in the state, hav- ing two churches in Minneapolis, under whose supervision are two schools in the city, and two missions in Hennepin county. The first church built in Minneapolis by this order was under the direction of Father Gahr, who organized a society here about the year 1859, and the same year built a church on the comer of Fourth street and Six- teenth Avenue north-east, which in 1866 was re- moved to No. 1001 Main street north, and subse- quently torn down and used in building the Sisters' house on the grounds of the St. Boniface church. The priests who have successively been in charge of the organization here are: Fathers Sherer, Korring, Meyer, Maly, llillmer, Holtzer, Wirth, Mockren, and Kajgelj,the present incum- bent. The order has built and now owns the two following churches. St. Boniface Church, O. S. B.— This elegant structure is located on the corner of Seventh Av- enue north and Second street, East Division. It was built in 1873, under the direction of Father Wirth, and is of modern design 45x90 feet. In connection with the church is a school under the direction of the Sisters of Christian Charity. They occupy a building 28x60 feet, with three class rooms, and have an average daily attend- ance of one hundred and twenty-five pupils. The St. Joseph's Church is a wooden structure 35x80 feet, and is located on the corner of Second street and Tenth Avenue north. It was built in 1870, and used as a mission school until 1875, be- ing visited at regular intervals by Fathers Hill- mer, Holtzer and Wirth, in the order of their succession. In 1875 it was converted into a par- ish, with Father Stuckenkamper in charge. He at once commenced the erection of a fine resi- dence, which has since been occupied by himself and his successors. FoUovnng him in the order given were Fathers Capser, Kuisle, and in Janu- ary, 1879, Father Salzeder, the present incumbent, who is ably assisted by Father Bader. The church now includes about one hundred families — all Germans. The Church of the Immaculate Conception is an elegant and imposing stone structure, located on the corner of Third street and Third Avenue north. The building is cruciform, 135x65 and 68 feet. Its erection was commenced in 1868 and finished in 1871. Standing by the side of it is Catholic Association Hall, a commodious brick building erected in 1879-'80. The basement ia devoted to the total abstinence and benevolent associations. The upper or second floor is divid- ed through the center by folding doors, by which arrangement it may be used as a single hall or as two rooms. The ground on which this church stands was purchased by Fatlier McDermott in January, 1866, during his connection with St. An- thony of Padua. He also erected a two-story school-house on the grounds the same year, which remained until 1878, when it was destroyed by fire. Our Lady of Lourdes. In 1877 Father Brunei arrived here from Canada, and organized a society from the Canadian French then belonging to Father Tissot 's church. The stone building on Prince street, formerly used by the Universalists, was purchased, and is now known as the church of Our Lady of Lourdes. Eev. Z. L. Chandon- METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. 465 net succeeded Father Brunei in December, 1879, and is still in charge PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. Between the years of 1860 and 1866, Father McDermott arrived in the city of Minneapolis, and built the first school-house in which a paro- chial school was opened in the city. The school is located near the corner of Ninth Avenue north and Main street, East Division. Another school- house was erected for boys in 1870, and in 1874 still another, between the two buildings already finished, with adjoining walls, thereby uniting all under one root. St. Boniface church, O. S. B. have a school lo- cated on the corner of Seventh Avenue north and Second street. East Division, built in 1873, which is under the supervision of the Sisters of Chris- tian Charity. They occupy a building 28x60, with three class-rooms, and have an average daily at- tendance of one hundred and twenty-five pupils. The Convent of the Holy Angels, under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Joseph, was es- tablished in the fall of 1877, and is located at the corner of Third street and Second Avenue north. In the convent is a private school for girls, con- ducted by Sister St. John. All the higher branches are taught, and the thoroughness of the teacher is manifested in the high standing of the gradu- ates. The average number of pupils is about eighty. In connection with the convent is the Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, a society estab- lished several years since, presided over by one of thfe sisters, and is open to all young ladies of the parish. Its object is mutual intercourse, devo- tional exercises, and the general improvement of the young girls. Another society, accessible only to the students of the convent, is called the So- dality of the Holy Angels. It was organized in 1874, its object being mutual improvement and devotional exercises. The Convent of St. Joseph's, O. S. B., in con- nection with the Church of St. Joseph's, was es- tablished in the autumn of 1875, under the direc- tion of the Sisters of St. Benedict. It is in a separate building of two rooms, one twenty-four feet square, the other 20x32 feet. The average daily attendance is one hundred. The Convent of Holy Kosary. Standing, on the same grounds with the church of this name, is 30 the convent, which is under the direction of Father Power. It is a neat brick building, 45x 92 feet, aad two stories high, with basement of stone. It contains a large number of airy and very comfortable rooms. The educational de- partments are in charge of the Dominican sisters. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. The First Methodist Episcopal Church was or- ganized in St. Anthony, in 1849, Enos Stephens pastor. Very little reliable information can be obtained as to the early struggles, difficulties and successes of the old St. Anthony church. Kev. Mr. ISTewcomb was, we believe, the next preacher. Rev. E. C. Jones his successor. During his ad- ministration the old St. Anthony church was be- gun, in 1852. This was one of the first, if not tlie first Methodist church edifice in the state. It was in its day a fine building, and could it speak to-day, would tell of many a glorious vic- tory won for God. It was enlarged from time to time by different pastors, until the pastorate of the Kev. W. W. Satterlee, in 1871-2, when it was sold for secular purposes, to make room for the new building. The parsonage was built by Eev. S. BoUes, and was then as it is yet, one of the best in the conference. Rev. J. R. Creighton succeeded Rev. S. G. Gale, and was succeeded in the following order: Rev. Harvey Webb, Rev. J. W. Martin, Rev. T. McClary in October, 1878, who is still occupying the field. The Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1855, with Rev. William C. McDon- ald as the first pastor. In 1857 Mr. McDonald was succeeded by Rev. J. D. Rich, under whose direction the first church was built, on the high ground opposite Washingtion school building on Third Avenue south. The building and ground at that time was valued at .|4,000. In 1858, Rev. T. M. Gossard was appointed pastor, followed in 1859 by Rev. J. O. Rich, whose successor, Rev. J.F. Chaffee, presided over the church during the years 1860 and 1861. In September, 1862, Rev. D. Cobb was appointed pastor, and was returned in 1863. At this time the church numbered 167 members, seventeen on probation, and two local preachers. The Sunday-school at this time had enrolled 240 scholars and possessed a library of 700 volumes. In 1863-4 the lots where the church and par- 466 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. sonage now stand, corner of First Avenue, south and Seventh street, were purchased and paid for by the Ladies' Aid Society, of which Mrs. Wil- liam M. Harrison was president. In 1864 Eev. Dr. John Quigley took charge for two years and was relieved by Kev. J. F. Chaffee, under whose ad- ministration of three years the present church was built and dedicated. At this time Centenary was the only Methodist church in Minneapolis. The next pastor was Rev. J. W. McGregor, of Ohio. He remained one year and was followed by G. C. Wells. Duiing the pastorate of Mr. Wells the parson- age was built. Mr. Wells dying shortly after its completion, Kev. Mr. Pasig was appointed to complete his unexpired term. Next came Eev. A. Hollington, who remained one year, and Rev. S. McChesney, the latter stay- ing two years. During the second year of Mr. McChesney 's administration, about seventy-four of the members became dissatisfied with the govern- ment of the church, and organized what is now known as the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Epis- copal Church. At the close of his second year here, Mr. Mc- Chesney was transferred back to Chicago, and Rev. D. Cobb appointed in his place. Mr. Cobb remained two years, and at the close of the sec- ond yeai the church numbered 318 members, with twenty-five on probation. The Sunday-schooj had 445 scholars, thirty-seven ofiicers and teach- ers, with Col. P. Hooker, superintendent. After an administration of two years Mr. Cobb was succeeded by Rev. S. W. Lloyd, who staid one year, and was followed by the present pastor, Rev. Dr. Van Anda, of Rochester, New York. The present membership is 354. The sunday-school is conducted by forty-one ofiBcers and teachers, has 507 scholars enrolled, and an average attend- ance of 409. The church is valued at $40,000, and the parsonage at |6,000. The Hennepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1875 by a secession of about ninety members from Centenary church. The Sunday-school was organized in the Quaker church. The present church building was com- menced in the middle of the winter, and in six weeks was pushed to completion, at an expense of about three thousand dollars, and dedicated by Rev. J. F. Chaffee, the present pastor. Rev. Alonzo Hollington, the first pastor, continued un- the fall of 1876; then Rev. C. M. Hmrd from 1876 to 1879. The present pastor, Rev. J. F. Chaffee, came in 1879. The membership of the church is at present 190; the Sunday-school connect- ed with the church has a membership of 250, under the charge of II. D. Wood, superintend- ent. The new church now building on the corner of Tenth street and Hennepin Avenue, is of red brick, a beautiful and stately edifice, which, when completed, will cost about sixty thousand dollars. The plan includes arrangements for one of the finest and largest Sunday-school rooms in the city. The Seventh Street Methodist Episcopal Church was started by a proposition from H. G. Harrison to give the entire bill of lumber; T. A. Harrison, |1,500; Mrs. A. H. Goheen, if 800; L. Day & Soiis, ^500. October, 1870, Rev. J. F. Chaffee, city missionary, prosecuted the work to completion. The organization took place at a meeting held in the Vine street church, with thirty-nine members. The church, costing $7,000 was dedicated July 9th, 1871, and is located between Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues south. On the 16th, a Sabbath school was organized with ninety members. Rev. T. McClary was appointed pastor from the Wino- na conference in 1872. Rev. W. W. Satterlee is now filling the desk. Has 250 members. Sun- day-school, 175 members. The North Minneapolis Misssion, now Wash- ington Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, was organized February 25th, 1872. A Sunday-school was organized on the Sunday following, with fifteen members, N. R. Robinson, superintendent. A chapel costing $2,200 was dedicated by Bishop Merrill in 1872. In September, 1872, at the con- ference held in Winona, Rev. John Stafford was apppointed its first pastor at which time its mem- bership was thirty-five, and its Sunday-school, sixty-six scholars; present pastor. Rev. J. A. Berry. The Franklin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, was formed by the action of the Winona conference, held at Anoka, October, 1873, and a society organized during the same month with the Rev. S. T. Sterrett as first pastor. Rev. N. M. Learned is the present pastor. The church has a membership of about eighty-flve; when he came it had about sixty-eight members. Present PEHSBTTERIAN CHVRCBES. 467 number of Sunday-school scholars, one hundred and twenty-five, with J. T. Wyman, superinten- dent, and K. W. Wing first assistant; Mrs. N. M. Learned, second assistant. In May, 1871. the first Sunday-school was organized. Washington Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. At the Minnesota conference held in Mankato September 27th, 1871, Bishop Simpson presiding. Rev. T. McClary was appointed to what was then known as the Seventh Street and North Mission church, MinneapoUs. February 27th, 1872, a meeting was held in the German chapel, resulting in the organization of the pres- ent Washington Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. March 10th following, a Sunday-school was organized in the German chapel, N. E. Rob- inson superintendent, with eighty scholars. A library costing |100 and an organ costing |140 was purchased for the school. July following the Sunday-school was held in the new building. A lot on the corner of Seventh street was donated to the society by William Gaslin. June 1st) 1872, work was commenced on the church build- ing, which was completed July 31st, 1872, at a cost of 12,200, and dedicated by Bishop Ames. The first communion service August 4th, follow- ing. Rev. John Stafford followed Rev. Mr. Mc- Clary, under whose administration the chuixih had great prosperity. In October, 1880, the oflB- cial board invited the Rev. J. R. Berry, a mem- ber of the upper Iowa conference. He was trans- ferred by Bishop Andrews to the Minnesota con- ference, and assigned to the pastorate by Bishop Harris. The Second German M. E. Church is located comer of Second street and Tenth Avenue north- east. The first meeting was held in an old school house in 1855, and the first pastor was Rev. Mr. Roth, assisted by Rev. Mr. Spearman. Services were held in different places until 1861, when the present church was located, and is now un- der the care of Rev. J. M. JMippold. A parson- age costing about fifteen hundred dollars, is con- nected with the church. The First German Methodist Episcopal Church, corner of Fifth street and Fourth Avenue south, was organized in October, 1866, with the Rev. J. Schmell for first pastor, who continued for three years, succeeded by Rev. J. Schaefer who labored three years, succeeded by Rev. Henry Boettcher for four years, succeeded respectively by Rever- ends F. Kopp, C. Nachtriets and J. Schneider, the present pastor in charge. It has a growing Sun- day-school of about sixty members. The church, too, has grown from ten to eighty-two members. The Norwegian Methodist Episcopal Church is located on Nineteenth Avenue south between Fifth and Sixth streets. The first organization was effected in July, 1873, by Rev. J. H. Johnson with ten members. The first preacher in charge was Rev. N. Christopherson, who took charge No- vember 28th, 1873; he was succeeded by Rev. J. Jacobson for one year, who was followed by Rev. L. A. Larson for three years; then Rev. B. Olin followed for two years, who was succeeded by Rev. Mart. Nelson now in charge. The present membership is thirty-five, and is in a growing and prosperous condition. First Swedish Methodist Episcopal Church, 343 Cedar Avenue, was organized in February, 1873. After encountering many difficulties, the build- ing of a house of worship was undertaken, under the leadership of Rev. C. G. Nelson ; in. Septem- ber, 1873, a subscription was circulated; the money raised and in October following, the foun- dation was laid, and in December, 1873, this young society had anew church costing $4,000, and while enjoying the feast of dedication the debt was paid in full. In 1879 a parsonage was commenced under the administration of Rev. A. G. Johnson the present pastor, and in 1880 was completed, and the church is now in a flourishing condi- tion. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES. Andrew Presbyterian Church. During the winter of 1849-50, Mr. Neill preached every other Sunday afternoon at the falls of St. Anthony. In July, 1850, Rev. William T. Wheeler, former- ly a Congregational missionary to Africa, com- menced preaching at the request of Mr. Neill. The members being mostly Presbyterians it was decided to call it "The First Presbyterian Church of St. Anthony." Rev. Charles Seccombe, who succeeded Mr. Wheeler, persuaded the congrega- tion to drop the name of Presbyterian, and it is now known as the Congregational society of Min- neapolis, East Division. On the 23d day of August, 1857, a committee of the St. Paul Pres- bytery, consisting of Rev. John G. Reiheldaffer and Rev. H. Maltby, re-organized the "First 468 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Presbyterian Church of St. Anthony." The fol- lowing persons were the first members, viz : Mrs. Margaret Edwards, Samuel H. Lea, Joseph Van Eman, Mrs. Sarah "\'an Eman, Richard Chute and Mrs. Mary E. Chute. Richard Chute was elected ruling elder, installed by Rev. Mr. Maltby, and was appointed clerk of sessions. Mr. Chute held this office until July 10, 1867, when he resigned and Gen. H. P. Van Cleve filled the of- fice until 1878. In June, 1858, the church called Rev. David Stevenson, but he declined and re- commended Rev. Levi Hughes, of Logansport, Indiana. By an arrangement with Westminster Church, whicli was organized the same day, Mr. Hughes was called to preach in both churches at a salary of ^11,000 per year. David Edwards do- nated the use of his hall and on the evening of October 7, 1858, the first prayer meeting was held in "Edwards Hall," with five present. Oc- tober 10, 1858, the Sunday-school was organized with six teachers and twelve scholars ; Orrin Cur- tiss was chosen superintendent. On January 16th, 1860, notice was received from Rev. H. I. Coe, corresponding secretary of the Church Extension Company, at St. Louis, that the board had appropriated 1^1,000, the gift of the Misses Andrew, of New York city, for the pur- pose of aiding in the erection of a house of wor- ship. In May, 1860, Rev. Mr. Hughes and family removed to Bloomington, Indiana. Eor six months preceeding his removal, he had seldom preached, though pubUc worship had been con- ducted by lay members reading appropriate ser- mons. In September following, Mr. McKee was called to the pastorate of the two churches, re- maining until 1865. By an act of the legislature of Minnesota, passed January 30th, 1861, the name of this church was changed from the "First Presbyterian Church of St. Anthony" to "An- drew Presbyterian Church" in honor of Mrs. Catherine Andrew and her daughter, who donated $1,000 and a bell. The church was erected on Second street, and was formally dedicated April 14, 1862. Rev. R. P. Sample supplied the pulpit from June 17th, 1866, to March, 1868, when he accepted a call to Westminister Church of Minneapolis. During his ministry, thirty- four were added to the church. Rev. David Pel- ton, of Pennsylvania, presided from March 1st, 1869, to March 1st, 1870. During the pastorate of Rev. Isaac W. Monfert, from May 1st, 1870, to July, 1872, the church was removed in Novem- ber and December, 1870, to its present site on Fourth street. Rev. David Stewart was the next pastor, from August 1st, 1872, to May, 1875. From May 16th, 1875, to May 26th, 1877, Rev. E. J. Thompson, professor of mathematics at the university, supplied the pulpit, and was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. Carlos T. Chester, to whom the chm-ch extended a call in February, 1877. At the time he received the call, Mr. Chester was a senior in Auburn Theological Sem- inary, of Auburn, New York, from which he graduated May 10th, 1877, and arriving in Min- nesota the latter part of that month, preached his first sermon, Sunday, June 2d, 1877; was or- dained and installed by the St. Paul Presbytery on the 7th day of August, 1877. From June, 1877, to January 1st, 1881, seventy-eight were ad- ded to the chiu-ch. The church has a full board of ruling elders. The Park Avenue Presbyterian Church. The First Presbyterian church of Minneapolis was or- ganized May 22d, 1853, by Rev. G. H. Pond, with thirteen members. It continued to exist with some degree of prosperity until July 22d, 1860, when, from various adverse influences, its mem- bers were scattered. For about five years regular public worship had been suspended. The church was re-organized August 19th, 1860. by the Rev. A. G. Ruliflson, with what remained of the orig- inal membership of the church, together with nine members of the First Presbjiierian Church of Minnesota, at Minne-ha-ha, and eight other per- sons who presented letters from other churches. In this re-organization, the First Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis, in fact became the succes- sor to the First Presbyterian Church of Minneso- ta, which church was but the continuation of the Presbyterian church of St. Peters, or Fort Snell- ing, the oldest church of any denomination in all this region. The church at St. Peters was organ- ized June 14th, 1835, by the Rev. Thomas S. A\'illiamson, in the quarters which he occupied at the Fort. In connection with this church there were two mission stations, at which public wor- ship was kept up from time to time, one at Lake Ilarriet,the other at Oak Grove, near Minne-ha-ha. The church at St. Peters, or Fort Snelling, was largely made up of the officers and their families PBE8BYTEBIAN GHUBGHES. 469 stationed there. It came to pass after a few years, that, by death and removal, the membership was greatly reduced, and the church was again without officers. At the request of the remaining membership, the church was reorganized as the Oak Grove Church of Minne-ha-ha, and Kev. G. H. Pond was chosen pastor. Up to this time the church was under the care of the Presbytery of Dakota, but at the request of the members it was transferred to the roll of the Minnesota Presbytery. At a meeting of the Presbytery of Minnesota, in July, 1862, the name of this church was changed so as to stand on the Presbyterian roll as " The First Presbyterian Church in Minnesota." It re- tained the name until July 22d, 1860, when its remaining elder .and eight communicants, united with what remained of the original First Church of Minneapolis, in the new organization which is properly the legitimate successor of both the oth- ers. Some of the members of this organization are among the membership of the First Presby- terian Church at the present writing. The rec- ords from which these facts are gathered are in a good state of preservation. The book contains a full account of the organization of the church at St. Peters, the complete records of the Oak Grove Church, also of the First Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis, from the re-organization in 1860 to the end of Kev. Mr. Payne's ministry. Kev. Daniel Stewart, D. D., came and took charge of the church as stated supply, in which capacity he has remained since June 1st, 1875, to the present time. During his ministrations the church debt has been paid, the congregation more than doubled, and now is in a flourishing and prosper- ous condition. It has a seating capacity of about six hundred ; also in connection with it, a Sun- day-school of about one hundred and fifty mem- bers, under the management of James H. Mc- Clintten, superintendent. Westminster Presbyterian Church. In 18.53 the first representative of the western branch of the Presbyterian Church, the Rev. J. G. Keihel- daffer, commenced his labors in St. Paul. Soon after he was joined by men of like spirit, such as H. Maltby, Charles Thayer, J. C. Caldwell and A. H. Kerr, who came to plant the standards of the cross along the borders of the wilderness. The growth of the church whose foundations they laid, is doubtless to them an occasion of gratitude and thanksgiving. Better to have been the first pioneer, planting the holy emblem of the cross on the virgin soil of Minnesota, and claiming this territory for Jesus, than to have been president of the United States, or commander-in-chief of the national army. In the fall of 1855, the Synod of Iowa created the Presbytery of St. Paul, con- sistmg of Kev. J. G. Keiheldatfer, Bev. Charles, Thayer and Rev. Joseph A. Sterrett, pastors re- spectively of the churches in St. Paul, Hudson, and Prescott. The total number of communicants in these three pastoral charges, only one of which was in the state of Minnesota, was fifty-nine ; in St. Paul thirty-two, in Hudson eleven, in Pres- cott fifteen. The General Assembly convened at Rochester, S". Y., in 1860, created the Synod of St. Paul, embracing the Presbyteries of St. Paul, of Chippewa and Lake Superior. The Synod of St. Paul thus created, consisted of nineteen ministers and twenty-four churches. Nine of these churches were in Minnesota, with a total membership of 187. The "Westminster Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis was organized August 23d, 1857, by a committee of the 'Presbytery of St. Paul, con- sisting of Kev. J. G. Reiheldaffer and Kev. H. Maltby. The services were held in the Free Will Baptist church. The following persons were en- rolled as members, viz: Andrus W. Oliver, Louis H. Williams, Tabiatha P. Williams, Ellen Mary Williams, Deborah M. Pettit, J. C. Williams and Sarah J. Williams. On the 6th of April, 1858, the church was incorporated under the revised statutes of Minnesota. H. D. Beman, W. K. Mc- Farlane, Eugene M. Wilson, A. Bradford, C. H. Pettit and J. C. Williams were elected as a board of trustees, under the name and style of the " Trustees of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis." During the three months immediately following, the church was without preaching, with the exception of a single Sabbath when the services were conducted by the Kev. J. G. Keiheldaifer. On the 6th of December, 1857, Mr. B. C. Dorrance, a licentiate of the Pres- bytery of Luzerne, commenced preaching in the First Presbyterian church, under a commission from the board of domestic missions. Mr. Dor- rance closed his labors with the Westminster Church, in Fletcher Hall, April 18tb. Mr. Dor- rance was a pleasant and forcible preacher. By his pubUc ministrations, as well as by his affection- 470 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ate, cheerful, and. exemplary Christian deport- ment, he endeared himself to all. It was a sad day to the little church when theu' beloved minis- ter, with the shadows of death on his face, bade them farewell, never to return. In 1858, the Rev. Mr. Hughes was invited to become stated supply for the church in St. Anthony and "West- minster." During this time church services were held in Woodman's Hall, now the First National Hotel. In 1860 and 1861 a new church was built, and dedicated March 17th, 1861, Rev. J. G. Reihel- daffer preaching the dedicatjon sermon. In Oc- tober, 1862, Mr. Strong was ordained and installed pastor of the chiurch by the Presbytery of St. Paul. As a preacher Mr. Strong was intellectual rather than emotional. His sermons were written with much care, and deUvered with animation. In 1865, the Rev. R. A. Condit accepted an invita- tion to become the pastor of this church, and was installed in 1866. In the autumn of 1866, the church building was enlarged and improved ; the towers were erected and the building extended. December, 1867, against the remonstrance of a large portion of the congregation, Mr. Condit's pastoral relation to the church was dissolved. At a meeting held January, 1868, moderated by Rev. D. C. Lyon, a call was made for the Rev. R. P. Sample, D. D. Having, at this time, other invi- tations under consideration and being in much doubt as to his duty, his answer was delayed for several weeks. At length his way seemed clear, and he commenced his labors in March, 1868. He is a calm, impressive speaker, and a profound thinker, making a lasting impression on all within the sound of his voice. In May, 1868, the Pas- tor's Aid Society was organized. John A. Mc- Henry was elected president; Hon. W. W. Mc- Nair, yice-president; and T. B. Janney, secretary. The Sunday-school, under the efficient superin- tendence of Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh, steadily increased in numbers and usefulness. The church is large-hearted and generous, giving thousands of dollars annually to the various boards of the church. It is one of the most lib- eral among the many churches in the city. The increased membership and attendance during the acceptable administration of the present pastor, compelled the society to provide more extensive accommodations. Accordingly, during the sum- mer of 1880, measures long in contemplation, were taken to erect a structure worthy of the wealth and importance the church had attained. This massive edifice, built of brown sandstone from Duluth, is building corner of Nicollet Ave- nue and Seventh street. The style of building is a mixture of the Gothic and Corinthian architec- tures, and will, it is supposed, cost about $95,000, and surpass in magnificence all its predecessors. Franklin Avenue Presbyterian Church. On the 16th day of June, 1873, Rev. George W. Jack- son, late of the city of Minneapolis, in fulfillment of a design long entertamed, conveyed to the trustees of Westminster Presbyterian Church of said city, village lot 6, in block 1 , in Jackson's ad- dition to Minneapolis, in trust, and for the use of a Presbyterian church in that part of the city. Stimulated by the efforts of Mr. Jackson and Rev. R. F. Sample D. D., several members of the Westminister Presbyterian church, were induced to undertake a Sunday-school in that part of the city; the first session of which was held in the Norwegian Lutheran Seminary, the first Sabbath in January, 1873. The Sunday-school was for the time styled the Westminster Mission Sunday- school, and its officers were L. V. N. Blakeman, superintendent; R. Shaw, assistant; S. A. Harris, secretary; who were assisted by a band of ten teachers. Diiring the summer of 1873, the chm-ch building formerly occupied by the First Presbyterian church of Minnesota, having been purchased by the Rev. R. F. Sample, was removed to said lot, and put in proper repair by the offer- ings and efforts of the worker's in the mission school. The cost of building and removal was about $1,800. The Sunday-school was then re- moved to the church, and on Sabbath evening, November 2d, 1873, appropriate opening services were held in the church. Sermon by Rev. Dr. Stewart, the Rev. E. D. Neill, R. F. Sample D. D., and II. N. Payne, also taking part in the services. In addition to the Sunday-school, reg- ular services were held in the church every Sab- bath thereafter. On about the 12th of December, 1873, a request was made in writing to Rev. Cliarles Thayer, R. F. Sample D. D., and the Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh, the regular committee on Home Missions of the Presbytery of St. Paul, by L. V. N. Blakeman and others for the organi- zation of a church; accordingly the committee, in connection with Rev. D. C. Lyon, district mis- BAPTIST CHURCHES. 471 sionary for the Synod of Minnesota, met at the church on the evening of December 21st, 1873, and in conformity with the laws of the presbytery, organized a church with the following mem- bers; N. "W. Lander, L. V. N. Blakeman, Mrs. Emma T. Blakeman, Bolza Lee, Martha Lee, Robert Shaw, John Nichol, Mrs. C. Robb, Mrs. H. M. Lowell, Mrs. Elizabeth Pierson, and Mr. John Hosdy. The name chosen was " Franklin Avenue Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis," and the following persons elected ; ruling elders, John Nichol, L. V. N. Blakeman, and two oth- ers; Revs. E. D. Neill and E. J. Thompson sup- plied the pulpit until July 1st, 1874, when the Rev. A. A. Kiehle, a graduate of LTnion Theolo- gical Seminary, of New York city, supplied the pulpit until he was ordained, and installed its first pastor, who continued his labors till Feb- ruary 8th, 1878. Rev. T. Farris was invited March 10th, 1878, to supply the pulpit and still continues. The church is partially dependent for support on the Home Missionary Board, and the liberality of several private citizens, among whom are Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh and H. G. Sidle. The former by his liberal financial aid as well as wise councils as chairman of the Home Mission- ary committee of St. Paul, from the date of its organization, has contributed largely to its wel- fare. L. V. N. Blakeman was superintendent of the Sunday-school till July, 1879, when declin- ing health forced a resignation. Hon. C. E. Vanderburgh is now superintendent, and John Hardy, secretary. The school now numbers one hundred and twenty-five scholars. The Fifth Presbyterian Church is located on the corner of Nineteenth street and Fourth Av- enue north. It was built by the Westminster church in 1873, and named the Western Avenue Mission Chapel, where a Smiday-school was con- ducted imder the superintendence of S. M. and J. Williams, who started with a few scholars with constantly increasing numbers, until it reached about fifty, when there seemed a necess- ity for a church organization to meet the growing wants of the community in which it was located. Steps were taken to organize a church which was effected on the last Sunday of the year 1879, with eleven members. Rev. A. W. Benson officiating for five months. He was succeeded by Rev. Daniel Rice, D. D., who was followed by Rev. Rockwood Macquesten, who is now in charge. The church membership has increased to twenty members, and the Sunday-school now enrolls one hundred and fifty, with an average attendance of eighty-five. J. H. Monroe is superintendent and P. Q. Diven assistant superintendent. Dxiring the past winter a fine organ has been purchased and paid for out of the receipts of the literary society connected with the church. Miss Hattie E. Allen is the organist. The church has a fine- toned bell of about 800 pounds weight, from the celebrated Meneely establishment of Troy, New York. It was a contribution of friends outside of the church. BAPTIST CHCKCHES. The First Baptist Church, St. Anthony, was organized July 23d, 18-50, Rev. J. P. Pearsons, pastor. W. C. Brown and nine others constituted the first membership. After many struggles they succeeded in laying the foundation for the pres- ent edifice in 1868. In 1869, the corner post was raised, with appropriate services, and in 1870, the completed structure was dedicated. In 1879 the name of the church was changed by legisla- tive act, to "Olivet Baptist Church of Mimieapo- lis." At the present time there is no regular pastor, but the pulpit is occasionally supplied. Free Will Baptist Church. In June, 1851 , Rev. C. G. Ames was appointed the first missionary to Minnesota, and commenced his labors at once, in St. Anthony. On the 25th of October following, A. Harmon, Charlotte Harmon, E. Mcintosh, Abagail Mcintosh, Rev. C. G. Ames and Sarah J. Ames, formed themselves into a body corporate, and in October 26th, 1851, organized a "Free Will Baptist Church." From 1853 to '54 the church was much embarrassed for the want of a place of worship. Most of the members Uving on the west side of the river, it was resolved to move to Min- neapoUs, May 27th, 1854. September 1st, 1855, Rev. C. G. Ames resigned tb^ pastoral charge, but continued to supply the desk for a long time after. April 23d, 1860, Rev. A. D. Williams sev- ered his relation to the church. November, 2d, 1861, Rev. B. W. Bryant united with the church and became its pastor. June 1st, 1866, Rev. H. N. Herrick having supplied the desk accepta- bly for some time was invited to become its pastor, which invitation he accepted January 472 htstojry of rennepin county. 20tli, 1870 ; he offered his resignation as pastor December, 1872, which was accepted with the vote to continue his salary for three months. Eev. Charles Payne accepted the pastorate, and resigned August, 1876. November following. Rev. A. J. Davis was called to the pastorate, and ac- cepted in 1875. May 21st, 1878, extended a call to Rev. A. A. Smith, who accepted and is now in charge of the church. The Pirst Baptist Church was organized in 1853, with ten memhers, in the house of Mr. Asa Pletcher. Meetings were held in the first Fletcher hall, located on the south side of Helen street, near the corner of Second Avenue south. March 21st, 1857, Rev. A. A. RusssU re- signed. July 21st, Rev. Amory Gale was called and accepted, and at once entered upon his labors. In the summer of 1857, a lot on the comer of Third Street and Nicollet Avenue was donated by H. T. Welles, Esq., and the church at once com- menced to build a house of worship. February 6th, 1858, the basement room was completed and occupied, which at that time was the best and largest room for worship in the young town of Minneapolis. From July 1st, 1858, to October, 1860, the church was without a pastor. During the interim, the pulpit was supplied by Revs. G. B. Lewis, J. A. Davis and R. M. Pease. During the winter of 1859-'60 Rev. Mr. Pease preached most of the time. Rev. J. R. Manton commen- ced his labors, as pastor in October, 1860, and la- bored through four stirring and eventful years. In July, 1865, an invitation was extended to Rev. L. B. Allen, D. D., and was accepted. In 1866 the church vacated the basement and took down the structure, it being considered unsafe. In 1867 the old lot was exchanged for the one on the comer of Fifth street and Hennepin Avenue. In April, 1868, the church invited Rev. W. L. Lowry to the pastorate. The new edifice was completed, dedicated November 29th, 1868, and the new pastor ordained. September 18th, 1871, Rev. F. W. Powell was called and accepted the pastorate. After a prosperous and successful ministry of about three years, failing health com- pelled a resignation which was reluctantly accept- ed. In October, 1874, they extended a call to the Rev. H. C. Woods to become their pastor, who after holding the invitation under advisement, concluded the following November to accept the call. He entered immediately upon the du- ties of pastor, and is now in charge. Under his careful and prudent ministrations the church has been greatly prospered, receiving large additions to its membership— a net gain of 211 members in the past five years. The ladies' sewing society have bought and paid for a fine organ, besides contributing largely towards the expense of up- holstering the seats, which are of a capacity to accommodate between six and seven hundred. The grand total of contributions for the different benevolent objects in the past five years is f 34,- 433.88. Present membership, 440. It also has a flourishing Sunday-school of 235 scholars, whose contributions have supported a foreign mission- ary for the past twelve years. Franklin Avenue Mission was organized May 31st, 1874; the chapel is located on a lot belong- ing to the Baptist Mission, comer of Franklin and Bloomington Avenues, and was dedicated the same day. A Sunday-school was organized with J. C. Hoblet superintendent and Frank Ball, sec- retary. It has a steady growth, and now numbers 136, with an average attendance since its organi- zation of 90, and is provided with an organ and other necessary material for a successful prosecu- tion of the work. Mr. Hoblet expecting soon to leave, Mr. Fallis has been recently elected, and takes it in a flourishing and prosperous condition. Jewett Chapel. The mission spirit stimulated by the success of the Franklin Avenue mission, impelled another attempt, which was seconded by the growing want for more room, and a special meeting was called for that purpose on the 29tli day of June, 1874. On the 6th of July foUowing, the ladies sewing society of the First church pledged $333.33 toward the erection of a new chapel. Degcon >S. A. Jewett donated the land, which at once insured the success of the enter- prise, and work was immediately commenced un- der the supeivision of C. F. Haglin, Esq., archi- tect, who kindly donated the plans. It was pushed to completion, and on the 15th of November was dedicated with appropriate services, under the name of "Jewett Chapel." A Sunday-school was organized on the same day, with W. W. Huntington, superintendent, and Deacon J. O. Weld, assistant, and Charles Ham, secretary. It has a membership of eighty ; average attendance seventy, which is remarkable. CONGBEGATIONAL CHUBOIIES. 473 The Fifth Avenue Baptist Church was organ- ized December 29th, 1869, in its present house of worship, on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Nintli street south. At the time of its organization it was called the Marshall street Baptist Church ; but with the change of the name of Marshall street to Fifth Avenue, a corresponding change was made in the name of the church. In its formation, members of the First Baptist Church, and a church then known as the Union Baptist Church, but now extinct, with persons not members of either of the above churches, but holding letters from others, united together. Kev. A. Gale presided at the meeting of the clmrch, and Philip Herzog was chosen clerk. Immediately after the organization had been ef- fected, and the adoption of a church covenant and the election of the proper officers, a council of the churches was called, who formally recognized the church as a regularly constituted Baptist church. Rev. A. S. Cole was the first pastor, succeeded by four others, until the succession came to the pres- ent incumbent. Rev. F. T. Gates, who was called in 1880. The church has enjoyed since its organ- izaton an almost uninterrupted growth. Present membership is about 160. The society possesses a comfortable house of worship, 40x70 feet, seat- ing 250 persons. There is also a commodious parsonage. The First Swedish Baptist Church was organ- ized in 1872, with a membership of twenty-five, in a hall opposite the present post-offlce ; con- tinued there for two years. The church now lo- cated on the corner of Sixth street and Twelfth Avenue south, was built by offerings from ser- vant girls of from five to fifteen dollars each, aided by a subscription of |225, raised in one night by the First Baptist Church. . First Norwegian Baptist Church, located on Eleventh Avenue between Fourth and Fifth streets, was organized May 28, 1879, with about fifteen members, and Rev. J. A. H. Johnson, pas- tor. During his administration a new church was begun in September, 1880. From May to Sep- tember the church was without regular preach- ing, when Rev. I. Larsen was called and accepted the office of pastor, who so far finished the work as to make it convenient for public worship. At the present time it has about thirty-eight mem- bers. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. The First Congregational church was organized November 16, 1851. Rev. Charles Seccombe of St. Anthony, and Rev. Richard Hall of Point Douglass, conducted the services. There were twelve members and Mr. Seccombe, a missionary of the American Home Missionary Society, took charge of this young organization. This was the first Congregational church organized in the ter- ritory ; seven years before the state of Minnesota was added to the Union. In 1852 the church formed a union with the First Presbyterian Church of St. Anthony, but this arrangement was abandoned July 28, 1853. The church received aid from the American Home Missionary Society during the first fifteen years of its existence, since which time it has been self supporting. Rev. Charles Seccombe was installed as the first pastor July 30, 1854 ; he was succeeded August, 1866, by Rev. Orlando Clark, who was succeeded Sep- tember 28, 1867, by Rev. Jay Clizbe. In June, 1868, Rev. Gabriel Campbell took charge and served as acting pastor until June, 1869. Then for a few months there was no regula,r supply. In December, 1869, Rev. Egbert B. Bingham took charge as acting pastor, and remained until August, 1870, when he resigned on account of ill health ; he was succeeded by Rev. James Tomp- kins as supply, who acted in that capacity until May 15, 1872. From this date till February, 1873, the church was without an acting pastor. On February 11, 1873, Rev. George M. Landon was invited to become pastor. He accepted the call and although not installed, served as pastor elect until May, 1875. On the 6th of July, 1875, Rev. E. M. Williams received a call which he accepted, and is the present incumbent. The services, of the church were first held in a school building erected by the town of St. Anthony as a pledge of the University yet to be. This building stood between University Avenue and what is now known as Macalester College, but it has long since disappeared. The house of worship first built by the society was located near the corner of Central Avenue and Fourth street, where it still stands. The basement was first occupied as a place of worship from January 16, 1853, but the upper part was not completed until the following year, when it was dedicated February 15, 1854. 474 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. The present house of worship on the corner of Fifth street and Third Avenue south-east was dedicated June 28, 1874. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Min- neapolis, Minnesota, was organized April 28th, 1857, with eighteen members; one of these came by profession, two by letter from the First Pres- byterian church of this city, and the others from Congregational and Presbyterian churches in the eastern and middle states. Of this number, eight still remain members of the church. The first pastor was Kev. Norman McLeod, who continued with the church from its organization until May, 1859. Prom that time the pulpit was supplied chiefly by Kev. H. C. Atwater, until the settle- ment of Rev. H. M. Nichols, as pastor in Decem- bsr, 1859. The sudden and melancholy death of Rev. Mr. Nichols by drowning on July 5th, 1860, shrouded the church with gloom, and again left it without a pastor. Rev. W. B. Dada and Rev. David Eastman, then successively supplied the pulpit until October, 1862, when Rev. Charles C. Salter began his ministry here, and was installed pastor in Septembr, 1864. April 5th, 1869, Rev. Mr. Salter resigned his pastorate, and was dis- missed by a mutual council convened on the l4th of the same month. The next pastor was Rev. Henry A. Stimson, who began his labors Decem- ber 1st, 1869, and was ordained and installed as pastor May, 25th, 1870. He continued his labors until September 1st, 1880, when he asked for a dis- mission which was granted by a council called for that purpose. The first house of worship which stood on the corner of Nicollet Avenue and Fourth street, was dedicated December 22d, 1858, and was destroyed by an incendiary flre on the night of April 3d, 1860, in retalliation as is believed, for the faithfulness and activity of the pastor, Rev. II. M. Nichols, in the cause of temperance. A new building was erected on the site and dedicated September 13th, 1863. In 1866, it was enlarged by increasing its length, and by the addition of galleries, thus providing about two hundred and fifty additional sittings. In 1870, the steady increase of the congregation made it apparent that a still larger building would soon be needed. Accordingly a new site was purchased on the corner of Nicollet Avenue and Eighth street,a building committee appointed, and actual preparations commenced for the erec- tion of a new building. After various delays, the corner stone of the present church edifice was laid, and the completed building was dedicated October 10th, 1»75. Its seating capacity is twelve hundred, and it fills an important place in the so- cial and religious life of our city. Second Congregational Church. In the spring of 1866, Rev. C. C. Salter, with the aid of mem- bers of the Plymouth Church, and persons in the lower part of the city, and very generous contri- butions from parties in the Ea«t, succeeded in raising funds sufficient to warrant the founding of a mission Sunday-school. A fractional lot on the corner of Fourth and Vine street (now Fif- teenth Avenue south) was purchased, and a build- ing 26x40 erected, at a cost of SI ,795.33. The school was opened May 14th, 1866, with O. B. King, superintendent. Rev. A. H. Carrier came and labored xmtil May, 1867, when he was suc- ceeded by Rev. WiUiam Leavitt, who supplied the pulpit until November 14th, 1869. In the mean- time the Sunday-school had increased to such an extent that it was deemed expedient to organize a church, and a council was called by letters dated September 24th, 1867. The council met October 9th, 1867, Rev. A. K. Packard, moderator; and Rev. E. S. "Williams, scribe. After a careful view of the history of the work and the jieed of it in that part of the city, it was moved by Rev. E. S. Williams that the church be organized in accordance with the petition. The motion was unanimously carried. Rev. Messrs. HaU, Dudley and Brown were appointed a committee to call a meeting for the public recognition of the church. The council met, October 14th, and the church, consisting of twenty members, was duly organ- ized with appropriate exercises. The organiza- tion had thus far been known as "Plymouth Chapel," but at a meeting held October 20th, 1867, it was vt)ted that it be called the "Vine Street Congregational Church."' During the pas- torate of Mr. Leavitt, the number of members in- creased from twenty to thirty-five. Mr. Leavitt was succeeded by Rev. Prescott Fay, who occu- pied the pulpit for two years, resigning November 18th, 1871. Rev. Horace Burnsted commenced his labors in this church February 4th, 1872, and continued until March 1st, 1875. Previous to this, the increase of the congregation and Sunday- school had made it necessary to provide more UNIVEBSALIST GHVRGHE8. 475 ample accommodations. Two lots, at the coiner of Eighth street and Thirteenth Avenue south, were secured, and the work of erecting a new church was begun. The basement, consisting of lecture-room, class-rooms and kitchen, was com- pleted in July, 1874, since which it has been occu- pied by the church. The building is veneered with cream shade brick ; it stands about eighty feet in extreme length by seventy feet in breadth, and will seat 560 persons in the auditorium. The name of the church has also been changed to " The Second Congregational Church of Minne- apolis." At a meeting of the church held May 24th, 1875, it was unanimously voted to extend to Kev. E. S. Williams a call to become its pastor. The call was accepted, and he has continued as pastor until the present time. During this pe- riod of two years, seventy-one have been added to its membership — thirty-nine on profession of faith and thirty-two by letter. The Sunday- school, which at first numbered twenty-six schol- ars, has steadily increased, and in 1877 numbered two hundred. Pilgrim Church is located at the corner of Washington Avenue and Fourteenth Avenue north. On the 29th day of September, 1873, this church was organized, with twenty-two members_ Eev." C. A. Hampton was the first pastor, who resigned January 14th, 1879, succeeded by Rev. G. A. Hood, in March, 1879. During that time the church steadily increased, so that it has passed from a mission chapel into a neat and commodious church, which is now self-sustaining with a membership of about ninety. The SudI day-school, which was the nucleus around which the present church was formed, was a mission from Plymouth Church, and now numbers about one hundred and forty. Mr. Horace Layton su- perintendent. This is but another repetition of past history in the life's work of earnest men. UNIVEESALIST. The first Universalist Society of St. Anthony was organized at the school-house in St. Anthony on Sunday, the 28th day of August, 1863. G. B. Dutton was called to the chair, and Daniel L. Paine, elected clerk. The object of the meeting was stated by one of the members. Reuben Ball was elected treasurer and collector for the cur- rent year, and the following executive committee was then elected; Stephen Cobb, M. W. Getchell and J. B. Bassett; Rev. Mr. Barnes, pastor. At a meeting called in Central hall, St. Anthony, Eebruary 3d, 1856, the society was re-organized with John L. Lovejoy for president, and J. H. Lennon, secretary. At the annual meeting held February 2d, 1859, Rev. Mr. Barnes tendered his resignation as pastor of the society. May 17th, 1868, Rev. H. Bisbee was elected pastor of the church. February 6th, 1876, the society met with president Lovejoy in the chair, and resolved that the Rev. Mr. Harrington be invited to come and hold meetings in the spring, in order to determine the question whether or not a pastor could be maintained. Tins was the last meeting the so- ciety held. Circumstances over which the mem- bers of the society had no control, caused them to discontinue their meetings, and in 1877, they sold their church building and grounds to the French Catholics, and it is now known as the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes. The first meeting for organization of the Church of the Redeemer was held at the Cataract House, October 24tB, 1859, W. D. Washburn in the chair; it was organized under the name of First Uni- versalist Society of Minneapolis. Among the first members in 1854-5, were Judge Cornell and wife, I. I. Lewis, George AV. Chowen, Isaac Brown and John Jackins. Rev. D. Skinner preached for a few months, when the Rev. J. W. King was called and accepted the pastorate. During his pastorate a church was built on the corner of Fifth street and Fourth Avenue south, and was dedicated in October, 1866, Rev. D. M. Reed of Illinois, preaching the dedication ser- mon. On the first Sunday in July, Rev. J. H. Tuttle of Chicago, preached his first sermon. After eight years of his ministry the increasing growth of the church necessitated a change for larger accommodations. A committee was ac- cordingly appointed and a new site for a church was selected on the corner of Eighth street and Second Avenue south, and work was commenced on the present new and beautiful edifice in May, 1873. The work was pushed forward as rapidly as so elaborate a work could well be done, all tak- ing an interest in the new house. Hon. W. D. Washburn presented the society with an elegant organ of the finest finish and tone, costing be- tween three and four thousand doUars. After 47(j HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, the completion of the church a meeting was called in July, 1876, and on a motion made, the new church was named the "Church of the Re- deemer," and was dedicated July 9th, 1876. Rev. A. A. Minor, I). D., of Boston, Massachu- setts, preaching tlie dedication sermon. Invoca- tion by the Uev. Robert Collyer of Chicago. It is built of blue lime-stone in the gothic style of ar- chitecture, with elegantly designed and stained windows, and is a marvel of beauty in design and architecture. Rev. J. H. Tuttle is pastor in charge. EPISCOPAL. Church of Gethsemane, Protestant Episcopal, is located on Seventh Avenue south, corner of Fifth street. Tne first Episcopal service per- formed in what is now Minneapolis, was a funeral service by the Rev. Dr. Gear, in the old govern- ment mill near the falls. April 4th, 1856, the church of Gethsemane was organized by Rev. J. S. Chamberlain, missionary at St. Anthony, who, during the spring and summer of that year, held services in a public hall on Helen street, organ- ized with five communicants: Wardens, H. T. Welles, M. L. Olds; vestrymen, W. J. Parsons, I. Atwater, A. E. Ames. July, 1856, Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, present rector, was appointed missionary of the domestic board, and was or- dained priest, in Gethsemane Church July, 1857, by Bishop Kemper. August 5th, 1856, the corner stone of Gethsemane Church was laid, by the Rev. Dr. Gear, then chaplain at Fort Snelling, and the first service was held in the church De- cember 7th of that year. At the time of the con- secration of the church there were sixteen com- municants. In 1858, the rectory and sexton's liouse were built, and in 1865, the church was enlarged and the parish school opened. Tlie his- tory of the cliuich is one of steady growth and prosperity There are now (1K80) two hinidred and fifty communicants. The present offlcers are: Rector, Rev. D. B. Knickeriiackcr, D. J).; rector's assistant. Rev. J. A. Bcvingtoii, B. I).; senior warden, I. Atwater; junior warden, O. T. Tuttle; vestrymen, ('. W. Putnam, M. D.; AV. B. Jack- son, Jr.; E. U. llolbrook, Jr.; W. II. (Jhamber- lain, John I. Black, W. D. Lawrence, M. D.; treasurer, G. C. Farnham ; clerk, S. C. March ; parish visitors. Sisters Annette Relf and Mrs. D. E. Spooner. Connected with the church is a Sunday-school, of which the rector is superin- tendent, having an average attendance of about 225 scholars. The following is a description of the missions in the city under charge of Gethse- mane Church : St. Andrew's Cliurch, North Minneapolis, is located at the corner of Washington and Eigh- teenth Avenues north. Services were com- menced in 1857 and (sontinued until the present time under the care of the clergy of Gethsemane. Service is held every Sunday morning, and Sun- day-school after morning service. There are fifty families and flfty-flve communicants. The Sunday-school has seventy-five scholars enrolled. Grace Chapel Mission is located on Franklin Avenue, comer of Twenty-first Avenue south. It was erected in 1877, at a cost of $2,500; owned and under the care of the Brotherhood of Geth- semane Church. Divine service and Sunday- school is held weekly at three o'clock p. 5i.; one hundred children are enrolled. It is under the care of Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, D. D., and as- sistants. County Jail. — Mission services are held here every Sunday afternoon by tlie Brotherhood of Gethsemane Church. Holy Trinity Church, Fourth Avenue south, corner Sixth street was founded under the auspi- ces of the associated mission which landed at Ft. Snelling in 1850, consisting of the Rev. James Lloyd Breck, John Austin Merrick and Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson. The first service in East Minneapolis, then St. Anthony was held in July, 1850, by Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson. The corner stone of the original church was laid by the Rev. Dr. Breck, October 3()th, 1850. Rev. Father Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling, making the ad- dress. First episcopal \isitation was made by Right Rev. Dr. Kemper on Sunday, August 4th, 1850. The parish was formally organized on Easter Monday, 1S52, first clergyman in charge, Hcv. Timothy Wilcoxson. October 1st, 1852, Kev. J. S. Cliamberlain was assigned to duty at St. Anthony, and several stations north and south; Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker afterwards pas- tor of Gethsemane parish, and Bishop elect of Arizona, was sent out to aid Rev. Mr. Chamber- lain and remained in charge until 1857. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles Woodward as rector from 1857 to '59. The rectorship was vacant EPISCOPAL CHURCHES. from '59 to '60, when Rev. II. A. Neely assumed temporary charge imtil May Sth, 1861. Rev. Mr, Knickerbacker resumed the care of the parish iin til 1862. In 1863, Rev. A. Spor became rector, remained until I860; Rev. Dr. Smallwood suc- ceeded, who died universally regretted, July 2d, J869. The parish again became dependent upon the care of Rev. Mr. Knickerbacker until Octo- ber, 1867; Rev. A. Reves succeeded only to re- main a short time. Rev. John Anketel succeed- ed him for a brief period; Rev. G. L. Chase then became rector, remaining until September, 1874, at which time, after being twice called, he as- sumed the wardenship of the Divinity school at Faribault. Mr. Chase was assisted for several years by the Rev. Charles H. Plummer, who was succeeded in October, 1874, by Rev. Frank C. Coolbaugh, who remained until October 4th, 1875. On December 4th, 1875, Rev. Theodore M. Riley, of Philadelphia, was elected rector, and entered upon his duties July 15th, 1876. Under the rectorship of Rev. Mr. Chase, a new stone church had been erected, which remained unfurn- ished until 1876; carpets and pews were provided in 1877; windows for the chancel were presented by Mrs. Elizabeth Grow, of New York; furnish- ed and without debt it awaited consecration, which occured on ascension day. May 30th, 1878, by Right Rev. Bishop Whipple. The sermon was preached by Rev. C. W. Ward, of Winona, son of the late Comodore Ward. The Font now in use in the church, was made from stone that fell from the top of St. Anthony Falls in 1856. The altar somewhat enlarged, is the original one in use in the days of Breck, Mer- rick and Wilcoxson; the bell was purchased in 1854. The rectory just completed was erected during the past year, largely through the kind benevolence of Mrs. Caroline H. Delano, of Nia- gara Falls, who donated one thousand dollars to- ward the cozy structure; the remaining |500 was contributed by the parish. St. Mark's Church was organized April 22d, 1868. The first service of the new parish was in St. Mark's Chapel, in July, sermon by Rev. E. S. Thomas, of Faribault. Rev. Mr. Thomas was unanimously chosen the first rector, August 3d, which he declined. Rev. E. A. Bradley was elected, and entered upon the duties of his office in 1869, holding the rectorship for about eighteen months. He resigned August 10th, 1870. The new church was completed in December follow- ing, and the first service in the new edifice was held on Christmas day, at which time the total amount of the church debt of seven thousand dollars, was paid by the generous offerings of the people. This new and beautiful structure was consecrated September 21st, 1871, Bishop Whip- ple officiating. Rev. Mr. Thomas resigned Janu- ary 1st, 1875, succeeded by Rev. Mr. Corbett, D. D., who resigned January 2d, 1880. In October, 1880, Rev. T. B. Wells, D. D.,the present rector, was elected. St. Paul's Episcopal Church, located on Henne- pin Avenue, between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets, was organized in June, 1880. For about seven months meetings were held in Elliott hall on Nicollet Avenue between Washington Avenue and Third street. The congregation purchased its present site on Hennepin Avenue, and erected their edifice which they occupied early in Novem- ber, 1880. In July, the present rector. Rev. F. W. Tomkms was called and took charge Septem- ber 1st, 1880. The communicants number about seventy-five, and are rapidly increasing. Christ Church, Reformed Episcopal, is one of the later organizations of the city. Its edifice is on Hennepin Avenue above Tenth street, and it possesses one of the best organs in the city. Its membership as yet is small. The officers are: rector, Rev. Edward D. Neill; senior warden, W. C. Baker; junior warden, George Markell; vestry- men, Edwin Phillips, M. D., J. H. Bissell, M. D., W. W. McNau-. The German Lutheran. St. John's Church, is located on First street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues north-east. The first meeting was held in a school-house, in June, 1867. Rev. Mr. Facht- man was the first pastor. The church had six- teen members. From various causes the mem- bership has been reduced, and the church is at present without a pastor. Trinity Norwegian Danish Evangelical Luth- eran Church is located on the corner of Fourth street and Tenth Avenue south. Was organized in 1868, by Rev. Paulson, who is now a resident of Wilmar. The second pastor was Prof. Wee- naas; the third. Prof. Sven Oftedal; and the fourth, G. Oftedal, the present incumbent. The church was erected in 1871. The first member 478 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ship was about thirty. The present number is 450. There is a religious school held in this church about two and a half months in the year; also a a Sunday-school weekly. Our Savior's Church. Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran, located on the corner of Washington and Tenth Avenue south, was organized in 1869, by Rev. Zlvisaker, with about six members. He remained about three years, and was succeeded by Eev. A. 11. Stub. In 1878, the present in- cumbent, O. P. Vaugsnes, was called to this charge. The voting membership is about one hundred. Emanuel Church. Norwegian Evangelical Lu- theran, located on Pirst street between Cen- tral and First Avenues north-east It is an outgrowth from the church of '-Our Savior," and was organized by Rev. A. II. Stub, to ac- commodate the Norwegian population on the east side. Rev. Mr. Stub was succeeded by the Rev. O. P. Vaugsnes, who is now in charge. Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Mission Church is located on the corner of Fourth street and Eighth Avenue south; was organized in 1874, by by Rev. Charles Youngqvist, who remained six months; was then supplied occasionally until 1877, when Rev. A. Lidman took charge, remaining until the arrival of the Rev. C. E. Tornqvist' August, 1880. First worshipped on the comer of Sixth street and Seventeenth Avenue south, in a church sold to Father Power of the Holy Rosary Church. In 1879, a church was erected on the corner of Fourth street and Eighth Avenue south, and dedicated the same year. Was organized with eight families. The communicants now number 175. St. John's Church, German Evangelical, is lo- cated on the corner of Sixteenth Avenue north and Third street, and was organized in 1872, by Rev. Louis Rague of St. Paul. Having no edi- fice, met in private houses, and was occassionally visited by Rev. Rague. In 1874 Rev. L. IT. Buehrig was appointed pastor. In 1875 the land on which the neat little church and parsonage is located was purchased and the cliurch erected the same year. Rev. Buehrig remained till May 1st, 1878. For a few mpnths there was no regular preaching. August 8th, 1878, Rev. H. Fleer took charge of the work and now remains pastor. During the vacation of the public schools Mr. Fleer has a select school in the church for about three months in the year. Reading, writing, mental arithmetic, spelling, etc., are taught. Trinity Church, German Evangelical Lutheran, is located on the corner of Ninth Avenue south and Fourth street. In 1856, Ferdinand Sievers was sent here by the Missouri Synod to investi- gate, and finding a number of his countrymen here without a pastor or church organization, he consented to preach a few times, thereby forming the nucleus of the present Trinity church. After his return home, the society was visited by Rev. E. G. Miessler, then a missionary from Michigan. The first regular pastor was Rev. John Horst, who took charge in 1859, coming here from Fort Wayne, Indiana, remaining till the summer of 186.3; moved to Goodhue county, leaving the church without a regular supply. Rev. Paul Rupprecht preached occasionally, after which Rev. Ernest Rolf, of St. Paul, took the charge until March, 1868, when Rev. William Fredrich supplied the pulpit until the health of Rev. John Herzer permitted him to resume, and he contin- ued his labors until July 6th, 1879, when the pres- ent incumbent, Mr. Doell, arrived. The church was built in 1868, and dedicated in September of the same year. At that time there were only sixteen members; at present the voting member- ship is sixty. St. Paul's Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran church, located on the corner of Fourth street and Fifteenth Avenue south, was organized July 6th, 1872, by Mr. Berg, pastor, with twenty-six members. From the first orgamzation to the present time they have had three pastors. Rev. Mr. Karlson is the present pastor. Have a Sun- day-school that was organized in 1874; present membership forty-five, with L. Johnson superin- tendent. The German Evangelical x\.ssociation is located on the corner of Fourth street and Sixth Avenue north. The first meeting was held at a private residence corner of Third street and Hennepin Avenue in July, 1870, with three members, G. H. Knebel first pastor. Bishop Whipple kindly offered them the use of the church, corner of Fourth street and Hennepin Avenue. The church in which they worshipped was to be moved, obliging them to seek quarters elsewhere. By the action of the conference held in St. Paul, LUTHEBAN CHURCHES. 479 steps were taken to secure property of their own, and in August following, a lot was purchased cor- ner of Fourth street and Fourth Avenue north, and in September following, work was begun, and in November the church was completed and dedi- cated, Eev. A. Hudster, D. D., of the Northwest- em College at Napierville, Illinois, officiating. June 12th, 1872, a permanent organization was made. In 1873, Eev. J. Manthey came as pastor; during his three years of labor the church grew and prospered. In 1876, Rev. W. Stegner was stationed here for three years. In that time the lot on which the church stood was sold to the Miimeapolis and St. Louis Railway. Immediately thereafter, the present site was purchased, the church building moved and repaired; in the same year a parsonage was built at a cost of $1 ,200. In 1879, Mr. Stegner was elected presiding elder, and succeeded by Rev. J. G. Haller, under whom the church has grown largely; also the Sunday- school. The parishioners have worked with com- mendable zeal. A parochial school, in connection with Trinity Church, corner of Fourth street and Tenth Ave- nue south, has been conducted since the founding of the church. At first it was taught by the minister in charge, but in 1868, Frederick Droess- ler taught three months and then the minister again took charge until August 13th, 1871, when John Miller, a graduate of the Teachers' Semi- nary at Addison, Cook county, Illinois, was en- gaged. He was succeeded, April 1st, 1873, by Fred Lothman, of Cleveland, Ohio, and on Sep- tember 1st, 1874, John "W. Doell, the present in- cumbent took charge. The building is located near the church on the grounds of the society. The branches taught are religion, German and English reading, arithmetic, grammar, vocal music. United States history, translation and drawing. Lutheran School Association. In September, 1880, an educational association was formed un- der the supervision of Rev. O. P. Vaugsnes. The object of this organization is teaching of children of both sexes in religion and branches usually taught in a graded school. School is taught ten months of the year, in the basement of the Meth- odist Episcopal church, comer of Fourth Avenue south and Fifth street. In connection with Augustana church, a relig- ious day school is held in the church about four months in the year. The branches taught are reading, Bible history and catechism. The Friends held their first meeting in the summer of 1856, with about twelve members, who assembled in an upper hall on First street, in a building belonging to Joel Bassett. Daniel Bassett "head of the meeting" holding meetings in that place for two or three years. In 1857, they built the present church on Hennepin Avenue and Eighth street, and have a membership of about one hundred and twenty. The Church of Christ, of Minneapolis, owes its organization to the following circumstances. Early in the month of February, 1877, the Chris- tian Missionary Society of Minnesota, an institu- tion incorporated under the laws of the state by the religious people commonly known as Disci- ples, sent to the city of Minneapolis, its then presiding elder, J. LaGrange, to ascertain who, if any of its residents were of their faith, and to organize if possible, a church. After some ef- forts several were found, and an interview was appointed for the evening of February 14th, at the house, A. T. Ankeny. At this interview the following members were present; Elder La Grange, Mr. and Mrs. S. B. Mattison, Mrs. O. C. Wyman, Mrs. W. S. Atkinson. It was then de- termined to continue the work of inquiry. In the month of May following, under the invita- tion of the brethren, they were visited by Elder N. A. McConnell, of Iowa, by whom a series of meetings was. conducted at the chapel of the New Jerusalem Church on the corner of Ninth street and Fifth Avenue south. As a result of those labors, the Church of Christ was formed, to be governed in all things by the Holy Scriptures. From that time forward, the public services were regular, and the following persons have acted as pastors; Elders, E. T. C. Bennett, W. H. Rogers and W. II. Jeffries. The trustees are S. B. Mattison, O. C. Wyman and A. T. Ankeny, deacons, D. W. Egan, J. W. Bird- well, Dr. L. W. Denton and O. A. Slafter. The present membership is seventy-six. As adjuncts to the church are a flourshing Bible school and Womans Aid Society; services are held every first day of the week at the chapel, corner Ninth street and Fifth Avenue south. It is the expec- tation of this church to erect an edifice for wor- 480 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ship at as early a day as circumstances will al- low. The Advent Christian Church, Fourth street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues north, was or- ganized with Rev. II. F. Berrick, first pastor. Present church edifice was erected in 1870. The ofliciating clergyman, Rev. W. J. Brusell, com- menced his labors in 1879. They have a member- ship of about forty; also a Sunday-school with an average attendence of forty; Mr. J. Colter, super- intendent. The Hebrew Reformed Congregation is located near the corner of First Avenue south and Fifth street. This society rented a hall on Hennepin Avenue in 1878, where they worshiped for two years, with the Rev. Dr. Friedman for their pastor for the first year, who was then succeeded by Rev. Dr. Shreierfor one year. Their constant- ly increasing numbers obliged them to build a synagogue, at a cost of $6,500, which was ded- icated in the winter of 1880. It is built in the Oriental style of architecture. After its dedication, the Rev. Dr. Iliowizi, a highly cul- tured man, was called and accepted the charge. CHAPTER LXXIII. ^TEWSPAPERS— COURTS AND BAR. St. Anthony Express, weekly. To the St. An- thony Express, belongs the honor of the title of Father of the Press at the falls of St. Anthony. The first number was issued on Saturday of the last week in May, 18.51. It was published in weekly form, indeed there was no daily publica- tion in the territory until six years later. Our well known fellow citizen, Judge Isaac Atwater edited, and E. Tyler published the paper. In the spring of 1852, Judge y\twaler bought out his partner and continued the publication of the sheet until 1858, when it was removed to Sliakopee, having been sold to Judge McDonald. Minnesota Republican, weekly. On April 12th, 1855, C. G. Ames, editor, and 1). L. Paine, pub- lisher, started the Minnesota Republican, which ran with varying success until it was sold to Croffut and Clark and finally, on January 6th, 1858, merged into the State News. Falls Evening News, daily. Messrs. Croffut and Clark were the first to launch their bark upon the sea of daily journalism ; on whose rocks and shoals so many promising crafts have been ship- wrecked. September 28th, 1856, they began the publication of the daily. Falls Evening News. In April, 1861 , the daily, after a hard struggle, sank from view. The weekly edition, known as the State News, continued however, two years longer. North- Western Democrat, weekly. W.A.Hotch- kiss, started the North -Western Democrat, the first paper issued west of the river, during the month of August, 1855. This sheet continued until 1857, when Joel B. Bassett purchased it, after- wards selling to W. F. Russell of Shakopee. The Gazette, weekly. Mr. Russell removed to Minneapolis and christened his venture The Ga- zette. Only a year later, Mr. Bassett again ob- tained possession of the sheet, selling it shortly afterwards, when it was merged into the Journal. Minneapolis Journal, weekly. In 1858, C. II. Pettit and John G. WilUams having bought the Gazette, rejuvenated it under the name of the Minneapolis Journal, but it was short lived, being swallowed up by the State Atlas in 1859. The Plain Dealer, weekly. On the 5th of April 1858, Horace E. Purdy issued the Plain Dealer, democratic in principle. Seventeen months later it was removed to La Crosse. State Atlas, weekly. Jilay 28th, 1859, the in- domitable Wilham S. King started the State At- las. Col. King had a severe struggle, but by hard work and with the aid of his personal endeavor as sole proprietor and editor, he carried his enter- prise safely until hSliT, when the Dailv Tribune engulphed it. The Chronicle, daily. On June 22d, 1866, a publishing company composed of John H. Stevens and others, be^an the weekly Cln-onicle. Three months later the first number of the Daily Chron- icle was issued. In ISlay of the following year the paper passed into the Tribvme vortex, which sucked down so many cotemporaries. The Cataract and Agriculturist, weekly. Col. J. II. Stevens and F. Belfoy, the latter now of Litchfield, issued the first nun^ber of the Cataract and Agriculturist, on August 23d, 1857. R. H. Conwell bought the paper in Februaiy, 1868. NEWSPAPERS. 48] North Star, weekly. Mr. Conwell continued liis purchase, the Cataract and Agriculturist, un- der the title of North Star. The Independent, weekly. In the fall of 1868, C. M. Landon purchased Mr. Conwell's North Star and continued the publication under the name of the Independent. This sheet lived two years. Daily Star. K. H. Conwell tried his hand at daily journalism by starting a campaign republican paper on June 5th, 1868. The paper lasted just five months. The Tribune, daily. In the year 1867, Minne- apolis journalism had dwindled down to two pub- lications, the State Atlas and the Daily Chronicle. In May of the year mentioned, a stock company, called the Tribune Printing Company, was formed, consisting of some of the leading Eepub- licans of the city, prominent among whom were D. Morrison, W. D. Washburn, Dr. L. Butler, J. S. Pillsbiiry, W. S. King, L. P. Plummer, and a number of others. This company, with a capital stock of $25,000, purchased the Minneapolis field, together with the good will and chattels of the Atlas and Chronicle, and on Saturday, May 25th, 1867, issued the first number of The Daily Trib- une, with full telegraphic dispatches, and an able corps of editors, with John T. Gilman as chief. Mr. Oilman's connection with the Tribune lasted three months, when he was succeeded by George K. Shaw. About the year 1870, Hugh W. Greene was placed in charge of the paper. Mr. Greene was followed by Mr. Powell, Major Howell, W. A. Croffut, Clifford Thompson, and J. P. Kea as ed- itors, in the order given. May 2d, 1876, through the pressure of financial circumstances, the Pio- neer Press obtained control of the Tribune's asso- ciated press franchise, and its entire good wUl and effects. The Evening Mail was about the same time swallowed up by the insatiate monster. The great consolidated sailed for a time under the head of " The Pioneer Press and Tribune. The name was soon, however, reduced to its present title. The Pioneer Press, prmted and edited in St. Paul, and circulated in both cities, St. Paul arid Minneapolis. This successful cowp dP etat, by which St. Paul citizens controlled the entire field and franchises of Minneapolis daily journalism, resulted in the greatest indignation on the part of the people. Twelve of the best citi- 31 zens formed a syndicate to, if possible, remedy the evil, and did actually, for a time, obtain under an iron-clad mortgage held by Judge Woods, of Ohio, the custody of the property. An indigna- tion meeting was held at the Academy of Music, and sentiments anything but complimentary to the Pioneer Press action were freely vented. The efforts of " the twelve apostles," as they were dubbed, failed of any practical result, save that the Evening Tribune was placed in the field in lieu of the Evening Mail, under the editorial management of David Blakely, whose conduct of the paper, it must be said, has but reflected credit upon that gentleman. In May, 1880, after many delayed attempts, the Tribune was issued as a morning daily eight-page paper, with full tele- graphic franchise, and every promise of supply- ing the much needed and long talked of morning daily, strictly in the interests of Minneapolis. The editorial force consists of D. Blakely and A. B. Nettleton, editors and proprietors, Amos Jor- dan, news editor, J. N. Nind, city editor, and a corps of three trained reporters. The weekly edition of the Tribune has reached a circulation, throughout the north-west. The Parmer's Union, weekly. August 1st, 1867, W. A. Nimocks, pubUsher, and Col. J. H. Stevens, editor, started the Farmer's Union. In December, two years later, Mr. Nimocks sold out to Col. ■ Stevens. Up to January 1st, 1872, the Union had been issued as a monthly, but on that date it began its existence as a weekly, as it has since continued. August 1st, 1873, W. J. Aber- nethy purchased the paper, running it with marked success until July 1st, 1876, when it be- came involved in the general downfall of Minne- apolis journals, being absorbed by the Pioneer Press, and joined with the Tribune's weekly as the Weekly Tribune and Parmer's Union. St. Anthony Palls Democrat, weekly. The first number of the St. Anthonv Palls Democrat was issued in October, 1869, by Ovid Pinney and others, with Rev. H. Bisbee as editor. In the month of Jime following, Mr. Pinney assumed entire charge, afterwards leasing to J. J. Green. Minneapolis Democrat, weekly. Mr. Green changed the name of the paper to the Minneapo- lis Democrat, and continued its publication untU 1873, when its good-will was sold to the Evening Times 482 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Minneapolis Free Will Baptist. This publica- tion, appearing once in three months, was edited by Eev. A. D. Williams, the first number being issued about April, of 1859, and lived but about a year. Minnesota Pupil, weekly. In 1868, W. T. Hatch started the Minnesota Pupil in the inter- ests of education, but like so many others it was destined to die, and dropped out of sight about 1875. Temperance Advocate, weekly. Bev. Mr. Manley dedicated the Ternperance Advocate to the tee-totaler's cause, issuing the first number in 1869. The Advocate lasted about two years, then went the way of the rest. The Citizen, weekly. The Citizen, claiming to be unsectarian, was in fact devoted to the cause of Christianity. The first number appeared Jan- uary 1st, 1874. It was published in pamphlet form of twenty pages, and edited by Prof, Camp- bell, of the State University faculty. Douglass & Donaldson purchased the paper in 1875, and after a series of legal complications and business mis- takes, it suspended in March, 1878. Liberty Blade, weekly. August 1st, 1877, J. C. Irvin moved the Liberty Blade from St. Paul. The paper was devoted to temperance, and was for some time run in the interests of the Good Templars' lodges. Early in 1879, Ilev. W. W. Satterlee, noted for his energetic adherence to the temperance cause, purchased the paper, and con- ducted it in his usual vigorous style until late in the fall, when it was united with the Waseca Eadical. Minnesota Beacon, semi-monthly. On January 6th, 1858, L. Mel. Hyde and Rev. Mr. Williams issued the first number of a semi-monthly, enti- tled the Minnesota Beacon. After one volume the name and issue was changed. Rural Minnesotian, weekly. At the conclusion of the first volume of the Minnesota Beacon, the name was changed to the R>iral Minnesotian, and the issue was made weekly. Expired at tlip be- ginning of the war, 1861. Minneapolis Freie Press, weekly. The Freie Press is the only German paper published in Minneapolis. The paper was started November 13th, 1869, by Lambert Naegel publisher, and D. A. Hinsch as editor. Evening News, daily. June 3d, 1871, George K. Shaw issued the first number of the Minne- apolis Daily Evening News. Two years later Pliny Bartlett purchased the News and consoli- dated the paper with the Times under the name of the Times and News, a title which was shortly afterwards dropped, the issue being continued under the name of the Evening Times. Evening Times, daily. In 1872, PUny Bartlett started the Evening Times, with Frank J. Mead as editor. In June, 1873, the Evening News was purchased and for a time the issue was published under the title of Times and News. This name was subsequently dropped and a stock company was formed, to run the Evening Times as a dem- ocratic daily, with the late Edward Murphy as president. December 20th, 1873, W. S. King closed up the concern under a chattel mortgage. Evening Mail, daily. In 1874, the Evening Mail was started under the auspices of the Trib- une with ClifEord Thompson as editor. About two weeks later the Mail was purchased by W. A. Croffut, and one week afterwards, Johnson & Smith bought a half interest in the paper. About a year later Mr. Croffut disposed of bis interest to the firm mentioned, and in May, 1876, the Mail was sold to T. S. King, who acted in the purchase as the agent of the Pioneer Press. Minnesota, weekly. Solberg and Eger started the Minnesota, a weekly Norwegian paper, No- vember 1st, 1871, merged in the Budstikken two years later. Lutheraneren, bi-monthly. The Lutheraneren was moved from Wisconsin to ;Minneapolis in July, 1872, by Rev. G. Sverdrup, in the interests of the Norwegian Lutheran church. Budstikken, weekly. Seyitember 2d, 1873. P. H. Hanson and Company started the Budstikken, a Norwegian paper. The publication was subse- quently controlled by (iudman F. Johnson and J. E. Gjedde; Lute Jaeger is the editor. Master-Mechanic, monthly. "\^ernon Bell is- sued the iSlaster-Mechanic in 1871. Bell, Comstock and Parsons subsequently formed a company to run the paper as a weekly. It soon expired. Monday Morning News, weekly. H. E. Lawr- ence attempted the publication of the Monday Morning News, in 1875. The paper was short lived, only a few numbers being issued. Tourist and Sportsman, weekly. A.S. Dimond started the Tourist and Sportsman, an illustrated NEWSPAPUBS. 483 paper devoted to Minnesota pleasure resorts for the summer months, in May of 1875. April 6th, 1880, while published by Wilcox, Dimond and Company, the paper was burned out. The paper is issued during the summer months. Mississippi Valley Lumberman, weekly. P. B. Walker started the Mississippi Valley Lum- berman, August 17th, 1876. The paper is con- ducted entirely in the interest of the lumbermen. It has been repeatedly enlarged and seems to be in a flourishing condition. The Pioneer Press. This paper belongs to Minneapolis by birth and native growth, as well as by adoption. On the one hand, it represents, it is true, the life and history of journalism in St. Paul, from the first issue of the "St. Paul Pi- oneer," April 28th, 1849, down to the date of union of the Pioneer and the "St. Paul Daily Press," April 11th, 1875. On the other hand, it represents also the growth of journalism in Min- neapolis, from the early days of the old "North- western Gazette," down to the original "Minne- apolis Tribune," with which the Pioneer Press was consolidated May 2d, 1876. The St. Paul Pioneer had for several years previous to its union with the Press, maintained a business and editorial "Minneapolis department," but witli the union of 1876, an entirely new system was established, which made it a more thorough rep- resentative of the life and growth of Minneapo- lis. In proprietary interests, and in editorial and business management, both cities were properly represented, and the new, or joint, policy estab- lished, gave to both cities a widely circulated or- gan. The average circulation of the Pioneer Press is now between eleven and twelve thousand, through Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Manitoba, northern Iowa and northern Wisconsin. The Weekly Pioneer Press has, in addition to the in- creasing circulation of the daily edition, reached fourteen thousand copies, which go into the homes of the most intelligent and thrifty of the farming population. This paper has lately se- cured the entire control of a telegraphic wire be- tween St. Paul and New York and Washington, which gives them increased facilities for the transmission of news. The Pioneer Press is conceded by all to be the leading and most pro- gressive journal in the north-west. Minnesota Stats Tidning (The State Journal) is a Swedish weekly which already ranks high among the leading newspapers of the north-west. Its founder and chief editor, is Col. H. Mattson, one of the pioneers of Minnesota. The first number of the paper was dated January 4th, 1877, was of twenty-eight pages, and came out in an edition of 1,000' copies. From that time it has steadily increased in prosperity and influence, and now contains thirty-six large col- umns, and numbers 4,000 regular subscribers. It is republican in politics, American in spirit, and a champion of the interests and honor of the Scandinavian people of the state, which com- prises one-sixth of the entire population. This paper has its editorial rooms, office and compo- sing rooms on the third floor of the City Hall building, and is under the management of H. Mattson, chief editor and publisher. Axel Dahlstrand, assistant editor, Alfr. Soderstrom, business manager. Nordisk Polkeblad, weekly, was the first Scan- dinavian paper published in the city. It was es- tablished at Kochester, in 1868, by F. S. Clirist- ensen, now commissioner of statistics, and was removed to Minneapolis in 1873. It was con- ducted by several different managers until 1875, when it was consolidated with the " Skandma- ven" in Chicago. In addition to this paper, there has been the Parmer Tidends, Minnesota Nord- vestern, Svenska Monitorin and Svenska Nybyz- zaren. The three first were published in the Norwegian language, and the three latter in the Swedish. All of them were of short duration. Folkebladet, weekly. The first number of the Folkebladet was issued July, 1877, by Prof. S. Of tedal, president of Augsburg Seminary. The paper is devoted to the educational interests of the Norwegian people. The Housekeeper, monthly. In the interests of the Buckeye cook book, the Housekeeper was first published in August of 1878. The little pa- per has reached an immense sale. April 6th, 1880, while published by Wilcox, Dimond and Co., the paper was burned out and is now pubUshed by Hoppin, Palmer and Dimond. The circula- tion now aggregates 20,000. Minnesota Farmer, monthly. September 18th, 1877, H. E. Newton issued the first number of the Minnesota Farmer, a sheet which is still alive, albeit struggling hard for an existence. 484 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Minnesota Scandinava, weekly. The Scandin- ava was first issued November 15th, 1878, by Gen. Hanson as a Norwegian weekly. The publica- tion lasted only about a year when it suspended op account of the failing health of the editor. Bell's Daily Times, Justus B. Bell issued the Daily Times as a small advertising sheet for gra- tiutous circulation from December 10th, 1878, to April 6th, 1880, when it fell a victim to the flames in the Brackett's block fire. Northwestern Miller, weekly. March 19th, 1879, Albert Iloppin, editor and proprietor, moved the Northwestern Miller from La Crosse to Min- neapolis. The paper is a neat twenty page pam- phlet devoted to the milling interests of the north-west and has proven a decided success. During March of 1881, the issue reached 18,000 copies. Evening Journal, daily. The first issue of the Evening Journal was made November 2d, 1878, by Charles II. Stevens and Frank E. Curtis. The paper was started a& a three cent evening daily. April 6th, 1880, the paper was burned out in the Brackett's block disaster. A few days later the Minnesota Printing Company, composed of J. M. and Geo. K. Shaw and W. A. and C. A. Nimocks, bought the good will and circulation of the paper, and shortly after, purchased the associated press telegraphic franchise for the evening field. The paper was enlarged and improved in every department. The Evening Journal at once as- sumed the position of the leading evening news- paper of the north-west. April 1st, 1881, they moved into their new building. No. 10 Washing- ton Avenue north, fully equipped with a double cylinder, rapid running E. Hoe press, engine, and all the facilities necessary to a first-class modern journal. The editorial staff is made up George K. Shaw, editor, Frank E. Hesler, city editor, A. J. Gage, Jr., telegraph editor, and Geo. N. Loomis state editor, besides a full corps of re- porters and correspondents. The Spectator, weekly. C. II. Dubois issued the first number of the Spectator, a weekly fam- ily paper of eight pages, on July 26th, 1879. The Farm and Home was issued for a time as an ag- ricultural edition of the Spectator, but its course was short lived. The Spectator is issued every Saturday, and is one of the neatest papers, typo- graphically, in the country. State Index, weekly. Dr. D'Unger stai-ted the Trade Index about the year 1875, but shortly af- ter changed the name to the State Index. The publication proved disastrous to its owner, who gave it up in sore extremity about three years later, subsequently removing to Chicago, where he has recuperated his failing fortunes through his treatment of inebriates with the "cinchona cure." The Ariel, monthly. The Ariel is the college paper edited by the students at the State Univer- sity. The editors are elected each year. The publication reached its fourth volume in June, 1881. True Flag, weekly. J. S. Rankin, a gentleman of much learning, but Uttle means, published for a time several partizan papers, among them the True Flag. They were all short lived. The Penny Herald, daily. The Penny Herald was first issued by J. H. Rowell about May 15th, 1880, as a morning one cent daily. After running for about six months, it was changed to the even- ing field under the name of the Daily Herald. In January, 1880,Willard and Casseday purchased a three-fourths interest in the paper. The Herald .depends upon correspondents and exchanges for its telegraphic news. Comic Pictorial, monthly. Geo. B. Hall issued the first number of his Comic Pictorial, an eight page illustrated paper, March, 1881. It isyet too young for extended comment, but its f utvu-e may be easily anticipated. Boys and Girls of Minnesota, weekly. Will. Beach edited and published -the Boys and Girls of Minnesota for about six months. The publi- cation was a neatly illustrated pamphlet, quite popular among children. In January, 1881, the paper was burned out and suspended. The Mirror, weekly. In 1873, Ed. A. Stevens started the illustrated Sunday Mirror, devoted to the broadest personalities with the motto " We will tell the truth, no matter who is hit.." The publication was subsequently changed to the Gopher MuTor, then to the Daily Mirror, issued every evening, and finally to the Hennepin County Mirror. Late in 1880, Ed. A. Stevens sold the entire interest in his paper to his brother, Chas. H. Stevens. Mmneapolis Weekly. The Minneapolis Week- ly is published every Thursday by the Eagle COVETS AND BAR. 485 Publishing Company apparently, but de facto by E. H. Steele, as an advertising medium. The first number was issued in November, 1880. Sunday News, weekly. In the month of March, 1880, three young men, Messrs. Shultz, Struby and Leader, who had formerly been con- nected with the press in Bradford, Pa., came to Minneapolis equipped with new type, a large cyl- inder press and a complete newspaper outfit, but unfortunately without that other component ne- cessity—ready cash. They published just two editions of the Sunday Morning News, when they suspended, sold out and left for parts unknown. Homestead Monthly. January 1st, 1880, the Homestead Company issued the first number of the Minnesota Homestead, a monthly, twenty- page magazine. In November, 1880, Geo. W. Jenks became sole proprietor. In December of the same year the magazine was enlarged to thirty-six pages, and the name changed to the Homestead Monthly. Temperance Review, weekly. In Pebruary, 1881, L. Bixby moved the Owatonna Review from Owatonna to Minneapolis, and associating with Rev. W. W. Satterlee as editor, on the 25th of the same month, the Temperance Review was issued. The paper retains its Owatonna patron- age, is radically temperance in its proclivities, and has already obtained a firm footing. COURTS AND BAE. The early history of the courts and bar of Hen- nepin county,furnishes perhaps, less salient points of interest than that of most frontier counties in western territories. The first settlers were most- ly from the New England and Middle States, were generally inteUigent, moral, and accustomed to the observance of law and order, and among whom crimes of a serious nature were of rare occurrence. They brought their laws and cus- toms with them, so that the removal to what was then (1849) the extreme western frontier, scarcely produced any change in their social and poUtical condition. That part of what is now Hennepin county, lying east of the Mississippi river, was, when the territory of Minnesota was organized in 1849, a part of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, as was also the country lying between it and the state of Wisconsin. It was amenable to the laws of that state, but, at that time there were but a handful of people, and coui-ts were scarce- ly a necessity. But no sooner was the territory organized, and territorial officers appointed, than population began to pour in. By the organic act, the courts of the territory consisted of supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and courts of justice of the peace. The first justices of the peace, in what is now Hennepin county, were Dr. Ira Kingsley, and others,whose names we can- not ascertain. They held office for two years. At the October election in 1851, 1. 1. Lewis, and William B. Welch, were elected to serve for two years. The last named, was appointed chief jus- tice of the supreme court of the territory in 1853, and took his seat on the bench in Jan- uary, 1854. Mr. Lewis resigned in August, 1852, from a cause which may be considered worth mention. One Alex. Cloutier, one of the first settlers in St. Anthony, and proprietor of a liquor saloon, had been prosecuted before Mr. Lewis, for a violation of the prohibitory law, which had re- cently been enacted. The excitement on the question ran high— grave doubts were entertain- ed by many, as to the constitutionality of the law, and the people were about equally divided on the question. Mr. Lewis, having no desire to involve himself in quarrels with his neighbors, re- signed his office before the case was decided. On the 6th of August, 1852, a special election was called to fill the vacancy, and at the solicitation of a large number of the prominent citizens of St. Anthony, irrespective of party, Lardner Bost- wick Esq., consented to be a candidate for the office, and was elected. The case of Cloutier, was again brought, before him, and he held the law constitutional, and fined the defendant twenty- five dollars. The case was appealed to the dis- trict court, and Judge Hayner, who was then on the bench, reversed the decision, and held the law unconstitutional, on the ground that the legis- lative power was vested by the organic act, in the governor and legislature, and that they had no power to delegate their authority to the people, and that the act, having attempted to transfer this power, was null and void. At the October election in 1856, Mr. Bostwick was re-elected with A. D. Poster, to serve two years from Jan- uary 1st, 1854. In 1857, Charles E. Leonard and I Mr. Bostwick were elected, the latter of whom ' held the office till January, 1860, when he entered 486 HISTORY OF UENNHPIN COUNTY. upon the discharge of the duties of judge of pro- bate, to which he was elected in 1859. This of- fice he held two years, and was subsequently elected court commissioner. March 6th, 1852, an act was passed by the legis- lature organizing Hennepin county and attach- ing the same temporarily to Eamsey county for judicial purposes. At the first election subse- quent to the organization, Edwin Hedderly and Dr. H. Fletcher were elected justices on the west side of the river. The former was re-elected for four, or perhaps five years successively, and the latter was succeeded in 1853 by Mr. Barber, who held office till 1857. The foregoing list it is be- lieved comprises all the justices of the peace in St, Anthony and Minneapolis to the time when the state was admitted, and is as late a date as it IS deemed necessary to continue the history of these courts. In this connection it may be remarked that in those early days, very important questions and points were decided in those justices' courts. Many suits of forcible entry and detainer were brought, involving very valuable property, and although nominally, only the right of possession was in is- sue, yet practically, possession in those days was emphatically "nine points of the law," and not unfrequently carried the legal title with it. Among the tracts thus adjudicated upon, were Hennepin Island, the property on which the flour- iag mills on the west side of the river are now situated, and in fact, several claims, which now constitute the most valuable part of the city of Minneapolis. None of these justices were edu- cated lawyers, (with the exception of Judge Bost- wick), but were men of unquestionable probity, strong common sense, and both law and equity were meted out in these early courts as uniformly and successfully as in any courts that have suc- ceeded them. Sometimes, indeed, peculiar phases of frontier life would develop. In a certain claim suit be- tween Joel B. Bassett and Daniel Bickford, after a tedious trial of two or three days, the case was submitted to the jury, who retired to consider their verdict. After wrangling over it an entire day and more, one of the jurors, George W. Tew, became disgusted, jumped out of a second story window and ran away, and thus ended the trial. Some days after he reappeared, but nothing fur- ther was done in the matter. Another characteristic incident occurred in a trial before 'Squire Bostwick. One Pet Strother, one of the " boys " of that early time, was arrest- ed and brought before the court on a charge of assault and battery. The complaint was read to him, and he was told to plead, guilty or not guilty. " Well, your honor, I don't know wheth- er I am guilty or not. I did knock the man down, but he called me first a son of a b h, and that is not true." "But you must plead, one way or the other." " But," responded the prisoner, " I don't know. I'm sorter guilty, and sorter not guilty." The writer (who was his counsel) finally induced him, for form's sake, to plead not guilty. A jury was called, and several witnesses swore point blank to seeing the defendant knock down the complainant, but admitted the complainant had first used the opprobrious epithet above mentioned. No witnesses were called for defendant ; but the counsel for defendant, in his argument to the jury, insisted that none of the witnesses, in speaking of the defendant, had mentioned his first name, but had called him " Strother," and that for all that appeared, the real criminal might be some other person than the defendant. The jury saw it " in those lamps," and in five minutes returned a verdict of not guilty, and immediately made up a purse among themselves to pay de- fendant's expenses. Another incident of the fun the boys used to have in those early days in court, may be men- tioned. A certain Dr. Jodon, somewhat notori- ous in those days, had married a lady— which marriage, on account of the great disparity of age and position of the parties, was offensive to a large majority of the citizens. The usual re- sult in frontier communities followed — that quite a large crowd of the " fast boys," on the wedding night, indulged in a " cliarivari " of the couple, which was carried beyond the limits of a le- gitimate charivari (if there can be any such lim- its) and disturbed some of the peaceable citizens in the neighborhood, among others J. "W. North, Esq., who was indignant at the outrage. Al. Stone, one of the most inveterate jokers on the east side of the river (and who is still living, and long may he wave !) thought he saw the op- COVETS ANB BAB. 487 portunity to perpetrate a good practical joke. He accordingly went quietly to Mr. North, and told him that he had ascertained the names of from twelve to fifteen persons who were engaged in that charivari, and would name the parties, includ- ing a large number of the oldest and most sober and respectable citizens of the town, among whom were Capt. John Eollins, Dr. Murphy, Ru- fus Farnham, A. D. Foster, and others of like standing, and that if he would make a complaint and have them arrested he would furnish the evi- dence to have them convicted. Accordingly the complaint was made, and the parties arrested and brought before the court, and everybody was as- tounded to learn that these staid citizens were engaged in such a " lark." One or two witnesses were called preliminarily, who testified they knew nothing about the matter, and then "Al.," the main witness, was called, and asked to state what he knew about it. " I know nothing, sir." " But where were you that night ?" "I was in my virtuous bed, asleep." " But do you say you don't know who was en- gaged in that affair?" " Well, I have heard these defendants were." " Do you mean to say that all you know about their being engaged in it is what you have heard ?" "Yes, sir, I supposed that would be enough." It was enough. The prosecutor had no further evidence, and it then dawned on his mind that he had been made the victim of one of "Al.'s" practical jokes. The case, of course, was dis- missed, amid uproarious mirth, although the perpetrator came to the conclusion that it was a kind of joke that would not bear repetition. A part of the joke lay also in the fact that the just- ice himself, on the night in question, was con- cealed near the scene of operations, and knew the parties engaged in it, and that they were not tlie parties named in the complaint, and tried to in- duce the prosecutor to leave them out, but did not succeed, and of course could not reveal the source of his knowledge of the matter. In this connection we insert an item published in the Pioneer Press in the fall of 1880, referring to the destruction of the building in which Judge Bostwick's court was held for many years. "An old- landmark destroyed. The little old building, corner of Main street and Second Ave- nue north. East Division, owned, and for so many years occupied as an office by Judge Bostwick, was yesterday demolished, its days of usefulness having passed. This was one of the old land- marks of the city, and has a history worth rela- ting. It was built m 1849 by E. P. Russell, and first used as a warehouse for his dry-goods store adjoining. In 1850 George F. Brott converted it into a wagon-shop, and in 1851 Oal. Church re- converted it into a meat market. During the same year, the building came into the possession of, and and has since been retained by Judge Bostwick, who occupied it in his official capacity as justice of the peace until 1860, from 1860 to to 1862, as a probate and court commissioner's office, and from 1862 to 1866, as assessor of in- ternal revenue. During his reign as justice of the peace. Judge Bostwick rendered decisions therein to the amount of over $100,000 in civil cases and disposed of a corresponding amount of criminal business. Among the distinguished legal lights who, in those old days, read their briefs, (and some of them were not very brief, either,) under that little roof, were J. W. North, Isaac Atwater, D. A. Secombe, F. R. E. Cornell, C. E. Vanderburgh, James W. Lawrence, Sr., William Lochren, W. W. McNair, W. D. Washburn, Judge Parsons, W. A. Gorman, Edmund Rice, Aaron Goodrich, Wm. HoUuigshead, Michael E. Ames and others too ruimerous to mention. "Engineer Griffith made many of the drawings for the old suspension bridge in this building, and the old time Upper Mississippi Navigation Com- pany were accustomed to hold their "meetings there. It was occupied as the St. Anthony city council room for two years, was the regular poll- ing place on election days, and republican head- quarters when Fremont was the party standard- bearer. Many were the Uvely and interesting scenes which transpired within its walls and about its doorway, where political knock-downs were not of uncommon occurrence; and there has been more perjury committed in that oldbuildmg than any other in the city, except, perhaps, the old land office during the early settlement of Min- neapolis. One by one the roses and old land- marks fall." The first district court held in what is now a part of Hennepin county, was presided over by 488 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. the Hon. B. B. Meeker, appointed one of the as- sociate justices of the supreme court, under the administration of President Taylor. The court was held in July, 1849, in the old government mill building, erected for the use of Fort Snel- ling, and which stood near the present site of the Northwestern mill . Since the time of the erection of that government mill, (about 1822), the falls have receded between three and four hundred feet. Franklin Steele, Esq., Was foreman of the grand jury. The records of that court have unfortun- ately been lost, but it can be stated that no bills of indictment were found nor any cases tried, and but two or three attorneys were present. Be- freshments suitable to the occasion, were provided by the sheriff, which were partaken of by. the bench, bar and jury, and it was voted a pleasant inauguration of judicial proceedings in the coun- ty. The military reservation where this first court was held was then in Dakota county. It has already been stated that the county was organized in 1852, but county officers were not elected till November of that year. The second district court was held in 1853, in a frame build- ing erected by Anson Northrup, and which stood on or very near the site now occupied by the Crown Roller mill. This court was presided over by Hon. A. G. Chatfleld, who was appointed one of the associate justices under the administration of President Pierce. This was the first fully equipped district court held in the county, the first county officers having been elected, and regu- lar business was commenced, with a calendar of some half a dozen cases, appeals from justices courts. From this small beginning has grown up the immense business now transacted by two judges of the district court, and which occu- pies almost their entire time. Judge Chatfleld continued to hold the district court in Hennepin county in a frame building on Bridge square, until the erection of the present court house. In 1857 he was succeeded by Judge Flandrau, appointed under the administration of President Buchanan. He held one term of the court, and in 1857 was elected associate justice of the supreme court of the state of Minnesota. In 1857, Hon. Edward O. Hamlin, was elected judge of the fourth judicial district, of which Hennepin county was a part. He was succeeded in 1869, by the Hon. Chas, E. Vanderburgh, who has been re-elected, at each succeeding expiration of his term, and who now holds the office. In 1872, an act was passed, establishing a court of common pleas in Hennepin county, and under the provisions of the act, the governor appointed the Hon. A. H. Young, [as judge, who entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office in April of that year; the foUovdng November he was elected as judge of that court, to serve for five years from the first of January, 1873. Sub- sequently in 1877, this court was abolished, and two judges were provided for in the district court, and Judge Young was elected the same year as one of said judges. As the incumbents of these offices are still in the active discharge of their duties and well known to our citizens, any extended notice of them or the court over which they preside, will not be expected. It is not, however, improper to state in this connection, that in point of ability, probity, and extensive legal learning, the present bench ranks among the first in the state. The business in the probate court was, for many years after the county was organized, very small. Now, however, it is assuming large pro- portions, and is rapidly increasing. There have served as judges of probate, in the order named, in this county: J. B. Bassett, Hezekiah Fletcher, E. S. Jones, L. Bostwick, N. H. Hemiup, F. Beebe, E. A. Gove, P. M. Babcock and John P. Rea, the present incumbent. After the organiza- tion of the city of Minneapolis, Chas. H. "Woods, H. G. Hicks and J. L. Himes, were elected and served as city justices. After the consolidation of St. Anthony with ilinneapolis. Grove B. Cooley was elected judge of the municipal court, was re-elected in 1880, and is present city judge. In 1880, F. Bailey was elected assistant judge. Clerks and sherifl's are an important part of the machinery of courts, and on their efficiency de- pends much, the successful and prompt transac- tion of business. Hennepin county has been ex- ceptionally fortunate in having careful and ener- getic men to fill these positions. AVith the ex- ception of the first two or three years after the county was organized, when the court had no settled abiding places, and no suitable place for preserving papers had been provided, the files will be found nearly entire. A few, during those early years, have been lost. Sweet W. Case, COUBTS AND BAB. 489 was the first clerk of the district court, elected in 1852, and held the office till 1858. ^le was succeeded by the following persons in the order named, viz : H. A. Partridge, H. O. Hamlin, J. P. Plummer, George W. Chowen, D. W. Albaugh, L. Jerome, J. A. Wolverton, and E. J. Daven- port, the present incumbent. Isaac Brown was the first sheriff of the county and was suceeeded-in the order named, by B. E. Messer, E. Lippinpott, Richard Strout, John A. Armstrong, H. G. Hicks, George W. Johnson, N. E. Thompson and Mace Eustis, the present incumbent. John W. North Esq., came to St. Anthony in 1849, and was the first attorney who settled in the county, and one of the most prominent for several years. He was in 1 851 , a member of the legislature, was also a member of the republican branch of the convention to form a state constitu- tion in 1857, and a leader in the anti-slavery movement. He was an able lawyer, and was always a dangerous opponent before a jury. Had he chosen to devote himself exclusively to the profession of the law, there is no doubt but he would easily have taken rank with the ablest lawyers in the" state. But Mr. North was by na- ture and education a reformer, and a radical one at that. He had a courage equal to his convic- tions, and never hesitated to follow them to their logical sequence, irrespective of popular senti- ment. He always stood by what he believed to be right, without regard to the cost, and conse- quently retained the esteem of his friends, and the respect of his enemies. In 1850, three more attorneys, E. Wliitall, W. H. Hubbard and I. Atwater settled in St. An- thony. In 1851 , we find in addition D. Secombe, E. L. Hall, James H. Truder, Warren Bristoll, now associate justice of Arizona territory. L. Bostwick arrived in the territory in 1860, and was admitted to the bar of Hennepin county in 1856. Then at various dates from 1851, to 1856, we find in the Ust of attorneys, the names of W. Dodge, 1. 1. Monell, H. B. Hancock, R. Nicholas, H. A. Pai-tridge, Geo. A. Nourse, W. W. Win- throp, W. H. Robinson, Geo. E. Day, W. W. Rowley, Geo. W. Prescott, W. D. Washburn, H. L. Munn, C. E. Vanderburgh, E. R. E. Cornell, r. Beebe, W. L. Parsons, D. Morgan, A. M. Blair, Jared Demmon, Dan. M. Demmon, H. Hill, Wm. Lochren, H. D. Beman, J. B.-GilfiUan, H. W. Cowles, R. L. Joyce, James W. Lawrence, R. J. Baldwin, J. S. Johnson, Geo. W. Woods, Cushman, David Heaton, S. R. M. Math- ews, W. W. McNair, E. M. Wilson, and L. M. Stewart. Doubtless there were some others whose names, 'the writer cannot now recall. Hon. J. B. Gilfillan, settled here in 1855, but was not admitted as an attorney until 1860. The limits of this article, only permit a reference to such attorneys as were here previous to 1857, when the state constitution was adopted. In looking over the above list, one is surprised to see how few are still practitioners at the bar. Many have died, some removed, and some have retired from active practice. A very few are still in practice, and recognized as the " nestor's" of the bar of Hennepin county in 1881. In this brief review, we think it will be found that the courts and bar of Hennepin county, will compare most favorably, not only with the courts and bar of any other county in the territory of Minnesota, but with that of any county in any western state, while it was a territory. From the ranks of the members of the bar of Hennepin county in territorial times, have been drawn judges of the supreme court of the state, one jus- tice of the supreme court of Arizona, two repre- sentatives in congress, a large number of state senators and representatives, and members of the constitutional convention, and many who have filled honorable positions as city officials and on the boards of education. If any one objects that none have obtained a national reputation as law- yers, it must be remembered that no man of ability could come to Minnesota at an early day and con- fine himself exclusively to the practice of law. For in territorial days the pressure was so great to obtain competent men to fill legislative and other political offices, and for which lawyers were considered most eligible and best fitted, that it was almost impossible for a lawyer, without giv- ing grave offense to his friends and clients, to re- fuse a nomination. In addition to this is to be considered that legal services were then of small pecuniary value, and the same talent employed in politics or in real estate operations, ordinarily re- ceived a much larger remuneration. And hence, while we may reasonably conclude that the terri- torial bar of this county embraced fully as much talent and legal ability as the average of frontier 490 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. counties in the west, tlie reason it has not pro- duced, as many distinguished lawyers propor- tioned to its numbers as some counties in eastern states, is easily accounted for. And, considering the history of the territory and state in its politi- cal, educational, religious and material aspects, the early bar of Hennepin county has no occasion to be ashamed of its record in regard thereto, and with the increase of population and lawyers, thus enabling, and indeed compelling attorneys to devote themselves more exclusively to their profession, we may expect from present indica- tions, to find lawyers within tfie next quarter of a century at the bar of Plennepin county, who will have attained a national reputation. CHAPTER LXXIV. CITY WATER WORKS — FIRE DEPARTMENT — PO- LICE FORCE— CITY MARKET — POST OFFICE. The city of Minneapolis was incorporated in the spring of 1867, and the next fall the Holly system of water works was introduced, and com- pleted in the spring of 1868. Two Holly pumps were put in, and about a mile of cement pipe was laid, at a cost of about $60,000. The cement pipe was a failure, and in 1870 was replaced by cast-iron pipe. During the latter year, the city purchased of J. B. Bassett the stone saw-mill at the head of the canal, and paid for it 118,000. James Waters, then in charge, erected new pump- ing machinery with daily pumping capacity of two million gallons, and the Holly pumps were moved into the new quarters. Mr. Stewart was superintendent of the water works under the Holly system until 1870, since when the office has been filled as follows: 1870-'74, James Waters; 1874-'77, S. Albert; 1877, James Chalmers; 1877- '79, J. W. Pomeroy. In 1879, the present super- intendent, W. H. Johnson, was elected with J. W. Pomeroy as assistant. In 1880, tSe old rotary pumps were removed to make room for a new pump of four million gal- lons capacity daily, making the present total ca- pacity nine and one-half million gallons per day. There are eighteen and two-thirds miles of main pipe laid. The water works have proved an ever effi- cient protection against Are, the pressure being such that a powerful stream may be thrown di- rectly from the hydrants, thus rendering fire engines almost unnecessary, excepting in cases where the fire is remote from hydrants. The quality of the water furnished, is the best and is taken from the bottom of the river, at the head of the canal. The total cost of the water works was, exclusive of interest on bonds, $396,598. The receipts from rents for 1880, exceeded the expenses for maintenance, about $6,000. The motive power for driving the immense pumps, is furnished by two turbine wheels, of forty-eight inches diameter, which, under a head of thirty feet, give one hundred and eighty horse-power each. The pumps in use were made in Minne- apolis, and show a high degree of mechanical skill. The water works of Minneapolis will, under the ptesent able management, compare favorably with those of any city of her size in the Union. The bmsiness office is in the City Hall ; the present officers are : W. H. Johnson, superintendent; F. T. Moody, clerk and Andrew Bergstrom, engineer. January 1st, 1881, the office of assistant superintendent was abolished. MnSTKEAPOLIS FIRE DEPARTMENT. Of the many praiseworthy institutions with which Minneapolis is favored, there is nothing for which her citizens entertain a more profound re- spect — a respect amounting almost to veneration — than her splendidly equipped and admirably managed fire department. But a few years have passed since not even a " luicket brigade," stood sentinel between the unprotected city and the all devouring element, and it was not until 1857 that an organization of of any kind existed, wliose object was protection against accidental fire, or the torch of the incen- diary. Even then, its meagre facilities and ill- stored equipage rendered it wholly inadequate to cope successfully with the pitiless dragonade of the fire fiend. To-day it stands without a rival in the great north-west. Thoroughly equipped, ably officered, and with an experienced force, it has become so strongly intrenched in the confidenca FIRE DEPASTMENT. 491 of the citizens, that the once dreaded fire-alarm now awakens little more than an evanescent curi- osity, beyond its immediate location. Its perfect order and discipline, its excellent management, and its freedom from internal strife and jealous- ies, render it at once the pride and boast of the city, and an enduring monument of renown to its originators. The first organization was in what is now known as the East Division, formerly St. Antho- ny. In July, 1857, a meeting of the citizens of St. Anthony was held in Wensinger's old block, comer of Main street and Fourth Avenue north, for the purpose of effecting an organization for protection against fires. Timothy Bohan pre- sided over the meeting, which resulted in the or- ganization of a hook and ladder company, of which Henry Carran was elected foreman. The truck was built in St. Anthony, and the company was ready for duty in October. In November, a fire occurred, which is generally supposed to have been started by some mischievous party to test the utility of the new company. The fire was in an old house on the east side of Main street, used at the time as a stable. The experiment resulted in the destruction of the building, and the crema- tion of an unfortunate cow, the only occupant. In 1859 a fire company was organized, with John Dunham as foreman, and an engine— the Minnesota — was ordered from Button and Blake, of New York. The company was an independent one, and furnished its own building, as did also the hook and ladder company. The same year, the city council purchased two engines, made at St. Anthony — the Cataract and Germania. Of the companies associated with these, James S. Lane wasforeman of the Cataract, and Godfrey Boehme of the Germania. Six months after the arrival of the Minnesota, the city accepted the services of the company as a volunteer association, assumed the indebtedness incurred in the purchase of the engine, and pro- vided necessary buildings. The first chief of the fire department was Jas. S. Lane. No changes of special note occurred until the consolidation with the West Side, as hereafter mentioned. The first organization on the West Side was called the "Millers' Fire Association," in 1865, and owed its origin to W. M. Brackett, then a young man employed as book-keeper of East- man, Gibson and Company, proprietors of the Cataract and Union flouring mills, and the North Star woolen mills. It was upon his repeated, and earnest solicitation that the organization was effected, its equipment consisting of a rotary pump in the basement of the Cataract mill, five hundred feet of hose, a hose jumper, spanners, nozzles, etc. A hose company was organized among the mill owners, with Geo. A. Brackett, of the firm of Gibson, Eastman and Company, as foreman. Mr. Brackett was the first chief of the Minneapolis Fire Department. In the fall of 1867, the Holly system of wafer- works was introduced, but not completed imtil the spring of 1868. The formar organization of the fire department was in January, 1868, em- bracing the following companies : Minneapolis Hose Company No. 1 ; Mutual Hose Company No. 2; and Minneapolis Hook and Ladder Company No. 1. Its numerical strength was about one hundred and fifty volunteers, with the following official roster; Geo. A. Brackett, chief; B,. B. Langdon, first assistant; and Paris Gibson, sec- ond assistant. The hose, jumper, etc. of the Millers' Fire Association, was purchased and placed with No. 1. Late in the fore-noon of Feb- ruary 6th, 1868, the efficiency of the new fire de- partment, and the water-works was submitted to trial, at a fire in a dwelling house, corner of High and Minnetonka streets. The department acquitted itself creditably, bvit the water-works proved inadequate to the occasion, and the fire was extinguished by the use of buckets, axes, etc. The first mains were of sheet iron and cement, and a break prevented the necessary pressure, while the water at best, was thick with dirt. Of course the " daw-pluckers" and wiseacres reiter- ated their previously expressed belief in the fail- ure of the Holly system. The defective pipe was replaced by iron pipes, the following fall, and were thereafter effective. February 8th, the city council authorized the purchase of six hundred feet of rubber hose, a four-wheeled hose carriage, a hook and ladder truck, four play pipss and twelve axes. Other purchases were made from time to time, though it was long before the de- partment was furnished with a full equipment, or provided with suitable buildings. On the 10th of September, 1868, the Minne- 492 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. apolis Fireman's Belief Association was organ- ized, the object of which needs no explanation. The association has done nohle work, and is in a flourishing condition, "a monument to the sym- pathy and fraternal feeling, so characteristic of true firemen." The first parade occurred on the the 24th of September, when the Minneapolis department joined the St. Antliony department m their annual parade. A notable event in the history of the Minneapolis Fire Department was the Fireman's State Parade, held at this place in 1869, at which time the "Minneapolis Boys" won a reputation for hospitality, for which they have ever been held since in the most kindly remembrance. With the consolidation of the cities of St. An- thony and Minneapolis, in 1872, the new charter provided that the city be divided into two fire de- partments, each side retaining the equipage, buildings, etc., then in their possession, practi- cally leaving them as separate and distinct as though separated by an ocean instead of the river. In September, 1874, the Gamewell fire alarm system was introduced in the west division, and in October, the capacity of the water-works was increased to three and one-half million gallons of water per day. Horses were purchased or hired, and drivers permanently employed in the several companies, in 1875; also an engineer and fireman of the Steamers and a tillerman for the Hook and Lad- der truck. The following year the Gamewell fire alarm system was extended to the east divis- ion, and the two divisions were furnished tele- graphic communication. By a revision of the city charter in April, 1878, the two fire depart- ments were consolidated, and an election of offi- cers held with the following result: Winn. M. Brackett, chief engineer: W. C. Stetson, for- merly chief of the east division, first assistant; and C. Frederichs, a charter member of Hook and Ladder company No. 1, and once its foreman, second assistant. The rapid growth of the city, and the corresponding increase in the duties of the fire department, soon became too great for a volunteer organization, and in lM7i) they asked to be relieved, and that the city assume the sup- port and maintenance of the department, which was done. The city cannot forget the gratitude due the old volunteer department, nor will its many brave and noble deeds be lost to memory in the no less faithful service of the present de- partment. On the second day of May, 1878, the Minne- apolis fire department was subjected to one of the severest tests in the annals of modern conflagra- tions — a test far greater than that under which many truly great departments have sunk into ob- scurity and disgrace ; but from which this noble volunteer department, under the able direction of its chief and assistants, emerged with a record of which monarehs might well be proud. A more concise account of this noted disaster will be found in the history of the milluig interests in this volume. The department has seven stations, located as follows: Station A, a double brick house, corner of Second street and Third Avenue north, in which is the office of the chief ; station B, comer of Sixth Avenue south and Third street ; station C; corner of Second and Bank streets. East Di- vision ; station D, corner of Main street and Thir- teenth Avenue north. East Division ; station E, on Third street, between Nicollet and First Avenue south ; station F, on Plymouth Avenue, between First and Second streets ; and station G, corner of Washington and Fourteenth Avenues south, a double house— a consoUdation of stations G and H, and the finest building in the depart- ment. The several stations are furnished with all the necessary appliances for comfort, conven- ience and prompt, efficient service, a full descrip- tion of which is only omitted on account of space. The report of Chief Engineer W. M. Brackett for the year ending April 1st, 1881, contains some in- teresting items illustrative of the labors and ef- ficiency of the department. The report shows 171 fire alarms responded to from January 1st, 1880, to January 1st, 1881. The total losses are estimated at $170,000; total insurance paid, $110,- 000; total insurance involved, :?683,000. The apparatus is two steam fire engines, five four- wheeled hose carriages and one two-wheeled hose cart, two hook and ladder trucks and one chemi- cal hook and ladder truck. The force consists of twenty-two regular and forty-seven caU men. In addition to the home work, the steamer City of Minneapolis and hose company No. 1, went to Farmington in November, 1879, under charge of the chief engineer, in answer to a call for assist- ance, and though the delayed train prevented POLICE FOBCE—CITY MABKET. 493 their reaching the place until the Are was under control, it rendered valuable aid in playing upon the ruins. The same steamer and hose company also rendered material service in St. Paul in March, 1880, under command of Foremen Tire- worgy and Henry, working ten hours. The offi- cers of the department are, W. M. Brackett, chief engineer ; C. Frederichs, first assistant ; Frank C. Stetson, second assistant. Foremen: John Hin- ton. No. 1 ; H. Williams, No. 2 ; C. Henry, No. 3 ; N. Steffes, No. 4 ; R. York, No. 5 ; E. Kings- ley, Cataract Engine Company; G. Runge, Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 ; N. Theilen, Hook and Ladder No. 2 ; P. Kinney, Hook and Lad- der No. 3. THE POLICE FORCE. Immediately following the organization of the city government of St. Anthony, in 1855, Benj. I. Brown was elected marshal, and his official bond accepted at a meeting of the council. May 19th, 1856. Twelve years later, the city govern- ment of Minneapolis was organized, and H. H. Brackett unanimously elected chief of police, at a meeting of the city council, March 9th, 1867. It is hardly necessary to state that the police force in those days was light, nor were their sala- ries oppressively great. The marshal and such assistants as emergencies required, constituted the first force at St. Anthony, the chief and four po- licemen that of Minneapolis. The organization at present consists of A. S. Munger, chief; A. C. Berry, captain; John West, sergeant; Michael Hoy, detective, and twenty- four patrolmen. The uniform is the regular metro- politan, distinguished by hat or cap, belt and club. The police headquarters consist of a small one- story building on an alley between Washington Avenue and Second street, and are unworthy of the city. The present force is far too light for the duties required, but it is composed of men well adapted to the work, and although numerically weak, is in. point of fact one of the strongest, most efficient bodies in the west. Led by a vigi- lant chief, who is ably supported by an efficient stafE and watchful body of patrolmen, the Min- neapolis police force has come to be regarded as something for the vicious to shun, and the worthy to rely on for aid and protection. The following from the last annual report of the chief will per- haps express the present character of the body. and the nature and embarassing features of the work: "It is very true that depredations and misde- meanors are committed, and the perpetrators too often escape arrest; but that is the fault of the limited force, and not of any officer of the de- partment. This city is widely scattered, con- taining more than two hundred miles of streets, and the entire police force numbers but twenty- four patrolmen, besides detective, chief, captain and sergeant. Of this immense line of streets and alleys, about fifty miles are within the patrol limits, or less than one-fourth of the whole city, and during the past year there has not been a burglary or theft of any importance within such limits, with but a single exception, that the great- er part of the goods have not been secured and returned to the owner, and the thieves arrested. * * * During the past year the police force has succeeded in breaking up and routing out, one of the worst gangs of organized thieves that ever existed in any city, and the ringleaders are at present in Stillwater, with the balance of the gang scattered far and wide." In the same report the chief enters his protest against the toleration of tramps, and recommends the city council to provide work, as the best known reme- dy against tliis all-prevailing nuisance. CITY MARKET. The idea of a general market for the city of Minneapolis was conceived and executed by Har- low A. Gale in 1876, the city granting him a franchise for fifteen years. The building is of stone and brick, with asbestine stone trimmings and iron roof. It is located corner of First street and Hennepin Avenue, occupies a space of 80x157 feet, is three-stories high above a base- ment twelve feet in height, and cost with land, 575,000. In the interior are sixty stalls, where may be found meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, but- ter, eggs, cheese, groceries, all kinds of farm products, and in fact everything in the line of provisions and supplies. On the walks surround- ing the market, which are under cover of an awn- ing projecting from the building, fully fifty gard- eners display their products during the vegetable and fruit season. In cold weather the same space is occupied by meats and poultry. The basement is occupied as an eating house, which 494 HI8T0BY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. has a seating capacity of two hundred. On the second floor is a hall which seats 1,500 people. The Woman's Christian Association have their parlor on this floor, and the Y. M. C. A. occupy adjoining rooms as gymnasium and reading room. Mr. Gale has his office at the hall entrance where he superintends tliis "bee hive" of indus- try, and conducts his real estate agency. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office established at the Falls of St. Anthony was located in a small building be- longing to Franklin Steele, in 1*848, and Ard God- frey appointed postmaster. Previous to this the nearest post-offices were at Fort Snelling and St. Paul. Mails were irregularly received, as no carrier was employed during the first year. Captain John Kollins occasionally ran a passenger express wag- on to St. Paul, and brought mail to St. Anthony. In 1850, Powers and Willoughby opened regular stage communication between St. Anthony and St. Paul, and for a number of years the mail was carried by stage, until the building of the line of railroad connecting the two cities, in 1862, since when it has been carried by rail. The office was located in several different buildings on the east side, being for a time in the Winslow House while that building was conducted as a hotel. At the beginning of the war, when the Winslow House was closed, the office was again removed, this time to a wooden structure next to the old Stanchfleld block, on Central Avenue between Main and second streets. The more prominent postmasters succeeding Ard Godfrey were Luther Patch, Mr. White, W. W. Wales, and General H. P. Van Cleve, who for a number of years pre- vious, and at the time of the discontinuance of the office, held the position. Messrs. Godfrey, Wales, and Van Cleve are at present, promi- nent citizens of Minneapolis. Mr. Wales is a member of the firm of Kirkbride, Whitall and Wales, and General Van Cleve is adjutant gen- eral of Minnesota. The post-oflice on the west side was established in 1854, and located on the corner of First street and First Avenue south, in a small wooden build- ing used as the office of Dr. II. Fletcher, who was the first postmaster. The first quarterly report of the first postmaster is preserved in the vault of the present office and shows that the postage paid on letters sent and received, amounted to $5.97. At that time payment of postage either in ad- vance or upon receipt was optional ; at present it is required in advance and the receipts for the same length of time in 1881, from the same sources, amounted to |2f),688.48. The postmas- ters succeeding Dr. Fletcher were Dr. A. E. Ames, prominent in the masonic history of the state, C. Wilcox, 8. Hidden, D. Morgan, D. Bas- sett, W. W. McNair, Cyrus Aldrich, and our pre- sent postmaster. Dr. George H. Keith, who has held the office for a longer term than any of his predecessors. The business rapidly increasing the office was frequently removed to larger quarters. It was first moved during Dr. Ames's administration, to Washington Avenue between Fifth and Sixth Avenues south. The quarters soon proving in- adequate it was next located on Washington and First Avenues south; thence to Hennepin Avenue, between Wasliington and Second street. During W. W. McNair's administration it was moved for the first time into a brick building, oc- cupying the eastern room on the first floor of the Athenaeum building. Col. Cyrus Aldrich, promi- nent in the early history of the state and repre- sentative to congress in 1860-61, succeeded Mr. McNair in 1869 and removed it to 210 Nicollet Avenue. When Col. Aldrich took charge of the office three assistants were required to perform the duties. In the spring of 1870 Dr. George H. Keith, an old settler in Minneapolis, was ap- pointed to supersede Col. Aldrich. ^V^len he took charge of the office the workmg force con- sisted of only five clerks. The business of the office by this time had increased to such a degree that the room in Center block was found to be too small, and in December, 1873, the City Hall, be- ing just completed, the government leased its present quarters for twenty years and moved in- to them. At this time the east side post-office was merged into tlie one on the west side. This was efCeclod b> means of a petition presented to the post-office department signed by the citizens residing within the delivery of the office discon- tinued. This is the only instance in the annals of United States postal history, where a post-office has been discontinued under such circumstances. January 1st, 1874, the present carrier system was adopted, requiring the services of eight carriers on BUSINESS OF THE CITY. 495 both sides of the river. The carrier force has been increased to twelve regulars and two substitutes, who delivered in 1880, 3,611,809 packages of mail of various kinds. In 1880, the total receipts of the office were $81,383.60, from the sale of stamps, envelopes, postal cards, paper and periodical stamps, post- age on unpaid letters, etc.; the total expenses were 118,234.96, and the net income of the office, $63,148.64. In 1870, the entire force of the office including postmaster was six; at present it num- bers thirty-five, viz: the postmaster, the deputy postmaster, T. E. Hughes; the superintendent of carriers, A. A. Keith; the superintendent of mailing department, E. L. Woodworth; one spec- ial agent, one local agent, fourteen clerks, and the carriers. The office under the present admin- istration is the pride of Minneapolis, and a mon- ument to the executive ability of George H. Keith and his efficient corps of assistants. CHAPTER LXXV. BUSINESS OF THE CITY— CITY PKOPBKTY— PUB- LIC AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS. Before turning the leaf on the city of Minne- apolis a brief resume of its mterests and indus- tries will be given. When railroad communication was deficient, Minneapolis contested the point of the head of navigation with a zealous neighbor, because ready means of communication is a vital point to a city claiming the position of a distri- buting point or centre of trade, while it is nearly as essential to a manufacturing centre. When the issue of the struggle was reached and Minneapo- lis was compelled to occupy a secondary place so far as river transportation was concerned, it seemed that her prestige as a centre of interior trade was forever decided. During the years in- tervening between the settlement of that con- troversy and the present time, however, such im- proved facilities of railroad transportation have grown with the country, that the question is again an open one whether Minneapolis shall not become the commercial centre of the north-west, in addition to her acknowledged supremacy as a manufacturing centre. The growth of cities and their control of trade are never accidental, nor always due to natural situation, though that must always be' an important factor in the pro- duct obtained. At one time in the early history of America, New York city was over-shadowed by Newport, Ehode Island, and letters from Eng- land were addressed to "New York near New- port." The superiority of the harbor at Newport and many natural advantages, conspired to make it the chief city of the continent. In that case the cupidity of citizens was the cause of the greater growth of the rival city. Other instances of like character might be given. Capital and the disposition to employ it in business enterprises, mu^t in Minneapolis be the determining factors. The problem of transportation is solved by the construction of a net-work of railroads centering at this point, and a survey of the business of the city will show to what extent the facilities are already utilized; at the same time it must be admitted that importation of articles which should be manufactured here, has in- creased in a four-fold ratio to the growth of man- ufacturing capacity. The manufacture of lumber and flour will not be included in this resume of business, except in the general summary. Next to flour and lumber in importance, are the the manufactories of iron, carriages and wagons. Seventy-six establishments are employed in these branches of industry, with a total capital of s}811,- 450, and a product of manufactures amounting 11,646,349 during the past year, employing 1210 men, paying out |537,216 in wages. Prominent among these are the North Star, Minneapolis, Variety and Union, which companies are em- ployed in constructing machinery adapted to the extensive mills of various kinds in the city and north-west. The manufacture of farm machinery is extensively carried on, and the wholesale trade in this department is large and increasing. The Minneapolis Harvester Works is the most exten- sive establishment of this kind in the city, fur- nishing en^loyment to a large number of men. An account of this institution is given under the manufactories of the city. Two paper mills are in operation, employing |310,000 capital and seven- 496 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ty-eight men, paying annually in wages $34,000 ; value of paper product $208,900. Planing mills, sash, door and moulding factories, twelve in all, employ $247,150 capital, 451 men and pay annu- ally in wages $145,454 ; product f 605,770. Thir- ty-f6ur boot and shoe factories employ $152,900 capital, 151 men, and pay annually |60,&00 in wages; product $235,660. Eleven brick yards employ $128,500 capital, 120 men and pay annu- ally 142,350 in wages; product $93,700. Sixteen printing and publishing establishments employ $151,500 capital,342 men,paying $140,100 annually in wages ; product $370,400. Twenty-five slaugh- tering establishments employ $65,500 capital, 101 men, paying $43,181 annually in wages; product $553,429. Stone quarries, ten in number, employ $34,500 capital, 113 men, paying $38,000 annually in wages ; product $284,000. The following statistics taken from the anijual report of the board of trade for 1880, gives another exhibit of the product of miscellaneous manufac- turing: Iron works and farm machinery, car- riages and wagons, $3,260,000; furniture and kindred goods, $520,000 ; builders' goods of all classes, $1,173,000 ; woolen, cotton and knit goods, $510,000 ; clothing and furnishing goods, $725,- 000 ; boots, shoes, harnesses and trunks, $710,000 ; crackers, candies and cigars, $421,000; linseed and other oils and chemicals, $311,000 ; cooperage of all kinds, $851,000 ; soap and fertilizers, $410,- 000; brown paper, etc., $287,000; brewers and vine- gar rectifiers, $260,000; brick, and manufactured stone, $275,000 : printers and book binders, $320,- 000 ; total $10,333,000, exclusive of flour and lum- ber. Items in regard to the wholesale trade have al- ready been embodied in chapter sixty-six. The growth of this branch of trade has been remark- able, as will be seen from the following compara- tive statement, for the last five years : In 1876 it amounted to $5,373,651 ; in 1877, to $8,147,275 ; in 1878, to $10,406,250; in 1879, to $14,001,700; in 1880, to $24,299,200 ; showing that the trade has more than quadrupled during that time. Five important wholesale and retail hardware stores do each an extensive business. Viz.: II. D. Wood and Co.; Janney, Brooks and Eastman; A. R. Miller ; Smith and Day, 529 Washington Avenue south ; Smith and Scribner; 523 Washington Av- enue south. Four wholesale and retail grocers do business aggregating nearly four millions. Seven wholesale wine and liquor dealers ; seven- teen queensware, drug and oil dealers ; ten dry goods, clothing, hats and caps ; seven cracker and confectionery ; four agricultural implements; Ten furniture and carpets; twenty-six produce commission; sundry, boots, shoes, leather and hides; also paper and stationery. These com- prise the great bulk of the wholesale trade of Minneapolis, aside from flour and lumber. The retail trade embraces too numerous a list for special mention. A few of the most import- ant branches are given. Twenty-eight dealers represent the retail trade in boots and shoes, be- side the forty boot and shoe makers; twenty- six, cigars and tobacco ; seventeen, clothing ; twenty-eight, confectionery and fruits; twenty-six druggists; thirty-two, dry goods; five fancy goods only; eleven, furniture; fifteen, gents' furnish- ing goods; oue hundred and eighteen, groceries; eleven, hardware; forty-two, meat markets; twenty-one, millinery; twenty-five, watch-ma- kers and jewelers ; fourteen, wood and coal; other establishments in proportion. The aggre- gate business of the city, wholesale and retail, including flour and lumber -makes a grand total of over $50,000,000. Places of amusement are the Academy of Music, Pence Opera House, and two others of inferior grade ; billiard saloons, twenty; drinking saloons, one hundred and sixty- four; boarding-houses, fifty-one; hotels, forty- six; restaurants, twenty-three; baths, eight; bar- bers, thirty-six; city hacks, ten; circulating libra- ries, two. The professions are represented by one hun- dred lawyers, eighty-four physicians, twenty-two dentists, six civil engineers, fourteen music teachers, and clergy as shown under churches. Ileal estate dealers are fifty-four, loan agents seventeen, insurance agents twenty-six, repre- senting one hundred and twenty-seven compan- ies. Photographers are thirteen in number; tax- idermists, three ; florists, seven; carvers two ; carpenters, builders and contractors, forty-two. Cooperage is quite an important industry, stimulated by the flouring business, and is car- ried on by several large firms, with modern ma- chinery. The city property consisting of bridges, city hall, city prison, real estate, fire department PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 497 property; gas fixtures, sewers, water-works, pumps, horses, funds invested, office furniture, etc., is 11,290,639.68, besides the school buildings and property not included. The bonded debt of thexity is 11,101,000; bonded school debt not in- cluded, $96,500. The assessed value (about two- thirds) of real and personal property in 1880, was $28,013,315. The rate of tax levy for 1879-80, was 16.1 mills. Prominent buildings; the city hall located on an angular piece of ground at the junction of Nicollet and Hennepin, is the property of the city. The building is four-stories high with abasement; built of the blue limestone, quarried within the city limits. A large portion of the building not required for city purposes is occupied by the post-oflBce, Tribune, Pioneer Press and others by means of which it proves a valuable investment to the city. Other buildings, the property of the city, are not worthy of mention, as ornamental structures and some, especially the county buildings, are in- adequate to the larg* and increasing demands of business. The fire stations, however, seven in number, located in different parts of the city are of handsome design. Station "G" corner of Washington Avenue and Thirteenth Avenue south, recently completed, cost with the lot $8,- 475.92. "This building is, without doubt, one of the most convenient and complete fire stations in the north-west, and will compare favorably with any in the United States." The city market mentioned elsewhere, is locat- ed on Bridge square. It was built in 1876, by the present proprietor Harlow A. Gale, under a special contract with the city by virtue of which he controls and receives the rents during a term of years, for booths, stalls, and locations on the streets and side walks surrounding the building. Here hucksters congregate, affording a great con- venience to citizens in the purchase of supplies. Many business blocks are of such elegant and extensive proportions as to attract the notice of visitors, and are worthy of special mention. It will be possible, however, to mention only a few of the most prominent. The Academy of Music, located on Hennepin Avenue, corner of Washington, is a brick struct- ure of four stories, with a mansard roof, and is an elegant block. 32 The Andrews block, built of brick, four stories, is a striking building, well adapted to the whole- sale trade by which it is occupied. The Casey block is a magnificent building with forty-four feet fronton Nicollet Avenue, in depth 112 feet. It is four stories in height, buUt of brick, faced with Lemont limestone. The Eastman block, four stories high, with a front of Ohio sandstone,theDaybloek, of pressed brick on Washington Avenue, the Domestic block of Ohio sandstone on Nicollet Avenue,the Johnson block, corner of Washington and Hennepin Ave- nues, and many other fine business structures are features of the city. Hotels. Many of the hotels deserve mention among the fine buildings of the city. The fol- lowing in regard to them is of interest : The first hotel in this city was, as has been previously stated, the St. Charles, built in St. Anthony, in 1850, and kept by Anson Northrup. The Wins- low House, in which many thousand dollars were invested, was at one time the leading hotel of the north-west, and a popular resort for southern people previous to the war. After its southern patronage ceased, it continued for a time at a loss, but was subsequently closed, to be opened no more as a hotel. The building was used as a tenement for a time and finally became the prop- erty of Macalester College, and is now occupied by that institution. The first hotel on the west side was erected by Anson Northrup, near the falls, in 1853, known as the Minneapolis House. The Nicollet House was built in 1857, by Eustis and Nudd. It was begun in May of that year, and when completed, had a frontage of 110 feet on Hennepin, and 100 feet on Washington Ave- nue, containing about ninety guest rooms, com- modious dining room, ofiice and parlors. The cost of the building was $80,000. The house was xmder the management of Eustis and Nudd until 1861, when the latter sold his interest to Eustis, who leased the house, the same year, to I. P. Hill. Prom that time until 1866 it was conducted by va- rious parties. In that year, P. S. Gilson and Company purchased it, for |40,000. This firm managed* the house until 1870, when, their in- creasing trade demanding more room, they built an addition, making the house its present size, and giving one hundred and twenty-five rooms. The new part was opened in July, 1871. Two 498 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. years later, the house was leased to McKibbon and Vosburg, and in 1878 Mr. Grlson again took it, and continued until May, 1880, when it was leased to John T. West. In 1879 Mr. Gilson made some important changes, building a new of- fice and rotunda, with entrances on Washington Avenue. This house has been, since its first opening, the leading hotel of the city. Among the remaining forty-flve hotels in Min- neapolis, seven of them rank high as houses of the second class: The Clark, Merchants, Wind- sor, National, St. James, Bellevue and Pauly. The others are of the various grades. In addi- tion to the hotels, there are a number of public and private boarding houses, that are largely patron- ized by citizens and those sojourning tempo- rarily. In this connection, the places of amusement and their history, with the fine buildings occu- pied by them is introduced. Previous to the erection of Harrison's Hall, about 1860, the public hall of Minneapolis known as Boardman's Hall, was located on the corner of Washington and Second Avenues south. This building is now the First National Hotel. Har- rison's Hall, with seating capacity of about four or five hundred was used for amusements until 1866, when J. W. Pence, seeing the need of an opera house, built and furnished Pence Opera House. It is located on the comer of Hennepin Avenue and Second street, and when erected had a seating capacity of seven hundred. The building is of brick, three stories high and basement. The first floor is used for stores, the second floor is di- vided into offices, and on the third floor is the haU. During the summer of 1879, the rear of the floor of the auditorium was raised, giving it an in- cline towards the stage, the seating capacity increased from seven to nine hundred, and folding opera chairs put in. It was opened October 21, 1879, with a stock company under management of John Murray, who was followed in the season of 1880 by the Bryton and Carver stock company and called the "Criterion Theatre." Bryton and Carver closed before the season was over. Miss Phosa McAllister opened January 24th, 1881, with a full stock company of thirty people and is enjoying merited success. Joseph Hodges, who came from Providence, Khode Island, about 1870, concluded that amuse- ment-going Minneapolitans would support a lar- ger and finer opera house than the city then pos- sessed, and in 1870-'71, erected the Academy of Music on the comer of Hennepin and Washing- ton Avenues. The building is 80x113 feet, four stories in height, with a truss roof. The first floor is occupied by stores, the second floor is di- vided into ofiices, and on the third and fourth is the opera hall. The auditorium seats 1,400 persons, 594 in the gallery and 806 below. Over 2,000 persons have congregated in the hall on several occasions. The structure and ground was pur- chased in May, 1873, by the Herrick Bros, and Thomas Lowry. The present owners are D. Mor- rison, Herrick Bros., and the estate of C. G. Goodrich. It is valued at $150,000, and is the finest structure of the kind north-west of Chicago. Since the ownership of Mr. Hodges, the Academy of Music has been under the management of W. W. and E. W. Herrick. The University, on University Avenue, is a' stately building, occupying high ground, and visible from nearly all parts of the city. It is constructed from native limestone and occupies spacious groimds a little removed from the noise and bustle of the business portion of the city, but convenient of access. The high school build- ing with its towers, is another noticeable feature, built of limestone and Kasota sandstone, situ- ated in the heart of the city. Among the many private residences on which wealth and taste have been lavished to such an extent as to invest them with general interest to citizens, we can here mention but few. The Judd residence, situated on Sixth Avenue south and Fifth street, is the most showy resi- dence in the city. The grounds occupy the en- tire block, and are adorned with beautiful shade trees and landscape gardening. The house is of cream-colored brick, and is princely in its pro- portions and architecture. The residence of Jesse G. Jones, comer of First Avenue south and Tenth street, is a model of fine taste and beautiful architecture. The houses of C. H. Pettit, corner of Second Avenue south and Tenth street, and Thomas Lowry, city limits, are of cream-colored brick, and among the finest of the city. Hon. A. C. Rand has a stately mansion, corner of Seventh street and Sixth Avenue south, BIOGBAPHIGAL. 499 built of asbestine. L. Christian's residence, cor- ner of Fifth Avenue south and Eighth street, that of Hon. George A. Pillsbury, corner of Tenth street and Third Avenue south, and that of Hon. J. S. Pillsbury, corner of Tenth Ave- nue and Fifth street south-east, are palatial es- tablishments. It is a matter of regret that limited space pre- vents the acknowledgement of the debt due from the citizens at large, to the numerous other wealthy gentlemen who have beautified the city by expending large sums in the construction of fine residences 'and laying out ornamental grounds. Of banks, churches, newspapers and societies such extended notice has already been given, as to leave little of fresh matter for this summary. Of banks, more are needed; the board of trade report placed the deficiency of banking capital, that would be profitably employed, if immediately invested here, at $1 ,000,000 or more. Of churches, the number and seating capacity appears large, though new structures are now building. Of newspapers, there are more than twenty. The professions are largely and ably represented; room, however, is always found on the "top shelf" for new-comers qualified to assume the position. CHAPTEE LXXVI. BIOGBAPniCAL, A AND B. Judge Isaac Atwater. In few men are more rare combinations of talent required, than in pio- neers of new countries; invincible courage, enter- prize tempered by prudence ; promptness and decision united with calm reflection; sagacity combined with enthusiasm, are indispensable requisites. Trades, professions, creeds, in short all that has a tendency to make a successful com- monwealth must be represented as near the be- gmning as possible. Among those who planted the foundation for the future city of Minneapolis, and assisted in laying the corner stone of the state of Minnesota, none contributed more zeal- ously than Judge Isaac Atwater, who arrived at St. Anthony Falls, in 1850. He is a native of Homer, Cortland county, New York, where he lived and worked on the farm until he was six- teen years of age, which life he then abandoned for the necessary preparation incident to a pro- fession. He received a thorough classical educa- tion, and graduated at Yale college, in 1844, and two years subsequently in Uke manner graduated at Yale law school. Promptly upon being ad- mitted to the bar he commenced a successful practice of law in New York city, which was continued until his removal to St. Anthony, where immediately upon his arrival, he entered into partnership with Hon. John W. North, and con- tinued the practice of his profession in the dis- trict and supreme courts of the Territory. A few months subsequently to his arrival, be was appointed one of the regents of the state univer- sity of Minnesota, and, on the organization of the board, was made secretary, wliich responsible position he held for nine years, performing the duties in the most satisfactory manner, and this, too, without compensation. It is proper to re- mark that had it not been for the judicious course pursued by Judge Atwater and his col- leagues in these early days, none of whom ever received any compensation for their services, but on the other hand contributed large sums of money from their own pockets in the interest of the institution, there is no probability that the stately edifice which we all are so proud of would have been built at all, or at least not in this neighborhood. To the first board of regents are the citizens indebted for the inauguration of the the University of Minnesota, at the Falls of St. Anthony. Several liberal citizens, then residents on both banks of the Mississippi, such as Calvin A. Tuttle, Esqr., also subscribed and paid, large subscriptions to enable the regents to commence the erection of suitable preparatory buildings for the use of the university. In 1851 , upon the ad- vent of the St. Anthony Express, Judge Atwater, in addition to his numerous other duties, became editor-in-chief of that paper, and conducted the editorial columns with great ability until his eleva- tion to the supreme bench upon the organization of the state government in 1857. His vigorous and able pen soon gave this paper, then published on the extreme frontier, a national reputation, and it was the source of the introduction of thousands and thousands of emigrants into the territory as permanent settlers. 500 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. In 1853 he received the suffrages of the citizens of Hennepin county for district attorney. This office, in a new country, where the inhabitants are concentrated from the four quarters of the globe, is attended with difficulties which are unknown in old settled communities. In 1857 he was elected one of the associate justices of the su- preme court. His elevation to a seat on the su- preme bench necessarily caused him to vacate the editorial chair of the St. Anthony Express, but his habits of industry were continued in frequent contributions of articles of rare merit, which ap- peared in the leading periodicals of the day. In 1864 he resigned the office of supreme juds^e, in consequence of a determination to visit the Pa- cific States for the purpose of resuming the prac- tice of law. He opened an office in Carson City, Nevada, extending his practice to Virginia City, in that state. He remained three years on the Pacific slope, when he returned to Minneapolis, and has since that time continued the practice of his profession, occupying at the same time, for years, a seat in the city council, a portion of which time he was president of the board of al- dermen. Por eight years he was a member of the board of education, an important trust for which his knowledge, habits, and interest in schools pe- culiarly fitted him. The three last years of his service with the board, he was president of that body. It will be seen that Judge Atwater has bestowed a good deal of his valuable time to mu- nicipal as well as educational purposes, and to his influence and services are the citizens largely in- debted for the healthy and prosperous condition of the matters closely connected with the city af- fairs, as well as the excellent system of schools which abounds in Minneapolis. He is also a val- uable member of the board of trade, which in a measure, shapes the future destinies of the city. Judge Atwater belongs to the Protestant Episco- pal Church, in which he has occupied numerous positions and trusts in the interest of Christianity, and is always ready to bestow aid and assist in the elevation of mankind. In 1849, Judge Atwater was married to Miss Permelia A. Sanborn, a lady who is universally respected by a large circle of acquaintances. Her beautiful home is surrounded with the choicest floral gifts, the fruits of her handiwork. She takes much interest in the propagation of plants, flowers and vines, which make our homes cheer- ful and happy. Her good works in these things were held in such high estimation by the State Horticultural Society, that she was unanimously elected an honorary member of that society. The Judge and Mrs. Atwater have had three children. Cora, the eldest, a bright little girl, died in 1852, aged fifteen months. L. Isabel, the second daughter, is the wife of Col. A. C. Keid, of San Francisco, California. The youngest, John B., is also a graduate of Yale College, has chosen the same profession as his father, and is the jun- ior member of the firm of Atwater anS Atwater, attorneys at law. Alfred Elisha Ames, deceased. As a represen- tative of the pioneer settlers of Minnesota none are more deserving of a bright record, than Alfred Elisha Ames, whose life was a great success. He was a native of Colchester, Vermont, where he was born December 13th, 1814. He attended the common schools a few months of each year, work- ing on a farm the balance of the time, until he was seventeen years of age. Under the influence of his honest, industrious parents, his mind was fitted to look beyond his immediate surroundings, and win his way to an honored and useful career. In 1832 he went to PainesviUe, Ohio, where he attended school during the winter, working for his board with a doctor. He became interested in medicine, reading when opportunity was afforded. He engaged in farming and brickmaking for some time, and in 1836 he, with his newly wedded wife, emigrated to Boone county, IlUnois, where his father, with family had preceded him. In 1837 his father died, and all depended upon his exertions for the support of his wife, also his widowed mother and her family. In November, 1838, taking a pack on his back, he started by way of an Indian trail to A^andaha, then the seat of government. Through the kind efforts of Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, he obtained employ- ment as deputy of the secretary of state and pri- vate secretary to Gov. Carlin. In 1840 Mr. Ames attended medical lectures at Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago, under Professor Daniel Brainerd ; he afterward worked on his farm reading medi- cine nights; later with Dr. R. S. Malohey, of Belvidere, where he also began to practice. In 1842 he was elected to the state legislature from the counties of Boone, McHenry, Kane, De Kalb BIOGBAPHICAL. 601 and Grundy. After the adjournment of the legislature, he went to Chicago and attended a course of medical lectures, studying with Profes- sor Brainerd. He attended another course of lectures at Chicago, and graduated from Eush Medical college in February, 1845. In 1847 he made a professional visit to New York, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, visiting all the hospitals and deriving much benefit from the tour. He was elected to the state senate of Illinois in 1849. At Spring- field, Governor French commissioned him pay- master-general of his staff and the next year, ow- ing to his faithful devotion, he was re-elected to the senate. In October, 1851, he came to Saint Anthony in quest of a new home, and in Novem- ber located a claim and built a shanty on the present site of Minneapolis. Forming a partner- ship with Dr. J. H. Murphy, he began the prac- tice of medicine at Saint Anthony. He was elected to the territorial legislature from Henne- pin county in 1852 and in October, 1854, he was chosen probate judge. In 1856 Dr. Ames drew the bill for incorporating the village of Minne- apoUs, and was appointed its postmaster. On June 1st, 1857, he was elected a member of the constitutional convention, in which body he was chairman of the committee on school lands and university, and in 1860 was a member of the state normal school board. In 1862 he visited the hos- pitals in the principal eastern cities, and return- ing home resumed his practice. In 1868 he went east to visit his native place and May 1st he em- barked at New York city for California, being ab- sent several months. After his return he con- tinued to reside and practice in this city until his death. He served in many public capacities; was a member and usually a leader in all medical so- cieties, also actively interested in all matters per- taining to educational advantages. During the summer of 1874 his health began to fail him and in September he passed peacefully to his rest. His funeral, which took place the Sunday following, was conducted by Dr. McMasters of St. Paul, at- tended by nearly all the masonic bodies in the state. Dr. Ames was an enthusiastic worker in the cause of masonry. Many lodges were organ- ized and instructed by him ; heVas the first grand master and organized the first grand lodge in the state. He was a member of the Episcopal church. His marriage with Martha A. Pratt, oc- curred at Geneva, Ohio, in 1836. By this union they had seven sons, five of whom with their mother, survive him. Eli B. Ames was born in Colchester, Vermont, August 3d, 1820. In 1832, moved to Ohio, and in 1836 to Boone county, Illinois, where he lived until 1841, then went to Ottawa and was admitted to the bar in 1842, when he moved to Hennepin, Putnam county, Illinois, where he was postmaster from 1844 to 1848. Probate judge from 1848 to 1850. Member of the state legislature in 1851 and 1 852. Governor Madison's private secretary for two years. In 1855, appointed consul to Hamburg, and acted as such until the spring of 1857. Dur- ing that spring he went to "Washington, to arrange a postal treaty between that coimtry and the United States, for the general exchange of Ger- man mail through Hamburg. He succeeded in the undertaking, and also in reducing the rate of postage from thirty to ten cents. He showed such ability in the office as consul, that the con- sulate was held open for his return a year, which he did not do, but came to Minneapolis in June, 1857, and located, opening a general insurance business, which he has followed to the present time. He was secretary of the state senate from 1861 to 1864, and elected mayor of Minneapolis in 1870 and 1871. Married Miss Delia A. Payne, in St. Louis, Missouri, May 31st, 1854. They have had three children, all living, Addle H., Alice D. and Agnes L. Ezra B. Ames, was bom at Garden Frame, Illinois, August 26th, 1837. Is a son of Dr. A. E. Ames, who made the first kiln of brick in Chicago, and was one of the early settlers of that region. Mr. Ames moved with his parents, in the spring of 1852, to MinneapoUs, attended the first school in this city, taught by Mary A. Scho- field; only six pupils attended, himself and two brothers, two brothers of the McLeod family and Emma Tuttle, in a log house near where the Washburn mill now stands; also attended the first courts held in the old government miU, and first reUgious services, at which the Kev. Mr. Pond officiated. In 1854, he engaged as clerk with Tuft, Eeynolds and Whittemore in the mercantile business, remained until 1856, when he opened a general store at Dayton and continued until 1860. Then engaged in milling at Eockford, Wright 502 inSTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. county, until 1862, when he enlisted in First Minnesota Cavalry, served his term of one year, and was honorably discharged. On his return, opened in company with Mr. Hopper, a meat market, on the corner of Washington and Nicol- let Avenues, which business he followed until 1871, after wliich he engaged in the commis- sion business, and latterly has given his atten- tion to his own real estate and tenement business. Was married at Minneapolis, January 1st, 1864, to Mary C. Hopper, one of the early comers to this city. They have had four children, two now living; Edgar C. and Fre'derick. A. Albert Alonzo Ames was bom at Garden Prai- rie, Boone county, Hlinois, January 18th, 1842. At ten years of age he moved with his parents to Minneapolis, graduated from the high school at sixteen, and at once commenced the study of medicine with his father. Graduated at the Eush Medical College, of Chicago, February 5th, 1862. Married, April 21st, 1862, to Miss Sarah, daughter of Capt. Richard Strout, of Minneapolis. In August, 1862, Dr. Ames, in company with others, raised Company B of 9th Minnespta Volunteer Infantry, and engaged in the service on the fron- tier, participating in all the battles of his regi- ment against the Indians. In the fall of 1863, accompanied his regiment south, and was in active service untU the close of the war. His experi- ence in surgery, gained during his time of service, was of great value to him. In July, 1864, he was commissioned surgeon, and served in that capacity until mustered out, August 18th, 1865. Returned to Minneapolis, and engaged in the practice of his profession with his father. In November, 1866, he was elected to the state legis- lature from Hennepin county. In 1868, went to California, and engaged in the newspaper busi- ness until 1874, when he returned to Minneapolis, where he has since remained. After the death of his father, in September, 1874, he took his prac- tice, and has continued it since. Has held sev- eral offices of prominence, and was elected mayor of Minneapolis in 1876. Is a member of the Ma- sonic fraternity. Odd Fellows, Druids, and Knights of Pythias. Has three children living : Charlie C, Effle P., and Frankie E. Herman Abel, was born in Germany in 1825. Learned the dyeing and scouring business in his native country, and followed it for thirty-one years in Germany and the United States. He has been engaged in Minneapolis since 1878, and is at present, located at No. 304 Hennepin Avenue. Married Rosina Flad, June, 1861. They have two children, Anna C. and George J. A. M. Alden, was born in Cortland county. New York, October 24th, 1838. At the age of twelve, moved with parents to McHenry county, Illinois. In 1855, came to Minnesota and settled in Fillmore county, and engaged in farming there and in Dodge coimty until 1863. Thence to Olmsted county, engaged in the dry goods busi- ness until 1866, then to Fillmore county again, engaging in a general merchandise business until 1872, when he moved to Minneapolis and en- gaged in the grocery and crockery trade until 1880, when he retired for the purpose of looking after his property. Married in 1860, to Maria Shedd, of New Hampshire. They have five chil- dren, Elizabeth E., Wm. A., Jennie M., Bertha P., Edwin M. His wife died in 1871. Married for second wife, Mrs. H. E. Pardee, of Elgin, Illinois. They have had four children, two now living; Lyman S. and Harriet M. Z. O. Allen, bom in Washington county, Maine, June 7th, 1859. Came to Minneapolis, in July, 1878, engaging in several different branches of business untU August, 1880, when he bought an interest in the meat market located at 717 Wash- ington Avenue south; firm name. Barber and Com- pany. J. C. AUworth, Proprietor of the AUworth House, located at 118 Second street south. It is a two-story building with thirteen rooms, with the oflBce, bar, dining-room and kitchen on the first floor, and the parlor on the second floor. James M. Allan was born in Montreal, Canada, February 11th, 1843. In 1857, moved with his parents to Upper Canada. In 1860 moved, and lived at Fort Atkinson, Iowa, one year, then to Decorah and learned the blacksmith trade. En- listed, in 1863, in the Forty-sixth Iowa Infantry, and went to Tennessee, and was discharged at Davenport, September 23d, 1863. In 1872 went to Montana and engaged in mining and pros- pecting. Moved the same year to Minneapohs and worked six years for R. B. Langdon & Com- pany. Was appointed on the poUce force in March, 1879, which position he has since held. Married November 14th, 1865, to Mary E. Mead- BIOGBAPHICAL. 503 ow. They have had three children; one now liv- ing—Leon L. Andrew Anderson was bom in Norway, Jan- uary 22d, 1845. Came to the United States in 1866, and settled in Iowa, where he worked on a fajm for two years. Moved to Hastings, Min- nesota, in 1868, and worked three years on a farm and in a saw mill. Came to Minneapolis in 1871, and opened a saloon, which he continued for one year, then worked at coopering three years, and is now located at STo. 1225, Fifth street south, in saloon business. Married Miss Clara Ander- son; they have one child, Louisa, C. H. Anderson, born in Sweden. Moved to the United States and settled in Minneapolis in 1872, where he worked for six months in a meat market, then engaged for the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Company until 1877, when he made a trip to his old home in Sweden, remain- ing there for nine months, when he returned to Minneapolis and engaged in the clothing business until the spring of 1880, when he engaged in the wood trade on the corner of Washington Avenue and Sixth Avenue south. C. P. Anderson, borninSweden, in 1836. Came to America in 1866, and worked in Chicago four montlis, thence to Bed Wing, Minnesota, work- ing six months ; then to Wisconsin, working at his trade, carpentering, for two years, thence to Lake City, keeping boarding house and saloon five months; then to BurUngton, Iowa, working at his trade for two years, thence to New Ulm, Minnesota, in 1872, for a short time, and to- Min- neapolis, working at his trade until 1878, when he established his present business at 1421, Washington Avenue South. W. P. Ankeny, deceased, was bom at Somer- set, Pennsylvania, October 4th, 1821, died at Minneapolis, December 20th, 1877. In early life he was the publisher of a newspaper in his native town, also in mercantile business, and holding the position of postmaster. He went to Califor- nia during the excitement attending the opening of that state, and engaged successfully in the ■stock business. On his return east he engaged in running a steam tannery. In 1857 Mr. An- keny came to Minneapolis, and from that time until he was confined to his room by illness, was closely identified with the material growth, and political interests of this city. He buUt a saw mill at the Falls in company with a Mr. Clement and Mr. Eobinson of this city. They continued to do a lucrative business until 1872, when he was joined in the lumbering business by his brother, A. T. Ankeny. He built the Galaxy mill, in 1871, which was burned and rebuilt, and went down in the explosion of 1878. He served as councilman for the sixth ward, and in the fall of 1861, was elected senator for the 27th district. He was largely interested in the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, and the building of the Minneapolis Harvester Works. Was mainly in- strumental in starting the first Building and Loan Association in the city, and was at one time its president. The many enterprises he was en- gaged in furnished at all times employment for a large number of men. His son, W. S. Ankeny, now occupies a responsible position at the Gal- axy mill. A.' T. Ankeny was bom at Somerset, Pennsyl- vania, December 27th, 1837. Received his edu- cation at Hiram, Ohio, and at Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania. Studied law with John D. Ruddy, at Somerset, and completed his studies in the oifice of Hon. J. S. Black, Attorney General of the United States, at Washington, D. C. He was admitted to the bar April 1st, 1861. In February, 1862, on the accession of Hon. E. M. Stanton to the War Department, was appoint- ed by him to a position in the Quartermaster General's oflSce, and held the same until the close of the war. He then resumed the practice of law at Somerset, and for a time was connected with one of the banks at that place. Came to Minne- apolis in the spring of 1872, and became associ- ated with his brother, W. P. Ankeny, in the man- ufacture of lumber. In 1874, the firm built the Galaxy flouring mill. Continued in the lumber business until 1877, at that time resuming the practice of law, which he has since continued successfully. Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling, West Virginia, May 2d, 1861, to Miss Martha V. Moore, daughter of John Moore, long identified with the interests of Wheeling. They are the parents of five children : Florence, Rob- bie, Nellie, Mattie, and Sallie. Residence on Western Avenue, on the bluffs outside of the city limits, where he owns forty acres of land, portions of it being very desirable residence prop- erty. 504 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, John F. Appleby born at Whitesborough, Onei- da county, New York. When five years of age came with his parents to Wisconsin, and was reared on a farm. Enlisted in 1862 in the Twen- ty-third Wisconsin regiment, and served until honorably discharged July 4th, 1865, at Mobile, Alabama. During his term of service he invent- ed the repeating magazine fire-arm, while at the siege of Vicksburg, which he sold to Thomas W. Lane of Boston, Massachusetts. After his re- turn home he engaged in farming until 1868, dur- ing which time he completed the "Appleby Twine- binder," patent issued in 186a, and has since then received patents on several different binders; also patents on self-rakes and reapers, the latter known as the "Appleby Reaper." Came to Minneapolis in March, 1880, and arranged with the Minneapo- lis Harvester Works to manufacture his twine- binders, engaging with the company as mechanical superintendent of their works. He completed his binder at Beloit, Wisconsin, where they are still manufactured. They are also manufactured at Piano, Illinois, Excelsior Works, Miamisburg' Ohio, and at Whitewater, Wisconsin. Mr. Ap- pleby was married at Mazo Manie, Wisconsin, in 1847, to Miss A. D. Spink. They have three children. Ruby G., J -Percy and John Roy. A. R. Archibald. Principal and proprietor of Archibald's Business Academy. A native of New England. Graduated at Dartmouth college. New Hampshire, and came West to take charge of the Stevens Seminary, Glencoe, Minnesota, filling the position acceptably until the fall of 1876, when he became commandant of the Minneapolis Mili- tary Academy. In the fall of 1877, opened the present institution to meet the wants of young people coming into the city, whose education was limited. At first the outlook for success was poor, but at the close of the year twenty names were enrolled. Since then, the business has de- veloped in spite of opposition, and at present the enrollment numbers sixty names with a prospect of twenty more during the yeai'. Young men and women from the country and city who have not the time for a full course, here find just what is needed to prepare them for the practical pur- suits of life. Solon Armstrong was born at Sutton, New Hainpshire, May 15th, 1834. Attended the Wes- leyan University at Middletown, Connecticut, four years, then read law with George and Foster, Concord, New Hampshire, until 1857, when he came to St. Anthony and continued his studies with Lawrence and Lochren, until the fall of 1857; admitted to the bar the same year, also elected justice of the peace. Held the office till 1864, when he entered the government service in in the quartermaster's department one year, mak- ing a trip across the plains with Col. Thomas's expedition. He then went into the office of Todd, Gordon and Co., till 1870, when he was appointed by the city council, city justice and clerk, which offices he held until the unity of the two cities, when the office was abolished. He called a meet- ing of the first council for the union of the two cities. He then entered the Zenith flouring mill office as book-keeper, till 1877, then purchased the old City Mill, after which Mr. M. B. Rollins be- came associated and they continued tiU the spring of 1878. In company with Mr. C. Noble bought the grocery interest of O. T. Swett and is at present located in Masonic block. University Avenue East Division. Mr. Armstrong was a member of the city council from 1873 to 1878 and president the last two years. Was married in Minneapolis February, 1874, to Mrs. Sarah B. Redfield, who died April 14th, 1879. Has three children Uving, Bessie P., Solon and Joseph. J. H. Amell was born in Orange county. New York, February 20th, 1836. Came to Minneapo- lis May 10th, 1857, and worked at his trade, har- ness-making, for William Murphy. In 1858, went into business for himself, as one of the pioneers in the harness business. At that time there were but two other shops in Minneapolis. His first partner was John Conover, who sold out in 1860, leaving him alone. In 1862, he enlisted in the Second Minnesota Battery, serving nearly three years. Was dischai'ged from the hospital at Nashville, Tennessee. Returning to Minneapo- lis, he resumed his old business. August, 1874, he joined in partnership with L. Christlieb, and has continued business with him since. Was married to Francis Peet, of Minneapolis, Septem- ber 23d, 1874. They have two children : Paul B. and Mabel. B. Aronson, born in Sweden, December 1st, 1845. Was raised on a farm until twenty-one years of age, when he learned the trade of mason, which he has followed constantly since. Came to BIOQBAPHICAL. 505 America in 1867, and located in Minnesota, and commenced work for the Sioux City Eailroad, building bridge foundations. Worked in Scott county one season, and came to Minneapolis in 1872. Worked for George McMullen in 1872, working for himself alone until the firm of Pat- terson and Aronson was established, in 1877. They now employ from twenty to thirty men. John Arnoldy was born in New Ulm, Brown county, Minnesota, September 4th, 1860, where he was brought up to the harness-making trade, and worked until 1877, when he came to Minne- apolis, and worked for leading firms in the city until he formed a partnership with Andrew Keim in 1880, and located at 120 Plymouth Avenue. Peter Arnoldy, born in Germany, March 1st, 1849, and raised on a farm. Came to America in March, 1872, stopping a short time in Chicago and New Uhn, and reached Minneapolis in No- vember, 1872. Is a cabinet-maker by trade, and by his industry and skill has built up quite a large business at his present place, 1503 Washington Avenue south. Was married in 1875, to Lucy Breyen, of Germany. They have two children : Herman J. and John M. K. Aslesen was born in Norway, December 6th, 1853. Came to America with his parents who settled in Houston county, Minnesota, in 1857, where he remained until 1867, when he moved to Brownsville. Soon after, moved to Lansing, Iowa, where he worked as clerk in a grocery for six years. Thence to New Albin, engaging in general mercantile business until March, 1879, when he moved to Minneapolis and became one of the firm of Aslesen Bros, in a general grocery trade at 511 Washington Avenue south. In April, 1880, he bought his brother's interest in the concern and has since continued alone. P. A. Atwater was born in Burlington, Ver- mont, in 1830, where he conducted a hotel for several years. Moved to Illinois in 1857, and in 187.'5 to Delano, Minnesota, where he engaged in the clothing business. September 1st, 1880, he bought the Clark House, located corner Fourth street and Hennepin Avenue, 100x118 feet, four stories high, eighty rooms. Office, dining-room, billiard hall, bar and mercantile sample rooms on the ground floor. Eeception room and parlors on second floor. A conveniently arranged and well conducted house. Mr. Atwater married Miss Naomi. N. Bradley, June IBth, 1856. They have four children— Stella C, Fanny, Edward and Hubbard. Ezra H. Austin, born at Hogansburgh, New York, April 4th, 1844. At the age of twelve went to work in the Howland mills at Wadding- ton, New York, where he remained until 1860, when he went to WilUamsburgh, New York, and run a mill. August 11th, 1861, enlisted in the One hundred and second New York Volunteers, and served with the regiment through the war; mustered out June, 1865, came to Winona, Minnesota, in 1867, and run the. "Glen mills" for two years; moved to Wasioja, in the "Star mills" two years; came to Minneapo- lis in 1870, was with the Washburn A mUl eigh- teen months, the Pillsbury twelve months, and in Wisconsin six months; went into the Palisade miU in 1873, and has been there since. Married Miss Mary Eleener, March 4th,1870. They have one child living, Etta H. E. C. Babb was born in Westbrook, Maine, February, 1834, where he followed lumbering until 1857, then moved to Berlin Falls, New Hampshire, and continued the lumber business until 1862, when he enlisted in the Ninth New Hampshire Volunteers; served as non-commis- sioned officer three months, was promoted Second Lieutenant. In 1863, was promoted First Lieu- tenant, and Captain in 1864; was honorably discharged June, 1865; speculated in oil in Canada two years; came to Minneapolis in 1868, and engaged in lumbering until the fall of 1875; since then has been in the ice business; proprie- tor of the Minneapolis Ice Company, until the formation of the Cedar Lake lee Company in 1878. Was married at Berlin Falls, New Hampshire, August, 1862, to Miss L. Chandler, of that place. Ernest and Bernard Bachner, twin brothers, were born in Prussia, February 1st, 1844. They learned the gunsmith trade in their native coun- try, and in 1865, came to America, landing at Baltimore. Ernest secured a position in a gnn manufactory at Washington, D. C, and Bernard came west, securing a position at EauClaire,Wis- consin. They remained in their respective places about a year, and then met by appointment at Minneapolis; since then they have been identi- fied with the interests of this city. For descrip- tion of business, see other portions of this work. 606 HISTOBY. OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 8. Harlan Baker, civil engineer, office 101 Cen- tral Avenue, was born fifty miles west of Phila- - delphia, Pennsylvania, May 30th, 1846. He fol- lowed, farming at home till 1865, when he entered the State Normal school, at Millersville, Penn- sylvania, and graduated in the fall of 1867, after which he lay sick for two years. In 1869 came west for his health and located in Minneapolis. 'In the spring of 1870, went railroad surveying under Colonel Clough, remained a short time and engaged on Government survey on the line of the Northern Pacific Eailroad, where he remained until the spring of 1872, when he opened his present office. In 1876 was elected county surveyor, and served two terms. Mar- ried in Minneapolis, November, 1875, to Miss Laura Mixer. They have one child, Jessie . George Bagley, a native of London, Englan d was born March 17th, 1850. At the age of two, he moved with parents to Kingston, Canada, and settled on a farm. When seventeen, he began an apprenticeship at the confectioners' trade in London, Canada, and served three years. In 1872 he removed to Chicago where he worked at his trade until 1878, when he came to this city, established a candy manufactory, and has Since remained in that business, now located at 316 Nicollet Avenue. He married Mary Burge of Chicago, December 25th, 1874. They have one child, Ettie lola. Miner Ball was born December 15th, 1838, at Berne, Albany county, New York. Eemained on farm until the age of sixteen ; cams to Min- nesota in 1857, and lived at Caledonia one year, thence to St. Paul, and in 1859 engaged in mer- cantile business at Rockford, Wright county, be. ing the only trader there. In 1861 sold out and came to Minneapolis and bought a photograph gallery of Charles Robinson, and conducted it un- til the following spring, when he sold out and moved to Lake City and opened the ginseng trade. In 1863, moved to Menomonee, Dunn county, Wisconsin, and run a livery stable, store and farm for three years. Then returned to Rockford, and went into trade. Built a saw mill opposite Greenwood and run it two years ; it burned and he moved to Delano and built the Delano Flour and Saw Mills ; remained there un- til 1879, and was foremost in building up the town. Came to Minneapolis in November, 1879, and entered into real estate and commission business. In 1880, sold his Delano property and in the fall opened a real estate office in the Clark House. Was married February 18th, 1862, to Miss Kate P. Powers, of Greenwood. Their children are Willie F., Robert Leslie, Ruth A., Frank P., and Firman G. Mrs. Ball died De- cember 17th, 1875, and Mr. Ball married for his second wife Mrs. Sallie W. Jackson, of Pennsyl- vania, July 16th, 1879. She had one daughter, Viola Jackson. Daniel R. Barber was bom at Benson, Ver- mont, in 1818, lived with his father on the farm until he was twenty-one years of age, when he embarked in mercantile life, which he followed for thirteen years, twelve of which he was post- master. In 1856 he closed his business in Ben- son, and came West, locating at the then small town of St. Anthony Falls. For several years his business was dealing in real estate and loaning money, large sums of which were intrusted to him by Eastern parties, and on which he never met with a loss. He assessed the town and city for eleven years, and was once census enumerator. In 1872 he bought the Cataract Mill (described elsewhere in this work), which he has operated successfully since. Mr. Barber was married in February, 1845, at Orwell, Vermont, to Miss El- len L. Bottum, with whom he has since lived. The fruits of this union are: JuUa B., born in May, 1846, and Edwin R., born in November, 1852. In August, 1865, Miss Julia was married to J. Wells Gardner, of this city, who died in San Francisco, California, in 1876. Edwin R. married Miss Hattie E. Sidle, a daughter of H. G. Sidle, banker, in October, 1878. They are now living at 41 South Seventh street. Both Edwin and Mrs. Gardner are partners with their father in the mill. After the death of Mr. Gard- ner, Mr. and Mrs. Barber left the home they had built up and occupied for twenty-one years, cor- ner Fourth street and Second Avenue south, and now live with their daughter at Second Avenue south between Fourth and Fifth streets. Ed. C. Barber was born in Franklin county, Illinois, June 1st, 1849, and was brought up in his native state, and worked four years in the post-office at Cairo ; also engaged as mail agent on mail train for eight years. After some time spent in various other pursuits, he came to Min- BIOGBAPHICAL 507 neapolis in July, 1880, and started a meat-market at 1224 Western Avenue. Married in 1871. Pres- ent family, wife and one boy. Charles S. Bardwell was born in Hampshire county, Massachusetts, November 19th, 1836. Lived with his parents on the farm until the age of eighteen, when he came to St. Paul, Minneso- ta, and at once went to work in a sash factory, remaining but a few months ; then went to Ex- celsior, and engaged in carpentering until 1863. Enlisted the following fall in the Second Minne- sota Cavalry, serving two years and one month. Was on the frontier among the Indians, near the Bad Lands, and engaged in numerous conflicts with the red-skins. Was discharged in the fall of 1865, and returned to Minneapolis and engaged as foreman with J. Copelandand Company, in the sash, door and blind business. Eemained with them six years. In the fall of 1872, went into business with L. C. Bisbee. Sold out in 1875, and moved to his present location. Married Miss Eliza Green, in 1858, who died May 8th, 1864. Mr. Bardwell has one sou, who is now in the senior year at the university. In 1867 he was married again, to Miss Nettie Jenks, who died in 1872. They had one child. Lament J. D. H. Barker was born in Cumberland county, Maine, March 1st, 1844. In 1862 he located in Pennsylvania, and engaged in the lumber busi- ness. Came to Minneapolis in 1865, and followed lumbering seven years. Started a meat market and route in 1872, on Central Avenue, E. D., where he continued until he was burned out, in January, 1879. Next opened at his present loca- tion, where he is doing a growing business in meats, salt and fresh, canned goods, fish and oys- ters, at No. 717 Washington Avenue south. Mar- ried in 1870, to Miss Katie Lammer. They have three children : Nettie, Grade, and Edna. S. Barker, born in Eipley county, Indiana, Au- gust 16th, 1844. Came to this city in 1866, and worked four years in a saw-mill, as millwright, and has assisted in building nearly all the mills in the city, and has also worked at repairing. For the past three and a half years, has been with Pillsbury exclusively, as a mill-wright. Married Rachel Jerman, November 17th, 1868. They have three children : Warren E., William E., and Mary. Jacob Barge, is a native of Germany, born in 1839. Established business in Minneapolis in 1863. Eirst year's business was two thousand dollars. In 1880 it amounted to thirty thousand dollars. Mr. Barge is at present one of the alder- men of the city. Married Miss Louisa Gessart. They have two children: Louisa and Emma. Thomas G. Barnard, of the furniture manufac- turing firm of Barnard and Cope, was bom in 1826, at Charlotte Town, Prince Edward Island. Remained there until the age of nineteen, when he went to Boston and learned the cabinet ma- kers trade. After this, worked four years in Bos- ton. Thence to Norway, Oxford county, Maine, engaging in the manufacture of furniture for five years. Came to Minneapolis in 1857, and engaged in the furniture business. His ripe ex- perience, covering a period of thirty years, has made his present establishment one of the insti- tutions of the city. Mr. Barnard has a pleasant home where he resides with his famUy, on Tenth street, corner of Mary Place. E. G. Barnaby was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1839. He remained there for sixteen years, then he moved to Chatham, Canada West, where he remained till 1857, thence to New York city, entering the mercantile establishment of Lord and Taylor, where he remained until 1863. He then went to Memphis, Tennessee, engaging in business about a year. During the same year, took charge of a dry goods house where he re- mained till May, 1867, and then started a gents' furnishing store under the Overton Hotel, and in 1872, started another store in the same line, under the Peabody Hotel. He continued busi- ness till 1879, when he came to Minneapolis and opened a gents' furnishing store, at No. 2, Nicol- let House block. Was married in Brooklyn, New York, March, 1865, to Miss Mary Pinley. They have three children: Carrie, Minnie A., and Mary B. John T. Bamum, of the firm of Barnum and Goodrich, trunk manufacturers, was born at Rochester, New York, March 5th, 1857. Re- ceived his education at the Rensselaer Polytech- nic school, Troy, New York, in 1879 and remained in Rochester one year. Came to Minneapolis in April 1880, was with D. D. Whitney in his trunk factory. September 1st, 1880, took possession of the business in company with Mr. Goodrich. E. C. Barrows was born in Orino, Maine, 508 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. March 29tli, 1832. He was reared in the lumber region of that state; after reaching manhood, en- gaged in that business until 1855, when he moved from the "Pine Tree State" and came direct to St. Anthony. He at once entered the ranks as a lumberman, first for Dwight, Woodbury and Company, in building a mill and dam at St.Fran- cis, above Anoka, on the Rum river. In 1868 he formed a partnership with Jonathan Chase, in the winter of 1869-'70, he and his brother be- came partners, the firm known as " Barrows Bros." For several years they did job work for J. Dean and Company, during which time they accumulated quite a stock of logs, which they were two years in converting into lumber. In March, 1878, he entered the firm of which he is now a member, Merriman, Barrows and Company. He was married to Miss Sarah J. Swain, at Min- neapoUs, October 25th, 1864. They have had five children; four of whom are now living; Nellie, Freddie, Harry, and Frankie. Mrs. Barrows died in March, 1873. He remained a widower until March, 1877, when he was imited to Mrs. Sadie E. Jones, of Stillwater, W. M. Barrows, born at Augusta, Maine, Sep- tember 1st, 1 830, moved with his parents to Orino, Milford and Lincoln, finally to Chester, where he remained till 1855, following lumbering. Moved to Old Town, and remained till the fall of 1856 ; came to St. Anthony and for seven years worked in the woods winters and on the river sum- mers. Run a freight train from St. Anthony to St. Paul from 1863 to 1865. In the fall of 1865 started the lumber business with a Mr. Spaflford, under the firm name of Barrows and Spaflord for one year, then alone for one year. In the fall of 1867 took as partner Andrew Hall, for one year. Fall of 1868 the firm of Barrows Brothers was formed. Married Nancy Fernold, July 3d, 1855. They have six children, William H., Melvin P., Wyley R., Lydia F., Eddie P. and Jessie. C. H. Bates, was born at Cohasset, Massachu- setts, November 26th, 1852. He was p(hiciite(l principally at Boston, Massachusetts, also studiocl dentistry in the same place and praclifed his pro- fession there. Has practiced dentistry eight years. Came to Minneapohs in May, 1880, and is now permanently located at 327 Nicollet Avenue. Family consists of himself and wife. John W. Bates was born in Brattleboro, Ver- mont, January 5th, 1849, where he lived for four years, then moved with parents to Troy, New York, and remained about two years. In 1855, came to Minnesota with his mother and settled in St. Anthony. From 1868 to 1873 taught school in Henry county, Illinois, and from 1873 to 1877 engaged in coopering at St. Joseph, Missouri- Returned to Minnesota, and in August, 1879, he was appointed on the police force, which position he has since held. His mother died in 1873 in this city. A. L. Bausman was born in Pennsylvania, March 25th, 1834. Educated at Pittsburg and studied dentistry at the same place for three years. Came to Minneapolis in 1856, and has been in continuous practice of his profession since. The doctor is the oldest dentist in prac- tice in the city. Was married to Miss Fannie R. Abraham, of Minneapolis, November, 1863; she died in 1876. Married again, January, 1879, to Rebecca Fenby, of St. Louis. They have three children— Bertha, George and Fenby. John Bayer, proprietor of Bayer's hotel, located at 109 First street north. Mr. Bayer, was born in Germany, in 1831; came to America in 1854; came to Minnesota In May, 1855, and located in Scott county, where he remained for three years, thence to Wisconsin and lived three years. In 1861, enlisted in the First Minnesota Regi- ment Volunteers; served three years, when he re- turned to Scott county, and remained until the spring of 1865, when he came to Minneapolis. Married Annie Berndgen, July 21st, 1865. They have five children; John R. H., Lucy, George G., Anthony M., and Frank X. M. James Baxter, firm of Downs and Baxter, was born in Westmoreland, England, August 10th, 1835. At the age of sixteen commenced the trade of stone cutter and mason; came to Ame- rica in 1854, and finished his trade in Chicago, where he remained until 1857, when he came to St. Paul. In 1859, went to Carrollton, Indiana, where he was employed as foreman for quarries and cut stone used in the Portland locks, for Bar- ton, Robinson and Company, contractors for Louisville and Portland canal and locks. In 1865, came to Minneapohs, and until 1877, was employed as foreman for R. B. Langdon, Sauls- paugh and Company, St. Anthony Falls Water- Power Company, and others, also took some con BIOGRAPHICAL. 509 tracts on his own account. Was married, at St. Anthony, November 2d, 1869, to Miss Catherine Eyan, of St. Paul. They have five children liv- ing; William C, Mary, Bridget, Eleanor and Cath- erine. J. Flanders Beaumont, eye and ear surgeon, was born in Preeport, Illinois, March 29th, 1859; educated at Freeport and Montrose, Illinois, and at Princeton college. First studied medicine with his father Dr. J. H. Beaumont, and Dr. Constantine Hering, of Philadelphia, Pennsylva- nia. Graduated from the Hahnemann Medical Col- lege, of Philadelphia in 1876, with the degree of M. D. He next entered the New York Ophthal- mic Hospital and studied diseases of the eye and ear, was afterwards assistant surgeon in the same hospital. Was also an attending physician of the New York Homeopathic Dispensary. He came to Minneapolis in August, 1880, and conflnes his practice solely to the treatment of eye and ear diseases ; is a member of the American Ophthal- mological and Otological Societies; Illinois Homeopatic Association, and Hennepin county Homeopatic Society. Dr. Beaumont was mar- rieg in 1878 to Miss Ella Jenifer, of Cincumati, Ohio. They have one child; Alice J. Franklin Beebe, of the law firm of Beebe & Bossman, 112 Hennepin Avenue, was born at Lincklaen, Chenango county. New York, October 28th, 1825. Kemained with parents until 1843, attending Oxford and DeEuyter Academies. He then entered the State Normal School at Al- bany, New York, and in 1848 began the study of law at Truxton, w'th Alanson Coats, and finished in the olHce of John Waite at Norwich, New York. Was admitted to practice in 1851, and formed a partnership with John Waite, and practiced law at Norwich, until the fall of 1855, when he came West and located at Minneapolis in 1856. Opened an office near the old land office, and soon after removed to the building then owned by T. Chambers, near the suspension bridge. Has since been elected three times to the office of probate judge, in the meantime fol- lowing his profession. The present firm was formed in the fall of 1879, and is a successful one. Was married first in Norwich, New York, April, 1858, to Miss Lavinia, daughter of Dr. James Thompson; of that city, who died January 13th, 1868, leaving two daughters now living- Mary Frances and Harriet Lavinia. Mr. Beebe was married again to Dora H., daughter of D. G. Thompson, of North Warmouth, Maine. They have one child now living — Daniel G. Alonzo H. Beal was born in Saco, York county, Maine, July 10th, 1833. When fourteen -years of age he began studying photography, but left that business and went to Buffalo in 1852, engaging in the furnishing business two years. In 1854 he returned to Maine, as a photographer, and has continued as such ever since. In April, 1855, he was married to Euth Clark, of Hollis, Maine. They have two children, Eugene and Charles. Mr. Beal moved to Boston, in 1857, thence to St. Anthony Falls in 1860. After having made sev- eral attempts to get a fine gallery, each of which was destroyed by fire, he finally established him- self at ^0. 18 South Fourth street, where he has since remained and prospered. Jacob Becker was borii in Stark county, Ohio, November 18th, 1841, and was married to Eliza- beth Moads, in 1867. They have had five child- ren, three of whom are living — Mary, Anna and Ida. Mr. Becker enlisted in 1861 in the One Hundred and Seventh Ohio volunteers. He served one year only, and removed from Wooster, Wayne county, where he at that time lived, to Milwaukee, Wisconsin; thence to Winona, St. Louis and Minneapolis. Here he erected, in 1873, the Island Saloon, and has since been proprietor. S. N. Bell is a native of Ohio, and was born January 4th, 1831. He married, in 1854, Eosetta Bowers, of New York. They have six children: Minnie, Eva, Carrie, Milton, Grant and Colfax. He lived in Eacine, Wisconsin, a number of years, engaging in farming wliile there; also after re- moving to Faribault county, Minnesota. In 1875, he engaged in the grocery business in Min- neapolis, 416 Nicollet Avenue, where he is still found. Karl Bendeke, a native of Norway, was born April 21st, 1841. After graduating from the medical school of Christiana, Norway, in 1865, he came to the United States, 1867. At Chicago he again graduated from the medical college in 1869, and practiced in that city until he removed to Eushford, Minnesota, in 1870. He practiced there five years then came to Minneapolis. He was married to Josephine Fanske, from Bergen. Norway, in 1869. 510 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. F. Benjamin was born in Connecticut in 1839, and at the age of twenty- two went to California and engaged in mining for two years, wlien he re- turned to Connecticut. In 1874 he came to Min- neapolis and opened a saloon. He and Ella M. Spaulding were married in 1872. Their children are Frederick and Gracie. C. Henry Benton, of the firm of Benton, Ben- ton and Roberts-, attorneys at law, was bom at Lunenburgh, Essex county, Vermont, in 1841- His parents and family moved to Guildhall, Ver- mont, and the same year his father came west to secure a home, but soon died at Rockford, Il- linois. In 1860, C. H. entered the Vermont University at Burlington, and in 1861 enlisted in the Fifth Vermont volunteers, being promoted to first lieutenant and mustered out September 19th, 1864. Soon after, he entered the Albany law school, from which he graduated in 1866 and commenced practicing in Troy, Vermont. He married Miss Flora Hadley, who died in 1869. Two years later Mr. Benton came to Minneapo- lis, where he was married to Jeanette Graham of this city, who bore Mm two children, Christine and Harry. "Webster Benner was born in Lincoln county, Maine. lie came to Minneapolis in 1870 and was in the drug business until 1880, when he origin- ated the Minneapolis Soap Works. He has a partner in business, the firm name being Pomeroy and Benner. They make shipments throughout the north-west. Mr. Benner was married in Maine, and has one son living at Waldboro, Lin- coln county. Col. R. C. Benton was bom at Waterford, Cale- donia county, Vermont, May 13th, 1830. At twenty-one he entered the University of Ver- mont, and graduated with the class of 1854. He taught school at Johnson, Vermont, two years and was there admitted to the bar in 1856. He practiced law until 1861, when he entered the army as captain of company "D," Fifth Vermont infantry. In 1862 he was promoted to the office of lieutenant colonel of the Eleventh Vermont and remained in service until 1864. He participated in some of the principal battles, being wounded June 9th, at the battle of Savage Station. After the war he returned to Vermont and again prac- ticed his profession. In 1867 he removed to St. Albans,Vermont, and in 1875 located in Minneapo- Us. He was assistant secretary of Vermont state senate in 1866-'67, county attorney of Lamoille county in 1860-'61,and a member of Vermont state board of education in 1874. He married Miss Sara Leland in 1856. Their children are, Lucy and Mary. Two children have died. S. J. Bennett, born at Mineral Point, Wiscon- sin. He lived at that place until sixteen years of age, when he went to Colorado. After spending three years there he returned to Wisconsin; thence to Minnesota, and in 1874 settled in Min- neapolis, engaging in the coopering business. He married Nancy King, in 1872. Enlisted, in Au- gust, 1862, in the Twenty-first Wisconsin, served one year, and was discharged for disability. A. Bermann is a Russian by birth, and was born May 29th, 1853. He came to Minneapolis in November, 1879, and was engaged in peddhng until 1880, when he became a partner of L. Blou- stein. They are now known as the firm of Ber- inann and Bloustein, and deal in new and second- hand goods. He was married October 10th, 1877. A. C. Berry, captain of police, was born Feb- ruary 21st, 1830, at Pittsfield Maine. He settled in Minneapolis in 1866, and being a carpenter, at once commenced that business, and continued in it until appointed on the police force, in 1867. Since his promotion to the rank of captain, in 1877, he has discharged his duties with credit to himself and to the general satisfaction of the force at his command. He was married in Pe- nobscot county,- Maine, to Jennie M. Whitcomb, November 30th 1854. Their two children, Ida and Charles, have died. Herman Bidwell was born in New York, March 2d, 1851. He commenced in the milling business at Galesville, AVisconsin, in 1870, and remained there five years ; then removed to La Crosse, re- maining four years. He became a resident of Minneapolis in July, 1879, and and has since been engaged in milling. His marriage with Lue Cur- tis, occun-ed November 7th, 1875. They are the parents of one child, Julia. John Berry, deceased,one of the pioneers of Hen- nepin county, was born in Buxton Maine, in 1801. Was engaged in farming and carpenter work until he came to St. Anthony, in 1851, and has followed farming most of the time since. He was the first man to raise a crop on the west Side, having made a claim on section 31 , east of Cedar Lake, in BIOGRAPHICAL. 511 April, 1851, and resided there until 1857, since which time he has lived in the city. Mr. Berry fell, while engaged in carpenter work at Bangor, Maine, and shattered his right arm, and by a similar accident, twelve years since, his right leg was injured. He married Hannah Bimker, Feb- ruary 12th, 1826. The children living are : Mrs. W. A. Rowell, of this city, Mrs. D. L. Paine of In- dianapolis, Indiana, and Mark T., surveyor and superintendent for Dean and Harrison. Mrs Ber- ry died April 23d, 1879. Mr. Berry lived with his son, Mark T., until his death, which' occurred in April, 1881. Frederick G. Berry was born in Brooklyn, Hen- nepin county, Minnesota, in 1857. At the age of sixteen he commence'd teaching. He entered the State University of Minnesota in 1874, and grad- uated after a six years' course. In July, 1880, same year, he was taken as book-keeper in the money order department of the Minneapolis post- office. He commenced studying law, in the office of Morrison and Fitch, in September, 1880. Jonathan C. Berry was born and lived in Bux- ton, York county, Maine, until twelve years of age when he removed to Grove, Allegany county' New York, and learned blacksmitbing. He spen^. six years in the Galena, Illinois, lead mines ; then staited for California, with team and wagon, in 1852, and succeeded in reaching there August 27th. He engaged in teaming and mining until 1854. During that year he bought and run the first threshing machine in the state. He came to St. Anthony in 1855, and purchased an interest in a plow factory and made the first plow manufac- tured in the state. He was married at White Oak Springs, Wisconsin, in 1858, to Miss Amanda Beckwith, who was born at Noblesville, Indiana. They have two children : Frank and Flora. E. L. Bidwell, of the firm of Bidwell and Com- pany, is a native of Massachusetts, and was born March 15th, 1856. He became a resident of Northfield, Minnesota, in 1859, where he re- mained six years; then came to Minneapolis, where he received his education, and has since resided. G. W. Bigby was born in Pennsylvania, in 1845, and in early life learned the carpenter's trade with his father. He came to Minnesota in 1857, and settled in Freeborn county, where he re- mained until July, 1880, when he became a citizen of Minneapolis. He has worked at his trade many years, and is well established as a contract- or, builder, and cabinet-maker. L. Biggs was born in Maryland, February 15th, 1836. He learned his trade as mill-wright at home, then removed to Indiana, where he spent ten years. He was wedded to Mary J. Lynn in 1863, who bore him two children, Elma and Ro- land. His wife died in August, 1870. After re- maining a widower seven years, he married Annie Byers. They have one child, Mabel. Mr. Biggs came to Minneapolis in 1871. He was one of those who assisted in building the old "A" mill, and helped to rebuild the old " B " mill. He has been in the employ of Washburn and Company during the nine years of his citizenship. J. W. Birdwell was born September 10th, 1838, at Tuscumbia, Alabama. He moved to Minnea- polis in 1871, and has remained here since. At the first call for volunteers he enlisted, and served in the war until mustered out at Trenton, Ten- nessee, in 1863. He was married, on his return to Julia Clift, of Illinois. She has borne him one child, Josephine. Mr. Birdwell is the Min- neapolis -manager of the business of the Victor Wheat Heater Company. Hon. David Blakeley, manager of the Trib- une, was born in Franklin county, Vermont, in 1834. The family moved from there to Syracuse, New York, in 1838, where, at the age of thirteen, he entered the printing office of the Daily Star. In that office and that of tlie Journal, he thoroughly mastered the typographical art. After completing his apprenticeship, returned to Vermont and devoted five years to study. In 1857, he left the University of Vermont, and came to Minnesota, where he "entered the profes- sion of journalism, starting three newspapers. In 1860, was elected chief clerk in the house of representatives, and re-elected the following year. He was then appointed superintendent of public instruction by Governor Ramsey, and at expira- tion of term, was returned to the office by elec- tion. He contributed largely to the organization of the common school system of Minnesota. In 1865, he, with his brother. Major C. H. Blake- ley, purchased the Chicago Evening Post and took editorial charge of that paper, remaining until April, 1874, when he disposed of his inter- est in the Evening Post and succeeded to the ed- 512 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. itorship of the St. Paul Pioneer. One year later, he conceived the idea of consolidating the Pioneer and the Press, which was soon ac- complished, and during his service with the con- solidated Pioneer Press, was jointly, with Mr. Wheelock, in editorial charge of the paper. The Minneapolis Tribune, having subsequently been added, Mr. Blakeley removed to Minneapolis, the better to represent the journal in this city. Finally becoming convinced that there was a fine future for journalism in Minneapolis, he severed his connection with the St. Paul establishment entirely, and taking the Minneapolis Evening Tribune in charge, he has maintained his relations with that journal since. On May 11th, 1880, in company with Gen. A. B. Nettleton, he estab- lished the Morning Tribune, thereby, giving to Minneapolis, a first-class metropolitan journal, of which her citizens have had every reason to be proud. L. V. jSr. Blakeman, who is a native of New York city, came to this place in 1869, and was engaged in the mercantile business until 1874, when he became a partner of G. Menzel, in the foundry business. William Blakeman, one of the earliest settlers of this locality, was bom in Prussia, AprU 18th, 1828. He came to the United States in 1848, and set- tled in La Fayette, Indiana, where he engaged in upholstering and carriage trimming until 1856, when he removed to Saint Anthony. He was the first upholsterer here. He retired from la- bor in 1868, and has since lived on the fruits of his industry. He married Magdaline Kretz, of Germany. They have five children living; Mary, Lizzie, Frank, Charles, and Fred. Adolph Blitz, M. D., was born in Prussia, February 10th, 1845. He moved to America in 1864, and studied medicine at the Cincinnati Col- lege of Medicine and Surgery. From tliis insti- tution he graduated in 1873. He removed to Nashville, Tennessee, in May, 1874, and while there he became a member of the Nashville Med- ical Society, Davidson County Medical Society, and Tennessee State Medical Society. He is a member of the American Medical Association, International Medical, Ophthalmological and Ot- ological Congress; in March, 1877, Doctor Blitz in company with others, founded the Nashville Medical College, which afterward became the medical department of the University of Ten- nessee. On account of failing health, he re- signed his position and removed to Minneapolis in 1880. Doctor Blitz was married in 1877, to Anna D. Wicks, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. They have two daughters; Nellie and Bertha. J. W. Blood, was born March 16th, 1845, at Boston, Massachusetts. He moved with his par rents to Janesville, Wisconsin, in 1855. He re- ceived an academic education at Milton, Wiscon- sin, and at Chicago, where he learned the trade of machinist. He came to Minneapolis in 1874, and has been engaged as foreman in the machine shops of the Harvester Works since. He was married to Miss E. W. Cragg, of Cincinnati, in 1874. They have one child;' Meda. L. Bloustein, of the firm of Bermann and Blou- stein, was bom in Poland, 1839. His early life was spent in Scotland, and a few years later he be- gan business in England. In 1879 he came to America, and the next year took as a partner, Mr. A. Bermann. They now deal in gents' fur- nishing goods, and have a large stock. C. N. Boardman, dentist, was bom at Water- loo, Yates county. New York, January 6th, 1841. He was educated principally at Mount Vernon, and studied dentistry at Cincinnati four years. He commenced his practice in Columbus, Indi- ana. Coming to Minneapolis, in 1872, he at once established himself as a dentist, and has been in continuous practice here since. Miss Elizabeth LeDuc of this city became his wife in 1874. W. M. Boardman, was born at Rochester, New York, October 4th, 1857. During early life he lived on a farm, later he was engaged in the gro- cery business. In 1876, he came to this city and opened a restaurant. Mr. M. C. Tate joined him in this business in October, 1880, when they bought the restaurant, which they now run at 214 Nicollet Avenue. He married Sarah McCue, July 20th, 1880. A. H. Bode was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1838. He came to America and located at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1848, and attended the public schools of that city until 1853, when he entered a lawyer's office. In the summer of 1855 he removed to Madison and went to work for the LaCrosse and Milwaukee Railway as warehouse- man at Richfield, and was afterwards agent at Horicon for four years. Returned to Milwau- BIOGRAPHICAL. 513 kee, and. in 1863, went into the Merchant's bank. In August, 1865, he came to Minnesota as gen- eral freight and ticket agent of the Minnesota Central Railway, and after its purchase hy the Milwaukee and St. Paul, remained as general agent until 1871. lie was then engaged with a construction company, until 1873, since which time he has been with the Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway. lie was married at Horicon-, Wisconsin, December 26th, 1858. They have eight children: Carrie F., Addle C, WilUe P., Mabel, Freddie C, Bessie I., Grace E., and J. Henry. John BofCerding, one of the early settlers, was born in Luxembourg, August 29th, 1826. He came to the United States in 1850, and settled first at- Sauk City, Wisconsin. In 1853 he started on a prospecting trip which ended in his settling in Minneapolis in 1856. Here he worked at his trade, that of carpenter, until 1875, when he be- gan the grocery business and has since continued it. He was married in 1862 to Katrina Frius, of Germany, who bore him three children. Those living are Maggie and William. Nicholas Bofferding, brother of the above, and who also came to Minneapolis in 1856, was born at Luxembourg, August21st, 1830. He worked at at the carpenter trade here until 1875, and has since worked with his brother, Mr. John Bofferd- ing. T. M. Bohan, a native of Ireland, was bom June 29th, 1832. He came to the United States in 1848, and remained in New York one year, then removed to Milwaukee. There he learned the shoemaking trade, at which he worked until 1855 ; then he moved to St. Anthony and opened a shop and two years later engaged as foreman for Wensinger. In 1877 Mr. Bohan, in company with J. A. Kennedy started in the boot and shoe trade. One year later Mr. Kennedy sold his in- terest to Mr. McNeice, the present partner, Mr. Bohan was married to Anna Shortell, of Milwau- kee, in 1857. They have seven children: Mary, John, Annie, Timothy, Thomas, James, and Katie. George F. BoUier was born in Switzerland, June 18th, 1819. He learned the trade of shoe- maker in his native country and worked at it un- til 1856, when he emigrated to the United States, coming direct to St, Anthony, where he has since 33 resided. In 1858 he opened a boot and shoe store and has added to his stock from time to time. Mr. BoUier was married in 1856, to Sarah AUe- mann, of Switzerland, who died in 1864. He was married in 1866, to Paulina Diedrich. Their children are: William and Hattie. N. H. Bolton was born ten miles south of Cleve- land, Ohio, February 10th, 1839. He remained with his parents until twenty-seven years of age and there acquired a knowledge of milling and manufacturing. He came to Minneapolis in 1872 and at once commenced in his present business, that of manufacturing mill machinery. Mr. Bol- ton was married in 1865 at Farmington, Wash- ington county, Wisconsin, to Mary L. Norton ; have had three children: Celeste, Gracie and Ada. S. Bonfoy was born in Montgomery county. New York, in 1817. At the age of fifteen he learned the wool-carding business. Fifteen years later he went to Georgia, remaining at Columbus eleven years, when he removed to Roswell, Geor- gia. Here he was engaged as superintendent of a wool factory. When General Sherman passed through on his march to the sea, the factory was burned. He removed to Indiana and remained nine years. In 1874 he came to this city and again engaged in the wool-carding business. Hon. L. Bostwick was bom in Toronto, Cana da, June, 1815. He moved to St. Anthony, ac- companied by his wife and daughters, in 1850. The year following, he was elected justice of the peace, which office he held until 1860. He was elected, under very pecuhar circumstances, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of 1. 1. Lewis. At that time there was a "Maine liquor law," under which a person was indicted for opening a saloon in St. Anthony, and the case was brought before Mr. Lewis, who resigned rather than to try the case. In 1871, Judge Bost- wick decided to retire from active Ufe and enjoy the fruits of his labor. He has been one of the most active citizens of this now flourishing me- tropoUs, and from its earliest growth identified with its interests. Pierre Bottineau, was born January 1st, 1817, at a place on Turtle river, Dakota Territory, once called Rats Point, but afterwards named Bottineau's Point from its being the residence of his father, Joseph Bottineau; who was engaged 514 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. with the North-western Fur Company. The mother of Pierre Bottineau, was a native of the Ojibwa tribe, wliose father was a captive Dakota, and mother an Ojibwa. By this marriage there were several children, with only one of whom, Pierre, we have to do. In 1816, one year before the birth of Pierre, hostilities arose between the Hudson Bay Company, the old company estab- lished in 1670, under a grant by Charles II, of England, to Prince Eupert and others, and the North-western Company. These were both Eng- lish companies. The Red River settlement was founded by Lord Selkirk, a Scottish peer under a grant from the Hudson Bay Company. The North-western Company, whose head-quarters were Canada, traded by the way of the lakes, and had virtually pre-empted this territory before the Selkirk colony arrived and did not recognize their claim as a part of the Hudson Bay Company's territory, as this company had never before extend- ed their Unes so far south. The Hudson Bay Company transported goods by way of Hudson Bay. After the establishment of the Red River settlement in 1812, petty strife began, which in 1816, culminated in open hostilities. Lord Sel- kirk had demanded troops from the Governor General for the protection of his colony without avail, but instead, was enjoined against repetition of hostilities. In spite of this injunction some more blood was shed, but at last, as neither par- ty received the support of the government, an amalgamation took place, and the united company controlled the country. In consequence of these hostiUties, the little colony of Red River was greatly weakened by emigration to the territory of the United States and Canada. Pierrie Bottineau's father was commanded by the North-western Company to take part in the struggle but he absented himself on one of his hunting expeditions. On his return he was im- prisoned, but owing to his influence with the tribe from which he had taken his wife, he was soon released, as worse troubles were liable to arise. Amid these bustling scenes, in a wild country, among Indians, and half-breeds more dangerous than the Indians themselves, Pierre Bottineau was born. He was early trained by his father for the hunt. He possessed a strong frame and rugged constitution, and became a skillful horse- man, and a sure marksman with a rifle, learning, as well as inheriting these qualities from his father, who was unsurpassed in the chase. His father died when he was fourteen years of age, and LeCompte, a famous guide, but lame in con- sequence of an injury, pleased with the early accomplishments and promise of the boy, took him to live with him, promising to instruct him in the mysteries of his art. LeCompte was at this time the only man conversant with the country, and familiar with the duties of a guide. He held out brilliant prospects of high wages, ending in a fortune, especially because he needed the sure foot, strong arm and quick eye of this young half-breed. During the years 1832-3 •Pierre made a few short trips in company with LeCompte, carrying messages between trading posts, but his first long trip was in 1834, at the age of seventeen. LeCompte was then employed by the Hudson Bay Company to carry messages and the mail from Fort Garry to Fort SnelUng, and Pierre accompanied him. They started the first of November and reached their destination December 27th. Cornmunication was difficult and expensive, and sometimes not undertaken oftener than once a year. They went down on the east bank of the Red River, and after eight days reached Red Lake river, which it was neces- sary for them to cross, though now very high and full of drifting ice. A feeble old man named Alard, went with them, and a pony with a Red River cart carried the maiLbaggage and provisions. A raft was quickly built and the cart and its con- tents were safely transferred to the other side by Pierre and Alard. They next returned for Le- Compte and the pony, the current carrying them down some distance at each crossing. On at- tempting to cross agaui, with all hands and the pony, their clumsy raft foundered on a stump, and was soon piled with ice so that the upper end was submerged, and the lower end stuck up at a sharp angle. The situation was critical and promised at the best, a cold bath to all. Here Pierre proved himself equal to the emer- gency, for cutting loose a few pieces of timber he secured them together by a cord made of bufEalo hide, and making his two companions straddle the logs, since neither could swim, he took the chances of keeping on the little raft and poling it to shore. It floated, however, much farther, and BIOGRAPHICAL. 515 struck a bend in the river that was frozen over, in consequence of there being less current. Here he was obliged to jump on the ice, after securing a long cord to the raft, one end of which he held in his hand. The ice would not hold the weight of a man, and Pierre went in, all over, in very deep^ water, but holding fast to the rope. When he came up, he swam, breaking the ice before him, to the shore, and hauled his companions after him. They were fortunate in having dry suits at the cart, and soon were all right in dry clothing. The pony was rescued, and they started again. After traveling four days they reached the Wild Kice river, and crossed the ice and encamped near its bank. By some means, here, the pony who had escaped narrowly one danger of drowning, got into this stream in -the night and was drowned. In this dilemma it was decided, as Alard could not travel, to leave him in charge of the cart and stuff while Le Compte and Pierre went on to Lac Traverse, a trading post of the American Fur Company, in charge of Mr. Moore. The journey, it was thought, would take four days. Pierre was load- ed with bedding and provisions supposed to be sufficient for Le Compte and himself for the four days' journey, and they set out. The lameness of Le Compte and the burden of Pierre rendered traveling slow, but it proved that the estimated distance of fifty or sixty miles, increased every day they traveled. Le Compte seemed not to be familiar with the country and arriving at Goose river he called it the Cheyenne and the Elm he supposed the Wild Eice. They traveled thus for several days until their provisions were gone, hop- ing to reach the Bois des Sioux, where Le Compte declared he should recognize the country. On the eighth day they reached this river, having been already four days without food, and found a fresh Indian trail which they followed to the camp. It proved to be the camp of a party of Sioux num- bering ten men with five tepees. The strangers were kindly received and their hunger appeased by a repast of otter and skunk meat. The next day they reached the trading post and obtaining a horse and man returned for Alard and their stuffs. The old man's joy cannot be described, as the twentieth day after their departme he saw them returning. He had improvised a sled and loaded it with blankets and provisions, determin- ed to start the next day, dragging his sled, trust- ing to a good fortune to take him to some habita- tion. After staying a few days at the post, Le Compte bought a horse of Mr. Moore and they proceeded to the trading post of Mr. Kenville at Lac qui Parle and from this point they set out for Traverse des Sioux, another trading post dis- tant four days journey. The post was in charge of Mr. Louis Le Blanc. Alard was left at Lac Traverse on account of the depth of snow and the difficulty of traveUng. Trouble arose again in attempting to find Traverse des Sioux and the two companions were near starving, as their supplies had given out; when, fortunately, a coon was killed and their hunger appeased. After traveling in a circuitous route for several days in search of the trading post, Pierre insisted upon taking a direct course for Fort Snelling or as near direct as the Minnesota river would conduct them, disregarding Traverse des Sioux altogether. It is a difficult matter to di- vert a guide from an old route but at last the point was conceded and they set out. On the following day they came on an Indian camp and were received in a friendly manner and directed on their way. It appeared that the guide was mistaken in reference to their location and they soon reached Traverse des Sioux, and without further accident arrived at Fort Snelling, Decem- ber 28th, 1834. Among those whom Pierre met at the Fort at this time he mentions Mr. N". W. Kittson. After spending a short time visiting friends and rela- tions who had formerly lived at Bed River, he re- turned and for two. years spent his time trapping in the winter and hunting buffaloes during the summer. Two hunts were usually made each year, one in the early summer and one later, about fall. The outfit for these hunts was as follows: each hunter was supplied with a good hunting horse, gun and ammunition, and with two or three po- nies, drawing each a Red River cart. The latter were used to carry their families and baggage, as well as to transport the results of the chase. Frequently these hunting parties would number several hundred hunters, besides their families. After reaching the hunting grounds, each found occupation in killing the buffaloes, dressing, dry- ing; cooking and making pemmican. Pemmican 516 HISIOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. was an important article of food and merchandise witli the Hudson Bay Company in furnishing supplies to their employees, and still continues to be used. It was made in the following manner. The lean buffalo meat was cut into thin strips, and a skillfiil woman would cut these strips round and round, making them quite long. These were spread in the sun during the day, and gathered at , night in order to protect them from rain or dew imtil they became as dry as a bone. They were then placed over the fire to cook. After this the meat was beaten in a buffalo hide until com- pletely pulverized, when it was mixed with melted fat and packed in skins for market. The lean and fat of two animals is condensed in one sack of pemmican. No salt or seasoning was used in its preparation, but properly prepared it would never spoil. Besides the process had driven out the water and so reduced the bulk that a very little would satisfy hunger and furnish food in the most condensed form for long journeys. When the carts were loaded with pemmican and hides the party returned from the hunt. En- counters with hostile Indians, and accidents fre- quently occurred which caused much danger and risk. During the summer of 1835 Pierre made a trip to Hudson Bay in the employ of the Hudson Bay Company, and again the next summer a second trip. It will give some idea of the hardships to which voyageurs were subject if we state here the tests to which they were subjected before they were employed. A day and place was set for those who desired employment, to exhibit their powers of endurance. The load of a voyag- eur, two packages weighing about one hundred pounds each, was ready and the man who could carry the load to a certain goal and return with- out resting, in the quickest time, was counted the best man, and from those most successful the employees were chosen. The Hudson Bay Company were haughty and overbearing to the natives and half-breeds, and treated them as "comme les betes," while the policy of the Ameri- can Fur Company was much more liberal. This led many to transfer their trade to the American company. December 1st, 1836, Pierre Bottineau married Genevieve Larance, daughter of John Baptists Larance, a farmer of the Bed River settlement. A few months after, he undertook the memorable journey across the plains, as guide for Martin McLeod, and two companions, Parys and Hayes, from LaFourch, Bed Kiver colony. Territory of Hudson Bay, to Port Snelling. The time esti- mated for the journey was twenty-flve days; of this, the journey to Lac Traverse was estimated at fifteen days, and the remainder of the journey ten days. The time consumed was, however, fifty days, and two of the party, Messrs. Parys and Hayes, perished by the way. The indomi- table hardihood of Pierre Bottineau, alone, brought Mr. McLeod and himself through. They started with a dog traneau, moccasins and snow- shoes. The deep snow and the inexperience of the party retarded their progress. They so freqently required their snow-shoes or moccasins loosened or tightened that the pa- tience of Bottineau was taxed to its utmost, and short days' journeys were accomplished. This was, however, only a small matter compared vnth the trouble that followed. Blizzards, cold, and want of food finally added to their miseries, untU Hayes was lost in a storm and never seen again, and Parys, though found, was in such a frozen condition as to compel him to remain in a hut, carefully built and provided for his comfort, untU horses could be sent for him from Lac Traverse. When the relief party arrived they found proof that death had ended his sufferings soon after their departure. Mr. Parys was a Polish gentle- man who had served under Eemarino, and left his country after the fall of Warsaw to avoid the fury of the Czar Nicholas I. Mr. Bottineau and the surviving traveler, Hon. Mai'tin jSIcLeod, ar- rived in safety at Port Snelling, April 16th, 1837. May 4th, Bottineau started on his return on horse- back, took a traveler at Lac Traverse, and reached the Red Elver June 5th. Spent the sum- mer and winter following, in the usual way, himt- ing and trapping. May, 1838, he undertook his next trip across the plains as guide for a large party, consisting of forty families, Swiss, French, and Scotch. This trip was accomplished without any remarkable incident, except that the Indians along their route became somewhat troublesome, and it was necessary to court their good will by distributing tobacco and flour among them in passing their villages. This was especially true because of the hostility of the Sioux toward tlie BIOGRAPHICAL. 517 Chippewas, and the half-breeds of the north were associated with the Chippewas. Four of these Sioux villages were passed at Lac Traverse, num- bering eighty or ninety braves ; two at Big Stone lake, numbering three hundred ; two at Lac quj Parle, two hundred ; one at Blue Earth, seventy ; one atliedwood, one hundred; one at Traverse des Sioux, one hundred and fifty; one at Belle Plainer fifty ; one at Little Kapids, one hundred; two at Shakopee, three hundred. These fifteen hundred warriors were often on the war path. At Minne- ha-ha. Lake Calhoun and Pig's Eye there were five or six hundred more. Some of them, whose villages were not in their path, might, notwith- standing, be met on the plains. Owing to some accidents to their carts and one person, it was de- termined to send a messenger ahead to obtain from General H. H. Sibley his barge to transport the party from Traverse des Sioux. On arrival at this point the boat was found in readiness, and the party were successfully landed at Fort Snell- ing, though the time occupied from Traverse des Sioux was fourteen days, owing to low water. At this point in his history Mr. Bottineau stops to pay a tribute to the kindness of Gen. Sibley, to whom he was frequently indebted for courteous and generous acts. He always extended this kindness to poor or rich, white man, Indian, or half breed. The Sioux held him in the highest regard and called him the "Great Medicine Man.' He smoked a red pipe with a long stem and often himted with the Indians. On one occasion after hunting all day unsuccessfully, while smoking around the camp fire, he cried out "Well, we will kill a bear to-morrow!" Sure enough the next day's hunt brought in the bear and forever estab- lished the Indians' faith in Gen. Sibley. Botti- neau brought down twenty head of cattle from the Eed River settlement as well as some other merchandise.' He sold on his arrival, cows at |50 to |75, oxen at |150 to $200 per pair, butter at fifty cents per pound. . October, 1838, he engaged to guide a small party of men to Bed Eiver and remained there until 1840. June 1st, 1840, he crossed the plains once more with a large party consisting of twenty f ami- Ues, and brought his own family along to settle in this country. On this journey he fell in with the old guide Le Compte and a party conveying a Mr. Simpson to Port Snelling. Mr. Simpson was a son of Su' George Simpson of England, who had been making an expedition in aid of science and was now on his return, bound for England. Simpson showed signs of insanity at this meeting but the parties diverged, intending to take differ- ent routes. On the next day Bottineau was over- taken by two men riding at full speed after him, who requested him to come to the aid of the other party as Mr. Simpson, in a fit of insanity had killed two of the party, one of whom was Le Compte himself. The relief party found that he had added his own death to that of his comrades by blowing out his brains. After disposing as well as could be done of the bodies of the slain, Mr. Bottineau joined the remainder of the party with his own and proceeded, arriving at the Port in July. Here he found great changes, for the ofii- cers of the Port had driven away Perry and Ger- vais and others ; only a few remained and they were bn the point of going, having received noti- fication to that effect from the Port. Here, for the first tin;ie Bottineau met PrankUn Steele. Bottineau went on to Saint Paul with his family and made a claim there in 1840, between Gervais and Clesvette, camping on the bluff opposite the site of the old National hotel. The claim ran as follows: Commencing at a point, now the foot of Jackson street, running down the river eighty rods, thence at right angles to the river one mile, embracing a strip eighty rods wide running back to Clewette's claim. !N"ot having money to invest in permanent improvements, he pitched a skin tent (lodge) on the bluff and lived there all sum- mer. During the summer he was employed by Mr. Aiken, an old agent ot the American Pur Company, with others to transport freight. In the fall he was able to build a house and make some improvements on his claim. In the spring of 1841 he put twenty acres in crops. Prom this time he was employed at various things but largely for the American Pur Company, until the spring of 1845. During this time he made one more trip to the Eed River. In the summer of 1845 he moved to the falls of St. Anthony and became identified with the interests of the place until 1854, when he removed to Bottineau Prairie in Maple Grove. During the years 1845 and '46 he made two more journeys to the Red River settle- ment. In 1851, Mr. Bottineau acted as guide to Gov. 518 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Kamsey, and the commissioners appointed by the government to negotiate a treaty with the Pem- ■bina Indians. The journey was made with a mili- tary escort. After holding a council with the Indi- ans at Pembina, and concluding the treaty, the commissioners and Gov. Ramsey expressed a wish to visit Fort Garry, and it was determined to ex- tend the trip accordingly into the British domin- ion. In 1853 he piloted Gov. Stevens, of Wash- ington Territory on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration, going west to the Rocky Mountains and returning by the Missouri river to St. Louis. In the fall of 1853, Mr. Bottineau,- made a hunting excursion, acting as guide for a party of English lords and bankers. During the winter of 1854-'5, he went with Captain Carney to Mille Lac with a military escort to arrest two Indian murderers. In 1856 he made an expedition with Colonel Smith, to explore the northern country for a suitable point to locate a military post. In 1858, after the report of Colonel Smith's expedi- tion, further exploration was determined on by the general government with reference to the es- tablishment of the post in question. Mr. Bottin- eau accompanied Colonel White and a captain in the regular army who were charged with the en- terprise. This expedition determined the site and located the present Fort Abercrombie at a point then known as Graham's Point. In the winter of '66 and '57, he, with others, located the town site of Breckenridge, and during the following summer he located a town site on his own account at the mouth of Cheyenne river. In 1859, he went with Skinner, the geologist, to locate salt springs for the state. In June, 1860, he accom- panied a military expedition to Pembina, and on his return, went with Gov. Ramsey and Judge Bailey to negotiate a treaty with the Pembina and Red Lake bands of Chippewas, but were not successful in concluding treaty. In 1862, he made a trip with Captain Fisk to Montana, and after reaching Benton, left them to another guide and returned, passing through great dangers from Indians. Since then he has resided on a farm at Red Lake Falls, Polk county. William W. Bosworth was born in Washington county, Maine, December 16th, 1857. In 1857 he came to St. Anthony and engaged in the lumber- ing trade until 1875, when he was appointed on the police force as patrol, and in May, 1876, was I appointed sergeant, and served in that capacity until 1877, and since as patrol. He was married to Miss Maria Craig, at St. Anthony, August, 1867. Their children are George, Fred, and Eva May. M. C. BouteU was born at Worcester, Massa- chusetts, in 1837. At the age of seventeen he was employed by Messrs. Nelson and Rice, of that city, and remained sixteen years. He moved to St. Paul in 1863, and engaged in the hardware business. In 1876, removed to Minneapolis. Mr. Boutell was married to Miss Maria Wellington, of Massachusetts, who bore him three sons and one daughter. Millard F. Bowen, attorney and counselor at law, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, AprU 19th, 1856. He was educated at Buffalo, New York, and studied law with Bowen & Rogers, of that city. He was admitted to the bar at Min- neapolis, January, 1879, and has been in practice here since. His office is located at 324 NicoUet Avenue. Winn M. Brackett, originator of the Minneap- olis fire department, was born in Maine in 1843. He moved, in 1846, to Nova Scotia, with his par- ents, where his father was American consul. Six years later he returned to the United States, and at the age of sixteen was identified with the Hose "Annex" of Washington Engine Company, No. 1, of Calais. In 1861, Mr. Brackett enlisted as musician in the Sixth regiment, Maine volun- teers, and served until the fall of 1862, when he re- turned to Calais. Here he was appointed paymas- ter's clerk, vidth headquarters at Washington. He came to Minneapolis in 1865, and was engaged as book-keeper for Eastman, Gibson and Company. About this time he organized the Miller's Fire Association, from which lias grown the present fire department of Minneapolis. In 1871 he was elected second assistant of the department, and at expiration of the term was chosen chief engineer, and has held the position since. Mr. Brackett was married at Minneapolis, in 1867, to Miss Emily Hoyt, formerly of Portland, Maine. They have four sons: Charles and Winslow M., Jr., are living; Chapin and Frankie are dead. T. A. Brann, is a native of Maine, born at Gar- diner, Kennebec county, March 26th, 1840. He enlisted as a private, April 18th, 1861; he was promoted through the intervening grades to the BIOGBAPHICAL. 519 rank of First Lieutenant. In 1866, he located at Saint Charles, Minnesota; two years after, he removed to Whitewater, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1877, when he came to Minne- apolis. Mr. Brann is the local freight agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway Company, which position he has held since com- ing here. He was married in 1866, to Miss M. J. Atkins, of Gardiner, Maine. They are the par- ents of four children. E. C. Briggs was born at Coventry, Rhode Isl- and, February 20th, 1838. He came west in 1854, and located at Richfield, Minnesota, where he engaged in farming and carpentering until 1877, when he removed to this city, and was employed as packer in the Minneapolis Mill; he has continued to serve as such ever since. Mr. Briggs was married to Miss V. M. Ray, in Sep- tember, 1860. Their children are: Ida and George. William Brigham was born in Worcester county, Massachusetts, September 19th, 1835. Early in life he located at Marietta, Ohio, and tvas in the boot and shoe business there until 1855; thence to LaFayette, Indiana, until 1865; thence to Chicago until 1869, when he came to Minnesota and settled at Saint Peter, still con- nected with the boot and shoe business. In August 1873, he came to this city, where he was engaged as foreman by the North Star Boot and Shoe Company. Mr. Brigham's family consists of his wife and one daughter. F. H. Brimmer, dentist, was born at Ellsworth, Maine, December 30th, 1844. He received his education in his native place, and. there studied dentistry with Doctor Osgood. He graduated from the Philadelpha Dental College— Class of 1876-7, with degree of D. D. S. He came to MtoneapoUs September 30th, 1879. Doctor Brim- mer is unmarried. E. Broad is a native of Maine, and was bom May 29th, 1814. His father, being a blacksmith, he commenced in early life to learn the trade. In 1842 he moved to Bangor and remained there in pursuit of his trade, until 1855, when he came west and located at Saint Anthony, where he has since been engaged in the manufacture of edged tools. Mr Broad was married to Miss S. C. Marsh, at Portland, Maine, m 1844. Eev. David Brooks was bom in England, No- vember, 1802. He learned the tailoring business, and was converted at twenty-one years of age, and joined the Wesleyan Methodists. Educated in England, and licensed to preach in 1832, and preached in his native country ten years. Came to America in 1842. Settled in Kenosha, Wis- consin. Joined the Rock River conference in 1844. Appointed to Dixon, Illinois, for one year. Fell into the Wisconsin conference in 1845, at its organization, and was stationed one year at Light House Point, and one year at Platteville ; also stationed at Dodgeville and Watertown. Came from the Baraboo conference to Minnesota in 1853, by order of Bishop Scott, to take charge of the Minnesota district as presiding elder, em- bracing all the territory of Minnesota and seven- teen thousand square miles of Wisconsin. Was its presiding elder four years, making appoint- ments and filling them, that reached from the southern line of the state to Lake Superior. Was the presiding elder of Lake Superior district two years, by appoiatment from the Winona confer- ence ; then from the Minneapolis conference to the Minneapolis district, by Bishop Baker, for four years. Appointed to the Monticello circuit for two years, and one year agent for the Hamline University ; then five years agent for the Amer- ican Bible Society. Was then sent by Bishop Clark to the Sauk Centre district as presiding el- der for two years. At the end of that time the work in the upper district was re-organized by. Bishop Haven, necessitating a change in the pre- siding elder's district. From Sauk Centre he went to Brooklyn Centre one year ; from there to Champlin and Maple Grove for three years. At the end of that time he again took the agency of the American Bible Society for two years. The first winter he came to Minnesota, he obtained a charter for the Hamline University, and named it, and in the following season obtained from Bishop Hamline, from whom it takes its name, the munificent sum of twenty-five thousand dol- lars. Was the first president of the board of trustees of the institution. In June, 1855, he left St. Paul, camping out in the open air on his way to Fort Ripley, from there with a guide to assist, put his boat into the Mississippi river, paddling on to Sandy Lake, East Savannah river, St. Louis river, thence to Superior Bay, carrying his canoe across portages 520 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ■ varying in distance from one mile to ten; when in St. Louis river, had an encounter with a black bear, who wanted to take passage on the boat or give him the bear's hug. This he objected to, and having no weapon but his oar which he used industriously about the bears head and fore paws, spattering water in his face until he was glad to beat a retreat, shaking tlie water from his shaggy eye brows, so that he could see which way to make his escape. Landed in Superior at the head of the lake, and preached the first protestant ser- mon ever heard there, also obtained a site and lot for a church. Married Miss Ann Moseley, who died of cholera in 1850; married again in 1852 to Margaret W. Prior. They have had five children, Jabez, Josia, Emma, Adin, and Amy A. Jabez Brooks, D. D., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature at the University of Minnesota, was born in England. "When a youth his parents emigrated to America and settled in Wisconsin in 1842, at Southport, now Kenosha. At this point he pursued his studies at Southport Academy. After finishing his preparatory studies in the West he entered the sophomore class in Wesleyan University atMiddletown, Connecticut, in 1847, and graduated in 1850. He maintained himself while pursuing his studies by teaching and performing whatever labor he could get. After graduating he came to Wisconsin and con- ducted until 1851 a seminary at Watertown, Wis- consin. He next occupied the chair of Greek and Mathematics in Lawrence University at Apple- ton, Wisconsin. In 1854, he was elected princi- pal of the prepatatory department of Hamline University at Bed Wing, and entered upon his duties on the 16th of November, and during 1854-5 he was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at that place. In 1857-8, ill-health com- pelled him to retire from teaching. In 1861 he was elected president of Hamline University, which position he retained until 1869, when he resigned, and the same year was elected professor of Greek at the University. Since 1869 he has continuously held that position, and for several years after the decease of Professor Walker in 1876, had charge of the department of Latin also. During his presidency of Hamline University, Professor Brooks was a member of the State Normal school board, the Agricultural College board, the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and commissioner of Indian payments. Mr. Brooks was married in 1854 to Miss Euby B. Pearce, of Watertown, Wisconsin, and has had five children: The eldest, Adin P., died February 2d, 1881, D. Denslow, Olive E., now Mrs. E. T. Sykes, Anna E. and Lucia May. Ole Brohaugh, a native of Norway, was bom August 20th, 1852. He came to the United States in 1869 and located in Red Wing, Minnesota, where he was engaged in farming until 1874; He then started a meat market, in which he con- tinued one year, when he came to Minneapolis and opened a meat market with a partner. In January, 1880, Mr. Brohaugh bought his part- ner's interest and has since continued alone. Mr. Brohaugh was married in 1878, to Albertine Han- son, who bore him one daughter, Clara. Baldwin Brown was bom in Rochester, New York, February 7th, 1838. He came to St. An- thony in 1849, in company with his parents. His first enterprise was freighting from St. Paul and St. Anthony to the different government posts. He dealt in horses, cattle and real estate for several years, and in 1862, built the old "St. Cloud Hotel." He was engaged in different pursuits untU 1870, when he opened a livery and sale stable. Mr. Brown was member of city council from '72 to '77, member of legislature '73 and was elected member of board of county commissioners Hennepin county, fall of 1880. He married Em- ma Day in 1865. Their children are, Charles, William, Baldwin and Frederick. Benjamin J. Brown was bom in Maine, April 4th, 1821. A few years in early life were devoted to lumbering, and at twenty-six years of age en- gaged in traveling business, in which he remained about six years, and in 1852 came to St. Anthony. Here he commenced the lumbering business, in which he was successful mitil the great financial crash of 1857. He is now employed as overseer in lumbering camps. Mr. Brown was the first marshal of St. Anthony. He was also interested with Anson Northrup in the civihzation of mur- derous Indians, by the hemp method, in 1857. He was married to Nellie Carleton, April 8th, 1855. They have ten children living, two of whom, Ben Bruce and Nellie, were bom at Crow Wing, being the first white children born in that region, and Mrs. Brown the second white woman who lived in that locaUty. BIOGBAFHIGAL. 621 C. D. Brown was bom in Maine, in 1835. At eighteen years of age, he learned the trade of wagon-maker, eind has continued in that business since, except three years spent at sea. He came to St. Anthony in 1857, and in the fall of 1859 es- tablished opposite the Pillsbury "A" mill. Mr. Brown enlisted, in 1862, in the First Minnesota battery, and was discharged at the end of one year on account of failing health. After returning, he opened a shop near the present location, which was burned in 1869; soon after he located at his present shop, 417 Main street, S. E. Mr. Brown was married, in 1859, to Henrietta Murphy who has borne him four children. r. D. Brown was born at Vienna, Maine, May, 1847. He came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1854. He learned the trade of blacksmith of his brother, when he was so small he was obliged to stand on a block to strike the anvil. "Brown Brothers' " were the first fires started in the C. M. & St. P. K. R. shops. Mr. Brown was mar- ried, in 1870, to Miss E. S. Lindstrom. They have two children. May and j^ellie. Levi Brown, his father, started the first blacksmith shop on the west side, and died in 1857. J. H. Brown is a native of Canada, and was born September I6th, 1856. He married EUza- beth Gipson, June 2d, 1879. They have one daughter. His early life was spent in the hotel business. During the summer of 1880, he moved to Minneapolis, and now has a sample room, 527 Washington Avenue south. J. M. Brown was born at Winthrop, Maine, August 19th, 1839. He came to this city in 1869, where he engaged in lumbering three years, then bought a shingle mill at Belknap, on the Saint Paxil and Duluth Railroad. He had this mill in operation four years, then returned to Minneap- olis. Since 1878, he has been engineer in the North Star Planing Mill. Mr. Brown married Ada Dean, December 25th, 1867. W. W. Brown was born in Vermont, in 1843. He moved to Iowa in 1863, and followed the hotel business fifteen years. He removed to Lake Calhoun, Minnesota, in 1878, and after having in charge, one year, the Lake Side House, he came to Minneapolis, where he has since re- sided. He is now the proprietor of the Theatre Comique, and also of the Sherman House, 129 Second street north. Zelora E. Brown, was bom in Brookfield, Mad- ison county. New York, February 9th, 1834. When four years of age, his parents moved to Genesee, New York, where his father received a severe injury, by a falling tree, which resulted in his back being broken; and what is quite re- markable, he is stiU in good health, having lived the last forty years with his lower limbs paralyzed. At the age of twenty-one, Mr. Brown came west, but soon returned to New York, where he married Miss Mary R. Armstrong, December 30th 1856. They came to Dakota, Wisconsin, in 1859, where he engaged in farming until 1861, when he was drafted, but accepted the alternative of paying three hundred dollars, and remained with his family. In the fall of the same year he engaged with N. F. Griswold, of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, as traveling agent for agricultural implements, with whom he remained four years, three years of the time being spent at Rochester, Minnesota, where he was superintend- ent of Mr. Griswold's business in that section. Here, a son, Walter R., was born to him. He then moved to Irvington, Iowa, and become a partner with J. R. Armstrong, in a general mer- chandise store, remaining five years. Another child was born there. Clarence Z. In 1871, Mr. Brown came to Minneapolis, where he again en- gaged as solicitor and collector for Mr. Griswold, traveling seventy-five thousand miles by team. He formed a partnership with H. O. Hamlin, in 1877, which still exists, dealing in real estate. J. B. Brouillette was born in Canada, in 1824. He was a dry goods merchant in his native place three years, then moved to New Orleans, where he was engaged in the Saint Charles hotel five years; thence to California, where he was in the hotel business five years; thence to Australia, re- maining there two years. He also spent several years in Washington Terrritory, Oregon and the British Possessions, engaged in farming and mining. He came to Minneapolis in 1879, where he has since remained. Mr. Brouillette was mar- ried to Miss Jane Jlenwick. Their livuig chil- dren are Mary, Joseph, James, Louise, andVictor. James Bryant was born at Bedford, Indiana, January 22d, 1843. He came with his parents to Minneapolis in 1856; his father, R. B. Bryant en- gaged in mercantile business on Washington Av- enue. In 1861, James Bryant enlisted in the 522 MISTOBY OF E'ENNEPIN COUNTY. First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry; he was wounded in the battle of Gettysburg in 1863, and in July, 1865, was honorably discharged. He was elected register of deeds for Hennepin coun- ty, iu 1866, which office he held until 1871. He then entered upon the abstract business, in which he continued until 1876, when he entered the clerk's oiHce as deputy clerk of court and served until January, 1881, when he again went into the abstract business. Mr. Bryant was married in this city to Miss Abbie Kobinson, in Novem- ber, 1865. They have had six children, five of whom are living. Henry Buckendorf is a German, and was born November 2d, 1844. He attended the public schools of Germany until the age of fifteen, when he learned the business of florist. He served one and a half years in the Prussian army. Soon af- ter, he emigrated to the United States, coming di- rectly to Minneapolis, where he at once engaged in the business of florist, in which he still con- tinues, and has one of the finest establishments in the city. Mr. Buckendorf is unmarried. WilUam Buckendorf was born in Germany, in 1833. He attended the public schools of his na- tive country until 1848. He then was instructed in floral gardening. In 1857 he came to America with Judge Ames, and was in the employ of Dr. Ames until 1863, when he purchased his present gardens. Mr. Buckendorf was the first florist in this city. He was married to Barbara Weber September, 1860, who died sixteen years later, leaving four children. Mr. Buckendorf was mar- ried in October, 1878, to Maria Gerdis. Martin Buerfening was born in Prussia, Octo- ber 13th, 1847. He lived in his native country twenty-one years, during which time he learned harness-making. In 1868 he came to America, pro- ceeding directly to Minneapolis, where he settled, and worked at his trade until 1875. He was then appointed on the police force, where, he has since officiated. He was married to Eustena Weinard, of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1873, who bore him three cliildren : Ida, Mary, and Anna. G. C. Bugbee was born at St. Johnsbury, Ver- mont, April 15th, 1837. He was reared to man- hood in his native place, and in 1857 came to Minneapolis. Mr. Bugbee loaded the first lumber for shipment from this city, on the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul Bailroad, and has been en- gaged in that business since. He is at present with the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway, also St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. Mr. Bugbee was married at St. Paul, May 22d, 1863, to Miss Dora M. Gabert. Edward Burke was born at Montello, Wiscon- sin, August 19th, 1857. While yet a boy he moved with his parents to Winona, Minnesota. At the age of twelve he commenced as a miller at Minnesota City, and remained for five years in the employ of the Winona Mill Company of that place. In May 1879, he removed to Minne- apolis, where he was employed in the Washburn Mills eight months; he then engaged with the Standard Mill as packer, and has since remained at that place. L. W. Burrell was bom July 13th, 1852, at Dover, Maine. Here he attended school until eighteen years-of age, when he changed his home to Clearfield, Pennsylvania; he then learned blacksmithing. In 1872 he removed to Minne- apoUs ; for six years he was in the employ of other parties, and in 1878 opened a shop and resumed his trade, until the establishment of the Hame Factory. Mr. Burrell was married November, 1877, to Miss Flora Rich, who bore him twochild- dren. Rose and Thomas. William E. Burwell was born at Buffalo, New York, November 24th, 1844. He moved to New York city in 1854, thence to Minneapolis, Novem- ber 4th, 1874. Here he entered the First Na- tional Bank as general book-keeper ,which position he held until May, 1880, he then being elected as- sistant cashier of the Northwestern National Bank. C. R. Bushnell was born in JefEerson county, New York, November, 1832. He engaged in farm- ing until 1848, when he went to Racine, Wisconsin, and learned the machinists trade ; here he re- mained until 1855, then removed to Waconda county, Illinois. In 1857 he located at Lake City, Minnesota, employed in manufacture of sash, doois, blinds, etc. Meeting with reverses, caused by the panic of 1857, he was made destitute and through the winter of '57-'58 he subsisted princi- pally on corn meal and molasses. In 1862 he went to St. Paul and was employed in the Pio- neer foundry, by Mr. Gillman ; the spring follow- ing he came to St. Anthony and engaged with Charles Scott in his foundry. Mr. Bushnell start- BIOGRAPHICAL. 623 ed a machine shop in 1864, on the west side of the river and made the shafting for the first wool- en mill ever built in this city. He sold out in 1865, and that year formed a co-partnership known as C. E. Bushnell and Co., but afterwards better known as the St. Anthony Iron Works. Since January, 1880, he has been a member of the firm of Bushnell and Spear, Northwestern Stove "Works. Mr. Bushnell was married September, 1855, to Miss. Delia Kitz. Their children are, Charles, Arthur and Elbert. Louis Buschjost was born in Germany, Feb- ruary 14th, 1850. He acquired a knowledge of shoe-making in his native country, and worked at it until 1874,when he came to the United States. He first settled in Cincinnati, Ohio; thence to Saint Joseph, Missouri, where he remained until 1877, when he came to Minneapolis, and has since continued in his business. Mr. Buschjost was married to Emma Altwein, of Wisconsin, who bore him a son; Otto. B. E. Butler was bom in Mauie, in 1829. He moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1854, and was with the Michigan Central railroad. In 1856, he located at Minneapolis, engaged in the sash and blind business; a few months after, he took a claim at Forest City, remaining on it one year; thence to Fair Haven, Stearns county, and pur- chased a farm, which he tilled until 1873. He then returned to this city, where he has been em- ployed in the North Star Iron Works and mill- wright in the different mills throughout the state. Married Miss Eliza Tucker, in 1860. They have one child living; AUana. G. S. Butler was born at CUnton, New York, March 4th, 1834. He 'engaged in book-keeping for twenty years previous to his entering mer- cantile business. He located in Minneapolis in 1876. Mr. Butler was married August 6th, 1862, at Clinton, New York, to Miss Sophia A. Corn- stock; Harriet E., and Alice B., are their chil- dren. H. C. Butler was bom in Maine, in 1838, where he remained until coming to Minneapolis, in 1857. He is the proprietor of the Minneapolis Mill Pick Depot and Iron Works, which business he has carried on since his coming to the city. Mr. Butler was married to Miss Eunice L. Baine of this city, in 1857. They have seven children. W. E. Butler is a native of Maine, born May, 1848. At twelve years of age he learned the trade of saw filer, and continued in it until 1871, when he commenced learning photography of W. H. Jacoby. In 1874 he commenced bnsiness in his present location on Central Avenue, Nicollet Island. Mr. Butler does a general photographic business, including portraits in India ink, water colors, and oil. He was married to Miss Fannie Whittier, of this city, in 1872. They have one son: Henry Edwin. F. G. Buttolph was born at Troy, Oakland county, Michigan, December 5th, 1847. At the age of sixteen, he accompanied his parents to Can- ada, where he learned his trade, that of dyeing, and engaged in it until 1878, when he came to Min- neapolis. In addition to his dyeing works here, he has a hat establishment, in which he renovates silk, felt, and straw hats. T. J. Buxton was born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, November 18th, 1833. He moved with his parents, to Union county, Ohio, 1835, where he resided on a farm until twenty-one years of age. He began banking business at Marysville, as cashier, where he continued six years. Mr. Buxton raised Company "E," Sixty- sixth Regiment, Ohio Infantry, and entered the field, in West Virginia, in 1862. He participated, in several of the most prominent engagements, being taken prisoner, at Port Republic, and held as such in Salisbury and Libby prisons, for four months. In 1869 he located at Minneapolis and opened the City Bank, in which he has served as cashier since. He has also held the oflSce of city treasurer for four terms. Mr. Buxton was mar- ried to Miss Delia A. Griffin, of Delaware county, Ohio. Their children are: Bessie and Marie. James Byrnes is a native of Ireland. He ac- companied his parents to America in 1852, locat- ing on a farm, in Hennepin county, Minnesota; he remained with his parents three years, then spent two years in Saint Anthony. At the age of seventeen he learned the blacksmith's trade. Mr. Byrnes was in the south three years, during the war. He came to this city, in 1865, and opened a blacksmith shop. He married Julia F. Sullivan, in 1865, who has been a resident of this state twenty-six years. They have five children living, and have lost three sons. Mr. Byrne's shop is located at 104 First street south, where he employs three men. 624 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. CHAPTEK LXXVII. BIOGRAPHICAL, C AND D. W. F. Cahill came to Minneapolis in 1853. He bought the Island inill in 1860, and operated it until 1870, when it was destroyed by Are. The same year he built the Holly mills, and also the Florence mill at Stillwater. Cahill and Company purchased the Dakota mill, in 1873, and in 1877* the Galaxy, from the Ankeny estate. The latter mill was destroyed by the' explosion of May, 1878, and rebuilt by Cahill, Fletcher and Compa- ny, in 1878-9. It was opened in December of the latter year. Mr. Cahill also had an interest in the Minnetonka mill, from 1875 to 1877. He was married in 1853, to Sarah M. Bailey. Their chil- dren are : Florence, now the wife of F. Green, leaf, Mariam B., now Mrs. F. Hinkle, Helen E. now the wife of W. T. Maxfleld; Paul W., died at the age of four years. James Cain came to Minnesota in 1863, and for five years was engaged in farming in Dakota county ; then came to Minneapolis in 1868, and followed lumbering seven years. In 1875 he en gaged ia saloon business on Second street north where he remained two years, then moved to his present location, 24 Hennepin Avenue. Septem. ber 27th, 1876, he married Frances Murphy. T. H. Cain was born in March, 1856. In early life he went to Canandaigua, New York, thence to Clinton, Iowa, and learned the trade of horse- shoer. He located at Minneapolis in October, 1878. Here he worked for different parties until March, 1880, when the existing firm of Keep & Cain was formed. George Calladine, harness and horse furnish- ings, 16 First street north. He was born in Hert- fordshire, England, in 1827. At the age of twenty-two he entered the army and served as saddler, three years, in the Eleventh Hussars. In 1862, he went to Australia, and remained three years; retm-ned to England, and in 1856 came to Minnesota; settled at Eockford, Wright county, where he still owns 240 acres of land. At the breaking out of the war, Mr. Calladine recruited a company on money raised by the sale of his live stock; of this company he was first lieutenant, and served three years and six months; was mus- tered out as captaiQ at Chicago in 1865. He par- ticipated in many of the principal engagements of the war, and was provost marshal for General Burnside during his Tennessee campaign. In 1866, he came to Minneapolis and engaged in the harness business with Mr. Pavitt; since 1870 Mr. Calladine has carried on the trade alone. He was married in 1866 to Margaret McDonald, of Chicago. They have two children, Caroline M. and Margaret E. Dr. Arthur A. Camp was bom in Jersey City, New Jersey, August 16th, 1850. He was educat- ed in Burlington, Vermont, graduated from the University of that place. In 1869, he learned the drug business at Saratoga Springs, and continued in it until 1875, when he removed to New York and was engaged as assistant house physician in a hospital. He studied medicine and graduated from New York Homeopathic Medical College in 1878; he came directly to Minneapolis, and has since been in continuous practice here. He was elected president of the Homeopahtic Medical Society of Hennepin county, in September , 1879, and was re-elected in 1880. Dr. Camp married Miss Mary Walton, at Saratoga Springs, in 1878. They have one child; Arthur W. John McK. Campbell, contractor and buUder. Is a native of Scotland, where he was born January 1st, 1842. He emigrated with his parents to Prince Edward Island in 1843. In 1866, he en- tered the coast merchant sailing, and continued until 1863, when he returned home and served an apprenticeship at ship building; then went to sea for one year; he landed in New York, traveled about through several states and finally settled in Owatonna, Minnesota, where he remained three years doing carpenter work. He removed to Minneapolis in 1870, and has since been engaged here in contracting. In 1873, he married Mary Morrison. Three childi-en have been born to them; Anna Belle, Alvin B. and Mary. E. C. Cauvet, of the firm of Cauvet and Reid, was born in New York city, November 4th, 1836. He enlisted May 24th, 1861, in Company C,42d New York Infantry. At the battle of Ball's Bluff he was promoted to second lieutenant, and first lieutenant at Antietam. December 13th, 1862, at the battle of Fredericksburg, he was promoted to captain ; and January 1st, 1864, was appointed assistant provost marshal, under General Han BIOGBAPHIGAL. 525 cock. He held this oflBce until June, 1864. Was mustered out at New York city, July 13th, 1864. After leaving the service he went into the plumb- ing business at New York, which he continued ten years. In February, 1874, he came to Minne- apolis, and has been in business here since that time. His wife was Emma Knight, whom he married January 8th, 1866. Three children have been bom to them ; only one is living, Viola L. Casper Cantieny, a native of Switzerland, was bom in 1807. He emigrated to America in 1850, and located in Ohio for five years, during which time he followed house carpentering. He then spent two years in Illinois and three in Wiscon- sin, in the hotel business ; also kept the Garden City Hotel of St. Paul two years. In 1861 he en- listed in the First Minnesota Cavalry, and served seventeen months. From that time he worked at the carpenter's trade in St. Paul and Bed Wing, until 1865, when he came to Minneapolis, and fol- lowed his trade here four years. In 1879 he erects ed the building he now uses for a liquor, cigar and confectionery store, No. 1 Nicollet Avenue. He was married in 1848, to Maria Coray. They have four children. T. J. Canney, a native of New Hampshire, was bom in Tuftenborough, October 27th, 1831. He came to Wright county, Minnesota, in 1857, moved to Clear Water in 1869, thence to Minneapolis in 1864 and started a dairy, which business he con- tinued untU 1876, when he purchased the state right for patent concrete sidewalks. He was married in 1855, to Julia Smith of New Hamp- shire. Their children are: Fred, Frank, John, Flora, Bessie and George ; the latter died in 1876 aged twelve years. Mr. Canney is contractor in concrete walks and drive ways, also house and bam roof painting, with fire and water proof paint ; No. 1929 Western Avenue. E. J. CarUn was born at Troy, New York, in 1848. When a child he went with his parents to Binghamton,New York and remained until 1870, when he removed to Iowa. In 1871 he came to Minneapolis, and has since been engaged in the cooper business, with the exception of three years passed in Philadelphia. His wife was Ella McCarthy, whom he married in 1875. Their resi- dence is No. 714 Seventeenth Avenue south. Mr. CarUn was one of the founders and is a char- ter member of the Hennepin County Barrel Com- pany. G. C. Carr, born in Lauderdale, Mississippi, June 1st, 1859. His parents were slaves and his father died in the great struggle for freedom ; his mother came to this city with her children, and at the age of six years G. C. was obliged to go on the street blacking boots and selling papers, until 1870, when he commenced attending the public schools ; his love for penmanship induced him to turn nearly his whole attention in that di- rection. In 1875 he went to Red Wing and worked as shop-boy in a barber's shop morn- ings and evenings, attending school during the day. He remained until 1878, having learned the barber's trade. His business enabled him to attend Commercial college, and he is now bend- ing his energies to perfect himself in penman- ship, with a view to teaching. His place of bus- iness is at 409 Hennepin Avenue. L. S. Carr, head miller at the Union Mill, was born at Watertown, Wisconsin, Febmary 23d, 1851. He learned milling at home, where he worked about seven years; he came here in Sep- tember, 1874, and was in the Washburn A mill until May 2d, 1878. On that day Mr. Carr left the mill three minutes before six o'clock, and at ten minutes after six the explosion occurred which left the mill a mass of ruins. After this he worked in the Pillsbury, the Washburn B and the Washburn C mills until March 1st, 1880, when he went to the Union mill. He was married May 29th, 1878, to Ida R. Ripley. E. D. Case was bom in Minneapolis, October. 2d, 1857. He was married December 24th, 1878, to Eva M. Cobb. E. D. is the son of Emanuel Case, one of the early settlers of Hennepin coun- ty, who died a few years since. Mr. Case is en- gaged in the livery business at 211 Plymouth Av- enue. George W. Gates, a native of Maine, was born in Cutler, Washington county, in 1854. He came to Minnesota when a child, and lived on a farm at Bloomington until 1870; since that time he has been engaged in the agricultural implement busi- ness. He is now with H. Kh-kwood as book- keeper and traveling salesman. September 18th, 1877, he married Mary C. Phillips, of St. Paul, who has borne him one child, Edith E. WiUiam M. Carlton was bom at Manchester, 526 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. New Hampshire, November 27th, 1844. When a child he went with his parents to Beaver Dam, Wisconsin; from there he removed to Watertown and learned the milling business. He spent some time in Madison, Beaver Dam and Monroe, and in 1872 came to Minneapolis; he worked at rail- road building on the frontier one season, but re- turned to this city and has been with the Holly mill since June, 1874. He is now head miller. April 26th, 1870, he married Maggie Graham, of Wisconsin. Their children are Clara, Jeanette and Elizabeth Grace. H. M. Carpenter, a native of Ehode Island, was born in Providence in 1828. He came to St. Anthony in 1854 and worked two years as clerk for Tufts, Eeynolds & Whittemore. In 1857 he engaged in general merchandise business with Mr. Andrews as partner, but they were burned out, in about sixteen months, and in 1860 Mr. Car- penter started in the same business alone. He con- tinued it four years, and in the meantime bought an interest in a paper mill. In the spring of 1865 he started the paper store at St. Paul, and the fol- lowing year took a partner, J. T. Averill, the lat- ter taking charge of the St. Paul store. Since the withdrawal of Cutler and Secombe from the firm, Mr. Carpenter has had entire control of the paper mill. He married Kate Ladd, of Provi- dence, Rhode Island, April 20th, 1852. Three children have been born to them: Prank, Henry and Edwin. Rev. J. P. Chaffee, pastor of Hennepin Ave- nue Tabernacle, was born in Attica, New York, .November 5th, 1827; converted and joined the Free Will Baptist at twelve years of age. At eighteen, moved to Illinois and soon joined' the Methodist; before twenty-one years of age, was admitted on trial in the Rock River Conference, and sent to the Carthage circuit for one year, at Oquawka two years, Monmouth one year, Knox- ville one year, Lewiston two years, Jefferson street, Chicago, two years, transferred to Minne- sota in 1857; to St. Anthony until the spring of 1859, then to Jackson street, St. Paul, from the spring of '59, to the fall of '60, then two years in Minneapolis. Five years presiding elder of the Minneapolis and St. Paul district. Three years pastor of Centenary church, during which time the church was built and dedicated. One year city missionary, during which time the Seventh street church was built and dedicated; for the next three years, was agent of the Hamline Uni- versity, during that time which he re-located on fifty acres of valuable land. The next year suppli- ed Duluth, one year in Faribault, two years pre- siding elder of Winona district, one year in Jack- son street, St. Paul, then invited to come to the present pastorate on Hennepin Avenue; was a member of two general conferences in 1868 and 1880; was married in 1849 to Calista Hopkins, of New York; have two children living; Carrie C. and Hugh G. W. H. Chamberlain, a native of Maine, was born in 1830. In 1846 he went to Boston, Massa- chusetts, and remained four years, working in a furniture store, and part of the time clerking in a hotel. In 1850 he went to New York and kept books one year in the Commercial Exchange bank; from there he removed to Brooklyn, where he learned the jeweler's trade, then spent one year in Ohio, and in 1857 came to Minnesota; he located in Saint Anthony, but in 1862 moved on this side of the river, and since that time has been engaged in the jewelry business here; he is at No. 6 Washington Avenue south. Mr. Cham- berlain was with General Sibley in his raid against the Indians in 1862. He was married in 1856, at Troy, New York, to Charlotte Knick- erbacker. Their living children axe : WiUiam, Ida, Mary and Charlotte. W. B. Champion was born on Prince Edward Island, in 1848. He moved to Maine and resided about eight years, then came to Mmneapolis in 1878, and engaged in forming the Hennepin County Barrel Company, of which he is the pres- ident. His wife was Miss Minnie McArthur to whom he was married in 1870. They reside at 309 Washington Avenue north. Rev. Z. L. Chandonnet, pastor of the church of Our Lady of Lourdes, was born July 10th, 1848, at St. Pierre Les-Recquets, Nicollet county, Quebec. He attended the Petit and Grand Sem- inaries, in Quebec, completing his theological education at Three Rivers, where, on the 22d of November 1874, he was ordained and at once appointed Vicar of St. Francis of Xwier's church at Baliscan. Here he remained until September 29th, 1875, when he was appointed to a like posi- tion at St. Anna's Church, at Yamachiche. This position he retained until October, 1877, when BIOGBAPHICAL. 527 he came to Minnesota, and was placed in charge of the churches at Belle Prairie and Little Palls, Morrison county, remaining there until March 1st, 1879, when he was placed in charge of the churches at Lenz and Corcoran, Hemiepin county, and in December following was transferred to his present charge in Minneapolis. James Chant was bom in Somerset county, England, January 15th, 1840. He came to the United States in 1873, and located the same year at Hawley, Clay county, Minnesota, on a farm. Here he remained until 1878, when he became a partner of Mr. Maskell in the city meat market. Mr. Chant's family consists of his wife and nine children. Josiah H. Chase, a native of Kingston, New Hampshire, was horn September 15th, 1840. He learned the trade of carriage making of his father, and remained with him until 1852, when he went to Boston and worked in a clothing store, at a weekly salary of two dollars and seventy-five cents. In 1856 he came to Olmsted county, Min- nesota ; afterward made a claim of 160 acres in Mower county. In the fall of 1856 he came to St. Anthony, and the following spring purchased, in company with S. A. Lewis, a stock of boots and shoes, to which in a few months they added general merchandise; in two years Mr. Chase bought out his partner and continued the busiaess alone ; in 1861 he closed the dry goods depart- ment, and carried only boots and shoes and cloth- ing. In 1866 he was burned out and at once lo- cated on Main street; in 1875 he erected the building he now occupies, located on Central Avenue, corner Second street. Mr. Chase is the oldest clothing dealer in the city. He was mar- ried in 1863, to Ellen May Eankin. They have had four children only two of whom are now liv- ing ; Henry and Josiah. C. E. Chilstrom, a native of Sweden, was born July 22d, 1851. He came to America with his parents in 1856 and located in AVisconsin, but re- moved to Minnesota, and his parents now reside in Litchfield. In January, 1871, he came to Min- neapolis and worked for Dr. Linn, afterward for Pabody and Whittaker, and has continued in Ijhe drug business since. The firm of Patterson and Chilstrom was formed in October, 1880 ; they car- ry a full line of goods appertaining to the drug trade. Mr. ChiJstrom's wife was Matilda Nelson of Sweden, to whom he was married in May, 1880. E. H. Chittenden was born in Monroe county. New York, in 1832. In 1856 he went to Medina, New York, and practiced as veterinary surgeon four years, then removed to Ohio and remained two years. In 1862 he began steamboating on the Ohio river and followed that business four years; he then came to Minnesota and engaged in farming in Earibault county until 1874, when he removed to Minneapolis. He buUt two small steamers and ran one of them one season, between this city and St. Cloud, then sold her and re- sumed his practice as veterinary surgeon, which he has continued since. Was married in 1858, to Hannah Gerry ; six children have been born to them but only two are living. J. A. Christian was born in Wilmington, North CaroUna, September 12th, 1832. He moved to Walworth county, Wisconsin, in 1847, and from there to Chicago in 1851 ; thence to Caledonia, Illinois, where he dealt in cattle, hogs, wheat, etc.; until 1860, when he went to Colorado, and for nine years engaged in miaing, Six years of this time he was treasurer of Summit county. In 1869 he came to Minnesota, and for two years was in the lumbering business at Dayton ; then came to Minneapolis and ran the Zenith mill for two years. He entered the firm of George H. Chris- tian and Company, in 1873. The latter retired at the expiration of one year, and the firm took the name of J. A. Christian and company. The mill explosion of May, 1878, caused suspension of bus- iness, and in July of the same year a new firm was formed, under the name of Christian, Broth- er and Company, and own the Crown EoUer mill. In June, 1874, Mr. Christian married Mary E. Hall, who has borne him three daughters : Carrie, Annie, and Susie. Llewellyn Christian, a native of Wetumpka county, Alabama, was bom June 10th, 1841. In 1844 he went with his parents to Wilmington, North Carolina, and in 1849 removed to Geneva, Wisconsin. In 1854 he went to Chicago, and at- tended high school four years. At the expiration of that time he went to New York, and remained until 1872, when he came to Minneapolis and en- gaged in the Zenith mill, the firm name being Christian, Day and Company. Prom that time until the present he has been associaied with J. 628 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. A. Christian. His wife was Miss Eliza French, whom he married in 1874. Levi Christlieb, born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 8th, 1844. He went to St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1869, and the same year re- moved to this city. Uritil the spring of 1870 he worked with Greeley, Loye and Company, har- ness-making; then with Davis and McCallum, and the Trades Manufacturing Company, until August, 1874, when he went inio partnership with John H. Arnell, and has continued to do a pros- perous business since. They are located at 108 Central Avenue. Mr. Christlieb is unmarried. Richard Chute was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, SeptetQber 23d, 1820, and moved to Columbus at the age of seven years, and four years later to Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1841, he formed a partnership with William G. Ewing in the fur trade; from that time until 1854, he visited in the autumn of each year, Minnesota, Iowa and other western points. He was at St. Anthony in 1844 and built a house, which was used for several years as a trading post. After the death of his partner in 1854, Mr. Chute located in Saint An- thony, and until 1868, had charge of the property, since owiied by the Saint Anthony Water Power Company; he sold lots lying east of Main street, but was restricted from selling between that and the river; since that time he has been engaged in real estate business. While traveling in the fur business, Mr. Chute was present at the forming of several treaties with Indians. He was at Agency City, Iowa, when the treaty was concluded with the Sac, and Fox tribe by which they ceded to the government all their lands in Iowa territory ;he was also at Washington when the treaty was made with the Winnebagos in 1856. In early days he took a lively interest in railroad matters and was among the incorporators of some of the compa- nies. Mr. Chute was commissioned by Gen. Sibley as Colonel of the Seventeenth Regiment Militia, and in 1862, he was quartermaster of an expedition from Fort Snelling to the Chippewa country, under Gen. Dale. In 18G3, he was ap- pointed regent of the State University, lie is an elder in the Andrew Presbyterian church, and has been superintendent of the Sabbath-school for many years. He married Mary Young, of Indiana, February 28th, 1850. They have three living children; Charles, Willie and Grace. C. W. Clark, a native of Delaware county, New York, was bom March 3d, 1827. Until seventeen years of age, he lived on a farm, then learned the black-smith's trade. In 1847, he went to South Wilbraham, Massachusetts; thence to Illinois, and in 1860, came to this city. In 1867, Mr. Clark built a shop near where Goodf el- low and Eastman now are, and in 1875, bought his present shop which is 20x66 feet, and two- stories high, situated on the comer of Third street and Third Avenue south. He was mar- ried December 19th, 1852, to Eliza Bliss, of Mass- achusetts, who has borne him nine children, seven of whom are living. H. B. Clark was born in Brockton, Massachu- setts, March 7th, 1841. He received his early ed- ucation in his native town and worked for his father until 1859, when he went to California. He returned in 1861, and worked at the whole- sale grocery business in Boston, Massachusetts, until 1869, when he came to Minneapolis. The following year he opened a meat-market, and has been in that business since, with the exception of two and one-half years which he spent in charge of the National Hotel of this city. He removed to his present location in July, 1880. Isaac B. Clark was bom in EtBngham, Illinois, October 2d, 1856. When two years of age he moved with his parents to Missouri, and lived on a farm until eighteen years old. In 1874, he removed to Galesburg, and two years later went south; he visited Memphis, New Orleans and Saint Louis. In 1878, he came to Minnesota and settled in this city. In the spring of 1880, he traveled through Daliota and Montana, but re- turned here in the fall of the same year and opened his photograph gallery on Washington Avenue south. Professor John Sinclair Clark was born at Saint Marys, Nova Scotia, in 1849. After teach- ing for a few years he came to Minneapolis, in Jime 1870, and entered the classical course at the University. Acting as assistant librarian of the institution for four years he thus furnished himself witli the means necessary to carry through the full University course, and grad- uated in June, 1876. He was immediately ten- dered, and accepted, the position of instructor in Latin and mathematics. This place he filled until the spring of 1880, when he was appointed BIOGRAPHICAL. 529 assistant professor of Latin, and still remains as such. John Clark, a native of Norfolk, England, was born JSTovember 13th, 1827. He came with his parents to America in 1834, and located at Gene- see, New York; remained there three years, and then removed to Kishwaukee, Illinois, where he resided until 1867, whenhe came to this city, and has since lived here, with the exception of eight- een months passed in Florida. "While at Kish- waukee he learned the trade of carriage-making and blacksmithing, and has been in that busi- ness nearly all his life. He was married in Hli- nois to Miss Esther Palmer. They are the par- ents of five children: Ella, now the wife of J. W. Crockett, Walter, Frederick, Luther and Charles. John W. Clark was born at MinneapoUs, Jan- uary 5th, 1861. He is engaged as book-keeper for his father, F. P. Clark, at his saw-mill on the comer of Main street and Fourth Avenue N. E, Gilbert Clough is a native of Lyme, New Hampshire; he was born August 26th, 1839, and came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1867. He worked at logging from the time of his arriv- al, and in 1866 went into the business with his brother, D. M. Clough; their cut the first year was one and one-half million feet; it now amounts to about eighteen millions annually. Mr. Clough's wife was Fannie Shereton, whom he married May 28th, 1873. They reside on Fifth street near Fourth Avenue S. E. Rev. Daniel Cobb, A. M., was born November 7th, 1818, in Onondaga county, New York, where his father was a preacher for forty years. The subject of this sketch was converted May 5th, 1839; educated in the Onondaga institute, teaching school at different times; entered the ministry in 1843, at the Oneida annual confer- ence. First appointment for one year to El- bridge and Sennet; next to Freetown.. Then for two years each at the towns of Owasco, Mor- avia, Asbury, Gortlandsville, Norwich, New York Mills, Utica. Was transferred to the Min- nesota conference in 1857, and appointed presid- ing elder of the Winona district for two years; from there to the Bed Wing district as presiding elder for four years; after that, stationed in Min- neapolis, in what is now the Centenary church; then appointed chaplain for the Sixth Minnesota Eegiment, remaining in the chaplaincy until the 34 close of the war; was present at the last battle at Fort Blakely, Mobile. On returning home in August, 1865, was mustered out of service, and the September following, was appointed to the Jackson street Methodist Episcopal church, St. Paul for three years; thence to Rochester two years; then to the Minneapolis first church for one year; at the end of that time, took a super- numary relation and went east on a visit for one year,preaching at the Ashgreen Methodist Episco- pal church, Albany, New York, for seven months, and the Wall street church. Auburn, two months. Returning to Minnesota at the end of the year, was appointed presiding elder for the Minneapo- Us district for two years, and presiding elder for St. Paul district for two years; thence to the Cen- tenary church for two years; then appointed pre- siding elder of the Owatonna district for four years; when he came to Minnesota in 1857, as presiding elder of the Winona district, there was twenty-two thousand square miles of territory to look after. Providing himself with a pair of In- dian ponies and a buckboard, drove for four years organizing quarterly conferences; establishing churches, preaching,andinone year, preached two hundred and eighty-six sermons, taking wheat for pay, throwing the sacks into his wagon and carrying it to Red Wing to sell. He has taken charge of forty-nine camp meetings, extending from the Iowa line to Breckenridge; was elected chaplain in the Minnesota legislature for two years. First candidate for governor on the pro- hibition ticket in 1860. For thirty-seven years this veteran of Methodism has preached every Sunday excepting the time he was in the army, and one Sabbath out of the desk, on account of sickness. The honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by State University at Ath- ens, Ohio. Married April 22d, 1858, in Red Wing, to Louisa M. Sherman, who was educated at Fort Edwards, New York, and for three year-s was preceptress in the Hamline University. They have three children; Alonzo W., Temper- en ce Irene, and Ida May. H. J. Cobb, a native of Harmony, Somerset county, Mame, was born ui 1837. He came to St. Anthony November, 1853, and engaged in lum- bering. In the summer of 1855 he brought the first cattle on a steamer from Rock Island, Il- linois, and has since that time been engaged in the 530 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. cattle trade, with the exception of three or four summers. Mr. Cobb is the pioneer cattle dealer of this county. He is now a member of the firm of Smith, Cobb and Brackett, stock dealers. He is also in the grocery business on Fifth Avenue south. In 1867 Mr. Cobb married Miss Mary Monel of Harmony. Maine. Their children are, Edward, George and Gracie. W. C. Colbrath was born in Adrian, Michigan, in August, 1848. He came here in 1864 and worked for leading druggists of the city until 1872, when he went into business with a partner; after two and one-half years jje bought his part- ner's interest and has carried on the business alone since that time. He keeps a fine line of artists' and carriage painter's materials and occupies the floor and basement of his store. No. 43 Washing- ton Avenue south. Mr. Colbrath was married in 1874 to Lucy C. Russell, daughter of B. P. Eus- sell, one of the pioneers of this county. Emerson Cole, a native of New Hampshire, was born in Milan in 1839. He came to Minneapolis in 1864 and engaged in the milling business, which he has followed to the present time. His wife was Agnes O'Neill of St. Paul. He is a member of the firm of Cole and Hammond, manufacturers of lumber. Thomas Coleman is a native of Ireland ; he was born in 1838. In early childhood he came with parents to Kingston, Canada ; he removed to Chicago, Ilhnois, and thence to Galena, where he learned the shoemaker's trade and worked until 1848 ; he then removed to Cmcinnati, Ohio, and from there to California, but finally settled in Minneapolis in 1863. He worked for different boot and shoe houses here until 1878, when he started in business for himself, and has since been doing a good trade. In 1865 he married Margaret T. Williams, who has borne him two children. D. F. Collins, M. D., was born in Cork, Ireland, September 19th, 1850, and was educated at St. Vincent's Seminary of that city. He came to the United States in 1866, and lived in New York city one year, when he went to London, England, and studied for two years ; he returned to New York and went to the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where he graduated in 1873 ; during the same year he was elected a member of the New Y'ork Medico-legal Society, and in 1875 he was appointed one of the physicians connected with the board of public charities and corrections of New York city. Dr. Collins removed to Minne- apolis in February, 1879 ; since coming here he has been appointed consulting physician of the orphan asylum, and medical examiner of the Catholic Mutual Insurance Association. He was married in Paris, France, May 16th, 1874, to Miss Frances Brown. They have two children, Mark and Jerome. Jesse CoUom was bom at Meadville, Pennsyl- vania, and when a child came to Saint Paul with his parents. In 1865 he came here and attended school for a time, and in 1870 went in Mr. Mar- shall's store and learned the jeweler's trade, re- maining two years. He then went to Iowa and to California, but returned to this city in 1876, and has since kept a jewelry store at 29 Fourth street south. In 1874 Mr. Collom married Ada Needham. Their children are Willie and Vemey. N. E. Colstrom, a native of Sweden, was born May 9th, 1834. He emigrated to America in 1869 and located in this city. In 1870 he married Martha Britha. They have four children: Annie, Charles, John and Frank. Mr. Colstrom is the inventor and manufacturer of the Minneapolis slab-press brick machine, also brick moulders and trucks. This machine was perfected ia 1876, by Mr. Colstrom, who is the sole proprietor. Twen- ty-two thousand bricks can be turned out in ten hours, by this machine. His place is 142 Twelfth street north. J. H. Conkey was born at Plattsburg, New York, December 25th, 1820. He came west in 1850, and located in Wisconsm. It was he who laid the first iron on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad between Milwaukee and Waukesha. In 1859, in company with R. B. Langdon and others, he did the first grading on the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad, and after- ward engaged in business in Wisconsin until 1865, at which time he removed to Faribault, where he remained six years. He came to this city in 1872, engaged in business in company with R. B. Langdon at the Union planing mill, and has since continued in the same. Mr. Conkey was married in 1848 to Martha A. Langdon. She has borne him six children, only three of whom are living: Frank, Robert and Jennie. Elias H. Connor was born at New Sharon, BIOGBAPHICAL. 531 Maine, August 23d, 1824. He lived in his native town until twenty-one years of age, then spent three years on the Penobscot Kiver. In 1848 he came to Lakeland, Minnesota, opposite Hudson, "Wisconsin, where he worked one winter, then located at St. Anthony, and has since resided here. He is a carpenter and mill-wright, and he built the first two-story frame house in the city, for Captain Rollins, in 1849. He purchased lots in 1850 and built his present residence on Second street south-east. He has carried on a large business in contracting, building and drafting; he was in charge of the wood work on both the old and new suspension bridges, and drove the first horse across the old bridge; when the new one was building, Mrs. Connor and her daughter Georgia, then only six years old, walked to the middle of the bridge on a single plank, and re- turned in safety. Mr. Connor built the first bridge across the Saint Croix, at Taylors Falls; he has built a number of large mills in different cities, and has had extensive contracts in carpen- ter work in all parts of the country adjacent to Minneapolis. He married, in 1855, Miss Hannah Rollins, who has borne him three children: Lil- lian, Georgia and Rosa. A. S. Converse, a native of Windsor, Massa- chusetts, was born January 4th, 1820. When eighteen years of age he removed to Chenango county. New York, and remained there in the carriage making business until 1854, when he came to Minnesota, and located in Dakota county; but in January 1855, he engaged in wagon and carriage making in Minneapolis, and has since been a resident of this city. His wife was Caro- line Kenyon, whom he married in Chenango county, New York. Their children are: Van- elia, who was the wife of A. D. Preseott, (de- ceased), Rufus and Alvin. They reside at No. 725, Washington Avenue north. H. T. Cook is a native of Canada. At the age of six years he moved with his parents to New York, and rema;ined there until 1851, when he went to Wisconsin, and learned the wagon makers' trade at Oshkosh, after which he removed to Iowa; came to this city in 1877, and has been in business here since. His wife was Zayda Hol- sen, of Iowa, whom he married in 1853. She has borne him three children. C. H. Cook was born in the state of New York in 1846. In 1851 he went with his brother to Wisconsin, then passed some time in Iowa, and came to MinneapoUs in the spring of 1880. He was married in 1875 to Prances Becker. They have two children. Grove B. Cooley was born at Attica, New York, December 10th, 1827. In 1848 he began the study of law at Canandaigua, and two years later, moved to Wisconsin, where he was a pro- fessor in the Ripon College from 1853 to 1858, teaching the dead languages and the higher branches of mathematics. In the autumn of 1858 he removed to Minnesota and located at Mantor- ville. Dodge county, where he was engaged in the practice of law, serving four years as coimty at- terney and eight years judge of probate. He was also a leading member of the board of education of Mantorville. He was a member of the state legislature in 1872 and chairman of the judiciary committee, leaving a good record. He was asso- ciated for two years with Hon. A. J. Edgerton, now United States Senator, in the practice of law at Mantorville, under the firm name of Edgerton and Cooley. Por four years he was a partner of Hon. Samuel Lord, now deceased, under the firm name of Cooley and Lord. In 1872, Judge Cooley came to Minneapolis and entered into partnership with Thomas Lowry, which continued until the spring of 1874, when he was unanimously elected judge of the municipal court of Minneapolis, which position he has filled to the general satis- faction of the pubUc and continues to hold. In 1856 he was made a Master Mason in the Ripon Lodge, Ripon, Wisconsin, and has since been an active member and a diligent Masonic student. In 1872, he was Grand Master of Masons in Min- nesota. George W. Cooley, civil engineer, ofiice 411 Nic- ollet Avenue. Mr. Cooley is a native of New York city; he was born in the year 1845, and lived with his parents until nineteen years of age, when he came 'West and engaged with the St. Paul and Pacific Railway Company as assistant engineer, and served in their surveys until 1867. It was he who drove the first stake for the St. Paul and Pacific Railway west of the Mississippi. During 1867-'68-'69 he was engaged in the United States surveys in Minnesota and Dakota. He located the junction of the Northern Pacific Rail- way with the Lake Superior and Mississippi, and 532 mSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. commenced the construction of the Northern Pa- cific Railwaj' February 15th, 1870, under General Ira Spaulding. In 1870 Mr. Cooley resumed busi- ness in Minneapolis as civil engineer and surveyor, and has continued in the same line to the present time. He has surveyed about one-third of this city, and has been engaged on many of the rail- roads and public improvements throughout the country. He served one term as county survey- or, was assistant engineer of the falls improve- ment, also of the work on the Minnesota river, and has lately completed the improvement of Hull's Narrows, Lake Minnetonka, having been appointed by the legislature. Mr. Cooley is now chief engineer of the Minneapolis, Lyndale and Lake Calhoun Railway. Joseph Coombs was born in the year 1831, in England. He came to America in 1852 and lived four and one-half years in Maine, then came to St. Anthony and took a homestead. For two years he worked in the mines near Lake Supe- rior, and in 1864 returned to Maine, where he was married to Miss Agnes L. Conary. He re- mained there nearly two years, then returned to Minneapolis, and has since been engaged in the coopering business here. Mr, Coombs resides at 605 Twelfth Avenue south. B. Cooper, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in Lancaster county, in 1841. He came to this city in 1857, and for about seven years was en- gaged in carpenter work and farming, with the exception of some time spent south during the war. Mr. Cooper is now engaged in contracting and building. The following are a few of the many buildings erected by him: The residences of Mrs. Byers, W. B. Jackson, J. M. Williams and D. E. Barber. He employs about twenty- five men ; office, corner of Hawthorne Avenue and Twelfth street. In 1869 Mr. Cooper married Addie Bassett. They have two children : Edna and William. Charles Coot was born in New York city, Au- gust 30th, 1847. He moved here in October, 1875, and worked one year in the car shops of tlie street railway. In 1876 he went to work for J. T. Elwell, in the spring-bed business, and has charge of the manufacturing department. At the age of seventeen Mr. Coot enlisted in the United States navy ; he was on the Ladqnia, an iron-side steamer, eight months, then was trans- ferred to another steamer and remained until the close of the war . He was honorably discharged April, 1865. Judge F. R. E. Cornell was born November 17th, 1821, at Coventry, Chenango county. New York. At the age of fourteen he began teaching winters, and when possible to do so he attended school at Oxford Academy. In 1840 he entered Union College at Schenectady, and after graduar ting in 1842 taught several years, in the meantime reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, and commenced practice with A. G. Chat- tield, the late Judge Chatfleld of this state; con- tinued until 1854, when he came to Minneapolis. He was elected to the state senate in New York, has been a member of the city council, of the state legislature several times, and was attorney general six years. In January, 1875, he took his seat as associate judge of the supreme court, and still holds that position. His marriage with EUza Burgess occurred in 1847. They have had three children; the living are Frank and Carrie. Charles Coplin was bom in La Porte county, Indiana, October 13th, 1849. In 1864 he moved to Richmond, remaining one and one-half years; thence to Chicago for two years and on to Iowa. He located in Minneapolis in 1874, dealing in groceries two years, then went into the meat market with Fortier and Company, Their place of business is linown as the "Excelsior Market." Mr. Coplin was married December 13th, 1876. T. W. Correns, a native of St. Lawrence coun- ty. New York, was born in 1835. His early life was spent in farming; in 1872 he went to Iowa and remained six years. He came to Minneap- olis in 1878, smce which time he has kept a sa- loon at 525 Washington Avenue south. Wyman Costigan was born in Penobscot coun- ty, MainCj December, 1844. He became a resi- dent of Minneapolis in 1869, and was a lumber- man until lie entered into partnership with For- tier and Coplin in 1875. He was married in 1866. Andrew Craik was born in Scotland in 1817. Wlien an infant he came with his parents to Can- ada, and at the age of sixteen commenced to learn milling. In 1846 he removed to Three Riv- ers, Canada, and engaged in the manufacture of oat-meal for the Quebec market. In 1861 he re- moved to La Crosse, Wisconsin, and eight years later came to this city; he purchased the Edina BIOGRAPHICAL. 533 mills at Kichfield, and has since conducted them, in company with his brother John. He also has a flour and feed store at 219 First Avenue south. Mr. Craik was the first man to manufacture pearl barley and oat meal in the state of Minnesota. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Broadfoot of Scot- land. She has borne him six children: William, James, John, Andrew, Isabel and Alexander. E. A. Cramsie, a native of Pennsylvania, was bom at Philadelphia, in 1836. He learned the blacksmith's trade, and in 1856, moved to St. Paul, where he worked at his trade with his father and brother. He enlisted in the Tenth Minnesota Infantry and served until the regi- ment was discharged; on his return from the army, he came to this city and worked for dif- ferent persons until 1875, when he established bu- siness for himself at 111 Main street south-east; he now has a partner and they transact a general blacksmithing business, making a specialty of fine horse-shoeing. Mr. Cramsie married Miss Mary Ahern, of St. Paul, in 1858. They have had seven children. M. H. Crittenden, bom in Washtenaw county, Michigan, in 1834. In 1855, he moved to Winona, Minnesota, engaged in farming until 1863, when he went to Rochester and embarked in mercan- tile business. In 1867, he removed to St. Paul and commenced the manufacture of galvanized iron cornice, roofs, etc. Mr. Scribner, his pres- ent partner became interested with him in 1872; their office and factory in St. Paul is on the comer of Sibley and east Sixth streets, and in this city at 203 and 205 First Avenue north. Mr. Crit- tenden was married to Miss Murray, in 1855. They are the parents of two children. A. J. Creigh has been identified with the city of Minneapolis since 1876; he came here that year as the agent of Emerson, Fisher and Com- pany, carriage manufacturers of Cincinnati, and has since, by square deaUng, and strict attention to business, established a good trade which is .yearly increasing. The sales for the year 1880, amounted to six hundred buggies; he also deals largely in horses and harness. Richard Crosby, a native of Canada, was born January 23d, 1851. He came with his parents to Le Sueur county, Minnesota, when he was five years of age, and remained on a farm until he was nineteen. Came to Minneapolis in 1874, and has worked as mill wright since that time. He has been employed in the Anchor mill since June, 1879, occupying the position of head mill-wright. Mr. Crosby was married in 1874; his wife was Eveluie A. Campbell, who died in August, 1876, leaving one child, Alice M. Captain Judson Newell Cross was born January 16th, 1838, in the town of Philadelphia, Jefferson county, New York. He is the son of Rev. Gor- ham Cross, who was pastor of the Congregational Church at Richville, St. Lawrence comity, New York, for forty years. He went to Oberlin College , Ohio, at the age of seventeen and remained until the war broke out, supporting himself by teach- ing during the college vacations, which at that time were in the winter. He was the second one to sign the roll at the great church at Oberlin, April 20th, 1861, when after a stirring speech by Professor Monroe, a hundred college students en- listed in a half hour and became the somewhat famous company C, Seventh Ohio Infantry regi- ment. He was commissioned its first lieutenant April 29th, 1861 ; he was with his regiment through the several campaigns in West Virginia, under Generals McClellan, Rosencranz and Cox, was. severely wounded in the arm and shoul- der, and taken prisoner at the battle of Cross Lanes in West Virginia, August 26th, 1861; being too badly wounded to be sent on to Richmond he was kept in the rebel camp during the battle of Carnifax Ferry, September 10th, where General Rosencranz first won his fame, and at the ferry the next day, when the two armies. Generals Floyd and Henry A. Wise on the rebel side, fought several hours over them at Clifton, and was finally recaptured by General Rosencranz on the 11th of September. He was taken by slow stages to Cmcinnati,where he was skilfully treated by Dr. Muzzy and his arm saved. November 25th, 1861, he was promoted to captain of com- pany K, the same regiment, and as soon as able he was detailed as recruiting oflicer at Cleveland, wliere he remained until he rejoined his regiment early in 1863, at Dumfries, Virginia, having been married to Clara Steele Norton at Oberlin, Ohio, September 11th, 1862. His wound gave him so much trouble that he resigned February 9th, 1863, and studied law at the Albany law school until June 13th 1863, when he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Fifth regiment V. R. C, and 531 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. promoted to captain, October 28th, 1863, by Presi- dent Lincoln, and was stationed at Cleveland, St. Louis, and Indianapolis. In December, 1863, he was placed in command of the military post at Madison, Indiana, remaining until April, 1864, when he was made acting assistant adjutant gen- eral of the district of Indiana, and chief of staff of the commanding general of that district. In July following he was ordered to Washington, D. C, and received the appointment of assistant pro- vost marshal of the district of Washington, and placed on the staff of the military governor. In November he was appointed provost marshal of Georgetown, D. C, and soon after special mus- tering officer, to muster for pay at Annapolis, Mainland, the eighteen thousand returned pris- oners of war from Anderson ville. He resigned his commission and was honorably discharged March 16th, 1865. He finished his law studies at Columbia College, New York city and the Albany law school, graduating in the spring of 1866. He soon commenced practicing law at Lyons, Iowa, of which city he was elected mayor in 1871; He remained in Lyons nearly ten years as partner of of Hon. A. R. Cotton, who was in congress part of the time. Captain Cross came to Minneapolis October 15th, 1875, and formed a law partnership with his old friend and classmate. Col. H. G. Hicks, with whom he is still in active practice. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church of this city, and in politics is a republican. He has four children living: Kate Bird, aged six- teen; Morton Murdock, aged fourteen; Nellie Malura, aged eleven, and Clara AmeUa. aged three. One, Clevie S., died in infancy. Wm. Cross was born in the province of Onta- rio, Canada, June 9th, 1858. He grew to man- hood there and learned the trade of tinsmith ; in 1879 he removed to Minneapolis, and worked at his trade until April, 1880, when he started in the business with Hans Lindas, the firm now beuig Cross and Lindas. They deal in stoves and tin- ware, and manufacture copper and sheet-iron utensils. They are located at 829 Washington Avenue south. G. N. Culver, a native of Saint Paul, Minne- sota, was bom July 11th, 1857. He received his education in the schools of that city and com- pleted a course at the Faribault military school. At the age of sixteen years he began business by assisting his father, Geo. Culver, in the manage- ment of the Metropolitan hotel at Saint Paul. In the fall of 1878 he started in the book busi- ness, soliciting for different publications. He continued this until December, 1879, when he established a book store at Stillwater, located on lower Main street; and in the winter of 1880 he purchased one-half interest in the book store at 255 Nicollet Avenue, Minneapolis, firm name of Culver and Merrill. Mr. Culver married Miss Saidee Ten Eyck, in Saint Paul, July 11th, 1879. A. A. Cummings was bom in Illinois, near Chicago, November 7th, 1855, and made that city his home until he grew to manhood. He learned the painter's trade with Wilham Glasgow at Chi- cago, and worked with other fine workmen until he is now master of the art. In 1877 he came here and engaged in sign and ornamental paint- ing for Mr. Wagner. In 1879 he formed a part- nership with Mr. J. M. Eausman, which con- tinued until October, 1880, when Mr. Cummings went into business alone. His present location is at 252 Hennepin Avenue. E. W. Cummings, a native of Lycoming, Penn- sylvania, was born in June, 1825. He attended York Academy seven years, and in 1843 came west. He traveled through several states, and finally located at Cottage Grove, Minnesota, in 1845. There he opened a farm and made some im- provements, but lost it, because of being a minor. In 1847, he came to Saint Paul and worked as clerk for Mr. Jackson in mercantile business. The fall following he came to St. Anthony and made a claim at what is now the junction of the main Une and branch of the St. Paul, Minneapo- lis and Manitoba railroad, Improved it and fol- lowed general farming until 1853, when he went into the real estate business, and has been thus occupied until the present time ; his office is at 100 Central Avenue. Mr. Cumming's wife was Martha Estes, of St. Anthony. Their children are Minnie and Louise, both Uving with their parents at 325 Sixth Avenue south-east. R. R. Cummins, a native of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, was born May 17th, 1844. He learned the trade of machinist at Philadelphia. August 8th, 1862, he enlisted in the army of the Potomac, and took part in all the battles in which the regiment engaged. He was mustered out July 23d, 1864, and came to Eden Prairie, Hen- BIOGBAPHICAL. 585 nepin county. He built the steamer " Mary," for Captain Halsted, in 1876, and ran one season as her -captaui. During the winter following he as- sisted in building the " Hattie," and in the sum- mer of 1877 he ran the "Fresco," on Lake Min- netonka. In 1879 he came here, and worked for C. C. Washburn three months, and since that time has been in the Galaxy mill. May 2d, 1865. he married Georgiana Leigh, who has borne him two children : Oscar and Lena. T. C. Cunningham was born at Bangor, Mainei in 1857. He came to Minnesota in 1859, and lo- cated in Rice county, where he followed milling until coming to this city in 1876. He was in the restaurant business until January, 1880, when he took the Bushnell House, of which he ia now pro- prietor. Mr. Cunningham was married January 13th, 1880, to Miss Ellen Peters. C. C. Curtiss was born August 23d, 1837, in Clin- ton, Oneida county, New York. In 1858 he gradr uated from the normal school at Albany, and has since followed the profession of teaching, with the exception of two years that he kept books, in New York city and Rochester. He came to Min- nesota in 1869, having previously received the de- gree of M.A. from Hamilton College, New York, and settled in Rochester, where he was elected city superintendent of schools, which position he held one year; then went to Winona, and re- mained four years, teaching penmanship in the normal school. In 1874 he came to MinneapoUs, and started " Curtiss' Business College," and started another in St. Paul in 1879. Mr. Curtiss married Maggie Hamilton, who has borne him five children. Those living are : Willie, Hariy, and Fred. Theodore L. Curtis, deceased, a native of Freeport Maine, was born in 1818. He came to Minneapolis in 1855, and followed the business of contractor and builder for a time, and after- ward engaged in furniture manufacturing and undertaking. He married Miss Esther Moore, August 27th, 1846. Six children were born to them : Emma, Susie, Fannie, Theodore, Etta, and Norman. Mr. Curtis died September 11, 1874. Theodore F., son of Theodore L. Curtis, was born at Portland, Maine, February 7th, 1855, and came here with his parents, when a babe. In 1878 he opened a restaurant at No. 39, Wash- ington Avenue south, afterward kept the "Bon Ton," and in April, 1880, opened the "Fulton Market" restaurant, at 221, First Avenue south, where he is still in business. James Cuthbertson, a native of Canada, was born in 1843. He came to MinneapoUs in 1866, and worked at pattern making for the Minneap- olis Iron Works, and remained with them three years. In 1870 he engaged in business for him- self, and in 1874 the firm of Fender and Cuth- bertson was formed; they manufacture the Stan- dard middlings purifiers, and other mill furnish- ings, at 425, Fourth street south. Their goods are largely used in all the mills of this city, also in many other places throughout the country. In 1874 Mr. Cuthbertson married Hannah Bates; two children have been bom to them: Harry and Jennie. Mrs. Cuthbertson died February 23d, 1880. C. H. Daggett, member of the firm of Bid- well and Company, was bom at Canton, Massa- chusetts, September 19th, 1847. He came to Min- neapolis in 1867, and worked for M. D. Bidwell untU 1873, since which time he has been a mem- ber of the firm. He was married in 1873, to Sarah N. Bidwell, of this city. They have one son; Hubert L., aged three years. Alpheus Dale was bom in the state of Penn- sylvania, in 1844. At the age of nine years, he removed with his parents to Illinois and remained there until 1863, when he removed to Iowa, and two years later, came to Minneapolis. He worked at carpentery until 1871, then started a hack stable, and continued until 1879, when he added a livery business. His stable is located at 220 Second Avenue north, where he has accom- modations for thirty-four horses. Mr. Dale was married February 28th, 1872, to Louisa Arnold. Rudolph Dalluge, a native of Germany, was bom November 8th, 1844. In the fall of 1867, he came to America and passed the winter in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, commg to this place the following spring. He learned the trade of black- smith in his native country, and has been engaged in that business in this city. He was married September 13th, 1873, and is the parent of one son and two daughters. He has been a member of the firm of Dalluge and Rapke, general black- smithing, since 1876. Their shop, which is locat- ed at 106 north First street, is 26x36 feet. They run two fires and employ three men. 536 m STORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Patrick Daly, a native of Ireland, was born in Tryone county, April 23d, 1836. In 1857, -he went to Australia, where he engaged in gold mining; in 1865, he removed to New Zealand, and continued mining. In October, 1870, he left that country for America, landed in San Fran- cisco, California, and after a short time, came to Minneapolis. Until 1875, he was in the hotel business; since then, has served on the police force. Married in 1860, to Catharine Fox, a native of Ireland. They have had six children, four of whom are living. ' T. K. Danforth was born in jSTashua, New Hampshire, in 1824. He came to Saint Paul, in the fall of 1853, and engaged in the express busi- ness for eleven years; then accepted a position as conductor on the Saint Paul and Pacific rail- road, which he held until 1875, when he went to Champlin, Hennepin county, and engaged in farming until 1878. He then came to this city and opened a livery, sale and boarding stable, which he has since conducted. His location is in the rear of the Brigham house, on Hennepin Avenue, between Fifth and Sixth streets. He was married August 2d, 1857, to Olive Fogg. They have one child, Hattie, born November 26th, 1860. S. G. Daniels, proprietor of the Bellevue house, corner Washington and Third Avenue north, was bom in Saint Albans, Vermont, in 1841. He engaged in hotel business in his native town, then in Boston, Massachusetts, four years; in the City hotel, Brattleboro, Vermont, two years; and two years in the Park house. He built the Bel- levue house, this city, in 1870. It is, in size, 30x40 feet, three stories high, and contains thirty- one rooms. Mr. Daniels is the oldest landlord in the city. Frank Dark is the proprietor of the Market hotel, located corner of First street and First Avenue north. The house has a stable in con- nection, which has room for fifty horses. The proximity of this house to the city market, makes it a favorite with the farmers. C. D, Dark, son of the proprietor, has charge of the office. T. H. Darum was born in Copenhagen, Den- mark, in 1848. He came to the United States in 1873, and for two years resided in Illinois and Wisconsin. He came to Minneapolis, and for five years was traveling for A. Kelly and Com- I pany, selling goods. In September, 1880, he opened a saloon on Tenth Avenue south, comer of Second street. John Davin was born in Northampton, Mas- sachusetts, in November, 1852. His parents re- moved to Beloit, Wisconsin, when he was a babe, and in 1864 they removed to this city. At the age of thirteen, John commenced life for himself. He first worked on the canal, and then went into the Arctic miU, where he remained for seven years. He then went into the old Washburn mill one year, and came to the Cataract, where he worked as packer one year, and has since re- mained in that mill. He has learned milling thoroughly. Professor Charles Davidson was bom near Hudson, Ohio, July 29th, 1852. When he was three years of age his parents removed to Iowa. He attended a select school at Danville, and af- terward taught in his father's house, on the farm near Grinnell, Iowa. In 1869 he entered the pre- paratory department of the Iowa College, and af- ter six years, graduated in the classical course. In 1876 he entered the graduate department of Yale College, and in the fall of 1877 returned to Grin- nell, where he was appointed tutor in the Iowa College, which position he occupied four months. He then taught six months in the graded school of Grinnell. In the summer of 1878 he received the Master's degree, and in the fall was chosen professor of languages in Mitchell Seminary. In 1879, moved to Minneapolis, and founded the "Minneapolis Academy." His wife, whom he married in 1878, was Miss H. A. Noyes, of Inde- pendence, Iowa. She was born October 29th, 1852, and graduated from the Iowa College in 1878. She supported herself during the entire course by teaching, vacations. C. Wright Davison was born in Leeds county, Province of Ontario, February 27th, 1849. At the age of sixteen he graduated from a country winter school, and began teaching, receiving for his services the princely sum of six dollars and fifty cents per month, and board. At twenty-one he went to Nebraska and engaged in carpenter work, then as clerk, and afterward as district agent for the American Insurance Company at Kansas City and St. Louis, Missom-i. He then engaged with Richard Edwards on the city direc- tory, and in the winter of 1872 was sent by him BIOGRAPHICAL. 587 to publish the St. Paul .directory. In 1873, re- turned with W. M. Campbell, and issued St. Paul, Minneapolis and La Crosse directories. In 1874-5 was in the printing business. In 1876, was man- ufacturing fine furniture, employing twenty men. Since that time has given his attention to the di- rectory and Abbott's map of Minneapolis, enjoy- ing a prosperous business, the result of grit and perseverance. R. A. Davison was born in Ohio. He moved to Iowa, and engaged as cashier with Matthews and son, at Rockford. He remained there two years, and when the First National Bank of Cedar Falls was organized, he accepted a posi- tion in it and remained for six years. He then came to Minneapolis and opened the banking business of R. A. Davison and Company, on the east side. Mr. Davison was married to Miss Mary L., daughter of Hon. H. Leavitt, of Waterloo, Iowa. E. J. Davenport was born at Middlebury, Ver- mont, May 15th, 1852. He graduated at Middle- bury College in 1871, and came to Minneapolis in the fall of that year. He occupied the position of deputy clerk of the district court until 1874, and for the three years following was clerk of the municipal court. From that time until January, 1881, he was engaged in the practice of law ; then entered upon his duties as clerk of the district court, to which office he was elected in the fall of 1880. He was married June 15th, 1875, to Miss Jennie H. Taylor, a grand-daughter of ex-Presi- dent Harrison. They have one child, Levi B., born November 11th, 1876. J. H. Davis was born at Warren, Vermont, April 12th, 1838. He grew to manhood on a farm, and came with his parents to this city in 1858. He engaged as check clerk with the C. M. and St. P. Railway, and remained in that position until the spring of 1880, since which time he has given his entire attention to his interest in the Meyrs and Davis dray line. He became a member of that firm in 1871. Mr. Davis is an unmarried man, and resides with his mother at 111 Sixth street south. W. H. H. Day, of the firm of Smith & Day, was born in Washington county, Maine, November 20th, 1840. He came with his father to Minneap- olis in June, 1854, and has resided here since. In March, 1876, he entered into partnership with J. R. Smith in the hardware business at 529 Wash- ington Avenue south. He was married in Aug- ust, 1863, to Nettie K. Hanscomb, of Maine. They have four children: Addie M., FrankUn E., Fannie E. and Frederic H. William II. Davis was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 1st, 1840. He learned the trade of machinist, serving four years with Al- fred Jenks and Son. In 1866, removed to Canton, Ohio, and for five years was foreman of E. Ball and Company's iron works. He was engaged at his trade in Wheeling, Virginia; returned to Canton, and went to Cleveland, Ohio, until 1876, when he came to Minneapolis and engaged as su- perintendent of the Harvester Works, which po- sition he held until October, 1879. He then en- tered into partnership with Ilashow and Maish in the Variety Iron Works. Mr. Davis was married November 24th, 1864. Children: Calvin Hart- ley, bom in Philadelphia, and Mabel Ellen, born in Canton, Ohio. Ernest Dean, a native of Sweden, was born in 1851. He emigrated to America in 1866, located in Hastings, Minnesota, one winter, then came to MinneapoUs. First worked at painting, and in 1870 engaged with Greenleaf and Buchanan, deal- ers in boots and shoes. He then passed two years at Brainerd, and on his return to this city en- gaged as salesman with Clementson for six years. Then with C. A,. Hefllelfinger until the organization of the firm of Liljengren and Dean, furniture manufacturers, in May, 1880. He was was married in 1875 to Ida Peterson. Joseph Delorier was born in Dakota Territory, near the Canada line, in 1849. He moved to St. Cloud, Minnesota, in 1864, and to this city four years later. From 1867, he was engaged in sur- veying for seven years; since then has kept a boarding house at No. 13 Second street north. He married Adelaide Boucher in 1876, who has borne him one child, Wilfred L. Z. Demeules was born in lower Canada July 23d, 1838. He received his education at Montreal College and came to Minnesota in 1855, settling at Osseo, where he engaged as clerk in a general store. In 1862 he established business for him- self, and in 1879, removed to Minneapolis and opened his grocery store at 27 First street south. He has been a notary public in Hennepin county for sixteen years. Married Margaret Labresche, 538 HJSTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, of Michigan, in 1859. Of the nine children bom to them, eight are living. W. H. Dennis, architect, was born in Delaware connty, New York, in 1845. At the age of iif- teen, he went to New York city, began learning the profession of architect, and made that place his home for fifteen years. During this time, he spent two years in Europe, perfecting himself in his chosen profession. He had charge of the city hall building at Cleveland, Ohio, which cost half a million dollars, and was employed on the state eapitol of Michigan. He was married in 1877, and came to Minneapolis the following year. He drew the plans for the residence of R. B. Lang- don and the wholesale stores of T. A. Harrison, Wyman and Mullin, BaU and Naylor, the Hen- nepin Avenue Methodist church, and many other prominent buildings and residences. D. Dennison was born in Farmlngton, Maine, in 1843. In 1866 he removed to New York city and remained there until 1874, when he came to this city. He vjas engaged with the firm of Bar- nard and Cope, furniture manufacturers, until the fall of 1879, when he became one of the part- ners in the firm of J. H. Hiscock & Co. Mr. Dennison was married in 1872 to Helen Green. James E. Dennison was born in Earmington, Maine, in 1842. In 1865 went to New York city and eight years later removed to Little Falls, New York, where he was employed as foreman in a furniture factory. He then returned to Maine and came to Minneapolis in February, 1880, and engaged in the furniture manufactur- ing business as a member of the firm of J. II. Hiscock & Co. In September, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighth Maine and served thirteen months as member of the band. He then went to CaU- fomia and remained until he went to New York in 1865. H. T. Dick, a native of New York, was born in 1844. He was engaged in the restaurant business in Iowa for several years, and came to this city in 1878, where he opened a restaurant on First Avenue south, but not making it pay, lie removed to Washington Avenue south , and in December, 1880, opened at his present location 405 Nicollet Avenue, where he has accommodations for forty people. He married Lizzie Ceperley in 1872, and has three children; Maud, Charles and Hattie. Seymour Dickinson was born in St. Lawrence county. New York, April 5th, 1843. Moved to Wisconsin in 1856, and in 1862, enlisted in the Twenty-first Infantry; re-enlisted in the Third Wisconsin Cavalry in 1863, and served until his discharge in the fall of la65. In 1873, went into the sewing machine business, and two years later, removed to Owatonna, Minnesota. In 1879, came to MinneapoUs and has had charge of the of- fice of tte American Sewing Machine since. He was married in 1860 to Matilda lliekel, by whom he had two children; Elsie and Viola. His first wife died in 1873, and he married in 1875, Fanny L. Feet. Their children are, Agnes, Ida, and Warren. Fred. W. Dillingham was bom in Oxford coun- ty, Maine, August 11th, 1851. In early youth he came with his parents to Minneapolis where he was educated at the common schools and State University. He worked for his father, one of the pioneers of this county, until 1876, when he en- gaged as salesman with the North Star Boot and Shoe Company, in which position he still con- tinues. Charles B. Dixon was bom at Janesville, Wis- consin, July 27th, 1856. WhUe young, his pa- rents moved to New York, and he grew to man- hood in that state, learning the milling business at Lockport. Came to Minneapolis in July, 1879, and worked at the Standard mUl. He was mar- ried January 28th, 1878, at Lockport, New York, to Miss Helen Eager. J. S. Dodge, a native of New York, was bom in Oswego county, March 18th, 1853. He learned milling lq his native town, Pulaski. Came to this city in 1870 , and engaged as head stone-dresser at the Washburn B mill. Two years later he removed to Elkader, Iowa, and had charge of the Elkader mills. He returned to Minneapolis in 1874 and has since been with the AVashbum miUs. Since January, 18S0, he has had charge of the Hungarian department in the C miU. Married Ida Sherman of Iowa, September 18th, 1876. A. i\I. Dole was born in Waterbury, Vermont, March 1st, 1814. At the age of fifteen hewentto Ottawa, Canada, and was with Hamilton Brothers in the lumber business. Then engaged in mer- chandise and lumber business at Pembrook, On- tario, under firm name of Cameron and Co. In 1855 he came west on a prospecting tour and after seeing MinneapoUs, determined to make that BIOGBAPHIGAL. 539 place his home at some future time. He started a lumber mill at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, and continued there until 1862, when he sold his in- terest to his partner and managed his business in Canada until 1872, when he came to this place. In 1878, he became interested in the Star Oil Company, of which he is the manager. Married in 1857, Miss S. M. Stiles of Fort Covington, New York. They have had two children, Fannie J. and George. Fannie died in 1868 and George is with his father in the Star Oil Company. James Albert Dodge, professor of chemistry in the University of Minnesota, was born at Sa- lem, Massachusetts, March 27th, 1848. He grad- uated at the Salem high school in 1863, entered the classical course at Harvard University in 1865, and graduated in' 1869. He next taught school one year in Newport, Khode Island, thence returned to Salem and taught in the high school three years, paying close attention to the science of chemistry. In 1878, he went to Europe, pur- suing the study of chemistry at the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin, in Germany. He went from Germany to Manchester, England, and studied with Professor H. E. Koscoe, the famous chemist. In 1875, he returned home and taught in the Omaha, Nebraska high school, making a specialty of teaching chemistry. In the fall of 1876, he returned to Europe to complete his studies at Leipsic and Heidelberg, receiving from the latter the degree of Ph. D. in the spring of 1878. Eetuming home he took a position as pro- fessor of natural science in Baldwin college at Berea, Ohio. In the fall of 1880, he accepted the offer of professor of chemistry in the Uni- versity of Minnesota. John W. Doell was born in Saxony, German Empire, August 28th, 1851. After attending col- lege at Eisenach four years, he came to America in 1867, and was engaged for several years as a type-setter in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. In 1872, he came to Addison, Ilhnois, where he com- pleted his studies in English at the Seminary whence he graduated in 1874. Coming to Min- neapolis, he was engaged in teaching Trinity Parochial school, continuing until November 1st, 1880, when he resigned. W. A. DoUiver was born at Kenduskeag, Maine, October 2d, 1844. He received his education in his native tovm and remained there until the age of twenty-one, when he went to Bangor, Maine, and began in business as an insurance agent. He remained at Bangor until coming to Minne- apolis in 1874, and has since resided here. He still continues in insurance and now conducts what is known as DoUivers' Insurance Exchange, representing six of the leading companies. He was united in marriage, November 16th, 1870, to Miss Ella Simonton, of Maine. They are parents of one son, aged one year. Edward Donlin was born in November, 1824, and is a native of Ireland. He came to America, in 1839, and was one of the first settlers in Minne- sota, locating in Washington Lake township, Sibley county; he had the honor of naming the township. In 1865 he came to Minneapolis, and was employed by others seven years, then com- menced business for himself, and is now proprie- tor of the North-western Marble Works. He was married in 1849 to Miss Jane S. Bunnell, of New York city. They are parents of six children. M. Donnelly was bom in Lewjs county. New York, January 31st, 1837. He learned the shoe- maker's trade at Booneville, Oneida county. He first started in the pursuit of his trade in his na- tive county. He came to Minneapolis in 1872, and started in the boot and shoe business in Feb- ruary of the next year, at his present location, 312 Washington Avenue north. He employs nine men who are constantly at work in the man- ufacture of all kinds of boots and shoes to order. He married Helen E. Hinton, of Lewis county. New York, in 1859. J. W. Doran was born in 1850 in Indiana. He moved, in early life, with his parents to Ohio. He lived there five years, then went to James- town, Blue Earth county, Minnesota, in May, 1857. He resided there until coming to Minneap- olis in 1872. He learned the trade of cooper in this city, and joined the association in 1876. He was married in 1879 to Miss M. C. Graham. Ees- idence, 918 Chicago Avenue. J. H. Dorner was born at Adrian, Michigan, in 1862. He went to Chicago in 1870, and learned the art of making confectionery withMr. Eckardt, the famous Chicago caterer. He remained there until 1880 when he came to Minneapolis. He has now one of the finest establishments of the kind in this city. His wife was Pauline Kelly, of Chi cago. 540 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. C. D. Dorr was born at East Great "Works, now known as Bradley, Maine, in 1824. He followed lumbering tbrough early life and in 1847 came to St. Anthony. In 1849 he built a frame house, then in company with a few men went to Swan river and met "Hole-in-the-Bay," an Indian chief at Little Rock, and aranged with him for getting out timber, for which they were to pay five dollars per tree. They cut about one hun- dred sticks — which was the first timber gotten out. Mr. Dorr continued in lumbering until he became connected with the Mississippi and Rum River Boom Company. Por ten years he was employed in looking up and locating government, state and school lands. He served as alderman of St. An- thony one term. In 1866 he took the position of boom master and yet serves in that capacity. He married Celestia A. Ricker of Maine, March 4th, 1849. Daniel Douglass is a native of England. He came to Minneapolis in 1871, and was in the em- ploy of Walker Brothers five years, being foreman three years. After leaving their employ he en- gaged in business for himself and is now a mem- ber of the prosperous firm of Douglass and Hall, machinists and mill furnishers. He was married at Bury, England, August, 18G6, to EUzabeth Holt. Mary E., Sarah A., and Annie are their living children. Residence on Cedar Lake road. James Dougherty was bom at Baltimore, Mary- land, August, 1855. He came to Minneapolis in 1862 with his parents. He commenced working in the Pillsbury mill in 1871 at the foot of the ladder and has advanced step by step until he has reached the position he holds at present, that of stone dresser. He has been stone dresser and grinder for six years past. By his strict attention and industry gives entire satisfaction to his em- ployers. Hezekiah B. Dow is a native of New Hamp- shire, born December 30th, 1826. lie lived with his parents on a farm until twelve years of age, when they moved to(;ilmanton,New Ilanipsliire, and four years later to Vershire, Vermont. At the age of seventeen he went to Lowell, Massa- chusetts, and served an apprenticeship as mason and plasterer. He heard of the falls of St. An- thony and resolved to see them, so in 1850 he started west. At the time he arrived at St. An- thony there were but few families here, but his trade yielded him four and five dollars per day, which soon enabled him to purchase a home on the banks of the Mississippi and send for his wife, whom he had left in Maine. They lived on the east side thirteen years. In 1864 he removed to Minneapolis and bought property of Mr. Bickford, where he now resides, at 401 Fourth street north. He was married to Miss Eliza Goodrich of Bart- lett, New Hampshire, in 1855. Their only sur- viving child is Horton L., who is station agent at Osakis, Minnesota, for the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad. Professor John P. Downey was bom at Hiranjs- burg, Ohio, January 10th, 1846. When he was eleven years old his parents removed to Michigan. He attended school at Three Rivers, and Colon Seminary, staging at the latter place two years. Thence he went to Hillsdale CoUege, Michigan, entered the freshman class in the spring of 1867 and graduated in 1870, after which he took the place of Professor ColUer, professor of natural sciences, "for a year, and then was principal of the school at CassopoUs, Michigan. At the expiration of that time he took a post-graduate course in the higher mathematics, astronomy and civil engi- neering at the University of Michigan. Por sev- eral years after completing his post-graduate course he was professor of mathematics and as- tronomy at Ann Arbor. In the fall of 1880 he received an offer and accepted the same posi- tion at the University of Minnesota. He was married, December, 1875, to Miss Stella Osborne, of CassopoUs, Michigan, by whom he has one child, Harold D. J. O. Drange, a native of Norway, was bom in 1830. He came to the United States in 1861, and resided in Racine, Wisconsin, eight years, en- gaged in blacksmithing. He then went to Otter Tail county, Mmnesota, on a farm, remaining three years ; thence to Minneapolis, where he worked at blacksmithing until 1879, when he opened a clothing store, located at 309 Washing- ton Avenue south. His wife was Jennie Heen, whom he married in 1876. William Dressier was born in Germany, July 24th, 1831. He came to the United States in 1852, and passed the time in prospecting in vari- ous parts of the country until 1856, when he came to Minneapolis. He removed to St. Paul and lived four years ; thence to Osseo, Minnesota, in BIOGBAPHICAL. 541 1862, and remained until 1864. He then went to Watertown, Minnesota, and engaged in the grist and saw-mill business until 1870, when he re- turned to Minneapolis, and has since been in a sale and boarding stable. He was married in 1859, to Doretha Ruter, of Germany. They have seven children : Matilda, Amelia, Martin, Anna, Fred, Albert, and Otto. D. Driscoll, born in 1840, is a native of Ireland. At sixteen years of age he learned carriage-mak- ing, serving an apprenticeship of five years, also paying a premium of fifty dollars. He has been in the business continually ever, since. He came to America in 1862, locating at Waupun, Wiscon- sin. In 1871 he removed to Minneapolis, and worked at his trade until 1875, when he estab- lished business for himself. In 1879 the firm of Driscoll and Forsyth was formed. He married Miss Margaret Ryan, in 1866. They have five daughters and two sons. C. H. Dubois was born March 24th, 1847, at High Falls, New York. The son of a farmer in poor circumstances, he worked his way through the Albany Normal school. After serving for three years as principal of a large public school, he spent a year at Cornell University. Next he attended the law department of Michigan Uni- versity, from which he graduated. After resid- ing a year in Galveston, and an other in "Washing- ton, he purchased the Herald at Grand Haven, Michigan, and two years later, the Saturday Eve- ning Post at Grand Rapids. Noting the rapid growth of Minneapolis, in wealth and population, Mr. Dubois concluded that here was a much larger field than in Michigan. On the 26th day of July, 1879, he started the Saturday Evening Spectator, which is now a well established weekly newspaper. William Duhnke is a native of Prussia. He came to America in 1854; resided at Chicago one year; thence to Milwaukee remaining two years. He next made Indiana his home where he re- mained seven years, dealing in general merchan- dise, also kept the Tell City post-office. In 1866, he came to Minneapolis, and after being a dealer in crockery one year, opened the Mozart hall of which he is proprietor. He married Augusta Guhr in 1857. She died in 1871, leaving two children; "WiUiam and Amelia. Mr. Duhnke married again, Annie Guhr, who bore him two children; Reinhold and Laura. C. H. Dunham was born at Plainville, Connec- ticut, June 26th, 1852. He moved with his par- ents to Faribault, Minnesota, when a child; while there learned milling and worked in mills until he came to Minneapolis, which was in Au- gust, 1880. On his arrival in this city, he entered the Union mill as miller. L. A. Dunn was born at Lancaster, Ohio, Au- gust 19th, 1850. He came to Minneapolis in 1869 and received his education at the University of Minnesota, and after graduating read law with Beebe and Shaw, and with Lochren, McNair and Gilflllan, and was admitted to practice.' He was appointed clerk of the municipal court by Judge Cooley in 1877 for one year. He was suc- ceeded by Mr. Wilson, who died in 1879, and Mr. Dunn served the remainder of his term. The spring of 1880, he was appointed for one year. His marriage occurred in 1876. He is the parent of one son; William. Thomas Dunn is a native of Ireland, bom in 1847. He came to the United States in 1857, his father having preceded him. He learned milUng with the Pillsburys, was with them six years, and is now in the Anchor mill. Ten years pre- vious to his coming here he was engaged in cot- ton mills. He married Miss Mary McCarthy, September 19th, 1870. Their children are: Will- iam J., Thomas M., Juliet, Ellen and Grace. R. P. Dunnington was bom in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1835. He located at St. Anthony in 1856, and assisted in building Bassett's saw-miU on Bassett's Creek; also assisted in putting in the machinery at the North Star Woolen Mills and the Cataract mill. He continued as a mill-wright until 1873, when he took the Pettit & Robinson saw-mill to operate. In 1878 he opened a liquor store and billiard hall. He married Ella Rowe in 1867. She died in 1870, leaving one child, Parris M. J., A. Dunsmoor, deceased, was born in Lunen- burgh, Worcester county, Massachusetts, Decem- ber 18th, 1808. He located first at Farmington, Maine, and was elected from that district to the leg- islature. He also held many responsible offices in that locality, some of which were : postmaster, county treasurer, superintendent of school boards, etc. He removed to St. Anthony in 1851, and the 512 EISTOBY OF EENNEPIIS COUNTY. next year bought land in the present town of Richfield, Hennepin county. A portion of this land he donated to the llichfleld Mills Company, being where the mills now stand. Another por- tion he donated for the school building. He was a man of unusual enterprise, and ranked among the most prominent men in his town and county. Among the offices of trust which he held were : assessor, postmaster, and justice of the peace. In 1873 he removed with his family to Los Angeles, California, at which place his busy and well spent life ended, December 23d, 1873. The remainder of the family still reside there, except one son, Frederick A., who is a resident physician of Min- neapolis. Mr. Dunsmoor was married June 4th, 1837, to Almira Mosher, of Temple, Maine. Their children are : James P., Irving A., Albert v., Charles H., Frederick A., and John M. F. A. Dunsmoor has been a life long resident of Hennepin county, having been born at Rich- field, May 28th, 1853. He received his education at the public schools and State University, of Minneapolis. He first studied medicine with Drs. Goodrich and Kimball, of this city, and gradu- ated from thejBellevue Hospital Medical College, of New York, in 1875. He a,fterwards received private instructions ia surgery, diseases of the chest, pathology and chemistry, from Professors Hamilton, Flint, Janeway, and Doremus. He was associated for a time with H. H. Kimball in practice, and as a surgeon for the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. He is a member of the State Medical Association, and is professor of surgery in the medical department of Hamline Universi- ty. He was married in 1876, to Bessie Turner, daughter of the late Dr. Turner, of the United States army. W. Droll was bom in 1846, at Bavaria. He came to America in 1868 and to Minne- apolis in 1873, and lias since been engaged in the manufacture of baiTels, tubs, hogsheads, kegs, etc. He was married in 1878. Residence 828 Main street north-east. E. W. Dyer was born at Addison, Washington county, Maine, in 1836. He engaged in farming and boat building, and in 1864 camel to Corcoran, Hennepin county, Minnesota, then went to Pike's Peak for two years and returned to Corcoran in 1859. In 1862 he removed to Rockford, Wright county, and for two years was a carriage maker, then worked a farm until coming to Minneapolis in 1875, and has since been proprietor of the Wil- ber House. November, 1879, he took the Clark House and ran it one year, then returned to the Wilber House. He married Annie Astrope, of Canada, in 1863. Their children are, Abbie F. and Harris H. CHAPTER LXXVIII. BIOGEAPHICAL, E, F AND G. E. W. Eddy, anative of Brunswick, New York, was born June 28th, 1826. He went to Albany and remained two years, then removed to St. Paul and remained in the livery business there until 1861, when he came here and in 1864 sold out; then he passed three years lumbering, and in 1867 returned to the livery business. He built the stable he now occupies in 1878; it is located on Third street between Nicollet and First Avenue south. Mr. Eddy married Julia GrofE in 1849; she died in 1869, leaving two children, Melford and Carrie: he was married the second time in 1872, to Anna Walch. A. H. Edsten, a native of Sweden, was born in 1837. He emigrated to America in 1864, and lo- cated at Chicago, where he was first engaged as cabinet-maker, and afterward was employed on the wood-work in car-shops; he remained there about two and one-half years, and came to Min- neapolis May 5th, 1867. He worked in car-shops until he established himself m the furniture bus- iness in 1871. P. P. Eichelzer was born near Heidelberg, Ger- many, October 7th, 1850. "When two years of age he came with his parents to America and settled in New Orleans: removed to La Fayette, Indiana, in 1855, and in 1872 he came to this city, and en- tered his present business as hatter and furrier, with J. S. Sneddy for partner. Mr. Eichelzer had nine years experience in this business while at La Fayette. He married Louise B. Gregory, September 1st, 1874. They have one child, Hat- tie G. BIOQBAPHIGAL. 543 Wyman Eliott was bom in Penobscot county, Maine, May 19th, 1834. He came to Minneapo- lis in 1854, and has been closely identified with the growth and prosperity of the city; he has had the advantage of witnessing its advancement in every direction, and has thus become well ac- quainted with-its history and early settlers. He passed his first year in Minnesota on a claim near Monticello; he is one of tlie pioneer farmers and market-gardeners of this county. He has a pleasant home at the corner of Tenth street and Ninth Avenue south. Mr. Eliott was married November 25th, 1868, to Mary Ella Chase, of this city. They have two children, Sarah and Jenella. Charles J. Elliot, a native of Canada, was born December 25th, 1848. He came to this city in the summer of 1871 and worked at his trade of miller until 1872, when he commenced in busi- ness and continues very successfully, as dealer in fruits, confectionery, oysters, ice cream, etc., at 727 Washington Avenue south. Mr. Elliot mar- ried iu 1875, Dora Tool of Minneapolis. D. Elliot was born December, 1828, in Penob- scot county, Maine. In 1852 he went to Califor- nia and was interested in mining until the winter of 1854, when he returned to Maine, and the fol- lowing spring came here and pre-empted a farm of 160 acres where his present residence is, 1415 Sixth Avenue south ; for five or six years he was engaged in gardening. In May, 1862 he went to Montana but returned in 1864 and for a time car- ried on a grocery business. Mr. Elliot's wife was Marietta Smyth, of Maine. They have one child, Etta. B. E. Ellis, born October 19th, 1835, at Nan- tucket, Massachusetts. In early life he went to northern New York, and at the age of seventeen commenced to learn carpentering. In 1862 he re- moved to Iowa and remained six years, then re- turned to New York. After a residence of four years there and one year in Canada he went to Cedar Rapids, Iowa. In the spring of 1874 he came to Minneapolis and has since been engaged in business here ; the firm at present is EUis and Huff, carpenters, builders and jobbers, 805 Second Avenue south. Mr. ElUs was married October 19th, 1854, to Miss Spears, who died in 1862, leav- ing two children; his second wife was Mary Mead, who has borne hita two daughters. James T. Elwell was bom July 2d, 1855, at St. Anthony, Minnesota. He moved with his pa- rents to Granite City and thence to St. Cloud, where he remained until 1864, then removed to Cottage Grove ; In 1874 he came here and estab- lished the business of manufacturing spring beds. Mr. Elwell is a young man of energy and perse- verance, and is meeting with deserved success ; a description of his business will be found in this work among the manufactiures of the city. Seth Emerson was born at Deer Isle, Maine, in 1834. Twenty-three years of his life were passed on the sea; he commenced before the mast and worked his way up to Captain. In 1870, he came to Minnesota and located at Wells, re- mained only two years, then came to Miimeapolis and engaged in carpenter work. He is now a member of the firm of Galpln and Emerson, carpenters, builders and jobbers; they employ eighteen men, and their principal business has been building residences. Mr. Emerson was mar- ried in 1864 to Miss Whitney. Their residence is 923 Twenty-first Avenue south. They have had five children, only two of whom are Uving. George W. Emery, M. D. was bom at Toronto, Canada, May 21st, 1841. He received his edu- cation in the schools of that city; Eoiox college and Model school. He studied medicine at the University of Tronto, at Bellevue hospital medi- cal college, and in 1865, graduated from the Berkshire medical college of Pittsfield, Massachu- setts. He practiced in Illinois eight years, and four years in Wisconsin. In May, 1877, he came to Minneapolis and has since followed his profession here. He is physician to the Bethany Home, and is medical examiner for the New England Mu- tual, New York Life and Hartford Continental Insurance companies. Dr. Emery was married in 1861 to Miss Hall, of Philadelphia, who died in 1862; in 1864, he married Matilda Pairfield, of Toronto, Canada. They have one child. Bertha. Dr. Emery is a member of the Peoria county, Illinois, medical society, and of the Minnesota state medical society. N. H. Emmans, a native of Sussex county, New Jersey, was born January 19th, 1854. He grew to manhood with his parents on a farm and attended the pubUc schools at home, also Starkey Seminary, at Eddytown, New York. He came to this city in 1875, and two years later entered 544 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COVNl'Y. the Boston one price clothing store, where by en- ergy and strict attention to business, he has gained the entire confidence of his employers, and now has charge of the merchant tailoring department. August Ende was born in Germany, in 1829, and emigrated to America in 1847. lie lived at Baltimore, Maryland, the first year then removed to St. Louis, Missouri; thence to Freeport, Illi- nois, where for two years he was in the hotel business. In 1855, he came to St. Anthony and continued the same business until 1863; he then moved to this side of the river, bought and en- larged the Farmer's hotel, and has since kept the house. He married Miss Amelia Rey, at St. Louis in 1853. They have nine children, Louisa, Edward, Bertha, Charles, Adolph, Amelia, Emma Anna and Julius. CO. Englested was born in Norway, in 1851. In 1868 he came to the United States, and passed two years in farming, at Eushford, Minnesota; he came here in 1872, and for four years worked about the lumber mills ; in 1876 he started in the saloon business at 117, Washington Avenue south, and in April, 1880, moved to No. 1201. He was married in 1878, to Laura Egstrom, who has borne him one child: Harry J. Henry Enger, a native of Norway, was born February 19th, 1847. He emigrated to America in 1869, and located in Wisconsin, where for three years he was in the saloon business; in 187.'^ he came to Minneapolis, passed eighteen months in a hotel, and three years in the North Star Laundry. Since that time he has been in the restaurant business. He married Miss Lena Olsen in 1876. They have one child: Mary. Samuel Erb was bom in Canada, January 26th, 1852. He came to Minneapolis in 1870, and the year following went to work at the Goodnow and Ilawly lumber mill, where he had charge of the scaling department two years; since 1873 he has had the management of tlie mill. Mr. Erb's wife was Catherine Iloben; they were married June 30th, 1874, and reside at 112 Fourth Ave- nue north. Their children are Mary, who died at the age of one and one-half years, William and Samuel. T. J. Essene was born in Sweden, February 26th, 1853. He came to America in 1863, and lived in Chicago until 1866, when he removed to this city; he was employed by Thompson and Wiggin until 1870, when he went into the nieat business, and since 1877 has kept a market in partnership with Mr. Hopper. Mr. Essene's wife was Annie Mersen, of Milwaukee, Wiscon- sin; she has borne him two children, only one is living, a girl born in 1880. J. M. Eustis was bom in Oxford county, Maine, December 15th, 1827. In 1857 he removed to Minneapolis, and with his own hands cleared away the hazel brush and threw up the first dirt for the Nicollet House, which was completed, furnished and opened May 1858; during the hard times of 1857, he was advised by some of the leading men here, to abandon the enterprise, but with his pluck and perseverence he carried it through to successful completion, and then dis- posed of his interest to Gilson Brothers. At the commencement of the rebellion he made a con- tract with the Government to feed all the Minne- sota soldiers for thu-ty-seven cents each per day; he also supplied the army under General Sibley, during the war upon the frontier, after the In- dian massacre. At the same time he was en- gaged in the limiber business with W. E. Jones and Company, for about five years, then buUt a block on Hennepin Avenue. He, in company with others, selected the site for a fair groimd, laid out a track, erected buildings and put every- thing in good order for the purpose. Mr. Eustis has been a contractor on the Northern Pacific railroad; and was in the employ of the St. Louis railroad company for several years, until in the fall of 1880, he was elected sheriff of Hennepin county for two years. O. J. Evans, M. D., was born in Oneida county. New York, February 5th, 1840. He was educat- ed at the academy of Rome, in his native state, and studied medicine with Dr. Armsby, professor of anatomy at the Albany Medical College ; also with Dr. "S^irgil, of Rome, New York. After completing the regular courses of lectures at the Albany College, he graduated from that institution in 1862, receiving the degree of M. D. Dr. Evans was comissioned as assistant surgeon of the Fortieth NewYork Infantry, in 1862, and in 1864 was promoted to first surgeon. He was also medical director of the department of Farmville, Virginia, and was placed on the operating board of surgeons, holding both posi- tions until the close of the war. He was mus- BIOGRAPHICAL. 545 tered out of service in July, 1865, came to this city, and has since practiced medicine here, his office being at 22 Hennepin Avenue. He is pres- ident of the Hennepin County Medical Associa- tion, a member of the State Medical Society, and president of the Minneapolis Board of Health, this being his second term. He also served one term in the City Council. Dr. Evans was married in 1869, to Elizabeth Dodge, who died in January, 1879. She was a daughter of Colonel John Dodge, of Princeton, Illinois. John K. Everard, a native of Liverpool, Eng- land, was bom in June, 1828. While there he learned the tailor's trade. In July, 1878, he came to Minneapolis, and locating at 213 Hennepin Avenue, estabU'shed a merchant tailoring busi- ness, in which he invested a capital of seven thousand dollars. He employs fourteen men in his manufacturing department, which is still lo- cated at 213 Hennepin Avenue, but in November, 1878, he removed his place of business to 10 "Washington Avenue south. Albert E. Earrington was born ^t Conway, New Hampshire, in 1816. He came to Minne- sota, 1855, and located at Maple Grove, where he engaged in farming nine years. He exchanged his farm for one in Hassan, Minnesota, and re- moved there at once, where he lived until 1874, when he came to MinneapbUs. Since, he has been deaUng in real estate, also buying and sell- ing horses. Mr. Farrington is now proprietor of the Fourth Avenue hotel. His sons are engaged in a livery and sale stable. G. F. Farrington came from Boston, in 1879, where he had been engaged in the merchant tai- loring business for some time previous. He lo- cated at 219 Hennepin Avenue, in April of the same year. Here hie remained until March, 1880, when he leased his present location, a store room with manufacturing establishment on thu-d floor, at 239 Nicollet Avenue. Mr. Farrington. though comparatively young, is a very enterprising and successful business man. N. D. Federspil (one of the earliest settlers) was bom in France, 1824. He came to the United States in 1853, and settled first at Port Washington, Wisconsin. In 1854 he came to St. Anthony and followed the blacksmith's trade there until 1856, when he removed to the west side of the river, and is now one of the oldest 35 blacksmiths in the business in Minneapolis. Mr. Federspil was married in 1847, to Margaret Weber, of Luxembourg. They have seven chil- dren living: Catherine, Jean P., John, Mary, Jo- sephine, Annie and Nicholas. Robert Feek is a native of England, bom Jan- uary 8th, 1834. He went to Ogdensburg, New York, in 1856, where he remained seven years; thence to Ontario, where he was engaged in the hotel business several years. He estabUshed a restaurant in Minneapolis in 1879, where he has since resided. Mr. Feek married Miss Sophia Dove, in 1855, who bore him one son, Eobert G. J. C. Felch was bom in Grafton county. New Hampshire, May 10th, 1842. At the age of eighteen he learned telegraphy, and continued in that business eight years. In the spring of 1869, he was elected to the house of representatives of New Hampshire, for one year. He came to Min- neapolis in the fall of the same year ; the spring following removed to Fort Abercrombie, Dakota; where he was postmaster three years. He then returned to this city, and in 1875 he engaged with the Pettit mill, and has remained with them since. Mr. Felch married Miss Annie Frott, October, 1876. They have one child, Gertie M. Frank B. Felt, of the firm of H. G. Harrison & Co., started in the grocery business, in Minne- apolis, in 1868, in the employ of B. S. Bull and Company. He remained with them three years, and was afterwards with Newell and Harrison, eight years. He entered the firm now known as H. G. Harrison & Co. , June 10th, 1880. This firm occu- pies the front rank of grocery houses in the north-west. W. J. Fender, of the firm of Fender and Cuth- bertson, was born at Kingston, Ontario, Septem- ber 14th, 1839. He came to Minneapolis in 1867, where he worked seven years at pattern making. In 1874 he entered into partnership with J. Cuth- bertson and built the La Croix or French puri- fiers. Mr. Fender is the inventor of the "Stand- ard Purifiers," about three hundred of which are in use in this city. This purifier is in use in all parts of the world where flour is made. It was invented in 1874, and since then several improve- ments have been made. Mr. Fender is also a member of the firm of Gunn, Cross and Co., whose establishment contains all kinds of general mill supplies. 646 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. John Ferguson is a native of Scotland and was born in 1 849 . He came to the United States at the age of ten, and learned the trade of mill-wright, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1861 he enlisted in company "I," First regiment United States Artillery ; he was in service until August, 1866, and participated in all engagements of the com- pany. On his return he removed to Ilarrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he remained two years, com- ing to Minneapolis in 1867. He engaged in car- pentering six years and has since been in the mill-wright business, throughout the northwest ; he has been in the Crown Roller mill since No- vember, 1879. Mr. Ferguson was married June 21st, 1871, to Miss Isabella Savage ; they are pa- rents of two children, Isabella and John. Emil M. Ferrant, son of one of the earliest set- tlers, Martin Ferrant, was born in St. Anthony, September 7th, 1854. Here he received his eatly education, until 1872, when he went to Europe to complete his studies. He returned in 1878, locat ing in Minneapolis, where he still resides and is engaged with the well known firm of Smith and Scribner. Charles Ferrier, a native of Scotland, was born December 8th, 1862. His childhood was passed on a farm, but at the age of fourteen he learned the trade of blacksmithing, in which business he continued until 1872, when he emigrated to America. He located at Winona, Miimesota, where he was in the employ of the Winona and St. Peter railroad two years ; he then removed to Wells, Minnesota, where he was engaged with the Southern Minnesota railroad six months ; thence to Nebraska and to Mason City, Iowa, where he opened a shop and worked at his trade until coming to this city in the spring of 1876. Mr. Ferrier was married to Miss Lydia Bust, in 1876, who bore him one daughter, Flos- sie F. A. H. Fessler was born in Berks county, Penn- sylvania, in 1849. At the age of twelve he com- menced to learn milling, and has been since the completion of his trade engaged in different mills from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. He came to Minneapolis in 1872, where he remained two years, and after visiting various towns in the state, spent two years in California, returned in 1878, and at once engaged with Washburn and Company. He is now head miller of the Wash- burn "B." Mr. Fessler married Miss Kate Less- man, July, 1878. They are parents of one child, Gertrude. J. W. Field was bom May 2d, 1853, in Dexter, Jefferson county, New York. He engaged in the boot and shoe business at Utica, New York, a number of years, when he decided to come West. He removed from that city to Minneap- olis in 1876, where he at once opened an estab- lishment in the same Une of business. He makes a specialty of Burt's men's shoes. Mr. Field was married in 1876, to Ella J. Wager, of Oneida, Madison county. New York. W. A. Fisher was bom in Illinois in 1847. In 1860 he came to Minneapolis and was engaged in farming three years, after which he enUsted in the Eleventh Minnesota regiment. He remained in service one year, when he returned to this city and attended school. In company with C. H. Cole and E. H. Chittenden, (1876) he built the steamer "Monticello" and ran the same between this city an St. Cloud forthree years. Mr. Fisher engaged in the restaurant business, in the "Mar- ket Eestaurant," in 1879, furnishing that year flf ty-fl ve thousand seven hundred meals. In 1 867 he married Miss Mary Smith. Their children are: Alberty, Ernest, Lizzie and Minnie. Thomas Fitch, attorney at law, was bom in New York, 1838. He moved to San Francisco, CaUfornia, where he read law with Judge Shafter, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. The same year, in Nevada, he opened his" first office, and practiced his profession until the expiration of his term in congress, in 1871, when he was employed by parties in New York to attend to some mining litigation in Salt Lake, after which he was en- gaged by Brigham Young as attorney and counsel. During his stay he was elected as senator from a proposed state, with a constitution providing for the surrender of polygamy. The subject, how- ever, did not receive the attention of congress. Mr. Fitch spent two years in ti-aveling through Europe, the South, and California, after which he remained four years in Arizona, engaged in prac- ticing his profession. In 1880 he removed to Minneapolis, and formed a partnership with Mr. Morrison, known as the firm of Morrison and Fitch. He was married in San Francisco in 1863, to Mrs. Annie M. Shultz. Rev. Herman Fleer, pastor of St. John's BIOORAFHICAL. 547 Church, was born at Westfalen, Germany, May 20th, 1852. Came to America the same year, and settled in Gasconada county, Missouri. Spent his boyhood on his father's farm, until January, 1871, when he went to Elmhurst, Illinois, and en- tered the Evangelical Protestant Seminary. Re- mained there four years, received a certificate en- titling him to admission into the theological sem- inary at Marthasville,- Missouri, entered, and graduated June 21st, 1878. Was ordained in St. Louis on the same day, and appointed to this charge. Also has charge at Osseo, Champlin, and Medicine Lake, which places he visits once in three weeks. Samuel Foreman was born in Baltimore, in 1840. In early life he moved to Louisville, Ken- tucky, thence to Indiana; he lived in several cities in that state, and in 1874, removed to Minneapo- lis. Mr. Foreman learned his trade, that of a blacksmith at the age of fifteen and has been en- gaged in the same since. He was married in April, 1877 to Miss Irena McKey, who bore him one daughter, Lillie, who died in 1880. Johh Forler is a native of Canada, and was born February 22d, 1840. He lived on a farm until nineteen years of age when he learned the tanner's trade. In 1863, he came to Minneapolis, and in company with Mr. Harvey, engaged in photography ; he sold to his partner after an ex- perience of fourteen months. He removed to his present location in 1876, where he has a large stock of new and second hand furniture. Mr. Forler was married to Miss Mary Stokes in 1874. They have three children. W. Forsyth was born at Kingston, Canada, in 1842. At the age of fourteen he learned wagon- making; serving an apprenticeship of six years, and has since been continually in the business. In 1864, he went to Toronto, Canada, and the next year removed to Titusville, Pennsylvania. In April, 1872, he removed to St. Paul; thence to Minneapolis in September of the same year. He worked for various parties in wagon-making until 1879, when the firm of Driscoll and Forsyth was formed, and has since continued. He was married in 1864 to Miss Elizabeth H. Scott. They have one son and three daughters. C. J. Fortier was born in Lower Canada, July 26th, 1843. He moved to Maine in 1851, where he remained eleven years, at that time going to California, remaining five years. In 1869, he came to Minneapolis and engaged in lumbering two years, in the grocery business two and one-half years, then opened the meat market in which he still continues his business. His partners are Charles CopUn and Wyman Costigan. Mr. For- tier's family consists of his wife and five chil- dren. A. D. Foster, one of the oldest pioneers, was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 22d, 1801. He lived on a farm until eighteen years of age, when he acquired a knowledge of the tanner and currier trade. After engaging in the mer- cantile business in Pittsburg, also in Washington county, of that state, he sold his interests and removed to St. Louis, Missouri. In 1848, he, be- ing in frail health, came to St. Anthony, with the hope of being benefited. He came from Chi- cago with a team, and for a time, engaged in teaming, drawing logs fourteen miles, from Coon Creek, to be converted into lumber with which to build the steamer "Gov. Ramsey." He lived one winter in a shanty sixteen feet square, for which he paid nine dollars per month. In 1850, he erected a store building, and was successful in busmess until 1856, when he was burned out. Since then he has lived almost a retired life, de- voting a portion of his time to fruit culture. Al- though seventy-nine years of age, Mr. Foster is an active man and still reads without the use of glasses. He was married in Washington county, Pennsylvania, September 9th, 18ii4, to Miss Mar- tha Ramsey. They have three children: Josiah, who resides in Indianapolis; Martha, who resides in Racine, Wisconsin; and Lysander, who is a physician, in this city. Andrew J. Foster, one of the early pioneers of this region, was born in Cooper, Washington county, Maine, June 8th, 1827. He moved to St. Anthony, in 1849, and in the spring of 1850 en- gaged in lumbering, in which he continued two years. He then pre-empted eighty acres of land on what is now known as FrankUn Avenue. In 1867, Mr. Foster retired from the lumbering busi- ness and commenced gardening on his claim, which he continued to do for seventeen years. He next engaged in a general real estate business, bnildlng and selling houses, etc. In tne spring of 1880 he opened a grocery store in connection with his other enterprises. Mr. Foster first mar- 548 HISTOET OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. ried Miss Abigail Getchell, of Washington coun- ty, Maine, who died in 1852. He . remained a widower one year, when he married Mrs. Mary Averill, of Stillwater, the ceremony being per- formed by Justice Hedderly, first justice of St. Anthony. Their children are: Ada, William, Owen and Elmer. Stephen Fox was born at Buffalo, New York, 1843. He engaged in farming ten years, when he entered the army as mechanic in the quarter- master's department. At the close of the war he returned to Erie county, New York, and en- gaged in milling; he was also ' employed in sev- eral states as a mechanic. In 1878, he removed to Minneapolis, where he has since resided. Mr. Fox was married December 1st, 1878, to Miss Mary Ruddock. Samuel Franklin was born in Butler county, Ohio, November 29th 1818. At the age of six- teen he learned tailoring and engaged in his pro- fession, in different parts of his native state and of Indiana, until 1852, when he came to St. Paul, Minnesota; where he remained until the spring following, when he removed to Minneap- olis. He engaged in teaming seven years, and in 1873, again established himself in tailor- ing. Mr. Franklin was married to Miss Mary Halsey, in 1840. Their children living are: Wil- liam B., Martha J., Mary L., Samuel, Jr., and Fannie W. S. J. Franklin, son of Samuel Franklin, was born at Minneapolis, August 21, 1856. He ac- quired a knowledge of the carpenter's trade and in 1876 was employed by the Manitoba railway company, in whose employ he remained three years, and has since been with the ^Chicago, Mil- waukee and Saint Paul railroad company. William B. Franklin, son of Samuel Franklin, was bom at Middleton, Ohio, in 1842. He came with his parents, to Minneapolis, in 1853. He en- listed in the Sixth Minnesota volunteers and served until his discharge in 1865. Three years later he was employed by the Minnesota Stage Company, where he continued as driver till 1873. He made a claim of 160 acres (1878), at Clontarf, Swift county, on which he has since lived. Mr. Franklin married Susana Sheran in 1875. Their children are, James and William. P. J. Fraser, was born in Upper Canada, Octo- ber 7th, 1847. He came to Eed Wing, Minneso- ta, in 1863, and engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds, etc. He came to Minneapo- lis in 1869. The firm of Fraser and Shepherd, in 1879 built a spacious building, and now carry on the wholesale manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, glazed sash, brackets, stair railings, scroll sawing etc. Cornelius Frederichs, first assistant of fire de- partment, also of the firm of G. T. Vail and Co., was bom in Germany, October, 1840. He came to America with his parents, when four years of age, Iqcating at Detroit, Michigan. The spring of 1858 he removed to Minneapolis, and engaged in cabinet making with his brother. In 1861, he enlisted in the Third Minnesota Volunteer Infan- try, and in the winter of 1863 re-enlisted and was honorably discharged, August, 1865. Mr. Fred- erichs returned to this city and again engaged in the cabinet business with Mr. Vail, in 1858. He entered the fire department in 1871, was elected foreman of the Hook and Ladder Company, and in 1874 he was elected second assistant chief en- gineer ; in 1876 he was elected first assistant chief engineer, during which time he was engaged in cabinet and undertaking business. Mr. Frederichs was married to Miss Mary Lacher in 1862, who died June 16, 1864. George Frenet, a native of Canada, was bom November 26th, 1842. He resided in his native place until nineteen years of age. In 1862 he visited Lake Superior, where he was engaged as engineer in a copper mine. Three years later he removed to Minneapolis where he was employed by Dean and Company, lumber merchants, ten years. In the spring of 1878 he was appointed on the police force, which position he has since held. His marriage with Mary Lebrich, of Michigan, was solemnized December 7th, 1865. Louis E. Fritsche was born in Germany, July 15th, 1848. He came to America in 1854. In 1867 he located in Minneapolis, where he com- pleted his ti'ade, that of coppersmith, which he had begun at New Ulm, Minnesota. This city has since been his home. Mr. Fritsche and Miss Pauline Bader were united in marriage Decem- ber 27th, 1879. G. W. Floyd was born in Watertown, New York, April 28th, 1842. He acquii-ed a knowl- edge of photography in Cincinnati, Ohio. He engaged in his business several years before com- BIOGBAPHICAL. 549 ingto Minneapolis in 1871. Soon after his arriv- al, he took charge of the operating department of Mr. Jacoby's gallery. In August, 1875, Mr. Floyd opened an establishnment for himself, and does a large business. He was married to Mrs. Prank Sweet, of Minneapolis, in 1875. Harlow A. Gale was born in Worcester county, Massachusetts. When three years of age his fa- ther died, and he lived with an uncle in Vermont, Eev. Samuel Goddard, until 1845, when he re- turned to his mother. In 1 852 he went to Massa- chusetts, and engaged in teaching and studying until 1856, when he graduated from Union Col- lege, New York. The same year he came to this city, and engaged in the real estate business. In 1858 he was appointed deputy clerk of the dis- trict court for Hennepin county, and in 1859 was appointed county auditor. Was subsequently elected for two terms, and in 1865 declined a third nomination. He bought out the insurance agency of W. B. Cornell, and with S. C. Gale organized the real estate and insurance agency of Gale and Company. In 1872 he bought and platted Gale's first addition to Minneapolis, and in 1873 the second. It was he who conceived and executed the idea of the present city market, a description of which may be found elsewhere. Mr. Gale was married in 1859, to Libbie Griggs, who has borne him four children : Harlow, Robert, Willie, and Isabel. S. C. Gale was bom September 15th, 1827, at Royalston, Massachusetts. Was apprenticed to learn the tanner's trade until 17 years of age, when he commenced preparation for college. He studied at the academies of New Salem, Shel- bume Falls, and West Brattleboro, Vermont, and finally Yale College, where he graduated in 1854, after which he attended Harvard law school one year and taught school two years, continuing to read law in the meantime. In 1857 he came to Minneapolis, and the autumn of the same year he was admitted to the bar. After a year or two he discontinued the practice of law and engaged in real estate business, which he still continues with success. Mr. Gale has a pleasant home on the corner of First Avenue south and Fourth street. He was married October 15th, 1861, to Miss Su- san Damon, of Massachusetts. They are the pa- rents of five children. G. E. Galpin, a native of Tioga county, New York, was born March 27th, 1843. He resided there until 1869, when he came to Minneapolis; he engaged in different pursuits, and for a time worked at his trade of mill-wright, but finally in 1875, started in the grocery business, which he still conducts at No. 319 Washington Avenue north. Morenus Galpin was bom in Auburn, New York, April 23d, 1843. In early life he moved with his parents to Battle Creek, Michigan, where he learned the carpenter's trade. In 1862, he en- listed in Merrill's horse, an independent regiment, designed for body-guard to General Fremont, served until 1865 and was wounded five times. He came to Minneapolis in 1871; for two years was foreman for Frank Fleming, and was with George Libby five years. The firm of Galpin and Emerson was established April 1st, 1880. Thomas Gardiner was bom at Frederieton, New Brunswick, September 12th, 1833. He moved to St. Anthony in 1857, and remained until 1860, when he came to Minneapolis and engaged in the dmg business with Dr. W. H. Leonard at the present stand of Janney, Brooks and Eastman. In 1868 the firm dissolved by mutual consent, and Mr. Gardiner went in business alone, estab- lishing a homoeopathic pharmacy, which despite the fact of its being a new departure, has from the first grown steadily. Mr. Gardiner married in 1862, Mary Knight, of Buffalo, New York. Their children are Louise and Mary. L. Garrity, a native of County Mayo, Ireland, was bom in 1841. He emigrated to America in 1858, and after a short residence in New York, lo- cated in Hudson, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1872; then removed to Minneapolis and embarked in the hotel business on Second Avenue south. In 1877 he went to his present location. No. 206 Washington Avenue south. He married Catharine Hopkins in November, 1869. Their children are Mary, Kate, James, Edward, Timo- thy and Annie. C. A. Gau, a native of Germany, was bom in 1844. He came to the United States in 1866. For three years he lived in Carver, Minnesota, and kept the Railroad House; the rest of the time he has been a resident of Minneapolis, and since November, 1877, has been proprietor of the Union House, No. 613 Washington Avenue south. In 1872 he married Louise Thorn, who 550 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. has borne him three children: Henry, Amelia and Louise. G. A. Gibbs was born in Montreal, Canada, December 28th, 1841. In September 1861, he he moved to Port Hope, Michigan, and the same fall enlisted in the Tenth Michigan Infantry, and served until August, 1865; he returned to Canada and worked at carpentering there until 1870, when he came to this city and continued in his trade several years. In 1877 he passed six months at Fort Custer, Montana, but returned in June, 1878, and engaged as mill-wright at the Zenith mill; he now occupies the position of head mill-wright at the North-western mill. His wife was Anna Sweet, of Nova Scotia; they were married in September 1871. They have three children: Marion, Edgar and Howard. N. H. Giertsen, a native of Norway, was born January 25th, 1852. He came to the United States in 1867, and settled in Minneapolis where he worked in various lines of business until 1871, when he opened a grocery and general merchan- dise store at 213 First street north where he still continues in business. Mr. Giertsen was mar- ried in 1874 to Mary Clark of this county. They have two children: Arthur and Mabel. Henry Giles was born in Oxfordshire, England. He came to New York, July 6th, 1848, and re- mained until September, 1849, having charge of the naturalist, Audubon , during the time his mind was Impaired. He then went to Eldorado, Wis- consin, thence to Fon du Lac where he fitted up the Forest street steam miUs; he then had charge of a mill in Menasha for about two years, and of the Lawrence mills at Appleton, three years. In March, 1873, he came here and was employed as head stone-dresser at the "A" mill four years previous to the explosion, and since July, 1878, has been at the "C" mill. He married Sarah Gilbert, July 15th, 1849; she has borne him seven children: Henry, Lucy, Willie, Louisa and Lu- ella, twins, and Hattie. Gilbert died at the age of four years. J. Gillesby was born in Hamilton, Connecticut, August 20th, 1855. He lived on a farm, and from boyhood engaged in buying and selling stock. He came to Minneapolis in 1873, and has been interested in the meat market business most of the time since. He is proprietor of the Clifton House, on Third street north-east ; it is a fine little brick house of thirty rooms, and nearly new. Mr. Gillesby married Katie Rice, of Red Wing, in November, 1880. D. M. Gilmore, born at Newville, Pennsyl- vania, in 1840. He came to this city in 1857, but on account of the financial crash, and the hard times resulting, he returned to Pennsylva- nia in the fall of the same year. In 1861 he en- listed in the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, the first volunteer regiment of cavalry in the service. He commenced as corporal, but when mustered out in 1864, held the commission of captain-; he was in many of the principal battles, and was wounded in January, 1864. After leaving the army he was in business in Pennsylvania for about one and one-half years, and in 1866, re- turned to Minnesota; he was In the auction busi- ness for six years, and since that time has been engaged in furniture manufacturing. His mar- riage with Miss Sarah Kyle, of Maryland, oc- curred in 1867. They reside at 909 Washington Avenue north. J. H. Gilmore, bom at Steubenville, Ohio, July 17th, 1848. When quite young he moved with his parents to Mount Pleasant, where he attended the public schools and worked at farming several years, and then was in the cattle trade until 1867. He read law in Illinois two years, spent the same length of time traveling in the west, and returned home and purchased an interest in a newspaper, which he sold in 1872 and removed to Chicago, thence to Minneapolis ; here he followed printing for a time, then became associated with Mr. Baker in civil engineering ; he now oa^tis several farms in this state and is interested in real estate and lumbering. His nuptials with Abbie Chase were celebrated February 19th, 1879. They have one child, Raymond. J. A. Gilman, a native of Wisconsin, was born in Washington county, in 1834. He lived there until 1873. He enlisted in the Twenty-first regi- ment of Ignited States Volunteer Infantry, and at the battle of Chickamauga, in Georgia, he was cap- tured and taken to Libby prison in company with sixty others. They were transferred several times and after fifteen months' imprisonment Mr.Gilman and eleven others were exchanged, the remaining forty-nine having died during confinement. He was honorably discharged at Washington, August 6th, 1865. He then returned to his home in Wis- BIOGRAPHICAL. S51 consin, and in 1873 he removed to Minnesota. He remained at St. Paul a few months, then be- came a resident of Minneapolis, where he has since resided. He has been in the employ of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad Com- pany as car inspector, since his first locating here. July 3d, 1869, he married AmeUa Marco, of Wis- consin. Four children have been born to them: John H., Nellie E., Fred E., and Albert A. J. Q. Gilman, born December 1st, 1851, at Hal- lowell, Maine. When nineteen years of age he learned the blacksmith's trade, and in 1872 opened a shop at Eichmond, Maine. Staid there only one year, and removed to Gardiner, where he worked in partnership with another man until 1877, when he came here, and worked at his trade on Sixth Avenue south. From there he moved to the cor- ner of Fourth Avenue and Third street south, and in November, 1880, opened the shop where he now is, at 230 Fifth Avenue south. In June, 1878, he married Miss Ida Blaisdell. Charles Gille, a native of Prussia, was bom September 25th, 1842. He came to America in 1852, and lived at Watertown, Wisconsin, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Twentieth Wiscon- sin Infantry, and served threee years. He was mustered out, and re-enlisted in the Forty-third Wisconsin Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He then wentinto the furniture business in Iowa, and from there to Mankato, Minnesota, where he was employed as carpenter until 1877, when he came here, and has since been a con- tractor for carpenter work ; office on Third street and Fifteenth Avenue north-east. In 1869 he married Mary Malli, who has borne him seven children. Those living are : Lena, Emma, Ber- tha, William, and Herman. G. F. Girrbach was bom March 29th, 1842, at Calmbach, Kingdom of Wurtemberg. In April, 1864, he came to America. Lived a few months in Connecticut, then to New York city, and in 1865 came here. He worked for the firm of J. Dean and Company until 1871, when he estab- lished himself in the grocery business, and the year following added a stock of general merchan- dise. He is doing a successful business at 1624 Fifth street south. His wife was Louisa Jager, whom he married in 1864. They ai e the parents of six children : Louisa, William, Lydia, Fred, Minnie, and Esther. James Givans, a native of Ohio, was bom in 1830, He went to West Liberty, Iowa, in 1853, and engaged in the livery business. In 1872 he removed to Minneapolis, and occupied stables with Mr. Ensign imtil 1880, when he moved to the alley back of the city market. He has a sale stable exclusively. Mr. Givans married Mary Innman, of Pennsylvania, in 1855. She died in 1867, leaving three children : George, Sophia, and Callie. His second wife was Sarah Bozarth, whom he married in 1871. She has borne him three children : Daisy, Ethel, and Mary. Mitchell W. Glenn was born December 24th, 1830, at Newark, New Jersey. In early child- hood he moved to Mount Vernon, Ohio, and at the age of eleven entered a machine shop; he afterwards learned ironing carriages, and then re- turned to the machine shop. He entered the army as color-bearer of the Eighth Indiana, though he had the use of but one arm, the other being lame from an injury, at the battle of Rich Mountain, he carried the only colors on the field. He received several wounds at that battle, one shows plainly now over the left eye. After his return home he was commissioned adjutant of the Thirty-fifth Indiana, which position he held two years, and in 1863, he was made colonel of the One hundred and Seventeenth Ohio Militia. He came to this place in 1868, and went into the North Star Iron Works. In 1878, he purchased the Minneapolis Boiler Works. He has been a member of the city council since 1872, with the exception of one year, and vice-president of the council two terms; he was also chairman of the board of county commissioners for two years. His marriage with Mary Kelly, of Ohio, was cel- ebrated October 8th, 1862. Their children are, J. Willard and Eugene. William Glessner was born January 22d, 1816, in Somerset county, Pennsylvania. When fifteen years of age he went to Ohio, and remained until the spring of 1854, when he came to St. An- thony. He entered a homestead and lived on it only one year, then returned to St. Anthony and engaged with Mr. Johnson in the manufac- ture of furniture; after two years partnership Mr. Glessner carried on the business alone; in 1870, he abandoned manufacturing and entered the retail furniture and the undertaking business, which I he still continues. His wife was Miss Abbie De 552 HISTORY OF KENNEPIN COUNTY. Vaul, of Ohio, who has borne him five children. Mr. Glessner's residence is at the corner of Eighth street and Eighth Avenue, south-east. Gottleib Gluek (deceased) was born April 22d, 1828, in Germany. In 1855, he came to America, and the year following moved to Minneapolis. In 1857, he built a brewery, which was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1880; it has a capacity of forty- . five barrels per pay. He married Caroline Foell in 1857; eleven children have been born to them, Louis, Charles, Emma, (deceased), Emma, Jen- nie, Carrie, John, Louisa, Christina, Annie and Lydia. Mr. Gluek died October 16th, 1880. J. G. Gluek was born March 24th, 1833, in Bavaria. In 1849, he came to America and lived in New York city nearly four years, then was em- ployed as journeyman at the tailor's trade which he learned in Bavaria. In 1857, he came here, and the year following, established himself in busi- ness as a merchant tailor at St. Anthony; since 1863, he has been on the west side of the river. He married Annie Gutzwieller in 1858, and in March, 1876, she died, leaving four children, Franklin, John, Mary and George. His second wife was Franziska Boldt, who has borne him two children, Hugo and Albert. Ard Godfrey, a native of Penobscot county, Maine, was born at Orono, January 18th, 1813. His father and elder brother being mill-wrights, he learned that trade, and at the age of eighteen, had charge of building a lumber mill. In 1847 he came to St. Anthony, to take charge of the improvements of the water power then inaugu- rated by Franklin Steele, Rantoul and others. He arrived in October, and in 1848 returned to Maine. While there he made arrangements with Steele to return to St. Anthony. He had quite an experience in building dams in Maine. After his return to this place he operated in lumber for Steele and others, also for himself, for several years. In 1852 he had a claim made for him by Captain Monroe, of Fort Snelling, near Minne- haha Falls, where he has since lived, with the exception of seven years spent in this city, to give his children better educational advantages. In 1853 he built a saw-mill on Minnehaha Creek, and in 1866 a grist-mill; both were destroyed by fire. He was married in January, 1838, to Har- riet N. Burr, of Maine ; children, Helen, now Mrs. M. Berry, of Minneapolis; Abner, a farmer near Hancock; Harriet E., a teacher; Martha A., Sarah C, now Mrs. Osborne, of this city ; Mary and Minnie. Three children died in infancy. Mr. Godfrey resides on his farm near Minnehaha Falls where he has a pleasant home. Chris Goehringer came to Minnesota in 1865, and located at North Branch; he was one of four men who located and named the town. He re- sided th^re about three and one-half years, then came to this city and worked in a saw-mill two years. For a short time he was in the grocery business, then started a saloon on First Avenue north, and is now in the same business at 101 Nic- ollet Avenue. In 1870 he helped to organize hose company number three, and in 1872 was elected its first assistant, which position he held until 1875, when he was elected foreman, and acted in that capacity until the company disbanded in 1879. He married Mary Nieson in 1870. Their children are Lena, Chris and Kate. O. A. Gonyea, a native of Maine, was bom January 26th, 1833. He came to Minneapolis in 1865, and for sixteen years worked in the woods and on the river. He is proprietor of the New Idea billiard hall. No. 21 Main street south-east, which he built in 1872. His wife was Catherine Hogan, whom he married in 1861. They have four children: WiUiam, Lillie, NeUie and Charles. A. H. Goode is a gentleman whose long expe- rience well qualifies him to flU the position he holds as manager of the Minneapolis branch house of J. H. Kerrick and Company. This firm manufacture and deal in iron and wood- work- ing machinery and supplies. P. Goodrich was born at Rochester, New York, in 1857. At the age of three years he went with his mother to Boston and lived eight years; then after passing three years in Chicago, he returned to Rochester to prepare for college; he graduated from the university of that city in 1880, and came to Minneapolis in August of the same year. In September, 1880, he purchased in company with J. T. Barnum, the trunk manufactory of D. D. Whitney, which business they are now conduct- ing at 25 Washington Avenue north. E. Gordon, a native of New Hampshire, was born in July, 1853. When fourteen years of age he commenced learning the mason's trade, and has followed that occupation since. In 1855 he came with his parents to St. Anthony, and in 1867 re- mOGBAPHICAL. 553 moved to Colorado; he went to Michigan in 1876, and returned to this city in 1878, since which time he has done husiness here as contractor for ma- sonry work: he makes a specialty of plastering, cistern-building and kalsomining. His residence is No. 810 Washington Avenue north. L. B. Gorman, a native of Quebec, was born in September, 1853. He came to the United States in 1867, and followed the lumber business at 4 Grand Eapids, Wisconsin, for one year. In 1868 he came to Minneapolis and continued the same work until June, 1878, when he took the billiard hall at the corner of Hennepin Avenue and Sec- ond street. His marriage with Jennette Hibbard occurred December 25th, 1878. William W. Gould was bom in Canada, Decem- ber 15th, 1840. He learned the milling business in Uxbridge, Ontario county, and in September, 1865, moved to South Bend, Indiana, where he taught school one year, then went to Boone coun- ty, Iowa, and was employed in cabinet and carpen- ter work one year, thence to Council Bluffs, where he worked as carpenter for the Chicago and Northwestern Railway. He returned to South Bend and worked at milling and cabinet making until June, 1878, when he came to this city and helped build the Pettit and Washburn mills ; since June, 1880, he has been employed as mill-wright at the North-western mill. He mar- ried Alice Burdic in 1873. They have one child, Harry. Charles E. Gray, born at Westerly, Washington county, Maine, October 7th, 1849. When six years of age he came here and at the age of eigh- teen commenced lumbering, which employment he continued for seven years. In 1874 he engaged in the milling business at the North Star mUl; re- mained two and one-half years with this firm, be- ing part of the time in charge of a mill at Long Lake, since then he has been at the North-west- ern mill. Mr. Gray married Eva Lowell, April 4th, 1876. They had one child, Sadie, who died in infancy. C. A. Graves was born at Cameron, Somerset county, Maine, April 25th, 1837. In early man- hood he commenced to work at building, and was engaged on saw mills on the Penobscot river, and at diflerent places in the United States and Cana- da. In 1857. he came to St. Anthony ; worked at his trade on the St. Croix river two years, thence to Stillwater, where he remained until 1864, when he went south and worked one year for the govern- ment construction department. In 1867 he came to Minneapolis and since that time has been em- ployed constructing mills. Thomas K. Gray was bom in Lincoln county, Maine, ui June, 1833. His home has been in Minneapolis since October, 1855. In 1866 he married Julia Allen ; they are the parents of five children: Horace, Edward, Herbert, Gracie and Daisy. Mr. Gray is a partner in the firm of Gray and Hoftlin of this city, and is also in the drug business at No. 108 Bridge square ; this business was established in 1856 by John D. Gray and Dr. M. R. Greely. In 1858, T. K. Gray bought the doctor's interest and the firm of Gray Brothers continued until 1870, when John D. was obliged to travel for his health, and Mr. T. K. Gray has since been alone in the busines. In 1865 the pres- sent building was erected ; three stories and the basement are occupied for the transaction of this large and increasing business. J. L. Grandy was bom in Dundas county, Can- ada, in 1825. He moved with his parents to St. Lawrence county. New York, and lived there until 1847, when he went to Wisconsin. He did carpenter and jobbing work at Grand Rapids until the war broke out, when he enlisted in the Eighteenth Wisconsin Volunteers, served one year and was discharged for disability. In the spring of 1863 he removed to Beaver Dam and remained four years in the employ of J. H. Row- ell & Co., manufacturers of seeders. Since the fall of 1867 he has resided in Miuneapolis, en- gaged in the manufacture of the New Comet washing machines. He married Pauline Eaton, in Wisconsin. They have four children, Phoebe Ann, Augustus, Louis Lincoln and Ida May. W. Q. Greely was bom May 20th, 1827, in Wal- do county, Maine. He attended school untU sev- enteen years of age, when he commenced to learn blacksmithing. He went to Bangor, where for five years he worked at forging for Pope and Lang; also fitted up a factory at North Vassel- borough, Maine. Since October, 1855, he has lived at St. Anthony. He occupied various loca- tions for a number of years, and finally built a shop on Main street south-east. This was de- stroyed by fire, and in 1877 he purchased the shop he now occupies, No. 121 Main street south-east. 654 HISTOEY OF EENNEPIN COUNTY. His wife was Amanda Gowan, of Bradford, Maine. They have two children living; Otto and Alice. Anton Grethen, a native of Germany, was bom in November, 1834, and in 1854 emigrated to America. He read law with Brisbin and Bige- low, of St. Paul, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1858. He followed his profession until elected auditor of Hennepin county in 1864. This office he filled until 1871, when he resumed his law practice in the firm of D. G. Shillock, and afterward with General Baxter. In 1880 he was elected alderman for the First ward. Mr. Grethen resides on Nicollet Island. He was married in t 1857 to Babette Jenkins. Their children are: Emilie, Adolf and Otto. J. M. Griffith was born in 1835, in Germany. When a child he came vnth his parents to Amer- ica, and lived ih Saint Clair county, Illinois, until twenty-one years of age, and then in Montgomery county, five years. He removed to Montana, where, for nine years, he was engaged in con- tracting and building, also operated a saw-mill, and for a time conducted a general merchandise business. His marriage with Carrie Sharp oc- curred in April, 1867. They are the parents of five children: Ernest, Benjamin, Mary, Frank- lin, and an infant. He is now engaged in the manufacture of brooms, and dealing in broom com. John Grime, a native of England, was bom in 1846. He came to America in 1869, and locating at Scranton, Pennsylvania, commenced work in the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western rail- way shops, where he was employed until 1870; that year he came to Minneapolis and worked for the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway Company until 1872, when he went to the Harvester Works, and in April, 1880, began preparations for his present business, that of manufacturing ma- chinists' and engineers' tools. Mr. Grime was married in this city, September 22d, 1875, to Em- ma Morrill. They have one son, Edward. William Grimshaw, a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born December 6th, 1853. He came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1855; he studied here and graduated from the only high school in the city at that time. When only four- teen years of age he commenced the carpenter's trade, working with his father summers and at- tending school vrtnters; his business is now that of architect and builder. He was married in Oc- tober, 1876, to Miss Minnie, daughter of George Roberts, of Wisconsin. E. S. Grindall was bom at Penobscot, Maine, March, 1832. He moved with his parents to Bangor, and followed butchering for five years; then he went to Boston and engaged in draying until 1865, when he removed to Iowa, and a few months later, to this city. He was with Hause and Bailey for a time, and then in the employ of Stimson and Hayes, and in 1855-'56 assisted in drawing stone for the old Winslow House. In 1866 he started a dray line, which he has since continued with profit. He was married in 1868 to Sarah Smith. They are the parents of four children: Sabine, George, Eaberand Bertie. Mr. Grindall's father was county commissioner for several years; his mother is still living. John Grosbusch, a native of Germany, was born in 1846. He came to America in 1868, and lived on a farm one year near Albert . Lea; from there he went to Steele county where he worked on a farm and in a brewery until 1871, when he re- moved to this city, and was ui a brewery here four years, then started a saloon on Washington Avenue, and in the spring of 1880 moved to his present location He married Theresa Hausler in 1876. Their children are Mary and John. Freeman Grover, a native of New Brunswick, was born September 13th, 1831. In 1857 he moved to Wisconsin and was in the lumber busi- ness until 1875, then he went south and for three years was engaged in growing oranges in Florida, but returned to Wisconsin and in 1880 came to this city. He is proprietor of the Butler Hotel, No. 709 Third street south. In June, 1862, he mar- ried Margaret Heasely. Five children have been born to them: John, Mary, Otis, George and Ward. Frank Grygla, born in 1848, at Cracow, Poland, and emigrated to America in 1870 ; he lived in Milwaukee two years, then removed to Chicago. In 1877 he came to Minneapolis and in company with Mr. Selden engaged the manufacture of gal- vanized iron cornice, fire and water-proof sky lights, elevator buckets, doors and shutters, etc., etc.. No. 114 Third street north. Mr. Grygla was married in 1877. He is the father of two child- ren. BIOGBAPHICAL. 555 Absalom E. Guilder, born at Milton, Vermont, .in August, 1826. He lived with his parents un- til 1842, when he moved to Watertown, Wiscon- sin, and engaged in building the "Old Yellow mill" of that place. In 1866 he came to Minne- apolis to assist in the constrliction of the Wash- burn B mill ; after its completion he turned his attention to a long felt want of those interested in milling ; after a long and laborious task he was rewarded with a series of patents, which placed him in the front rank of our ablest inventors. In June, 1872, he secured his first patent for a mid- dlings purifier, the second in December of the same year, the third in October, 1873, the fourth in September, 1874, the fifth in May, 1875, and the sixth was for drying and draining hose. In April 1876, he made an improvement on granu- lating machines, and in September, 1876, another patent on middlings purifiers; July, 1877, an im- provement on the turbine wheel, and in 1877, 1878, and 1880, he received re-issues on several of them ; they are all patented in the United States and Canada and his machinery has been sold in all parts of the world where flour is manufac- tured. Mr. Guilder married Eva Collins in 1 850. They have one child, Ella. Mrs. Guilder died February 10th 1871. Simon Guimon was bom in Quebec, Canada, May 12th, 1840. He moved to Dayton, Minne- sota, in 1862, and for four years was in the wood business; in 1866, he moved to Anoka, and worked eleven years as sawyer in the mills; he removed to this city in 1877, spent two years more in the wood business, and in May, 1880, bought the Union house, 121 First street north. His wife was Ellen Goodin; they were married in July, 1866; seven children have been born to then, those living are Mary, Josephine, Simon, IS'ellie, and Ida. S. R. Gunnersen was born in Norway, in 1844. He attended school in his native town until his eighteenth year, when he entered the University at Christiana. Passed all the degrees common to a divinity student, and in 1867, took the degree of D. D. Afterwards studied theology in Ger- many. After traveling through several Euro- pean countries, came to Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, in 1874, and was elected a member of its faculty. CHAPTER LXXIX. BIOGRAPHICAL. H, I AND J. Charles E. Haglin, of the firm of Haglin and Corser, architects, was born at Syracuse, New York, in 1848. He studied the profession of architect at Syracuse, and in 1869, moved to De- troit, Michigan, remaining until the fall of the same year, when he went to Chicago, and in 1873, came to Minneapolis. He established an office in connection with Mr. Long, and in 1876, formed a partnership with Mr. Corser. Mr. Haglin drew the plans for the Minneapolis and St. Paul depot, also for the high school building, completed 1879. W. N. Haight was born at Burlington, Ver- mont, in 1850. His early life was passed at St. Albans, of that state, and after the age of twelve years, he was there engaged in arcliitecture and building. He located in Minneapolis, in 1876, and has been successful in business. Mr. Haight built the Woman's Home, Col. Benton's residence and others. Christopher Webber Hall was born in Wards- boro, Windham county, Vermont, February 28th, 1845. He remained with his parents on the farm, attending the village school, and for one or two terms the Leland and Gray Seminary, at Town- send, Vermont, until he began preparation for college at Chester Academy, Chester, Vermont. The expense of his preparatory course was paid by teaching penmanship. Entered Middlebury College in 1867, and graduated in 1871. Taught one year at Glen's Falls, New York ; then came to Mankato, Minnesota, as principal of high .school. In 1873 he was elected superintendent of the Owatonna city schools, where he remainad until his departure for Europe to pursue his sci- entific studies in the universities of Germany. July 27th, 1875, he married Nellie A., eldest daughter of Hon. M. H. Dunnell, of Owatonna, who shortly afterward accompanied him to Ger- many. She died at Leipzic, February 21st, 1876. After taking the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Prof. HaU returned to America in December, 1877, and passed six weeks assisting Prof. Seeley, at the Middlebury, Vermont, College. In April, 1878, upon invitation of Prof. Winchell, he came to Minneapolis, and entered into work at the Uni- versity of Minnesota, relieving that gentleman of 556 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. his class-room duties, that he might give his at- tention to the duties of the natural history sur- vey of the state. In June following he was em- ployed for one year with the duties indicated by the title of assistant state geologist, and later, the same year, was appointed professor of geology, mineralogy and biology, which position he has since held. J. G. Haller, pastor of the Evangelical Mission, was born in New York, in 1858, moved to Michi- gan in 1864, and was converted at twelve. He attended district school until fourteen years of age, then took a clerkship irt a mercantile house for a few months; it not being congenial to his tastes, left it and fitted for college in the high school. At sixteen entered the North-western college, at Napierville, Illinois, and graduated la three years. Came to Minnesota in 1877, taught school seven months, in Stearns county, and in 1878 joined the Minnesota conference and was stationed on the Dakota circuit, twenty-five miles south of St. Paul, laboring jointly with the Kev. Mr. Manthey. In the spring of 1879 stationed at the Minneapolis Mission, when fail- ing health almost compelled him to abandon the ministry, but feeling a stronger obligation to his Master than to himself, he persevered until health returned. Lorentz Hailing, a native of Sweden, was bom in 1839. He came to the United States in 1867, residing in New York one year where he was em- ployed as tailor. After visiting cities in Wis- consin and Michigan, he located at Winona, Min- nesota, where he remained two and one-half years. In 1871, he removed to Minneapolis, where he opened a saloon and has since resided. . Mr. Hailing married Julia Danielson, in 1870. Their children are Hjalmar, Nellie, Jessie, and Florence. William S. Hall, a native of England, was bom in January, 1844. He came to America, in September, 1869, first locating at Philadelphia, and remaining there until 1871, when he returned to England. In 1873 he retumed to America and removed to Hudson, Wisconsin, where he was in the employ of the West Wisconsin rail- road until 1878; he then came to Minneapolis, and entered his present business, that of ma- chinist. His marriage with Miss Alice Singleton was solemnized at Bury, England, in 1868. Their children are: Sarah A., John Wm., and Susan. Hobart O. Hamlin, son of Oliver Hamlin, was born at Salem, Wayne county, Pennsylvania, Jime 29th, 1832. Mr. Hamlin moved to St. An- thony, Minnesota Territory, in 1854, and has since resided at the Falls. In the fall of 1856, he engaged in the mercantile business with Al- pheus Howell, and in common with many others during the trying period of 1867, he met with severe financial reverses. In that year he was elected the first auditor of Hennepin county, but soon resigned his position and, in 1861, was elected clerk of the district court, which oflSce he filled four years. In 1877, he formed a partner- ship with Zelora E. Brown, and they have since been successfully engaged in the real estate, loan and insurance business. Mr. Hamlin's and Miss Anna Kocke's nuptials were celebrated, Septem- ber 28th, 1862. Their children are: Grant G., Oliver C, George B., Ernest T. Kate and Ho- bart O. Henry Hamm, a native of Germany, was bom in 1846. He came to the United States, in 1873, locating in Philadelphia, and very soon enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, in which he served eight months. He retumed to Philadelphia, where he engaged in blacksmithLng until 1867. He established his saloon business in Minneapolis in 1879. He was married to Lizzie Freideger in 1872, and have three children,Annie, Maggie and LUlie. William Hammond was bom in Oakfleld, Wis- consin, May 22d, 1847. He came to Minneapolis in 1870 and worked at lumbering ten years. In July, 1880, he established a saloon business at 21 Nicollet Avenue. C. J. Hamnstrom was bom May 16th, 1843, in Sweden. He leamed the trade of shoe-maker at an early age, and continued in that avocation until 1865, when he came to the United States, proceeding directly to Minnesota. Four years he was engaged in the pursuit of his trade in differ- ent parts of the state, thence came to Minneapo- lis. In 1874, he opened an establishment and has since been very successful in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Mr. Hamnstrom was married in 1866 to Miss Barbara Larsom, of Sweden. They have four children, Preston, David, Lydia and Elizabeth. BIOQBAPHICAL. 657 Eichard Hankinson was born at Grand Eapids, Michigan, in 1842. He lived on a farm until 1861, when he enlisted in Company D, Eighth Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He was wounded at Wilmington Island in 1862, and was discharged in 1863, on account of his wounds. He re-enlisted in the Thirteenth Michigan Light Artillery and served till the close of the war. He came to Minneapolis in 1865 and entered the service of the North-western Telegraph company, and has since been in their employ. He was Une builder and repairer four years; for three years was superin- tendent of construction, and since has been as- sistant general superintendent. He organized the North-western Telephone Exchange company in 1878, and was elected general manager, serving as such until March 1880. Samuel F. Hance, physician and surgeon, was born at Macedon, Wayne county, New York, July 1st, 1825. He was educated at Canandaigua, New York, also at Wesleyan University of Lima. He studied and graduated as M. D. at the Albany Medical College, and has been in continuous practice since. In 1862, he entered the army as surgeon of the Eighty-ninth IlUnois Infantry, and was successively promoted brigade surgeon, and division medical director, in General McCook's corps. On account of ill-health, he served only two years. He located at Minneapolis, in 1872, and has practiced here since. Dr. Hance is a member of the State Medical Society of Minne- sota. He and Miss Sarah Wright were united in matrimony, in 1855. They have one child, Eliz- abeth. George A. Hanson was born at Southbridge, Worcester county, Massachusetts, in 1842. He received an academic education and a course in Thompson, Connecticut, College. In 1861, he enlisted in Company H, Fifty-first Massachusetts nine-months' volunteers, and was discharged at the expiration of the time. After his discharge he engaged in the mercantile business until com- ing to Minneapolis, in 1875. The next year he was employed as general agent of the Norristown agricultural works until 1878, when he entered the Minneapolis Harvester works, as general su- perintendent, where he has since remained. Mr. Hanson's marriage ' with Miss Carrie Lewis oc- curred at Southbridge, August, 1861. Their children now living are George, Fl-ankand Edgar. J. D. Hanson was bom October 30th, 1826, at St. Stevens, Charlotte county. New Brunswick. At nine years of age he apprenticed as a black- smith, and has since engaged in the business. He came to Minneapolis in 1877, and two years later built the shop he now occupies. Having formed a partnership with his son, the firm is now luiown as J. D. Hanson and Son. He was married June 13th, 1848, to Miss Susan Tourtil- lott who bore him four sons and three daughters. J. W. Hargraves was born in New York, and at an early age moved with his parents to Wiscon- sin. At the age of twelve he removed to Deco- rah, Iowa, and while there acquired a knowledge of milling. In 1877, he removed to Lanesboro, where he remained three years; he then came to MinneapoUs. Mr. Hargraves was married in 1878, to Miss Augusta Jordan, who bore him one child, James C. Ariel C. Harris, attorney at law, was born at Toledo, Ohio, November 30th, 1855. He was ed- ucated in the Toledo high school and University of California. He read law in the law depart- ment of Michigan University in the class of 1876. After practicing in Detroit, Michigan, for a time he removed to Texas, in 1877, thence to this city in the summer of 1879. Mr. Harris was mana- ger of the Saturday Evening Spectator one year, when he opened his law office and has since prac- ticed his profession. S. A. Harris, cashier of the North-western Na- tional Bank, first came to this city in 1868. From 1870 until April, 1880, he held positions in the difiEerent banking institutions in the city At the latter date he was elected to his present posi- tion. H. G. Harrison was horn. at Belleville, St. Clair county, Illinois, April, 1822. He remained at his native place until 1859, when he came to Minneapolis and engaged in lumbering, and or- ganized the firm of J. Dean and Company. When the Secmrity Bank was established, Mr. Harrison became its vice-president, which office he has since held. He was the second person who en- gaged in the wholesale grocery business in this city: he opened with a partner, B. S. Bull, in 1863. After a period of eight years a new part- nership was formed with George K. Newell, which was dissolved in 1879. Mr. Harrison was mar- ried in 1847, to Miss Irene A. Kobinson, who died 558 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. in 1876. Their children are Edwin, George, Lewis, Hugh and Perry. Mr. Harrison remar- ried to Miss Lizzie Hunt, who bore him one child, James G. Thomas A. Harrison was born in St. Clair county, Illinois, December 18th, 1811. He lived on a farm until sixteen years of age, when he moved with his father to Belleville, Illinois, and worked in a flour mill which his father had pur- chased. In 1860, Mr. Harrison removed to Min- neapolis to join his two brothers who had pre- ceded him. Two years later he entered into partnership with his brothers, and J. Dean, form- ing the well-known firm of J. Dean and Company, and carried on an extensive lumber trade. When the Security Bank came into existence, Mr. Harrison was elected its president, which high trust he still retains. His marriage with Miss Rebecca Green was solemnized in Novem- ber, 1840. Four children were bom to them. Philip Hartmann, a native of Germany, was born in 1846. He came to the United States In 1854, locating in Scott county, Minnesota, Ten years later he removed to Minneapolis, where he was employed in Morrison Brothers' saw-mills, until 1874, when he opened a saloon, billiard-hall and summer gardens, at his present location. Mr. Hartmann married Katie Pauly, in 1872, who bore him five children. Those living are: Adolph, Philip and Annie. Charles C. Hashow, a native of Prance, was born in 1843. He became familiar with the ma- chinist's trade, in his native country. In 1862, he came to America and superintended several copper mines on Lake Superior. He invested largely in mining stock, but in the financial panic after the war, he lost heavily and was left desti- tute. He walked from La Belle to Houghton, sixty-eight n^iles, then went by boat to Green Bay, thence to Chicago, where he found employ- ment, which was furnished him by the North- western Manufacturing Company. In 1865, he came to Minneapolis, and was engaged as fore- man in the Minneapols lorn-Works ten years, then began business for himself once more. Mr. Hashow married Miss Mary Crickler, in 1866. Their children are: Charles and Louise. W. H. Hastings was born in Elmira, Chemung county. New York. He came west with his parents who located at Red Wing, Minnesota. Here he remained and was engaged six years in the flouring mills. After pursuing his trade, in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin, he re- turned to Minnesota and was employed in the Galaxy mills of this city, as stone dresser. He was married May 30th, 1871 , to Miss Bessie Ken- dall. They are parents of one child, Bemice. Henry Hauschild, a native of Germany, was bom in 1848. He came to America in 1867, and lived two years in southern Minnesota, when he removed to this city. In the spring of 1880, he became proprietor of the present sample room and billiard hall. Mr. Hauschild and Miss Jennie Stremel were married in 1872. They have two children, Oscar and John. Jacob Hauser was bom in Germany in 1829. He came to the United States in 1853, locating first in Wisconsin ; during the same year he went to California, where he remained three years, when he came to Minneapolis and at once opened a grocery store. He is one of the oldest grocers in the city. Mr. Hauser was married in 1857, to Catherine Holloran, a native of Ireland. Their children are Catherine, Johanna and John. J. P. Hause was born at Tyrone, Schuyler county. New York, July 12th 1850. He came to Minneapolis in 1870, and after working three years for Mr. Heffelfinger became his partner in the boot and shoe trade. Two years later he opened a shoe store and in 1875, sold a share to Mr. Davis ; this firm continued until April, 1880, when Mr. Davis sold and was succeeded by Mr. Chesnut. The firm is now known as Hause and Chesnut. E. P. Hawthone, retired, was born at Hunting- ton, New York, in 1842. He came to St. Paul in 1861, and immediately opened a farm of 160 acres in Richfield , Hennepm county. He, however, still resided in St. Paul, remaining there until 1866, when he removed and located on his farm. There he remained ten years at the expiration of which, he removed witli his family to Minneapolis and rented the farm, which he still owns. Mr. Haw- thorne and Miss Rebecca Giles were married in 1866. Their children are Meredith, Harry and William. W. P. Hawthorne was born in Westchester county. New York, in 1837. He located in Henry county, Ilhnois,_ in 1859, where he engaged in farming two years. In 1862, he enlisted in the BIOGEAPHICAL. 569 Nineteenth Illinois volunteers and served three years. He participated in some of the most noted engagements. After his discharge in 1865, he came to Minnesota, locating on a farm in Rich- field, where he remained thirteen years. He then removed to Minneapolis and entered the flouring mill business and built the Trades mill in com- pany with his brother, D. M. Hawthorne, in 1879. Mr. Hawthorne's marriage to Miss Ellen Shark took place in 1865. Their children are Nor- man and Ellen. John Hayes, bom in June, 1819, is a de- scendant of William Hayes and Julia Ryan, of Ireland. He came to America in 1847, remain- ing a short time in New York, then came to St. Anthony, in 1856. Mr. Hayes was one of the early settlers, and was obliged to endure the hardships of pioneer life. He pursued his avoca- tion, that of a carpenter untilMay, 1861, when he engaged in the grocery business in which he has since continued. Mr. Hayes was married in Chicago, July 8th, 1855, to Miss Margaret Hardy. They have eight children, all of whom are living at home except two daughters, who are at the convent in St. Paul. M. P. Hayes was born at Limerick, Maine, in 1829. He went to Brighton, Massachusetts, where he was employed as salesman in a meat market, remaining about seven years. In the fall of 1854, he came to St. Anthony and opened a meat market which he kept until 1865, when in company with H. M. Martin, he established the old St. Anthony Iron Works. In 1876, they took another partner, C. R. Bushnell, and continued business until 1879, when theu- works were des- troyed by flre. In 1876, Mr. Hayes in company with T. F. Andrews built the block occupied by JST. B. Harwood and company. Three years later they built four elevators. Mr. Hayes was mar- ried at Limerick, Maine, in 1855, to Miss Eliza- beth Stimson. Their children are Ellen E., Car- rie A., Emma and Frank M. George Hayford was born at Farmersville, Cat- araugus county, New York, in 1843. He came to this city in 1865, and was employed by Judd and Brackett in the Washburn B mill, since which time he has been engaged in the different mills of the city, occupying the position of head miller, grinder, and stone-dresser. Mr. Hayford was married to Miss Ardilla Stillman from his old home in New York, in 1864. They have one child. O. F. Haynes was born November 7th, 1845, at Wilmington, Vermont. He learned the trade of blacksmith, and since his locating in Minneapolis, has been engaged in the pursuit of his avocation. He was married November 12th, 1865, to Angle E. Bowen, bom at Jamaica, Vermont, in 1848. They have two children, Lillian A., and Fred- die E. Lambert Hays, a native of Germany, was born December 25th, 1841. He came to Albany, New York with his parents, where they lived three years. After living five years in Wisconsin, he removed to St. Anthony, where he engaged in the bakery business in which he continued until 1871. He then opened his First and Last Chance sample room at his present location. He has also been a member of the city fire department sev- eral years. Mr. Hays was married in 1864. Their children are, Katie, Theodore, Lambert, Lizzie, Joseph, Mary, and Albert. James H. Hazer was born at Albany, New York, in 1838. At the age of sixteen he acquired a knowledge of engineering at Troy, New York, where he remained until 1857, when he went to Hartford, Connecticut. In 1862 he enlisted in the First Connecticut Cavalry, and was with the army of the Potomac until 1865, when he was discharged. In 1874 he removed to Minneapolis, and took charge of the Monitor Plow Works en- gine four years ; then of the Nicollet House engine until November, 1879, since which time he has had control of the Corliss engine at elevator "A." Mr. Hazer was married to Miss Annie Travis, of Madelia, Minnesota, in 1865. Theu' children are Frank and Clarence. Fred Heckrich, born in 1843, is a native of Germany. He came to this city in 1867, and for six years was engaged as a painter. Since that time he has been the proprietor of his present restaurant and sample room. For several years he has been a member of the fire department. Mr. Heckrich was married in 1869, to Caroline Figge, who bore him three children : Freddie, Charles, and Mattie. Edwin Hedderly, deceased, one of the earliest pioneers, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1814. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits in his native place until 1846, when he located in 560 HI8T0B7 OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Indianapolis, Indiana, and was connected with the business interests of that place. In 1849 he came to St. Anthony, which at that time, like St. Paul, was only an Indian trading post. In 1851 he took a claim of one hundred and sixty acres in what is now known as West Minneapolis. He was connected with the various committees ap- pointed for the purpose of naming and laying out the streets and boundaries of this city. His first business experience here was in the firm of Hed- derly and Chambers, grocers ; next as Hedderly and Roach, hardware dealers ; then as Hedderly and Vroman, and last as E. Hedderly, druggist, in which business he continued until his death in June, 1880. He was prominently connected with the interests of this locality for thirty-one years. He was married to Mary J. Kennard, of Philadelphia. Their living children are : Ange- line E., Emma, Theresa J., George W., Edwin P., Charlotte C, Thomas L., Alfred H., Daniel G., and Josie J. D. G. Hedderly, son of one of the earliest pio- neers of this region, was bom in Minneapolis, March 16th, 1856, where he has always lived. After receiving his education, Mr. Hedderly was employed by the Trades Manufacturing Company as harness maker, until he became fa.miliar with the trade; afterward, by George Calladine. In 1875 he opened a grocery store, and has since been having a fine trade. Mr. Hedderly's mar- riage with Lillian A. Foster was solemnized in 1877. They have one daughter; Zetta V. T. L. Hedderly was born in this city, April 2d, 1852, and was a son of the old pioneer, Edwin Hedderly, and is one of the first white boys born in this locality. Mr. Hedderly received his ed- ucation in Minneapolis, and studied dentistry with Doctor Bowman, which profession he has practiced six years. He was married in 1875, to Miss Jessie McGregor, of Black River Falls, Wisconsin. Their children are: Duncan, Roy and Edwin. N. M. Hedstrom, born in 1843, is a native of Sweden. He emigrated to America, in 1869. Being a miller, he has been in the employ of the firm of Crocker, Fisk and Company, occupying the position of shipper in the Minneapolis mill for ten years. ■ Mr. Hedstrom was married in 1873, to Miss Ellen Nelson, who bore him two children: Emily and Charles. C. B. Heffelfinger was bom in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 13th, 1834. He came to Minneapolis, in 1857, where he engaged in various pursuits until 1861, when he responded to the first call for volunteers, by enlisting in the First Minnesota Infantry, Company D. He was promoted, for gallant conduct, to the office of second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain successively. In 1864 he was mustered out, but in 1865 he was tendered the commission of mar jor of the First Minnesota Artillery, by Governor Miller, which he accepted and served as such until mustered out in October, 1865, at Fort SnelUng. Mr. Heffelfinger engaged in the boot and shoe business, in 1866, with Mr. Walker, under the name of Walker and Heffelfinger. Four years later he bought Mr. Walker's interest, and in 1873, in company with others, he organ- ized the North Star Boot and Shoe Company, and has been its manager since its organization. Mr. Heffelfinger was married, in 1863, to Mary E. Totton. Their children are: Alfred, WUliam, Frank, Mary, Fannie Charles and Annie. C. A. Heffelfinger was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 8th, 1850. He first located permanently in Minneapolis, in 1866, en- gaging with the firm of Walker and Heffelfinger, boot and shoe dealers, one of the firm. Major Heffelfinger, being his brother. He succeeded the firm, in 1874, as sole proprietor and has since continued in the same line of business. He is also a partner in the firm of Heffelfinger and Kingman, of Red Wing, Minnesota. He was married in August, 1879, to Carrie B. King, daughter of W. S. King, of this city. Frank Hefti was bom in Switzerland, June 16th, 1844. He was educated in his native coun- try, in the universities of Zurich and Muenchen; he studied medicine five years at these universi- ties, and graduated at "Kanton Glarua," Switz- erland, withdegi-ee of "M. D.," in 18S8. Doctor Hefti came to the United States in 1874, locating in Wisconsin, where he remained two years. He then located in Minneapolis, where he has been in continuous practice. Doctor Hefti was married in 1871, to Anna Blumer, of Switzerland. Their children are Barbara and Katie. J. Hefty, a native of Switzerland, was born April 28th, 1833. He came to the United States in 1853 and located in Illinois. After a few years BIOGBAPHIGAL. 561 he removed to Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1868; then removed to Minneapo- lis, and in 1869 opened a grocery store in which he has since continued. He was married in Switzerland, in 1860, to Barbara Colby. They have eight children: Emma, Ella, Andrew, Fred, Julia, Nick, Frank and George. W. H. Helfrich was bom in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, March 21st, 1848. He remained with his parents until 1864, when he removed to Logansport, Indiana, and engaged in milling, continuing there five years. He then came to Minneapolis and secured a situation with Tom- linson and Tiffany, at the Arctic mill as second miller. He was engaged in the mills of the city a number of years, when hfe took the position of head miller in the Empire mill, January 14th, 1877, which position he still holds. Mr. Helfrich was married. May 25th, 1877. to Miss NelUe Legg who bore him one child, Mabel. John Heinrich, of the firm of Mueller and Heinrich, was born in 1829. He came to Amer-' ica in 1853, locating at Galena, llUnois, and en- gaged in the meat business one and one-half years. He removed to Prairie du Chien, Wiscon- sin, remaining seven years in market business and boarding house. He removed to Minneapolis in 1865, and had control of a meat market eight years, going into partnership with Mr. Mueller in the brewery in 1874. He married Minnie Bor- chert in 1858. They are parents of five children. Frank E. Hesler, son of Alexander and Helen Hesler, was bom at Galena, Illinois, April 3d, 1851. In 1864, moved with his parents to Chi- cago, IlUnois, where he resided until 1869, when he removed to Evanston, Illinois. He entered the Northwestern University, and in 1872 he accepted a jposition as division engineer on the Prophetstown extension of the Chicago, Burling- tod and Quincy Bailway. In the following year he began his joumalistic career upon the repor- torial staff of the Chicago Post. December 1st, 1873, Mr. Hesler removed to Minneapolis, as city editor of the Evening Times. With the excep- tion of about two years spent in travel, Mr. Hes- ler has been engaged in joumalism for the past seven years. When the Daily Evening Journal was re-organized, he was appointed city editor, and now occupies that position. He was married to Ada V. Keid, only daughter of Hon. A. M. 36 Reid, December 15th, 1874. In June, 1851, Mr. Hesler's parents with their babe, visited St. An- thony, and held Frank under the spray of the then primitive falls. A bystander at the time, re- marked, "Who knows but that some day this may be the site of a great city, and that this babe may not come here to live." The prophecy has been verified. J. H. Henderson was born in Livingston county, New York, February 4th, 1829. He came to St. Anthony in 1852 ; ia a few weeks he re- moved to Anoka and assisted in building the first dam across Rum river. He remained at Anoka sixteen years. In 1861 he enlisted and served one year in the war. In 1869 he came to Minneapolis and engaged in the grocery business ; also dealt in lime, feed and cement, in which business he continued four years, then opened a sale and livery stable at his present location. Mr Hen- derson married Ann J. Kurn, of Livingston coun- ty. New York, in 1855. They have one chUd. J. W. Henion was born at Plymouth, Wayne county, Michigan, April 8th, 1832. When yet a child he accompanied his parents to New York, where he remained until 1854, when he came to Minnesota and located at Anoka. When the St. Paul and Pacific railroad was built through Ano- ka, Mr. Henion accepted the position of station agent. In 1866 he was appointed agent at St. Anthony, where he Served until a station was established on the west side when he took charge of it in 1 867 and held the position of general station agent until January 1st, 1880. Mr. Henion is one Of the oldest station agents west of Chicago, having held that office continually for seventeen years. In 1878 he was treasurer and one of the directors of the Street Railway company. Mr. Henion was married at Anoka, January 1st, 1857, to Miss Emily Robbins. They have one child, Grace. C. Henry, foreman of Hose Company No. 3, was born in Washington, county, Wisconsin, in 1845. He attended the public schools until 1860 when he commenced his apprenticeship as shoemaker. In 1864 he enlisted in company I, Thirty-seventh Wisconsin volunteers, and served with the Army of the Potomac until he was mus- tered out in 1865. He soon settled in Wisconsin, where he followed his trade until 1868, when he came farther west, locating in Minneapolis. In 1871 he was appointed on the police force, serving 562 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. until 1875. lie was appointed as foreman of Hose Company No. 3, at the time of its organiza- tion in 1873. In 1866 he was married to Miss Kate Shuple. Their children are, John, Annie, Andrew and William. Kennedy Henry, a native of Scotland, was born at Ayr, February, 11th, 1844. He apprenticed as miller in liis native town and -'served six years. He was married to Miss Annie Boyd, a native of Scotland, in 1866, and embarked for America on their wedding day. He located at Chicago, where he remained as a miller, three years, then re- moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, remaining eight years. In April, 1878, he came to Minne- apolis and obtained a situation as second miller in the Excelsior mill and has since held the same position. He has had three children born to him , John, Kennedy and Annie. C. E. HenshawM.D., was born atKirtland,Ohio, March 20th, 1844. He received his education in Ohio and Kentucky. He studied medicine and graduated from the medical department of the Uni- versity of New York. He practiced his profes- sion in Cleveland, Ohio, eiglit years, when he re- moved to Minneapolis, in 1880, and located his office at 101 Washington Avenue south. Dr. Henshaw is the father of one child, Emily. J. W. Hernlund, of the firm of Malmsten, Nel- son and Company, was born in May, 1855. and is a native of Sweden. He accompanied his parents to America, in 1869, locating at Red Wing, Min- nesota, where tliey remained until 1871, when they removed to Minneapolis. Mr. Hernlund learned the machinist's trade, after wliich he at- tended Macalester College, preparatory to a two years' course at the University of Minnesota. The death of his father compelled him to return to the pursuit of his trade, and in 1879 he bought an interest in the firm of Malmsten and Nelson, and has since been a member of that firm. Mr. Hernlund was married in this city, to Miss Clara Berguest, November 12tli, 1879. Henry G. Hicks is a native of New York, was born at Varysburgh, Genesee, now Wyoming county, January 16th, 1838. At eleven years of age he commenced to learn the harness trade with his father. At the age of iifteen, he began teach- ing school, which occupation he was engaged in until 1861. At the ages of fourteen, fifteen and sixteen he worked on a farm. His education was secured in the common schools of his native state and at Girard, Pennsylvania; also attended three summers at Oberlin, Ohio, where he entered college in 1860. In 1855, he removed to Freeport, Illinois, and in July, 1861, he enlisted in the Sec- ond Illinois Cavalry, as a private, in Company D; was made corporal and sergeant of his company, sergeant major and adjutant of his regiment. He afterwards served as adjutant of the Seventy- first and Ninety-third Illinois Infantry Regiments until February. 1864. Was with a squadron of the Second Illinois Cavalry at the battle of Fort Donaldson, and in the Ninety-third Infantry at Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge, being severely wounded in the face at the latter place. In AprU, 1865, he removed to Minneapolis, and has smce made this his home. He was married May 3d, 1864, to Mary Adelaide, daughter of I. G. Beede, of Freeport, Illinois, by whom he had four chil- dren, two of whom are living, a daughter of ■fifteen, Minnie Adelaide, and a son of twelve, Howard Henry. His first wife dying in July, 1870, he married again November, 1873, Susan- nah R. Fox, of Clarion county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Hicks was sheriff of Hennepin county from December, 1867, to January, 1871; was city justice of Minneapolis three years, 1871-"4. Has been from 1870, to the present time, a member of the board of trustees for soldier's orphans, and pres- ident of the board for the last seven years. Was a member of the house of representatives in 1878-'9 and '81. At the close of his term as city justice, in 1874, he commenced the study and prac- tice of law, and was admitted to the bar in Feb- ruary, 1875. He is a member of the law firm of Cross and Hicks. Charles Ilierholzer was born in Germany, No- vember 2d, 1828. He acquired a knowledge of shoemaking, in his native country, and continued in the pursuit of his trade until 1849, when he emigrated to the United States, locating first at St. Louis. The next year he removed to Missis- sippi, where he remained one year, thence to Louisiana. Here he made his home, until 1865, ' when he removed to St. Anthony and the next year opened a boot and shoe store, and is proba- bly one of the oldest men in the business, in the city. Mr. Ilierholzer was married, in 1854, to Marguerita Berger, of Germany. Their children BIOGBATHIGAL. 563 are: Ellen, August, Mary, Charles, Frank and Adolph. O. A. Hllgermann is the proprietor of the Bos- ton furniture house. This house was established in September, 1880, as a branch of O. A. Hilger- mann's establishment at Chicago. The walnut furniture is manufactured by this house and sold on Chicago price list. Mr. E. Bundschuh has the management of the Minneapolis house, which is located at 405 Washington Avenue south. r. C. Hill was born in Vermont, 1850. In 1870 he came to Minneapolis and remained one year, when he returned to Vermont, and engaged in the ■ hotel business a few years, then removed to Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. In 1876, he re- turned to this city aud was employed by the Street Railway Company two years, when with his brother, F. K. Hill, he opened the Chicago House. F. K. Hill, in company with his brother, is proprietor of the Chicago House, of this city. He was born in Vermont, 1855. He went to Boston, 1873, where for several years he was in the res- taurant business. In 1876, he came to this city and was in the employ of the Street Eailway Company, and since, in the above named house, with his brother. Married Mary Cavanaugh in 1878; they have one child. Francis Hill was born at Rochester, New York, September 11th, 1836. He learned milling with his brother, Ichabod, and has been with him, through the greater part of his experience. Mr. Hill has been in the employ of Mr. Brackett one year and Pillsbury five years. His marriage to Miss Julia Brackett was solemnized March 26th, 1859. Their children are: Julia, Cora, Mary, Clara and Lucy. Ichabod P. Hill, head miller of Pahsade mill, was bom at Westonville, New York, December 18th, 1831. He became a miller at Rochester, New York, and spent ten years in Rochester and Oswego. He came West in 1854, located in St; Anthony, and worked in the old Minnesota mill, being engaged in milling five years; he then con- ducted the Nicollet House one year, when he sold out and removed to Belle Plaine and purchas- ed the Belle Plaine mills, which were burned four years later. In 1873 he returned to this city and was engaged as stone-dresser, and since 1875 has been head miller. He is probably the oldest miller in the city. Mr. Hill married Miss Agnes Bibbins, June 3d, 1858. Their children are Lola, Ichabod, Dursean, Blanche and Harvey. James W. Hill, a native of New Hampshire, was born in 1848. He enlisted as drummer-boy in the war, and served three years. He attended the Newbury Seminary, Vermont, three years, then removed to Manchester, New Hampshire, for the purpose of preparing for an apothecary. After traveling about, several years, he came to this city, and engaged in the livery and sale stable business in 1874. Mr. Hill married Elizabeth Richardson, who bore him two children, Eliza- beth and Charles. L. D. Hill was born in Cumberland county, Maine, May 19th, 1845. He resided on a farm until eighteen years of age, when he enlisted in the Third Maine Battery, under Captain E. R. Mayo. He was with the company until June, 1865. In August of the same year, he came to Minneapolis which has principally been his home since. He is now engaged in dealing in second hand goods, 27 Nicollet Avenue. He was mar- ried in 1878 to Julia E. Stouart. Their children are Charles and Willie. George Hineline, a native of Germany, was born April 3d, 1830. He came with his parents to America, locating in Ohio. He removed in 1859 to Minnesota, and was engaged in different parts of the state as a miller. In 1866 he loca- ted in this city, and secured a position as head miller with Perkins and Crocker; he remained with them four years. In 1872, he bought one- third interest in the Holly mill, which he sold five years later, and purchased one-third interest in the Model mill, which interest he now controls. Mr. Hineline married Miss Rosetta Stewart , of Ohio. Their children are Margaretta, Mary, Thomas, Emma and Agnes. Two children have died. Francis S. Hinkle was born at Cincumati, Ohio, August 22d, 1847. He came to Minneapo- lis January 1st, 1878. Mr. Hinkle with his broth- er bought the Holly mill May 31st, 1878. John Hinton was bom at Birmingham, Eng- land, February 29th, 1832. He removed to the United States with his parents in 1845, who lo- cated at West Cambridge, Massachusetts. He served apprenticeship in England as saw manu- facturer. He removed to St. Louis in 1857, and 564 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. was engaged in the manufacture of saws until 1867, when he removed to Minneapolis, and pur- sued the same business. He volunteered in the fire department in 1868, and was appointed fore- man of the steamer and hose company No. 1, in 1877, which position he resigned, but remained a member until the organization of the paid depart- ment, in 1879, when he was appointed as first pipeman, and continued as such until 1880, when he was again appointed as foreman of the steamer and hose company No. 1. He was married to Miss Sarah E. Locke, of Massachusetts, Febru- ary 28th, 1844. They have two children. J. H. Hiscock was bom in Franklin county, Maine, in 1851. He learned his trade of cabinet- maker in New York city, where he remained nearly five years. He removed to Waverly, Iowa, in May, 1876, but soon after came to Minneapolis and resumed his trade, in the employ of others, until 1879. The firm of J. H. Hiscock and Com- pany was then formed, which has been in the furni- ture manufacturing business since. Mr. Hiscock was married in 1876, to Miss Kate Dagget. Eesi- dence 422 University Avenue south-east. J. T. Hobbs was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1842. At eleven vears of age he went to Wis- consin, and lived with an uncle three years, when he went into the lead mines of La Fayette county, in that state, and was employed there twelve years. He then removed to Eau Claire, and passed eight years in lumbering. He came to Minneapolis in September, 1878, and since that time has been engaged in milling, and is now shipping clerk in the Trades mill. He was mar- ried in August, 1873, to Miss Sarah J. Hanes. Henry Ilobine was born April 12th, 1844, at St. Louis, Missouri. He has been engaged as a mill-wright for twelve years in Utah and Wyo- ming territories and states of Kansas and Mis- souri. In 1872, he located in Minneapolis, and has assisted in putting in machinery in nearly all the mills of this city, erected since then. He has been in the North-western mill since Septem- ber, 1879. In 1861, he enlisted in the Seven- teenth Missouri Riflemen, known as the St. Louis Turners, served three and one-half years and participated in a number of the principal con- flicts; he was discharged in December, 1866. He married Miss Luretta Saifell in 1875. They have one child, John H. E. J. Hodges was born in Ohio, in 1848. He enlisted in the Thirty-second Wisconsin Volun- teers in 1862, and was discharged in June, 1865. Hfi went to Fond du Lac and worked in the lumber mills until he came to Minneapolis in 1875, since which time he has been employed in the planing mills of this city. He has been with the Union mills as superintendent since January, 1880. He married Miss Emma Martin in 1869. They have one child, Hattie A. George Holehouse is a native of Lower Can- ada. At ten years of age he accompanied his parents to the United States, locating at Buffalo, New York. Upon reaching manhood, he served an apprenticeship as machinist and mill-wright. He came to Minneapolis in 1862, engaged in the pursuit of his trade several months, and enlisted in August of the same year, and served until the close of the war, in the Seventh Minnesota Itegi- ment. After his discharge, he removed to Red Wing and remained six years, when he went to Iowa. In 1878, he located in this city, and has been employed in the platform miUs much of the time since. He married Miss Louisa Blakie, of Red Wing, in 1867. Charles Holmberg, a native of Sweden, was born in 1849. He came to America in 1871, lo- cating at Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he was em- ployed in a flouring mill. He removed to this city in 1873, and secured a situation in the Min- neapolis mill of Crocker, Fisk and Company, since which time he has remained with the same firm and now occupies the position of stone dresser and miller. H. W. Holmes was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, January 4th, 1845. He came to Minneapolis in 1858. He engaged in steam- boating on the Minnesota, Mississippi and Red Rivers until 1877, with the exception of five years, during which he was engaged with the North-weslern Union Packet Company on the Chippewa river one year, and in the milling business at Wabasha, three years. In 1877, he engaged in milling in this city, in which he has since continued. He maiTied Miss Fran- ces E. Rollins, February 8th, 1869. Two chil- dren have been born to them, Payton R. and Agnes. Charles Evans Holt was born at Clinton, Mas- sachusetts. When eight years of age he moved BIOGBAPHICAJ. 565 with his parents to Cleveland, where his father still resides. Here he received his education, and at sixteen years of age, he enlisted in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry, in which he served three ■ years, engaging in the battles of Cross Keys, Cul- pepper Court House, and numerous others. He was honorably discharged, at the hospital, at City Point, Virginia, at that time and for many months after, being under the physician's care. He returned home in 1865, then removed to Bos- ton, where he was assistant superintendent and foreman of the iron works of George T. Mc- Lauthlin and Company. In 1875 he came to this city and was employed as head book-keeper for O. A Pray, and in 1878 became one of the pres- ent firm of.O. A. Pray and Company. While in Cleveland he was in the firm of Holt, Ruple and Company, machinists, also firm of D. Holt and Son. He was active in organizing the Young People's Christian Association, of Cleveland, and was first secretary, then president of the same. He is a director of the Widows and Or- phans' Protective (Life) Association of Minne- sota, and honorary vicQ-president, for Minnesota, of the United States Mutual Accident Associ- ation of New York and Chicago. His union with Miss Rebecca E. Sherman, occurred at Lo- well, Massachusetts, May 6th, 1867, They have four daughters: Alice, Agnes, Sophie, and Lucy. Their two sons are deceased. E. E. Holt was bom at Lebanon, Connecticut, November, 1823. He went to New York city in 1837, and for twelve years occupied the position of book-keeper lor J. W. and J. Morgan, coal dealers; he was also engaged by J. Odell, serving in the same capacity two years. He removed to Oswego county, New York, where he opened a general produce store; thence to Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, where he was engaged in the drug business twelve years. In 1867 he removed to this city and under the firm name of Treat, Holt and Company, began dealing in furniture, and at the end of one year closed out, and was employed by the Elevator Company, where he has since re- mained. He was married to Miss Anna Tilley of New Jersey, in 1843. Children: Carrie W., now wife of George H. Eastman; Minnie V., wife of E. B. Eelt; and Hudson K. who died at the age of eight years. Henry Honkomp, proprietor of the Minneap oils Cotton Mill, came to this city in .January, 1877, from Chicago, and has been engaged in the manufacture of seamless bags, carpet warp, etc. since his locating at the foot of Sixth Avenue south. Frank Hopper was born at Oswego, New York, May 29th, 1853. He came to McLeod county, Minnesota, in 1857, where he remained two years, removing thence to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. Two years later he went to Wavv rly and rented a mill which he had in control eight months, when he again changed his location to Le Sueur and worked in different mills until 1876. He lo- cated in Minneapolis in the spring of 1878, and has since been employed at the Anchor mill. He was married June 3d, 1878, to Miss Estella Chance, who bore him one child, Albert. Frank J. Horan, a native of Ireland, was born in Galway, March, 1847. He came to this coun- try in 1866, and remained in New York city three years, then came to Minneapolis, and has since been engaged in business as merchant tailor. He began business with very small capital, but by perseverance and hard work he has risen and now has an extensive business, employing thirty per- sons. Mr. Horan was married in 1878, to Maggie Mahoney. Mrs. J. W. Horan is proprietress of the Milwau- kee House, situated, at 112 Second street south. This house was built by Mr. J. W. Horan, in 1867, who was its proprietor until November 6th, 1874, when he died. His widow has since taken charge of the house, which has seventeen rooms, with oflSee, parlor, dining-room and kitchen on first floor. W. H. Horner was born in Washington county. Indiana, February 28th, 1848. He accompanied his parents to Scott county, Minnesota, in 1854, and remained with them, on the farm, until he reached manhood. In 1868 he removed to North- fleld and learned milling, remaining one and one- half years, when he went to Marshall, Lyon county, and took a claim, on which he lived two years. He then came to Minneapolis in Septem- ber, 1873, and engaged with C. A. Pillsbury, where he remained three years, then went to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, returning the next year and again was employed by Pillsbury as packer. He was married to Miss Dora La Roy in August, 1876. Their children are William B. and Bessie. 566 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. J. W. Horton, a native of England, was born March 23d, 3842. He came to the United States in 1850, locating at Minnetonlia, Minnesota. He farmed until 1861, when he enlisted in the United States Sharp Shooters, serving two and one-half years. After his discharge he located at Colum- bus, Ohio, remaining three years. In 1867, he came to this city, and practiced as a veterinary surgeon. From July, 1875, until August, 1880, he was driver of hose carriage No. 2. He was married April 17th, 1871, to Miss Julia A. Hoy. Their only child living is Frarikie. O. Hovelson was born February 23d, 1837, and is a native of Norway. He there passed his youth and learned his trade, that of shoe- maker. He came to the United States in 1868, working at his trade in Menomonee, Wisconsin, and other places until 1873, when he came to Min- neapolis and after being employed by boot and shoe firms five years, he opened a store of his own and has continued in the same place since. He was married in 1868, to Carrie Hanson of Norway. They have four children, Oluf, Hannah, Hilda, and Bemhard. E. P. Howell was born in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, November 8th, 1839, where he re- sided until 1867. He then removed to Minneapo- lis and first engaged with Walker and Heffel- finger, boot and shoe dealers, in whose employ he remained until 1873, when he became one of the firm of Heffelfinger, Howell and Company, at Red Wing, and resided there five years, when he sold his interest to Mr. Kingman and opened an establishment at his present location, 119 Nicollet Avenue. He is doing a fine business, employing six men in the custom department. Michael Hoy, special city detective, was born near Phillipstown, Ireland. He came with his parents to America, in March, 1853. He was first employed as a stone cutter in New York, then came west, locating at St. Anthony in 1857, and labored on the stone work of the State Universi- ty. He continued at his trade until the fall of 1859, when he went to Louisiana as foreman on the levees of the Mississippi river. The next year he returned to St. Anthony and took the contract for building the East Side Irish Cathohc Church. He enlisted in the Tenth Minnesota Volun- teers and was commissioned second lieutenant by Governor Eamsey. He went with Sibley's expe- dition across the plains in 1863, and during the trip encountered the Sioux Indians at different places. At the battle of Nashville, December 15th and 16th, 1864, where he was in command of company "K," he was wounded and was honorably discharged April, 1865, on account of his wounds. He returned to his home and in 1867 was elected city marshal of St. Anthony, serving seven years, until the consolidation of the two cities, since which he has been a member of the police force, serving as captain and chief. At present he is the city detective, which office was created for him by the council. He was married in October, 1860, to Miss Catherine Qualy, at St. Anthony. They have had twelve children, seven of whom are living. William Hoy, a native of Ireland, was born June 25th, 1835. He lived in his native place until fifteen years of age. In 1850 he came to America, locating at Brooklyn, where he resided two years, engaged in marble-cutting. He then removed to Otsego, New York, where he remained three years. In 1855 he came to Minnesota, lo- cating at St. Anthony, and teamed from that city to Little Falls with supplies. Three years later he was employed as assistant wagon-master by the government, on the Spirit Lake expedition against the Indians. In 1862 he joined the Tenth Minnesota, serving under General Sibley against the Indians, at Mankato. Two years after, he began the house-moving business, in which he has continued. He was married August 26th, 1859, to Mrs. Mary Kelly, a native of Ireland, by whom he has nine children : John, Bosanna, Willie, Agnes, Joseph, Tliomas, Edward, George, and Christopher. H. J. Hughes is a native of Wales, and was born in 1846. He came to America, locating in Columbia county, Wisconsin, where he remained seven years, then removed to Blue Earth county, Minnesota. He came to this city in the fall of 1873, and worked in Symes' barrel factory for two years and has since then been in the coopering business. Since June, 1878, he has been with the Co-operative Barrel Company. He was married in 1878, to Miss Anna McCormick. They reside at 1225 Ninth street south. Thomas S. Hughes was born in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829. His father died when he was eight years of age, when he, with his moth- BIOGBAPHICAL. 567 er and three sisters, went to Liverpool, Eng- land, there serving an apprenticeship of five years as stone-mason and brick-layer. In 1852 he was married, and with wife and mother came to America, locating at Cincinnati, Ohio. He worked at his trade five years, four of which were in the employ of the Little Miami Railroad Company. In 1857, he removed to Faribault, Minnesota, thence to Hastings, and after making the latter place his home seven years,- removed to Le Sueur county, on a farm. He came to Minne- apolis in 1866, and has since resided here, engag- ing in the pursuit of his trade, under the direction of George McMuUin. Mr. Hughes was married in 1852 to Miss Sarah Jones, who has borne him five children: Susan S., Edmond S., Katie E. S., Elizabeth S., and Thomas S., Jr. James Hull was bom December 15th, 1836, and is a native of Nova Scotia. He came to the United States in April, 1854. He worked at ship- building for thirteen years at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Wilmington, Delaware. He next was employed in building sleeping coaches for the Jackson and Sharp Car Company, remain- ing with them three years, when he went to Du- luth, and was in the employ of the railroad com- pany, building a depot and elevator. He remained one year, then came to Minneapohs, engaged as a mill-wright, in the different mills of the city. After the explosion, Messrs. Hull and Parker re- built the Pillsbury, Anchor and Empire mills, also the new elevator, in 1879, in company with L. C. Bisbee. He married Miss Jennie M. Brown , in 1868. They have two children living: Harry A. and Meta. H. H. Humphrey was born in Lorain county, Ohio, September 16th, 1844. He came to Minne- sota in 1854, and engaged in farming in Rice county, thence to this city in 1870, and has since made this his home. He was in the employ of Mr. Bid well until he entered into partnership with Daggett and Bidwell. He was married in Au- gust, 1864, to Miss Rosie Bidwell. B. Hunt was born at Baden, Germany, June 7th, 1834. He came to the" United States, in 1854, locating at Lansing, Iowa, and engaged in milling until 1866, when he came to tliis city. Here he engaged in milling one year, when he was appointed on the police force, where he served until 1878, except two years on accomit of sick- ness. On retiring from the force, he removed to Oregon, and once more engaged as a miller, and as such, remained until August, 1880,- when he returned to this city and became the proprie- tor of the Hennepin House,214 First street north. He was married to Margaret Hirt in 1860. They have three children living, Peter B., Kate, and Bernard X. Mr. Hunt also owns the building on Plymouth Avenue, occupied as the Bethany Home, which he erected in 1868. Samuel Hunter was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He came to the United States in 1852, located at Providence, Rhode Island, where he learned the trade of plumber and gasfitter. Five years later he removed to Chicago, thence to St. Louis, in 1859, where he resided until the first call for vol- unteers, when he enlisted in the Third Missouri Infantry. At the expiration of five months, he entered the United States Navy, and was attached to the navy yards at Cairo and Mound City, Illi- nois, until the close of hostilities. He came from St. Louis to this city in 1867; he returned three years later to St. Louis, where he remained three years, then came to this city and located. He was the first plumber here, and at that time were neither gas nor water-works. He was married in 1861, to Miss Rose Burns, of St. Louis. They are parents of four children living, Andrew W., Jessie, John B., and Samuel. George H. Huntington was born in Green Lake county, Wisconsin, in 1848. He attended the district schools until 1864, when he came west with his parents, locating in Dodge countj , Min- nesota. For five years he attended the North- western College, and taught school, when he came ■ to Minneapolis, engaged in the ice business with Roberts and Lum. In the fall of the same year, he was employed on the Cliicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad as brakeman; he served in diff- erent positions in railroading, and was also in the coopering business until 1878, when he opened and conducted the Bushnell House on Fourth street, Minneapolis. In May, 1880, he was ap- pointed on the police force, and is yet serving. He was married in 1878, to Miss Sarah Erickson, of North Branch, Minnesota. James Huntington was born in Canada East, May 29th, 1818. He came to Dodge county, Min- nesota, in 1864. AVhile there built a floiiring 568 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. mill, of which he was proprietor three years. In 1869 he bought the Bushnell House in this city, of which he was proprietor until 1876 ; he then removed to Hinckley, Minnesota, taut re- turned to this city two years later. He then rented the Sixth Avenue House, where he has since been. He was married in 1846, at Lowell, Massachusetts, to Miss Rachel C. Bur- bank, a native of Vermont. Their children are: George H., James H., Abbie H., and Alice H. C. James F. Huston, a native of New Brunswick, was bom May 11th, 1830. He came to Minne- apolis in 1865 and for four years had charge of the Monitor Plow Works. In 1870 he formed partnership with Mr. McCrimmon, with the firm name of Huston and McCrimmon, which was dis- solved in one year. He pursued his calling until 1874 in this city, when he removed to Eagle Har- bor, Michigan, where for three years he was in the employ of the government making improve- ments in the harbor. In June, 1879, he returned to this city and has since been in the pursuit of his trade. He married Miss Anna Hannes, in 1869. They have five children living: Nicholas, Mary J., Anna, Sarah and James. E. A. Hutchins, M. D., was born in Vermont, November 14th, 1838. His education was secured at different schools and Fort Edward Institute, New York ; he studied at Plattsburg, BurUngton, Vermont, and at Berkshire Medical College, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He practiced in St. Lawrence county. New York, until the spring of 1878, when he came to this city and is now per- manently located here. He was a member of the St. Lawrence County Medical Association and is now a member of the State Medical Society. He was married in 1863 ; his wife died leaving one daughter, Jennie C. In 1867 he re-married and has one daughter by his second wife, Gabrielle E. George E. Huy was born in Steuben county, New York, in 1819. He remained at the old homestead until 1851, when he came west, locat- ing at Long Prairie, Minnesota, in 1852, and the next year removed to Minneapolis and engaged in lumbering ; it was he who sawed the first lum- ber on the west side. In 1854 he was elected register of deeds and also served as superintend- ent of the Minneapolis Mill Company until 1857. He was elected justice of the peace in 1858, and about that time built and had charge of a planing mill in company with R. P. Russell, oh the site of the present Model mill. In 1861 he built the Dakota flouring mill and took as partner O. B. King ; in 1866 Mr. Huy became sole owner and eight years after, sold to S. S. Brown and com- pany. On account of failing health he went to the Black Hills, where he engaged in mining. He married Miss Mary Ticknor, who died a few years after, leaving one daughter, Mary E. He was again married, to Miss Caroline Taylor, who bore him five sons, all residents of this city: George L., Frank, Albert, Arthur and Douglass. L. Mell Hyde was bom at Almond, NewYork, in 1824. He came to Minneapolis in 1857, and published the Minnesota Beacon, a temperance paper, and afterwards the Rural Minnesotian, which was devoted to agriculture, also to the temperance work. In the years of 1858,' 59, and '60, he held the position of Grand Secretary of the Good Templars, and was again elected as such in 1880. His profession was that of house painting and wood engraving in which he con- tinued eight years, then engaged in wood engrav- ing only, at 222, Hennepin Avenue. He mar- ried Miss Annie H. Goodrich in 1860. They are parents of two children: William L. and Grace F. Valentine G. Hush was bom in Licking county, Ohio, in 1842. In 1867, he took the ad- vice offered to young men by Horace Greely, and came west, locating in Minneapolis. For two years he was engaged as clerk, and during that time was married to Florence M., daughter of Judge W. W. Woods, of Marysville, Ohio. In 1869, he, in company with three other gentlemen, started the City Bank, and three years later, he established V. G. Hush's Bank, in which he has since continued. Mr. Hush has been connected with banldng since boyhood, having never been engaged in any other business. The names of his children are: Estelle Woods, Harriet Louise, Jane Mary, Florence Belle, and William Woods. John Corrin Hutcliinson was bom on the Isle of Man, England, May 11th, 1849. He emigra- ted to America with his mother in 1867. He first worked on a farm near Red Wing for tsvo years, then taught in a district school for one year. Mr. Hutchinson then entered the Uni- versity in 1870, and by his energy and persever- ance, working at whatever he could get to do, BIOGBAPHICAL. 569 pushed his way through the institution, taking a complete classical course, and graduating in 1876. During the junior year he taught in the St. Paul high school. After graduating he was employed as instructor of Greek and Latin in the Univers- ity. In 1880 Mr. Hutchinson was appointed as- sistant prof essor of Greek, which position he now occupies. He was marded in 1876, to Miss L. D. Hinckley, daughter of J. B. Hinckley, one of the earliest settlers in Minneapolis. They have three children, Effle H., Drusilla and Ruth. Eev. Dr. Henry lliowizi was born in Russia, January, 1851, where he attended school until sixteen years of age, pursuing rabbinical studies. He then left for Germany, spending two years under the auspices of Dr. Baerwald ; thence to the Jewish seminary in Berlin, under the care of the celebrated Hon viz, remaining with him for three years ; from there to the theological semi- nary at Breslau, for over one year. Was then called to London by the Anglo-Jewish Associa- tion, to acquire a knowledge of the English lan- guage and popular science, for the purpose of vis- iting the East as a teacher and director of a school. Erom London he was sent to Paris, for the purpose of learning the French language, at the same time studying Spanish. After remain- ing in Paris fifteen months, he proceeded to Af- rica, for the purpose of managing a school for children at Tetuan, remaining there for seventeen months, battling with the cholera, famine, and the barbarisms of the uncivilized natives, whose great or chief mark of honor was to kill an infi- del, for such they called all who came to civilize them. Erom that point he crossed to Gibralter, remaining there for one year, instructing the- youth, preaching in the synagogue, and giving lectures. Erom there he proceeded to America, landing in New York, July 20th, 1880, remaining in the city for a few days, then going to Harris- sonburgh,Virginia,to officiate during the hohdays. So satisfactory were his labors that they invited him to become their resident pastor ; but a differ- ence arising upon the day of worship, which was not in keeping with the Jewish Sabbath, he, in a scholarly letter, clothed in kind and courte- ous language, declined the offer, and left for Chi- cago, Illinois, where he preached one sermon, to the entire satisfaction of the congregation ; but the Portuguese pronunciation which he gave them did not agree with their German pronunciation. Bidding them good-bye, he left for Cincinnati, spending two or three weeks with Rev. Dr. J. M. Wise, who advised him of the necessity of the Hebrew Reformed congregation of Minneapolis, to which place he immediately came, and received a unanimous call, which he accepted, and is now in full charge, very much to the satisfaction of all. B. E. Inks, a native of Brandonville, Preston county. West Virginia, was born July 7th, 1855, and in November, 1857, accompanied his father to Minneapolis. With the exception of two years in the grocery store of Bradley and Branch, Mr. Inks has always worked at carpentering, be- ing employed by other parties until November, 1880, when the firm of Stranahan and Inks, con- tractors and builders, was formed. C. H. Ireland was born June 19th, 1836, at Dexter, Maine, and came to this city in 1876. Mr. Ireland is an old hotel man, having had sev- eral years experience in the business while in Maine. In 1880 he rented the Eewer House at 216 Second street south; it is of brick, and three stories high. Mr. Ireland keeps a strictly tem- perance house. His marriage with Sarah Lang- don, of Hyde Park, Massachusetts, took place June 1st, 1870. In June, 1874, she died, leaving one child, Clarence G. C. Jacobson, a native of Norway, was born August 9th, 1835. He emigrated to the United States in November, 1868, and first settled at Red Wing, Minnesota. In 1869 he removed to this city, and worked at various lines of business un- til July, 1878, when he einbarked in the grocery trade; he owns the property where he is now Iot cated, at 1314 Eourth street south, and is doing a prosperous business. In January, 1862, he mar- ried Sigrid Engebretsen. They have five living children: John, Laura, Wolborg, Charlotte and Jacob. George G. Jacoby was born in 1838, in Germa- ny. He moved to New York in 1859, remained two years, and in 1861 enlisted in the Eourteenth New York volunteer militia, the first regiment that enlisted to serve through the war, served one year, and was discharged for disability. He located in West Virginia, and transacted a gen- eral merchandise business until 1865, when he re- turned to New York; after a three years' resi- 570 mSTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. dence there, he went to Philadelphia, where for nine years he was in the wholesale liquor trade. In 1877 he came to Minneapolis, and after about two years' experience in the clothing and mer- chant tailoring business, returned to the wholesale liquor trade. lie was married April 18th, 1868, to Fannie Mikols. W. II. Jacoby, photograph artist, was born at Massillon, Ohio, May 24th, 1841. Since the early age of fourteen he has studied the art, and now stands in the front rank of photographers. In 1861 he opened a gallery at Dayton, Ohio, from there he went to SpringSeM, thence to Xenia and in 1866 removed to this city. He commenced business here at the corner of Bridge square and Second street, and about five years after, built his present studio at 252 Nicollet Avenue. In September, 1860, he married Louisa Stafford. They have one child, Charles L. Matthew Jarvie, a native of Scotland, was born December 18th, 1827. He came to the United States in 1855, and settled in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, where he worked at the woolen manufacturing business; he moved from that county in 1857, and continued the same pur- suit at various places. In 1871 he came here and was at once engaged as superintendent of the weaving department of the North Star Woolen Mills. This position he resigned in 1873, and entered the grocery trade in which he is meeting with success: he owns the property where he is now located. No. 1329, Fourth street south. His wife was Miss M. Jarvie, whom he married in 1855. Thomas Jeffery, a native of England, was born September 16th, 1845, in Derbyshire. In October, 1865, he came to the United States and lived in New York city until 1875, when he removed to Minneapolis and started in the carpet business; first alone, then as Kenyon and Jeffery, and now the firm name is T. Jeffery and Com- pany. Their place of business is No. 225 Nicol- let Avenue. He was married in 1869, to Miss M. B. Hague of England; the fruits of this union were four children, only one of whom survives: John Arthur, aged seven years. G. A. Jenks, born at Watertown, Jefferson county, New York, in 1826. He removed to Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1846, and was em- ployed in the manufacture of machinery, with L. and A. G. Goes; after about two years he was given the general management of the financial department; he was with this firm ten years. In 1856 he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and ac- cepted a similar position in the wholesale dry goods establishment of Pittman Brothers. In 1860 he came to Minnesota, and in 1862 was ap- pointed republican commissioner to go into the army and take the vote of soldiers; and in 1865 was at Prairie du Chien, in the quartermaster's department. He engaged in the manufacture of barrels, for a time, at Excelsior, and in 1872, came to Minneapolis; he worked for different firms until September 1st, 1878, since which time he has been employed by Eraser and Shepherd as general book-keeper. In 1846 he married Pam- elia Lockwood. They have one child: Arthur, who is now assistant train dispatcher for the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway. A. W. Jewett, a native of Maine was bom in June, 1840, at Aurora. His father was a black- smith and so he commenced learning that trade as soon as he was large enough to hold a hammer, and has continued in the business since. In April, 1869, he came to this city and is now a member of the firm of Myers and Jewett. De- cember 11th, 1872, Mr. Jewett married Anna Mc- Causland. They have two sons: Ira and Leon. A. M. Johnson, a native of Ohio, was bom May 29th, 1849, in Logan county. He accompanied his parents to Minneapolis in 1866, and attended school here three years. Until 1872 he worked with his father at building, and then started in the milling business at the "Old City Mill," where he remained three years ; he then went to the Pettit mill where he is still employed. Mr. John- son's marriage with Miss Clarinda Scott occurred October 11th, 1874. Two children have been born to them: Nellie and Gertrude. Asa E. Johnson, M. D., was born at Bridge- water, Oneida county. New York, March 16th, 1825. He first studied medicine in 1849 with Dr. Kellog, a homeopathic physician ; then studied three years, in Otsego county, with Dr. Erastus King; afterward, he became dissatisfied with his homeopathic experience and attended two courses of lectures at the State University of New York, where he graduated March 16th, 1851. The fol- lowinsc May he went to Beloit, Wisconsin, and practiced there until May, 1853, then removed to BIOGBAPHIGAh. 571 St. Anthony. Dr. Johnson is the oldest practic- ioner in the city. He was married March 16th, 1863, to Hannah Russel, of Wisconsin. They are the parents of one child, Roesina. The Dr. was county physician for one year, and on the board of health two years. It was he who suggested the organization of the Minnesota Academy of natural sciences, now located in this city; he was the first president of that institution and held the office four years. He has served on committees of various natural sciences, entomo- logy, comparative anatomy, geology ■and crypto- gamic botany; he classified and identified eight hundred species in myoological botany. Among the classifications, the Dr. is the discoverer of seventeen new species, peculiar to this state; some of them have been confirmed by such high au- thority as Professor Peck, state botanist of New York; he also discovered at Palmer Lake mound, Brooklyn, Minnesota, the skeleton of a mound builder; this, curiosity is now in the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. Charles W. Johnson was bom in Belleville, St. Clair county, IlUnois, March 17th, 1843. He re- ceived an high school education at his native place, and learned the printer's trade at intervals between the terms of school. • He came to Min- nesota in 1 860 and worked on a farm and taught school two years ; enlisted in the Sixth Minneso- ta and served over three years. At the close of the war he returned to Minneapolis, taught school and finally resumed his business of setting type, drifting naturally into newspaper work in the ca- pacity of correspondent, reporter and editor on various city papers. He was elected and served one year as city clerk. In 1873 he was elected assistant secretary of the state senate and the fol- lowing year was elected secretary of that body and for six years afterwards performed the duties of that office. In 1880 he was appointed super- visor of the census in the second census district of Minnesota. During the winter of 1881 he was engaged as the Washington correspondent of the Pioneer-Press, and received the republican nomi- nation for chief clerk of the United States senate. He has been engaged actively in politics of Min- nesota as a republican for many years, and has been secretary of the state central committee and of the republican central committee for the Third congressional district. His family consists of his wife, the daughter of J. D. Eich, Esq., and two promising children. David B. Johnson, a native of Winchester, Gurnsey county, Ohio, was born August 7th, 1852. When seventeen years of age, he went to Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio, and remained there about two years; he then attended the Geneva institute for the same length of time. At the age of twenty-one, he began the study of law with Milton Barnes at Cambridge, Ohio, and later with Amos Coggswell, of Owatonna, Min- nesota. He was admitted to the bar in Febru- ary, 1876, and practiced law at Owatonna three years, then came to this city and has since re- sided here. He married Miss Carrie M. Johnson at Owatonna, June 27th, 1877. They have one child, Antoinette. C.Johnson was born in Sweden,September 12th, 1847. He emigrated to America in 1868, and after a short stay in Kansas, he removed to Good- hue county, Minnesota, where he remained until 1872. He then came to Minneapolis and engaged in the grocery business in which he continued until becoming a member of the firm of Eyberg and Company in the Stockholm meat market. He was married in 1880 to Anna Peterson, of Sweden. P. A. Johnson was bom in Sweden in 1849. He emigrated to the United States in 1871, and located in Minneapolis. For five years he was with the American Express Company, and since that time has been m the hotel business. He has been proprietor of the Swea House since Septem- ber, 1879. It is located at 723 Washington Av- enue south. His marriage with Lena Cornell oc- curred in June, 1880. George II. Johnson was born in Norway. He came with his parents to America in 1850, and settled in Cook county, Illinois. In 1862 he en- listed in the First Illinois ArtUlery. He served most of the time with the army of the Cumber- land, and was in the battles of Chickamauga, Stone Eiver, Lookout Mountain, Mission Eidge, and others. He also accompanied Sherman as far as At- lanta on his march to the sea. He was mustered out in July, 1865, and came to this city in the au- tumn following. He worked in the lumber mills for a time, and then went on the police force. Mr. Johnson was elected sheriff in 1870-72-74, and went to the legislature in 1876. In May, 1877, he 572 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. was appointed deputy sheriff, and has since con- tinued to fill that office. His wife was An- nie Sheridan, of Anoka. She has borne him five children. Those living are : George and Nellie. J. W. Johnson was born May 2d, 1826, in Franklin county, New York. He learned the contracting and building business, and worked in that line until 1857, when he engaged in mer- cantile business. In August, 1864, he moved to Red Wing, Minnesota, and in 1868 came to Min- neapolis. He was in the dry goods trade here until September, 1869, when he took charge of the North Star Iron "Works, then located in St. Anthony, but removed to the west side, and greatly enlarged in 1870. In 1872 he bought one- fourth interest in the works, and in 1874 bought the other three-fourths, and conducted the busi- ness until 1880, when he retired from active busi- ness. January, 1881 , he was elected president of the City Bank. Mr. Johnson has been married twice ; his first wife was Martha "Walker. The second wife, Mrs. Malinda Boman, has borne him three children : Annie, Frederick, and "Walter. K. Johnson, a native of Norway, was born in 1844. He emigrated to the United States in 1868, and ten years later came to Minneapolis. He is engaged as mill-wright at the lumber mill of P. G. Lamoreaux, and resides at 203 Third street north. Peter Johnson, a native of Sweden, was born July 12th, 1845. He attended school until 1861, then followed farming until 1866, when he came to America; he first located in "Wright county, Minnesota, and in May, 1867, came to this city; he worked as an apprentice at the mason's trade until 1870, then worked five years as journey- man, and since 1875 has been contracting. Mr. Johnson still retains his old homestead in "Wright county. He was married August 3d, 1873, to Miss Christina Swedeburg; they reside at 507 Fourth street north. Two children have been born to them: Carrolton and John Edward. "W. H. Johnson was born October 5th, 1825, at Ogdensburg, New York. At the age of nine- teen years commenced lumbering; in 1849 he went to "Wisconsin, bought 160 acres of land, and after the heavy work of clearing was done, he run, in connection with his farm, a saw-mill and lumbering business. Mr. Jolinson hauled a por- tion of the rolling stock for the Chicago and North-western railway from Sheboygan to Fond du Lac, a distance of forty-one miles, on a plank- road, using eight teams; he drew an engine en- tire. In June, 1864, he came to Minneapolis, and had charge of Morrison's saw-mill until 1879, when he was elected superintendent of the wa- ter-works. He was councilman four consecutive years, and went to the legislature in 1877-'78. He married Miss Sarah Lyman, of Jefferson county, New York, March 11th, 1847. Their children are Jasper and Sumner. Mr. Johnson and family reside at 1229 Eighth street south. Joseph Jonas, a native of Prussia, was bom Jime 16th, 1848. He came to the United States in 1872, and lived in St. Louis, Missouri, iratil the following year, when he came to Minneapolis, and has since been engaged in the sale stable business. In 1880 he started a grocery and gen- eral merchandise store at his present location, No. 420 Plymouth Avenue. Mr. Jonas married, in 1879, Caroline Sternberg, of Prussia. J. G. Jones was born in "Washington county, Maine. He came to Minneapolis in 1857, and went into the clothing business in company with his father. In 1861 he enlisted in the Third Min- nesota "Volunteers, and served four years. He participated in the battle of Murfreesboro, the seige of Vicksburg and the capture of Little Rock; he then came to Minnesota and took part in the war against the Sioux Indians ; he was at the battle of "W^ood Lake where three hundred Indians were captured, thirty-eight of whom met the death penalty on the scaffold at Mankato in 1862. On being mustered out of service he re- turned to Minneapolis, and was elected county treasurer while absent on his wedding tour. This office he held four years. Since 1870 he has been engaged in the logging business. He now has lumber yards at the corner of "Washington Ave- nue and Tenth street north. In 1866 he married Anna Harrison. They have two children: Carrie and Harrison. Edwin Smith Jones, president of the Hennepin County Savings Bank, was born June 3d, 1828, at Chaplin, "Windham county, Connecticut. He re- ceived such education as the schools of his native town afforded, and attended two terms at the Monson Academy, Massachusetts. After com- pleting his academical studies he began the study of law in the office of Hon. J. H. Carpenter, at BIOGRAPHICAL. 573 WillimantiCjConnecticut. Having finished liis pro- fessional course he wished to explore the rich and fertile lands of the west, which were only waiting to reward the toil of those industrious ones who were willing to work. He accordingly carried out his plans in 1854, coming to seek a home and for- tune in Minnesota. Finding Minneapolis a de- sirable place in which to locate, he entered the law office of Hon. Isaac Atwater to complete his reading. He was admitted to the bar in 1855 and continued with Mr. Atwater until 1857, and after- wards alone. The next year, 1858, he was elected to the office of probate judge, in which he con- tinued until 1861. In 1863 he entered the Union army and was commissioned captain and commis- sary of subsistence in the department of the gulf, an office which he retained to 1866, when he re- turned to Minneapolis and resumed the practice of his profession. During the years of 1866-7 he was chairman of the county board of supervisors. Continuing to practice until 1870. Judge Jones accepted the position he now occupies, president of the bank. In 1873-4 he was a member of the city council. Since 1860 he has been connected with the Masonic fraternity. He and his wife are members of Plymouth Church in this city. He was married in September, 1853, to Miss Harriet M., daughter of Whitman and Harriet James of his' native town, and lost his wife twelve years later. He was married again in September, 1866, at Minneapolis, to Miss Abigal J. James, sister of his first wife. She died in April, 1872. In May, 1877, at Goffetown, New Hampshire, Mr. Jones was wedded to Miss Susan C, daughter of Charles and Susan C. Stinson. His children living are: Edwin S., Jr., Ellen, David P. and William O. R. F. Jones, born in St. Lawrence county. New York, September 25th, 1852. He came to Minneapolis in 1875, and since then has been a wholesale and retail dealer in oysters, fish, game, etc., at his place of business. No. 306 Hennepin Avenue. The wholesale trade is very extensive; shipments being made throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and the north-western territo- ries. He is the originator of the brand of oysters known as the Gold Seal; they are packed and shipped to him by his branch house in Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Jones family consists of a wife and one child. W. H. Jones, born in Wales, May 1st, 1845. In the spring of 1857, he accompanied his parents to America, and lived with then on a farm in Columbia county, Wisconsin, until 1866, when he went to Green Lake county, and for two seasons was in the agricultural implement business; then he was employed one year as general agent for a Milwaukee firm, and afterward with E. H. Gam- mon. In January, 1878, he established himself in the agricultural implement business in this city. He is now president of the Piano Manufacturing Company of Piano, Illinois. He married Eliza- beth Owens, September 18th, 1876. They have three children, Hugh, William and Arthur. Amos C. Jordan, managing editor of the Tri- bune, was born in Eaton, Canada East, April 22d, 1842. He removed to Minnesota with his parents in May, 1854, locating at Purgatory, four miles from Excelsior in Hennepin county. In 1857, he entered as an apprentice in the office of the St. Anthony Express, then owned by Isaac Atwater. In 1861, with four other compositors of the Atlas, owned by W. S. King, he enlisted in the First Minnesota Infantry, and in the absence of Mr. King at Washington, they closed the office. Re- maining in the service continuously until Au- gust, 1865, he returned to Minneapolis, and soon afterward secured the position of telegraph edi- tor of the Daily Tribune. In 1872, he resigned, and with Col. Lounsberry, founded the Bismarck Tribune, of which he had entire editorial charge during the first year. In 1874, he joined as night editor of the St. Paul Pioneer, owned by David Blakeley. After the consolidation of the Pioneer and the Press, he continued as night editor of the consolidated concern until the purchase of the Minneapolis Tribune by Mr. Blakeley, when he once more returned to Minneapolis to assume the duties of managing editor, which position e has since held. Mr. Jordon has done more of edito- rial service in Minneapolis than perhaps any other person. His continuous service in respon- sible positions on leading journals in the state, amply testify to his capacity and ability. R. W. Jordan, a native of Ohio, was born in 1843. In 1852 he went to Ihinois, and in 1859 removed to Colorado, where he commenced busi- ness as an architect. In 1871 he went to Salt Lake city, and remained one year, from there to Chicago, and thence to Sedalia, Missouri. His 574 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. eye-sight failed and for a time he was obliged to abandon his profession, but resumed it event- ually, and in 1879, established his olHce in Minne- apolis. He was married in 1870 to Matilda Lewis, who was the first graduate under Miss Jones, who came from England to establish the Pestalozzian system of education. Mrs. Jordan was the founder of Trenton Institute, of Trenton, New Jersey. John P. Joseph, born in Germany, February 22d, 1837. He came to America in 1869, and lived two years in New York city; he then re- sided in Ohio seven years, and at the expiration of that time came to this city. In 1863 he en- listed in the Seventy-second Ohio; was shortly after transferred to the mechanical department of Franklin shops, at Nashville, Tennessee, and remained there until the close of the war. In 1878 he commenced the business of bottling beer, and since 1880 has also manufactured all kinds of soda water, champagne, cider, seltzer-water, etc.; his place of business is at the comer of Mar- shall north-east and Thirteenth Avenue. Mr. Joseph was married in 1860, to Miss Katrina Keinhart. They have four children. GHAPTEB LXXX. BIOGKAPniCAL, K, L AND M. John D. Kaestner was born October 21st, 1852, in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. He moved to St. Paul in 1871 ; five years later he came to this city and started in the shoe findings, hide and leather business, at No. 228 Washington Avenue north. He is doing a prosperous trade here, and also acts as agent for a Sheboygan firm, buying hides and shipping to them. Mr. Kaestner was married in 1876 to Amelia Selsemeyer, of Wisconsin. They are the parents of one child: Lillian. J. Kantrowitz was born January 1st, 1844, in Germany. He came to America in 1859, and lo- cated in New York, where he was employed in a mercantile house until 1861, when he went to Troy and spent six years in the clothing business with A. Ksensky Brothers. In the fall of 1880 he came here and established the Bay State one- price clothing house, at 220 Hennepin Avenue, where he is doing a thriving business. He was married February I2th, 1865, to Pauline Cohen. Their children are James, Isaac, Alexander, Minnie, Eosa, Frank and Josephine. Frederick Herman Karlson was born in Swe- den in 1834; attended the University of Stock- holm a number of years, and was engaged as missionary for a short time. He came to America in 1868, settled in Mitchell county, Iowa, and the following year removed to Fayette county. In 1870 he was ordained in La Salle county, Illinois, and at once commenced his ministerial labor in Fayette county, towa. Came to Minneapolis in 1880 and took charge of ^St. Paul's church ; also has a Norwegian congregation in St. Paul, which he visits once in three months. Has three chil- dren. Alma Victoria, Agnes F. Louisa and Karl Herman, bom respectively in 1863, 1867 and 1873. C. II. Keator came to Minnesota in 1856, lo- cated at Greenwood, Hennepin county, and for five years followed hunting and trapping. In 1861 he enlisted in the Mounted Eangers, and in 1862 in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteers. From 1865 until 1867 he was in the auction and com- mission business, then he formed a partnership with Mr. Snyder in the biU posting business; also as carriers for the Minneapolis Daily Tribune. In 1879 they sold the carrier business, but still con- tinue the bill posting. Their oflBce is in the Trib- une counting room. City hall. Mr. Keator mar- ried Martha McLeod November 15th, 1864. Their only child, Jessie, died at the age of two years. C. T. Keen was born September 21st, 1842, at Calais, Maine. In 1865 he went to Oskosh, Wis- consin, and was lumbering eight years, and two years in the hotel business. In 1875 he removed to this city, and followed carpentering until March, 1880, when he became proprietor of the Glyndon House, 219 Third street south. He was married October 18th, 1875, to Miss Susanna King, who has borne him one child, Daisy. Matthias Kees, bom in Prussia, September 27th, 1839. He came to America in 1856, and first set- tled in Illinois, but soon moved to Marathon county, Wisconsin, and until 1859 was interested in the lumber trade there. Then he returned to Illinois, and remained until 1862, when he went BIOGBAPHICAL. 575 to Racine, Wisconsin, and enlisted in the Eiglith Wisconsin Battery, liglit artillery. He was mus- tered out in August, 1865. In September of the same year he came to this city, and worked as clerk until 1869, when he started a grocery store. He is now located at 328 First street north. In 1877 Mr. Kees was elected to the city council to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Alder- man Thompson, and in the spring of 1880 he was again elected. In 1866 he married Susan Knaeble. Seven children have been born to them. Those living are : Clara, Susan, and Edwin. Andrew Keim was born in Qhillicothe, Ohio, April 18th, 1869. In early youth he went to San- dusky, and in 1868 removed to St. Cloud, Minne- sota, where he learned harness-making. He came to this city in 1877, and worked for George Thele until November. 1880, when he started in busi- ness with Mr. Arnoldy, at 120 Plymouth Avenue. George Hackett Keith was born in Orange county, Vermont, May 4th, 1825. He attended the district schools at home until sixteen years of age, when he worked on a farm one season, for seven dollars per. month. He then went to Meriden, New Hampshire, and passed four years in studying and teaching. He removed to Indianapolis, and engaged in teaching private school one year, after which he was appointed su- perintendent of the preparatory department of the Eranklin College, at Franklin, Indiana. He continued his studies and attended lectures until 1852, when he graduated from the medical college at Woodstock, Vermont. He moved to the city of New York and began practice, paying considera- ble attention to dentistry. In 1855 he came to Minneapolis, and has since resided here, with the exception of 1859-60, when he made a southern trip. Dr. Keith commenced the practice of his profession in this city, but turned his attention almost wholly to dentistry. He was a member of the first state legislature, which met in 1858-9. During the Indian war of 1862, he was surgeon of the expedition sent to the relief of Fort Aber- crombie. In 1863 he received the appointment of provost marshal for the second district of Min- nesota, and held the position until the close of the war. In May, 1871, he was appointed post- master, and re-appointed in 1875. He was mar- ried July 2d, 1851, to Anna Judson, daughter of Dr. Jonathan Going. She died in 1862. The present Mrs. Keith was Henrietta, daughter of S. A. and Dora Jewett. Their children are Walter, Mabel, and Mary. H. C. Keith, a native of Randolph, Vermont, was born in 1823. In 1841 he moved to Dover, New Hampshire, and remained there three years in the dry-goods and drug trade; he then travel- ed tliree years with Dr. Cutler, and in 1853 set- tled in Minneapolis. He pre-empted what has since been known as Falls City, now a part of Minneapolis. Until 1877 he was contracting and building; then he was in the real estate business till 1877, when he went to Lake Minnetonka; he spends his summers there, and will build aboard- ing house on Howard's Point. In 1844 he mar- ried Ruth Canney, of Dover, New Hampshire. Three children have been born to them. All are now living in this city. Albert A. Keith was born at Dover, New Hampshire, January 30th, 1851. At the age of three years he came with his parents to Minneso- ta. They located on the bank of the river, about three miles below Minneapolis. Albert received his education in the graded schools of this city, and attended the college at Hillsdale, Michigan, one year, after which he returned home and took a position as clerk in the post-office and remained five years. When the carrier system was adopt- ed, he was promoted to the position of superin- tendent of carriers, which he has filled five years. He was married in March, 1874, to Miss Maggie McKahan, of Minneapolis. They have one boy, Louis Henry, aged two years. Mr. Keith has been a member of the Old Settlers' Association since its organization. J. M. Keller was born in Prussia, April 17th, 1830. He came to the United States in 1849, and settled in St. Louis in 1850. He came to this city in 1854, and worked four years for M. S. Hoblitt. He bought, W'ith Frank Rorbach, the Morgan mill at Shingle Creek, but sold in 1865, and the following year was in the cattle trade. In 1866 he went in business with a nephew, but owing to ill health he sold in 1869. He opened the market at his present location, 428 First Ave- nue north, in September, 1879. Mr. Keller's wife was Minnie Runge. They have six children living. H. H. Kelley was born in Washington county, Maine, February 4th, 1854. In the fall of 1869 576 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. he came to this city, and was employed, as clerk in different- business houses until he started a meat market in company with his brother; they continued this until August, 1880, when they sold, and established their stock-yards and slaugh- ter-house. W. A. Kelley, brother of the above, is a native of Maine; he was born in Washington county, December 27th, 1851. He has been in partner- ship with his brother ever since his arrival in Minneapolis in 1874. Dr. E. S. Kelly was born June 24th, 1848, in Ottawa, Canada, where he received a liberal edu- cation. He came to Minnesota in 1867 and locat- ed in this city. He entered the State University in the second year of its existence and studied there five years. He first studied medicine with Dr. H. H . Kimball, and graduated from Kush Medical College, February 1878, being first in his class. Immediately after graduating he returned to Minneapolis and has since continued in prac- tice here. June 1st, 1880, Dr. Kelly was elected county physician. F. W. KeUy was bom April 5th, 1851, at Brooklyn, Long Island. He learned the plumb- ing trade at Cleveland, Ohio ; worked at it there and in New York city until 1869, when he re- moved to St. Paul ; he lived there several years aud ,then worked two years in Chicago. He came here in 1873, and engaged with "Wilson and Rogers, J. L. Spink, and others in his line of business until 1877, since which time he has been alone. Mr. Kelly was married in 1875, to Miss Catherine Collins of St. Paul. H. Krueger was born at Watertown, Wiscon- sin, October 16th, 1859. He learned the trade of gunsmith at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. In 1877 he came to Minneapolis and established business at his present location. A description of his busi- ness may be found elsewhere. W. F. Kelly, a native of Ireland, was bom in 1838. He lived in England from 1849 until 1862 when he emigrated to America; for a short time he lived in New York city, then went to Pennsylvania and in 1864 returned to New York. The year following he removed to this city and worked in the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad shops until 1872, when he started in the grocery trade, in which he is having a rapidly growing business. In Nov., 1857, he married Annie Eyan. Edward Kennedy was bom in Ireland. In 1861 he came to the United States and lived in New York until 1865, employed as blacksmith for a railroad company. He then removed to Minne- apolis and worked as engineer in the machine shops for the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul company. He worked some time with Mr. But- ler to familiarize himself with the manufacture of mill picks, and then embarked in that business. His shop and contents were entirely destroyed by fire in November, 1880, but he rebuilt on First street south where he is now located. His wife was Margaret Murphy. Their children are Ed- ward and Margaret. A. H. Kenyon was bom in Washington county, New York, September 14th, 1842. He came here in February, 1873, and engaged in the dry goods trade for about three years; then he was in partnership with Thomas Jeflfery a while, and in August, 1880, went in the carpet business with Mr. McVeigh. The firm carries a full line of everything appertaining to the wholesale and retail carpet trade. Walter Kerridge was bom in Norfolk county, England, January 21st, 1854. He attended the public schools until eighteen years of age, then learned the florist business which he still fol- lows. In 1872 he came to America, and to this city in 1876. In June of the following year, he, in company with his father and brother, estab- lished their present business at 617 Fourth street north. Mr. Kerridge has never married. John Keys was born in 1842. In 1862 he moved to Canada, learned the blacksmith's trade when young, and has worked at it twenty-one years. He removed to Hastings, Minnesota, in June, 1862, thence to Granville, Dakota county, where he lived five years. September, 1879, he came here and opened a shop on First street south, and in March, 1880, formed a partnership with T. II. Cain and bought the shop. No. 117 First Avenue south. He was married in 1863, and is the father of five children. B. W. Kimball, M. D., was born in Bethel, Oxford county, Maine, March 12th, 1829. He received his early education at Gould's academy, and at the Brighton academy, of Cumberland county. He first studied medicine with Dr. Twitchell, of his native place, and next with Dr. Peasley, of Hanover, New Hampshire. He grad- BIOGRAPHICAL 577 uated with the degree of M. D., from the medi- cal department of Bowdoin College, Maine, in 1857. He practiced eight years as government physician in Idaho and Oregon, and in July, 1869, came to this city. He has been in practice as an occulist and aurist since 1871, having studied at the Manhattan eye and ear infirmary, the New York eye and ear hospital, and also with Dr. Mark Stephenson of New York. In 1875 he married Susie Lyon. They have two children living. T. S. King removed to Minneapolis in the au- tumn of 1862, and has since been a resident of the city. Immediately upon coming to the city, accepted a position on the State Atlas, a weekly paper published by W. S. King, and remained with the paper in a business and editorial capa- city until the birth of the Minneapolis Daily Tribune in the summer of 1867, into which the Atlas was merged. He was city editor of the Tribune for the first eighteen months of its exis- tence. In July, 1871, accepted a tempting offer from the publishers of the St. Paul Pioneer, and devoted himself to establishing the Minneapolis branch and editorial department of that paper. Mr. King has since been, and now is, connected with this Pioneer and its successor, the Pioneer Press, as Minneapolis city editor. Charles D. Kingsley, born in Medina county, Ohio, September 15th, 1826. When quite young, he moved with his parents to Missouri, and in April, 1846, located at Marine Mills, Minnesota; he followed lumbering three years, and in June, 1849, removed to St. Anthony. He worked at his trade of stone mason and plasterer a number of years, and in 1862, enlisted in the Ninth Minne- sota Volunteer Infantry; he was captured in June, 1864, and confined at Andersonville, Savannah and Millen prisons. He came home on a furlough and was honorably discharged August 1st, 1865. He has served on the police force of this city since May, 1879. His wife was Julia Shepherd, who has borne him four children, Ira, Effle, and William; John (deceased.) Edward Kingsley, a life long resident of Min- neapolis, was bom May 2d, 1856. He received his education m the public schools of this city. He has been employed in the manufacture of eave troughs, and is at present running a planer in an establishment of that kind. In 1871, he 37 volunteered in the fire department, and was appointed stoker; on organization of the paid de- partment, he was given the position of first pipe- man and in May, 1880, was appointed foreman. He was married in Minneapolis, April 17th, 1878, to Miss Augusta Gould. Their union has been blessed with one child. Burton. E. D. Kirst, a native of Germany, was born in 1831. When but fourteen years of age he com- menced to learn cabinet-making. In 1856 he came to America, and for two years lived in Sul- livan county. New York, then removed to Ded- ham, Massachusetts, and remained until July, 1861, when he came to this city. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Ninth Minnesota, Com- pany B. The first summer was spent in the Indian campaign; then he went, south and partic- ipated in all the battles of the regiment. He was mustered out August, 1865. Mr. Kirst does cab- inet work, repairing, general jobbing, and manu- factures corn husk mattresses at 923 First street north. Mr. Kirst was married in 1861. His wife died in 1876; she was the mother of two boys. A. H. Kirk was bom in Broome county, New York, July, 1847. He enlisted in the Sixteenth New York Battery, February, 1864, and was hon- orably discharged in July, 1865. He came to this city in 1871, and was employed by O. A. Pray and Company for two years. After that he took charge of the mill fumishing shops for J. W. Johnson, and also did the draughting for the establishment, until May 1st , 1878, when he started for himself in the business of manufactur- ing mill furnishings. He married Nettie Strong, May 15th, 1873. Their two children are Zoe and Freeman. M. J. Klopp was born November 28th, 1847, in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania. In 1855 he went to Logansport, Indiana, and at the age of fifteen years commenced learning carriage-making, wh .ch trade he has since followed. Mr. Klopp"s poor health obliged him to travel, and he spent some time in California, Colorado and Arkansas. In June, 1878, he came to Minneapolis, and worked at his trade, being employed by different firms until October, 1880, when he opened a shop at 99 Main street S. E. At the age of sixteen years he en- listed and served eight months, then re-enlisted and served until 1865. His wife was Christiana ■ Schaefer. They have one son, Henry. 578 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. J. W. Kline, a native of Frederick county, Mary- land, was bom in 1839. He came to Minneapo- lis in 1874 and worked at his trade, that of cooper, until 1877, when he, assisted by others, formed the North Star Barrel Company. At present Mr. Kline is president of this company. He re- sides with his family in this city. Rev. David Buell Knickerbacker D. D., was born in Rensselaer county, New York, Feb. 24th, 1833. He is the son of Hon. Herman Knicker- backer, who was a member of congress from that district, also judge of probate in Rensselaer coun- ty. David B. was prepared for college at the Academy of Greenwich, New York; he then en- tered Trinity College, Hartford, and graduated in 1853 ; and in June, 1856, he graduated from the Theological Seminary of the Protestant Epis- copal Church of New York city. On the first Sunday in July of the same year, he was ordaiaed deacon in Trinity Church, New York, by Bishop Potter, and was at once appointed missionary bishop of the north-west. His whole ministerial life has been spent in Minneapolis. He was or- dained priest in Gethsemane Church, July, 1875, by Bishop Kemper. In 1874 he received the de- gree of doctor of divinity from Hartford, Connec- ticut. In 1877 he was elected missionary bishop for New Mexico and Arizona, but dechned the honor. He has held the office of dean of the northern convocation of Minnesota, by appoint- ment of the bishop, since 1870, and has represent- ed the diocese in general conventions, five times, since its admission into union with the general convention in 1859. He is a member of the standing committee of the diocese, and also of its missionary committee since its organization. A. H. Knowles, a native of England, was born in 1830. He came to the United States in 1854, and lived the first few months in Philadelphia, then spent two months in New York in the steam and gas fitting business. He traveled for ten years through the middle states building gas works, and in 1846 came to this city ; since which time he has been in the wholesale and retail liquor business. Alois Knoblauch, born in Wurtemberg, Ger- many, September 24th, 1833. He was educated and learned the shoemaking trade in his native country. In 1864 he came to America; worked a short time in New York, then removed to Chi- cago, Illinois, and thence to Eulton county. In 1857 he came here and started a small boot and shoe store ; he is now enjoying a thriving busi- ness at 26 First street north, and 125 Washington Avenue south. He was mamed in 1858 to Ame- lia Stulcman. Their children are: Anthony, Frank, Amelia, Alois,William, Henrietta, George, Charles, Henry, Alexander and a babe. M. B. Koon, bom January 22d, 1841, in Steu- ben county. New York. He moved with his par- ents to Michigan, and received his education at the Hillsdale College. In 1864 he went to Cali- fornia and remained two years, then returned to Michigan, studied law, and in 1867, commenced practice at Hillsdale; in 1870, he was elected pros- ecuting attorney of that county, and held the of- fice five years. In 1878 he came to this city and established the practice of law in company with E. A. Merrill; the firm of Koon and Merrill con- tinued until November, 1879, when Arthur Keith became associated with them, and the firm name is now, Koon, Merrill and Keith. Mr. Koon married Josie Van De Mark in 1873. Their children are Kate and Louise. Residence No. 30 Sixth street south. John Kraemer, a native of Germany, was bom in December, 1827. He emigrated to the United States in 1857, and worked at blacksmithing in Chicago a few months, then came to this city and continued the trade here eighteen years, with the exception of three years in the war. He enlisted August 2d, 1862, in the Eighth Minnesota Vol- unteers. His wife was Barbara Roch; their mar- riage occurred August 2d, 1852. Mr. Kraemer owns the building wliich he has occupied for the past five years, No. 227 Central Avenue. A. C. La Brash, a native of Michigan, was born July 7th, 1841. His father, being a black- smith, taught him the trade while yet a boy. In the fall of 1854, he located at Waukegan, Illi- nois, thence to Chicago where he remained four- teen months, then returned to Waukegan, and in 1858, he came to St. Paul, where, with his father, he opened a shop, and for nearly two years re- mained there, then came to St. Anthony. While here, he was employed by others until 1861; he then went to Osseo and opened an establishment of his own, and remained there until the Indian outbreak of 1862, when he returned to this city, and has since remained, doing a general black- BIOGRAPHICAL. 579 smithing business on Pirst street nortli. He married Miss Julia Potvin, of Canada, in 1860. They hare three sons and one daughter. H. R. Lamoreaux was born at Arcadia, New York, July 23d, 1842. In 1862, he engaged in the canal business, owning, and having in charge a boat between Buffalo and New York, until 1875, when he came to this city engaging in lumbering about three years. In October, 1880, he rented and furnished his present billiard hall at 228 First Avenue south. He married Mary Smith, of New York, March 3d, 1863. They have two children, Louis aod Mary. Christian Lamp, a native of Denmark, was born August 24th, 1845. He passed his youth in his native place, where he learned shoemaking. He came to the United States in 1873, and first located at Marquette, Michigan, remaining five years, when he removed to St. Paul. In Septem- ber, 1879, he located at Minneapolis, and with his brother opened a boot and shoe store. He is a member of the Light Infantry band. He married Miss Sophia Nelson^ of Denmark, in 1868, who has borne him five children, four of whom are living: Walter, Bodil Mary, Christian and Joa- chim. Joachim Lamp, born January 7th, 1855, is a native of Denmark. He learned shoemaking there, came to the United States, in 1876, and has been with his brother since. He is also a member of the Light Infantry band, playing baritone trombone, and strings. . Preenian P. Lane, of the law firm of Giddings and Lane, is a native of Washington county, Maine, born April 20th, 1853. He came west with his parents in 1862, locating in Minneapolis. He began his labors by engaging as a newsboy selling the Press and Pioneer. He attended school until 1867, after which he worked in L. L. Stanchfleld's mill, at the mouth of Bassett's Creek. In 1868 he was clerk for his father in the grocery business. He entered the employ of the Northwestern Telegraph Company as line builder and repairer in Minnesota and Dakota, and re- mained with them until 1872. During this time, however, he attended school two winters at the Minneapolis Business College. He then began reading law with Albee Smith, and in 1873, en- tered the Albany Law School, of New York. He was admitted to the bar, at Albany, May 4th, 1874, returned to this city, and, in 1875, formed a partnership with G. W. Harl, and the next year the present firm of Giddings and Lane was organ- ized, and is conducting a successful business. Mr. Lane was married, in 1875, to Miss Mollie Lauderdale ; who has borne him two children: Bessie and Ina. James S. Lane is a native of New Brunswick, bom ia 1833. After reaching the age of man- hood, he gave his attention principally to lumber- ing. In 1852, he came to St. Anthony and engaged with the old water power company, and later with H. T. Welles. He was surveyor general of logs and lumber for three terms. He became a mem- ber of the firm of L. Butler and Company of No. One Platform mills, now Merriman, Barrows and Company. He was married, in 1860, to Miss Aubine Dorman, by whom he has seven children: Vema, Minnie, Lizzie, Mittie, Frank, Emma and Mark. His mother, Mrs. Velma Lane, is a mem- ber of his household, and though seventy-five years of age, is in good health, and has been a resident of this city since 1855. Leonidas M. Lane was born in 1835, at St. Stephens, New Brunswick. At sixteen years of age he entered a saw mill, remaining there until August, 1855, when he came St. Anthony, and entered the mills as sawyer, and remained until 1861. He then enlisted in Company A, First Minnesota Volunteers, for three months. In the fall of 1862 he re-enlisted in Company A, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers. At the battle of Bry- son's cross-roads, he was taken prisoner, and taken to Macon,.Georgi;i; from there to Charles- ton, thence to Columbia. After an imprison- ment of nine months he reached the Union lines. He returned to St. Anthony in March, 1865. He has since been in the lumbering business in con- nection with his brother, J. S. Lane, and is now a member of the firm of Merriman, Barrows and Company. He married Anna McLeod in 1869. Their children are, Harry, Eva, Robbie, Roscoe and Leon. R. B. Langdon was born at New Haven, Ver- mont, in 1826. He received an academic ed- ucation, and began active life as foreman of a construction party on the Rutland and Burling- ton railroad, in 1848. Since then the principal business of his life has been the construction of railroads, having under his superintendence, roads 580 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN C0UN2Y. in Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota. Tennessee and Mississippi. Rebuilt the water-power canal for the Minneapolis Mill Co., in 1866, also erected a number of the import- ant buildings of the city. He had charge of the party who broke the ground for the first railroad in the state, the St. Paul and Pacific railroad, in 1868. Since 1866 he has been a resident of Min- neapolis. In 1872, E. B. Langdon and Company erected a planing-mill on Third street which they still own. He was state senator for six con- secutive years ending in 1878, and is now vice- president of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Rail- road. He married Sarah Smith in 1859. Their children are: Cavour, Martha, and Caroline. J. Lange was bom June 25th, 1836, in Ger- many. He acquired a knowledge of the mason's trade in his native country, and in 1866 came to the United States and located in New York. Ten y€ars later he removed to Minneapolis, and erected the building on Riverside Avenue, where he is lo- cated, doing a good business in groceries. He was married in 1869, to Helen Gerdes, of Ger- many. They are the parents of six children, four of whom are living: Emily, Henry, William, and Herman. Louis Laramee is a native of Montreal, Canada, born April llth, 1837. He removed to Pittsfleld. Massachusetts, in 1855, and enp-aged in the pur- suit of his regular trade, that of harness-making. He came to St. Paul in 1857 ; thence to St. An- thony, and to this city in 1865, and has since re- mained here, in business. His present location is 304 Nicollet Avenue, where he has an extensive establishment, employing twenty-eight men. Un- til 1876, he was working as an employee, and by his energy and strict attention to business has el- evated himself to his present position. He was mar- ried in 1870, to Miss Alphonsie Davis, of Montreal, who bore him two children, Eugenie and Alfred. Carl Larson is a native of Norway, and was born January 26th, 1844. He came to America in 1868, coming to Minnesota and locating in Fillmore county, where he resided four years, en- gaged as a wheat buyer. In 1872 lie came to Minneapolis, where he was in the employ of East- man and Bovey for three years. He kept a board- ing-house in this city for three years, and in 1878, became proprietor of the Victoria Hotel, where he is still. He was married in Norway, to Mar- tha Baltzerson, in 1866. They have one adopted child, whom they call George Larson. Eben E. Lawrence, machinist at Anchor mill, was born at Cherryfleld, Washington county, Maine, November 7th, 1847. He came to Minne- apolis in April, 1870, and gave his attention to lumbering until the the spring of 1877. He then engaged in the Pillsbury mill, remaining three years; then to the Anchor mill as machhiist. While in the lumber business he passed several winters in the pineries, occupying positions as chopper and superintendent. W. H. Lauderdale was bom in Livingston county. New York, August 15th, 1830. He ob- tained his education at his native place, in the public schools. At sixteen years of age he com- menced the tailor's trade, completing it at San- dusky, Ohio. He went to Wooster in 1849, where he remained four years. In the fall of 1857 he came to Minneapolis. He took a claim near Lake Calhoun, on which he lived until 1866, when he invested in another in Brooklyn town- ship, and after remaining one year returned to this city and engaged in the dairy business until 1879. The next year he formed a partnership with Miner Ball, dealing in real estate. They dissolved partnership in 1881, and he began busi- ness under the firm name of Lauderdale and Com- pany, at 11 Washington Avenue north. He was married in 1852 to Mary E. Sloane, who bore him three children : Margaret, Jeanette, Mollie, and Frank. Mrs. Lauderdale died in 1872. His sec- ond wife was Mrs. Susan Robertson, of Nova Scotia. They have one child, George Hayes. James W. Lawrence, of the firm of Wilson and Lawrence, was born in New York, August 9th, 1846. He moved with his parents to Syracuse, where, while young, he attended the graded school. In 1857 he accompanied liis parents to St. Anthony, remaining until 1860, when here- turned to S>racuse and entered Hamilton Col- lege in 1864, from which he gi'aduated after a four years' course. He read law in New York city, witli Sheldon and Brown, one year, and, in 1869, was admitted to the bar. He returned to this city in 1870, and the next year formed the partnership which now exists. During these in- tervening years he has served two terms as coun- ty attorney of Hennepin county. Mr. Lawrence was married, in 1873, to Miss Mary, daughter of BIOGSAPBICAL. 581 J. K. Sidle. They have two children, Jacob S. and James, Jr. Brady Lawson is a native of Norway, bom in 1815. He came to the United States in 1867, lo- cating first in Eau Claire, Wisconsin; thence to Minneapolis in 1880. He is proprietor of the Eau Claire House, 211 Second Avenue south. He married Ida Oelson, in 1873, who bore him three children: Levi, Dewettand Edward. Jerome Layman, one of the oldest residents of this county, came to this city with his parents when less than one year of age, in 1852. At that time there were but three houses on the west side of the river. He has passed twenty-seven summers and winters on the same location, cor- ner of Eighteenth Avenue and Twenty-first street. He is a member of the Knickerbocker Furniture Company, a description of which is given elsewhere. Rev. N. M. Learned, pastor of Franklin Ave- nue Methodist Episcopal Church, was horn in "Vermont, October 29th, 1838. He was converted in 1855, licensed to preach in 1859; studied at Newbury Seminary and New Hampton Theolo- gical Institute. Eeceived into the conference in 1863, and was ordained deacon in 1865. Ordained elder, 1867, filling appointments at Eden Mills and other places. Was sent to Stowe for two years, then to Bakersfield for two years. WhUe there buried his wife, then went to Cambridge, then to Middletown Springs, and Clarendon Springs. Then transferred by Bishop Simpson to Troy con- ference New York. While at Wells, had a great revival, and over one hundred conversions, which resulted in the founding of a church, and he was unanimously invited to be its pastor, which he accepted and remained for two years. Then failing health sent him to Minnesota, and at the request of the presiding elder of the St. Cloud district, he went to Sauk Rapids. He then went to Austin, Texas, for a few months, and returning to Minnesota, was transferred by Bishop Wiley from the Troy conference to the Minnesota conference and stationed at Clinton Avenue Methodist Episcopal church, St. Paul, for one year. Then to Farrflington for two years, doing much good. Then to the Washington Av- enue Methodist Episcopal church for two years; many were added to the church; he found a debt of |2,000, which was provided for. The quarterly con- ference unanimously voted for his return, but on account of the great strain upon his system, asked for, and was permitted to make a change. Married February 16th, 1864, to Miss Saphrona Buck, of St. Albans, Vermont, a lady of rare accomplishments, and a skilled artist, whose fame and loveliness was too soon cut off by death. Married again in Octo- ber, 1873, to Miss Lucy A. Herrick, of St. Albans, Vermont, who was educated at the New Hamp- ton Institute. She is a lady of high culture and an artist of distinction and fine taste, as the many beautiful pictures, which adorn the walls of their pleasant home will testify. They have two children, Frank H., and Mattiel. Julius Leber is a native of Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, horn February 22d , 1 828. He acquired a knowledge of truss making at Dresden, and worked at his trade in Liverpool, Berlin, Vienna, and other European cities, until 1849, when he emigrated to America, and worked in New York, St. Louis, New Orleans, Philadelphia and other places until 1870 ; he then bought a farm and lo- cated at Anoka, Minnesota. Two years later he removed to Minneapolis aud commenced the manufacture of trusses, wire bolting cloth, and mechanical apparatus for deformities. The greater portion of his work is done by contract for medi- cal men of large cities. Mr. Leber was married in 1851, to Teresa Brudj of Saxony. Their child- ren are: William, Henry, Louisa, Juhus, Jr., and Adolph. John T. Lee was born in 1840, and is a native of Canada. He accompanied his parents to Ver- mont, and in 1856 to Lowell, Massachusetts. His father was a blacksmith and taught his son the trade, while so young he was obliged to stand on a box to strike the anvil. In 1875, Mr. Lee re- moved to Montreal, Canada, and there remained in the blacksmith and carriage making business until 1879, when he came to this city. He was a member of the city council of Lowell, in 1866-7 and was trial justice in the same place fourteen years. He was married in 1863, to Miss Lucy Marsh, who bore him one son, George. John M. Lee was born in New York, August 19th, 1827. He came to Minnesota in 1866 and located in St. Anthony, and worked a short time at carpentering ; he then removed to Michigan where he remained until 1865, when he enlisted in the Eleventh Michigan Infantry and went to 582 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Tennessee, where he remained until September, 1865, and. received his discharge. He located in McLeod county, Minnesota, on a farm, in 1868, and remained three years, then returned to Min- neapolis and has since given his attention to car- pentering. He was married in 1858, to Almira Jones of New York, by whom he has two child- ren: Eliza and Agnes. L. A. Legg was iDorn in Lowell, Massachusetts February 13th, 1853. He moved to Berlin, Wis- consin, while quite young, and in 1866 removed to Minneapolis. He has been at his present lo- cation. Fourth street south, between Nicollet and First Avenue south, about two years. He has a sale, livery, and boarding stable. He was mar- ried to Miss Annie Noren in 1878. John G. Lennon was born at Bolton, England, July 6th, 1815. He came to America in 1841, as supercargo of a vessel, for the firm in whose em- ploy he had been. He landed in New Orleans, and after delivering the cargo, passed two years in traveling through the states, and in 1843 loca- ted at St. Croix- Falls, remaining two years, when he returned to St. Louis and engaged with the American Fur Company. He returned to Men- dota, Minnesota, in 1846, and the next year re- moved to St. Paul. In 1849 he took charge of the St. Anthony outfit, and remained until 1856; then began business for himself in the mercan- tile and lumbering line. This he sold in 1859, and removed to his stock-farm in Sibley county, remaining until the rebellion. Pie accompanied the Sibley expedition to Devil's Lake and the Missouri river, as assistant in the commissary department under Captain Forbes. He returned to Fort Snelling in the fall of 1863, then went to Memphis, Tennessee, where he was quartermas- ter of the first division of the Sixteenth corps un- der General Mower. They disbanded at Louis- ville, Kentucky, where he remained in the real estate business and prosecuting claims for the government. In 1873 he returned to this city, and has since continued in the real estate busi- ness. During the winter of 1877 he suffered a stroke of • paralysis, from which he has never fully recovered. He was married at Fort Snell- ing to Mary B. Mc Lain, in 1851. Their children are Catharine and John. W. H. Leonard, physician and surgeon, was bom in Tolland county, Connecticut, December, 1826. He received a high school education in his native state, and one course at the New York State University, and graduated from the Yale Medical School, session of 1852-3. He set- tled in Wyoming county. New York, and began his practice. He removed to Minneapolis in 1855, and has continued in practice here since. In November, 1862, he entered the army as assistant surgeon of the Fifth Minnesota Infantry, and was afterwards promoted to surgeon. He mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1865, and re- sumed his practice as a physician immediately after his discharge. He was health officer of the first board organized in this city. When he be- gan in his profession, he was the youngest prac- titioner in the city. He was married in Octo- ber, 1853, to Miss Jane Preston, of Connecticut. Their children are: William, now a physician, and Gertrude. John Leppla, a native of Germany, was born in 1846. He came to the United States in 1860, and passed two years in Pennsylvania and Ken- tucky; then removed to Appleton, Wisconsin, remaining two years. In 1864 he came to Min- neapolis and engaged in milling until 1876, when he opened a saloon and billiard hall. He was married in 1871, to Lena Wistfall, who bore him three children: Lena, Annie, and John. G. L. Levi and Company are proprietors of the Philadelphia One Price Clothing Store, at 205 Hennepin Avenue and 204 Nicollet Avenue. The house on Heimepin Avenue was established by Aultman and Loucheim, who were succeeded by G. L. Levi and Company, in 1877. This firm removed to their present location the next year, where they transact a jobbing and retail busi- ness. The individual members of the firm are G. L. Levi and M. Levi. G. F. Libby is a native of JSIaine, born in Octo- ber, 1834. At the age of sixteen, he learned the trade of blacksmithing in Cherryfield, of his na- tive state. In 1854, he located in Wisconsin, and the next year removed to St. Anthony. He re- mained only a short time, then went to Monticello and opened a blacksmith shop. There he resided until 1858, when he returned to this city and opened an establishment at his present location, 104 First street north, it being at that time, the only one of the kind on that street. He was en- gaged three years in lumbering in connection BIOGRAPHICAL. 683 ■with his trade. He was married to Miss Elsie Sime, of New Brunswick, in 1860. They have three sons and five daughters. Mr. Libby served two years as street commissioner. Joseph Libby was born at Goldsborougli, Maine, January 12th, 1805. He lived there twenty-five years, then removed to Washington county, giv- ing his attention to lumbering. In 1850, he came to this city and almost immediately started up Eum Eiver, on a prospecting tour. He engaged in lumbering on this river for seven years, about one hundred miles above the present site of Anoka. In 1857, he built a flat-boat, seventy-four by eight feet, and after loading it with supplies for the camp during the winter, towed and pad- dled it up the Mississippi about two hundred miles. He had a crew of sixteen men, eight working oxen, some cattle for beef, and one horse used to tow the boat. They were about twenty- six days on the route. Mr. Libby was the first lumberman in that region, and worked there un- til 1877. He has since lived with his family in this city, enjoying the fruits of his labors. He was married in July, 1832, to Miss Priscilla Wil- son. They are the parents of nine children, seven of whom are living, the eldest being forty-two. Thomas Libby is a native of England, born Au- gust 29th, 1824. He learned the mechanic's trade at home. In August, 1850, he came to the United States and located at Middletown, Connecticut, where he remained working at his trade five years. He then removed to a farm in Wisconsin, where he resided fifteen or sixteen years engaged in farming, in connection with his trade. He removed to Baraboo, and remained until com- ing to Minneapolis in 1878. He married Miss Theresa Hocking, of England, in 1845. They have four children: Theresa, Thomas, Mary and William. N. P. Liljengren is a native of Sweden, born in 1845. He came to America in 1873, and located in Illinois, coming to this city the next year. He worked as furniture polisher until 1877, when he started in the manufacturing business and has been successfully engaged in it since. He was united to Miss Augusta Anderson in 1877. Eesi- dence Ninth Avenue south. H. F. Lillibridge, a well known resident of Minneapolis, was born May 26th, 1836, at Wil- mington, Todd county, Connecticut. He came to this city in 1856 and after remaining a few months removed to Monticello, Wright county, where he remained eight years in the mercantile business ; he was a clerk for Fox and Mealy one year, then bought Mr. Mealy's interest in 1857. He sold out his interest and returned to this city in 1865 and in partnership with J. G. Smith en- gaged in making sash, doors and blinds. He dis- posed of his Interest and kept books for J. Dean and Company, and remained until he purchased the cracker bakery. Mr. Lillibridge is now con- ducting the leading cracker and confectionery manufactory of the north-west, located in three buildings, 13, 17 and 19 South Third street. I. L. Lincoln was born in Worcester, Massa- chusetts, April 5th, 1818. He learned his trade, that of blacksmithing, at sixteen years of age. He passed a number of years in visiting through his native state and New Hampshire and in August, 1847, removed to Peru, South America, engaged in the pursuit of his trade and ship- ping provisions, until 1855. He then located in Illinois and worked in a steam saw mill one and- one-half years, thence to Kankakee, residing seven years on a farm. He came to St. Paul in 1863 and two years later went to South Bend and Far- mington. In 1872 he made this city his home and has since remained here in the blacksmithing business. At present he is a member of the firm of Lincoln and Lee. He has been married three times; to his present wife in 1874. Hans Lindas was born in Marshall, Wisconsin, in 1854. He passed his youth in his native town and learned the trade of tinsmith. In 1875 he re- moved to La Crosse, Wisconsin ; thence in 1876 to Chicago. The next year he came to tliis city continuing at his trade until 1880, when he be- came one of the firm of Cross and Lindas, located at 829 Washington Avenue south. He was mar- ried in 1878, to Belle Howland of Norway, who bore him one child, Charles. H. Lindblad is a native of Sweden, born July 12th, 1850. He gained a knowledge of machin- ery in his native country, and in 1872, came to America. He was employed as a house-builder and cabinet maker, at Taylor's Falls, Minnesotp, two years, and came to Minneapolis in 1874. Here he has been engaged in building, also in the different mills of the city as a mill-wright for two years past, and is now in the Pettit mill. He 584 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNIY. married Miss Johanna Johnson in 1874. Their children are, John, Herman and Ilelga. Thomas M. Linton was born at Dover, Ne^ Hampshire, December 25th, 1831. He went to California in 1851, and engaged in mining. three years, when he came to this city and gave his at- tention to lumbering five years; he was then in the employ of A. Kelly, grocer, tliree years. He traveled through Oregon, Montana, California, and Utah, passing two years, then returned to this city in 1864. Two years after liis return, the firm of Claris: and Linton was established— whole- sale dealers in grain, flour and feed, 505 Wash- ington Avenue south. He was married in 1869 to Miss Mary Bean, who bore him one child, Mary. A. Livingston was born in Schoharie county, New York, in 1845. He accompanied his parents to Albany in 1857, and remained there until 1864, the last three years being spent in the dry-goods business. He next removed to Janesville, Wis- consin, dealing in groceries until 1871, when he came to Minneapolis. The next year he bought the stoclf of groceries from Mr. George Wales at 823 Fourth street south, where he has since re- mained. He was married in 1873 to Lizzie Love, of Albany, New York. They have one daughter living, Grace. William Lochren, of the firm of Lochren, Mc- Nair and GilflUan, was born April 3d, 1832, at Tyrone, Ireland. He came to America at the age of two years and passed his youth in northern Vermont, and received a common school and aca- demic education. He read law, and was admit- ted to the bar in Franklin county, Vermont, in 1856. During that year, he came to St. Anthony and practiced his profession there until 1869, with the exception of the time passed in the army. In 1869, the firm of Lochren and MoNair was formed, which .continued until 1871, when J. B. GilflUan was admitted as partner. Mr. Lochren enlisted as private in the First Minnesota Volunteers in 1861, but in course of time, was promoted to First Lieutenant; he resigned two months before his discharge. After his return, he was city at- torney much of the time, until the consolidation of the two cities. He was elected state senator in 1868 from the fourth district, which then in- cluded Hennepin, Anolia, Isanti, Mille Lacs and Benton counties. He was also city attorney of I this city in 1877. He was married in 1871 to Mrs. Martha Demmon, who died in 1879, leaving one daughter, Martha. J. E. Lockwood, of the firm of Lockwood, Up- ton and Company, was bom in Orange county. New York, in 1832. He learned the trade of machinist at the Matteawan Manufucturing Iron Works, one of the oldest establishments in that country, in 1845. In 1854 he went to Providence, Rhode Island, where he was engaged in steam engine works, vfhich during the war employed sixteen hundred men. In 1865 he entered the Schenck Machine Works as superintendent, re- maining until 1869, when he removed to Minnea- polis, and superintended the Minnesota Iron Works until 1872. He then commenced business for himself in a shop where the Humboldt mill now stands. From there he removed to his pres- ent location, and the present firm was organized. He was married in 1855 to Martha Colville. Their children living are Edwin and Mary. H. Lohse, a native of Hamburg, Germany, was born August 19th, 1853. He studied art in Ger- many from 1870 untU January, 1880, when he came to Minneapolis. He worked with Mr. W. Brown a few months, then went in partnership with him, and finally bought his interest in the business. Mr. Lohse does fine work in card and cabinet photographs. His gallery is 119 Wash- ington Avenue north. A. C. Loring was born in Wilwaukee, Wiscon- sin, August 31st, 1858. At the age of two years he moved with his father to Minneapolis. The firm of Weeks and Loring was organized January 1st, 1880. They are wholesale dealers in grain, mill- feed, etc., and will this year buy and sell two thousand, seven hundred and fifty car-loads, doing business mostly with New York and New England. Their place of business is 405 Wash- ington Avenue south. He married Miss Ida Eastman in 1879. One child has been born to them, Fred. Mrs. Loring died in November, 1880. S. B. Lovejoy was born at Livermore, Maine, in 1850. He came with his parents to St. An- thony in 1854. In 1868 he entered the First Na- tional Bank as collection boy and corresponding clerk, after which he held the position of assist- ant book-keeper, and in 1872 was promoted to chief book-keeper. In 1874 he took charge of BIOGBAPHICAL. 585 W. Hale and Company's flouring-mill, and the next year the firm dissolved. He then became treasurer of the Eum River Boom Company, and has since held that position. He was married in this city, in 1872, to Miss Louise, daughter of George N. Morgan, now deceased, an old settler of this country. Their children are : Emma Louise, Edith, and Ethel. Henry A. Loverin was born in Chicago, in 1838. He came to St. Anthony in 1849, and at the age of eighteen years went to California, re- maining nine years. He returned to St. Anthony and was married in 1865, when he removed to Chicago remaining there nine years- engaged in contracting and building. In 1874 he located in this city, and the year following established his present business, that of carpentering, cabinet- maKing and jobbing. E. P. Lowell is a native of Maine, born October 28th, 1852. He passed his childhood and received his educaton in his native place. In 1868 he went to Florida, but returned, however, the same year. In 1871 he engaged in business in Port- land, Maine, but sold out the next year and re- turned to his native place where he opened a grocery store, in which he continued until 1876; he then sold out and removed to this city. He first had a stand in the city market and then bought the grocery store at 229 Central Avenue, where he has remained. He was married, in 1874, to Lizzie Foye, who died three years after, leaving one child, Harry. He married in 188D, Martha Hughes, who has borne him one child, Myrtle. J. F. Low was born at Frankfort, Maine, in 1831. He remained with his parents until 1850, when he went to Boston and remained foiu' years, then came west, locating at St. Anthony in Octo- ber, 1854. At that time there were but two buildings on the west side. When the news was received that that land was open to entry, over two hundred claim shanties sprang up in one night. Mr. Low traded a gold watch for a claim, which he sold two weeks later for five hundred dollars. He took out the first auctioneer's license issued in Minnesota, and in company with Mr. Sawtelle engaged in selling goods at auction in the towns adjoining. He removed to Oak Grove, on a farm, where he remained four years, thence to St. Paul two years. In 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Sixth Minnesota Infantry, and was in the Indian campaign. One year later he re- turned to Fort Snelling and remained five years. He was engaged in the mercantile business at Darwin, Minnesota, two years, then came to this city, taking charge of the Pacific elevator, which position he has since held. He married Miss Leathers, of Maine, who died in 1870. His sec- ond wife was Miss Cyphers, of this city. They have six children, the oldest son being a conductor on the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Rail- road, running from St. Paul to St. Cloud. S. B. Loye is a native of New Brunswick, born July 19th, 1835. He moved to Maine in 1855, thence to Kansas, coming to Minneapolis by boat, in 1857. He learned harness making after leav- ing school, at the age of fifteen, and on coming to this city engaged in the harness business. He was formerly a member of the firm of Greeley, Loye and Company, this establishment being one of the first here. He was married in 1861, to Antoinette Palmer, of Hennepin county, who has borne him three sons: WilUam, Edwin, and Albert. Mr. Loye's place of business is 118 Washington Avenue south. Rudolph Lueck, a native of Germany, was bom February 24th, 1838. He came to the United States, in 1866, and spent one year in Wisconsin, at Milwaukee and LaCrosse. In 1867 he located in this city, being in the employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad car shops until 1877, when he opened a restaurant and sample room, at 1219, Washington Avenue south, "where he has since remained. He married Constance Eiepenzike, in 1866. They have one child: Mary. Mary Hale Lufkin, M. D., was born in Jeffer- son county, Indiana, and received her early ed- ucation there. She studied medicine, and grad- uated from the Hygeo Therapeutic College, of New York, in 1863, with the degree of M. D. After graduating she practiced in Indiana until 1870, when she removed to Minneapolis and has since practiced here. Her method of treatment is principally by application of various kinds of baths, on hygienic principles, such as electro-ther- mal, improved Turkish, etc. Her establishment is known as the Hygienic Health Institute, and is the only one of the kind in the city, Located 256J First Avenue South. Mr. Gus Lundell, partner in business of P. 586 HISTOBY OF HENNHFIN COUNTY. Osander, is a native of Sweden, born April 25th, 1846. He attended tiie public schools in his na- tive country a number of terms, and in 1868 emigrated to Quebec, Canada. The same year he removed to Iowa, and engaged in farming until 1871, when he located in Minneapolis, and entered into partnership with P. Osander, deal- ing in pumps, wind-mills, and general business in wells, 257 First Avenue south. A. G. Lundberg, a native of Sweden, was born December 18th, 1847. Here he lived until 1870, during which time he gained a knowledge of shoe-making. He then came to the United States, locating first at Hastings, Minnesota, thence to Minneapolis in 1872, where he worked at his trade six years, then opened a shop with Mr. Odegard at 12 Second Avenue south. He married Annie Dahlgren, of Sweden, in 1877. They have two children, Ludwig and Ruth. C. C. Lyford V. S., graduated from the Illinois Industrial University in '75, from the McGill Med ical College in 1879, and from the Montreal Vet- erinary College in 1877. He came to Minneapo- lis in March, 1880, and began practicing his pro- fession; he also practiced during vacations of school. Office and infirmary, 309 and 311 Sec- ond Avenue south. John Lynch, mill- Wright of Cataract mill, was born in 1837. He learned the trade of miller in his native country, and at the age of twenty-thres went to Glasgow, Scotland, and remained there until 1879 when he came to the United States and located at Minneapolis, working in the Galaxy mill eight months, and has since been in the Cataract mill. He was married in 1864 to Catharine Mc- Dounigh who bore him one child, Francis. Michael Lyons was born at Longford, Ireland, August 15th, 1833. He went to England at the age of twelve, with his parents, and was there reared to manhood. He came to America in the spring of 1853, locating first in New York, where he remained four years engaging in plastering, that being his trade. He then came to St. An- thony where he has since remained, working at his trade. He married Miss Rose Ann Clary, of St. Anthony, in 1866. Residence, 628 Quincy street. Jacob Machmeier, a native of Milwaukee, Wis- consin, was born November 2d, 1855. When fif- teen years of age he commenced learning black- smithing and has continued the trade since. He was in different places in Wisconsin until the spring of 1879, when he removed to Fargo, and in the fall of the same year to Minneapolis. At first he worked for the street car company, then a short time for Mr. Cramsie, and is now one of the firm of Murphy and Machmeier ; they do all kinds of repairing and job work, and make a specialty of horse shoeing. J. 11. Mackroth, a native of Germany, was bom in October, 1848, and was given the advantages of a college education. He came to America in 1868, and was employed by the Chicago, BurUng- ton and Quincy railroad company as civil en- gineer, until 1870 ; then two years for the Mis- souri, Iowa and Nebraska railroad, and three years in the office of the latter company serving as auditor. After this he went in business for himself, and is now a member of the firm of Clark and Mackroth, dealers in agricultural implements. Mr. Mackroth resides at 1408 Nicollet Avenue. He was married in 1875 to Belle Kelso. Their children are Otis and Stuart. D. A. Macurdy, born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire, in 1832. For many years he kept a general store in his native state. August 1 1th, 1862 he enlisted in the Fourteenth New Hamp- shire Volunteers as private, and was promoted to captain ; he was honorably discharged July 28th, 1865. He went to St. Paul in November, 1878, and after a residence of a few months there, re- moved to this city. In June, 1879, he was em- ployed by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad company and has has charge of shipping the lumber from this point. He married Salome Fellows in 1852. They have buried their three children. C. Madson, a native of Denmark, was born October 11th, 1849. He came to the United States in 1871, and located at St. Paul. He re- moved to Minneapolis, and was employed in the North Star Woolen Mills until the spring of 1876; in September of that year he started in the gro- cery trade in partnership with Mr. Johnson. They own the property they are occupying. No. 1216 Western Avenue. Mr. Madson was mar- ried in 1879 to Lotta Johnson. Louis Maeder was born in Switzerland, Janua- ary 1st, 1831. He came to the United States in 1854, and passed a few months in Ohio and two BIOGBAPHICAL. 687 years in Indiana; then spent six years in "Wiscon- sin in the brewing business. In 1862 lie came to this city and kept the toll house, at the bridge near Orth's brewery, some time, and in 1865 be- came proprietor of the hotel where he now is, at 229 Main street. If. E. His marriage with The- resa Schab took place August 2d, 1862. They have had five children: Elizabeth, Josephine, Charles, Albert and Louis. W. D. Mahaffy, a native of Ireland, was born September 25th, 1848. He was educated at Queen's College, Belfast. On leaving school he removed to Canada, and located in Toronto, where he carried on an extensive painting and decorating establishment. In July, 1880, he came to Minneapolis, and contemplates making this his home. Mrs. B. Mahoney is the owner and landlady of the Excelsior House, situated at the corner of Second street and Second Avenue. This house was built in 1872; it is 33x60 feet and two stories in height. Mrs. Mahoney was left a widow in 1871, with a family of seven children. Captain Lewis Maish was born July 2d, 1840, at York, Pennsylvania. When sixteen years of age, he was apprenticed to the Variety Iron Works of York, and served there four years. In August, 1860, he took an active part in organiz- ing a company, and was appointed second lieu- tenant of Company B, Eighty-seventh Eegiment Pennsylvania Volunteers; he was promoted to captain in October, 1863. In June, 1864, he was captured and held as a prisoner of war for nine months; then he made his escape, and was mus- tered out of service in April, 1865. In Septem- ber, 1887, he came to Minneapolis and has since been in business here; he is a member of the firm of Hashow, Maish and Davis of the Variety Iron Works. Mr. Maish was married in 1863 to Jen- nie Gaenslen, Their only living child is Nettie. Mrs. Maish was well known by many of the sick and wounded soldiers for whom she cared. For her persistence in aiding the wounded Union sol- diers, she was arrested, by order of a rebel gen- eral, and sent with forty-four Union ladies to Eichmond, and incarcerated in "Castle Thun- der" until exchanged. August Malmsten, a native- of Sweden, was born in 1844. He learned the trade of machinist in the old country, and in 1869 came to America. He located in Minneapolis and worked at his trade with different firms, until he engaged in business for himself. He was married in this city, in August, 1871, to Miss Annie Johnson. Their children are : Mary, Nellie, Annie and Jennie. The family reside at 1121, Eighth street south. William Marriott was born in Nottipgham, England, March 27th, 1832. He came to America in 1849, and served an apprenticeship in Henry Diston's saw works at Philadelphia. After learning his trade he began business in company with Henry Diston, at Cleveland, Ohio, manufacturing saws, files, etc. He made and- lost a large ' fortune, then became discouraged and retired from business for six years, during which time he invented Marriott's celebrated boiler compound. He came to this city in 1879, and was employed by different firms until 1880, when he again went into business, manufactur- ing all kinds of saws, at No. 256, Sixth Avenue south. Albert Marsh, born in Aroostook county, Maine, June 21st, 1840. He moved with his parents to Bangor, where he attended the public schools until 1858, when he entered Kent's Hill College, and graduated in the spring of 1861. Soon after leaving school he enlisted in the Second Maine Volunteer Infantry. He was wounded at the second battle of Bull Run, and taken prisoner, but was paroled, and returned just in time to participate in the battle of Fred- ericksburg; another time when he was captured he made his escape by swimming a river. iJis regiment was mustered out in June, 1863, and the following September he re-enlisted. He re- ceived four wounds, and was several times taken prisoner, and served until honorably discharged in 1866. He came here in 1878, and since the fall of 1879 has served on the police force. His wife was Eva Sumner. Their children are: Arnold and Fred. Jacob Marten was born in Germany, in 1838. He came to the United States in 1864, and lived one year in Carver county, Minnesota, engaged in farming. In 1865 he came to this city, worked about five months in a brewery, then was em- ployed in the woolen mills nearly five years, and passed two years in the teaming business. In 1872 he erected the building at 1501 Washington 588 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Avenue south, and for four years kept a grocery and feed store. In the summer of 1880 he built at 1507 Washington Avenue south, where he is now located. He married Mena Copul in 1867. Their children are: Anna, Mary, Amelia, Lillian, John, and William. H. M. Martin came to Minneapolis in 1857, and worked at printing until 1861, when he enlisted and served three years in the First Minnesota Volunteers; afterwards two years on the frontier. In 1866, he returned to this city and again en- gaged in printing until 1868, when he took up his present business. He is located at 209 Nicollet Avenue, and deals in soda, mineral and excelsior waters. October 7th, 1866, he married Matilda Peterson. They have had four children; only two are living. Mahlon Martindell, a native of Lambertville, New Jersey was born April 20th, 1839. He learned carpentering, and in 1870, moved to Iowa, where he remained one and one-half years. In 1872, he came here and worked in the Washburn A mill, and has since been employed as mill-. Wright at the different mills of this city. On the 18th of January, 1866, his mariage with Kachel Dalrj'mple took place. Five children have been bom to them, Harry, Ella, Laura, Leva, Lille and Bessie. Col. Hans Mattson, editor of the Stats Tidnlng, was born in Onestad, Sweden, December 23d, 1882. He received his primary education at Christianstad, Sweden, and at the age of seven- teen, entered military service. Two years later he left the service and emigrated to the United States, arriving in June, 1851. He engaged in various occupations in the eastern states, and the second winter in this country, he mastered the English language. His parents came to this country in 1853, and together they went to Illi- nois. In August of that year, he located with a colony of his countrymen, in Groodhue county, Minnesota, and at once took a prominent position in the public affairs of his township. He specu- lated in lots and lands until the crash of 1857, which left him in debt. He then began the study of law with Warren Bristol, now a judge in Arizona territory, and after one year was ad- mitted to practice. He occupied several promi- nent offices in Goodhue county, and on the break- ing out of the war, enlisted as captain of Com- pany D, Third Minnesota Infantry. Was pro- moted through the intervening offices, and came home in 1865 as colonel of his regiment. He then engaged in the practice of law until 1866, when he went to Chicago as editor of a Swedish newspa- per. January, 1867, he returned to Minnesota as secretary of the state board of immigration, and in 1869, was elected secretary of state, but went to Europe in the interests of railroad corporations, before his term expired. Remained in Europe four years, and returned to this state, and has since resided in Minneapolis. He is chief edi- tor of the Stats Tidning, a Swedish newspaper, and general manager of the Swedish Tribune of Chicago. He was married November 23d, 1855, in the town of Vasa, Goodhue county, to Chers- tin Peterson, who was born in Sweden, April 5th, 1838. Their marriage ceremony was the first performed in that township. After passing through many hardships in the course of his life, he is now enjoying the comforts of a happy home. Paul Marto, born January 7th, 18-18, in Ver- mont. In 1861 he went to Fort Plain, New York, and remained until he enlisted, in 1862, in the one hundred and twenty-eighth New York Vol- unteers. After serving three years he returned to Fort Plain, and for live years was engaged in the manufacture of cigars. In 1870 he removed to Minneapolis. He continued in the cigar busi- ness about two years, then went back to New York for a short time, and thence to Bennington, Vermont, where he resided until 1878, when he once more came to this city, and went uito business at No. 53 Central Avenue. He married Amanda Clapper, in 1869. George Maskell, a native of England, was born January 11th, 1839, in Essex county. In 1873 he came to the United States, and first located in Clay county, Minnesota, where he was employed in farming until 1874. He then came to this city and opened the first meat stall in the new market, where he is still located. Mr. Maskell's family consists of a wife and one son. William Massolt, born January 1st, 1831, in Germany. In 1850 he moved to Pennsylvania, and lived at Allentown until 1854, when he went to Seneca county, Ohio. The year following he came to this city, and hence to Stillwater, where he resided nine years, and then spent four years at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. He returned to Min- BIOGBAPHICAL. 589 neapolis in 1868, and engaged in bottling ginger ale, soda and mineral waters, etc. He is at 126 Plymouth Avenue. In 1861 he married Mary Gostmann. Their living children are : Matilda, Albert, Anna, Augusta, Willie, Ida, Lillie, and Charlie. A. C. Matthews was born in Montgomery county. New York, February 1st, 1832. He went with his parents to Pennsylvania, and learned carpentering. At the age of twenty-one years he removed to Ohio, and thence to Illinois. In 1861 he enlisted in the Seventeenth Illinois, Company D, as private, and was promoted to first lieuten- ant. He was several times wounded, and in February, 1863, resigned on account of disability. At -Winona, Minnesota, he was engaged in car- penter work about ten years, and removed to this city in 1878. He was employed at the Washburn "A" and " B " mills until July, 1878 ; since that time has been at the " C " mill. In 1863 he mar- ried Jenny Taylor. Their children are : Harry, Charles, Frank, Winnie, George, Ernest, Grace, and a babe. Samuel Martty was born in Switzerland, Feb- ruary 25th, 1821. He came to the United States in 1848, and resided in the state of New York until 1852, when he removed to Dakota county, Minnesota, and bought a farm. He has made Minneapolis his home since 1862. In September, 1879, he opened a drug store at 103 Plymouth Avenue. Mr. Martty married, in 1846, Margaret Hilflcker. They are the parents of four children: Mary, Sophie, Othmar, and Lizzie. Nicholas Mangen was born May 6th, 1856, in Germany. In 1866 he came to Minneapolis and in 1876 commenced blacksmithing; he also learned the trade of wagon-making, and is now doing a good business. He was formerly in company with Mr. Wier, but in December, 1880, Mr. Man- gen bought his partner's interest, and is now manufacturing wagons, sleighs, etc., besides do- ing general blacksmithing. In 1880, he married Annie Jaspers, who has borne him one son. Nicholas Mauren was born June 25th, 1842, in Prussia. He came with his parents to America and located at Chicago, Illinois, where he re- mained nine years. In October, 1861, he came to Minnesota and the year following enlisted in Company I, Sixth Minnesota Volunteers. He was promoted to corporal and served three years, being discharged with the regiment in August, 1866. On his return he located in Minneapolis, and has since resided here, engaged in the manu- facture of barrels, and is the business manager of the East Side Co-operative Barrel Company. In October, 1871 , he married Anna Thielen. They are the parents of five children. E. M. May, a native of New York, was bom February 25th, 1829, in Madison county. When comparatively young, he learned the confection- ery business at Troy, New York, and has fol- lowed it ever since. In 1874 he came to Minne- apolis and has become very popular here as a confectioner and caterer. His marriage with Lydia Smith took place in 1851, at Oxford, Che- nango county. New York. Their family consists of two sons and one daughter. J. B. Maynard was born in Montreal, Canada, January 19th, 1845. He learned milUng at home and in 1869 moved to Kochester, New York, and worked at his trade there five years. After a residence of two years in Illinois, he returned to Kochester, thence to Toronto, Canada, and in January, 1879, came to Minneapolis. Since June, 1880, he has had charge of the North Star mill. His wife was Harriet Grieve, whom he married in 1875. She has borne him two children. S. McAninch was bom in Licking county, Ohio, December 6th, 1846. He accompanied his parents to Valparaiso, Indiana, in 1855. In 1861 he enlisted and served three years in the war of the rebellion, participating in the battles of Nash- ville, Altoona, Atlanta, Dalton and many others. After leaving the army he lived in Indiana five years, then went to Michigan and was employed in a barrel factory there three years. In 1873 he came to this city and was in a planing mill, and worked for Bisbee and Moses until 1877, since which time he has been running stationary en- gines for different parties. He married Ida Hun- ter in 1870. Their children are: Harry and Orvil. William McArdlewas born in Ottawa, Canada, October 5th, 1848. He moved to the state of New York in 1865, and lived there two years. In 1867 he spent a short time in Kansas in the cattle herding business. He came to Minneapolis and engaged in lumbering until May, 1880, since then has been in the saloon business with Mr. Walker. July 28th, 1879, he married Miss Kate Eice, who has borne him one child, Susan Kate. 590 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Joseph McCartin, a native of Lonsdale, Rhode Island, was born November 26th, 1857. When a boy, he came with his parents to Minneapolis, and since 1866 has been in the Union mill, with the exception of two years that he was employed in the North Star woolen mills. Eev. Thomas McClary, pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, was born in Canada in 1841. He was licensed to preach in 1859, and appointed to Eureka in 1860, on a salary of fifty dollars; to Glencoe one year, having a revival and making many additions to the church. At Shelbyville one year, St. Peter and Cleveland one year, at Morristown for two years, then to Anoka for three years. Red Wing two years. Then to the Seventh street Methodist Episcopal Church for three years, during which time the member- ship was increased from about sixty to three hundred. During that time, organized the Wash- ington Avenue Methodist Church, which is now in a flourishing condition. Organized and built a mission chapel on the comer of Cataract and Third streets, also organized and built a mission chapel on the corner of Eighteenth Avenue south and Twenty-second street. From the Seventh street church he was transferred to the upper Iowa conference as pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal church at Davenport. Then trans- ferred back to Minnesota and stationed at Man- kato for three years, paying in that time fifteen hundred dollars of the floating debt, and adding by conversion, some two hundred members to the church. Commenced about that time a course of temperance and literary lectures. Among his popular ones are: "Diana of the Ephesians," "Henry Wilson," "Struggle for a Home," "Joan _ of Arc," and "Sunsl)ine in Labor." Among the many incidents of his eventful life we cannot re- frain from mentioning the following: Weary of traveling on foot over his large circuit, he bought a horse for thirty-seven dollars, paying ten dollars down, then a harness had to be improvised ; some scraps of leather were obtained and with tow strings for buckles and using an old piece of the britching of an old harness for a breast plate and a bed cord for reins and a jumper for a sleigh, with a white hat on his head and a pair of green goggles on his nose, our hero in the cause of Methodism started, carrying with him in his primitive rig at times, all there was of Methodism. At another time, the ladies made out of an old three cornered blanket, a coat for him, with the broad stripe around the bottom. When at art- other place a broken merchant gave him a cut- away coat with the sleeves much too short for him, which he wore for a while and then traded with a Pennsylvania farmer for a capacious shad- bellied one, which was afterwards cut up and made into a vest for him. At another place he received for a year's preaching one hundred ears of corn and two chickens, and had to catch them himself and carried them six miles on horseback, to get them cooked. At one collection on a very important occasion, after the contents of the con- tribution box had been carefully examined and finding only a few pennies and a button or two in it, he with much gravity of manner told them it was not worth a benediction, and dismissed the congregation without it. Married Miss Lizzie Fowble of Ohio. They have four children: Clar- ence O., Clara H., Ella Zue (the elocutionist), and Conine. S. J. McCarty was born in Ireland, April 7th, 1841. He came to America with his parents in 1847, and located at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At the age of seventeen, he conamenced learning the machinist's trade, and in 1857, moved to Meeker county, Minnesota, but in about three years he returned to Pittsburgh and worked at his trade until 1862, when he came to Minnesota and taught school in Meeker county. In the spring of 1869, he came to this city and was employed four months in the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad shops, then worked six years as foreman of the North Star Iron Works, and for over two years was O. A. Pray's foreman. Since June, 1880, he has been working at mill machinery, forging and general blacksmithing. He was mar- ried in 18^5 to Lizzie Campbell, who died in 1878, leaving four children. A. S. McCnlloch was born in 1836, in Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania. Until twentyi-flve years of age, he lived on a farm, then engaged in mercantile business six years, and was for a time, treasurer and collector for the. Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad Company. He came to Min- neapolis in 1874, formed a partnership with D. M. (lilmore, and engaged in the manufacture of furniture. Their factory is located in South Min- neapolis. BIOGBAPHICAL. 591 M. McCune, a native of Ohio, was bom in 1837. He moved to Eipon, Wisconsin, in 1854, and work- ed at farming twenty years; he then went to Aus- tin, Minnesota, and resided until October, 1880, when he came to this city, and started in the res- taurant and lodging-house business at 18 Wash- ington Avenue north. Ernest McDonald was born December 14th, 1848, in Maine. He came west when a child and located at Brooklyn, in 1853. He removed to Minneapolis in 1859; was in the grocery business and working in the pineries until 1875, when he opened a restaurant on Nicollet Avenue; he re- mained there about three years, then moved to his present location, Boston Oj^ster House No. 200 Hennepin Avenue. His wife was Annie Lewis. Their children are Nellie and Minnie. Francis S. McDonald was born June 10th, 1835, in Cumberland county, Maine. At the age of seventeen he went to Saccarappa, and worked in a cotton factory through the summer, and in the fall removed to Lewiston, where he was employed in the same way. After spending one year in Massachusetts, he came to Minnesota. Served one term as county commissioner of Wright county, and was assessor of Otsego. In 1861 he enlisted as private in the Third Minnesota Vol- unteers, and was promoted to orderly sergeant. He had command of his company in the Indian campaign, and was commissioned second lieuten- ant. He re-enlisted in Hatch's Battalion, and was detailed as cleik in the draft rendezvous at Fort Snelling until 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1866 he was appointed postmaster, which ofiSce he held about five years, when he resigned. In 1868 he come to this city, and was employed by different parties until 1874, when he was ap- pointed deputy and afterwards elected, county auditor. He was married in 1857, to Elizabeth Spencer. Their children are: Mary, Frank, Charles, and Nellie. .James McDaniel was born in Madison county. New York, December 1st, 1847. He went to Manlius, Onondaga county, in 1864, to learn the milling business, and worked there fourteen months. He then returned to Madison county for one and one-half years, and after residing in Oneida county about a year, he went to Cazenovia. His next move was to Dexter, Michigan, where he remained two years, and in March, 1874, came to this city. He worked several years in the A and B mills, and now occupies the position of head miller in the C. In 1878 he married Fannie Kobie, who has borne him one child, Albert. John McDonald was born November 2d, 1830, in Maine. In 1847 he went on a whaling expedi- tion. After two years experience he gave up this business, and sailed for San Francisco. They were totally wrecked on the coast of Panama, but were picked up by another vessel and continued their journey. He traveled about from Califor- nia to the Sandwich Islands, China, Cape Horn, and Columbia, until 1850, when he went to Bos- ton, thence to Mobile, and in 1852 he came to Minnesota and made a claim of 160 acres in. Wright county, which he sold two years later, and came here. In 1861 he enlisted, and since being honorably discharged has divided his time between running as pilot on the upper Mississippi and lumbering. He married Mary J. Wood, in 1862. Of their three children but one is living, Addie C. John W. McDonald, born January 17th, 1842, in Canada. He worked at milling there five years, and in 1866 moved to Faribault, Minne- sota, continuing in the same business. He then spent two years at Clinton Falls, nine months at Mantorville, one year at Northfield, and in 1871 came here. He was employed at the Washburn B, the Zenith, the Palisade and the Humboldt mills until the explosion, since which time he has been at the Pettit. His marriage with Mrs. Sarah Coburn took place in January, 1871. Their children are: Agnes and Irving. P. McDonald, a native of Canada, was born April 4th, 1848. He went to Maine in 1864, and remained six months, then followed lumbering eiglit years in Michigan, and was two years in Wisconsin, engaged in the saloon and lumber business. In 1877 he came to this city, continu- ing in the lumbering business until he opened his sample room on Hennepin Avenue. Father James McGolrick, the subject of this sketch, is a native of Tipperary, Ireland, where he received a thorough theological education in All Hallow's College, Dubhn. Upon the com- pletion of his studies in 1867, he came to Anierica, remaining one year in St. Paul, where he was engaged as assistant priest at the Cathedral. In 1868 he came to Minneapolis, and soon there- 592 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. after secured the grounds on which his house is located; first erected a small frame building in ■which services were held until his new church the first Catholic church on the West Side, was built and dedicated. He has been foremost in every good work connected with his society, and is universally esteemed by the citizens of Min- neapolis, irrespective of sectarian association or religious views. S. N. McGaughey was bom in 1827, at Mount Carmel, Indiana. In 1847 he went to Decatur county, and was in the saw-mill business nine years; then moved to Minnesota and worked at farming six or seven years. He then passed some months at Eed Wing, dealing in wheat, and in 1863 came to this city. For a while he was employed in manufacturing pumps; afterward spent two years with the North Star Iron Works, and one year in the fence works. Since 1875 he has been in the Union Planing Mill. In 1848 he married Isabella Wynn. Their children are Vi- ola, Margarette and Cora. William McGregor was bom in Montreal, Can- ada, March 6th, 1852. After receiving a liberal education in his native place, he embarked in the grocery business in 1875 and continued it until coming to Minneapolis in 1879, when for one year he was in the oil business. In 1880 he bought an interest in the meat market of Sallada and Company, 727 Washington Avenue south. A. G. McKenzie, born November 11th, 1821, in Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Prom 1840 until 1850, he acted as pilot of a steamboat on the Ohio river, and then came to St. Anthony and was in the employ of Benson and Patterson in the stage line. He was in a hotel near Port Snelling about two years; then returned and opened a restaurant in St. Anthony. In 1863 he went East, but came here again in 1865, and went into the sutler's department at Port Snelling. He passed eighteen months at the Black Hills, and traveled from 1874 until 1880, when he opened a restaurant at 113 (Central Avenue. His wife was Joanna Christmas; their marriage took place in June, 1852. Three children have been born to them: Don Carlos, Isaac and Harry. E. H. McLaskey, a native of New Bmnswick, was born in 1844. He lived two years in Iowa, and in 1872 removed to Minneapolis. He was in the lumbering business three years, and for the past five years has been connected with the mills of this city. July 18th, 1867, Mr. McLaskey married Josephine Kildea. They have had flvp children: Henry, Frank, Willie, Cora and Ernest. Peter McKernan was bom in Ireland, Decem- ber, 1833. He came to America in 1848, and re- ceived his education in New York., In 1857 he came to Minneapolis and worked at farming until 1861, when he enlisted in Hatch's battalion and served until honorably discharged in 1865. He returned to this city, and from 1872 acted as street commissioner, until he entered the police force, in which he serves as patrol. In February, 1857, he married Ellen Bochford. They have had five children, Ellen, Margaret, Perrel, Peter and Mary. Only Mary survives. James McMillan, a native of Maine, was bom October 24th, 1856, in Oxford county. In 1872 he came to Minneapolis and was employed in the North Star woolen mill, in the wool and sheep- skin department, until 1876, when, with a part- ner, he started in his present business. They are at 109 First Avenue south, and deal in hides, wool, tallow, etc. James McMuUen was bom July 21st, 1824, at Reading, Pennsylvania. When ten years of age he went as cabin boy on the bark White Oak. He followed the sea, on various vessels, until 1849, visiting all parts of the world, and the last three years being captain of vessels in the West India trade. On leaving the water, in 1849, he moved to St. Anthony, with his family. He worked several years at carpentering, and then went into the general merchandise business, with H. Morrison, at Pine Bend. He built a shingle mill on the St. Anthony Water Power Company's dam. In 1878 it was moved and his present saw- mill erected. Mr. JSlciluUen w.as several years a member of the St. Anthony city council. In 1849 he married Charlotte ISlcKnight, who has borne him three children; the living are Albert and Willie. Albert E. McMullen was born June 30, 1851, in Minneapolis,and was one of the first white children born in tliis city. He attended the public schools and University, and assisted his father, who was a contractor, until twenty years old, when he en- gaged as book-keeper and teller in the Exchange and Savings Bank. He occupied the same posi- tions and thai of cashier, in different banks until BIOOBAPHICAL. 593 1879, since then he has given his whole attention to the lumber mill in which he is a partner ; he is also one of the firm of Wilcox and Co., who own a general store at Big Stone Lake. In 1878 he married Minnie Wilcox ; she has borne him one son. George McMnllen was born in March, 1819, at Ottawa, Canada. He learned the trade of con- tractor from his father. In 1857, he left his na- tive city, came to Minneapolis and has since fol- lowed his trade here. As an evidence of his popularity and worth, we mention some of the leading buildings of the city which he erected. In 1860 he built Harrison's block, the oldest cut stone building here; Mendenhall's bank, resid- ence and green house ; T. A. Harrison's house ; the Centenary Methodist Church; St. Mark's Episcopal Church ; the Athenaeum ; City Hall ; Church of the Immaculate Conception; Wash- bum A and C mill, two stone elevators belonging to the Washburn mills, the dam wall for Wash- bum and Company, foundation for the Millers > Association elevator, aiid Taylor's mill ; also the anchors for the suspension bridge and finished the towers ; he built the stone arch bridge ; North Star Iron Works ; the Pillsbury A mill ; and is now at work on the James Hill canal. R. S. McMurdy, M. D., was bom July, 1824, at Albany, New York. He received his education there, and graduated from the Albany Medical College in 1846 ; for several years he was city physician of that place. He practiced for a time in Ohio, and since the spring of 1873 has been in Minneapolis. Dr. McMurdy married in 1847. His wife died, leaving one child, Kobert C. His second wife was Mary Pease, whom he married in 1873. They have two children. W. W. McNair, of the law firm Lochren Mc- Nair and Gilfillan, was born in 1886, in New York. In 1854, he went to Wisconsin, and March, 1857, removed to this city. Soon after his arrival in Minneapolis, he was admitted to practice in the United States territorial court. He has re- peatedly been nominated by his party, but has never held oflBce, with the exception of being county attorney in 1861-2, mayor of St. An- thony two years, and several times a member of school boards. In 1862, he married Louise, sister of Hon. E. M. Wilson, of this city. They are the parents of two children. 38 W.*D. McNiece, a native of Vermont, was bom October 3d, 1845, in Orange county. In 1861, he went to New York city, remained eight years. He was four years in the drug trade in St. Lawrence county, and then returned to New York city, where he resided until 1878, when he came to Minneapolis and became a partner of Mr. Bohan, in the boot and shoe business, 104 Central Avenue. William McVeigh, a native of Ottawa City. Ontario, Canada, was born June 5th, 1839. He came to Minneapolis in 1872, and was in the car- pet and dry goods business with McConnell and Company, six years. In August, 1880, he became a partner of Mr. Kenyon in an extensive whole- sale and retail carpet business. Daniel Mc Waters was bom in Muirkirk, Ayre- shire, Scotland. He came to America in 1866, and to Minneapolis in 1875. He engaged with the North-western foundry as foreman, and re- mained with the company until the spring of 1880, when he formed a partnership with E. Feet in an establishment known as the Minneapolis Brass Works. January, 1875, he married Sarah Paul. They are the parents of two children: J. O. F. Meagher was born in 1852, at St. Paul. He went to Troy, New York, and learned the laundry and dyeing business. He returned to Minnesota and in 1879 bought the place where he is now in business. No. 26 Second street north. The works are run by steam, and it is in every way a first-class institution. George H. Mead was bom at Waukegan, Illi- nois, in 1847. He became a resident of Minneap- olis in the fall of 1865. He was in the omnibus company twelve years, then formed a partnership with Mr. Eobinson. They are now proprietors of a livery, boarding and sale stable at 220 Third street south. Henry Melstroh was born in 1833, in Germany. He came to the United States in 1864, locating in Carver county, Minnesota, and worked one year at tailoring. In 1865 he came to this city, and the next year went to Stillwater, where he resided until 1873, when he returned to Minne- apolis. In 1876 he removed to his present loca- tion in the American House, No. 800, Marshall street. East Division. January, 1869, he mar- ried Kachel Macks. They have three children; the living are; Joseph and Katie. 594 BISTORT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, E. J. Mendenhall, loan agent, was born in Guilford county, North Carolina, November 25th, 1828. He attended school a few years in New England, then went to Ohio, and in 1853 re- turned to North Carolina. The next year he went to New York, and in 1855 to Iowa as civil engineer; the year following he came to this city, and has since been in business here. On his arrival in Minneapolis he could not find a dray to haul his trunk and was obliged to get a wheel- baiTOW. Mr. Mendenhall was married February 11th, 1858, to Abby Swift, of Massachusetts. They have no children. J. C. Menor, born December 24th, 1847, in Ashland county, Ohio. lie learned the mill- ing business in his native town, and came to this city in 1873; he remained only about three months, and went to Ked Wing, where he was employed as second miller. He returned to Min- neapolis in June, 1874, and was with E. V. White two years. He then went to Lanesboro, and remained until July, 1878, when he returned and fitted up the Standard mill, where he has since occupied the position of head miller. Gregor Menzel was born in Bielendorf , in the province of Silesia, Prussia, August 21st, 1826. For his family record, see volume eleven, page 397, of American Cyclopedia. His father died before Gregor's birth, but his last request was that if his offspring was a boy, and lived, he should learn a trade. When five years of age he nearly lost his life in a flood, which swept away their Uttle home and nearly all the property his mother possessed. When ten years old he went on foot across the mountains to Friedeberg, Austria, to live with an uncle, and fulfill his fa- ther's last wish. In July, 1842, having learned the blacksmith's trade, he returned on foot to Prussia, and went to work in a large machine shop, near Glatz, to learn the machinist's trade. After this he considered it necessary to travel and work in different places, in order to perfect him- self as a mechanic. He walked to IJreslau, Frankfort, Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen, being employed in different shops. While working near the latter place, he became acquainted with Henrietta D. Eoesner, whom he married. Soon after, they started for this country, stopped a short time in London, and arrived at New York April 7th, 1847. He at once commenced work with James Bogardus, the celebrated inventor (see volume two, page 780, American Cyclopedia) and worked for him until August, 1850, when he removed to Milwaukee. He was given the posi- tion of foreman in the machinery department of the Menominee Locomotive Manufacturing Com- pany, and held the situation until December 1st, 1854, when he went into partnership with L. Keuck, and under the name of Menzel and Keuck, carried on steam engine building. In 1855, M. and M. Stone bought Mr. Keuck's interest, and the new firm name was Menzel, Stone and Com- pany. They were also extensively engaged in manufacturing threshing machines, and in 1855, made the first threshing engine used in the west. The following year he took an active part in poli- tics, helped organize the Eepublican party, and was the presidential elector from the first district of Wisconsin, and cast his vote for John C. Fre- mont and Dayton, in the electoral college. On the first of February, 1857, Messrs. Cummings and Goodrich bought the Stone interest. The shop was moved and enlarged, and carried on un- der the name of Menzel, Cummings and Good- rich. The same year the first elevator was buUt in Milwaukee, by Angus Smith and Company. For this he manufactured the engine, boiler, and all the other machinery and iron work. He also made the first mash machine driven by power in that city, for V. Blatz's brewery. After years of prosperity, came reverses. The financial crisis of 1857, which svs'ept the whole country, reUeved him of all his hard earnings. He then devoted his time to inventions. He obtained a patent on a steam boiler, April 5th, 1859 (see Patent Office Eeport of 1859, and for cut see Scientific Ameri- can of October 1st, 1859), and also on a fire and burglar-proof safe, April 24th, 1860 (see Patent Ofhce Eeport of 1860). One of his large safes, was bought by J. Dean and Company of this city, in 1866. In the spring of i860, he took an eight- stamp steam quartz-mill to Colorado, put it in operation, and returned with the intention of building another quartz-mill to work the claims he secured in Colorado ; but the rebellion broke out, and his plans were frustrated. In the fall of 1861, he took charge of the elevator and engines for Angus Smith and Company, and remained with them until June 11th, 1864, when he accepted ed the position of superintendent of the Bay State BIOGRAPHICAL. 595 Iron Manufacturing Company, at that time tlie largest works of the kind in Milwaukee. His first work there was to build a 250 horse-power, low- pressure beam engine, it being the first in that city, and was built for Mr. Smith's new elevator, A. In 1866 the steam engine, boiler, etc., were built under his supervision for J. Dean and Company's Pa- cific mill, and August ieth of that year he ar- rived in Minneapolis, to put the machinery in the mill. It was accomplished on the 8th of October, and the firm were so well pleased with his work that they presented him with one hundred dol- lars, as a token of appreciation. He liked this city so well that he determined to make it his home, in time. July 1st, 1868, he bought an in- terest in the Cream City Iron Works, in Milwau- kee, and the business was carried on under the name of Menzel, Stowell and Company, until November, 1870, when he withdrew from the firm, to come to Minneapolis and accept the posi- tion offered him as superintendent of the North Star Iron "Works, of this city. The following is some of the work done under his supervision : the celebrated saw-mill of W. D. Washburn and Company, at Anoka, also Isaac Staples', at Still- water ; the engine at the Nicollet House, engine and machinery in the City Hall, including passen- ger and freight elevator, the first in the city ; the engines at Captain Eollins' saw-mill, Barnard and Company's factory, etc.; he also designed all of the above machinery. On the first of April, 1874, he formed a partnership with his son, Charles G., and D. C. Howard, to establish the Northwestern Foiindry. The works are located on the corner of Third street and Tenth Avenue south, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailway. The first gray iron castings were made July 13th, and the first car-wheels, first in the city, were cast October 12th, 1874. On the 1st of September, L. V. N. Blakeman bought the interests of C. G. Menzel and D. C. Howard, and the business is still carried on under the name of G. Menzel and Company. It may well be said of the firm, they have a good, hard-earned reputation. His family circle, until their arrival here, was unbroken, and consisted of his wife Henrietta, Maggie H., Car- rie M., Charles G., Minnie A., and Emma D.; but to his great sorrow, his eldest and beloved daugh- ter, Maggie H., passed away, January 24th, 1872. - T. E. Mercer, a native of Illinois, was bom at Peoria, June 27th, 1850. He came to Minneapo- lis in 1864, and attended school several years, two of which were spent at the University. He moved to Grinnell, Iowa and engaged in the hotel business and followed it until 1877, when he re- turned to this city and was in the grocery busi- ness until April 15th, 1880. He then opened the restaurant and oyster house on Third street, be- tween Nicollet and Hennepin Avenue. He mar- ried Emma Brown, May 16th, 1872. O. C. Merriman, born July 27th, 1827, in St. Lawrence county. New York. From 1854 until 1859 he resided in Wisconsin, then removed to St. Anthony, and has since been identified with this place. Por a time he engaged in the practice of law, but since 1870 has been in the lumber business ; he was a member of the firm of L. But- ler and Company. The firm of Merriman, Bar- rows and Company, as at present organized, dates from April, 1878. Mr. Merriman's wife was Rosanna Herring of St. Lawrence county. New York ; their marriage took place in 1854. They have four boys and one girl living. Charles Metzger was born May 19th, 1842, at Albany, New York. In 1849 he accompanied his parents to Galena, Illinois, where he lived until 1856 ; in the fall of that year he came to Minne- sota and settled in St. Paul, where he learned the painter's trade. He enlisted in 1861 and was dis- charged in 1862. He re-enlisted in 1864, serving until the close of the war. Since 1870 he has lived in this city and been employed as painter and house decorator. September 12th, 1865, he married Charlotte Halgren of Illinois, Fritz Metzke, a native of Prussia, was born May 2d, 1827. He came to the United States in 1852 and located in Chicago. He was in the hat, cap and fur business until July, 1880, when he came here and opened what is known as the Chi- cago Exchange, at 117 Nicollet Avenue. In 1864 he married Ino Kirchner. They have had seven children, only two are living. John D. Meyer, a native of Germany, was born November 28th, 1820. He came to the United States in 1852 and lived in New York two years; He removed to St. Louis and two years later to La Crosse, Wisconsin, being all the while engaged in the dyeing business. In 1866 he came to this city; his steam dyeing establishment is at No. 2 Hennepin Avenue. He married Mary Sefried 596 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. November 5th, 1857. They have six children: Amelia, Mary, Bertha, Emma, Olga and John. Jacob Meyrs was bom inNew York, June 12th, 1840. He was employed in farming and teaming until 1866, since then he has been k resident of Minneapolis, and is a member of the firm of Meyrs and Davis, dray line. In October, 1870, he married Carrie Hinglesback. Their children are: Clara, Mary and Amelia. J. W. Michie was born in Canada, in 1851. His father being a miller, he has been in that busi- ness since early boyhood. , In 1876, he came to Minneapolis, and since that time, has been em- ployed by the Pillsburys in the different mills. His marriage with Delphia Lawrence, occurred in this city, February 19th, 1879. One child has been born to them, Charles. W. A. Miller, manager of the Minneapolis de- partment of the Pioneer Press, commenced his career in a printing ofHce, where he served a reg- ular apprenticeship of seven years, mastering every detail of the business, but having a love for mercantile pursuits, abandoned the trade. Engaging in business, became a traveler, and, in the course of time, made the grand circuit of the globe. When the war of the rebellion broke out* he was in Australia, but upon receipt of the news, immediately started for home, and entered the Union service. He came to Minneapolis in November, 1875, and at once was placed in charge of the Minneapolis branch of the Pioneer Press, to which he is at present devoting all his time and energies. J. H. Miller, a native of Oswego county, New York, was bom December 9th, 1852. He learned the milling business at home, and in December, 1872, came to Minneapolis and engaged with C. A. Pillsbury as night grinder, after that, he worked as stone-dresser. He then had charge of the Empire mill six months, after which he worked one year at the Pillsbury mill, and since August, 1878, he has occupied the position of head miller at the Excelsior. J. W. Miller, born April 22d, 1858, at Chateau- gay, New York. At the age of fifteen, he went to Malone, learned the tinner's trade, and worked there until 1878, at which time he removed to this city. He worked for Stafford and Company until April, 1879, when he started for himself in the stove and hardware business. In September, 1880, Mr. Smith became his partner, forming a young, enterprising and prosperous firm. Mr. Miller married in 1878, Jennie Heath. They have one child, Mary. Walter Miller, a native of England, came to the United States in 1869, and located in Min- nesota City. He remained there two years, en- gaged in milling, having learned that business in England. He then lived in Lanesboro about one and one-half years, and from that time was em- ployed in different mills in this state until May 1880; since then he has been working as packer in the Standard mill of this city. Sylvester Mills came to Minneapolis in 1855, and for seven years worked a farm in this town- ship. He now has a bowling saloon and bar at 16, Second street south. David A. MUne, bom March 15th, 1853, in Canada. In 1864 he went to Cedar Falls, Iowa, and the next year commenced working in a miy. He removed to Nashua in 1871, and for two years had charge of E. P. Greely's mill; he then came to this city, and was employed by Mr. Cahill one year. In the spring of 1864 he rented the Money Creek Mill, at Houston, Minnesota. From there went to Salem, Wisconsin, and in 1877, returned to Minneapolis. He was with Washburn until July, 1879, and since then has been at the Galaxy, where he is the head miller. He mar- ried Emma Pattison, August 19th 1875. Charles A. Mitchell, business manager of the Tribune, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 16th, 1845. His first business ven- ture was in connection with the Boston Gold Mining Company, in the fall of 1865. The com- pany sent him to Colorado, where he remained two years and six months. Thence he returned to Boston, remained there until June 7, 1869, when he came to Minneapolis and became iden- tified with the newspapers of this city in July, 1873, first taking charge of the circulation of the St. Paul Pioneer, in Minneapolis. He remained with the Pioneer, and its successor, the Pioneer Press, until 1876, when that paper was consoli- dated with the Morning Tribune and the Even- ing Mail. Mr. Miichell at that time purchased the circulation, of the Mail and the Tribune, and continued the owner as long as the Pioneer Press company owned the Tribune, and after it passed into the hands of the present company, BIOGBAPHICAL. 597 up to March 9th, when he was made manager of the Tribune. Mr. Mitchell was married in No- vember, 1878, to Miss Mary J. Church, of Boston, Massachusetts. Amos L. Miner was born November 27th, 1837, in Clinton county, New York. He lived with his parents until thirteen years of age, when he tvent to East Salem and clerked in a store for his brother, about two years. He then removed with his brothers to Juneau, Wisconsin, thence to Horicon, and after one year to St. Croix county, where he learned the trade of mill-wright. In 1862 he enUsted in the Thirtieth Wisconsin Vol- unteers, and served three years. He came to this city in June, 1866, and was one year with Web- ster and Pray, then went to Polk county and worked a farm five years. In 1871 he returned,- and for nearly two years had charge of the mill- furnishing department of Lee and Hardenbergh's iron-works. He invented a middlings purifier, and manufactm-ed them, in partnership with Har- denbergh and Fender, until October, 1873, when he sold his interest to O. A. Pray, and acted as superintendent of the old Minnesota Iron- Works, until June 1st, 1878, when he became a partner in the firm of O. A. Fray and Company. He mar- ried Sarah Beede in 1859. Their children are: Adella, Mary, Lydia and Charles; one died in in- fancy. John Mittwer, a native of Prussia, was born March 30th, 1844. He came to the United States in 1868, and has resided in Minneapolis most of the time since. He worked at painting, and af- terward in a hardware store until 1875 when he engaged in trade for himself. He owns the building which he now occupies, 1301 Washing- ton Avenue north, and is doing a good business in hardware. In 1870 he married Frederica Weiss, who has borne him one child, Julius. Louis Moelchert, bom in 1851, is a native of Prussia. In 1873 he came to Minneapolis, and was employed for five years in the hardware trade, part of the time selling goods on the road. In June, 1879, he fitted up and .opened his present place of business, 503 Washington Avenue north. His wife was Miss Anna Brown ; their marriage occurred in 1875. They are the parents of two children: Etta and Minne. E. Mohr, a native of Germany, was born in 1854. He emigrated to the United States in 1871, and located at Sheboygan, Wisconsin. In 1879 he re- moved to Minneapohs and engaged in the bakery business at the corner of Fifth street and Sixth Avenue south. His marriage with Mary Torpe occurred September 30th, 1877. They have two children: Paul and Minnie. A. P. Molin, is a native of Sweden, born April 3d, 1851. He came to the United States in 1869, making Chicago his home two years. After taking a tour throughout the cotintry he came to this city in 1873, and has since made this his place of resi- dence. In 1876 he became one of the partners in the firm of Byberg and Company in the Stockholm meat-market. M. C. Mooney was born October 29th, 1854, at Newport, Vermont. In 1866 he went to Boston, Massachusetts, and worked at the meat trade in Faneuil Hall Market, and in the same business at Cambridge, Massachusetts, until March, 1879, when he removed to Minneapolis, and in August of the year following, bought an interest in the firm of Barker and Company, 717 Washington Avenue south. Professor John G. Moore was born in Germany in November, 1848. His father dying, Mr. Moore in 1863, came to America with his guardian, and went to Oswego county. New York. At the close of the war, he made a tour through the South, and then went to New Haven, Connecticut. After attending s jhool for a time, he returned to Oswego county, entered the academy at Mex- ico, where he fitted for college, and entered Cor- nell University whence he graduated after a four years course. After graduating, he held the po- sition of instructor in German in Trumansburg Academy, in Tompkins county, for two years. In 1873 he received an offer from the State Uni- versity, which he accepted, and after being em- ployed as instructor in German for two years was appointed Professor of German, which he still retains. Professor Moore was married, in 1877, to Miss Anna Cole of Seneca, New York. They have one child, William C. H. G. O. Morrison was bom in Livermore, Maine, January 24th, 1817. In the spring of 1834 he went into a printing-office at Gardner, and from there to Bangor the following Decem- ber, where he engaged on the Bangor Whig and Courier. He graduated at the Bangor high school, and read law with Appleton and Hill, the 598 HISTOBY OF HENNBPIN COUNTY. former now chief justice Appleton. He was admitted to tlie bar in tlie fall of 1838, and began practice at Sebec, Maine. He was elected to the Maine legislature in the fall of 1840, and served in the session of 1841. He continued the prac- tice of his profession in Maine until 1855, when he came to St. Anthony, and two years later went ,to Dakota county and started the town of Pine Bend, remaining there twelve years. He served in the legislature of Minnesota during the ses- sions of 1860-'61. In 1862 was appointed by President Lincoln, assessor of the internal rev- enue for the congressional district, which then comprised the northern part of the state, and held the position until 1865 or 1866. He moved to St. Paul in 1869, and remained until 1872, when he returned to this city. Was deputy col- lector of internal revenue from 1869 to 1873, and gince then has been in the practice of law. He is now a member of the firm of Morrison and Fitch. He was married in 1841 to Maria F. Lovejoy, of Maine; she died nine years after, leaving no children. He was married the second time at the cathedral, St. Paul, to Rebecca New- ell. They have three children living, David Whipple, Samuel Benjamin and Stanford. A. C. Morrison was born October 10th, 1841, at Northfleld, New Hampshire. He came to St. Anthony in December, 1854, and worked with his father in his mill five years; then went to Castle Rock, Minnesota, and worked on a farm two years. He enlisted in the Fourth Minnesota Vol- unteers, and served nearly four years; after being mustered out, he returned to this city and has since been employed in the different mills here. He has acted as engineer for Wheaton, Reynolds and Company since March, 1880. He married Annette Carlton in July, 1878. Clinton Morrison was born January 21st, 1842,at Livermore, Maine. He was educated in his na- tive town, and in 1855, came with his parents to Minneapolis. In 1863, he engaged In the mer- cantile business, and afterwards in lumber busi- ness; since 1878 has been interested in the Min- neapolis Harvester Works, being vice-president of the company. Mr. Morrison married Julia Washburn, of Massachusetts, in February, 1873. They have one child, Ethel. Elisha Morse was born January 12th, 1831, at South Paris, Maine. He went to California in 1852, remained about two years, and removed to Macomb, Illinois, where he was in the real es- tate business until he enlisted, in 1862, in Seventyr eighth Illinois Volunteers as private, and was promoted to first lieutenant. He was captured and held a prisoner seventeen months; after he rejoined his regiment, he was commissioned cap- tain, and was honorably discharged in June, 1865. The following spring he came here, and for a time engaged in the purchase of flour for eastern markets; then was in the wholesale grocery trade three years with Messrs. Stephens and Newell, and has since been doing an extensive real estate and loan business. April, 1859, he married Liz- zie Pillsbury, who has borne him six children; the living are, George, Mary, Edward, William and Frank. Frank L. Morse, a native of Vermont, was born January, 1837, at Johnson. April, 1858, he came to St. Anthony. At the first Minneapolis election he was chosen alderman, and was three times re-elected to that office; he was also elected to represent this district in the legislature in 1871, and four times re-elected. Mr. Morse was mar- ried in Chicago, June, 1879, to Catherine Cum- mings, of Burlington, Vermont. George A. Morse was bom in Peterborough, Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, July 6th, 1836. He moved to Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1852, and two years later to LewistowTi, Maine. In October, 1864, he come to this city, and the year following, started in the book and stationery business; he is located at 206 Central Avenue. Mr. Morse's family consists of a wife and one son. Elias W. Mortimer was born at Hastings, Eng- land. May 34th, 1837. He came to America and located at St. Paul in 1855, working at the baker's trade. In 1863 he enlisted in the Fifth Minne- sota Infantry and served until the fall of 1865 ; when discharged he was orderly sergeant of com- pany F. He returned to Minnesota and has since been employed by the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway company. He is now baggage agent of the Northern Pacific railroad, the Chi- cago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railway, and general baggage agent for the Minneapolis and St. Louis railroad. His wife was Altanice Ilayford of Farmersville, New York. Their children are: Elias, Mary Jane, Georgia and Wil- Ue. BIOGBAPEIGAL. 599 G. W. Mortimer was born at 8t. Paul, Minne- sota, July 27th, 1857. He moved with his pa- rents to Northfield, where he worked three years in the packing department of the Ames mill. In 1870 he came to this city and for three years was employed at the "Washburn B mill ; he was with Mr. Cahill at Minnetonka two years, and one year at the Pillsbury mill here. He then removed to Red Wing and was employed in a mill there three years, but returned to Minneapolis in August, 1880, and went to work at the Galaxy. His wife was Miss G. A. Foster. Their children are: Chancie and Frederick. Elias Moses, born April 18th, 1829, in Piscata- quis county, Maine. He was left an orphan at the age of fourteen, and when eighteen years of age engaged as salesman in a general merchan- dise store; the next year he went into the lumber business, which he carried on, in connection with farming, for eight years. He came to St. Anthony in October, 1856, and has since been in the lumber trade, having been in business for himself since 1860. He married Lydia Nichols, of Maine, in 1852. Their three children have all passed away: Hannah, Herbert and an unnamed infant. Mrs. Moses died April 4th, 1879. E. H. Moulton, a native of New York city, was bom January 10th, 1844. He came to Minneapo- lis in 1872 and has been treasurer of the Farmers and Mechanics Savings bank since its organiza- tion in 1874. Mr. Moulton's wife was Harriet Skiles; their marriage occured November 11th, 1874. They have two children: Kate and Eder. E. Moulton, deceased, was born in 1827, at Haviland, Maine. He came to St. Anthony in 1849 and worked at carpentering fifteen years. In 1864 he established the second planing mill on the east side. The firm of E. Moulton and son, commenced manufacturing farm wagons in 1879, making a specialty of "The Moulton Wagon;" shop is at the corner of Division and Taylor streets, east division. Mr. Moulton died during the winter of 1880. John B. Mueller was born in Bavaria in 1850. He emigrated to America and was twelve years engaged in the manufacture of Morocco leather, at Milwaukee, and at the same time had an inter- est in a New York fur company. In 1862 he re- moved to St. Paul, where for three years he was engaged in the distillery and wholesale liquor trade. May, 1865, he came to this city, and that year the corner stone of the Mueller and Hein- rich brewery was laid by Kranzlein and Mueller. In 1857 he married Rosa Smith, of Milwaukee. They have seven children. Louis C. Mueller was born in Germany, March 24th, 1839. In February, 1859, he came to the United States, and lived in Milwaukee ten years, employed as salesman for a large dry goods house. He removed with his brother to Faribault in 1865, and although commencing with very little capital, they have by energy and perseverance, built up the leading dry goods house of that place. In 1876 Mr. Mueller opened, in Minneapolis, the German-Scandinavian Bank, and was president of the institution; after paying all depositors, he closed the bank in October, 1878. He has been a member of the firm of Mueller and Schulte since June, 1880; they deal in harness and saddlery hardware. Mr. Mueller married, in 1868, Matilda Hill. They have one child: Cora. A. H. Mudgett, a native of Maine, was born in 1824, at Hallowell. He moved to Boston in 1842, and Chicago in 1862, thence to Rochelle, and in 1875, to Tiptown. He has been in practice as a veterinary surgeon more than thirty years. In April, 1878, he came to tliis city; his office is at 410 Fourth street south. William MulUken, born July 19th, 1830, in Steuben county. New York. He learned civil en- gineering and followed that business in Ohio and Indiana until 1856,whenhe wentto Illinois, andin 1860, to Wisconsin. He came to this city in July, 1863, and was employed as assistant engineer on the MinneapoUs and St. Paul Railway unt 1 De- cember, 1865, when he went to the Pennsylvania oil regions. He relumed to Minnesota, and has much of the time since, been in the real estate business; he was in the United States land office from 1870 to '74, and was one year special agent in the pension department. In June, 1880, he re- turned to this city, and has since been dealing in pine lands. He married Sarah Cortelyon in 1859. They have one child, Ida. Albert S. Munger was born March 1st, 1837, at Orwell, Vermont. In 1857, he moved to Water- ford, Minnesota, and worked at farming a num- ber of years; he removed to this city in 1867 and was engaged with George B. Wright on the Northern Pacific Railroad until 1870, when he 600 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. entered the police force, and five years later was promoted to chief of police. Mr. Hunger is widely known as a faithful, vigilant and efficient officer; his office is at the city station house, in the rear of 212 First Avenue south. He married in 1863, Mary Kelly, who was a teacher in the public schools of Northfleld. They have one child. May Alberta Lincoln. J. W. Munson, a native of Maine, was born February 25th, 1820, in the town of Cooper. He learned the trade of blacksmith at East Machias and worked there until 1849, when he went to California; he remained only seven months, but went again in 1852 and stayed one and one-half years. In May, 1856, he came to Minneapolis, worked for a man named Fenderson a short time, andjthe year following estabUshed his own black- smith shop. December, 1841, he married Miss Ab- bie Munson. They have two daughters. A. Murphy, bom December, 1834, in Ireland. When nine years of age, he came with his par- ents to America, and located in Senaca county, New York, where he learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1855, he removed to St. Paul, thence to Minneapolis. He has had different partners, but is now a member of the firm of Murphy and Machmeier; they do general blacksmithing at 111 Main street south. In November, 1866, he mar- ried Annie Fuer. They have had seven children, one daughter is dead. J. P. Musser established his present business April 15th, 1879. He manufactures patterns, wagon jacks, step ladders, clothes dryers, ironing boards and barrel trucks. His place of business is No. 110 Main street and his residence 306 Eighth street south-east. W. Muther, a native of Germany, was born November 11th, 1836. He emigrated to the United States in 1865, located at Minneapolis and engaged in contracting, building and architect- ure. For the past year he has been employed as mill-wright at the Crown Roller mill. In 1867 he married Christiana Brooch. Their children are: Leo, Henry, Edward, Ludwig and Wendlin. C. "W. Myers was born in Lewis county. New York. When eighteen years of age he com- menced to learn the trade of blacksmith. In 1873, he came to Minneapolis and has since been in business here. He is now a member of the firm of Myers and Jewett. His wife was Susie Hinton, whom he married in 1868. Mrs. Myers died February 27th, 1877, leaving one child, Mary Helen. W. D. Myers, M. D., was bom in Madison county. New York, February, 1830. He was ed- ucated at Washington, D. C, and graduated from the National University, medical department of Columbia College. He was one year surgeon of the Eighty-eighth Indiana Infantry, and after being mustered out, resumed his prs^ctice at Waterloo, Indiana. December, 1878, he came to this city and established the Surgical Infirmary, of which he is surgeon and medical director. It has thirty finely furnished rooms, and is situated on the corner of Second Avenue south and Third street. CHAPTER LXXXI. BIOGRAPHICAL, N, O AND P. Rev. Edward Duffleld NeiU was the first Pro- testant clergyman who settled in St. Paul. He was bom in Philadelphia on August 9th, 1823, and is the son of the late Henry NeUl, M. D., one of the vice-presidents of the college of physicians in that city. He was a student at the University of Pennsylvania and Amherst College, Massachu- setts, graduating in 1842, at the latter institution. His theological studies were pursued at Andover Theological Seminary, and under the distin- guished commentator, the Rev. Albert Barnes of Philadelphia. Declining calls to churches in 1847, he went to the neighborhood of Galena, Il- linois, where he performed missionary labor among the miners. At his own request he was transfen-ed to St. Paul, then a small hamlet, by the Presbytery of Galena, and on the 23d of April, 1849, arrived there, and at once commenced his labors, and made arrangements to build the first brick dwelling in Minnesota, which is still in good preservation, situated near the comer of Fourth and Washmgton, opposite the Metropoli- tan Hotel, St. Paul. During the first year of his residence in St. Paul he also preached at the falls of St. Anthony every other Sunday afternoon, as BIOGRAPHIGAL. 60] has been mentioned in tlie history of Minneapo- lis, lie erected the first Protestant house of wor- ship for the white population of Minnesota, at St. Paul, in the summer of 1849, and in November of the same year organized the First Presbyterian Church in St. Paul. In May, 1850, the wooden church building was destroyed by fire, and a large brick church at the corner of Third and St. Peter streets was built in i.ts place, and is now changed into stores. Resigning the charge of the Pirst Presbyterian church, he began to preach in the new and upper portion of St. Paul, where there were no churches, and in 1855 organized the church known as the "House of Hope," now the largest in that city, of which the Kev. David E. Breed is pastor. He acted as its pastor for five years, when he resigned. Williams, in his "History of St. Paul" writes: "During this period he gave great attention to educational and Uterary mat- ters. He was appointed territorial superintend- ent of instruction in 1851, and held that office two years. In 1 853 he organized and secured the erec- tion and endowment of the 'Baldwin School.' In 1855 he secured the building of the 'College of St. Paul,' which was for several years a clas- sical academy for young men. He was at the same time secretary of the St. Paul board of edu- cation. For several years he was chancellor of the State University. He was also state superin- tendent of public instruction from 1858 to 1864, and secretary of the Historical Society from 1851 to 1863." Hon. D. Burt, state superintendent of public instruction, in his report in 1881 to the legislature of Minnesota, writes: "The territorial law of 1851, requiring the governor to appoint a superintendent of schools, remamed in the statutes until 1860. In that year, it was enacted, that the Chancellor of the University, an officer then, required to be appointed by the board of regents should be ex-officio superintendent. This act made E. D. Neill the first state superintendent of public instruction. In the first state report, he recommended the gen- uine township system, and the appointment of county superintendents, and also that the ap- portionment of school funds should be made, upon the number of scholars, attending the dis- trict school. Two of these early recommenda- tions have been realized, and the third is yet to come. The first annual state report could con- tain but few statistics, since territorial superin- tendents had adopted no plan for gathering such data. Mr. ISTeill was the author of the first teachers' register ever issued in the state, and of the first forms used for reports on the condition of schools. On the 7th of March, 1861, a. law was passed requiring a joint convention of the senate and house to ekct a superintendent of ■public instruction for a term of two years. What- ever may have been the motives dictating this legislation, it Qould not have resulted from any general hostility to Mr. Neill, for on the same day in which the act became a law, he was elected, in joint convention, by an almost unani- mous vote, as superintendent of public instruc- tion, for two years. But on the 29th of April, he was appointed chaplain of the First Minnesota, causing a vacancy in the superintendency, which the Governor filled, by requirement of the school law." In June, 1861, he accompanied the first troops that left Fort Snelling, for the seat of war, as chaplain of the First Minnesota Eegiment, and was with that regiment, in the first battle of Bull Bun, and at Fair Oaks, and in the seven day's conflict ending at Malvern Hills. He was then appointed by President Lincoln, United States hospital chaplain, and assigned to one of the Philadelphia hospitals. Early in 1864, he re- ceived an appointment at the President's house, in Washington, as secretary to open and arrange all correspondence, and to sign land patents for the President. He continued on duty in the Executive mansion until he was appointed by President Grant, in 1869, United States consul at Dublin. He held the consulate for two years, then resigned, and resumed his work in Minne- sota, which had been suspended by the civil war, as president of the Baldwin School and Col- lege of St. Paul, which were consolidated by the legislature, in 1874, as Macalester College, so called, because the late Charles Macalester, of Philadelphia, bequeathed to the college the large five story stone edifice, built for a hotel, situated in the East Division of Minneapolis, overlooking the Falls of St. Anthony. In January, 1874, Mr. Neill was one of the first clergymen to unite in the Eeformed Episco- pal church movement, and, he was instrumental in the erection of Christ Church, on Hennepin 602 mSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Avenue, in Minneapolis, which he still serves. He has been a frequent contributor to magazines and reviews, and has published several sermons. The following books are also from his pen: History of Minnesota, in 1858, published by J. B. Lippincott and Company., pp. 628; History of Minnesota enlarged, 758 pp., published in 1873; History of Minnesota, third edition, 828 pp. pub- lished in 1878, by Jdtmson, Smith and Harrison, Minneapolis; Terra Mariae, or Threads of Mary- land Colonial History, J. B. Lippincott and Coin- pany, 1867, pp. 260; Fairfaxes of England and America, Joel Munsell, publisher, Albany, 1868, pp. 234; Virginia Company of London, Joel Mun- sell, publisher, Albany, 1869, pp. 432; English Colonization of America, Strahan and Company, London, England, 1871, pp. 352; Founders of Maryland, published by Joel Munsell, Albany, 1876, pp. 193; Minnesota Explorers and Pio- neers, for North Star Publishing Company, 1881, pp. 128. For many of the facts in preparing this sketch, we have been indebted to Johnson's Cyclopedia, Alibone's Dictionary of Authors, and Drake's Dictionary of Biography. Mr. Neill was married October 4th, 1847, by Kev. J. J. Graff, at Snow Hill, Worcester county Maryland, to Nancy, daughter of Richard Hall, of said county. His children are: Minnesota, born in St. Paul, March 28th, 1850; Samuel, born m St. Paul, December 10th, 1852; Henry, born in St. Paul, April 15th, 1855; Edward Duflfield, born in St. Paul, August 1st, 1858; John Selby Martin, bom in St. Paul; March 25th, 1860. Frank Navratil, a resident of Minneapolis smce 1866, is a native of Bohemia, born October 4th, 1844. He passed his childhood in his native country, where he learned the shoemaker's trade. He came to America, and after working in various cities in this country, he located in this city and worked at his trade until 1871, when he opened his establishment, and has continued as boot and shoemaker since. His wife was formerly Mary Jelinek, of Bohemia, whom he married in 1869. Their children are Frank, Rosie and Lucy (twms,) George and Eda. And"-- w H. Nelson, of the firm of Malmsten, Nelson and Company, is a native of Sweden, born April 10th, 1849. Coming to America in 1866, he located first at Anoka, Minnesota, remaining there two years, when he came to Minneapolis. He engaged with E. Broad in the manufacture of edged tools, and general blacksmithing. After having learned his trade he traveled through the South, working at several places he visited. In 1872, he returned to this city, and four years later formed a partnership with E. Hernlund, and aft- erwards taking Mr. Malmsten as a partner in blacksmithing. His marriage with Emma Hern- lund occurred in 1875. One daughter has been born to them, Olive R. B. F. Nelson, a native of Kentucky, was bom in 1843. He became a resident of Minneapolis in 1864. For a short time he was engaged in rafting lumber, then was employed in a shingle mill, and remained until 1867, at which time he assumed the control of the Butler mill, sawing shingles by the thousand until 1872. He then became a partner of W. C. Stetson. They built the Pacific planing mill, also the St. Louis mUl. In 1879 this firm dissolved, Mr. Stetson taking the Pacific and Mr. Nelson the St. Louis mUl, which he has had in operation since. He was married in 1869 to Martha Rose, who died in 1874, leaving two sons, William E. and Guy U. His second wife was Miss Fredingburg, whom he married in 1875. Thomas Nelson "Forday" was born in Forday, Norway, June 20th, 1852. He received his edu- cation in his native town, where he lived until 1866, then came to America, locating first in Michigan. From there he went on the lakes as a sailor, thence to St. Louis, where he was in the employ of the government. In 1868 he was un- der General Custer in the New Mexico and.Kan- sas campaign. He became a resident of Minne- apolis in 1869, and turned his attention to lum- bering until 1880, when he was appointed on the police force, where he has continued. Mr. Nel- son is a single man. General A. B. Nettleton, editor of the Morning Tribune, was born in Delaware county, Ohio, November 14th, 1838; lived on the parental farm until sixteen yeai-s of age, attending the common schools of the neighborhood. In 1855 he accept- ed employment with a leading mercantile and lumbering firm at Lexington, Michigan. In 1857 he entered OberUn College, Ohio. While yet at college, on April 14th, 1861, two days after the fall of Fort Sumpter, he enlisted as a private in an BIOGBAPHICAL. 603 Ohio volunteer infantry company, under Presi- dent Lincoln's first call for 75,000 troops, and was chosen first sergeant. The company was not ac- cepted by the governor of the state, as Ohio's quota was already full. After the battle of Bull Run, in July of 1861, the subject of this sketch again volunteered for army service as a private in Company H of the Second Ohio Cavalry, then or- ganizing at Camp "Wade, near Cleveland, Ohio. Was elected first lieutenant of his company, and marched to the front in October, 1861. Served with his regiment in Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Geor- gia, Alabama, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana (in the latter states during Morgan's raid), Virginia, Maryland and North Carohna. His service was continuous from August, 1861, to June 15th, 1866— two months after the final surrender of the confederate armies, and among the officers under whom he directly served were Blunt, Burnside, H. G. Wright, G. A. Custer, Wilson, Sheridan, Meade and Grant — the last year and a half of ser- vice, being under the immediate leadership of Custer in Sheridan's famous cavalry corps of the Potomac army. Was present in seventy- three engagements and pitched battles, including among the latter. Grant's campaign of the Wil- derness, and Sheridan's brilliant series of victo- ries in the Shenandoah Valley. He was succes- sively promoted to captain, major, lieutenant- colonel, and colonel of his regiment, and was brevetted brigadier-general on the recommenda- tion of General Custer, as of date February 25th, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the Shenandoah campaign. After being mustered out of the army he studied law for a time at the law school in Albany, New York. In 1866 be- came editor and part proprietor of the Daily Reg- ister at Sandusky, Ohio. In 1868 was a delegate to the national republican convention, at Chicago, which nominated Grant and Colfax for president and vice-president. In 1868 removed from San- dusky to Chicago and became publisher of the Advance. In 1870 removed to Philadelphia, and became associated with the banking house of Jay Cooke ^nd Company in their relation as fiscal agents of the Northern Pacific KaUroad Com- pany; and also held the position of general agent of the trustees of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in connection with the land interests of that cor- poration. In 1875, served as general agent of the purchasing committee of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company in re-organizing the corpora- tion. Has served for ten years as a trustee of Ober- lin College. In March, 1 880, removed to Minneapo- lis, Minnesota, having purchased a half interest in the Daily Tribune. H. T. Ness, a native of Norway, was born in 1843. He came to this city in 1870, and has since been engaged in the hotel business. He is now proprietor of the Western House, 119 Second street north, owned by Mr. Lawrence, of the law firm of Wilson and Lawrence. Mr. Ness was married in 1871, to Olene Peterson. They have had four child ten ; only one is living, Ida G. Louis Neudeck, deceased, was bom in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, December 25th, 1821. He was one of the early pioneers of this region, coming to St. Anthony in 1849. He received his education in hfs native city, and later engaged in the meat business, in which he continued until 1844, when he sold out and removed to Beloit, Wisconsin, remaining one year ; thence to Rock- ford, Illinois, a few months, and next, in 1845, to Stillwater, Minnesota, where he opened a dry goods store, continuing until coming to this city. In 1855 he opened a meat market in St. Anthony, but sold out in 1861. During the Indian troubles of the next year, he assisted in raising and was one of Anson Northrup's company, which went to Port Ridgely. In 1863, Mr. Neudeck, in com- pany with Captain Pisk, went to Montana, and opened a ranche for the purpose of doing an ex- tensive business in cattle raising. He returned to this city for supplies in 1864, and again started with a wagon train of seven teams. When near Port Rice, Montana, one of the wagons needing repairing, he, with several men remained in the rear, to perform the task. While here they were attacked by Indians. Mr. Neudeck and several others were murdered. His body was never re- covered. The only clue to the sad fate of this unfortunate pioneer was a revolver on which was his name, it being snatched from one of the In- dians. Six of the wagons with the supplies reached Port Rice, and were sold, the proceeds being sent to the widow and children in this city. His widow was formerly Catherine Wolff, whom he married in 1848. There are five children liv- ing. 604 HISTORY OF HENNHPIN COUNTY. Louis W. Neudeck, a life long resident of this city, was born May 3d, 1852, and is a son of Louis Neudeck, deceased. It was here that he received his education, and first worked for Glenn and Thompson, and afterwards for E. B. Ames. Af- ter a short trip to Duluth, in 1870, he engaged in the meat business in Austin and Red Wing, and returned to Minneapolis in 1879. Immediately after, he bought the meat market of Henry Schulze, where he has since continued. His mar- riage with Clara Eames, of Red Wing, occurred in 1879. They have one child, Linnie. August Newbom is a naMve of Sweden, bom December 3d, 1848. He livgd on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he commenced his apprenticeship as a tailor. He emigrated to Ame- rica in 1872, locating at Joliet, Illinois. Here he was in the employ of a steel rail company five years, then came to Minneapolis. He was with his brother, J. Kewbom, who is a tailor, until be. gmning alone in October, 1880, at 237 Twelfth Avenue south. George R. Newell, in company with Messrs. Stevens and Morse, established a wholesale gro- cery establishment at 9, 11 and 13 Washington Avenue north. At the end of three years Messrs. Stevens and Morse retired. The firm of Newell and Harrison was then formed, which continued until 1879, when Mr. Harrison retired. Since that time Mr. Newell has been alone, doing a successful business. E. Newman, a native of Norway, was born October 14th, 1845. He learned the trade of moulder in his native country and worked at it until 1863. He then emigrated to America, and the same year located in Minneapolis. He en- gaged in the pursuit of his trade six years, when he opened a grocery store. In 1873, he sold, and engaged in other pursuits until 1880, when he started a grocery at his present location, 1318 Pourth street south, which property he owns. He is doing a thriving business. He was married in 1870 to Emma Evensen, of Norway. Four children have been born to them, Emma S., Clara v., Annie E., and Eddie W. G. H. Nichols was born at Braintree, Vermont, May 18th, 1823. He went to Randolph, Vermont, in 1833, and in 1843, learned the building of pipe organs. Three years later, he removed to Bridge- water, Massachusetts, and engaged with C.H. Packard, who was the originator of the reed or- gan, from which all reed organs from that day to this have sprung. After remaining six months, he returned to his native state and commenced the manufacture of melodeons and organs. The next year he removed to Braintree, Massachu- setts, continuing in the same business; he remained there until 1848, when poor health compelled him to change. He traveled through Vermont until 1856, when he came west and located at Prescott, Wisconsin. In 1862, he enlisted in the Second Wisconsin Cavalry, but was discharged after serv- ing seven months, on account of failing health. In 1869, he began the manufacture of cabinet or- gans, and has since continued. He opened his salesroom in Minneapolis, July, 1879, and removed his works here in the fall of 1880. His factory is located on Second Avenue south-east, comer of Prince street. J. Newton Nind, city editor of the "Tribune," was bom in St. Charles, IlUnois, in March, 1854, and is of English descent, his parents, James G. and Mary C. Nind, having removed to this coun- try from England in 1849. His home contuiued at his birth-place until 1866, when he removed with his parents to Winona, Minnesota, where he soon after imbibed a love for journalism while en- gaged as carrier on the "Republican" of that city. While so engaged, he, with four other boys, each with a cash capital of seven dollars, launched, on the 13th of February, 1869, the first copy of the "North Star," a three-column semi- monthly. At the end of the first six months Mr. Nind became the manager of the pa- per, and enlarged it to five columns, in which form he conducted it until August 17th, 1870. During the ensuing year he improved him- self in the art of printhig. In December, 1871, at Red Wing, he renewed the "North Star" as a weekly publication, which he edited, printed and published as a mesms of prosecuting studies at the Red Wing Institute. In December, 1872, he relinquished its management to accept a position as reporter on the St. Paul "Pioneer," and has since served at different times as reporter on the following papers: the St. Paul "Pioneer," Minne- apolis "Times," St. Paul "Press," Minneapolis "Mail," the "Pioneer Press," and has filled the position of city editor of the Minneapolis "Trib- une" since September, 1877. He was married in BIOGRAPHICAL. 605 December, 1879, to. Agnes C. Williams of Bed Wing. William C. Xoble was born at Johnsburgh, New York, December 9th, 1840. He worked on a farm until the fall of 1862, then went into the store of B. Thomas, as salesman, and two years later became a member of the firm. In 1865 he sold his interest and came to St. Anthony the spring of the next year. A few months after his arrival he was employed by O. T. Swett in a gen- eral merchandise store as book-keeper ; here he remained until 1876, when in company with J. H. McHerron, purchased the grocery department of Mr. Swett's store. At the death of Mr. McHer- ron, in 1878, Mr. S. Armstrong bought his interest and the firm is now known as JiToble and Arm- strong, 22 University Avenue south-east. J. P. Noel, a native of Germany, was born in in 1845. He came to the United States in 1870, locating at Minneapolis. For three years he drove a beer wagon since which time he has kept saloon at 701 Washington Avenue south. He married Augusta Engle in November, 1873. They have one child, George A. W. August J. Noerenberg, a native of Prussia, was born in 1853. He came to the United States in 1860, locating at St. Paul, giving his attention to hotel keeping. In 1875 he came to this city and started a brewery, in which he Continued until 1879, when he opened a saloon at 1728 Seventh street south. He married Dora M. Blohn, March 3d, 1879. They have one child, August C. F. D. Noerenberg, is a native of Prussia, born in 1845. At the age of fifteen he came to America and located at St. Paul. He kept hotel in that city until 1870. He became a resident of Min- neapolis in 1875, and in 1880 took possession of the city brewery and is now engaged in the manufac- ture of beer. He was married in 1868 to Miss Caroline Richmond, who died in 1875. After re- maining a widower three years he married Johan- na Sprunkmann, who has borne him three child- ren. James Nolan, was born at Quebec, Canada, July 10th, 1847. At ten years of age he accom- panied his parents to St. Paul, where he lived un- til 1861. He then enlisted in the Fifth Minneso- ta Volunteer Infantry and served four years. The following are some of the engagements in which he participated: Siege of Corinth, Vicks- burg, Eichmond, and battle of Nashville; also many skirmishes. From 1871-72 he was on the police force at St. Paul ; he was also detective on the St. Paul and Duluth railroad one year. He was appointed on the police force in this city in 1 878, where he has since remained. He was mar- ried in 1873, to Annie E. Dickson. They have three children: William, Mary and Edward J. L. C. Noracon was born at Menasha, Wiscon sin, November 7th, 1854. He located in Minne- apolis in 1875, and worked in the "A" mill eighteen months, then in the old Humboldt, nine months. On the completion of the new Plumboldt he was employed until 1880, and has since been machine man in the Cataract mill. He married Miss Ada Cook, April 22d, 1880. John Norman, born November 27th, 1846, is a native of Sweden. He was a farmer and grain buyer, previous to his coming to America in 1868. He came direct to "Minneapolis, where he was employed as laborer in a brick yard. In 1872 he returned to his native country, and in April mar- ried Mrs. Carrie Swansen, and with his bride re- turned to this city. In 1879 he was appointed on the police force, which position he has since held. Two children have been born to them: Alice A. and Frank T. W. H. Norris was born at Hallowell, Maine, July 24th, 1832. He prepared for college at Dwight's High School, Brooklyn, New York, went through a full collegiate course at Yale College, and graduated in 1854. He attended Dane Law School at Harvard College. In 1856 he removed to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and com- pleted his law studies at the office of James H. Howe, afterward attorney general of Wisconsin, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1857, and continued with J. H. Howe until 1862. He then practiced alone until 1870, and for eight years had a young partner. In 1879 he formed a part- nership with E. II. Ellis, who was judge of the Tenth circuit of Wisconsin, which continued un- til 1880, when he removed to Minneapolis and located his office at 239 Nicollet Avenue. His favorite line of practice has been commercial, in- surance and railroad law. His marriage with Miss Hannah B. Harriman occurred at Green Bay, in 1859. They have three children: Louise, Georgia and Harriman. Mr. Norris' library is large and complete, probably the finest in the city. 606 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. W. S. Nott, of the firm of E. B. Preston and Company, is a native of Dublin, Ireland, bom in July, 18o2. His parents were English, with whom he came to America in 1855, locating at New York, where he received his education. He then removed to Chicago, remaining until Janu- ary, 1880, when he came to this city as a member of the firm of E. B. Preston and Company, and opened business in the sale of leather and rubber belting and rubber goods of all kinds. Located at 203 Nicollet Avenue. Anson Northrup, one of the most noteworthy characters in the roll of pioneers, was bom in Connewango, New York, January 3d, 1817, where he lived with his father till the spring of 1839, when he moved to Morgan county, Illinois. In October following, he left for the northern wilds, with a drove of twenty oxen for the Falls of the St. Croix, and twenty for Allen's camp, then just opened at the present site of Chippewa Palls, Wisconsin. Two men were sent to help him drive to Allen's camp, which was reached the latter part of November. There was but one house between Prairie du Chien and the Falls, a rude cabin occupied by one Eeid, at Trempealeau Bluff. Arriving at this point, they found Reid was absent on a trip to Galena, for supplies, and his wife (a squaw) entirely out of provisions. Several "Mackinaw" boats, laden with supplies for Allen's camp, were on the way up, and thinking to fall in with them the next day, they left nearly all their provision at Keid's; but the boats had pushed through with all possible dis- patch, in fear of being frozen in, and their gene- rosity cost them a four day's fast in the then barren wilds of the Chippewa Valley. Finally, when almost worn out with hunger and fatigue, they reached Allen's camp, about midnight, but their anticipated feast was prevented by the stern refusal of Allen's squaw to give them more than a cup of tea until next morning. Mr Nor- thrup remained at Allen's camp about three weeks, before he could get a guide to help him through to the Falls, owing to hostilities then existing between the Sioux and Chippewa Indi- ans, which rendered travel anything but agree- able. Finally, however, he secured the services of a guide, and made the joumey in safety, arriv- ing just before Christmas. This was the first drove of oxen ever brought to the northern wilds, and their owners the first lumbermen in that region. Returning in the spring of 1840 to Illi- nois, he made preparations to go north, and the next year, 1841, took boat at St. Louis and reached the FaUs of the St. Croix in May, three weeks from the time of leaving St. Louis. There were no settlements above Prairie du Chien. When more fuel was needed for the boat, she was tied up, while the deck hands went ashore cut and -'toted" enough wood for another "run." The boat was the "Indian Queen," built to run on the Missouri, and never made a second trip to this region. In May, 1844, he moved to what is now Stillwater, and built a hotel, the first house in the place. He also bought 160 acres of land which now embraces about one-half the site of that vigorous young city. In 1849, he sold his interest there and built the American House at St. Paul, the first all frame building in the place. The rough lumber for this building was brought from the mills at St. Croix Falls, and the flooring, siding, sash, doors, etc., from St. Louis. The American was formally opened to the public July 4th, 1850, and soon thereafter sold, after which Mr. Northrup came to St. Anthony and commenced the erection of the St. Charles Hotel, a little above the present site of Clark's mills. This was the second all frame building here, the first being a hastily con- structed house buUt and occupied by Mr. North- rup while the St. Charles was in course of completion. The hotel was opened July 4th, 1851, the same day the steamer " Gov. Ramsey " made her first run up the river, under command of Captain John Rollins. After running the St. Charles two years, he rented it, and engaged in other pursuits. In 1858, he visited the Pacific coast, returning after an absence of four months, and bought the old steamer " Governor Ramsey," which he took up the river as far as Grand Rap- ids (taking it over the falls at Sauk Rapids by means of windlasses and other necessary appli- ances), then back to Crow Wing, where he took the machinery out, and took the boat apart above the hull. February 16th, 1859, he left St. Paul with forty teams and a crew of men, proceeded to Crow Wing, loaded the boat and machmery, and started for the Red river, cutting roads through the timbered portion of the route, and reaching the river about eight miles below the BIOGEAPHICAL. 607 present site of Fargo, April 8th. Tbey had not the protection of even a tent, yet the men were all in good health and spirits, notwithstanding it was severe weather, and the snow two feet deep when they arrived at their destination. Early in the season he built the boat, run it to Lake Win- nipeg, then back to Georgetown, where it was sold, and has since done good service on the Bed River of the North. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Mr. Northrup entered the army, receiving the appoint- ment of wagon master in the First Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. In September, 1861, he was appointed wagon masterin General Gorman's brigade; in March, 1862, to alike position in Gen- eral Sedgewick's division, and in June following was put in charge of the trains of Sumner's corps. Army of the Potomac, where he remained until the memorable Indian massacre in August, 1862, when he obtained leave of absence, and has- tened home to aid in protecting the home bor- ders. The day following his arrival in Minneap- olis, he obtained a captain's commission from Governor Ramsey, with instructions to raise a company of mounted men, and proceed with all haste to the relief of Fort Ridgely, which was then besieged by the murderous savaires. As in- dicative of the "spirit of tlie times," and the con- fidence reposed in Captain Northrup by his towns- men, it is only necessary to state thatonthe same day he received his commission, he raised a com- pany of ninety-six men, and at nine o'clock that evening had marched them to Shakopee, twenty- five miles from Minneapolis, on the way to Fort Ridgely. The entire march was made in three days, and with a company now augmented to 140 men, he reached the beleagured fortress just at daylight, having marched all night. It is but simple justice to state here that Cap- tain Northrup was the first to relieve the dis- tressed inmates of the fortress. Others, with less modesty, and as surely with less honesty, have claimed the laurels due only to this old patriot, who never courted even a passing compliment for his timely services. Since the close of the war, Capt. Northrup's life has been marked by the same spirit of change and adventure that characterized his previous years. For two years he kept the First National Hotel, five years was spent at Duluth, mainly in contracting and jobbing for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and in 1874, leaving Duluth, he came to St. Paul, then took a short trip to Texas, from whence he returned to St. Paul, and remained until May, 1880, when he removed to Fort Snelling and opened a boarding-house. Mr. Northrup put up the first brick building in Min- neapolis, now known as the Bushnell House, on Fourth street, near the court-house. It is impos- sible to here enumerate all the noteworthy inci- dents connected with the career of this veteran pioneer, whose life is remarkable for its restless, energetic character, and ever varying hues. An- son Northrup married Miss Betsey Jane Edwards, August 23d, 1838. at Waterbury, N. Y., by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are now living. W. H. Nudd was bom at Wakefield, New Hampshire, July 16th, 1831. He came to Minne- apolis in 1857 and was in a bakery seven years, then engaged in farming in St. Anthony. In 1870 he entered the firm of which he is now the head. The firm name is Nudd and Knight, and they manufacture wood eave troughs, etc., on Main street, south-east. He married Miss Laura Shepherd of Bangor, Maine, in 1859. Their children are: Lottie S., Henry A., Benjamin F., and Edwin F. W. Nyberg, of the firm of Lockwood, Upton and Company, is a native of Sweden, born May 2d, 1852. He came to America with his parents in 1858, and received his education in the schools of this city. In 1869 he apprenticed in the St. Anthony Iron Works and after finishing his trade remained until its destruction by fire in April, 1879. In June, following, he formed a partner- ship with Mr. Upton in the Union Iron Works, afterwards taking Mr. Lockwood, which formed the present firm. Mr. Nyberg is unmarried. Dennis O'Brien is a native of Ireland, born De- cember 15th, 1844. He came to the United States in 1866, locating in this city, engaged in lumber- ing for W. D. Washburn. He remained in that business five years, then went on the Northern Pacific railroad, building bridges ; he continued in that business two years, returning to this city in 1873 and working at lumbering for Robinson and Company until 1875, and since that time has been in the flouring mills. He is now in the feed department of the Cataract mill. 608 HISTOBT OP BENNEPIN COUNTY. Gustav Marcilius Oftedal was born in Staven- ger, Norway, February 22d, 1846, where he at- tended a preparatory school during his boyhood. In 1868 he accepted the position of "watch in- spector" of a telegraph station at Arendal, where he remained almost permanently until his call to America in 1877. While at Arendal he passed "examen candidatus juris," at Christiana Univer- sity in 1872 also spending some time in the study of theology at Arendal. In 1877 he received a call from the congregation in Minneapolis and at once started for this field of labor, completing his theological course at Augsburg Seminary and or- dained at the latter place. S. Oftedal was born in Stavenger, Norway, in 1844. He attended college in his native town until he was eighteen years of age, when he en- tered the university at Christiana, where he passed the degrees of " examenatium " and " ex- amen phDosophicum," and spent the next six or seven years traveling in England, France, Spain, Italy, and the United States. In 1871 he took the degree of divinity at the university, and in 1873 came to Minneapolis, and has since held an important position in the faculty of Augsburg Seminary. John E. Of stie was bom in Norway. He came to America in 1868, locating in Minneapolis. He clerked in the dry goods store of William Gaslin; then went to Chicago, and was employed in a wholesale and retail clothing house until 1876, when he returned to this city, and established the Boston Square Dealing One Price Clothing House, at 227 Washington Avenue south. He remained there until 1878, then removed to his present location, No. 2 Pence Opera House. J. H. Oleson is a native of Norway, born Au- gust 13th, 1850. He came to Dakota county, Minnesota, in 1866. He commenced learning photography in 1870, with W. II. Jacoby, of this city. He opened an establishment in 1874, at 307 Washington Avenue south. He makes a specialty of card and cabinet photographs. He married Miss Annie G. Johnson, of this city, July 11th, 1874. Their children are : Iver W., Gustave II., and Albert J. II. C. Oliver was born at Sterling, Cayuga county, New York, July, 1842. He lived on a farm in early life, then moved with his parents to Corning, New York. In 1867 he removed to Champaign, Illinois ; thence in 1870 to Indiana- polis, Indiana, and remained there until coming to Minneapolis, in 1880. He was railroading six- teen years prior to his locating in this city, thir- teen years of the time being a conductor. He was married in 1869, to Miss S. K. Lower, of New York. They have one daughter. Simon Olesen was born in Norway, in 1837. He came to the United States in 1869, and located at La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he was in the lum- ber business four years. In 1873 he became a resident of Minneapolis, and has been at work in the Union Planing mill since. He married Carrie Johnson in 1876. Their children are : Carrie S. and Mary I. Otto T. Olson was born in Sweden, in 1852. He came to Iowa in 1872, thence to St. Paul in 1875. He was in the hardware business in each place. He located in Minneapolis in 1880, open- ing a sample room at 1229 Washington Avenue north, where he still remains. C. D. O'Neil was born September 25th, 1849, at Plymouth, Wisconsin. He attended school in his native town until twelve years of age, when he went to New York city to live with an uncle and attend school, also to learn the trade of sign- painting and graining. He finished learning his trade in 1867, and worked at it in New York and Brooklyn until 1869. Was in Rochester one year, thence to Chicago, where he remained until May, 1879. He then located in Minneapolis, and was employed by Adams and Skimier, painters, and remained with them until commencing business alone, on the corner of Nicollet Avenue and Third street. He makes fine graining a specialty. Hewas married in 1873, to MissGuera P. Van Dusen of Michigan. Their children are Clarence and Nina. George W. Oi-fE was born at Bangor, Maine, in 1836. He remained at Bangoruntil 1861, when he went to Boston and learned the profess- ion of architect. He remained at Boston ten years, then returned to his native town where he remained until 1878, being constantly engaged in his profession. He came to this city, and in the spring of 1879 established his office at 250 First Avenue south. Alexander T. Ormond, Ph. D., professor of mental and moral philosophy and history at the University, the subject of this sketch, was bom JBIOGBAPHICAL. 609 in Punxsutawney, Jefferson county, Pennsylva- nia, in 1847. When five years of age, moved with his parents to Armstrong county, near the Allegheny river. Was reared on a farm and en- gaged in agricultural pursuits, •with occasional in- terruptions, until he was twenty-four. Received the ordinary pubUc school education, which was supplemented by a term or two at an academy. Began teaching in the public schools when seven- teen years old; teaching winters and working on the farm sunlmers. In 1870, went to Oxford, Ohio, and spent sub-freshman year in Miami University. Returned home at the close of the year and resumed teaching and farming. In 1872-3 was principal in a soldiers' orphan school at Dayton, Pennsylvania. In the autumn of 1873, went to Princeton and entered the freshman class. Experienced the usual ups and downs of college life, and graduated in 1877, in a class of one hundred and ten. Won by competition the Mental Science Fellowship, which decided the special direction of his future course. Remained at Princeton doing post-graduate work until last June, when he went through the necessary pre- liminaries and received the degree of Ph. D Came to the State University of Minnesota in September, 1880, where he occupies the chair of philosophy and history. John Orth was born in 1821, in France. He remained there until 1847, when he emigrated to America, locating at Erie, Pennsylvania, and lived at, or near there until he came to Minneapolis in 1850. He started the first brewery and sold the first beer in this county. He first made three barrels which lasted the town of St. Anthony one week. His old brewery occupied the same ground on which is now his large establishment which makes four hundred and eighty barrels of beer each week. He was maraed in 1849 to Miss Mary C. Weinel. They have had five children, John W. born at St. Anthony in 1850, is the oldest living child born in this city. Edward Orth is a native of this city, born Oc- tober 4th, 1856. He received his early education in this city and finished at Minneapolis Business College. In 1873, he was apprenticed to F. Whale and Company, liquor distillers. In the fall of the next year, he went to La Crosse where he was engaged in lumbering. In 1876, he re- turned and began work in his father's brewery where he has been since. He married Miss Kate Loftus, a native of Wisconsin, May 4th, 1877J They have two children, Maud and Edward. P. Osander was bom in Sweden, September 7th, 1843. He emigrated to New York in July, 1869, and came direct to Webster county, Iowa, thence to Minneapolis, in 1870. After visiting several points in the state, and working on the Mississippi river, the next year he located per- manently in this city, engaging in the manufac- ture of pumps. He entered into partnership with Gus Lundell in 1876, which has since con- tinued. Mr. Osander was married in Iowa, Sep- tember 24th, 1869, to Carrie Oleson, of Sweden. Their children are: Peter W., Eda K., Fred A., and Will V. J. C. Oswald, a native of Switzerland, was born May 20th, 1824. He came to New York in 1847, and remained two months, then went to Cabell county, Virginia. He was one of the first settlers in Dutchtown in that county. He opened a general merchandise store, and was also agent for New York parties, for the sale of land.) The spring of 1857, he sold and removed to Min- neapolis. In 1862 he bought a farm of one hun- dred and sixty acres, west of the city limits, on whicTi he lived and devoted his time to raising small fruits, from which he made wine, mostly sold for medicinal purposes in home market. In 1866, he engaged in wholesale wines and liquors in this city, in which he still continues. He mar- ried Miss Lisette Scheitlin, in 1817. Their children living are: Matilda, Lisette S., Bertha M., and Emma W. J. W. Overacker was bom in Onondaga, county New York, in 1829. He resided in New York, California, Illinois and Missouri, came to Minneapolis in July, 1874, and has since been a resident of this city. He is at present, secretary and treasurer of the Co-operative Barrel Com- pany. He resides at 721 Seventh street south. E. W. Overlock, a life long resident of Henne- pin county, was born at Brooklyn Centre, Au- gust 7th, 1859. He acquired a knowledge of drugs, with W. C. Colbrath, of this city. In April, 1880, the firm of Overlock Brothers was organized. James H. Overlock was born at Brooklyn Cen- tre, Hennepin county. He has ever since been a resident of this county. He studied drugs with 610 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. T. K. Gray, and worked ifor W. C. Colbrath and Mr. Eose, both of this city. In 1880, he became a partner in the present firm of Overlocli: Broth- ers at 102 Central Avenue. E. A. Owens, a native of New Yorli city, was born June 27th, 1859. He accompanied his par- ents to Chicago in 1875 and completed his educa- tion there. In October, 1879, he removed to Iowa and studied law at the University in Iowa City. The following year in June, he came to Minneapolis and associated with W. D. Myers as partner and business manager of the surgical in- firmary, which is the only 'Institution of general surgery in the north-west. In October, 1879, Mr. Owens married Mamie Evans, of McGregor, Iowa. A. J. Palmes was born at Le Roy, Genesee county. New Yorli. He came to Minneapolis in 1875, and engaged with Mr. Eames, and has since been general superintendent of O. Eames' barrel factory. He resides at 711 Fourteenth street south. Jonathan Palmer is a native of Ohio, born at Massillon, in 1852. His father died when lie was four years of age, and in 1866 he moved with his mother, to Plymouth, Indiana, remaining five years; then removed to Huntsville, Alabama; thence to Princeton, Indiana, in 1872, and estab- lished a, bakery. Three years later he came to Minneapolis, and in 1880 he purchased the Home Made Bakery and took a partner, Mr. H. W. Drew. He also owns the Vienna and Nicollet Avenue Bakery. He was married to Miss Nellie Gowthorp in 1875, who has borne him one child: Frank C. G. W. Parmenter was born at Utica, New York, in 1848. He went to Marquette county, Wisconsin, at seven years of age, and two years later removed to Kansas, and there learned car- pentering. He traveled through the northern states until the fall of 1871, settling at that time in Calumet county, Wisconsin. He resided there until 1878, when he came to Minneapolis. The firm of Parmenter Brothers, contractors and builders, consists of G. W., C. E. and H. M. Par- menter. Contracts are taken by them in any part of the state. OfBce on Eighth street, between Hennepin and Nicollet Avenues. C. H. Parker was born at liemsen, Oneida county, New York, in 1832. His father being a veterinary surgeon, he studied with him when a small boy, and was raised in the profession. In 1847 he went to Madison, "Wisconsin, remaining five years in practice for the Great Western Stage Company, thence to Waupaca county, Wisconsin, in 1853, remaining four years; he resided in Houston county, Minnesota, four years, then re- moved to Oswego county. New York, and enlisted in the Second New York Cavalry, in which he served two years, then re-enlisted in the Thir- teenth New York Cavalry and served until his discharge in 1865. He then resided in various places in this state until 1875, when he located in Minneapolis. During the entire time he. prac- ticed his profession as veterinary surgeon. He was married in 1877, to Mary Izenburger. David C. Parker was born at Medford, Massa- chusetts, in 1852. He was educated in the pub- lic schools and remained with his parents until eighteen years of age. After finishing his educa- tion he was engaged in the wholesale and retail drug business for seven or eight years at Boston. In May, 1878, he came to Minneapolis and has since been in the employ of Upham, Wyman and Company as head book-keeper, and fills the posi- tion with credit. His marriage with Florence J., daughter of John W. Eastman, occurred Septem- ber 8th, 1880, in this city. L. N. Parker was born at Chester. Vermont, December 14th, 1823. At eight years of age he accompanied his parents to Illinois, locating in Madison county. He lived on a farm until eight- een years of age, and in 1841 removed to St. Croix, being a lumberman there until 1849, when he located at St. Anthony. He carried the first mails between St. Paul and St. Anthony, and ran a line of stages on this route four years; was al- so engaged in lumbering. In 1854 he was the proprietor of a sale and livery stable, and also practiced as a veterinary surgeon; he has con- tinued in the practice since, at 102 First street north. Remarried Amanda Huse in 1849. They have two daughters and four sons; two sons have died. F. F. Patterson was born in Illinois in 1849. His parents moved to New York when he was two years old, where he lived until 1865. At the age of twelve he began in the coasting service in which he continued four years, sailing from New York to different points on the coasts. When sixteen years of age he had the command of a BIOGBAPHICAL 611 schooner for a New York firm. In 1865 he came to Rochester, Minnesota, settling on a farm on which he lived until his removal to this city in 1872. He is now a contractor and builder. He was married in 1871 to Miss Emma Leet of Eoch- ester, Minnesota. John Patterson is a native of Montreal, Cana- ada, born in 1832. He learned the mason's trade with his father, and has ma.de it his life business. In 1854, went to Monroe, Wisconsin, and two years later made St. Anthony his home. He is the oldest contractor now doing business in this city, and worked on the Cataract. Anchor and Zenith mills. Patterson and Baxter, in 1868, built the masonry for the bridge across the east side channel. The firm of Stevens, Patterson and Company was made in 1873, and existed un- til the present firm of Patterson and Aronson was formed. He was married to Sarah A. Burton in 1865, who has borne him five sons. Levi N. Patterson, of the firm of Patterson and Chilstrom, druggists, was born in Oneida county, New York, in 1848. He came to Minnesota in 1854, and located at Mankato, where he passed his youth, and learned the drug business in St. Peter with Henry Jones. In 1872, located in this city and worked in a drug store until 1874, when he became a partner in the firm of Young, Patterson and Company, but sold his interest five years later. In October, 1880, the present firm was formed and has since continued. He was married in 1875 to Eva M. Tibbetts, of Mankato. They have one child : Buss. Mr. Patterson's father was one of the pioneers of Blue Earth county, and was a member of the legislature at the time of his death in 1861. J. H. Paul was bom near Salem, Indiana, in March, 1847. He came to this city in 1871, and engaged in the manufacture of church, school and ofHce furniture, in which business he is at pres- ent. He was married in March, 1875, to Miss Ida Mertens. Their children are: Joseph and Mar- garet. Residence, 871 Sixteenth Avenue south. Leonard PauUe was born at Buffalo, New York, in 1854. There he received his education and learned his trade as show-case maker and en- gaged in the manufacture of them. He remained at Buffalo until 1876, when he came to Minnapo- lis and pursued his trade. He is located at 128 Washington Avenue south, where he is doing a large and thriving business. James Pauly is a native of France, born in 1826. He came to the United States in 1849, making Woodbury, Connecticut, his home seven years. In 1856 he removed to Reed's Landing, Minnesota, where he engaged in hotel keeping twenty-three years, five of which was passed in the BuUard House, and ten in the American House. He bought and took possession of the Pauly House of this city in June, 1879. He was married in 1857, to Miss Margaret Simon. They have two sons and two daughters. F. M. Pieronnet was born in Pennsylvania, in 1858. He accompanied his parents to St. Louis, Missouri, at the age of fifteen. His father being a physician, he studied with him until June 1878. Having no taste for his father's profession he came to Minneapolis in that year and was em- ployed in the Crown Roller mill one year and has since then been engaged as book-keeper. At present he has charge of the books and financial department for L. Paulle, show case manufac- turer. John W. Pence was born in Warren county, Ohio, February 11th, 1830. He lived with his father on the farm until eighteen years of age, then engaged with a partner, dealing in grain, general merchandise, etc., for eight years with marked success. In 1856, he went to Columbus, when he was again a dealer in grain, stock, etc., until 1865, when failing health induced him to change. He came to Minnesota, and from Fari- bault to St. Paul, by stage, thence to this city. In 1866, he bought the lots where now stand the City Bank, and Opera House,which bears his name, being at that time among the first three-story buildings in the city. Mr. Pence has been president of the City Bank, and has heavy mining interests near Leadville, Colorado, and owns with S. P. Snyder, forty thousand acres of rich rolling prairie south of Jamestown, Dakota territory. He was married at Minneapolis in 1871 to Miss Laura Enell, of Maine, who died January 6th, 1878. I. L. Penny, a resident of Minneapolis, was born in Maine, in 1834. He located here in Feb- ruary, 1855; he is the proprietor of the Minne- apolis drill manufactory at 315 Third Avenue south. He was married in 1857 to Miss Rhoda 612 UJSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. V. Bean, whose parents came here in 1849. Their children are, Herbert E., Fannie ¥., Geor- gia L., and Mabel. George F. Perkins was born at Westminster, Massachusetts, June 9th, 1852. He moved with his parents to near Monticello, Minnesota, in 1855, and worked on a farm until sixteen years of age. In the fall of 1869 he returned east to attend school, but instead, chose to learn the machinist's ti-ade and served his apprenticeship at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, with the Fitchburg Machine Com- pany, and returned to Minneapolis in 1876. He entered the shops of Walker Brothers and during the same year opened a shop of his own on a cash capital of but seventeen dollars. Ow- ing to economy, energy and perseverance he is now at the head of his large establishment. Herman J.Peters was born at Dayton, Ohio, in 1855. When a boy he moved to Kansas City, Missom-i, and learned the trade of miller while there, in the Demond mill. He worked there ten years then went to Houston, Texas, for two years, thence to this city in June, 1879. He was first in the employ of the Empire mill, then in the Cata- ract as miller, where he has since remained. Andrew Peterson, of the firm of Peterson and Henland, is a native of Sweden, born October, 4th, 1844. He came to the United States in 1866, first locating at Hastings, Minnesota. In 1867 he went to Montana, where he worked at the blacksmith's trade until 1871. He then came to this city and engaged in the Monitor plow works. In April, 1880 he began dealing in oysters and fish. He was married in 1872, to Sarah Ander- son, a native of Sweden. They have four child- ren: Carrie, Annie, George W., and baby. A. G. Peterson, a resident of Minneapolis, was born in Denmark, October 1st, 1853. lie came to the United States in 1868, locating at Fairfield, Connecticut, and remained there until 1870, then came to this city, and in 1871 entered a grocery store as clerk; three years later he started in the grocery business with his brotlier, II. C. Peterson. In 1879, he sold his interest to his brother and engaged in business for himself, at 1203, Third Avenue south. He married Amelia J. Hanson, of New York city, in 1878. They are parents of one child. 11. O. Peterson, a native of Norway, was born in 1849. He emigrated to the United States in 1869, and first located in St. Cloud, Minnesota. The next year he removed to Minneapolis, where he worked in the saw mills of the city until 1877. He then clerked in a grocery store two years, then opened an establishment, doing business for himself. During the same year, he added a stock of crockery ware, and in March, 1&80, a full line of dry goods was added. He now occupies two stores at 1422 and 1424, Washington Avenue south. He was married in J871, to Christine Blecken of Norway. They have four children: I. C. Petersen, is a native of Denmark, bom December 13th, 1836. He learned the shoema- ker's trade in his native country. In 1873 he came to the United States, making Faribault, Minnesota, his home until 1877. In that year he removed to MinneapoUs and worked for C. A. Heffelfinger two years, when he opened a shop of his own and still continues. He married Miss Anna Larson, of Norway, in 1859. They have had ten children, five of whom are living: Elma, D., Chailes, Jenme and Fannie. Martin Peterson was bom in Sweden, in 1845. He emigrated to America, in 1868, and settled at Lansing, Iowa; thence to Keokuk. In 1871, he came to Minnesota, and worked at railroad con- tracting in Houston and Winona counties, until the fall of 1878, then came to this city and started in the grocery business at 1501, Washing- ton Avenue south. OUver Petersen is a native of Norway, bom October 2d, 1851. He came to the United States in 1866, locating at La Crosse, Wisconsin, re- maining three years, dealing in groceries and dry goods. He then removed to Rushford, Minne- sota ; thence to St. Paul in 1870, and was em- ployed five years by the St. Paul and Sioux City Railway Company. In 1877 he retumed to his native country, remaining three years. He then made MinneapoUs his home, and engaged in the saloon business at 821 Washington Avenue south. He married Carrie Davison in 1879, who bore him one cliild, William. John Petrasch was born in Bohemia, October 12th, 1829. Here he spent his youth, and became familiar with the shoemaker's trade. He emi- grated to the United States in 1859, and after passing one year at St. Louis, came to Minne- apolis, and at once opened a boot and shoe store at 25 First street south, where he still continues. BIOGJtAPEICAL. 613 M. Pettingill was born at Cambridge, Maine, in 1832. At eighteen years of age lie joined his parents at Omro, Wisconsin, they having moved there one year previous. After a stay of tw^o years' duration, he returned east and was em- ployed in the cotton factories eight years, after which he removed to Iowa, but finding the country too new for business, he again returned to Omro, and, with his father, opened a boot and shoe store. He traveled through the north-west and obtained patents, particularly for the Pettin- gill draw-bar for car coupling, but lacking the necessary means he was unable to introduce them Into general use. He became a resident of Min- neapolis in 1871, and opened a restaurant, with a shoe shop in the rear. Four years later he leased the Chalybeaite Springs, where he now resides. His marriage with Miss E. D. Harrington occurred in October, 1855. They have six children, all liv- ing at home. E. J. Phelps, of the firm of Phelps and Brad- street, furniture dealers, came to Minneapolis in April, 1878, from Aurora, Illinois, and in company with J. S. Bradstreet established the furniture business at 421 and 423 Nicollet Avenue. Resi- dence at 1027 First Avenue north. William Phipps was bom at Maine, Broome county, New York, in 1829. He lived on a farm until twenty-one years of age; then apprenticed as a carpenter. In 1855 he was employed by the government, and went to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, but soon returned to Illinois on account of ill-health. He worked at his trade until 1857, when he came to Minnesota. After being in the employ of the government, working in different states, he located at Minneapolis in 1872, where he has since lived, employed as a contractor and builder. In 1858 he was married to Miss Kate Arnell, who died in June, 1864. His second wife was Arbilla C. Wilmot, whom he mairied in 1866, and by whom he has three children: Eos? v., Willie II. and Clifford. Residence at 25 Seventh street. Jolin Sargent Pillsbury, Governor of the State of Minnesota, is a native of Sutton, Merrimac county, New Hampshire, born July 29th, 1828. His educational advantages during boyhood were limited to the common schools of his native town. At an early age he commenced learning the painter's trade, but when about sixteen he- entered the mercantile business as salesman in a store at Warner. When twenty-one years of age he formed a partnership with Walter Harrimon, afterwards Governor of New Hampshire, which continued two years. He then removed to Con- cord, where he remained four years in the busi- ness of merchant tailor and cloth dealer. In 1853 he made a tour of observation throughout the western states, and in 1855 he located at St. Anthony, Minnesota, engaging in the hardware business with success. In addition to the losses by the panic of 1857, his establishment was de- stroyed by fire, entailing a loss of twenty-two thousand dollars, with no insurance; but by hard, honest labor and indefatigable energy, he recov- ered, and in five years was again a prosperous merchant. In 1858 he was elected a member of the city council and re-elected for six successive years. When the rebellion broke out he rendered efficient service in organizing the First, Second and Third Regiments of Minnesota Volunteers, and in 1862, in company with others; raised and equipped a mounted company for service against the Indians. In .1863 he was appointed one of the regents of the University of Minnesota, and its present gratifying condition is largely owing to his prudent endeavors. In 1872 he engaged in the manufacture of flour in Minneapolis, with his nephew, C. A. Pillsbury. The firm of C. A. Pillsbury and Company is one of the largest man- ufacturers of flour in the world. In 1868 he was elected state senator from Hennepin county, and re-elected for four following terms, and again in 1872 and the succeeding term. In 1875 Mr. Pillsbury was elected Governor and re-elected in 1877 and 1879. His administration has been marked by a thorough devotion to the interests of the people of this state. He married in Warner, New Hampshire, November 3d, 1866, Miss Ma- hala risk. They have had four children: Ida, Susie May, Sadie Belle and Alfred Fisk. Charles F. Pillsbury, lawyer, was born in King- field, Franklin county, Maine, January 31st, 1828. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in Somerset county, Maine, in 1854. He prac- ticed his profession m Somerset and Franklin counties until September, when he came to Min- neapolis and was admitted to practice in the courts of Minneapolis by Judge Vanderburgh in December of the same year. He has been en- 614 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. gaged in real estate business in connection with his law practice. He is one of five brothers, bom on the farm at Kingfield, where they all remained until twenty-one years of age. Two of the broth- ers are lawyers, one a minister, one a merchant, and one a physician. Mr. Pillsbury's marriage with Francis H. Boynton, of New Portland, Maine, occurred in 1856. They have had four children, two of whom are now living, a son and daughter. In 1871 , a son, aged twelve met his death by a fall on the ice on the river. George A. Pillsbury, son of John and Susan Pillsbury, is a native of Sutton, Merrimac county, New Hampshire, born August 29th, 1816. He received a common school education in his na- tive town, and at the age of eighteen, he went to Boston andj secured employment as clerk in a grocery store. He remained at Boston only a little over one year, when he returned to Sutton and began the manufacture of stoves and sheet- iron ware in company with his cousLq, J. C. Pillsbury. In 1840, he removed to Warner as clerk for J. II. Pearson, and in July following, he purchased the busiuess and conducted the same. He was postmaster at Warner from 1844 to 1849, also held other oflSces of trust and prom- inence. In 1851, he received the appointment of purchasing agent for the Concord railroad, and occupied that position until 1876. He became a resident of Minneapolis in 1878, and still resides here. He is a member of the firm of C. A. Pills- bury and Company, and also holds other positions of prominence. He married Margaret S. Carle- ton in 1841. They are the parents of two sons, Charles A., and Pred. C, both associated with him in business. Charles is a graduate of Dart- mouth College and a member of the Minnesota state senate. C. E. Ploch, a native of Germany, was born May 22d, 1838. He emigrated to America in 1854, making New York his home where he learned his trade, that of shoe-making, and worked at it until 1860. He then removed to South Carolina, remaining seven years, then came to Minneapolis. He was employed at his trade by different firms until 1873, when he opened a store of his own at 508 Washington Avenue north. He married Doretta Wille, of Germany in 1866. Their children are, Amelia, Clara, Alicia and Cecilia. Prank Plummer was born at Brooklyn, Henne- pin county, Minnesota, June 10th, 1865. He lived on a farm until 1868, then attended the graded schools of St. Paul until 1871, when he entered the University and finished his studies in 1873. He entered the city engineer's oflBce and remained three years, and the next spring went to the Black Hills, remaining two years. In May, 1880, he returned and opened his- present office, in company with F. H. Nutter, as civil en- gineer. In the fall of 1880, he was elected county surveyor, which office he now holds. George Pomarleau was bom in Canada, in 1845. He came to Hennepin county in 1853, and for ten years lived vnth his parents on a farm. The next eight years he was employed by the govern- ment, teaming from Fort Snelling, and Fort Ab- ercrombie. He is now proprietor of the "Phila- delphia Exchange," of this city, 215 First street north. He was married, in 1873, to Miss Victo- ria Blondio. Three children have been bom to them. E. F. Pomeroy was bom at Granville, Massa- chusetts, June 7th, 1833. He came to Minneapo- lis in May, 1880, from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he had been engaged in the manufacture of soap. He has a wife and five children aU living in this city. lie is of the firm of Pomeroy and Benner, Minneapolis Soap Works. J. L. Pomeroy is a native of Southhampton, Massachusetts, born November 3d, 1818. He lo- cated at Bassetfs Creek in 1855, engaging in milling under the firm name of Pomeroy, Bates and Company, in which he continued four years, then in company with Mr. Bassett built a distil- lery, and sold out in 1862 and engaged in the liquor business in this city. In 1874, in company with E. N. Bates and Joseph Day, he built a flour mill at Piedmont, Missoiui, and the next year re- turned to this city and engaged in the liquor business at the corner of Second street and First Avenue south. He married. Lydia T. Thomas December 3d, 1840. Their children are : Martha E., Julia C. and Edward T. Father T. L. Power, pastor of the Church of the Holy Rosary, was born in Waterford county, Ireland, March 17th, 1830. He attended St. John's College in his native country, in 1849 came to America, and went to St. Rose, Ken- tucky, where he became a member of the Domin- BIOGRAPHICAL 615 ican Order. After completing his theological studies there, he went to Sinsinawa Mound, "Wisconsin, and in July, 1856, was ordained at Milwaukee, by the now venerable Archbishop Henni. lie remained several years at Sinsin- awa Mound, then went to Memphis, Tennessee where in 1867 he suffered a severe attack of yel- low fever. In 1868 he returned to Sinsinawa Mound, where he remained three years, then went to Washington, District of Columbia, where he assisted in the erection of St. Dominica's Church. In 1878 he came to Minneapolis, pur- chased the present site of the Holy Rosary, and at once commenced its erection, as well as that of the convent, which is under his supervision. Father Power states that upon his arrival here he bought an old building used as a Swedish Church, and had it moved to his grounds for temporary purposes. In this old building, while it was yet on rollers, in the middle of the street, he celebrated his first mass. J. M. Pottle, proprietor of the Minne-ha-ha Carriage Works, established his business in 1862, and eight years after, his son, J. H. Pottle, was taken as partner, making the present firm of J. M. Pottle and Son. This firm employs twenty- five men, doing first-class work, which is nearly all done to order, and consists of buggies and light carriages. Their works cover an area of 125 X 160 feet, at 117 Second street south. F. E. JPratt, manufacturer of carriages, sleighs, wagons, etc., was born at Bangor, Maine, in 1842. He enlisted in 1861, and served until his dis- charge in 1865. He made Michigan his home for three years, and in 1875 returned to his native state, remaining two years ; then came to Minne- apolis, where he has smce resided and conducted a lucrative and thriving business. He was mar- ried in February, 1864. Otis Arkvreight Pray was bom at Livermore, Oxford county, Maine, February 28th, 1833. His great grandfather Pray, who was a soldier in the revolutionary war, emigrated from Scotland to Connecticut, thence to Oxford, Massachusetts. Otis' father being a mill-wright and farmer, at the age of eighteen he decided to follow his father's trade, and was apprenticed as such at Lewiston, to D. Beede. After serving three years as an apprentice, he formed a partnership with Mr. Beede, which continued three years, during which time they were engaged in mill building throughout Maine. In 1867 he came to Minneapolis, and first built a saw-mill up the river ; then was employed by W. D. Wasburn to assist in building the great Minneapolis mill-dam. After the dam was finished, he built the Cataract mill, which was the first flouring-mill on the west side. He then removed to Afton, on St. Croix Lake, and engaged in building ; then returned, and erected the Union mill ; thence to St. Cloud, where he built and operated a mill until 1866, when he again returned to this city, and has been connected with the business interests since. He is a member of the firm of O. A. Pray and Company, iron manufacturers. He married June 17th, 1858, at Wilton, Maine, Miss Frances A. Fenderson. They have one son, Albert Fender- son. A. R. Prescott is a native of Vienna, Maine, born August 28th, 1838. In 1875 he went to New Brunswick, and sold goods on the road from St. Johns. In 1877 he located at Sussex, New Brunswick, and for three years kept restaurant; then made this city his home, and opened a res- taurant at 217 Central Avenue. He was married to Mary E. Bridges, in 1860, who bore him one child, Charles A. Mrs. Prescott died in 1864. His second wife was Lydia A. Bridges, whom he married in 1865, Children : Mary E., Lorinda I., Lydia E., and Emma; Laura and EflBe, died. Charles H. Prior was born August 1st, 1833, at Plainfleld, Connecticut. He moved with his pa- rents to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1836, where he at- tended the public schools until 1848. He attended Oberlin College of Ohio, two years, then at Cleve- land University, two years, completing a course as civil engineer in 1852. He engaged in the pursuit of his profession until 1860 on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad, the Louis- ville and Sandusky City railroad, and the Mil- waukee and Madison railroad. He was then em- ployed in ihe operative department of the Chica- go, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad ; he is now and has been for ten years past, superintendent of that company's lines, in Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota. He was married in 1860, at Cleveland, Ohio, to Miss Delia M. Noyes. Their children are: Nellie D., Joseph H., and Edith L. L. A. Priest, of the firm of L. A. Priest and Company, commission merchants, was bom at 616 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTT. Boston, March 17th, 1844. He first located in business at Walpole, Massachusetts, remaining until 1877, when he settled for a short time in Chicago ; thence to Deadwood, Dakota territory, where he was connected with mining interests until his removal to Minneapolis in 1880. He has bsen unusually successful as a commission mer- chant, the stock in trade being fruits, produce, poultry, game, etc. He was married in 1878, to Mary Van Norman of Ontario, Canada. W. H. Priest was born in Essex county. New York, in 1841. In early life he accompanied his parents to Illinois, remaining there two years; then removed to Appleton, Wisconsin, where he remained until coming to this city in 1874. He engaged in coopering, and was foreman for Hall and Dann for four and one-half years. He en- tered the Hennepin County Barrel Company in May, 1880, and is now a member of that organ- ization. He was married in 1863 to Miss Louise Osborne. Residence at 610 Fourteenth Avenue south. Charles Proehl, dealer in lime, hair, cement, plaster, etc., was bom in Germany in 1827. He attended the public schools until fourteen years of age, then learned the trade of stone-mason. He emigrated in 1854 to Illinois, and after re- maining a few months came to Minneapolis and has since made this his home. He first worked on the old suspension bridge, and in 1854 he took a claim of one hundred and sixty acres in the town- ship of Plymouth, which he gave to his brother-in- law and half-brother. In 1856 he commenced busi- ness as contractor for stone mason work, in which he continued untU 1867, when he began his pres- ent business. He was the first regular dealer in hair, lime, etc., in the city. It was he who built the first stone foundation for a building in the city, which now stands on the corner of First street and Fourth Avenue north. He was mar- ried in St. Anthony by "Squire" Bostwick, in 1855, to Lena Peters of Prussia, then living in Minneapolis. J. J. Provan was born at Glasgow, Scotland. May 3d, 1827. He learned the tailors' trade the year in which Queen Victoria was crowned. He came to America in 1852, locating at Boston, where he remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1866. He first opened a shop on Main street, East Division, where the Pillsbury A mill now stands. He opened a store of gents furnishing goods, in connection with his merchant tailoring under the Pence block. In 1869 he renaoved to his present location, 8 "Washington Avenue north. He was married in Boston, to Miss Han- nah Howley, in 1865, who died December 3d, 1873. He was again married in 1876 to Ellen F. Holmes of this city. CHAPTER LXXXII. BIOGEAPniCAi; Q, H AND S. Peter Quady is a native of Germany, born in 1847. He came to the United States when a small child, locating in Jefferson county, Wiscon- sin, and lived on a farm untU seventeen years of age, then went in the woods winters and worked in the saw-mills summers. In 1874 he opened a hotel, and has since been in that business. lii 1879 he became one of the proprietors of Quady 's hotel, in this city. He married Miss Hannora Carroll, November 19th, 1877. Michael E., and Robert L., are their children. Robert Quady, was bom in Jefferson county, Wisconsin, January 6th, 1856. He came to Minneapolis in 1870, and for six years worked in the woods, also in the mills. In 1876 he leased the Green Mountain House, of which he was proprietor three years, then, in company with his brother opened Quady's Hotel, in 1879. He married Miss Maggie O'Brien in 1877. Their children are: Maggie and Mary A. Thomas G. Rainey, M. D., was bom at Belfast, Ireland, March 27th, 1845. He came to the United States in 1863. His education was ob- tained partly in Ireland, also at Hillsdale, College, Michigan. He studied at the Medical University of that state, and graduated with the degree of M. D. in March, 1872. He commenced his prac- tice immediately at Ionia, and remained two and one-half years, then studied in New York and London one year. He returned to America in 1876, locating at Portland, Maine, and resumed practice. In 1879, he became a resident of Min- neapolis, where has since practiced his profession. BIOGRAPHICAL. 617 John P. Rank, a native of Germany, was born in 1829. He came to the United States in 1843, and remained eleven years with his parents on a farm in Canada. In 1854, he came to Minneapo- lis and worlied in the woods one winter, the year following engaged in the grocery business. In 1863, he bought a building in which he kept saloon until it burned in 1868. He erected a new building on that site, and in 1874 again opened a saloon where he now is. He married Miss Mary Gluck in 1859, Edward, John, Louisa, Kate, Henry, Louis, Anna, Frederick and Otto, are the children. N. Baths was bom at Luxembourg, October 27th, 1839. He came to the United States in 1855, locating first in Ipwa. In 1864, he removed to Minnesota and engaged in farming in the suburbs of Minnneapolis, until 1870, when he started a grocery store at 1307 Washington Ave- nue north, in which he is still doing a thriving business, and owns the property on which he is located. His marriage with Anna Bofferding oc- €ured in 1867. They have five children living, Maggie, 2f anny, Willie, Philomena and George. Jacob Eauen is a native of Prussia, bom No- vember 1st, 1836. At twenty years of age, he came to the United States and first located on a farm in Crystal Lake, Hennepin county, Minne- sota. Here he remained until 1868, when he re- moved to this city, and the next year built the Harmonia House, which he still owns. This hotel was managed by him until 1877, when he retired from active business on account of poor health. He was foreman of the old Germania Hose Company four years, and assistant engineer of the Minneapolis fire department two years. He married Miss Ernestine Stultzman, of Ger- many in 1865. They have three children living, Henrietta J., Annie C. and Charles. Peter Eauen, a native of Germany, was born Oetober 17th, 1834. He came to the United States in 1854, and remained in Chicago two years, then located in St. Anthony, and is one of the old pioneers of this region. He removed to St. Paul and remained until 1859, wnen he re- turned and commenced in the grocery and general merchandise business, at the corner of Plymouth and Washington Avenues, which he has since continued. He is now the oldest German grocer in the city, and has accumulated much valuable property. He was married in 1854 to Christina Thielen, of Germany. They have had twelve eliildren; six are now living: Annie, Jacob, Mary, Susan, Josephine and Lizzie. Thomas Eaymond was born in Eindge, JSTew Hampshire, May 2d, 1830. In 1855 he went to Moline, Illinois, and engaged in manu- facturing pails and tubs for nine years. He re- moved to Minneapolis in 1864, was in the same business for five years, and for six years follow- ing was employed in flouring mills and furniture factories. Since 1876, he has been in the employ of Washburn and Company. His marriage with Miss Hannah Longton occuiied in 1856. They are parents of five children: William S., Ida I., Lulu L., Charles and George. L. W. Eaymenton was born at Chester, Ver- mont, November 18th, 1852. He received an academic course at Burr and Burton's Seminary, at Manchester, Vermont, in 1872, and attended Middlehury College one year, after which he re- turned to his native town. He read law at the following places: at Chester, with Hugh Henry; at Uxbridge, Massachusetts, with George W. Hobbs; at Worcester, with C. A. Merrill, and in the summer of 1879 was admitted to the bar. He removed to Minneapolis the fall following, and opened an ofiice in company with G. W. Hael in April, 1880. The firm is known as Hael and Eaymenton. Judge John P. Rea was born October 13th, 1840, in Lower Oxford township, Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania. His father owned a woolen factory, and he passed his time there and at- tending school, until September, 1870, when he went to Piqua, Ohio, where he taught school. He enlisted in 1861 in company B, Eleventh Ohio Infantry, being one of the first in the state to enlist. He served in that regiment four months, when he was commissioned as second lieutenant of company I, First Ohio Cavalry ; he was promoted to first lieutenant March 12th, 1862, and in April of the next year to the rank of cap- tain, and soon after was brevetted major. He served in the regiment three years and four months, having been absent only ten days, seven of which he was a prisoner and three days sick. In 1865 he entered the Wesleyan College at Dele- ware, Ohio ; he graduated in the classical course in June, 1867. During the vacation of 1866 he 618 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. entered the office of lion. O. J. Dickey, Lancas- ter, Pennsylvania, as a law student and was ad- mitted to the har there in August, 1868. In March of the next year he was appointed one of the three notaries public of Lancaster, by Gover- nor Geary. April 12th, 1869 he was appointed by President Grant, assessor of internal revenue for the Ninth district of Pennsylvania, which office he held until it was abolished by law in 1873. He continued practicing law in Lancaster until December, 1875, when he removed to Min- neapolis. January 2d, 1876, he became editor of the Minneapolis Tribune and remained in that con- nection until May, 1877. He once more resumed his practice and in November of that year was chosen probate judge and re-elected in 1879. He married Emma M. Gould of Ohio, October 26th, 1869. Gustavus Rees, a native of Germany, was bom June 18th, 1848. He came to America in 1854, was in the mercantile business until 1871, when he came Minneapolis, and became a partner of his brother in a clothing establishment. R. Rees was born in Germany, in February, 1842. He came to America in 1854, and engaged in the mercantile business, until 1869, when he located in Minneapolis, and opened a clothing store. The firm name is R. Rees and Brother. Louis Rehl, a resident of Minneapolis, was bom in Germany, in 1849. He came to the United States in 1865; and was in the Lake Su- perior copper mines, working at his trade, that of blacksmith, three years, then came to this city. He was employed as a blacksmith several years, then opened an establishment of his own at No. 1817, Riverside Avenue, corner of Fourth street south. He is a manufacturer of wagons also the patent meat blocks for butchers. He mar- ried Henrietta Paul in 1868, who bore him four children. L. M. Reid was born at Cedarville, Ohio, June, 1852. He came to Minneapolis in 1865, and at- tended school here, after which he clerked for Kelly, Reid and Wagner. He had an interest in the North Star Boot and Shoe Company for three years, then went into the present business of plumbing, gas fitting, etc. The firm name is Cauvet and Reid. Mr. Reid was married in 1876, to Miss Frankie Cook, of this city. They have two children: Finley Earle and Harry Fayette. A. M. Reid, president of the North Star Boot and Shoe Company, was bom in Greene county, Ohio, in 1829. Here he received his early educa- tion, and upon reaching man's estate was in manufacturing and general merchandise business for fifteen years. Having concluded to go west he visited all important cities west of the Missis- sippi, for the purpose of finding a desirable place in which to permanently settle. Upon arriving at Minneapolis he decided to look no further, but returned to arrange his business, which he did, and located here with his family in November, 1865. He did not resume an active business life until he became one of the firm of Kelly, Reid and Wagner, -wholesale grocers, in 1870. He was one of those who organized the North Star Boot and Shoe Company, and was secretary and treasurer of the company until 1877, when he was elected its president. He was married in 1848, to Julia Miller, of Ohio. Finley M., Lafayette M., and Ada Viola, now Mrs. F. E. Hesler, are their children. F. M. Reid, secretary of the North Star Boot and Shoe Company, was bom in Greene county, Ohio, July 15th, 1850. He came with his parents to Minneapolis in 1865, and received his education at the common and high schools of the city. His first experience in mercantile pursuits vyas with the firm of Kelly, Reid and Wagner, wholesale grocers, his father being a member of the firm. He was employed next by the North Star Boot and Shoe Company as their first book-keeper. He opened and kept the first set of books used by the company. He was soon promoted to the position of secretary, which he still holds with credit. He was married in 1878, to Jennie M. Higgins, daughter of M. L. Higgins, of Minneapolis, who has borne him one child, Bessie M. William R. Reid is a native of Ontario, Can- ada, born May 17th, 1856. He learned milling at home and worked four years at Spicerville, Can- ada, and has since then worked in mills at differ- ent points in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He came to Minneapolis, March, 1880, and engaged with the Pettit mill as grmder, and has since been with this firm. S. T. Rhuart was born at Cleveland, Ohio, De- cember 27th, 1850. During the spring of 1871 he came to Minneapolis and for six years worked at blacksmithing. In 1877 he became the proprietor BIOQBAPHICAL. 619 of the 'Washington Avenue House, which is owned by C. M. Warner. He married Miss Mary- Sexton, March 4th, 1877. Albert H. and Maggie I. are their children. S. M. Rich was born in Boston, December 2d, 1851. He came to Minneapolis in 1879, and en- gaged in dealing in oysters, salt, dried and canned flsh, which is exclusively wholesale. His trade extends throughout Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and Dakota, and its growth has been very exten- sive. Mr. Eich was married in 1873, to Mary A. W. Brigham, of Boston. They have three chil-, dren: Mortimer B., John H. and Henry L. Edward A. Eichards was born in Berlin, Wis- consin, September 17th, 1850. He came to Min- neapohs in 1872 and worked in the Washburn A mill five years. After the explosion he was em- ployed in the Pillsbury mill until the Washburn C started, and since been in this mill. He mar- ried Mary Eckes in 1877. Their children are, Nellie and George. C. H. A. Eichter is a native of Prussia, born June 4th, 1837. In October, 1863, he came to the United States. He made Springfield, Illinois, his home two years, then to Brownsville, Minne- sota. In 1866, he came to Minneapolis and worked two years at tailoring, then removed to St. Peter and taught school two years. He re- turned to this city in 1870,and has since been in the saloon business at 317 Washington Avenue north. He married Mary L. Kletzin in 1868. Henry, Pritz, Emma and Ida are their children. E. C. Eideout was born in Maine, in 1852, and there received his education. In 1876, he came to Minneapolis and at once commenced dealing in flour and feed. He and his partner, Mr. Albert Bailey, are owners of a feed mill of one run of stone at 401 Sixth Avenue south, and a two-run mill at corner Second street and Eourteenth Ave- nue north. Mr. Eideout was married to Miss Mary E. Bailey, November, 8th, 1879. Eesidence 407 Fourth street south. Theodore Miles Eiley, rector of Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, was born at Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, June 9th, 1842. He was a member of the class of 1861 at Dickinson College, Pennsyl- vania, and of 1863 of the Theological Seminary of New York. Was ordained deacon in June, 1863, by Bishop Potter of New York, and passed his deaconate at Newburgh, New York, as as- sistant to the Venerable Dr. John Brown, rector of St. George's, Newburgh. Ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Potter, June 10th, 1866. Eirst parishwas All Saints Memorial, at High- lands, Navasink, New Jersey, from January, 1866 to 1868. After spending the winter in Oxford, England, returned and accepted the rec- torship of St. Paul's, Winona, Minnesota, re- maining there until October, 1872. He then be- ing elected rector of St. Cumming's parish, Phil- adelphia, entered upon its duties the first Sunday in Advent of the same year, there remaining un- til the imperative order came to leave the labori- ous charge to return to Minnesota as rector of Holy Trinity, of Minneapolis, January 15th, 1876. He also performed the duties of rector at Fort Snelling for several years. He is a member of the ecclesiastical court of this diocese, one of the bishop's examining chaplains, and was twice a supplementary deputy to the general convention, taking a seat as deputy in the latter part of the general convention of 1880. Eev. John Eing was born in Sweden in 1859. Was in the army thirteen years ; entered as a private and was promoted to an officer. He was converted while there and held prayer meetings in camp, converting many, was honorably dis- charged for holding divine service in camp; then went into missionary work and was con- fined in prison thirty-one days for preaching between the hours of ten and twelve on Sunday, it being a law that none but regularly ordained Lutheran ministers should preach during that time. He converted the jailor while Confined. Came to America in 1866, and organized a church in Chicago ; preached three years, commencing with thirty and leaving with 150 members. Went to Wisconsin in 1869 and organized a church at Trade Lake, and one at Grantsburg ; preached there three years. Came to Minneapo- lis in 1872 and organized the present church. Went to Omaha in 1874, preached three years there and in Council Bluffs. Then to Kirwan, Iowa, in 1877, to the Swede Baptist church for three years, then returned to Minneapolis in July, 1880. Was married in 1850, to Miss Erickson, who died in 1856, leaving three children: Martha, Christian and John. Married again in 1875, to Martie C. Wicklund. Andrew Einker, city engineer, was born in 620 HTSTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 15th, 1849. After completing his education as civil engineer, he obtained the office of surveyor of the ninth dis- trict of Philadelphia in 1866, which position he filled four years. He was then engaged as draughtsman in the registry bureau one year, when he came to Minneapolis and accepted the office of assistant city engineer, and served until 1875. He then formed a partnership with George W. Cooley, civil engineer and surveyor, of this city. In 1876 he engaged in business for himself, and in 1877 was appointed city engineer, which he stm holds. He was married in 1876, to Miss Susie E. Johnson. They have one daughter, Florence. Residence, 18 Tenth street south, Lewis Rober was born at Baldwinsville, Onon- daga county. New York, November 11th, 1855. He became a resident of Minneapolis in 1880, and engaged in the North-western mill as machinist. He resides at corner of Eighth Avenue and Fourth street south. William P. Roberts was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, but when quite young ac- companied his parents to Hartford county, Mary- land, where his father died in 1858. They re- turned to the old homestead in Pennsylvania where he passed his time until 1863, when he en- listed in the Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volun- teer Militia, but was soon commissioned as second lieutenant in the Forty-fifth United States Col- ored Infantry, then was promoted to first lieu- tenant in August, 1865, and was discharged De- cember 15th of that year. In January, 1866, he entered the State Normal School at Millersville, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1867, and immediately enter(;d the law school at Ann Arbor. Michigan, graduating in March, 1869. lie was admitted to the bar by the circuit court of Washtenaw county, Michigan, the same year. He soon came west and began his practice in Ne- braska City. Nebraska. In 1874 he came to Min- neapolis and the following spring opened an office where he has passed the greater portion of the time since in the dilligent practice of his in-ofes- sion. He is now a member of the law firm of Benton, Benton and Roberts. His marriage with Miss Anna M. Pugh occurred at Oxford, Penn- sylvania, in 1869. He was made a widower in 1870. Six years after, he married Miss Agnes D. Taggart. They have two children. James Robertson, head miller of the Model mill, is a native of Scotland, born October, 1842. He came, with his parents, to America, when a babe, and located at Racine, Wisconsin. He learned milling at Racine, where he remained until 1871, when he removed to Lanesboro, Min- nesota; he remained three years, then located in this city in 1875. He was employed in the Dar kota mill three years, and has since been in charge of the Model mill. L. R. Robertson was bom near Ithaca, New York, September 3d, 1847. He acquired a knowl- edge of telegraphy when fifteen years of age, and operated at Ottawa, Canada, nine months. He was then transferred to Rouse's Point, New York; he was at that place when the news of the assassination of President Lincoln was sent over the wires. In 1865 he came west, his parents having preceded him, to Wisconsin, and was soon after sent to Minneapolis by the president of the North-western Telegraph Company. On coming here he took charge of the office in 1866, and is now manager of the same. He w'as married in 1870, to E. Louisa Waters, of this city. They have two children. Phillip W. and Raymond. D. L. Robinson was born at Falmouth, Mas- sachusetts, in 1845. He located in Minneapolis in the fall of 1875, and was one year with S. B. Mattison in the omnibus business, also one year with W. L. Nichols. The firm of Robinson and Mead was then formed. Their livery stable is of stone 47x174 feet; with room for ninety horses, located at 220 Third street south. Mr. Robinson was married in 1871 to Ellen E. Kimball, of Wi- nona. Ethel W. and Ella O., twins, and Louis K., are their children. A. C. Robinson was born in St. Lawrence coun- ty. New York in 1 841 . He learned the carpenters' trade at the age of fifteen, and lias been engaged in the pursuit of his trade continuously, except three years passed in the army. He enlisted in the fall of 1861, in the Sixtieth New York Volun- teers. He received a wound at Lookout Mount- ain from wliich he suffered for five years. He was discharged from the hospital in 1864, and at once returned to St. Lawrence county, remaining un- til 1866, when he removed to Marseilles, Illinois, engaged in contracting and building. After the Cliicago fire he passed the winter there taking contracts. In the spring of 1872 he located at BIOGBAPHICAL. 621 Worthington, Minnesota, making it his home eight years, when he came to Minneapolis and at once made himself known as a contractor and builder, which business he still follows. Charles Robinson, register of deeds of Henne- pin county, was bom at Allegheny City, Penn- sylvania, September 11th, 1839 ; he moved to New Castle and there remained until 1857, when he came to Minneapolis and worked in a harness shop one year, then learned photography and be- gan business, continuing until the spring of 1862. He then went with the army of the Potomac as mail agent, suttler's clerk, etc., until the seven days' retreat, when he returned home, but soon after entered the western army, with the inten- tion of taking pictures, but was taken prisoner at Port Pillow; his apparatus was burned and he was robbed of his money and all his clothing ex- cept what be had on. He borrowed money enough to return home. On arriving he be- gan working on a farm, continuing until the spring of 1868, when he entered the register of deeds office as clerk. He was deputy register six years and was elected register in 1877, and re- elected in 1879. He was married at Minneapolis in 1871, to Mrs. Anni6 Merritt. Two children have been born to them: Charles and Flor- ence P. S. C. Robinson was born in Cumberland coun- ty. New Jersey, March 1st, 1831. At the age of fifteen he went from home to work on a farm and two years later apprenticed as carpenter, and served until twenty-one years of age. He then moved to Millville, New Jersey, and engaged in his trade. In 1858 he removed to Minneapolis. For six years he was foreman for Eastman, Gib- son and Company, in the coopering department, then engaged in contracting and building. In 1876 he entered the firm of Bardwell, Robinson and Company. He was married in 1852, to Miss Mary Dare. Their children are Charles N., and Mary W. Charles N. Robinson was born at Millville, New Jersey, January 11th, 1853. He came with his parents to Minneapolis, when five years of age ; attended the city schools and for two years was a student at the University. Since leaving school he has been in business with his father, S. C. Robinson, in contracting and building, with the exception of one year, during which he was em- ployed in scaling logs for Day and Son. He is now a partner of the firm of Bardwell, Robinson and Company, in the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, etc., at the foot of Thirteenth Avenue south. He was united in marriage to Miss Kate Eveland in 1875. They have one son, Frank. A son, George D., died in infancy. M. Roeller was bom in Ohio in 1845. He ac- companied his parents to St. Paul in 1852, where he received his education, remaining until 1864. After spending some time in traveling, he located at Chicago; thence removing to New Haven, Con- necticut, where he remained six years. He then came to Minneapolis, where he has since resided. He is extensively engaged in the manufacture of carriages. His marriage with Miss Paulina Dol- sen of St. Paul occurred June 10th, 1873. Resi- dence, 1212 Seventh street south. B. C. Rogers was born in Vermont in 1836. He came to Minneapolis in 1878, and since Feb- ruary, 1880, he has been proprietor of the New York restaurant at 114 Hennepin Avenue. It has a seating capacity for seventy-five. Mr. Rog- ers married Elvira Walker in 1874, who bore him one child, Leroy C. G. D. Rogers was bom in Pennsylvania Septem- ber 30th, 1830. At eight years of age he moved to Oswego, New York, remaining until 1847, when he returned to Pennsylvania. In 1854 he re- moved to La Fayette county, Wisconsin, and en- gaged in farming and milling until 1862. He en- listed in the Thirty-first Wisconsin Infantry, commissioned as captain. After serving nine months as such he was promoted" to the rank of major; one month later he was commissioned lieutenant colonel and next colonel. In the fall of 1865 he was discharged, after which he went to Iowa, speculating in grain. In 1874 he came to Minneapolis, where he has since been engaged in the wholesale grain and commission business. He married Sarah M. Gillett in 1853. Their children are Plum A. and Emma. N. Rogers was born at Adrian, Michigan, in 1836. At the age of seventeen, he went with his parents to Decorah, Iowa, where they had a saw and grist-mill. He remained there six years, when the whole family removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1861. His father built a steam saw and grist-mill at that place which he, N. Rogers, run two years. He spent a number of years in 622 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Iowa and Wisconsin, coming to Minneapolis in 1874, and has been in the Cataract and Standard mills since. He married Miss Lydia Griswold in 1859. Their children are Albert Har- lan, William F., Edward F. and Clarence E. Richard Rogers was born at Ripley, Maine, June 8th, 1835. He worked with his father at mill-wrighting and milling. In 1853, he went with Gov. Stearns on the Oregon expedition as far as Cheyenne river; he returned alone, and on foot as far as Sauk Rapids. In 1859, he went from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Honey Lake Valley, California. Returned to Illinois, and in 1861, en- listed la the Forty-seventh Illinois Brigade; was three years with that brigade. Eighth Wisconsin, Eleventh Missouri and Fifth Minnesota, known as the Eagle Brigade, commanded by J. Mowers. He contracted a disease of the eyes which at first was not thought serious, but finally resulted in total blindness, in June, 1871. He has received full pension since his discharge. His wife was Miss jS ora Jones, of Peoria, Illinois, whom he married in 1865. She died at Peoria in 1871. He lives at 128 Flournoy street, Chicago. Richard C. Rogers was born at Hopkins, New Hampshire, April 20th, 1802. In early childhood he accompanied his parents to Ripley, Maine, where he lived until 1848, when he came to Fort Snelling. Fifteen hundred Indians arrived the same day, en route for Crow Wing and adjacent points, sent from former localities in Wisconsin. In 1851 his family joined him here, locating where he now lives at 207 Second street south, East Minneapolis. The west side was then Included in the military reservation. Mr. Rogers worked first on a mill near the mouth of Bassett's creek. He made two trips to California, and with that ex- ception has lived here since his first arrival. He has retired from active life, and now enjoys the fruits of his labors. He married Miss Mary Wat- son, who bore him five children. She died in 1860 during Mr. Rogers' absence in California. Six years later, he married Mariam Cobb. Captain John Rollins, one of the earliest pio- neers of this region, was born in New Sharon, Franklin county, Maine, March 23d, 1806 ; lived at or near his birthplace until 1837, when he re- moved to Penobscot county, and for two years kept a trading post and stopping place for travel- ers, on the military road between Bangor and Houlton. He then removed to Old Town, where for three years he engaged in lumbering ; then settled in Aroostook county, where for nine years he operated as contractor and route agent, and had charge of the state appropriations for both Maine and Massachusetts. He also kept a hotel, and opened up a farm during his stay there. In the fall of 1848 he came west by the route then known as "round the lakes," landing at Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, thence by team to Prairie du Chien, from which point he and his partner, A. Godfrey, came to this region, having hired a Frenchman, with three ponies, to bring them through. This journey is fraught with amusing and interesting incidents, some of which will be given a place in this work. When Capt. Rollins arrived at the site of our now prosperous city, there were only two frame houses, one " block " or " timber " house, and one shanty. These were on what is now Second street, near the foimdry. One of the frame houses was occupied by R. P. Russell, then newly married, and with whom Mr. Rollins stopped during his stay here. It was the 5th of December, 1848, when Mr. Rollins arrived here. He found the water so low that fording was safe in many places, whUe above the falls the river was frozen suiRciently to admit of crossing on the ice, something that has not occurred since. On the 25th of December, Mr. Rollins set out for home, making the journey in safety, and the following spring he removed here witli his family, and at once mingled in the busy scenes incident to frontier life. He built a house on Main street, near the present location of the great lumber mills. Soon after he formed a partnership with Governor Ramsey and others, and built a small steamboat— named the Governor Ramsey— above ' the falls, the machinery for which was shipped from Bangor, Maine, and reshipped at Boston, New Orleans, St. Louis and Dubuque, to St. Paul, from whence it was brought by ox teams to its destination. (This machinery is now- doing good service on the Red River). After two years of river navigation. Captain Rollins sold his interest in the "Governor Ramsey" and with other parties built and operated the Island flouring mills. Their wheat was shipped here from Wis- consin and Iowa, little or none being raised here at that time. After three or four years of mill- ing, the captain mvested in the "Clark" lumber BIOGBAPHICAL. 623 mill, in which he was interested for about ten years. Since then his hiterests have been varied, but principally given to lumbering and farming. He has now a fine residence, corner of Seventh street and Eighth Avenue south-east, in front of which may be seen a row of beautiful cotton woods planted by him twenty-four years ago, and now from two and a half to three feet in diameter. Captain Rollins was married to Miss Betsy Mar- tin, June 9th, 1832, at Jfewport, Maine. Nine children have been born to them, seven of whom are living, and all within four blocks of the homestead. Mortimer B. Rollins was bom at Old Town, Maine, January 26th, 1837. He came to St. An- thony in 1849 with his father, who was among the earliest settlers in the county. In 1860, he engaged in lumbering, in which he continued ten years. He then began in the milling business at the Zenith mill, the Arm name being L. Day and Company; which firm the fire of 1878, was the means of dissolving. He was married in 1858 to Miss Abby M. Day, who bore him two children, Fred, and John L. Mrs. Rollins died in 1871. His second wife was Maria Ferkins and to them have been born two children, twins, a boy and girl; Harry and Maud. "W. T. Rolph, of the firm of Salisbury, Rolph and Company, mattress manufacturers, was born in Lewis county. New York, October 20th, 1857. He moved with his parents to New York city, where he received his education. He came to Minneapolis, October Ist, 1880, and entered into partnership with T. G. Salisbury and Company in the manufacture of mattresses. Located on 110 Main street, south-east. J. W. Rootes is a native of England, born at Kent, September 15th, 1841. He learned the miller's trade in his native country, and emigrated to America in 1860, and located at Troy, New York. In 1861, he enlisted in the Second New York Volunteers, served two years and was hon- orably discharged. This regiment was the first that camped outside Fort Monroe. Was taken prisoner at Fair Oaks and held five days. He was ernployed in mills in Ohio and New York, and in 1869 came to Minneapolis. In 1877, he formed a partnership with Russell and Hineline and built the Model mill, and has since been conducting it. He was married to Rebecca Ann Van Epps, March 9th, 1864. Nic. A. Rosbach was bom in Carver county, Minnesota, July 10th, 1856. In 1858 he came 'to Minneapolis; he learned the business of a butcher when quite a young man, and has been in the business a greater part of his time. In May, .1880, he opened an establishment at 201 J Twentieth Avenue south, where he keeps wines, liquors, cigars, and confectionery. He married Mary Brinkman, May 9th, 1877. Their children are: Cordelia and Christina P. A. S. F. Rose is a native of Upper Canada, born in 1834. He learned the trade of mill-wright at Buffalo, New York, 1846, and followed that business until August, 1878, when he came to Minneapolis and began work in the Humboldt mill, and until the fall of next year was employed in different mills throughout the north-west, and has since been in the Crown Roller mill. His marriage with Miss Elizabeth Choles occurred at Buffalo, New York, in 1879. General T. L. Rosser was born in Campbell county, Virginia, October 15th, 1836. At the age of thirteen he went to Texas with his parents settling in Panola county, where his father owned a plantation. In 1856 he was appointed a cadet to West Point Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1861, and returned to the south. He was commissioned first lieutenant in the artillery service of the confederate regular army, but was elected captain of the Washington artillery, from New Orleans, and accepted that . position instead. He participated in all of the battles fought by the army of Northern Virginia until the battle of Appomattox, having risen in the mean time to the rank of major-general. He was wounded several times, once quite seriously. At the close of the war he entered the Washing- ton Law University, at Lexington, Virginia, graduating in law, in 1866. He then took charge of the southern division of the National Express Company with headquarters at New Orleans. The fall of that year he went to Baltimore and made a hydrographical survey of the harbor there. On coming west he engaged with the Northern Pacific Railway, as chief engineer of construction. In 1879, he resigned, and engaged in business as railroad contractor. His wife was Elizabeth W. Winston, of Virginia, married in 624 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 1863. Their children are: Sarah O., Thomas L., William "W., Elizabeth F., and Margaret. H. A. Eoth was born in New York city, in 18o4. He came to Minnesota about 1860, locat- ing with his parents on a farm in Le Sneur county. He came to Minneapolis in 1870, having been engaged in farming and carpentering until that time. In 1879 he opened an establishment, dealing in new and secondhand furniture, stoves, crockery, guns, etc., located at 23 Washington Avenue south. He was united in marriage to Miss Maggie Delbon, in 1877. Barney Eoth was born at Washington, District of Columbia, May 21st, 1853. When a child he accompanied his parents to Richmond, Virginia. In 1870 he removed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and became tamiliar with the bakery business, in which he has since engaged. He became a resi- dent of Minneapolis iii 1876, filling responsible positions in different establishments for three years, and has since kept one of his own, at 928 First street north. Charles L. Eothaker is a native of Switzerland, born in 1828. He came to the United States in 1848, going first to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, thence to Cincinnati. He engaged in the bakery and saloon business in Missouri, Wisconsin, and Minnesota until 1868. He then came to Minnea- polis, and opened a bakery at 709 Nineteenth Avenue south. He was married to Susanna C. Eschler, in 1857. Their children are : Eliza M., Mary L., Charles E., EmU O., Fred J., and Ida J C. H. Rowe, of the firm of Grove and Eowe, wood merchants, was born at New Sharon, Franklin county, Maine, in 1845. He went to Farmington, Maine, in 1867, and attended tlie Normal school two years. He removed to Illinois in the spring of 1869, and in the fall came to Minneapolis. After teaching school one term at Excelsior he began in the grocery business, with W. B. Jones. He engaged in different lines of business until 1874, when he bought a home in this city, and with his partner lias pursued his calling as wood merchant. He married Ellen C. Jones in 1870, who died in 1871, leaving one daughter, Mary E. His second wife was Anitte A. Hankinson, who bore him three children: Francis A., Charles E., and Agnes H. August H. Eunge, a citizen of Minneapolis, was bom in New York city, February 12th, 1852. At the age of twelve years he entered the United (States navy as naval apprentice, on board the school ship "Sabine." In June, 1865, was trans- ferred on board the flagship -'Colorado" of the Eu- ropean squadron; two years later he was again transferred to the Pacific squadron and remained until his discharge as an able seaman. He then went to the Pennsylvania oil regions to study practical and meclianical engineering. In 1873 he returned to New York and entered a machine shop, where he remained until called to Minne- apolis to superintend the steam heating depart- ment and engine of the City hall. He volunteered in the fire department in 1874, and was promoted to assistant foreman, and in 1879 was appointed by the city, foreman of Hook and Ladder Com- pany No. 1, in the paid department. He was married in 1876, to Miss Louisa Ende. One daughter was bom to them, Mabel S. Eoswell P. Eussell, one of the oldest settlers in this county, was bom at Eichland, Vermont, March 15th, 1820. At the age of thirteen he went to Burlington, where he remained three years; then went to Michigan, and passed two years at Detroit and Kalamazoo. He was a school-mate of H. M. Eice, and both came to Michigan at the same time. Eice went to St. Louis, Missouri, where he engaged with Mc- Kenzie to go to Fort Snelling and take charge of the stock of goods taken there by Baker. Need-' iiig an assistant, Eice sent for Russell to accom- pany him. The journey to Prairie du Chien was not difficult; from there to La Crosse they came in a Mackinaw boat, but at the latter place the boat was frozen in and they were obliged to pur- sue their journey on foot, but being unused to walking, their distress was great. The second night out, they took possession of an old Indian farmer's place, he being absent, and in the morn- ing purchased threepoundsof pork of the mission- ary, for which they paid the modest sum of two dol- lars. They aiTived at Fort Snelling about the 5th of November, 1839, and he remained there until 1847, when he and Findley made a claim on the east side, extending from Boom Island to the present stone arch bridge, and back indefinitely; two years after, they sold this claim to Pierre Bot- tmeau. In 1847, Mr. E. P. Eussell opened the first store in St. Anthony, in a two-story building BIOGBAPHICAL. 625 of hewn logs, erected by Franklin Steele. The dam was commenced about this time, and the workmen, together with a few French families, "were Mr. Eussell's customers. One and one-half years later he went to St. Paul, but soon returned and continued his merchandise business until 1854, when he was appointed receiver in the land ofiBce, which position he filled three years, a part of the time requiring four or five clerks, the busi- ness was so great. In the fall of 1858 he bought the hardware stock of Spear and Davison, which he sold two years later and turned his attention to farming until 1862, when he, in company with George Huy, erected a planing mill; in 1878 they added to the building and converted it into the flour mill. He was also one of the firm who. In 1870, built the Dakota mill. Mr. Eussell has been active in both public and private life; has served'one term in the legislature, and often in town offices; he was the first chairman of the town board, and holds that position at the pres- ent writing. October 3d, 1848, his marriage oc- curred, with Marion Patch. The children born to them are: Lucy, now Mrs. W. C. Colbratb; Charles, in trade at Fargo, Dakota; Koswell, Jr., book-keeper for B. P. Nelson, (his vrtfe was Car- oline Beach); Mary, who is at home; Carrie, now Mrs. Frank Lovejoy; Fred and Prank, twins; George B. McClellan, Willie and Eddie. Albert W. Russell was born in Vermont in 1839, -vyhere he lived until seventeen years of age. In 1856 he took a prospecting tour through Wis- consin, Illinois and Michigan. In 1850 he learned carpentering and joining. He enlisted in 1861 in the Second Vermont Infantry. He was in many of the prominent conflicts, having his gun shat- tered into fragments, when in his hands, without being wounded. In 1864 he was discharged, but after a quiet life of two months, he re-enlisted in Company E, Seventh Vermont, and served until 1865. He then returned to Vermont where he speculated in real estate and lumber; thence to Wisconsin, where he traveled for a wholesale house. He located in Minneapolis in 1877, and has since been dealing in sewing machines. He was married in 1866 to Sarah Scribner, by whom he had two children. His wife died in 1876. His second wife was Amelia Lockwood, of this city. George H. Eust was bom July 26th, 1839, at Wolfsboro, New Hampshire. He attended the 40 Academy at his native place, also at Thetford, Vermont, and graduated as civil engineer from the Kentucky Military Institute near Frankfort in 1856. He at once engaged in the pursuit of his profession, on what is now the La Crosse division of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. He came to Minneapolis in 1857, and has since made this place his home. In 1863, he entered the commissary department of the military di- vision of the north-west, where he remained un- til 1865. On returning to this city, he became a partner of S. C. Gale, and soon after engaged alone in real estate and insurance business. He married Josephine Varney, of Boston, in 1865. They have one child, Gertrude. John W. Ryan was born at Syracuse, New York, May 31st, 1853. He came. to Wisconsin when one year old with his pai ents. After com- ing to Minnesota, he farmed one year, then was employed on the railroad and ran a train three years, then surveyed for the Chicago and North- western railroad five years. He began milling in March, 1873 for the Pillsbury company, and has remained with them since. He married Miss Mary Rouike, July 24th, 1876. Their children are, Anne and Joseph W. Samuel W. Ryan, of the firm of Ryan, Wales and Company, was born at Sharon, Hillsborough . county, New Hampshire, November 24th, 1836. In 1854, he moved to California, where he re- mained until 1856, when he came to Minnesota and took a claim near Litchfield. Three years later, he removed to Miami county, Indiana, en- gaged in farming eight years. He then located on a farm at Brooklyn, Hennepin county, Minnesota which he still owns. In 1880, he became a part- ner in the firm of Ryan and Wales, in which he still continues. He was married in 1859 to Hat- tie J. Joslyn, of New Hampshire. They have five children, Mary B., Marcellus M., Hannah J., Martha C. and Clistie. John Ryherg is a native of Sweden, bom April 18th, 1851. He came to America in 1872, and two years later located at Minneapolis. He worked at lumbering four years, then became a. member of the firm of Ryherg and Company, the firm consisting of John Ryberg, A. P. Molin and C. Johnsoij. They have the Stockholm meat market at 1410 Washington Avenue south, estab- lished in 1876. Mr. Ryberg was married in 1874 626 HISTORY OF HENKEPIN COUNTY. to Augusta Oleson, of Sweden, who has borne him three children, Wolf red A., Charles O. and Nellie. A. II. Salisbury, M. D., was born at Canan- daigua, Ontario county. New York, July 22d, 1840. Graduated from the State University at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1864, then studied medi- cine, and graduated attheBellevue Hospital Med- ical College of New York. Practiced at Mazo Manie, Wisconsin, for a time; then came to Min- neapolis in March, 1874. and has since followed his profession here. He was associated with Dr. A. A. Ames about five years. Dr. Salisbury's ofBce is now at 257 Nicollet Avenue. He was married in 1869, and has two children. T. G. Sali^bary, a native of New York, was born February 10th, 1831. Moved to Iowa in 1857, and in August, 1861, enlisted in the Thirty-tirst Iowa Volunteers; he was lieutenant, and was the first Union officer who entered Co- lumbia, South Carolina. He was eventually pro- moted to captain. Mr. Salisbury came to Minne- apolisfrom Cedar Falls, Iowa, in 1878, and is now one of tlie firm of Salisbury andKolph. He had be( n in the mattress business there, three years. His marriage with Mariam Ricliardson took place in June 1854. They have one child, Fr6d R. Henry R. Sallada was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; after leaving his native place he lived one year in Oil City, then removed to Chica- go, where he was in the insurance busines five years. In 1879 Mr. Salladacameto this city, and is engaged in trade at 727 Washington Avenue south; he deals in meat, butter, eggs, game, etc. In 1880 he married Mary Devhn of Washington, D.C. Louis Salzeder was born February 25th, 1846, in Bavaria, and pursued classical studies at Mu- nich, in the college of the Benedictine Fathers, coming to America in December, 1868. He at once went to St. Vincent's Monastery, Pennsylva- nia, and entered the Order of St. Benedict, Jan- uary 1st, 1869. After finishing his course there, he came, on the 10th of January, 1870, to St. Louis Abbey, now St. John's, at St. Cloud. Stearns county, where he finished his theological studies. He then, on March 26th, 1873, vvas established as assistant pastor in Assumption Church, St. Paul, and remained there until November, 1878, when he came to Minneapolis. Rev. Robert F. Sample, D. D., pastor of West- minster Church, Minneapolis, was born in Corn- ing, New York, October 19th, 1829. His mother died when he was quite young. He spent part of his boyhood at Geneva, in connection with the Lyceum, under the care of the Bev. Mr. French. After completing his academic course, he entered Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, Dr. Robert J; Breckenridge being president. Was converted during the junior year m college. Graduated in 1849. Entered the Western Theological Semi- nary in 1850. During the senior year, was called to the First Presbyterian Church of Mercer, Pennsylvania. After three years of labor, he re- signed the cliarge, and accepted a call to Bedford in April, 1856, in the hope that the mineral water of that place would improve his declining health. He remained there for ten years. Still influenced by considerations of health, he moved to Minne- apolis, to the supply of the Andrew Church, until March, 1868, when he was called to the Westminster church. The church grew under his care necessitating an addition to the edi- fice, which was made in the summer of 1870. The same year he made a trip to Europe, Ms peo- ple kindly furnishing the money, sailed from New York in June, visiting the holy land and the his- toric places mentioned in the Bible, returning to liis church and people in December, 1872. Had a severe attack of congestion of the lungs the fol- lowing June, and in feeble health made a visit to Colorado, spending most of the summer and re- turning in September. His health not being fully established, returned to Colorado in Janu- ary, 1874, remaining there until the following' May, when he returned to his charge and has per- formed full ministerial duty ever since. A few Sabbaths after his return from Colorado a great revival commenced, continuing for nearly a year;' about sixty additions were made to the church on profession of faith. Was called twice to the Seven- teenth street church and afterwards to the Cen- tral Church, Colorado, also to the church of Allegheny City. Among his many literary pro- ducts are his Memou's of J. C. Thorne, pastor of Pine street Presbyterian Church, St. Louis. Four volumes for Young Christians, published by the Presbyterian board, namely: "Enquiring the Way," "The Afflicted," "Young Christians" and "Religious Despondency." On the twenty-fifth JJIOOBAPHIUAL. 627 anniversary of his marriage, liis parish presented him with an elegant gold watch and chain, the watch elaborately engraved. At the marriage of his daughter to the Rev. J. B. Donaldson, pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Hastings, she was presented by his people with a large quantity of silver ware, many articles of furniture and a beautiful gold watch and chain. On the 13th of November, 1878, she was married in her father's church, her father performing the ceremony. Dr. Saifipl^ married Miss Manda M. Backen, daugh- ter of Henry Backen of Gannonsburgh, Pennsyl- vania. They have five children; Mary E., Anna J.. Robert W., John W., and Walter B. W. W. Satterlee, pastor of the Seventh street M. E. Church, was born at Laporte, Indiana, in 1837. Moved to Stevenson county, Illinois, then to Richland county, Wisconsin: converted at thir- teen; licensed to preach at nineteen; ordained at twenty-three, preaching in Richland county, Wis- consin. He came to Le Sueur county, Minnesota, in 1863, and commenced the practice of medicine, doing work at the same time as local preacher. United with the M. E. church in Waseca in 1867, ptea'^hed there for three years, and in St. Cloud two years. Then to the First M. E. Church in Minneapolis two years, in the mean- time completing the present Seventh street church. In 1873 appointed agent of the Minne- sota Teniperance Union, and continued the work for about seven years. Married December 2-1 th, 1856, to Miss Sarah Stout; have six childien: Mary P., Clara A., Willie E., Fanny O., Phoebe A., and Harry B. Is an earnest worker in the temperance cause, a keen debater, speaking with great power and effect. He obtained about 50,- 000 signers to the pledge, and for the prosecution of the work obtained notes, subscriptions and collections to the amount of $25,000, and was the temperance candidate for governor in 1880. A. Sanborn, a native of Maine, was born at Charleston in 1853.. Learned the jeweler's busi- ness at Bangor, and worked there imtil 1877, when he came to Minneapolis and engaged in ' business as manufacturing jeweler and watch maker; he is located at 219 Nicollet Avenue. His wife was Mary F. Beebe, whom he married in 1878; she has borne him one son,. Ralph R. N. W. Savage, born May 15th, 1842, at Augusta, Maine. At the age of eighteen, he went to Lew- iston and worked in the cotton mills one year. In 1861, he enlisted in the Eighth Maine and served until 1864; the next year he went to Tennessee and worked for the government in building the railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta; he then returned to Maine, and afterward spent one winter in Michigan. He was at Sacramento, Cali- fornia, eleven months, and in Nevada one and one-half years; then passed about fourteen months in Maine again, farming and in the gro- cery business. In 1872, he came here and en- gaged in the fish trade and the ice business. The winter of 1875-6, he spent in Tennessee. Now deals in new and second hand goods of all kinds. He married in 1866, Miss E. J. Watson. They have one son, N. W,, and a daughter, E. J. John Savory, a native of Italy, was born in 1835. Came to the United States in 1855, and to this city in 1868; the first year after arrival, he worked in the woods, then for two years kept a hotel on Main street near Fourth Avenue, and four years at the corner of Main street and Cen- tral Avenue. In 1875, he built the Nicollet Ave- nue Hotel, No. 49 Central Avenue; it is 32x32 feet, three-stories high and basement. Albert Schafers, a native of Prussia, was born September 13th, 1847. Came to the United States in 1863, and was two years in a commis- sion house in New York; he then removed to Iowa for one year, thence to Rochester, Minne- sota, and in 1868, to this city. Was employed by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company until 1874; he built a store at 1501 Sixth street south, which was destroyed by fire in 1880, but rebuilt the same year; he now has a bil- liard hall, summer garden, and very pleasant bowling alley. In October, 1867, he married Dina Kleinsmith. They have one child, John. Godfrey Scheitlin was born in Switzerland, February 18th, 1821. From 1841 until 1848, he carried on a very extensive business in the manu- facture of cotton and woolen goods. In the spring of 1848, he started for America; located in Cabell county, West Virginia, where, in 1856, he received his naturalization papers. During his stay there, he engaged in mercantile pursuits. Came to Minneapolis in October, 1856 and con- tinued the same business about three years, then invested in the ginseng trade; he met with a loss of $108,000 in 1864, and in 1868 left that business 628 EISIOBY OF HE:K]^EriN COUNTY. and erected the mill, now occupied by tlie Minne- sota Linseed Oil Compay. January 1869, the firm of Scheitlin, Bell and Sidle was organizfd, and Mr. Scheitlin lias since superintended the busi- ness. He was married in Kew York in 1863 to Sophia Benn, of Altona, Germany. They are the parents of eight children, only three of whom are living. Charles Scherf, a native of Germany, was bom in 1836. Came to America in 1854, and resided one year at New York city ; then removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he lived nine years, and after a residence of thiee years in St. Paul, came, in 1867, to this city. He manufactures kegs, barrels, and casks. Mr. Scherf married, in 1857, Emma Nimon. They have four children. M. r. Scofleld was born December 28th, 1849, in the state of New York, and grew to manhood there. Was educated at Rochester University, and taught school several years in his native state. In 1873 he came here, and went into the commis- sion bustaess with Wakefield and Company. In 1875 the firm was changed to Scofield and Bee- man. Since 1878 he has been in the grocery bus- iness. His wife was Abbie Brown, of Warren, Ohio. Their marriage took place in 1875. They are the parents of one child, Raymond. William Scharf was bom in Germany, and em- igrated to the United States in 1872. Is a mer- chant tailor, his place of business being No. 118 Central Avenue. Mr. Scharf was married in 1875, to Emma Reiseike, who has borne him two children, Edward and Willie. A. Schelling, a native of Switzerland, was born in 1889. Came to America in 1874, and lived at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one and one-half years. From there he removed to Iowa, where he was employed as civil engineer for nearly four years. Mr. Schelling came to this city in Feb. 1880 and opened his billiard hall at 118 Thirteenth Avenue north. He also keeps confectionery and notions. In 1879 he married Mary Probst. Charles Schmidt was born in Germany, in 1846. Came to America in 1868, and lived about four years in Connecticut. In 187g he came here for a short time, then removed to McLeod county. After a residence there of about eighteen months, he again came to this city, and worked at his trade of baker two years. Then he spent the same length of time in McLeod county, after which he returned to Minneapolis, and opened a bakery at the corner of Washington and Seventh Avenues south. In October, 1875, he married Mary Mayer. She has bome him three children, two of whom are living. John A. Schlener, a native of Pennsylvania, was born February 24th, 1856, at Philadelphia. Since 1857 he has been aresident of Minneapolis. After leaving school, Mr. Schlener worked for the well-known firm of Bean, Wales and Company, dealers in books and stafionery. In 1878 he be- came a partner, and in August of the year follow- ing the firm sold their business to Kirkbride and Whitall; Mr. Schlener is m the employ of the new company. Paul Schmedeman was bom June 7th, 1855, at Madison, Wisconsin. Came to Minneapolis in March, 1879, and worked a while in the cigar- manufacturing business. He was afterward em- ployed by Daily and Reed, proprietors of the place he now runs, having bought of them in Novem- ber, 1880; it is a sample room and biUiard hall at 205 Nicollet Avenue. G. Schober, a native of Germany, moved to Minneapolis in 1855, and has been in the milling business since 1861. He is one of the owners of the Phoenix mill, a description of which may be seen elsewhere in this work. Married, in 1866, Mary Goehringer. Their five children are: Carl, John, Mary, William and Edward. Rev. J. Schneider, pastor of the First German Methodist Episcopal Church, the subject of this sketch, was born in Pennsylvania, August 11th, 1843. Moved to Galena, Illinois, resided there two years, removing to Platteville, Wisconsin, where he received his education; converted at twelve years, joined the church, and was elected superintendent of the Sunday-school at twenty. Entered the army as soon as his age would per- mit. Enlisted in the Forty-seventh Wisconsin, remaining with his regiment for a short time, then detailed to the general headquarters, remain- ing there until the close of the war. In 18b6, married Miss Metha Schneider, and moved to Charles City, Iowa; joined, by letter, the German Methodist Episcopal Church ; elected Sunday- school superintendent, holding the position for nearly three years. He was a licensed exhorter, then local preacher, starting out as assistant to the pastor in charge of the Charles City mission, BIOGRAPHICAL. 629 which comprised five counties. .In the fail of 1869 was appointed to Eush Creeii and Jewell's Prairie, Illinois, remaining there three years, doubling the membership, building a church and paying for it. Was then appointed to Fort Dodge for one year and Alden two years; transferred to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he built a church and parsonage, and largely increased the member- ship. Stationed at East Minneapolis for two years, and from there to his present charge. John Schockweiler was born in Luxembourg; September! 7th, 1821. Is a self-educated man, having attended school but three months. In 1852 he emigrated to Detroit, Michigan, and in 1854 came to Minneapolis; he was the second man here engaged in the lime business. His location at present is 15 Third street south; he deals in Ume, hair, cement etc. His first wife was Anna Nercyer, who died in 1854; they had one daugh- ter. His present wife was Louisa Mande; they have no children. Joseph Schulenburg came to Minneapolis in 1866. Kept the Pacific House two years, then engaged in farming the same length of time in Eice county; he afterwards worked a farm in Plymouth two years, thence to St. Anthony where for eight years he was proprietor of a boarding- house. Since November 1st, 1880, he has kept the Medina House, previous to which he ran the Hennepin House. In 1851 he married Margaret Baker. Their children are Mathew, Caspar and Lizzie. Pred Schroder, a native of Germany, was born November 24th, 1834. Came to America in 1853 and located at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, where he resided until 1876, when he removed to Califor- nia. In July, 1880, Mr. Schroder came to this city, and engaged in the meat business at 403 Plymouth Avenue. He was married in 1866 to Miss D. Inkenky. Henry Schulze, a native of Germany, was born January 28th, 1842. Cams to America in infan- cy, and lived until 1859 at Chicago, Illinois; he then removed to St. Paul and worked at the meat business there about five years. In 1864 he came to this city and started a meat market, which he sold in April, 1880, to L. W. Neudeck, but still retains his position as manager of the business. In 1875 he married the widow of the late Louis Neudeck of Minneapolis. Henry II. Scott was born in Penobscot county, Maine, September, 1846. Lived on a farm with his parents until the age of twenty years. In 1863 he enlisted in the First Maine Heavy Ar- tillery; served two years, engaged in thirty-two battles and was twice wounded. Came here in 1866, and has since been in the lumber busi- ness. He is also proprietor of the Cottage House, on Second Avenue north. In 1874 he married Josie Fashant. William Henry is their only child. I. C. Seeley was born January 22d, 1833, in Allegan county, Michigan. When seventeen years of age he attended Eichland Seminary, Kal- amazoo county, and afterward taught. Enlisted in the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, and served three years, being in fifty-seven different engage- ments; was held a prisoner of war over five months, nearly three months of the time at An- dersonville, and is a living witness of the horrors of that prison-pen. After the war he prepared for college at Kalamazoo, then went to Olivet and graduated from the college there in 1868; he also graduated in law at Ann Arbor in 1871 , and was in the office of Severance and Burrows of that city until 1872, when he came here and has since been in the real estate and insurance busi- ness. In 1876 he married JuUaM. Willard. She has borne him one child: Edith. Henry E. Selden, a native of Connecticut, was born August 4th, 1835, at Portland. When five years of age he moved to New Haven, and resided there until 1860, when he came to St. Paul, and two years later removed to Minneapolis; he has been very sucjessful in his business of contract- ing and building. Mr. Selden enlisted in the Sixth Minnesota Volunteers in 1862; he was through the Indian war, the regiment marching 3,200 miles, and was in the service until 1865. On his return he built his present residence at 14 Tenth street south. His wife was Eleanor Stevens, whom he married in 1860, They are the parents of seven children: Lewis, Emma, Mabel, Frank, Kittle, Eleanor, and Henry. George Sermon, veterinary surgeon, graduated at Edinburgh. April 23d, 1862; at the Eoyal Col- Ipge of Veterinary Surgeons, April 30th, 1862, and has a diploma from each. In 1869 he moved to Montreal, Canada, and followed his profession there nine years. Since November, 1878, he has been in practice in Minneapolis. 630 HISTOBY OF HENJsEPIN C0UN7Y. . George Kittredge Shaw, editor of the Evening Journal, was born in Exeter, Penobscot county, Maine, June 23d, 1841. His parents removed to Galena, Illinois, in the fall of 1861, and in that city Mr. Shaw grew to manhood, receiving his education in the public schools of that place. Having learned the printing trade he made his first business venture in 1862 purchasing the Platteville, Grant county. Witness, which he owned and conducted successfully until 1867. In 1863 he enlisted in the Forty-third Wisconsin Infantry, was elected captain of company B, and served till the close of the war, receiving a com mission as major in 1864. In 1867 he came to Minneapolis, and was made editor-in-chief of the Minneapolis Morning Tribune. That position he held for three years and then resigned on account of ill-health. In the summer of 1870 he founded the Daily Evening News, which was the first daily evening newspaper, receiving tele- graphic dispatches, started in this city. In June, 1873, he sold the News, and removed to Bay City, Michigan, where he was employed for five years as editor and manager of the Daily Trib- une of that place. Eeturning to Minneapolis in the winter of 1878, Mr. Shaw purchased an- in- terest in the Evening Tribune, remained with that paper as writing editor until May 1st. 1880, and on that date sold out his Tribune stock and afterwards purchased a half-interest in the Even- ing Journal. Mr. Shaw was married September 13th, 1871, to Miss Anna E. Jones, of Detroit, Michigan, and has three sons and one daughter. J. M. Shaw was born December 18th, 1833, in Penobscot county. Maine. Was educated at Exe- ter and East Corinth. In the spring of 1852 he came to Minnesota and resided at Cottage Grove, then removed to Galena, Illinois, where he was seven years, employed as book-keeper in a mer- cantile house. In 1856 he began reading law and in 1859 entered the office of A. L. Cummings. Was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Illinois, and remained at Galena until 1862, when he removed to Wisconsin. He enlisted in the Twenty-fifth Wisconsin and was made second lieutenant of company E ; was first engaged in frontier service, then went south in 1863 and' served until June, 1865 ; he was mustered out as captain. In October of the same year he came to Minneapolis and has since been engaged ia the practice of his profession here, He is a member of the law firm of Shaw, Levi and Cray. In Sep- tember, 1864, he married Ellen A., daughter of Dr. J. S. Elliot of this city. C. W. Shatto, a native of Warren, Ohio, was born in November, 1840. At the age of ten years he accompanied his parents to Minnesota, and followed farming until 1868, when he enlisted in the First Minnesota Volunteers, and served until the expiration of his term of service. Then worked at freigliting from Omaha to Denver un- til 1866, when he came to this city and was em- ployed by Gould and Company, the pioneer agri- cultural implement fiiTa, until engaging in busi- ness for himself. In 1872 he man-led Miss Sarah Tinkham, in Minneapolis. They have one chUd. John W. Sherwood was bom December 17th, 1817, at London, England. Learned the book- binder's trade in his native place and came to America in 1848 ; he resided in New York four years, and three years in Connecticut, thence to Woodstock, Canada. December, 1855, he came to Minneapolis and established the first book bindery in the city ; he does edge gilding and all kinds of work pertaining to his busmess. His wife was Lueinda Marston. The children bom to them were: Lucy, John, Rachel, Reuben, John, Nelson, Cedric, Mary and Naomi ; four of these have passed away. M. R. Sherwood, son of the above, was born in London, England, September 12th, 1846. Game to the United States in 1848, and in 1865 to Min- neapolis. He commenced the manufacture of paper boxes in 1872 and was the first in the city to make a specialty of that line of work ; he is now doing a large business at 123 and 125 Nicol- let Avenue. Mr. Sherwood was married in May, 1877, to Julia Anderson of Iowa. They have one child, Frederick. Sherburne and White are proprietors of the Windsor House, located on Washington Avenue, at the corner of First Avenue north. The build- ing is owned by L. L. Cook ; it was erected by W. F. Ilanscom in 1867; it has a frontage of sixty-six feet on Washington Avenue and a depth of one hundred feet ; the house is three stories high and there are fifty-four rooms. Messrs. Sherburne and White leased, refitted and refur- nished the house; they are old and popular hotel men who always endeavor to please their guests. BIOGRAPHICAL. 631 B. P. Shuler, a native of Pennsylvania, was born September 13th, 1829, in Lycoming county. Came to this city in 1852, and was employed as mill-wriglit until 1871, when for two years he en- gaged in the milling business, in company with Mr. Hijieline, at the Eichfleld mills. He went to California in 187S, returned the following year, and went into business at the Arctic mill, under the firm name of Hobart, Shuler and Company. In 1863 Mr. Shuler married Abbie E. Tidd, of Minneapolis. B. G. Shuler, born at Williamsport, Pennsylva- nia, in 1827. At the age of seventeen he com- menced learning the trade of mill-wright, at which he worked in his native state until 1853, when he went to Indiana, and resided one year ; then re- moved to Minnesota, and lived at Anoka, farm- ing, building, and in the livery business, until 1864. He then accompanied risk's Indian expe- dition to the plains. Since 1866 he has lived in this city, engaged in the mill-wright and building business, having assisted in erecting some of the principal mills here. In 1859 he married Liicretia Foster, of Maine. Their children are : Alfred, Harry, and Florence. Frederick Sievers, pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church, was born in Frankenlust, Saginaw county. Michigan, June 21st, 1852. Eeceivedhis early education from his father at home. After confirmation he went to Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1866. where he remained un- til 1872. In the same year he went to St. Louis, and entered the Concordia Theological Seminary, graduating June 29th, 1875. August 29th, same year, was ordained at St. Charles, Missouri, re- maining there as assistant pastor until 1869, when he received a call from this church. He is the son of Eev. F. Sievers, who organized the con- gregation in 1856. P. Simonson, a native of Norway, was born in 1841. Emigrated to America in 1866, and located in Minneapolis the same year. He was four years employed in the car-shops, and two years stair-building for J. Harrison. In 1872 he com- menced business for liimself , building stairs and mailings. His establishment is the only one of the kind in the city, and he has been very suc- cessful. He was married in February, 1873, to Martha Anderson. They are the parents "of three children. Mr. Simonson's residence and stair- building shop are at 1006 Washington Avenue south. C. M. Skinner, M. D., was born at Waukesha, Wisconsin, in March, 1841. He w:is educated in his native county, afterward studied medicuie and graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1876. For one and one-half years he was house surgeon of the Cook County Hospital at Chicago; then practiced at Hartford, Wisconsin, about fifteen months, and since June, 1878, has been in practice in Minneapolis. Dr. Skinner re- sides at 1001 Washington Avenue south. His marriage with Calista Rowell, of Wisconsin, oc- curred in 1863. They have one daughter. L. J. Skinner was born at Brooklyn, New York, April 4th, 1853. At the age of sixteen he was employed as clerk in the dry goods establishment of E. H. Van Ingen and Company, of New York city, and remained till 1879, when he came here and engaged in the paint business, as dealer and contractor, firm name of Adams and Skinner. After a few months he bought Mr. Adams' inter- est and continued alone nearly a, year, when he became associated with W. W. Sly, and the man- ufacture of paints was added to the business. Their works are on Nicollet Island. Mr. Skinner married Elizabeth M. Bradley, in 1879. They have had one child, who died in infancy. O. B. Skinner, a native of New York, was bom August 3d, 1844. in Essex county. Learned the drug business atElmira, New York, went to Kan- sas in 1869, and was in business there about two years, then resided in Vermont till 1876. Since that time he has been in the drug trade at Minne- apolis, with very profitable results. He occupies the whole of the building where he is at present located, 1121 Washington Avenue north. In 1870, he married Miss C. L. Baldwin, of Waverly, New York. Of their four children only one sur- vives: Clara. Mrs. Skinner died August 1st, 1880. Thomas Sloan, a native of Preble, Cortland county, New York, was born in 1857. When a babe he came with his parents to St. Anthony, and at the age of eleven went to work in the mills of Minneapolis. For the past seven years he has been employed at the Cataract mill. Mr. Sloan is an unmarried man, and lives with his parents at No. 2 First Avenue south. William Wesley Sly was born July 9th, 1848, in Oakland county, Michigan. At the age of 632 HISTORY OF HUNNEPIN COUNTY. sixteen he went to sea, and before he was twenty- one years of age he circumnavigated the globe, lie lived in England two years, engaged in paint- ing, for which he had a natural ability; from there he went to Italy, Asia, East India, China, and was in the Abyssinian expedition with sup- plies; he was at Ansley bay at the time King Theodore suicided. In 1869 he returned to Bom- bay, and there went on board the Great Eastern, laying cable. He served in the late war, and after peace was declared, he again went to sea. In 1872 he engaged in the paint business in De- troit, and remained there, with the exception of one schooner trip to Duluth, in which he was shipwrecked and nearly lost his life, until 1878, when he came to Minneapolis and took charge of the Minnesota Linseed Oil Company's paint works. In 188.0 he formed a partnership with L. J. Skinner, known as the Minneapolis Liquid Paint Company. He married, in June, 1880, Mary, daughter of Rev. L. D. Brown of St. Paul. C. II. Smart, florist, 514 Sixteenth Avenue south. Mr. Smart is a native of England, and was born March 28th, 1828, at London. In 1868 he moved to the state of New York, where he worked at his trade, blacksmithing, until 1871; since that time he has resided in MinneapoUs. While still working at his trade, he has engaged in the cultivation of plants and flowers, and has made good progress in that enterprise. He mar- ried, in 1846, Eliza Maddin of London. Their two children have passed away. Fred. L. Smith was born in the town of Lee, Maine, July 2d, 1843. Eeceived an academic ed- ucation at Lee Normal Academy. Came to Min- nesota with his parents in June, 1857, and located in St. Anthony. Was the first carrier boy of the Palls Evening Journal, a daily paper started in the fall of 1857, by Messrs. Oroffut and Clark, in whose olHce he learned the printer's trade. Was foreman of the Pioneer job department in 1863 and 1864, and in 1865 became associated with Col. John H. Stevens, Col. Ij. P. Plummer and others in the publication of the Minneapolis Daily Chronicle. When that paper was merged into the State Atlas, and the Minneapolis Daily Trib- une was started, he engaged as general superin- tendent of the mechanical department of that in- stitution, in which place he continued until Au- gust, 1871, when he formed a partnership with Chas. W. Johnson in the job printing business. Is now a member of the firm of Johnson, Smith and Harrison, the printers of this history. He has been an active member of the masonic fra- ternity, having served three years as Master of Cataract Lodge No. 2, A. P. and A.M., during which time their new hall was built. Has also been High Priest of St. Anthony Falls Koyal Arch Chapter No. 3, Thrice Illustrious Master of Adon- iram Council No. 5, and Eminent Commander of Darius Commandery No. 7, of this city. Is also a Scottish Bite Mason. Was elected Alderman of the fifth ward in the spring of 1878, for two years. Was re-elected in the spring of 1880 for three years, and on the organization of the city councU, was made its vice-president. Was elec- ted president of the city council at its organiza- tion in 1881 , which position he now holds. Was married in December 1868 to a daughter of Henry Sinclair. Has two children. Albee Smith, born November 26th, 1845, at Orange, Massachusetts. Attended the graded schools of Cambridge and in 1863, entered the University of Chicago; the next year he went to Middlebury College; during the two years he was there, he read law with Sandford B. ^erry and Walker, Dexter and Smith. He returned to Chi- cago, entered the law school, and in 1867, was admitted to the bar at Ottawa, Illinois. Came to Minneapolis the same year and opened a law oflflce in company with M. D. L. Collester. In 1871, he returned to Chicago, but was burned out during the great conflagration, and coming again to Minneapolis, has since continued in his pro- fession here. He married MolUe McClelland in 1870. Their children are, Robert, Albee and Orvell. C. H. Smith, a native of New Hampshire, was born June 26th, 1859, at Salisbury. Resided there until 1877, when he came here and worked for the firm of Smith and Day, the former being a brother of his. In September, 1878, he became a member of the firm of Smith and Miller; they deal in hardware at 231 Sixth Avenue south. Charles W. Smith, born November I4th, 1848, at Greenville, Illinois. Moved with his parents to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and attended school there until 1862, when he went to Europe, and entered the Liverpool Free College; he graduated in 1865, and then traveled through Europe. In BIOGRAPHICAL. 633 1866, he crossed the isthmus and went to Calcutta, India, from Madras. Eetumed to America in 1867, and from here visited Buenos Ayres in the ship Kossuth, in which he was part owner, and was pay-master of the first railroad built in the Ar- gentine Confederation in 1868. He took charge of a steamer which went to the relief of a Welch colony in Patagonia, and returned overland to Buenos Ayres, from where he made a trip on horse back across the Andes to Chili, returning through Paraguay and Brazil, thence homeward in 1870. Since that time he has been engaged in teaching in Minnesota. In 1873, he moved to this city, and in 1875 was appointed superinten- dent of schools, and was elected to the office in 1877, and re-elected in 1879. Mr. Smith married Electa Hawkins in 1872. Arthur Garfield is their only child. The have an adopted son Benjamin W. E. M. Sinith, a native of Michigan, was born February 10th, 1843, at Pontiac. Moved to Wi- nona, Minnesota, in 1867, and for three years was engineer on the Winona and St. Peter railroad. In 1870, he came to this city and ran an engine two years on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway. Since the Union Planing Mills started, he has been employed there as engineer. His wife was Effie Jones; their marriage occurred in March, 1869; Burtie, Daisy, Eoy and Ida, are their children. George Smith, a native of Wisconsin, was born July 25th, 1856, in Walworth county. Went to Winona, Minnesota^ in 1875, and two years later removed to Minneapolis. He is now em- ployed as miller at the Osborne feed mill. His address is 616 Fifth street north-east. George Smith, born in Picton county, Nova^ Scotia, September 6th, 1846. First engaged in the business of hides, tallow, pelts, etc., at Chi- cago, in 1870, and afterwards with prominent firms at Milwaukee and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. In 1875 he was employed as salesman for Oberne, Hosick and Company, of this city, 103 and 105 Second street south, and has been promoted to manager. George F. Smith, was born at Salisbury, New Hampshire, September 1st, 1842. Enlisted in 1862 in the Sixteenth New Hampshire Infantry, and served one year. On being mustered out, in 1863, he came to Minneapolis, but the next year went south to work, and laid the first sill of the Cumberland hospital, at Nashville. He re- turned in 1865, and worked in the hardware business for J. S. Pillsbury, until starting for himself in 1872; the firm of Smith and Scribner dates from May, 1876. Mr. Smith married Miss Connor of this city, in 1867. Their children are: George, Ralph and Cyrus. J. R. Smith, a native of Salisbury, New Hamp- shire, was born April 21st, 1851. Since 1871 he has been a resident of Minneapolis. He worked for George F. Smith four years, and in 1876, entered into partnership with Mr. Day in the hardware business. Mr. Smith's marriage with Leonora Day took place in 1875. They, are the parents of two children; J. E., and Eena. They reside at 915, Seventh Avenue south. J. A. Smith, a native of Germany, was born in 1850. He accompanied his parents to America in 1865, and removed to Minneapolis in 1874; since that time has been engaged in the manufac- ture of barrels, and is now president of the Co- operative Barrel Company. Jason W. Smith, was born October 23d, 1840, in Penobscot county, Maine. Eemained on his father's farm till 1860, when he went to Bangor, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. In July, 1870, he removed to this city and clerked in a grocery store three years, then went into the grocery trade at 101 Central Avenue, in partner- ship with W. W. Hawes. His wife was Emma Maxim; they were married in 1865. Of their four children, three are living: George, Edith and Jessie. Theodore W. Smith, a native of New York city, was born August 25th, 1860. Commenced working at milling in 1874, at Ashland, Ohio ; re- moved to this city in October, 1878, and was em- ployed one year at the Crystal Lake mill. Since that time has been engaged with Hawthorne Brothers at the Trades mill. His marriage with Julia Desjardin occurred August 3d, 1880. C. L. Snyder, born February 1st, 1831, in Som- erset county, Pennsylvania. In 1857 he came to Minnesota, located at Glencoe and for three years followed lumbering and farming ; he was sheriff of McLeod county in 1857-8. In 1861 raised company B, of the Fourth Minnesota; he was promoted captain of this company and served three years ; after being mustered out in 1864 he 634 HI8T0BT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. went to Pennsylvania and raised a company of artillery there, and served as captain until May, 1865. In the fall of that year he came here and was in the wood business two years then formed a partnersliip with Mr. Keator ; for thirteen years they were carriers of the Minneapo- lis Tribune, and have been in the bill posting business a number of years. Mr. Snyder was elected to the city council in 1873 and '79 ; was president of the city council in 1880. In 1855 he married Margaret Cunningham. James, Anna, Grace and Charles are their children. 8. P. Snyder, born ApTil 14th, 1826, at Somer- set, Pennsylvania. He received a common school education and started life as clerk in an uncle's store. In 1847 he purchased a stock of dry goods and located at Berkley's Mills ; he sold in about two years and removed to Ohio, where he followed the same business in company with his brother ; he sold again in 1855, came to St. An- thony, and formed a partnership with W. K. McFarlane for the purpose of locating lands. In the fall of 1855 removed to the west side, returned to Ohio, was married and came back to Minne- apolis, and for a time occupied J. H. Stevens's pre-emption house. In 1857 became a member of the Arm of Snyder, McFarlane and Cook, bank- ers and real estate dealers ; in the summer of 1857 purchased eighty acres and platted it as Snyder and Company's first addition to Minne- apolis; Tenth street now passes through this. Mr. Snyder was one of the many to suffer in the financial panic of 1858, but afterwards recovered and in 1876 built a fine large block, on the same spot where twenty years previous he had placed his land office. In 1880 he sold both block and lot, as a building site for the new Union de- pot. In 1856 he married Mary Ramsay. The children bom to Mr. and Mrs. Snyder are Frank, Fred and Mary. Joseph Sonnen was born in 1832 in Prussia, Came to America in 1855, located in tlie state of New York and resided there about eight years. In 1873 he removed to Minneapolis, and worked as pattern maker for tlie St. Antliony Iron Works until 1878. Since tliat time he has been success- fully engaged in manufacturing furniture. W. A. Spaulding, Dentist, was born in Penob- scot county, Maine, March 7th, 1842. Moved to Wright county, Minnesota, in 1856, and settled at Monticello. In 1862 he enlisted, and was three and one-half years in active service; mustered out in 1865. Since tlie war he has made this city his home. In 1870, assisted in the location of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Bailroad, and had charge of bridge building on that line until 1872, when he engaged in surveying townships in north- western Minnesota. Mr. Spaulding graduated from tlie Ohio college of dental surgery March 4th, 1875, with the degree of D. D. S.; since that time has been in practice. His wife was Miss J. C. Johnson; they were married in 1866. Three children have been born to them: WiUie, Susie and one who died in infancy. Edward Spear, Jr., was bom in 1828, at "War- ren, Ohio, and received his education in his na- tive place. Was in the army five years; was in command of an Ohio battery three years of the time, and then was paymaster of the army of the Tennessee; after the war he passed five months in Europe. In 1878 he came here and established the North-western Stove Works, located in South Minneapolis. Mr. Spear married, in 1856, Emma Louder. Their children are : Louie, Edward, Bertha and Harry. R. Speck, a native of Germany, was bom Sep- tember 14th, 1841. Came to the United States in 1864, and resided at St. Paul until 1874 when he came here and for about one year was in the pro- duce and commission business; since then he has had a grocery and general merchandise store, his present location being 501 First street north. His marriage with Mary Joungclaus occurred in 1872. Of their four cliUdren, those living are: Carl, Gustave and'Adolph. David Spillane, a native of New York, was born August 15th, 1855, at Dunkirk. When a- babe he moved with his parents to Fillmore county, Minnesota. Whenseventeen years of age he commenced the milling business at Whalan. In July, 1870, he came to Minneapolis and en- gaged with the Standard mill, where he occupies the position of grinder. J. II. Stalir was born December 29th, 1842, in Denmark. Came to this country, worked one year at farming in Indiana, six months in a roll- ing mill, and then was engaged as clerk in a hotel, previous to returning to Denmark on a visit. In 1866 lie removed to Wisconsin and engaged in tlie grocery business; came here in 1876 and was in BIOGBAPHICAL. 635 different lines of business till 1880, when he opened a second-hand store at 208 Plymouth Av- enue. In 1865 he married Christine Hanson. They have had nine children; only three are liv- ing. Carl G. Stammwitz was born in Germany in 1831. Came to St. Anthony in 1858, and was head miller for Morrison and Prescott, at the Farmer's mill, six years. In 1865, bought the St. Anthony mill in company with G. Schober; they purchased a half interest in the People's mill in 1870, and the next year disposed of the St. An- thony mill; in 1875 they took the machinery out of the People's mill and built the Phoenix. Mr. Stammwitz married Caroline Peterson in 1861. Their children are Carl, Annie, Fredericfe, Olga, Adolph, Otto. Augusta, Bertha, Henry, Alice and Alvin (twins,) and George. C. M. Stebbins, a native of Long Meadow, Massachusetts, was bom in 1829. Lived with his parents until sixteen years of age, when he went to Connecticut and worked at carpentering four years. In 1849, returned to Massachusetts for one year; then went again to Connecticut and remained till July, 1878, when he came to this city; his place of business is 218 Second Avenue south. Mr. Stebbins was married in 1856 to Miss Langdon. They have two children, Hattie and Henry. E. S. Stebbins was born in 1854, at Boston Massa- chusetts. Moved to Troy, New York, in 1868, and two years later went to Saratoga. In 1872 he commenced the study of architecture. Went to Boston and attended the Technological Insti- tute two years. He worked with E. D. Harris three years on the Grand Union Hotel, Saratoga, and the fourth year had entire supervision of the work. In 1877 he came here. His oflBce is 304 Nicollet Avenue. Mr. Stebbins drew plans for the Hennepin county jail, Christ Church, Henne- pin county poor-house, Kichfield town hall, and several public buildings at Grand Forks, Dakota. He was married in 1880. Franklin Steele. The following memoir, by Rev. E. D. Neill, was read at the meeting of the department of American History of the State Historical Society, in October, 1880. " In memo- riam: Franklin Steele. This evening we as- semble under the shadow of a sudden and painful lo.s. Among the twenty-live or thirty present at the September meeting of this department of the State Historical Society, he who attracted the most attention by his fine presence and manly form was its chairman, Franklin Steele. Those who saw him on that evening, in perfect health, presiding so courteously, yet unobtrusively, can with diffi- culty realize that on the third night after, he was silenced by death, and that in less than a week his lifeless body was carried to its last resting- place in the beautiful cemetery which overlooks the capital of the republic. Not only as a life member of the Minnesota Historical Society, and chairman of the department of American History, but as one of the founders of the commonwealth of Minnesota, is he deserving of some brief memorial. While the French were still occupying the val- ley of the Allegheny, the region between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, in Pennsylva- nia, was fast filling up with industrious farmers from Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany. Among the hardy men who found homes in what is now Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, was the paternal ancestor of Franklin Steele, and the wife of this pioneer was of Scotch descent. Fru- gal and persevering, they raised, a large family, and four sons, at least, attained manhood. Archibald served under the lamented Mont- gomery in 1775, in the expedition against Quebec, and during the revolution became deputy quarter- master general for the troops of the western di- vision of the army in Pennsylvania. John, who was born in the town of Lancaster, was about seventeen years of age and going to school when the thrilling news arrived that the farmers near Lexington had peppered the British soldiery from Boston, with the contents of their fowling pieces. It stirred the blood of this boy, and soon he was found enlisted in the war for in- dependence. At the battlti of Brandywine, in September, 1777, he received in his shoulder what was supposed for a time to be a fatal wound. On one occasion he swam across the Delaware, whUe ice was floating, with orders tied in a silk handker- chief around his head. Although benumbed, he reached the Jersey shore, and gave an alarm, which baffled the enemy. In March, 1778, Lieu- tenant John Steele was recommended to the ex- ecutive council of Pennsylvania as "an officer well qualified to recruit in Lancaster county." 636 HISTORY OF HUNNEPIN COUNTY. William was a third son, and a letter is pre- served which was written by John to his brother, dated Morristown, New Jersey, June 14th, 1780, and from which is this extract: "I at present enjoy myself incomparably well, in the family of Mrs. Washington, whose guard I have had the hon- or to command, since the absence of the general, and the rest of the family, which is now six or seven days. I am happy in the importance of my charge, as well as in the presence of the most amiable woman on earth, and whose character, should I attempt to describe, I could not do jus- tice to, but will only say that I think it is unex- tionable." James, a fourth son, was the father of the sub- ject of this memoir. During the war of 1812 he was inspector general of Pennsylvania, and had represented his fellow-citizens in the legislature. Subsequently he was an enterprising citizen in the valley of the Octorara, the stream which sepa- rates Chester and Lancaster counties. Engaged ill farming, owning a store, a flour and cotton mill, he was the center of a neighborhood. rrankUn Steele, in 1813 was born at his fathers' residence near the western boundary line in Chester county, and as he approached manhood, was actuated by the laudable ambition to depend upon his own exertions, and obtained a position in the Lancaster post-oflSce. In this place he was brought in contact with James Buchanan, after- wards president, and others who had known his father, and also liked him for his own cheerful spirit. From the desire to act well his part in life, he looked toward the distant west as a broader and more rapid field for development. In view of the treaties about to be made with the Chippewa and Sioux Indians for the lands between the St. Croix and Mississippi, Franklin Steele, and two or three others, in the summer of 1837, in a birch-bark canoe propelled by eight men, left the mouth of the Minnesota river and descending the Mississippi, entered tlie St. Croix and ascending to its falls, laid claim to the val- uable water-power by erecting a claim cabin of logs. After General Dodge made a treaty with the Ghippewas at Fort Snelling, a delegation of Sioux were taken by the Indian agent at Fort Snelling to Washington, and there they also, on the 27th of September, 1837, signed a treaty by which the pine forests of Minnesota were effectually op- ened to the axe of the lumberman. Mr. Steele passed the winter of 1838 at Wash- ington and elsewhere, but on the evening of the 13th of June, on the steamboat Burlington, ar- rived at Fort Snelling. Among his fellow pass- engers were Capt. Maryatt, of the Britisli navy, the well-known novelist, and a number of others, ladies as well as gentlemen. With them, he rode out for pleasure to the Falls of St. Anthony, then the ultima thule, a point at which he was destined to erect the first permanent structure, and in which, after it became a city of forty-eight thou- sand inhabitants, he was suddenly to die. On the 20th of June, the steamboat Ariel ar- rived at Fort Snelling, and one of the passengers said that the senate had ratified the treaty, but it was not until the 15th of July, that the Palmyra brought the oflScial notice. Mr. Steele now made another trip to the falls of St. CboIx and on the 16th of August he came back to the fort. Disposing of his interests at the falls of St. Croix, he turned his attention to the development of the claim at the falls of St. An- thony, and in 1838 engaged a man to cultivate six or eight acres there, the land having not yet been surveyed. It was not until 1848 that there was a sale of lands by the government, and this year he completed the first saw-mill on the east side of the falls. In 1851 he secured a site for the preparatory department of the University of Minnesota, and was the largest contributor toward the erection of the first academic building. The academy was opened in October, 1851, and until destroyed by fire stood in the east division park, opposite the stone edifice now owned by Macalester College. After the treaties of 1851, settlers began to dwell on the prairie on the west side of the falls of St. Anthony, and in a few years were more numerous than those on the east side. With an adiding faith tliat in time, the roar of a great city would drown the ''voice of many waters," Mr. Steele, before patents were issued from the gen- eral land office at Washington for the land on the west side, contracted for the swinging of a wire suspension bridge over the Mississippi, just above the cataract, the first bridge of any description which spanned the great river from Lake Itasca to the gulf of Mexico. BIOGBAPHICAL. 637 After its completion, tlie Minnesota legislature in the winter of 1855. adjourned for one day to be present at the formal opening of the artistic struc- ture, which for years was not only a great thor- oughfare for immigrants, but admired by travelers and tourists as a thing of beauty. About this time his name was appropriately given by the state to one of the counties made out of the lands which had been ceded by the Sioux. The month of August, 1862, can never be for- gotten by the settlers of Minnesota. The Sioux, taking advantage of the civil war that was then raging, rose like demons incarnate, and without warning began to attack the settlements of the Minnesota river, and murder and scalp defence- less women and children. Volunteers from St. Paul and Minneapolis hurried to the scene of slaughter, and Mr. Steele followed as soon as possible with the necessary supplies. The drivers of the supply trains at length faltered and said they dared not go on, when Mr. Steele, with characteristic quietness and efficiency, headed the column, riding in an open buggy, night and day, and restored confidence. In April, 1843, he was married, in Baltimore, by the Rev. Dr. Wyatt, to Anna, daughter of William C. Barney, and grand-child of Commo- dore Barney of the United States navy, and also of Samuel Chase, the Maryland states-man, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, .afterwards judge of the supreme court of the United States. With his bride he came to Fort Snelling when it was surrounded by Indians, and in his wilder- ness home he always exhibited a generous hospi- tality. As his daughters began to grow up, he felt felt it desirable to have a family residence where they could obtain a proper education, and during the latter years of his life he passed the winters in Washington, but always spoke of Minnesota as home. Unobtrusiveness was a marked characteristic of our late associate. His voice was not heard in the streets. Persons would associate with Mm for months in the midst of this city, and would never think that he had a right to say: "Quorum magna pars fui." But while retiring he was affable. A gentleman by instinct, he avoided topics and allusions which would be painful to those with whom he conversed. Among those in whom he had confidence he loved to indulge in pleasantry. By prosperity he wf s not puffed. Weak hu- man nature is often made very stiff and conse- quential by an increase of this world's goods, but he showed none of that disagreeable conscious- ness which money gives to some people. Xopoor man was ever humiliated in his presence. Of an inquiring mind, with good perceptive powers, in- terested in public questions, and holding social intercourse everv winter with some of the best men of the republic, he was able to impart val- uable information and engage in agreeable con- versation. Thrown much of his life-time with frontiersmen, he admired their energy, but did not adopt their standards. He did not soil his mouth with coarse, profane or indecent utterances. The slang of the roaring fellows in a loggers' camp, or at a military post had no charms. While the soul is immortal and more valuable than the mortal body which encases it, yet the Hebrews acknowledged that it was a privilege to have a fine physical presence. The sacred writers turned aside from mightier matters to mention that there was not among the Children of Israel a "goodlier person" than Saul, who from his shoulders upward was higher than any of the people, and that David "was ruddy and withal of a beautiful countenance.'' The subject of our memoir, was excelled by few in the symmetry of his physical development. As a young man his presence was noticeable. An old army offi- cer saw him conversing with a young lady at a party given by a member of congress in Wash- ington. He asked his name, and when told that he was from what was then called distant Iowa Territory, he replied: "iO'o matter where he re- sides; God never made a finer form." An old English writer, speaking of a statesman of the days of James I., wrote: "As Ammianus describes a well-shaped man: 'Ab ipso capite, usque, ad ungium summitates recta erat linea- mentorum compage'; 'from the nails of the fingers, nay, from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head, there was no blemish in him.' And yet his carriage, and every stoop of his deportment, more than his excellect form, were the beauty of his beauty." Does not this description recall the late chairman of this department of the Minnesota Historical Society? At our meeting in September 638 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. no one could have looked upon his clear-cut fea- tures, his fine expression, his manly, erect and matured form, -without feeling that he was en- dowed with a frame superior to most men. "Death found strange beauty on that polished hrow, and dashed it out." After breakfast on the 9th of September, he was riding with an acquaintance, when he was seized with dizziness. Soon after he lost consciousness, and at an early hour next morning, while it was yet dark, in the presence of a brother and a son and a few friends, his spirit departed to his God. A beloved wife and a portion of his family hastened to his side, but not until the heart ceased to beat did they arrive. Lovingly and tenderly the widow carried his lifeless form in a special car, surrounded by her two sons and three of her daughters, to the family residence at Georgetown, and on Thursday afternoon, the 16th ult., his body was borne to St. John's Church, Washington, D. C, where the family had attended, and services were conducted by. the Rev. Mr. C arke, assisted by the Kev. Mr. Lindsay, of Georgetown. The same hymns that had been sung at the services in Minneapolis were sung there, and the same flowers which loving friends laid on his coflBn in his son's parlor, in this city, were also used. The church was filled with citizens of "Washington, who had learned to respect the quiet, gentle man. From the church he was borne to Oak Hills cemetery and placed in his last resting place, next to the grave of his daugh- ter's husband, the historic commander of the Cumberland in the memorable conflict of Hamp- ton Koads. It will be long before his friends and his family will forget Franklin Steele: To live in hearts we leave behind Is not to die. After the reading of the memorial, on motion of W. W. McNair, resolutions of respect were adopted." Franklin Steele, Jr., son of the late Franklin Steele, and one of the first white natives of Hen- nepin county, was born in 1849. Since reaching his majority he has been engaged in business at Minneapolis. Mr. Steele studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1872, by Judge Wilkin, of St. Paul, passing his examination with great credit. He was married in February, 1872, to Kathleen Lynes. They are the parents of two children. He is a member of the firm of Frank- lin Steele, Jr., and Company, dealers in agricul- tural implements, wagons, etc., comer of First street and Second Avenue south. Residence on Nicollet Island. E. H. Steele, a native of Vermont, was bom in 1846. Was employed, in 1868, by the firm of Whitten, Burdett and Young, of Boston, as trav- eling salesman, and continued with them until 1874, at which time he established the clothing business which he is conducting so successfully in this city. Mr. Steele's family consists of only himself and wife. They have a fine residence on Eighth street. This building is heated by steam, fitted with electric bells, burglar alarm, etc. Nicholas Steffes, a native of Germany, was born December 10th, 1848. Came to America with his parents in 1855, and lived on a farm in Wright county, Minnesota, until the age of eigh- teen, when he volunteered in the Tenth United States Regulars at Fort Snelling, and served his full time of enlistment. He has since resided in Minneapolis. He joined the volunteer fire depart- ment in 1875, and served as driver until the or- ganization of the paid department, when he was appointed foreman of Hose Company No. 4. In ] 876 he married Kate Boflerding. Their children are Annie and John. J. F. Stephenswasbom July 4th, 1852, in Ches- ter county, Pennsylvania. His father was a mil- ler, and he learned the trade with him, in his na- tive place. He worked at farming for four years previous to coming west hi 1872. He reached this city December 1st of that year, and com- menced work in the Minneapolis mill, filling a minor position at first, but by industry and atten- tion to business advanced to the position of head miller, which position he fills to the entire satis- faction of his employers. Frank L. Stetson, bom December 19th, 1853, in Knox county, Maine. He moved with his pa- rents to Boston, in 1865, and there attended graded schools, afterward went to the Dean Academy at Franklin. In the spring of 1869 he came here and sought employment in the lumber mills; he had charge of the Northem Pacific railroad company's mills at Brainerd in 1878, re- BIOOEAPHICAL. 639 turned here and until the spring of 1 880 was fore- man in Leavitt, Chase and Company's mill, since that time has filled the same position with Merri- man and Barrows. He is second chief engineer of the fire department of which he has been a member since 1872. Mr. Stetson's wife was Ida Winslow, their marriage occurred in 1877. They have had one child. II. A. Stetson, a native of Lincolnville, Maine, was born in 1849. Came to Minneapolis in the fall of 1867 and was employed in saw mills five years ; then in company with W. C. Stetson, his brother, built the mill which bore their name ; after operating it three years disposed of his in- terest and went to work on the Cliicago, Milwau- kee and St. Paul railway. In April, 1879, en- gaged to work in the mill for his brother, who sold in 1880 to Wheaton, Reynolds and Company, and he has been with them since. He married Lillie Howe, in 1876. Blanche and Alice are their children. W. C. Stetson was born October 16th, 1841, in Waldo county, Maine. He came to St. Anthony in 1857 and worked in different mills fourteen years. In 1861 he enlisted in the Ninth Minne- sota Volunteers. After service he returned to Minneapolis and in 1871 , built a planing mill, in company with his brother ; they op'erated the mill eight months, then he bought his brother's share and sold a half interest to B. F. Nelson. In 1878 they built the St. Louis, and the year following Mr. Stetson closed out his interest in both mills. He built in 1880 the Famham and Lovejoy mill, and has since operated it for them. In 1859 he married Catharine Griffin. Frank Stevens, a native of Worcester county, Massachusetts, was born July 5th, 1853. Worked in that state at different lines of business until April, 1878, when he removed to Minneapolis, and after clerking in a grocery store until 1879 he embarked in the same for busine ss himself. He had a fine trade up to December, 1880, when, de- siring a change he sold, with the intention of en- gaging in other enterprises. Col. John H. Stevens, the pioneer of Minne- apolis proper, is a native of Lower Canada. His parents-, who were natives of Vermont, emigrated from tliere to one of the eastern townships of Lower Canada, where John H. was born, June 13th, 1820. The family trace their descent to the so called French Huguenots, who emigrated to New England, coming over with other Puritans in ihe May-flower. Gardner Stevens, his father, was an extensive farmer, and gave his sons a lib- eral education. At an early day Mr. Stevens de- termined to become one of the pioneers of the far west. His first move was to the lead mines of Illinois and Wisconsin. During the war with Mexico, he served with the army of invasion and after the war closed, he came to the territory of Minnesota, which had recently been set apart from Iowa. He located on the original town- site of Minneapolis, opposite the beautiful and picturesque Falls of St. Anthony; here he lived alone and desolate with the Indians. The nearest habitation of white men was Fort Snelling. Since that time vast and wonderful changes have been made, such as but few men have witnessed in the short space of thirty-two years. He has lived to see grow from his humble home a city of fifty thousand souls, and should he be spared un- til he reaches his three score and ten, he will doubtless behold a city of over one hundred thou- sand inhabitants. He has frequently been hon- ored with seats in the senate and house of repre- sentatives in the state legislature, and has also held high and responsible offices of trust and honor, both civil and military with the greatest success and credit. He was married May 10th, 1850, in Bockford, Illinois, to Miss Francis H. Miller, of Oneida county. New York. Their children living are, Kittie D., wife of P. B. Win- ston Esq. of this city; Sarah, who resides with her parents; Orma, a graduate of the city high school; Francis H. Gardner, their only son, is a civil engineer. Eev. Daniel Stewart, D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Minneapolis, the subject of this sketch, was born in Amsterdam, Montgom- ery county, New York, July 17th, 1811, spending most of his early life in that vicinity, pursuing academical studies at Johnstown, under the Kev. Gilbert Morgan. Entered Union college in 1830, graduated in 1833. After graduating went to Europe, traveling in England, Scotland, Ger- many and France; on returning, entered the The- ological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, in 1835, graduated in the class of '37-8, under Drs. Alexander and Miller. After leaving the semi- nary, was called, accepted and settled over the 640 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. first church at Amsterdam. New York, in 1839, remaining there for about one year, when lie received a call from Ballston Springs, where he remained for nearly four years, from thence to the First church in New Albany, Indiana, where he ministered to them for about four years; from that charge to the care of the Theological Semi- nary, where he remained until the spring of 1853, when he again went to Europe, going as far as Italy, with his wife, who is a daughter of Asa Mann, of New Albany, Indiana. On his second return from the Old World, was called to the charge of the First Presbyterian Church of .Cam- den, New Jersey, ministering to them until 1861. From Camden went to Johnstown, New York, remaining there until 1869. While in Johnstown his efforts were marked with success exceeding the expectations of his most sanguine admirers. Finding the church somewhat disrupted, in debt, without an organ, and no income; leaving it united, with one of Hook's best organs, out of debt, and with an income of five thousand dollars. The one ever-to-be remembered day in the his- tory of this church was when on that day he took into the church one hundred and fifty mem- bers, one hundred and thirty of them being on profession of faith; a large number of them be- tween the ages of fifty and seventy. When in Camden, found the churcli on the mission board, raised it to a self-sustaining church, besides send- ing out a colony, which became self-sustaining, building a new and elegant church, and is the second church in Camden. From Johnstown again to New Albany, where he preached in the pulpit of the Second church for two years. In 1871 came to Minnesota on account of a serious trouble with his eyes, expecting to remain but for a brief time; was invited while here to supply the Andrew church which he con- sented to do, and remained with them for two years, when he came to the West Side, June 1st, 1875, as stated supply, where he has re- mained up to the present time. His first wife was the daughter of Peter Vain, merchant, of Albany, New York, with whom he lived for about six years, having one daughter, now the wife of cashier Harris of the Northwestern bank, and one son by the present wife, J. C. Stewart, now with the Monitor Plow Works. Walter M. Stewart died at twenty-four years of age, after finishing his studies for the profession of medicine. Levi M. Stewart is a native of Maine; received there an academic education, and afterward grad- uated from Dartmouth college: is also a graduate of the law school at Cambridge. After practicing law Eucceerfully for a time in his native slate he came West, and has been a resident of this city since 1856. His ofiice is at the corner of Wash- ington and Nicollet Avenues. C. F. Stimson was bom April 19th, 1822, in York county, Maine. He was in the lumber business at Washington, Maine, four years; in June, 1848, removed to Stillwater, and the same year to St. Anthony, being engaged in lumbering most of the time until 1879. He, in company with William Simpson and A. Kogers, built the mill now owned by Famham and Lovejoy, also the building now occupied as a paper-mill. Mr. Stimson served one year as treasurer of Ramsey county, while St. Anthony was in that county. He moved to his farm near Elk Biver in 1879. His marriage with OUve Estes occurred in 1850. Children: Albert, Ella, William and one who died in infancy. E. H. Stockton, M. D., was born October 4th, 1827, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania. Attended school at Trenton, New Jersey, and studied med- icine at Philadelphia. In 1849 he attended two courses of lectures at the Ohio Medical College of Cincmnati. Followed his profession in Ohio and Indiana until 1865; since that time he has been in practice at Minneapolis. In 1869 he was made a member of the State Medical Society, and is one of the city boai'd of health. Dr. Stockton married, in 1871, Miss Eose Wilson of Indiana. Alvin Stone was bom in Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, October 13th, 1825. In 1848 made an extended tour in the South; returned the next year, and in 1850 came to Minneapolis. His principal occupation has been painting; he has been a member of several different firms, and has done a very large business by contracts. In Sep- tember, 1851, Mr. Stone returned to his native state; the following March married Elizabeth Goodwin, at Lowell, Massachusetts, and at once came West. They have had seven children; those living are Hattie and Harris. E. E. Strothman, a native of Milwaukee, Wis- BIOGRAPHICAL. 641 cousin, was bom August 18th, 1845. Learned the machinist's trade at the Bay State Iron Works, and after serving his apprenticeship re- mained with the firm four years. In 1867, in company with his brother, he commenced manu- facturing steam engines, but in 1870 he came to this city and was with the North Star Iron "Works until he started his present business. His wife was Etta Banker, whom he married in 1868, at Milwaukee. They have two children, Clarence and Herberd. J. F. Stranahan was born July 18th, 1854, at Bunker Hill, Michigan. In 1856, accompanied his parents to Minnesota and located in Goodhue comity. At the early age of fourteen he com- menced learning carpentering; went to North- field in 1870 and two years later removed to St. Paul, where he assisted in building 8. Mayall's block. Dr. Dewey's residence, and several other fine buildings. Since 1879, has lived in Minne- apolis. He married Jerusha Hamilton in 1877. They have one chUd, Winnie. J. H. Strothman, a native of Wisconsin, was born August 18th, 1845. at Milwaukee. Attended school there, and served an apprenticeship as machinist in the Bayfield Iron Works. In 1869, came here, and was at the North Star Iron Works until 1872; since that time he has been in the em- ploy of O. A. Pray and Company as foreman. Was married in March, 1872. Of their four chil- dren, Morris only, survives; Nellie, Jennie and an infant have passed away. Daniel Sullivan, a native of Maine, was born in 1847. He came to Minnesota in 1878, and lo- cated at Minneapolis. His place of business is No. 13, First street north. Elmer H. Sumner, bom at Bangor, Maine, January 3d, 1853. Came to this city in 1877 and engaged in lumbering during the winter months. Kept a restaurant two years on Nicollet Avenue, and since August 1880, has been in the same busi- ness at No. 1, Eii'st street north; his wife has the management of the restaurant in his absence. Mr. Sumner married Mary Fay in 1872. They have one son,' Eugene. Byron Sutherland, born July 15th, 1846, in Westfield, New York. Moved to Pennsylvania and enlisted in 1862; he was wounded at Spott- sylvania In 1864, and the next year was transfer- red to the veteran reserve corps on account of 41 disability; in July 1865, he was honorably dis- charged. He attended school in Pennsylvania until 1870, and then read law at Jamestown, New York. In the fall of 1872, taught in Penn- sylvania, and the same year was elected superin- tendent of schools in Warrencounty; he contin- ued reading law and was admitted to the bar in 1875; the next year, removed to Minneapolis; his office is at 201 Nicollet Avenue. He married in 1877, Sarah Brown; she has borne him one son, Renne. George Sverdrup was born in the western part of Norway, December 16th, 1848. He attended school at Christiana from 1862 to 1865, when he entered the University in the city of Christiana. During 1870, he traveled through Italy and Ger- many, and in 1871, passed theological examina- tion at the University. The year 1873, he spent in Paris, in the study of the Semitic languages, Assyrian antiquities and other sciences con- nected with the study of the old testament. In 1874, he received a call from this conference since which time he has been closely identified with the history of Augsburg Seminary. W. D. Sutton, a native of Louisville, Kentucky, was born in 1837. Enlisted in 1861 and served three years. In 1864 he went to Chicago and fol-. lowed bis business of contracting and building for seven years, then after a short residence at St. Louis removed to Memphis, and three years later to Iowa. In 1875 went to Wright county, Min-' nesota, and bought the farm he still owns. In October, 1880, he came here to work at his trade. His marriage with Martha Lawson occurred in in 1865. They have one child, Minnehaha. N. P. Swanberg, a native of Sweden, was born in 1838. Emigrated to America in 1869, and lo- cated at Hastings, Minnesota, and engaged in carriage making. In 1870, removed to this city and after working about three years for different parties established the Minneapolis carriage works at 605 Third street south. Peter P. Swensen, born in Sweden, February 10th, 1844. When ten years of age came to America with his parents and lived on a farm in Minnesota until 1861, when he enlisted, but was rejected because of being under age; he then went to Dubuque, Iowa, enlisted in the regular army and served three years. He then went to Tennessee and engaged in the grocery business ; 642 HTSTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY, afterward removed to Cincinnati, where lie owned an interest in a planing mill, lii 1869, after a two years residence in St. Louis, came here ; his prin- cipal occupation since has been salesman. In 1871 he married Annie Jolinsor\. Their children are: Charles. Harry and Bertha. O. T. Swett, born at Limerick, Maine, Septem- ber 27th, 1832. For a time was employed as salesman bv a grocery firm at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. In the spring of 1856 became to St. Anthony and engaged with Hayes and Stimson in their meat market ; the next year he made two trips to Galena. Illinois, to purchase groceries and provisions, but met with an accident which disa- bled him for nearly on,e year. In 1857, after the Are on Main street, he, E. Hayes, and Charles Straw started a general store, having purchased the remainder of a stock of dry goods and gro- ceries from Carpenter and Andrews, who suffered from the fire. Mr. Swett has been alone in the business since 1862; in 1877 he disposed of the groceries and has since handled dry goods, no- tions and gents' furnishing goods. He was alder- man from 1859 till 1861. Married in 1858, Sarah Hayes, who has borne him two children: Ella and Arthur. Mr. Swett has been in the dry goods business continuously in this city longer than any individual or firm. Joseph Swick was born March 5th, 1825, in Germany. Was educated iu his native country, came to America in 1851, and located in New York; removed to Connecticut and worked, at his trade of cabinet-making. In 1855 he came to St. Anthony and worked in L. Johnson's furniture manufactory until they sold to Barnard and Com- pany. He lost two fingers by a circular saw, but as soon as he was able to work, went into the same shop and remained seventeen years with the latter finn. From 1857 to 1861, his wages were one dollar per day, and during that time he did not receive a dollar in money, being paid with orders on stores. Since leaving that business he has been farming. He married Christiana Frost, In 1851. Their children are Joseph, Annie, Will- iam, Sarah and Charles. Three are married and all live near the old homestead. E. T. Sykes, a native of Uxbridge, Massachu- setts, was born October 12th, 1850. When a child he moved to Melville, and there received his edu- cation. He was in business eight years at Walt^ ham, then in 1879, came to this city and engaged in plumbing and gas fitting. At first be required the services of only three men, but his business has grown to such proportions that he now em- ploys twenty-five. The firm name is Sykes and Andrews; No. 256 Hennepin Avenue. CHAPTEB LXXXIIl. BIOGEAPHICAL, T, U AND V. J. W. Tamm was bom at Logansport, Indiana, in 1848. Learned milling at Maumee City, Ohio. In 1872 he became a resideat of Minneapolis and engaged in the Arctic mill; he had charge of that mill for six years. Next he was employed in the Phoenix, and has superintended it since. He was married in 1875 to Miss Alice Isenberger of Logansport. Melvin C. Tate was bom at PeekskiU, New York, Febmary 1st, 1851. . Wentto Duluth, Min- nesota, in 1871; remained three years working in a general merchandise store, also a short time in a hotel. In 1874 he came to St. Paul, the next, year locating in Minneapolis.. In October, 1880, in company with Mr. Boardman, he opened a res- taurant at 21 4 Nicollet Avenue. He was married in 1875 to Theresa Windolph, who has borne him three children. Laura is the only one living. A. B. Taylor, a resident of Minneapolis, came from New York four years since. Is a wholesale dealer in grain, and is the first and only man here who makes a specialty of wholesale dealing. Previous to starting in business in 1879 he bought wheat for the Millers' Association. Oflflce over Security Bank. B. L. Taylor, D. D. S., 214 Nicollet Avenue, was born at Westchester, Pennsylvania, in 1832. Received the principal part of his education in his native place. He came to Chicago in" 1856, and two years later to Minneapolis. He grad- uated fron the Pennsylvania Dental College at Philadelphia in 1869, and has since been in den- tal practice in this city. He was married in 1866 to Harriet Huribut, of Little Falls, New York. BIOGBAFEICAL. 643 Alice and Henry are their children. Residence 620 Fifth street south. F. C. Taylor was born in Lewis county, New York, October 12th, 1846. There he received his early education and training. He located in Min- neapolis, December, 1871, and was employed as clerk in a grocery store until 1876, when he started in the same line for himself and has since been doing a prosperous business. He was married in 1870 to Mary Ilinton, of Lewis county. New York. They have two children, Charlotte A. and Frank G. C. E. Tenant was born at Lisbon, Lawrence county. New York, in 1845. At the age of nine years, he accompanied his parents to Wisconsin. He resided in that state until 1878, removing in the spring of that year to Red Wing, Minnesota. He reifiained one summer, then removed to Still- water, where he resided until his coming to Min- neapolis in 1880. He joined the Henni pn County Barrel Company the same year. In 1833, he en- listed in the Thirty-second Wisconsin, under Col. De Great, and served until the close of the war. Resides at 412 Twelfth Avenue south. G. H. Tennant was born in St. Lawrence coun- ty. New York, 1847. Came to Minneapolis in 1867 and for three years was engaged in manu- facturing shingles, with Bassett one year and with Morrison Brothers two years. He was then in St. Louis one and one-half years in the manu- facture of eave-troughs. On jeturning he entered into partnership with Witbeck, Potter and Com- pany in a planing mill and box factory and two years after added the manufacture of sash, doors aud blinds. In 1875 the firm dissolved. Mr. Eldred then became proprietor of the planing mill, which Mr. Tennant superintended for him two years. In 1875, in company with Mr. Rus- sell, built the East Side planing mill. He was married to Elizabeth Blackney, in 1870. Their children are: William S. and Grace. Johannes Temstedt was born in Westmand- land, Sweden, June 22d, 1847. After finishing his theolofi;ical studies at the Lyceum, at Stock- holm, he came to America in August, 1875. Af- ter remaining in New York until the following summer, he was ordained at Jamestown, New York, on the 26th of June, 1876. Thence com- ing west to Illinois, he presided over churches at Batavia, Bethlehem and Aurora for about two years. July 20th, 1878, he removed to Minneap- olis, and has since presided over Augustana and Bethlehem churches. Andrew Tharalson was born in Norway, Jan- uary 9th, 1846. Here he passed his youth and acquired a knowledge of cabinet making. He emigrated to America in 1866.settlingatCliicago, Illinois, where he worked atliis trade iintil 1869. He then removed to Minneapolis, following liis trade until 1870. when he started in the grocery business which has been growing rapidly. He was elected to the state legislature of Minnesota, in 1878, and re-elected in 1880. His marriage with Tirja Tentz took place in 1868, in Norway Their children are: Taly, Emma, Edward, Con rad and Amalie. Charles Theilen is a native of Prussia, horn June 5th, 1812. Received his education there and served in the Prussian army three years. In 1853 he came to America, locating in Indiana, thence to Chicago, and on to St. Anthony by team. Was one of the early pioneers and en- dured the hardships of frontier life. In 1859 he purchased the lot where he now lives, and erected a stone house which has since been his home. He worked in saw mills for five years, after which he engaged in mercantile business, contin- uing until 1878. He then sold to his son, retiring from active business life. Was married in Prus- sia, 1837, to Miss Mary G. Schildgen, who bore him eight children, four of whom are living : Nicholas, Anna M., John and Annie. Mr. Thei- len was a member of the city council in 1874- '75. Louis Theobald is a native of Germany, born in 1831. Came to the United Stated in 1851, re- maining in New York nine months ; thence to St. Louis where he resided about four years. In 1856 he removed to New Ulm, Minnesota, being in the mercantile business twenty years ; was also engaged in a grist and saw mill. Located in Minneapolis in 1874, and opened a saloon in 1880, known as the Teutonia Hall. He was united in marriage with Anna Meyer, in 1855. Sophia, Bertha and Victor H. are their children. B. Thibodeau was born in Aroostook county, Maine, in 1846. Here he remained until 1864, tlien went to Bangor where he learned the trade of shoemaker, and worked at it in various places throughout the country. He removed to Minne- apolis in 1878 and after a short period he resumed 644 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. his trade and also made boot and shoe pacs for a firm at St. Paul. In April, 1880, he opened an establishment of his own for the special purpose of manufacturing boot and shoe pacs. Married in 1871 to Mary Poirie, of Nova Scotia, who has borne him five children, three living: John, Clara and Joseph. Anthony Thomley was born in Norway, 1838. Came to the United States in 1851. He went to Wisconsin, where he remained six years, with the exception of a few months passed in Minnesota. In 1862 returned to his native country, remaining eight years. He then canie to the United States, locating at La Crosse, Wisconsin, remaining also a short time at Eau Claire. In 1879 he became a resident of Minneapolis and opened a saloon at 223 Washington Avenue south. He married Mary Johnson of Eau Claire, in 1874. Ira A., and Annie are their children. E. P. Thompson was born at Lowell, Massa- chusetts, in 1849. Moved to Zumbrota, Mume- sota, in 1865, and in 1869 went to St. Paul to learn the jeweler's trade and remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1872. He began in that business soon after his arrival and has since continued, having a thriving trade. Located at 105 Wash- ington Avenue south. He married Lizzie C. Hall in 1876. Lottie M. and Clara L. are their children. John Thompson was born in 1832, and is a na- tive of Canada. He moved to Milwaukee, re- maining one and one-half years; thence to New Lisbon, Wisconsin, where he remained four years. In 1873 he located at Minneapolis, and five years later joined the Co-operative Barrel Company, and has remained with them since. Is a cooper and has followed his trade twenty-eight years. He was united in marriage, in 1854, to Miss Maria Powers. They are parents of six children. Residence, 1407 Fourth street south. John Tliompson, a resident of Minneapolis, is a native of Norway, born in 1843. Learned the trade of ship-carpenter in his native country, and in 1865 came to America. For seven years he resided at LaCrosse, Wisconsm, being employed in Davidson's ship-yards, two years, and was in the saloon business five years. He removed to Minneapolis in 1872, and has since been engaged in the saloon business. He was married to Miss Ler.a Johnson in 1874. J. H. Thompson was born in York county, Maine, August 17th, 1884. Learned the tailor's trade at North Bridgeton, after which he re- moved to Augusta, thence to Minneapolis in 1857. He has been continuously in business in this city since. He was married in this city to Miss Ellen M. Gould of Minneapolis, in 1880. They have had three children: Mattie C, William G., and Nellie H. Eesides 613 Hennepin Avenue. J. M. Thompson was born at Brooklyn, Min- nesota, October 4th, 1859. He passed his early boy-hood on a farm with his parents, then en- tered the Minneapolis Mill, in the employ of Crocker, Eisk and Company. He learned the miller's trade, and has been engaged with the firm since. E. B. Thompson was born in Kane county, Illinois, in 1849. He came to Minneapolis in 1865, and was with Captain Rollins four years. He attended the University one and one-half years. Through the influence of Captain Rollins he he secured a situation with H. J. Taylor of St. Paul, in the lumber business, and remained with him five years. He then returned to this city and engaged with Merriman and Company, which firm still retains his services. Married Miss Gussie Ringer in 1875. They have one child: Arthur. T. Thompson is a native of Norway, bom in 1853. Came to the United States in 1866, lo-. eating at Empire, Minnesota, remaining three years; thence to Minneapolis. Three years later he went to Chicago, and the next year returned to his native country. In 1878 he again became a resident of Minneapolis dealing in flour and feed at 926 First Avenue south. His wife was Annie M. Oleson, whom he married in 1880. Isaiah Tidd was born March 14th, 1827, at Passadumkeag, Penobscot county, Maine. En- gaged in lumbering there until 1851; he then came to St. Anthony, and in the fall of 1852 went up the Rum river exploring for Blaisdell and' Jackins. He was lumbering for them three years, and was with a brother in business seven years. He joined the North Star Barrel Company in 1879, and in 1880 bought into the East Side Co-operative Company as a cooper. He was united in marriage to Miss Hannah Fleatham, a native of New York, August 13th, 1854. This was the first marriage in Minneapolis township. BIOGRAPHICAL. 64.5 They have two children: Etta May and WiUiam E. J. B. Tinkelpaugh is a native of Luzerne coun- ty, Pennsylvania, born in 1827. Ilis early years were passed in mechanical pursuits, in the states of New York and Indiana. He came to Minne- apolis in 1857, and as a mechanic was engaged in the erection of some of the first buildings in this city and Anoka. In 1863, removed to Mich- igan, and three years later went to Bates county, Missouri, where he resided eight years. In 1877, returited to this city, and has since been manufacturing confectionery in East Minneapolis. Felix Tissot was bom December 21st, 1834, in Lyons, France, in which city he was partially ed- ucated. In 1854, he came to America, and after a brief visit to St. Anthony, repaired to the Bar- rens, St. Mary's College Mission, where he com- pleted his theological education, and on the fifteenth of August, 1868, was ordained at Du- buque, Iowa, after which he was stationed at Wabasha in charge of all the parishes in Waba- sha and Goodhue counties until his removal to Minneapolis in 1866. E. M. Titterud was born in Norway, January 17th, 1833. Learned the shoemaker's trade in his native country, and in 1866. came to the United States. Settled in Minneapolis, and after being a journeyman for Dillingham and Veazie a short time, he started a shop of his own in which he still continues at 1110 Washington Avenue south. He was married in 1866 to Miss O. B. Berg, a native of Norway. They have had eight children, five now living. O. H. Titus was born in Onondaga county, New York, February 10th, 1849. He came to Afton, Minnesota, in 1865 and remained one year and returned to New York. In April 1871 , came to MinneapoUs, and was with the Pillsburys eight months; then was with G. H. Christian in the Washburn B mill one year; thence to Chicago where he ran the State mill one year. Was also engaged in milling in other places and returned to this city in 1878. He was employed in the Zenith mill three months, then entered the Pettit mill where he has since remained as stone-dresser. He marded Emma Lamson, November 17th, 1872. Albert H. and Carrie, are the cliildren. Julius C. Todd was born in Alabama, Sep- tember 30th, 1847. He is of African descent and was a slave in the south until released by President Abraham Lincoln's proclamation. In 1864 he came north to Minneapolis, where he has since resided. He' is now doing a prosperous business as an expressman. K. C. Todd was born at Wilkesbarre, Pennsyl- vania, December 24th ,1818. He became familiar with the mason's trade at Newark, New Jersey, in 1833, and commenced business as a contractor in 1847, which he still follows. Was a resident of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, seven years, removing to Madison; thence to Red Wing, Minnesota. Located at Minneapolis in 1870, and has superin- tended the erection of nearly all the principal buildings in the city which have been erected since his coming. Some of them are: Harden- bergh mill. First National Bank, Warner's block, Harrison's block and others. He was united in marriage in 1841, to Miss Mary J. Agens, of Plainfield New Jersey. A. Tollefson is a native of Norway, bom Feb- ruary 3d, 1837. At the age of fourteen he learned carpentering, and has followed it since. He came to America in 1861, locating at Lansing, Iowa. He built thirteen churches at and near that town. In partnership with his brother, dealt in lumber in connection with his trade, from 1872 until 1878. He removed to Minneapolis in 1878, and has since been doing a fine business as contractor and builder. Married Miss B. Knutson, of Norway, in 1860, who has borne him three sons and three daughters. Residence, 900 Fourteenth Avenue south. L. Toscany, proprietor of the Quebec House, is a native of France, born in 1842, and came to the United States at two years of age. In 1874, removed to Minneapolis from Bay City, Michi- gan, where he had resided fifteen years in the ho- tel business. He has been proprietor of the Quebec House since May 15th, 1880. It is lo- cated at 228 First street north. L. M. Towne was born in Kent county Michi- gan, July 17th, 1867. Became a resident of La Crosse in 1865 where he remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1874. Worked for the North- western Telegraph Companv until December, 1879, when he bought stock in the Teleplione Company, and was first treasurer, which position he held till the election of Mr. C. II. Prior. Mr. Towne is at present, auditor of the company. 646 HISTOBY.OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Gustaf Edward Tornovist was born in Wester- gotland, Sweden, November 27th, 1850. Attend- ed the Lyceum at Stockholm, where he studied theology. Came to America in August, 1877, and went to California as a missionary to the Scandinavians. In 1879 returned to Chicago, was ordained and went back to San Franciseo, where he remained until August, 1880. He then re- ceived a call from the congregation at Minneapo- lis, and at once took charge. P. E. Towers, M. D., was born at Kichmond, Vermont, March 6th, 1851. He was educated at Barre, Vermont, graduating from the Goddard University at that place in 1872. He studied medicine at Burlington Veterinary Medical Col- lege and graduated from the State University of New York with the degree of medical doctor. After graduating he studied one year with Pro- fessor A. D. Loomis, M. D., taking a special course in physical diagnosis. He practiced in Corry, Pennsylvania, four and one-half years, coming to Minneapolis in May, 1880, where he has since practiced. Located 1119 Washington Avenue north. S. I. Towers was born at Richmond, Vermont, September 11th, 1853. After receiving a liberal education in his native town he went to New York city in 1874, where he worked one year. He then went to New Jersey, being engaged in the drug business. In 1877 he went to New Orleans and after a short stay returned to his old home, remaining until 1880. He located in Minneapo- lis in June of the same year and started in the boot and shoe trade, at 1119 Washington Avenue south. O. V. Tousley, superintendent of public schools in -Minneapolis, was born at Clarendon, Orleans county. New York, March 11th, 1834. He was educated at the common school, Albion Academy, two years at Oberlin, Ohio, and at Williams Col- lege where he graduated in 1854. While in col- lege he studied law, and after graduation went to Albany, New York, into the otBce of Hill, Cag- ger and Porter. Soon after was admitted to the bar and spent some time reading law, history, and in general study in the state library. The next three years he spent settling up the estate of his father who had died a number of years before. His mother died when he was thirteen years of age. In 1857, he came west, stopping for a time in Illi- nois and Iowa. He invested his patrimony in such channels as to turn his.attention from law to teaching, and went to Tennessee where he taught two years. When war was breaking out be came to Indiana, and at New Albany taught in Tous- ley's Academy for ten years. In 1869 he came to Minneapolis and entered the offlce of Judge Atwater, remaining about six months when he was called to take charge of the high school, and in 1871, was appointed superintendent of the city schools to take the place of Professor Hiskey, deceased. Since that time he has continued to raise the standard of the schools, until now Minneapolis has one of the finest systems of schools in the United States. Professor Tousley was married in 1858 to Miss Susan S. Toll. G. B. Townsend was born at Jay, Maine, May 2d, 1845. He lived with his parents on the farm until sixteen, then went to Massachusetts and worked one season on a farm and returned. In 1864, enlisted in the Thirty-first Maine. Re- ceived his discharge at the end of eighteen months, having participated in many of the hard- est fought battles of the war. He returned home, and'the next year went to Portland, Maine, and attended the Bryant and Stratton Business Col- lege. In 1877, located at Minneapolis, engaging in different occupations for one year, then was employed by C. A. Pillsbury. His position at the Excelsior mill is that of shipping clerk and salesman. C. W. Tracy was born in Windsor county, Ver- mont, in June, 1847. Remained there until the age of fifteen, then went to New York city and engaged in the produce, commission and whole- sale grocery business for four years. lie then removed to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and remained in grain speculations until coming to Minneapo- lis in 1876. In the fall of that year entered the Millers' Association. In January, 1880, took charge of "Elevator A" for the Minneapolis Ele- vator Company, and has since held the position of superintendent. He was married in May, 1871, to Miss Mary E. Durkee of Vermont. Their children are Martha, Sherman and Min- nie Lee. August Traeger is a native of Prussia, bom August 4th, 1821. Came to the United States in 1852, and worked at tin-smithing in Ohio three years; then removed to Port Wayne, Indiana, BIOGBAPHICAL. 647 thence to Decatur, where he attended to hard- ware busiiless until coming to Minneapolis in 1866. He began the manufacture of eaves- troughs; also sold lightning-rods throughout the country. Since 1879 has been proprietor of a billiard hall and sample room. He was mar- to Mary Briske. Their children are Emma A., Maria L., August C, Theresa J., Wilhelm F., Bertha C. Louise P., Charles J. and Adolph G. James A. Tyler was born at Machias, Maine, in 1851. Came to Minneapolis in the spring of 1872, and learned the carpenter's trade; has since continued in that business. He married Miss Ella L. Wilkins, of Middletown, Massachusetts, in 1879. Residence, 216 Twentieth street north. H. M. Leighton, his partner, is also a native of Maine. They are doing an extensive business as contractors and builders. Office and shop lo- cated on Fifth street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues south. T. S. Tyler was born in 1837 in New York city. In early life he moved with his parents to Michigan. He has traveled through many of the states engaged in the jsoopering business. In 1876, removed to Minneapolis, and has lived here since that time. He is one of the directors of the Co-operative Barrel Manufacturing Company. A. Ueland, attorney, a native of Norway, was born February 21st, 1853. lie attended school in his native country, came to America, June 187 1 .and attended a course at Barnard's Busi- ness college. Located at Minneapolis and read law with Judge R. Reynolds; was admitted to the bar in May 1877. He was married in this city to Miss Anna Ohlhouse in 1879. Their union was brief; she died in March 1880. O. G. Ueland, his father, was a member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1833 till tlie time of liis death, in 1870. John Unsgaard is a native of Norway, born January 14th, 1841. On arriving in the United States, located in Michigan, and dealt in lumber; thence to Minnesota and worked on a farm two years in Goodhue county. He became a resident of Minneapolis in 1870, and for three years was in the employ of L. Day and Sons in lumbering, then for four years worked for different boot and shoe Arms. March 20th, 1878, he opened the St. James restaurant at 122 Wasliingtou Avenue south. He married Anna Hegstad in. 1873, who bore him one child, William. Charles H. Upton, of the firm of Lockwood, Upton and Company, was born in Maine, June, 1830. He learned the trade of machinist with P. Muzzy at Bangor, Maine. He worked one year in Boston, and came to Minneapolis in the spring of 1858. A shop was opened under the firm name of Scott and Morgan, which was burned in 1862. Went to Montana and remained two years, returning to tliis city at that time. He was foreman of the St. Anthony Iron Works un- til 1879, after which he became a member of the present firm. He was married in 1857 to Maria Fenton. Their children are: Horace C, Harvey L., Robert, George and Mabel. Franklin M. Upham was born at Chelmsford, Massachusetts, in 1846. Received his education at Lowell commercial school. In 1866, went to Arlighton, and engaged in the wholesale meat and provision business; he remained about eleven years, having a verv successful trade. He came to Minneapolis iii 1878 and purchased a building site on the east side near the Cliicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Short Line railway. He returned to his native state and disposed of his property there; on returning, he formed the company of Upham, Wyman and Company, who built a large refining house, and are now doing an extensive business. At the age of twenty-one his sole property consisted of one horse and wagon. His business now amounts to 5150,000 annually. Was married to Miss Mary Lawrence, in 1874. They have two children, Laura and Mary. R. P. Upton was born at Dixmont, Penobscot county, Maine, December 9tli, 1820. Came to St. Anthony in June, 1850, and started a nursery and poultry-yard on Nicollet Island in tlie spring of 1851; the summer following he opened a gro- cery on Main street. He conducted the nursery two years, and in 1853 added to his grocery a general variety. Tlie next year he went into partnership with Rollins and Eastman in a flour- ing mill, under the firm name of Rollns, Upton and Eastman. After three year's existence the firm changed; Upton and Brotlier owned one- half interest in the mill. In 1858, removed to Kingston, Meeker county, and ran a mill four years. During the Indian outbreak he built a stockade around his mill, and continued to run it. In 1862 he returned to Minneapolis, and tlie next year took a trip to Nevada, remaining five years. 648 IIISTOBT. OF IIENJSEPIN COUNTY. then returned to lliis city. lie was agent for the Millers' Association one year, in the employ of the Northern Pacific railroad six months, then started the Minneapolis Spice Mills in company with T. Eay. In 1872 sold out to Mr. Bay and opened another called the Eureka Mills, and in 1880 moved the works to the Island. Mr. Upton is one of the early pioneers. Horatio Phillips Van Cleve, adjutant general of Minnesota, was bom at Princeton, New Jersey, November 23d, 1809. His paternal ancestors were from Holland, while the maternal were from Great Britain. He was a student at Princeton College, and left that institution to accept a cadetship at West Point, from which school he graduated in 1831, receiving a commission as second lieutenant in the Fifth United States Infantry, July 1st of that year. In September, 1836, he resigned his commission and removed to Michigan, where he engaged in the more peaceable pursuit of civil engineering, farming, etc. In 1856 he located at Long Prairie, Minnesota, and turned his atten- tion to stock raising. At the breaking out of. the rebellion he tendered his services to his country. The governor of Minnesota gave him the command of the Second Minnesota regiment, in July 1861, which he conducted bravely through all the conflicts in which they engaged until March, 1862, when he was promoted brigadier general. While commanding his division at the battle of Stone Eiver, December 1st, 1862, he was disabled by a wound and compelled to retire from the field. Upon his recovery he resumed the command of his division. He was mustered out in August, 1865, after four years of active and ef- ficient service. On March 13th of the latter year he was commissioned major general for "gallant and meritorious service during the war." He returned to Minnesota, where he was appointed adjutant general in January, 1866. He was commissioned postmaster at St. Anthony, March 3d, 1871, in which capacity he served until 1872, when St. Anthony being united to the city of Minneapolis, that office was discontinued. He was re-appointed adjutant general in 1876, which position he still holds. On the field of battle Mr. Van Cleve was a thorough soldier and as a civil officer, is conscientious and faithful in the dis- charge of every duty. He was married March 22d , 1836, to Miss Charlotte Clark, daughter of Major Nathan Clark, of the United States army. Their union has been blessed with twelve children, seven of whom are living. Elizabeth A,, who married H. V. Hall and resides at Honolulu; Horatio Seymour, who manied Miss Harriet Hemiup; Mortimer, who married Miss Sarah Adams of Providence ; Samuel Houston, Paul Ledyard, who married Miss Alice Davis of Minneapolis ; John Eisley and Carl Ernest. Mrs. Van Cleve is a lady of refinement and great force of character. She was one of the original founders of the "Sis- terhood of Bethany." Since its formation she has held the position of president, and through her activity and zeal has enlisted the active sym- pathy of a large community. She is one who is heartily in sympathy with every undertaking which tends to enlighten and elevate society. Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve is the daughter of Nathan Clark, of Houston, Massachusetts, and Charlotte A. Clark, of Hartford, Connecti- cut. Her father was major of the Fifth Regiment of United ritates Infantry. Early in the spring of 1819 his regiment was ordered from near Buf- falo, New York, to Fort Crawford (Prairie du- Chien), at that time far beyond the limits of civi- lization, and "almost out of the world*" Mrs. Clark, though in delicate health, with her little son, accompanied him through the trackless and unknown country, the journey being made in government wagons, and the time consumed in traveling from Buffalo to Fort Crawford, covering two months. And here, on the banks of the Mis- sissippi, in the rude frontier fort, less than one hour after their arrival, little Charlotte, the sub- ject of this sketch, first opened her eyes and began the battle of life. Poor little girl, it looked for a time as though the odds of the battle were all against her; for what with a mother too feeble to afford her proper nourishment, and not a cow within possible reaching distance of them, she was obliged to eke out a precarious existence on a kind of manufactured pap, prepared from the flour furnished by the government for the fort, but which had been water-soaked in transporta- tion, until the green mould stood three inches deep around the sides of the barrel. But too much work was in waiting for those little hands, and so, in spite of privations and hardships, she lived and prospered. After a few weeks rest at Fort Crawford, the BIOGEAVHICAL. 649 regiment embarked on keel boats, and proceeded up the Mississippi, their destination being the present site of Fort Snelling. This part of the journey occupied six weeks. As they were the pioneers they lived in their boats till they could build better quarters. Charlotte's life continued to be that of a soldier's child in fort and camp until her sixteenth year, when she lost her father, Major Clark dying at fort Winnebago. Know- ing that he must die, and feeling distressed at the idea of leaving his young and helpless family alone, without any natural protector, so far from kindred or friends, he begged that the engage- ment between his young daughter, and one of his officers, might be consummated by marriage immediately after his death. And so Charlotte Clark, not quite sixteen years old, became the wife of Horatio P. Van Cleve, ten years her sen- ior. Thus early she took up the heavy burden - of work and care never to lay it down till she lies down with it in her grave. * Since her marriage, her life has been filled with varied experiences of change of home, long journeys, "always with a baby in my arms," she says, hard work as a frontier farmer's wife, sor- row and joy. Since 1856 her steady home has been in Minnesota. Twelve children have been born to this household, three of whom died in infancy. The oldest son was instantly killed, some eighteen years since, in California. The shock of this terrible bereavement, added to anxiety for her husband, then in the army, so wrought upon nervous systerb as in a few months to bleach her hair to its present snowy whiteness and seriously impair her hearing. One daughter, the wife of Mortimer Thomp- son (Doesticks), died leaving an infant only a few days old, which her mother took to her breast with her own child of the same age, nurs- ing and rearing the two like twins. The remain- ing daughter, the wife of H. V. Hall, has her home in the Sandwich Islands. Six grown sons are settled in business, all living in Hennepin county. WhUe her own children were yet young, she felt called upon to add to her already large family, which, from the first included a young sister left homeless by her father's death, the six orphan children of her brother, all of wliom have grown up in her house, and taken their places in business life. Later, another motherless infant girl was brought home to her arms and care. This little one, now six years old is still with her, so that her busy life has included mother care of twenty- one children. Yet, fined to overflowing, as her hands, head and heart have always been, of her own household duties, she has found time to listen to and assist, with sympathy, advice and material aid, an end- less procession of sorrowing and distressed hu- manity. There is probably no woman in the state who has done more to lighten the burdens on the shoulders of the poor, the sick, the aged and the distressed than Mrs. Van Cleve. Her benevolence is of the active type which leads her to throw herself heart and soul into each indi- vidual case, nor is she easily turned aside by discovering that the poverty or suffering which she is called upon to relieve, is the result of the bad management, intemperance or sin of the suf- ferer. While glad to aid the Lord's poor, she has great faith in the elevating and reformatory in- fluence of kindness and encouragement on the Devil's poor as well. The past is past; ''if you will help yourself I will help you," is the spirit in which she meets all applicants. Referring once to her sympathy for tramps, and her efforts to aid some of them, she explained it by saying, '-but you know I came so near being born a tramp myself." This by no means covers her work. An easy speaker, a ready writer, she has devoted a great deal of her time and strength to the cause of Foreign Missions. She has canvassed the state with marked success for the past several years lecturing and organizing Women's Foreign Mis- sion societies, auxiliary to the Presbyterian so- ciety, and holds the ofiice of vice-president for the synod of Minnesota, in connection with that denomination. But, though after the straightest manner of her sect, a Presbyterian, her views are broad and her nature genial, so that she joins hands readily with christians of whatever name, Catholic or Protestant in the prosecution of any good work. She literally sows beside all waters, and so to-day we find her sending her daughter or her beloved Sunday-school scholar across the ocean on a for- eign mission, and to-morrow iraveling in hot haste to bring the priest to minister to the dying 650 HISTOBY OF EDNNHPIN COUNI )'. child of her poor washerwoman. Said the mother superior of a convent to her not long ago : "I do think we serve the same master and shall be received into the same home at last." But very particuarly Mrs. Van Cleve has ever been the champion of her sex. Too true a wife, and mother ever to lose sight of woman's best and dearest rights she has still been a warm advocate of her right to equality before the law, including the ballot. When the right of suffrage was extended to the women of the state on the school question, it was her distinguished privilege to cast her first ballot in company with her husband and four sons. She also did good work for two years as member of the school board for East Minneapolis. But of all forms of the injustice of society to women, none has so touched her heart and roused her indignation as the remorseless punishment visited upon the fallen woman. So strongly did this impress her that she at last, after much thought, determined to take upon herself as her peculiar work, to do what one woman could, to raise up and stand upon their feet, those of her own sex, who through temptation or folly had been beaten down to the ground in the unequal battle of life. Long she labored quietly and alone, reaching out a helping hand here to a tempted and there to a fallen one. But as she became more famiUar with the ways and wants of the class, she saw that much more might be done by organized ef- fort with others. Acting on this conviction she brought together a band of working Christian women who had faith in her and the work, and together they rented a house and opened a home for fallen women. They called themselves the Sisterhood of Bethany, and their house Bethany Home. This was purely a work of faith, for at that time the society had no money, no income, no furniture, no supplies of any kind. Their or- ganization was not understood by the public, the work itself was from its very nature, difBcult to make understood. But Mrs. VanCleve never fal- tered. For over five years she and her little band have labored incessantly to put the Home on a firm footing and give it a name and a place among the recognized charities of the city. She called upon the public for help, through the press. from the platform and by personal appeal; cheer- fully taking censure, ridicule or rebuff, having that rare and happy faculty so necessary to suc- cess, of always turning a deaf ear towards the faultfinder, and the sharp, quick ear toward the voice that offered aid. This work has constantly called her to the jail, the prison, the penitentiary, the variety theatre, the low dark haunts of sin, to all of which she has gone fearlessly and come away unharmed, leaving behind her the perfume of the "good word fitly spoken." The lesson to be learned from Mrs. VanCleve's life is that neither wealth nor high station, nor a life of freedom from the common cares incident to the life of women, are necessary to the accom- plishment of great good. But the cheerful smile, the loving heart and the willing, industrious hand, all dedicated tci the service of God and humanity, makes a power whose influence for good, like the ' iSfluence of the subject of this sketch, only an eternity can measure. S. H. Van Cleve, son of General Van Cleve, was bom at Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 21st, 1863. Moved to Todd county, Minnesota, with his parents, and thence to Minneapolis in 1861. Repassed five years on the Sandwich Islands, and three years in the study of medicine. Attended the schools of Minneapolis, the State University, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at New York, in March, 1880. With the exception of the eight years mentioned, he lived in this city since eight years of age. G. T. Vail was born in New Brunswick in 1820. Located in Minneapolis in 1850, engaged in con- tracting and building, and continued until 1867, at which time he began in the undertaking busi- ness. He still continues, and is the oldest estab- lished exclusive undertaker in the city. The changes in the fiim are as follows: In 1869 the firm of Curtis and Vail was established, succeed- ed by G. T. Vail. In May, 1874, the present firm of G. T. Vail and Company was formed. Loca- tion, 112 Washington Avenue south. Ole Peterson Vaugsnes was born in Sogn, Nor- way, January 11th, 1855. He came to America with his parents in 1863, and settled at Decorah, Iowa, and soon after entered the Norwegian Col- lege. Graduating at Uecorah in 1875, he went to a German Lutheran seminary at St. Louis, BIOOBAPHICAL. 651 whence he graduated in 1878, and at once received a call from the congregation over which he now presides. Charles E. Vanderburgh, judge of the fourth judicial district, is a native of the Mohawk Val- ley, New York, born at Clifton Park, Saratoga county, December 2d, 1829. At the age of seven years he accompanied his parents to Marcellus and there- attended district school winters and worked on the farm summers. He prepared him- self for college at the district school and at Homer, New York, by teaching in winter. He entered the Sophomore year at Yale College in 1849 and graduated in the class of '52. He then took charge as principal of the Oxford Academy, Oxford, Chenango county, New York ; remained in that position one year then commenced the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and in the fall started west, reaching Min- neapolis the spring of 1856, and has since made this city his home. On his arrival he entered into partnership with Judge F. R. B. Cornell in the practice of law, this firm continuing until 1859. In the fall of that year he was elected judge of this district which then embraced all the territory west of the Mississippi river, from Port Snelling to the British Possessions. He was re-elected in 1866, 1873 and 1880. In 1877 the legislature con- solidated the district court and the court of com- mon pleas and Judge Young was elected associ- ate judge with Judge Vanderburgh ; from 1859 tUl 1877 he was the sole judge of the district. He married Miss Julia N. Mygatt, of Oxford, New York, in 1857. She died in 1863 leaving two children: William H, and Julia Mygatt. The latter died in 1871. His second wife was Miss Anna Culbert; married in the spring of 1873. They have one child, Isabella Mclntyre. Milo Vanhorn was born in Greene county, Wis- consin, in 1841. Came to Winona, Minnesota, and remained until 1865 then removed to Clinton, Iowa. In 1876 he removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1878. Was in the employ of J. C. Oswald and now has charge of J. H. Henderson's stable. Henry Van Valkenbur^ was born at Leroy, New York, in 1826, where he lived until 1844. He then went to Toledo, Ohio, and was connected with the Indiana Hotel. In 1857, came to Way- zata, Minnesota, where he engaged in the pearl- ash and pot-ash manufacture, being the first manufacture of this commodity in the state. Two years later he closed out and located in Minneap- olis, engaging in a grocery until 1869, and after- wards in auction and commission business. He was married in 1853 to Katie Martin, of New- York. They have only one child living : Katie, now Mrs. Farrington of this city. N. C. Van Valkenberg was born in McHenry county, IlUnois, January 3d, 1844. In 1853, came with his parents to Richfield, Minnesota. Here he remained on the farm until 1861, when he en- listed in Company H, First Minnesota Infantry; was discharged nine months after, but re-enlisted August 22d, 1863, in Hatch's Independent Bat- talion, and served until mustered out in June, 1866, at Fort Snelling. The same year, came to Minneapolis and worked at his trade of mill- wright, and had charge of the machinery of the Washburn " B " mill for five years. In 1879 he opened a grocery store, in which he still contin- ues. He was married in 1872, to Annie B., daughter of Martin Layman, who has borne him three children: Charles, Allie and Mabel. A. T. Valentine was born in Somerset county, Maine, in 1833. Came to Minneapolis in 1856, and engaged in lumbering ten years, when he en- tered the meat business. In 1875 he bought a farm, which he worked until 1880. During that winter he and his brother, L. D., built their pres- ent business house, and taking B. Wells as part- ner, resumed business with the firm name of Valentine and Company. The firm is now Val- entine Brothers. Was married in 1862 to Flor- ence Bartlett, of Maine. Their children are: Guy, Bernice, Lee and Mary. L. D. Valentine, of the firm of Valentine Brothers, was born in Somerset county, Maine, 1838. In 1856, came to St. Anthony, and with the exception of two years' residence in Idaho, has made this his permanent place of abode. He was engaged in dry goods and groceries until 1866 with L. C. Smith, but since then has been with his brother in the meat market.' He was married in 1864 to Helen A. Borrows, who bore him one child, Freddie. Louis Vorwerk was born in Germany, June 20th, 1832. Was educated in his native country, and came to America the summer of 1852. He 652 inSTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. lived three years in the state of TSTew York, and three years in Chicago. lie came to Minnesota in 1858, and located on a farm in Watonwan county, on which he remained until the Indian outbreak, in 1862, when he was driven from his home. Came to Minneapolis and worked in the furniture business until he accumulated enough to begin business for himself, then opened a gro- cery at 330 Fifth street north-east. His marriage to Miss Jennie Faber occurred October 10th, 1856, at Chicago. They have four children liv- ing: Frederick, Elizabeth E., Louis W. and Fredericka D. A. CHAPTER LXXXIV. BIOGRAPHICAL, W, Y AND Z. Arthur Wales, of the firm of Wales Brothers, was bom in Tennessee, in 1855. Phillip was born at Baltimore, in 1857. They came to Minneapo- lis in 1869 and in 1876 commenced the manu- facture of cabinet organs. In the fall of 1877 they built their first pipe organ, it is now in use at the Gethsemane Church ; in 1880 they made the second ; that went to Carver county. Wil- liam Wales, the father of these gentlemen, was a prominent man of Baltimore, and at the opening of the war was editor of the Baltimore American. C. E. Wales was born at St. Anthony, October 4th, 1851. At the age of twelve he began his business career as agent for the St. Paul Pioneer and St. Paul Press, there being at that time no ■ daily paper printed at either St. Anthony or Min- neapolis ; he continued that business for several years, at the same time attending school. In 1869 he entered the employ of J. A. Armstrong, his being the first coal and wood yard in the city ; he remained with him about five years and then es- tablished himself in the same business. Two years from that time, the different fuel companies of St. Paul and Minneapolis were merged into one. under the name of North-western Fuel Com- pany. Mr. Wales was cashier until the death of Mr. Armstrong, since then he he has been agent. He married Hattie Raymond, in 1879 ; she has borne him one child, Marie. William W. Wales was bom March 14th, 1818, in Iredell county, North Carolina. In 1845, re- moved to Greensburg, Indiana, and taught school in that place for a time; then engaged in the book and stationery business. In 1851 he came to St. Anthony and occupied himself in gardening about three years, after which he again went in the book trade. Mr. Wales' connection with local pol- itics has been important; he held the ofiSce of city clerk three years, was postmaster two years dur- ing President Lincoln's administration, and was twice mayor of St. Anthony; in 1856 he was a member of the territorial council, and the next year was sent by the society of Friends, of Indi- ana, to assume charge of a colored orphan asy- lum in Mississippi, but failing health obliged him to return to Minneapolis. In 1868 he opened his present business of paper-hangings, window- shades, etc. Mr. Wales married Catherine Bun- dy in 1848. They have had eight children: Ma- ria, Charles, Laura, William, Florence and Net- tie are living. Thomas B. Walker was bom in Xenia, Green county, Ohio, February 1st, 1840. His father died in 1849, and in 1856 the family removed to Berea, where he aided in the support of the fam- ily, and secured the rudiments of an education. Having a taste for mathematics, he pursued the study of engineering, astronomy, calculus and Newton's "Principia." Mr. Walker came to Minnesota in 1862, during the Indian outbreak, and followed surveying, railroad engineering, and examining land and exploring imtil about 1873. In 1868 he combined with Dr. Levi Butler and II. W. Mills under the firm name of Butler, Mills and Walker, lumber manufacturers and dealers, continuing in the firm until 1876. During these years he was also interested in lands and logs with H. T. Welles, Franklin Steele, Major Camp, Ilerrick Bros., George Cleveland and oth- ers. In 1876, with George A. Camp, he purchased the Pacific mills of J. Dean and Company. This famous mill is described elsewhere. In 1863 Mr. Walker was married to Miss Harriet G. Hulet of Berea, Ohio. Tliey have seven children, two girls and five bojs, all of whom are active, enter- prising, rough and rugged. They are taught to play, hunt, fish, row boats etc. It was through mOQEAPHICAL. 653 Mr. Walker's influence that the Athenseum was opened for the benefit of the public. -Swan Walton, born December 20th, 1840, in Sweden. He passed about three years in Den- mark; then returned to Sweden and engaged in milling. In 1868 he came to Minneapolis; was several years in the furniture business with W. F. Warner and also with Mr. McLean. In 1870 he was appointed on the police force, and two years later engaged in the grocery business under the firm name of Vanstrom and Walton. He was again appointed on the police force in 1878, and still holds the position. His wife was Annie Anderson, whom he married in 1868. They are the parents of five children: Frank, Annie, Nellie, Matilda and Mary. C. B. Walke, a native of New York, was born in 1858. He came to Minneapolis in 1876, and two years later went in business, having bought out J. H. Heisser. He deals in scroll saws, scroll work, and all kinds of supplies in connection with the business ; he is at No. 403 Nieollet Avenue. F. C. Walker was born at Otsego, New York, November 12th, 1829. He lived in his native place until the age of twenty-two, then went to Massachusetts and remained there in the boot and shoe trade until 1879, when he removed to Cleve- land, Ohio, and about six years was engaged in the manufacture of ladders and eave troughs; after residing two and one-half years in Indian- apolis he came here ; lie does carpet cleaning, and manufactures ladders and the '-Boss" washing machine. He was married in 1859, to Miranda Morton ; they have one child. G. F. Walker, born in Scotland, June, 1859 ; he came to.this country and helped dress the first stone used in the Cataract mill. He lived two years in Meeker county, then went to Scott coun- ty and leased a mill. In 1864 he returned to Min- neapolis and had charge of the Union mill one year ; then in company with Thomas Noble built the People's mill and operated it four years ; he next built the Washington mill at Dassel, and after running it four years, sold out, purchased the Delano mill and operated that about seven years, then returned to this city and has since worked at the Crown Boiler mill. In 1861 he married Ann Robertson. Their children are: John, Nellie, Mary, Jessie, Minnehaha, Hattie and George. J. C. Walker, a native of Canada, was bom December 13th, 1842, at Cornwall. He came to the United States in the fall of 1862, and worked at the lumber business in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Minneapolis, until June, 1879 ; the following spring he engaged in his present business, billiard hall and sample room at 103 Nicollet Avenue. In October, 1880, his marriage with Julia Mona- han took place. Mrs. John Wall came to Minneapolis in 1864, and has been ten years in the hotel business. Since February, 1877, she has been in the Wall House at 17 and 19 Second street north ; it is a three story brick house owned by Henry Oswald. Matthew Walsh, born in Ireland, June 15th, 1841. He emigrated to the United States in 1861, and located at New York city; during one season he was employed on a merchant steamer, running between New York and New Orleans. In 1865 he removed to this city, and has since that time been at the Cataract mill, with the exception of one year with Judd and Brackett. He has been head miller at the Cataract since 1871. In 1864 he married Annie Stacy, who has borne him seven children, Walter, Edward, Margaret, Alice, May, Katie and Julia. John Walter was bom in 1831, in Switzerland. He graduated in 1846, and then engaged in mer- cantile business three years in his native country. In 1849 he moved to New York, and the next year to Canada, where he taught school fifteen years; then returned to New York, and after teaching in that state one year, went to Illinois for three years, then to Sioux City, where he was assistant in the high school four years; at the expiration of that time, he came here, and after teaching two years, engaged in his present busi- ness. In 1854 he married Miss S. Smith. They have had fourteen children; the living are, Emma, Henry, Sidney, Gustavus, Minerva, John, Her- man, Stella, Charles and Effle. George F. Warner, a native of Schoharie county. New York, was born in 1828. At the age of sixteen he commenced in the furniture business, and continued in this trade with success at Albany, New York, Buffalo and Chicago. He came to Minneapolis in June, 1857, and is the oldest established furniture dealer in the city. His places of business are numbers 325 Nicollet Avenue and 106 Washington Avenue south. 654 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. N. F. Warner was born in 184b in New York city. In 1851 lie moved with liis parents to Buf- falo, New York, where they remained until 1855, and next lived two years in Chicago. Coming to Minnesota in 1857, they lived a while in Fair- bault and then came to Minneapolis, where he has resided ever since with the exception of a short period. In 1869 Mr. Warner joined an exploring expedition up the Yellowstone in order to recruit his failing health; on his return to Minneapolis, he joined a surveying party up the Mississippi river and its tributaries. He there pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres of pine land, which he afterwards sold for $1,000. He then returned to Minneapolis and began in the undertaking busi- ness, in which he is still engaged. He was mar- ried in 1879 to Miss Elizabeth Sullivan, of Min- neapolis. They have one child, a girl ten months old, who was adopted by the Minneapolis Light Infantry, as the "■ daughter of the regiment." John Washburn, a native of Maine, was bom in 1858, at Hallowell. He is a son of A. S. Wash- burn and nephew of C. C. and W. D. Washburn. In February, 1880, he came to Minneapolis, and commenced learning milling, with a view to mak- ing it his permanent business. William Drew Washburn, was born at Liver- more, Androscoggin county, Maine, January 14th, 1831. His parents, Israel and Martha nee Benja- min, were lineal descendants of the old Mayflower stock ; the Benjamin family were of Scottish ex- traction. Until the age of twenty he lived on the farm with his father, and attended school win- ters; he studied at Gorman Academy, also at South Paris, and finally completed his prepara- tory studiijs at Farmington Academy. In 1854 he graduated from Bowdoin College; having taught winters, and worked vacations, to defray his expenses ; during one of these vacations he was clerk in the house of representatives, under General CuUom. After graduating he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857 ; the same year he came to this city, and was appointed agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company, in which he afterward became a partner. In 1861 he was commissioned by President Lincoln, surveyor general of Minnesota, and removed to St. Paul. At the close of his term of oflflce he returned to this citVi built a large saw-mill, and has since been actively engaged in the lumber trade. He was the chief mover in projecting the Minneapo- lis & St. Louis rail'U'ay, the success of which is largely due to his enterprise ; he is president of the company and one of the largest stock owners in the corporation ; has also been interested in other railroads. In 1872 he built the finest lum- ber mill, in the state, at Anoka, and has since built a large flouring mill at the same place. In 1873, he, with others, built the Pahsade mill, here ; he is also one of the originators and stock- holders of the Minneapolis Harvester Works. Since becoming a resident of Minnesota, he has been an active participant of public enterprises ; politically he has always been a republican. No- vember, 1878, he was elected representative of the third congressional district by three thousand mar jority, and in 1880 re-elected by a majority of twelve thousand. In his religious belief he is a Universalist. He married in 1859, Lizzie Muzzy, of Bangor, Maine, who has bom him eight chil- dren ; two sons and two daughters are living. William P. Washburn, a native of New Bruns- wick, was born in Northumberland county, Feb- ruary 10th, 1850. He came to Minneapolis De- cember, 1874, and worked in the lumber business four years, on the boom in the summer and win- - ters in the woods. September, 1878, he took an interest with T. G. Salisbury in the manufacture of mattresses. His marriage with Ida Eowe took place in November, 1876. John Watson was bom March 26th, 1830, in Somerset county, Maine. In 1851 he \jent to California, where he was mining and lumbering about five years, then returned to Maine and went into the tanning business. In 1861 he re- moved to Minnesota and engaged in railroad building. He has been connected with the inter- ests of this city since 1864, and since 1872 has been an officer of the City Bank; he was vice- president five years, and in 1879 took charge of the Telephone Company as its general manager. Mr. Watson married, in 1856, Olive Thompson. Their children are: May, Florence, Louis and Henry. Frederick Weinard was bom October 19th, 1819, in Germany. He grew to manhood in his native country, and learned the painter's trade. In 1848 he came to the United States, and first located in Delaware; removed to St. Anthony in 1854, and the next year took a claim of one hun BIOOSAPHICAL. 655 dred and sixty acres on Eusli Creek, occupied un- til 1866, returned to St. Anthony, and after working in a saw-mill several years, went back to his trade; he is one of the oldest painters in the city. In 1849 he married Katrina Boto. Their living children are: , Justina, Mary, Pred -and Williain. Peter Weingert, deceased, wa? born November 1st, 1S30, a native of Germany. He settled in St. Anthony in 1856, and worked at liis trade, tailor- ing, one year; then kept, a boarding house until 1861, next engaging in mercantile business. In 1871 he erected his store and continued in trade until his death, April 30tb, 1872. Since that time Mrs. Weingert has conducted the business alone, dealing in _dry goods and groceries. She has had nine children; the living are: Henry, Jo- sephine, Peter and Girddie. Henry T. Welles. The great North-west owes much of its prosperity to the blood which has been transplanted from the shores of New Eng- land. Many of the early settlers and pioneers of Minnesota were natives of that rugged, stern, honest portion ,pf the union. In their advent to the west they retained their habits of indus- try, , economy, and integrity which they had formed in early life. The effect of this trans- plantingj.in pumerous instances, was to enlarge the mind; from the fact of its having more roona for expansion, in the many facilities for enterr prises of, nearly every, yariety. A great work was befo;-e tiiem, a new empire wag to be inaugurated. The vast, rich prairies were to be occupied; cities were to be built, church and school edifices to be erected; arts and sciences to be introduced and patronized; public highways and internal improve- ments werei to bepaade, including costly bridges, factories, mills,, aijd workshops. Truly a great work lay before these people, and probably among the early iinmigrants to this portion of the valley of th§ great pyer, there was no one mpre capable or more willing to assist .in the mammoth work than Henry T. Welles, who was bom April 3d, 1821, in Ilartford county, Connecticut. He made St. Anthony his home in 1853. Belonging to one of the best families of his native state, he was favored in boyhood with rare advantap'es, haying graduated in 1843 froni Trinity College, Hart-, ford. In those days neither wealth nor position exempted the young nian of ,New_ England fiom habits of industry. During the college vacations he assisted in tilling the broad acres of the family homestead, and the first ten years after leaving college were mostly spent on the farm, though divided with duties of a public character. In 1850 he was honored with a seat in the legisla- ture of his native state. Upon his arrival iii St. Anthony, became interested in the lumbering business to which were added other industries, and having ample means he purchased con- siderable real estate. 'In 1855 he was elected mayor of that city. He removed to Minneapolis in 1856, having previously made large purchases on this side of the river, has been closely identi- fied with the interests of this city, has done much to develop, its industries, and in 1858, was presi- dent of the town council, and president of the board of education. In 1868 he was unanimously nominated for governor of the state, by the deni- ocratic party; but he failed of an election in con- sequence of the overwhelming majority of the republicans. Since 1864 he has had neither time or inclination to engage in political matters, the management of his real estate occupying much of his attention, but he never hesitates to give substantial aid in all matters that are of material advantage to the city, and state of his adoption. The different railroads that center in Minneap- olis had to be encouraged by the citizens in every possible way. Mr. Welles invested large sums of money, that the city might enjoy these railway facilities. Different objects-of charity have f>-e- quently received his bounty, while th''- educational interests of the community have been aided by him in no trivial manner. In addition to other numerous duties, he is president of the North- western National Bank, one of the best monied institutions of the city. His financial abilities are peculia,rly fitted for this oflftce. Previous to coming to Minnesota, Mr. Welles was happily married and has an interesting family. In clos- ing this small tribute of respect to Mr. Welles, the writer would add that Minneapolis has been fortunate in the character of the men who have built up the industries of the place; they are the worthy cotemporaries of Mr. WeUes. G. G. Wells, a native of Cazenovia, New York, was born January 20th, 1852. Went to Albany in 1846 to learn the Jeweler's trade, and remained there five years ; then spent one year at Dubuque, 656 HISTOBY OF BENNEPIN COUNTY. Iowa, and three at Jackson, Michigan. In 1856 established himself in business in this city ; four years later formed' a, partnership with W. H. Chamberlain, which continued nine years ; since then Mr. Wells has given his entire attention to watch work and repairing; his place of business is the Nicollet House. In 1853, married Minnie Slead. They have had two children, James and Hattie. The latter died at the age of thirteen months. Charles L. Wells, M.D., was born October 13th, 1842, at Pompey, New York. Was educated at Hobart College, took the degree of A. B., and later that of A. M. Taught classics at Burlington College one year, and three years at the High school of Geneva. In 1869 he graduated at the Geneva Medical College, and the five years fol- lowing acted as first assistant physician at Wil- lard's Asylum for the insane. Since September, 1875, has been in practice here. Dr. Wells mar- ried in 1870, Hattie Stilwell of New York. Hen- ry and Mary are their children. John Wensinger, born in Switzerland, May 22d, 1825. Came with his parents to America in 1833 and located at Richland county, Ohio. Eemoved to Huron in 1840, thence to Sandusky City, where he remained until 1843, learning the boot and shoe business ; then engaged in trade at Newark; from there went to Cincinnati and remained un- til 1849, when he located in St. Anthony, and has since that time been closely identified with its history and growth. Mr. Wensinger engaged in the boot and shoe business here, renting for his shop the old Indian trading post; the year follow- ing built a store and took a partner. Col. Spooner in the harness trade. He purchased in Galena, a stock of groceries and established in connection with that the first bakery in St. Anthony. He afterwards opened the first shoe shop on the west side of the river ; he built the first wooden block in St. Anthony, and the first brick block on Cen- tral Avenue. Mr. Wensinger always assisted every enterprise calculated to benefit the town, and often sold lots far below their real value, in order to induce new-comers to settle here. Has been tendered several offices, state, county and town, but would never accept, owing to his love for his own mercantile business, and his interest in building up St. Anthony. In 1858 joined a stock company and built the "Fall City," the first steamer built and owned by Minneapolitans ; she was run between this place and Pittsburgh ; but he lost $9,000 by this investment. Mr. Wensin- ger always took pride in assisting young men in business, and his generosity sometimes caused him severe losses. His wife by his first marriage was Clara Swan, they were united in 1862, and she bore him two children: Nellie and Nettie, (deceased.) Married the second time in 1869, to Hattie Hyde. • Frank Wentworth, a native of Maine, was bom June 1st, 1841, at Athens. In 1873, moved to Minneapolis, and after working about two months in the Empire mill, went to La Crosse, and was with E. V. White five years. Was afterward with Mr. Davis nearly a year in the Galesville mill, and in September, 1879, returned to this city. Since that time has been engaged at the Standard mill. J. Werthmann, a native of Bavaria, was bom in 1836. Came to America in 1862, and locating at Chicago, engaged in the furniture business; six years later, removed to Winona and pursued the same line of business there until 1871, when he came to this city. Was five years employed as foreman for Burr, Morris and Company, furniture manufacturers, and in 1878 went into trade with Mr. Sonnen; they are doing a lucrative business. Mr. Werthmann was married in 1870 to Catherine Plasy. H. A. Westphal was bom July, 1850, in Ger- many. In 1868, came to Minneapolis, and the same year engaged to work in the ice business for H. Kreitz; three years later, Mr. Westphal went into the same business, starting with very limited means, but is now having an extensive trade. Is also engaged in the wood business, handling about three thousand loads annually. His mar- riage with Christiana Glitschka occurred in 1875. Their children are Ida and Carl. John West was born in England, May 27th, 1840. He moved to Mew York with his parents in 1852, locating near Lockport; he went to Illi- nois in 1855, and two years later, to Anoka, Min- nesota. In 1861, enlisted and served until hon- orably discharged in 1864 ; was afterwards authorized to enlist recruits for Battery E, First Minnesota Heavy Artillery, and commissioned second lieutenant of the battery, and ordered to Tennessee; was promoted to first lieutenant, and mustered out in September, 1865. Bought a farm BIOGBAFHICAL. 657 in Kichfield and lived there until 1872, when he came to this city and the next year entered the police force as patrol and was promoted to his present position as sergeant. In 1865 he married Agnes Better, who has borne him five children; the four living are: Kose, Kate, Mary and Lilly. Andrew Gustavus Westling, lay preacher at Bethlehem Church, was born in Sweden June 16th, 1823. Coming to America in 1873, he set- tled at Lake City, Minnesota, where he remained until the fall of 1879. He then came to Minne- apolis, and has since remained here. His eldest son, Peter G., is a minister at Duluth, Minnesota. L. J. Westling, a native of Sweden, was bom July 4th, 1858. He accompanied his parents to America in 1873, and settled at Lake City; was employed a number of years there and at Eed Wing as moulder. In 1879, came to Minneapolis, and is now engaged in moulding for the Union Iron Works. E. B. West was born at Pembrook, New Hampshire, in 1825. When nineteen years of age, entered mercantile business, which he con- tinued until coming to St. Anthony in 1855; he then went into the cattle trade, and five years later started in the sash and do'or business; he was afterwards milling and dealing in real estate until 1878, when he established his auction and com- mission business at 221 Washington Avenue south. In 1860 Mr. West had an experience which one would hardly believe possible for a man to survive. As he, in company with others, was about to bathe in the Mississippi above the falls on the east side, he lost his footing, and was carried over the rapids. At that time the volume of water was much greater than now; he was swept over the fall of thirty feet, but by super- human efforts kept in the undertow, which threw him out beyond the reach of the return current on the surface; finally he was thrown on the rocks near the Chalybeate springs, some three hundred feet below the fall; his body was cov- ered with bruises, but no bones broken. He re- turned and surprised his companions who thought him dead. Mr. West's wife, Mary Morrison, died in 1873, leaving three children. Milton Whipple, born June 9th, 1858, in Center county, Pennsylvania. He spent a few months in Iowa, in 1875, buying grain ; and afterward trav- eled between Omaha and North Platte, selling goods. Eeturned home to attend school, and in June, 1879, came to this city ; the following Sep- tember he went to work at the Northw'estem mill. Edwin White, a native of Canada, was born June 1 6th, 1831. In 1846, moved with his parents to Iowa and remained until 1854, when he went to Indiana. He held the office of register of deeds of Decatur county, for four years, then re- ceived the appointment of chief clerk and deputy treasurer, for the same county ; afterward was elected city clerk, at the same time serving as clerk in the provost marshal's office. In 1866, poor health made a change desirable, and he went to Ottumwa, Iowa ; was cashier in a bank, and afterward opened a real estate .and insurance of- fice. Came here in 1870, and continued the same business. In 1851, married at Marion, Iowa, Em- na Edkins. Their children, Horace, William, George, Charles and Marcus have all passed away. William O. White, bom at Worcester, Massa- chusetts, October 22d, 1835. In 1850, went to Chicago, and on arrival at that city his whole cap- ital amounted to one dollar and twenty-five cents. He learned car building with the Illinois Central railroad company, and remained with them four years; then removed to Hastings, Minnesota, where he was contracting and house building un- til 1861. Enlisted in December of thatyear; was promoted to commissary sergeant, and served on the frontier among the Indians. December, 1 864, returned to Hastings, and worked nine years at the Vermillion mill. In 1873, came here, and after working for C. A. Pillsbury two and one- ha.f years, removed to the Red River Valley and located 960 acres of land. Since July, 1877, has been at the MinneapoUs mill. In 1856, married Mrs. Delia Kibbe, who has borne him one child : Clarence. J. C. Whitney was born in April, 1818, at Springfied, Vermont. In 1829, moved with his parents to Canada, and remained until twenty years of age. He attended coUege at OberUn, Ohio, and in 1849, graduated from Union Semi- nary, New York. The same year removed to Stillwater, Minnesota, where he was pastor of the Eirst Presbyterian church until 1853; at that time he came to this city and held the position of pastor of the First Presbyterian church hete four 658 HISTOEY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY years. In 1857 removed to Forest City, and re- turned here in 1860. In 1862, enlisted and served tliree years, w^as appointed quartermaster with the rank of captain. Eeturned in 1865 and en- gag; 'd in real estate business. Mr. Whitney married in 1849, Eliza Bayard. They have Ave children. S. O. Whitcomb, a native of Canada, was born July 24th, 1856. Moved to Illinois and learned the drug bushiess; went to fowa in 1877, and was in trade there two years; May 1879, removed to Minneapolis and is doing a good business at 505 Washington Avenue south*. Oliver B. Whitney was born at Stillwater, July 23d, 1853, and the following September, came with his parents to this city. He attended the public schools here, and when twenty years of age commenced lumbering. Worked for George A. Camp, L. Butler, Clough Brothers, and since April, 1878, has been with Cole and Hammond as book-keeper. In 1875, married Pauline Ilyland; she has borne him two children: Gertrude and Henry. W. C. Wickings, born August 3d, 1839, at Boston, Massachusetts. He studied dentistry four years at Philadelphia, then removed to New York city and practiced thirteen years. In 1873 he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and followed his profession there until June, 1880, when he came here and established what is known as the New . York dental rooms. The apartments are fur- nished in an elegant manner, and supplied with all the appliances necessary for mechanical and operative dentistry. Dr. Wickings married in lh64. P'rances Limg. J. F. Wilcox, a native of Ohio, was born Jan- uary 4th, 1848, at Middlebury. Came to Minne- apolis in September, 1867, was employed by Wheaton, Reynolds and Francis three years and then admitted as a member of the firm, Mr. Francis having retired. Mr. Wilcox's marriage with Emma Clement took place in June, 1871. Three cliiUlren have been born to them : Harry, Archa and Myrtice. Martin VVilliams, T. S. King's assistant on the ^Minneapolis department of the " Pioneer Press," came to the state in tlie sprhig of 1863, and for Si veiul years was employed on the early newspa- pi rs uf St. Paul. Subsequently he published the St. Peter '■ Tribune,"' but disposed of it in 1869, and became connected with the cjty department of the St. Paul " Press." Since the absorption of the " Pioneer " and the Minneapolis " Mail " and " Tribune " by the original " Press Printing Com- pany," he has been associated with Mr. King on the Minneapolis department of the " Pioneer Press," still retaining the position occupied for several years. David Williams, was born September 24th, 1830, at Chester, England. His father being a miller, he learned the trade at home, and in 1865 emigrated to Lower Canada, where he remained five years. Then removed to Toronto remaining three years. In May, 1875, came to Minneapolis and was employed in the Washburn "A" mill for two and one-half years, then engaged with the Northwestern mill, and for the last two years has held the position of head miller. Married Miss Elizabeth Lloyd in 1861. Their children are: Edward, Ever, Albert, Walter, Jessie and Maud. George Williams, was born at Calais, Maine, March 9th, 1843, where he lived until twenty-five years of age. His life time pursuit has been in the mercantile business. Came to St. Anthony in 1878, and was in the employ of J. H. Chase a few months when he accepted his present position in the dry-goods store of O. T. Swett, on Univer- sity Avenue. His marriage to Etta B. Mayo oc- curred at St. Anthony, in 1871. Their children are: John M., Mary A. and Gertie. Henry Williams was born in Chenango county. New York, May 28th, 1845. He went to Michi- gan with his parents in 1854. Attended school, also farmed, until 1863, when he removed to Chi- cago, and two years later located at Lake City, Minnesota. Came to Minneapolis the rtext year and joined the volunteer Qre department in 1874. In 1877 he was appointed fire police and in 1879 was appointed foreman of Hose Company Num- ber Two in the paid department, which position he now holds. Was married in this city in 1868 to Agnes O'llarra. Jessie T. Williams was born in Guilford coun- ty, Novth Carolina, March 20th, 1822. He moved to Wayne county, Indiana, when very young, and made it his home until 1867. Was elected sheriff of that county in 1856. Located at Minneapolis in 1870, and is now deputy sheriff. He was mar- ried in 1845 to Anna Greaves, of Indiana. Their children are: Etlial L., Laura and Estella. BIOGRAPHICAL. fiof) S. M. Williams was born in Cumberland coun- ty, Pennsylvania, September 18th, 1845. He came to Minneapolis in 1857, and has since made this his place of residence. He established the book and stationery business at 224 Hennepin Avenue in 1863, and is still located there. He was married in 1879 to Sarah Williams of this city. G. B. Wilson was born March 20th, 1821, in Washington county, Maine. Came to St. An- thony in 1856, and engaged in lumbering; has driven an ox-team for twenty-two seasons in the pineries. While thus engaged he met with an experience from which he escaped with life al- most by a miracle. While unloading logs from the sled, he was thrown forward about sixteen feet down a. slope. Two enormous logs rolled after and over him; fortunately he landed in a crevice in the ground which gave space for the logs with their ponderous weight to pass over, leaving him unharmed. In 1878 he erected a building at 1205 Fifth street south-east which he occupies as a grocery. In the spring of 1880 he retired from the lumber business. His family consists of wife and three children: Clara L., Egbert S. and Sydney B. Joseph P. Wilson is a native of New Jersey, bom in 1822. He was in the law office of Silas M. Stilwell, at New York four years. In 1844, he removed to Illinois and was agent for a Chicago firm, to select and enter government lands for them in the northern part of the state. In 1847, went to the Mexican war and remained until its close. In April 1850, located at St. Anthony and engaged in mercantile business. Was one of the commissioners of Kamsey county, from 1851 till '54; he was also in the legislature in 1856. He was a member of the constitutional convention to form a state constitution, and was a member of the senate in 1864-'65. He was one of the origi- nal proprietors of St. Cloud and Alexandria, Miimesota, and is now interested in New Mexico mines, in the vicinity of Santa Fe. John Wilson is a native of Scotland, born in 1838. He came to America in 1850, locating near New York, on Long Island. In 1861, he enlisted at Rochester, New York in Company E, Thir- teentli New York Regiment. He participated in many hard fought battles : first Bull Run, Siege at Yorktown, Hanover Court House and others. He was wounded in the seven days' fight before Richmond and left on the field, but was rescued and taken to Washington where he recovered and secured his discharge in 1863. He went to Logansport, Indiana, where he married Miss Lucinda Young, July 28d, 1861. They came to Minneapolis in 1866, and immediately engaged with the Minneapolis mill, remaining with the firm nearly twelve years. M. D. Wilson was born at LaPorte, Indiana, May 28th, 1843. Went to Albert Lea, Mmne- sota, in 1867. He located in Minneapolis in 1877, and has since been buying and selling horses. He and his partner, A. R. Strickland, are now proprietors of a livery and sale stable, at 16 Washington Avenue north. Newton H. Winchell was bom in Duchess county, New York, December 17th, 1839. In 1858 he entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and graduated in 1866. He was com- pelled to teach during his course in college, and thus spent eight years in getting his education. He was at different times superintendent of the public schools of Adrian, Port Huron and Kala- mazoo. He was employed two years on the state geological survey of Michigan. Thence he went to Ohio, and in 1872, was summoned to Minnesota by the regents of the State University. Accept- ing the position of state geologist, he spent one- half of his time teaching, and the rest in direct- ing the geological survey of the state. In 1878 he was relieved from teaching, and has since devoted himself wholly to the survey, and the preparation and acquisition of a museum. Professor Winchell was married in 1864, to Miss C. F. Innes, of Galesburg, Michigan, a graduate and afterwards teacher at Albion College, Michi- gan. They have five children: Horace V., I. C, Avis, Alexander and Louisa L. Professor Winchell wrote some scientific articles for newspapers in his college course, and others since. The following are of a more permanent character and are found in the standard scientific periodicals of the day: 1. The Glacial Features of Green Bay, of Lake Michigan, with some ob- servations on a probable former outlet of Lake Superior — American Journal of Science and Arts, July, 1871. 2. The Building Stones of Michigan— American Builder, May, June and July, 1871. 3. The Surface Geology of North- 660 BISIOEY OF HENKEFIN C0UN2Y. western Ohio— Proceedings of the American As- sociation, 1872. 4. The Drift Deposits of the Northwest— Popular Science Monthly, June and July, 1873. 5. The Devonian Limestones in Ohio — Proceedings of the American Association, 1873. 6. On the Hamilton in Ohio— American Journal of Science and Arts, April, 1874. 7. The Economical Geology of Cheboygan and Mack- iliac, state of Michigan— Michigan Board of Ag- riculture, Keport for 1873. 8. Geological Notes from Early Explorers in the Minnesota Valley- Vol. I. of the Bulletins of the Minnesota Acad- emy of Natural Sciences. 9. Vegetable Remains in the Drift Deposits of the Northwest — Proceed- ings of the American Association, 1875. 10. On the Parallelism of Devonian Outcrops in Michi- gan and Ohio — Proceedings of the American Association, 1875. 11. The Cretaceous in Minne- sota — Vol. I. of the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. 12. The Ancient Copper Mines of Isle Eoyale— Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy, Vol. II. 13. Dall's Obser- vations on Perennial Ice in Alaska — American Journal of Science and Arts, May, 1881. 14. The Capriferous Series in Minnesota— Proceedings of the American Association, 1880. 15. The Reces- sion of the Falls of St. Anthony— Quarterly Jour- nal of the Geological Society of London, Nov., 1878. 16. The Mining Districts of Southwestern New Mexico— Raymond's Mineral Resources WestoftheRockyMountains,1874. 17. Thereport of his work in Ohio, where he surveyed and re- ported on twenty of the eighty counties of the state, are published in the First and Second Vol- umes of the Final Report of Newbury's Survey. 18. Since the Geological Survey of Minnesota was inaugurated his scientific papers have been pub- lished in the Annual Reports of Progress of the Survey, and pertain exclusively to the state. Of these reports nine have been publislied, to each of which he has been the principal contributor. They pertain to the geology and physical geogi-a- phy of all parts of the state, and treat of subjects of the most vital importance to the material de- velopment of Minnesota. Besides the series of Annual Reports, he has issued eleven miscellane- ous publications and circulars relating to the sur- vey. 19. In 1874 he accompanied Gen. G. A. Custer to the Black Hills, and his Geological Report and map of the Black Hills, published un- der the auspices of the War Department, com- prised the first account of the interior of the Black Hills ever published. He discredited somewhat the wonderful reports of gold in the Black Hills, current at the time of Gen. Custer's return; and it must be admitted that no permanent gold min- ing has been established at any point visited by the Custer expedition. 20. The State and Higher Education; an address— Bulletins of the Minne- sota Academy of Science, Vol. II. Prof. Winchell received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. of his alma maUr, the University of Michi- gan. He is a fellow of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, a corres- ponding member of the New York and Buffalo Academies of Science, and president of the Min- nesota Academy of Natural Science. Thomas Wing is a native of Canada, born July 5th, 1830. He went to Oswego, New York, in 1848, and learned the bakery business. In 1852, engaged in the business at Clayton, New York, thence to Chicago. After working in different places he located in Minneapolis in 1873. He was with Lillibridge's bakery three years. In 1876 established his business, and is at present at 20 First street south. He was united in mar- riage to Eliza A. Gibbons, in 1858. Their child- ren are : Seymore T., Clarissa, Nellie, Laura, Donney M., Thomas and Mary. Kimball W. Wing was bom in 1837, at Bel- grade, Missouri. At the age of nine he was con- verted, and at twenty united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Gardner, Missouri. Reared on a farm; at the age of eighteen he em- barked in the meat business, which he followed twelve years, when failing health compelled him to retire. At the age of twenty-eight he was married to Mary E. Kempster of West Gardner, Missouri. In 1867 he removed to Minneapolis in hope of recuperating his health. In 187ii he formed a partnership with M. D. Cone andembarked in the real estate and commission business, room No.l , in Harrison's block on Washington Avenue, and has since been more or less actively engaged in that direction. Mr. Wing is an active member of the Franklin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, is one of its trustees and assistant superintendent of the Sabbath school. He has four children: Weslie S., Willie E., Warren A., and Mabel G. Henry T. Winter is a native of London, Eng- BIOGRAPHICAL 661 land, born 1846. He came to the United States in 1871, locating in Minneapolis. He was em- ployed in the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railway machine shops until August, 1880. lie then opened a saloon and billiard hall at 1413 Washington Avenue south. Married Francis Pilcher in 1866. They have three children. O. G. Wold is a native of Norway, borp Octo- ber 20th, 1852. Came to the United States in 1860, and first located in Illinois. In 1868 re- moved to Grant county, Minnesota, where he lived on his father's farm two months. During that year he came to Minneapolis and engaged in his present line of business, that of dealing in and manufacturing pumps, etc. The firm of Eeno and Wold is doing a rapidly growing trade. Lo- cated 103 First Avenue south. Jacob A. Wolverton was born in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, August 16th, 1832. He went to New York city in 1854, to take a situa- tion in the wholesale dry-goods house of Edward Lambert & Company. In November, 1858, he was married to Evelyn L. Olmstead. In the fall of the next year they came to Minnesota and have since been residents of Minneapolis. Mr. Wolverton was connected with the dry-goods house of Bell Brothers, eight years. Was also a member of the firms of Johnson & Wolverton, and Wolverton & Baker. In 1876, was appointed deputy clerk of district court ; he was appointed clerk the spring following to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the clerk, Mr. Jerome. He was elected to that office the next term and held it four years. Charles H. Woods, of the law firm of Woods & Babcock, is a native of New Hampshire, born October 8th, 1836. Received an academic educa- tion and a partial course at William's College. He was captain in a company in the sixteenth New Hampshire volunteers, and served one year after which he held a government clerkship for three years. He removed to Minneapolis in 1866, and began the practice of law ; he has been in continuous practice since, being associated with different lawyers. The firm of Woods & Bab- cock was formed in 1878. He was elected justice of the peace at the first city election held in this city, after the charter was granted. He married Miss Carrie C. Rice, of Vermont, in 1862. Resi- dence 33 Tenth street south. M. Woods, of the firm of Barber and Woods, is a native of Montreal, Canada, born September 13th, 1863, and lived there until twenty-four years of age, the last seven years being passed in the grocery business. He next engaged in the fur trade in Manitoba, in which he continued until coming to Minneapolis in June, 1880. In July, he became a partner in the firm of Barber and Woods, and engaged in the meat business at 1224 Western Avenue. John G. WooUey was born February 15th, 1860, at Collinsville, Butler county, Ohio. He ac- companied his parents to Paris, Edgar county, Illinois in 1860. In 1869, removed to California, remaining one year, and in 1872 went to Europe. He studied law with Honorable James A. Eads, of Paris, Illinois, and attended the law college of Michigan University. He became a resident of Minneapolis in 1878 and formed a partnership and has practiced law since. He married in 1873 to Mary V. Gerhard, of Delaware, Ohio. Their children are : Paul G., Edwin C. and John Rea. James C. Worrall was born at Covington, Ken- tucky, February 11th, 1866. He moved with his parents to Geneseo, Illinois, in 1867, where he at- tended high school, and graduated from Geneseo Seminary. He entered the Union law school of Chicago in 1875, and graduated after a two years' course, at which time he was admitted to practice. He then returned to Geneseo and formed a partnership with Senator E. C. Moder- well. They practiced as a law firm until 1880, when Mr. Worrall came to Minneapolis and opened an office at 27 Washington Avenue south. His marriage to Miss Emma K. Lawrence, oc- curred at Geneseo, Illinois, October 3d, 1878. R. W. York, foreman of Hose Company No. Five, was born in Canada West February 12th' 1843. In the fall of 1860 he accompanied his pa- rents to Kenosha, Wisconsin, where he attended the graded schools. He enlisted in 1861 in Com- pany "G," First Wisconsin Infantry, Colonel John C. Starkweather comnmdin^. 11^ participated in the first battle in Virginia, at Falling Waters, and was honorably discharged, and re-enlisted October 8th, 1861 , for three years. Was wounded at the battle of Chickamauga, after which he was on duty as clerk of the hospital. In 1864 he was discharged. Removed to Minnesota in 1865, on a farm near Mankato; two years later came to 662 HISTORY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Minneapolis. He engaged in carpentering until 1875, when he joined the Minnehaha Hose Com- pany Xo. Five. After serving one year as assist- ant foreman and one year as secretary, he was appointed foreman in the paid department by the city, and has held the position since. He was married in 1864 to Celia A. Maloney . They have four children: Carrie E., Robert J., Michael A. and Joseph F. Austin H. Young, judge of the fourth judicial district of Minnesota, was bom at Fredoniai, Chau- tauqua county, New York, December 8th, 1830. He attended school in his native town and at Waukegan, Illinois, where he completed his academic course. He studied law in the oflSce of Ferry and Clark, of "Waukegan, and in 1854 re- moved to Prescott, Wisconsin, remaining there twelve years. He was elected clerk of the cir- cuit court, holding the office until 1860, when he was admitted to the bar. He commenced the practice of his profession in partnership with M. H. Fitch and continued until the latter entered the army. In 1862 he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of Wisconsin, and the same year was elected district attorney. In 1843 he was elected to the senate for two years. He came to MinneapoUs in 1866 and has since been a resi- dent. He commenced his practice at once in com- pany wjth W. D. Webb, the firm name being Young and Webb. Soon after Mr. Webb retired. Until 1870 Mr. Young was alone in his profession at which time the firm of Young and Lowry was formed, continuing two years.. He was elected city attorney in 1871. He was elected judge of the Fourth judicial district for the full term expiring in 1884. He was married in April, 1854, and lost his wife by death in 1868. He re-mar- ried but again lost his wife by death. His pres- ent wife was Miss Leonora Martin, of Vermont, married April 9th, 1872. Edgar A. and Ahce M., are their children. Frank Zahner is a native of Germany, born in 1836. He attended school until he came to Ame- rica in 1848, locating in Delaware. He served an apprenticeship of three years as a blacksmith, then remained two years longer. He removed to New Jersey for one year, thence to the coal re- gions of Pennsylvania, and afterwards to St. Lawrence county. New York. He remained un- til the spring of 1871, when he started west. He arrived at Minneapolis during the year, and en- gaged with the St. Anthony Iron Works Company, where he remained until starting in business for himself, which he did in 1879. He passed three years in the army, having enlisted in the One hundred and Third New York Volunteers: He married Miss Mary Temple, of New York in 1855. They have five sons and two daughters. His res- idence is on Central Avenue. His carriage shop is located at 118 Main street south-east. Nathaniel Zeron was bom in Upper Canada, October 9th, 1840. He came to Dundas, Minne- sota in 1862, and for two years was engaged iu farming. He then began worked for J. S. Archi- bald in the Dundas floming mills and re- mained there seven years. He became a resi- dent of Minneapolis in 1871, and was employed in the Cataract mill; he has been with that firm since. He married Miss Lydia Kelso in 1874. They have one child : Cora M. liesidence 1518 Twenty-first street south. CHAPTER LXXXV. PRIlirCIPAL EVENTS CHKONOLOGICALLT AR- RANGED. 1659. Groselliers (Gro-zay-yay) and Radisson visit Minnesota. 1661. . Menard, a Jesuit missionary ascends the Mississippi according to Herrot, twelve years be- fore Marquette saw this river. 1665. Allouez, a Jesuit, visited the Minnesota shore of Lake Superior. 1679. Du Luth planted the arms of France, one hundred and twenty leagues beyond Mille Lacs. 1680. Du Luth, the first to travel in a canoe from Lake Superior, by way of the St. Croix river, to the Mississippi. Descending the Missis- sippi, he writes to Signelay in 1683: "I proceeded in a canoe two days and two nights, and the next day at ten o'clock in the morning" found Accault, Augelle. and Father Hennepin, with a hunting party of Sioux. He writes: "The want of respect CHEONOLOGY. 663 which they showed to the said Reverend Father provoked me, and this I showed them, telling them he was my brother, and I had him placed in my canoe to come with me into the villages of said Nadouecioux." In September, Du Luth and Hennepin were at the falls of St. Anthony on their way to Mackinaw. 1683. Perrot and Le Sueur visit Lake Pepin. Perrot with twenty men, builds a stockade at the base of a bluff, upon the east bank, just above the entrance of Lake Pepin. 1688. Perrot re-occupies the post on Lake Pe- pin. 1689. Perrot, at Green Bay, makes a formal record of taking pbssession of the Sioux country in the name of the king of France. 1693. Le Sueur at the extremity of Lake Su- perior. 1694. Le Sueur builds a post, on a prairie island in the Mississippi, about nine miles below Hastings. 1695. Le Sueur brings the first Sioux chiefs who visited Canada. 1700. Le Sueur ascends the Minnesota River. Fort L'Huillier built on a tributary of Blue Earth River. 1702. Fort L'Huillier abandoned. 1727. Fort Beauharnois, in the fall of this year, erected in sight of Maiden's Rock, Lake Pe- pin, by La Perriere du Boucher. 1728. Verendrj'e stationed at Lake Nepigon. 1731. Verendrye's sons reach Rainy Lake. Fort St. Pierre erected at Rainy Lake. 1732. Fort St. Charles erected at the south- west corner of the Lake of the Woods. 1734. Fort Maurepas established on Winnipeg River. 1736. Verendrye's son and others massacred by the Sioux on an isle in the Lake of the Woods. 1738. Fort La Reine on the Red River estab- lished. 1 743. Verendrye's sons reach the Rocky Moun- tains. 1766. Jonathan Carver, on November 17th, reaches the Falls of St. Anthony. 1794. Sandy Lake occupied by the North- West Company. 1802. William Morrison trades at Leach Lake. 1804. William Morrison trades at Elk Lake, now Itasca. 1805. Lieutenant Z. M. Pike purchases the site since occupied by Fort Snelling. 1817. Earl of Selkirk passes through Minne- sota for Lake Winnipeg. Major Stephen H. Long, U. S. A., visits Falls of St. Anthony. 1818. Dakotah war party under Black Dog at- tack Ojibways on the Pomme de Terre River. 1819. Col. Leavenworth arrives on the 24lh of August, with troops at Mendota. 1820. J. B. Faribault brings up to Mendota, horses for Col. Leavenworth. Laidlow, superintendent of farming for Earl Selkirk, passes froip Pembina to Prairie du Chien to purchase seed wheat. Upon the 15th of April left Prairie du Chien with Mackinaw boats and ascended the Minnesota to Big Stone Lake, where the boats were placed on rollers and dragged a short distance to Lake Traverse, and on the 3d of June, reached Pembina. On the 5th of May, Col. Leavenworth estab- lished summer quarters at Camp Coldwater, Hen- nepin county. In July, Governor Cass, of Michigan, visits the camp. In August, Col. Snellmg succeeds Leaven- worth. September 20th, comer stone laid under com- mand of Col. Snelling. First white marriage in Minnesota, Lieutenant Green to daughter of Captain Gooding. First white child born in Minnesota, daughter of Col. Snelling ; died following year. 1821. Fort St. Anthony was sufficiently com- pleted to be occupied by troops. Mill at St. Anthony Falls constructed for the use of garrison, under the supervision of Lieuten- ant McCabe. 1822. Col. Dickson attempted to take a drove of cattle to Pembina. 1823. The first steamboat, the Virginia, on May 10th, arrived at the mouth of the Minnesota river. Mill stones for grinding flour sent to St. An- thony Falls. Major Long, U. S. A., visits the northern boundary by way of the Minnesota and Red, river. Beltrami, the Italian tiaveler. exploics tl ( northernmost source of the Mississippi. 664 mSTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. 1824. General Winfleld Scott inspects Fort St. Anthony, and at his suggestion the War De- partment changed the name to Fort Snelling. 1825. April 5th, steamboat Rufus Putnam reaches the Fort. May, steamboat Eufus Put- nam arrives again and delivers freight at Land's End trading post on the Minnesota, about a mile, above the Fort. 1826. January 26th, first mail in five months received at the Fort. Deep snovp during February and March. March 20th, snow from twelve to eighteen inches. , April 5th, snow storm with flashes of light- ning. April 10th, thermometer four degi-ees above zero. April 21st, ice began to move in the river at the Fort, and with twenty feet above low water mark. May 2d, first steamboat of the season, the Law- rence. Captain Eeeder, took a pleasure party to within three miles of the Falls of St. Anthony. •1826. Dakotahs kill an Ojibway near Fort Snelling. 1827. Flat Mouth's party of Ojibways at- tacked at Fort Snelling, and Sioux delivered by Colonel Snelling to be killed by Ojibways, and their bodies thrown over the bluff into the river. General Gaines inspects Fort Snelling. Troops of the Fifth llegiment relieved by those of the First. 1828. Colonel Snelling dies in Washington. 1829. Rev. Alvan Coe and J. D. Stevens, Presbyterian missionaries visit the Indians around Fort Snelling. Major Taliaferro, Indian agent, establishes a farm for the benefit of the Indians at Lake Cal- houn, which he called Eatonville, after the sec- retary of war. Winter, Spring and Summer very dry. One Inch was the average monthly fall of rain or snow for ten months. Vegetation more back- ward than it had been for ten years. 1830. August 14th, a sentinel at Fort Snell- ing, just before daylight, discovered the Indian council house on fire. Wa-pa-sha's son in-law was the incendiary. 1831. August 17th, an old trader, Rocque, and his son arrived at" Fort Snelling from Prairie du Chien, having been twenty-six days on the journey. Under the influence of whiskey or stu- pidity, they ascended the St. Croix by mistake, and were lost for fifteen days. 1832. May 12th, steamboat Versailles arrived at Fort Snelling. June 16th, William Carr arrives from Missouri at Fort Snelling, with a drove of cattle and horses. Henry R. Schoolcraft explores the sources of the Missisippi. 1833. Rev. W. T. Boutwell establishes a mis- sion among the Ojibways at Leech Lake. E. F. Ely opens a mission school for Ojibways at Aitkin's trading post, Sandy Lake. 1834. May. Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond arrive at Lake Calhoun as missionaries among the Sioux. November. Henry H. Sibley arrives at Men- dota as agent of Fur Company. 1835. May. Rev. T. S. Williamson and J. D. Stevens arrive as Sioux missionaries, with Alex- ander G. Huggins as lay-assistant. June. Presbyterian Church at Fort SneUing organized. July 31st. A Red River train arrives at Fort Snelling with fifty or sixty head of cattle, and about twenty-five horses. Major J. L. Bean surveys the Sioux and Chip- peway boundary line under treaty of 1825, as far as Otter Tail Lake. November. Col. S. C. Stambaugh arrives; is sutler at Fort Snelling. 1836. May 6th, "Missouri Fulton," first steam- boat, arrives at Fort Snelling. May 29th. "Frontier," Capt. Harris, arrives. June 1st. "Palmyra" arrives. July 2nd. "Saint Peters" arrives with J. N. Nicollet as passenger. July 30tli. Sacs and Foxes kill twenty-four Winnebagoes on Root River. 1837. Rev. Stephen R. Riggs and wife join Lake Harriet Mission. Rev. A. Brunson and David King establish Kaposia Mission. Commissioners Dodge and Smith at Fort Snell- ing make a treaty with the Chippeways to cede lands east of the Mississippi. Franklin Steele and others make claims at Falls of St. Croix and St. Anthony. CHEONOLOGT. 665 September 29th. Sioux chiefs at "Washington sign a treaty. November 10th. Steamboat Eolla arrives at Fort Snelling with the Sioux on their return from Washington. December 12th. Jeremiah Eussell and L. W. Stratton make the iirst claim at Marine, in St. Croix valley. 1838. April, Hole-in-the Day and party kill thirteen of the Lac-qui-parle Sioux. Martin Mc- Leod from Pembina after twenty-eight days of exposure to snow, reaches Lake Traverse. May 25, steamboat Burlington arrives at Fort Snelling with J. N. Nicollet and J. C. Fremont on a scientific expedition. Junel4th,Maryatt, the British novelist, Frank- Un Steele and others rode from the Fort to view Falls of St. Anthony. July 15th, steamboat Palmyra arrives at Fort Snelling with an ofHcial notice of the ratification of treaty. Men arrived to develop the St. Croix Valley. August 2d, Hole-in-the Day encamped with a party of Chippeways near Fort Snelling, and was attacked by Sioux from Mud Lake, and one killed and another wounded. August 27th, steamboat Ariel arrives with commissioners Pease and EwLng to examine half- breed claims. September 30th, steamboat Ariel makes the first trip up the St. Croix river. October 26th, steamboat Gypsy first to arrive at Falls of St. Croix with annuity goods for the Chippeways. In passing through Lake St. Croix grounded near the town site laid out by S. C. Stambaugh, and called Stambaughville. 1839. April 14th, first steamboat at Fort Snell- ing, the Ariel, Capt. Lyons. Henry M. Rice arrives at Fort Snelling. May 2d, Rev. E. G. Gear, of the Protestant Episcopal church, recently appointed chaplain, arrived at the Fort in the steamboat Gypsy. May 12th, steamboat Fayette arrives on the St. Croix, having been at Fort Snelling, with members of Marine Mill Company. May 21st, the Glancus, Captain Atchison ar- rives at Fort Snelling. June 1st, the Pennsylvania, Captain Stone ar- rives at Fort Sjielling. June 5th, the Glancus arrives again. June 6th, the " Ariel" arrives again, June 12th, at Lake Harriet mission. Rev. D. Gavin, Swiss missionary among the Sioux at Red Wing, was manied to Cordelia Stevens, teacher at Lake Harriet mission. June 25th, steamboat " Knickerbocker," arrived at Fort Snelling. June 26th, steamboat " Ariel," on third trip. June 27th, a train of Red river carts, under Mr. Sinclair with emigrants, who encamped near the fort. July 2d, Chippeways kill a Sioux of Lake Cal- houn band. July 3d, Sioux attack Chippeways in ravine above Stillwater. 1840. April, Rev. Lucian Galtier, of the Ro- man Catholic church, arrives at Mendota. May 6th, squatters removed on military reser- vation. June 15th, Thomas Simpson, Arctic explorer, shoots hims'ilf near Turtle river, under aberration of mind. June 1 7, four Chippeways kill and scalp a Sioux man and woman. 1841 . March 6, wild geese appeared at the fort. March 20th. Mississippi opened. April 6th, steamboat " Otter," Captain Harris arrived. Kaboka, an old chief of Lake Calhoun band, killed by Chippewajs. May 24th, Sioux attack Chippeways at Lake Pokeguma, of Snake river. Methodist mission moved from Kaposia to Red Rock, Rev. B. F. Kavenaugh, superintendent. November 1st, Father Galtier completes the log chapel of St. Paul, which gave the name to the capital of Minnesota. Rev. Augustin Rav- oux arrives. 1842. July, the Chippeways attack the Kapo- sia Sioux. 1843. Stillwater laid out. Ayer, Spencer and Ely establish a Chippewa mission at Red lake. July 15th, Thomas Longley, brother-in-law of Rev. S. R. Riggs, drowned at Traverse des Sioux mission station. 1844. August, Captain Allen with fifty dra- goons marches from Fort Des Moines through southwestern Minnesota and on the 10th of Sep- tember reaches the Big Sioux river. Sisseton war party kill an American named Watson, driv- ing cattle to Fort Snelling. 666 HISTOET OF HUNNSPIN COUNTY. 1845. June 25th, Captain Sumner reaches Traverse des Sioux, and proceeding northward arrested three of tlie murderers of Watson. 1846. Dr. Williamson, Sioux missionary, moves from Lac-qui-parle to Kaposia. March 31st, steamboat Lynx, Captain Atchison, aiTives at Port Snelling. 1847. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, organized, Stillwater the county seat. Harriet E. Bishop establishes a school at St. Paul. Saw mills be- gun at St. Anthony falls. August, Commissioners Verplanck and Henry M. Rice make treaties with the Chippeways at Fon du Lac and Leech Lake. The town of St. Paul surveyed, platted, and recorded in the St. Croix county register of deeds office. 1848. Henry H. Sibley, delegate to congress from Wisconsin territory. May 29th, Wisconsin admitted, leaving Minne- sota (with its present boundaries) without a gov- ernment. August 26th, "Stillwater convention" held to take measures for a separate territorial organiza- tion. October 30th, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to congress. 1849. March, Act of congress creating Minne- sota territory. April 9th, "Highland Mary," Captain Atchison, arrives at St. Paul. April 18th, James M. Goodhue arrives at St. Paul with first newspaper press. May 27th, Gov. Alexander Ramsey arrives at Mendota. June 1st, Gov. Ramsey issues proclamation de- claring the territory duly organized. August 1st, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to con- gress for Minnesota. September 3d, First legislature convened. November, First Presbyterian church, St. Paul, organized. December, first literary address at falls of St. Anthony. 1850. January 1st. Historical Society meeting. June 11th, Indian council at Fort Snelling. June 14th, Steamer Governor Ramsey makes first trip above Falls of St. Anthony. June 26th, the Anthony Wayne reaches the Falls of et Anthony. July 18th, Steamboat Anthony Wayne ascends the Minnesota to the vicinity of Traverse des Sioux. July 25th, Steamboat Yankee goes beyond Blue Earth River. September, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to congress. October, Fredrika Bremer, Swedish novelist, visits Minnesota. November, the Dakotah Friend, a monthly paper, appeared. December, Colonel D. A. Robertson establishes Minnesota Democrat. December 26th, first public Thanksgiving day. 1851. May, St. Anthony Express newspaper began its career. July, treaty concluded with the Sioux at Trav- erse des Sioux. July, Rev. Robert Hopkins, Sioux missionary, drowned. August, treaty concluded with the Sioux at Mankato. September 19th, the Minnesotian, of St. Paul, edited by J. P. Owens, appeared. November, Jerome Fuller, chief justice in place of Aaron Goodrich, arrives. December 18th, Thanksgiving day. 1852. Hennepin county created. February 14th, Dr. Rae, Arctic explorer, arrives at St. Paul with dog train. May 14th, land slide at StiU water. August, Jas. M. Goodhue, pioneer editor, dies. November, Yuhazee, an Indian, convicted of murder. 1853. April 27th, Chippeways and Sioux fight in streets of St. Paul. Governor WiUis A. Gor- man succeeds Governor Ramsey. Pctober, Henry M. Rice elected delegate to congress. The capitol building completed. 1854. March 3d, Presbyterian mission house near Lac-qui-parle burned. June 8th, great excursion from Chicago to St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls. December 27 th, Yuhazee, the Indian, hung at St. Paul. 1855. January. First bridge over Mississippi completed at Falls of St. Anthony. October. H. M. Rice re-elected to congress. December 12th. James Stewart arrives in St. Paul direct from Arctic regions, with relics of Sir John Franklin. CHRONOLOGY. 667 1866. Erection of State University building was begun. 1857. Congress passes an act authorizing peo- ple of Minnesota to vote for a constitution. March. Inkpadootah slaughters settlers in South-west Minnesota. Governor Samuel Medary succeeds Governor W. A. Gorman. March 5th. Land-grant by congress for rail- ways. April 27th. Special session of legislature con- venes. July. On second Monday convention to form a constitution assembles at Capitol. October 13th. Election for state officers, and ratifying of the constitution. H. H. Sibley first governor under the state con- stitution. December. On first WediTesday, first state leg- islature assembles. December. Henry M. Bice and James Shields elected United States senators. 1858. April 15th. People approve act of leg- islature loaning the public credit for five millions of dollars to certain railway companies. May 11th. Minnesota becomes one of the United States of America. June 2nd. Adjourned meeting of legislature held. November. Supreme court of state orders Governor Sibley to issue railroad bonds. December. Governor Sibley declares the bonds a failure. 1859. Normal school law passed. June. Burbank and Company place the first steamboat on Ked River of the North. August. Bishop T. L. Grace arrived at St. Paul. 1859. October 11th, state election, Alexander Eamsey chosen Governor, 1860. March 23d, Anna Bilanski hung at St. Paul for the murder of her husband, the first white person executed in Minnesota. August 9th, telegraph line completed to St. Paul. 1861. April 14th, Gov. Ramsey calls upon pres- dentin "Washington and offers a regiment of vol- unteers. June 21st, First Minnesota Regiment, Col. W. A. Gorman leaves for Washington. July 21st, First Minnesota in battle of Bull Run. October 13th, Second Minnesota Infantry, Col. H. P. Van Cleve leaves Fort Snelling. November 16th, Third Minnesota Infantry, H. C. Lester go to seat of war. 1862. January 19th, S?cond Minnesota in bat- tle at Mill Spring Kentucky. April 6th, First Minnesota Battery, Captain Munch, at Pittsburgh Landing. April 21st, Second Minnesota Battery, goes to seat of war. April 21st, Fourth Minnesota Infantry Volun teers. Col. J. B. Sanborn leaves Fort Snelling. May 13th, Fifth Regiment Volunteers Col. Bor- gensrode leaves for the seat of war. May 28th, Second, Fourth and Fifth in battle near Corinth, Mississippi. May 31st, First Minnesota in battle at Fair Oaks, Virginia. June 29th, First Minnesota in battle at Savage Station. June 30th, First Minnesota in battle near Wil- lis' Church. July 1 , First Minnesota in battle at Malvern Hill. August, Sixth Regiment Col. Crooks organized. August, Seventh Regiment, Col. Miller organ- ized. August, Eighth Regiment Col. Thomas organ- ized. August, Ninth Regiment, Col. "Wilkin organ- ized. August 18th, Sioux attack whites at Lower Sioux Agency. September 23d, Col. Sibley defeats Sioux at Mud Lake. December 26th, Thirty-eight Sioux executed on the same scaffold at Mankato. 1863. January, Alexander Ramsey elected United States Senator. May 14th, Fourth and Fifth Regiment in battle near Jackson, Mississippi. July 2d, First Minnesota Infantry in battle at Gettysburgh, Pennsylvania. September 19th, Second Minnesota Infantry engaged at Chickamauga, Tennessee. November 23d, Second Minnesota Infantry engaged at Mission Ridge. 1864. January, Col. Stephen Miller inaugu- rated Governor of Minnesota. 668 HISTORY OF HENNHPIN COUNTY. March 30th, Third Minnesota Infantry engaged at Fitzhugh's Woods. June 6th, Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at Lake Chicot, Arkansas. July 13th, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth, with portion of Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at Tupelo, Mississippi. July 14th, Colonol Alex. Wilkin of the Ninth killed. October 15th, Fourth Eegiment engaged near Altoona, Georgia. December 7th, Eighth Regiment engaged near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Regiments at NashviUe, Tenn. 1865. January 10th, Daniel S. Norton, elected United States senator. April 9th, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth at the siege of Mobile. November 10th, Shakpedan, Sioux chief, and Medicine Bottle executed at Fort SnelUng. 1866. January 8th, Colonel William R. Mar- shall inaugurated Governor of Minnesota. 1867. Preparatory department of the State University, opened. 1868. January, Governor Marshall enters upon second term. January 1st, Minnesota State Reform School opened for inmates. 1869. BUI passed by legislature, removing seat of government to a spot near Big Kandiyohi Lake — vetoed by Governor Marshall. 1870. January 7th, Horace Austin inaugurated as governor. 1871. January, Wm. Windom elected United States senator. In the fall destructive fires oc- casioned by high winds, swept over frontier coun- ties. 1872. January, Governor Austin enters upon a second term. 1873. January 7th, 8th and 9th, polar wave sweeps over the state, seventy persons perishing. May 22d, the senate of Minnesota convicts state treasurer of corruption in office. September, grasshopper raid began and con- tinued five seasons. Jay Cooke failure occasions a financial panic. 1874. January 9th, Cushman K. Davis in- augurated governor.. Williaih S. King elected to congress. 1875. February 19th, S. J. R. McMillan elected United States senator. November, amendment to state' constitution, allowing any woman twenty-one years of age to vote for school officers, and to be eligible for school oflBces. Rocky Mountain locusts destroy crops in southwestern Minnesota. 1876. January 7th, John S. Pillsbury inaugur- ated governor. January 12th, State Forestry association or- ganized. September 6th, outlaws from Missouri kill the cashier of the Northfield Bank. 1879. November, state constitution amended forbidding public moneys to be used for the sup- port of schools wherein the distinctive creeds or tracts of any particular Christian or other relig- ous sect are taught. J. H. Stewart, M. D., elected to congress. Biennial sessions of the legislature adopted. 1878. January, Governor Pillsbuary enters upon a second term. May 2d, explosion in the Washburn and other flour mills at Minneapolis. One hundred and fifty thousand dollars appropriated to purchase seed grain for destitute settlers. 1880. November ISth, a portion of the Insane Asylum at St. Peter was destroyed by fire and twenty-seven inmates lost their lives. TO W^' SHIP DIEECTOEIES. 669 TOWNSPIIP DIRECTOEIES. CHAPTER LXXXVI. BLOOMKTGTOlir. P. O. Adelman, M., farmer Eichfield, Ahem, David, farmer, Bichfleld, Ames, Orville, farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Ahem, Geo., farmer, Bichfleld, Ancel, J. S., farmer, Bloomington, Bropau, Margaret, Bloomington, Bradbury, A., farmer, Minneapolis, Buchle, S., farmer, Bloomington, Boeser, W., farmer, Eichfield, Bradbury, J. H., f "mer, Bloomington, Bazley, T. T., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Brewster, Wm., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, BaillifE, E. A., farmer, Bloomington, Baillifl, R. L., farmer, Bloomington, Batcheller, J. P., f 'mer, Bloomington, Bunker, F. R., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Brown, John, farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Brewster, Martha, farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Beecroft, John, farmer, Bloomington, Couillard, A. H., f'mer, Minneapolis, Christian, Peter, f'mer, Bloomington, Cummings, J. M., f'mer, Richfield, Constantine, C, f'mer. Fort Snelling, Camming, A., mch't and postmaster, Bloomington, Coleman, II., farmer, Bloomington, Cooper, John, farmer, Bloomington, Chadwick, Wm., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Cunningham, H. D., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, A. s. 98 4 160 18 64 6 80 17 160 19 14 310 2 20 2 80 9 160 15 148 29 120 82 96J 19 170 21 163 21 80 31 220 5 80 32 114 14 74 1 80 2 76 3 2 12 16 60 18 160 29 315 6 119 6 P. O. A Cameron, J., ferrymen. Bloomington Ferry, 10 6 Chadwick, Robt., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, 80 Chattell, v., farmer, Bloomington, 160 Camont, Aime, farmer,Bloomington, 150 Dean, J. I., farmer, Bloomington, 160 Davis, James, farmer, Bloomington, 132 Douthwaite, G., f'rm'r,Bloomington, 120 Dean, Robert, farmer, Bloomington, 160 Davis, N. J., farmer, Bloomington, 160 Davis, T. "W., farmer, Bloomington, 80 Dean, C. J. & R. H., Bloomington, 160 Ellingson, 8., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, 300 Gnassir, .J., farmer, Eichfield, 40 Girard, Jos., farmer, Bloomington, 370 Goodrich, R. , farmer. Bloomington Ferry ,193 Goodrich, E., farmer, Eloomington Ferry, 2 Hanson, W., farmer. Fort Snelling, Haeg, Val'ine, farmer, Richfield, Hisler, John, farmer, Bloomington, Harford, E. J., farmer, Bloomington, Harmon, H., farmer, Bloomington, Harrison, J., farmer, Bloomington, Haughey, J., farmer, Bloomington, Hyland, R., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Hopkins, W. J., " Bloomington, Helmuth, H., farmer, Bloomington, Haeg, D., farmer, Bloomington, Ilausler, V., farmer, Richfield, Harrison, W. A., " Bloomington Kierce, P., farmer, Richfield, Knott, J. C, farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Kell, Charles, farmer, Bloomington Ferry, Kelley, R. H., farmer, Bloomington Ferry. Kelley, J. N., farmer, Bloomington, Kirk, J. H., farmer, Richfield, 320 480 229 160 160 171 75 34 121 80 80 80 40 32 17 17 10 15 8 19 14 22 19 6 8 17 4 5 1 4 2 10 16 16 16 29 22 30 3 3 16 5 100 31 40 31 148 32 100 32 80 9 670 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. P. 0. A. s. Kell, Wm., farmer, Bichfleld, 285 4 Schofield, Z. H., farmer,Bloomington, 23 Kelly, J. W., fanner. Tynan, Thos., farmer, Minneapolis, 80 17 Bloomington Ferry, 48 32 Thompson, A. P., " Bloomington Ferry , 160 31 Keough, R., farmer, Bloomington, 206 20 Thomas, A. P., farmer,Bloomington, 220 19 Linka, Joseph, farmer, Fort Snelling, 65 2 Van Ness, G. Jr. " Minnehaha, 40 1 Layman, J. D., farmer, Richfield, 277 2 Yesey, Thomas, " Bloomington Ferry 341 4 Lampman, B., farmer, Minneapolis, 183 3 Van Ness, Sen., " Minneapolis, 40 1 Logan, J., farmer. Williams, L., " Bloomington, 80 15 Bloomington Ferry, 7 19 Wrasper. Jos., " Bloomington Ferry, 63 30 Lampman, G., farmer, Minneapolis, 56 11 West, W., farmer, Bloomington Ferry, 40 32 Le Borius, J., farmer, Minnehaha, 114 1 Wren, L., farmar, Bloomington, 126 28 McLeod, W. S. , farmer, Bloomington, McChay, S., farmer, 101 22 BKOOKLYN. Bloomington Ferry, 77 30 Abbott, N. G., farmer, Minneapolis, 80 25 McMoir, J., farmer, Bloomington, 160 31 Atkinson, Lewis, farmer. Mahoney, J., farmer, Bloomington, 307 12 Champlin, 3 Moir, Mary, farmer, Bloomington, 160 21 Archer, Jas., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 166 35 Moll, John, farmer, Bloomington, 80 22 Bennett, R. L., Shingle Creek 80 3 Miller, E. B., farmer, Bloomington, 185 30 Brigham, Levi, farmer,Osseo, 140 6 McAfee, Wm., miller, Bloomington, 1 Brown, M. L., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 66 9 Nusser, John, farmer. Fort Snelling, 80 1 Bragdon, Alonzo, far., Osseo, 120 10 Nesbit, James, farmer, Brown, H. M., farmer, Osseo, 40 17 Bloomington Ferry, 164 33 Brown, M. M., farmer, Osseo, 40 19 Oxborough, T., farmer, Bloomington, 180 9 Buckholz, John, far., Osseo, 80 21 Oxborough, J., farmer, Bloomington, 80 9 Benson, A. H., farmer,Minneapolis, 200 25 Oxborough, R., farmer, Richfield, 78 9 Bohanon, H. C, far., Brooklyn Centre, 84 28 Oxborough, W., farmer, Richfield, 80 9 Balfour, M. G., carpt. Shingle Creek, 10 35 Oxborough, M., farmer, Richfield, 80 9 Baker, E., farmer. Shingle Creek, 9 36 Peteler,Marg., farmer, Richfield, 74 3 Brown, 0. H., carpt, Osseo, 2 18 Palmer, J. T., farmer, Bloomington, 103 11 Benson, C. H., farmer, Minneapolis, 40 25 Palmer, W., farmer, Bloomington, 41 11 Colton, D., farmer. Shingle Creek, 123 11 Palmer, P., farmer, Bloomington, 80 14 Christianson, C.,far., Minneapolis, 38 23 Pease, S., farmer, Bloomington, 3 33 Crosman, A. M., far., Minneapolis, 35 26 Palmer, A., fanner, Bloomington, 411 20 Coulter, A. J., farmer, Minneapolis, 146 32 Pepin, M., farmer, Bloomington, 80 20 Crocker, N., farmer. Shingle Creek, 210 36 Pond, E. R., farmer, Bloomington, 50 22 Capron, T. C, farmer, Osseo, 80 19 Petterson, P. M., " Bloomington, 291 30 Curtis, II., farmer, Osseo, no 17 Ryan, Wm., farmer, Richfield, 120 5 Chandler, E. H., carpt. & far.. Ray, Moses, farmer, Bloomington Ferry 40 29 Osseo, 7 Ray, Wm., farmer, Bloomington Ferry 160 30 Chipman, S. , farmer, Minneapolis, 40 35 Smith, J. E., farmer, Minneapolis, 116 1 Dexter, L. D., farmer, Minneapolis, 114 26 St. Martin, S., farmer, Bloomington, liiO 8 Dibb, Isaac, farmer, Osseo, 160 30 Slavin, Pat., farmer, Richfield, 85 6 Dexter, Z. H., farmer, Osseo, 82 30 St. Martin, E. S. " Bloomington, 160 17 Dorn, C. P., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 58 34 St. Martin, S. G., " Bloomington, 80 15 Durnam, J. M., far., Minneapolis, 142 36 St. Martin, P., farmer, Bloomington, 160 8 Durnam, G. A., far, Minneapolis, 10 36 Standish, F. G., " Bloomington, 80 16 Durnam, A. B., far., Minneapolis, 36 Stewart Thomas, " Bloomington Ferry, 55 30 Doten, T., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 160 22 Schofleld,Mrs.J.D., far. Bloomington, 275 28 Dunning, J. B., farmer, Champlin, 40 3 TOWNSHiP DIBECTOBIES. 671 P. O. A. S. Eidem, J. J., farmer, Champlin, 100 4 Ecker, Phillip, farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 120 22 Estes, J., lumberman. Shingle Creek, lots 36 rernald,C. O., farmer, Osseo, 30 6 Eelt, D. W., Shingle Creek, lots 36 rietcher,W.H.,farm'r, Brooklyn Centre, 133 33 Fletcher, W. S., " Brooklyn Centre, 5 33 Goodrich, C. W., " Champlin, 3 Goodrich, W. H., " Champlin, 66 3 Green, M. A. farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 120 20 Gould, S. J., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 50 21 Goodwin, W. H., " Brooklyn Centre, 71 28 Getchell, L. L., " Brooklyn Centre, 8 28 Green, J. B., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 39 28 Getchell, N. H., " Brooklyn Centre, 160 28 Green, A. N., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 20 Gaslin, W. H., farmer, Champlin, 50 3 Halverson, Ole, " Brooklyn Centre, 20 16 Hartkopf, C, farmer, Osseo, 200 20 Hutchinson,M. H., " Brooklyn Centre, 40 26 Hanscom, E., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 140 27 Ham, J. L., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 27 Hanscom, F. A., " Brooklyn Centre, 20 27 Harrison, C. W., " Brooklyn Centre, 100 28 Hill, T. P., farmer, Osseo, 107 29 Howe, C. R., merchant and postmaster, Brooklyn Centre, Howe, Asa, farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Hall, B. C, clergyman, Brooklyn Centre, Howe, S. C, gardener, Brooklyn Centre, Hauber, W. H., farmer, Champlin, Harrison, C. D., f'mer, Brooklyn Centre, Jenkins, N. H., f'mer, Osseo, JentscU, H., former. Shingle Creek, Johnson, R., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Johnson, J. B., farmer, Minneapolis, Johnson, Peter, f'mer, Brooklyn Centre, Kilmer, Henry, f'mer, Osseo, Knobel, M. Jr., f'mer, Osseo, Kelly. O. A., farmer, Osseo, Lane, Samuel, farmer, Champlin, Lockwood, A., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Lawrence, L., farmer. Brooklyn Centre, Locke, A. B., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Martin, J., farmer, Osseo, Merrill, Silas, farmer, Champlin, Merrill, S. W., farmer, Shingle Creek, Moses, H. M., farmer, Minneapolis, Michelsou, H., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 34 76 27 27 34 -4 2 6 100 10 80 50 11 120 23 10 25 53 31 260 9 160 5 42 17 120 3 80 26 135 28 40 29 20 6 80 10 143 11 200 22 100 22 P. O. A. S. Myers, Hugh, farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 160 29 Myers, Jacob, farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 160 29 Mickleson, A., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 31 Munson, S.D., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 43 33 Moses, T. B., farmer, Minneapolis, 30 21 Merrill, S. K., laborer, Brooklyn Centre, 9 Merrill, E. W., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 3 Normandin,L., f'mer, Osseo, 80 7 J>feddersen, F., farmer, Osseo, 240 9 Norris, R. W., farmer, Brooklyn t)entre, 34 21 Norris, E. R., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 21 Norris, J. W., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 22 JSTomandin, P., farmer, Osseo, 60 7 Northrup,F.n., " Brooklyn Centre, 52 27 Oleson, T., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 15 Overrick, P. B., " Brooklyn Centre, Pribble,S. P., gardener, Champlin, Parker, A., farmer, Champlin, Peterson, C, farmer, Champlin, Pomeroy,G.W., " Brooklyn Centre, Peterson, T., farmer, Minneapolis, 40 22 Pickens, L.C., " Minneapolis. Plummer, J. P., " Minneapolis. Potter, Isaac, farmer, Osseo, 160 30 Pineo, J. P. , carpenter, Brooklyn Centre, 3 34 Pineo, W., gardner, Brooklyn Centre, Raiche, P., farmer, Osseo, Rathbun, E. M., " Champlin, Rixon, Andrew, '' Shingle Creek, Ritenburg, Jno., " Brooklyn Centre, Stanchfield, E., farmer. Shingle Creek, Schreiber,F., farmer, Osseo, Sampson, IST., farmer, Osseo, Smith, A. J., farmer, Osseo, Smith, G. H., cont'ctor, Osseo, Schreiber, C, farmer, Osseo, Smith. H. M., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 226 Savage, G. W., farmer, Osseo. 40 15 20 3 20 3 40 5 60 9 Schrader, B. M., " Setzler, George, " Stanchfield, W., " Stucki, C, farmer, Swanson, A., " Smith, John, " Stevens, W., farmer. 4 31 40 8 120 10 132 13 80 35 100 3 240 4 75 7 150 8 160 17 240 16 226 32 100 18 40 19 80 19 80 19 80 19 80 19 Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Brooklyn Centre, 46 21 Shingle Creek, 280 24 Spafford, E., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, 40 9 Smith, John, farmer, Brooklyn Centre. 94 9 Smart, R. J., farmer, Minneapolis, 220 15 Tessman, A., farmer, Osseo. 160 17 672 mSTOEY OF HENNI^'IN C0UN2Y. p. o. Thayer, A. A., farmer, Osseo, Tomson,L.S., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Thompson, E. F., " Minneapolis, Thompson, H. S., " Brookyn Centre, Tschudy, J. J., farmer, Osseo, Weaver, Jas., farmer, Champlin, Wethern, Geo..farmer,Champlin, Wolter, C, farmer, Osseo, Wille, J., farmer, Osseo; Weishaar, M., farmer, Osseo, Warwick, P., farmer, Minneapolis, Warel, F. F., farmer, Osseo, Ward, C. H., farmer, Osseo, Weaver, Dan., farmer, Minneapolis, Williams, A. D., physician, Brooklyn Centre, Wales, W. W. Jr., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Wales, J. W., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Woodman, J. S., " Brooklyn Centre, Whitney, H. P., " Brooklyn Centre, Wyley, C, farmer, Minneapolis, Whitney, J. M., farmer ,Brooklyn Centre Welker L., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, WiUiams, J., real estate and insurance, Osseo, Wethern F., farmer, Champlin, Zimmerman, Abe., " Osseo, Zimmerman, J. H., " Osseo, Zimmerman, P., " Osseo, Zimmerman, H., " Osseo. Zimmerman, A., " Osseo, CHAMPLIN. Brander, Wm., blacksmith, Champlin. Brockway, W., stage line, Champlin. Colburn, S., farmer, Champlin, Curtis, G. W., wagon-maker, Champlin, Coleman, S. R., blacksmith, Champlin, Donnelly, T., farmer, Champlin, Depue, J. W., farm machinery, Champlin, Depue, John, farmer, Champlin, Emery Colby, farmer, Champlin, Emery, J. W., farmer, Champlin, A. s. 17 61 27 80 32 75 32 100 6 400 2 95 5 200 8 120 16 100 18 220 24 130 30 200 32 40 31 43 28 161 34 51 34 40 34 80 34 12 35 80 34 80 32 17 60 5 80 5 97 6 110 9 120 16 90 10. 100 19 19 19 40 24 19 15 19 120 31 60 32 P. o. FuUerton, Wm., carpt., Champlin, Fisher, W., farmer, Champlin, Faber, N., merchant, Champlin, FuUerton, A. J., carpt., Champlin, Gibson, Wm., laborer, Champlin, Ghostly, H., capitalist, Champlin, Goldsmith, J., wagon-maker, Champlin, Hayden, W., farmer, Champlin, Hayden, D. W., far., Champlin, Hinckley, J. B., far., Champlin, Hastings, C. E.. far., Champlin, pills, G. A.,postm'er, Champlin, Hunter, John, farmer, Champlin, Herrick, B. F., farmer,Champlin, Herrick, J. V. B., stone-mason, ChampUn. Herrick, N., carpenter.Champlin. Herbst, H., merchant, Champlin. Jenkins, J. W., far., Champlin, Kelley, Henry, farmer,Champlin, Lane, J. W., farmer, Champlin, Lane, A. P., farmer, ChampUn, Miars, G. D., farmer, Champlin, MUlholUn, Jas. and John, farmers, Champlin, Miller. O. S., insurance, Champlin, Miller. R. H., wheelw't, Champlin, Pomeroy, J. B., farmer, Champlin, Pribble, T., farmer, ChampUn, Pratt, R. M., miller, Champlin, Reeves, J. W., farmer, Champlin, Stockton, J., farmer, Champlin, Smith, R. S., farmer, ChampUn, Smith, W. W., farmer, ChampUn, Schmidt, W., farmer, Osseo, Smiley, C. W., farmer, ChampUn, Stockton, J. A., f'mer, Champlin, Shumway, J„ village lots. Trussell, J. H., farmer, Champlin, Thorndike, F., hotel, ChampUn, WUliams, N. A., f'mer, Champlin, Wethern, II. Jr., f'mer, ChampUn, Walker, E. S., farmer, Champlin, WiUiams, W.H., " Champlin, Wethern, H., r'td " Champlin, Zopfi, F., farmer, Champlin, Zopfi, Matt., farmer, Osseo, A. S. 31 lOJ 24 80 19 19 19 19 80 19 177 24 20 24 110 30 175 31 19 30 80 33 19 80 25 40 33 40 30 80 26 186 33 40 19 80 19 80 30 31 40 31 118 24 131 29 134 29 120 36 19 34 45 24 179 25 19 40 29 55 33 120 32 80 32 30 19 214 25 120 36 TOWNSHIP BIBECTOBIES. 673 CORCORAN. P. O. Corcoran, Corcoran, Osseo, Hanover, Hanover, Hanover, AUair, J., farmer, Adcock, Kobt., farmer, Bennett, Wm., farmer, Barretti P., farmer, Barry, MatthevF, farmer. Bush, John, farmer. Brown, Fred, farmer, Osseo, Bingenheimer, J., farmer, Osseo, Burke, P., farmer, Corcoran, Barry, Michael, farmer, Corcoran, Bolduc, P., farmer, Dupont, Bolduc, M., farmer, Dupont, Boldean, J., farmer, Dupont, Boucher, O., farmer, Corcoran, Boyou, J., farmer, Dupont, Boldie, John, farmer, Dupont, Barbeau, J., farmer, Dupont, Bukosky, J., farmer, Dupont, Corcoran, P. B., farmer, Corcoran, Cassy, AVm., farmer, Corcoran, Carpentier, P., farmer, Corcoran, Corcoran, Thomas, former, Corcoran, Carpenter, Chas., farmer, Corcoran, Carpenter, A., farmer, Corcoran, Cassy, P., farmer, Dupont, Case, L., farmer, Dupont, Case, H. H., farmer, Dupont, Corcoran, Wm., farmer, Corcoran, Cain, if. N., farmer, Corcoran, Cook, Eobt., farmer, Corcoran, Case, Alvin, farmer, Dupont, Daily, T., farmer, Corcoran, Dellis, Martin, farmer, Corcoran, Daily Patrick, farmer, Corcoran, Duf our, M., farmer, Corcoran, Dayton, G., farmer, Dupont, Dupont, Joseph, farmer, Dupont, Degardins, J., farmer, Dupont, Daniel, Dennis, farmer, Corcoran, Dupont, 8. E., farmer, Dupont, Dupont. A., farmer, Dupont. Dorman, L. H., farmer, Dupont, Ditzler, W., farmer, Lenz, Dailey, Pat., farmer, Corcoran, Doimelly, P., farmer, Corcoran, Esterle, Godfrey, farmer, Osseo, Eagan, John, farmer, Corcoran, Eagan, D., farmer, Corcoran, 43 A. s. 7 21 80 24 120 3 80 5 240 6 120 6 80 12 80 12 200 14 160 15 102 18 80 20 70 21 80 37 60 29 85 29 80 31 40 19 640 23 160 15 118 21 269 26 86 27 80 27 80 30 40 30 80 31 240 23 160 14 121 4 80 30 160 2 120 7 160 9 40 33 59 18 240 19 130 26 80 26 57 31 57 31 160 32 80 33 160 9 120 36 80 1 240 11 60 15 Eagan, E., farmer, Fehan, John, farmer, Fisher, P., farmer, Ferrians, J. J., farmer, Ferrians, J. Jr., farmer, Finn, M., farmer, Fitzpatrick, D., farmer, Fehan, Conrad, farmer, Foran, Mary, farmer, Fitzpatrick, John, farmer. Fox, Mary, fa,rmer. Fox, Patrick, farmer, Gaurs, John, farmer, Goven, Stephen, farmer, Grosnick, M., farmer, Gague, George, farmer. Gold worthy, J., farmer, Gorham, S., farmer, Gardner, J., farmer, Gague, Jas., farmer, Heebner, John, farmer, Hogan, John, farmer. Huot, E., merchant, Hustert, Theo., farmer, Hatckler, Dan., farmer. Hoag, Aaron, farmer. Jubert, A., farmer, Kennedy, John, farmer, Kottka, G., farmer, Kluck, J. A., farmer, Keizer, Samuel, farmer, Keran, Hugh, farmer, Keian, O., farmer, Kearns, M., farther, Kalk, Michael, farmer, Lange, M., farmer, Lafrie, A., farmer. Lacrosse, A., farmer, Lacount, A., farmer. Lynch, Patrick, farmer, Meagher, Margaret, farmer, Meagher, Mary, farmer, Molan, Daniel, farmer. May, Joseph Jr., farmer, McDonell, John, farmer, Molan, Mary, farmer, Molan, John, farmer, McKewan, N., farmer, Moran, Joseph, farmer, p. 0. A. s. Corcoran, 80 15 Corcoran, 160 26 Corcoran, 40 2 Corcoran, 100 7 Corcoran, 60 7 Corcoran, 157 17 Corcoran, 160 35 Osseo, 40 3 Corcoran, 160 14 Corcoran, 80 25 Corcoran, 140 4 Corcoran, 80 4 Corcoran, 120 16 Dupont, 160 19 Dupont, 80 21 Corcoran, 118 27 Corcoran, 80 33 Corcoran, 100 34 Corcoran, 169 19 Corcoran, 80 28 Osseo, 80 3 Corcoran, 160 8 Corcoran, 43 21 Dupont, 80 30 Osseo, 80 2 Hasson, 560 19 Dupont, 98 32 Hanover. 200 5 Hanover, 162 6 Dupont, 160 18 Dupont, 40 21 Corcoran, 160 26 Corcoran, 160 34 Corcoran, 80 34 Corcoran, 50 8 Corcoran, 159 7 Dupont, 40 19 Dupont, 40 22 Dupont, 80 34 Corcoran, 280 36 Corcoran, 80 4 Corcoran, 79 4 Corcoran, 80 5 Corcoran, 120 6 Corcoran, 155 10 Corcoran, 160 14 Corcoran, 190 14 Corcoran, 80 27 Corcoran, 160 27 674 HISTOBT OF HENl^EPm COUNTY. p. o. Moses, Albert, farmer, Dupont, Moran, P., farmer, Corcoran, Meagher, Alice, farmer, Corcoran, May, John, farmer, Corcoran, Newman, C. farmer, Osseo, Noonan, D. farmer, Corcoran, O'Brien, W., farmer, Corcoran, Oswald, George, farmer, Osseo, Oswald Jacob, farmer, Osseo, Oswald, George Jr., farmer, Osseo, O'Laughlin, Pat. farmer, Diipont, Offling, Nic. farmer, • Lenz, Oswald, Charles, farmer, Osseo, Prebe, August, farmer, Corcoran, Pomerleau, J., farmer, Corcoran, Pontiot, K., farmer, Dupont, Patnode, M. Jr., farmer, Corcoran, Patnode,. Peter, farmer, Corcoran, Petit, M., farmer, Dupont, Pontiot, I., farmer, Dupont, Potvin, Joseph, farmer, Corcoran, Peters, Wm., farmer, Corcoran, Eahell John, farmer, Corcoran, Biley, John, farmer, Corcoran, Eeinking, Fred., farmer, Osseo, Kaymond, Peter, farmer Dupont, Eyan, John, farmer, Corcoran, Eyan, Ellen, farmer, Corcoran, Eanking, C, farmer, Osseo, Eice, John, farmer, Corcoran, Eelke, Carle, farmer, Corcoran, Sullivan, John, farmer, Osseo, Splittstopher, P., farmer, Corcoran, Sexton, C, farmer, Corcoran, Stelter, G., farmer, Corcoran, Smith, L„ farmer, Osseo, Schulte, H., farmer, Osseo, Schuette, F. C, farmer, Osseo, Splittstopher, D., farmer, Corcoran, Saurson, J., farmer, Corcoran, Saurson, E., farmer, Corcoran, Strehter, Charles, farmer, Dupont, Schendle, Chris., farmer, Dupont, Smith, E. W., farmer, Corcoran, Scott, D., farmer, Corcoran, Scott, J. Jr., farmer, Dupont, Smith, L., farmer., Osseo, Shober, J. S., farmer, ^ Osseo, Short, Mary, farmer, Corcoran, A. s. 70 31 80 33 240 11 80 16 80 2 80 25 81 4 80 12 160 10 160 10 80 30 120 32 80 12 80 18 80 20 80 21 77 21 166 22 200 30 59 31 160 31 160 36 80 3 160 8 320 13 80 20 80 23 80 23 80 24 80 25 50 8 106 1 160 7 40 9 80 12 80 12 150 13 160 13 40 16 80 17 80 17 80 18 160 20 160 25 126 29 52 29 80 12 120 1 160 29 Unke, Carl, farmer, Weber, Jacob, farmer, Wardick, John,farmer, Williams T., farmer, Wier, Susanna, " Weinand, P., farmer, Westphal, A., farmer. Weir, M., farmer, Weber, C, farmer, Webb, F., farmer, Welk, W., farmer, Wetnetz, L., farmer, Weise. Chas., farmer, Weinard, Mat., farmer, Weber, John, farmer. p. 0. Osseo, Osseo, Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Dupont, Corcoran Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Corcoran, Osseo, CBYSTAL LAKE. Ackerman,B., farmer, Minneapolis, Brown, W., farmer. Shingle Creek, Bartlett,M. &L.L.,frs,Minneapolis, Baumgartner, F. S., fr..Minneapolis, Bauer, Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, Behmen, M., fa.-mer, Minneapolis, Bohanon, J. C. , farmer. Shingle Creek, Brimhall, G. S.,f'rmer, Minneapolis, Bohanon, C. H., f'mer. Shingle Creek, Boughton,!!. H., mil'r. Shingle Creek, Baker, J., farmer, Minneapolis, Baker, M., farmer, Minneapolis, Balch, D. S., farmer Minneapolis, Burgess, C, farmer, Minneapolis, Buck, H., lumberman, Minneapolis, 17 Brookins, G. W., far., Minneapolis, Culpitt, S., farmer, Minneapolis, Crandall. D., farmer, Minneapolis, Cooper, S. J., farmer, Minneapolis, Campbell, W.,merch't, Shingle Creek, Clark, A. T., farmer. Minneapolis, Dutton,Josiah, farmer, Crystal Lake, Downs, Luther, farmer, Minneapolis, Dow, J. W. , farmer. Shingle Creek, Donaldson, J. II., far., Minneapolis, Ellsworth, D., farmer. Shingle Creek, Furey, Thomas, far., Minneapolis, Farnham, E., farmer, Shingle Creek, Farnham, H. M. , far. , Shingle Creek. Foegan, Anna, farmer, Minneapolis, Giebenhain,G., farmer, Minneapolis, Gibbs, L. W., farmer, Minneapolis A. s. 80 11 160 1 160 5 160 9 120 17 80 17 120 17 80 18 80 18 80 5 160 33 40 36 40 16 140 7 80 1 120 7 80 1 79 5 100 7 38 7 115 8 102 4 290 6 25 4 3 80 18 38 18 lots, 9 lots. 9 lots, 10 78 2 40 5 80 6 40 16 2 4 80 9 119 5 82 6 171 5 13 4 64 12 80 10 106 4 20 4 140 17 270 4 30 6 TOWNSHIP BIBEGTORIES. 675 P. O. Griswold, A. A., far. Minneapolis, Gearty, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Gates, S., farmer, Minneapolis, Gibbs, D. L., farmer, Minneapolis, Gillespie, Jas., farmer, Shingle Creek, G(]etze,Eudolph, " Shingle Creek, Gillespie, Z., farmer, Shingle Creek, Hommes, B. , farmer, Minneapolis, Hopper ,M. D., gardn'r. Shingle Creek, Hopper, S. D., " Shingle Creek, Holway, F. L., farmer, Shingle Creek, Hynes, P., farmer, Shingle Creek, Hasty, E. H., brick y'd. Shingle Creek, .Hooper, Jno., gard'n'r, Minneapolis, Harvey, K. E.,- Shingle Creek, Howland, D., farmer, Minneapolis, Hopper, M. E.,gardnr, Shingle Creek, Jones, D. W., farmer, Minneapolis, Johnson, J. B., farmer, Minneapolis, Johnson, W. H., " Minneapolis,. Kuch, Phillip, farmer, Minneapolis, Kranz, P., farmer, Minneapolis, Kirkwood, T., farmer, Minneapolis, Knight, Wm., farmer, Shingle Creek, Knight, J., farmer, Shingle Creek, Kesler, J., gardener, Minneapolis, Kees, Jacob, farmer; Minneapolis, Kirkwood, E. T., " Minneapolis, Lane, H. P., farmer, Shingle Creek, Libby, Pred., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Lane, P. S., farmer, Minneapolis, Merritt, Gilbert, " MinneapoUs, McCausland,E., " Minneapolis, McKnight,W.G. " Minneapolis, McCausland,C.P." Minneapolis, Martin, Pat., farmer, Shingle Creek, Morrison, S. D., brick yard, Shingle Creek, Medcalf ,'W.E., gardner,Shingle Creek, Murch, M., farmer. Shingle Creek, Morgan, "W., miller. Shingle Creek, Morgan,T., blacksmith, Shingle Creek, Mooney, Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, Miller. John, farmer, Minneapolis, Malbon, D. E., " MinneapoUs, Malbon, J. S., farmer, Minneapolis, Martin, Pat., farmer, Minneapolis, Mosher, D., gaxdner, Brooklyn Centre, s. A, 62 5 200 7 160 8 80 6 80 12 4 3 108 12 50 8 16 11 19 11 48 11 21 11 29 12 74 4 67 4 160 19 16 11 71 9 150 21 120 17 200 8 120 17 80 9 66 10 14 10 60 12 120 20 80 40 20 40 300 160 72 9 2 2 2 5 5 21 9 136 10 43 12 15 12 25 3 24 15 60 50 100 15 136 10 119 3 P. O. Morrison, Prancis, lumberman, Minneapolis, Nash, J. E., dairyman, Minneapolis, Nelson, M., hotel, Minneapolis, Oleson, John, farmer. Shingle Creek, Ohmen,N., farmer, Minneapolis, Oswald, H., miller. Shingle Creek, Perkins, Nancy, Shinge Creek, Parker, Alfred, farmer, Shingle Creek, Parker, E. P. farmer. Shingle Creek, Palmer, E., farmer, Minneapolis, Perkins, E. A., butch'r, Minneapolis, Phipps, Thos., farmer, Brooklyn Centre, Partridge, T., . Shingle Creek, Eeidhead, P.W., f 'mer, Minneapolis, Eeichert, Chas., f'mer, Minneapolis, Eeichert, M., farmer, Minneapolis, Einensburg, E.,t'mer, Minneapolis, Eyan, Michael, f'mer. Shingle Creek, Eoskop, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Eoggerman,L., f'mer, Minneapolis, Both, LaSalle, farmer, MinneapoUs, Euss, J. B., farmer; MinneapoUs, Eeeves, V., gardener, Minneapolis, SchuUer, John, farmer, MinneapoUs, Schaffer, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Swanson, C, farmer, Shingle Creek, Sanborn, C. H., f'mer, Minneapolis, Sanborn, J. A., f'mer, Minneapolis, Shoop, A. D., Shingle Creek, Shumway, J. P., f'mer, MinneapoUs, Stillman, H.E., f'mer, Minneapolis, Smith, H. K., farmer, Minneapolis, SchuUer, Peter, f'mer, MinneapoUs, Spurzem, Peter, f'mer, Miimeapolis, Smith, AUce, farmer, Minneapolis, Taylor, B., farmer, MinneapoUs, Tombers, N., farmer, MinneapoUs, Thaxter, B. E. J., carpenter, Minneapolis, Turner, H. G., lumberman, Minneapolis, Taylor, A. B., farmer, MinneapoUs, Wentworth, E. S.,far'r, Minneapolis, White, J. H., farmer, MinneapoUs, Wolf, A., hotel, Minneapolis, Wagner, L., farmer, MinneapoUs, Witt, C, stock dealer, Minneapolis, WaUs, G., mechanic, Minneapolis, A. S. 40 10 40 5 23 7 100 11 140 20 17 3 93 1 110 6 110 6 120 6 5 10 30 2 10 12 80 1 80 7 40 18 90 9 120 10 80 18 120 19 83 21 8 5 11 10 102 7 160 9 15 2 108 5 60 15 11 70 6 105 16 80 17 240 18 80 20 121 7 40 2 40 18 10 14 lots 9 56 1 145 3 40 5 5 6 163 9 9 10 6 10 676 IIISTOBY OF ESNKEPIN COUNTY. Younker, C. farmer, Zirbes, W., farmer, p. o. Minneapolis, Minneapolis, DAYTON. Bourgeois, J., farmer, Dayton, Boulee, M., farmer, Dayton, Blondeau, S., farmer, Dayton, Baxter, John, farmer, Dayton, Boulee, Isidore, " Dayton, Blesi, F., farmer, Champlin, Boudette, E., farmer, Osseo, Bibeault, L., farmer, Osseo, Bourque, J., farmer, Champlin, Bistedeau,L.,physician,Dayton, Bolduc, P., farmer, Osseo; Blesi, John, farmer, Champlin, Bleis, Peter, farmer, Champlin, Brier J., blacksmith, Champlin, Brimmer, W. D., merchant, Dayton, Bowers, Mrs. Nicholas, farmer, Dayton, Bold, P. I., farmer, Champlin, Bowers, John, laborer, Dayton, Caron, C, farmer, Dayton, Chase, D., farmer. Maple Grove, Cloutier, A., farmer, Dayton, Clark, Patrick, tenant, Dayton, Caron, Elois, farmer, Dayton, Cardinal, Jos., farmer. Maple Grove, Babcock, Mrs. Wm., farmer. Maple Grove, Durand, P., farmer, Dayton, Dahlheimer, H., " Dayton, Dahlheimer, J., " Dayton, Dehn, Val., farmer Dayton, Downs, J. Mrs., farm'r, Champlin, Dahms, A., farmer, Champlin, Dunn, John, farmer, Champlin, Donnelly, P. , farmer, Anoka, Dehn, Frank, farmer, Dayton, Dubey, M., farmer, Osseo, Dejarlais, E., farmer, Osseo, Dejarlais, J., farmer, Osseo, Dejarlais, John, " Maple Grove, Dejarlais, G., farmer. Maple Grove, Dugas, C. P., carpenter, Dayton. Dahlheimer, J., farmer, Dayton, A. s. 80 19 127 4 161 9 133 9 124 9 149 7 140 6 116 26 46 30 97 29 20 20 27 6 40 28 152 27 116 26 Village lots Village lots 280 20 160 11 Village lots 80 10 160 31 108 10 21 Village lots 138 30 70 35 88 8 453 17 40 16 234 10 80 16 80 23 110 22 160 21 160 20 67 29 40 28 80 27 80 32 80 31-2 Village lots. 46 16 P. o. Engel, N., shoemaker, Dayton. Evans, E., postmaster and farmer. Maple Grove, Guimont, C, farmer, Dayton, Guimont, E., farmer, Dayton, Guimont, A., farmer, Dayton, Guimont, P., farmer, Dayton, Godin, Paul, farmer, Dayton, Gamache, P., farmer, Dayton, Genereux, A., farmer, Champlin, Greenwood, E., " Maple Grove, Greenwald, P., " Maple Grove, Guimont, L., farmer, Dayton, Gelinas, A., farmer, Osseo, Gervais, I., farmer, Osseo, Gervais, B., farmer. Maple Grove, Guia, L., lime burner, Dayton, Gay, William, farmer, Champlin, Genereux, A., farmer, Champlin, Hurlbut, and Son, millers, Dayton. Hunt, .Timothy, Jr., farmer, Champlin, Hunt, Kobt., farmer, Champlin, Hoslie, Martin, farmer, Champlin, Hunt, Patrick, farmer, Champlin, Hunt, Timothy, Sr., farmer, Champlin, JuUlett, Julian, farmer, Dayton, Johnson, J. W., farmer, Champlin, Kimball, A. C, farmer, Dayton, Kruger, John, farmer, Champlin, Kimball,Mrs. M. S., " Dayton, Kimball, A. S., " Dayton, LaCroix, Jules, farmer, Dayton, Lehn, Mathias, farmer, Dayton, Lehn, Mrs. E., farmer, Champlin, Lyman, Thos., farmer, Champlin, Lavallee, W., farmer. Maple Grove, Lavallee, Dan., farmer, Osseo, Lavallee, Peter,farmer, Osseo, Lassard, Leander, " Champlin, Leger, TI., farmer and carpenter, Champlin, Lavallee, Benj., farmer, Dayton, Labiasonier, G., " Maple Grove, Laflin, P. G., farmer. Maple Grove, Lewis, A., laborer, Dayton, Lavalle, D., farmer. 33 31 140 9 80 102 214 146 72 80 21 110 30 40 31 70 5 76 29 80 33 41 31 vil. lots 80 15 80 21 80 22 80 22 80 26 44 23 36 23 80 7 279 14 61 4 80 35 92 7 77 7 170 8 417 20 40 15 80 22 43 30 100 29 80 29 80 28 ,80 27 40 5 40 33 160 32 village lots. 72 29 TOWNSHIP niEECTOBIES. 677 P. 0, A. s. Lewis, Geo., laborer, Dayton, village lots. Lassard, Louis, farmer, Osseo, 80 34 Mayer, Chas., teaclier, Dayton. McNeill, Neil, farmer, Dayton, 149 6 Morin, G. E., farmer, Dayton, 90 6 Moore, Thos., farmer, Champlin, 120 16 Murphy, John, farmer, Champlin, 120 22 Maney, J., farmer, Champlin, 80 21 Morrisette, G., farmer, Osseo, 94 30 Martin, H., farmer, Osseo, 40 83 Mclntire, D., farmer, Champlin, 160 27 McLean, W., teamster, Dayton, vil. lots Nolan, M., farmer, Champlin, 150 11 Normandin,N., farmer. Maple Grove, 52 32 Normandin, Leon, •' Osseo, 80 28 Plant, C, farmer, Dayton, 80 8 Perreault, J., farmer, Dayton, 53 7 Paul, N., Osseo, 57 29 Paul, Joseph, farmer, Osseo, 40 27 Paul, Charles, farmer, Champlin, 79 26 Powers, Thos., farmer, Champlin, 253 34 Plant, L. , farmer, Maple Grove, 40 31 Putrean, Wm., farmer, Dayton, 40 5 Pelese, Peter, farmer, Champlin, 116 26 Perreusse,Jos., " Osseo, 80 28 Richards, J. O., " Dayton, 21 18 Richardson, W., " Champlin, 86 14 Raridon, J., farmer, Champlin, 80 22 Roe, A. J., farmer, Champlin, 240 34 Robinson, E. H., merchant. Dayton. Sharver, S. farmer, Dayton, 60 17 Sherver, V. farmer, Dayton, 80 16 Strottner, A. farmer, Champlin, 40 21 Stahlberg, Chas. " Champlin, 40 27 Stahlberg, Chris. " Champlin, 80 27 Smith, H. farmer, Champlin, 40 35 Schermerhom, R. cooper. Dayton, vil. lots Slater, Geo. hotel, Dayton, vil. lots Simpson, N. farmer, Osseo, 120 33 Tavlor, M. F. farmer, Champlin, 240 16 Twombley, A. Jr. " Osseo, 106 19 Twombley, A. farmer, Osseo, 80 33 Vernaulk, R. farmer, Dayton, 20 9 Verbonnier, E. f'mer, Osseo, 40 28 Vasser, Jos. butcher, Dayton, vil. lots Venette, D. butcher, Dayton, vil. ots Wellman, J. B. f'mer, Dayton, 96 18 P. o. White, August, f'mer, Champlin, Wild, Samuel, farmer; Osseo, EDEN PRAIRIE. Anderson, James, far., Eden Prairie, Anderson, Wm. far., Eden Prairie, Anderson, Arch. far. Eden Prairie, Anderson, Robert, far. Eden Prairie, Anderson, Samuel, far. Eden Prairie, Anderson, J. H. far. Washburn, Bryant, William, far. Minneapolis, Boyington, Ira, far. Washburn, Brum, Wm. farmer, Eden Prairie, Bahne, Joseph, miller, Eden Prairie, Brown, G. H. farmer, Eden Prairie, Brown, Nathaniel, far. Eden Prairie, Brown, J. A. farmer, Eden Prairie, Brewis, R. farmer, Eden Prairie, Cavanaugh, J, farmer, Shakopee, ColUns, Wm. farmer, Washburn, ComweU, George, far. Clay, M. J. farmer, Clark, James, farmer, Cummins, J. R. far. Clark, James, Sr. far. Eden Prairie, Donlon, John, farmer, Washburn, Delashaw, J. farmer, Washburn, Erederichs, J. W. far. Frank, S. farmer, Feldmann, F. farmer, Furgason, A. farmer. Gamble, James, far. Gould, Aaron, farmer, Washbiu:n, Goodrich, J. C. far. Eden Prairie, Geisler, Frank, farmer, Washburn, Gibbs, G. N. farmer, Washburn, Glenn, A. farmer, Holasek Jos. farmer, Ilulbert, W. F. " Hill, John, farmer, Hankins, G. V. " Hankins, A. B. " Jarrett, W. J. farmer, Washburn, Kuchera, J. F. farmer, Washburn, Kurtz, Anton, farmer, Washburn Klinglehoats, T. " Wasliburn, Kruger, A. farmer, Washburn, Kempton, G. E. " Washburn, Kopetzy, Jos. farmer, Hopkins, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, Washburn, Washburn, Washburn, Shakopee, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, Hopkins, Washburn, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, Eden Prairie, A. S. 50 27 95 35 687 14 187 14 230 14 195 24 80 36 78 16 139J 1 40 15 160 22 10 200 26 106J 27 163 35 24 152 19 80 21 150 24 80 25 160 25 320 27 40 36 80 100 228 40 18 216 30 40 32 160 14 220 20 160 28 142 30 40 20 80 25 382 2 200 8 133 36 40 23 23 320 8 135 4 160 4 80 18 60 29 40 29 40 1 678 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. p. 0. Kopetzki, John,farmer, Hopkins, Kuchera, Jos. farmer, Washburn, Kuchera, J. Jr. " Washburn, Luzen, Wm. farmer, Washburn, Lapour, J. farmer, Hopkins, Lucas, John, farmer, Washburn, Lowell, H. E. " Washburn, LaEivier, F. farmer Eden Prairie, Leigh, G. T. farmer, Eden Prairie, Mergens, J. B. farmer, Washburn, Momm, C. farmer. Excelsior, Moran, John, farmer, Washburn, Mitchell, A. W., " Washburn, Mitchell, S., farmer, Washburn, Miller, Fred, farmer, Washburn, Moran, G., farmer, Washburn, Mason, J., farmer, Washburn, Marley, John, farmer, Eden Prairie, McCoy, Wm., farmer, Eden Prairie, Mitchell, Alex, farmer, Washburn, Neill, Aaron, farmer, Eden Prairie, Ohm, M., L. & T., " Washburn, Osterfeld, Ben. farmer, Eden Prairie, Picha, John, farmer, Washburn, Picha, Joe, farmer, Washburn, Plihal, y., farmer, Washburn, Paine, W. B., farmer, Washburn, Paine, John A. , farmer, Washburn, Paine, Ezra, farmer, Eden Prairie, Picha, John, farmer, Washburn, Eankin, J., farmer, Washburn, Riley, Matt, farmer, Shakopee, Riley, Ann, farmer, Shakopee, Raguet, W. H., farmer, Washburn, Rymer, J., farmer, Washburn, Reichard, D., farmer, Shakopee, Ritchie, P. F., farmer, Eden Prairie, Reimer, Henry, " Shakopee, Rivers, Frank, farmer, Eden Prairie, Schmeidel, J. farmer, Washburn, Staring, J. H. farmer. Excelsior, Stacy, W. H. farmer, Washburn, Steenson, W. farmer, Eden Prairie, Steenson, S. farmer, Eden Prairie, Staring, J. farmer, Washburn, Stewart, John, farmer, Eden Prairie, Stewart, B. farmer, Eden Prairie, Seiler, J. G. farmer, Washburn, Smith, S. farmer, Washburn, A. S. 20 1 214 5 80 7 120 8 160 12 120 16 100 20 348 21 360 85 83 6 194 6 80 7 240 15 70 17 184 17 158 18 134 18 80 21 155 22 120 20 243 23 180 6 160 30 50 5 50 5 80 6 200 16 147 22 22 80 7 160 17 320 19 100 19 243 21 40 29 63 80 548 34 60 29 349 21 172 3 80 7 240 9 200 15 102 25 180 28 40 36 27 80 6 160 17 P. O. A. S. Staring, M. S. farmer, Washburn, 40 30 Tuckey, E. A. farmer, Eden Prairie, 175 26-7 Tuckey, Henry, " Eden Prairie, 90 26 Tirrell, C. B. farmer, Eden Prairie, 300 28 Wolf , Jacob, farmer, Eden Prairie, 120 26 EXCELSIOR. Austin, L. A. farmer. Excelsior, 18 24 Apgar, A. E. farmer, Excelsior, 90 83 Avery, G. W. boat builder, Excelsior, 30 Bingham, A. M. farmer, Excelsior, 70 23 Bennett, E. L. farmer, Excelsior, 30 26 Bickford, A. boat builder, Excelsior. Bost, T. farmer. Excelsior, 60 33 Babcock, E. A. farmer. Excelsior, 120 82 Beeman, E. P. farmer. Excelsior, 140 34 Bonjour, A. nurseryman, Excelsior, 16 35 Bennett, M. F. blacksmith and wagon-maker. Excelsior. Beers, H.H., U.S. mail agt. Excelsior. Burch, H. D. teacher. Excelsior, 10 84 Bickford, Mrs. E. farming. Excelsior, 32 26 Cordell, Simon, farmer. Excelsior, 172 36 Connor, D. hotel, Excelsior. Clark, J. H. merchant. Excelsior. Carson, E. retired, • Excelsior. Day, G. E. farmer. Excelsior, 40 88 DeGroodt, P. S. proprietor DeGroodt House, Excelsior. Dennis, O. H. mason. Excelsior, 26 Dittfach, F. miller. Excelsior. Elwood, John, farmer. Excelsior, 80 38 Eddy, H. R. farmer. Excelsior, 160 82 Empmger, F. J. farmer. Excelsior, 85 Ferguson, Wm. H. farmer. Excelsior, 146 28 Fitch, G. Engineer, Excelsior. Gribson, Charles, retired, Wayzata, 181 13 Good, R. farmer. Excelsior, 80 25 Giffin, R. I. farmer. Excelsior, 17 34 Gideon, P. M. fruit grower. Excelsior, 150 28 (iifford, E. D. farmer. Excelsior, 80 32 (Jifford, J. S. fai-mer. Excelsior, 50 31 Gould, F. G. nurseryman. Excelsior, 20 Gates, O. S. boat and livery, Excelsior. Godley, P. G. merchant, Excelsior. Gates and Dunlap, boats, Excelsior. Hilton, L. C. boat caulker, Excelsior, 95 21 Harney, Wm. farmer. Excelsior, 80 25 Hathaway, D. farmer. Excelsior, 87 28 TOWNSHIP DIBECTOBmS. 679 P. O. Hazleton, T. L. farmer, Excelsior, Howard, Silas, farmer, Excelsior, Howard, Simeon, farmer, Excelsior, Hoiby, A. blacksmith and wagon maker. Excelsior. Hay, Aug. meat market, Excelsior. Hunt, D. C. retired, Excelsior. Hempfer, C. shoe shop. Excelsior. Harrison, J. J. blacksmith. Excelsior. Harrison,l farmer, Beal, Jacob, farmer, Berry, Albert, farmer, Bryant, Jacob, farmer, Burnett, E. D. farmer, Briley, W. blacksmith, Baker, H. farmer. Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Rockford, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Delano, Rockford, Delano, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Delano, Maple Plain, Delano, Delano, Maple Plain, Maple Plain. Maple Plain, 80 4 80 4 80 4 80 9 80 22 40 36 80 4 40 6 160 8 160 10 150 11 67 19 40 29 75 19 164 31 214 23 40 24 682 HTSTOBY OF MENNEPW COUNTY. p. o. Bradford, E. J. farmer, Maple Plain, Bradford, L. E. farmer. Maple Plain, Budd, W. W. farmer. Maple Plain, Budd, H. C. farmer. Maple Plain, Batdorf, B. farmer. Maple Plain, Brandon, E. farmer. Maple Plain, Brandon, J. D. farmer. Maple Plain, Brown, Geo. farmer. Maple Plain, Berg, Peter, farmer, Maple Plain, Bergstrom, John, farmer. Maple Plain, Bradford, G. W. farmer. Maple Plain, Chapman, Cyrus, farmer, , Rockford, Carleton, C. R. farmer, Delano, Cleveland, W. M. hotel. Maple Plain, Cleveland, 8. H. hotel. Maple Plain, Chapman, J. Z. farmer. Maple Plain, Copeland, A. farmer. Maple Plain, Cox, David, farmer. Maple Plain, Copeland, L. farmer, Delano, eleven, J. farmer, Delano, Coffin, E. 8. farmer, Maple Plain, Coffin, A. farmer. Maple Plain, Coffin, Frank 8. farmer, Maple Plain, Dickey, H. C. carriage-m'r. Maple Plain. Dunn, Wm. farmer. Maple Plain, Drake, Benjamin, merch't. Maple Plain. Durfee, Paul, farmer, Delano, Duggan, Thomas, farmer. Maple Plain, Erickson, C. A. farmer, Delano, Erickson, M. farmer, Delano, Erickson, A. farmer. Maple Plain, Elliott, Geo., farmer, Rockford, Fassett, O. R. farmer, Rockford, Fogleman, H. farmer. Maple Plain, Freeman, D. H. farmer, Delano, Fogleman, W. farmer, Maple Plain, Guberson, W. W. farmer, Delano, Gasper, Thomas, farmer, Rockford, Getten, M. farmer, Delano, Hall, A. H. farmer, Rockford, Hackebeil, Gustav, farmer, Delano, Hall, B. H. farmer, Rockford. Hutchinson, J. farmer. Maple Plain. Hoisington, E. M. farmer. Maple Plain, Hitsman, William, farmer, Maple Plain, Histed, J. farmer, Maple Plain, Hitsman, T., farmer, Maple Plain, Hardy, W. farmer, Delano, Harrington, H. farmer, Maple Plain, A. 8. 50 34 150 34 180 26 93 25 120 26 80 30 120 27 40 32 60 27 40 28 160 33 80 5 360 9 vil. lots. 41 23 60 25 60 25 80 26 274 29 160 17 80 33 80 33 120 33 160 18 60 30 40 10 26 7 80 18 80 18 43 2 16 3 40 10 40 18 40 25 72 7 82 11 80 80 124 8 72 7 80 15 80 21 160 20 80 21 40 21 72 32 80 160 152 1-2 84 81 80 89 54 80 73 30 Hoisington, Geo. farmer, Haistad, And. farmer, Hillstrom, John, farmer, Hitsman, W. A. farmer, Ingerson, C. W. farmer, Jacobs, M. est. Johnson, J. C. farmer, Jackson, Henry,'farmer, Joyce, H. farmer, Klars, Joseph, farmer, Klapprich, F. farmer, Kingsley, D. farmer, Lock, John, farmer, Lindberg, A. farmer, McKee, A. farmer, Miessen, Peter, farmer. Manning, W. farmer, McGarry, John, farmer, Mills, R. M. farmer, Moore, N. Mrs. farmer, Mills, W. M. farmer, Michaels, D. farmer, Moline, J.andN. J. farmers. Maple Plain, 160 Mercer M. C. physician. Maple Plain. Murry, R. farmer. Maple Plain, 280 Moore, 8amuel, farmer, Maple Plain, 50 McDonald, J. C. farmer, Maple Plain, 80 Nelson, Ole. farmer. Maple Plain, 120 Nutz, J. farmer. Maple Plain, 20 Nelson, Swan, farmer, Maple Plain, 40 Oleson, Peter, farmer. Maple Plain, 40 O'Melea, John, farmer, Delano, 57 O'Leary, C. W. farmer, Delano, 106 Oleson, A. farmer. Maple Plain, 20 Peterson, Ole, farmer Delano, 40 Peterson, Andrew, farmer, JSlaple Plain, 80 Peterson, Albert, farmer. Maple Plain, 40 Pagenkofl, J. farmer. Maple Plain, 70 Pickard Dave, Hotel, Maple Plain, Vil. lots Reifenberger, Jno. farmer. Maple Plain, 8 2 Ryan, J. P. farmer. Maple Plain, 106 Rahel, Lorentz, farmer. Maple Plain, 140 p. O. A. Maple Plain, 160 Maple Plain, 40 Maple Plain, 80 Delano, 80 Maple Plain, 60 Rockford, 120 Maple Plain, 170 Maple Plain, 151 Maple Plain, 40 Rockford, 209 Rockford, Delano, Maplfe Plain, Delano, Rockford Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Maple Plain' 120 Delano, 20 35 36 25 21 24 3 26 35 15 1 3 5 4 12 14 15 22 25 27 32 36 27 25 28 11 22 36 7 8 18 32 7 27 36 15 24 22 30 31 31 Rader, John, farmer, Delano, 160 Rader, Nancy, farmer, Delano, 80 Rader, W. farmer, Delano, 226 Richards, A. mail carrier, Delano, village lots. Sutherland, Mrs. S. J. farmer. Maple Plain, 80 10 Sutherland, W. H. farmer, Maple Plain, 25 TOWNSHIP BlItEGT0BIE8. 683 0. A. s. Delano, 13 16 Maple Plain, 160 21 Maple Plain, 107 22 Maple Plain, 78 26 Maple Plain, 20 27 Maple Plain, 210 34 Maple Plain, 40 27 Delano, 80 16 Maple Plain, 34 16 Maple Plain, viPg lots Stortroen, O. farmer, Soley, Peter, farmer, Styner, Joshua, farmer, Styner, Daniel, farmer, Shrewsbury, Mrs. J. Stinson, J. K. farmer, Shrewsbury, F. farmer. Strand, Charles, farmer, SettlerE. S. farmer, Smith, G. W. postmaster, Sutherland, M. V. B. farmer. Maple Plain, 80 10 Terwell, George, farmer, Delano, 160 17 Tautges, A. farmer, Rockford, 80 12 Tautges, Peter, farmer, Rockford, 80 11 Vannetten, Chas. section man. Maple Plain, vil'g lots Weindenback, A. farmer, Rockford, 120 3 Wagner, John, Jr. farmer. Maple Plain, 80 Wagner, C. farmer, Rockford, 80 Washington, Geo. farmer. Maple Plain, Woodard, S. farmer, Delano, Wasson, John, farmer. Maple Plain, Wagner, John, Sr. farmer. Maple Plain, Williams, John, farmer. Maple Grove. 80 74 40 80 MAPLE GKOVB. Aubert, C. Mrs. farmer, Angell, A. O. farmer, Abel Harry, farmer, Andus, Wm. farmer, Aubert, Thomas, farmer, Aubert, John, farmer, Aubert, Nicholas, farmer, Abar, Peter, farmer, Briggs, J. H. farmer, Bonn P. farmer, Bonn, Christian, farmer, Brendiug, H. blacksmith, Bonn, Daniel, farmer. Banker, A. M. farmer. Banker, E. T. farmer, Benner, N. farmer, Beiderman, P. farmer, Bragdon, A. farmer. Brooks, Wm. M. farmer, Beier, Julius, farmer, Blasi, M. farmer, Beier, August, farmer, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Corcoran, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, Osseo, 161, 1 223, 9 80 17 72 30 40 12 1 1 26 15 83 40 113 20 80 Maple Grove, 80 9 Osseo, 80 4 Osseo, 80 11 Osseo, 40 14 Abel, 80 17 Osseo, 80 18 Corcoran, 152 19 Osseo, 40 2 Osseo, 80 19 p. G. A. S. Barenstiener, P. farmer, Osseo, 80 24 Brown, W. farmer, Osseo, 76 24 Bragdon, A. farmer, Osseo, 79 17 Butzler, D. farmer, Osseo, 60 24 Berg, Carl, farmer, Osseo, 39 27 Brinn, Thomas, farmer, Corcoran, 72 27 Burke, John, farmer, Corcoran, 80 28 Blakenborough, J. farmer, Corcoran, 80 19 Bauers, Casper, tenant, Osseo, 11 Bailey, Wm. tennant, Osseo, 10 Cook, Jesse, farmer, Osseo, 40 3 Connover, J. A. farmer, Osseo, 90 9 Caron, O. farmer, Osseo, 104 12 Colburn, S. farmer, Osseo, 120 14 Champlin, O. E. farmer, Osseo, 45 16 Chapman, Geo. farmer, Abel, 40 17 Chapman, Wm. farmer, Abel, 20 18 Curtis, A. farmer, Osseo, 64 13 Courtney, J. and H. farmer, Corcoran, 160 29 Cook, Leo. farmer, Osseo, 80 35 Chapman, Jas. farmer, Abel, 34 16 Cook, Jno. farmer, Corcoran, 80 30 Chambeau, farmer, Corcoran, 29 Dubuque, J. farmer, Osseo, 40 10 Dathagen, H. farmer, Osseo, 10 17 Dolan, B. farmer, Osseo, 80 22 Demaes, J. D. farmer, Corcoran, 107 27 Dennis, John B. farmer, Corcoran, 107 27 Devery, Jno. farmer, Corcoran, 72 2t Devery, K. farmer, Corcoran, 65 28 Devery, P. farmer, Corcoran, 150 33 Darmody, P. farmer, Corcoran, 120 31 Devery, M. farmer, Corcoran, 80 33 Devery, Peter, farmer, Corcoran, 101 33 Ebert, Predrick, farmer, Osseo, 2 Evans, W. E. farmer, Maple Grove, 160 4 Eddy, J. M. farmer, Osseo, 80 4 Engalls, Wm. farmer, Osseo, 160 12 Evans, Walter, farmer, Maple Grove, 10 5 Pisher, John, farmer, Osseo, 53 22 Funk, M. mason, Osseo, 12 Garvais, Pierre, farmer., Osseo, 140 12 Gelle, August, farmer, Osseo, 95 21 Gebert, John, farmer, Osseo, 152 27 Gleason, C. farmer, Corcoran, 232 31 Hamen, Lewis, farmer, Osseo, 96 1 Hawkins, S. S. traveling man and farmer, Osseo, 120 3 Heartfleld, F. farmer, Osseo, 80 14 684 EISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. p. o. Harder, C. farmer, Osseo, Hillier, D. farmer, Abel, HilUer, F. G. farmer, Abel, Hennessey, T. farmer, Corcoran, Hennessey, J. farmer, Corcoran, Howard, T. farmer, Corcoran, Hoff, M. farmer, Osseo, Hennessey, F. farmer, Corcoran, Jacomet, J. B. farmer, Osseo, Jobs, George, farmer, Abel, Johnson, C. farmer, Osseo, Joslin, W. farmer, Qsseo, Jarvis, W. P., farmer, Osseo, Koehler, G. C, farmer, Osseo, Kottke, G., farmer, Osseo, Krienke, D. F., farmer, Osseo, Kubler, C, farmer, Osseo, Kisch, JS^., farmer, Osseo, Kieffer, Phillip, farmer, Osseo, Keding, P. farmer, Corcoran, Kroger, H. farmer, Abel, Keding, C. farmer, Abel, Kapo, Henry, farmer, Corcoran,. KirchofE, P. farmer, Osseo, Kimmerle, W. farmer, Osseo, Krusson, H. farmer, Osseo, Krebs, August, farmer, Osseo, Kelly Patrick, farmer, Corcoran, Kelleher, M. farmer, Corcoran, Kelleher, James, farmer, Corcoran, Kenny, Peter, farmer, Corcoran, Krusson, John, farmer, Corcoran, Kreming Wm. farmer, Osseo, Laflin, B. F. farmer, Osseo, Lange, Chris, farmer; Osseo, Laflin, Q. A. farmer, Osseo, Lettens, C. farmer, Osseo, Leonard, Charles, farmer, Osseo, Leonard, Jeremiah, farmer, Osseo, Laflin, G. A. farmer, Osseo, Morrill, E. farmer, Osseo, Morrill, J. W. farmer, Maple Grove, Miller, Mrs. Fred, farmer, Osseo, Miller, Lewis, farmer, Osseo, Merchand, David, farmer, Osseo, Morehouse, Levi, farmer, Osseo, Mendenhall, J. farmer, Osseo, McConnell, J. farmer, Osseo, McCormick, J. farmer, Osseo, A. S. 40 14 152 19 126 20 60 29 70 30 80 30 80 8 100 29 160 11 40 17 80 26 20 10 140 12 31 7 80 9 106 9 40 23 65 12 160 12 76 18 102 18 140 19 40 19 109 21 80 23 80 27 80 28 123 30 83 32 77 32 80 34 80 34 80 14 160 5 280 7-8 80 9 80 15 50 34 110 84 100 10 60 4 50 23 160 6 — 6 135 11 82 18 151 18 98 28 22 22 Munn, Robert, farmer, McCabe, Michael, farmer, Mitchell, J. H. farmer, Marks, Samuel, farmer, Myer, M. tenant, Northrup, Frank, farmer, Ottenbright, -J. farmer, Ohrmundt, O. farmer, Opitz, Mrs. Nancy, farmer, Pomeroy, J. E. farmer, Pavitt,W.H. farmer, Povet, W. C. farmer, Peters, John, farmer, Peters, Edward, farmer, Pauly, Fred, farmer, Phelps, S. fanner, Punt, Henry, blacksmith, Eadinz, F., farmer, Eeitz, G., farmer. Bode, William, farmer, Roelke, E., farmer, Robert, Henry, farmer, Robert, A., farmer, Russell, Alfred, farmer, Ray, Henry, farmer, Schmidt, W., farmer, Saussele, Carl, farmer, Schober, J. C, blacksmith and farmer, Schneider, Chris, farmer, Schulz, J. W., farmer, Swappach, H., farmer, Schutte, F. H. farmer, Schutte, E, farmer, Shadewalde, W., farmer, Shaefer, Geo., farmer, Schultz, Wm., farmer, Seibert, Conrad, farmer, Schwartz, W., farmer, Schaber, Val, farmer, Smith, Adam, tenant, Stelter, G., farmer, Stergeon, P., farmer, Tschudi, Jno. farmer, Thonia, G. M. farmer, Trott, William, farmer, Thompson, S. farmer, Tonn, C. A. farmer, p. o. A. s. Osseo, 140 22 Corcoran, 120 33 Maple Grove, 100 4 Osseo, 40 10 Osseo, 28 Corcoran, 40 34 Osseo, 40 13 Abel, 40 17 Osseo, 97 9 Osseo, 40 16 Osseo, 50 16 Osseo, 64 13 Corcoran, 160 31 Corcoran, 31 Corcoran, 160 34 Corcoran, 81 30 Maple Grove ,24 4 Osseo, 160 5 Osseo, 50 15 Osseo, 70 15 Osseo, 40 20 Osseo, 45 10 Osseo, 10 Osseo, 36 Osseo, 36 Osseo, 40 1 Maple Grove 155 5 Osseo, 60 7 Osseo, 120 18 Osseo, 59 13 Osseo, 60 14 Abel, 60 17 Abel, 50 18 Osseo, 40 20 Osseo, 160 21 Osseo, 114 21 Osseo, 89 26 Osseo, 160 35 Osseo, 152 35 Osseo, 20 Osseo, 18 7 Osseo, 120 1 Osseo, 107 2 Osseo, 87 8 Osseo, 115 10 Abel, 91 17 Osseo, 80 21 TOWNSHIP BIEECTOBIES. 685 P. O. Tuseth, J. J. farmer, Osseo, Thompson, J. J. farmer, Osseo, Woodworth, E. P. farmer, Osseo, Wagner, Frantz, farmer, Osseo, "Weizel, H. farmer, Osseo, Wilmes, Peter, farmer, Osseo, Wagner, A. farmer, Osseo, Williamson, Mrs. S. farmer, Osseo, Wentz, Peter, farmer, Osseo, Zopfl, John, Jr. farmer, Osseo, Zopfi, B. farmer, Osseo, Zoerb, C. farmer, Osseo, Ziebarth, Chas. farmer, Osseo, MEDINA. Arens, Franz, farmer, Lenz, Archibald. Wm. farmer, Long Lake, Anderson. S. farmer, Long Lake, Archibald, W. H. blacksmith, Long Lake, Archibald, D. farmer, Long Lake, Archibald, H. farmer, Long Lake, Archibald, S. farmer, Long Lake, Alley, George, miller, Long Lake, Burchfield, C. W. farmer, Lenz, Becker, A. M. farmer. Maple Plain, Burchfield, A. manf 'r of portable forges, Lenz, Biladeau, Peter, farmer, Lenz, Bolduc, B. blacksmith, Lenz, Buttz, F. P. farmer, Lenz, Boucher, P. clergyman, Lenz, Braden, Wm. mill-wright. Long Lake, Bantley, M. farmer. Long Lake, Barbeau, G. farmer, Lenz, Barkow, Charles, farmer. Maple Plain, Bill, A. P. farmer. Maple Plain, Bryer, J. farmer. Long Lake, Bennett, S. farmer. Long Lake, Blacketer, W. farmer, Maple Plain, Brown, A. farmer. Long Lake, Berens, P. farmer. Long Lake, Brown, O. B. farmer. Long Lake, Bayer, J. D. carpenter. Long Lake, Bailey, A. 0. justice. Long Lake, Bannor, E. miller. Long Lake, Bruschveiler, A. nurseryman. Long Lake, Barnes, E. S. farmer, Long Lake, A. s. 90 24 128 25 103 3 13 7 60 9 280 13 102 6 40 15 160 25 150 2 200 2 46 7 103 15 79 8 120 27 68 6 34 27 27 27 34 320 2 120 6 2 80 11 12 80 12 12 34 120 15 80 6 216 17 46 19 80 22 40 33 120 40 34 80 22 79 2 2 34 34 34 10 QO/f 4 in p. O. A. Maple Plain, Lenz, 120 Long Lake, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, 80 120 210 160 97 173 207 Becker, P. farmer, Collins D. farmer, Coleman, J. wheat buyer, Collins, C. farmer, Collins, J. farmer, Classen, N. farmer, Crowe, M. farmer. Cox, V. farmer, Christlieb, I. A. farmer, Classen, J. farmer, Campbell, L. K. schoolteacher, Minneapolis. Crowe, Jas. farmer, Lenz, 240 Christleib, B. F. merchant. Long Lake, Carr, A. farmer. Long Lake, Carl, A. farmer. Long Lake, 30 Carr, Wm. farmer. Long Lake, 40 Deisting, Chris, farmer, Lenz, 160 Deslorier, P. farmer, Lenz, 80 Daniels, D. farmer, Lenz, 80 Daziel, F. farmer, Lenz, 65 Domning, E. farmer. Long Lake, 100 Dillman, J. D. farmer. Long Lake, 160 Ditler, F. farmer and saloon, Lenz, 25 Dickey, Alex, meat market. Long Lake, Dickey and Logan '' Long Lake, Dicky, R. B, deputy sheriff, Long Lake, Engel Jacob, farmer. Maple Plain, 180 Ekstrom, Carl, farmer. Long Lake, 160 Faue, John, farmer, Lenz, 160 Fick, John, farmer, Lenz, 80 Feltes, B. farmer. Maple Plain, 150 Faue, Henry, farmer, Lenz, 280 Fortin, P. farmer, Lenz, 127 Faue, Lewis, farmer, Lenz, 80 Franzen, N. farmer, Lenz, 120 Fries, Charles, farmer, Lenz, 80 Fries, F. farmer Maple Plain, 38 Fogelsonger, S. farmer. Long Lake, 77 French, A. T. farmer, Long Lake, 110 Gasper, A. farmer, Lenz, 51 Gerber, J. H. farmer, Lenz, 160 Gordon, C. W. farmer. Long Lake, 80 Guise, W. P. farmer. Long Lake, 87 Griffing, H. B. farmer. Long Lake, 123 Grave, A. farmer. Long Lake, 100 Gasper, B. farmer, Lenz, ■ 210 Gaspar, W. F. blacksmith, Lenz, Herron, M. O. farmer, Lenz, 143 Ilillman, A. C. miller. Long Lake, 3 34 4 4 16 13 27 28 31 14 34 8 4 4 4 5 8 10 35 21 24 34 34 34 17 6 3 6 7 10 12 13 15 16 19 26 9 9 14 32 34 36 32 9 9 3 34 686 HISrOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. p. o. Hamisch, F. L. farmer, Maple Plain, Hoagland, L. K. miller. Long Lake, Hamel, W. farmer, Lenz, Huard, T. farmer, Lenz, Hoffman, T. farmer, Lenz, Hamel, J. O. merchant, Lenz, Hamisch, A. farmer. Maple Plain, Hannen, John, farmer. Long Lake, Hausmann, M. farmer, Lenz, Hoskins, M. B. farmer, Long Lake, Hawkins, B. farmer. Long Lake, Hoagland, Fred, farmer, •Long Lake. Hoagland, C. W. clerk. Long Lake. Huntsberger, M. -wagon-maker. Long Lake, Huntsberger, Jacob, wagon-maker. Long Lake, Huntsberger, D. carpenter. Long Lake, Hursh, Jacob, farmer. Long Lake, Hartman, Jacob, farmer, Long Lake, Hellier, J. carpenter. Long Lake, Haines, B. C. farmer. Maple Plain, Hellier, Thomas, farmer. Long Lake, Hoagland, Wm. meat market, Wayzata. Ice, Charles, farmer. Long Lake, Johnson, James, farmer, Long Lake, Johnson, Charles, saloon. Long Lake, Klein, Phillip, farmer, Lenz, Kauth, Jacob, farmer, Lenz, Kadelbangh, G. farmer, Lenz, Knable, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Kassube, Karl, farmer, Lenz, Koller, John, farmer. Long Lake, Kassube, W. C. farmer, Long Lake, Kluck, Charles, farmer, Lenz, Kramer, John, farmer, . Maple Plain, Lerch, Joseph, farmer. Maple Plain, Lerch, Phillip, farmer, Maple Plain, Laurent, A. farmer, Lenz, Laurent, John, farmer, Lenz, Lenzen, L. farmer, Lenz, Leuer, Karl, farmer, Lenz, Lenzen, Joseph, farmer, Lenz, Luby, J. farmer. Long Lake, Luby, M. farmer. Long Lake, Lydiard, S. farmer. Long Lake. Lydiard, J. H. merchant, Long Lake, Lindner,P.G.grape grower, Long Lake, Leuer, Henry, farmer, Lenz; A. s. 80 18 34 280- 12 80 2 60 12 4 12 140 18 111 20 88 24 90 3 120 28 140 34 44 32 80 32 130 34 185 33 105 36 54 8 135 4 100 2 103 2 34 110 5 268 5 80 8 120 12 220 13 76 25 80 26 1 52 19 124 6 120 6 200 10 40 11 100 12 80 18 202 24 80 25 75 25 120 34 40 34 16 16 160 24 P. o. Lydiard, D. A. merchant. Long Lake Logan, B. meat market. Long Lake, Loranger, A. R. physician and surgeon, Lenz, Moylan, John, farmer, Lenz, Meurer, J. P. farmer, Lenz, Morin, Peter, farmer, Lenz. Maxson, B. farmer, Lenz, Miller, M. farmer. Long Lake, Merz, Joseph, farmer. Long Lake, Merz, A. farmer. Long Lake, Merz, J. farmer. Long Lake, Mooney, James, farmer. Long Lake, Markey, John, farmer. Long Lake, Merz, K. Mrs. farmer Long Lake, McCuUough, Geo. farmer. Maple Plain, Mangen, M. farmer. Long Lake, Maxwell, G. farmer. Long Lake, McCormick, G. farmer. Long Lake, Maxwell, M. farmer. Long Lake, Miller, Peter, farmer. Long Lake, Miller, N. farmer. Long Lake, Miller, E. farmer. Long Lake, Mayers, A.. J. groceries and liquors, Long Lake, McCormick, J. farmer. Long Lake, Mather, H. farmer. Long Lake, Mayr, P. Cath. priest, Lenz, ^N^eddermeyer, A. farmer. Long LaJke, O'Herron, M. farmer, Lenz, Pouliot, R. farmer, Lenz, Parrish, P; farmer. Long Lak;e, Picket, H. G. station agent. Long Lake, Peterson, Edward, farmer, Maple Plain, Peterson, Albert, farmer. Maple Plain, Parrish, C. P. cooper. Long Lake, Pohlker, H. farmer, Lenz, Reynolds, A. farmer. Long Lake, Reynolds, Samuel, farmer. Long LakOj Roy, r. wagon maker, Lenz, Rancour, E. farmer, Lenz, Reller, C. J. brick mason. Long Lake, Rosander, A. J. farmer. Long Lake, Ueishoff, Mary, farmer, Lenz, Roy, A. farmer, Lenz, Reiser, J. B. farmer. Long Lake, Reiser, Geo. Sr. farmer. Long Lake, Reiser, George A. farmer. Long Lake, Rouillard, P. farmer, Lenz, A. S. 200 34 34 146 144 12 2 4 165 10 247 17 40 21 80 15 23 240 23 122 25 85 25 80 26 40 31 118 29 26 4 20 24 6 240 20 120 21 240 21 84 2 34 80 5 23 80 28 144 3 142 11 47 35 34 6 40 40 6 35 100 24 87 3 10 3 12 80 6 34 34 160 9 33 12 80 22 200 23 40 26 80 11 TOWNSHIP DIRECTOnmS. 687 P. o. Reiser, A. K. farmer, Long Lake, Eeimer, Charles, farmer, Lenz, Rutherford, Thos. farmer, Long Lake, Sheppard, M. H. physician. Long Lake, Snow, E. M. hotel keeper, Long Lake, Stafford, A. S. farmer, Stafford, J. D. farmer, Stubbs, Henry, farmer, Stubbs, C. R. farmer, Storer, A. engineer, Schlosser, J. farmer, Sehulz, Chas. farmer. Smith, M. M. miller, Schmitz, P. farmer. Snow, Chas. miller, Shumaker, H. farmer. Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Lenz, Lenz, Long Lake, Lenz, Long Lake, Lenz, Shackweiller, B. H. farmer, Lenz. Schaar, A. farmer, lienz, Schaar, Jos. farmer, Lenz, Stark, C. F. farmer, Lenz, Schwalen, J. farmer, Lenz, Spurzem, J. farmer, Lenz, Spafford, W. A. farmer, Long Lake, Sherer, A. farmer. Long Lake, Sherer, Adam, farmer, Long Lake, Stumpf , Leo. farmer. Long Lake, Schummer, P. farmer, Lenz, Streibel, F. farmer. Long Lake, Stanchfield, M. farmer. Long Lake, Smith, W. E. farmer. Long Lake, Smith, E. B. farmer. Long Lake, Schumaker, P. farmer, Lenz, Spafford, Mrs. L. farmer. Long Lake, Snoke, M. farmer, Long Lake, Snoke, D. F. veterinary surgeon. Long Lake, Stubbs, M. A. farmer. Long Lake, Stafford, J. D. farmer, Long Lake, Stromberg, John, farmer. Long Lake, Smith, M. and C. farmers. Long Lake, Stubbs, ]Sr. J. farmer. Long Lake, Shuck, A. W. physician and surgeon. Long Lake, Schmitz, J. P. farmer. Long Lake, Tautges, John, farmer, Lenz, Thibedeau, P. farmer, Lenz, Thibedeau, A. farmer, ' Lenz, Twist, J. D. farmer, Long Lake, Ten Eycke, E. farmer, Long Lake, A. s. 40 23 40 5 34 34 34 5 20 4 110 32 9 32 34 100 5 160 1 34 149 6 34 6 80 8 80 16 40 16 160 15 160 15 87 17 164 20 160 32 80 22 280 23 60 24 144 25 63 32 40 33 100 34 6 10 4 10 4 34 59 4 20 4 40 5 40 9 90 10 34 34 80 10 15 10 18 11 80 33 24 36 Talbot, Thos. farmer. Teas, G. farmer, Tumham, J. farmer, Theis, John, farmer, Twombley, Chas. miller, Vanderwarker, J. farmer, Wietzius, M. farmer, Winterhalter, L. farmer, Wagner, John, farmer, Weyer, C. farmer, "Wolsfield, N". farmer, Wolsfleld, John, farmer, Wolsfield, Chas. farmer. White Bros, farmers, Wakefield, W. farmer, Wamboldt, A. W. foreman White, W. G. farmer. White, Nathan, farmer, Walsh, E. F. farmer, Wakefield, Wm. farmer, Wooster, S. J. physician,- White, Moses, farmer, Wohlstrom, A. miller, York, T. L. farmer. . o. Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Maple Plain, Maple Plain, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, cooper shop. Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Long Lake, Minneapolis, Long Lake, MINNETEISTA. Austin, C. farmer, Maple Plain, Arnold, A. farmer. Mound City, Auer, Simon, farmer, St. Bonifacius, Alderman,A. S. gardner. Mound City, Anthony, C. carpenter. Mound City, Baillie, J. C. farmer, Ball, Richard, miller, Black, Daniel, farmer. Ball, Andrew, farmer, . Bartlett, S. J. farmer, Berberick, F. farmer, Bruhn, Charles, farmer, St. Bonifacius, Ball, Charles, farmer, Minnetrista, Beise, E. farmer, Blatz, B. farmer, Beise, F. farmer. Brewer, C. farmer, Clark, A.W. blacksmith, Minnetrista, Carman, F. M. farmer, Mound City, Chapman, S. M. hotel and farmer, Moimd City, Maple Plain, Minnetrista, Minnetrista, St. Bonifacius, Mound City, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, Minnetrista, A. S. 130 4 40 5 76 7 200 21 34 80 19 80 7 80 8 125 8 200 9 99 20 160 22 300 27 110 27 160 36 34 50 32 60 32 162 2 80 28 34 50 32 34 80 35 40 1 80 10 80 28 6 23 1 23 4 9 80 160 90 9 160 20 48 24 75 30 120 32 9 80 34 80 33 80 33 40 8 70 9 20 23 10 24 688 mSTOBT OF HENNEFIN COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. p. 0. A. s. Cook, M. S. hotel and farming, Merriman, W. farmer. Minnetrista, 76 6 Mound City, 91 24 McCuUough, F. farmer. Maple Plain, 79 12 Cramer, Alois, farming, St. Bonifacius, 160 28 Muhs, John, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 40 18 Carlisle, H. C. merchant, Mound City, 28 Maesz, J. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 100 21 Chapman, S. A. farmer Mound City, 77 23 Moore, C. S. typo. Minneapolis, 2 24 Dwinells, C. C. fai^mer. Maple Plain, 51 3 Maass, W. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 60 28 Dressel, E, farmer. Minnetrista, 110 7 Maass, Frederick, far. St. Bonifacius, 80 31 Dressel, N. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 40 17 Maesz, John, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 155 32 Dill, Jacob, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 82 29 Maass, John, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 74 33 Erickson, J. farmer, Maple Plain, 80 1 Maass, Albert, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 70 34 Erickson, A. farmer. Maple Plain, 120 1 Merriman, S. L. farmer, Minnetrista, 97 6 Ebert, A. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 200 19 Merriman, Hyra,far. Minnetrista, 132 6 Feieroecker, George, St. Bonifacius, 80 8 Miller, Andrew, laborer. Mound City, 2J 24 Fisher, H. F. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 80 17 Nagel, Wm., farmer. St. Bonifacius, 80 32 Forner, Joseph, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 150 19 Orth, Martin, farmer. Maple Plain, 81 2 Ganz, G. saddler and farmer, Ohde, Bernard, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 60 28 St. Bonifacius, 60 33 Obert, Henry, farmer. Minnetrista, 80 10 Hufe, J. M. farmer. Mound City, 56 11 Peterson, John, farmer Maple Plain, 80 1 Hoefert, F. farmer, Mound City, 42 14 Painter, D. J. farmer. Maple Plain, 20 2 Heitz, Jacob, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 75 20 Painter, Geo. farmer. Mapple Plain 99 2 Herbes, C. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 98 20 Peterson, Aaron, farmer, Minnetristra, 79 4 Hirschberger, J. farmer , St. Bonifacius, 160 29 Parker, David, farmer. Mound City, 79 13 Hamviller. J. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 160 31 Pauli, John, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 80 29 Huff, C. W. farmer. Mound City, 50 11 Peters, George, farmer. Minnetrista, 10 7 Ingerson, W. F. surveyor and farmer. Parker, Wm. farmer, Minnetrista, 42 8 Maple Plain, 160 3 Painter, Wm. farmer, Maple Plain, 60 3 Ingerson, A. farmer Maple Plain, 157 12 Eupp, J. A. teacher. St. Bonifacius, 60 21 Jennings, F. A. farmer Mound City, 76 12 Rehbein, Henry, farmer , St. Bonifacius, 60 28 Jennings, J. G. farmer. Mound City, 40 14 Eobben, Jacob, farmer St. Bonifacius, 80 31 Johnson, farmer, Minnetrista, 86 5 Ehode, Chas. Sr. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 145 20 Kennedy, W. H. H. " Maple Plain, 10 2 Eoemer, Eliza J., and Wm. farmers. Kinke, M. farmer. Maple Plain,160 3 Maple Plain, 190 2 Komfleld. S. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 53 17 Slow, Geo. farmer. Mound City, 139 11 Klein, K. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 80 18 Schilling, A. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 40 17 Kieser, John, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 171 30 Schram, Henry, farmer , St. Bonifacius, 80 17 Kingsley, A. W. farmer Minnetrista, 10 Schram, J. E. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 120 18 Lee, Edward and Almira, farmers, Strobach, F. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 60 28 Minnetrista, 120 6 Sheider, F. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 40 28 Loew, Isidore, farmer. St. Bonifacius, 40 18 Shuler, Peter, farmer, St. Bonifacius, 142 29 Lauman, L. farmer. St. Bonifacins, 80 20 Stifter,N. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 80 31 Lippert, M. farmer. Mound City, 40 9 Shleh, J. farmer and merchant, Lauman, Henry, farmer,St. Bonifacius, 77 29 St, Bonifacius, 76 31 Logelin, Felix, farmer, St. Bonifacius, 160 80 Speiser, H. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 80 32 Luettka, Wm. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 80 31 Shuler, Wm. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 146 33 Lee, Henry, farmer, Minnetrista, 160 8 Seiffert, F. farmer. St. Bonifacius, 40 34 Merriman, Elmer, far.. Minnetrista, ,8 Schmidt, J. farmer. Lake Town, 334 35 Merriman, Eugene, far Minnetrista, 79 6 Turke, F. farmer. ' Lake Town, 64 36 Merriman, H. F. far. Minnetrista, 108 8 Varty, I. farmer. Maple Plain, 80 2 Miller, M. farmer, St. Bonifacius, 80 8 Woodward, C. farmer, Minnetrista, 160 5 TOWNSHIP DIBECT0BIE8. 689 P. O. Whittaker, C. farmer, Mound City, Whittaker, D. fanner, Mound City, Whitehouse, W. T. navigator. Mound City, Wendt, Chas. farmer, St. Bonifacius, Weiland, Jno. farmer. Mound City, Whitehouse, J. M. farmer. Mound City, "Weeks, E. merchant, Weinzerl, J. farmer, Went, Jno. farmer, Wehle, J. merchant, Weinzerl, J. carpenter, Yerger, A. farmer, Yetzer, Leo. farmer, Zanger, Sussanna, farmer,Lake Town, Zahrendt,Lewis,builder, Mound City. MINKETONKA. Mound City, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, St. Bonifacius, Maple Plain, St. Bonifacius, A. S. 40 10 133 10 23 60 33 80 22 69 23 23 80 30 80 32 80 30 24 170 2 120 33 646 34 2 Aylor, Richard, farmer, Bartow, Samuel, farmer, Bryant, T. C. farmer, Bouk, L. D. farmer, Bryant, O. F. farmer, , Beebe, P. D. hotel, Muinetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka. Bumes, G. M. Est. farmer, Hopkins, Brock, L. D. farmer, Minnetonka, Bates, W. P. farmer, Hopkins, Bassett, Charles, Hopkins, Barry, J., farmer, Wayzata, Brokl, T. farmer, Hopkins, Bryant, H. farmer, Minnetonka, Bren, Frank, farmer, Hopkins, Bren, Joseph, farmer, Hopkins, Burwell, D. M. town clerk, Minnetonka. Burwell, C. H. supt. mill, Minnetonka. Bartow, R. W. farmer, Minnetonka, Bushnell, Wm. merchant, Wayzata. Bumes, C. D. cooper and farmer, Minnetonka, Baker, W. farmer, Minnetonka, Bartow, T. S. farmer, Minnetonka, Bryant, Thomas C. farmer, Minnetonka, Butler, A. G. dairyman, Minnetonka, Cheely, J. W. fanner, Minnetonka, Carr, Michael, farmer, Minnetonka, Cooper, H. P. blacksmith, Minnetonka, Carpenter, C. famner, Minnetonka, 44 40 16 121 7 57 10 40 16 108 15 340 24 40 16 40 23 31 24 40 6 40 26 10 14 156 26 200 35 80 16 80 14 160 22 40 16 120 15 7 20 8 80 21 10 20 80 16 P. O. Chowen, E. C. farm and nursery, Cale, John, farmer, Connolly, T. supt. poor farm, Hopkins Cordell, C. farmer, Chastek, J. M. farmer, Cherveny, Chas. farmer, Chowen, W. S. farmer, Christie, John, farmer, Churchill, S. R. farmer, Churchill, Chas. farmer, Doyle, Pat. farmer, Dobson, Wm. farmer, "Dorn, Daniel E. farmer, Dostal, W. P. farmer, Dominick, Philip, farmer, Dworak, J. farmer, Dworak, W. farmer, Dressell, A. farmer, Dickie, Miles, butcher, Empenger, John, farmer, Empenger, J. H. farmer, Eidam, E. H. merchant, Ellingwood, F. carpenter, Frear, S. A. farmer, Feltel, John, farmer, Frear, W. S. farmer. Glassing, Fred, farmer, Gleason, John, farmer. Gray, A. N. millwright, Gleason, H. L. hotel, Gould, Wm. farmer, Holtz, Fred, farmer, Harrington, J. S. farmer, Haley, Eugene, farmer, Houston, Wm. farmer, Hopkins, George, cooper and farmer, Minnetonka, Hedderly, G. W. merchant, Wayzata. Hanson, R. W. farmer and miller, Miimetonka, Harrison, N. H. ship carpenter, Wayzata, Hoagland,Wm.stockdealer,Wayzata, Hall, F. H. millwright, Minnetonka. J ohnson, G.V. boat builder, Wayzata. Jackson, J. R. farmer, Minnetonka, Kinsel, Frank, farmer, Minnetonka, Kokesh, John, farmer, Minnetonka, A. Wayzata, 120 18 Minnetonka, 39 18 Hopkins. Excelsior, 40 31 Minnetonka, 320 34 Hopkins, 70 36 Minnetonka, 160 18 Minnetonka, 80 12 Wayzata, 93 1 Hopkins, 80 35 Minnetonka, 40 4 Minnetonka, 160 10 Hopkins, 167 24 Hopkins, 140 27 Hopkins, 177 26 Excelsior, 40 31 Hopkins, 80 36 Minneapolis, 80 1 Wayzata. Hopkins 60 23 Hopkins, 73 26 Minnetonka. Minnetonka, 13 14 Minnetonka, 80 21 Hopkins, 132 36 Minnetonka, 53 15 Minneapolis, . 80 2 Wayzata, 150 5 Minnetonka, 10 18 Wayzata. Hopkins, 31 27 Wayzata, 139 1 Wayzata, 95 12 Minnetonka, 80 12 Minnetonka, 40 16 40 27 160 14 5 6 1 40 27 55 27 40 29 690 HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Kwetensky, J. farmer, Keesling, B. F. fanner, Kotsovek, John, farmer, Kwetensky, J. P. farmer, Kinsel, Joe, farmer, , Kramer, Fred, farmer. p. o. Minnetonka, Wayzata, Hopkins, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Excelsior, Lamb,G. O. &C. E. farmer, Minnetonka, Lyon, M. J. farmer, Wayzata, Lawrence, H. farmer, Minnetonka, Locke, David Est. Minnetonka, Lexa, Winslow, farmer, Hopkins, Ley, Geo. farmer, Minnetonka, Lyons, Stephen, dairy and farm, Wayzata, Lyons, Charles, cooper, Minnetonka, Locke, D. A. student, Minnetonka, Locke, W. H. professor, Minnetonka, McGenty, Patrick, farmer, Minnetonka, Milbort, Adam, farmer, Hopkins, McGann, John, farmer, Wayzata, McGenty, D. & J. farmers, Mmnetonka, McGenty, Daniel, farmer, Minnetonka, MiUer, Joseph, farmer, Minnetonka, Miller, J. P. farmer, Hopkins, Miller, Jno. farmer, Minnetonka, Makoskie, J. farmer, Hopkins, Minnetonka MiU Company, Minnetonka, Makoskie, F. farmer, Hopkins, McCormick, T. farmer, Wayzata, Maurer, H. hotel, Wayzata, Miller, C. D. farmer, Hopkins, Miller, P. S. farmer, Hopkins, Meyer, E. miller and machinist, Minnetonka, Noyes, S. G. carpenter and farmer, Minnetonka, Ogin, H. farmer, Minnetonka, Oleson, A. A. farmer, Hopkins, Picha, Jno. farmer, Minnetonka, Perkins, T. H. farmer, Hopkins, Popelka, J. farmer, Minnetonka, Popelka, F. farmer, Minnetonka, Popelka, Jno. E. farmer, Hopkins, Peshina, J. farmer. Excelsior, Picha, P. farmer, Minnetonka, Petrak, J. farmer, Hopkins, Phillips, G. C. mechanic and farmer, Minnetonka, Eohlflng, Fred. est. Minnetonka, , A. s. 33 32 200 1 60 36 47 32 40 29 30 100 3 80 5 80 9 200 16 80 23 120 17 90 5 15 16 16 160 4 24 80 9 160 9 120 9 130 16 140 23 40 29 160 35 420 15 80 35 40 4 6 50 24 90 24 15 70 10 160 20 40 24 . 40 29 160 23 45 27 80 31 40 36 80 41 160 32 80 36 80 20 160 20 P. O. A. S. Wayzata 134 18 Wayzata, Minnetonka, 80 1 Minnetonka. Hopkms, 20 25 Eobinson, A. B. farmer, Eeid, Geo. saloon, Rahl, Matt, farmer, Eeaves, S. J. farmer, Eompotl, John, farmer, Eohertson, J. K. engineer, Minnetonka. Strobeck, Frank, farmer, Hopkins, Souba, Ignatz, farmer, Hopkins, Soukup, John, farmer, Minnetonka, Schmeidel, C. farmer, Minnetonka, Schmeidel, Joseph, farmer, Minnetonka, Smetana, J. farmer, Shanton, E. D. miller. Shaver, E. A. farmer. Shaver, B. T. teacher. Shaver, B. G. mechanic, Shaver, Sarah C. farmer. Sands, E. E. farmer, Stankard, G. M. head miller, Minnetonka, Sackinson, Frank, farmer, Minnetonka, Thornton, W. C. fanner, Minnetonka, Tipal, W. farmer. Tenant, H. E. agent, Wetzel, John, farmer, Whipple, George, farmer, Whipple, K. H. gardener, Westburg, Swan, farmer, WUIiams, C. A. miller, Zahalka, John, farmer, Hopkins, Minnetonka. Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Hopkins, Wayzata. Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka, Minnetonka. Minnetonka, MrN:srEAPOLis. Ankeny; A. T. real est'e, Minneapolis, Adams, T. F. dairyman, Minneapolis, Adams, Wm. farmer, Minneapolis, Adams, A. S. farmer, Minneapolis, Anderson, A. farmer, Minneapolis, Allison, A. B. dairyman, Minneapolis, Aitken, E. M. farmer, Minneapolis, Adams, James, farmer, Minnehaha, Adams, Wm. carpenter, S. Minneapolis, Becker, Ignatius, farmer ,Minneapolis, Bies C. farmer, Minneapolis, Boldt Fred, farmer, Minneapolis, Bowman, J. A^ dentist, Minneapolis, Broderick, E. farmer, Minneapolis, Bofferding, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Butle, J. P. farmer, Minneapolis, Bofferding, W. gardener,Minneapolis, Brewster, E. farmer, Minneapolis, 80 23 600 24 110 33 160 30 160 30 119J 35 60 17 16 8 40 18 68 8 151 17 15 50 23 160 29 80 35 60 2 40 16 40 18 80 32 120 17 429 20 10 3 56 1 6 80 19 25 20 10 80 lots 120 30 40 30 80 29 120 28 26 20 82 33 79 4 4 28 60 33 TOWNSHIP niRECTOBIUS. 691 P. o. Blaisdell, J. T. farmer, Minneapolis, Bonney, P. A. gardner, Minneapolis, Berg, C. G. farmer, Minneapolis, Berg, L. G. farmer, Minneapolis, Berg, A. farmer, Minneapolis, Bader, E. E. landlord, Minneapolis, Brown, M. D. farmer, Minneapolis, Bicknell, A. H. tenant, Minneapolis, Blaisdell, Robt. farmer, Minneapolis, Bernstein, W. gardener, Minneapolis, Burbank, G. A. farmer, Minneapolis, Boyce, J. E. farmer, Hopkins, Blaisdell, Eobt. Jr. farmer, Minneapolis, Blondeau, Chas. janitor Lakewood cemetery, Minneapolis. Brooks, P. gardener. Minneapolis, Bowman, J. E. dairym'n. Minneapolis Bomkamp, H. laborer, Minneapolis, Bemell, E. tenant, Minneapolis, Blaisdell, Wm. lumberman, Minneapolis, Burnett, C. T. farmer, Minneapolis, Byrnes, Catharine, farmer, Minneapolis, Curley, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Cripeau, P. X. gardener, Minneapolis, Cook, P. surveyor, Minneapolis, Cummings, E. farmer, Minneapolis, Carlson, L. dairyman, Minneapolis, Coats, D. H. farmer, Minneapolis, Cummings, Levi, f'mer, Minneapolis, Doyle, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Dee, James, farmer, Minneapolis, Dougherty, Isaiah, far. Minneapolis, Drews, Geo. farmer, Minneapolis, Dague, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Earle, O. K. farmer, Minneapolis, Erhart, G. M. brick kiln, Minneapolis, Ekes, Martin, gardener, Minneapolis, Earenflght, C. T. " Minneapolis, Earenflght, E. E. dealer, Minneapolis, Pries, Margaret, farmer, Minneapolis, Prick. EUas, farmer, Minneapolis, Poss, D. M. gardener, Minneapolis, Paloey, J. farmer, Minneapolis, Poster, A. J. merchant, Minneapolis, Punk, W. grocer, Minneapolis, Pries, Wm. farmer, Minneapolis, A. s. 40 34 6 6 14 6 9 6 4 6 33 80 12 120 10 80 12 40 10 80 10 300 19 60 24 5 17 2 21 lots 1 lots 1 66 3 137 31 21 160 20 38 16 7 30 6 12 i 2 70 21 5 12 34 33 20 32 70 31 170 17 5 33 89 16 5 12 33 18 6 6 40 30 160 30 5 17 160 8 lots 28 lots 1 80 30 P. o. Pinley, O. actuary, Minneapolis, Pruen, W. H. machinist, Minneapolis, Gourme, P. O. farmer, Minneapolis, Gaffney, Thos. farmer, Minneapolis, Green, J. farmer, Minneapolis, Grover, Edsell, farmer, Minneapolis, Goodrich, Geo. farmer, MinneapoUs, Grosbeck, E. farmer, Minneapolis, Greip, P. farmer, Minneapolis, Garvey, C. C. farmer, Minneapolis, Grimes, J. T. farmer, Minneapolis, Gilpatrick, Chas. f'mer, Minneapolis, Gorham, P. A. dairyman,MinneapoUs, Goodspeed, J. B. stock dealer, Minneapolis, Graham, L. B. moulder, MinneapoUs, Griswold, ivT. P. banker, Minneapolis, Godfrey, A. farmer, Minnehaha, Gebsen, Nels, drayman, Minneapolis, Girling, "W". M. knitting factory, Minneapolis, Goodspeed, E. A. stock dealer, Minneapolis, Halloran, M. J. farmer, Minneapolis, Halloran, Martin, " Minneapolis, Holen, S. M. farmer, Minneapolis, Halloran, D. farmer, Minneapolis, Halloran, Pat. farmer, Minneapolis, Halloran, J. P. farmer, Minneapolis, Halloran, Pat. farmer, Minneapolis, Held, J. P. gardener, Minneapolis, Halloran, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Harman, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Hannan, M. farmer, Minneapolis, Hannan, James, farmer, Minneapolis, Hannan, Patrick, " Minneapolis, Hamilton, Jos. farmer, Minneapolis, Hallett, D. P. mechanic, Minneapolis, Hopkins, E. A. tenant, Minneapolis, Hopkins, H. H. farmer, Minneapolis, Hall, A. E. farmer, Minneapolis, Hayes & Matheson, dairymen, Minneapolis, Hanke, Chris, farmer, Minneapolis, Hayes, J. W. dairyman, Minneapolis, Jones, W. G. farmer, Minneapolis, Jenson, C. dairyman, Minneapolis, Johnson, Hans, dairy'n, Minneapolis, Jenson, H. C. tenant, Minneapolis, A. S. 11 20 80 29 80 5 60 28 80 8 160 17 5 6 40 11 50 10 366 7 20 35 2 1 1 5 36 2J 25 140 1 1 20 1 85 19 120 5 20 82 21J 29 160 29 40 30 80 6 145 30 56J 29 116 7 120 7 80 7 80 7 120 16 10 1 7 79 19 35 20 17 205 5 17 120 28 15 30 5 1 b92 HISTOBY OF B'ENNEPm COUNTY. p. o. Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Keller, Fred, farmer, Kennedy, P. farmer, Keller, C. farmer, Kelley, D. farmer, Knapp, T. farmer, Kirkland L. farmer, Keller, Fred. Jr. farmer, Minneapolis, Laycock, Mrs. M. A. " Minneapolis, Lackin, Mrs. Nora, " Minneapolis, Lobdell, J. B. farmer, Minneapolis, Lindblom, O. F. farmer, Minneapolis, Layman, M. retired, Minneapolis, Libby, A. D., towncl'k. Minneapolis, Larpenteur, C. L. farmer ,Minneapolis, Leighton, Fred. gardner,Mirmeapolis, Lowry, Thos. lawyer, Minneapolis, Lincoln, G. W. farmer, Minneapolis. Long, Jas. stock dealer, Minneapolis, Long, M. gardner, Minneapolis, Ludlum, Jno. mason, Minneapolis, Miller, Mathias, farmer, Minneapolis, Mozier, Carl, farmer, Minneapolis, Mozier, M. farmer, Minneapolis, Miller, P. S. daryman, Minneapolis, Moore, Geo. farmer, Minneapolis, McGenty,H. & J.farmer, Minneapolis, Moses, E. farmer, Minneapolis, MofEett, W. B. farmer, Minneapolis, Martinson, N. farmer, Nassig, Chas. farmer, Nitsing, N, gardener, Oswald, U. beer garden, Minneapolis, Osmer, D. stock dealer, Minneapolis, Oleson, O. dairyman, Pratt, E. L. farmer, Pi'irron, N. gardener, Peters C. farmer, Pederson, G. dairyman, Peterson, B. A. farmer, Pratt, Stephen, farmer, Pratt, M. V. farmer Poole. 11. gardner. Patten, J. M. dairyman, Peterson, G. dairyman, Peirce, Thos. W. farmer, Minneapolis, Peterson , Fred . dairy man , Minneapolis , iVterson, Cris. dairyman, Minneapolis, Key, Michael, gardener, Minneapolis, Roberts, D. farmer, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, A. s. 12(3 29 160 18 160 31 100 8 20 1-6 11 8 80 6 80 8 160 18 109 17 10 6 45 36 10 1 80 12 5 17 lots 33 5 11 5 11 33 80 30 60 28 27 28 2 17 120 19 80 17 75 6 75 7 13 11 40 29 5 17 14 28 10 1 12 12 40 17 13 17 15 36 10 12 20 11 17 210 6 20 7 17 10 12 125 5 28 28 P. o. Russell, R. P. miller, Minneapolis, Rutledge, tenant, Minneapolis, Scheid, Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, Sweeney, E. farmer, Minneapolis, Sweeny, James, farmer, Minneapolis, Sweeny, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Somers,Mrs.M.E.farmer,Minneapolis, Smith, A. daryman, Minneapolis. Smith, James, Lyndale farm, Minneapolis, Somers, Wm. constable, Minneapolis, Small, L. dairyman, MioneapoUs, Sanborn, C. B. nurseryman, Minneapolis, Smith, C. A. gardener, Minneapolis, Smith, Nils, drayman, Minneapolis, Shepherd, L. gardener, Minneapolis, Tabour, S. T. farmer, Minneapolis, Tabour, J. B. dealer, Minneapolis, Tracy, H. G. dealer, Minneapolis, Tapper, Capt. John, Minneapolis, Tupper, D. W. dealer, ' Minneapolis, Tingley, C. dairyman, Minneapolis, Tillany, L. A. farmer, Minneapolis, Van Nest, H. stock-grower, Minneapolis, Vamer, W. H. farmer, Minneapolis, Widekin, A. farmer, Minneapolis, Wilson, U. R. farmer, Minneapolis, Whitney, S. C. farmer, Minneapolis, Wameke, F. H. farmer, Hopkins, Wheeler, G. D. tenant, Minneapolis, Yost, E. tenant, Minneapolis, Zeigler, Carl, salesman, Minneapolis, Zeller, George, carpt. Minneapolis, A. S. 99 33 17 80 18 84 18 77 18 80 17 32 31 50 1 1400 31 12 33 3 10 2 60 1 40 120 32 40 82 - 40 31 7 27 31 22 1 115 6 120 10 159 32 10 33 10 31 63 5 80 19 10 133 18 7 31 lots, 36 60 30 10 3 OSSEO. Black, H. C. wagon-maker, Osseo. Brown, Seneca, wagon-maker, Osseo. Brown, Black & Dubuque, wagon-makers, Osseo. Chandler, E. H., Osseo. Clark, E. P. carpenter and joiner, Osseo. Dubuque, I. wagon-maker, Osseo. Haviland, Eli, blacksmithing, Osseo. liechtman, John, merchant, Osseo. Haviland, Chancy, engineer, Osseo. Heesen, J. saloon, Osseo. Krueger, W. boot and shoemaker, Osseo. TOWNSHIP BIBEGTOBIES. 693 p. O. Osseo. Osseo. Osseo. Osseo. Osseo.- Laferriere, O. blacksmithing, Labissionier, I. mason, Lapray, S. meat market, Lefebvre, E. merchant, Labrash, Z. hotel keeper, Ladriere, A. pastor St. Louis Ch. Osseo. Normandin, J. laborer, Osseo. Pavitt, S. N. harness-maker, Osseo. Pinault, N. J. physician and surg. Osseo. Fribble, J. T., Osseo. Eougier, Nelson, wheelwright, Osseo. Bay, A. G. farming, Osseo, Bougier, Maggie, dress-making, Osseo. Schmidt, Fritz, Internation'l hot'l, Osseo, 60 40 Schwappach, C. saloon, Osseo. Saucier, Jos. farmer. Osseo, 80 24 Smith, Mrs. M. K. farming, Osseo, 80 18 Thayer, Mrs. C. W. farming. Osseo, 160 Wellman, Eli, blacksmith, Osseo. Woodley, J. boot and shoemaker, Osseo. PLYMOUTH. Adams, M. farmer. Baker, A, farmer, Berube, Francis, " Berthiume, C. farmer, Lenz, Minneapolis, Lenz, Minneapolis, Brigge, Julius, farmer, Minneapolis, Brusch, C. farmer, Minneapolis, Begin, J. M. farmer, Minneapolis, Begin, L. Jr. farmer, Minneapolis, . Boucher, F. farmer, Lenz, Begin, Louis farmer, Lenz, Becker, Fred, farmer, Minneapolis, Bushnell, Byron, farmer, Wayzata, Berube, farmer, Lenz, Cavanaugh, P. farmer, Wayzata, Connoly, Morris,farmer, Parkers Lake, Campbell, J. W. farmer, Parkers Lake, Grecian, J.W, farmer, Parkers Lake, Crandbient, E. farmer, Parkers Lake, Clark, Tho'pson, farmer,Parkers Lake, Clark, C. W. farmer, Parkers, Lake, Daly, K. farmer, Lenz, Daly, W. farmer, Lenz, Devery, Jno. farmer, Lenz, Dolan, Keeran. farmer, Lenz, Donahue, Jas. farmer, Parkers Lake, Daniels,- Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, DuBeau, A. farmer, Lenz, 80 17 80 2 280 8 200 10 80 10 281 11 80 14 80 14 80 15 295 23 4 36 120 33 40 9 80 34 60 27 82 28 51 29 32 32 tenant 33 33 82 6 100 5 80 6 81 6 80 21 40 10 80 16 P. o. Donahue, Jas. farmer, Minneapolis, Day, J. W., farmer, Parkers Lake, Dumstrey, E. farmer, Wayzata, Donahue, John, farmer, Lenz, Eagan, Mary, farmer, Lenz, Ernst, Joseph, farmer, Ecker, F. W. farmer, Eagan, Carey, farmer, Eagan, John, farmer, Eagan, W. farmer, Fornier, W. farmer, Feitzer, John, farmer, Feitzer, Henry, farmer, Lenz, Faber, Mch. farmer, Minneapolis, Farrington, C. W. far. Frost, Benjamin, far. Foster, J. W. farmer, Fleer, H. clergyman, Gleeson, James, farmer, Lenz, GafCy, Ann, farmer, Lenz, Gaffy, Pat. farmer, Gorham, G. farmer, Glatz, M. farmer, Gorham, F. farmer, Gorham, David, farmer, Lenz, Garvin, Thomas, farmer, Lenz, Heinrich, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Hatcher, Frank, farmer, Lenz, Hamel, N. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, C. W. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, James, farmer, Lenz, Hughes, Frank, farmer, Lenz, Hughes, Thos. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, Henry, farmer, Lenz, Heidlebergh, A. " Lenz, Hughes, Edward, " Lenz, Howe, .J. H. farmer, Minneapolis, Hilger, Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, Hoppenroth, 0. farmer, Lenz, Huar, O. farmer, Minneapolis, Hughes, Jno. W. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, E. C. farmer, Parker's Lake, Hughes, T. Jr. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, W. T. farmer, Lenz, Hughes, C. W. Lenz. Jordan, J. H. farmer, Lenz, Jamme, Joseph, farmer, Lenz, Jordan, Addrew, " Lenz, Parkers Lake, Parkers Lake, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake. Lenz, Lenz, Parker's Lake, Lenz, A. S. 142 9 40 22 194 32 80 9 80 6 200 22 160 27 80 5 6 6 76 8 80 15 80 15 346 22 160 15 40 36 48 32 80 4 120 6 6 120 7 60 31 200 17 180 18 80 8 122 2 100 18 131 18 80 16 140 18 100 18 138 19 80 19 80 20 107 20 168 22 40 36 80 4 116 14 27 19 40 21 40 18 40 18 40 17 80 17 115 18 694 HISTOBY OF HENNEFIN COUNTY. p. o. Jardine, A. G. blacksmith, Lenz, Kobbs, Lewis, farmer, Kritz, J. farmer, Klausman, M. farmer, Kraetz, Frank, farmer, Kraetz, Fred, farmer, KeUet, David, Est. " Lewcock, G. farmer, Le Compt, A. farmer, Lemmer, P. farmer, Luby, David, farmer, Luby, M. farmer. Merchant, S. farmer, Marxen, D. farmer, McGowan, G. farmer, Malmstedt, H. G. farm'r, Parker's Lake, McGowan, M. farmer, Parker's Lake, McGowan, Phil, farmer, Parker's Lake, Megelkoch, J. farmer, Minneapolis, Miller, J. P. farmer, Malmstedt A. farmer, McDonald Dan, Neumann H. farmer, Noel, Joseph, farmer, Neumann, J. farmer, Osterd, M. farmer, Osborn, E. farmer, Ottaway, T. farmer, Pomerleau, F. farmer, Pomerleau, D. farmer, Prohl, Henry, farmer, Parker, J. M. farmer, Parker, Daniel C. far. Peoples, Chris, farmer Past, J. H. machinist, Booney, James, farmer, Lenz, Roi, Joseph, farmer, Lenz, Eoggeman, Wm. far. Roggeman, John, far. Raskop, Peter, farmer, Roggeman, L. farmer, Riley, James, farmer. Roth, Stephen, farmer, Roehl, Nicholas, far. Rossbach, Charles, Raths, Jacob, farmer, Radintz, F. farmer, Radintz, Wm. farmer. Minneapolis, Parker's Lake, Minneapolis, Wayzata, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, MiimeapoUs, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MinneapoUs, MinneapoUs, Minneapolis, Parker's Lake, Lenz, Parker's Lake, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, Plymouth, Lenz, Lenz, MinneapoUs, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, MinneapoUs, Monticello, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MinneapoUs, Lenz, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, Minneapolis, Parker's Lake, Parker's Lake, Wayzata, A. s. 33 68 11 80 19 148 24 239 29 80 29 179 30 80 21 122 25 40 36 145 36 40 36 80 10 80 12 120 28 40 28 80 34 80 34 240 27 80 22 8 28 80 25 160 14 72 16 96 22 40 27 33 28 80 32 134 4 200 7 247 11 54 28 120 28 80 13 36 80 7 40 9 160 11 160 11 80 12 200 13 72 17 80 21 120 21 67 24 160 28 148 30 40 31 P. o. Wayzata, Wayzata, Wayzata, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Lenz, Ryan, Wm. farmer, Ryan, James, farmer, Rodner, A. farmer, Schulze, John, farmer, Schulze, Robt farmer, Schmidt, Wm. farmer, Sdhmidt, Carl, farmer, SandhofE, Wm. farmer, MinneapoUs, Smith, Henry, farmer, Minneapolis, SehUtz Wm. farmer, MinneapoUs, Schlitz, Herbert, farmer, MinneapoUs, SandhofE, H. A. stock raiser, MinneapoUs, Sandhofl, A. farmer, Minneapolis, Schmitz, Peter, farmer, Parkers Lake, Scherer, Simon, farmer, Lenz, Schmitz, Dennis,farmer,Lenz, Schmidt, Anton,farmer, Lenz, Schmitz, Henry ,farmer, Lenz, Scott, H. H. farmer, MinneapoUs. Swiggart, Chris, farmer, Wayzata, Schiebe, Carl, hotel, MinneapoUs, Smith, H. M. farmer, MinneapoUs, Schmidt,F.H.B. farmer, MinneapoUs, Smith, G. C. farmer, Parkers Lake, SandhofE, H. A. mason, Minneapolis, Thies, J. P. farmer, MinneapoUs, Thies, H, farmer, MinneapoUs, Trittlewitz, C. farmer, Lenz, Thompson, A. farmer, Parkers Lake Weeks, S. C. farmer, MinneapoUs. Wyendt, M. farmer, MinneapoUs, Witzman, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Welsh, Barney, farmer, Parkers Lake, Winnen, P. J. farmer, Parkers Lake, Wirth, T. farmer, Parkers Lake, Waters, E. J. engineer, Wayzata, EICHFIELD. Anderson, Otto, farmer, Richfield, Booth, J. E. florist, Minnehaha, Brown, J. W. farmer, Richfield, Busch, F. gardener, Richfield, Brown, H. F. farmer, Minneapolis, Baumgartner, J. farmer, Richfield, Baird, G. W. farmer, Minneapolis, Butterfleld, F. farmer, Minneapolis, Bull, J . A. farmer, MinneapoUs, Baird, J. W. miUer, Richfield. A. S. 80 34 80 34 93 31 225 4 80 5 120 9 80 11 100 10 320 11 40 12 80 12 285 13 160 12 80 18 45 16 139 19 80 20 80 20 70 31 360 36 80 36 311 11 176 26 13 95 3 40 3 80 20 95 29 194 25 80 26 60 27 70 31 33 32 120 33 10 22 3 18 80 14 10 15 159 18 82 25 120 18 83 158 18 TOWNSHIP BIBECTOBIES. 695 P. o. A. s. Baird, J. A. miller, Eichfleld. Bush, Frederick, f mer, Eichfleld, 15 15 Cressey, M. G. school teacher, Eichfleld, 10 15 Craik, Andrew, miller and farmer, Eichfleld, 160 18 Clark, C. revenue officer, Minneapolis, 80 15 Copley, Mary, farmer, Hopkins, 80 31 Code, John, farmer, Eichfleld, 40 32 Code, Geo. farmer, Minneapolis, 200 19 Couillard, E. A. farmer, Eichfleld, 114 20 Cummings, G. "W. f 'mer, Minnehaha, 33 19 Christian, Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, 371 36 Cassin, David, farmer, Eichfleld, 120 18 Carey, John, farmer, Eichfleld, 94 8 Carey, E. farmer, Minneapolis, 40 6 Couillard, 0. farmer, Eichfleld, 160 34 Chase, C. C. Eichfleld, 20 15 Davis, WUUam, farmer, Eichfleld, 160 18 Duggan, John, farmer, Eichfleld, 105 4 Duggan, "Wm. farmer, Eichfleld, 126 4 Davis, r. farmer, Minneapolis, 115 5 Davis, B. farmer, Minneapolis, 80 5 Delaney, Mich, farmer, Eichfleld, 200 81 Davis, W. farmer, Minneapolis, 160 18 Darcy, E. farmer, Minneapolis, 214 5 Ewing, W. M. wagon maker, Minneapolis, 18 Fitch, D. S. farmer, Eichfleld, 145 28 Fogarty, Pat, farmer, Minneapolis, 80 30 Fogarty, W. & T. farm'r MinneapoUs, 206 8 Fortwingler, G. farmer, MinneapoUs, 267 31 Fitzsimmons, "W. farm'r, MinneapoUs, 60 6 Gihnan, J. F. farmer. Eichfleld, 80 21 Graham EUz. farmer, Eichfleld, 230 27 Gleeson, M. farmer, MinneapoUs, 253 6 Gjertsen, G. J. farmer, Minnehaha, 81 24 Gilmore, J. F. gardener, Eichfleld, 2 15 GibU, C. gardener, Eichfleld, 10 16 Hanscom, B. F. farmer, Eichfleld, 100 14 Hoag, Charles, farmer, MiimeapoUs, 125 22 Hohnan, L. H. farmer, Eichfleld, 32 33 Heiss, F. J. farmer, Eichfleld, 80 19 Hohnan, L. farmer, Eichfleld, 62 21 Heiss, F. J. farmer, Eichfleld, 19 Hall, A. N. farmer, Eichfleld, 72 22 Hohag, C. A. farmer, Minneapolis, 34 30 Hubbard, 0. conductor, M. & St. Paul, farmer, MinneapoUs, 200 28 p. o, Hirt, John, farmer, Minnehaha, Haeg, Chairles, farmer, Minnehaha, Hausler, Mary, farmer, Eichfleld, Hayward, Jesse, florist, Minnehaha, Humphrey, L/L. farmer, Eichfleld, HaU, E. T. farmer, Eichfleld, Hopkins, M. M. farmer, Eichfleld, HaUenback, F.H. f ar'er. Fort SneUing, Hawkes, J. farmer, MinneapoUs, Irwin, G. W. farmer, Eichfleld, Irwin, E. F. farmer, Eichfleld, Johnson Peter, farmer, Minneapolis, Kyte, John, farmer, MinneapoUs, King, E. E. farmer, MinneapoUs, Kiesel, Leo. farmer, Eichfleld, Lane, W. H. farmer, MinneapoUs, Lyons, W. farmer, MinneapoUs, Lucas, Harmon, farmer, Eichfleld, Larson, L. farmer, MinneapoUs, Mosier, I. H. farmer, Eichfleld, MUlam, Geo. miUer, Minneapolis, Maloney, M. F. farmer, Hopkins, Makowsky, J. Jr. f 'mer, Hopkins, Manton, J. E. clergym'n, Eichfleld, McGrath, Pat. farmer, MinneapoUs, Murphy, W. farmer, MinneapoUs, McCauley, D. farmer, Minneapolis, Moriarty, T. farmer, MinneapoUs, Moriarty, T. L. farmer, MinneapoUs, McCabe, M. farmer, Eichfleld, Nusser, John, farmer. Fort SneUing, Odell, Geo. farmer, Eichfleld, OdeU, Howard C. with L. Day & Sons, MinneapoUs. Page, T. blacksmith, Eichfleld, Pratt, J. J. farmer, Eichfleld, Pahl, Frank, farmer. Fort SneUing, Place, D. N. farmer, MinneapoUs, Peters, Thomas, hotel, Minnehaha. Eichardson, J. N. merchant, Eichfleld, Eyan, Pat. farmer, MinneapoUs, Eay, T. J. farmer, MinneapoUs, Eoberts, J. A. farmer, Eichfleld, Eyan, James, farmer, MinneapoUs, Scales, E. A. farmer, Minnehaha, Schulz, Henry, farmer, Hopkins, Self, Thomas, farmer, Hopkins, Sly, F. farmer, Eichfleld, Sly, GUbert, fanner, Eichfleld, A. S. 113 25 312 25 160 25 18. 100 28 80 35 160 30 40 36 120 29 160 30 141 33 6 18 316 31 162 29 220 32 120 20 120 22 22 4J 28 40 16 42 18 160 30 200 30 46 28 160 30 80 8 249 6 80 31 100 32 240 32 40 31 96 27 10 22 115 22 160 31 220 28 15 80 32 80 35 36 30 91 30 5 13 160 29 120 29 160 19 19 696 HISTOBT OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. Stewart, George, farmer, Slaven, Owen, farmer, Scott M. E. farmer, Schimmel Aug. farmer, Schnessler, P. farmer. Smith, J. L. farmer, Stansfleld, J. farmer, Tierney, James, farmer, Tracy C. Mrs. farmer, Wilcox, H. K. farmer, Wriglit, E. A. farmer. Wood, John, farmer, Wilson, F. J. farmer, Yancy, B. C. farmer. p. o. Eichfleld, Minneapolis, ' Minnehaha, Fort Snelling, Kichfleld, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Eichfleld, Minneapolis, Eichfleld, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, Eichfleld, Minneapolis, ST. ANTHONY. Burg, Adam, farm and nursery, Minneapolis, Bohan, T. farmer, Minneapolis, Carlin, K. farmer, Minneapolis, Cooley, Edwin, farmer, Minneapolis, Costlo, John, farmer, Minneapolis, Estes, Charles, farmer, Minneapolis, Eustis, E. S. farmer, Minneapolis, Grindall, Olin, farmer, Minneapolis, Grindall, C. J. farmer and teamster, Minneapolis, Grotjam, W. farmer, Minneapolis, Gluek, G. brewer, Minneapolis, Grindall, C. B. farmer, Minneapolis, Gi-indall, Elijah, farmer, Minneapolis, A. s. 128 23 80 31 80 36 73 31 160 7 14 120 14 80 29 210 32 120 27 109 31 80 5 125 28 68 28 26 3 40 18 10 11 160 7 4 12 229 2 247 30 80 1 40 1 30 10 5 10 11 1 1 p. o. Hessburg, C. stock farm, Minneapolis, Hilgedick, E. farm and dairy, Minneapolis, Ingenhuett, W. farmer, Minneapolis, Kampff, Louis, farmer, Minneapolis, Kletzin, M. F. gardener, Minneapolis, Lewis, U. laborer, Minneapolis, McCarty, O. farmer, Minneapolis, Moulton, T. farmer, Minneapolis, Moore, L. farmer, Minneapolis, Moore, D. D. fariner, Minneapolis, O'Brien, Dennis, f 'mer, Minneapolis, Oberlies,John,carpenter,Minneapolis, Nathan, M. farmer, Minneapolis, Parker, D. C. bookkpr. Minneapolis.] Philbrook, E. B. farmer, Minneapolis, Phillips, N. O. farmer, Minneapolis, Pierro, M. gardner, Minneapolis, Smiley, A. farm and dairy, Minneapolis, Swahn, J. G. potter, Minneapolis, Swanson, C. J. brick manufacturer, Minneapolis. Thiry, Frank, farmer, Minneapolis, Upham, F, M. Fertilizing Company, Minneapolis. Weeks, A. H. mason and farmer, Minneajwlis, White, L. D. gardener, Minneapolis, Wardsworth, G. G:;far'r, Minneapolis, A. s. 23 11 114 2 66 3 88 11 30 12 10 10 12 28 12 5 12 6 95 11 2 10 80 6 96 6 76 6 20 11 20 6 4 10 160 6-7 35 12 5 12 20 11 INDEX. 697 INDEX. BXPLOKBRS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. 11 PAGE Abraham, Plains of 1 Accaiilt (Ako) Michael, compan- ion ot Hennepin. 10. 1-, 20, 2 1, 24, 26 De.sciibed bv La Salle 18 Leader ol Mississippi Explo- rations ID Acbiuanaga arrested by Perrot. . 12 Tried for murder before Du Luth 13 Deaih of 14 Aiouez, see loways. Ako, see Accault. Albane!, Jesuit missionary at Sault bt. Marie AUoupz, Jesuit missionary visits La Pointe * At Lake Nepigon 4 Meets the Sioux at the ex- tremity ol Lake Superior: 4 Describes the Sioux 4 Ames, M. E., early lawyer 122 Anderson, Captain in British ser- vice 81 Anderson, trader under Dickson, at Leech Lake 77 Andrews, Joseph, killed by Sis- seton Sioux 92 Aquipaguetin. Sioux chief men- tlonedby Hennepin 21, 27 Assineboines 2.9,23,4.3,46, 65 Assiueboine fiiv6r, called by the French St. Charles 69 Augelle, Anthony, alias Picard du Gay, associate of Hennepin 10, 18, 2i, 24, 28 Aver, Frederick, missionary to Ojibways 107 Ayoes, see loways. , Baker, B. F., Indian trader 112 Bailly, Alexis, drives cattle to Pembina 93 Member of Legislature 93 Balcoinbe, St. A. D 127 Baldwin School, now Macalester College, incorporated 125 Opened in June, 1853 125 Balfour, Captain 62 Bass, J. w., early settler at St. Paul ' Bear dance of the Sioux de- scribed Beauharnois, Governor, favors Verendrye Beaujeu, urged by Langlade of Wisconsin, defeats Braddock.. Bellin,Geogra|iher,notices Ocha- gac'hs' map 87 Alludes to Fort Bouge on lied river 87 Fort on St. Oroix Kiver 112 Bellinzany, of "Paris" receives specimens of Lake Superior copper Beltrami, G. C, notice of 93 Arrives at Fort Snelling 93 Aecompanles Major Long.... 94 Discovers northern sources of the Mississippi 94 Berthot, Colin, murdered at Keweenaw Bishop, Harriet E., establishes school in St. Paul 114 Black River, called Chabadeba.. 18 Blue Earth River explored ...45, 47 Supposed mines at 47 Forton.... 4" D'Evaque visits S 116 61 PAGE 1 TO 128. PAGE Boal, J. M., early settler at St. Paul 116, 118 Bobe, exposes La Hontan's mis- statements 36 Bottineau, .]. B., exposed in a snow storm 102 BoiSffuillot, early trader on Wis- consin ahd Mississippi 32 Boucher, Marie, inoiher of Ver- endrye 58 Boucher, Pierre, described Lake Superior copper mines 7 Father of Sieur de Le Per- riere 51 Boucherville, officer at Lake Pepin 53 Goods furnished to Indians. . 54 Captured by Indians 54 Boudor, trades with the Sioux. . . 48 Attacked by the Foxes 49 Bougainville, mentions Indian tribes seen by Verendrye 60 Bontwell, Rev. W. T., Ojibwav missionary 106,113 Removes to Stillwater ill Notice of Stillwater 114 Braddock's defeat 61 Braflley, one of Pike's corporals 76 Bremer. Fredricka, bwedish nov- elist in Minnesota 122 Brisbin,J.B 127 Brisbois, Lieut, in British service 81 Brissette, Edward, noi ice of j 114 Brown, Joseph R., drummer boy at Fort Suelling 95 Trading post at Lake Trav- erse 102 Keeps a grog shop tor soldiers 103 At Grey Cloud Island 113 Member of Wisconsin Legis- latuie 113 Makes a town site near Still- water 113 Secretary of Council. 1849 119 Bruce, trader at Green Bay 63 Brunson, Eev. A., Methodist Missionary in, 113 Brunson, B. W 119 Brusky, Charles, Indian trader.. 77 Bulger, Capt., surrenders Fort McKay 81 Bulwer, Sir E. L., translation of Sioux Death Song 67 Cadillac,La Motte.on route to the Pacifle ■. P6 In Command at Detroit 48 Alludes to Le Sueur 48 Alludes to Bonder's expedi- tion 48 On the selling of brandy to Indians 16 Cameron, Murdock, sells liquor to Indians 74 Campbell, Colin, interpreter 92 Carver's Cave mentioned. ..66, 78, 84 Carver, Capt. Jonathan, early lite of 64 In battle of Lake George 64 An ival at Mackinaw 64 Describes the fort at Green Bay 64 Visits Winnebago Village 64 Visits Fox Village 64 Describes Prairie du Chieii.. . 64 Describes earth works at Lake Pepin 65 Describes cave at St. Paul 66 PAGK Describes.Falls of St.Antliony 66 Describes Minne.sota river... 66 Describes funeral rites 67 Reports speech of Sioux chief 67 Speech versified by Soliiller.. 67 Translation by Bulwer and Herschell 67, 68 His alleged deed for Sioux land 70 U.S. Senate rejects his claims 70 Grandsons of, visit Minnesota ii Caumont, Sieur de 3i Chagouaniikon visited by Grosel- liers andRadissnn 2 Charlevoix on La Hontan's fabri- cations 36 On Le Sueur's raining opera- tions 45 Chatlleld, A.G., Territorial Judge 125 Chippeway,lndians,see Ojibways Chouart, Medard, see Groselliers Christiiiaux mentioned 43, 44 Clark, Lt. Nathan, at Fort Snell- ing po Letters from Gen . Gibson .... f 4 Arrests Sioux 98 Coe, Bev.Alvan, visits Fort Snell- ing in 1829 106 Constans, William 121 Convention to form a State Con- stitution 128 Cooper, David, Territorial Judge. 118 Copwr mines of Lake Superior, Early Notice of 7 A. D 16; 6 described bv Sagard 7 A.D.164' described byBoucher 7 Of Isle I'ioyal 7 OfOntanagon .■ 7 Copper sent to Bellinzany, in Paris 7 Copper mines spoken of by Talon, A.D. 1669 7 Coqu rd. Father, accompanies Verendrye 60 Mentions ■ Rocky Mountain Indians 60 Eulogy of St. Pierre 61 Cratte, Oliver 102 Dakotalis or Dahkotahs, see Sioux D'Avagour, Governor of Canada, opinion ot the region West of Lake Superior 1 Day, Dr. David 124 De Corbiere, Lieut, at Lake Champlain 62 De Gonor, Jesuit, visits Lake Pepin 51, 58 Returns to CanadH. 54 Converses witli Verendrye... 58 De la Barre, Governor, notices Dn Luth 11 Sends Perrot to the Sioux 29 De la Jemeraye, see Jenieraye.. De la Tour, Jesuits missionary.. 13 De la Tourette, Greysolon, broth-" erofDuLuth 16 De Mgnery, see Lignery De Lusignan, visits the Sioux 75 Denis, Canadian voyageur, joins Le Sueur 42 Denonvllle, Governor, attacks Senecas 15 Orders Duluth to build a Fort 16 Sends for w. stern allies 30 Commissions D a Luth Si 698 INDEX. PAGE Denton, Kev. D., missionary to Sioux Ill D'Ksprit, Pierre, see Kadisson. .. D'Evaque, in oliarge of Fort L'Hmllier 48 Abandons tlie Fort 48 Devotion, M., sutler at Fort Snelliuf; 91 D'lberville, Gov., criticises Hen- nepin 28 JKelative of Le Sueur 39 Memorial ou tribes of the Mississippi 46, 46 Dieslcau, Baron 61 DiPlavidKiik,brother-ln law of Radisson l Lac Vieux Desert 3 La Hontan, his early life 35 Book of travels 35 Arrives at Fort St. Joseph, on Lake Erie 35 Ascent of the Fox River 35 Descends the Wisconsin River 35 Alleged voyage of the Long River 36 Pronounced a fabrication. In 1716, byBobe 36 Criticised b / Charlevoix 36 Noticed by NicoUel; 36 Laldlow travels from Selkirk set- tlement to Prairie duChien 91 Brings wheat by boat to Pem- bina 91 At Fort Snelling 33 Lac qui Parle mission 109 Lake Calhoun, Indian farm es- tablisheii 106 Lake Harriet, mission described 109 Lake Pepin, called Lake of Tears Described In A. D. 1700 41 Fort Perrot at 29 Foit Beauharnois at 63 Lake of the Ottawas 3 Lake Pokeguma Mission 109 Battleat 109 La Monde, a voyageur 10 Landsing, trader, killed 63 Lambert, David, earlv settler in St. Paul 118 Lambert, Henry A., early settler in St. Paul 119 Langlade, of Green Bay, urges attack of Brarldock 61 Near Lake George 62 La Perriere, Sieur de, proceeds to Sioux country 31 Son of Pierre Boucher 51 Arrives at Lake Pepin 52 Builds Fort Beauharnois. . .. 52 His brother, Montbrun, cap- tured by Indians 63 La PIace,a French deserter killed bv the Sioux 42 La Porte, see Louvigny. La Potherie describes Fort Per- rot, at Lake Pepin 29- Lar^enteur, A., early settler at St. Paul 116 La Salle licensed to trade in buf- falo robes 10 Builds ship Griffin 10 His crew cle.sert 10 Criticises Du Luth 10, 18 His Pilot attempts to join Du- Luth 10 PAGE First to describe Upper Mis- sissippi 18 Describes Falls of Saint An- thony 19 Poor opinion of Hennepin 19 La Taupine, see Moreau. Laurence, Phineas, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 113 Leach, Calvin, a founder of Still- water 113 Leadmineson Mississippi 33 Described by Penicaut 34 Leavenworth, Colonel, establish- es Fort Snelling 90 Arrival at Mendota 91 Changes his cantonment..,. 91 Relieved by Snelling 92 Le Due, Philip, robbed near nor- thern b»unaary of Minnesota. . 61 Legardenr, Augustine, associate of Perrot 32 See St. Pierre. Legisliture, First Territorial, meets Jan., 1849, officers of 119 Second Territorial, meets Jan., 1850, officers of 122 Third Territoi-ial, meets Jan., 1852. officers of 124 Fourth Territorial ,meets Jan. 1853. officers of 124 Fifth Territorial, meets Jan., 1854 officers of 126 Sixth Territorial, meets Jan., 1855, officers of 126 Seventh Territorial, meets Jan., 18.')6, officers of 127 Eighth Teriitorial, meets Jan., 1857, officers of 127 Special Territorial, 1857 127 First State 128 Leslie. Lt., command at Macki- naw 62 L'Hnillier, Fort, why named 43 Le Maire, Jacques, killed by In- dians 11 Le Sueur, associated with Perrot 32 builds a Fort below Hastings 32 A relative of D'Iberville ..37, 39 At Lake Pepin in 1683 and 1689 37, 40 At La Pointe of Lake Super- ior, 1692 37 Builds a Post below Hastings 37 Brings first Sioux chief to Montreal 37, 83 Visits France 38 Encouraged by Frontenac. .. 39 Arrives in Gulf of Mexico... :i9 Ascends the Mississippi 39 Passes Perrot's lead mines. . . 40 Meets destitute Canadians. . . 40 At the Biver St. Croix 42 Builds Fort L'Huillier 43 Holds a council with the Sioux :.. 44 Returns to Gulf of Mexico 45, 74 Sails with D'Iberville to France 45, 74 [Hibbey, Washington, pioneer at St. Croix Falls 113 Llgnery, commands at Mackinaw 50 At Fort Duquesue 61 Linctot, commander at Macki- naw 51 Pursues the Foxes 53 Little Crow, Sioux chief goes in 1824 to Washington 95 Long, Major Stephen H., tour to Falls of St. Anthony, A. D 1817 82 At Wapashaw village 82 Describes Sioux bear dance . . 83 Burial place 83 Kaposia village *6 Carver's cave 84 Fountain cave 84 St. Anthony Falls 85 Opinion of the site of Fort Snelling 86 Arrives at Fort Snelling, A. D. 1823 91 Loomis, Capt. Gustavus A., U. S. A ; 108 Eliza marries Lieut. Ogden.. los 700 INDEX. PAGE Loomis, D. B.,eaily settler of St. Oroix Valley 122 Lovas, Bishop of Dubuque 109 Louisiana, transfer of 73 Louvigny, Sieur de, escorted to Mackinaw by Perrot 33, 50 His reception as commander 33 K-called 50 Expedition against the Foxes 60 I-owrv, Sylvanus, early settler. . 127 Maca'lest'er College 125 Mackinaw re-occupied 60 Surrendered by Americans.. 80 Presbyterian mission at 106 Kev. Dr. Morse visits 106 Robert Stuart resides at... . 106 Kev. W. M, Ferry, missionary at 106 Mahas mentioned, 44,46,46, 65 Ma ndans mentioned 46 Maginnis makes a claim at St. Croix Falls 112 Map by Franquelin indicates Da Lutli's explorations , . 9 The Indian Ochagaoh 87 DelaJemeraye 87 Verendr\ e 87 Marest. James Joseph, Jesuit missionary, signs the papers tailing possession of the Upper M is.sissippi 32 Letter to Le Sueur 39 Commends Louvigny 60 Opinion of the Sioux 51 Marin, Lamarque de, French officer 60 In command at Green Bay. . . 61 Lt. Mai'in attacks English. . . 62 Marine, earlv settlers at 112 Marriages at Fort Snelling 102, 108, 110 Marshall, Hon. W. B., mentioned, 115, 126 Marquette, Jesuit missionary at Larointe 4 Martin. Abraham, pilot l Maskoiitens mentioned 37 At Fort Perrot 30 Massacre Island. Lake of the Woods, origin of the name 59 McGillis. Hugh, N. W.Oo. Agent, LeechLalte 78 McGregor, English trader, ar- rested 16 McKay, trader from Albany 63 Lt. Col. William, attacks Prairie du Chien 81 McKean, Elias, a founder of Still- water 113 McKenzie, old trader 87 McKusick, J. a founder of Still- water 113 McLean, Nathaniel, editor 119 McLeod, Martin.exposed to snow storm 102 Speaker of council in 1863. ... 124 Menard Bene, Jesuit missionary letterof v,-;-- ^ Among the Ottawas of Lake Superior 3 Attempted visit to Hurons, in Wiseon.sin 3 Lost in the marshes or killed 3 Said to have been on the Mis- sissippi before Joliet and Marquette 3 Medary, Governor, Samuel 127 Meeker, B. B., Territorial Judge, 118, 119 Messaver, Father, accompanies the Verendrve expedition 68 Miami Indians visited by Perrot. 30 Ask for a trading post on Mis- sissippi 33 Mentionof 38,46, 44 Mill, first in Minnesota 93, as Milie Lacs Sioux visited by Du Lmh 9 Hennepin 22 Minnesota, meaning of the word 116 Biver.tlist steamboat In 122 Historical Societ.v, 119 Territory, proposed bounda- ries lis PAGE Remonsti-ance against 115 Various names proposed 115 Convention at Stillwater 115 "When organized 117 First election 118 First Legislature 118 First counties organized 119 Seal of 120 Becognized as a State 128 Mitchell, Alexander M., U. 8. Marshal 118 Candidate for Congress 125 Missions, Jesuit 6, 16, 106 Mission Stations, Mackinaw 106 La Pointe 107 I-eech Lake 107 Yellow Lake 107 Lake Harriet 108 Lac-qui parle 109, 111 Pokeguma 109 Kaposia Ill Traverse de Sioux Ill Shakpay ill Oak Grove Ill Bed Wing in Missionaries, Eev. Alvan Coe, visits Fort Snelling 107 Frederick Ayer 107 W. T. Boutwell 107 E. F. Ely, (teacher) 109 Mr. Denton HI Sherman Hall 107 Daniel Gavin Ill John F. Alton Ill Kohert Hopkins Ill Gideon JH. Pon ■ 107 Samue W. Pond '..■■ 107 J. "W. Hancock Ill J. D. Stevens 107 S.E. Biggs > Ill T. S. Williamson M. D 107 M.N. Adams Ill Montbrun, in returning from Lake Pepin, captured 53 Montcalm, Marquis, dispatch to Vaudreuil 62 Montgomery, General, death of. 1 Moreau. Pierre, with Du Luth at Lake Superior 9 Arrested 10 Morrison, William, old trader 7.', 87 Moss, Henry L., U. S. District Attorney 118 Nadowaysioux. see Sioux Negro woman found dead near Kaposia 113 Nepigon, Luke. Vereudrye at.... 87 Neill, Kev. Edward D., offers prayer at opening of first legis- lature 119 Delivers opening address of Histojical Society 119 Newspaper first in St. Paul, the Pioneer 117, 118 Minnesota Register 1 18 Minnesota Ohrnnicle 118 Chronicle and Begister lis Carriers Address 119 Dahkotah Friend 122 Minnesota Democrat 122 St. Anthony Express 123 NIcolet. Jean, first white trader in Wisconsin 1 Nicollet, J. N., astronomer and geologist 102 Lelterfrom St. Anthony Falls 102 Niverville, Boucher de, at Lake Winnipeg 60 Norrls,J. s. 126 North, J. W 122, 128 Northwes company trading posts 73 Description of buildings 73 Territory divided 73 Noue, Kobertal de la. re-occu- ples Du Luth's Post at the head of Lake Superior 50 Ochngachs, draws a U'ap for Ve- rendrve 58 Mentioned by the geographer Belliu 01ibwavsorChlppeways...30, 31, 37 Captive girls 31, 32 PAGE Chief of, with Le Sueur at Montreal 37 Tn council with Sioux 94 Killed near Fort Snelling, A. D., 1826 97 Visit Fort, A. D., 1827 Treachery of..... 103 Conflict with Sioux near Fort Snelling 103 Early residence of 105 Sioux name for 105 Principal villages of 105 Of Lake Pokeguma attacked 110 Attack at Kaposia Sioux. — 111 Treaty of 1837 112 Attack Sioux near St. Paul... 121 Passengers on first steam- boat above Falls of Saint Anthony 121 Attack Sioux in St. Paul streets 125 Kill a Sioux gir, in a farm house 127 Oliver, Lieut. IT. S. A., detained by ice at Hastings 91 Olmsiead.S.B 126 Olmsted, David, President of first council 119 Candidate for Congress 122 Eilitorof Democrat 125 One Eyed Sioux, alias Bourgne Orignal Leve, Rising Moose. 85 Loyal to America during war oi' 1812 81 Arrested by Dickson 81 Ottawas, their migrations U At Mackinaw 32 Ottoes, mentioned 42,43, 44 Ouasiconde, (W h-zee-ko-tay) Sioux chief mentioned by Hen- nepin 23, 27 By Long 82 Owens, John P., editor 123 Pacific Ocean, route to 36,50,58,60, 69 Farrant nicknamed Pig's Eye 113 Parsons, Bev. J. P 119 Patron, uncle of Du Luth 11 Penicaut describes Fort Perrot.. 29 Fort Le Sueur on Isle Pelee. . 37 MissLssippl Elver 42 Eesldence at Blue Earth Eiv- %r 47 - Describes Fort L'Huillier — 47 Pennensha.French trader among the Sioux 63 Fere, see Perrot. Perkins, Lt., IT. S. A., in charge of Fort Shelby 80 Perriere, see La Perriere. Perrot, Nicholas, arrests Achiga- naga at Lake Superior 12 Visits Keweenaw 14 liarly days of 20 Interpreter. A. D. 1671, at Sault St. Marie 29 Account of Father Menard's ascent of the Mississippi and Black Elver 2 Suspected of poisoning La Salle 29 Associated with Du Luth 29 First visit to Lake Pepin 29 Visited by loways 29 'Trades with iheSioux 29 Brings allies to Niagara .30 Strategy at Lake Pepin 30 Presents a silver ostensorium 30 Terrifies the Sioux by burning a cup of brandy and water. 30 In the Seneca expedition 31 His return to LaKe Pepm 31 Journeys to the Sioux 31 Takes possession of the coun- try 32 Eescues Ojibway girls 32 Boldness at Mackinaw 32 Conducts a convoy from Mon- treal 34, 38 Establishes a post on Kala- mazoo river 34 Becalled 34 Threatened with death by Indians 38 Interpreter at Montreal 84 INDEX. 701 PAOE Name of wife 34 Time of death 34 Peters. Bev.Samuel, interested in tlie Carver claim 70,61, 96 Petnns, see Hurons. Phillips, W. D., early lawyer at •St. Paul 116, 119 Picard, see Augelle. Pig's Eye, marsli below St. Paul, 113 Origin of name 114 Pilje, Lt. Z. M., XJ. S. army at Praiile du Chien 74 Council with Sioux at mouth of Minnesota 74 Address to Indians 74 Treaty for sites for military posts 75 Description of Falls of St. An- thony 75, 76 Lo'-t flag brought back 76 Block house at Swan Biver.. . 77 Visited by Dickson 77 At Cass or Ked Cedar Lake . . 77 At Sandy Lake 77 At Leech Lake 78 Orders the British flag to be hauled down 78 At Dicksons trading post 78 Confers with Sioux at Minne- sota river 78 Pafises Kaposia village 78 Confers with Little Crow 78 Finchon, see Penensha. Pinchon, Fils de, Sioux chief, confers with Pike 78 Pond, Kev. G. H., assists in bury- ing slaughtered Sioux 103 I'ditor of DahkotahFrieud.. 122 Interpreter at treaty of 1851 . 124 Pond, Kev. Samuel W., notifies the agent of a Sioux war party 103 Erects the first house of saw- ed lumber in the Minnesota Valley 107 Prepares a Sioux spelling book 108 Grammar lU Porlier, trader near Sauk Bapids 76, 78 Poupon, Isadore, killed by Sisse- ton Sioux 92 Prairie du Chien described by Cr'Tver 64 During war of 1812-1816 80 Fort slielby at 80 McKayat 8i British officers at 81 Prescott, Philander, early life. 91 Provencaile. loyal to America in war of 1812 81 Quinn, Peter 103 Eaolos, Madeline, wife of Nicho- las Perrot 34 Badisson , Marguerite 2 Badisson, Sieui-, early life and marriage 2 Second marriage — 2 Brother-in-law of Groselliers 2 Visits the Sioux 2 Sails with Capt. Gillam to Hudson's Bay 5 Kae, Dr., Arctic explorer at St. Paul 124 Eamsey, Hon. Alexander, first Governor 117 Guest of H H. Sibley at Men- dota 118 Becomes a resident of St. Paul 118 Holds Indian council at Fort Snelling 121 First message Eandin, visits ei tremity of Lake Superior 110 Bavoux, Kev. A., Sioux mission- ary 109 Beaume, Sieur, interpreter 52 Ked Biver of the North, men- tioned 87 Whv called 87 Fort Bouge on 87 Scotch settlers at 87 Bival trading companies 87 Swiss immigrants to 89 PAGE Benville, Joseph, mention of 76. 109 Kenville, .fohn 109 Bepublican convention at St. Anthony 126 Bice, Hon. Henry M., stpps to or- ganize Minnesota Territory 115, 116 Moves to St. Paul 118 Elected to Congress 125, 126 U. S. Senator 128 Bichards, F. S., trader at Lake Pepin 117 Biggs, Bev. S. B., Sioux mission- ary, letier of Ill Interpreter at treaty of 1851 . . 123 Bobbinette, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 1 112 Bobertson, Daniel A., editor 124, 125 Eocky Mountains discovered by Verendrye 60 Bocque or Koque, A., at Wapa- shaw..' 117 Boger.', Captain , at Ticonderaga. 62 In charge at Mackinaw. . .62. 66 Skirmish with Durantaye 62 Alluded to by Sir W. .lohnson 69 Bolette, Joseph Sr., in the Brit- ish service 81 Bolette, Joseph Jr.. 127 Eoseboom, English trader, ar- rested near Mackinaw 15 Koseboom, trader at Green Bay . 63 Eosser, J. T., Secretary of Terri- tory 125 Eouville, Hertel de, French olB- cer.? 61 Eussell. Jeremiah, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 109, 112 Marriage of 113 Sagard, in 1636 notices Lake Su- perior copper 7 Saint Anthonv Express, first pa- per beyond St. Paul 123 Saint Anihnny Falls, Suspension bridge over 126 Described by earl v explorers 19,24,25,75,76, 85 Government mill at 93, 94 Saint Croix county organized — 114 Conrt in 114 Saint Croix Biver, origin of name 42 112 Du Luth first explorer of 112 Fort on. spoken of byBellm. 112 Pitt and party cut lumber.... 112 Pioneers in valley of 112 Early preachers in valley of. 113 First woman 113 Saint Paul, origin of name lU Early settlers of 114 First School house in 114 Appearance in 1849 117 High water in 1860 121 Newspapers 117, 118,119, 122 First execution tor mnrder.. 124 Indian fight in streets of 125 Belies arrive from Franklin's expedition 126 Effort to remove seat of Gov- ernment therefrom 127 Saint Pierre, Captain, at Lake Superior 60 At Lake Pepin 66, 65 Commander at Mackinaw..'. 61 Noticed by Carver 67 At Fort La Keine 60 Arrests murderers 61 In N. W. Pennsylvania ...60, 61 Visited bv Washington 60 Killed in battle 60 Tribute to 61 Saskatchewan, first visited by French 69 Fortat 60 Schiller, versifies a Sioux chiefs sneech 67 Scott, Dred, slave at Fort Snell- ing 97 Scott, General Winfleld, suggests the name of Fort Snelling Selkirk, Earl, Thomas Douglas.. 87 Secures Cssiniboia 87 Forms an agricultural colony 87 Arrives in New York city — 86 Beaches Sault St . Marie 88 PAGE Discovers John Tanner 88 Concludes a treaty with In- dians 89 Passes through Minnesota. . . 89 Semple. Goveinnr of Selkirk set- tlfimeht, killed 88 Murderer of 88 Senecas defeated by the French 15 Sliea, J. G., on failure to estab- lish Sioux mission 106 Sb erbu rn e, Moses, Judge 126 Shields, Gen. James, elected U. S. Senator 128 Shingowalibay, Ojibwav chief with Le Sueur at Montreal 37 Sibley, Hon. H. H., at Stillwater convention 115 Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory 116 Impression made at Wash- ington ii» Elected delegate to Congress 122 Silver ostensorium, presented by Perrot, still pri'sei ved 30 Sioux, origin of the word 1 Defeat the Hurons 4 Described by Father Allouez 4 Attack Indians at La Pointe 4 Peculiar language of 4 Described in A. D. 1671 4 Attacked at Sault St. Marie.. 5 Villages visited by Du Luth . . 9 Described by Cadillac 16 Meet Accault and Henne- pin 19, 20 Words mentioned bv Henne- pin 21,22, 27 Of MilleLacs 22 Offering at Falls of St. An- thony 26 Visited by Grosellier and Kadisson Nicholas Perrot 29 Described by Perrot 31 Mantantans 32 Meaning of the word 1C4 Differeiilb.»nds of 104 Med-dav-wah-kawn-twawn villages 104, 105 Warpaykutay division of 105 Warpaytwawns 106 Seeseetwawns 105 Dictionary commenced 111 Frightened by burning bran- dy 30 Mantantaws 32, 44 Sissetons 32 Medaywahkauntwauns....32, 43 Oujalespoitons 43, 44 Assineboines, cause of sepa- ration 43 War party arrested by Perrot 33 The first to visit Montreal 37 Chiefs speech to Frontenac 38 Chief's death at Montreal.... 38 War party against the Illi- nois 39, 40 Eastern and Western des- cribed 48 Chief visits Fort L'Huillier .. 43 In council with Le Sueur 44 Bands of, A. D. 1700 45 Attack Mi amis 49 Visited by Jesuits 51 A foil to the Foxes 55 Attack convoy of Verendrye, Deputation visit Quebec .. .. 67 Deputation visit English at Gfreen Bay 63 Bands described bv Carver. . 65 Chiefs speech described by Carver 67 Chiefs speech versified by Schiller 67 Language, Carver's views on, 69 Chief, Orignal Leve, Pike's friend 75, 81 Formerly dwelt at Leech Lake 78 Bear Dance described by Long 83 Sisseton murderer brought to Fort Snelling 92 In counc 11 with Oj ibways 94 702 INDEX. PAGE Sioux DeleKatlon in A. D. 1824, go to Washington 95 Kill Olibwavs, A. D., 1826, near Fort Snelling 98 Kill in 1827 98 Delivered by Col. Snelling. . . w Executed by Ojibways 99 Killed by Ojibways, April 1838. 103 War with Ojibways in 1839 . 103 Attack Lake X'okeguma band in 1841 no Art- attacked in 1842 ill War partv of Sioux at Apple River, 1860 121 Kill a teamster 123 Treaties of 1851 : 123 Attacked in St. Paul by Ojib- ways 125 Simpson, early settler in St. Paul 114 Slaves, African, in Minnesota.... 97 Smith, C. K., first Secretary of Territory 118,119 Snelling, Ool. Josiah, arrives at Fort Snelling 92 Censured by General Gaines. 97 Delivers Sioux assassins to Ojibways 99 Hastens with Keel boats to Fort Crawford loo Death of 101 Tribute to 101 W. Joseph, son of Colonel careerof 97 Author and poet 97 Pasquinade on N. P. Willis.. 98 Death of 98 Steamboat arrivals at Fort Snell- iu2 to clo.se of 1826 97 Virginia first at Fort Snelling 93 First to Falls of St. Anthony 121 Above 121 In Minnesota Eiver 122 Steele, Franklin, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 112, 113 At Stillwater convention 1848 115 Forenran of Grand Jury ... 119 Stevens, Bev. .T. D 106, 108 Stillwater, battle between Sioux and Ojibways 103 Founders of 113 Not ice of by Boutwell 1 14 Convention at in 1848 115 Scalp dance in 121 Land slide in 1862 124 Stratton, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 112, 113 Stoddard, Capt. tr. S. A Stuart, Eobert, at Mackinaw, in- fluence of 106 Swiss emigrants, at Red Kiver. . . 89 Swartz, Andrew, teamster, killed bySionx 123 Taliaferro, Maj. Lawrence, agent for the Sioux, notice of 91 Letter to Col. Leavenworth . . 92 Takes Indians to Washing- ton, A. D„ 1824 95 Talon, intendant of Canada, re- fers to Groselliers 6 Refers to Lake Superior cop- per 7 Tanner, John, stolen from his parents 88 Became an Indian chief .. 88 Discovered by Earl of Sel- kirk 88 Suspected of Murder 88 James, son of John 88 Troublesome and deceitful . . 88 Tanneiy fur Buffalo skins 46, 48 Taylor, Jesse B.. pioneer in St. Croix Valley 1)2 Joshua L 118 N. C. D., Speaker House of Representatives 1854 126 Teeoskalitay, Sioux chief first in Montreal 37 Speech to Governor Fron- tenac 38 His death In Montreal 39, 44 Tegahkouita, Catherine, the Iroquois virgin 17 Terry, Elijah, murdered by Sioux atPemblua 124 Thompson, David, geographer, N. W.Co 78 Tonty, Henry, with Du Luth at Niagara 15 Cousin of Du Luth 16 Traders forbidden to enter the Sioux country 48 Treaties of 1837 with Sioux and Ojibways 112 Tuttle, C. A., at Falls of St. Croix 112 University of Minnesota created 122 Van Cleve, Gen. H. P 90 Charlotte Ouisconsin, wife of Gen 90 Paper by 95 Varennes, Pierre Gualtier, see Verendrye Vercheres,in command at Green Bay 61 I PAGE Verendrye, Sieur, early life of . . . 58 At Lake Nepigon 58 Obtains an Indian Map 58 Expedition west of Lake Su- perior 58 A son killed by Sioux 59 Anpphewdies 69 Sons of, reach Kocky Moun- tains 59 Return to Lake of the Woods 95 Superseded 59 Restored 59 Death 59 Chevalier, notice of 59 Sieur Jr., accompanies St. Pierre 69, 61 Wahkautape, Sioux chief visits Le Sueur 43, 44 Wahmatah, Sioux chief 95 Wait,L.B 119 Wakefield, John A 116 Wales, W. W 127 Washington visits St. Pierre 60 Welch, W. H., Chief Justice of Territory 125 Wells. .lames, trader married... 102 At Lake Pepin 117 Killed by Sioux 102 Wilkin Alexander, Secretary of Territory 124 Candidate for Congress 125 Williamson, Rev. T. S., M. D., early life 107 Arrival among the Sioux 107 Organizes church at Fort Snelling 108 Missionary at Lac qui Parle. Kaposia 114 Procures school teacher for St. Paul 114 Willis. N. P., lampoons Joseph Snelling 97 Winnebagoes, mentioned 40, 52 Attack Keel boats 99, lOO First notice of 105 Successive removals 105 Wisconsin River, called Mes- chetz Odeba by La Salle 18 Described by Le Sueur 40 Guignas 52 Wolfe, General, death of l Wood, trader among Sioux 78 Yeiser, Capt. at Fort Shelby 80 Yuhazee, executed at St. Paul. . . 124 INBEX. 703 INDEX OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINIJESOTA. I PAGE Acton, murders 137 Admission ol the state 129 Antietam, battle 152 Arctic cyclone 158 Arms Seized 146 Banks, state 130 Battles— Antietam 152 BlR Black River 153 Birch Coolie 139, 149 Bristow's station 154 Champion Hills 163 Chiokamauga 154 Corinth 152 Fair Oaks 135 Fitzhugh's woods 1B4 Gettysburg 153 Olendale 135 Malvern hills 135 Mill Springs 134 Mission Kidge 154 Mobile 156 Murf reeshoro 135 Nelson's farm 135 Peach Orchard 135 Pittsburg Landing 134 Ked Wood Ferry 140 Savage's station 135 Spanish Fort 166 Tupelo 155 Vicksburg 163 White Oak Swamp 135 Wood Lake 151 Bonds- Issued 129 Defaulted 130 Foreclosed 131 Proposed adjustment 157 Breadstufts exported 131 Camp release 151 Capitol removal 167 Cavalry companies 134 Chippewa war threaitened 146 Christian commission 333 Oorinth, battle 152 Currency, inflated 155 Currency depreciated 131 Drouth ■ 164 Edward's Ferry 135 Election. 131, 134, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 Enlistments 132 PACK 129 TO 160. PAGE Fair Oaks, battle 135 Fires, prairie 158 Forest City, stockade 147 Fort Abercrombie, seige 148 Fort Eidgley, attacked 142 Fi azier Biver, gold discoveries . . 130 Glendale, battle 136 "Good Times" 166 Grasshoppers 159 "Hard Times" 130 Hutchinson, stockade 147 Relieved 148 Impeachment, state treasurer. . . 158 Indian correspondence 150 Indians executed 152 Indian war closed 151 Inflation 157 Insane Hospital burned 160 Jay Cooke, failure 158 Lee, surrender 166 Legal Tender Notes 136 Legislature— Julv,1868 129 Session, 1861 131 1862 134 Extra session 161 Session, 1870 167 1871 158 1874,'75,'77 169 Session, 1878 160 Light Artillery, first 134 Second 134 Lincoln Assassinated 156 Little Crow killed 183 Lower Agency outbreak 138 Malvern Hills 136 Military commission 151 Military force called out 130 Mill Springs, battle 134 Minnesota admitted 129 Missouri River expedition 163 Mounted Rangers 149 Murder at Garden City 166 Murders at Acton 137 Murf reesboro, battle 135 Navigation ot Red River 130 Nelson's farm, battle 135 New Ulm, seige 141, 143 Evacuated 144 Noi-thfield Raid 159 Northwest settlement 135 PAGE Paynesville, stockade 148 .Peach Orchard, battle 135 Pittsburg Lanuing, battle 1 34 Prisoners released 160, 161 Railroads- Commenced 129 Rolling stock 133 New organization 135 First completed 135 Building 157 Red River Hostilities 148 Red River navigation 130 Redwood Ferry, battle 140 Relief measures 133, 150 Regiment— First 132 Second 13 Third 1 3 Fourth 134 Filth 134 Sixth 134, 136 Seventh 145 Eighth 146 Ninth 145 Tenth 145 Eleventh 155 Regiments return 156 Renville Rangers 141 Sanitary commission 133 Savage's station, battle 136 Scandinavian immigration 135 Seven days flght 135 Sharp shooters, first 133 "Shinplasters" 135 Sibley's expedition 145 Sioux Massacre 137 Sioux removed from state 153 Sioux pursued 154 Stockades, built. 147, 148 Troops called for, 132, 133, 136, 154, 165 War prospective 130 War news 132 War meeting 136 Week of blood 145 "Wild Cat," banking scheme.. . 130 Wionebagoes removed fromstate 153 Wright county war 130 Wood Lake, battle 151 Yorktown, seige 135 704 INDEX. INDEX HISTOBY OF HENNEPIN COUNTY. PAG£ Academiea 445 Agricultural machinery 411, 424 Agricultural sooiely 177, 434 Ames, Dr. Albert A 199, 602 Ames, Dr. Alfred E., 176, 185, 373, 377 494, 50O Ames, George F ». 313 Amusement s 498 Athenaeum 435 Attraction. City oJ 294 Atwater, Judge Isaac, 186, 367, 375- 499. 476, 480 673 Austin, Gov. Horace 167, 1R8 Baker, B.F 176 Baker, Gen. James H 151, 202 Baldwin school 444 Bar Association 458 Bar and Courts, by Judge Isaac Atwater 485 Banks and Bankers 425 Barrel factoiiei. 412 Bassett, Joel B., 183, 186, 373, 480, 486 490 Benevolent societies 447 Berry, John 341, 6io Bertram, George 176, 248 Bethany Home 650 Biographical— Bloomington 228 Brookl>n 288 Champlin 300 Coi coran 319 Crystal Lake 281 Dayton 306 Eden Prairie 233 Excelsior 252 Greenwood 315 Hassan 310 Independence 265 Maple Grove 324 Medina 272 Minneapolis, city 499 Minneapolis, town 346 Minnetonka 242 Minnetrista 261 Os^eo 296 Plvmouth 333 Eichfield 216 Saint Anthony 365 Bloomington Ferry 225 Bloomington, town ot 222 Board ofTrade 428 Boom companies 401 Boot and shoe factory 416 BoreesrodCj Col. Kudolph....l34, 196 Bostwick, Laidner 186,613,485 Bottineau, Pierre, 176, 294. 32n, 367 624,367, 613 Brackett, Mai. A. B 207 Brackelt'a Battalion Cavalry . 207 Breweries 420 Bridges 369 Brigliton, township 343 Brooklyn, town olf. 285 Brooks, Prof. J 443, 519 Brosseau. Mrs. Margaret 228 Brown, Major Joseph !(.. 149, 175, 176 212, 340, 369 Brvant, James 180, 204, 621 Building materials 380 Business Colleges 446 Bvrnes, William 186, 347 Campbell, I'mf.G 443, 482 Canri\ factories 420, 583 Carriage factories 417 Carver, Jonathan 168, 169 Cavalry companies 207 PAGE 167 TO 187. PAGE Champlin, town of 298 Champlin, village 300 Chaska, (Indian) 138 Chowen, Wm. S 184,239, 243 Christian As.«ociation» 460 Christmas, Charles W..183, 186,247 366, 374 Churches 463 Church first organized , 171 Chute's cave 388 Cigar factories 425 City market 493 City Property 496 Climate 182 Clothing, wholesale 423 Col vine. Col. ■William 155, 205 Commissioners, county 186 Constitutional convention 184 Cooperage 390, 412 Corcoran , Patrick B 187, 317, 320 Corcoran, town of 317 Cornell, Judge F. K. E.,. .184, 487, 632 Cotton mills 416 County officers 186 Courts and Bar ot Hennepin county, by Judge Isaac At- water 485 Crooks, Col. William 146, ISl, 196 Crystal Lake, town of 278 Cumberland, o*ty of 270 Dana, N. J. T 133, 134, 372 Dayton, town ot 302 Dayton, village 304 Dean, Joseph, 176, 183, 186, 222, 225 658 Department of Dakota 162 Directory, township Dow, John "Ware 177, 278 Downie, Col. Marli W 204 Donnellv.Hon. Ignatilis 132, 140 Druids, U. A. O. of 449 Dry goods 421 Dugas, William 177, 183, 305 Early settlers 172 Eatonville 340 Eden Prairie, town of 231 Education 182, 436 Eight Keg. Minn. Vol. Inf 199 Eleventh 203 Elevators 398 Equal Kights Association 174 Ewing,"Wm.M 216,218,222 Excelsifir, town of 247 Village 261 Pioneer Association 248 Explosion, mills, 1878 391 FarmersvlUe 278 Fence works 409 Ferries and bridges 369 First Battalllon Infantry 204 Light Artillery 210 First Keg. Minn, Vol. Int 188 Fourth 194 Fifth 196 First Reg. Heavy Artillery 205 Mounted Kunser 205 Flandrau, Hon.C. I':..i4l, 157, 185, 488 Fletcher, Dr. Hczikiah, 183, 373, 486 494 Flour first shipment 390 Expoit 393 Mills 389 Folwell, Col. Wm. W 443 Fort Saint Anthony 163 SnelUng 161.171, 174 Kescrve bought 162 Coiner stone 163 Keserve sold ict PAGE Present reserve 164 Situation 165 Freemsusons 452 Furniture 413, 42S Findley, Samuel 175, 369 Fire department 490, 664 Fireman's Kelief A.ssociation 492 Gaslight companies 433 Gear, Kev. E. G 340 German Home, township 260 Geol ogy 180 Gibson, Reuben K 176,184, 223 Gideon, Peter M 181, 254 Gllflllan, Col. James B. . . . 155, 203, 489 Glove factories 419 Godfrey, Ard., 177, 346, 361,367,494 552 Goodrich, Samuel A 183, 222, 228 Gorham, David. 183, 186, 334, 341, 362 Gorman, Col. Willis A., 132, 174, 188 487 Government mill 177 Greenwood, city of 312 Town 01 311 Groceries, wholesale 422 Half breeds 168 Halsted , Frank William 257 Hamburg, townsh Ip 270 Harrisburg, townsite 288 Hassan , town ot 307 Townsite 308 Hatch, Maj. E. A. C 147, 153, 208 Harvester works 411 Hedderly, Edvpln 183, 374, 486, 559 Hennepin county- Boundaries 179 Organized 182 OlJicial record 183 Agricultural society 177 Hennepin, Father Ixims 169 Hennepin, townsite 231 Hicks, Henry G., 186, 186, 488, 634, 662 Hoag, Charles 174, 186, 219, 374 Hotcbkiss, Capt. Wm. A 134, 210 Hole-in-the-Day, (Indian),.. 362, 368 ^ ^ _ _ PJ.JQ Hotels 497 Hull, Stephen 176, 247 Huy. Gen. E 186, 373, 668 625 Indian battles 170 Indian treaties 162, 170 Independence, town of 262 Independent.'batialion cavalry. 208 Industriana, townsite 288 Insurance companies 430 Iron manufactoFies 405 Islaiid water power company.... 414 Jackins, John.... 173, 183, 186,373, 475 John Other Day (Indian) 138 Jones, Edwin Smith 186,488, 572 Kindergarten schools 446 Kins;. Col. William S 344, 480 Kittson, Norman W 176, 367 Knlckerbaeker, Rev. D. B 476, 578 Knights of Honor 450 Knights of Pythias 448 Knights Templar 456 Lawyers 485 Le Koutilller, Chas. W. ..184, 188, 200 Le Count, Antoine 32B Legislature, state 183 Lester, Col. Henry C 133, 193 Light Artillerv 210 Little Crow (Indian), 142, 150, 164, 368 Loan Associations' 432 Lumber product 400 Lyndale farm 345 Lynde, James W 138, 169 INDEX. 705 PAGE Macalester College 443 Map oJ Hennepin county, opp... 1 Maple Grove, town of 322 Maple Plain, village 264 Marble works 416 Marshall, Hon. William K., 146, 156 157. 183, 361, 364j 377 442 Marshall, township 299, 304 Masonic societies 452 Mattress factories 415 McLaren, Col. K. N 151, 207 McLeod, Martin 175, 183,222, 227 McNair, W. W 186,487, 494 McPhaill, Ool. Samuel.. .146, 149, 205 Medical societies 434 Medicine Lake, township 331 Medina, town of 268 Meeker, Judge Bradley B., 175, 185 364, 488 Middlings purifiers 545, 555 Military companies 433 Miller, Col. Stephen, 151, 153, 154, 199 Miller's Asssciation 398 Mills, flour 394 Building 389 Explosion 391 Furnisners 405 •Old Government 177 Minneapolis— Athenseura 435 City of 357 Official Hoster 383 Fire department 490 Incorporated 378 Mill company 391 Poliee force 493 PostofRce 494 St. Anthony, united 378 Schools 4.37 Mineralogy 181 Mining companies 433 Minnesota River, navigated 178 Minnetonka, town of 238 Village 240 Minnetrista 257 Missionaries, early 168 Mound hniklers 167. S71 Mounted Rangers, First Keg 205 Mos.seaux. Cliarles 340 Munch, Capl. Emil 134, 210 Natural Science Academy 436 Nav'gation, abnve Falls 178 Minnesota river 178 Neill, Kev. Edward D 188, 36.5. 444 467, 470, 472, 600, 635 New process milling 393 Newspapers 573 Ninth Reir. Minn. Vol, Inf. . . 200 North. John W., 486, 489, 499. 183, 364 Norlhrup, Anson, 185, 1)64, 375, 4>'8, 497, 606 OddFellows 447 Offl<-ial Roster- County 186 Legislature 183 Judicial 185 Oil companies 419 PAGE Olrastead, David 176 Opera Houses... 498 Osseo 294 Paper box factories 418 Paper mill< 414 Perkinsville, townsite 263, 270 Peteler. Capt. Francis 133, 205 Peirce, Thi mas "W. ..174, 184, 341, 351 ■ Pike, Prof. W. A 443 Pike, Lieut. Zebulon M 162 Pillsburv, Hon, John S., 169. 160, 184 443, 481 499, 613 Planing mills 404 Plow works 411 Plymouth, town of 328 Townsite 332 Police force 493, 566 Pond, Kev. Gideon H., 169, 174, 183 222, 227, 232 468 Pond, Kev. S 169 Portland, townsite 304 Post office, Minneapolis 491 Powers, John F 313 Prescott, Philander ....173, 213, 340 Private residenees 498 Public buildings 498 Public Halls 498 Public schools, Minneapolis 437 Quinn, Peter 175,222,369 Mrs. Mary Louisa 226 Railroads 179, 428 KHilioail shipments 179 Kamsev, I'on. Alexander, 131, 134 145, 153. 178 217 Regimental Rosters 188 Rice, Hon. Fdmunrt 160, 176, 487 Rice. Hon. Henrv M., 147, 166, 176, 377 Richfield, town of 212 Richland, township 213 Kiggs, Kev. Stephen K.. .138. 169, 172 Roller process, flouring 39'2 Rollins. Capt. John, 178. 180, 183, 365 368, 402. 487. 494. 531, 622 631 Russell,Lieut. J. B. F 1.13, 177 Russell , R. P 176, 369, 369, 487, 530 622. 624' Russell, rapt. Wm. F 184, 2o5 Saint Albans, townsite 249 Saint Anthony— Citv incorporated 369 Ofiicial Roster 380 Falls 169 Falls, power 178. 388 Improvement 388 Minneapolis, united 378 Town of 353 Sanborn. Gen. John B. . . 132. 134, 194 Sash, iloor and blind factories... 404 Satterlee, Rev. W. W 435 Sawmills, first in state 16i Sawmills Minneapolis 401 Schools, Minneapolis cii.y 436 Sclii'Ols. parochial 465, 479 Second Regiment Cavalry 2or Minn. Vol. Inf 191 Sixth 196 Seventh 199 PAGE Settlements extended 176 Sewerage 386 Sharp sliooters 205 Shaver, James 176, 246 Sheldon, Rev. Charles B.,l«4, 186, 266 Sibley, Hon. Henrv H., 171,176, 129 130, 145, 160, 162. 366 617 Sisterhood of Bethany 660 Smith. Albee 186, 225 Snelling, Col. Josiah 163 Soap factories 419 Societies 447 Soil 181 Slate fniit farjn 250, Steamboat, at Falls 178 Steele. Franklin, 163, 174, 177, 185, 216 358, 364. 369, 488.494 635 Stevens, Col. John H., 147. 173, 171 183, 186. 248, 362, 371,481 637 Stevens. Rev. J. D 171 Stevens, Simon 176, 238 Stove works 405 Streets and avenues 388 Strout. Capt. Rich'd, 147, 186, 213, 602 Taopi, (Indian) 150 Tapper, Capt. John.. .177, 352, 369, 375 Telegraphs and Telephones 431 TemperauL'C societies 461 Tenth Reg. Minn. Vol. Inf 193 Third 203 Third Battery. Light Artillery... 211 Thomas, Col. Minor T 151. 199 Tuttle. Calvin A., 173, 176, 184, 238, 361 370 373 499 Underwood,' A.' J.'.'.'.'.'.". ...'.'." 185, 205 Uiiivei sitv of Minnesota, by Pies. Wm.W. Folwell 439 Van Cleve, Col. Horatio P., 1.33, 134 191, 468 494, 648 Van Cleve, Charlotte 648 Vanrterburg, Hon. Chas. E., 185, 470 487 488 Vegetation 181 Voyageurs 168 Wabasha, (Indian) 150 War record, Hennepin countv... 188 Walker, Maj L. C 147. 184 Walker. Prof. Versal J 443 Washburn, Hon. William D., 181, 475 481, 654 Watkins, Samuel 176 Water power companies 400 Water works, city 490 Waterville, townsite .304 Wa>zata. village of 240 Welles, Henry T., 175, 367, 370, 378 379 404,472,476 :... 665 Wliol. sale trade 421 Wilkin. Col. Alexander, 151,155. 2'0 231 Williamson, Rev. Thomas S.. 138, 171 468 Wilson. Eugene M. . . . 185, 2 6, 469 Workmen. A. O. U. society 449 Youhf, James D 314. 376 Young. Judge A. H 185, 662 Zoology 182 45 706 mjDHx. INDEX NAMES. FAOiD Abbott, Hiram 176,231 Abel, Heuiy 325 Abel. Herman 502 Abert. James W 163 Aliraham, ,J. P 184 Acker, William H 132, 134 Adams, A, S .«. 346 Adams, C.P 185 Adams, William 346 Adcdck, Kobeit 319 Aitkin, E. M 347 AlbaiiKli,D. W 186, 214 Aldi-n. A. M 602 A'drich. Cyrus 184,494 Allan, James M 602 Allen, C 186 Allen, Z. 602 Alien, J.H 184 Ailing, E. T 187 Allison , A 347 All worth, J. C 502 Ames. I)r. A. A 190, 502 Amf s. Dr. Allred Elislia, 174, 186, 373 377, *I4 500 Ames, Charles G 186,379, 471 Ames. EliB 501 Ames, Ezra B 601 Ames, Georte F 313 Ames, Orville 222 Aiicel, J.L 228 Anderson, Andrew 603 Anderson, C. F 603 Anderson. Daniel 185 Anderson, C. H 603 Anderson, James 234 Anderson, Joiin H 234 Anderson, Capt. Joseph...'. 149 Ander.son, Kobfit 233 Anderson, William 234 Angell,A. 325 Aii:;ell, Henry 177 Ankeny, A. T 603 Anken^, W. P 185, 603 Anken>, W. S 603 Appleb.v, John F 604 Areh^r, James 284 Archibald, A. 11. C 608 Archibald, David 272 Archibald, William 272 Armstrong, John A 186 Armstrong, Solon 504 Arnell, Jolni H 604 AriiOldy, John 505 Anioidy, Peter 605 Aroiison. K 504 Aslesdii. K. 605 Astrope, Hi-niy 265 Atkinson, Rev. Lewis 298 Atwater, F. A 605 Atwater, Judge Isaac, 186, 367, 376 476, 480 4i)9 Ausiln, A.C: 184 Austin. Ezra H 605 Ausiin. Gov. Horace 157, 168 Auslin, L. A 262 Avdt.Ciiarles 304 Babb,E. C 605 Babciick,E.A 262 Babcock, P. M 186.488 Bacliner, E. & B 505 Baclins, Miss Electa 182 Bag ev, fleorge 506 Baiiey,A.C 272 Bailev, Aiexii 183 Kailev.F 488 Bilrd, George W 216 Baud, WTJ 215 PAGE Baker,B. F 175 Baker, Howard 137 Baker, Gen. .James H 151, 202 Baker, S. Harlan ...186, 5i6 Baldwin, G. P 184 Baldwin, Mark 176 Bald win , R. J 1 84 Ball, Miner 506 Ball, Richard 261 Barber, Daniel B 606 Barber, Ed. C 506 Bardwell, Charles S 507 Barge. Jacob 507 Bdrker,D.H 5i7 Harker.S 507 Barkow, Charles 273 Barnabv. E. G 607 Barnard, B. B 186 Barnard, Thomas G ."107 Barnes, E. S 273 Barnes, S 272 Barnum, JohnT 507 Barrows, F. C 607 Barrows, W. M 608 Bartholomew, R, L 184, 213 Barton, Hun. Ara 159 Bartow, Robert W 242 Bartow. Samuel 187, 242 Basset t, Daniel 185 Bassttt, Fred 187 Bassett, Joel B., 183, 186, 374, 486, 480, 490 Bassett, R.P ls3 Ba.st()n,A. H 213 Bates, i^H 608 Bates, Erastns N 184 Bates, John W 608 Bansinaii, A. L 608 Baxter, James 508 Baxter, John 185, 3i)3 Bayer. J. D 273 Bayer, John 608 Bazlev,T.T 228 Beal,A. H 509 Bean, Keuben .372 Bean, Stephen 269 Beaumoni. J. Flanders . 509 Becker, Jacob 509 Beebe, Franklin 186. 488, 509 Bi-eman, E. P 249 Beers. H.H 252 Bell.S. N 509 Beniieke, Dr, Karl 509 Benjamin, F 610 Bpnnei, Webster ' 510 Bennett, S.J 510 Benson, Jared 184 Benson. A. H 187 Benton, C. Henry 510 Bent5 Brighain, I^evi 288 Brighani. William 519 Brilev, Samuel 266 Brimmer, Dr. F. H 619 Brimmer, W. D 304 Bri.oselt, Edmond 341 Bristol, Warren 183, 186. 373 Broad, E 519 Brohangh, Ole 520 Brookhx.G. W 251 Brooks, Rev. David 519 Brooks, JabezD. D 519 Brooks. William 325 Brossean, Mrs. Margaret 228 Broniliette, J. B 621 Brown, Baldwin i8.5, 520 Brown. Benj. J 493, 520 Brown, C. I) 521 Brown, F. D 521 Blown, (t.W 213 Bronn, Isaac 183, 186, 489 Brown, James A 235 INDEX. 707 PAGE Brown, J. H 521 Brown, J. M 521 Brown. Jiilin 228 Brown, Jiiseph K 340 Brown, Ma]. Joseph B., 149, 175, 212 359 Brown, Lvman 1S5 Briiwn.M.D 347 Brown, Nathaniel 235 Brown, OfWiH 289 Blown, Seneca 296 Brown, Pliomas 359 Brown, W. W 521 Brown, ZeloraE.. 521, 556 Bryant, James 186, 204, 621 Brvant, Robert K 186 Brvant, TliomasC 243 Bryant, William V 234 Bui^kenrlorf, Henry 522 Buckendorf. William 522 Bnd'l, W. W 265 Buell.D. L 159 Bnerteuing, Martin 5K2 Buabee, G. (J 512 Bnll, James A 214, 216 Burch. A. D 253 BureliBeid, A 273 Bnrclifleld.C. W 273 Bui'K.Adam 355 Burgeois. Jolin 238 Bnrke, Edward 522 Biirrell.L. VV 522 Burrongli'.s. Ira 177 Bnrwell, William E 522 Busuliiost, Louis 523 Busti, Frederick 216 Bnslmell,C. B 622 Butler, Alansou G 243 Butler, B. F 523 Buttolph,F. G 523 Butler, (i.S 523 Butler, H. C 523 Eutler, Levi 185 Butler, W. E 523 Buxton. 1". J 523 Byrnes, James. . . ; 623 Bvrnes, Wm 186, 347 Byrnes, Catherine 347 Caliill, W. F 524 Gain, Jumes 524 Cain,T. H 524 Callailine, .fames 524 Camp, Arthur A 524 Camp, George A 185 199 Camp, Eev. J. J 265 Camp, Lieut 173 Gumpuell, A. .1., half breed 150 Campbell, John McK 524 Campbell. L..K 273 Caunev, Joseph H 174 177 Canuey.T.J 626 Cantieiiy. Casper .'i25 Capron, Thadileus 289 Carpenter, H. IVI 526 Carpenter. Nathaniel Sen 358 Caritiin, William M 625 CaiT.G.C 625 Carr.L. S 525 Carlin.E.J 525 Carman, Fiank 261 Caiman, John 2.59 C;irev, .Joim 216 Carlson. Lewi'f • 348 Oaron, Octave 325 Car,son, Klijah 253 Carver, J.)uathan 168 Case, Emanuel 374 Case, E. D 525 Case, Sweet W 185-488 Cate, W. W 185 Gates, Geo. W 525 Cauvet.E C 524 Cavanaugh, John 235 Chariwick, William 223 Chaffee, Allen B 2'<5 Ohaflee, James F 105 626 Chambers, Thomas 377 Chambers, William 176 222 Chamberlain, Bev. J. S 250 476 Cnamberlain, W. H 516 Champlin, O. R. 325 Cliainpion, W. B 526 Chandler. E.H........ 289 phandounet, Bev. Z. L 526 PAGE Chant. James 527 Chapman, C.B 186 Charlton, David 186 Chase, C. C : 217 Chase, C. L 184 Chase, Capt. Dudley, P 205 Chase, John N ls8 Chas"", Capt. Jonathan 184, 200 Chase, Josiah H 627 Chaska. (Indian) 138 Chasteck, John M 243 Cliatfield, Ju ige A. G ...185, 488, 632 Cheever, Wm. A 177, 361 ChiKon. Val 187 Chilstrom, P. 186 Chilstroin.C. E 527 Chipman.S. P 289 Chittenden, E. H 527 Chowen, Geo. W 186,489 Chowen, Joseph H 243 Chowen. Willi im S 184, 239, 243 Christian, J. A 527 Christian. Lle»ellyn .527 ChrisUieb, B. F 274 Christlieb, Isaac A 273 Christlieb, Levi 528 Christmas, Charles W. 183. 186, 247, 366, 374 Churchill. Salmon B 343 Chute, Bichard 468,528 Clark, Allen W 261 Clark, Charles H 184, 214 Clark, C. VV 528 Clark, E.C 344 Clark, H. B 52s Clark, Isaac B 528 Clark, .T. H 253 Clark, James 235 Clark, J. S 528 Clark, John 529 Clark, .rohn W 529 Clark, Beuben 182 Clark, Thomas 334 Clark, Capt. William A 201 eleven, John 266 Clevelanrt, Arha.i 184 Clough. Gilbert 529 Cobb, Bev. Daniel 629 Cobb, H.J 529 Cochran, M 186 Code, Georee 217 Colbrath, W. C 530 Cole, Emersim 630 Coleman, Thomas 530 Coleman, John A 1«4 Collins, Dr. D. F 630 Collins, WilliamD 231, 235 Collom, .Jesse 530 Colstrom.N. E 53" Colville, Col. William 156, 205 Comerford, M.C 186 Conkev. J. H 630 Connolly T 243 Connor, Daniel 253 Connor. El las H 630 Con well , F. A 186 Converse. A. S 631 Conzet. Martin 315 Cook, FraMklin 186, 824 Cook,C. H 5:)1 Cook.H.T 631 Cook, John 325 Cook, Mathias S 259 Cooke, .Jay 158 Coolev, George W 186, 531 Coolev, Grove B 488, 531 Coot, 'Charles 632 C'>oper, B 532 Coombs, Joseph 632 Coplin, Charles 532 Copelv, Mrs. Mary 217 Corcoran, Patrick B 187, 317, 320 Corcoran, William 320 Cornell, .luiliie F. B. E.. ..184, 487, 532 Correns.T. W 532 Costigau, Wyman 632 Coulliard, Cornelius 214, 217 Coulter, Andrew J 289 Oourtwright, Alfred 173 Cowdrey. S. B 215 Cox, E. St. Julien 144 Craik, Andrew 215, 532 Craik, John 214, 533 Craik, Miss 214 PAGE Cramsie.E. A 533 Crandall. I). C 281 Creigh, A. J 533 Cripeau, F. X 341, 348 Crittenden. M H 533 Crooks. Col. William 146, 151, 196 Crocker. N 289 Cross. Capt. Judson Newell S.34 Cross, William 6:M Croibv, Bii'hard 533 Croswell. H. J 184 Crow, Isaac 2.33 Crowe. James 186 Crowell. S. S 176 Cnlver. G.N 534 Cummings, A. A 634 Cumming.s. Geo. W 218 Cummings. B. R .'534 Cumminirs. Robert W 177, 534 Cunningham, H. D 229 Cunningham, T. C 535 Cuiiey, P ter 348 Ciirtiss, C.C- 535 Curtis, Henrv 289 Curtis. Theodore L 535 Gushing. Hon. Caleb 177 Cut h bertson , James 6.35 Cutler, E. W 184 Driggett, C. H 635 Dague, John 2i4 Dale, Alplieus '. . 6:i5 Dalluge, B 636 Daly, Piitrick ■ 636 Dana, N.J T.Capt 133,134, 372 Danforth.T.K 536 Dmiel, Dennis .320 Daniels, Peter 330 Daniels. S. G 536 Dark, Frank 636 Darmodv, Patrick 325 Darum, T. H 636 Davenport, E. J 186,489, 637 Davidson, Prof. Charles 636 Davin, John 536 Davis Hon. Cushman K 159 Davis.J H 537 Davis, WilliamH 637 Davison, C. D 184 Davison, C. Wright 636 Davison, H. A '37 Dav, Alelbiades 253 Day, Euos, 2.'^3 Day, George E 253 Day, Joseuh W 3,i4 Dav, W. H. H 537 Day, W. P f 346 Dayton, r.iymau 3i4 Dean, Ernest 537 Dean, Joseph 225, 176, 183. 186, 222, 558 Degardins. Joseph 320 Delorier. Joseph ; 37 Deraeules, Z 185 537 Dennis, W. H 638 Dennison,D 638 Dennison. lamesE. 638 Denoyer, Stephen sue De.sjarlais, Louis 360 D'-verv, Patrick 325 Dick,H.T 38 Dickev,Alex 274 Dickey, H. C 266 Dickey, B.B 274 Dickerson, J. C 141 Dickinson. Seymour 638 Dvllingham. Fred W 538 Dittfach, Fritz 253 Dixon, Charles B 538 Dobson, William 243 Dodd, Lieut. W. B 141 Dodge, James Albert 539 Dodge, J. S 638 Doell,Johu W 539 Dole, A. M 638 Dole, Hon. Wm. P 147 Uolliver, W. A 539 Donaldon, Maj. J. H 281 Donaldson, H Donlin, Edward 539 Donnelly, Hon. Ignatius 132 140 Donnelly, M 539 Doran, J. W 539 Dorniaii, Israel 189 Domer,J.H 639 708 INDEX. PAGE Dni-r, C. U 540 D uipUeitv, James 5(0 Diniijla-, Serouil Lieut. S. K 166 Di)ii;;l;i.»s, Daniel.... 540 Dow, Daniel E 244 Dow, H B 540 Dow, .JolMi Ware 177 278 Uownev, .lohii F 540 D'lwnie. (V)l. Mark W 204 Drake, C. H 185 Dranjje, J. O B40 Draper, Joshua 375 l)r ssler, Win 540 DrisOMll. D 541 D oil, W .'... 542 Dubois, C. H 541 Dnillfv, Tavlor 185 Dufoui', Moses 320 Dugas, William 177, 183, 3U5 Dnssijan. William J 218 Dnluike, Win 541 Diilui h, Capt. John 169 Dunbar, Owen K « 225 Diuihaiii,0. H 541 Dunn, L. A 541 Dunn, riiomas 541 Dnnnington, R. P 641 Dunsnioor, Dr. James A 213, 541 Duii.smoor, Irvin 216 Diiusmoor, Dr. F. A 542 Dupont, Josepli 320 Dmiiam, Johi'. M 289 Du roit,apo.E 205 Diilt.in,G. B 183 Diilton, Jo.siali 282 Dver, E. W 542 Dver, Dr. William 173 Eai-enfisiht, C. T 348 Eliert, Frederick 3 5 Eddv, E. W 642 Eddy, John M 326 Edsten.A. H 642 Edwards, David 187 Eggleston, Kev. Edward 232 Eifhelzer, P. F 542 Eidam. Edward H 244 Ekes, Martin 348 Eliott, Wvman 543' Elliott Chas. J 543 Elliott, D 543 Eli.ngwond, Fernando 241 Ellis, B. E 543 Ellsworth, Clark 282 El sworth, David 294 Elwell, James T 543 Emery, rolby 300 Kraery, Dr. Geo. W 543 Emerson, Setli 543 Eminans. N. H 543 Empenaer, J, H 244 Knde, August 544 Engel, Nii'holas 305 EngelstPd. CO 644 Enger, Henry 544 Ert, Samuel 544 Essene, T. J 644 E9i.es, Charles S.'iS Eustis, J. M 186, 544 Evans, Dr.O. J 544 Evans, Wra. E I8T, 326 Everard, .John K 545 Ewiiig, Wm.M 216, 218, 322 Falrbaiin, i:)r. A. C 186 Fain ham. Kuf us 282 Fariiliam, Sumner W 183 Farrington, Albert E 545 Farrington, G, F 545 Fane, Henry 274 Federspll, N,D 54S Feek, Kobert 545 Felch,J.C 545 Felt, Fran k B 545 Fender, W. J 645 Ferguson, William H 2.53 Ferguson, John 640 Ferrant,E. M 646 Ferrier. Charles 546 Ferrili N. D 187 Fessler, A. H 546 Field. J. W 646 Finch, William 1«7, 213 Findlev, SamuelJ 174, 3.59 Finical, Samuel 187 Fu-ley, Owen 348 PAGE Ferren, Jonathan 184 Fisher;W.A 646 Fisk, ('apt. James L 135 Fitch, Tlioinas 646 FiaiKlrau.Hon. Chas. E., 141, 167, 185, 488 Fleer, Key. Herman 546 Fletcher, Dr. Hezekiah, 183,373, 486 494 Fletcher, Dr. L 173 Fletcher, Hon. Loren 185 Floyd, (4. W 548 Fogarty, Patrick 218 Kolsome, Edgar 369 Foreman, Samuel 547 Forler. John 547 Foitwingler, George 218 Forsyth, W 547 Fortier, C. J 547 Foss, D. M 348 Foster, A. D 485, 647 Foster, Andrew J 547 Franklin, Samuel 548 Franklin, S. J 548 Franklin, William B 548 Eiederlchs, C 482, 548 French, Allen T 274 Freiiet. George 648 Frost, Benjamin 334 Friien, W. H 346, 348 Fullerton, William 300 GafEneVjThomas 349 Galhraith, Maj 137 Gale, Eev. Ainory 215, 472 Gale, Harlow A 186,493, 549 Gale, Samuel C 549 Galpin, Kev. Charles 2.s7 Galpin, George I87 Galiiin, Geo. K 649 Galpin, Motenus 549 Gamache, F 316 Gardner, Cephas 183 Gardiner, Tlioinas 549 Garrison, A.E 176 Garrity.Ij... , 549 Ga.slin, W. H 290 Garvais, Louis Pierre 322 Gaivey, CO 173, 349 Garvey, James L 214 Gaivey, Wm 214 Garvie,S. B .' 138 Gau.C. A 549 Gear, Kev. E. G 476, 340 Getchell, Washington ..186, 2S5 Ghostly, Harry 185 Gibbs,G.A 550 Gibson, Reuben B 176,184. 223 Gideon, Peter M 181, 254 Giebenhain, George 282 Giertsen.N. H 550 Gilbert, J.B 187 Giles, Henry 550 Gilfillan, Col. James B.,. .155. 203, 489 Gilflllan, John B 186, I86 Gille, Charles f 551 (Jillesby. J 550 Gilman,J. A 660 Gilman, J. Q 551 Gilpatrick, Charles 342, 375 Giliiore.D.M 650 Gilmore, Geo 214 Gilmcre, John F 218 Gilmore, Joseph H 660 Girling, W. M 349 Giribach, G. F 651 Glvans, James 551 Gjertsen, Herman J 218 Gleeson, Michael 214, 2I8 Glenn, M. W 187, 551 Glesaner, Wm 561 Gluck, J. G BB2 Gliiek, Gottlelb 562 Godfrey, Aid, 177, 346, 361, 367 494, 652 God frey, Kev. Alfred C 374 Godfrey, Louis 212 Godliio, Paul 302 Goehrlnger, Chris 562 Gonvea, 0. A 652 Goodale,John W 290 Goode, A.H 552 Goodrich, Allen G 223 Goodrich, A. L 222 Goodrich, Mrs. Rebecca 222 Goodrich, W. H 290 PAGE Goodrich, P 652 Goodrich. Sam. Augustin,183,222, 228 Goodspeed. E. A 349 Goodrt-in. W. H 290 Gordon, E 552 Gorhani, David.. 183, 186, 334, 341 362 Goiman.L. B 553 Gorman, Gov Willis A.. .132, 174, 188, 487 Gorton, Leander 185 Gould, Aaron 184,231 Gould, Alexander 186, 231 Gould, F. G 250 Gould, William C 314 Gould, Wm. W 553 Gove, K. A 186, 488 Graham, Alexander 176 Grahiim, Gilbert 184 Graudy.J. L 563 Grant, Capl. H. P 149 Grave, Alien 274 Graves, C. A 653 Giav,A.N 244 Gray, Charles E 553 Gray, Stiles 295 Gri.y, T.K 53 Greeley. W. Q 553 Green, Jolin 349 Green, M. A 290 Gregory.C 214 Grelhen, Anton 186, 6.M Grifttth.J. M 554 (irime, John 564 Grimshaw. Wihiair 554 Grindall, Elijah W 187,356 G li ud al 1 , E. S 564 Groesbaek, E 213 Grosbusch, Jnhn 5.54 Giover, Freeman 554 Guilder, A. R 555 Guimon, Simon 655 Guunerseu,S. K 555 Grygla. Frank 654 Harff, Matlilas, 311 Hargraves, J. W 5-57 Harmon, Alli-n 186 373 Harrington. Capt 147 Harringt'in, John S 244 Harrington, Lewis 186 Harris, Ariel C 557 Harris, C. W 213 Hairis, Capt. Smith 178 Harris, S. A 557 Harrison, C.W 290 Harrison, H. G 545 5.57 Harrison, J. J 254 Harrison, Joseph 229 Harrison, N. H 244 Harrison, Thomas A .5.58 Hartman, Philip 658 Harvey, Wi lliam '49 254 Hast.v, R. H 282 Hashew, Charles C E58 Hastings. W. H 558 Hatch, Maj. E. A. C 147,153, 208 Hauschlld, Henry 558 Hatise, Joseph W 558 Hauser, Jacob 658 Haviland, Chancy 296 Haviiand, Eli 296 Hawkins, Horatio 310 Hawlvins, Jasper 310 Hawkins, Leonard L 328 Hawkins, S. S 326 Hawkes, James 219 Hawthorne. E. P 668 Hawtliorne, W. P 558 Havden,A K 184 Hayden, Wentworth 184 Hayes, John 559 Haves, J. W 349 Hayes, M. P 559 Haeg, Charles 219 Haltten.Cari 316 Haglin. Charles F 556 Haight, W. N 655 Haiiies. B.C 274 Hale, William E 186 Hall, A. R 184 Hall.C. W 665 Hall, E. F 214 Hall, James I8S Hall,AndrewN 219 HdU.Wm.S 556 INDEX. 709 PAGE Hall, W. W 314, 316 HaUar"ii.M. J 349 Haller, Rev. J. G 056 Halline. Loientz 556 Halsted. Frank William 257 Hanipl, J.O 274 Hamilton, Joseph 215 Hamlin, Hon. Edward 0. 134, 1R6, 488 Hamlin, Hobart U 186, 5.56 Hannn, Henrv ,5.56 Hammond, William 566 Hamnstrom.C J 556 Hance. Dr. S. F 557 Hanke, Cnristopher ma Hankinson, Bichard 557 Han^eiim, B. F 214 HanSRomb, Ezra 187, 286 Hanson,!). M 184, 186 Hanson, (ieo. A 567 Hanson. J. U 557 HavJord, George 659 Haynes, O. P 559 Hay, AuKUst 254 Hays, I/ambert 5W Havs, Eichard 175 Haywood, Jesse 219 Hazer, J' mes H 5.59 Heap, Captain D. P 166 Heard, 1. V. D 151 Heaton, David 181 Heckrich, Fred 559 Hecbtmaii, .Tohn 295, 296 Hedderlv, Edwin 183, 374,486, 55 1 Hedderl\,n.G t.. 560 Hedderlv, T.L 560 Hedstrom, N. M 560 Hettelfinger, C. A 660 Heffelfinger, 0. B .560 Helti, Flank 560 Heftv, J 560 Heinrich, John 561 Heiss, Franz J 219 Held, J.F 349 Helf rich, W. H 561 Hemuip.N.H 186, 488 Henderson^J. H 661 Henion.J. W 561 Henry, Chris 561 Henry, Isidore 216 Henrv, Kennedy 562 Hennepin, Father Louis 169 Henshaw, C. E 562 Hernlund, J. W 662 Herron, W.M 187 Hes er, Frank E 561 Hewson, Stephen 184 Hicks, Henry G..1S5, 186, 488, 634, .562 Hierholzer, Chas 662 Hi Igedick, Ernest 356 Hilirerman, Q. A 563 Hill,F.K 563 Hill.F.C ■ 563 Hill , Francis 563 Hill, Ichabod P 563 Hill, James W .563 Hill,L.D 563 Hillstrom, John 266 Hilton, L.C 254 Hineline,Geo 563 Hinkle, Francis S 563 Hincklev, J.B 187, 300 Hintou, John 563 Hinman, Kelsey 263 Hinmau.Kev. S.D 138 Hipler. Capt. Benedict 205 HiSCOCk.J.H 538, 564 Histed, Johan 266 Hoae, Aaron 310 Hoag, Charles 174,196,219, 374 Hoagland, Charles W 274 Hdauland, I/onis K 274 Hoagland. William 244 Hobbs.J. T 564 Hobine, Henry 564 Hodges, E.J 564 Hoff, Minerva 326 HoUag, Charles A 214 Hohenstein, Adam 316 Hohenstein . George 316 Hoibv, Andrew 254 PoIe-ln-the-Dav(tnaian)362,368, .540 Holehouse, George 664 Holenberg. Charles 564 Holman, Mrs. Laura 220 PAGE Holmes, Ft.W 564 Holmes, Thomas 313 Holt, Aiignstns 298 Holt, Charles Evans 564 Holt. H. E 665 Holt, J. B 299 Hohvay, F.L 282 Honkomp. Henry 565 Hoover, Aaron 214 Hopkins, A. H 2,54 Hopkins. H. H 187, .344 Hopper. Frunk 56i Horan, Frank J ,565 Huran.Mrs J. W .565 Horner, W. H 566 Hon on, J. W 666 Hotchkiss. Capt. Wm. A 134, 210 Hovelson.O .566 Howard. Silas 254 Howe, Asa 290 Howe,C. K 288.290 Howe, Jonas H 184, SM HowplI.E. P - .566 Tlov, Michael 493, .566 Hov. W^illiam- .566 Hubbard. Orrin 220 Hughes, Charles W 3.35 Hughes, Ell ward 336 Hnghes, H. J 566 Hughes, James 3.^5 Hiighes,Hfnrv '. .. : 335 Hughes, Thomas 330, 335 Huirgiiis, Alexander 171 Huhn, George 1S5 Hull, .lames .567 Hull. Stephen 176, 247 Hulbert William F 236 Humphrey, H. H 667 Hunt. B 567 Hunt, Franfis 187 Hunter, Samuel 567 Hunt. Thomas u ir4 Hnnlington, Geo. H 567 Hunlington, James 567 Huntington, W. w 186 Himtsberger, Jacob 275 Huntsber.ger. M 275 Hurlbut, R. R 305 Hnrlbut, William F 305 Huston. James F 668 Hu."!!, Valentine G 668 Hutchins, Dr. E. A .568 Hutchinson, .1. C .568 Huv, George E 186, 373, 568 Hvde, L.Mel 568 Iliowizi, Rev. Henry ,569 lugerson. Ashbel 185, 262 Inks, B. F «'69 Ireland. C. H 660 Irwin , E. F 214, 220 Irwin, George W 213 .Tackins, ,Tohn...l73, 183.186.373, 475 Jackson, Henry 266 Jackson, J. R 244 .Tacobs, .John 316 Jaeoby, Geo. G 569 Jacobv. w. H 569 Jacobson , C 669 .Tames, Freeman D 310 Jamme, Joseph 336 Jardine, Alexander G ... 336 Jarrett, William J 236 Jarvie, Mathew .570 Jefferson , Robert H 370 Jeffery.ThiiS 570 Jellison, Jesse L 254 Jenks, (4. A 570 Jenkins, U. H 291 Jenkins, Svlvanus 290 Jennings, Frederick A 259 Jensen, C 350 Jerome, Albert M 186 Jewett,A. W 670 Johnson, C 571 .lohanson, Hans 3.50 John Otlier Day, Indian 138 .Johnson, Asa E .- 570 Johnson, A. M 570 Johnson, Charles 275 Johnson, Charles W 671 .Johnson, CO 207 Johnson, David B 671 Johnson, F. A 571 Johnson, George H 185, 186, 57 PAGE Johnson, Gnstavus V 246 John,son,,J. C 187 Johnson, J. W 572 Johnson, K .572 John.son, Peter 572 Johnson, Gen. R. W 365 .Johnson, W. H 185, 572 Jonas, Joseph 572 Jones, Edwin Smith,... .186, 488, 572 Jones. Capt. Harrison 200 Jones, J. G 188. 498, 572 Jones, Jiihn Sergeant 140, 153 Jones, R. F 573 Jones, W. H .573 Jones. W.B 254 Jordan, Ainos C ,573 Jordan, John H .•.. .336 Jordan, R. W 573 Joserih. John P 574 Kae^tner. John D 574 K^nipfl, Jiouis 356 Kantrowitz. .) 674 liarlson.F. H 574 Kassnbe, Kail 275 Kassube. William C .'. 269. 275 Keator. C H 574 Keen.C. T 574 Kees, Mithias 574 Keim, Andrew 574 Keith, A 213 Keith, Albert 575 Keith, George 184,57.5,404 Keith, H.C 187, .'75 Keller,J.M 575 Keller. H 575 Kellev.J. W 229 Kelley, W. A 576 Kellv, Dr B. S 576 Kellv, Frank W 576 Kellv, O.scar A 291 Kellv. W.F 576 Ki'l logg, Nathaniel 186 Kennedy, Edward 576 Kenyoii,A. H 576 Reran, Hu'ih 320 Kerridge, Walter 576 Kesler, Jacob 283 Keys, John 576 Kiefer, Sarah 326 Kiesel, Leopold 220 Kimball, A. C 187, 303 Kimball, Dr. B. W 576 King, Edward E 220 King, 0. B 186 King.T.S 627 King. Col. William S 344,480 K.ingsley, Charles D 577 Kinitsley, Edward 1 577 Kirk, A. H 677 Kirk, J. H 229 Kirst. E. D 677 Kittson, Norman W 176, 367 Klausman. Mathias... 336 Kletzin.M. F 356 KIme, J. W 678 Klopp.M. J 677 Knettle. George 270 ICnickerbacker. Rev. D. B... 476, 578 Knoblauch, Alois 578 Knob' ock . D 187 Knopf, Michael 326 Knowles, A. H 578 Kokesh. John 245 Koon.M.B 578 Kiaemer,John 578 Krueger, H 576 Kuch, Philip 283 Kvte, John 220 La Brash. A . C 578 Ladriere, Rev. A 296 Laflin.Geo.A 326 Lafiin.Q. A 326 Lamp, Christian 579 Lamp, Joai'him 579 Lampson, Chauncy 153 Lampsim, Nathan 1.53 Lamoreaux, H. R 679 Lane. A. P 300 Landrv, Charles 358 Lane. 'Freeman P 186, 579 Lane, James S 579 Lane,Ii. M 579 Langdon, R. B 185,579, 49.1 Langdon, E.V 257 710 INJDMK. PAGE Lange, J 680 Lamed, William L 183 Laiamee, Louis 580 Larson, Cart BSD Lasliells, William M 181 Latham, A. W 265 Laiidei-dale, W. H •. 680 Lawrence, James R., Jr 186 Lawrence, Kben E 580 Lawrence, .Tames W 186, 580 Lawson, Brady 581 Layman, J. U 225 Layman, Jerome 581 Layman, Manin 350 Learned, Hev. N. M 581 Leavenworth. Lieut. Col. Henry. 162 Leber, Julius 581 Le Bnrius, John 229 Le BoutllUer, Clias. W.... 181, 188, 200 Jje Count, Antoine 329 Lefebvre, E 2^7 Lee, John T 681 Lee, John M 581 LeKK, L. A 3S2 Lennon, John G 362, 682 Lenzen. Leonard 275 Leonard, Wm.H 195, 582 Leppla, John 582 Lesler, Henrv C. Col .....133, 193 Le Van, W.H 255 Levi, G. L 582 Lev. George 245 Libby.A.D 350 Libby,G. F 582 Libby, Joseph 583 Libb'v, Thomas 583 LUjen^ren, N. P 583 LlUibrldge. H. F 58) Lincoln, Abraham 131,152, 156 Lincoln, J. L 683 Lindas, Hans 583 Lindblad. H ,583 Lindner, Peter G 275 Lin on. Thus. M. . . ; 584 Lippincott E'lward 186 Lil hfow, William 176, 247 Little Crow, Indian... 142, 150, 154, 368 Livingston, A 581 Livingston, Havid 176,231 Lochren, William 184, 584 Locke, David 215 LooUwood, J. E 584 Logan. R 275 Lohse, H 584 Lontr, Maj'ir, Stephen H 178 Loomis, Col. Gustavus 171 Longfel low, Jacob 291 Loomi.s, G. G 186 Loranger. A. R 275 Lorini, A. C 684 Lovejoy, S. B 684 Loverin II. A 585 Low.J.F 584 Lowell, F. P 684 Lowell, H. E 2.36 Loye, S. B 585 Luce, K. K 265 Lueck, Rudolph 586 Lufkin, Dr. M. H 685 Lundberd, A. G 586 Lundell , Gus 685 L\diard, .Samuel 26!) Lyfc>rd,C. C 588 Lvnc'b,John 586 Lynde, James W 138, 169 Lyon-, Cliai'ips 245 Lyons, Michael 686 Maclinieler. Jacob 586 Mackrolli, J. H 586 Macnrdy.D.A 686 Mi.dson, C 586 Maeder, Louis 586 Maguire, First Lieut. Edward 166 Mahaffy, W. D 687 Mahoney, Mrs. B 587 Mahoney, .leremiah 229 Maisli.Capt. Lewis 687 Malbon.J. S 187 Mahmey. Michael 220 Malmsten, Aug 587 Mangen, Nicliolas 689 Mann, Henry B 184 Mann, John 8 216 Mann, John T 183, 186 PAGE Manning, William • 266 Manton, Rev. .L R 215 Marohand. David 326 Marriott, William 587 Marsh, Albert 587 Marsh, Capt. .rohn S 137 Maish, William H 265 Marshall, Hon. Wm. R., 146, 156, 157, 183, 361, 364, 377, 442 Marten , Jacob 587 Ma)'tln, H. M 588 Martiudell, Mahlon 588 Marto, Paul 588 M artty, Samuel 589 Maskell, Geo 588 Massev, Louis 212 Massolt, William 588 Matthews, A. C .989 Mattson, Col. Hans 588 Mauren, Nicholas 589 Maxwell, George 275 May,Oapt. C 2.50 May, E. M 689 Mayer, Chartes 306 Mavei-s, A. J 276 Mayhew. G. V 184 Mavnard.J. B 589 Maynard, C. I. W 213 Mavr, Rev. P. Magnus M 275 McAfee. M. J 226 McAfee. W.J...'.. 229 Me.\nieh,S 5k9 McArrtle. William 689 McAriy, T 255 McOabe, John '. 213 McCahe, Merriman 220 McCann, James 185 McCarthv,S.J 590 McCartin, Joseph 590 MrClary. Rev. Thomas 690 McColIongh, Francis 262 McCulloch, A. S .590 McCime, M..- 591 McDaniel, James 691 McDermott. Ed 185 McDonald, Ernest 691 McDonald, Francis S 186, 691 MiDonald, John 691 McDonald, John W. 591 McDonalil P 591 McDonnell, .Tohn 320 McFarlane, J. R 187 McGary. John H... , 2'7 McGaughev, S. N 692 McGenfy. John 245 Mcftolri'ck. Rev. James 591 MpGrath,K. B 184,247, 255 MoGi'egor, Wm 5<)2 MeHatton, Rev. Alexander 232 McKenzle, \. G 692 MeKenzie, .John 231, 249 McKernan, Peter 592 McTtnight, W. (4 283 McLa'en. Col. R. N 151, 207 Mcl^askev. R. H 592 McT^Pod. Mai-tin 175,183,222, 227 Mi'Leod, Walter S 222 McMillan, .Tames 592 McMullen,A.E 592 McMHilen, George 593 McM'.illen, James 592 McMui'dv.R.S 593 McNalr, William W..470, 188, 59'<, 487, 494 McNeice, W. D 593 McNeil. Neil 302, 306 ■McPhall.Cnl. S 146, 149 McPhMlll.Col. HaiTiuel... 205 Mi'Waters. Daniel 593 Meaifher, .T. O. F 593 Meaker.O.C 2S3 Meeker, Hon. Judge Bradlev B... 175, 185, 364, 488 Medoalf, W. R 283 Mel.stroh, Henry 593 Mendenhall, R. J 594 Menni', J.C 694 Menninger, Henry 186 Menzel, G 694 Mi'rcer,T.E 595 Merrill, S. W 291 MeiTlman. Aaron 282 MeiTlman, Eugene 262 Merriman, 0. C 695 PAGE MeiTiman, Samuel L 186, 260 Merriman, Wan-en 262 Messer, Benjamin E 186 Metzger, Charles 595 Metzlte, Fritz 595 Meurer, J. P 275 Meyer, Ernst 245 Meyer, .John D 595 Meyers. Jacob 696 Miars. G. D 301 Michie,J,W 696 Miles, Chartes 298 Millam, George 220 Miller, Chartes D 245 Miller, Frank A 246 Miller,.TohnP 245, 373 Miller,J. H 596 Miller, J. W 596 Miller, Miss Nancy E 182 Miller, I'eter ...; 276 Miller.P.S 350 Miller, Robert H 301 Miller, Col. Stephen A. ..151, 153, 154 199 Miller, W. A .'696 Miller. Walter.... 569 Mills, R. M 267 Milne, David A 596 Minei, Amos, L 597 MIner.N. H 186 Mink, James 359 Mitchell, Andrew W 236 Mitchell, John 187 Mitchell, Samuel Sr 231 Mittwer, John 597 Moelchert. Ijonis 597 Moflatt.Wm. R 213, 342 Moffatt. W. G 213, 342 Mohi-,E 597 Molin.A. P 697 Molino, N 267 Mooney, M. C 597 Moore, Alexander 183, 186 Moore, Nathaniel 314 Moore, Samuel 266 Morgan, David 184, 186,204, 279 Morgan, Col. George N 188 Morin, Francis 3U Morrell,A.O 185 Morrill, Ashley C 186 Morrison, A. C 598 Morrison, H. G. O 597 Morrison, Clinton 598 MoiTison, Dorilus 184 Mnrrison. Francis 283 Morri-son, S. D 28.^ Morin, Joseph 3J1 Mortimer, E. W...r 598 Mortimer,G.W . 599 Moses, Ellas 599 Morse, Elisha 698 Morse, Frank L 698 Moi-se, Frank L 186 Morse, George A 598 Mosseanx. Charles 340 Moulton. E. H 699 Moult.on.K 599 Mudgett, A. H 699 Mueller, John B 699 Mueller, Louis C 699 Mulliken, Wm 599 Munch, Capt. Eniil 134, 210 Munger, Albert S 493, 699 Munson, J. W 600 Murphy, A 6OO Murpliv. Edward 173,374 Murphv, John H 183, 501 Mii.sser, J. P 600 Mulher, W 600 Myers, C. W 600 Myers, Jacob 291 Myers, W. D 600 Myrick. Nathan 138 Navratil, Fiank 602 Nelll, Rev. Edward D.. ..188, 365, 444, 467, 470, 472, 600, 635 Nelll, Richard 214 Nelson, B. F 602 Nelson, Petrus 186 Nelson, An 'rewH 602 Nelson. Thomas, "Forday" 602 Ness. H. T 603 Nettleton, Gen. A. B 602 Newborn, August 694 INDEX. 711 PAOB Newell.E.D 255 Newell, Geo.K 657, 604 Neudeck, Lewis 603 Neudeck, Louis W 604 Newman, K 604 Kicliols, G. H 604 Niggler, Rudolph 205 Ninn J, Newton 604 Nobles, Col. Wm. H 130 Noble, Wm. C 605 Noel, J, P 6(15 Noerenberg, August J 605 Noerenberg, F. D 606 Nolan, James 6ii5 Noouan, David 321 Norman, .John 605 North, John W 183, 364, 4i-9 499 Northi up, Auson 18S, 364, 375, 488, 4S)7, 606 Nortbrup, N. J 225 Norton, Harvey S 308 Norris, J. W 291 Norris, Kobert W 291 Norris, W, H 605 Nott,W.S 606 Noiirse, George A 186 Nudd, W.H 607 Nybert', W 607 Oberlles, John 356 O'Brien, Denis 607 O'Brien. Gapt. Henry D 204 Odell, George 187,213 Odell, Howard C 221 Ofstie,.John E 608 Oftedal, Gust, M 608 Ofiedal S 608 O'Gorman, Lieut . 141 Ohm, Thomas 236 Ohrmundt, Otto 327 O'Learv.C. W 267 Oleson, J, H 60S Oliver, H. C 608 Olmstead, David 176 OKsen, Simon 608 Olson, Otto T 608 O'Mera, John 316 O'Neil, CD 608 Opitz, Albert A 327 Orff, George W 608 Orraand, Alexander T 608 Orth,Eciward 609 Orth,John H09 Grander. P 609 Oswald, H 283 Oswald, Jao.ib 321 Oswald, J. C 609 Oswald, U 350 Otis, George L 1.57 Ottawav, Thomas 336 Overacker. I. W 609 Overlook, E.W 609 Overlook, James H 609 Owens, E.A 610 Oxborougli, Thomas 230 Page, E. H 255 Page, Thomis 216 Pagenkopf, John 267 Paine, William B 236 Palmer, Abram 230 Palmer, Jonathan 6io Palmer, J. T 230 Palmer, L, E 186 Palmer, Wilber 230 Palmes, A. J 6io Parker, Benjamin 187 Parker, Dr. C. H 610 Parker, David C 610 Parker, Daniel C 337 Parker, James M 187, 337 Parker, L. N 6lo Partridge, Henry A 186, 489 Parks, George 183 Parmenter. G. W 610 Parmenter. E. 6io Parmenter,H. M 610 Parrisb.P 276 Past, John 184, 288 Past, John H a37 Patch, Lnther 363, 494 Patch»n,E 183 Patterson, F. F 610 Patter.soii, John 6U Paitersiin, LeviN 611 Patten, J. M 351 PAGE Paul,J.H 611 Paulle, L 611 P nlv, .lames 611 PaviKt, S. N 2i7 Pavin, W H 327 Pavne, James M 207 Pays,Cajit.J 175 Pease, H. M 249 PPirce, Thomas W., 174, 184, 341, 351 Peiroiinet, F. M 611 Pence,.rohnW 498,611 Pennev, I. L 611 Perkins, Ellet P 201 Perkins, Dr. Edward K 255 Perkins, Geo. F 612 I'erkins. John 263 Peteler. Gapt. Francis 133, 205 Peters, Catherine 327 Peters, Thomas 221 Peters. Herman J 612 Peler.son, ndrcw 612 Peterson, A. G ... 612 Peterson, Christian 351 Peterson. Fred 351 Peter.son. H. O 612 Petersen. L 612 Peterse.n, Oliver 612 Peterson, Martin 612 Peterson, P. M 230 Peterson, W. P '. 284 Pettit.C. H 184 Pettijnhn, Eli 183,215 Petit, John ... 359 Pettingill,M 613 Pettit, Wiliam 187 Petrarch. John 612 Phelps, E.J 613 Phelps, Sewell 187 Phelps, Sherman 327 Phillips, George C 245 Pliillips, Nathan O 364, 356 Phipps. Wj-lllam 6i3 Pike, Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery 162 Pillsburv, Charles A 185, 613 Pillsbury, Cliaiies F 613 Plllsbury, Fred. 613 Pillsburv, George A 499, 613 Pillsbury, Hon. John S., 184, 159, 160 481, 499, 613 Pinault. Dr. N. J 297 Place, D. N 221 Ploch,C.K 614 Plummer, Frank 186, 613 Plummer, Henry S 183 Plummer, J.P 187, 489 Plummer, Capt.JohnW 186, 203 Plummer, L.P 186 Poage, Miss Sarah 227 Pomarleau, Geo 614 Pomeroy, E. F 614 Pomerov, Gei>. W 291 Fomerov, J. L 614 Poud.Kev. Gideon H., 169, 174, 183 222, 227,. 232, 468 Pond, J. H 185 Pond,Kev.S. W 169 Pottle, J. M 370, 615 Pol vin, Joseph 294 Pouliot, E imain 276 Pounder, Benjamin 317 Power, Father T. L 614 Powers. John F 313 Pratt,F. E 615 Pratt, K. L 350 Pratt, Stephen 350 Prav, OtisA 565, 615 Prescott, A. B 615 Prescott, Philander 173, 213, 340 Pribble.J. T 186, 297 Pribble, Seth P 291 Pribble, Turner 301 Pride, John W 188, 204 Priest, L. A 615 Priest, W.H 616 Prior.C.H 615 Proehl, Charles 616 Prohl. Henry 337 Provan. J. J 616 Putnam George W 185 Putnam, Capt. Henry K 189 Quinn, Mrs. Mary Louisa 226 Quinn.Peter 175,222,869 Quadv, Peter 616 Quady, Kobert 616 PAGE Raiche, Peter 294 Eariiiitz. F 337 Kaliiey, Thomas G 616 Kamsey, Hon. Alexander. . . .131. 13 , 145, 153, 178, 247 Randall, Benjamin H 183 Rank, John P 617 Rankin, LS 186 RHUkiiig. Christian 321 Rantoul, Robert 177. 361 Eaths, N 617 Kauen, Jacob 617 Eauen, Peier 617 Rause, William H 199 Raymond Thomas 617 Kaymenton. L. W 617 Eea.Jolin P 186,481,617 Eeaclii. Jo.seph 175, 339 Enes. Giistavus 618 Rees.K 618 Reeves, J. W 301 Et-hl, Louis 618 Keid.A. M 185,561, 618 Eeid,F. M I.... 618 Eiid, I.. M 618 Eeid, Wm. E 618 Reidliead,P. W 284 Eeinidng, Frederich 321 Reiser, George 276 Reisei, Jo.seph B 276 Key, Michael 351 Rhuart.S.T 618 Eice, Hon. Edward 160, 176, 487 Eice. E. A 134 Eice, Hon. HenryM..147, 156, 176, 377 Eleh, Elijah 223 Eich, S. M 619 El hards, Edmond A 6I9 Kicharrison, Jesse 213 Kichardson, J. N 214 Eichardson, Tliomas 214 Kiehter, C. H 619 Eideout, F. C 629 Elggs, Rev. Stephen E 138, 172 Kilev, Matthew 237 Kiiey, Rev. T. M 619 Ring, Rev. John 619 KiiiUer, Andrew 619 Eitchie, Peter 2.36 Eober, Lewis 620 Robert, A . . 327 Eobert, Henry 327 Eobert, \a\\\U 143 Eobeits, Albert 3i6 E' .belts, Wm. P 620 Eobertson, James 620 Eobertsoii, James K 246 Eobertson, L. R 620 Enbinson, Alfred B 246 Eobinson,A. C 620 Ei>l)inson, Charles 176 621 Eiihin.son, Charles N (j21 Knbln.son, D. L 620 Kobinson, E. A 176,303, 306 Eobin.son, George E I86 Eobinson, E 213 Eobin.son, S. C 621 Eothl, Nicholas 337 Koeller, M 621 Rocmei', Mrs. Eliza J 262 Rogers, B. C 621 Rogers, G. D 621 Rogers, N 621 Rogers, Richard 622 RogHi-s, Eichard C 622 Rohlflng, Frederick 246 EoUins, Capt. .rohn...l78, 180, 183, 365, 368, 487, 494, 531, 622 Eollins.M.B 623 Eollit, Eev. Charles 215 Eolph, W.T 623 Rondo, Joseph 359 Roots, J. W. 623 Rosanrier. A, J 276 Rosbach, Nic. A 623 Rose, A. S. F 623 Koss, Samuel 184 Eosser. Gen. T. L 623 Eotli, Barney 624 Eoth, H. A 624 Eothaker, Chas. L 624 Eiiths, Jacob 338 Kougier, Nelson 297 Kouse, W. H 185 712 INJDHX. PAGE Kowe, C. H 624 KuDKe, August FT 624 Eiisseli, Albeit W 625 Eussell, Lieut. J. B. F 134, 177 Kussell, K. P., 176, 3B9, 369, 487, 630, 624 Eussell. Capt. ■William F 184, 206 Bust, Geo. H 626 Kyan, JolinW 625 Kvan, Patrick A 221 Kvan, S. W 62B JRvbei'K, John 626 Sallada.H. E 626 Salzeder, Eev. Louis 626 Srilisburv, Dr. A. H 626 Salisburv. T. G 626 San-ple,'Eev. E. F 626 Sampson, L. F 255 Sampson, Wanen 294 Sanborn, A 627 B.iiiborn, C. B 361 Wanbnrn, Gen. John B. ..132, 134, 194 Saoders.N.H 267 Saudlioff, August I? 338 Sandhoff , Herman A 338 Satlerlee. Eev. W. W 627 Savage, N W 627 Savor\, John 627 Sawtelle, Alonzo 213 Scales, Edward A...' 221 Scofle1d,J. D 230 Scdfleld, M.F '. 628 Schofleld, Miss Mary A 182 Scott, Harvy E 266 Scott Henry H 629 Scott, Gen. Wlnfleld 163 Scliaar, Anton 276 Schaar, Joseph 276 Schaefer, Jacob 186 Schafers, Albert 627 Seliarf, Wni 628 Scheitlin.G -. 627 Scbelling, A 628 Scherf, iharles 628 Bchiebe, Carl Sr 338 Sclilener, John A 628 Scliinedeman, Paul 628 Schmidt, Charles 628 Schmidt, Frederick. H. B 338 Schmidt, Fritz 297 Sehmitz. Dfnnis 187,338 Sclineider, Kev.J 628 Scliober, A 628 Schockweiler, John 629 Sc-hreiber, Christian 292 Schroder, Fred 629 Schulenberg, Joseph 629 Scliuette, Fred 321 Schuller, Peter 284 Schulze, Henry 629 Seamaiis, Silas A 266 SebdSki, John 184 Seconibe, Havid A 184, 186, 149 Seeger, William 158 Seerev,LC 629 Seiden.H. E 629 Sermon, Geo 629 Hetzler, Geo 292 Shaiiton. Edward D 246 Shatto, C. vv 630 Shavir, Bavard T 246 Shaver, Bernard G 246 Sc'haver, Eiiiridge A 246 Shaver, .James 176 Shaver. James Jr 238 Shaver. Sarah C 246 Shaw, Geo. K 030 Shaw, J.M 6:io Sheehaii, Lieut T, J 137 Sheldon, Kev. Charles B., 184, 186, 266 Shelev,"Wm, H 141 Shepherd, N ■. 362 Sheppard, Dr. Mark H 276 Sherburne, M fS Sherburne & White 630 Sherwood, John W 630 Sherwood, M.K 630 Shooli, Normin 200 Shoop, A.D 284 Shrewsburv. Frank 267 Sbrewsl ur\, Iiwin 184, 265 Shuck, Dr.A. W 276 Shuler, B. P 214, 631 Sliuler,E. G 631 Shumacher, H 276 PAGE Shumwav, J. P 284 Sibley, 6ov. H. H., 129, 130, 14.6, 150,162,171, 176, 366 Sidle, H.G 397,426,419 Sidle, J. K 397, 426, 419 Sievers, F 631 Simonaon, P 631 Simpson, William 266 Simpson, Thomas 329 Sipe, Epliriam 316 Skinuer.C.M 631 Skinner, L.J 631 Skinner, O. B 631 Slater, G. A 266 Slater, George 306 Sloan, Thomas 631 Slocum. Frank 186 Sly, Gilbert 221 Sly. William W 631 Small, L 3.52 Smart, (l.H 032 Smart, Eobert J 292 Sniiht.J.L 221 Smith, Albee 186, 225, 632 Andrew J 185, 292 Col. B.F 146, 146 C.A 352 C. H ' 632 Chas.W 186, 632 De Witt Clinton 187, 297 Delano T 184 E.M 633 F. L 632 George 633 Fieeman, B 221 George 633 GeorgeF 633 GemgeH 292 G. W 267 HairisN 292 J, A 633 Ja-ion W 633 J. K 633 James 352 Smith, Nils 362 Smith, H(m. Eobert 372 Smith, Theo.W 633 Snelling, .lolin 176 Snelling, t'ol. Josiah 163 Smder, C. L 633 Snyder, S. P 634 Sonnen, Joseph 634 Spaftord, Eoward 292 Spailord , ,1 . D 277 Spafford, W. A 277 Spaiildlng. Z. D 256 Siianliling, W. A 634 Spear, Charles H 204 Spear, Edward Jr 634 Speck, li 634 Spf nee. Baptist 360 Spencer, Geo, H 138 Spil lane. David 634 Stahr,J.H 634 Stammwitz, Carl G 6:f5 StanchHeld, Daniel 177, 184 StaiKlisb. F. G 230 Slankarrt. George M 246 Stanley. E. E 223 Slansfleld. James 221 Stanton, Dr. Nathan 233 Staling, John H 237 Staling, Jonas , 237 Stebliins C. M 6.i5 Stebbms.Kd. S 6:h Steele, E. i' 038 Steele, Frnnklin. 163, 174. 177, is.'i, 216, 368, 364, llOn. 488, 494, 6,35 Steele, Franklin Jr 6,38 steftes, Nick (as Siepiiena, J. F 638 Stetson, Frank L 6.38 ."•tetsoii, H. A 6,39 Stetson, W. C 492 639 Stevens, Charies T 183 Stevens, Col. J