library! ANNEX I. \^'- ■^- \ii ■ mu WM. %y^ V j: ■^, > '33/ v~§ §mm mmmiii ii1i«a«g BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF ..Adl.U3.f m/^^r ^- Cornell university Library QE262.N78G971895 The geology ofpart.lNorth|;mber.^^^^^ Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543645 MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL 8TIBYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF PART OF NORTHUMBERLAND, INCLUDING THE COUNTRY BETWEEN WOOLER AND > COLDSTREAM; (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 110 Q.W., NEW SERIES, SHEETS.) W. GUNN, F.G.S., and 0. T. OLOUG-H, M.A., F.G.S. (WITH PETEOLOGICAL NOTES, by W. W. WATTS, M,A., F.G.S.) CrBLISmO BT 0BD:EK OV THS I.0BI>8 COaiHIESIOlrEBS of HEB HAJESIT'B TKEAaVST. 6-^-5-53 LONDON: PBINTED FOR HEE MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFIOE, BT ETBE AND SPOTTI8WO0DE, PBIiriBBB TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTV. And to be pnrcbased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from ITEE AMD SP0TTI8W00DE, Babt Haedius iSiBEEi, Fleet Sibebt. B.C. ; or JOHN MBNZTB8 •& Co., 12, Hanoteb Stseet, BDlirBCBaH, and 90. West Nile Stbeet, Glabqow; or HODQES, riGGIS, & Co., Limited, 101, Gbaiton Stbbei, Bublik. 1896. Price One. billing and Sixpence. LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES. TBI Haps are those of the Ordnance Survey.goolOKically coloured by tlie GeoloKioal Survey of the United Kingdom. under the Superintendence of Sir Akok. Gsieix, D.Sc, LL.D., P.R.S., Director General. (For Uaps, details of Sections, and Memoirs issued by the Geological Survey, see " CataloBue.") ENGLAND AND WALES.-(Scaleone-inchtoamile.) Uaps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. Sheets S*, B, V, 1*. 8*. 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, 30, 81, 33 to 87, 40, 41, 44, 47', 64', 65t, 69+, 70*. 83', 86', ppce St. 6d. each. Sheet *, Be. Sheets 2*,, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, 3$, 39, 58, 84t, SSt, 4r. each. Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 8». each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, irbich are 1». id. each. 1*, 42, 43, 46, 46, NW, SW, NE». SE; 48, NW+, S W*, NEt, (SB*), (*9t),'50+, 51', 52 to 57, (57 NW), 69 to 63, 66 SWt NBt. KW«, SE+. 67 N+, (St).6SE+, (NW),SW+,71 to 76, 76. (N) S, (77 N),78, 79, NW*, SW,NE», SE«.80NW, 8W» NB». SE», 81 NW», SW, NE, SE, 82, 83*, 87, 88, NW, SW. NB, SE, 89 NW* SW*, NE, SE« 90 (NE*), (SB*), 91, (NW*), (SW»), NB', SE*. 92 NW*, SW*, NE, SB, 93 NW, SW, NE*, SB*, 94 NWt, SW+, (NEt). SE+, 95 NW*, NE*. (SB*), 96 NW*, SW*. NB*, SB*, 97 NW*, SW*. NE*, SB, 98 NW, SW, NB*,SE, 99 (NE*), (SE*). 101 SE. NB*, NW*, SW*, 102 NW*, NB*, SW*, SB*, 103*, 104*. l66NW*,SW*.(NE*),SE*.106NW*, SW*„NE*, SE*. lOT.SWt, NB*, SB*, 108 SW*,NB*, SB*, 109 NW*, SW,* SB*, llOCNW*), (NB*), SB*, SW*. '' Keui Series.— I. of Wightt, with Mainland* (330, 331, 344, 445), Ss. ed. 249*, 329*, 330*, 331*, (832*), (338*), 834*, (341), S4S, ZirSEX BT APS :— (Scale 4 miles to 1 inch.) WALES, 4c.— Sheets 9 (1-inch Maps, 37. 38, 40, 41) ; 1^a(S5, 36, 42, 48) ; 14 (67-69) ; 15 (66, 56, 60, 61) ; 19 (76-78) ; SO (73, 74. 79, 80), S«. 6d. each. ENGLAND AND WALES.— Sheets 6 (E. Yorkshire), 7». 6d.; 9 (Eastern Counties), 12».; 11 (West of England and S.B. Wales), 20». ; 12 (London and lower part of Thames Basin), 10s. Bd. (or printed in colours, St. ed.); 13(0onivillt ' &c.), 7s. ed. ; 14 (Torquay to I. of Wight), 9*. ; 16 (Chichester to Hastings), 4». 6 140, 146 to 148, Enfxland, price 6s. each. VERTXCAK BECTZOMTB, 1 to SO, England, price 3s. 6d. each. COMPXiETES COUITTI&S OF EWCIiAirS AWD WAKES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mila. Sheets marked *,have Descriptive Memoirs. AN&LBSBIt,— 77N, 78. BBDI'ORD8HIEB,-4aNW, NE, SW+, SEt, 52 NW, NE, SW, SE. BBBKSHIEB,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*, 45 SW*. BBBCKNOCKSHIEEt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 67 NE, SB. BUCKINGHAMSHIEE,-7* IS* 45* NB, SB, 46 NW, SWt. 52 SW. CABKMARTHENSHlEEt, 87, 38, 40, 41, 42 NW, SW, 66 SW, 57 SW, SB. OAERNABVONSHlEEt.— 74 NW, 76, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. OAMBEIDGESHIBE+.— 46 NE, *7*, 61*, 52 SE, 64*. OAEDIGANSHIEBt,— 40, U, 66 NW. 67, 58, 69 SB, 60 SW. OHBSHIEE,— 78 NB, NW, 79 NE, SB, 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 88 SW. 0ORNWALL+,-24t, 25+, 26+, 29+, 30+, 81+, S2+, & 83+. CUMBBBLAND,— 98 NW, SW*, 99, 101, 102 NB, NW, S W, 106 SB, SW, NW 107. DBNBIGH+,— 7SNW, 74,76 NB, 7S NE, SE, 79 N W, S W, SE, 80 SW. DEBB r 8HIEE+,— 62 NB, 63 NW, 71 NW, S W, SB, 72 NE, SE,81,82,88SW, SE. DEVONSHIEB+,-20+, 21+, 22+, 23+, 24+, 25+, 26+, & 27+. DOBSBTSaiEB,— 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 66. DTJEHAM,— 102 NE, SE, 108, 106 NE, SE, SW, 106 SE. ESSEX,— 1*. 2*. 47*. 48*- FLINTSHIBE+.— 74 NE, 79. GLAMOBGANSHIEB+,— 20, 36, 37. 41, 4 42 SE, SW. GLOU0B8TBBSHIEB,— 19, 34*. 86, 48 NB, SW, SB, 44*. HAMP8HIBE,-8+, 9+, 10*. lit, 12*, 14, 15, 16. HBBErOEDSHIRB,— 42 NB, SB, 43, 56, 66 NB, SB. , HEBTFORDSHlEB,-lfNW, 7*, 46, 47*. HUNTINGDON,— 61 NW, 52 NW, NB, SW 64*. 65. KBNT+.— 1+ SW &SE, 2+, S+, 4*, 6+. LANCASHIRE,— 79 NB, 80 NW*, NB. 81 NW. 88 NW, SWt. 89, 90, 91. 92 SW, 98. e 88198. Sheets or Couutios marked + are illustrated by Genera] Ilemoin. •LEIOBSTEBSHIRB,— 53 NE. 62 NB, 68*,' 64*, 70*. 71 SB. SW. LINC0LNSHIEE+,-ie4*, 66*, 69, 70*. 88*, 84*. 86*. 86*. MEEIONBTHSHIEE+,— 59 NB, SB, 60 NW, 74, 75 NB. SB. MIUDLESEX+,— 1+ NW, SW, 7*, 8t. MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 36, 36, 42 SE, NE, 48 SW. MONTGOMEEYSHlRBt,— 66 NW, 59 NE, SE, 60. 74 SW. SE. NORFOLK t,-:50 NW*. NB*, 64*, 65*, 66*, 67», 68*, 69. N0RTHAMPT0NSHIRB,-«4*, 45 NW, NE, 46 NW. 52 NW, NB, SW, 63 NE, SW, 4 SE,es 8K, 64. NORTHUMBERLAND,— 102 NW, NE, 105, 106. 107, 108. 109, 110, NW, SW*, NB, SE. NOTTINGHAM,— 70*, 71* NE. SB, NW, 82 NB*, SB*, SW, -83, 86, 87* SW. OXFORDSHIRE,-?*, IS*, 34*, 44*, 46*, 58 SB*. S.W. PEMBEOKESHIRB+,— 38, 39, 40. 41, 58. RADNOUSHIKE.-42 NW, NE, 66, 60 SW, SB. BUTLANDSHIRE+,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64*. . SHROPSHIEB,— 65 NW, NB. 66 NE, 60 NE, SE, 61, 62 NW, 73, 74 NE, SE. SUMEliSBTSHIEB,— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 36. STAFFORDSHIRE,— 54 NW, 66 NE, 61 NB, SE, 2, «S NW, 71 SW, 72, 78 NE, SB, 81 SE, SW. SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49*, 60*, 61*, 86* SE*, 67*. SURREY,— 1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. SUSSEX,-4*, 6t, 6t, «t, 9t, lit. WAR WICKS HIEB,-44*, 45 NW, 68*, 64. 62 NB, SW, SE, 68 NW, SW, SB. WESTMORLAND, — 97 NW*. SW*. 98 NW, NE*, BE*. 101 SB*. 102. WILTSHIRE,- la*. 13*. 14, IB, 18, 19, 84*, and SB. WOBCBSTEBSHIBE,— 43 NB, 44*, 54, SB, 62 SW, SE. «1 SE. YORKSHIEB,— 85-88, 91 NB, SE, 92-97*. 98 NE*. SE*, 102 NE, SE, 108 SW. 8E, 104*. MEMOIRS OP THE GEOLOGICAL STJEYEL ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY PART OF NORTHUMBERLAND, INCLUDING THE COUNTRY BETWEEN WOOLER AND COLDSTREAM; (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 110 S.W., NEW SERIES, SHEET 3.) W. OIJNN, F.G.S., and C. T. CLOUGH, M..A.., F.G.S.. (WITH PETEOLOGICAL NOTES, by W. W. WATTS, M.A., F.G.S.) PtrBLISHED BT OBDEB 01 THE LOBCB COMMI6SIOKEK3 OP HEE MAJESTY'S TEEASUEIT.. LONDON: PEINTED FOK HEE MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFITICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PEIlfTIE3 TO THE QUEKH'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from BYEE AKD SPOTTISWOODE, East Haeding Steeet, Fleet Sikeei. E.C. ; or- JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, Hanotek Stseet, Epinbtjboh, and 80, West Nile Steeet, Glasqct! or HODGES, PIGGIS, & Co., LiMiTEn, 101, GBArTox Steeet, Dublin. 1895. Price One Shilling and Sixpence. ni PREFACE. The district described in the present Explanation is represented in Sheet 110 S.W. of the one-inch map of the Geological Survey. It comprises the northern slopes of the Cheviot Hills and the ground which stretches thence northwards to the River Tweed. Its area amounts to about 118 square miles, of which about one- half is occupied by the volcanic rooks of the Cheviot Hills, belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone, the remainder being composed of Carboniferous strata which, lying unconformably on the igneous masses, include representatives of the Scar Limestone and Yoredale groups of the Carboniferous Limestone series. The ground north of the Bowmont Water and the River Glen, rather more than two-thirds of the whole district, \Vas surveyed by Mr. William Gunn, the rest by Mr. C. T. Clough. The mapping of the whole district was carried on under the supervision of Mr, H. H. Howell. In the following pages, written by Messrs. Gunn and Clough, each author describes the tracts surveyed by him, and the relative share of each is marked by the initial letters appended to the several sections of the Memoir. The petrographical descriptions have been supplied by Mr. W. W. Watts. The fossils collected by the Survey during the progress of the field-work have been chiefly named by Mr. G. Sharmafl, but Mr. J. W. Kirkby has been good enough to determine the Ostracoda. The map to which the present Memoir is an explanation adjoins Quarter Sheet 109 N.E. These two maps together comprise the whole of the English part of the Cheviot Hills, and the structure of this interesting geological district will be found described in their respective explanatory Memoirs. The progress of petrographical research has shown that the rocks hitherto comprised under the name of " Porphyrite " are really more or less altered forms of Andesite. But until the required change of nomenclature can be carried into effect upon the maps of the Geological Survey already published, the old name e 8S198. 500.— 1/96. Wt. 8410. A 2 has been retained in the following pages. The term " Porphyrite,"' however, will in future be restricted to such rocks as stand intermediate between andesiles and diorites, sometimes known as mioro-diorites, and of which some exatnples are described by Mr. Watts from the Cheviot area (p. 63). It may be added that MS. copies of the original field-maps on the scale of six inches to a mile, viz., Sheets 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, and 19, Northumberland, are deposited in this Ofl&ce for public-, reference, and that copies of ttese can be supplied through the agents |or the sale of the Survey maps. AKCH.. GEIKIE, ,j ,, , . • ' •; . . Director QeneraL i f . Geological Survey Office, : . • i! 28, Jermyn Street?, London, S.W.,. . IStl^Pecember, 1895-.. ,- .; CONTENTS. Page Pbepace, by the Director G-enekal - - - - - iii Chapter I.— Inthodtjction. PhysioalFeatures, Table of Formations, General Geological Description, Relation between the Form of the Ground and the Geological Structure - 1 Chapter ll. — Sedimentart and Oontempoeaneotjs Igneous Eocks OP Lower Old Bed Sandstone Age. Porphyrites south of the EiTor Bowmont, Interbedded Sandstones, Interbedded Ashes ; Porphyrites north of the River Bowmont ; Petrological Notes 5 Ohapieu III. — Lower Cabbonipeeous. The Kelso Traps, Cement- stone Group or Lower Tuedian, Detailed Description, Carboni- ferous Eocks of the Howtel Valley, The Carham Limestone and Associated Beds ... - - 14 Chapter IY. — CARBONiPERoas — (continued). The Fell Sandstones Group or Dpper Tuedian ----- 29 Chapter Y. — Cakbgniperous — [continued). The Scremerston Coal Group or Carbonaceous Division, Detailed Description - - 32 Chapter YL— CASBONiPEROirs^coreimMei). Limestone Group or Calcareous Division - . - , . - 50 Chapter YII.-^Inteusive Igneous Eocks. Granites, Intrusive Rocks other than Granite ; with Petrological Notes - - 60 Chapter YIII. — Faults and Yeins - 67 'Chapter IX. — Glacial Deposits. Carboniferous Area, Glacial Strise, Sands and Gravels, the Kaim at Wark, Porphyritic Area 71 Chapter X. — Post Glacial Deposits. Alluvium, Peat Bogs, and Shell-marl - - ... 80 Appendix I. — Lists or Fossils - . - - 86 Appendix II. — List op Publications on the Geologi of the District ... . . . 89 LIST OE ILLUSTRATIONS. Tig. 1. Banded Porphyrite, Hart Heugh, Wooler - - -6 ,, 2. Curves in Banded Porphyrite, Hart Heugh, Wooler - 6 .„ 3. The North Boundary Porphyrite Hills : view Soutu-wcsl from Westwood Moor, Wooler - . 9 .„ 4. Lenticular Mass of Coal in Sandstone, Ford Quarry in New Plantation, South of the Common - - 30 ,,, 5. Coarse Red Porphyrite, Intrusive in Black and Purple I'orphyrite, Hart Heugh, Wooler - - - 63 .,, 6. Section in Railway south of Cornhill 75 THE GEOLOGY OF PART OF NORTHUMBERLAND BETWEEN WOOLER AND COLDSTREAM. CHAPTER I. Inteodcctiox. Physical Features, Sfc, The portion of Northumberland to be described in this memoir embraces a large part of the English side of tlie valley of the Tweed, with ils tributafj'^, the Till. On the north and the west, it borders, respectively, upon the Scottish counties of Bewvick and Roxburgh. A small tract of ground in the N.E. of the area does not drain into the Tweed, but directly into the North Sea, principally by Haiden Dean Burn, which rises near Duddo, and by Berrington Burn, rising near Woodend. The streams which go direct into the Tweed are few and small, the Till taking nearly all the drainage. Of the few in the N.W. that do run into the Tweed, the Willow Burn, going by Presson, is the largesl. The principal tributary of the Till is the River Glen formed by the junction, at Kirknewton,' of two of the streams which drain the northern slope of the Cheviots, the Bowmont Water and the College Water. The Common Burn in the S.E. is a branch of the Wooler Water, another tributary of the Till. According to the old v«rse, the Tweed has the reputation of being a more rapid stream than the Till : — Tweed says to Till, "What gars ye rin so still ? " Till says to Tweed, " The' ye rin with, speed And I rin slaw, Whar ye droon ae mon I droon twa." Yet the Till has on the whole a more rapid fall than the Tweed. The lowest point of the district area — the Tweed, where it leaves the map at Weeper Island — is not much more than 30 feet above the sea-level, and the 50 feet contour continues by the river to beyond Wark, while it only goes up the Till as far as Old Heaton Mill. But tlie Till is sluggish where it joins the Tweed, and in that part of its course from Ford Forge to above its junction with the Glen, where it flows mainly in a deep bed through wide spreads of alluvial soil — the extensive flat of Milfield Plain stretching from Etal to near Wooler — ^which is a great feature of this district. This Plain, once the site of an old Take, covers about 1*2 square miles and averages about 150 feet above the sea, From it the ground rises pretty rapidly both east and 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. ■west to hills of over 500 feet above the sea, and on the south very abruptly to the conical points of Yeavering Bell l,182j and Humbleton Hill 977. The highest ground lies south of the Bowmont. ' Besides the points last mentioned we may note Newton Tors 1,762 and 1,702, Coldsmouth Hill 1,363, and Kilham Hill 1,108, This is a land of deep valleys and steep- sided hills. North of the Bowmont the highest points are Moneylaws Hill 805, Housedon Hill 877, Coldsides 844, and LantonHill 683. The part of the area adjacent to the Tweed is ^or the most part a low anfd extremely undulating country of drift mounds enclosing peat bogs. Through this low ground the Till has cut for itself a beautiful ravine in the solid rock between Etal and Tillmouth. Thie ground east of the Till is a gently undulating plateau rising generally from north to south where the highest- points occur ; Wafchlaw 508, Goats' Crag, near Jioughtofi Linn 542, Summit E. of Fenton Hill 588 feet. Post Glacial. Glacial. Oarboniferous Limestone Series with interbedded Volcanic Eock (" Kelso Trap " Bdi). Lower Old Red Sandstone : with interbedded Volcanic Rocks. Intrusive Igneous Rocks, Table of Forpiations. r Alluvium and River Terraces. \Peat Bogs and Old Lake JDeposits. TSand and Gravel. \ Boulder Clay. Limestone Group or Calcareous" Division. Scremerston Coal Group or Carbonaceous Division. <^ Fell Sandstone Group or Upper ^(d^ to d') Tuedian. Cement Stone ~1 Lower Group or Lower > Carboni- Tnedian. J' ferous. f Cheviot Porphyrites (Po 0^) I with It appears that these glossy rocks usually contain both augite and hypersthene, and might be called Hypersthene Andesites.* They must • still, however, be considered essentially one with the surrounding flows in age and in character, the present differences being due to original differences in the mode of cooling, or to subsequent alteration. Sometimes we get banded porphyrites of ■different colours which do not now appear glossy. , Good examples JFiG. 1. — Banded Pprphyrite Hart Heugli, WooUr. Scale,'^ of Nature, r. • of these occur near the head of Common Burn, Hart Heugh, &c. From Hart Heugh we give two diagrams to show the irregular and occasionally false-bedded appearance the bandsi sometimes have. They seem to hsLveno relation to the lower surface of the -F;g. 2. — Curves in Banded Porphyrite Hart Heugh, Waaler, Scale, tV of Nature. -flow they belong to, for while they are twisting about in every direction, the feature at the base of the scar continues horizontally all round the hill They must however, indicate some movement which was going on in the lava itself, and with this agree the facts that the longer axes of the felspar crystals and of the amygda- loidal cavities can often be seen pointing in the same directions as the containing bands. (See Figs. 1 and 2;) '* See J. J. H. Teall, Geol. Mag., 1883, pp. 100, 145, 2.52, PORPnYEITES. i The glossy black porphyrite of Haddan Hill is in a wonder- fully soitnd condition, and in a microscope section the felspar Crystals are seen to have enclosed numerous small blebs, &c. o£ glassy matter at various periods of their growth : the blebs are ■ now arranged in rudely concentric bands round the edges of the crystals. The sides of the Trows at the foot of Humbleton Burn ai-e formed in great part of soft decomposing porphyrite. In a small sike which runs into Common Burn about ^ mile west of Watch Hill ^Wooler Common) there is another exposure of similar gravel-like rock. The felspar crystals are still distinguishable, but embedded loosely in the matrix and. readily separable. •■ Clay Beds forined from kaolinization are rare, nevertheless this method of decomposition is common. In a microscopic section from near Hare Law, Paston, the felspar crystals have been entirely converted into kaolin (?) picked out with numerous minute specks of dissociated quartz. The rock was evidently once porphyrite, for the angles of the felspars are still clear and ' sharpjand there are no noticeable fragmraits; But ash is more generally liable to such decomposition, for the hollows, &c. between the fragments allow the decomposing agent to advance more readily. . Interbedded Sandstones. — The interbedded sandstones are sometimes so thin and local that on hasty examination they might be taken for included fragments. That they are not so is shown by their curving outlines and the way they sweep roimd knobs of porphyrite or fill cracks therein. They are generally green-grey, bright copper green, dark grey or red. The former varieties could sometimesin a band-specimen hardly be distinguished from some of the Silurian rocks of the neighbourhood, but in the field there is seldom any difficulty, as large exposures nearly always show broken crystals of felspar, or bits of porphyrite. The best exposures occur 300 yards S.S.E. of Earlehillhead, ^ mile S.W. of Heathpool, in the burn E. of Easter Tor, in the burn 300 yards above Old Yeavering, in Hetha Burn about \ mile N. of Trough- burn House, and in the burn close close by Harelaw House (Bowmont). Sometimes the porphyrite pieces are so large and so frequent that the bed should be more properly termed agglo- merate. There is an exposure of this kind by the weir a little below the foot of the College Water. The bed seems cutoff on the S.E. by a fault. !.. There are many beds about which there is doubt whether they should be called ash or ashy sandstone. Interbedded Ashes. — Of the undoubted ashes the best sections occur at Heathpool Linn and ^ mile east of Harelaw House. In the latter the ground mass of the ash is purple in colour, and the ash is. disposed in places in thin irregular nearly vertical bands. The fragments, of porphyrite or felspar, also have their longer axes generally verticnl. At Heathpool Linn the ash is sometimes rather loose in texture and contains cavities round the edges of the larger fragments. Sometimes the cavities have been subse- quently filled with quartz : at others they still remain empty^ 8 LOWER OLD BED SANDSTONE. In the finer asli there appears to be other and smaller cavities which in appearance closely resemble those usually to be found in the lava flows. Some portion of the section is not simply ash, but should rather be described as lava surface, for it includes sound por- phyrite both with and without fragments and bits of ash enclosed. Another good exposure of a lava surface occurs at Tom Tallon's Crag near the head of Akeld Burn. It is possible occasionally to get a hand-specimen which shows at one end sound porphyrite, and at the other a rock which, taken by itself would certainly be classed as ash, and between the two a gradual passage from one to the other. In default of good sections it is scarcely possible to distinguish between an ash and a subsequently brecciated porphyrite. On the E. side of Hare Law (Paston) and on Whaup Moor (W. of Thompson's Walls) are many small exposures of grey and yellow rotten rock. Felspar crystals are seldom recognisable and the rock is cut through by many thin irregular strings of quartz and hsematite crossing one another at all angles. As the rock is more crushed and more readily decomposable along these strings than anywhere else, we get an ashy appearance, the boundaries of the apparent fragments being the strings. It is possible that some of the rock is true ash. On the White Hill, a little more than ^ mile W.S.W. of Kilham, is another doubtful ashy-looking rock. It has a white siliceous appearance, with here and there red or dark grey flinty streaks. There are few definite fragments seen, and in one exposure the felspar crystals are large, clear, glassy and apparently unbroken. Physical features in the Porphyrite Series are not uncommon, but they cannot usually be traced far, and so they throw little light on the structure of the district. No doubt, occasionally, they are caused by the wearing back of soft interbedded ashy sandstone or ash ; but more usually no trace of such interbedded rocks can be found, and they must be considered due to the softer parts-r-such as the amygdaloidal bands — of the lava flows themselves. In this way we can understand the great irregularity of many of them, and the way they run into one another. At other times they are due to veins or intrusive dykes ; but. the features of these car only occur in fairly straight lines. The 'best features occur in the following places, N.W. side of Colds- mouth Hill, Sinkside Hill (College Burn), Easter and Wester Tors, Hare Law, Watch Hill, and Hart Heugh. Some of these are as distinct as those in carboniferous beds. The hills are generally steep and smooth with an abundant spring of grass, and they support large flocks of sheep. They contrast strongly with the Carboniferous sandstone hills on the other side of the Till. C. T. 0. Porphyrites North of the River Bowmont. Most of the general statements in the foregoing account of the porphyriles will apply equally well to the same series of rocks POKFHYEITES. on the north side of the rivers Bowmont and Glen, but the variety is not, perhaps, so gi'eat and the areas of interbedded sandstone and ash or agglomerate are too small to be marked on the one-inch map. Owing to this scarcity of interbedded ashes, &c., and to the general uniform character of many of the old lava beds taken in conjunction with the great thickness of the separate Fig. 3. — The North ^Boundary Porphyrite Hills : view South-west from Westwood Moor, Wooler. \ W 10 LOWER OLD RED SANDSTONE. beds it has been impossible to make out any general order of successioni But it would ■ seem pretty certiiia 'that the northern boundary from the Scottish border at , the ' Horse llidge to Mindrurn Mill ScAr is nearly coincident With the-r strike of the bedsjfas it is again from Downham to Branxton Hill and that the beds dip to the S.E. From this it would seem that the ridge of Flodden, in a, parallel line of strike — forms a higher series of -beds, and the hollows of the Kilham.and Howtel valleys — in a continuous line — have been worn out in the softer beds. The beds forming Housedon HiH and Coldside Hill, &c., on the south side of the Howtel Valley, should then make up a stilt higher series, if there is no large fault along the Howtel Valley. As will be pointed out furtlier there is some evidence for a fault along the S. side of this valley. Certain it is that there is a marked difference in the shape of the ground between the two sides of this valley, the ridgy plateau of the north side is contrasted with the more distinctly separate and somewhat conical-shaped hills of the south side. In conjunction with tliis there is also a general difference in the character of the porphj'rite — ^that on the north side being purple or greyish blue, while that on the south side is reddish and amygdaloidal. There are some marked bedded features in the porphyrite on the N.W. side of Moneylaws Hill,, 805', and there are also some S.W. of Kippie. In the area south of the Glen some of the beds would seem to be approximately horizontal. The evidence for the faulted northern boundary, and also for that south of the Glen will be given when we come to treat of the Carboniferous Rocke. It is not possible within the bounds of the present sheet to determine the exact age of these old lavas. We- know that they must be older than the Carboniferous for we see the latter, in Sandy House Burn, south of Milfield, resting on the porphyrite, and containing at the base a breccia madei up of the older rock. But nowhere within this area do we get to the base of the porphyrites. For this the observer will have to go to the heads of the Coquet and the Kale, on the W. of the Cheviot, where this old volcanic seiies may be seen, at Makendon and Philip, resting on the upturned edges of Silurian Rocks, and where its Lower Old Red Age can be substantiated.* In the area north of the Bowmont the small exposures of ash and ashy sandstone will be described with the porphyrites. There is a small section in ashy-looking porphyrites with green sand- stone in an old quarry at the north end of Bowmont Hill, but there is good porphyrite close by. It is mostly purple or dark purple here, and on Camp Hill to the northward. Boih these hills extend to the N.E., and they may be strike features like that of the Horse Ridge to the north. Here the porphyrite is bluish or dull purple with a green caa'. There is a quarry by the road- * See a series of papers by (Prof.) J. Geikie in " Good Words " for 1876, vol. xvi. pp. 11-14, 82-86, 264-270, 331-337; reprinted in "Fragments of Earth Liore," 1893. POEPHYBITES. 11 side I mile E. of Presson Hill where muck of the porphyrite is decomposed, some wenthering sphasroidal ; and to eastward it contains iragment-like lumps. The bed of Miudrum Mill Crag seems to be a higher one, mostly coarse grained, dull purple or greenish porphyrite, much decomposed at the west end near some N. and S. joints or veins. South of the ordnance station thin bands of ash (or one *?) are seen in two places. At one of the places, 60 yqrds south from the summit, there is, in the upper part, much fine-grained feistone. This band seems dipping W.N. W. and striking N.N.E. across the general line of the mass. N.E. of the ordnance station, about 60 yards, fragoients of fine felstone are seen in the coarser porphyrite. These may be parts of one bed. There are three places where porphyrite projects through the gravel north of Mindrum Mill, and in one of these,. E. of Mindrum Mill Scar, there is a quarry in coarse-grained pale or dull purple porphyrite. There are some N.N.E. joints, (or faults?) and planes dipping E.S.E. which might be mistaken for bedding. The boundary east of this is very doubtful. North and west of Downham the porphyrite is mostly of a dull or bluish purple or greenish colour. Along the sike S. of Downham the rock seems much filtered, being fiinty looking, veined, and with red patches or spots. Rock of much the same character occurs in the field east of the Camp Hill. N.E. of Mindrum Mill School, about 250 yards, there is a vein of hgematite running N.N.E. v>rith horizontal slickensides. The rock is ashy with bits of green sandstone between Moneylaws Hill and Burnt Heugh. "Where it is much decomposed it often seems fragmental, but may not be really so. About Barley Hill north of Thoniington, there is much sound porphyrite of a dark grey or bluish grey colour, with glassy felspar in places, and about Wester Hill 570, the rock is dull purple, or dull blue green with a purple tinge. Part is much decomposed and sphjeroidal, or amygdaloidal with blebs of quarts There are many laniinse simulating beds dipping eas.t and south. On the N.W. side of Moneylaws Hill the rock is rather smashed along N. and S. veins, and decomposed, and in the N.E. end of the field in which the summit is we see a smash with fragments arranged nearly vertically. Inhere is an interesting section in the burn between East Moneylaws and Branxton Hill where coarse breccia is seen for 6 or 7 yds. along the burn, dipping 25° to the S.E. surrounded by porphyrite greyish or greenish purple, some reddish and amygdaloidal. Higher up the stream the rock is decomposed into a grey clay containing lumps of porphyrite. In a quarry to the eastward is a bit of agglomerate or breccia 4-5 yards long and 3 or 4 ft. thick striking N. ] 5 E. and perhaps dip- ping ea^t. It seems ctit off" on the north side by a small fault, and there may be another fault on the W. side running N.N.E. Part of the purple porphyrite has red streaks, and the laminae dip E. There is another quarry to the north where the numerous laminae are twisted but mostly dip E. In a field south of Branxton Moor, and near the house, the purple porphyrite is e 881&S. Ts 12 LOWER OLD BED SANDSTONE. largely amygdaloidal and contains an;ates, and In an old quarry N. of the burn a bit of flinty ash is seen for 10 yards. About Flodden the rock is mostly purple of various shades. In the most westerly of the quarries in Flodden Plantation the rock is much veined and sparred along a N.N.W. line, and there is a synclinal in the curved jointing, the laminae dipping both E. and ■W. in the quarries. N. of Branxton allotment the laminae dip N.E. 44°-60°, and W. of the house about 400 yards is a remark- able quarry where the lamina between the jointing are very thin, from ^ an inch upwards. At the surface these dip N.E. from 60° upwards to vertical; they then bend round in a curve below, and dip S.W. This structure seems confined to the west side of the quarry, N.W. of Howtel are two quarries, one on either side of the long narrow plantation running N.W. In the easternmost quarry, near the footpath going to Branxton Allotment, the porphyrite is a good deal decomposed, mostly purple, with some green and yellow earthy minerals in tiie amygdaloidal cavities. On the S.W. side of the quarry is a patch of ash or breccia of large angular and rounded fragments of porphyrite with bits of green grit. In the quarry west of the plantation much of the rock has a fragmentary look with bits of green sandstone. It is mostly purple porphyrite on the W. side, but on the N. side there is a vein-like mass of thin greenish grit in nearly horizontal beds. The S. side is an aggiomerate. S.W. of Milfield Hill f of a mile there are bits of green sandstone and green micaceous stone seen in the road. Around Housedon Hill the porphyrite is of a reddish colour, and this variety is pretty general S. of the Howtel Valley. On the E. side of the hill it is very amygdaloidal, with . quart z blebs. Mica is very prominent in the rock in places on Lanton Hilljmd Watch Hill, and E. of Coldside Hill the narrow jointing so often referred to is very noticeable. W. G. The following microscopical notes on the lavas have been furnished by Mr. W. W. Watts : — The better preserved examples of these rocks are much alike in general character, and consist of andesites more or less altered into the type commonly spoken of in Britain as porphyrites. They are invariably porphyritic in structure, and contain crystals of felspar, often with one or two species of pyroxene. These crystals are embedded in a compact paste of a purple, reddish, or brown colour, which gives a dominant tint to the rock. Under the microscope the ground-mass is seen to consist of microHths of striated felspar with magnetite dust, set in a brown glass ; usually, these substances are pretty evenly distributed, but in one case, at least (E. 2298 from a field west of Downham), the ground is mottled with patches alternately dark and 'light in tint, the darker patches being richer in glass and less rich in felspar. The rock from a field near Barley Hill, Thornington (E. 2299), has a crypt ocrystaliine matrix, in which interstitial quartz is recognisable ; this rock is more acid than any other from the district which I have had the opportunity of observinf. POKPHYBITES. 13 Mr. Teall* came to the conclusion that the porphyritic felspar was labradorite, and my observations are quite in conformity with his. It exhibits twinnino; according to both the albite and Carlsbad laws, and is usually zoned, the outer layers giving a higher extinction angle than the inner ; the larger are almost invariably zoned with inclusions, especially at the margin, and very often the whole crystal is honey-combed with inclusions of the matrix of the rock, which almost isolate small bits of the felspar nearly circular in outline. The smaller phenocrysts of felspar are often water-clear and devoid of inclusions. Although felspar is the chief and at times the sole porphyritic ingredient, one or tvto species of pyroxene are usually present, sometimes in considerable quantity. Hypersthene is usually the more abundant species, and it occurs in crystals of prismatic habit exhibiting the faces of the prism and the pinacoids. They are strongly pleochroic in red and green colours, are often free from decomposition, but occasionally altered into bastite or even into pilitic amphiijoie, and tend to occur in clusters, either by themselves or with the augite and sometimes the felspar. The augite is usually in smaller and less perfect crystals or grains, which are colourless or pale brown, slightly pleochroic, and, like the hypersthene, sometimes enclosed in the felspar, thus showing that they crystallised first. Both forms of pyroxene in some of the rocks are entirely decomposed into aggregates of chlorite and calcite, so that it becomes impossible to call the rock anything but a pyroxene-andesite (Lanton Quarry, west side E. 2301); in other cases it can be called hyperstiiene- or augite-andesite according to the predominance of either mineral. Most probably both minerals have always been present in anv considerable mass of the rock. A few larger grains of magnetite are generally found amongst the porphyritic crystals, and a border of iron-ore outlines the hypersthene crystals when they are much altered. W. W. W. * Geol. Mag., Dec. II. vol. x. (1883) p. 346. B 2 14 CHAPTER III. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. The Kelso Tkaps. These are old lavas of early Carboniferous age. In this area tbey occupy but small spaces, and are jirobably, in every case, inliers of the upper beds of the series, so that we do not see their relation to the beds on which they rest. But on the Scottish side of the border they cover a large area where they rest on rocks ihat have been generally regarded as of Upper Old Red Sand- stone age, so that these traps have been taken as the dividing line between the two formations. In genera!, within the limits of this area, the rock is of a grey colour and varies in grain from coarse to finely crystalline. It is often largely amygdaloidal with inclusions as large as walnuts and in several places is vesicular and soft or crumbly. Its general composition is basic, and is that of an altered dolerite or melaphyre. A specimen from Stichill in Roxburghshire about 5 miles from its outcrop in the Tweed in this map has been described by Mr. TeaJI.* The analysis lie gives shows the per- centage of silica to be 47 ' 53, and the specific gravity 2 • 95. W.G. All the examples of these rocks, which have been sliced, are olivine-diabases. The trap is a dark grey rock, speckled over with rusty spots, and showing occasional porphyritic crystals of felspar, some of which are as much as J inch ■ long. It is very much decomposed, and now retains few or none of its original constituents. ' There is a plexus of laths of plagioclase felspar outlined by grains of magnetite, fitted close together in a small quantity of interstitial matter. A good deal of calcite and chlorite occurs in the lacunae between the other constituents, and in the amygdaloidal cavities which are sometimes lined with calcite and filled with chlorite. The rusty spots are due to great numbers of brown pleochroic crystals of iddingsite, which are unmistakeably pseudomorphs- after olivine. Whether or no any pyroxene has been present cannot be determined from this slide, but Mr. Teallf has observed this mineral in a specimen collected outside this sheet. One phenocryst of felspar occurs in the slide ; Mr. Teallf determined the porphyritic crystals from Stichill as anorthite. W. W. W. There are, owing to somewhat sharp undulations of these beds, no less than seven or eight districts, small detached areas, where the eruptive rocks occur, three of these being in and near Carham Bnrn and two in the river Tweed. The best sections are in the Tweed, opposite Oarham Hall, in the railway cutting west of , • Geol. Mag., Dec, II. vol. x. (1883), p. 258. t /ftiA.pi). 258-259. KELSO THAPS. 15 Shidlaw Tile Works, at BouUa Crag to the nortli of this, and along the wooded English bank of Carham Burn, south of the railway, where, in a quarry in grey diabase is seen a vein of quartz and a zeolite (possibly laumonite) running N.N.W. To the north of this, between the railway and the road, and at about an equal distance from either, is a thin ashy band seen in a quarry on the east side of the burn. Where the upper beds are clearly seen, ashy bands often alternate with the overlying purple and red shale with cement stones and limestone, as may be seen in Carham Burn, a little north of the road near the keeper's cottage. In the small area coloured as trap, east of Carham Church, there is no rock seen, but its existence is inferred from, the position of -the limestone in the bank above. Near Wark West Common the rock is not well seen, but there are remains of two old quarries to the west of the house, and at the south end of the patch coloured there is a rather poor section in amygdaloidal trap close to the burn. There is an undoubted outcrop in a hill between Sunnylaws and West Learmouth, but nearest to the latter place. It does not appear to have been quarried at all, but loose angular pieces of greenish and grey amygdaloid are plentifully scattered in many places over the top of the hill for a distance of 300 or 400 yards. Cementstone Geoup oe Lowee Tuedian. Tuedian. It will be advisable to give an historical sketch of the diflFerent views as to the age, &c., of these beds which are so well shown along the Tweed and Till. In 1814, Dr. T. Thomson included them in his Independent Coal Formation which comprised all beds below the Newcastle Coal Field, in Northumberland. In the same year N. J. Winch contributed a paper to the Geological Society accompanied by a map in which the beds in question are coloured as Mountain Limestone and Lead Measures like the rest of Northumberland north and west of the Newcastle Coal Field.* But these views, substantiately correct, in making the beds Carboniferous, did not generally prevail for some time. In Greenough's Geological Map (1820) the Vale of the Tweed is coloured as New Red Sandstone and the error is repeated in the little map accompanying Conybeare and Phillip's Geology of England and Wales in 1822, where we see an oval -of New Red Sandstone in the Tweed Valley surrounded by the colour which represents Millstone Grit and Limestone Shale. This notion that the beds were of New Red age survived till 1831 when it was restated by R. D. Thomson, who also considered the Carham Lime- stone to be the genuine Magnesian Limestone underlying the New Red. In W. Smith's smaller Geological Map of England and Wales * See referencfe to these papers in Appendix, p. 89. 16 LOWER CARBONirEKOUS. published in 1828, we get another view of their age, perhaps a little nearer the truth. The upper part of the Tweed and all the country west of the Till is coloured as Red Rhab and Dunstone, with interspersions of Limestones (Old Red Sandstone), while the lower part of the Tweed and the country east of the Till is coloured vriih the coal districts. Thus for a time we see these beds oscillated between the New Red and the Old Red. But by the year 1831 they had generally come to be acknowledged a& Carboniferous and they were so regarded in papers published about that time by Winch, Witham, and N. Wood, in the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland. It is, however, to Prof. Sedgwick that we owe the first clear statement of their true position in the Carboniferous Formation. In his Address to the Geological Society (183 L), he says "The beds of sandstone, shale, and limestone, forming the base of the Carboniferouri system in the basin of the Tweed, are often deeply tinged with red oxide of iron, and have been sometimes compared with the Old Red Sandstone. To the NewRedSandstone they have unquestionably no relation, and I should rather compare them (especially as the Old Red Sandstone of the North of England seldom exists but as a conglomerate, and is seen in that form on the flanks of the Cheviot Hills) with the red beds of mountain limestone and sandstone, 'which, both in Cumberland and Lancashire, sometimes form the base of the whole Carboniferous Series.*. De la Beche, two years later, gives additional informa- tion of Sedgwick's views from MS, supplied by him — "He (Sedgwick) does not therefore believe that the' Carboniferous Red Sandstone of the Tweed is the representative of the Old Red Sand- stone of Herefordshire ; but that it is superior to the Old Red Sandstone, and is about of the age of the great scar limestone of Yorkshire and Cvoss Fell."f Sedgwick was undoubtedly right in his correlation, as the limestone series of Northumberland is,, in the main, the representative of the Yoredale beds of Yorkshire,, most of the Scar Limestone of the south being represented in the: north by sandstone and shale. The late Grenrge Tate, of Alnwick, who has made numerou8= and valuable contributions to our knowledge of the rocks of Northumberland, in 1853 claimed for these beds a distinct division in the Carboniferous Formation, well marked by the abundance of the fish-remains, by the comparatively small amount of carbon, and by the slight indication of marine conditions.f And in 1856 he proposed for them the name Tuedian,^ of which a characteristic description is given in 1859, as follows : -" The Tuedian Group. In 1856 I applied this name to a series of bed?, lying below the Mountain Lime- stone, which are largely developed on the Tweed. They consist of grey, greenish, and lilac shales, sandstones, slaty sandstones * Proc. Geo!. Soc, vol. i. p. 287. t Geological Manual, Ed. 3, 1&33, pp. 391, 392. j Proc. Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. iil. p. 135. '§ Ibid., vol, iii. p. 219. TUEDIA.N BEDS. IT sometimes calcareous, thin beds of argillaceous limestone and chert, and a few buff magnesian limestones. Stigmaria ficoides, Lepidodendron, coniferous trees, and other plants occur in some parts of the group ; but there are no workable beds of coal. The Fauna consists chiefly of fish-remains, modiolse, and entomostraca. In one bed on the Tweed orthocerata and pleurotomarise — marine moUusks — are associated with coniferous trees. The whole group is especially distinguished by the absence of brachiopods which are abundant in the overlying Mountain Limestone. It forms a marked transitional seiies; intercalated between the Mountain Limestone and the Old Red Sandstone. Generally freshwater and lacustrine conditions are indicated ; and when marine remains do occur they are accompanied with plants which appear to have been swept into a shallow estuary."* With the exception of the statement that these beds are below the Mountain Limestone, the above is a good account. It is true they lie below the Mountain Limestone of this part of North- umberland, but this represents only a part of the rocks so-called further south. Tate did not at this time define precisely the upper limit of the Tuedian, but some years later he gave, in several publications mentioned below, an admirable and natural classification for local purposes of the Carboniferous rocks of Northumberland below the Millstone Grit, which is substantially the one adopted in our description. t Tate divided the Mountain Limestone into two parts — an upper calcareous group and a lower Carbonaceous group — the- former embracing all the beds from the Millstone Grit down to the Dun Limestone, and the latter extending thence downwards to the top of the Tuedian group : thus g'ving three main divisions as shown below : — Calcareous Group. — Distinguished by good workable lime- tones, with alternations of sandstone, shale, and coal, and_ by the large number of marine organisms in the calcareous strata. Thickness about 1,700 feet. Carbonaceous Group. — Marked by the number, thickness, and richer quality of its coal seams ; limestones thin and generally impure with fewer marine organisms — thickness about 900 feet. Tuedian Formation. — As before described. Thickness, about 1,000 feet (but this is much too thin ; it is probably quite 2,000 feet). The only addition made to the classification of Tate has been the interpolation between the Carbonaceous Group and the Tuedian, of the Fell Sandstone Group — a name applied to a thick mass of sandstones, which sometimes seem by Tate to have been considered part of the Carbonaceous Group, and at other times to have belonged to the Tuedian. * Proc. Berwickshire Nat. Club. vol. iv. p. 151. t Ibid., vol. V. p. 283 (1866). Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northuniberland and Durham, vol. ii. p. 6(1868). History of Alnwick, vol. ii. pp. 444 (1868-9). 18 Lowrat cakbonifeeous. " ' Detailed Description. The strip of Lower Carboniferous Rock west of Milfield Plaia has in the main an tmfaulted and unconformable junction with the 'Porphy rite on which it rests, and north of Milfield Hill there are- several small outliers of the Carboniferous seen within th6 porphyrite boundary, so that it is quite possible the boundary is more irregular than is represented. At Milfield Hill, as I was informed by the late Mt. Grey, a well was sunk into sandstone, which rock was also found in the sawpit ; while the porphyrite come? close to the surface not far off ; 80 that the boundary between them must run through the stackyard. The two rocks crop out near one another in the fields to the north, and in one place — in the field N. of Whitton Hill, angular pieces of sandstone, reddish inside and yellowish outside, containing much calcite are seen. These belong to the basement- bed which rests on the porphyrite. (See m/ra.) About i mile S.W. of Milfield Hill the two recks are seen , together in a small burn, yellowish sandstone dipping E. nearly at 10°, seems to abut against decomposed porphyrite. A little further down the stream dull red sandstone is seen, and it is exposed again about 70 yards from the junction, still dipping about 10° to E. Much reddish sandstone was dug out, in draining a field to the S.W. of Milfield. The finest section, however, is in Sandy House Burn S. of Milfield, which is probably one of those seen by Sedgwick — as mentioned by De la Beche, who says, "On the confines of Scotland the red conglomerates appear (though Prof. Sedgwick considers rarely) at the base of the Carboniferous , Series. He has seen them occupying this position on the flanks of the Cheviot Hills in two or three places pointed out by Mr. Culley of Coupland Castle/'* The Sandy House Burn crosses the road from Milfield to Lanton about i mile 3. of the former place. Going up the stream ifrom the road we see nothing but coarse torrential gravel for about 150 yards, and then we see sandstone almost continuously (or nearly 400 yards till we come to its base 50 or 60 yards inside the wood. The lowest bed is a breccia 1 to 2 feet thick, containing a "ood many porphyrite fragments, derived from the rock on which it vests, and it is very calcareous owing to the abundance of calcite scattered through it. The dip is E.KE. 10°-12°, nearly in the direction of the stream, and the sandstone is variegated, white, grey, and pink, with many hard red concretions of calcareous grit. About 60 yards below the wood where the sandstone flattens, we come suddenly on to porphyrite again, which can be seen in the stream for 30 yards. This rock seems to be brought up by a fault, which bounds it on the west, but this fault may not be large, as the thickness of beds passed over from the upper junction is not very great, and probably the original surface on which the sandstone was deposited was uneven. • Geological Manual, Ed. 3, p. 391. TUBDIAN BEDS. 19 Soft red sandstone with partings of red clay now keep the stream for some 50 yards, dipping eastward 10°-12°. They then flatten, and we get another exposure of the red pcrphy rite which seems to reach nearly to the bottom of the field. Again, we get on to the sandstones at the fence, and the dip, still in the same direction, is considerably increased, being as much as 20°— 25. The character of the rock varies a good deal, e.g., near the fence we find fine-grained, white, pink, and deep red Sandstone, vehied. Lower down is the following section : — Eed sandstone 1 £t. End clay 2 ft. Yellowish ru'bbly sandstone 2 ft. Massive yellowish soft sandstone with lumps of hard red calcareous grit. Again, we come on to red sandstone, and lower still, the last clear section shows us soft yellow, red, and grey sandstone dipping E. 25° under torrential gravel. Between this and the River IBowmont to the southward no Carboniferous rock is seen, so that the boundary is uncertain. It is difficult to say anything about the exact age of these red sandstones in relation to the lowest rocks about Carham. Tliey have sometimes been regarded as belonging to the Old Red Sand- stone, but it seems more appropriate to regard them as the base- meat beds of the Carboniferous Formaiion wherever they occur, and here, for all we know, they may be of more recent date than the formation of the Carham Limestone, there being a marked overlap of the Tuedian Beds (which seem nowhere so thick as they are in the Tweed valley), across the Cheviot porphyrites. W. G. The Carboniferous beds south of Milfield Plain are best seen in Humbleton, Akeld, and Old Yeavering Burus. In Humbleton Burn they consist of red, with some grey, sandstones. Close to the porphyrite they dip N.E. at about 45°. The porphyrite is crushed and veined for a breadth of 50 yards, and contains cubical crystals of iron pyrites ; the crushed rock seems to run at right angles to the dip of the Carboniferous beds. Some 45 yards further up , the burn, and apparently parallel to tlie directiqn of the crushed rock, are ruttles and strings of calcite, with a hade to the N.E. Still further within the porphyrite, and just under the Green Castle Camp, is a strong vein-breccia running in the same direction. . In Akeld Burn they consist of black micaceous shales, thin yellow limestone bands, hard nodular brown and green calcareous sandstone, and yellow and red shaly sandstone. Close to the porphyrite they dip 70° to the N.E. , The porphyrite contains a few 1-inch strings of calcite, and it has rather a brecciated aspect, prqba]3lyi,due to decomposition along strings, but there is no true vein^fbrepcja,, About 116, yards further up the stream there is a breccia with c^loite strings and small cubes of pyrites, running W.N.W. parallel to the boundary. In Old Yeavering Burn there are green and brown nodular sandstone, red and green ahale, hard grey grit, and slightly 20 LOADER CAEBONIFEEOUS. calcareous yellow sandstone. On the N. side there seems a dip of 70° to the north, and on the S. a dip of the same amount to the. south. The porphyrite is not seen within 30 yards or so of the Carboniferous rocks. Putting these facts together, it seems probable that the boundary between Wooler and Kirknewton is either a fault with a downthrow to the N. and N.E., or else a line of disturbance of much the same effect. Besides these burn sections the beds are also seen nearly in place in three or four localities where the drift is not so thick as usual, on the hill slopes between Akeld ard Humbleton Bums, and in the bank of alluvium, north of Glenlee Tord. There was an old freestone quarry in this latter exposure 30 years or more ago. On the E. side of the hills near Earle, Carboniferous sandstones evidently in place, are occasionally ploughed up in the low ground at the base of the steeper porphyriie bank. The boundary here is not very straight, and is probably an unconformable one. In the shale of Akeld Burn are remains of fishes, including scales of Rhizodus Hibberti ; also reed-like stems with Spirorbis carbonarius attached, Stigmaria Jicoides, and a species' of Sphenopteris* C. T. C. Carboniferous Rocks of the Howtel Valley. — So far as is known no Carboniferous rocks have previously been noted in tliis valley, vfhich lies in the midst of the porphyritic district between Kilham and Flodden. Several small sections and outcrops, however, exist in various places, so that there is no doubt the bottom of the valley is Carboniferous. Asbout 250 yards N.E. of the village and fai-m, where stands the old peel tower, sandstone is seen in the burn. It is whitish and rather hard, and seems to dip W. For 200 or 300 yards further up the stream, sandstone is seen at intervals in its bed. It appears, generally, to dip down stream or S.W. ; is in some places rubbly, and contains flakes of decom- posed porphyrite. Nothing more is seen of the rock on this side of the valley. We know that the higher slopes bounding the valley are composed of porphyrite, but there is nothing to show whether the boundary on this N.W. side is a faulted or a natural one. On the map it has been assumed to be a natural junction ; but there is some evidence to show that the boundary on the S.E. side is a fault. South of Tuperee 150 yards, greyish sandstone and grey and cjiocolate shale were seen in a ditch dipping nearly E. at 45°, and this , probably, only about 50 yards from the porphyrite boundary. In the fields S.W. of this, and only about 200 yards from the Eeedsford road, .angular fragments of sand- stone and shale are ploughed up in the field. There is a place S.E. of Tuperee, where red and white sandstone was found neair the surface. On the N.E. side of Tuperee, in a small stream which runs into the main burn opposite the villq,ge, dark sandy shale is seen, apparently dipping S.E., and traces of Carboniferous rocks are * G. Tate, On the Age of the Cheviots. Proceedings Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. V. p. 365, 1867. OARHAM LIMESTONE. 21 seen up the burn nearly to where the porphyrite comes on, but the section is obscure. Again, in the fields between this and Kippie, there are small outcrops of shale and sandstone, but none which show a dip ; and E. of Kippie the boundary is obscured by drift. From the fact that all the dips seen are towards the boundary, it seems most likely to be a faulted one. The northern boundary of the porphyrite from Presson Hill to Branxton is probably a fault or series of faults — so that' it is not likely we shall find the lowest beds of the Oarboiiferous near the porphyrite. Near Presson Hill there is no Carboniferous to be seen, but the boundary on the Scottish side is thought to be a fault, and the comparative straightness of the line along which the porphyrite is seen on the English side helps to support this view. There is, however, little evidense for the N.N.W. fault, or bend, west of the Hagg, and it is quite possible there is a natural boundary here, and that the fault running by Moneylaws to Branxton is not connected with the one at Presson Hill. There is strong evidence for the fault going by Moneylaws, as, wherever the Carboniferous rocks are seen, they are nearly always found to be dipping towards the porphyrite instead of away from it. South of West Moneylaws sandstone crops out in a large field near the boundary, but no dip could be ascertained. Sandstone was also found S.W. of East, Moneylaws, and here it was dipping towards the porphyrite. E istward from this, between East Moneylaws and Branxton Hill there is a stream in Branxton Plantation which shows the beds. In one place some 20 to 30 feet of grey shale and thin sandstone are seen, with some decomposed cement stones, and with chocolate shales below. The dip is 30° to 40° to S.S.W. Some distance further up the stream the beds show flexures ; thin reddish sandstone and grey and sandy shale dip W. 35°, and then they dip up stream towards the porphyrite or S.S.E. at 25°, and soon we cross tlie junction, not, however, seen, and get on to the porphyrite in a few yards. Thus, the evidence here is decidedly in favour of a fault. Further eastward, no more Carboniferous is seen near the junction, and the porphyrite, too, is covered with drift, so that the line is not certain. The Carliam Limestone and Associated Beds. The beds which immediately overlie the Kelso traps are only seen in the neighbourhood of Carham. They consist of shales and thin, impure, limestones graduating ujj into thicker limestone beds which have been quarried. In Carham Burn from 150 to 200 yards north of the railway, we find a little ■ trough of these beds showing small sections in red shale, ashy shale, red and white clayey and ashy shale, and red ferruginous shale over limestone. The dip is N. 10° at the south end of the trough, and toward the N. end it dips E.N.E. • at 20°, and we pass on to the traps. Going down the burn to the northward, red shale and cement-stones are seen again, befoi'e reaching the road, and north of the road we find,' overlying the trap. '22 JiOWEE CAKBONIFEEOUS. purplish red shale with thin limestone and cement-stones, and with '■ thin green ashy bands. Lower cown the burn, shale, with irregular limestone, and chert bands undulate in the banks, and a little east of the foot of the burn greenish and chocolate-coloured shales occur in and below beds of limestone. In the bank south of the road and west of the village, red greenish and chocolate shales with thin limestone bands are seen. These beds are nearly flat, and it is probable they are above the horizon of the thickest beds of limestone, as are also beds seen in the steep part of the road between Garham and Shidlaw ; these consist of thin greenish sandstone, ferruginous mudstone, and red greenish shale, dipping west. The limestone seems to have been quarried below, in the wood. Where well developed, the Carham Limestone is a thick - bedded or massive magnesian limestone, whitish or light-coloured, siliceous, and containing many lumps of pink and grey chert which, in places, make up a large part of the limestone. According to an analysis of the limestone by Dr. R. D. Thomson, it contains : — * Carbonate of lime - - - * - 49 ' 6 Carbonate of magnesia - - 44" Silica - - - - - - - - 4" Protoxide of iron - - - - - 1 ' 2 Alumina - - - - - - 1' 99-8 As will be seen from the above analysis, the limestone is almost a dolomite. It was formerly a good deal (juarried in the wood S.W. of the Shidlaw Tile Works where it dips about E.S.E. 25°- 80°, and 2 to 3 feet of it may be seen in the railway cutting W. of the Tile Works, where the dip is E.S.E. about 20°. It is vej;^ cherty, and associated with chocolate and grey shales, and ceme.=nt- stones. I believe it is still being burnt for lime on the Scofiiish side of the border near the Carham Railvtray Station. The Viime- stone may also be seen in the River Tweed, west of Carham CJlmrch, close to which it was formerly quariied. Here it dips S.""^- about 10°, is dolomitic and cherty as usual, ami it rests on rgrey and variegated sandstone and sandy shale, of whicli 6 or f feet are seen. Many large blocks of this peculiar limestone have been carried eastwards in tiie drift, and now, in some places, there are so many of these lying about as at first sight to lead one to suppose there may be. outcrops of the limestone near. One of the most puzzling of these is at Shidlaw Farm, on the N. side of which in a small plantation is a rocky knoll called the Law (which means bill), composed of large angular limestone-blocks. ; Tlie following reference to this may be qiioted. "On the top of the wooded rocky knoll behind the farmhouse is a tumulus, which h^d evidently been explored, at no distant date, by being cut into from one side, but no information could be got as to the result . . s. Limestone was worked, experimentally near this spot, but * Mag. ifat. Hist., vol. v , 1831, p. 637~, CARHAM LIMESTONE. 23 it is believed not to have been of such a quality as to render the quarry successful."* It looks to me like an artificial mound. Again, there is a large number of limestone blocks of this kind near the south bank of the river to the west of Wark, and nearly due north of Gilly's Nick : and here they would certainly seem to have come out of the bank of drift in which they were probably imbedded. The well-known monolith, called the King's Stone, standing near Crookham West Field, is a block of this siliceous limestone, and was probably found, not far off, as a boidder. Even as far away as Moneylaws, blocks of chert and limestone are numerous, so that at one time I was in doubt, from the blocks seen in the road near W. Moneylaws and from the number about in the fields, whether there might not be an outcrop of the limestone near. Indeed, when we consider that these rooks have been thrown into somewhat sharp folds, as shown by the occurrence of inliers of the underlying trap, and also by the high dips seen in places, it is not unlikely there may be other outcrops of the limestone concealed hy the drift. The thickness of the Carham Limestone is very variable ; in places there would seem to be at least 20 to 25 feet of it. It should be mentioned that in one place there appear to be sedimentary beds below the trap. This is in Oarham Burn between 70 and 100 yards south of the railway, where thin sand- stone is seen dipping N.N.E. about 15°, and apparently under- lying the trap in the bank to the eastward. It is, however, uncertain whether this may not be a bed intercalated with the trap rocks. For several hundred feet above the Oarham Limestone, shale seems to be the predominating rock, and sandstone quite subordinate. Masses of shale, ^vith cement-stones, are seen at the Shidlaw Tile Works, where the ground-up shale was formerly used for tile-making. The shale is grey or dark, and in one place dips as high as 25° to E.S.E., but in the bank E. of the works, which skirts theN. side of the railway, the dij) is as low as 5° and, there, sandstone bands occur in the shale. A little east of the shed, where the grey shale and cement-stones dip E.N.E. 15°, two small faults were seen running E. 25° N., and throwing down to the north respectively 3 feet and 15 inches. In the steep bank bounding the old alluvium of Oarham Hall, and in a line between the Hall and Shidlaw, a small stream exposes from 75 to 100 feet of grey shale, with cement-stones, thin sandstone, and mudstone, dipping E.S.E. about 30°. There is some sandstone in these beds, and there is one quarry west of Shidlaw where yellowish and yellow green sandstone, with blue and grey shale, dip as high as 40° a little to the S. of E. Also, about half a mile east of Sunnylaws, on the S. side of the railway, occur old quarries (marked as Marl Pit on the 6" map) which were probably in sandstone. A good deal of blue and grey shale, with cement- stones, is seen in the burn W. of Wark East Common, generally dipping N., in several places * Transactions Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. v., 1863, p. 16. 24 LOWER OAEBONIFEKOUS. at very high angles, and nearly vertical. Again, jn the lower part of the same burn to the S. of Wark, the beds exposed are of grey sandy shale, with thin sandstone in place?, the dip being N.E. 7°-10°. Beds of much the same character occupy the English bank of the Tweed for about half a mile or so opposite Wark. The shales and cement-stones are a good deal disturbed in places W. of the village, and dip steeply to the N., but just opposite the village they are nearly flat, as seen in a cliff by the river side, 40 to 50 feet high. There are thin sandstone-bands in the shale, and near the base of the cliff occur two cement-stone beds each about 1 foot thick. If we follow the river to beyond the village we find the rocks dipping eastward 12°-18°. Lists of fossils collected near Wark will be found in the appendix. There are good fieciions of these shale beds in the Willow Burn S. of West Learmouth. The dip is variable, but in the main N.E. dips prevail at angles from 5°-15°. The banks of the stream show as much as 25 to .30 feet of rock at once, in places, and in the sharp bend of the stream, S.W. of West Learmouth, a fault may be seen ranging W.N. W. Thin sandstone bands are common in the shale, as are also cement-stones, with occasional ironstone. Higher uj) the stream, a little S. of where the road crosses the burn, the beds dip between E.N.E. and N.E. 10°-15°, and consist of: — Grey shale, with cement-stones. Red shale, a few feet. Grey and dark shale, with wedge-bedded sandstone below. It is probable that the beds exposed by the Tweed side, about Coldstream Bridge are higher in the series than any of these, and we get, apparently, a continuous abcendiug section from the bend of the river above the bridge, going down the stream for nearly a mile, the beds dipping pretty steadily between E.N.E. and N.E. from 5° to 7°. They consist of grey and dark shales, with ihiu-bedded greyish and yellowish sandstones, some mudstones, clays, cement and lime stone hands. These beds are very interesting, as they have yielded to the search of the fossil-collec- tors a number of new and undescribed organisms.' About 250 yards below the bridge two small faults may be seen in the bank, ranging about N.W., one of these throws down 2 ft. 6 in. to the eastward. A little more than J mile below the bridge we find in the bank two or three beds of thin blue shelly limestone, each .3 or 4 inches thick. The dip increases as we go on, so that where the whin dyke is seen it is as high as from. 15° to 20°, and several faults come in, the most important running N.W. Here we see the following beds : — Shales (several feet). Thin shale, with traces of coal, 3 to 4 inches. Shale, part bituminous above, 5 to 6 feet. Impure, dark, and light-coloured limestone with some shale, 2 feet. Eossils have been collected from several places along this part of the Tweed, for lists of which see Appendix. Spirorbis helieteres and Modiola sp. are pretty common, together with Ostracoda. TUEDIAN BEDS. 25 As we get further east, and ascend in the series to where sand- stones abound, we find numerous plants. Lennel Braes, where Witham obtained many of the species described in "Fossil Vegetables," is 2 miles from Ooldatream Bridge, but oq the Scottish side of the river, and according to Witham, the N.E. dip prevails all this distance. At all events the N.E. dip continues pretty constant on the English side as far as Caller Heugh Bank about a mile from the mouth of the River Till. There seems, however, disturbance in the bank opposite- Brownridge, there being slickened sandstone with a sharp northerly dip. This bed contains coal- plants. On either side of the foot of Oxendean Burn the dip is between N.N.E. and 40° N. of E.. varying in amount from 10° to 15°. Alternations of shales and sandstones, grey, green, and red shale overlying thin bedded grey sandstone, occur ; .nnd just north of the foot of the burn, dark and grey sandy micaceous shale with some sandstone and clay bands, contains a sandy calcareous mudstone, or impure limestone, with shells. (See List of Fossils, p. 86.) Thick grey and white micaceous sandstone has been largely quarried in the wood on the S. side of the burn; and higher up the burn, near the railway, is a sandstone quarry, on the other side, where the beds seem nearly flat. Continuing up the burn and crossing the railway the beds, mostly of whitish and grey sana- stone, dip N., and in places N.N.W., at angles of 8° to 15°. After crossing the line of the whin dyke, the dip again points E. of N., as it does in Cornhill quarry by the side of the railway, somewhat S. of the whin dyke, where, however, the bedding seems somewhat obscure, or irregular. The dip at the north end in thin laminated sandstone, with rather irregular base, is as high as 10°— 20°. Below this comes 8 or 10 feet of grey shale, and these beds seem to flatten out southwards, and rest on thick massive white sandstone which seems nearly flat. About the mouth of the Till and onwards to the N. edge of the area, sandstone is the predominant rock. There are fine river-cliff sections, and a large quarry in reddish sandstone near Twizell Station. The beds strike in this part nearly along the river, the dip being between S.S.E. and E.S.E. at angle* from 10°-15'' Occasionally there is great irregularity in the bedding, e.^, justN. of the foot of the Till, where shale and cement-stones, with masses of sandstone, dip N.E. This is noticed and flgured in Milne's Geological Survey of Berwickshire, p. 195, and he mentions several fossils found here. (See Appendix, for Fossils collected by the Survey, near the mouth of the Till, in several places.) The banks of the River Till, between its junction with the Tweed and Etal, afford good sections of the alternating sandstones and shales, with cement-stones, which form the upper part of the Tuedian Series, but the dip is too irregular for any safe estimate to be given of the thickness of these beds. Some of the sandstone, beds are very thick, and have been largely quarried on the E. side of the river, e.g., opposite Tiilmouth Park, and near each of 26 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. the two easterly bends oi the Till, between Twizell Mill and Old Heaton Mill. Along the lowest reach of the Till, the beds of sandstone and shale are nearly flat ; the river here seems on the line of a gentle anticline, so that the dip is away from the river at low angles, and the same beds appenr in both banks. The sandstone is white or pink in places, speckled, and massive or thick-bedded, as below the site uf Twizell Castle where it is capped by 15 feet of shale, and lias thin-bedded sandstone below. Up Smithy Dean Burn there fire a good many rather sharp undnlations, but continuing up the Till beyond the fine old bridge the beds keep nearly flat, as seen in the stream and in the quarry opposite Tillmouth Park. In the quarry the stone is white and irregular, there being a good deal of wedge-bedding and some grey, sandy shnle. The reddish massive sandstone in the quarry at the bend E. of Twizell Mill probably dips E., like the beds adjoining, but the most prominent lines in it are joints running W.S.W> and. E.N.E. It may be mentioned that there is a pretty good continuous section in the dean in Tillmouth Park which shows a good thickness of beds, mostly shale, dipping N. and N.N.E. at low angles. Between the last-mentioned quarry and the one atDuncanheugh, near Old Heaton Mill, which is probably on a higher horizon, a considerable thickness of shales, cement-stones, and thin sandstone, would seem to come in. These are better seen up the lower part of Finger Burn than in the Till. A good thickness of shales and thin- sandstone must be exposed here, as though the beds are rolling somewhat, in places the dip is pretty constant towards E.N.E. and N.E., at angles of 8''-10°. The shales are mostly grey, but sometimes chocolate-coloured, some of the thin sandstone beds are fine, hard, and grey, and some of the impure limestone, or cement-stones, which weather yellow, as much as 1 ft. thick. These beds probably curve round to the Till west of Duncanheugh, where the dip is E.S.E. The sandstone at Duncanheugh quarry is massive and whitish or light coloured, with large flattened concretions and casts of trees and plants. The rock, of which about 40' is seen, is cut off by a fault at the E. end ranging nearly N.W., as sandstone resting on shale is seen abutting against the sandstone of the quarry ; but the throw is not known. The shales above Old Heaton Mill have yielded Ostracoda and the usual Spirorbis helicteres. Here the beds dip S., but E. and N.E dips generally prevail, as at Old Heaton, where there is a good thickness of shale, bending round to E.S.E., near Tiptoe, and dipping as much as 20° to 25°, and the sandstones are thicker. It is possible that the Duddo fault may cross the river about here but nothing is known as to what westward course any of the faults take which . cross the coal out-crops between Duddo and Felkington. One may cross at Old Heaton Mill. Juilging from the few exposures seen on the E. side, the reach of the river from Tiptoe southwards runs nearly along the line of strike, the dips being all 15° 20° to the E.N.E. On the W. side near the next bend^ we get the characteristic parti-colotu'ed grey, greenish, and TUEDIAN BET)«. 27 chocolate shales with cement-stones. The dip is almost due E., along the next reach, and after that, with tlie exception of one or two southerly dips at the bend N.W. of New Etal, they are all directed between N. and E. The S.E. bend of the river at Tindle House is along the strike so that each S.W. reach of the river, above and below, cuts straight across the beds and gives us muib the same succession, though the one nearest to Tindle House is the best section. These are the uppermost beds of the Tuedian. There are several alternations of sandstones and shales with cement-stones of the usual character, ■dipping N.E. 12°-15°, and probably altogether as much as 500 feet of beds is exposed along this reach. Near the middle of the sectioa is a bed of dark grey limestone 8 ins. thick. On the west side of the river, at the Barley Mill, may be seen .a good example of irregularities of bedding, which are not uncommon, sandstone being locally unconformable ti dark grey shale with thin sand- stone bands. Another example of this kind is seen higher up the river opposite Etal Mill, where yellow thin-bedded sandstone rests unconformably on massive sandstone. Near this therock is much crushed, and small smuts of coal appear in the sandstone. There no rock in the bend of tlie river about Crookham. While thin- bedded sandstone appears in the river at Ford Forge dipping N.N.E. nearly 20° and traces of rock are seen in the W. bank as far up as Heatherslaw, beyond which the river affords no further rock section. Away from the Till and Tweed and the lower part of the streams which enter them, little is seen of' these beds over the low ilrifty ground. There are one or two small sections near Melkington as shown by dips on the map. There was an old quarry 400 yards S. of New Hcaton, and another between New Heaton and Marldown, where sandstone was got, and there is a good sized quarry still open 600 yards W.N.W. of Pallinsburn House, where the sandstone is false- bedded; grey and while, with some shaly partings. The dip is E.S.E. at a low angle. There are also some small sections in the burn a few hundred yards W. of Branxton Church, near to the place ^vhere the road crosses the stream, and on the S. side thin sandstone and grey shale appear, and a bed of blue limestone 1 to 2 ft. thick, dipping S.S.W. at 30°. On the east side of the Till there is a fairly good section of some of these beds in Broomridge Dean N.E. of Kimmerston, and from their position they should represent the beds in the Till near Tindle House already mentioned. Going up the Burn from the road near Kimmerston we come upon beds of soft sandstone, shale and cement-stones with fine hard grey sandstone, dipping E. and E.S.E. 15°. Higher up the dip is nearly along stream N.E. from 8° to 25° to a little beyond where the stream turns eastward, and then the dip changes to N.N.W. and N.W. at angles of 10°-2.0°. Very near the bend where the dip is E.N.E. 25°, the shale cimtains large flattened concretions 1 foot or so in diameter. Opposite Ford Wood the dip is N., and then it turns again to N.E. 20°-25°. Alternations of e 88198. n 28 LOWKR CAKBONIFEEOUS. grey shale (sometimes red) and cement-stones, witli grey and white sandstone are numerous. Therti is an old quarry to the S. of Kimmerston where the dip is E N.E., about 10° which has, at the top, chocolate and grey shales with cements overlying 15'-20' of sandstone, whitish, red, and yellow, rather irregularly bedded, mostly thick. Between this and Fenton Hill a great deal of sandstone crops out in the fields, and in Whitehill Plantation, where it is coarse, soft, and reddish. There is a large sandstone quarry on the E. side of the road from Kimmerston to Fenton Mill, where the dip is apparently E. or N.E., but the ^tone is massive, and there are signs of rolling. There are some irregular beds of purplish sandy shale enclosing lumps of sandstone in the upper pa.rt of tiie' quarry. The rock is whitish and soft, v/eathering red. Many plants occur in the stone. Thei-e seems such a mass of sandstone about here, that it may be doubted if this does not belong to the Fell Sandstones faulted down. W. G. 29 CHAPTER IV. Carboniferous — continued. The Fell Sandstones Group. The upper part of the Tuedian group of Tate iias received this name further south. It consists, mainly, of sandstones, with but little shale, and some few thin coal-seams near the top. ITie sandstones are often massive and occasionally coarse, grey, white, or yellowish ■ brown in colour, but sometimes red. They cannot everywhere be clearly marked oft' from the beds which come below and ahoie, but as most of the lower coals which lie above have usually been worked, and their crops marked on the map, it may be taken for granted that the area immediately to tiie west of these is occupied by the Fell Sandstones. Their thickness can nowhere be determined exactly, and the 500 feet mentioned in the section is probably an under estimate. One of the best sections is that given by the lower part of Diiddo Mill Burn where it enters the Kiver Till near Tindle House. Starting from the bed of red and chocolate clayey shale which Overlies the sandstone on which the house stands, we find for 400 yards up the burn continuous N.E. and N.N.E. dips, ranging from 15° to 25°, and this alone would give a thickness of 400 feet. But the sandstone is seen with some intervals as far up as the road, or altogether for nearly half a mile, and it probably continues further to the E., being hidden hy drift ,• and though there is no doubt the dip lessens very much toward the coal outcrop? at Greenlawalls there is probably as much as 800 ft. of sandstone here below the coals. Some of the sandsiones seen in the burn fornn' marked features in the banks, and it is possible there are thin partings of clay or shale in places, but none were seen. Some of the beds are reddish, others decidedly r>.'d ; and they vary in grain from fine to very coarse, while some are soft and crumbly. These beds crop out in many places in the fields W. of the road leading northwards towartis Griifdon Ridge — as far as where the whin dyke occurs — and for some distance S. of the latter the soft decomposing rock, in places coarse and red, is seen by the roadside, occasionally quite like sand. To the southward of Duddo Mill Burn part of the rock stands out as a fine scar of massive sandstone at Berryhill Crag, which is cut off by a fault at the E. end, We see the red and yellowisii massive sandstone again at Rhodes, dipping E. 15°-30°, and it crops up in many places in fields to the S. as far as Ford, especially in and near Shi^tbn Dean, E. of Ford' Forge, where a pretty continuous section is seen. The beds dip about E.N.E. 15°-30°, making several distinct features, and in the lower part there are some beds of grey and purple shale seen between the beds of white o2 80 CARBONIFEROUS. and reddish sandstone. Perhaps these lowest beds, however, are below the Fell Sandstones proper, and the equivalent of those in the Till near Tindle House. At Ford there is so much dis- turbance and faulting that it is not easy to say where_ these beds occur, but the sandstones which come up in an anticlinal 1o the E. of the village are probably a i)art of this series. They are seen dipping to the westward 25°-35° by the side of the road, running E. of the village, and in the main road, S. of the village, while the quarry In the wood to the eastward shows the other limb of the arch dipping E.S.E. and S.E., 30°-35°. Here the sandstone is massive white and mucli slickened along lines of joints. There is a quarry still fui'ther to the east in a new plantation, and this is probably in higher beds. The strike is the same, but the beds dip both to the S. E. and N.W., and in one place they are vertical. Here again are numerous slickened surfaces along joints running S.E. and N.W., but the lines of slickens are horizontal, while at the other quarry they are inclined 25° to the S.E. The sandstone here is massive, and whitish below — thinner with lenticular shale-bands above. The following is a more particular account of this quarry (see Fig. 4): — Sandstone bedded. Some rubbly, with a band of shale a few inches thick, which dies out to westward, 15 to 20 feet. .Sandstone, massive, 15 to 25 feet seen. The lower part in bottom of quarry irregular and containing a lenticular seam of poor coal and shale nearly 1 foot thick. Fig. 4. — Lenticular mass of Coal in Sandstone, Ford Quarry, in New Plantation, south of the Common. Length of Coal about 2 yards. On the north side of the qjuairy the beds are nearly vertical, and shale and thin coal are seen in rubbly sandstone, probably on the same horizon as the bed of shale on the south side. In the burn near Ford Hill, beds appear which may belong to those under description, but there is a good deal of disturbance and faulting in places. The finest exposures of the Fell Sand- stones in this area are in the crags south of Ford Moss and in those east of Fenton Hill. The sandstones of Broomridge and Dovehole Crags S. of Ford Moss are brought up against tlie Scremerston Coal Group by a large fault which skirts the S. side of the Moss. Near the fault the sandstone has a steep northerly dip, but to the south- ward the beds seem to have a more gentle dip. In many places the sandstone is decidedly coarse, and in a few quite pebbly, but FELL SANDSTONES. 31 it is nearly everywhere massive, so that the dip is not easily deter- mined. To the east of Fenton Hill these sandstones — massive and often coarse, white, brown, or pinkish in colour — dip to the N. or N.N.E., making several distinct crags or features, which are probably cut off on the west by a fault running nearly along the road bounding the higher ground. W. G. 32 CHAPTER V. Caebonifeeous — continued. The Sckemeeston Coal Group oe Carbonaceous Division. This, which is a fairly definable series, embraces all the beds from the base of the Dun Limestone down to the lowest workable bed of coal, known as the Wester Coal, which is virtually the same as the top of the Fell Sandstone Group. It includes a thick- ness of about 500 to 600 feet of sandstones and shales with several workable coals, and a few thin limestones, none of which have been worked. The following is a general section of ihe beds near Ford Moss Colliery : — Dun Limestone ... ■Coal (Dun seam) .... •Sandsfone and Shale ... . - .Fawcet Coal ...._■. Sandstone and shale with thin coals and at least one thin limestone ... JBlaclcMll Seam ...... Measures . . - - Kiln Goal . . - . - Measures ... .Main Coal - ... Measures ...... ■Three-Quarter Coal .... Measures . . - - . .Jjady Coal on Cooper Eye Coal - - Measures . ... Westeran Coal - - There are a good many local variations in thickness in the strata, principally owing to the irregularity of many of the bends of sand- stone, and the total thickness of the series is not so great as it is at Scremerston, near Berwick, where the beds between the Dun Limestone and the Blackhill Seam, there called the Scremerston Main Coal, are as much as 500 feet thick, while near Ford Moss they cannot be much more than 300 ft,, though it is probable they are thicker than this near Felkington at the JSf. margin of the iirea. Ford Moss Colliery. The following is a detailed account of the beds at Ford Moss Colliery. The section is probably made up from more than one pit, as there is no shaft known to have been sunk tlirough all the seams : — Surface (perhaps peat) .... Freestone .... Blue metal - . . . ^ Ft. In. 6 to 7 Itol 6 76 2 to 2 6 226 3 20 4 20 4 6 80 20~ 4 50 3 Ft. In. 18 64 3 FOKD MOSS SECTION. 33 Ft. In. Grey shale imd freestone . . 6 Blue metal - - _ 1 6 Freestone bands - - . . ■ . 1 6 Bine metal - . . - m . 1 CoiL - . - „ . . 3 Blue metal . . - - . ^ „ 2 Limestone .... m . 3 Black metal. . . . - . Fr. IN.° 8 r Top Coal 1 10 BlacTchillCoA-Li Middle atone - 6 . Ground Coal 8 3 7 ■White metal .... ^ Grey freestone . . . - . 6 Blue metal - . . . 1 Limestone ..... ^ 8 Black metal .... . 8 White freestone ... 1 S Blue metal . - . . - ■ 2 3 Grey freestone ... . 6 Coal . - . - . 9 Blue metal - - . . . , 1 6 While freestone .... . 2 Coal ..... 3 Blue metal (at the Moss this becomes a 15 ft. freestone) 4 9 Ft. In. r Top Coal 1 Kiln Coal - ■ Middle stone 1 3 . Ground Coal 2 4 3 3 Tills and freestone "- . . . . Coal - - . - _ . 4 Black metal .... _ . 7 Limestone - - - . ^ ^ 1 Blue metal .... _ _ 1 3 Grey freestone ■ - 9 Blue metal - - . . . _ . 7 Limestone - . . . ^ _ 4 Black metal .... . . 1 4 Coal - - ... . 4 White nietal .... _ _ 1 6 Blue metal _ . 9 Coal - - . . ^ ^ 3 Blue metal - - . _ . 1 Grey freestone Ft. Tn. " 6 'Top Coal . 1 Chalk stone - 1 Splint Coal . 1 3 Main Coal - < Black stone 7 Splint Coal - 1 Chalk stone • 1 , Smithy Coal 8 8 10 White metal ..... Limestone ... . . 8 Black metal - . , , 3 Coal - ..... . 6 Blue metal , ^ 3 COA^ - . - . 9 Shale ..... . . 3 3 Coal - . . - • . 10 34 OASBONACEOUS DIVISION. !»■ Limestone - ^ Black metal - Grey freestona • White freestone • - Limestone - . - - Coal > - - - Blue metal - « - - - Grey freestone . -> -- Bine metal . . - Grey freestone . ^ - > - OoiL . . » - Blue metal - - Limestone - . . . White metal ,-.--- White freeslone Grey freestoco Blue metal . » . White freestone ~ - Blue metal Coal - » . -i . White freestone i- (Probably Three- Quarter Coal -J • Blue metal - o . White freestone - Coal - - - - r . Black metal - . . White freestone .... Blue metal - . - . Limestone - - . ^ Black metal White freestone Lady Coal or Cooper Eye. TTop Coal - I Limestone ■{ Splint Coal ■ I Black slate [ Ground Coal Blue metal .... Grey freestone - . . Limestone Coal Blue metal ... Limestone - ■- - Grey freestone bands Coal .... Limestone ... Coal - - - . . Freestone bands - . . Blue metal G-rey freestone White metal White freestone Blue metal - . - . Coal and chalk stone (several bands) fCoal Tops - I Limestone Western Goal -^ Coal - Metal LCoAi, - Ft. In. ^ 4 _ 10 7 1 7 1 7 _ 3 8 2 1 2 2 7 3 » 7 2 9 13 7 3 2 7 J. 9 \ 2 ) L & 3 7 3 9 & 2 3 3 6 7 8 15 Ft. In. 10 1 1 2 1 1 -' 4 1 ~ 3 ■ 3 - 2 6 - 4 3 - 1 4. - 2 6. - 6 - I 6 - 6 2 8. 5 6- - 1 3- 5 9 - 9 6 7 Ft. In. I 6 1 4 2 5 ^ COAL SEAMS. 35 Ft. In. 2 9 1 3 2 6 2 8 •J 8 4> 6 8 3 5 1 6 332 1 Black metal Coal White shale Limestone Blue shale Limestone "White shale Coal ^ Blue shale Freestone Of this total of. 332 feet the beds between the Blackhill and Wester Coal-seams comprise rather more than 200 feet. Counting each of the seams of coal worked as ojie, the number of coals given in the section is 24 with a total thickness of 24 feet 4 inches of coal, but as each of the coals worked is in reality either two, three, or four seams the actual number of beds of coal is 34. The number of limesttoe-heds mentioned in ihe section is 16 with a total of 25 ft. 2 ins. of limestone. Many of these are very thin; the thickest and most frequent beds come a little way below the Wester and Cooper Eye Coals. Tiie Blackhill and Cooper Eye Seams are generally characterised by having lime- stones immediately above them, thus, forming the roofs of those coals ; but the Cooper Eye in the section has the limestone in the seam just as the Westejr Coal has. For the section above gilen I am indebted to Mr. Herrington, who was manager of the Colliery in 1879 at the time of my visit. It agrees pretty well with one given in Part III. of Sinkings and Borings, measured by J. Patrick in 1817. The latter, however, contains some manifest mistakes, as, for instance, one coal-seam, given as 7 ft. thick (only a portion of the Main Coal) is only 1ft., 'and it does not give the beds below the Cooper Eye Seam. It will be noticed that the upper part of the Ford Moss section is incomplete, and I regret I am unable to give details of the whole of the beds between the Dun Limestone and the Blackhill Seam. We will now give for comparison sections of pit-shafts at Gatherick, Old Gfreenlawalls, Greenlawalls, and Felkington, being all the pit-sections obtainable. Many of the workings are very old, and probably.no account was kept of most of them. The Black Hill Coal is the same as the Scremerston Main Coal, It takes its name from Black Hill, Ford Moss. The Kiln Coal of Ford Moss is probably that called the Hardy or Stony Coal further north. The Main Coal of Ford Moss and Slainsfield, &c. is known further north as the Bulman or Cancer\Coal. The name of Lady Cqal for the Cooper Eye seems confined to Ford. In an accoutit of these pits written in 1760 the Three- Quarter Coal is called the Stone Coal and the TVester Coal is called the Little Coal. 36 CARBONACEOUS DIVISION. Of the terms met witli in these sections — Metal* tills, and dent are used for various kinds of shale. The black slate in the Oooper Eye Coal is sometimes called macker. It will burn, being a coaly shale, but retains its shape. Chalkstone is always the term used for peculiar thin bands of stone parting the Maia Coal. Gatherick Colliery. Section of Strata sunk through to the Hardy Coal, Main Coal, Three Quarter Coal, ami Oooper Eye Coal Seams, 1819 : — Ft. In. 1. Soil and clay - - - . 9 2. Freestone bands . 17 3. White freestone . 17 4. Grey freestone - - - -' 17 5. OoAL (rough) - 1 r 1 5 6. Bastard Limestone > Hardy or Stomy Goal - -\ 8 7. Coal (good) - J I 6 8. Blue tills . 2 9. OoAi (splintyj - 1 10. Freestone band \- Diamond Seam - 1 2 . 2 4 11. Coal (coarse) - J . 1 4 12. Freestone band ... 9 13. CoAi (slaty) - . 5 14. Black tills . 1 4 15. Limestone ... . 1 16. Blue tills - . 9 17. Hard freestone - _ 3 5 18. Tills (very strong) . 2 6 19. Freestone . . 2 20. Tills .... . 3 21. Metal (soft and white like marl) - . - 3 6 22. Tills mixed with tender freestone bands . 2 Of 23. Top Coal (generally left on for roof) ri 24. Chalkstone - 1 26. Splint Coal (strong) . Main or Bul- 1 4 26. Blue metal band . > man Goal < 4 27. Splint Coal Seam. 1 28. Chalk stone . 1 29. Smithy Coal ._^ 7 30. Soft blue metal ... 10 31. Strong white tills . 4 32. Black metal - . 3 8 33. Limestone 2 34. Black metal - - 2 35. Coal . . 8 36. Freestone band ... 3 37. Coal - 6 38. Tills . . . - . . 4 6 39. Freestone bands 2 6 40. Coal . - - - . 5 41. Dark blue metal ... - . 5 42. Light grey metal ... 9 10 43. Dark grey meial . 8 8 44. Dark grey freestone » . - 17 8 45. Black metal - £1 3 * Metal is a soft shale. Tills are harder poi'tions. t lioyd, Trans. North of England Inst. Min. Engineers, vol. ix. OATHEKICK COTXIERY. 37 46. Limestone - 47. Coal 48. Black metal 49. Coal -] 50. brassy band )■ Three-Qua/rter Coal 61. Coal J 62. Dark grey metal ... 63. Hard brown Limestone 64. Dark bine metal 65. Limestone roof . . - 56. Cooper Eye Goal 67. Thill- ■{ Ft. In. 2 8 2 4 6 10 3 7 3 6 1 3 3 8 1 2 2 •-,> 5 Total depth - - - 208 4 Mr. Boyd gives two records of the upper part of this section, down to No. 30, which underlies the Bulmau Coal, in which Nos. 5 to 11 are differently grouped. In the first section Nos. 5 to 9 are called the BlackhiU or Scremerston Main Coal, while in the other Nos. 5 to 7 are called the Hardy or Stony Coal and Nop. 9 to 11 are called the Diamond Seam. The latter appears to be the most correct view of the seams, as it assimilates the section of this pit to that of Old Greenlawalls, not far off, where, as I was informed by Mr. George Bailes, formerly Agent (or the Scremerston Colliery Co., no Main Coal existed. (He must have been referring to the Scremerston Main Coal or BlackhiU Seam and not to the Bulman Main Coal.) The pit is situated about 300 yards west-south-west of Gatherick Farm, but has not been worked for many years ; I believe not since an irruption of water caused the death of several men. {Old) Greenlawalls, Township o/Duddo. Section of Strata sunk through in the Lady Pit to the Bulman and Cooper Eye Seams : — Fi ■.In. Blue Clay - - - - . . 6 9 White freestone Ft. In. 34 r Coal - 2 Hardy Seam ■ Limestone - 10 L Coal ... - 8 3 6 Brown metal - - « _ 1 6 Limestone Ft. In. 6 Diamond qi,„i„ 5Y„„™ Shale ^«"™- ICOAL 1 - 2 - 2 6 6 6 6 Soft bine shale . '. White freestone - - , . 1 10 Hard white freestone _ . 2 2 Soft blue metal - _ _ 4 Black metal . - - . . 8 White metal ... . . 2 Q 44-3 7-6 38 OAKBONAOEOUS DIVISION. COAI, Shale Hard •yrhite freestone Blue shale Freestone Freestone bands - Bine shale Freestone hand OOAL - - Black shale Bvilman Main Seam. Coiii, top- - Chalk stone Coal, splint Coal, rough Band stone Coal ground Chalk stone - CoAii, smithy Ft. In 2 . 3 10 4 6 . 6 9 2 4 _ 6 6 . 14 1 _ 9 . 9 Ft. In. 1 24 OJ 9 7 Shale - Limestone Coal Shale Freestone Limestone Tills Limestone Coal Freestone band Coal Tills Coal Freestone bands Freestone Shale Freestone bands Tills Limestone - Coal Tills - ^'«»M/ Goal ■%, Three.Quarter [grestoL Seam. Tills Coal Tills Limestone ■ Cooper Eye Seam. Shale Limestone Tills LCOAL ■ Coal, splint JMaoker .Goal, ground 11 1 Ft. In. - 6 . 1 - 1 2 Ft. In. 11 9 1 Ft. In. 1 2 3 1 1 ■{> 2 10 12 4 13 4 2 3 52-6 4 10- 2 6 10 8 6 6 3 8 44-11 2 8 3 0. 6 4 52-7 11-4 6-6 Into Limestone Total - 219-7 GUEENLAWALLS COLI-IEEr. 39 The. above section is taken from Part III. of Sinkings and Borings, published by the N. of Eng. Inst, of Mining Engineers, in which it seems to be taicen for granted that the place referred to is Greeulawalls near Mattilees. This, however, must be a mistake as the deepest pit there is only 188^ feet deep, and the authenticated section of it is very different from this one which resembles the Gatherick section a good deal. I have, therefore, no doubt that the pit is Old Greenlawalls Pit west of Gatherick and about 600 yards to the north-east of Old Greenlawalls Farm — where Colliery is marked on the one inch map. It has long been disused. Section of Greenlaw Walls Shaft, 1832. 1. 2. S. 4. 5. 6. -7. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. SO. 31. 82. S3. 34. 35. 36, 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. Said to be Hardy or Stony Coal (^(Probably Diamond Seam) of of other sections Red Gravelly clay Blue metal ('gal Liiaestoiie Coal Grey tills Coal - Blue tills Freestone Band f Coal - -J White metal ... Grey freestone Blue metal Coal '. . . White metal Grey Freestone beds - Coal — not workable. Top Coal Hard brown metal, slaty Coal, good, rather splinty White metal, with limestone scalp Coal, mixed with black dent Grey freestone mixed with charcoal Black metal - . - Coal ... Dark brown metal Coal Limestone, very dun - Goal good ... Blue metal Limestone, with freestone scalp Coal good ... Black dent Limestone mixed with metal Blue metal Coal mixed with black dent . Brown freestone beds - Grey do. do. Blue metal . - Grey freestone with very hard sand Black dent ... White metal Hard white freestone - ■{ { Bulman ' for Main ' I Coal. -■J L .. grey „ white „ Grey freestone beds Coal with metal partings Ft. In 6 5 1 2 10 6 1 3 1 1 0' 7 10 1 1 3 6 1 3 4i 4^ 4 3 74 1 3 2 5 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 2 6 7 5 4 6 9 10 1 10 9 1 1 2 1 10 5 2 1 7 3 9 2 40 CARBONACEOUS DIVISION. Ft. Ik. 47. Grey freestone . - - - - 48. „' „ beds 49. Coal witii blue metal - GO. Hard grey freestone 51. Brown freestone beds - - - - 52. Blue metal - - 53. Hard white freestone - - 54. Grey freestone bands - - - 55. White metal . . - . . 56. Hard white freestone - 57. Blue metal . - 58. Hard grey freestone 59. Soft freestone beds . . . . 60. Hard grey freestone ... 61. White freestone beds - 62. White metal - ... - 63. Grey freestone beds ... '64. Hard white freestone . . : 65. Blue metal - - - - ' - 66. White freestone .... 67. Blue metal .... 68. Limestone . . - - . 69. Coal . . - 70. Blue metal ..... 71. Grey freestone band .... 72. Coal Three-Quarter Seam 7.S. Blue metal . . - - . 74. Grey freestone bands ... 75. Grey tills " 76. Limestone ..... 77. Coal Cooper Eye Seam . . - The above is the section given by Dr. R. D. Thomson in a paper entitled " Observations on the Strata of Berwickshire and ^orth Durham."* The one given by Mr. Boydf is substantially the same, but has the details somewhat differently arranged. Felkinyton. (Newest Pit.) Section of Strata passed through in Sinking Shaft to Main Coal Seam " Bulman," at Felkington : — 1 9 3 6 8 4 9 0' 3 8 11 2 6 5 2 9 6 4 1 3 4 8 1 3 ■2 12 2 5 2 5 6 2 7 4 2 3 7 2 9 1 9 1. 1 2 3 188 6 Ft. In. Soil . . 1 Freestone . . 54 3 Black metal - Ft. In. 11 Black Hill Goal usually called Scremerston Main Goal l' Top coal j Band stone (. Ground coal - 2 - - 2 8 2 10 Soft blue metal . . . 2 Tills - - . 3 4 Goal . . . ■0 10 Band . - - 0^ 2} * Proc. Berwickshire Nat. Club, vol. i. p. 85. t Trans' N. of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. ix. FELKINGTON COLLIERY. 41 ;} (Probably Hardy Seam of other sections. (Probably Diamond Seam) I of other sections. | Goal Metal Limestone Goal - Metal Freestone Tills Coal Freestone Coal Metal Freestone Coal . . . - Limestone Tills - Limestone Tills - Limestone - . - Freestone bands Metal ..... Black band ... Main Coal Seam : ''Top Coal which is left on for roof Chalk stone Splint Goal ... Do. Ft.In. § M In ) Midstono a:r . Ground Coal ■ Chalk stone Smithy Goal 1 2 2 1 6 7 Si 2 5 1 10 1 6 2 6 1 10 2 6 4 6 4 1 1 6 6 2 9 4 16 6 2 10 1 2i 1 10 9 5 1 1 1 9 114 34 This pit is situated at the northern margin of the area about half a mile N.E. from Felkington, and has been sunk within the last 30 years. For the section I am indebted to Mr. R. Nesbitt, Manager for the Scremerston Coal Company who work the pit for land sale purposes. Most of the workings are now discontinued ; tlie only pits in use are at Ford Moss, Slainsfield, and Felkington. The coals vary in quality, but are in many cases fairly bituminous and moderately good, though they cannot compete with coals from Newcastle and Scotland, except in places distant from rail- ways. They have, therefore, only a land . sale, and that not so extensive as formerly when there was a large demand for the purposes of lime burning. There is little or no firedamp, or carburetted hydrogen, in these mines, and accidents from explosions are almost unknown. Naked candles are used for lighting. Dr. Thomson, in descending Greenlawalls Pit in 1833, found that the name of a Davy lamp was unknown to the local miners. Many of the old workings were drained by means of levels, carried up for considerable distances from the low ground to the westward, as at Etal Colliery, Slainsfield, and Ford Mossi but these could drain no great breadth of country, as the coals generally dip pretty fast to the eastward. 42 CAKBONACEOUS DIVISION. The deepest pit worked is one at Slainsfield which was sunk 50 fathoms, or 300 feet, to the Cooper Eye Seam, on the south side of the Slainsfield Fault, though Etal Moor Engine Pit, which worked the Main Coal at a depth of 36 fatl)oins, was sunk 18 fathoms further towards the Cooper E)'e, but without reaching it. The deepcist working has probably exhausted a breadth of only about J mile between the pit and the outcrop where the dip is as low as 10°. It is much higher in places. On Etal Moor it is 20° or about 1 ill 3, so that tiie breadth of coal worked out is much less. Thus all these ooals are virtually intact except for a few hundred yards near the outcrop. It is not always easy to trace, on the ground, the outcrops of the separate seams, even when most or all of them have been worked, as the pits are in most cases very numerous. Dayfalls, or places where the ground has fallen in when the coals have been worked too rear the surface, are the best guide. Also in some cases the cro])s of two coals come so close together that one line, that of the more important of the two, is made to serve for both. Thus, the Three- Quarter Coal, where it has been worked, has its outcrop so near that of the Cooper Eye that botli are represented by a single line on the one-inch map. • (At Ford Moss the Three- Quarter Coal appears to be in & poor state, and does not seem to have been worked.) Cenerally, the same applies to Xhe Kiln Coal and the Black Hill, whicii are only separated by about 20 feet of strata, sometimes much less. The Cooper Eye appears to be the best household coal of the lot, and nearly all the deepest pits have been sunk to it, but like all the other seams it is seldom or never met with free from bands or partings of shale or sandstone. The Wester or Westeran Coal is a poor seani or assemblage of seams with partings ; and though it is said to have been worked at Ford Mess, Ford, and Etal, the pits are all old and shallow and nothing certain could be learnt about them. Detailed description.— Yf e will begin the description of the coals at the north edge of the map at Felkington and trace thena round to the eastern edge near Doddington Moor Colliery. The outcrops of the several seams worked, as the Blackhill, Main Coal, and Cooper Eye, can be pretty accurately given at Felkington, thanks to the kind assistance of Mr. David Carr, farmer at that place, who also showed uie places where the Wester Coal had been found in draining, though it does not appear to have been worked. The pits here were drained by means of a level brought frotn near the Allerdean Mill Burn, a long way to the northward. The Fawcet Seam has been probably little worked here, and its exact outcrop is uncertain, and most of the others become obscure near the southern edge of Felkington township, owing to troubles having been met with, so that there are few pits till we cross the large fault proved to bound the workings of Greenlawalis Pit on the north. A massive rather soft sandstone below the main coal crops out in the village of Felkington, and sandstone is seen in the fields inst veral places about Edgewell GREENLAWALLS. 43 Cottage. The E.S.E. dip of the beds is seen at a pond E. of the village. On the west side of the Berwick road, north of the cross roads, a quarry was opened in coarse, soft, brown sand rock which was dug for sand. East of the Duddo Tile Works there are many old pits which worked the Fawcet Seam — ^which may be seen in the Mattilees Whin Quarry, S.E. of the Tile Works. It has thin sandstone above it, is about 2 feet thick, coked by the basalt dyke, and rests on sandy clay. The same seam has been extensively worked on the south side of Haiden Dean, where the beds seem much flatter than usual, and the pits are very shallow, and. east of Gatherick by the side of the road running southward, nearly as far as the large fault going by Woodend. A coal from 18 in. to 2 ft. thick is found S.E. of Mattilees near the head of Haiden Dean, which is said to have been worked, and another, or the same, is seen at Duddo Tile Works, close to a thin limestone. These are probably between the Fawcet Seam and the Blackhill Coal. There is a 6 in. coal above the Fawcet Seam in the whin quarry E. of Haiden Dean, near the junction of three roads. It as affected by the whin, and the shales seen with it dip northwards at a low angle, 2°-3°; and near the Dean the shales at the mouth of an old level are seen dipping in the same direction as much as 15°. But sections are rare ; almost the only one of any value is that given by Mattilees Whin Quarry which runs E. and W. for half a mile or so nearly across the strike of the beds, and shows us sandstones and shales, with some thin coals in addition to the Fawcet, dipping eastward and south-eastward at low angles of from 5° to 10°. The sandstone seen at the west end of this long quarry is probably that which forms Cow Crag to the southward. Sections have been given of the main pits at Greenlawalls, Old Greenlawalls and Gatherick. It is doubtful if the Black Hill Seam (or Scremerston Main Coal) has been proved or worked in the district to which these three pits relate, and little informa- tion could be obtained about the other seams. But it is known that the Main Coal and the Cooper Eye have been extensively worked ; the Hardy and Three-Quarter Coals only to a small extent. The following notes about the Cooper- Eye Seam at Green- lawalls Pit are from a paper by R. D. Thomson in the Pro- ceedings of Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, vol. i., p. 85-90. " Over the coal which is worked lies a black limestone .... Above the limestone there is a stratum of tills with impressions of palm-like plants and bi-valve shells. In some places the lime- stone is absent, and the shale occupies its place." The dip was to north-east. The coals from this pit seem only to have been worked to the nortii of the whin dyke which was never put through, so that is is generally supposed to be a slip dyke or fault. But this is a mistake, as may easily be seen from Mattilees long quarry, where the same strata appear on opposite sides. There is, however, a large fault whose position near the village of Duddo pretty closely agrees with that of the dyke, and tUs fault shifts the outcrops of the coals a long way further east on e 88198. T) 44 , CARBONACEOUS DIVISION. the souih| side, which is that of the downthrow. The pit at Old Greenlawalla is said to have worked the coals up to Duddo Gate, and the Gatherick Pit probably worked them southwards nearly as far. as the Longheugh Fault, but no plans of these pits were forthcoming. However, the crops of the Main and Cooper Eye ■Coals south of Gatherick are fairly good, the sandstone of Long- heugh Crags which lies above the Three-Quarter Coal being a •good guide there. The thick bed of sandstone which forms so marked a feature at Duddo, and on which stands the Tower, is probably that which lies above theBulman or Main Coal, and is '74 feet thick in the Greenlawalls Pit. This mass of sandstone is the cause why the distance between the Main Coal and the Diamond Coal is so much greater in this pit than in any of the others. These sandstones are very inconstant in thickness ; they come in and disappear very rapidly. Sometimes they are so soft as to crumble away and make no feature, and only the harder portions form crags. The dip of all these coals between Duddo and the Longheugh Fault is proBably somewhere to the north of east. Thin grey sandstone is seen in the stream on either side the ircad N.W. of Greenlawalls Farm, dipping E.N.E. about ]0°-12°, and the crags of Longheugh show an undoubted dip to the north- north-east. South of the Longheugh Fault, which has a very large downthrow to the south, we get a narrow strip of these coals ■extending as far as .to the Slainsfield Fault. Tiie beds dip at angles of, 15'-20°, at first mainly to the N.E., but they swing' round and finally dip nearly east on Etal Moor, where, in one place, the dip is as much as 30°. In this area the Fawcet Seam was formerly much worked near Etal Colliery on the north side; of Duddo Mill Burn, but it does not seem to have been much worked on Etal Moor. In a pit 6 fathoms deep, near the road crossing the moor, it is said to have been 2 ft. thick, and near this it would seem that another and lower seam had also been wrought, which is, perhaps, that seen south of Duddo Mill Burn at the Mill Pond — where we get the following section — dip. N.E. 20° :— Hied ColKery Mill Pond North side. Ft. Sandstone rather rougUy but not thickly bedded, perLaps - 10 Shale, sandy, about - - - . - 10 Shale not wen seen, perhaps - - - - 20 Containing near base : — Brown limestone 1-2 ft. Shale - - 2-3 ft. Goal - - — 6 in. Shale - - 3-4 ft. Below this, sandstone seen, a few feet. This sandstone is apparently continued on the south side and overiies a coal seam nearly 2 feet in thickness. The limestone of this section, greyish blue inside weathering brown, is seen again 550 yards to the S.E. close to a fence, and is probably that before mentioned as seen at Duddo Tile Works. SLAINSFIELD COLLIERY. 45 Near Quarry House, where the dip is nearly due north, some thick whitish sandstones, which come above the Black Hill Seam, ■contain plant-remains. There is a very thick sandstone south of tliis whicii comes between the Black Hill and Cooper Eye Seams and forms Rhodes Hill, completely cutting out (or nipping out) the Main Coal which there does not exist. The sandstone is white and massive, and of great thickness. 1 At Etal Colliery, Mr. Neale, of Ford, sank a pit for the Main Goal, which was never found'. The following is a verbal account of this shaft supplied by himself: — ■ Ft. Various thin beds down to 18 in. or 2 ft. limestone forming roof of Blachhill Sea/m - - - - - 36 Metal and various thin beds with Diamond Seam in middle - 24 iPr^estone, which was proved to 18 fathoms - " \ i fiR Main coal said to be absent - - . . - / This sandstone seems also of great thickness on Etal Moor where, at the Old Engine Pit, 18 fathoms of sandstone was sunk through below the Main Coal in a fruitless attenipt to reach the Cooper Eye Seam. The Main Coal here was about 10 fathoms below the Blackhill. The latter coal, I was informed by Mr. Robson, of Slainsfield, contained in places balls or calcareous ■concretions, irregular lumps 2 ft. and upwards in diameter. About 200 yards south of this pit, a cut was made exposing the beds between the Blackhill and Main Coals. They consisted mostly of shales dipping N.E. about 30°, and containing four thin coals. South of this and near the Slainsiield Fanlt the Scremerston Coal Company were, in 1881, working the Cooper Eye Seam by means of an incline going in at the crop of the coal which dips eastward at 1 in 3, or 19°. The air shaft was on the crop of the Main Coal which is 22 fathoms cr 132 ft. above the Cooper Eye. The following is a rough section of this shaft : — -.r ■, o ■, Fathoms; Metal, &c., about ...... g Freestone ...... -13 Three-QwMier Ooal. Beds, various - . 2-3 Cooper Eye Goal. The following is a section of ihe Cooper Ui/e and associated beds here — Ximestone .Splint coal Ft. In. - 1 - 9 - 6 - 15 - 6 - 2 6 Ft. In. .Splint coal - - - 9 "I Band - . -06^26 CooiJer Eye Seam. ■Ground coal . - - 15 J Metal fire clay Freestone beds - Limestone. At the 50-fathom pit at Slainsfield, south of the fault, most of the seams were worked ; certainly the Blackhill, Main Coal, Three- Quarter Coal, and Cooper Eye, and peihaps others. A few ,small pits to the. eastward, not far from the present Cooper Eye, Woi-kings north of the fault, are probably down to the Fawcet Seam, but nothing is known of this coal in the obscure d2 46 CAEBONACEOUS DIVISION. ground to the southward. North-west of Slainsfield close to the fault, the beds have a high dip, but on Brownridge to the southr ward where much sandstone is seen, the dip is low. Between this and Ford, and on Ford Common, there is great uncertainty about the coal-crops. Very little is seen, and on Ford Common the faults are said to be very numerous in the old workings, so that the lines here given for the coals must be considered as only giving a general idea of the run of the beds. The pit at the house on Ford Common is said to be 22 fathoms to the Main Coal. On the west side of the main road Mr. Neale, of Ford, sunk a shaft 16 fathoms deep to the Cooper Eye, but he found several tiaults ranging E.N.E. so that the workings were aban- doned. The seam was about 2 ft. 6 in. thick with small partings. A pit of 9 fathoms deep was, at one time, sunk to the Wester Coal, near this. The coal is said to have consisted of tliree seams each about 1 ft. thick with partings of 2 ft. or so. There would seem to be a fault between these workings and those of Slainsfield, or perhaps more than one, ranging about N.E. and throwing down to the north. It seems to be a broken synclinal in which there is one or more of the lower beds of coal in places. This synclinal runs in a S.W. direction through the village of Foid, on the south side of which coal is to be met with in the churchyard ; and gouthward from this on the east side of the road leading to Kimmerston (in the angle) an old trial pit was sunk to a poor seam at a depth of 36 feet. This might be the Wester Coal. The limit of these beds on the west must be the dean on the west aide of the park where sandstones, a good deal crushed and slickened, with some purplish shale, dip at high angles to the S.E., being in some places vertical There is probably a fault parallel to the dean and running down it. This high dip continues on beyond the village into the part called Kelso Dean where the beds dip E.S.E. at .20-25°; and here a coal seems to have been worked, as there are traces of pits on the east side. The following 8 a section &een where the stream at the head of the dean bends nearly at right angles and has an E. and W. course : — Ooal, thickness not cleai-. Wester Coal P Fireclay 1' 6". Shaly sandstone 4'. Ooal thin. Sandstone. The dip is E.S.E. at 20°. There must be one or more large faults on the south side of Ford Common workings, throwing up to the south and shifting the outcrops of ail the coals a long way to the east under Black- chester Hill— the Ford Moss Workings— -where all the seams have been worked from the Blackhill to the Wester Coal. In 1881, however, the only seam being worked at the Moss was the Kiln Coal (previously not much wrought). An old pit in which other seams were formerly won was reopened by Mr. Brown, and this seam was being got. Mr. Brown gave me the following FOUD MOSS COLLIERY. 47 account of the beds about the horizon of the Kiln Coal in tlila pit:— El. In. Blachhill Seam. Hard grey freestone - - - - 1 Tills - - - - - - 3 Hard white freestone - - - - - 9 Tills - 2 Dark freestone - - - - 2 KiU Goal, locally known as Fish f ^°P °°^\]^. ™®- I Bottom coal 15 ins. . Metal for kerving - - - . . Freestone- - - - - - - - 2 Blue metal, about - - - - - 18 Main Coal. I was informed by an old miner that this same coal, Fish and Taties, was at one time worked in shallow pits of about 3 fathoms deep on the north-east side of the Black Hill, and that the seam was there very good, being 4 ft. 6 in. thick with only a band of 4 or 5 inches. Most of the other seams are now apparently wrouglit out, or nearly so, as far as the old level is available for drainage. The Black Hill Seara and the Kiln Coal are exceptionally close together in the section last given, being about 6 ft. apart. In the general section of Ford Colliery given on p. 33, there are 17 ff. of beds between them, and 32 ft. 5 in. between the Black Hill and the Main Coals. In the general section this distance is 34 ft. 3 in,, anc? this was probably taken near the west end of the Moss, as the distance between the two seams increases to the eastward, and is said to have been 100 ft. in the Moss Pit, the most easterly one. Beyond this pit a fault was proved running N.W. and throwing down 9 ft. to the east. To the west of this, and nearly under the centre of the Moss is another running nearly in the same direction, and this also throws down to the east ; but it has this peculiarity that while the throw in the Main Coal is 42 feet, in the Black Hill Seam above it is only 20 feet. The thick sandstone which lies above the Black Hill Seam is well seen in several places on and about the hill from which it takes its name, which is sur- mounted by a camp. There are several quarries in which the sandstone is seen dipping to the S.E. It is soft and yeUow, and is in great demand for sanding or scouring floors. The beds under the moss seem to lie in a gentle synclinal, for I was told that there was a rise in the beds towards the south near the southern edge of the moss, where a large fault running E. and W. bounds the coals which do not crop out there, but they abut against the Fell Sandstones of Brownridge Hill. The throw of the fault down to the north is unknown, but it must be at least more than the thickness of the beds between the Black Hill and the Wester Coal, and is probably much more. In the year 1739 a series of five borings was made to the N.W. of the Brownridge Hill probably with the view of finding the coals, but without success. The exact position of these is not known, but they would appear to have been somewhere near the old level which is Ft. In. 4 12 2 1 1 12 4 5 12 10 6 65 6 48 CARBONACEOUS DIVISION. several times mentioned. The deepest of these was No. 3 borings which was 72 feet 3 inches. We give the details of No. 5 as a specimen, Nc. 5 Hole, bored at Ford Colliery, about 40 yards east from; the fourth, July 7th, I739j proved the following strat£i:-4— Soil and- brown clay » ~, .- Soft greenish, grey metal, with brown and black scames in it, and a small siping of water - - - - Black metal Bi'own and grOy seamy metal ... Strong red post- ...,.- Bed and grey post .... G-rey and drni post girdles, mixed with whin Red post ..... Strong red post, with mixture of whin girdles with soft saudy partings - - - - - In open red and grey post, with water . TiiBre is no doubt that these boring* are in beds below the coals, either in the Fell Sandstones or in the Tuedian rocks^ from the greenish grey and brown character of the shales, and the red- posts or sandstones with their whin girdles, which are merely harder portions of the sandstone. There is probably also a large fault near the east side of Ford Moss, ranging nearly N. and S,, and throwing up to the E. in a line wiih that which cuts off the Dun Limesl;one and the Fawcet Seam at their western end. This brings the coal crops out again near tlie N.E. corner of the moss, where they are said to be nearly on end and striking E. and W. A little south of this outlet of the moss a boi'ing was put down to a depth of 70 fathoms, I was told, and found no coal. The crop of the Fawcet Seam north of this is bent into a horse-shoe shape and appears cut off on' the south side by an E. and W. fault. The same coal is said to have been worked in a shallow pit of about 3 fathoms deep on the N. side of Ford Moss, about 200 yards N.E. of the Moss Shaft before- mentioned. East of the Horse Bog both the Fawcet Seam and the Main Coal have been worked pretty continuously, but the Cooper Eye and the Biackhill seams, being poor, hare not been worked. The beds here dip to the north-east. A pit was sunk about 22 fathoms to the Cooper Eye sea'n to the N.W. of the Horse Bog, and on the W". side of the stream that comes from Ford- Moss. The coal was in a poor state and only 14 inches thick. A limestone, 4 feet thick, which lies below the Main Coal was cut near the pit-mouth in a drain. The Main Coal was worked at Doddington Moor Colliery at a depth of 16 fathoms. The Fawcet Seam near this is about 10 or 12 fathoms below ' the Dun : Limestone, and there is probably a distance of about '38 fathonis between the Fawcet and the Main Coal, so th.at the lattor is about 300 feet below the Dun Limestone. South of this- DODDINGTON MOOE COLLIEEYi 49> the Main Coal is repeated by an E. and W. fault, apparently in a line with the Ford Moss Fault, but with the throw reversed. The coals can be seen in the cut below the Horse Bog, dipping N.N.E. at 20°-25°, and several have been worked near the crop over the flattish ground to the eastward. The Main Coal, the Cooper Eye, and the Wester Coal are probably the three which > have been worked. The Blaclshill is said to occUr there also, but it doe3 not appear to have been tried. A parrot coal, or kind of oil-shale, has been sunk through in the Main Coal pits. Nothing is known of these seams west of the stream, and near the eastern: edge of the area the workings all stop — probably from faults- having been met with. W. G. 60 CHAPTER VI. Caebonifeeotjs — contin ued. Limestone Group or Oalcabeous Division. The following is a general section of the beds in this division, so far as found in the area under consideration : — Shales and Sandstones - - 20 to 30 feet. Low Dean Limestone - - 25 feet. Sandstone and Shale - - - 60 „ Acre Limestone (called Dun Lime- stone, at Lowick) - - 20 „ Sandstone and Shale with probably several coals and a thin limestone 100 „ Eelwell Limestone - - - 25 „ Sandstones and Shales with 5 or 6 thin limestones, and probaby several coals - - 300 „ Oxford or Greenses Limestone (Greenses coal a few fathoms below) - - - - 15 to 18 feet. Sandstone and Shale - 200 feet. Limestone (with coal below from 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches) - S „ .Sandstone and Shale with coals, in- cluding the Muckle JHowgate Seam, Oil Shale, Little Howgate Seam, and Woodend Seam - 250 „ Woodend Limestone - - 12 to 15 feet. Sandstone and Shale - - 80 feet. Dun Limestone - - ■ - 6 to 8 feet. Coal (Dun Coal) - - - 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches. It will be seen that the total thickness in this area amounts to about 1,125 feet, of which the limestones take up nearly 150 feet (including the thin beds). About another 100 feet would give us the highest thick lime- stone of the series — the Dryburn, which is the equivalent of the Main, Great, or 12 Fathom Limestone in Yorkshire and Durham — and often called in south Northumberland the Ten Yard Lime- stone. Many of the limestones have coals accompanying them the coals often lying immediately below the limestones, and beinEND LIMESTONE. 53^ The same lim.estone is met with again in quarries at Coal- harbour, where the dip is much less, only 5°-10° between W. and N.W. On the other side of the anticline a limestone wa'3 quarried at Brackens! de and bored'to, further S.E., near the bog. This it would appear should h6 the Woodend, but some say it was the Oxford Limestone that was quarried here, ' The Dun Limestone near the centre of the anticline has not been quarried,, but was proved ill drains, iind in one place it crops out at the stirface. We meet with these beds again on the east side of Ford Moss> The Dun Limestone curves round above ' the Fawcet Coal, and north of the east end of the Moss 1 ft. of the limestone may be seen in a small burn, with the Dun Coal 18 in. thick below. 'There are also old quarries in it W. of Southmoor. The Woodend has been quarried on the E. side of the house, and the soft sandstone- which comes above the limestone may still be seen in the old quarries. Both beds are seen again S. of Southmoor running a parallel course. The Woodend, however, is only seen in one place on the W. side of tiie main road, where the soft reddish and yellow sandrock above has been dug for sand. The Dun Lime- stone has been much quarried here. The quarry extending for 500 yards and crossing the main road. The limestone is said to have been 6 ft. tliick, and it has shales above dipping N.E. about 10°. Between the Woodend and the Oxford Limestones from 460 to 500 ft. of beds intervene — principally sandstones and shales with several poor coals, some cf v.-hich, however, have been worked. There is only one known limpstone that has been, quarried in all this tiiickness of beds, and it occurs nearly midway between the two limestones mentioned. It is a hard, compact,, blocky, somewhat nodular, grey or. light-coloured limestone, weathering brown in places, which is seen where it crosses the course of the whin dyke to the S.W. of Woodend, and in small quarries near. It seems to have been worked for road-metal. Here it is dipping about E.N.E. at 6°, and is probably from 5 to 6 ft. thick. South of the next long, bog, going towards Waichlaw, it is seen in small quarries in a wood dipping E. at 15°, and it can be traced past Watchlaw till it is cut off by the fault there. It is- thrown westward by the fault abont j mile, and thence can be traced southward for some distance — as far as the N. side of Ford' Common, where it has been quarried. It is seen again further south, to the west of the large limestone-quarries on the Common,, and then becomes lost in the faulted and obscure ground. On the E. side of the synclinal this bed' should crop out awain west of tl;e Winterbilrn and* Coalharboirr Quarries, bui it is seen only in one place W. of Coailharbourjust outside the High Wood. It is, however, probably this b'erl thafwas worked 't'> the S.W., of Barmoor Ridge about | mile, in a quarry ranging N. and S., now filled with water. • The thin sandstone seen above, dips W. at 15°. 54 CALCABEOUS DIVISION. To the S.S.E. of Woodside a limestone has been obscurely traced from the whin dyke in a southerly direction to where the easterly dip of 10° occurs. It is here a brown limestone, but its identity is doubtful. If the Brackensi^e Limestone is the Woodend this should be the Watchlaw Limestone. On account of the thinness of this bed and the drift which covers much of the ground where it should occur, this Watchlaw Limestone has not been generally traced. It is found, however, to the S.W. of Ancroft Southmoor, where it crops out in the fields on the E. boundary of Felkington township, and it is here said to have a coal below, 12 to 18 in. thick. On the south side of the road to the S. of Dunsall is a quarry in limestone dipping N. at 10°, but only 2 or 3 ft. of the limestone can be seen — impure looking. This is probably the bed that seems to crop out at the edge of the area at the N.W. corner of Moss Plantation, and it may be the Watchlaw Limestone. There is no good general section of all the beds between the Woodend and the Oxford Limestones. The sides of Haiden Dean afford some sections in the upper sandstones, shales, and coals — the part of the Dean that is S. and E. of Ancroft South- moor. As will be seen by the changeable dips on the map, the beds are undulating and the sandstones are often coarse and reddish. Berrington Burn, which runs N.E. from Woodend, also gives occasional sections in various parts of the series. The best continuous section is that in the beds between the Woodend and the Watchlaw Limestones, afforded by the long whin-dyke quarry west of High Wood. The dip is E.N.E from 5° tp 8° for the distance of nearly ^ mile, but near the Woodend Lime- stone it increases to 12° or 15°. There is shale above the Watchlaw Limestone, and shale with some sandstones for about ,30 ft. below. These beds contain a coal 1 ft. or more. A thick mass of sandstone follows, and then alternations of sandstone and shale, which is followed by a thick mass of shale, with some thin sandstone lying on the E. side of Hazely Hill Plantation. In this shale occurs a bed of oil-shale. Further to the west sandstone seems to prevail, and W. of the Plantation, near where the dyke is shifted, we find it disturbed. In the beds lower still two coals are seen in the side of the old quarry. The coals which occur in these beds have been proved or worked in various places. The Greenses Coal which comes a few fathoms below the Oxford or Greenses Limestone, seems to have been worked on the S. side of Haiden Dean, opposite to Ancroft Southmoor, It is a coarse coal, thickness not ascertained. Coal has also been worked on the Dean N,N,W. of Berrington Law, but this would appear to be another and lower bed. The Greenses Goal was sunk to in two places near Whitelee, and was found to be nearly 2 ft. thick, but was not a true coal I was informed, only a parrot coal, or oil-shale. In the district to the east, there are two coals about this horizon, and one of them has a thin limestone of 1 or 2 ft. near it. The Coal of from 1 ft. to 18 ir. which occurs below the Watchlaw MUCKLE HOWGATE COAL. 55 Limestone has been previously mentioned. The next in order of descent is called the Muckle Howgate Seam. It is not known exactly within the present area how far below the Greenses this coal comes, but it would seem to come below tiie Watchlaw Limestone, and it may lie about 200 ft. below the Greenses. There is an old coal-pit on Felkingtoo Southmoor in about this position. The Muckle Howgate seam was worked to the S.S.W. of Barmoor Eiilge in pits from 8 to 11 fathoms deep. Where the beds are said to dip S.E. about 1 in 6, or 10°. For information about this I am indebted to Mr. W. Brown of Barmoor. The coal is about 6 ft. thick with the bands, but, as will be seed from the section below, it is a dirty seam, and not worth much on account of the bands. Section of Muehle Howgate Goal. Tills for roof. Top coal, 10 or 11 inches. Left on. Coaly metal, 30 inches. Coal, 4 inches. Metal parting. Coal, 3 inches. Metal parting. Bottom coal, 15 inches. Parrot coal, 5 or 6 inches. Hardstone, 15 inches. Tills. A coal was found by boring 8J fathoms below. This coal was good, and 2 ft. thick, and said to be the Little Howgate Seam, but 1 do not know of any place where the two Howgate Seams come BO close together as this. Perhaps the coal worked between Woodside and Woodend was the Muckle Howgate. The beds seem to be flat, the coal here lying in the centre of the synclinal previously described. There are a number of old coal workings about which no information is obtainable. There are some N.E. of Whistlebare which may be in the Muckle Howgate, and, probably, the same as the coal which is seen to be 3 ft, thick in Berrington Burn to the northward, where the dip is N.E. 25°-30°. This coal was sunk to a little further to the N.E., and is described as being 3 feet tliick, and splinty. Further to the eastward, about ^ mile, a pit was sunk 2^ or 3 fathoms deep to a good coal, 2 ft. thick, by the side of the Burn where the beds form a steep anticline. This, however, is probably a higher seam than the Muckle Howgate. Below the Muckle Howgate are in places two workable seams called the Little Howgate Seam and the Woodend Seam. The latter is nearest to the Woodend Limstone, and is sometimes con- founded with the former. The Woodend coal was worked at the Winterburn Quarry and was 20 inches thick. It comes about 20 or 25 ft. above the Limestone. It has also been worked at the W. side of the quarries further north. It is probably the same coal that was worked on the N. side of the Woodend Quarry, though this 56 CALCAEEOUS DIVISION. has been called the Little How gate, and there are traces of pits E. of the Felkhigloii Quarry where, perhaps, the same seam was TrrougLt, and some coal was got west of Watchlaw, In a similar pDsition with respect to the limestone. Between Woodside and Brackenside two coals have been worked about which there is some doubt. I was inclined to think they were the coals above the Woodend Limestone from the' general structure of the country, but Mr. W. Brown, wlio worked them, and who kindly gave me the informntion about them, called the upper of the two the Faiocet Coal. According to him •the following is the general section : — Freestone roof. Coal, 3 feet (including bands), called Fawoet. Freestone bottom | about 3 fathoms. ' [Top Coal 1 Little Coali Metal Band ^2 feet. [Bottom. Coal J Black seggar clay hottom. I thought it more likely that these were the Little Howgate sind the Woodend Seams, but as no limestone can be seen near, the point must be left undecided. All these coals have been wrought principally for burning lime, which was formerly done on a very large scale. Thei'e is a bed of oil-shale accompanied by a thin yellowish limestone which comes between the Muckle and Little Howgate Seams, but nearest to the latter. The oil-shale, and limestone both crop out on Felkington Southmoor, about 100 yards E. of/lhe •N. end of Felkington Quarry, and they lie 100 ft. or more abova the Woodend limestone. The oil-shale is seen also on the E. side of Hazely Hill Plantation by the side of the whin dyke there. . The Oxford or Greenses Limestone has been largely quarried near Dunsall and Whitelee, and in the deep quarries on Ford Common, near the Barmoor West Cottages. Its names are derived from places further north. Oxford is a hamlet Avhere there are large quarries, 4 miles from Berwick, and Greenses is the common name of a farm called on the map Ancroft Greens, rather more than a mile N.E. of Ancroft Southmoor, where also the limestone was much worked, but whose large and deep quarries are now filled with water. This place also gives its name to the Greenses coal. On Ford Common the limestone has been quarried near the south end of the synclinal which ranges from here in a N.N.E. direction as before mentioned, and this is the only part of the synclinal where this limestone is found. The outcrop seems crossed by a fault, running in a N.E, direction, which throws down on the south. To the south of this, fault the limestone has been quarried almost continuously under a great depth of shale, and it has also been worked on the N. of. the fault — the. old workino's. thus taking the form of a broken oval . ring. On the west side the dip varies from 20° to 50° and on the E. side it is a;bout 35°, OXFORD LIMESTONE, 57 On the S. enrl the dip is as low as 10° to the north, and here the limestone has not only been worked in the open under a depth of 30 ft. of grey shale with tliin sandstone in the upper part, but it has also been mined for at a depth of 50 or 60 ft. below the surface — a shtift marked as a coal-pit on tlie 6-inch Ordnance Map having been sunk in connexion with these undergrouncl limestone workings, and a long level brought up from the lower ground on the S.E. to drain the quarries. This limestone is generally of a light blue or bluish-grey colour, much of it encrinital and from 15 to 18 ft. thick. The same thick bed of grey shale caps the limestone in the Whitelee and Dunsall Quarries, and towards the west end of these workings from 25 to 30 ft. of it may be seen where the beds are dipping N.E. 12°, which, however, is not the usual direction of the dip about there — the strike being almost exactly E. and "W. and the dip N. 10°-15°. However, at the east end of the workings E. of Dunsall; the beds turn round at right angles and dip E. 10.° Faults bound the limestone at eacli end and one repeats the beds in the middle. The whole thickness of this limestone cannot be seen in any of these quarries. Often no limestone can be seen for long distances. The best section of it is at the west end of the Dunsall Quarry, nearly due north of Barmoor Buildings, where about 12ft. of limestone is seen in three beds or posts in succession 4 ft. 6 ins., 3 ft. 6 ins., and 4 ft. thick, and where the dip is N.N.E. 12°-15°. Taking the whole district this bed has probably been more largely quarried for lime-burning than any other. Haiden Dean Quarries. To the S.W. of Ancroft Sonthmoor th.e Oxford Limestone was once largely quarried on both sides of Haiden Dean and on the S. side some 20 or 30 feet of the shale that comes above the limestone may still be seen. The dip seems to be to the south. It is probably this limestone which caused the swallow holes on the Felkington Estate west of Threaplea Plantation, which are worth noticing as they are so rare in north Northumberland notwithstanding the abundance of beds of limestone, A large fault which here throws cut nearly all the beds between the Oxford and Woodend limestones cuts off the crop of the Oxford at Loth ends, but the fault cannot be traced to the eastward, and its throw probably decreases raoidly in that direction. Limestone at Berrington Law. S.E. of this place a limestone dipping to the S.S.E. has been quarried and burnt, and this may probably be the Oxford from its position. What little of it could be seen was impure-looking and weathered a rusty brown ; but this is often the character of the ilppermost part of many of the limestones. Eed sandstone, which must lie below, crops out to the W. of the house. It is quite possible that the limestone which appears in the burn to the southward where the E. dip of 15° occurs, may be this. It is doubtful if the Oxford Limestone appears anywhere else in the area unless it -is that which comes to the surface in one or .two places close to an old quarry nearly^ mile S.E. of Woodside 58 CALCAREOUS DIVISION. and about the same cUstince to the S.W. of the Bowsden Wh in Quarry. But the ground here is obscure and perhaps faulted, so that it cannot be traced far. Between the Oxford Liimestone and the Eelwell there intervenes probablj' as much as 300 feet of sandstone, shales, and limestones, with thin coals, but all the beds are poorly seen in this map. There are usuallv six thin limestones in this thickness of beds, varying from 3 to about 8 ft. thick — the thickest being generally the second and third from the Eelwell. One of the limestones is seen at the Bowsden Whinstone Quarry and in the. little stream S. of it, dipping E.N.E. 10°-15°. The following section is seen in the quarry : — Shale. Limestone, 3 to 4 feet. Shale, 8 feet. Ooal, 6 inches. Shale. Below this comes sandstone at the W. end of the quarry on the N. side. The limestone and coal seem both shifted as much as 100 ft. horizontally by the dyke, which would seem here to coincide with a fault throwing down 15 or 20 feet to the south. This limestone is perhaps the fourth below the Eelwell. To the eastward of the quarry by the stream we see shale and sandstone which lie above the limestone, and still further eastward another limestone, a higher, and probably a thicker, bed may be obscurely traced across the fields. Crossing the fault to the southward we find traces of three or four limestones of this series in the burn going toward Dunsall, with some small sections in sandstone and shale also. (This burn is not marked on the 1-inch Ordnance Map, but the northerly dips marked as 10°, 15°, and 25° will show where it is.) About J mile W.S.W. of Bowsden West Farm, where the W. dip of 40° is marked, a limestone occurs which is probably one of those under description. The section is as follows : — Well bedded sandstone, several feet. Shale, 12 to 15 feet. Limestone, grey, rather compact, encrinital, S to 6 feet. Ooal. (Gap of several feet.) Thick bedded sandstone. The EelweU Limestone has been largely quarried at Eelwell in the adjoining sheet, where it is about 25 feet thick, but all the stone is not worked. The most westerly of the two quarries N. of the W. end of Bowsden village is in this lime- stone. It dips E. 30°-35° at the north end of the quarry, decreasing to 16° at the S. end, and the bed flattens still more as it turns round to the eastward and. dips northward under the village of Bowsden, where it may be seen in several places, and again in quarries to the eastward. A small portion of this lime- stone appears again at the edge of the area on the S. side of the large fault, which is seen south of the whin dyke trending to EELWELL LIMESTONE 59 the S.W. This connects itself with the limestone quarried at Eelwell and other places in the area of the sheet to the E. So far as is known, the two uppermost limestones only appear for short distances in the N.E. of the area, to the north of the west end of Bowsden village. Of these two the Low Dean has not been quarried, and is only seen at the surface in one or two places in the fields. It has not been much quarried anywhere in north Northumberland, except at Sandbanks, near Scremerston, and at Lowick Low Dean, and the limestone is locally named after both places. Little is seen of the beds between this lime- Btone and the Acre. The latter is called the Dun Limestone, near Lowick, where it has been a good deal quarried. There is a quarry in it also in the area N. of the west end of Bowsden village, one, and the most easterly of the two Bowsden quarries, but it is full of water, and the limestone is not well seen. A few feet of shale that comes above may be seen, but not sufficient to show well its chai-acter — it generally is a dark-coloured shale with conspicuous ironstone nodules. Here the limestone dips E.N.E., but it turns round like the bed below, and in the district to the E. it dips to the N., having been worked a good deal at Berrington Quarry to the N.E. of Bowsden. Below this limestone there usually lies a bed of coal 6 to 12 in, thick, which is said to liave been worked at the Berrington Quarry and at the Dun Quarry, Lowick ; and two other coals which have been worked, but not in the area under consideration, lie- respectively about 30 and 55 ft.^ below the limestone. Further down and about 20 to 25 ft. above the Eelwell is a thin limestone bed, generally 4 or 6 ft., not seen in this sheet. [For a fuller account of the upper limestones from the Eelwell to the Dryburn, see the Memoir on the adjoining sheet to the east— 110 S.E.] W. G. e 88198. 60 CHAPTER Vir. Intrusive Igneous Eocks. I, ,- . Granite, i> In thrs area the Granite exposed is of a coarser vavi^ty than' tiiat lisud,! in the adjoining tract to the south. It consists of rfeddish grey and red orthocla'se crystals with black and yellow^ mica ahd interstitial quartz. The felspar is sometimes plagioclase,H The quartz as a rule is not easily picked out by the eye, but it ' makes a good 'show under the microscope. According to Mr.' J. J. H. Teall the Cheviot granites present us with a ty'^p: previously unkiiown in Britain in that "ihisy' contain augite.* ' The granite is probably of essentially the same age as the^ Porphyrite Series. 'The feasOns' for 'thinkiiig' so are raatnljf derived from the adjoiniiig quarter sheet, 108 N.E. He're 'it appears clear that the granite is not only intrusive in porphyrftes>- butalsO that some of the coarse porphyrite dykes are intfusive in it. *It occupies. Only a small" area— ^scarcely a square mile— and if is not very ^ell seen either along the junctions or elsew'hetei.'. Owing to this, and the similarity of the shape of the ground i** forms'with that of the surrdtindTng porphyrites, the' boutidaryl is- v6Vy indefinite ; biit^ judging from the sections in Common Burri^. and still more from those in the adjoining quarter sheet, 108 N.E;^: it pi'obably forms such a jagged and irregular line with many arms and thin dykes branching out that it would be scarcely possible to delineate it accurately in any case. The largest area lies between Common Burn and Broadstruther's Burn (108 N.E.). Another, smaller, and apparently separate, area occurs in and on the banks of Common Burn, S.W. of Benty Crag. This is only a verjr little higher than that which occurs further down the burn, and is no doubt continuous therewith underground. The junction with the porphyrite in a sike that runs into the burn from the south is nearly a vertical line. Bed and orange lelstone dykes and strings are very common within the granite area, e.g., \ mile S. of Common Burn House. These often project with sharp-edged blocks out from the granite, because they do not disintegrate so readily on exposure, owing to the fineness of grain preventing, to a great extent, the entry of the decomposing agents. It was not found practicable to trace them, except in sections, and they have not been separated on the map from the granite. * Geol. Mag., 1885, p. 112. INTRUSIVE DYKES. 61 Intrusive Bocks other than Granite. 1. Coarse Ked Mica Porphyrite. 2. Felstone and Orthophyre. 3. Quartz Porphyry. 4. Dolerite. The first three are confined to tlie Lower Old Red area, and are probably all of essentially the same age as the series among which they occur, and closely connected with the granite. Owing to the similarity of appearance between the porphyrite dykes and X3ertain of the lava flows there are inevitably many cases where one is left in doubt from want of clear sections as to whether an exposure is part of a flow or of au intrusion.. On the N. side of the hills between Wooler and Kirknewton the red porphyrite is particularly common, but this very abundance tends to obscure the form of the individual outcrops, for the stones derived from, them are scattered in "glitters"* all down the hill sides, and it is hard to say which are nearly in place and which are not.. iBome of the exposures have, however, a clear dyke-like form,, especially when viewed at a little distance. It is also quite --possible that there are other intrusions in the form of knobs, &c. "On the N.W. side of Yeavering Bell there are dykes, which when viewed from the other side of the Glen appear like gigantic old fortifications. Other conspicuous examples occur on the N. side of Trough Burn, about ^ mile above its foot, on the N.W.. side of Coldsmouth Hill and on the W. side of Hare Law (College). In the last locality there are two, both very pro- minent. The lower part of the southerly one is broken up into- immense rudely prismatic blocks by joints which spring from the 'sides, i.e., the surfaces of cooling. It averages 20 or 30 yards in width, and runs in a direction slightly N. of E., almost at right angles through some well-marked terrace features. In one place it makes a sharp bend in the way not unusual with basalt dykes.. On the Laddie's Knowe (Eisdon Burn) there is a quarry section showing another columnar jointed dyke going through purple porphyrite. The dyke contains an included fragment. C. T. C. There are two good sections in dykes of a similar character on the- N. side of the Glen. One of these occurs in a quarry on the N.. side of the road between Lanton and Lanton Mill. The dyke is flesh colour, with large felspar crystals and traces of mica. The rock is massive with cross-jointing, and is about 50' wide,. with sides of dull purple or light-brownish purple porphyrite. The dyke was doubtfully traced up the hill-side nearly to the I..auton Monument. Some distance to the westward of this there is perhaps another dyke of- the same character, but with. -~"^ y _ . * This = screes of the Lake Country. The covering of loose stones on the slope, or at the foot, of a steep hill. The term may be compared with Clatters or Clitteri. in Devon, and Glyders in North Wales. E 2 62 OETHOPHYEE. more mica, running alongside a sike and in the same general direction, viz., N. and S. About l^^miles to the northward and ^ mile S.E. from the farm of Kippie there appears to be a quarry- in another of these dykes, or in a continuation of one of the Lanton ones. The rock is reddish, massive, and cross-jointed, and the crystals of black njica are large, but the boundaries of the mass are not well defined. W. G. [Under the head of Intrusive Rocks there are included a few rocks which, in the field, do not give decisive evidence of their mode of origin, but which agree with some undoubted dykes in structure and corapoeition.] In the porphyrile area two types of rocks have been submitted to me, orthophyres or orthoclase felsites, and mica-porphyrites, which are, as a rule, a little more acid than the flows of pyroxene- andesite. Orthojihyre. — As an example of this class of rook we may take that from a little burn west of Lanton Monument (E. 2300). The ground-mass of this rock, although in ordinary light like that of the porphyrites and quite homogeneous, splits up when the nicola are crossed into areas alternately dark and light, each of which behaves as an individual in tint and angle of extinction. This structure has been described by Harker* in a felsitic rock from North Wales. There is a good deal of interstitial quartz in the ground, and much less magnetite than in the porphyrites, The larger felspar phenocrysts, although much decomposed, show twin striation, but the smaller and much more abundant felspars are of orthoclase felspar twinned on the carlsbad law ; crystals of biotite form the other porphyrilic ingredient. The rock is dull red in colour, and shows in a hand-specimen pale pink crystals of felspar and smaller crystals of black mica. Miea-porphyrite. — This rock appears generally to occur in the form of dykes, and this is certainly the case with that from the north side of Lanton Quarry (E. 2302). The ground-mass is, in some cases, almost holocrystalline, and it is always coarser than in the undoubted flows. It is made up of microliths of twinned felspar, quartz more or less interstitial, and long needles of brown mica. In one case (quarry in field west of Trigonometrical Station 706, Millfield, E. 2303) the matrix breaks up in ordinary light, into almost clear grains with dark margins set in brown interstitial matter, in which some quartz is visible ; the grains exhibit a rude radial structure under polarised light, and appear to be made up of felspar ; they are not, however, ordinary spherulites. The phenocrysts are of felspar, exclusively plagioclase; some of the largest are as much as ^ inch in length. Biotite is plentiful, generally in very well formed hexagonal crystals. Sometimes * The Bala Volcanic Series of Caernarvonshire (Cambridge, 1889), pp. 22 and 23. MIOA-POEPHYEITE. 63 there is no other ferromagnesian mineral, but, occasionally, replacements in serpentine or bastite, presumably after pyroxene, are recognisable. A little magnetite is often present, but not so much as in the lavas. Microscopically the rock is red in colour, with obvious crystals of plagioclase and biotite, and the general appearance of a microcrystalline rock. These rocks really stand between the andesites and the diorites, and rather correspond with the microgranites of the acid series in systematic position, Mr. Teall in the explanation of Sheet 5 ("Scotland), has suggested that the term porphyrite should be restricted to rocks of this type, and the word may well be employed here. Thus the rocks would be biotile-purphyrites. w. w. w. On examining the junction sections there often seems at first sight a gradual passage from the dykes into the surrounding lavas, which are generally more purple in colour. This is because they have a way of changing their character near the margins, the larger felspars and the micas becoming gradually rarer and the felstone matrix darker. Sometimes the finer strings become quite blaclf. In Common Burn, about ^ mile above its junction with Broadstruther's Burn, there is such a string, about 2" thick, going through rather coarse purple red porphyrite. Tlie sides are finer than the interior of the string, and most of the felspar crystals have their longer axes parallel to its general direction. Fig. 5. — Coarse red Porphyrite, intrusuie in black and purple Porphyrite, Hart Heugh, Wooler. On the Harthengh (Wooler) the junctions are sometimes particularly clear and interesting. In one case 130 yards slightly E. of S. of the Ordnance station, 1049-5, coarse re^l porphyrite, though not clearly of a dyke siiape, cuts through the bands of a devitrified "pitchstone porphyrite." The line of junction weathers in a slight hollow. In the adjoining quarter sheet, 108 N.E., it might be said that the dykes have as a rule directions pointing rudely to the granitic mass. In this sheet this is not so noticeable, though still one cannot but be struck with the fact that the best-marked dykes on the N. side of the hills run roughly N. and S., while those on the Hart Heugh are more E. and W. ei roLEEITE DTKES. A fine red felstone dyke occurs on the S.E. of Great Hetha, and another, or possibly a continuation of the same in the E. bank. of the College, ^ mile S.S.E. of Whitehall. They occasionally contain distinct quartz specks, but these are not sufficiently large or numerous to entitle the rock to the name of quartz porphyry. There is a considerable exposure of felstone in Carey Burn, about ;i mile below the foot of Bioadstruther's Burn, but the character of the junctions is not satisfactory. A little less than ^ mile E, of Torleehouse, Kirknewton, there is an exposure of rock for which tlie best name is, perhaps, quartz porphyry. It resembles the coarse red porphyrite with the addition of prominent well- crystallized quartz pyramids. About half a mile S.S.E. of Heathpool Linn there is a smaller and less well-defined exposure >of a similar rock. In addition to the rocks marked as intrusive on the map, there are many others which are not improbably so, though decisive evidence is lacking. Among these we may mention porphyrite, near the head of Old Yeavering Burn, in the head of Akeld Burn, i mile S.E. of Tom Tallon's Crag, on the S.E. slope of Loft Hill (College), and in various places on the N. side of Wester Tor ; felstone, ^ mile W.N.W. of Heathpool, and in the sike N.W. of IiONDON BASIN. Pt.I. Obalk& Uoceneof S.^: W.Tmcti. By W. Wqitaceb. 13s. ( Vol. IV. of Memoirs, &o.) (O.P.) •Guide CO the GEOLOGX of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whiiakeb. Bth Ed. 1«. TBRTIARX FiiUVlU-MARlNE FORllATION of the ISLE of WIGHT. By bliiWABD Fobbes. 6<. The ISLE OF WIGHT. By H. W. Bbibtow. New Ed. By C. Reid and A. Steahait. 8«. ed. The WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KBNX SURRKY, SUSSEX, und HANTS). By W. TOPLBT. 17». 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Woodwabd. 2». :1.2, 7- ■4 ,12 - 13 - 84 - 44 • ,4B8W 47 48 SW 48 SB 48 -NW, 49 8, SO 4SN «osw ,80 NW eo^NE 61 8B .61'NE fiSBE «SNE '6SSE «4- SW. «6 NE, SB ■ee-Bw «6WW >e7 '<8B ■68 NW, 70 ■71 NE 79 irw •J9SB 80 NW 80 NB 80 8W ■81 NW, 82 SB seNE 83 -84 «6 87 NW «7SW «8 8W 4s. 8W - S.W. LINCOLNSHIRE, &c. By A. J. JuKiss-Bbowbe and'W. H. Daxton. -NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. Avelihe. (2nd Ed.) l«. - RHYL, ABER'SELE, and COLWYN. By A. Stbahak. (Notes bv R. H. Tiddekan.) U. Od, - FLINT, MOLD, and RUTHIN. ByA. Stbahan "(Parts by C. E. bs Rance). 4». ed. - PRKSOOT, LANCASHIRE. ByE.HuLL (SrdEd. AVith additions by A. Stbahan.) 3». . ALTRINCHAM, CHESHIBE. By B. Hull. Sd.' (O.P.) - CHESTER. By A. Stbahan. 2<. . STOCKPORT, MACCLBSPIBLD, CONGLBTON, & LEEK. By B. Hull and A. "H. Geebn. *t. . PARTS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE and DERBYSHIRE. By W.T. Avelibb. (2ndEd.) ed. .PAfETS of NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. YURKSHIKB, and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVEIINB. Sd - LINCOLN. Bv W. A. E. Ubbhee, A. J. Jukes-Bbownb, and A. Steahan. 3s. - BAST LINCOLNSHIRE. By A. J,Jukbs-Beownb. S». ed. - N.LINCOLNSHIRE and S. YORKSHIRE. By W. A.B.U3.-HEErandOthers]. 2s. . PAETSof NOTTS, YORKSHIRE, and DERBYSHI KB. (andKd.) By M'. T. AVELIjrE. .BA'RNSLIiY. By A. H. Geebn. 9d. . OLOUAM. By E. Hull. 2s. SHEET MEiaOIRB OP THE OBOX.OezCAZi SnaVBT— co».' ; Fhntshireand Denffighahire, 74 (NE & SB), 79 (NB, SE). Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW, NE, ft SB), 82 (NW &SW), Si (NE),87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE). Forest of Dean, 43 (SB & SW). Forest of Wyre, 61 (SB), 65 (NE). Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). Leicestershire, 71 (SW),6S (NW). Northumberland^ Durham, 103, 105,106 (SB), 109(SW,SE) . N. Staffordshire:^ {SWV5lX.CSEW»(NE),SO(8E),81(SW). S, Staffordshire, wrrP»(rtf,%S5l9W>K- ■; - /'. . Z Shrewsbury. 80 (NB), fil (NW & SW}. South Wales, 36, 37, .IS, 40, 41, 42 (SE, SW). yew Senc.'i, 349. Warwickshire, 62 (NE, SE),(W(NW.SW),54 (NK),r,3 (H W). Whitehaven, 101 (NW, NB, SW.). Yorkshire, 88 (NB,SB),87 (SW),92 (SE). 93 (SW). COAL-FIELDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRICTS- Scale, NIX inclies to a mile. The Coal-field8,.^nd' other mineral 4istri,et>i of the N. of England are puhiiSned on a scale of six inches to a mile, at 48. to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six-inch maps, not intended for publication, are deposited for refer- ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London. ■ Kanoastalrn. Sheet 13, Ireleth.— 16, Ulverstone.— 17, Oartmel.— 22, Aldingham.— 47, Clitheroe.— 48, Colne.— 49 LaueshawBr,— 85, Whalley.— ?6, Hacgate.— 67, Winewall.— (il, Preston.— 62, Balderstone.— 68, Aecrington.— 61, Burnley.— lis, Stiper- den Moor.— 39,, Layl^hdi— 70, Blackburn.— 71, Haslingden.— 72, Cliviger, Baoup.— 73, 'Todniorden.^7f, Chorley.— 78, Bolton - le - Moors..^79, Entwistle.- 80, TottingtOn.— 81, Wardle.— 84, Ormskirk.— 85, Standish.— 86, Adlipgtbn.- 87, Bolton-le-Moors.— S8,Bury, Hey wood.— 89, Rochdale, &c. .— H2, Biokerstaffe.— !B, Wigan.— 94, West Houghton.- 9S, liadclifPe.- 96, Middleton, Hrestwioh.- 97, Oldham.— 100, Knowsley.— 101, BiUinge.- 102, Leigh,Lowton.— 103, Ashley, Eccles.— 104; Manchester, Salford.— 105, Ashton-under- Lvne.— 106, LiV6rpool.-107, Prescott.— 108, St. Helen's.— 10(1. Winwick.— Ill, Cheodale.— 112, Stockport.- lis. Part of Liverpool. Surbam. Sheet 1, Ryton.— 2jGateshoari.— 3, Jarrow.— 4, S. SlileldB.' —5, Greenside.— 6, Winlaton.— 7, Washington. — 8, SuUder- land.— 9, Pt. of Hunstanworth.— 10, BdmondbyerB — 11, Bbohester.-12, Tantoby.— IS, Chester-le-St —IB, Killhope Moor.— 16, Hunstanworth.— 17, Waskerley.— 18, Mngglea- MINERAL STATISTICS. The produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By R. Hum. From 1863 to 1866, inclusive. Is. 6:;:-/\;».