CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE FEfi^ SUi-uJ ^^PiH^ m^^ ^rm m^i^ 1.1 Ay. — f — g^ ^^i^ '2SE -i^f^MAR S^^ - ^^^g5 < ^..;t, i PRINTED IN U.S t NK7907 !r53" """"'"" ''""^ + •^"Ifelj, Etruscan and Roman bronzes, olin 3 1924 030 682 631 Over; GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN BRONZES 333 PORTRAIT OF A ROMAN BOY GREEK WORK OF THE FIRST CENTURY B. C. / THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN BRONZES BY GISELA M. A. RICHTER, Litt. D. ASSISTANT L'l'RATOR DEPARTMENT OK CLASSICAL ART NEW YORK M C M X V COPYRIGHT, 191 5 BY THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART PREFACE THE first important acquisition of bronzes made by The ]\Ietro- politan Museum of Art was in the \'ears 1S72 and 1S76, when the collection formed by General Louis P. di Cesnola in Cyprus was purchased from him with the rest of the Cypriote antiquities. This collection includes some first-rate statuettes, such as the fifth-centur\- athlete (No. 87) and the archaic mirror-support (No. 28). But the bulk ot the bronzes are implements and utensils, largeh* of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages, and are of great interest in exemplif3-ing the t}'pes of weapons, tools, etc., m use at various epochs. As in the rest of the Cesnola Collection, excavation records were untortunateh" not available; but man\' ot the bronzes could be assigned to their various periods on the evidence obtained hv later excavations m C'^'prus. The next extensive purchases were made in the vear 1896, when two collections were acquired, one from S. J. Baxter, of florence, the other from Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr. These consisted chiefl\^ of Roman and Etruscan statuettes and implements ot archaeological rather than artistic interest. In 1S97, the collection recened an important impetus b\" the gitt of Henr)- G. Marquand of o\"er twent\" bronzes of exceptional importance. Am.ong them were the statues of the Camillus (Xo. 271) and K\'bele (No. 258), the statuette ot seated Zeus (No. 200), two ttruscan mirrors (Nos. 797, 798), and other pieces which still rank among the finest examples in our collection. Minor purchases were made m 189S, when some miscellaneous bronzes, stated to have been found at Kertsch in the Crimea, were acquired, and in 1900, when a number of bronzes from Svria were bought. The famous chariot from Alonteleone (No. 40), together with the objects found with it, was purchased m 1903; and in the same year was V PREFACE acquired the remarkable series of objects found in an Etruscan tomb ot the fourth to third century B. C. (cf. pp. i8ofF.). Since 1906 a number of bronzes, almost all of first-rate importance, have been acquired every year, so that now our collection ranks among the best of its kind in the world. With these purchases are also included a few loans, the beautiful Eros from Boscoreale (No. 131) and the archaic statuette of a girl (No. 56), both the property of J. Pierpont Morgan; an archaic statuette of a horse, belonging to Junius S. Morgan (No. 14), and a small handle belonging to Lockwood de Forest (No. 95). The most important recent gift is the wonderful bronze portrait-head (No. 325) of the Benjamin Altman Collection, which is exhibited in the Altman galleries. The Cesnola bronzes are already known from various publications; a large part of them are figured in the Atlas of the Cesnola Collection, in L. P. di Cesnola's book on Cyprus, and in G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de I'art dans I'antiquite, volume III; A. Furtwangler published a few of the more important pieces in his article on Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, in Sitzungsberichte der kgl. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II, 1905, pp. 241 ff.; and recently J. L. Myres has briefl\' described the whole collection in his Handbook of the Cesnola Collection. The Etruscan chariot has been published by A. Furtwangler in Brunn- Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, pis. 5S6, 587; and some of the fine bronzes which formed part of the collection in 1905 were also described and illustrated by Furtwangler in the article on Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, already mentioned. Since 1906 all new accessions have been systematically described in the Museum Bulletin. Under every item in this catalogue are given the date of its acquisition, the provenance when known, and a reference to any publications of it; but It should be remembered that before 1906 there was no proper sj'stem of accessioning every piece that came into the Museum, and it has, there- fore, been impossible to state with certainty when every object was acquired. The material in this catalogue has been divided into two principal classes: I. Statues, Statuettes, and Reliefs; II. Implements and Utensils. The first class includes the works of which the chief interest to us is their sculptural quality, whether independent compositions or decorative parts of other objects, now lost; the second comprises the manifold imple- ments made by the ancients in bronze. vi PREFACE Such a division seemed the most useful from many pomts of view. An}- one studying, tor instance, archaic Greek art will turn to that section and find there the sculptural pieces belonging to that period, all grouped together, except when the utensil which a statuette or relief ser\ed to decorate is still preserved; in which case, of course, the whole object is placed in its respective class of utensils. Again, the reader who wants to stud}' the various forms of jugs, or colanders, or mirrors in use among the ancients, will find the material of this kind grouped together, irrespective of the decorations which still adhere to them. However, though for prac- tical purposes such a division seemed both obvious and desirable, it is naturalh" full of apparent inconsistencies. No. 751, for instance, being a complete mirror, is placed among mirrors as being a valuable e.xample of the special t)'pe ot mirrors with stands in the form of statuettes. Nos. 28, 'Jl, 86, however, being merel}' supports of such mirrors, and therefore of no use in exemplifying mirror forms, but important as sculptural works of a certain period, have been classed with the statuettes. Again, handles, when still attached to their respective utensils, are described with such utensils; but when separate, are either listed with the sculptural works of their period if they bear decorations of special interest, or, if more or less plain, and interesting chiefl}' as types of handles, are catalogued under a separate group. There are many cases of this kind, all due to the strong instinct of the ancients for decorating their simplest possessions, and all more or less self-evident, so that their enumeration is unnecessary. The three tomb groups in this collection have been treated both col- lectively and individually, so that their value as groups and as separate examples can be properly appreciated. In the various sections the material has been arranged as far as possible chronologically. Each section is preceded by a brief introductory note, with references to the chief books or articles dealing with the subject. The numbering of the objects is not continuous, frequent gaps having been left to make room for future acquisitions. In the Introduction the technical processes of bronze-working in an- tiquity and the origin of the ancient patina have been discussed at con- siderable length. It seemed advisable to give special attention to this important side of ancient bronzes, as the subject has not been compre- hensively treated in the English language since the publication of H. B. Walters' Catalogue of the Bronzes in the British Museum, in 1899, and since that time a great deal of research work has been done and impor- tant results arrived at. vii PREFACE The drawing on the cover is a free rendering of the inlaid design on the Roman table. No. 121 1. In the preparation of this catalogue I have been greatly assisted by the generous help of many of my colleagues both in Europe and America. My thanks are especially due to Mr. John Marshall, of England, Pro- fessor John L. Myres of Oxford University, Dr. R. Zahn of the Berlin Museum, Mr. A. H. Smith, and Mr. E. J. P'orsdyke of the British Museum, M. E. Pottier of the Louvre, Mrs. C. H. Hawes, Dr. T. L. Shear, Miss E. R. Hall of the University Museum in Philadelphia, Dr. L. D. Caskey of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Professor P. V. C. Baur of Yale Uni- versit}^ Professor J. R. Wheeler of Columbia University, Professor G. H. Chase of Harvard University', and many others who have not only afforded me every opportunity of studying the bronzes in their charge, but have often furnished me with helpful information and counsel. Above all, I am deeply indebted for the constant advice and valuable criticism given me by the Director, Dr. Edward Robinson, who has gone through the whole catalogue both in manuscript and in proof. I wish also to acknowledge my many obligations to the other members of the staff who have assisted me in various ways. In the classification of the Cypriote bronzes I have followed throughout that adopted by Professor John L. Myres and published in his Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from C^'prus, 1914. GiSELA M. A. RiCHTER. Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION Characteristics of Greek Bronzes The Bronze Age Alloying of Bronze Technical Processes of Bronze-\\'i>rking ix Antiolttv . Patina The Bronze Disease SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY CATALOGUE OF BRONZES I Statues, Statlettes, and Reliefs Pre-Classical Period, before Seventh Century B. C. Archaic Period, Seventh Century to Beginning of Fifth Century B. C Transitional Period, about 4S0 to 450 B. C Fine Period, Second Half of Fifth Century B. C. . Fourth Century B. C Third to First Century B. C Italiote and Etruscan Roman Period, End of First Century B. C. to Third Cen- tury A. D. (Material arranged according to subjects) Zeus Hera . Poseidon Apollo Artemis Athena Aphrodite Eros PAGE V xni x^' xvii xvni xxvu xxxii XXXV 3 6 7 47 55 64 70 92 1 10 1 10 1 12 1 12 "4 "5 "5 117 119 IX TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I Statues, Statuettes, and Reliefs. Roman Period. — Continued. Hermes I2I Dionysos, Seilenoi, and Satyrs 125 Herakles 127 Miscellaneous Divinities 128 Priests 134 Grotesques 136 Male Figures, not Divinities 138 Portraits 142 Female Figures, not Divinities 160 Children 160 Animals 162 II Implements and Utensils (i) Tomb Groups 177 Vases and Implements found near Monteleone in the same tomb as the Etruscan Chariot — middle of sixth century B. C 177 Vases found in a tomb at Civita Castellana, about 500 B. C 180 Vases and Implements found in a tomb at Bolsena, fourth to third century ]^. C 180 (2) Vases and Kitchen Utensils 182 Jugs and Bottles 182 Water-jars igy Cups, Bowls, and Plates ig8 Cauldrons, Pails, etc 222 Stramers 229 Ladles 232 Miscellaneous Utensils (Fire Shovels, Meat-hook, Grates, Fire-dogs, Andirons, Fire-tongs, Fire-rakes, Spits, etc.) 2T,z Vase Handles 241 (3) Toilet Articles and Personal Ornaments ... 251 Mirrors 2qi Cistae or Toilet-boxes 290 Strigils or Skin-scrapers 293 Razors 298 X TABLE OF CON rENTS II Implements and Utensils. — Continued. PAGE Rings for Bath Implements 29S Dippmg Rods for Cosmetics . ■ 299 Tweezers 300 Pins 302 I'lbulae or Safet}'-pins • 307 Buckles .I.1O Necklaces ."» :> ^ Bracelets. ■ 55(> Rings. 3r- Earrings . 344 Pendants 345 (4) Flirniture and P Tripods . .ARTS OF Furniture 345 345 Parts of Furniture ■ 34S Table 355 Spout 356 Fastenings (Nails, Hinges, Hasps, Holdfasts, Lt )cks , and Keys) 35^' (5) Lighting Utensils Candle-holders and Lamp-stands Lamps Saucer from ThAniiatenon or Incense-burner Lamp-hook 365 365 577 381 382 (6) Arms and Armor 382 Dagger-blades . 3 82 Spear-heads . 393 Butt-spikes . 398 Swords 399 Arrow-heads. 403 Shields . . 408 Helmets . 410 Cuirasses. 420 Armored Belts . 422 Greaves . 4^5 (7) Horses I rappings Horse-bits 426 426 Muzzle . . . . 428 XI TABLE OF CONTENTS II Implements and Utensils. — Continued. (8) Tools . Axe-heads Chisels Awls . Sickles Knives Needles Netting-Needles Miscellaneous Tools (9) Weighing Implements Steel\'ard (loj Writing Materlals . St^li Inkstands (?) (II) Surgical Instruments Pfobes .... Spatulae .... Spoon Probes Scalpels or Bistouries fi2) Musical Instruments Sistrum .... C\'nibals ..... (13) Miscellaneous Oujecis Ingot Parts of Sceptres or Mace Shepherd's Crooks . Socketed Implements Kottabos Dikast's Ticket . Bells - Portion of a Chain . Buttons .... Objects of Uncertain and \'otive Use xii INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK BRONZES AREPRESENTATI\ E collection of ancient bronzes forms a point of departure for the studv of ancient art in general; for in it L we find the expression both of high art and of decorati\e art. The statues and statuettes teach us the development of the history of sculpture, while the utensils and implements show ever\"where evidence of the strong decorative instinct of the ancients. Today we are satisfied when each implement is made in such a wa\- as to serve best the purpose for which It was made; but with the Greeks, and later with their Roman successors, the utility of an object was not enough, the artistic sense had also to be satisfied, and thus the humblest object of dail)- life was often transformed into a work of art. Moreover, bronze plaved a much more important role in antiquity than it plan's with us, for it was used for a large variet\" of objects for which we emplo}" diflerent materials. Nowada^'s our kitchen pots and pans are comm.only ot aluminium and tin; our table service is of china and glass; the fittings of our furniture are of iron, steel, and brass; our swords and daggers are of steel, as are also most of our tools. But for all such articles bronze was one of the chief materials emploved hv the ancients. A col- lection of ancient bronzes has therefore quite a different significance from that which a collection of modern bronzes would have. It can give us a vivid picture of the life of the Greeks and Romans bv making us see the sort of objects b\" which the}- were surrounded and the kind of implements with which the}' used to perform their dail}- work. Furthermore, his- toricall}- bronze occupies a unique position. During a period of almost two thousand }'ears, that is, during the so-called Bronze Age (see p. xv), man went through a certain stage of ci^■ilization, the chief characteristic of which was that his tools were no longer of stone and not }'et ot iron, xJii INTRODUCTION but were made of bronze — a fact which is of supreme importance in the dating ot prehistoric tombs. It is a truism to state that Greek art has exercised an indelible mflu- ence on all subsequent European art. Conscioush' or unconsciously, architects, sculptors, and decorators have been feeling this influence ever since the great creative periods of Greek history. What role have Greek bronzes played in this phenomenon.'' Even a cursory glance at a collec- tion of Renaissance bronzes will show how deeply the metal-worker of that period felt the influence of his Greek predecessor. In fact, at that time so great was the admiration meted out to ancient art that many of the Greek works then known were copied directly over and over again without an}' attempt at adaptation. And in modern times we continu- ally find motives familiar through Greek bronzes utilized in the production of sculptural and decorative work. Moreover, many of the technical processes m use today are essentially the same as those employed by the Greeks and Romans. With this similarity of composition between ancient bronzes on the one hand and Renaissance and modern bronzes on the other, the question arises, How can we alwa}-s distinguish works of these several periods from one another? The diff^erence is chiefl}' one of conception and of style. In Renaissance and modern sculpture there is an element of intimacy and of individuality which never appears in ancient work; for Greek work, even in its most realistic periods, remains impersonal. To the Greek artist, the modelling of the human body in rest and in motion, the impart- ing of vitality to his figures, the creation of harmonious flowing lines in his compositions, were the ideals to be attained in sculptural art. He was the greatest exponent of art for art's sake; he never tried to teach a moral lesson in his work, and the expression of religious and emotional feeling or the embodiment of ideas, which was the chief concern of the artist of the later periods, was outside his ken. The Greek artist was, in fact, not so much interested in studying the individual varieties of human nature, as in trying to produce the Greek ideal of man — athletic, graceful, well-balanced, and serene. That this is a type and not a faithful por- tra3'al of nature may or may not be so. It is possible that the Greek men and women were as physically perfect as the Greek artist of the fine periods represented them. But even in that case, and though the modelling be truthful and realistic in its details, the conception of the whole was inspired, we feel, by abstract considerations of beaut\-. This does not mean that there is not an infinite variety in Greek sculptural xiv INTRODUCTION art — hut the variet}' was governed h\- certain accepted laws developed along definite channels. It was reserved for the modern artist to approach nature unhampered by rules and traditions and to interpret her according to his own free individuality. Tcchnicall)-, there are also a few points to remember which distinguish ancient bronzes from Renaissance or modern products. The ancient patina is natural, and not artificial as is that of the later specimens. In the case ot some modern forgeries the ancient patina has been imitated b}- paint. In that case it can easily be removed by alcohol; if, however, it has been produced chemically, it will, like the ancient patina, remain unaffected by alcohol. The copies of antique torsos prevalent among Renaissance bronzes as well as in our own times, were, of course, cast as fragments and consequently have smooth breaks; a Greek work was never conceu'ed in a mutilated condition and the breaks are alwa^'s genuine fractures with raw edges. A modern forgery can often be detected easily by the fact that it is made of brass, which is considerably yellower in tone than bronze. It must be remembered, however, that brass vvas used in Roman times, and therefore for that period this is not a final test. The chief difference, however, between a genuine Greek bronze and a forger}' is of course stylistic. The modern forger, even if consistent from the archaeological point of view, hardl)' ever succeeds in keeping out of his creations a certain feeling of self-consciousness, which is totall}' foreign to the Greek spirit and imme- diately betra^'S its origin. THE BRONZE AGE Though once a subject of eager controversy, it is now universally admitted that in the ancient world there was a Bronze Age which suc- ceeded a Stone Age and preceded an Iron Age. Such arguments as that the temperature to \vhich it is required to raise copper to separate it from its ore is much higher than that of iron, and therefore iron would be more easil}' obtained hv primitive man, or that the ornamentation on some primitive bronzes could have been produced only by iron tools, have had to 3'ield to the ovenvhelming evidence of excavations. These have shown over and over again that above the strata containing stone tools come the strata in which implements are alwa\'s of bronze (or copper) and never of iron; and that these strata in their turn are succeeded by others in which iron utensils make their appearance. It is true that iron, when exca- XV INTRODUCTION vated, IS genenill}^ in a very corroded condition, while bronze, covered by a protectn'c patina, is mostl\- found well preserved, but it would be alto- gether impossible to assume that all iron before a certain period had en- tirely disappeared and after that time was quite often preserved. It must, however, be remembered that the Bronze Age neither began nor ended at the same time in all localities. To confine ourselves here merely to the Greek world, the Bronze Age seems to have made its appearance first at the beginning of the third millennium B. C, that is, about 3000- 2800. The lower limit can roughl}' be placed toward the end of the second millennium, about 1 200-1000 B. C. During this long period, covering almost two thousand years, weapons and tools are of bronze or copper, and iron is unknown. When iron was at last introduced, it rapidly usurped the place of bronze for all purposes in which its greater hardness and cutting power made it preferable; but bronze retained its place in many fields, where these qualities were not essential. Bronze being an alloy of copper and tin, it is natural that there should have been a transition stage when pure copper (or copper with only the slight admixture of other metals due to a mixed ore) was used. In C^'prus, Hungary, the Lake DweUings, and many other places we find that in the earliest strata of the "Bronze Age" the implements are of copper, not of bronze (cf. p. 382). In Egypt, though copper was used in the Old King- dom, bronze does not apparenth' occur until the Middle Kingdom (cf. J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt, 2nd edition, p. 93; W. M. Flinders Petrie, The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt, p. 100). But copper unalloj'ed was not hard enough to prove satisfactor}- for most purposes; and when once the great discover}^ was made that b}' mixing copper with tin, a substance was produced which had in every wa)' superior quahfications, the place of bronze was assured. For bronze is not onlv considerably harder than copper, but it is more fusible and thus better suited for casting. H. Bliimner, Technologic und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Kunste, IV, pp. 57 ff., enumerates the places from which copper was obtained by the ancients. This information is derived both from the writino-s of classical authors and from the remains of ancient copper mines. The list is a long one, including localities in most parts of the Greek and Roman world. Especially famous were the mines of Cyprus, and from the name of that island the name of the metal is derived. Tin does not seem to have been so plentiful (cf. Bliimner, op. cit. IV, pp. 81 ff.), and many bronze- workers must have been dependent on its acquisition b;- trade. We know that the Phoenicians in their time carried on an active commerce xvi INTRODUCTION in that article; and with our present knowledge of the extent of Cretan trade in the preceding period, it is no longer a matter of surprise that tin could he distrihuted throughout the ancient world. ALLOYING OF BRONZE With regard to the alloying of bronze we have a considerable amount of ancient literature (cf. H. Bliimner, Technologic und Terminologie, IV, pp. iSoiF.). Pliny distinguishes three varieties of Greek bronze — Delian, Aeginetan, and Corinthian — and tells for what each was chiefly used. Of these, Corinthian bronze seems to have been the most admired, and an extraordinary story was current of how it was first produced by accident. " We are told that at the sack of Corinth by Mummius in B. C. 146 a num- ber of statues of bronze, silver, and gold were melted by the heat of the conflagration and combined into one molten stream of metal. This was of such beauty that the receipt was henceforth used for Corinthian bronzes. All such accounts cannot be taken seriousl}^ nowadays; the}^ were probably- based merel}^ on the current popular behefs of the time. The onl)^ trust- worthy information that can be obtained on this subject is from anal) ses of the ancient bronzes themselves. A certain number of such analyses have been made and published (cf. Bliimner, op. cit., pp. 188 ff".; H. Schliemann, Tiryns, p. 171; Ilios, p. 251; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, p. XXVIII); hut few definite results have as 3'et been established, and it has not been possible in any way to identif}^ with specific alloys the various kinds of bronze mentioned b\'' ancient authorities. It appears, however, that the proportion ot tin was less in the earliest bronzes than it became later. Thus, some axes from Tro}' contain only 3.84 to 5.70% of tin. Mycenaean bronzes already show a larger amount (about 10 to 13%). In Greek bronze vessels the proportion of tin is generally 10 to i4':'o ^rid in coins from 2 to 17%. In mirrors the proportion of tin IS generally higher than in other bronzes (from 19 to 32%). After the earliest period we also find traces of other metals, such as lead, iron, nickel, silver, and gold, diiFerent mixtures being probably used for special purposes. In fact, it was probably in this wa}^ that the ancients varied the appearance ot their bronzes; for, as we shall see later (pp. xxvii tf.), the various colored patinas that we see today on ancient bronzes were not intentional with the makers, but later additions due to atmospheric and chemical effects. In Roman times a white metal, consisting of seventy-six parts of cop- xvii INTRODUCTION per, seven parts of tin, sixteen of lead, and one of zinc and iron, was pop- ular. At that period brass (opet'xaXh'os, orichalcum) appears also to have been produced for the first time by the addition of zinc (about 1-28%), the slight traces of zinc sometimes found in earlier bronzes being appar- ently due to a mixed ore. TECHNICAL PROCESSES OE BRONZE-WORKING IN ANTIQUITY Since bronze occupied so important a position in ancient times, it was natural that bronze-workers developed an extraordinar}' facilit}^ m ma- nipulating this material. In fact, in spite of our increased technical re- sources, we could hardly produce nowadaj's work of the same delicacy and finish as is shown in some of the ancient examples. Casting In order to fashion the bronze into the required forms the ancients used two methods, casting and hammering. The knowledge of solid cast- ing goes back to very early times — earlier than the Greeks themselves realized, for they ascribed the invention of metal casting to the Samian artists Rhoikos and Theodoros, who lived in the seventh centur}" B.C. (cf.' Pausanias, VIII, 14, 8; IX, 41, i; X, 38, 5); but in Egypt this proc- ess was in use at least as early as the XI Djmasty, and we possess several statuettes of Mycenaean and geometric origin undoubtedly produced by casting.- The methods of ancient casting are ascertained chiefly from a study of the monuments themselves and an investigation of the processes in use today; for the scant literary evidence at our disposal gives us prac- tically no details (cf. H. Bliimner, Technologic und Terminologie, IV, p. 279; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, p XXXII f.). Both in solid and in hollow casting the Greeks apparently used the so- called cire-perdu process, which is still employed in a modified form at the present day as giving better results than the method of casting from sand moulds. Solid casting was comparatively simple. The object to be cast was first modelled in wax, and then surrounded with a mixture of clay and sand which formed a kind of mantle. When this was thoroughly dry, an opening was made at an appropriate place and the whole heated until all the wax melted awa}'. The molten metal was then poured in, a few vent holes having previously been made in the mantle to allow for the escape of the air. After cooling, the mantle was broken up and the xviii INTRODUCTION bronze was ready for the finishing touches. But bronzes cast soHd had the obvious disadvantage of using up a great deal of material and being of great weight, at least if the object was to be of considerable size. Hol- low casting must therefore have been invented at an earl}^ date. It is uncertam how far back this process goes, but at least we know that throughout classical times it was in constant use, side b^^ side with the solid casting, which was retained for smaller objects, being simpler and quicker. In our collection by far the majority of the statuettes are cast solid; the larger pieces, however, such as the running Eros (No. 131), the Aphrodite (No. 121), the Camillus (No. 271), the Kybele (No. 258), and the portrait-heads and statues (Nos. 325, 330, 333, 335, 350), are all hollow. The process of hollow castmg as used b}^ the Greeks was apparently as follows: A core ot clay or plaster was surrounded with a la\'er of wax, which was modelled in the shape of the required statue and made the same thickness that the bronze was to be. Before the application of the outer mantle, wax rods, to act as future gates and vents, were probably attached to the figure, in the same way that the}' are nowadays; for one of the difficulties of bronze casting is that the metal cools quickl\- and therefore has to be conve\'ed to the various cavities through several chan- nels at the same time. Moreover, in order to keep the interior core from becoming displaced on the disappearance of the wax, metal rods were inserted, which pierced through the wax, joining the core to the mantle. When the outer mantle had been added, the whole was treated as in solid casting, that is, it was heated in a furnace until the wax all disappeared, whereupon the liquid bronze was poured in, which now occupied onl}' the spaces left vacant b}' the molten wax instead of the whole interior. When the mantle was broken up there emerged the bronze, from which had to be removed the inside core, the rods which had been inserted to keep the core in place, and the gates and vents, which were now of bronze.^ Also, any defects of casting caused b}' air-bubbles and other accidents had to be repaired, generalh' b}^ means of small patches, such as are still visible on many ancient bronze works (cf. e. g., Nos. 271, 335, 350, 440 in our collection; and W. Deonna, Daremberg et Saglio, Dicnonnaire, statuana, p. 1490J. The chief difference between this process and the similar methods in use at present is that nowada}"s,' instead of modelling the wax over the ' I want here to acknowledge the great kindness of Mr. R. Bertelh, who showed me over his bronze foundry, the Roman Bronze Works, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and explained all the various stages of the process in use there. xix INTRODUCTION core (or entire in the case of solid casting), a mould of plaster or gelatine IS first taken of the original model, and from this, which shows all the details ot the model in reverse, the wax model is obtained. By multi- ph'ing the number of moulds any number of wax models can be made. These, indeed, are often retouched b}^ the artist before they are cast in bronze, but the work is infinitely simpler than having to model the wax all over again for every new replica. E. Pernice has convincingly shown (cf. Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, VII, 1904, pp. 154 ff.) that until Hellen- istic times (end of fourth centurv) Greek bronzes were always cast in the somewhat laborious manner described above; but that from that time onward the casting from moulds must have been learned, for not only do we sometimes find the several ornaments of a utensil so identical in all particulars that they can only have been made from the same mould; but actual moulds which must have been used for metal casting and some bronzes showing the seams of the moulds have been found (cf. Pernice, op. cit., p. 158). It is, further interesting to observe that even at the time when this simpler process was known, the older one was often prac- tised (cf. Pernice, op. cit., p. 175). It follows, therefore, that in earlier Greek art every bronze piece, whether statue, statuette, or simple orna- ment, is an original work. And it is characteristic of the love of the Greeks for originality and their instinctive aversion to mechanical w-ork that even later, when they could avail themselves of the simpler process, they often preferred to model each specimen afresh. An examination of the examples in our collection bears out the truth of these statements. All pairs of handles, attachments, or ornaments, all feet from furniture, cauldrons, etc., if dating from pre-Hellenistic times, invariably show slight differences in design or measurements which make it impossible that the}' should have been cast from the same mould (cf. Nos. 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 91, 92, 108, 109, 533, 534, 538, 621, 624, 1182-1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191. Of these some still adhere to the utensil to which they belong; others are separate pieces). Similar objects of the Hellenistic or Roman period are often likewise not dupli- cates (cf. Nos. 247, 248, 406, 407, 408, 409, 723, 724); but occasionally are clearly cast from the same mould (cf. Nos. 249, 250). It used to be supposed that open stone moulds were sometimes used for bronze casting, several such moulds having actually been found, some provided with casting channels. (Besides those referred to by E. Per- nice, Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, VII, 1904, pp. 180 ff., cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. Ill, 67.) E. Pernice (loc. cit.), however, has proved by XX INTRODUCTION means ot actual experiments, that a metal like bronze could not have been cast directl)' in such moulds; but that the moulds must ha\e served either tor lead casting, or for pouring in molten wax for the formation of models later transformed into bronze by means of the cire perdu process, or for hammering tiiin plates of gold. It should be noted that on a red-figured kvlix in the Berlin Museum is a representation ot a bronze foundry (A. Furtwangler, Berliner A asen- sammlung, No. 2294). We learn from this that large statues were cast in separate pieces, which were afterward welded together. This evidence is borne out by an examination ot the ancient statues themselves, which shows that throughout Greek and Roman times statues were not cast all in one piece, the head, as well as other parts of the bod\', being gen- erall}' made separately (cf. E. Pernice, Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, XI, 1 90S, pp. 212 ff. ; W. Deonna, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, statuaria, p. 1490; cf. also in this connection the statuette No. 127, in which both forearms were made separately). Mareover, during the later periods it seems also to have been customary to cast the head itselt in more than one piece (cf. Pernice, loc. cit.). The process of hammering bronze into thin plates of various shapes Hammerii was known in Greek lands as far back as the second cit\- of Troy, that is, the third millennium B. C, when we find it used with great skill for the fashioning of vessels (cf. H. Schmidt, Schlieniann's Sammlung trojan- ischer Altertiimer, Nos. 5817 tf.). The earliest bronze statues of the Greeks were apparently made by hammering, the several parts being joined b}' rivets. And even when this technique was abandoned for statues in favor of the casting process, it was retained for pro- ducing bronze vessels. The hammering could be done either free-hand or over a model. In the former process the metal was worked from the inside; m the latter, from the outside. Graduall}^ the Greeks attained great proficiency in this technique and were able to hammer large objects out of one piece of metal. But the most remarkable work was achieved b}' them in their repousse reliefs, which surpass everything of the kind that has since been produced. The process seems to have been as toUows: The design of the relief was first traced out with a needle on the back side of a bronze plate. The plate was then heated and hammered out over lead or pitch. By reversing the plate and continuing to heat it parts of the relief could be hammered back, and this operation was repeated several times until the design was completed. In ancient times repousse reliefs were popularl\" used for the decora- xxi INTRODUCTION tion of furniture and other objects. In this museum we have a magnif- icent example of such work in the Etruscan Chariot (No. 40J, the body of which was made of wood, and the exterior entirely sheathed with bronze repousse plates. Other splendid examples are the series of Greek mirror- covers (Nos. 757 ff.), in some of which the relief is so high and the bronze so thin that it must have required extraordinary skill to attain this result without breaking the bronze. Compare also the reliefs Nos. 94, 108, 109, III, 112, 135, and the bowls Nos. 535, 536. Hammering was not employed merel}^ for producing thin plates of metal, but also for shaping the bronzes into all manner of forms; for bronze, like iron, could be forged with the help of great heat. Accord- ingl}^ we find that tools and utensils as well as bronze wire and chains were produced in this manner. Soldering It has already been pointed out that bronze statues were not made all in one piece. Similarly bronze vessels and utensils — whether cast or hammered — generall}^ had their handles, feet, or other attachments made in separate pieces. For joining these various parts the ancients used two methods, riveting and soldering. The former was the earlier and was employed on the primitive Greek statues made of hammered bronze plates; but even later, when soldering became a common practice, attach- ments of utensils were often fastened b}^ means of rivets. The ancients were acquainted both with soft soldering, b}^ means of tin, and hard soldering, by means of a copper alloy (cf. H. Bliimner, Technologie und Terminologie, IV, pp. 290 ff.; E. Pernice, Jahrbuch des deutschen arch- aologischen Instituts, XVI, 1901, pp. 62 ff.). Tin soldering was the method most generally employed, and since the tin becomes easily dis- integrated, bronze pieces so joined have in many cases become detached. This circumstance, as well as the fact that the bodies of utensils were commonly made of very thin bronze, while the attachments were cast much thicker, accounts for the fact that so many single handles and other parts of vessels, etc., have been found, without the objects to which they were joined. Engraving The various operations described above all relate to the actual fash- ioning of the bronze into the required shapes. There are a number of other technical processes which were practised by the ancients with a view to decorating the bronzes after their forms were finished. Of these the most important, and one in which they acquired consummate skill, is that of engraving. In the earlier works this art was hampered by inadequate tools; for xxii INTRODUCTION bronze has not sufficient hardness to serve well as a cutting instrument. But in the seventh century B. C. the invention was made of producing iron tools of steel-like hardness, and from this the art of engraving received a great impulse (cf. E. Pernice, Zeitschrift fur Bildende Kunst, XXI, 1910, p. 223). It was used both for details on statues and utensils and for independent compositions. Thus on statues, statuettes, and reliefs the hair is often represented by delicately incised lines; so are the folds and ornaments on the garments, and anv other accessories that could be appropriately treated in this manner. Moreover, on utensils and imple- ments we frequently find decorative borders or ornaments rendered by engraving. Fine examples of such incised work are in our collection, above all, the Etruscan chariot (No. 40), on which the relief decorations are everywhere ornamented with engravings of wonderful delicac)' and precision. For other noteworthy examples cf. the ornaments on the garment of the Etruscan female statuette. No. 56, and the rendering of hair and other details on Nos. 61, 62, 63, 106, 107, 760, 765. These are onl)- a few of the more important examples; it is impossible to enumerate all, for the tool of the engraver has left its mark on the majority of the better-w^orked bronzes. Of even greater artistic value than such detail work are the independent incised compositions. These are found chiefly on the Etruscan cistae, and on Etruscan and Greek mirrors. On the Etruscan mirrors the\' regularly occupy the back of the mirror disk (cf. Nos. 797 ff. ), while on the Greek specimens the^' are onl\- occasionall\- found on the inside of mirror covers (cf. e. g. No. 760). For other incised scenes m our col- lection not on cistae or mirrors, ct. the bowls Nos. 535, 536, and the plaque No. 126. The tools and methods emplo\'ed for engraving by the ancients appear to have been of considerable variet)' (cf. H. Bliimner, Technologic und Terminologie, I\', pp. 275 ff.). The most important tool was a chisel with a sharp point, with which could be incised either a continuous line, or a punctured line (consisting ot consecutive dots). The other tools most frequently used were apparentl}' a flat chisel and punches of dif- ferent outlines, which were pressed into the bronze with tlie help of a ham- mer. It is not certain whether these tools were used chiefl}' tree-hand or with the help of a tread-wheel. Some of the decorations, such as the concentric circles on the mirrors Nos. 7S0 ff., could have been produced onl}' with the turner's lathe (cf. E. Pernice, Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, VHI, 1905, pp. 51 ff.). xxiii Inlaying INTRODUCTION It has been a subject of discussion in what manner the engravings on the cistae and mirrors were produced, whether b_v incisions with a pointed tool, or hammered in with a chisel, or by etching (cf. G. Matthies, Die praenestinischen Spiegel, pp. 17 ff". and the references cited on p. 17, Note i). Here it can only be stated that the observations made by G. Matthies (loc. cit.), which led him to the conclusion that the lines were made by an engraver's sharp tool, are borne out b}^ our examples. The engraved lines on our Etruscan examples are of triangular outline and on many (cf. especially Nos. 797, 798, 799, 800, 827) is visible the central shallow hole attributed by Matthies to the mark left by the peg which kept the mirror in position while the right hand held the chisel and the left turned the mirror. Another means of decorating bronzes which was practised b}' the ancients with great success was that of inla}'ing. The object was to gne the bronze a slightly polj'chrome appearance by picking out certain details or by adding decorative borders in various metals or other sub- stances.' This art was known to the Mycenaeans, as is shown by the beautiful inlaid patterns on the swords from Mrcenae; and it was popular with both the Greeks and the Romans. The examples of decorative patterns in inlay work at present known to us date chiefl}' from the Hel- lenistic and Roman times (cf. e. g. Nos. 403 and 121 1 in this collection); but as E. Pernice has pointed out (cf. Zeitschrift fiir Bildende Kunst, XXI, 1910, p. 223), it is possible that such decoration is hidden on some earlier Greek bronzes b}^ the patina. In any case, examples of inlay work in the torm of details picked out in another substance are abundant in classical bronzes of all periods. The substances to be inlaid consisted of other metals (gold, silver, and copper); niello (a blackish substance produced by a mixture of silver, lead, and copper with sulphur); glass paste; precious or semi-precious stones; ivory; and occasionally alabaster, amber, and pearls. The insertion of these substances required slightly different techniques. For the inlay of metals, or damaskeening, as this process is technically known, the pattern was first cut deeply into the bronze, whereupon the little plates or strips of metal were inserted in the grooves and hammered in. No use of riveting or soldering was made, but care was taken to undercut the incisions slightl]-, so that the plates would be kept in place by the protruding edges. The niello technique was rather more complicated. After the sih In this connection it is intcrestin.i; to compare modern Japanese bronzes in wliicli various metals are frequently combined in one figure. XXIV INTRODUCTION copper, lead, and sulphur had been melted together in the required pro- portions and the blackish substance called niello formed, this was ground up, mixed with borax, and applied not onl\' to the incised grooves which were to be inlaid, but all over the surface of the bronze. The whole was then heated over a brazier, so that the niello should adhere to the metal. On cooling, it was carefully scraped from the surface of the bronze and retamed onl)- m the incised pattern, which now appeared a dull black color. The parts of statues and statuettes selected by the ancients for such inlay work are of course those which in nature also stand out as of a dif- ferent color from their background. Thus, in the human bod\' we iind the e^es, the e\'ebrows and lids, the hair and beard, the lips, the teeth, the nails, and the nipples of the breasts so accentuated; on the garments, the borders, the buttons, and such details could be brought out in this manner; and similarly jewelry and attributes lent themsehes admirably to such treatment. For a detailed account of such inlays ct. I. \A leseler, Ueber die Einlegung und \ erzierung von Werken aus Bronze, in Nach- richten der kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, iS86, I, pp. 29 ff., and 1886, X\', pp. 481 ff. Here onl\- a few references can be given to the examples of inlay work in our collection. In a number of our statuettes the eves were inlaid. The materials commonl}' used for this purpose \\ere silver (cf. Nos. no, 131, 133, 134, 270, 271), glass paste (cf. No. 4), and bronze; but occasionalh" ivory (cf. No. 333), amber, alabaster, and precious or semi-precious stones (cf. No. 333) are also found. Frequently the iris and pupil were inlaid in a different material from the whites ot the eyes, which in that case were commonh- retained in bronze; in such cases the irises or pupils are almost alwa^'s missing (cf. Nos. 78, 86, in, 112, 128, 200, 201, 207; 270). In Nos. 40, 121, 330, 1182-1187 the entire eyes have fallen out. The Camillus, No. 271, has copper on the lips and on the bands of the garment. The sceptre-head from C^-prus, No. 1814, shows inlav of red enamel. On the statuette of Poseidon, No. no, the nipples of the breast were inserted separately, but are now missing. On the panther. No. 403, the spots are of silver. On the central panel of the chariot. No. 40, the mouth of Medusa was evidently inlaid, but at present it shows as a mere cavity. The iigure of Kvbele (No. 258) has holes in her ears for the inser- tion of earrings, which wxre probably of gold. But the finest and most elaborate example of such work in our collection is the little statuette of a Mimus, No. 127, which has not onlv silver eyes and teeth, but niello on the hair and beard, as well as on the little buttons of the sleeves; it is indeed a little masterpiece of bronze decorative work. XXV AND Silvering INTRODUCTION Of inlaid ornamental borders the Museum owns two splendid examples — the fine wreath of silver and niello on the base of the panther, No. 403, and the decorations on the bronze bindmgs of the table, No. 121 1, also of silver and niello. A Jour Besides engraving and inlaying there are a few other processes Reliefs occasionally employed by the ancients with the purpose of adding to the general effect of their bronzes. By cutting awa}' pieces of the bronze according to a definite pattern, open-work decorations were obtained (cf. Nos. 1062, 1089-1093 in this collection). Similarly the backgrounds were sometimes cut away from reliefs along both outer and inner con- tours. Such reliefs are generally termed a jour (cf. Nos. 505, 761, 1094). The cutting could be done either with scissors, if the bronze was very thin, or with a chisel and hammer over an anvil (cf. H. Bliimner, Tech- nologie und Terminologie, IV, p. 254 f.). ri be Kvavov aTiKfiovTos). "I wonder," he adds, "whether the ancient masters used a certain mixture or preparation on their bronzes V iap' ovv Kpaais tls r\v Kal 4>app.a^i.s tujv iraXai rtx^'-''''^^ irepl tov x^-'^'^ov). In the discussion that follows, various suggestions are made to explain the presence of the patina b}' phj'sical conditions; for instance, that it is due to the action of the atmosphere which enters the bronze and forces out the rust; or that the bronze itself when it gets old exhales the rust. The scientific value of such theories is, of course, of little account. But it is of great importance that Plutarch in the second centur\' B. C. had no reason to believe in an artificial patina, but clearly decides in favor of a xxix INTRODUCTION patina acquired by natural causes. Also, it follows indirectly that in his own time bronzes were kept in their natural finish; otherwise, why should the Delphic visitors be surprised at the presence of a patina on Greek bronzes? The passage in Pliny (Historia Naturalis, XXXIV, 15) with the most important bearing on this subject runs as follows: "The ancients painted their statues with mineral pitch, which makes it more surprising that they used to gild them. I do not know whether this is a Roman inven- tion, but there are no ancient examples of it in Rome" (Bitumine antiqui tinguebant eas [i. e. the bronze figures], quo magis mirum est placuisse auro integere; hoc nescio an Romanum fuerit inventum, certe etiam Romae non habet vetustatem). Some authorities have quoted this passage as evidence in favor ot the use of an artificial patina. But as E. Pernice has pointed out (Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, XIII, 1910, p. 104), it can be variously interpreted. Pliny may mean that it is surprising that the ancients covered their bronzes with bitumen because the effect was the opposite from that obtained by gilding, or because the bitumen covered the gilding, or because the bitumen gave the same appearance to the bronze as the gilding, and therefore made gilding unnecessary. Pernice decides in favor of the last meaning, basing his argument on experiments made by himself of using pitch diluted with turpentine as a wash on brightly polished bronze. The wash, he claims, increased rather than diminished the brightness of the bronze and at the same time protected the surface from atmospheric effects. This interpretation is further borne out by another remark of Pliny (Historia Naturalis, XXXIV, 99) in which liquid pitch is coupled with oil as a good preventive against the formation of rust on bronze (aera extersa robiginem celerius trahunt, quam neglecta, nisi oleo perunguantur. Servari ea optime in liquida pice tradunt). There are two other passages (XXXV, 182 and XV, 34) in which Pliny speaks of besmearing bronze objects with bitumen or amurca (dregs of oil); but here the purpose is clearly to protect not statues or works of art, but articles of common use, just as we should paint our iron gratings or besmear our brass with vaseline or grease to keep them from getting rusty and tarnished. They have therefore no bearing on the immediate ques- tion. Of greater importance than Pliny's doubtful comments is an inscription from Chios of the fourth century B. C. (quoted by E. Pernice, op. cit., p. 106), in which instructions are given for the restoration of a bronze statue of a tyrannicide. In it the clerks of the market are told to see to XXX INTRODUCTION it that the statue be free from rust (ottojs be KaOapds iov tarai 6 avhpias . .. Hi-txiKuadai. rovs ayopavbp^ovs), and again, the clerk is instructed to see that the statue be provided with a garland and kept bright {kTnp.i\eiapo:dri fig- i- Cast solid. Patina dark green, hard, and smooth. Preservation good. Ace. No. 06.1104. 18 19 20 26 STATUETTE OF A GIRL WALKING (OR DANCING ?) . Her left leg is advanced, and the knees slightly bent. Both arms are held away from the body and bent at the elbow; the hands are open. She wears a closel}' clinging chiton, the folds of which are roughly indicated by incised lines; it is ornamented on the chest by a series of circles. She also wears shoes and has short straight hair. The rendering of the face is primitive and the lines on the chiton show little understanding of the natural fall of folds. Nevertheless, the figure, crude as it is, is full of animation and shows the sincere effort of the artist 12 ARCHAIC PERIOD to express his idea. The workmanship is probahlv archaic Etruscan, of the sixth century B.C. Height, 3r| in. (0.7 cm.). Purchased in IQ13. Described by G. M. A. Rfich- ter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 90. Cast solid. Bro\vn-<;reen patina. No parts missmg, but the surface is corroded in places. Under the right foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Ace. No. 15.225.5. 27 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She is standing with her right leg shglith- ad\'anced and both arms raised. She wears a chiton decorated ^\lth incised star-like ornaments. Her hair is long and hangs loose down her back. 27 Archaic Etruscan, of mediocre execution. Height, 3I in. (8.6 cm.). Purchased probably in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. Both feet, the right forearm, and parts of the fingers of the left hand are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 20. 28 MIRROR-STAND, IN THE FORM OF A NUDE DANCING GIRL, standing, with the left foot slightly advanced, pla}-ing upon a pair of cymbals. She stands upon the back of a large frog which is squatting upon a folding seat of the "camp-stool" t\pe. Upon her head she wears a 13 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS close-fitting cap, decorated with incised cross-hatched lines, and from this rises the mirror-support— a pair of volutes on the front, with a palmette between them, and on the back a pair of volutes only. She also wears a short necklace or torque, with a heart-shaped pendant in front; and a chain or cord hangs over the right shoulder and under the left, with four amulets or jewels attached to it— a crescent and large signet ring (?) in front, and two small indeterminate objects behind. On the upper arms are the hind feet and tails of two .#*'- m ions or sphinxes which served as lateral supports for the mirror. Except for a long lock which falls in front of each ear, she has short hair, which is arranged in ringlets be- low the cap behind. Across the forehead is a row of lightl}^ drilled holes, probably representing curls, though they may indicate a border or ornament on the edge of the cap. This is a characteristic and admirable specimen ot the minor Greek sculpture of the archaic period, dating about the middle of the sixth centut}' B.C. Though easily recognizable as the work of a primitive artist, yet it shows the appreciation of the beauty of nat- ural forms, and the painstaking struggle to express it, which give a peculiar fascination to the work of earh' Greek sculptors. The modelling of the slender body and limbs is superior to that of the head and feet, for while the former displays a fine feeling tor the lines made by the large muscles, as well as tor the relation of muscle to bone, the feet are carelessly, even clumsily modelled, and the head has all the shortcomings of archaism — the ears placed too high in relation to the e)'es, the eyes on nearly the same plane with the forehead instead of being sunk below it, the meaningless smile of the mouth, and the general lack of expression in the countenance. Furtwiingler, who published this figure (see below), noted the curious twist in the body by which the upper part is turned toward the spectator's left. As he says, this must be acci- 14 ARCHAIC PERIOD dental, parti}' because a movement would be foreign to archaic art, in which the whole figure would be facing in one direction, and partl\- because this turn would place the mirror above at an unnatural angle with the base. Although this came from Cyprus, it could hardl}'have originated there, since It shows no affinities with Cj'pnote art as distinguished from the pure Greek art ot the period. It is probably the product of a Peloponnesian school, both from its style and because mirrors of similar design have been found in the Peloponnesos. For a similar figure from Amyklae cf. C. Tsountas, "E^^r^^aepts 'Apxcuo'KoytKrj 1892, pi. I, pp. lo-ii; for another, complete with its mirror, from Hermione in Argolis cf. Flihrer of the Anci- quarium, Munich, edition of 1901, No. 671, pi. \l. For a discussion of our statuette and similar figures cf. G. Korte, Archaologische Studien H. Brunn dargebracht, p. 28. Though the female statuettes which served as mirror-suppoits are more often draped, nude figures, like our example, are not uncommon (ct. W. jXIiiller, Nacktheit und Entbloszung, pp. 142 ff.; C. Praschnicker, Oester- reichische Jahreshefte, X\', 1912, p. 219; to this list T. Wiegand adds an example in Berlin, cf. 73'^'=^ Winckelmannsprogramm, 1913, p. 19, Note 6). Total height, SJ in. (21.9 cm.); height of the figure alone, 7f6 in. (1R.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. AFvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5013. Published: Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVI, 4, where it is said to have been found at Curium in Cyprus (the illustration is from a photograph printed from the wrong side of a negative, and therefore reverses all the details of the figure); G. Ferret and C. Chipiez, Histoire de Fart, III, Phenicie-Cypre, p. 862, fig. 629 (as Phoenician of the Ptolemaic period); S. Reinach, Repertoire, 11, 802, 6; A. Furtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, pp. 265 ff , pi. V. Cast solid. The mirror disk, as well as the larger part of the lateral supports (see above), is missing. When discovered, at least a portion of the mirror itself was still extant. The surface of the figure has been overcleaned to the extent of removing the patina, which has been replaced by an artificial greenish tone; otherwise it is in excellent preservation except that the lower half of one leg of the seat is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 447. 33 PLAQUE with a female figure incised on it and roughl}' cut out in outline. She is turned to the left and wears a chiton. The right arm is extended, the left lowered. She has long hair, a tress of which falls down in front. Archaic period, probably Etruscan. Rough execution. Height, 2r¥in. (7-1 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Said to have been found at Arezzo. Unpublished. Smooth, olive-green patina. The back of the head, the right forearm, the right foot, and the front of the left foot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. T76. Illustrated, p. id. IS STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 34 PLAQUE, similar to the preceding, but with the figure turned to the right. The left hand is extended, the right clasps the drapery. Her chiton is decorated with small crosses. She has long hair with a tress falling down in front. Height, 2^6 1". (6.1 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Said to have been found at Arezzo. UnpubHshed. Smooth, olive-green patina. A piece of the head and both feet are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 179. 33 34 35 36 35 PLAQUE, similar to the precedmg (Nos. 33 and 34), but with a male figure, turned to the left. Both arms are lowered, the right held a little away from the body. He is nude and has long hair. Height, 2I in. (6.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Said to have been found at Arezzo. Unpublished. Smooth, olive-green patina. The right leg from below the calf and the left leg from above the knee are missing; also a few small pieces. Ace. No. G.R. 178. 36 PLAQUE, similar to the preceding, with a male figure turned to the left. His left arm is lowered, the right bent at the elbow. He is nude and wears a head-dress. Height, 2| in. (6.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Said to have been found at Arezzo. Unpublished. The light green patina has been partly removed. Several small pieces are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 177. 16 ARCHAIC PERIOD 40 CHARIOT, ot A\ood (restored) with bronze sheathing and iron tires. The bod\- ot the chariot has a curved high front and straight low sides; all three parts have rounded tops and are solid, not open. It is mounted on two wheels, each of which has nine spokes. The pole was originally somewhat longer; at its upper end has been mounted the }'oke, which has two cur^ atures to fit the necks of the horses. The bronze plates which form the sheathing of the chariot are of ver\' thin bronze and are richl\^ ornamented with reliefs in repousse work with incised details. The chief decoration is on the outer surface of the bod\' ot the chariot and is divided into three panels with a frieze beneath, corre- sponding to the natural divisions made b\' the structure of the chariot. On tlie central panel are represented a man and a woman standing opposite each other and grasping with each hand a large shield and helmet between them. Above, on each side of the helmet, a bird (eagle or hawk) is darting down; while below the shield, and partly covered b}^ it, lies a fawn on its back, apparently dead. The man is bearded and has long hair, arranged in a series of locks, which tall on his shoulder; he wears a short chiton and greaves. The woman wears a long-sleeved chiton and a mantle which is pulled over her head; also a necklace of lotos ilowers. The garments are decorated throughout with elaborate borders and other ornaments incised with the greatest delicac\-; a description of these is unnecessary, as the\' can be clearl}^ seen on the accompan3-ing drawing. The shield is of the so-called Boeotian form, decorated on the upper half with a mask of Medusa, on the lower with that of a lion; along the edge runs a border with spiral ornament, incised. The helmet is "Corinthian" in shape and is surmounted with a ram's head, w^hich serves as the base of the crest; it has likewise an incised ornamental border round the edge. The e)'es and mouth ot the Medusa, the eves of the lion, and those of the man and woman must origi- nalh' have been inlaid, as thev are now mere cavities. The materials inserted were probably ivory and some colored substance, perhaps a vitreous glaze, to distinguish the whites of the eyes from the irises and pupils, and Medusa's teeth from her tongue and lips. On the left panel is represented a warrior victorious in battle. He is thrusting his spear through the body of his opponent who confronts him and whose spear-point is bent against his helmet. At their feet lies a fallen warrior. Above, a bird is flying to one side. The victorious warrior carries a shield of Boeotian form, similar to the one on the central panel, except that the masks of Medusa and the lion are reversed. His body is almost entirely hidden by the shield, but the sleeve of his chiton is 17 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS just visible; he also wears a helmet and greaves. His opponent has a chiton, cuirass, helmet, greaves, and round shield. The cuirass, chiton, and the inside of his shield are elaborately decorated with incised ornaments (see drawing). All the helmets and greaves have ornamented edges. On the left panel is represented a man standing in a chariot of the same shape as the one decorated with this relief, and driving a pair of winged horses, which are apparently rising into the air. He holds a whip and reins in his hands. Beneath the horses is a female figure in a recumbent atti- tude raising one hand as if trying to ward off the hoofs of the horses. As in the other panels the details are carefully incised. Both the (short) chiton of the driver and the (long) chiton of the woman are covered with little ornaments and have decorated borders (see drawing). How are these reliefs to be interpreted.? Have they any relation to one another.? These are questions which have been variously answered by different authorities. Professor A. Furtwangler in his publication of this chariot (cf. Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, pis. 586-587) has with his customary ingenuity found an explana- tion for every incident on the reliefs and interpreted them to form a har- monious whole. According to him, the three reliefs represent scenes from the life of the warrior in whose tomb the chariot was placed. In the central panel he is receiving his arms from his wife before setting out for battle; above are two birds of prey darting on a fawn, which, by way of anticipa- tion, is alread}^ depicted as dead. The fact that the fawn is placed behind the shield shows that the birds are on the warrior's right, which Furt- wangler interprets as signifying a good omen. On the left panel the warrior IS represented victorious in battle, the favor ot the gods being again sig- nified by the bird flying on his right. That he is the same warrior as on the centre scene would appear (so Furtwangler claims) from the fact that he carries a similar shield. On the other side panel is the final scene of this trilogy; the warrior has concluded his life on earth, and in heroized form is being conducted to heaven by two winged steeds; the female figure is the personification of the Eartli which he is leaving. P. Ducati, in an article on this chariot published in the Jahreshefce des oesterreichischen archao- logischen Instituts, XII, 1909, pp. 74 ff., goes one step further. He accepts Furtwangler 's interpretation as to the significance of each scene, but iden- tifies the hero with a definite m)-thological personage, namely Achilles. He accordingly interprets the three scenes as Thetis giving Achilles his armor; the contest of Achilles and Memnon with Antilochos prostrate on the ground; and the deification of Achilles. 18 40 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Nobod}^ will den}' that these interpretations are suggestive, and they will no doubt carr}' conviction with many. But there is another explana- tion which, though perhaps not so interesting, is distinctly more probable. As will be shown later, this chariot is a product of Etruscan art. As is well 40 known, Etruscan art durmg the sixth century was greatly influenced by contemporar^' Greek art, from which it borrowed freeh' for both types and subjects. Now, the representations on the chariot are all stock subjects of archaic Greek art, for which many parallels can be found on black- figured Athenian vases and other monuments. A natural explanation, 20 ARCHAIC PERIOD therefore, seems to be that the Etruscan artist chose three familiar scenes of warhke character as appropriate decorations for his chariot, and fitted them into the space at his disposal as best he could. The scenes are then simph' explained and some of the accessories, which have had to be accounted 40 for by rather far-fetched means, become purel\' decorative motn"es in- troduced to fill up the space, as we find them on Greek vases of the period. The subject represented in the central panel, a warrior receiving his armor from a woman, is familiar from Greek vase-pamtings (see e.g. H.Hej'demann, Griechische Vasenbilder, pi. VI, 4; A. Furtw-angler und R. Reichhold, 21 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Griechische \'asennialerei, pi. 14. For another Etruscan representation of the subject cf. L. A. Milani, Museo archeologico di Firenze, II, pi. XX). The Etruscan artist made his shield and helmet unduly large, probably that they might fill as much of the field as possible; in spite of this there were still awkward spaces left empty, which, in the horror vacui characteristic of the period, he filled up with " Flillornamente " in the shape of two birds and a fawn. For the scene on the left panel — two warriors fighting and one fallen — it is sufficient to mention three close parallels, one on a bronze tripod of the Loeb collection (cf. G. H. Chase, American Journal of Archaeology, XII, 1908, p. 315, fig. 7b), one on the moulded pithos from Sparta (British School Annual, XII, 1905-6, pi. IX), and one on a black-figured vase in Wurzburg (cf. E. Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder, pi. 205). On all these scenes the warrior on the right carries a Boeotian shield while the one on the left has a round shield, so that the argument that the warrior with the Boeotian shield on our chariot is identical with the one on the central panel because of the shape of the shield loses in force. The bird is probabl}^ again purel}' decorative: compare the birds on the contemporarv bronze tripod of the Loeb collection (Chase, op. cit., pi. X) where fl3'ing birds are certainly used purely for space filling. Furtwangler's theory that the man driving a chariot on the right panel is a heroized dead man rests chiefly on the fact that the horses are winged and must therefore be meant for supernatural beings. He compares the representations on Etruscan stelae from Felsina of figures evidently intended for the dead driving chariots with winged horses (cf. Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, pi. I A; J. Martha, L'Art etrusque, pp. 368 ff.). But it is noteworthy that in these stelae the artist found it necessary to make his meaning clear by representing the figure as swathed or by introducing a winged genius as an escort for the journey into the other world, while the horses are often not winged; showing clearly that the mere fact of winged horses has no special significance in this connection. Indeed, there are many instances in Greek and Etruscan art where horses are represented as winged merely to indicate speed (cf. e.g. Museo Etrusco Gregoriano II, pi. XXXVI, 3a; and Pausan- ias' description of the chest of Kj'pselos (Frazer's Translation, V, xvii, 7), where he mentions that the horses of Pelops are winged). On this subject see also F. Studniczka, Athenische Mitteilungen, 1899, p. 370; and Monu- menti antichi XV, p. 214, fig. 90, where are figured two chariots of the same type as the one we are describing, and where one pair of horses have wings, the other not. Nor is the identification of the recumbent female figure with a per- 22 40 DRAWING OF THE DECORATIONS ON THE CHARIOT Ml I A ARCHAIC PERIOD sonification of Earth conMncmg. A fi(;ure m exactl}- the same attitude occurs beneath t\vo impetuous horsemen on a siKer rehef from Perugia in the British Museum (ct. E. Petersen, Bronzen \on Perugia in Romische Mitteilungen, IX, 1894, p. 3 1 4' fig- -I '• Here the horses are not winged and the identifica- tion of tiie recumbent figure with Earth seems impossible; but the representa- tions are so sunilar that their interpretation must be the same. Petersen (loc. cit.) thinks the figure on the Perugia rehef is a fallen Amazon. It seems more likel\' that we ha\'e here again a con\enient device tor filling up an awkward space. Besides these principal reliefs, there are a number of minor decorations on the chariot: — Bet^^een the panels on each side is introduced a nude male figure of the "Apollo"" t)"pe in high relief, surmounted b}' a round boss. On the lower border of the central panel are two couchant rams in the middle, and a couchant lion at each end. Beneath the three panels, forming the outside decoration ot the floor of the chariot, runs a frieze with animals and other figures in low reliei. On the left are a centaur carrying a branch ot a tree from which a hare is suspended (cf. P. \ . C. Baur, Centaurs in Ancient Art, p. 97); a winged human figure; and a }"outh holding a panther. The central portion is missing. On the right are a lion attacking a bull, and a lion attacking a stag. The ends of the axles are decorated with lions" heads. The pole has at the lower end the fore part of a boar, while its upper end is fashioned in the form of an eagle "s head. The e\'es of both the boar and the eagle appear to have been inlaid. Lastly, the 3 oke terminates at each end in the head of an animal (lion .'1. All these decorative motives are more or less familiar in archaic Greek art. This is the onlv complete ancient bronze chariot at present known and constitutes one of the most important examples of ancient repousse work. As regards its origin, first its shape and then the st)-le of its decorations must be considered. The body of the chariot, as alread}' described, has a curved high front and straight low sides, all three parts being solid and having rounded tops. Analogies for this shape of chariot will be found in the following monuments, which, it will be noted, all came from Etruria: 1. Gold rings from Etruria of the "Italo-Ionic" class, dated about 600 B.C. (see A. Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, I, pi. MI, 1-5, and III, pp. 84ff.j. 2. Black-figured "Italo-Ionic" vases of which the provenance is general!}- known to be Etruria; cf. A. Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, III, pp.85 ff., fig. 59; Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1904, p. 61, fig. 1; J. Sieveking und R. Hack], Die kgl. Vasensammlung zu Mlinchen, I, 838, p. loi; and 25 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEES others enumerated by H. Nachod, Der Rennwagen bei den Italikern, P- 5^- 3. Archaic terracotta rehefs from Etruria; cf. G. Pellegrini in L. A. Milani, Studi e Materiah, I, p. 96, tig. 4 (from Toscanella and now in the Louvre); p. loi, fig. 8 (from Velletri, now in the Naples Museum); p. 103, fig. 9 (part of preceding frieze); also A. Eurtwangler, Antiquarium zu Mtinchen, Beschreibung, 1908, p. 17, Nos. 914-915 (914 is an exact dupli- cate of the one illustrated in Milani, op. cit. I, p. 96, fig. 4) ; and Monumenti antichi, XV, p. 214, fig. 90. 4. Bronze relief from the base of an archaic Etruscan figure from the Tomba d 'Iside; cf. G. Micali, Monumenti inediti, 6. On Ionian monuments from Asia Minor, for instance on the Klazomenai sarcophagi, a similar form of chariot is found, but with open instead of solid sides; while the examples on the Athenian black-figured vases are of quite a different type. As regards the shape, therefore, our chariot is most closel}^ connected with monuments from Etruria executed under Ionic Greek influence. The wheels with nine spokes, like those of our chariot, are unusual. For a chariot also with nine-spoked wheels see a miniature example from Bactria in the British Museum (cf. O. Nuoffer, Der Rennwagen imAltertum, pi. 8, 48). On Asiatic and Ionic chariots the number of spokes is generally six, eight, ten, and twelve, while the archaic Greek chariots of the mainland ha\'e onl\^ four spokes. The high number of spokes in our chariot there- fore brings It in connection with the Ionian class. The st}'le of the decorations confirms this evidence of an Etruscan exe- cution under Ionic Greek influence. The figures are all more or less con- ventional without that lifelike animation which characterizes all Greek work. Moreover, there are many inaccuracies of detail, and the adapta- tion of the figures to the spaces the}^ decorate shows that lack of dexterity which we should expect from an Etruscan imitator. The beauty and rich- ness of the incised decorations are only another argument for the Etruscan origin, for it was just in such decorative work that the Etruscans are known to have excelled. G. H. Chase, in his publication of the Loeb Tripods in the American Journal of Archaeology, XII, 1908, pp. 3 12 ff., deals fully with the question of Greek or Etruscan workmanship of this chariot and decides in favor of the latter. Indeed, the most convincing argument for its being Etruscan is a comparison between it and these tripods, which are contempo- rary works of the same technique. Though just as archaic in character, the scenes on the tripods show a freshness, vitalit}', and facility of composition 26 ARCHAIC PERIOD which leave no doubt of their Greek origin. In fact, it must have been such works as these tripods, either imported from Ionia or made b\' Ionian artists in Etruria, that served as models for contemporarr Etruscan art. On the Etruscan origin of the chariot see also E. R[obinson], Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, 1906, May, p. 82 f. Furtwangler in Brunn-Bruckmann, 40 Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skidptur, pis. 586-^87, argues in favor of an Ionic Greek workmanship. Closely allied in style to the decorations of our chariot are the fragments from another Etruscan chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums (cf. E. Petersen, Athenische Mitteilungen, IX, 1894, pp. 253 ff. ; A. Furtwangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler, pis. 588, 589). Compare also some chariot fragments of the same style and technique from Capua (W. Froehner, Collection Dutuit, II, p. 199, No. 250, pis. 190-195). The date of the chariot is fixed not onl\' on st\distic grounds, but b}' two Attic black-figured vases found in the same tomb (see p. 177). They are kylikes of the Kleinmeister type dating from about tlie middle 27 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS of the sixth centur\-, and it is to this period that the chariot itself must belong. The chariot was put together in this Museum from a heap of frag- ments. Its reconstruction is apparently correct. The pole, however, as has already been mentioned, was considerably longer, which would bring the yoke higher up from the ground and thus make it fit average- sized horses. For the obvious convenience of not having too large a 40 case, the pole was not reconstructed to its tull length, turtwangler m his publication doubts the correctness of the lions' heads at the ends ot the axle; but similar heads occur on a miniature chariot of Etruscan origin (ct. Museo Etrusco Gregonano, pi. LXXIV, 11), so that their place seems assured. The inside rim ot the central panel appears to have been decorated with an ivory band; tlie ivory fragments which were found have been mounted separately and are exhibited in the case with the chariot. iMom our modern point of view the chariot seems very small for actual use; but in representations of ancient chariots the proportion of a man to the chariot is the same, and it must be remem- bered that in races, for which such chariots were much used, lightness was one of the principal requirements. In fact, there is no evidence that the Etruscans used chariots for actual warfare. When they are thus represented on Etruscan monuments the scenes are always borrowed from Greek legends. Their chief use was apparently for races and triumphal 28 ARCHAIC PERIOD processions. On this subject see E. Saglio in Daremberg et Saglio, Dic- tionnaire, under currus, p. 1641. Total height of chariot: 4 ft. 3^^ in. (1.309 m.). Front: 2 ft. 'jl in. (S4.S cm.) high, I ft. 7f in. (50.2 cm.) wide. Each side: I ft. 65 in. (47 cm.) high, I ft. 2jin. (37.5 cm.) wide. Each wheel: 2 ft if in. (65.5 cm.) in diameter. Length of pole as restored: 6 ft. 10^ in. (2.9 m.). It was found in 1902 in a tomb near Monteleone, on the ancient Via Cassia, at the foot of a little hill called "II Capitano;" for the other objects found in this tomb see p. 177. It then passed through several hands and was finall}- exported to Pans. \'\ bile there, it was purchased in 1903 by this Museum. When tound, it was in a very fragmentary condition, havmg evidently fallen on 40 its right side after the wood corroded. It arrived at the Museum still in frag- ments and was here cleaned and put together by Charles Balliard. 1 he wood foundation is entirely new, but no new pieces of bronze were inserted. From some remains of the ancient wood still preserved in the wheels it could be de- termined that it w^as walnut. Published by A. Furtwiingler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, pis. 586, 587; P. Ducati, Jahr- eshefte des oesterreichischen archaologischen Instituts, XII, 1909, p. 74; J. OfFord, Revue archeologique, 1904, III, pp. 305-306; F. Barnabei, Nuova Antolo- gia, vol. 194, Marzo-Aprile, 1904, pp.643 ft.; E. Petersen, Romische Mitteilungen, 1904, p. 155 (without illustrations and referred to as perhaps a forgery); E. R[obinson], Museum Bulletin, May, 1906, p. 82 f. (not illustrated;; H. Nachod, Der Rennwagen bei den Italikern, 1909, p. 44; Stuttgarter Antiquitatenzeitung, 1903, No. 51, p. 404; G. H. Chase, American Journal of Archaeology, 190S, pp. 311 ff.; Le Musee, 1904, May-June; Scientific American, November 28, 1903, p. 385; New York Tribune, Illustrated Supplement, October 18, 1903, p. 8 f.; Harold N. Fowler, 1 he Chautauquan, September, 1905, pp. 50 fF. The green patina has been partly removed, exposing the beautiful golden color of the bronze. Ace. No. G.R. 471. 29 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 45 HANDLE OF A \'ASE. The upper attachment, b)' which it was joined to the rim, is decorated in the centre with a female mask, and at each end with the fore part of a hon couchant (the one on the right is missing). The lower attach- ment where the handle was joined to the bod}' ot the vase, is in the form of two human heads in profile, back to back, with a tongue pattern above and two volutes and an inverted palmette below. Greek, sixth century B.C. Height, 5I in. (14. S cm.). Purchased in 1907. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 190S, p. 89, No. 5. Cast. Dark green patina. The only missing part is the right lion from the upper attachment noted above. Ace. No. 07.- 286.103. 45 46 RELIEF OF BOREAS. Boreas, the personification of the North wind, is represented as flying, the attitude being characteristic of early representations of forward motion. He is kneeling on one knee; his right hand is held against his side, the lett is extended and bent sharply at the elbow with hand held open. He has two large wings on his back, which are spread so as to form a background. He wears a short chiton of peculiar shape consisting of a tight-fitting jacket with skirt and short sleeves, ornamented with zigzag lines round the neck, down the front, and round the edges of the sleeves and skirt. He also wears winged shoes and a cap. He IS bearded and has long hair, which hangs down in a broad, flat mass behind and is arranged in a series of spiral curls over the forehead. The base, also in relief, ends m a volute on each side. The modelling of the features is primi- tive, and the muscles of the arms and legs have been unduly accentuated. As is usual in works of this period, the upper part of the bod\' is represented in full front, while the lower is in profile, the dividing line be- ing formed sharply at the waist with no attempt at gradual transition. The com- 46 position, however, is spirited and in spite of its limitations conveys the 30 ARCHAIC PERIOD idea of lively movement successful!)'. Greek, sixth century B.C. It is uncertain what object this relief originally decorated. Height, 4I in. (11.7 cm.). Purchased in 1910. Said to have come from Greece. Puhlished by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 191 1, pp. 92,94, fig. 5. Cast. The back is perfectly smooth and flat. The green patina has been mostly removed. Intact, but the surface is somewhat rubbed in places. Ace. No. 10.230.2. 47, 48 PAIR OF HANDLES FROM A VASE. Each ends below in a mask of Seilenos, above in a volute, bent back at a sharp angle and sur- mounted by a bird (duck.?). Inside the angle on either side is a conven- tionalized palmette. The Seilenos masks are represented with horses' ears, and with thick beards and moustaches. These, as well as the hair over the forehead, the ej-ebrows, and the eyelashes are carefully rendered by incised lines. There are slight differences in the two handles; for instance, in the wings and feet of the birds and m the shape of the ears and eyes of the Seilenoi, from which it follows that they were not cast from the same mould (cf. p. xx). The workmanship is Greek or Etruscan of the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth century B.C. Compare a similar pair of handles in Dresden figured m Archaologischer Anzeiger, p. 225, fig. 19. 47 48 Height of each handle, 8 iV in. (20.4 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Said to have been found at Arezzo. Published by C. H. Caffin in Harper's Weekly, October 30th, 1897. Cast. Patina light green and crusty. Preservation excellent; one handle is intact, and the only missing part in the other is a piece of the attachment. Each handle was joined to the vase by means ot three rivets, one below in the beard of Seilenos, and two in the attachment in the upper part. Ace. Nos. G.R. 46 and 47. 49 ORNAMENT FROM A ROUNDED OBJECT. It is in the form of a Triton, with human head, arms, and bod}', but with two fish-tails m place of legs, on which he is leaning both hands. He is bearded and has long hair, which spreads out behind in fanlike fashion. Incised lines are used for the scales of the fish-tails, the beard, and the hair, the latter being 31 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS represented b}' small circles where it lies close to the skull, and a series of long grooves with a beaded edge where it spreads out behind. The execution is rather coarse, the modelling being very superficial. The style is archaic, probably Etruscan. It is possible that this ornament, like No. 67, was attached to a helmet. Height, if in. (4.1 cm.). Width, zf in. (6 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1S97. Said to have been found at Cordiano, in Etruria. Unpublished. Cast. Green pa- tina. The end of the right fish-tail and part of the beaded edging round the hair are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 43. 49 50, 51 PAIR OF HORIZONTAL HANDLES, probably from a h}-dria. The attachments are in the form of lanceolate leaves and are decorated with Seilenos masks and designs of scrolls and palmettes, in relief. Effective, but rather cursory work ot the archaic period. 50 SI Height of each, c,h '"• (i3-9 cm.). Greatest width of 50, 5I in. (14.5 cm.), of 51, Sf in. (14.2 cm.). Purchased in 1910. Said to be from near Rome. Men- tioned in the Museum Bulletin, December 1910, p. 275. Cast. Patina blue-green and crusty. Preservation good. Ace. Nos. 10.210.32 and 10.210.34. ARCHAIC PERIOD 52, 53 PAIR OF HORIZONTAL HANDLES from a Lii-e round bowl. The base of each, by which it was riveted to the bowl, is decorated with a beautiful design of scrolls and palmettes, with a pair of e^-es in the centre, similar to those which occur on Attic and Ionic k^dikes of the period. The attachment of the handle proper to the lower part is formed b\' tore parts of lions. On the upper side of each handle is a moulded decoration of two pairs of lines running lengthwise wath short horizontal lines between them. The execution is careful and spirited. The stvle is archaic Greek, of the sixth centur}' B.C. For the use of e\-es as decorations in Greek art, see J. Boehlau, Die ionischen Augenschalen, in Athenische Mitteilungen, 1900, p. 76. Length of each, 5f in. (14.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, Ma_\', 1908, p. 89, Nos. 3, 4. Cast. Smooth, olive-green patina. Slighth' chipped in various places; otherwise intact. Frag- ments of the original bowl still remain attached. Ace. Nos. 07.2S6.101, 07.286. 102. 54, 55 PAIR OF ATTACHMENTS for the swmgmg handle of a pail 54 55 (situlaj. Each is composed of a design of scrolls and palmettes, with ser- pents intertwined. The effect of the whole is extremelv decorative. Sixth centurr B.C. 33 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS For examples of situlae showing similar attachments, see Museo Bor- bonico, vol. IV, pi. XII and vol. VI, pi. XXXI. Height of 54, 2 in. (5 cm.). Height of 55, i| in. (4.7 cm.). Purchased in 1908. Probably from Civita Castellana. Referred to in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 81. Cast. Smooth, grayish-green patina, with light green patches. Both attachments are somewhat chipped in places, and in 54 the serpent head on the left is missing; otherwise the preservation is excellent. The rivets b}^ which each attachment was joined to the pail are still preserved. Ace. Nos. 08.258.8 a, b. 56 STATUETTE OF A GIRL STANDING. She stands erect with the left foot slightly advanced. The right arm is bent forward at the elbow and probably held some object; the left is lowered and is grasping a fold of the drapery. She wears a long-sleeved chiton and a himation, arranged in broad vertical folds and passing from the right shoulder to below the left arm; also laced shoes with upturned pointed toes, rosette- shaped earrings, a necklace of beads, and a fillet decorated withthreerosettes. Her hair is long and hangs down her back in a broad mass, the individual hairs being indicated by incised lines of great delicacy. Ornamental borders are incised on both the himation and the chiton as follows: cross-hatchings on the lower edge of the chiton and along the left side of the himation; cross-hatchings with a row of dots on the upper and lower edges of the himation; a row of dots round the arm-holes and up both sleeves; zigzag lines and a row of dots on the upper edge of the chiton. Scattered over the surface of the chiton are small punctured designs of triple spirals c7s. The lower corners of the himation end in tassels. The period to which the statuette belongs can be fixed without difficulty as the latter part of the sixth century B.C., both from its general style and from the resemblance as regards attitude and dress to the "Akropolis maidens" and similar marble, bronze, and terracotta figures of that time. That it is Etruscan and not Greek is shown bv the mistakes made in the rendering of the garment (see below), which betray the hand of the copyist. It is also noteworthy that the shoe with turned-up toe was the regular shape employed by the Etruscans during the archaic period (cf. representations on paintings of the period, e.g. J. Martha, L'Art etrusque, pi. IV, and figs. 285, 286; and numerous archaic Etruscan statuettes); while in Greek art it occurs only occasionally, e.g. on a Spartan relief (cf. Annali dell Tnstituto, 1870, pi. Q); on the "Harpy Tomb" (A. H. Smith, Catalogue of Sculpture in the British Museum, I, No. 94). 34 S6 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS This is one of the finest Etruscan statuettes in existence. It has all the grace and delicate charm which distinguish archaic Greek art without giving any suggestion of artificiality due to imitation. The features are carefully modelled and no longer in the primitive manner, but in the developed archaic st}-le. The e\-es are slightly narrowed and the eyeballs not so prominent as in the earliest figures. The representation of the mouth is also more adequately dealt with; for it is no longer a simple curve or line with turned-up ends, resulting in the archaic smile, but is carefully modelled, an effort being made to form a transition from the extremities of the lips to the cheeks. The chin and the cheek-bones are still strongly marked, as alwa\-s in archaic art, but no longer with any exaggeration. The neck is thick-set and the formation of the throat is hardly indicated, but in the rest of the figure there is a distinct attempt to make the form of the bod}' show through the draper)-, the rendering of the chest being particularly good. Noteworth}^ also is the careful indication of the finger nails. An analysis of the dress, however, betrays the copyist, for it clearly shows that the artist did not understand what he was representing. The most glaring mistake is the rendering of the himation. Instead ot making it pass round the figure front and back, he has treated it merely as a sort of front panel, terminated on both sides and not appearing at all on the back. This treatment results in a mass of contradictions, such as the absence of a clear boundary line between the chiton and the himation on the right arm; the meaningless addition ot a slit running half-wav down the chiton on the right side; the indication of a series of punctured oblique lines along the right side of the himation, doubtless meant to represent the folds of a zigzag outline which are formed in other examples by the loose material hanging right and left of the sleeve, but which have no raisoii d'etre here since there is no such loose material. There are also some minor errors. The folds caused b)- the lifting of the garment with the left hand are not made to converge to the point from which the garment is pulled. The thick- ness of the chiton, though rightl\' represented where it comes in contact with the arms and legs, is not shown round the neck, the edge being marked merely by incised lines. No attempt is made to represent the characteristic little folds on the upper part of the chiton; the oblique wav)' lines incised on the right side refer to the wrinkles caused b)' the insertion of the brooches to form the sleeve. An examination of the treatment of the hair will show the same combina- tion of skilful rendering of detail with a curious lack of understanding of the structure of the whole. The arrangement chosen is that found on some of 36 56 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEES the Akropolis statues (cf. No. 671, H. Lechat, Au Musee de U Acropole d' Athenes, p. 15^, fig. 9), except for the omission ot the locks falhng in front. The hair is parted in the middle and combed to either side, presenting a wav)' outline over the brow, and allowed to fall loose on the back. In addi- tion, a strand of hair is carried forward from the top of the head, forming a long loop over each temple, and then brought back behind the ears. In our statuette these loops are not rounded off properl}', but are represented as cut off sharp at their lower ends, which gives them the singular appear- ance of separate tufts of hair. The general effect, however, is admirable; and especially at the back, where the hair hangs loose, it has a ver}^ life- like appearance, the smooth, gloss]' surface being represented with quite extraordinary abilit}'. The decoratn'e borders on the dress, the fillet with rosettes, the necklace, and the rosette-shaped earrings, all find analogies on Greek representations. The tassels at the ends of the himation are commonl}' found on representa- tions of this garment on vase-paintings. That the Etruscan artist succeeded sometimes in correcth* representing the complicated form of himation which he here attempted is shown b)' sev- eral specimens (cf. e.g. E. Babelon et J. -A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la BibliothequeNationale, No. 206; G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etru- ria, II, p. 233), which, though of inferior execution, at least cany the garment round the whole figure and thus preserve its inherent character as a mantle. It is, therefore, the more surprising that a maker who did so careful a piece of work as our figure should be so little conversant with what he was repre- senting. The possibilit)' suggests itself that he was copying from a vase- painting or from a relief, and, being himself unfamiliar with the garment, naturally came to grief when he had to represent the back. With regard to the interpretation of the figure, it is impossible in the absence of any definite attributes to identify it with any goddess or par- ticular person; for, though the object grasped in the right hand is missing, there can be no doubt that it was some fruit, flower, or animal, such as make up the offerings held by the Akropolis statues. We must call this statuette, therefore, sinip!\' a maiden, perhaps placed as a votive offering m some sanctuary. Height, ii-A in. (29.4 cm.). Lent by J. Pierpont Morgan, 1910. Published by G. M. A. I^ichter in the American Journal of Archaeology, XVI, 1912, pp. 343 ff-' pis. III-IV. Cast st)lid. Smooth, olive-green patina. The only missing parts are the right hand from above the wrist and the left foot. The surface is corroded in places, especially on the face. 38 ARCHAIC PERIOD 57 HANDLE OE A PATERA IN THE EORM OE A WINGED GODDESS. Her right hand is placed on her right shoulder, her left is held b\' her side. The upper part of her bod\- IS nude, but from below the waist she is draped in a himation. She \\'ears a necklace, bracelets, and a high head-dress. Her hair is parted in the middle and hangs down behind. The feathers of the wings are indicated by engraved lines. On her head is the attach- ment of the patera in the form of a cur\ed ivy-leaf. To the base of the figure a ring is attached to serve for suspension. Coarse Etruscan work of earh" st\le. Total figure, 5x6 Unpublished. Cast solid. Patina green. Intact. height, Sj in. (20.6 cm.j. Height of in. (14.7 cm.). Purchased in 1^:96. 58 STATUETTE OF AN ARCADIAN PEASANT (':) He stands erect with the left toot slighth' advanced. Both arms are hanging do^^n and are bent a little at the elbow. In his right hand he holds obliquely a stick, the top of which is broken off; in his left he held in the same position a similar object, which is now missing. He wears a pilos, or pointed hat, and a square, heav\' mantle, which is fastened across his breast bv a long pin, and is deco- rated on Its side edges b\' a short fringe with pendants at the corners. The head is rather large in proportion; the hair is combed straight into the fore- head and cut short; the nose is thin with scarcel\' an\- indication of the nos- trils. The figure stands on a thin oblong plinth, the upper face of which bears the inscription, roughly incised: CDAVA^ A\ f\N ^® V ") ^TolTAWI ^avXeas avedixre t^ UavL (Phauleas dedicated it to Panj. [For the use of avWvae for avWr]Ke see F. Studniczka, Athenische Mitteilungen, 1905, p. 65.] The two holes in the plinth served for fastening. The under side of the plinth is left rough, except for a small, smooth, oval surface in the centre. The workmanship is careful and may be attributed to a local artist working at the end of the sixth or the beginning of the fifth centur}- B. C. In style this should be compared with the bronzes found at Lusoi, and described bv A. Furtwangler, Sitzungsberichte der kgl. bayerischen Akad- emie, 1899, II, pp. 566 ff. This is one of a number of archaic bronzes which were found near 39 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Andntzena in Southern Arcadia. The others are pubHshed b\' rizet in the Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, XXVII, 1903, IX, p. 300. Pan was the chief god of the Arcadian peas- ants; it is tlierefore appropriate for Phauleas, who, to judge from the costume, was probabl_y a peasant ot the district, to dedicate his offering to this god. Height, 4 in. (10. 1 cm.). Purchased in 190S. Found near Andritzena, close to Hagios Sostes. Former!}' in the collec- tion of E. P. Warren at Lewes, England. Published b\' E. R[obins(>n] in the Museum Bulletin, Ma}', 1909, pp. ySi, Si, fig. 4, and by F. Studniczka (who thinks the statuette may represent Hermes) in the Athenische Mitteilungen, 1905, pp. 65 ft., pi. IV. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 39, No. 5. Cast solid, llie patina is black with green patches, smooth, and hard. Preservation good. The only missing parts are the right front corner of the plinth, the top of the stick in the right hand, and the attribute in the left hand. A piece at the back of the neck and mantle has been filed off. Ace. No. 0S.25S.7. 59 STATUETTE OF A MAN PLAYING THE LYRE. He stands erect holding in his left hand a lyre, of the shape derived from the earl\' tortoise t\-pe, and playing on it with a plectrum which he has in his right long chiton, girt at the waist, the characteristic costume ot l\'re-pla3'ers. At the bottom is en- graved a border, and the garment itself is cov- ered with a pattern composed of groups of small circles; the tolds are indicated by a series of rigid parallel grooves crossing the front diagonally. The back of the sounding-board of the l^-re is decorated with a rosette, incised. He is bearded and his hair is combed straight behind, with a series ot short waves in tront. He wears a fillet on which are traces of gilding. (_)n the back is in- cised aninscription : t>0 U + O ^ rA T ^ O ^ K E T AoXixos iJ-'afiOeKiP (Dolichos dedicated me) in let- ters of archaic Attic shape. The workmanship is crude and belongs to the end ot the sixth centur}' B.C. 40 P. Perd- pls. VII- 59 ARCHAIC PERIOD Height, 3|in. (7.9 cm.). PLirchastcl in 190S. Said to have been found at Elis, near Achaia. Published b}' E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, pp. 78, 81, fig. 3. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, I\', p. 1S2, No. 4. Cast solid. The smooth, shin}-, olive-green patina may be modern. Preserva- tion excellent. Ace. No. 0S.25S.5. 60 STATUETTE OF APOLLO. He stands in a rigid attitude ^vith the left foot advanced. Both arms are bent at the elbow, with the hands extended in front of him. In the left hand he grasps his bow, and in the right, outstretched, he held another object, only traces of which re- main. He wears a chlam^s, which is draped over the figure m shawl fashion, with two ends bans- ing over the shoulders in front, and reaching nearly to the knees behind. He also wears high shoes, the lacings and other details of which are mdicated b_\- incised lines. He has long hair, which is caught up m a loop behind, with the ends hanging loose, and is held b}- a narrow fillet. In the top of the head is a small bronze nail, probabh' the base of an ornament. The figure stands upon a flat oblong base, di\ided into two steps, undecorated. Advanced archaic style, probabl\" end of the sixth centurv B.C. It IS noteworth^' that the chlamys ends squarelv at the bottom, not in a cur^■ed line as would be the case were it semicircular or cres- cent-shaped on one of its tour sides, as described by Plutarch and Plin\- (ct. the references gnen hv E. Saglio, in Darember? et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under chlam\"s, p. 11 15). The st3de of head-dress represented in this statuette is common on archaic Attic and Ionic male figures and is identified b}' some writers with the Kpoj3v\os of Greek literature (cf. E. Pottier, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under crob)dus, p. 1571). Height, 43 in. (11.4 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Said to have been found at Hagios Sostes, near Andritzena (Phigaleia) in Arkadia. Published by G. AL A. Rfichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 190S, pp. 89-90, No. I, Fig. 2. Cast solid. Green patina, hard and smooth. Preservation excellent, except that the 60 41 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS upper end of the bow, the object in the right hand, and that on top of the head are missing. Ace. No. 07.286.91 61 GROUP OF SEILENOS AND A NYMPH. He is represented kneeling on one knee placing his left arm round the nymph, who is sitting on his shoulder. His right arm is lowered and bent sharply at the elbow (the forearm is miss- ing). He looks up at her in an appeahng wa}', while she raises her hands (only the right is pre- served) as if to ward off his advances. He is nude and has a beard, moustache, and long hair round which is tied a fillet. His legs end in horse's hoofs, and he has horse's ears and a tail (now missing). She wears a chiton and hima- tion, of the stj'le of the Akropolis Korai, and shoes; also a tiUet decorated with three rosettes. She has long hair which falls down her back and is tied at the bottom. The execution is excellent; both the nude, vigorous body of the Seilenos and the dainty, draped figure of the nymph are beautifully mod- elled, and all details, such as the mcised lines for the hair and the little folds of the garments, are carefully rendered. Moreover, the group is full of the naive touches which constitute so much of the charm of archaic Greek art. The style is that of the end of the sixth centur\' B.C. The t}-pe of Seilenos with hoots was popular in Ionia and Etruria during the archaic period, but in Attica it occurs onl\' occasionally (cf. the list of monuments given by H. BuUe, Die Silene in der archaischen Kunst der Grie- chen, pp. 1-15). Moreover, the Ionian type of Seilenos is of a more bestial character than the Attic and is often treated with broad humor (cf. E. Kuhnert, in Roscher's Lexikon, under Sat\'ros, p. 449). The obvious sen- suality of our Seilenos, therefore, as well as the presence of the hoofs, con- nect him more closely with the Ionian monuments, and the group is proba- bly of Ionian workmanship, or perhaps Etruscan under Ionian influence. A Seilenos and a n}'mph are often associated in archaic art; and the rape of a nymph by a Seilenos is a favorite subject on coins from Thasos and Lete (cf. P. Gardner, T\pes of Greek Coins, pi. Ill, i, 28). See also the terra- cotta group from Olympia (G. Treu, Olympia, III, Die Bildwerke in Stein 61 42 ARCHAIC PERIOD und Thon, pis. VIII, 1-2, VII, 2-3, pp. ^,y, 38, fig. 41) and the bronze groups figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, p. 64, 3, 5. For representations of centaurs carr3'ing n)-mphs cf. P. V. C. Baur, Centaurs in Ancient Art, Nos. 190, 191,325,326. Height of group, 3M in. (10 cm.). Height of Seilenos, 2^ in. (6.5 cm.). Height of nymph, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, pp. 267, 270, fig. 5. Cast solid. The green patina has been almost entirely removed; otherwise the condition is excel- lent, the only missing parts being the right forearm of the Seilenos and his tail, and the left hand of the nymph. The n3-mph is not actually attached to the Seil- enos' left shoulder, but is joined to him in three places— to his left knee, his left hand, and his hair. Ace. No. 12.229.5. ot early representations of rapid forward mo- 62 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES. He is kneeling on one knee, in the attitude characteristic of tion. His right arm is raised, the left held for- ^Ya^d. He is nude, e.xcept for a lion's skin, which is Avound round his waist. His hair is short and straight, with a row of spiral curls, worked in relief, over his forehead. The execution of this figure is excellent. The body is vigorously modelled and the head and the lion's skm are worked with great delicacy. The st3de, though still archaic, is much more advanced than in the other running figure de- scribed above (No. 16). The upper part of the body is no longer in full front, but turned partly sidewise, and the portra^-al of the features is more successful, the eves being sunk below the brow and cheeks, and no longer unnaturall}' large. The lips, too, are well modelled; but the transition between them and the cheeks is not yet properly shown, and the ears are placed too high; the rendering of the bod}-, with the thick, heavy thighs, also shows the hand of the earl}' artist. The probable date is the end of the sixth centur}' B.C. Both from the presence of the lion's skin and the position of the arms this statuette may be identified as Herakles. For Herakles in rapid forward motion wdth right arm raised and swinging the club, and with bow held out in his left is a favorite type for this hero in early Greek art (cf. A. Furtwang- ler, in Roscher's Lexikon, under Herakles, § 2 141 ff.). Though the attri- 43 62 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS butes are now missing, both hands having been broken away, it is doubtless with these two weapons that we should complete the figure. The small attachment on the left knee shows that the statuette was origmally jomed to another object. This object must have been a tripod similar to those found at Chiusi, on which figures of similar stvle and with similar attachments occur (cf. especially Monumenti dell' Instituto, VI and VII, pi. LXIX; and J. Roulez, Annali dell' Instituto, 1862, pp. 189 ff.). Height, 3r6 in. (7.8 cm.). Purchased in 1912. PubHshed by G. M. A. R[ich- ter] in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, pp. 268, 270, fig. 7. Cast solid. Smooth, gra3'ish-green patma with blue patches. Both hands are missmg and the surface is encrusted in a few places; otherwise the condition is excellent. Ace. No. 12.229.4. 63 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH carrying a pig on liis slioulders. A 3"outh of short, stocky build with highl}' de\'eloped muscles stands erect, with the right foot slighth' advanced; both arms are raised to hold the pig, which he grasps hy the left hind leg and the right fore leg. Round his waist he wears his garment rolled up like a rope with the ends tucked in and hanging over m, front. In his hair is a fillet. Small incised fines are used to indicate the hair of the }'outh and the bristles ot the pig. The figure stands on a sfnall, round base with concave sides decorated with a beaded moulding above. The modelling is excellent and the pose ver}^ lifelike, the only signs of archaism being in the treatment of the hair and face. The workman- ship is probably Etruscan, of the early part of the fifth century B.C. For a statuette of some- what similar st\'le cf. Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1902, p. Ill, fig. 3. 63 Height, with base, 4^ in. (11 cm.); height, with- out base, 3I in. (8.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906 from an English collection. Said to have been found at Sirolo, near Ancona. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, Februarw 1907, pp. 17-iS, fig. 2. Cast solid. Patina light green, smooth, and hard. Preservation excellent; only the lower part of the right hind leg of the pig is missing. The surface is slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. 06.1092. ARCHAIC PERIOD 64 STATUETTE OF A NUDE YOUTH. He stands erect with his weight chiefly en his right leg and the left a little advanced. His left arm is held downward with hand open; the right is somewhat extended and held a stall or other rounded object, which IS lost. He has short, closely curling hair. Both the pose and the modelling of the figure show the freedom of the fully developed style; but the face is archaic and is roughl}' executed. The workmanship is Etruscan. The base is ancient, but does not belong to the statuette, the patina being quite different ^ from that on the figure. *> Height, 4 in. (10. i cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Provenance unknown. Unpublished. Cast solid. The patina ot the statuette is hard, smooth, and dark green; that of the base is crust}/^ and blue-green. The obiect held in the right hand is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 25. 6^ STATUETTE OF A NUDE YOUTH. o He stands erect with the left foot advanced and both arms held away from tlie body in a downward position. IS clutching some object. He has long, wavy hair. Coarse Etruscan work of the later archaic pe- riod. Height, 4f in. (10.4 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Un- published. Cast solid. Patina green and crust}'. Parts j of both objects appear to be missing. The surface is f corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 279. ^ 66 HANDUE OF A VASE IN THE FORM OF A YOUNG GIRL bent backward. She is leaning against and placing both hands on the upper attachment, which terminates at each end in an animal's head. This attachment is curved and was fitted upon the rim of the vase, which, to judge from the curvature, must have been a trefoil omochoe. figure is nude and has long hair, which is arranged in a series ot curls the forehead and hangs down behind in a broad, flat mass covering th hand 6S The across e cen- 45 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS tral part of the attachment. Her feet rest on a plaque fashioned in the form of a Gorgoneion with protruding tongue. The pose is very graceful and the workmanship spirited. It is Greek and belongs to the late archaic period, that is, to the first half of the fifth century B.C. Height, 5 in. (12.6 cm.). Width of upper attach- ment, 31 in. (8.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Col- lection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5012. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVI, 3, where it is said to have been found at Curium and in L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. IV, where it is said to have been found at Dali. Cast solid. The powdery green patina has been mostly removed. The surface, especially in the lower part, is exten- sively corroded, and the details are blurred. The legs have been broken just above the ankles. Ace. No. C.B. 448. 66 61 SMALL ORNAMENT FROM A HELMET OR OTHER ROUNDED OBJECT. It is in the form of a bust of an archaic Satyr, bearded, wmged, and with horse's ears. The bust includes the arms, which are sharply bent at the elbow, with the hands resting against the wings, palms outward. The hair falls in three long curls at either side of the head, and between these at the bottom the design terminates in an inverted palmette, springing from a pair of scrolls or volutes. Both for the manner in which it is com- posed and for the exquisite character of the workmanship, this is an especially charm- ing piece of conventionalized ornament. The skill displayed in the modelling leads to the suspicion that the archaism is at least partly an affectation, sought con- sciously for the effect of style which it gives. The minute care with which the lines of the hair, beard, and wings are engraved is worthy of note. It is probably an Etruscan work of the beginning of the fifth century B.C. For similar busts see W. Helbig, Annali dell' Institute di corrispondenza archeologica, XLVI, 1874, PP- 46-48, tav. d' agg. K, figs. 3 and 5, and E. 46 67 ARCHAIC PERIOD Babelon et J. -A. Blanchet, Catalogue des Bronzes antiques de la Biblio- theque Nationale, No. 417. Helbig, op. cit., thinks that these ornaments were attached to helmets, since a helmet, found in the Marches and now in the Museo Etruscom Florence, shows some ornaments of not dissimilar nature still in place. Height, I J in. (3.2 cm.). Width, liV in. (4 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Said to have been found m a fifth-century grave, in the Necropolis of Falerii (Civita Castellana). Unpublished. Cast. Patina smooth, shiny, olive- green, with crusty light green patches. Preservation excellent; the only missing parts are the tip of the right ear, chips off the left ear, and the ends of the fingers of the left hand. Ace. No. G.R. 36. 73 STATUETTE OF A COCK. He stands on a small rectangular plate, with feet close together. The de- tails are indicated b}' incised lines. Probably early (sixth century B.C.). It was perhaps used as an attachment to some object. Height, if in. (4.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4858. Cast solid. The green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 289. 73 TRANSITIONAL PERIOD ABOUT 480 TO 450 B.C. 'Jl MIRROR STAND, IN THE FORM OF A BEARDED MALE FIGURE, PROBABLY ZEUS. He stands upon the right leg, with the left foot slightl}' advanced. He wears a himation, which passes over the left shoulder and under the right, leaving the arm and part of the breast bare. In the right hand, wdiich is clasped, he held some object, which may have been a thunderbolt, but could hardly have been a sceptre or staff because of the angle at which the hand is carried. The left hand, extended, with the palm upward, evidently also held something, and from analogies this may have been an eagle or a phiale, though there are no traces of it visible through the corrosion of the surface. The hair and beard are represented by finel)' incised lines, the hair being coiled behind around a narrow fillet which encircles the head. The eyelids are represented by sharply defined ridges and the irises are in relief. The 47 77 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS mirror-attachment, which rises directl}^ from the head, terminates at each end in a scroll and half palmette; in the centre is a lotos flower, lightly incised. From the back rises an extra support in the form of a palmette. The combination of archaic elements, such as those evident in the treatment of the face, the extreme breadth of the shoulders as compared with the hips, and a certain degree of rigidity in the pose, with a relative amount of freedom in the arrangement of the drapery, show that this figure belongs in the transitional period, and its date is probably about 480-470 B.C. The fact that this figure was used as the stand for a mirror is of especial interest, for while a number of figures of the archaic Apollo t}-pe which served as mirror-stands have been found (cf. A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, speculum, p. 1425, references cited in Note 3), this is apparently a unique example of the employment for such a purpose of an image of Zeus or any other adult male type. It should be noted that T. Wiegand in his recent article on the Bronzefigur einer Spinnerin, in the 73tes Winckelmannsprogramm, p. 19, Note 6, claims that no supports of mirrors in the shape of male figures have been found, and that those usually taken for such are handles ot paterae or the like. But certainh' No. 514 in the British Museum (H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes, pi. XVI), No. 84 in A. Furt- wangler, Collection Somzee, pi. XXXII, and our specimen have attach- ments which could have served only for the insertion of a thin disk like a mirror. Height, si in- (14 cm.). Purchased in 1906. From Greece. Referred to in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, p. 17. Cast soHd. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. Well preserved; only the objects held in the hands, part of the thumb and of the left hand, and the base of the figure are missing. Ace. No. 06.1098. 78 STATUETTE OF A DISKOS-THROWER. He stands firmly on both legs, the right a little in advance, in an attitude preparatory for intense action, as is seen by the way the toes are represented as clutching the ground. The left hand is raised and holds the diskos level with his head. The right arm is missing from below the shoulder, but, from representations 48 78 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS of a diskos-th rower in the same position on a red-figured vase in the Ash- molean Museum, Oxford, No. 561, and on one in Munich (cf. J. D. Beazle}^, Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. XXXI, 191 1, pi. VIII, 2), we may infer that the arm was lowered and bent at the elbow with the hand held open. This statuette is one of the most important pieces in our collection. Indeed, the splendid proportions of the figure, the beautiful, simple modell- ing, and the harmonious pose, make it a masterpiece of Greek art. More- over, it derives peculiar importance from the fact that it belongs to a period of Greek sculpture of which very few examples have survived, namely, the beginning of the so-called transition period, between the archaic and the fully developed style; for a detailed examination of our statuette will show that mixture of an advanced technique with archaic traits which is charac- teristic of this period. Though the figure is beautifully modelled, some parts, such as the muscles of the arms and of the calves are unduh' accentu- ated; also, the face is still distinctly archaic in character; the ears are of primitive form and placed too high; the hair is done in a solid mass like a close-fitting cap, the individual locks having probably been indicated by incised lines, as in No. 79, though no trace remains of these now; the eyelids are too heavy, and the mouth is not yet successfulh' represented, because, though the archaic smile has disappeared, the corners of the mouth are now turned down too far. From these indications the date of our statuette must be about 480 B.C. The school to which it belongs is somewhat difficult to determine. During this period a revulsion had taken place in Athens from the influence exer- cised by Ionian art with its rich draperies and elaboration of details to a severer type, which, though it was probably partly due to natural develop- ment at home, certainly received a great impetus from the stern ideals of contemporary Dorian art. It is naturally diflicult under these circum- stances, especially with the scanty material at our command, to distinguish Attic work showing Dorian influence from genuine products of the Dorian school. However, though our statuette has the broad shoulders and strongly developed muscles associated with the Argive school of the second half of the fifth century, a type which was probably inherited from the former generation of sculptors, its general proportions are distinctly more slender, an impression conveyed by the small head and long legs. This will be particularly noticeable when we compare the diskos-thrower with the fine but thick-set statuette from Ligourio, near Epidauros, which is now in Berlin (cf. A. Furtwangler, Eine argivische Bronze, in the sotes Programm SO TRANSITIONAL PERIOD zum Winckelmannstesce). Moreover, the closest analog}- to our statuette m general t)pe is the Harmodios of the Tyrannicides, which has the same agilit)- and animation and which we know to have been an Attic work. Probabilities, thereiore, are in favor of an Attic origin for our figure. It is also noteworthy that our statuette has two peculiarities — the marked eyelids with sunken e^-eballs and the mouth with drooping corners — which are to be found in several Athenian works of the period, such as the Kore ot Euth^-dikos and the head of a youth in the Akropolis Museum in Athens, and have been traced directl\' to Doric influence (see H. Lechat, La Sculpture attique avant Phidias, pp. 353-386). The attitude of the statuette is not to be interpreted as that of a ^•outh holding up a disk merel}^ as an emblem of his occupation, but rather as that of an athlete in one of the regular positions gone through in the process of disk-throwing. E. Norman Gardiner in his account of the art of disk- throwing as practised b}' the ancients (Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals, pp. 313-337) has shown that though the swing of the diskos was alwa\'s the same, namel}^ in a vertical not horizontal arc, and the actual throw was invariablv made from a position like that of M3Ton's Diskobolos, the pre- liminar\' stances and movements varied. One of them is illustrated in our statuette. From this position the diskos would be raised above the head with both hands, then swung downward and backward preparator}' for the final throw-off". For representations on vases of diskos-throwers in atti- tudes similar to that of our figure, see the two examples cited above. Height of figure, gj in. (23.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. From the Pelopon- nesos. Published by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1908, pp. 31-36; figured in E. Norman Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals, pp. 328-329, fig. 83; and S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 343, No. 4. Cast solid. Patina smooth and blackish green. The right foot and the greater part of the right arm are missing. When acquired, certain portions of the surface were coated y ith a crusty patina, which has been removed b}' Monsieur A. Andre. The diskos, which was somewhat battered and bent, has also been repaired. The base is modern. Ace. No. 07. 286. 87. 79 STATUETTE OF AN ADORANS. He is nude and stands in a dignified pose with his weight on the left leg and the right slightly advanced. The right hand is raised to his lips in the customar}' attitude of saluting a divinity; the left hangs down b}" his side with the palm turned to the iront. This is another remarkable example of Greek work of the first half of the fifth century B.C. It is probabl\- a little later than the Diskobolos STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS just described, and may be approximately dated as 470 B.C. Like the precedmg it combines an advanced technique with some remnants of archa- ism, such as a certain stiffness of pose, an exaggerated broadness of the shoulders, and a rather primitive rendering of the ears and hair. The latter is indicated, as in the Diskobolos, by a solid mass in relief, but on this deli- cate lines are incised to represent the separate strands. The wonderful dignity of the pose and the large style in which the figure is executed suggest that It may be a copy from a larger statue. It was probably intended as a votive offering. For representations of the adoratio (TrpoaKvvrjais) or salutation of a divinity see E. Saglio, in Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, under adoratio, pp. 80 ff. Height of figure, iif in. (29.8 cm.); height with base, I2f in. (31.3 cm.). Purchased m 1908 from a private collector in England, in whose possession it had been for a number of years. It had previously been in Constantinople and before that in Smyrna, but the place of its discovery is not known. Published in the Catalogue of Ancient Greek Art, Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1903, p. 46, No. 36, pi. LIII; by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, pp. 77-78, fig. 2. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 370, No. 6. Cast solid. Green, crusty patina. The head and both arms are broken off and reattached; the fingers of both hands, the toes of the left foot, and parts of the toes of the right foot are missing. The surface is somewhat cor- roded in parts. The base is ancient. Ace. No. 08.258.10. 80 HANDLE OF A VASE terminating at the bottom in a Siren with spread wings, standing on an acorn with a reversed palmette below and a design of scrolls on each side. She wears a fillet with the hair wound round it. The execution is very delicate and belongs to the second quarter of the fifth century B.C. The type of Siren is that which was prevalent in Greece proper as distinguished from Asia Mi- nor during this period, that is, it has no arms and wears no drapery. The peculiar ring-like protrusions on the upper part of the legs, which occur on most examples of this type and which have been explained as remimscent of the "Federhosen" of the Egyptian Ba, are absent in 52 80 79 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS our example (cf. G. Weicker, Der Seelenvogel, p. 131, where the origin of this type is traced back to Chalkis). For other examples of Sirens on bronze handles see G. Weicker, op. cit., pp. 130-134. Height, 8| in. (21.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Said to have come from Thebes. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, pp. 97-9R, fig. 5. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 446, No. 2. Cast. Patina blue-green and slightly rough. The tip of the nose is worn and there is a break across the legs; otherwise intact. Ace. No. 09.221.12. , .^CJ' I^'' P- 515)- Does occur frequently on Attic vases of the fifth 63 96 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS centui')' (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire des vases peints, I, 60, 158, 246, 253; II, 28,44,45,98). Height, 4j in. (10.8 cm.). Purchased in 1907. PubHshed by G. M. A. R[ich- ter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, pp. 89-90, No. 6, fig. 3. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 515, No. 4. Cast solid. The green patina has been mostly removed. Intact, except for the scraping mentioned above. The four feet were soldered separately to the base (which is missing) and still preserve remains of the lead soldering. Ace. No. 07.286.106. 97 STATUETTE OF A BULL. He is standing on all four legs looking straight before him. The hair is indicated in places with short, rather rough- ly incised lines. The modelling throughout shows keen observation of life, and the feeling of tranquil contentment and indolence is admirably conveyed in the pose and m the expression of the face. The workmanship is Greek, probably of a good period. Length, 7 in. (17.7 cm.j. Purchased in 1906. Found at Dodona. Men- tioned in the Museum Bulletin, Februar}', 1907, p. 18. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The greater part of the four legs, the right horn, and the end of the tail are missing, and the surface is somewhat battered in parts. Ace. No. 06.1091. 97 FOURTH CENTURY B.C. 105 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He is standing with his weight on his left leg and the right slightly drawn back. His left hand is placed on his hip; the right arm is lowered and slightl)^ bent at the elbow. He is nude and has apparently long, straight hair done up in a tress round his head. The nipples of the breasts are inserted separately The surface is so corroded that it is difficult to judge of the modelling. It appears, however, to be Greek work of the fourth century B.C. 64 FOURTH CENTURY B.C. Height, 4 in. (lo.2 cm.). From C\-prus. Ccsnoia Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5027. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXVl,l. Cast solid. The green patina has been parth' remo\ed. The surface IS much corrodeil. Ihe right hand and wrist, a piece of the left forearm, and the front part ot the npht tout are missmg. Ace. No. C.B. ^jfi. 106 106 RELIEF, PROBABLY FROM A BRONZE HYDRIA. Eros IS represented as a youth with large wings standing in an easy pose with his weight on his right leg. In his right hand he holds an oinochoe; in his left a phiale. He is nude, but wears shoes and has a chlam\-s hanging over his left arm. He has long hair which falls in curls on his shoulders. The feathers ot the wings are indicated b\' incised lines. Forming the back- ground at the top IS what appears to be an inverted cluster of akanthos leaves. The t\'pe of the face and the graceful, Pra.xitelean cur\'e of the figure place this relief in the middle of the fourth century B.C. The curved surface of the relief makes it probable that it decorated a hydria. Examples of bronze h)'driae with such decorations still attached show that the exact place for it was just below the vertical handle at the back (see V. Stai's, Marbres et Bronzes du Musee National, p. 300, Nos. 7913 and 7914;. Height, 55 in. (14 cm.j. Purchased in 1907. From Bonikovo in Akarnania. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, p. 90, No. 65 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 9. The relief is repousse and tooled. Patina light green and crusty. Several pieces of the right wing and the right foot have been broken off and reattached. The lower half of the left foot, pieces from both wings, and part of the orna- ment at the top are missing. Ace. No. 07.286.89. 107 107 RELIEF FROM THE COVER OF A MIRROR. Aphrodite is represented seated on a rock, with the upper part of her body turned toward her left. She supports her weight with her left arm, while her right hand is lilt- ing a corner of the drapery on her shoul- der. An Eros, who stands b\^ her side, is in the act of shooting an arrow. Another Eros, of whom only part remains, is flying toward Aphrodite. Below is a swan (or gooserj. Both Erotes are nude; but Aph- rodite wears a short-sleeved chiton, gu't at the waist, and a himation, which covers her back and is draped loosely' on her lap. She has wavy hair, parted in the middle and done up in a knot behind. The types of the faces, as well as the graceful composition and dainty postures of the iigures, place this relief in the fourth century. The execution is excellent. Unfortunately the sur- face is much corroded, so that the beautitul modelling is obscured in places. For the connection of Aphrodite and the swan (or goose) see A. Kalkmann, Jahrbuch des archaologischen Instituts 1886, p. 246 t.; L. Preller, Griechische M\'thologie I, p. 304; A. Furtwiingler, Brunn-Bruckmann 's Denkmaler gnechischer und romischer Skulptur, No. 577. There is no mention in literature of the swan as Aphrodite's bird; but it often occurs on monuments. hieight, 6.Wn. (16.5 cm.). Width, Si in. (13.3 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Described by G. M. A. R|ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, p. 90, No. 8. The relief is repousse and tooled. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. The surface is considerably corroded and several pieces are broken off and reattached; others, such as the lower part of the flying Eros, a piece including both feet of Aphrodite, and other minor pieces, are missing. Ace. No. 07.286.88. J 08, 109 TWO CURVED PLAQUES, ornamented with designs in fiat relief, consisting of three anthemia rising from akanthos leaves. The design is beautifully composed, the effect being rich and still perfectly 66 FOURTH CENTURA' B.C. harmonious. I he workmanship is Greek, of the fourth century B.C. The use of these phiques is uncertain; the\^ probabl}- served as attachments to a vase or other object. They are a pair, but they are not identical, differing m small details. Height of each, 2f in. (6.9 cm.); width of each, 3 Jr in. (7.9 cm.). Purchased in 1909. From the Ferroni Sale (cf. Sale Catalogue, p. 44, No. 427). cf. also Sale Catalogue of the Prospero Sarti Collection, 1906, p. 2S, No. 140, pi. XV. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, pp. 9S, 99. The reliefs are repousse. Patina green and slightly rough. The edge of one plaque is chipped in one place; otherwise intact. Ace. Nos. 09.221.1S-A and B. 108 ICQ no STATUETTE OF POSEIDON(.'). He stands with the right leg slightly drawn back and his weight on the left leg. His right arm is raised, the hand which is clasped having probably held the trident. The left hand is extended and evidently held another attribute, possiblj- a dolphin, as IS the case in similar statuettes. He has thick, curly hair, beard, and moustache, and wears a small chlamj's, doubled on the left shoulder and passing over the left forearm. The e^^es are inlaid with silver, as were also the nipples of the breasts, which are now missing. The workmanship of the figure is excellent. It belongs to the school of Lysippos, as is indicated by the proportions of the bod\-, such as the slim torso and long legs, and by the modelling, which is slightly elaborated, but without the element of exaggeration introduced in the later periods. The loss of the attributes makes it impossible to sa}' definitely whether Poseidon or Zeus is represented, since the t\'pes are similar and the attitude of our figure is used for both; but the bush}^ hair and a certain expression of weariness in the face of our statuette make the identification as Poseidon more probable. 67 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS For a similar statuette of Poseidon of the same period cf. one from Param\'thia in tlie British Museum (H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes, No. 274, pi. 6). The type goes back to an earlier original which is preserved in the famous bronze statuette in the Antiquanum, Munich (cf. W. Christ, Fiihrer, No. 373, p. 56, pi. 5), which belongs to the early fourth century B.C., and where the attitude of the figure is the same, onl}' reversed, tor other repetitions of this t)'pe cf. H. Bulle, in Rosch- er's Lexikon, under Poseidon, § 2885 f. To this list should be added one in the Museum of Tchinlikiosk at Constantinople, published by M. Collignon, in the Bulletin de corre- spondance hellenique IX, 1885, pi. 14, p. 42. Height, 5t in. (13.6 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, pp. 18-20, fig. 4. Cast solid. Patina olive-green, smooth, and hard. 1 he right leg below the knee, the forefinger of the right hand, the end of the thumb, and the forefinger ot the left hand have been broken off; otherwise the preservation is excellent. Ace. No. o6.i05S^. Ill CONCAVE DISK ORNAMENTED WITH THE BUST OF A YOUNG SATYR. He is represented full front, with long hair, which flies about the head in thick, wavy locks. 1 he mouth is slightl}' open and the face has an alert expression. The relief was worked separately and attached to the inside of the disk, covering most of its surface. The disk itselt has a group of concentric circles m relief surrounding the head. The face is modelled with wonderful realism and every detail is carefully rendered. Note, for instance, the indication of the e^'elashes b}' delicately incised lines on the lids. With this and the succeeding disk were apparently found six other pieces, now in the British Museum, and published by F. H. Marshall, Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXIX, 1909, pp. 157 ff. Of these, three are disks similar to ours; they are ornamented with heads of a young Sat^r, a Seilenos, and a bearded man with Phrygian cap, respectively. As Mr. Marshall points out, we know from the analogy of similar disks that they were used as horse-trappings {4>a\apa). For at Alexandropol was found 68 FOURTH CENTURY B.C. a horse's bridle in which the four points where the side-straps of the bridle crossed one another and the strap along the front of the head were each ornamented with such a disk (Receuil d 'antiquites de la Scythie, 1866, pp. 18 ff., pi. XIV). In all there would therefore be five such disks, which is also the number found in our case. Compare also the similar orna- ments found in a tomb at Kertsch with the skeletons of four horses (Compte rendu, 1S65, pp. 164 ff., pi. \, 2-6j. The South Russian ornaments are dated to the fourth century B.C. Our examples cannot be earlier than the end of that century. Diameter, 3I in. (8.2 cm.). Purchased in 1906. From Elis (see above). Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, f^bruarv, 1907, p. 20. The reHcf is repousse and tooled. The patina is blue-green and crust}-, and there are brown stains, especially on the surface of the disk. The head is detached and the disk IS somewhat broken. The irises of the eyes were inlaid and are missins. Ace. No. 06.1127. 112 CONCAVE DISK, similar to the preceding, but ornamented with the head of an old Satyr. He is represented full front, with mous- tache, long beard, and wav}' locks. He has a staring expression. There are traces of a concentric group of circles on the disk. The workmanship is of the same high quality as in No. 1 1 1, the two being probably by the same artist. Diameter, 35 in. (9.1 cm.). Purchased in 1906. For provenance see No. 1 11. Mentioned and illustrated in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, p. 20, fig. 7. 69 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS The relief is repousse and tooled. Patina light green and crusty. The head is detached. The disk is somewhat broken and has been repaired in places. The irises of the eves were inlaid and are missing. Ace. No. 06.1128. THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. 120 STATUETTE OF HERMARCHOS (.?), mounted on an Ionic column. He is represented as an old, bearded man, standing in a thoughtful pose, with his weight on both feet and his head slightly bent and turned to the right. He wears sandals and a mantle, which is loosely draped round his body leaving the upper part bare. His right arm is lowered and held a little away from the bod\'; the left is bent sharply at the elbow and holds the mantle. This is probably the finest Greek portrait-statue on a small scale now in existence. The dignity of the pose and the lifelike rendering of the figure combine to make it a masterpiece of its kind. The subject is treated with a mixture of idealism and realism characteristic of the best Hellenistic works. The features are very individual, the skin where exposed is represented as shrunken by old age, and the prominence of the abdomen is faithfully rendered. But in spite of this marked realism with regard to details, the figure as a whole is full of force and dignity and the general conception is more suggestive of full-size sculpture than of a work of small dimensions. Moreover, the arrangement of the drapery in a few sweeping folds contrib- utes to the eflPect of quiet simplicity. The probable identification of the statuette as a portrait of Hermarchos is based on its close resemblance to a bust from Herculaneum in the Naples Museum, which is inscribed with that name (cf. Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa ercolanese, pi. XII, 8, and our collection of casts. No. 1047). On p. 72 are shown two views of the heads of the Herculaneum bust and of our statuette in the same position and reduced to the same size. A comparison between the two brings out the striking similarity in the type of face and in the indi- vidual features. Each has the same general shape of face, the marked projection above the eyebrows, the long, thin nose with high bridge and pointed tip, and the same shape of the mouth and ears; and in both the hair and beard grow in the same manner. The only marked differences between the two are (i) the forehead of our statuette is higher than that of the Naples head, and (2) the skull of the Naples head is somewhat more round- ed than that of ours. Moreover, in execution, our statuette is immeasurably 70 120 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS superior, having all the spirit and animation of an original Greek work, while the Herculaneum bronze is a somewhat indifferent Roman cop.v. Our knowledge of Hermarchos is only scanty, none of his writings havmg survived ; but we know that he succeeded Epicurus as head of the Epicurean school of philosophy about 270 B.C., which date would agree with the gen- BRON7.E BUST OF HERMARCKOS FROM HERCU- LANEUM IN THE NAPLES MUSEUM eral st\'le of our statuette. For other portraits of Hermarchos, also iden- tified on then- resemblance to the Herculaneum bust, see J. J. Bernoulli, Gne- chische Ikonographie, H, p. 140. Our statuette should also be compared with the famous statues of Demosthenes, Poseidippos, and Menander (?) m the Vatican, and with the bronze statuette of a philosopher in the British Museum (cf. K. A. Fsdaile, journal of Hellenic Studies, XXXIV, 1914, pp. 47 ff., pis. II, HI). The statuette was origmall)' mounted on an Ionic bronze column, of which only the capital and the core of the shaft are preserved. Evidently 72 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. the shaft was made of thin bronze, which had to be strengthened inside. It has now been restored m bhick ebonized wood to its original height, as given b}' the length of the core. The abacus, or upper portion of the capital, has three mouldings, of which the upper two are decorated with the bead and the egg-and-dart patterns, and the lower, in the form of a Lesbian c\"ma, with a leaf ornament. Between the volutes is introduced a flower, and suspended from the sides of the volutes are two pairs of loops (onlv one pair is preserved Avhole), probabl\' intended to carrv garlands and fillets such as were placed on votne statues on festive occasions. The use of columns as bases for statues was more or less common in antiquitv at various periods. For the si.\th and fifth centuries B.C. it is attested hv numerous representations on Greek vases and some remains of actual monuments, for the succeeding century the evidence is not cer- tain. The column bases on fourth-century Panathenaic vases may or ma\' not be taken as proof for their actual use; and the statue of Isokrates tTTt KLOPos (on a column) which Pausamas saw in the enclosure ot the 73 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Olympieion (cf. Pausanias, I, i8, 8) is no criterion, because, though the statue itself must have dated back to the latter part of the fourth centur}^, the column may well have been a Roman addition. In Roman times the practice appears to have been common (cf. E. Petersen, Die Marcussaule, Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1896, p. 2). The Hermarchos statuette definitely shows that pedestals in the form of columns were also employed in Hellenistic times, though how frequent this custom was we do not know. (Compare in this connection a similar bronze capital in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, unpublished, but mentioned in the Annual Report, 1913, p. 88, No. 13.173). Height of statuette alone, loj in. (26.3 cm.); total height of column as re- stored, 125 in. (31.7 cm.); length of bronze core of column, 93 in. (24.8 cm.). Purchased in 191 1. Published by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, June, 191 1, pp. 130 ff ; R. Delbrueck, Antike Portrats, 1912, pp. 38-9, pi. 26; G. Lippold, Griechische Portratstatuen, 1912, p. 82 (who does not accept the identification, but is judging only from photographs). Cast hollow. Originally a crusty, green patina covered the surface of both the figure and the capital, obscuring some of the modelling. The surface has been skdfuUy cleaned by M. Andre of Paris. Both feet are broken off from the figure and reattached, the right at the ankle, and the left at the point where the leg, with the fold of drapery attached to it, joins the mantle. These fractures must have been of ancient date because their surface was covered with the same patina as the rest of the figure. The feet were also detached from the base; but that the base belonged to the figure is proved by the fact that the outline of each foot was clearly marked on the base. As mentioned above, only the capital of the column and the core of the shaft are preserved; of the two pairs of suspended loops one is whole, but of the other only the middle portion connecting the loops is left. Ace. No. 10.23 1. 1. 121 STATUETTE OF APHRODITE. The attitude is a reproduc- tion of the Knidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles. She stands leaning slightly forward with her weight on her right leg and the left somewhat drawn back. Her right hand is lowered and placed in front of her, with fingers extended; the left is held a little away from the body, the fingers being bent to grasp the drapery (now lost). Her head is turned to the left. She is nude and has long, wavy hair, tied with a fillet and falling down her back in a tress. The fine execution of this statuette and its uncommonly large size make It a piece of peculiar importance. The graceful proportions of the body and the wonderful delicacy of the face can give us some idea of the powerful charm that was exercised by its famous original. Unfortunately the sur- face is considerably corroded, so that the beautiful modelling which can be 74 121 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS seen on the better preserved parts, such as the left forearm, the under side of the right forearm, and parts of the back, does not come out to its full value on the rest of the statuette. There can be no doubt, however, that the execution is Greek, not Roman; probabl}^ a late Greek work of a school of Asia Mmor. As is well known, the identification of the Knidian Aphrodite is based on representations on Roman coins from Knidos, which show the goddess in a similar attitude (cf. J. J. Bernoulli, Aphrodite, pp. 15 and 208). The chief difference between the coin representations and the statues reproducing this type (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire I, pis. 606 B, 616, 618; II, p. 352, i; 3^6, 6-10; 804, 3 ; III, p. 109, 6; 1 10, 8, 10; IV, p. 216, 4-7; also A. Furtwang- ler, Masterpieces, p. 322, Note 3) is that in the former the head is turned sharpl}' to the left, while in the statues the inclination is much slighter. It is Interesting to note that in our statuette the head is more nearly in the position of that of the coin-types, though it is not, as there, in complete pro- file. In two other respects, however, this statuette is farther removed from the figures on the coins than most of the statues: (i) the hair is not gathered in a knot behind, but is plaited and hangs down the back; (2) the left arm is not bent sharply at the elbow but held considerabl}^ lower. Such variations from an important original that was copied again and again are very natural, and an examination of the extant Knidian reproductions will show how frequent they are. Artists grew tired of mechanically repeating one type and were glad to introduce modifications, which, however unimportant in themselves, allowed some vent to their own imagination. Bronze statuettes in the attitude of the Knidian Aphrodite are not un- common (see e.g. J. J. Bernoulli, Aphrodite, pp. 217 ff.); but these generally show modifications in the action of the left arm, which, instead of holding the drapery at the side, is represented as grasping some attribute. Though the drapery in our statuette is missing, there can be no doubt that it was originally held by the left hand, and that the figure corresponded also in this detail with the Praxitelean original. For other bronze statuettes of Knidian type with the drapery cf. A. de Ridder, Collection de Clercq, III, p 6, Nos. 4-6. Height, 2o|in. (51.7 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Provenance not certain; perhaps from Asia Minor. Said to have been formerly in a collection in Alexan- dria. Published by G. M. A. R[ichtei-] in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, pp. 268, 269, fig. 6. Cast hollow. The patina, where preserved, is smooth and dark green, but the surface is considerably corroded and the missing patina has 76 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. been restored in places by green paint. The lett leg from about the middle of the shin-bone is modern. On the right leg the knee and the adjoining parts are either restored or covered with modern stuff. 1 he right arm has been reattached, the joint being hidden b}- restorations; the lett arm has probabh' also been reattached and parts of the upper arm are restored. 1 he bronze was broken in the back across the shoulder and some slight restorations have been made there. On the sole of the right foot is a long shallow depression, of roughly the same outline as the foot, perhaps made for the purpose of fastening. The heel has been pierced for the insertion of a modern dowel. Ace. No. 12.173. 122 HANDLE OF A LID OF A CISTA, IN THE FORM OF TWO YOUTHS CARRYING THE DEAD BODY OF A THIRD. They stand erect, both in the same position, with the weight resting on the left leg and the right slightly advanced. Their arms are extended to carry the bod;' of their companion, one holding him b}' the left foot and thigh, the other b^' the left shoulder and the head. All three are nude. The two standing \'ouths rest on a long rectangular plaque, slightly curved, which formed the attachment to the lid of the cista; in the centre of the plaque is a small ring. One of the rivets with which the attachment was fastened to the cista is still in place. Illustrated, p. 79. The motive of two youths carrying the bod;' of a third is not an uncom- mon one and was used with many variations (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, p. 521 ). Our example is of better execution than the average; the figures are well modelled throughout, and the stiff joints and lifeless face of the dead show a close observation of nature. The work is Etruscan, probably of the third centurv B.C., which is the period to which most Etruscan cistae belong (cf. p. 290), though the style is rather earlier, as is often the case in handles of cistae (compare No. 124). Height, 5* in. (14 cm.); width at base, 5I in. (14.8 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Pubhshed by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, pp. 96-97, fig. 6. Figured m S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 323, fig. i. Cast solid. Patina green and slightly rough. Intact. Ace. No. 09. 221. 11. 123 HANDLE OF A CISTA, IN THE FORM OF TWO YOUTHS CARRYING THE DEAD BODY OF A THIRD, similar to the preceding, but with positions reversed. The)' stand erect, one with the weight resting on the left leg, the other on the right leg, one looking to the left, the other to the right. Their arms are extended to carry the body of their companion, one holding him b)' the right arm and head, the other by the 77 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS right foot and knee. All three are nude and have short, straight hair. The dead youth has a wound on his right side. The curved rectangular plaque which formed the attachment to the lid of the cista is mostly missmg; only the parts of it on which the two standing figures stood are preserved and have been cut to form two round plinths. This example is of the same careful execution as the preceding, and is likewise an Etruscan work of the third centur}^ B.C. For references to similar groups see No. 122. Height of right-hand youth, 5xu in- (ij— cm.), of left-hand youth, 51I5 in. (12.9 cm.).; greatest width of group, 5j in. (13.3 cm.). Purchased in 1913 from the Taylor Collection. Published in the Catalogue of Ancient Greek Art, Burlington Fine Arts Club, pi. LVI, No. 61. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been most!)' removed. No missing parts. Ace. No. 13.227.7. 1 24 HANDLE OF THE LID OF AN ETRUSCAN CISTA, IN THE FORM OF TWO WRESTLERS. They stand side b.v side, their bodies inclined toward each other, with heads in contact and their arms locked behind their heads. The attitude of each is similar but reversed. The bodies are represented in full front, except the inside leg of each, wdiich is in profile. They are nude and beardless, and have short, straight hair. They stand on a long rectangular plaque, slightly convex, which formed the attachment to the lid. The plaque is decorated round its edges with bead- ing, and there are three rivet-holes, to one of which a ring is attached. The execution is fairly good and probably belongs to the third century B.C., though the style is rather earlier, as is often the case in handles of cistae (see above, No. 122). A group of two wrestlers in this or similar attitudes appears to have been a favorite device for cista-handles, and indeed the composition is clearly designed to furnish a convenient grasp for the hand. For similar examples cf. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, No. 639; Monumenti dell'Instituto, X, 1877, pi. XLV, i a; E. Babelon et J.-A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la Bibliotheque Nationale, No. 935. Compare also groups of warriors similarly grouped and used for cista-handles, one in the Louvre (S. Remach, Repertoire, II, p. 539, 5), and one in Vienna (E. von Sacken, Die antiken Bronzen des kgl. Munz-und-Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, XLV, 7). Height, 4I m.(ii.3 cm.) ; length of base, 5I in.(i4.S cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. 27. 78 123 g^ ^^^^^^^M^^^^f^ 124 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 125 HANDLE OF A JUG OR FROM THE LID OF A CISTA, IN THE FORM OF A NUDE GIRL leaning back. She holds her right hand in front of her, and grasps one breast with her left. Her feet are kept close together. She has long hair which, instead of falling down her back, is represented as contin- uing the line of the handle. Etruscan style, of cursor}' workmanship and uncertain date. Length, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1897. Unpublished. Cast soHd. Crust3', light green patina. The surface is cor- roded in places. The handle was attached by means of two rivets, which are still in place. Ace. No. G.R. 156. "- I2S 126 PLAQUE, of roughly triangular shape, decorated with incised designs. The decoration is divided into three tiers. In the uppermost, which is the broadest, is represented a woman standing with one hand on her hip, the other extended with open palm, as if to ward ofF something. Approaching her is a swan, and in the background a tree. To the right another woman is seated by an overturned jar from which water is flowing; in the background are leaves. Each woman is lightly draped with a hima- tion and wears a necklace and bracelets. Both have long hair; the stand- ing woman wears a fillet with triangular ornament in front, while the seated one has a band tied in a bow knot in front. In the second tier is a woman, seated to the right with one arm raised to her face, the other lowered and bent at the elbow. She is confronted by a standing woman, who, to judge by her general attitude and outstretched right hand, is appealing to or remonstrating with her. Each is wrapped m a himation, which in the case of the seated woman is pulled up over the head to form a veil. They wear necklaces, bracelets, and fillets with leaf-like or triangular ornaments. In the background are leaves. In the third tier are rep- resented two men and a woman seated in a tub-like boat. The men are nude and have short hair. The woman is draped and wears a necklace and the same fillet with leaf-like ornaments as some of the other women. The rim of the boat is decorated with rows of dots. Round the design is a narrow, plain edge. There are twelve rivet-holes, four along the top, three on each side, and two at the bottom. Several of the rivets are still partly preserved; three retain their heads; four others parts of the loops. They probably served for the attachment of a 80 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURA' B.C. leather lining. It should be noted that these rivets were inserted after the design was drawn, which is m several cases obscured by them. Both the purpose for which this object served and the interpretation of the de- signs are uncertain. In shape it resembles somewhat a horse's nose-piece (cf. e.g. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen aus Karls- ruhe, Nos. 780 ff.). The design, though particularized b\- so man)- details, does not seem to refer to any known legend. The woman by the overturned jar may he a fountain nymph, and the presence of the swan recalls the story of Leda; but this does not help the interpretation of the whole. The style is Etruscan of about the third century B.C., and bears a strong resemblance to the compositions on Etrus- can cistae of that period. With picturesque grouping and graceful postures are combined a lack of finish in details and many mistakes of drawing, such as the exaggerated size of some of the hands and feet. The manner in which the rivet-heads interfere with the design is also paralleled by the attachments of the rings on the cistae. The possi- bility suggests itself that, as is the case on so man)- cistae, the designs do not refer to an)^ particular stor)% but simply represent a number of per- sonages in various attitudes. However, the introduction of so man\- specific details in our composition makes this explanation unsatisfactor\-. For the introduction of landscape details cf. a certain group of Etruscan mirrors, of which No. 814 m this collection is an example. Height, lOre in. (26.2 cm.). Width at top, 7^ in. (18.9 cm.). Purchased in 1913. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, pp. 93, 94, fig. 5. The crust}', green patina has been mostly removed from the front. At the back the surface is much encrusted. The design has been picked out with white water-color paint. There are several cracks and holes. Ace. No. 13.225.7. 126 127 STATUETTE OF A GROTESQUE FIGURE (MIMUS). He stands w-ith his weight on both feet, the right slighth' advanced. Both fore- arms are missing, but enough remains to indicate their original attitude. The right arm is lowered, and was bent sharpl)- at the elbow; the left arm STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS was extended sidewise. He wears sandals and a sleeved tunic, which reaches to below his knees and has a fringed border at the bottom. The grotesque character of the figure is brought out by the hunch on his back and his chest, the large phallus, the enormous head, and the exaggerated features (large ears, long hooked nose, and crooked mouth with protruding teeth at the 127 corners). He has whiskers and short, straight hair, which leaves the tem- ples bald. On the crown of the head is a round, shallow depression, of which the most probable explanation is that it was originally inlaid, per- haps with silver, to indicate a shin}^ bald spot; even now, with themlay fallen out, it gives the appearance of a large tonsure. (For another statuette with the crown of the head inserted separately cf. Archaologische Zeitung, 1877, p. 78, pi. 10.) The execution is excellent; it is both careful and spirited; and the ren- dering of the face with its half-leermg, half-pathetic expression makes of this deformed creature a work of high art. Moreover, technically, this figure is of great interest, illustrating as it does the extreme care with which some ancient bronzes were worked and decorated (cf. pp. xxivff.). Both forearms were evidently made in separate pieces and inserted. (For 82 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. a case of two ears worked separateU' cf. H. Diitschke, Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien, IV, p. 137, No. 342.) The whites of the eyes are of silver; the irises and pupils have fallen out, but were probably either of bronze, glass paste, or precious stones. The two protruding teeth are of silver; the hair and whiskers are covered with a thin foil of niello, and the little buttons on the sleeves of the tunic are also of niello. While the inser- tion of silver eyes was a common practice m ancient times (cf. F. Wieseler, Ueber die Emlegung und Verzierung von Werken aus Bronze, in Nach- richten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, 1886, p. 49), and that of silver teeth is also known from other examples (cf. Wies- eler, op. cit., p. 63), the application of a separate metal for the hair and beard as distinguished from the rest of the figure is, apparently, not known from other examples of classical art (cf. Wieseler, op. cit., p. 61). Though the black niello can now hardly he distinguished from the dark patina, it must originall}^ have been most effective when contrasted with the golden color of the bronze. The period to which this statuette belongs must he late Greek; at least it is inconceivable that a work of so much spirit and animation and of such masterly technique originated m Roman times; and its style and conception do not permit an earlier dating. All statuettes of this character used to be classed as "Alexandrian" grotesques. As a matter of fact, as A. J. B. Wace has pointed out (cf. British School Annual, X, 1903-1904, pp. 103 ff.), few of them have cer- tainl}' been found in Egj'pt, while mao}^ come from Italy, and some come from Greece and Asia Minor. Mr. Wace thinks that they were used as charms against the evil eye (cf. op. cit., p. 109). For the probable identity of the "Grotesques" and the actors in the ancient farcical plays called mimes, cf. G. M. A. Richter, American Journal of Archaeolog}', second series XVII, 1913, pp. 149 ff. Height, 3x1 in. (10 cm.). Purchased in 191 2. The statuette is not a recent find, but has been known for a long time. It formed part of the Ficoroni Collec- tion and is described and illustrated in F. de Ficoroni, De larvis scenicis, pi. 9, No. 2 (1754). Also published in F. Wieseler, Denkmaler des Btihnenwesens, i85i,pl. XII, No. 1 1 (it is here described as with protruding tongue : Wieseler was evidently judging from the illustration of Ficoroni, De larvis scenicis, where it has that appearance); G. M. A. Richter, American Journal of Archaeology, second series XVII, 1913, pp. 149 ff., pis. V and VI, and the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913' PP- 266, 268, fig. I. Illustrated in A. Dieterich, Pulcinella, p. 151; S. Reinach, Repertoire II, p. 815, 3. Cast solid. Patina brown, smooth, and highly lus- 83 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS trous. Both forearms and the piece inlaid on top of the head are missing; other- wise intact. Ace. No. 12.229.6. 128 STATUETTE OF AN ACTOR ( r). A short, stockil}^ built man IS represented standing firmly on both feet, with the right leg advanced. His body and arms are enveloped in a mantle, which he wears folded double, so that it covers only the upper half of the figure. He has a long, curly beard and short hair, which is indicated only by the raised surface across the forehead. The earnest, upturned face, the dramatic manner in which both hands clutch the folds of the drapery, and the declamatory pose, all suggest an actor reciting, which is probably the sub- ject, in spite of the absence of the usual mask. The spirited execution, as well as the conception, indicate the Hellenistic period as the date of the figure. A similar statuette is in the Dutuit Collection, Petit Palais, Paris (cf. W. Froehner, Catalogue of the Dutuit Collection, I, p. 24, pi. 33; also S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, p. 559, 2, and Catalogue de la vente Fillon, pi. I) also one from the Nolivos Collection, described in the Catalogue de la vente Milani (Frankfort, 1883), No. 463, and figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, H, p. 815, 5. This appears to be identical with the statuette recently acquired by the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris from the Piet-Labandrie Collection. Height, 4I in. (12 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Said to have come from Ital}'. Pubhshed by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, pp. 90-91, No. 12, fig. 5; figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 350, No. 6. Cast solid. Smooth, olive-green patina. The toes of the right foot and the large toe of the left foot have been injured; otherwise in perfect preservation. Ace. No. 07.286.96. 129 STATUETTE OF A BEARDED DANCING SATYR. He is standing with his left leg advanced and his head a little on one side. The type is the same as that of the famous bronze in the National Museum of Naples (cf.AntichitadiErcolano,VI,pl.94),which, however, is a little larger. From the Naples example we can restore the missing parts in our figure. The right arm was extended, with the forearm brought forward and the hand closed; the forefinger of the right hand touched the beard. The lower parts of the legs in our statuette have become slightly bent; the right leg was originally set farther to the left and the Satyr was standing on tiptoe. 84 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. 129 In spite ot the small dimensions the modelling is executed with great care and the spirit of mirth is admirabl}' represented m the laughing face. The workmanship belongs to the Hellenistic period. Height, 2| in. (6.6 cm.). Purchased in 1909. From the Ferroni Sale (cf. Sale Catalogue, p. 53, No. 543). Published b^- G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, pp. 96-97, fig. 3. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 33, No. 2. Cast solid. The blue-green patina has been largely removed. The right arm from above the elbow, the left forefinger, and the toes of the right foot are missing. Ace. No. 09.221.23. 130 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES STRUG- GLING WITH THE NEMEAN LION. Herakles is striding to the right with his weight on his left leg. His left arm is around the neck of the lion, which he is throttling with all his might; with his right, which IS hidden by the lion, he is probably thrusting his sword into its breast. He is nude and has closely curling hair. The lion has his right hmd leg planted against Herakles' leg, and his tail is wound round the other hind leg. His right fore paw is caught in his opponent's embrace, while the leit hangs down m a helpless manner. The execution is fresh and vigorous. The strain of the hero's action is well brought out b}-" the tension given to each muscle, while the limp bod}^ of the d^ing lion forms an effective contrast. The elaboration of the modelling points to the Hellenistic period as the date of this group. Height, Zys in. (5.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. From the Prospero Sarti Collection (cf. Sale Catalogue, 1906, p. 17, No. 41, pi. VH). Said to have come from Rome. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bul- letin, April, 1910, pp. 96-97, fig. 2. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 136, No. 2. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. The right foot of Herakles is missing and the lion's tail is broken in one place. The surface is consider- ably encrusted in places. Ace. No. 09.221.22. 130 1 3 I STATUE OF AN EROS. He is springing foi-ward, lightly poised on the toes of his right foot. The left arm is extended forward and holds the 85 >>*^ '~*% 131 131 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS socket of a torch; the right is lowered and held obliquely from the bod}^ with fingers extended. He is nude and winged, the feathers of the wings being indicated on the front side b}^ incised lines. His hair is curly and short, except for one tuft which is gathered about the centre of the head and braided. The figure is mounted on a round, moulded base. This famous statue is one of the finest representations of Eros known. The artist has admirably succeeded in conveying the lightness and grace associated in our minds with the conception of Eros. Everything in the figure suggests rapid forward motion; but this is attained without sacrificing the perfect balance of all parts, so that the impression made is at the same timeoneofbuo\'anc\^and of restraint. The childlike character of the figure is brought out in the lithe, rounded limbs and the smiling, happy face. Unfortunatel)' the surface is much corroded in places, but the beaut}' of the modelling can be seen in the better preserved parts — the front and left sides of the head and portions of the arms and of the right leg; and even on the back, where the corrosion is worst, the graceful outlme of the figure can stdl be appreciated. The conception of a running Eros was apparently popular in Roman times, for there are a large number of examples of that period in more or less the same attitude as this statue (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire, I, p. 444, i and 5;n, p. 428, 2; p. 444, i;p.445,4;p. 446, 7and8;p.447, i, 3-8; HI, p. 128, S; p. 129, I, 3, 6; IV, p. 260, 7; p. 261, I, 2, 5; p. 262, 2, 4; p. 263, I, 6). But, though the motive is similar, our statue is so superior to these figures both in spirit and in execution that there seems no doubt that it is of Greek not Roman workmanship. Indeed, the conception is characteristic of the later Hellenistic time, that is, of the second or first century B.C., and it is to this period that our statue probably belongs. The treatment of the hair in a series of separate curls laid closely on the scalp is reminiscent of the style of Lysippos. The custom of braiding one tuft of hair became very popular in Roman times; but it occurs as early as the fifth century B.C. (cf. Archa- ologische Studien Heinrich Brunn dargebracht, 1893, PP- §§ ff-j pl- 3; also A. Furtwangler, Masterpieces, p. 316). The fact that Eros is represented in rapid motion carrying a torch, sug- gests the possibility that he is conceived as running in a torch-race, as has been surmised in the case of similar figures from Tunis (cf. A. Merlin and L. Poinssot, Monuments Piot, XVH, 1909, pp. 52-54.' For torch-racing in antiquity cf. Plato's Republic, p. 327; also the Classical Review, 1899, p. 230). Like the Hermaphrodite from Tunis, it is also possible that our Eros This reference I owe to Professor F. B. Tarbell. 88 I 'I'l, 40^ 132 ^©^J 132 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS originally served a practical purpose as a candelabrum. Since there is no connection in the case of our figure between the socket and the arm, it is not likely that it was used as a lamp, since the suppl}^ of oil would have been rather scant; but a real torch or candle could easily have been inserted in the socket. Height with pedestal, 23 A in- (S^-9 cm.). Height of figure, 20^- in. (51.4 cm.). Lent by J. Pierpont Morgan, 1910. Said to have been found in a villa at Bos- coreale at the mouth of the river Sarno (not the villa in which the frescoes in this Museum were found), and formerly exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Published in the Catalogue of Ancient Greek Art, Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1904, p. 23, No. 30, pis. I and XXIX; Cecil H. Smith, Catalogue of Bronzes in the Collection of J. Pierpont Morgan, No. 13, pp. HL 7> pls- VI, VII, and Burlington Magazine, July, 1903, p. 250; J. Foville, Le Musee, III, 1906, p. 205, fig. 34; G. M. A. R[ichter], Museum Bulletin, February, 1910, p. 39; S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 259, 2. Cast hollow. The inside has been filled with cement to strengthen the bronze. The patina, where preserved intact, is smooth and bluish-green. There are no missing parts, but the surface is badly corroded in places, having been exposed to water. The ej'es were inlaid with silver, which is still partly preserved. 132 EROS ASLEEP. He is represented as a little boy stretched out on a rock. He lies on his right side, resting his head on his right arm and with the left arm hanging loosel}^ across his bod3^ His legs are outstretched and parted. He is nude, winged, and has long, curl}^ hair. The rock on which he lies is on an inclined plane and is mostly covered by a large piece of drapeiy which is twisted together at the upper end to serve as a pillow. The feathers of the wings are indicated b)^ engraved lines. Illustrated, p. 89. 1 he conception of a sleeping Eros was originated in the Hellenistic period and is characteristic of the more personal view of that deity prevalent during late Greek and Roman times. It was a favorite device for tombstones, for which a standing Eros leaning wearil}' on a torch was also popular; but its use was not limited to this purpose (cf. A. Furtwangler, in Roscher's Lexikon, under Eros, § 1369, and Bullettino dell' Instituto, 1877, pp. 121 ff.; for similar marble figures cf. also S. Reinach, Repertoire, I, pis. 643, 644, 644A, 644B, 761, 761B). The execution of our example is good. The complete relaxation of the child is wonderfully portra^'ed and the modelling, though not of the finest order, is both careful and spirited, belonging probably still to the Hellenistic period. It should be noted that — by what seems a curious inadvertence— the left arm and both legs of the statuette are not represented as supported by anj'thing. 90 THIRD TO FIRST CENTURY B.C. Length, Sj in. (21 cm.); height, 4j,\- in. (10.7 cm.). Purchased in 1913. Formerl}' in the Ficoroni Collection. Published b\- J. Zempel, Musei Kirche- riani, in Romano Societatis Jesu Collegio, Aerea notis illustrata, (1763) vol. II, p. 83, pi. XX; also hy G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, pp. 90-91, fig. 2. Cast hollow. The crusty, green patina, which can still be seen on the rock and part of Eros' hair, has been removed from the rest of the surface. There is a break on the left arm, just below the shoulder, with a piece missing. The bronze is also somewhat ct)rroded in places. There are three rivet-holes on the lower edge of the rock, of which one appears to be modern. Ace. No. 13.225.2. 133, 134 PAIR OF ORNAMENTS FROM A COUCH, EACH IN THE FORM OF A MULE 'S HEAD. The neck is turned to the left and to the right, respectiveh', and appears in relief; the head is bent sidewise and is modelled in the round. The lower edge of the neck is cut out semicir- cularh". Encircling the head is an iv}' wreath, and on the neck is a capari- son ornamented with the skin of an animal. The eyes are inlaid with silver; the irises were inserted separate!}^ and are missing. Ornaments of this t3^pe have been found in considerable numbers. They were used to decorate the upper front corners of the curved rests placed on couches of late Greek and early Imperial type (cf. C. L. Ransom, Studies in Ancient Furniture, p. 32, pis. VHI-X^ II; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes m the British Museum, Nos. 2561 ff.; E. Per- nice, Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1904, p. 30, fig. 36 j. They are referred to b}' H^-ginus, Fabulae, 274, and by Juvenal, Satire XI, 97 as coronati capita aselli. See also Mayor's Juvenal ad. loc, where there is a discussion of the origin ot these heads. Our examples are beautifully worked, the character of the animal being well brought out and all details careful!)- modelled. The\- probably belong still to the Hellenistic period. Height of each, 3* in. (8.9 cm.). Purchased in 1913. From Asia Minor. Published by G. M. a"^. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 94- fig. 6. Cast partly over a core. The crust}-, green patina has been largely 91 133 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS removed. The irises are missing (see abovej; otherwise in excellent preservation. Ace. Nos. 13.227.9 and 10. 135 SMALL PLAQUE WITH THREE GOATS IN LOW RE- LIEF. In front is a goat lying on the ground and scratching its ear with one hind hoof; behind it another goat is ckimbering on some rocks to the left, apparentl}' browsing on a tree; and behind this one a third goat is doing the same at the right. The effect of the composition is somewhat crowded and it is difficult at first sight to differentiate the three figures, as the height of the relief is the same in each case, though the\' are supposed to be in different planes. But the animals are well characterized, their postures being very lifelike and evidently studied from nature. The shaggy hair is successfully represented b}^ small in- cised lines. The bronze sheet on which this relief is worked is very thin; it must have served to deco- rate some object, as can be seen by the small '35 rivet-hole near the edge. The date is uncertain; probably late Greek. Height, 3j in. (S.2 cm.). Width, 3 in. (7.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. From Thebes. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, p. 98. The relief is repousse and tooled. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. I'he relief is broken in several pieces which have been reat- tached. The surface is considerably encrusted in places. Ace. No. 09.221.24. ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN The statuettes here classed together are all oi more or less crude work- manship and have no artistic value. The)' are interesting, however, from an archaeological point of view, as the\' probabl\' represent the common votive ofterings of the poorer classes, who naturalh' had to have their presents cheap. Occasionall}' they are ot abnormally elongated proportions, a circumstance winch has been explained b\' the fact that they represent a compromise between the original vovv', when a statuette of large size was promised, and the later carrjing out of it, when the question of economy became a matter for consideration (cf. J. Martha, L 'Art etrusc^ue, p. 502 L). Such statuettes have been found in great quantities in Italy, especially in 92 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN Etruna. Our examples, though individually oi unknown provenance, were purchased together as a collection made in Italy (Florence! and were there- fore presumabh' found in that countr\'. The rough execution of most of these figures often makes it impossible to assign a definite date to them. Moreover, the same type sometimes appears to ha\'e been in use for a long time, beginning perhaps m the archaic period, but continuing down to Roman Imperial times; nor was such uni- formit\- unnatural when we consider both the conservatism of religious cus- toms and the lack of artistic inspiration in those strata of Italian civiliza- tion which remained untouched b\- Greek influence. 145 MALE STATUETTE, standing with his weight on both legs and both arms lowered. The execution is vet}' primitive and recalls the earl}' figurines found at 01}-mpia (A. Furtwangler, 01}"mpia, I\', Die Bronzen, pi. XV t.). For similar statuettes found on the A'lminal, Rome, cf. G. Pinza, Monumenti antichi, X\ , p. 6o2> pi. X\'l, i-io, 12, 13, 15. Height, 2^ in. (5.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Un- published. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 192. 146 MALE STATUETTE, similar to the pre- ceding. Height, Its in- (5-6 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Un- published. Cast soHd. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 205. 145 147 MALE (':) STATUETTE, similar to No. 145, except that the arms are held farther away from the bod}-. Height, 25 in. (S-5 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crust}-, green patina. The right foot and the left leg from above the knee are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 211. 148 STATUETTE, similar to the preceding, but apparentl}- female. Below each foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Height, l|in. (4.7 cm.j. Purchased in 1S9O. Unpublished. Cast sohd. The crusty, green patina has been most!}- removed. Ace. No. G.R. 208. 93 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 149 STATUETTE, similar to No. 147, but, like No. 148, apparently female. Below each foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Height, I5 in. (4.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. Ace. No. G.R. 203. 150 MALE STATUETTE, of the same primitive type as the above (Nos. 145 ff.), but with right arm raised and the left extended forward. Below each foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Height, 2| in. (6.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 215. 150 rS2 iSi 151 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She stands erect with feet close together, the right arm extended, the left holding a fold of her drapery. She wears a pointed cap and a long chiton decorated with dots. Below the feet is a tang for insertion in a base. Very crude execution, probably archaic Etruscan. Statuettes of this type have been found in Italy in considerable numbers; some near the Black Stone on the Roman Forum (Notizie degli Scavi, 1899,' fig. 7, S, p. 158 and passim; cf. also A. de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, Nos. 224 ff., pi. 22, 235; and the other references there cited). The attitude is similar to that of the Akropolis maidens. Height, 2iin. (6,3 cm,). Purchased in 1896. Unpubli.shed. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. Part of the tang is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 201. 94 ITALIOTE AND El'RUSCAN 152 STATUETTE OE A EEMALE EIGURE, similar to the preced- ing, except that the chiton is undecorated and the nipples of the breasts and the navel are indicated by incisions. She stands on a small circular base. Ver^' crude execution. Height, 2^ in. (7.5 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The smooth, green patina has been partly removed. Ace. No. G.R. 227. 153 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES. He stands with his weight on both legs and his left leg put forward. His right arm is raised and wields the club; the left is extended and probably held the bow (now missing). He is nude and beardless, with short hair, and he carries the lion's skin over his left arm. \'ery crude execution. Illustrated, p. 97. Statuettes of Herakles in advancing attitude, wielding the club and holding the bow, have been found in great numbers (cf. S. Reinach, Reper- toire, n, pis. 202 ff. ; HI, 67 ff.; IV, iiS ff.). The t3-pe goes back to archaic Greek art (cf. A. Furtwangler, Roscher's Lexikon, Herakles, § 2141 ff. For a theory of its Phoenician origin [refuted by Furtwangler], cf. C. Friede- richs, Gerathe und Bronzen im Alten Museum, pp. 443 ff.) ; but in later times down to the Imperial period, it becomes especially' frequent in Central Itah', where Herakles seems to have been regarded as a beneficent hero (cf. A. Furtwangler, Roscher's Lexikon, Herakles, § 2154 f.). The workmanship in the majoritv of examples is so coarse that it is difficult to decide whether the}' are Etruscan or Roman, or to assign a date to them. Height, 4I in. (10.4 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. The left hand and the attribute it held are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 270. 154 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, simdar to the preceding. Crude execution. Height, 4^6 in. (11.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The green patina has been mostly removed. Of the attributes only the part actually grasped in the hands are preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 285. s 155 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153. Crude execution. Height, 41 in. (12 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The patina has been removed. Most of the club and the left forearm with the lion's skin and the attribute held in the hand are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 289. 95 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 156 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153. Crude execution. Height, Ire in. (R.S cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpubhshed. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been most!)' removed. The right foot is missing and of the attributes only the parts actually grasped in the hands are preserved. Ace. No. C;.R. 291. 157 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153. Crude execution. Height, 2}| in. (7.5 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, greenish patina, removed in places. Of the attributes only the parts actually grasped in the hands are preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 239. 158 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153, except that he wears a fillet and has a horn-like projection over the brow (probabl}' an ornament of the fillet). Mediocre execution. For similar horn-like ornaments on statuettes of this type cf. E. Bab- elon et L-A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Nos. 521, 525. Height, 3I in. (9.S cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Green patina \Mth brownish patches. Only parts of the club and the bow are preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 259. 159 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153. except that he holds a round object (apple?) in his left hand instead of a bow. The hair IS indicated by a stippled surface. Mediocre execution. Height, 4j in. (10.8 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, olive-green patina. The club held in the right hand is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 283. 160 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153, except that the position of the legs is reversed and that he wears a fillet. He stands on a round base. Crude execution. Height, sfi in. (14.4 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. The statuette is cast solid, the base hollow. The crusty, green patina has been partly re- moved. Most of the lion's skin and the bow in the left hand are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 281. 96 159 i6o i6i 162 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 161 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153, except that he wears the lion's skin over the head and the left arm, with the paws tied on his chest. The work is more careful than in the other examples. Illustrated, p. 97. Height, 4ii;'n. (10.3 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The dark green patina has been removed in places. Of the club only the part actually grasped in the hand is preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 510. 162 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES, similar to No. 153, except that the weight is chiefl)^ on the left leg and the right leg slightly drawn back, and the lion's skin is wound round the left shoulder and forearm. Crude execution. Illustrated, p. 97. Height, 3j in. (8.3 cm.). Purchased in 189''). Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina, partly removed. Part of the right foot, the left foot and ankle, and most ot the club and the bow are missing. The face is much worn. Ace. No. G.R. 219. 163 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR (Aresr). He is striding forward with the left leg advanced. His right arm is raised and is brandishing a spear; the left is lowered and prob- abl}^ held a shield (now lost). He wears a crested helmet with incised patterns and with cheek-pieces turned up, a cuirass with a row of flaps below, and greaves decorated with incised spirals along the edges. On the feet are tangs for insertion in a base. Statuettes of this type of more or less crude exe- cution and sometimes of very elongated proportions have been found in great numbers in Italy, espe- cially in Etruria (cf. J. Martha, L'Art etrusque, p. 502; A. de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre, Nos. 278 ff., pi. 25, 279-281; S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, p. 185, i; 186, 5 ff.; HI, p. 244,5,7; IV, pp. 102,5; I03' S~^)- It is doubtful whether they represent Ares or simply a warrior (cf. A. Furtwangler, Roscher's Lexikon, Ares, p. 491 [g]). Total height (with tangs), 6H in. (17 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpub- lished. Cast solid. Blue-green patina with extensive brown patches. The shield, which we know from the other examples was carried in the left hand, is missing. On one side of the helmet is a large hole. Ace. No. G.R. 292. 98 163 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN 164 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR, similar to the preceding, except that the cuirass has shoulder-flaps and two rows of flounces below. There are no mcised patterns on the ornament. The left foot is embedded m a circular leaden base. Crude workmanship. Height, with base, S in. (,20.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast soHd. Green patina with extensive brown patches. The right arm, the left fore- arm, and the right foot and ankle are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 2SS. 165 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR, similar to No. 163, except that the cuirass has shoulder-flaps, marked b\' incisions, and two rows of flounces below. The cuirass and the helmet are decorated with incised and punctured lines. Crude workmanship. Height, GJe in. (16.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The green patina has been mostl}' removed. Btjth arms from below the shoulders and both legsfrom below the knees are missing; also parts ot the crest. Ace. No. G.R. 2S6. 166 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR, similar to No. 163, except that the cuirass has shoulder-flaps, marked b}- incisions, and two rows of flounces below. The cuirass is deco- rated with incised and punctured lines. The right hand is pierced for the insertion of the spear, which, however, is missing. Crude workmanship. Height, 6| in. (r6.i cm.). Purchased in 1^96. Un- published. Cast solid. Rough, green patina. The left arm from below the shoulder, both legs from below the knees, and the crest are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 2S7. 167 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WAR- RIOR, of the same t.vpe as No. 163, except that the right arm is lowered instead of raised and there is no indication of any armor except the helmet. In the right hand is a hole for the insertion of the spear (now missing). On the feet are tangs for insertion in a leaden base, part of which is still preserved. The execution is very crude, the features being marked b}- simple incisions. Height (without base), 3! in. (9.6 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. 99 167 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Cast solid. Greenish-black patina. The left forearm is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 266. 168 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR, similar to the preceding and of the same e.xtremel}^ crude workmanship. Incised lines are used to mark the features, the nipples of the breasts, and the navel. The right hand was pierced for the insertion of the spear. Height, 25 in. (6.3 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Blackish patina. Both legs from above the knees are missing; also part of the right hand. Ace. No. G.R. 236. 169 STATUETTE OF A FIGHTING WARRIOR, similar to No. 167 and ot the same extremely crude workmanship. Incised lines are used to indicate the nipples of the breasts and the navel. Height, 2f in. (6.7 em.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Dark green patina. The head, the greater part of both arms, and both feet are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 246. 170 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE (Priest.'). He stands with his weight chiefl}^ on his right leg and the left slightlj' bent. His right arm is extended and probably held a patera; the left is bent at the elbow and holds what appears to be a small box (pyxis). He wears a radiated head- dress and a mantle which leaves the right arm and breast uncovered. Crude workmanship, probably late Etruscan. Statuettes of this tj'pe have been found in great numbers. Their identity has been a matter of much discussion, the radiated head-dress having given rise to many theories. The chief identifications are Helios (ct. E. Gerhard, Gesammelte akademische Abhandlungen, 1866, I, pi. XXV, 5); an Italic divinity (cf. A. de Longperier, Notice de bronzes du Louvre, Nos. 32 ff.); Asklepios (cf. F. Wieseler, Archdologische Beitrage, II, pp. 23 ff.); Bacchus (cf. E. Babelon et J.-A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Nos. 371 ff.); a man sacrificing (cf. C. Friederichs, Gerathe und Bronzen im Alten Mu- seum, Nos. 2083 ff.); a priest ( .') (cf. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes 100 170 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN in the British Museum, Nos. 6S9 ff.); and a lar or genius (cf. E. von Sacken, Bronzen im k. k. Mijnz-und Antiken-Cabinetes zu Wien, pi. XXXVI, no. I and p. 85; S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, pp. 501 ff.; A. de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre, Nos. 307 ff.). Of these interpretations the most convincing is that of a priest (or man) performing a sacrifice. The patera, which is almost invariably found in the right hand in the better preserved examples, suggests the pouring of a libation, and the radiated head-dress is not unlike the wreaths worn b)' the Roman priests at sacri- fices (cf. e.g. the reliefs of the Ara Pacis, E. Strong, Roman Sculpture, pis. VIII, IX. Compare also No. 270 in this collection). We know that bronze statues in the attitude of pra\'er or sacrifice were dedicated to the gods as thank-oftermgs (ct. Pausamas, V, 25, 5 and X, 18, 5); it is proba- ble that these little figures were made to serve a similar purpose. Though a large number of these statuettes are known to have come from Etruria, they have also been found on the Rhine and in other parts of the Roman empire. Their execution is mostly so crude that it is diilicult to assign them to a definite period. Height, 4I in. (11.5 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. B(jth feet and the object probably held in the right hand are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 2S4. 171 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE ( Priest r), similar to the preceding. \'er3" crude workmanship. Height, 3j in. (8.2 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crustv, green patina has been mostly removed. The right arm from be- low the shoulder and the lower part of the left leg are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 226. 172 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE (Priest?), similar to No. 170, except that the position is reversed, the weight being chiefly on the left leg with the right slightly drawn back, and that the mantle covers only the lower part of the bod)- and the left shoulder. Crude work- manship. Illustrated, p. 102. Height, 4* in. (11. 4 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. The right forearm is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 268. 173 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE, similar in attitude to No. 170, except that both hands are held open and contain no attributes, loi STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS though it is possible that these have been lost. On the right foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Crude execution. Height, 4iT in- (iO-6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, dark green patina. The left foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 276. 172 173 17s 174 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE (Priest.?), similar to the preceding, except that the mantle is pulled over the head like a hood. Both hands are held open, but may have contained attributes which have been lost. Crude execution. Height, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been mostl}' removed. The lower part of the right leg and the left foot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 255. 175 STATUETTE OF A MALE (.?) FIGURE, similar to No. 172, except that he wears shoes and a chiton, as well as a himation, and the left hand does not seem to have held a pyxis. On the left foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Crude execution. Height, 3fin. (S.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The right foot and part of the left hand are missing. The body is bent back. Ace. No. G.R. 2^7. 102 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN 176 STATUETTE OF A MAEE FIGURE, of the same t\-pe as No. edge below which is a tang for insertion 175. The teet are joined bv a sma in a base. Crude execution. Height, 3i%in. (8.7 cm.l. Purchased in 189^,. UnpuhHshed. Cast sohd. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 252. 177 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She stands with her weight on both legs, the right arm extended and holding a patera, the left lowered and mufHed m her draper\-. She wears a chiton, a himation, and a diadem. The back is flat and entirely unworked. A tang below both feet served for insertion in a base. Crude execution, prohabl}' late Etruscan. Statuettes of this type have been found in great numbers in Etruria and other parts of the Roman empire. The}- appear to be the female counter- parts to the statuettes of priests (r), described above (cf. Nos. 170 ff.). Like them they have been vari- ousl\- interpreted, the chief identifications suggested being Juno (E. Gerhard, Gesammelte akademische Abhandlungen, I, pp. 317, 370, pi. 36, fig. 3; E. Babelon et J.-A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la Bibhotheque Nationale, No. 41; A. de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Musee du Lou\Te, Nos. 3 14 ff., pi. 28, 3 16I ; H)-gieia (F. Wieseler, Archaolo- gische Beitrage, II, pp. 35 ff.); and a priestess ( .') (cf. C. Friederichs, Gerathe und Bronzen im Alten Museum, Nos. 2100 ff; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes m the British Museum, No. 693). In some cases (cf. Nos. iSo- 182J the ti-pe approaches that of Juno as known through some statues (cf. J. Overbeck, Kunstm\'Chologie, Atlas, pi. X, 35); but though the patera is a not uncommon attribute of this goddess (cf. \\ . H. Roscher, Roscher's Lexikon, under Hera, § 2132), the pyxis which these statues hold in their hands is not elsewhere found, so that e\'en in these cases the identification as a woman or priestess sacrificing seems to be more probable. Height, 5j in. (13.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast soHd. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 277. [77 1 78 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE, similar to the preced- ing. Crude execution. 103 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Height, 3x6 in. (94 cm.)- Purchased in 1S96. UnpubHshed. Cast soHd. Smooth, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 243. 179 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE, similar to No. 177, except that the left hand protrudes from the draper}'. No tang. Crude execution. Height, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, dark green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 222. 180 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She stands lookmg to the right, with her weight chiefly on her left leg and the right slightly drawn back. The right arm is extended and holds a patera. The left is bent sharply at the elbow and holds a pyxis. She wears a long, girt chiton, and a himation which covers the lower part of the bod)' and the left shoulder; also a diadem. Execution fair. In general t\'pe this resembles the crude figures just described (Nos. 177 ff.). Like them it prob- ably represents a priestess (see discussion under No. 177). Height, 35 in. (8.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Un- published. Cast solid. The green patina has been largely removed. The right arm seems to have been bent. Ace. No. G.R. 274. 180 181 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE, similar to the preced- ing, except that the mantle is pulled over the head to serve as a hood. Under- neath IS a tang for insertion in a base. Fair execution. Height, 4i(iin. (10.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. The right arm from below the shoulder is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 262. 182 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE, similar to No. 180, except that the diadem is of radiated form. Below is a tang for insertion in a base. Height, 2iJ in. (6.8 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed. The patina is chipped. Ace. No. G.R. 225. 104 ITALIOTE AND EIRUSCAN 183 MALE STATUETTE. He stands with his weight on both feet and both arms bent sharply at the elbow and extended forward. The left hand is held open, the right is clenched and probabl)' held some object. He wears a hmiation which coxers his left shoulder and the lower part of his bod)', and he has short, straight hair. Crude workmanship. Statuettes ot this general type have been found in great numbers in Italy (ct. e.g. A. de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Musee du Louvre, Nos. 291 {t., pi. 26, 293). In the absence of definite evidence it is best to explain tliem as votive figures placed in sanctuaries as offerings. Height, zjjin. (7.1 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, greenish black patina. 1 he object which was prohalih' held m the right hand is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 235. 186 184 MALE STATUETTE, similar to the preceding, except that the arms are extended sidewise instead of forward. On each foot is a tang for insertion in a leaden base, part of which is still preserved. Crude execution. Height, 25 in. (7.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Black patina. The object which was probabl}' held in the right hand is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 22S. 185 MALE STATUETTE. He stands with his weight on both legs and his arms bent sharply at the elbow and extended forward with hands held open. His hair is short and straight. He wears a himation which is STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS draped loosely over the lower part of his body with the ends slung round his left arm. The edges are decorated with punched circles. He stands on a rectangular plaque. The execution is fair. Height, 3j^ in. (S.i cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, dark green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 12. 186 MALE STATUETTE. He stands in an easy attitude with his weight chiefly on his left leg. Both arms are bent sharply at the elbow and extended with hands held open. He wears a chiton and a himation which covers his left shoulder and the lower part of his bod)-; also laced shoes. The edges of the chiton and the himation are decorated with hatched lines. His hair is long and is rolled up at the back under a fillet. On each foot is a tang tor insertion in a base. The execution is fair. Illustrated, p. 105. Height, 4I in. (10.5 cm.). Purchased in l8g6. UnpuhHshed. Cast solid. Smooth, pale green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 269. 187 MALE STATUETTE, similar to the preceding, except that he wears no chiton and the mantle has dropped down from the left shoulder; there is also no indication of shoes, and the hair is short and straight. On the left foot is a tang for insertion in a base. Crude execution. Height, 3i^i; in. (S.i cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The smooth, green patina has been removed in places. The right foot is miss- ing. Ace. No. G.R. 251. 188 MALE STATUETTE, similar to the preceding, except that the right arm is held some- what higher. On each foot is a tang for insertion m a base. Crude execution. 187 Height, 3iVin. (8.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The patina has been almost entirely removed. Both hands are missinn- Ace No. G.R. 240. 189 MALE STATUETTE. He stands with feet close together and both arms extended sidewise. In his right hand he holds a patera or a disk; 106 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN the lett IS apparenth' held open. He is nude and wears a conical cap. BeloNN' the feet is a tang tor insertion m a base. Coarse execution. Height, ^5 in. (8.9 cm.). Purchased in lSy6. Unpub- lished. Cast solid. 1 he surface is co^xred almost entirely with a brownish incrustation. Ace. No. C.R. 250. ^ 190 .\U'\LE STATUETTE. He stands with his weight chiefl\' on his right leg. His right arm is hent sharph' at the elbow; he holds a patera in the right hand, the left is placed on his hip. He wears a hinia- tion round the lower part of his bod}' and laced shoes. On each foot is a tang for insertion m a base. The execution is fair. Height, 3! in. (8.5 cm.). Purchased in Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. No. G.R. 271. 1S96. Ace. 191 ]\U^UE STATUETTE. He stands with his feet close together, the right hand lowered and grasping a round object, the left placed on the hip and holding a long leaf (r). He is nude and has short, straight hair. Below the feet is a tang for insertion in a base. Coarse execution; the features are xtry roughly indicated. Height, 2t6 in. (6.8 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 229. 192 MALE STATUETTE, similar to the pre- ceding, except that he holds nothing in his left hand and the object in his right hand appears to be a patera. Below the feet is a tang for insertion in a base. X'er}' coarse execution. Height, 2i% in. (5.8 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. Surface somewhat corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 186. 107 190 ifC-ift ^ 191 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 193 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He is striding forward with the left leg advanced. Both arms are extended sidewise with hands held open. He is quite nude, and the nipples of the breasts and the navel are represented by incisions. Vet}' crude execution. 193 194 Height, 3i in. (S.2 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Green patina, removed in places by scraping. No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. 244. 193 A STATUETTE OF A ^'OUd'H. He stands with his weight on both legs, the left advanced. Both arms are a little extended, the right held open, the left clenched. He is nude, and has short hair. The feet are joined by a small ledge below which is a tang for insertion in a base. Crude execution. Height, 4r6 in. (n cm.). Gift of Garrett C. Pier, 1907. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. Ace. No. 07.252. 194 STATUETTE OF A MALE FIGURE. He stands with his weight chiefly on his right leg. The right arm is a little extended and holds a round object; the left is lowered and grasps a sickle (r). He is nude and has short hair. 1 he nipples of the breasts and the navel are indicated by incisions. Ver\' crude execution. Height, 3t in. (S.6 Purchased in 1S96. Unpuhiished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina, partly removed. Ace. No. G.R. 275. 108 ITALIOTE AND ETRUSCAN 195 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He stands with his weight on his right leg and his left advanced. Both arms are lowered and brought to the front. He is nude and has long hau' tailing straight to the neck. \ ery crude execution. Height, .15 in. (S.9 cm.). Purchased in lSg6. Unpublished. Cast soHd. The green patina has been partly removed. The left foot and pieces of the right fingers are missing. The lower part of the right leg has been bent out of shape. The surface of the face is much worn. Ace. No. G.R. 249. 196 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She stands with her weight chiefly on her right leg. The right arm is a little extended and holds a round object; the left is lowered and grasps a sickle (?). She wears a long chiton. For the attitude and attributes compare No. 194. Ver}' crude execution. Height, 3xV in. (8.7 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpubhshed. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina with brown patches. The left foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 217. 197 STATUETTE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. She stands with her weight chiefly on her right leg and the left slightl}' advanced. The right arm is extended and probably held some object; the left is lowered and apparently holds a fold of the drapery. She wears a long, sleeved chiton, the folds of which are indicated by incisions. Ver\' crude execution. Height, 3ys in- (9-i cm.). Purchased in 1896. Un- published. Cast solid. The green patina has been partly removed. The right hand is missing. Ace. No. G. R. 247. 109 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Zeu; ROMAN PERIOD END OF FIRST CENTURY B.C. TO THIRD CENTURY A.D. [Material arranged according to subjects] ZEUS 200 STATUETTE OF ZEUS, seated. His left hand is raised and holds the sceptre; in his right is the thunderbolt. He wears a himation which covers the lower part of his body and is brought up behind with one end doubled and laid over the left shoulder. On his feet are sandals. He has thick hair and beard, similar in treatment to that of the Otricoli Zeus. This is one of the best extant bronze statu- ettes of seated Zeus. It is of Roman execution, but must have been made by an artist thor- oughly imbued with the Greek spirit. The type is one which was created in the fourth century B.C. as a modification of the Olympian Zeus of Pheidias, from which it differs in the forward in- clination of the head, the manner of grasping the sceptre, the arrangement of the mantle, the type of the face, and the treatment of the hair and beard, all innovations which take away from 200 the quiet dignity of the fifth-century composition, but are more m con- formity with the taste of the later time. It is to this fourth-century conception that most of the numerous representations ot seated Zeus m Roman times go back. For bronze statuettes of the same t\pe cf. two in the Bibliotheque Nat- ionale (E. Babelon et J.-A. Blanchet, Catalogue des Bronzes antiques, Nos. 17 and 18), one in Naples (illustrated in Antichita di Ercolano, vol. VI, pi. 87), one in Vienna (E. von Sacken, Die antiken Bronzen des kgl. Miinz-und Antiken-Cabinetes No. 540 a; illustrated in J. Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, I, p. 122, fig. 11), one in the Sammlung Arndt in Munich (Fiihrer der Samm- lung Arndt, p. 24), one in the Antiquarium of the Berlin Museum (Aus dem Berliner Museum, R. Kekule von Stradonitz dargebracht, 1909, pi. VII), no ROMAN PERIOD one in the de Clerq Collection in Pans (A. de Ridder, Collection de Clerq, Zeus III, pi. 16, No. 215), one in the Somzee Collection (A. Furtwangler, Catalogue, No. 87, pi. XXXI\ ), and one in the j\Iuseum of Fine Arts, Boston (cf. E. Robinson, Annual Report, 1S9S, p. 33, No. 36). Compare also a similar one m the British Museum (H. B. ^^ alters. Catalogue of Bronzes, No. 909), where, however, the scheme is reversed. For a list of statues reproducing the same type see J. 0\'erbeck, Griechische Kunst- m^•thologie, I, Zeus, p. i iqt. Height, 4-1 in. (10. 4 cm.). Gift of Henr}- G. Marquand, 1S97. Published hy A. Furtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, p. 267, No. 6, pi. \ I. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, I\ , p. 8, No. 2. The figure is hollow in the centre, having been cast over a small core. The crust)', green patina has been partly removed. The seat is missing, as are also the lower part of the sceptre and the eves, which were inlaid; otherwise the preservation is excellent. Ace. No. G.R.'37- 201 STATUETTE OF ZEUS. He stands quietl\- with his weight on his right leg and his head slighth" inclined to the right. The right arm is lowered, the left bent sharply at the elbow. Over the left shoulder and upper arm he has a cblam)'s which hangs down in heavy folds both front and back. He is bearded and wears a fillet, which is decorated with three rosettes in front and has long ends hang- ing down the shoulders. Fair execution, ot Roman date. From similar statuettes (cf. J. Overbeck, Kunst- mythologie, I, p. 145, and S. Reinach, Repertoire, I, 189; II, 9-1 1 ; HI, 4; IV, 7) we know that the right hand held the thunderbolt and the left the sceptre. This tvpe is known only from bronze statuettes, not from full-size statues (cf. Overbeck, loc. cit.). Though these statuettes all date from the Roman period, the quiet dignit}- of the conception points to a Greek original. Height, 4^ in. (11. 4 cm.). Purchased in 1R96. Unpublished. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. The right forearm, the left hand and wrist, part of the right leg, and the left foot and ankle are missing; also the pupils of the eyes, which were inlaid. The surface is much encrusted in places. Ace. No. G.R. 23. Ill 201 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS HERA Hera 205 STATUETTE OF HERA (?). She stands with her weight chiefl\- on her right leg and the left slightly drawn back. Her left arm is raised and evidently held the sceptre (now lost); the right is extended and probably held some other object. She wears a long chiton and a himation which is draped round her waist and over her left shoulder; also a diadem. Her hair is long and is tied together at the nape of the neck. Roman, mediocre exe- cution. As the sceptre and the diadem are associated equally with Hera and Demeter, it is not certain which of these two is here represented. The De- meter on the famous Eleusis relief by which Over- beck has identified a number of statues as certainl}' Demeter and not Hera (J. Overbeck, Kunstmythol- ogie, H, p. 461 f.) is in the same attitude as our statuette, but the arrangement of the himation is different and she wears no diadem. On the other hand, Hera is often represented holding the sceptre in the left hand and with the right arm extended, but in those cases she generally appears veiled (cf. J. Over- beck, Kunstmythologie, H, 119 f., pi. I). The slight variations found in our statuette are natural when we consider how often the types created by the Greeks were copied and adapted in Roman times. Height, 2| in. (7.3 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The right hand and the fingers of the left hand, with the sceptre the\' held, are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 232. 205 POSEIDON Poseidon 206 STATUETTE OF POSEIDON. He is striding forward, with his right hand raised and wielding the trident. His left arm is stretched forward, the hand being clasped to hold another attribute, which is missing, as is also the trident. He is nude except for a chlamys, which is draped loosely across his shoulders with both ends hanging from the arms. He has a long, curly beard and long hair, which is bound with a fillet and hangs down behind with the ends gathered into a small knot and two locks falling on the breast. 11; ROMAN PERIOD The chief interest of this statuette hes in the fact that it reproduces the Poseidon t3-pe of the striding Poseidon which occurs on the coins of Poseidonia from 550-400 B.C. It is probable that the coins went back to a famous cult statue, which apparenth' considerably influenced contemporary and subse- quent representations of Poseidon (cf. the vase- paintings and reliefs cited by J. Overbeck, Griech- ische Kunstmythologie, II, pp. 224 ff., and Atlas, pi. XII). Our figure is an archaistic work of the Roman period. The artist has borrowed from the archaic period the stiff but vigorous pose, the spare muscular form, the formal folds of the chlam^-s, and the treatment of the hair behind; but the type of the face, with the deep-set eves and prominent brow, the free rendering of the beard, and the advanced modelling of the figure, : are characteristic of late Greek art. 206 Height, 5I in. (13 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Said to have come from near Matera. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, Ma}-, 1908, p. 91, No. 15, fig. 7. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 19, No. 3. Cast solid. The brown-green patina has been removed in places. The end of the chlam\'s which hung from the right arm has been broken off and is missing, and the ends of the toes on both feet are chipped; otherwise in excellent pres- ervation. Ace. No. 07.286.93. 207 STATUETTE OF POSEIDON (?). The attitude is the same as in No. no, only re- versed, that is, the weight of the body rests on the right leg and the left leg is slightl}' drawn back; the left arm is raised and the right extended. He has thick, bushy hair and is entirely nude. The attributes are missing. Therefore there is the same uncertainty as with No. no whether this statuette represents Zeus or Poseidon; but the restlessness conve^^ed by the expression of the face and the treatment of the hair are m favor of the latter divinity. For an account of the origin and history ot this type see No. no. The figure is executed with "3 207 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Poseidon great care and finish, but the workmanship is somewhat hard and indicative of the Roman period. Height, 41 in. (12.1 cm.). Purchased in 1911. Said to have been found at Leicester Fosse, England. PubHshed by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, November, 1911, pp. 212, 213, fig. 5. Figured in S. Reinach, Reper- toire, IV, p. 3, No. 7. Cast solid. The brilliant, greenish black patina is modern. The right arm from the elbow, and the large toe of the left foot are missing, as are also the pupils of the e\'es and the nipples of the breasts, which were inlaid; otherwise the preservation is excellent. Ace. No. 11.56. APOLLO Apollo 2IO STATUETTE OF APOLLO. He stands with his weight chiefly on his right leg and the left slightly drawn back. The right arm is extended and holds a patera; the left is lowered and grasps the plectron, or instrument for striking the l\'re. He is nude, but wears a quiver on his back. His hair is long and is gathered together behind. Roman, of fair execution. For similar statuettes see S. Reinach, Reper- toire, II, 783, 7; 784, i;IIL27, 5,6, 8;28, i ; IV, 51, 5 ; 5 2, I . Though these statuettes, like our example, are all of Roman workmanship, it is probable that they were copied from an earlier Greek original. It is interesting to compare in this connection the Sabouroff Apollo (cL A. Furt- wiingler. Collection SabourolF, pis. 8-1 1), the general attitude of which is the same. ). Purchased in lSg6. Smooth, green patina. Height, 25 in. (6.3 cm. Unpublished. Cast solid. The face and some of the other parts of the surface are much wc No. G.R. 254. Ac 114 ROMAN PERIOD ARTEMIS 211 MEDALLION WITH A BUST OF ARTEMIS IN RELIEF. Artemis She wears a chiton and has a quiver strung on her right shoulder. Her hair is long with a tress falling m front on each side. Roman period; cursor)' execution. Diameter, j| in. (2.1 cm.). Frcim C\'prus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S61. Green-brown patina. The surface is much riibbed. Ace. No. C.B. 291. ATHENA 214 STATUETTE OF ATHENA. She stands with her weight on the left leg and the right slightly drawn back. Her right hand is brought up to the shoulder and grasps a round obiect; the left arm is extended to hold the spear, now lost. She wears a chiton, and a himation, which is draped round the lower part of her bod\' and over the left shoulder; also a crested helmet and the aegis with gorgoneion. Roman, of indifferent execution. The t}'pe of Athena standing quietl}", holding the lance in the left hand and another attribute in the right, was originated as early as the earl\- fifth cen- tury B.C. (cf. A. Furtwangler in Roscher's Lexikon, under Athena, § 695). It became more and more popular, and in Roman times was frequentl}' copied with slight variations. Athena 114 Height, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Un- published. Cast solid. The green patina has been mosth' removed. The spear in the left hand is missing and the surface is much rubbed. Ace. No. G.R. 238. 215 STATUETTE OF ATHENA. She stands with her weight on the right leg and her left slightly drawn back. Her right arm is raised and held Hi Athena STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEES the spear; the left is lowered. She wears an Ionic chiton with diploi'dion, girt at the waist; an aegis, with gorgoneion; and a crested helmet with broad brim. Roman work, of mediocre execution. This t3'pe of Athena goes back to the fifth century B.C. (cf. A. Furtwangler, Roscher's Lexikon, Athena, p. 695). In Roman times it attained great popularity and was reproduced continually with slight variations (cf. e.g. S. Remach Repertoire, II, 275 ff.; Ill, 85 f.; IV, i68j. Height, 4r6 in. (11. 1 cm.). From C}'prus. Ces- nola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5028. Cast hollow. The green patina has been largely removed. The ends of the fingers of the right hand with the spear they held, and the lower part of the left hand are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 335- 216 BUST OF ATHENA. Her hair is waved over her temples and knotted at the back. She wears a "Corinthian" helmet, a chiton, and a mantle over her left shoulder. Her head is inclined a little to the right. The hole at the top of the hel- met was probably for the insertion ot a crest. The bust appears to have been used as an ornament to some object. The workmanship is good and belongs to the Roman period; but the t3'pe goes back to the end of the fifth or the beginning ot the fourth centur\- B.C. Height, 3^6 •"• (7-7 cm.). Found in Rome. Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Unpublished. Cast solid. Green patina. Preservation good; the mantle has been considerably rubbed, so that the folds appear indistinct. r'^1 \._/ 216 Ace. No. G.R. 40. 217 LEFT ARM OF A LARGE STATUETTE OF ATHENA. The upper arm is covered with the aegis, on which is a gorgoneion. The fingers are loosely clasped to hold some attribute, now missing. Probably Roman period, but the surface is so blurred that it is difficult to assign a date. 116 ROMAN PERIOD Length, 6xV in. (16.4 cm.). PurchasLtl in 1913. Mentioned in the Museum Athena Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 94. Cast hollow. The green patina has been mostly removed. The surface is considerably corroded and part of the first finger is missing. Ace. No. 13.2.25.8. 217 APHRODITE 220 STATUETTE OF APHRODITE. The attitude is, like No. 121, a reproduction of the Knidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles. She is nude and is standing with her weight on her right leg, bent slightly forward. Her right hand IS held m front of her, the left arm is lowered, but being broken off from beneath the shoulderits action cannot be determined. Shewears a diadem and has wavy hair gathered in a knot behind. This charming figure is not onh' interesting for the type it represents, but of value for its own sake, for the execution is good, and though executed in Roman times it retains much of the Greek spirit. For a discussion of bronze statuettes in the attitude of the Knidian Aphrodite see No. 121. Height of fragment, 4! in. (12. i cm.). Pur- chased in 191 1. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, November, 191 1, pp. 212, 213, fig. 4. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. Both legs from above the knees and the left arm from beneath the shoulder are missing. The head was broken off and has been reattached, the missing parts of the neck being restored. The ears are pierced for the insertion of earrings. Ace. No. 11. 140.10. Aphrodite 221 STATUETTE OF APHRODITE ANADYOMENE. She is standing looking to the right, with her weight chiefl}" on the left leg 117 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Aphrodite and the right drawn back. Her left hand is raised and holds one of her tresses; the right is lowered and probabl}' held an attribute. She is nude and has long hair which falls down her back with one tress on either side. Roman, of cursor\' execution. Statuettes of Aphrodite holding her hair, ac if to arrange it or to wring out the water after the bath, occur with great trequenc3'(cf. J. J. Bernoulli, Aphrodite, pp. 288 ff. ; S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, 339 ff.; Ill, 103, ff.; IV, 200 ff.). The most usual attitude for figures of this t3'pe is for both hands to be raised to the hair; but the slight variation of pose shown in this statuette is not uncommon (cf. S. Reinach, loc. cit.j. The great popularity of the type presupposes a famous original, which, to judge from the general st3de and conception, probably belonged to the second half of the fourth century B.C. L. Stephani, Compte-rendu, 1870- 71, pp. 78 ff., attempted to connect this Aphrodite Anad\'omene type with the famous painting by Apelles which represented the new-born goddess 221 rising from the sea and dicing her hair; but the arguments of O. Benndorf (Athenlsche Mitteilungen, I, 1876, pp. c;o ff.) for the possibility that the Apelles Aphrodite was conceived with the lower part of her body still immersed in the water appear more convincing Height, 4 in. (10.2 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast soHd. The green patina has been almost entirely removed. The right hand is missing and the surface of the face is much worn. Ace. No. G.R. 264. 222 STATUETTE OF APHRODITE. She is nude and stands with her weight on her right leg and the left a little drawn back. The ri"ht arm is lowered; in the left she holds up an apple. Her head is inclined to the right. She wears a diadem and has wavy hair done up in a knot behind, with a tress falling on each shoulder. The figure stands on a round base. The workmanship is fair, but Roman; the type belongs to the Hellen- istic period. For statuettes of a similar character see J. J. Bernoulli, Aphrodite, p. 359, and S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, p. 360. 118 ROMAN PERIOD Height of figure, 6'| in. (16.2 cm.). Height, with base, 8^ in. (20.6 cm.). Aphrodite Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1S97. Unpubhshed. The base is hollow, but the statuette is cast solid. Patina black-green and rough. Intact except for the loss of the ends of the fingers of the right hand. Ace. No. G. R. 31. EROS 228 STATUETTE OE A WINGED EROS. He is running forward resting his weight light!}' on the toes of his right foot and with his left thrown back. His left hand is held up and grasps the socket of a torch; his right is lowered and holds a large vine-branch. He is nude and has curly hair, of which one tuft is gathered into a knot over the forehead and braided. (For this arrangement cf. under No. 131.) On the inside of the wing the feathers are modelled and incised. 119 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Eros This statuette is of the same general type as the famous bronze Eros from Bos- coreale (No. 131). It is not, however, of the same splendid workmanship, but merely a good decorative piece of the Roman pe- riod. For similar statuettes see the list given under No. 131. The vme-branch in Eros's right hand is of the type which occurs in Pompeiian lamp-stands for the support of a disk on which the lamp was placed (cf. F. B. Tar- bell, Naples Bronzes, figs. 67, 68, 71, 73). It is possible that it served a similar pur- pose here. Height of figure, 6| in. (17. 1 cm.); total height, 9I in. (24.1 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Said to have been found at Trebizond. Unpublished. Cast solid. The patina (artificial.?) is smooth, light green, and highly lustrous. The top of the vine-branch is unfinished, showing that some object must have fitted into it (see above). The figure is in an excellent state of preservation; only the tip of the third finger of the left hand is broken tiff, and the toes of the left foot ba\-e become injured. Ace. No. G. R. M. 229 S I'A rUETTE OF A WINGED EROS. He stands with his weight on his left leg and the right drawn back. His left arm is bent at the elbow and holds the bow. With his right he is extracting an arrow from the quiver hanging on his shoulder. By his side stands a torch placed upside down. He is nude and has long curly hair, falling loose e.xcept for a braid along the middle. The statuette rests on a base consisting of a plinth with flaring toot, decorated with incised patterns. Along the under side of the base is a slit for inser- tion in some object. The conception is graceful and probabU- goes 120 228 229 ROMAN PERIOD back to the fourth century B.C.; but the execution is mediocre and be- longs to the Roman period. For a statue representing Eros in the same attitude cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire, I, p. 353, No. 1463. Height, jyI in. (9.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5029; illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXVI, 2, and b\' L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. IV, where it is said to have come from Dali. Cast solid. The green patina has been partly removed. 1 he surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 336. Eaof il^"^-J^^ 230 HANDLE OF A JUG. The lower attachment is decorated with a relief of Eros, on either side of which is a volute. Eros is standing in a graceful pose, with a mantle thrown over his left arm. In his left hand he holds a wreath; in his right a reversed cup. At his feet lies a panther which seems to be catching the drops poured from the cup. The handle belongs to the Roman period. Height, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. It formed part of the Ferroni Sale (see Sale Catalogue, p. 36, No. 313). Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, p. 98. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The surface is partly encrusted and much worn in places; the features of Eros, for instance, have completely disappeared. The volute on the right side of the lower attach- ment and a piece from the top of the handle are missing. Ace. No. 09.221.26. HERMES 235 HERM OF HERMES PROPYLAIOS (.?j. His features are Hermes regular and he looks straight before him. He has a full beard and long hair, arranged in front in three rows of conventionalized spiral curls and rolled up behind. He wears a fillet, round which a strand of hair is twisted in two places in front; it should be noticed that the hair is not rolled round the fillet behind according to the usual custom, the artist having evidently not thoroughly under- stood what he was representing. The pupils were inserted and are miss- 121 t 2' .1 .. * 235 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Hermks ing. The hole at the top of the head indicates that this herm was used as a support. Herms of this type are of common occurrence (see e.g. Beschreibung der antiken Skulpturen in Berhn, Nos. 101-108), and are also frequently represented on vases. At first the}^ were ascribed indiscriminately to Dionysos (cf. E. Q. Visconti, Museo Pio-Clementino 6, pp. 65 ff.j, then to Hermes (cf. G. Zoega, De origine et usu obeliscorum, p. 217). It is clear, however, that the type was used for both Hermes and Dio- nysos, since the herms are sometimes characterized by definite attributes, like the iv3'-wreath or the caduceus, as either one or the other god. But the question comes up which of the two is represented where there are no definite attributes, and this is the case in the majority of examples. E. Gerhard (Uber Hermenbilder auf griechischen Vasen, in Akademische Abhandlungen, II, pp. 126 ff.) held that it was chiefl}' Hermes that came into consideration. This view has latel}^ been supported by the discovery at Pergamos of a marble herm, identified by the inscription as a copy of the Hermes Propjdaios by Alkamenes (cf. A. Conze, Sitzungs- berichte der Berliner Akademie, 1904, pp. 69 ff.), which is of the same general type as the many existing herms, and probably reproduced the original from which the numerous replicas were derived. These vary more or less in details. Thus in our e.xample the hair is treated somewhat differ- ently from the way it appears on the Pergamos herm, where it falls in a straight mass on the back, with a lock hanging over each shoulder in front. The date of the original by Alkamenes must probably be assigned to 450 B.C. The archaic rendering ot the hair was apparently preserved chiefly for its architectonic eftect. For this dating cf. G. Loschcke, Jahrbuch des archiiologischen Instituts, 1904, p. 24 f. Furtwangler dates it somewhat earlier, i.e. 470 B.C. (cf. Sitzungsberichte der kgl. ba3'erischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1904, Heft III, p. 379). The sculptor is of course an elder Alkamenes, not the pupil of Pheidias. The execution of our herm is fair and belongs to the Roman period. Height, (7.6 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Published by A. Furtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, p. 268, fig. 2. Cast hollow. Patina oHve green with black patches. There is a hole at the top of the head. Ace. No. G.R. 44. 122 Win: 236 IS are sometimes ROMAN PERIOD 236 STATUETTE OF HERMES. He .s walkin- slowl\-, with his Hhrmes weight resting on the left leg, and the right foot drawn back. The right hand is extended and holds a purse; in the left, which IS lowered, was the caduceus, or herald 's stafl". He wears a chlam3-s, fastened with a stud on the left shoulder and N\ound loosely around the arm. His head, whicli is slight!)' turned tc the right, is winged, and he has short, wa\'3' hair. This t\pe of Hermes, in which he is charac- terized b)' the money pouch as the god of com- merce, appears to be of Roman, not Greek origin [cL Chr. Sherer, in Roscher's Lexikon, under Hermes, §2426). It became the favorite aspect under which Hermes was conceived during the Roman period. For bronze statuettes representing Hermes with the purse and caduceus, and with a chlamj's over the lett shoulder, cf. S. Remach, Repertoire, II, pp. I ^4-164. The\' are of ver\' frequent occurrence, added to the teet, and a winged petasos takes the place of the wings in the hair. 1 he st\'le ot the figures also varies; sometimes the)' reproduce a Polvkleitan t)'pe (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Master- pieces, p. 232 t.), but oitener the)' are of later st)'le, as is the case in our statuette. The exe- cution of our figure is fairl)^ good. Height, 7I in. (iS cm.). Purchased in 190s;. From the Rome Sale. Described by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 78. Cast solid. The green patina has been removed b)' cleanmg. Intact, except for the loss of the caduceus in the left hand. Ace. No. oS.258.3. 237 STATUETTE OF HERMES. Of the same general type as the preceding, but in a sllghth' different attitude. He stands with his weight resting on the right leg and the left foot ''" a little drawn back. The right hand is extended and held an attribute, probabh' a purse; the left hand, which presumably held the caduceus, is 123 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Hermks missing. He wears a chlamys over his lett shoulder and arm, fastened with a stud, and on his feet are sandals. He has short, curly hair, from which rise two small wings, and his head is slightl)' turned to the left. The execution of this Hgure is excellent and the careful, though somewhat hard modelling can be fully appreciated, as the surface is splendidly pre- served. For a discussion of this type of Hermes see under No. 236. Like that figure it dates from the Roman pen od. Height, 6j in. (15.8 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Found at Versailleux (De- partement d'Ain). Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, pp. 19, 20, fig. 6; and in the Bulletin de la Societe Nationale des Antiquaires de France, 1905, p. 2S4, with plate. Cast solid. The patina is smooth and dark green. The left hand and wrist, the attributes in both hands, the front of the left foot, and the eves and the nipples of the breast (which were inlaid) are missing; otherwise the preservation is excellent. Ace. No. 06.1057. ^38 239 238 STATUETTE OF HERMES. Of the same type as No. 237, except that he is represented as a boy instead of a youth, and wears a winged petasos. The execution is mediocre. Height to top of wing, zh in. (6.3 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. 124 ROMAN PERIOD Cast solid. Black-green patina. Both feet are missing, also the attribute in Hermes the left hand, and the right wing on the petasos. One finger of the left hand is bent out of position. Ace. No. G.R. 234. 239 STATUETTE OF HERMES. Similar to the preceding. The execution is ver}' crude. Height, 2| m. (5.8 cm.). Date of acquisition uncertain (before 1906). Un- published. Cast solid. Patina green and slightly rough. The right leg, the lower part of the left leg, the right arm from below the shoulder, the attribute in the left hand, and the right wing of the petasos are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 13. DIONYSOS, SEILENOI, AND SATYRS 245, 246 PAIR OF ATTACHMENTS for the swinging handle of a pail. Each is decorated with the bust of Dionj'sos in relief. He has long flow^ing locks and wears a diadem in which are introduced clusters of grapes and vine leaves. Rather coarse Roman work. For a pail from Boscoreale with similar attachments still in position cf. E. Pernice, Bronzen aus Boscoreale, Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1900, p. 188, fig. 14. 245 246 Total height of each, 35 in. (8.9 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, Syria. Unpub- lished. Cast. Rough, green patina. Chipped in places; otherwise intact. Ace. Nos. G.R. 328 and 329. DiONYSOS Seilenoi AND Satyrs 247, 248 PAIR OF ATTACHMENTS for the swingmg handles of a pail. Each is in the form of a Seilenos mask WTth long beard twisted into a series of pointed ends. On the forehead of one are tw'o sprays of ivy leaves in relief; on the other are incisions to indicate the hair. There are also other minor differences between the two which show that they were not cast from the same mould. Careful Roman work. Seilenos masks were commonly used for attachments of situla handles. 125 DiONYSOS Seilenoi AND Satyrs STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS For similar examples see Museo Etrusco Gregoriano, pi. LVIII, 4; E. Babelon et J.-A. Blanchet, Bronzes antiques de la Bibliotheque Nationale, No. 401. Height of each, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Pur- chased in 1907. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, p. gi, Nos. 16, 17. Cast. The patina of 247 is smooth and olive green, but from No. 248 it has been mostly removed. A few of the pointed ends of the beard are broken off. Ace. Nos. 07.286.98 and 07.- 286.99. 247 248 249, 250 PAIR OF HORIZONTAL HANDLES, probably from a hydria. The attachments, which are in the form of lanceolate leaves, 249 250 are jomed together at one pomt and are decorated with Sedenos masks and garlands, m relief. Each mask is crowned with a wreath. Somewhat cursor)' Roman work. Height of each, 6| in. (17.1 cm.). Greatest width of each, 5! in. (14.5 cm.). Purchased in 1910. Perhaps from near Rome. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1910, p. 275. Cast. Patina dull green. Preservation good; one handle is partl>' covered with incrustations. Ace. Nos. 10.210.^1 and 10.210.3^. 25 1 STATUETTE OF A SATYR. He is striding forward, his weight resting on the left leg, which is advanced. The right hand is swung over to the left side and grasps the fragment of a staff or thyrsos; under his left 126 ROMAN PERIOD AND Satyrs arm he holds a pointed amphora b}^ the handle. His head is raised and turned Dionysos sharply to the right. He is nude but wears high shoes with flaps at the top Seilenoi and a bracelet on each wrist. His hair is long and shagg}^. The type of Satyr is that prevalent during the Hellenistic period — of strong build, somew^hat coarse features, and with goat's horns. The splendid motion of the figure, the dra- matic pose, and the fine, strong modelling of the bod}^ point to a Pergamene original for this statuette. The execution, however, is ratiier hard and must be Roman. Height, 7 in. (17.7 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, p. 91, No. 13, fig. 6, and by Nicolas de Rome in Le Musee, V, 1908, pp. 279 ff. Figured in S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, p. 71, No. 3. Cast solid. The dark green patina has been partly removed. Intact, except for the lower part of the th3'rsos(?), which has been broken off and is miss- mg. On the top of the head there are traces of an iron attachment. Ace. No. 07.286.90. 251 HERAKLES 252 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES. He stands in attitude with his weight chiefly on the right leg and the left a little advanced. The left arm is lowered and bent sharply at the elbow with the hand open as if holding an attribute, now lost. The right arm is missing, but the position of the shoulder shows that it was lowered. He IS nude and carries the lion's skin over his left arm. The type of Herakles standing in a restful pose with his right arm usually resting on the club and the lett hold- ing another attribute is common in late Greek and Roman art (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Roscher's Lexikon, Herakles, §2179), though the motive occurs as earl}' as the fifth century B.C. (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Roscher's Lexikon, Herakles, §2156 ff.). The execution of this statuette is Roman, but the eas}^ Praxitelean pose points to a tourth- century original. 127 leisurely Herakles 252 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Herakles Height, 6| in. (15.5 cm.)- Purchased in 1S96. UnpubHshed. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been largely removed. The head, the right arm from below the shoulder, most of the right leg, and the left foot are missing; also the attributes. The left forearm has been broken off and reattached. Ace. No. G.R. 27S. 253 STATUETTE OF HERAKLES. He stands in a leisurely atti- tude with his weight on his right leg, the left a little drawn back. The right arm is extended, with the hand held open; the left holds the club against the shoulder. He is nude and has the lion's skin hanging from his left forearm. He wears a beard and moustache, and in his curly hair is a wreath, the ends of which hang over his shoulders. The nipples of the breasts are indicated with incisions. The statuette is mounted on its ancient base, which is round and has a square plmth restmg on four feet. This type, like the preceding, was popular m the Hel- lenistic and Roman periods (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Roscher's Lexikon, Herakles, § 2179). The extended right hand generally holds the apples of the Hespendes, or another attribute, such as a dnnkmg-cup (kantharos) or wreath (cf. the representations on late Greek coins from Further Asia, P. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, pi. XIV, 16, 22) of our statuette is fair and belongs to the Roman period. Height, 4j in. (10.8 cm.). Purchased in 1897. Unpublished. The stat- uette is cast solid, the base hollow. The crusty, greenish patina has been re- moved in places. Ihe figure has become separated from the base and has been reattached. The attribute which may have been held in the right hand is miss- ing (see above). Ace. No. G.R. 24. 2S3 The execution Miscella- neous Divinities MISCELLANEOUS DIVINITIES 258 REPRESENTATION OF AN IMAGE OF KYBELE on its processional car drawn by two lions. The figure is seated on a throne, her feet resting on a foot-stool; in her right hand she holds a drum (tympanum), in her left a bowl (patera). She wears a mural crown, a chiton, and a hima- tion, which is drawn up over the crown to form a veil; in her ears are holes for the attachment of earrings, now missing. The chariot has four wheels, each with seven spokes, shaped like clubs. The attachment of the pole is in the form of a Doric capital. The upper surface of the chariot 128 :^«r STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS MiscELLA- and the side pieces of the throne are decorated with floral designs, cast NEous separately and soldered on. The background may once have been filled Divinities ^j,.]-, gome colored substance. A number of similar fragments were found with the chariot, but their use is uncertain. The conception of the group is dignified and the execution fair, dating probably from the second century A.D. The worship of the great nature goddess Kybele in Rome dates from the year 204 B.C., when, in obedience to a Sibylline edict, her image was fetched from her Phr3'gian home and placed in a temple on the Palatine. From that time on, her cult became very popular, and various ceremonies were observed in connection with it. The two chief features in the legend of Kybele were the loss of her lover Attis and his subsequent restoration, Kybele symbolizing the Earth, and Attis Vegetation. Both in Phrygia and later in Rome a yearly festival was held in which wild manifestations first of sorrow and then of rejoicing commemorated these two events. One of the ceremonies observed in Rome on this occasion was the carrying of the statue of Kybele on her chariot from her temple on the Palatine to the banks of the river Alno, where both were bathed, and then brought back to the temple. It is this ceremony that the group in this Museum probably com- memorates; for the proportion of the figure of Kybele to the lions clearly indicates that not the goddess herself but her image is here represented. Total height, 22| in. (56.2 cm.). Total length, 3 ft. 5 in. (1.04 m.). Height of figure, 12 in. (30.5 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1S97. Found on the site of the shop called "Old England" in Rome, on the corner of the Via Nazionale and the Via Eufemia. Published by A. Furtwjingler, Neue Denk- maler antiker Kunst, IH (1905), pp. 263-64, pi. Ill; S. Reinach, Repertoire, HI (1904), p. 83, No. 3; C. H. Caffin, in Harper's Weekly, October 18, 1897, and Ernest Knaufft, Art Interchange, November, 1S97. Cast hollow. Crusty, green patina. The group was broken in many pieces. It was cleaned and put together in Rome by Martinetti. There are some slight restorations. Ace. No. G.R. 486. 259 ANTIOCHEIA, OR THE PERSONIFICATION OF THE CITY OF ANTIOCH, represented as a woman seated on a rock. She is sitting with crossed legs, the right arm held forward, the left stretched out behind and supported on the edge of the rock. She wears a mural crown, and a chiton and himation, of which the latter is pulled up behind to cover part of her hair; on her feet are sandals. In her right hand she holds a longish object, which, from the analogy of similar figures, may be identified as a bunch of wheat. 130 ROMAN PERIOD 259 Figures of this type have been brought into connection with a bronze statue Icnown to have been made by Eutj'chides, a pupil of Lysippos, for the city of Antioch founded in 300 B.C. (cf. Pau- sanias VI, 2, 6; R. Forster, Jahrbuch des archiiologischen Instituts, 1S97, p. 145), and re- produced on S_vrian coins of Tigranes (S^, B.C.) and hiter. The best-known repHca is the marble group m the \ atican, where Antiocheia is repre- sented with her foot on the river Orontes (cf. W. Helbig, Fijhrer, I, No. 362 [1913 edition], and the references there cited). In our example the figure of Orontes is not present; but as he is also absent on some of the coin-representations, the identification of the statuette with Antioclieia does not depend on this detail. For other bronze statuettes of this t3'pe, cf. A. de Ridder, Collection de Clercq, III, pi. 51, 326; E. Babelon et J. -A. Blan- chet. Bronzes de la Bibliotheque Nationale, No. 607; L. A. Milani, Museo archeologico di Firenze, pi. CXXX\'III; cf. also a silver statuette in the British Museum published by P. Gardner, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1888, pi. V. These monuments vary in slight details from each other; but m essentials they are the same. Ihe conception is distinguished by a combination of dignity and grace. The execution of our statuette is careful, but somewhat schematic, and belongs to the Roman period. Height, 4 in. (10.2 cm.). Purchased in 1913. Pub- lished in the Museum Bulletin. Cast hollow . The patina Jk has been mostly removed. The right forearm was broken and has been reattached. Ace. No. 13.227.8. 260 STATUETTE OF FORTUNA. She stands with her weight resting chiefly on her right leg. Her right hand is lowered and holds a steer- ing-oar; in her left she grasps the cornucopia, or horn of plenty, which is laden with fruit, appar- ently grapes. She wears a long, girt chiton and a himation, which is draped round the lower part of her body and over the left shoulder; also a modius (measure) on her head. Her hair is 131 Miscella- neous Divinities 260 Miscella- neous Divinities STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS arranged in a knot behind, with a tress falhng over each shoulder. Roman period, of cursor}' execution. Statuettes of Fortuna, the goddess of Chance, were evidently popular during the Roman Imperial times, judging from the large number that have been found (cf. R. Peter in Roscher's Lexikon, under Fortuna, § 1503 ff.; and S. Reinach, Repertoire, II, 261-263; III, 77-81; IV, 154-155). The commonest attitude is that of our statuette, with steenng-oar and cornu- copia; but she IS also found with other attributes, such as a globe, ears of corn, a wheel, the prow of a boat, and a patera. The identification of this type with Fortuna is rendered certain b}' inscribed representations on Roman coins (cf. Peter, op. cit.). Height, 3I in. (7.9 cm.j. Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Brown-green patina. The right hand and the upper part of the steering-oar are missing; the features are almost completely rubbed awa}' and the rest of the statuette is much chipped in places. The cornucopia is joined to the head by a horizontal support. Ace. No. G.R. 253. 261 STATUETTE OF FORTUNA, similar to the preceding, except that the head is inclined a little to the right. The execution is slightly better. Height, 4j in. (11. 4 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Blackish patina with green patches. The fingers of the right hand, the steering- oar, and the upper part of the cornucopia are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 265. 265 STATUETTE OF LAR. He is repre- sented as a 3'outh, advancing on tiptoe in a danc- ing attitude, with the right foot put forward. The right hand is raised and holds up a drinking- horn, or rhyton, ending in the head of a stag; the left is extended and holds a patera. He wears a short tunic girt at the waist, and a mantle which IS draped loosely across the right shoulder and left forearm with both ends hanging from the arms. He has high shoes (endromides) with flaps, and long curly hair, arranged in thick clusters round his face. The figure stands on a round base. The execution is fair and belongs to the Imperial period. 132 261 ROMAN PERIOD Bronze statuettes of l.ares have been found in great numbers, especially in the aedicula of Roman private houses, their identification with this Roman divinity being made certain by inscriptions and occasional references by contemporary writers. We can distinguish two t\-pes, one advancing in a dancing attitude with drinking-horn and patera, like the figure described above, the other standing in a quiet attitude and holding a cornucopia and patera. The dancing type has been identified as the one created probably during the time of the Second Punic \\ ar tor the Lares compitales, i.e. divinities wor- shipped at the Compita, or cross-roads, their some- what gay appearance being consistent with the jovous festival of the Compitalia. The standing t\'pe, on the other hand, is probably to be identified with that created for the Lar familiaris, or household divinitv. Augustus, in reorganizing the worship of the Lares compitales, did away with the difference between the Lar familiaris and the Lar compitalis, and henceforth the dancing tvpe was used for both. As a matter of fact, all extant represen- tations of Lares belong to the Lnperial times. The presence of the stand- ing type during that period is explained as a survival of the type used for the Republican Lar familiaris. For a history' of the Lares and their represen- tations see G. Wissowa, in Roscher's Lexikon, under Lares and the bibliog- raphy there given. Height of figure, 4I in. (11 cm.); total height with base, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). Purchased probablv in 1896. Unpublished. Cast sohd. Dark green patina with light green patches. Intact. Ace. No. G.R. 14. 266 STATUETTE OF LAR. Of the same type as the preceding, but without the mantle. The lower part of the tunic is blown out on either side. The execution is crude and belongs to the Imperial period. Illus- trated, p. I 34. Height, 2f in. (6.9 cm.). Probably purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Black patina with green patches. The right hand, the right leg from under the knee, the end of the left foot, and parts of the patera are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 221. Miscella- neous Divinities 133 Miscella- neous Divinities STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 267 STATUETTE OF LAR. Of the same type as the two preceding, but the scheme is reversed: the left arm is raised, the right extended, and the left leg is advanced. He wears a tunic, of which the lower part is blown out on either side, but no mantle. The execution is Roman, of the Imperial period, and veiy crude. Height, 2| in. {7.2 cm.). Probably purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Green patina. The right arm from under the elbow and the left arm from above the elbow are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 220. 266 267 PRIESTS Priests 270 STATUETTE OF A ROMAN PRIEST. He stands with his weight on his right leg and his left slightly drawn back. His right arm is missing; the left is bent at the elbow and holds a small box (acerra). He wears a tunic and a toga, which is drawn up over his head behind and thrown across his left shoulder in front, leaving the right arm uncovered. He also wears high shoes and a laurel wreath in his hair. The execution is fair. Statuettes of men sacrificing, with an incense box in one hand and a piece of incense or a patera in the other, have been found in considerable numbers on Roman sites (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire II, p. 503, 4-8; 504, 1-5; III, p. 144, 9; IV, p. 30S, 6; 310, 2; compare also the statuettes Nos. 170 ff.). They can be identified as Roman priests from their resemblance both to figures of priests on Roman reliefs, such as those of the Ara Pacis (cf. E. Strong, Roman Sculpture, pis. VHI, IX), and to bronze figures represented in the act of sacrificing before an altar (cf. e.g. a statuette in the Sofia Museum, published by S. Reinach, Revue archeologique, 1897, pp. 234. 235, No. 39). 134 ROMAN PERIOD Height, 9f in. (24.S cm.)- Purchased in 1913. From Macedonia. Described by G. M. A. R[ichterl in the Museum Bidletin, April, 1914, p. 93. Cast hollow. The crusty, green patina has been largely removed. The right arm from below the shoulder is missing. The surface is somewhat corroded and scraped in places. The eyes are mlaid in sdver; the pupils were inserted separately and are missing. Ace. No. 13.227.6. 271 STATUE OF A "CAMILLUS". A bo_\' IS represented standing in an eas\' pose, with his weight on his right leg and the left a little drawn back. His right arm is lowered and holds a staff; the left, which is slightl}^ extended, is bent sharply at the elbow with the fingers held open, probably to grasp an incense-box. He wears a tunic, girt at the waist, and sandals. The tunic is inlaid with narrow bands of copper running along the shoulders and down each side, front and back. These were probabl}' intended to represent purple stripes on a white back- ground. He has short, curly hair and a merrv expression on his face. The head is turned slightl}' to the left. The statue is mounted on an octagonal base, tastefuU}^ deco- rated with mouldings of tongue and plait patterns. The execution is good. The bo\'ish character of the figure is well rendered; the tunic falls in simple and effective, though somewhat heavy folds, and all details, such as the curly hair, the straps of the sandals, and the mouldings on the base, are caretull}" worked. The identification of the statue as a "Camillus", that is, a bo\' who assisted at religious ceremonies (cf. Servius, ad Aen.XI, 558) is based on its similarity to the famous bronze statue m the Capitohne Museum (cf. \\ . Helbig, Fiihrer [1913 edition], I, No. 957), and to other similar statues and representations on reliefs. For a list of these cf. L. C. Spauldmg, The "Camillus" Type in Sculpture, pp. 23 ft. That this statue is Roman is evident both from the execution and from the type of garment represented. It is difiiculc, however, to assign it to a definite period. It can hardly belong to the Augustan age, for it lacks the severe classicism that distinguishes works of that time. A. Furtwangler (Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, p. 263) dates it "not later than the first century B.C. " on account of its similarity to the young sat}'rs of late 13s PRI 270 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Priests Greek art; but there are no other statues of the late Republican period with which this statue can be brought into connection. L. C. Spaulding (op. cit., p. 51) would place it in the Flavian age. With the scanty data at our command, however, it is safer not to limit the time more strictl}' than the earlier Imperial period. Height, with base, 3 ft. io| in. (1.17 m.). Height of figure, 3 ft. 4! in. (1.03 m.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Provenance unknown. Pub- lished by A. Furtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, p. 262 f , pi. II; L. C. Spaulding, The "Camillus" Type in Sculpture, p. 46, with plate; as a statue of Geta in Harper's Weekly, October 30, 1897, by C. H. Caffin, and in the Art Interchange, November, 1897, by E. Knaufft. Illustrated in S. Reinach, Repertoire HI, p. 144, No. 3. Cast hollow. The crusty, green patina has been removed in several places. The statue was originally in pieces, with the head detached, and was put together and strengthened inside by Martinetti. The lower end of the staff in the right hand is broken off and the object held in the left hand is missing. The eyes were inlaid with silver, which is still partly pre- served. The lips are inlaid with copper, as are also the bands on the garment (see above). Small pieces of bronze inserted as ancient repairs have become detached; others can still be seen in place. Ace. No. G.R. 4S9. GROTESQUES Grotesques 275 GROTESQUE STATUETTE OF A DWARF. This appears to be a caricature of a hawker. He is holding in front of him a large dish of small fruits (.'), from which he has taken one and is putting it into his mouth. He wears a kind of apron, which is tied at the back of his neck and co\'ers the front part of his body down to his waist; a small bag hangs by his side. He is bald and wears a wreath. His legs are crooked and he has a large phallus. The workmanship is fair and belongs to the Roman period. For similar iigures see the list given by A. J. B. Wace, British School Annual, X, 1903-1904, p. 105 f. For the interpretation of such grotesque figures see No. 127. Height, 3! in. (7.9 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Published by A. Furtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, p. 26S, pi. IX. Cast solid. The light green patina has been partly removed. The third and fointh fingers of the right hand have been broken off; otherwise in good condition. At the top of the head are remains of a round attachment Ace. No. G.R. 38. 136 271 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Grotesques 2/6 GROTESQUE BUST. He has a long nose, high cheek receding forehead. On his nose and on each cheek is a wart, except for a tuft of hair at the top of his head and one at the back. The workmanship is fair and belongs to the Roman period. For the interpretation of such grotesques see No. 127. Height, 2| in. (6 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Unpublished. Cast hollow. Green patina. Preservation good. On the neck and the bust are iron stains. At the top of the head is a large round hole. Ace. No. G. R. 35. -bones, and He is bald, Male Figures (not divinities) Height of fragment, (9.S cm.). >. MALE FIGURES (NOT DIVINITIES) 280 FRAGMENTARY RELIEF OF A YOUTH OF POLYKLEI- TAN TYPE. He stands with the weight of the bod}' resting mainly on the right leg and his head slightly inclined to the right. Both arms are missing, each having been worked in a separate piece and attached; the actual motive of the figure IS therefore uncertain. The treatment of both the bod}' and the head shows the characteristics associ- ated with the sculptor Pol}'kleitos. The bod}' is of the massive, heav}' build, with ', strongly developed muscles intersecting each other in definite planes, which we find both in the Dor}'phoros and the Diadumenos; the pose, the square skull, and the general character of the face are all faithfully copied from that artist. The relief is of Roman workmanship and prob- abl}' served as an ornament of a vase or other object. 280 Width, I J in. (4.7 cm.). Purchased in ^909. From the Ferroni Sale (see Sale Catalogue, p. 44, No. 426). Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, p. 98. The relief is repouss6. Crusty, green patina. Both legs from above the knees and, as has been mentioned above, 138 ROMAN PERIOD both arms are missing. The background is in a fragmentar\' state. No. 09.221.25. Ace. 281 HEAD OF A YOUTH, broken from a statuette. He has short \vav3" hair, hitth-centur)" t}"pe, ot Roman execution. Height, iiVin. (2.7 cm.). Purchased probabl)- in 1896. UnpubHshed. Cast solid. Green patina. The surface is considerably battered and encrusted. Ace. No. C.R. 195. M.ALE Figures (not divinities) 283 282 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He stands with his weight on his right leg, and his left hand placed on his hip. He is nude, but carries a piece of drapery over his left forearm. His hair is short and wavy and he wears a hllet. Fourth-centur\' st\-le, of rough Roman execution. Height, 2^5 in. (5.2 cm.). Purchased probably in l8g6. Unpublished. Cast solid. Smooth, green patina. The right arm from below the shoulder and both legs from above the knees are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 196. 283 HEAD OF A BEARDED MAN, broken from a statuette. He has W'av}' hair and a curl\- moustache. The eyes are deep set. Fate Greek type, probably of Roman execution. Height, Iys in. (2.7 cm.j. Purchased probably in 1S96. Unpublished. Cast solid. Dark green patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. G.R. 1S5. U^9 Male Figures (not divinities) STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS 284 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He stands looking a little to the right with his weight on his right leg and the left sUghtly advanced. The right arm is extended forward and holds a round object between the thumb and the forefinger; the left is extended sidewise and bent sharply at the el- 300 bow; the hand clutched an object of which only the part actually grasped in the hand is preserved. He is nude, but has a chlamys hanging over his left arm. His hair is short and straight. Fair execution, of Roman date. Height, 4f in. (12. 1 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. Crusty, green patina. The tip of the left thumb, the attribute held in the hand, and some of the toes of the left foot are missing. The surface is partljf cor- roded. Ace. No. G.R. 261. 285 STATUETTE OF A YOUTH. He stands with his weight on his right leg and the left sligbtl}^ drawn back. The right arm is lowered, with the forearm extended forward; the left is lowered as far as preserved. He is nude, but wears a chlamys over the left shoulder. Mediocre Roman work. Height, 5 1^ in. (13.8 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Unpublished. Cast solid. The green patina has been mostly scraped off. The right hand, the left arm from above the elbow, and the left foot are missing. The surface has been much damaged by scraping, especially on the head. Ace. No. G.R. 282. 140 ( NOT IHVINITIES J ROMAN PERIOD 300 STATUETTE OF AN ORATOR [ r). He stands with his weight Male on the left leg and the right slighth' drawn back. His right arm is extended Figures with hand held open; the left is lowered and bent at the elbow. He wears a tunic and a mantle, which is draped round the lower part of his bod\- and over the left shoulder and is decorated with punctured dots. He also has shoes. His hair is short and straight. The execution is fair and belongs to the Roman period. For statuettes of this type cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire, H, p. 619. They have been iden- tified as orators from the gesture of the right hand. Height, 3I in. (8.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 5030. Cast solid. The light green patina has been partly removed. The left forearm was inserted in a separate piece and is miss- ing. Ace. No. C.B. 337. 305 RELIEF OF TWO MEN FIGHTING. A wamor, clothed in a crested helmet, chiton, and cuirass, is placing his foot on his vanquished enem)'. He has seized his opponent b)' the hair and is threatening to kill him with his sword (now missing). The warrior is characterized as a Roman soldier bv the shape of his helmet, which is of cap-like form wnth cheek-pieces, and the scallop-shaped appendages beneath the cuirass. On his left side hangs the sheath of his sword. His opponent wears only a tunic and shoes, and the long hair and beard mark him as a barbarian. The group must have served as an attachment to some object; it is worked in high relief, some parts being in lull round. The composition is spirited, and the contrast between the self-confident figure of the victor and the drooping form of his victim is well brought out. The execution is fair. For an almost identical relief in the Louvre cf. Adolphe J. Reinach, Monuments Piot, XVIII, 1910, p. 106, pi. IX, i (w^ho assigns it to the Hellen- istic period), and S. Reinach, Repertoire, IV, 1910, p. 320, No. 3. Compare also similar groups on Roman monuments commemorating the victories 141 303 Male Figures (not divinities) STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS of the Roman army, such as the Trajan Column, the Column of Marcus Aurelius, and the Arch of Septimius Severus. Greatest height, 43^ in. (10.7 cm.). Greatest width, 2II in. (7.2 cm.). Pur- chased inigi I. Said to have come from Rome. Pubhshed by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletm, November, 191 1, pp. 212-214, fig. 6. Cast. Patina green and crusty. The left arm of the barbarian from above the elbow and the sword in the warrior's right hand are missing, and both faces are somewhat bat- tered. Ace. No. II. 140.8. 3 1 5 RIGHT FOOT FROM A COLOSSAL MALE STATUE. Only the front part of the foot is preserved. The modelling is forceful, though somewhat heavy, with the toes thicken- ing considerably toward the tips. Roman period. Length of fragment, 7I in. (19.7 cm.). Width, sf in. (13.7 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Mu- seum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 270. Cast hollow. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. 12.2^ q.2. PORTRAITS Portraits 325 PORTRAIT BUST OF A MAN of youthful appearance and distinctive personality. His features are strongly individual. He has a high, slightly receding forehead, rounded skull, short, curling hair, repre- sented as lying close to the skull, and no beard or moustache. His nose is rounded at the tip, the chin is strong and prominent, and the ears protrude somewhat from the head. Another noteworthy characteristic is the promi- nence of the larynx. The whites of the eyes are of ivory; the irises and pupils were also inlaid but are now missing. The period to which this head belongs is readily recognized, both by its style and by the shape of the bust. The latter is small and includes only the collar-bone and the parts immediatel}^ surrounding it, which is the form prevalent during the late Republic and earl}^ Imperial times, that is, during the end of the first century B.C. and the beginning of the first century A.D. The style coincides with this dating. A comparison of our bust with the strongly realistic heads of the Republican era, on the one hand, and with the idealizing types of the time of Augustus on the other, will show that It stands midway between these two epochs. The Influence of Greek 142 ROMAN PERIOD models has already acted on the artist in the direction of restraining the Po tendency toward extreme realism; hut the influence has not been strong enough to change this tendency entirely, and so his work is still markedly individual. RTRAIIS mfi 32s This IS one of the finest bronze portrait busts known. The face is beautifully modelled, especiall}' on the forehead, and round the mouth. Moreover, the artist has successfulh' seized the personality of the man, and without too detailed treatment, has conve3xd a sensitive and yet forceful character. The man represented has not 3'et been identified. The t3^pe does not appear to occur on coins and there is no other portrait known of this man bearing an inscription. 143 STATUES, Sl^ATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Portraits This bust is t-xhibited with the Altman Collection. Height, i^ in. (38. i cm.)- Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913. Said to have been found in Trastevere, Rome. Published by G. M. A. Richter in Art in America, April, 1913, pp. I20 fF., iigs. 27-29. Cast hollow. The patina, which appears to have been green with black patches, has been largel}' removed. Otherwise the preservation is excellent; there are merely a few unimportant inju- ries, for instance, on the right ear. The surface is slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. 14.40.696. 330 PORTRAIT HEAD OF AGRIPPA (.?j probably from a statue. He is represented as a man of commanding personality, with strong features and a serious cast of countenance. He has a square face, with broad forehead, straight nose, and small mouth. His hair is short and slightly wavy and he has no beard or moustache. Th.is is a splendid example of Roman portraiture. The energetic, force- ful character of the man is well brought out and the modelling is careful and detailed, though ratlier hard. For the identification of this head we are in possession of important external evidence. The head was found in 1904 during excavations made at Susa, near Turin, not far from the famous Arch of Augustus. It was unearthed in the debris which covered a Roman street, and in the imme- diate vicinit}' of a Roman house. In the same place were found a number of fragments such as a greave, parts of a loot, two fingers, part of a shoulder, and a heel, of the same bronze and of the same relative size as the head, as ^\ell as seven pieces of marble containing a dedicator}' inscription to M. Agrippa. The presumption, therefore, is that our head was broken from a large bronze statue representing Agrippa. The full text of the inscription is: M . AGRIPPAE . L . F . (cos. Ill . tri) B . (p)OTEST DO . FT COTTI COTTI . F Though fragmentar}', enough remains to show that the statue was dedi- cated by a member of the family of Cottius, then reigning at Susa. Agrippa (63-12 B.C.), the illustrious friend and general of Augustus, was a man of great influence and popularity, and a number of statues erected in his honor are known to us from literature and from extant dedicatory bases. What we know of his character — his loyalty to Augustus, 144 32? 330 330 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Portraits f^g combination of firmness and generosit}' in his dealmgs with men, and his hatred of luxur\-^corresponds remarkabh' well with the ph^'siognomy of our head. Moreover, a comparison between our head and the portraits of Agrippa which occur on Roman coins (cf. J. J. Bernoulli, Romische Ikonographie, pp. 254 ff"., Miinztafel V, 101-106), as well as with the busts identified with Agiippa by the help of these coins (cf. Bernoulli, op. cit. pp. 255 ft".), brings out important similarities. The square shape of the head, the massive forehead, the straight nose, and the strongly developed jaws and neck are identical on the coins, the busts, and our head. Similar also is the arrangement of the hair. In one important characteristic, however, our head differs from both the coin types and the busts. These all show a very heavy overhanging brow under which the eves are set at a sharp angle, giving the face a sullen expression. In our head the brows show no unusual thickness and the expression is consequently proportion- ateh milder. This marked difference makes the attribution of our head to Agrippa uncertain. It is, of course, possible that the sculptor of the statue wished to represent Agrippa in a more benevolent aspect and purposely did not give prominence to this characteristic. There is, at all events, no other well-known personage with whom it seems possible to identif}' the head. It bears, indeed, a certain resemblance to members of the Claudian familj', such as the Elder Drusus and Germanicus, in the shape of the skull and the arrangement of the hair, especiallv in the manner in which It grows low down on the neck. But Drusus and Germanicus were twent}'-mne and thirty-four years old respectiveh' when they died, and our head represents a considerably older man. Height, I2i\ in. (31 cm.). Purchased at the Sambon Sale, Paris, in 1914. For the circumstances of its discovery see above; they are stated at length by G. Couvert in Atti della societa di archeologia e belle arti per la provincia di Torino, VII, fasc. 6 (190^!), p. 406. Besides the bronze pieces enumerated above as having been found with the head, he mentions also various ornamental pieces such as a small Triton, fragments of cornices, a lily, an oak leaf, a fibula, the nozzle of a lamp, and a small slab with the letters A N. All these objects, as well as the marble fragments with the inscription, are described as having been unearthed "on the paving stones of the Roman street, scattered in a disorderly manner not very far from one another, and on the same foot-way on which the head was found." Published also by G. Couvert in the Illustrazione italiana, XXXI, September 4, 1904, p. 198; E. Ferrero, Bollettino di filologia classica, XI (1904), pp. 71 and 89; L. Cantarelli, Bullettino della commissione archeo- logica comunale di Roma, XXXII, 1904, p. 365; G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, February, 191 5; Catalogue of the Sambon Sale, May 25, 148 ROMAN PERIOD 1914, No. 71. Ihe head is cast liiill()\\. Tht patina is crusty green. The surface is covered with incrustations in phices. There is a hole at the back of the head and a large crack in the neck; otherwise in excellent preservation. The eyes were inlaid and are missing. When found, traces of gilding are said to have been noticed at the back of the head; these are now not visible. Ace. No. 14.130.2. Portraits m 333 333 PORTRAIT STATUE OF A BOY. He stands in a graceful, eas3' pose, his head shghtl}' turned to the left and his weight resting on the left leg. He wears a himation, or Greek mantle, which covers his left upper arm, is drawn across the back in a downward slanting line, and is then brought round to cover the lower part of the figure in front, the upper portion being thrown o\'er the left forearm. 149 STATUES, STATUETTES AND RELIEFS roRTRAiTs This is probabl)' the most valuable piece in our collection. The great rarity of bronze statues that have survived either from Greek or Roman times (cf. p. 3), and the high quality and beautiful preservation of this specimen, combine to make it a piece of first-rate importance. It is cer- tainly one of the best portrait statues of its period in existence. The sculptor's fine artistic sense is shown both in the conception of the whole and in many delicate touches. The pose, with the little tilt of the head and the slight curve of the figure, is wonderfull}^ graceful; and the boyish face has a sensitiveness and charm rarely equalled in ancient sculpture. Very effective also is the contrast presented by the nude torso and the varied folds of the drapery covering the lower halt of the figure. The execution is excellent. The nude portions of the bodv, especially the back and the shoulders, are beautifully modelled, with fine apprecia- tion of the delicate forms of a young boy. Moreover, the drapery is rendered with unusual skill; it is rich and varied, and still essentialh^ simple in its lines, and the feeling for the figure beneath it is successfully conve\'ed. It is noteworth)^ that on the himation in front are indicated a number ot stripes, both horizontal and crossing each other. Each stripe consists of two parallel lines about half an inch apart. Identical stripes occur on the draperies of sculptures of the fourth century and later periods (cf. e.g. A. Conze, Die attischen Grabreliefs, pi. LXXVUI, No. 320; A. Milchhoefer, Zum 42ten Winckelmannsprogramm, p. 3; H. Hepding, Athenische Mitteilungen, XXX\', 1910, p. 495; P. Arndt and W. Amelung, Emzelverkauf, No. 736), notably on those of the Pergamene Altar (cf. H. Winnefeld, Altertiimer von Pergamon, III, 2, Die Friese des grossen Altars, passim). They have generally been interpreted as creases formed by the folding of the garments; but this interpretation is not satisfactory, as such creases would hardly be represented b\' double lines, and would not occur in the irregular wa\' in which we find them on some of the statues. It is a more plausible theory that the artist meant to represent a garment with a striped pattern. The two lower corners of the himation, which appear on the left side, are each decorated with a bow-knot ending in a tassel, and a border runs round the bottom, both front and back. It IS difficult to interpret the action of the two hands. The right is held half open; the left, with the palm of the hand upward and the fingers extended (the greater part of the fingers is missing). There is a roughness on the thumb of the right hand and a corresponding roughness on the 150 tF^). Unpub- lished. Cast solid. The green patina has been mosth" removed. The feet and the head are missing, and the surface is much corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 155. 450 STATUETTE OF A GOOSE, ddie wings are spread, and the head is raised and turned slightl}- to the left. The feathers are indicated by incised lines. Roman period, of cursory execution. Beneath the bod\' is a pin which served for attachment to some obiect. Length, if in. (4.5 cm.i. Date of purchase uncertain (before looOi. Unpub- lished. Cast sohd. The crust)', green patina has been mostl\' removed. Ace. No. G.R. 157. ^73 STATUES, STATUETTES, AND RELIEFS Animals 455 SNAKE. Only a small part, including the head, is preserved. The lower part is flat. The scales and the details of the head are indicated with incised lines. Roman period, of fair execution. Illustrated, p. 172. Length, ij in. (4.5 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906J. Unpub- lished. Cast solid. Greenish patina. Ace. No. G.R. 160. 174 II IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Of cl av TOMB GROUPS The following are three tomb groups, exhibited as such to gi\-e an idea of what sorts ot objects are found togetlier m tombs. The contents of each, 's\hich consist of various implements and utensils, are here illustrated and enumerated, so that their collectu'e \ alue can be fulh' appreciated. The bronze and iron specimens are described m the classes to which they severally belong, their numbers being gi\-en in the following lists: I. A number ot miscellaneous objects, of cla\', bronze, and iron, found near Monteleone in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot de- scribed above (No. 40) : I Two Athenian black-figured k\likes of the " Kleinmeister "t\'pe [ A bucchero vessel A cista "a cordoni" (ct. Xo. 630) Four cauldrons (cf. Nos. 621-624) A jug (cf. No. 4S3) Twenty-one bowls (cf. Nos. 542-562) A pail (cf. No. 631) A lid of a vessel (cf. No. 632) Five spits (cf. Nos. 677-6S1) A pin (cf. No. 910) Three handles (cf. Nos. 705-707) 'A grate (cf. No. 666) A pair of fire-dogs (cf. Nos. 667, 668) Four spear-heads (cf. Nos. 1442-1445) The finding in this tomb of two kylikes of the "Kleinmeister" type belonging to the middle of the sixth centur}' B.C. is of importance as it 177 Of bronze Ofi iron TOMB CROUP 1 TOMB GROUP II IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Tomb CjROUPS supplies definite evidence for dating the entire contents of tiie tomb within fairly narrow limits. For the circumstances of the discover}^ of this tomb and the acquisition of its contents by the Museum see under No. 40. Many of the pieces have already been published by A. Furtwangler in Brunn-Bruckmann "s Denk- maler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, text to pis. 586, 587. He there describes an iron tripod as having been found in the tomb (p. 3, fig. 4). This used to be exhibited with the other objects; but as it is almost entirely modern, it has since been withdrawn from exhibition. II. Ten vases said to have been found together in a tomb at Civita Castellana, the site of the ancient Falerii (illustrated, p. 179): Three jugs with beaked, trefoil mouth and high-shouldered body (cf. Nos. 488-490) Four cylindrical jars, of which two retain their high handles (cf. Nos. 570-573) A patera with long handle (cf. No. 580) A vessel of which onl\' the round mouth is preserved (cf. No. 578) A silver cup of flaring outline with high bronze handle (cf. No. 579) From the shape of the vases and the style of their decorations it is possible to assign the date of this group to the end of the sixth or the beginning of the fifth centur}' B.C. They are splendid examples of the fine work which could be produced by Greek bronze workers; for in elegance of form and in precision and delicacy of workmanship such products as these have not been surpassed at any period. Moreover, they are at present covered with a brilliant blue patina with a fine smooth surface, which further enhances their beaut}'. For a short account of this tomb group cf. G. M. A. R[ichterJ, Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 266. III. A number of objects of bronze, iron, silver, gold, and clay, found together in a tomb at Bolsena: A mirror with an engraved design representing the release of Prometheus (cf. No. 817) A patera, with handle in the form of a winged Lasa (cf. No. 598) Of bronze 1 A bowl, undecorated (cf. No. 599) A jug (cf. No. 507) A cista (cf. No. 845) A bowl from a thymiaterion (cf. No. 1350) 180 Tomb Groups Of iron Of Of silver cia\- Of gold IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Three candelabra (cf. Nos. 1304-1306} Four andirons (cf. Nos. 669-672) A pair of fire-tongs (cf. No. 673) Two fire-rakes (cf. Nos. 674, 675) A knife-blade (cf. No. 1679) A spit (.?) (cf. No. 676) A small p}-xis with cover A pointed amphora with scroll handles A strigil Two black-glaze vases of fourth to third-centur\' type Six vases of white clay, undecorated Twelve small balls of reddish cla)', probabl}' used for playing a game A ring fcf. No. G. S. 226 in Galleyy C. 32 [Gold Room]) From the fact that a large number of these objects are toilet articles we ma}' assume that the tomb was that of a woman. Many are inscribed Suthina (flHIOVM), in Etruscan letters, a word not infrequentl\' found on Etruscan bronzes and apparent!]' signitj'ing scpulcrahs, or tomb article (cf. W. Deecke, Ecruskische Forschungen und Studien, II, p. 95; C. Pauli, Etruskische Studien, III, pp. 37 ft., 137 f., translates it as "Eigentum". cf. also Torp, Etruskische Beitrage, II, 1903, p. 28, and Skutsch in Pauh'-Wissowa, Realencj'klopadie, VI, 790). Two black-glaze vases definitely date the tomb to the fourth to third centuries B.C., which evidence is confirmed b\' some of the other obiects decorated in the Etruscan st3'le of that period. Some of the pieces have already been published by A. Furtwiingler, in Sitzungsberichte der kgl. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1905, Heft II, pp. 270 ff. He incorrectly read the inscription as Muoina, which he identified with an Etruscan name of a woman. VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS JUGS AND BOTTLES Jugs and A great variety of one-handled jugs were employed in ancient times. Bottles Their use was the obvious one of pouring liquids, as is suggested by the form itself and as we find them emplo3'ed in vase-representations. The names used by ancient writers to signify jugs are: olvoxor), -wpoxovs, I«2 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS Xors, eirixvcyis, Karax^'ats, irpoxvTrjs, Tpoxor;, Trpox"'?, oXttjj, oXttis (see reteiences given by O. Jahn, Miinchner \ asensamnilung, pp. XCA II and XC\ ; also G. Karo, m Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, under oinochoe, p. 159, and under prochous, p. 661; E. Saglio, in Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, under chous, p. 11 27; and E. Pettier, in Dar- emberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, under olpe, p. 172, and under epi- ch\ SIS, p. 659). These words are used without definite descriptions of the shapes to which they apph', so that it is impossible to decide whether each name was reserved for a special shape of jug, or whether the\" were used indiscriminately for all, as we should use jug, pitcher, ewer, jar. Bottles of various forms have survived. They appear to have been used chiefl\- to contain oil or ointments, but could of course have been empl()\'ed for an\" other liquid (cf. E. Saglio, in Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, under ampulla). The following jugs and bottles (unless otherwise stated) are hammered, with handles and other attachments cast. Jugs .and BOTTLKS 475 ONE-HANDLED JUG with cylindrical mouth and neck, ovoid bod\", and short c}-Iindrical foot. On the outer side of the rim is a plain band in relief, fastened with a series ot rivets. This band is in one piece with the handle, which is plain, except for a groove running down the middle. Perhaps Late Mycenaean period, tor clay jugs of somewhat similar shape found in C^"prus and belonging to the Mycenaean period cf. e.g. British Museum Excavations in C\-prus, p. 34, fig. 62, No. 1258; p. 36, fig. 64, No. 1034. Height of jug, 7^ in. (19.6 cm.); height with handle, SiV in. (21.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4702. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. XLVI, I, and L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXX. where it is said to have come from Curium. Crust\-, green patina, body. Ace. Xo. C.B. ,20. 475 There is a hole on one side ot the 476 ONE-HANDLED JUG with round mouth, neck merging into the body, and no foot. The handle ends below in the head of a serpent, iSs IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS lUGS AND Bottles and above in two arms which are riveted to the vase. The shape is rather heavy and the execution rough. Perhaps Early Iron Age. Height, 9x1 in. (24.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Hand- book, No. 4764. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. L, III, and L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXX, where it is said to have come from Curium. Rough, brown-green patina. The vase is cracked and indented in various places. Ace. No. C.B. 322. 477 NECK OF A LARGE VASE. It consists of a short, cylindrical neck and flat rim, and has two ring handles which are fastened b)' a loop to a rectangular attachment. A piece of the bod\' of the vase, which was made separately of much thinner bronze and - attached to the neck by means ot rivets, is still preserved. This example, like Nos. ^y-,, 534, 625, 626, testifies to the populant\' ot bronze vessels ot large size in C\prus. dhe period is uncertain; probably Earh' Iron A^e. Height, 3I in. (7.9 cm.). Diameter, i6f| in. (43.1 cm.). From C}'prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. IVIyres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 49n. One of the ring handles is figured in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. L\ n, 2. The patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 401. 480 ONE-HANDLED JUG with globular body, strongly pinclied lip, and conical neck sep- arated from the bod\- b\- a sharp ridge. The handle, which is in one piece with the mouth of the vase, has a groove running down the middle, and ends below in an attachment with 184 476 477 480 a design of volutes. \'ASES AND KITCHEN UTENSIES The shape recalls that of the Red Hucchero \'ases in the Cesnola Col- lection (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Elandbook, Nos. 474, 475). Ihis example probably dates from the seventh to sixth centur\- B.C. Height, 9 in. (22.9 cm.l. Prom Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. MA'res, Cesnola Handbotik, No. 4919. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, NLVI, z. The crust}", greenish patina has been remo\ed in places. 1 he vase is considerably broken, with large pieces missing. Ace. No. C.B. 794. JrciS AM) IjOTTLKS c\-l- lich 481 ONE-HANDLED GLOBULAR JUG with tubular spout, indrical mouth, and flaring foot. The lip is moulded. 1 lie handle, \v. has a deep groo\"e running down the middle, ends above in a snake's head, the open mouth of which hts into the rim; the lower attachment is in the form of a lion's mask, surmounted b}' an orna- mental collar. 1 he details on the snake's head and the lion-mask are incised. The ornaments are finely executed m the archaic Greek style. Height, S^ in. ( 22.5 cm. ). From C\ prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. 1. L. M^res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4921. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. XLVL 3. Considerably broken and repaired, with a number of pieces missing. The crusty, green patina has been parti)" remo\ed. Ace. No. C.B. 793. ^^ 482 \'ASE OF INDETERMINATE USE, perhaps a hbation vase. The bod\- is egg-shaped and has a flaring foot and rounded mouth. From one side projects a long spout ending in a lion's head and decorated on its four sides with guilloche ornament, incised. To the left of the spout is a loop-shaped handle with open-work decoration on its outer side. 1 he attachment to the vase is tormed bv a bird with spread wmgs in Oriental stvle. A small chain is attached to the bottom of the handle. Probably sixth centurv B.C. The IS: 482 decorations are caretullv executed. IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS ]ur,s AND Height of vase, 9 in. (22.9 cm.). Length of" spout, 8/^ in. (21.5 cm.). From Bottles Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4920. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. XLIII. Crusty, green patina. The vase was considerably broken and has been put together with only a piece near the mouth missing. Ace. No. C.B. 321. 483 JUG with beaked, trefoil mouth and marked separation between the neck and the shoulder. 1 he handle is of angular outlme and ends below in an attachment decorated with a palmette and scrolls in relief, above in two arms terminating in heads of dogs. The form is somewhat clumsy. This jug was found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot and is thereby dated as belonging to about the middle of the sixth century B.C. For this type of handle cf. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 144, No. S99, pi. LIV. Height, 9J in. (24.8 cm.). Published by A. Furt- wangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler gnechischer und romischer Skulptur, text to pis. 586, 587, p. 5, No. 9, fig. 9. The crust\', green patina has been re- moved in places. Intact. Ace. No. G.R. 413. 484 JUG with beaked, trefoil mouth and 483 marked separation between the neck and the shoulder. The handle has a thumb-rest above and a leaf-shaped attachment below-; its arms terminate in animals' heads. 1 he shape is similar to the preceding and probably belongs to the same period. Height, 9I in. (24.5 cm.). Gift of F. W. Rhine- lander, 1899. Unpublished. The patina, which has been removed in some places, is crusty and green with brown patches. Preservation good. Ace. No. G.R. 164. 488 JUG with beaked, trefoil mouth and high-shouldered body. The handle, which is fluted and ornamented with beading, terminates below in a leaf-shaped attachment; its arms are decorated with a spiral 186 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS pattern in relief, and end in couchant lions. On the trefoil lip is a tongue Jugs and pattern in relief, with two rows of beading above, and a lion introduced at Bottles each corner. Round the foot is another row of beading. Both in elegance of form and precision and delicacy of execution this is a splendid example of Greek work in bronze. Very effective is the manner m which the decoration is confined to the handle and the mouth and not 488 made to mterfere with the lines of the form. It should be noted that the angular projections at the two corners of the trefoil mouth, which are here decorated with lions, not only add to the artistic effect but had a practical use in preventing the liquid from spilling while it was poured out. Vases of this shape have been found not infrequently in sixth to fifth- century tombs in Italy (cf. A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa, pi. XXXXIII, 7 [found together with red-figured vases], pi. CXXXX, 12 [found together with black-figured amphorae]; Museo Etrusco Gregoriano, I, pi. LV, fig. i, at bottom to the right; O. JVIontehus, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pi. 113, 11; Bullettino archeologico napolitano, new series, V, 1857, pi. Ill, in the middle; E. Brizio, JVIonumenti archeologichi della provincia di Bo- logna, pi. Ill, fig. 6; Soranzo, Scavi e scoperte nei poderi Nazari di Este, pi. V, fig. 13; G. Mantovani, Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, p. 98, No. 169; S. 187 Jugs and Bottles IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Gsell, Fouilles de Vulci, p. siSj. For their historj' cf. O. Tischler, Anthro- pologisches CorrespondenzbLitt, 1881, p. 126 L Height, 1 1 If in. (1O.3 cm.). Purchased in 19 12. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana with Nos. 4K9, 490, 570-573, 578-580 (cf. p. ijgf.). Pub- lished by G. M. A. R[ichterl in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, pp. 266- 267, fig. 2. In this and the following beaked jugs the mouth and neck appear to have been cast and soldered to the hammered body. Smooth, turquoise-blue patina covered v,ith incrustations in a few places. 1 he vase is cracked in several places, otherwise the preservation is excellent. Ace. No. 12. 160.3. 489 JUG of similar shape to the preceding. The handle is fluted and terminates below in the head ;md arms of a bearded Sat\'r; the arms of the handle end in couchant hons. Height, llf|in. (30 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana with Nos. 4S8, 490, 570-573, 578-5S0 (cf. p. 179 f.). 489 490 Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 19 13, p. 266. Smooth, tur- quoise-blue patina. The vase is cracked in several p'laces, otherwise in excel- lent preservation. Ace. No. 12. 160.2. 1 88 VASES AND KITC11E\ UTENSILS 490 |UG i>f similar shape to Nos. 4SS, 4S9. The handle is fluted and Jugs and terminates below m the head of a bearded Sat\ r, risini^ trom a design ot scrolls and palmettes; the arms ot the handle are decorated \Mth beading and end in does' heads. Height, 125 in. (,32,1 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to have been foLind at Ci^■ita Castellana with Nos. 4SS, 4S1), 570-573, 57R-5S0 (cf. p. 179 f.j. Men- tioned in the Museum Bulletin, Drcemher, 1913, p. 266. The smooth, hluish patina shows only in the front; at the hack the vase was laigely encrusted and has been cleaned. ITe vase is cracked in several places. Ace. No. 12. 160. i. Bottles 4QI 491 JUG of similar shape to Nos. 4S8-490. The handle is fluted and terminates below in an ln^•erted palmette, flanked hv two serpents; the arms ot the handle end in bud-shaped ornaments. Height, 9j in. (23.5 cm.). Purchased in 1913. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p- 95- The crust}', blue-green patina has been partly removed exposing the golden color of the bronze. 1 he surface is somewhat corroded in places and there are a few small holes and cracks. Ace. No. 13.227.3. 492 JUG with trefoil mouth, rounded body, and high handle. The handle, which has a deep groo\-e runnmg down the middle, ends below m an attachment in the form of the skin of a lion's head; the upper attach- 189 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Jugs and ment is ornamented with a palmette and is attached to the hp by means of Bottles two rivets. The lip has a tongue pattern with beadmg above; the whole surface of the body is covered with decorations con- sisting of a plait pattern between two tongue pat- terns. The decorations are all executed with the same precision and delicacy as in the vases of tomb-group II (see p. 179 f.; compare also No. 574). As this jug is covered with the same turquoise-blue patina, it is possible that it was found with them. In any case it must belong to the same period. Height with handle, Si's '". (14.1 cm.). Purchased 101913. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 95. Smooth, turquoise-blue patina. The surface is 4'52 encrusted in places. Ace. No. 13,227.5. There are several cracks which have been patched up. 493 JUG with beaked, trefoil mouth and body of angular outhne. The lower attachment of the handle, by which it was joined to the body of the vase, is in the form of a running youth worked in relief. He is in the half-kneeling atti- tude characteristic of early representations of running. A large mantle is hanging loosely over both shoulders, leaving the front part of his body nude. Archaic Greek or Etruscan, of fair execution. Clay vases of this shape appear at the end of the sixth and the beginning of the fifth century (cf. K. Masner, Vasen des oesterreichischen Museums, No. 330, fig. 27; A. Furtwangler, Berliner Vasen- sammlung No. 2189; G. M. A. Richter, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. XI, 1907, p. 424, fig. 6; E. Pottier, Vases du Louvre, F. 118, p. 106). This is also the period in which the bronze speci- mens occur; cf. the tomb finds in the Certosa of Bologna where the)' were frequently found with black-figured and red-figured vases (cL A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa di Bologna, pis. XIX, 5, L, 19). That this shape, how- ever, continued in use until later is shown b.v its occurrence in an Etruscan 190 493 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS tomb of the I\'-III century B.C. (cf. L. A. Milani, Museo archeologico di Juus ani Firenze, 191 2, \ol. II, pi. CXXI). Bottlks Height, 8{J-in. (22.1 cm.). Purchased in 191 1. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, May, 191 2, p. 9S. Crusty, blue-green patina. The handle was sold- ered both to the hp and to the lower part of the vase; the attachment below has become displaced. The tace of the youth is much battered. Ace. N(j. 11. 212. i. 494 JUG similar to the preceding. The handle is fluted and ends above in an attachment in the form of a ram's bead. Archaic Greek or Etruscan, of fine execution. For a discussion of this shape see the precedmg number. Height. 9; in. (23.5 cm.). Purchased in Kjyy Said to be from Civita Castellana. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 95. The patina is smooth and turquoise-blue with crusty green patches. The surface is en- crusted in places. There are several small holes in the bod}- of the ^•ase and a large slash on one side of the mouth and neck. Ace. No. 13.2^2.2. 494 495 495 J^J*J> o^ elongated shape, with circular mouth and handle, which terminates below m a rounded plaque, left undecorated. This shape occurs both in bronze and in terracotta during the late sixth and fifth centuries B.C. (cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karls- ruhe, pi. X, 14, and A. Furtwangler, Berliner \ asensammlung, II, pi. \, 139)- Height, with handle, 63^ in. (16.6 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. 191 Jugs and Bottles IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS A beautiful turquoise-bluc patina covers the surface; on one side, however, this IS considerably encrusted. The handle is riveted to the neck and the body of the vase. Ace. No. C.R. 28. 505 JUG, of squat shape with c_\Jindrical mouth and high handle, which terminates below in a beautiful design in a jour relief of an inverted anthemion rising from akanthos leaves. On the lip is a tongue pattern in relief, with beading above. The design under the handle is similar to that which occurs on the akroteria of grave stelae of the earl}' fourth century B.C.; it is to that period, therefore, that this vase should be assigned. The general shape, however, onl\- somewhat more squat, occurs as early as the fifth century B.C. (cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. X, 9; A. Furtwiingler, Berliner Vasensammlung, II, pi. M, 206;. 50 s Height of vase, 7I in. (20 cm.). l-ieight with handle, 9^ in. (25 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Said to have been found in the necropolis of Teano. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1910, p. 98, fig. 4. Patina green and slightly rough, with brilliant blue patches. The handle has been broken and reattached. Small jiortions of the a jour relief are missing. Ace. No. 09.221.10. 506 HANDLELESS BOTTLE with ovoid body and narrow, cylin- drical neck. J here is a moulded band on the shoulder, and concentric circles on the bottom. 192 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS The torni is similar to that of the ghi/.ed-ware hottles in the Cesnola Collection, which prohably date from the fourth cen- tur\- B.C. (cf. J. L. M)Tes, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 1 :;8i, i:;S2). Height, 3yV in. (7.S cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 49s v Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LI, I. Brown-green patina. Much corroded and indented, and considerahL,- broken. Ace. No. C.B. xxo. JL'IjS AM) Bottles 506 507 JI G with beaked mouth and high handle ending above in a lart^e loop, below m a floral ornament. The word Suthma IS inscribed on the neck in Etrus- can letters (cf. p. 1S2). The shape is characteristic of the late Etruscan period (fourth to third century B.C); for similar examples cf. L. A. Milani, Aluseo archeologico di Firenze, pi. XXIII. Height, including handle, 14 in. (35.6 cm.); of jug alone, llf in. (29.9 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Found at Bolsena in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. (cL pp. iSoff.). Published by A. Furtwiingler, Sitzungsberichte der kgl. bayerischen Akad- emie der Wissenschaften, 1905, Heft II, p. 271 (c), Hg. 6. The crust3', green patina has ^^^^^^^^^^^■■^^S/:/ been partly removed. Somewhat broken on one side, otherwise in good preservation. Ace. No. G.R. 445. 510 VASE IN THE FORM OF A FEMALE HEAD. She wears a diadem and has wa\'\' hair, parted in the middle ■5°'' and done up in a knot behind. The vase is suspended from a handle b^' means ot two chains which are fastened to the head b^' bird-shaped attach- ments. At the top of the head is a round opening. Fair execution; Etruscan, probabl)" third century B.C. A large number of vases in the shape of human heads have been dis- covered, both m bronze and in terracotta. Their original purpose is not quite certain. They are usualh' called incense vases (balsamaria) ; but 193 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Ilgs and though this theoiy is probable, there is no real evidence for such a use. For Bottles -^ Jig^ of known examples cf. E. Pottier et S. Reinach. Necropole de Myrina p. 509, Note 2; also H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, Nos. 756-770, and L. A. Milani, Museo archeologico di Firenze, II, pi. XXIII (dated examples of the third cen- tur\' B.C.). For a bronze vase m the shape ot the bust of a negress cf. E. von Stern, Oester- reichische Jahreshefte, VII, p. 197, and a few smiilar examples there cited. Sometimes these vases were clearl}' made with- out a bottom (cf. e.g. C. Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie, No. 1563), in which cases the}' could not have served for actual use but only as grave offernigs. Height of head, 3I in. (S.6 cm.). PLUchased in 1911. Described by G. M. A. R[ichcer] in the Mu- seum Bulletin, November, 1911, pp. 214-15. Cast hollow. Crustv, blue-green patina. The bottom is missing, but there are clear traces that it existed. Small pieces ot the chains are restored. Ace. Ncj. II. 91. 3. ^£>» 511 JUG of elongated shape, with circular mouth and high handle. The handle terminates below in a paw, beneath which is a relief ot scrolls and floral ornament, roughly executed. On the lip is a tongue pattern, in reliet, with beading above. Probabl}' Roman period. Height without handle, 5 in. (12.7 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, S\ria. Un- published. Green, crust)' patinavith blue and brown patches. Preservation good. The handle has been attached to the neck with two rivets. Ace. No. G.R. 33. 512 JUG with broad, circular mouth, wide neck, and handle which terminates below in a Seilenos mask crowned with vine leaves. The arms of the handle are in the form of scrolls. Horizontal bands are incised be- 511 low the neck, and underneath the foot are concentric circles, also incised. 194 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS The st\'le of the Seilenos mask assigns this vase to the Roman period. Height, 6^ in. (17.1 cm.). Purchased in 1901). Mentioned in the IMuseiun Bulletin, April, iqio, p. c)S. Greenish patina, smooth on the handle, slightly rough on the Nase. \ he \ ase has heen largel)' restored. The handle was broken off and reattached. Ace. No. 09.221.14. Jugs and Bottles 512 513 513 JUG of squat shape, with broad, circular mouth and handle terminating below in a Seilenos mask. Attached to the handle b}- an iron hinge is a lid in the form of a plain round disk; near its outer edge, in front, is a dolphin, modelled m full round, to serve as a handle. There is also a foot, w^hich is united to the body of the vase b}' three rectangular attach- ments. The st^'le of the ornaments places this jug in the Roman period. Total height, gf in. (24.8 cm.). Gift of Henr^' G. Marquand, 1897. Un- published. Crusty, green patina with blue patches. The handle was broken off and reattached. The iron hinge b}' which the lid was fixed to the handle is broken. Ace. No. G.R. 173. 514 BOTTLE, high-shouldered, with short, narrow neck and circular mouth, probably used for oil or perfume. Illustrated, p. 196. Roman period. For a similar specimen in the Naples Museum, cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, No. 237. Height, 3x6 in- (9-4 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, Syria. Unpublished. Crusty, brown-green patina. Slightly indented in places. Ace. No. G.R. 2. 19s IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS juGs AND 515 BOTTLE of the same shape as the preceding. On the bottom Bottles are moulded concentric circles. Height, 3x6 in- (')-4 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the S14 51.=; Hauran, Syria. Unpuhhshed. Crusty, brown-green patina. Considerably in- dented in places; there is a small hole on one side. Ace. No. G.R. 6. 516 BOTTLE of globular shape, with short, narrow neck and cir- cular mouth. On the bottom are moulded con- centric circles. Like the preceding (Nos. 514, 515) it was probably' used as an ointment bottle. Roman period. Height, ^ in. (7.6 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, S\ria. Unpub- lished. Crusty, brown-green patina. Slightly indented in places. Ace. No. G.R. i. 517 OINTMENT BOTTLE (?) of globular shape, with long, narrow neck and circular mouth. A chain is fastened to the bottle bv means of two barrel-shaped attachments on each side of ^' the neck. fhe neck is moulded and the bod}' is decorated with a series of concentric circles, moulded and arranged in two tiers. Date uncertain, probabU* Roman period. Height, 41^6 in. (11.6 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found 196 \'ASES AND KITCHEN iri'ENSILS in the Hauran, S\-ria. UnpublisliL-d. Cast. Light grcL-n patina, covered with Ju brown incrustations in places. Slightlv chipped, ami there are two small holes Ace. No. G.R. lO. GS AND OTTLKS SI7 WATER- JARS Both the name and the use of this type of vase can be identihed with W.^ter-Jars certainty. On the Francois vase a jar of this shape is depicted with the word r5pta (h\-dnaj inscribed o\'er it; and on the representations of women drawing water from a fountain, which frequent!}- occur on black-figured vases, this form is generally depicted. It was carried by the women on the head or on the shoulder, a practice still customar\- in Italv at the present time. 1 he two horizontal handles %\ ere used for lifting the vase when full, the vertical handle for carrying it when empty, and for pouring. Besides the word uSpia the word KaXirts often occurs in literature for water-jar (see references given b}- O. Jahn, Miinchner \ asensammlung, p. XCIIi, so that the two A\ere probabl)' interchangeable, just as water-jar and water- pitcher are to-da\-. The use ot the h^'dria was not restricted soleh* to that of a water-pitcher. Pollux, Onomastikon X, 74, speaks of the h\'dria as also a wme-vase, and this e\idence is corroborated b\' vase-represen- tations. 525 WATER-JAR. L'ndecorated. On the handle is a leaf-shaped thumb-rest. The shape is similar to that found m use for earthenware water-jars during the fifth centurj' B.C., and it is to that period that this vase must 197 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Water-Jars therefore be assigned. The simple dignit}' of the shape and the finished workmanship make it a superb example of Greek work m bronze. Height, IS in. (^,8 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Said to have been found at Galaxidi. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, 1907, p. 20. The body is ham- mered, the handles cast. The crusty, blue-green patina has been largely re- moved. The vase is cracked in several places and small portions of the arms of the handle are missing. Otherwise the preservation is excellent. The handles were broken off and reattached. Ace. No. 06.1078. 525 CUPS, BOWLS, AND PLATES Cups Bowls A large variety of drinking-cups were m use among the ancients; Athen- AND Plates aeus in the eleventh book of his Deipnosophists gives a long list of names of such cups, but his descriptions are not sufhcient to identif}^ them with any known shapes; moreover, a great man}' appear to be fanciful names that had come into favor at the time. The favorite cup form in bronze appears to have been the kuXc^, a vase with foot and two handles. The name m'iXl^ is assured b\' an inscription under the foot of a clay cup of this shape: Krj^iao^ccvTos 17 KuXt^ (Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, 545). The shape also agrees with the descrip- tions given by Athenaeus, NI, p. 470E, 479E, 480E. The form varies according to the different periods. The Greek name for a shallow, round bowl, generally with a round boss in the centre, appears to have been (fLoXrj, which is described as resembling a shield (Aristoteles, Rhetoric, III, 4, 1 1 ; Poetics, 21, 12), and as without 198 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS handles (cf. the references cited by O. Jahn, iMUnchner Vasensammlung, Cups, Bowls p. XCVIII). The Latin name for a bowl was patera (cf. E. Pettier, Darem- and Plates berg et Sagho, Dictionnaire, patera, p. 341). The following cups, howls, and plates (unless otherwise stated) are hammered, with handles and other attachments cast. 530 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, undecorated. Height. 2 in. (5.1 cm. Dia ameter, c,i'>i m. (14. i Sub-AIinoan period, cm.). From Gournia, Crete. Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Crusty, green patina. The surface is consid- erably corroded. Cracked in places, with a large piece missing. Ace. No. 07.232.13. 531 SHALLOW PHIALE OR PLATE, with omphalos, or round boss, in the centre. The inside is decorated with a frieze in repousse ^^° relief of monsters occupying almost the entire width of the plate. The monsters, which are represented as walking to the right, consist of four winged lions, three sphinxes, and one grif- fin. They are of the t3'pes which occur on Etruscan monuments of the seventh cen- tury B.C.; compare, for instance, the fig- ures on the high bronze stand in the Museo Etrusco Gregoriano, I, pi. XVII, i, 2. The execution is vet}' coarse. Diameter, 11 in. (27.9 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Illustrated in A. Sambon, Cata- logue des Antiquites grecques et romaines (Sale Catalogue), 1903, No. 340. Patina blue- green and crusty. There are several breaks which have been filled up. Ace. No. G.R. 121. 5^' 532 KYLIX OF EARLY SHAPE, with ring base. It is ornamented on the outside with a frieze of animals, below which is a border of lotos- buds. The animals are mostly of monstrous shapes, borrowed from East- ern art: a winged goat, a lion, a panther, a winged panther, a winged lion with the head of a bearded man, and a griffin; a few floral ornaments are introduced in the background. Underneath the foot is a Maltese cross, ornamented with cross-hatched lines. The designs are drawn with a tool, 199 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls which, instead of producing a simple, straight hne, made a vet}' fine zigzag; AND 1 LATES underneath can be seen the preliminar}^ sketch of dehcatel}^ incised fines. On the handles, which are attached b}^ rivets, are moulded bands running vertically on the sides and horizontally along the ends. S32 The designs are similar to those which occur on Orientalizing Corinthian vases. The kylix must, therefore, be dated as early as the seventh century B.C. Height, 25 in. (6 cm.). Diameter, 65 in. (17.4 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Said to have been found in Palestrina. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, igio, p. 98. The green patina has been mostly re- moved by cleaning. There are several cracks; otherwise in good condition. Ace. No. 09.221.21. 533 DEEP BOWL, with two large horizontal handles curving up- ward and surmounted in the centre by a lotos flower. The attachments are in the form of round plaques. Handles of this t}pe have been found at Olympia, and in tombs in Italy (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, No. 911, and the references there cited); also at Delphi (P. Perdrizet, Fouilles de Delphes, p. 73, figs. 240, 241). lor miniature bowls in chiy of this ^''^ form cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 495, 496. The design is very effective and presupposes Oriental influence (cf. the motive on Assy- 200 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS nan columns. G. Perrot et C. Chipitz, Histoire de I'art, II, p. 202, fig. 6S). Cups, Bowls Prohabh- seventh century B.C. .and Pl.ates Height of bowl, 5J in. (15 cm.); height with handles, lo;^ in. (27 cm.). Diam- eter, isfm. (34.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. I. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4914. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, 'pi. XLIV, i! Crusty, greenish patina. Cracked and repaired in several places. Each handle is fastened to the bowl by means of five rivets. Ace. No. C.B. 440. 534 PART OF A BO\\L, similar to the preceding. Only the two massive lotos handles, part of the rim, and small pieces of the bowl are preser\ed. 53 4 Diameter of bowl, i6f| in. (43 cm.). Height of handles, 12 3% in. (32.9cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4915. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI. pi. LHI; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXX, where it is said to have come from Curium; G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de Part, HI, p. 797, fig. 557. Rough green patina with blue patches. The bronze is corroded in parts. Ace. No. C.B. 441. 535 BOWL \Mth engraved and embossed decorations. In the centre, which is considerabl)' depressed, is a rosette surrounded b\- a cable border. On the sides of the bowl is a remarkable scene of Cypriote religious ritual. Sitting at the right of a tripod table, on which is placed a basket of fruit or other offerings, is a goddess seated on a high-backed chair. In her right hand she holds a lotos flower, in her left one of the offerings from the bowl. Behind the goddess stand three musicians, pla^'ing on the double pipe, the Ivre, and the tambourine, respective!}'. On the left of the table stands 201 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls a priestess holding in each hand an uncertain object, perhaps a fan and a AND Plates wine-ladle. Behind her, on a four-legged table, are a large amphora and an oinochoe, for drink-offering. Then follows a dance of slx women, each holding the wrist of the one behind her, as is the rule m Greek choral dancing, ancient and modern. The srxth stands back to back with the tambourine player already described, and so closes the scene. In the intervals between the women, lotos-capped columns — perhaps stelae like Nos. 141 5-1420 in the Collection of C}'prioCe Sculpture — occupy the background. All the women wear the Minoan jacket and kilt and have their hair piled high on the head, with a single long plait hanging down in front of the shoulder. The scene is enclosed above and below by a cable border. The workmanship, which is C}'priote of about the seventh centur}' B.C., is coarse and heav}-; but the representation is full of instructive details and should be compared with that on the painted vase, No. 751, in the Collection of Cypriote Pottery. D lameter, 5j (13.3 cm.). Height, I j^ in. (3.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. Pub- lished by J. L. Myres, Cesnola Hand- book No. 4561. (The description given above is taken from that of Professor Myres.) Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. XXXHI, 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 77; G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de Part, III, p. 673, fig. 482; G. Colonna-Ceccaldi, Monuments de Cypre, pi. VII. The green patina has been almost entirely removed. The reliefs are somewhat blurred, but there are no missing parts. Ace. No. C.B. 795. S3S 536 SHALLOW BOWL, with flat rim on which are represented rivet heads in relief. In the centre of the bowl is a medallion with a fine design, modelled in repousse relief and mcised, consisting of a rosette surrounded by papyrus foliage, among which are grazing deer. The rest of the bowl is undecorated except for two incised bands. There is a single swinging handle of which the attachment terminates at each end in the head of an animal. 202 \ASES AM) KITCHEN UTENSILS k- slums Oriental InHucnce and belongs to the seventh and sixth Cups, Hovvi.s silver, and bronze bowls from -^''^" I'' atks The st\ le centuries B.C. Compare the incised gold C\'prus in the Gold Room (GaIIer\- C ^3), illustrated in th.e Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XXXIII and described hy J. ].. M^res, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4^^! ff. Height of howl, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Diam- eter of bowl, 12 J in. (30. 8 cm.). From C}'- prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M^-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S(-)0. Illusnated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XIA'II, 3; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 337, where it IS said to ha\e come from Curium. The rough, green patma has been largtl)' re- moved. 1 here is a largish hole in the howl and the rim is chipped and bent in places. Ace. No. C.B. 376. 536 537 SHALLOW BOWL. The outer side of the rim is surrounded b}' a flat band on which are ornaments in the shape of double spools placed at regular intervals. Probabh' seventh or si.xth centur}- B.C. For similar spool ornaments on vases cL A. Furtwiingler, Olympia, I\', Die Bronzen, Nos. 841 li"., and P. Perdrizet, Fouilles de Delphes, p. 78, figs. 268 ff. and the large bowl from the PoIIedrara Tomb, in the British Museum. Compare also the similar bronze bowls from Nineveh in the British Museum. Height of bowl, Zys in. (5.2 cm.). Diameter "^ of bowl, 10 in. (25.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf J. L. M\ res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4916. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, id. XL\dL 2; L. P. di Cesnola, C}'prus, pi. XXX, where it is said to have come from Curium. Crusty, greenish patina with brownish patches. ITe bowl is consider- ably cracked and one largish piece is missing. Portions of the band round the rim are also missing, as well as three of the spool ornaments, there ha\ing been ten in all. Ace. No. C.B. 375. 538 SHALLOW BOWL. It has two horizontal swinging handles with attachments in the form ot double spools, ddie outer side of the rim 201 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls is surrounded by a grooved band on which are placed a series of spool-like AND Plates ornaments, with heads protruding above the rim. Probably seventh or sixth century B.C. For bowls with similar handles cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. Vlll, and the references cited under No. 537. 538 Height of bowl, i| in. (4.7 cm.). Diameter o( bowl, 11 in. (28 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesncila Collection. cf. J. L. M\'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4917. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XFVII, 4; F. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXX, where it is said to have come from Curium. The patina, which is green, has been partly removed, showing the original surface ot the bronze. Parts of the exterior band are missing and the rim is chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. :^77. 541 SMALL CYLINDRICAL CUP, engraved on its outer surface with a group, twice represented, of two animals (horses.^) heraldically placed on each side ol a floral ornament; the same ornament is also used to separate the two groups from each other. The surfaces of the animals and parts of the ornaments are dotted. Archaic Greek or Etruscan, of cursory exe- cution. Height, i| in. (4.8 cm.). Diameter, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Purchased in 191 1. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, May, 191 2, p. 98. Smooth, greenish black patina, covered with incrustation in 54i places. The upper part is broken off. Ace. No. II. 212. 3. 204 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSII 542 LARGE SHALLOW BOWL \vith broad, flat rim decorated with three bands of pkiit pattern, stamped. On the rim are t\\o rivet-holes (modern:). This and the following bowls (Nos. 54^-^()2) were found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot (No. 40), and are thereb\' dated to about the middle of the sixth centur\' B.C. Height, 25 in. (6.4 cm.). Diameter, 19/g in. (49.1 cm.). LTnpublished. The crusty, dark green patina has been partl\- removed. Cracked in places with some pieces missmg. Ace. No. G.R. 402. The rini is Cui-s, Bowls AND Plates 542 543"562 Twenty examples like the preceding, of approximateh' the same dimensions. Some are considerabl)- broken; onl\- the five best-pre- served specimens are at present on exhibition. Ace. Nus. G.R. 396, 397, 400-405, 407-410, 424-432. 563 BOWL with large round boss in the centre, and narrow, flat rim. This bowl was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot. No. 40, and is thereby dated to about the middle of the sixth centur}' B.C. Height, 2f m. (7 cm.). Diameter from outside of rim, 145 in. (36.9 cm.). Unpublished. The crust}-, green patina has been parti}' removed. Much broken and repaired with a number of pieces missing. Ace. No. G.R. 406. 563 564 "TORCH-HOLDER" (?) in the form of a cup and saucer joined. The cup, which is attached to the saucer bv three rivets, is conical in shape, with flaring rim. Sixth century B.C. For the possibilit\' ot these cup-and-saucer vases being torch- holders, and for other examples, in cla\", of the same type, cf. J. L. M^tcs, Journal of Hellenic studies, X\ H, p. 159, and J. L. Myres-M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of 564 A ND Plates IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups^BowLS the C3'prus Museum, p. 66, Nos. 963-964, and the references there cited. Height, 55 in. (14.9 cm.). Diameter of mouth of cup, 4I in. (12 cm.). From C\prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4922. Iliustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LV, 3. Crusty, green patina with dark blue and brown patches. The saucer has several pieces missing and the rim of the cup is chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 323. 565 CUP, from a vessel like the preceding. The plate is missing. Height, 4/V in. (11 cm.). Diameter of mouth, 3x1 in. (10 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4923. Illustrated m the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LV, 4. Crusty, blue-green patina. The rim is broken away on one side and a piece at the bottom is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 343. 566 CLIP, perhaps from a vessel like 564, 565. The plate is missing. Height, 3 in. (7.7 cm.). Diameter of mouth, 2^ in. (j-S cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4924. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LV, 5. The patina has been mostl}- removed. The surface is somewhat corroded and the cup is cracked in places. Ace. No. C.B. 3S2. 570 CMTNDRICAL JAR with short neck and rim, slightly concave sides, and a high handle. 1 he handle, which is fluted and decorated with beading, terminates below in a leaf-shaped attachment parth' covered with small, punctured circles; on the rim is a tongue pattern with beading above, and on the lower part of the cup is an ornamented band, consisting of shaded triangles and rows ot beading, incised. The e.xact use of these vases is uncertain. They are sometimes de- scribed as cups, but the shape with the rolling, ornamented lip is not well adapted for drinking. C. Friederichs (Kleinere Kunst und Industrie, p. 346, Nos. 1567 fl.) suggested that they were used as measures. They may well have been used for ladling out flour, grain, or some such substance, the high handle being in that case veiy appropriate. Jars of this shape have been frequently found in sixth to fifth-century tombs in Etruria; cL O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pis. 98, i; 103,13; Museo Etrusco Gregoriano, pi. LVI, 6; S. Gsell, Fouilles de \ulci, p. 71; G. Gozzadini, Di ulteriore scoperte nell' antica necropoli a Marzabotto nel Bolognese,pl. 14, i ; W. Froehner, Collection Hofi^mann (from Corchiano). cf. also K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. X, 206 \ASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS i6, 17, Nos. 563, 564; E. Robinson, Boston Museum of Eine Arts, Annual Cups, Howls Report, 1899, p. 41, No. 10. AND Plates Height of cup, 2f in. (6.7 cm.); height with handle, 3 j-g- in. (9.7 cm.). Diam- eter of mouth, 2 iV m. (3.9 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to ha\e been found at Civita Castellana.with Nos. 4SS-490, 571-373, 57^^-380 (cf. p. 179 f.). Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 2(>6. In this anil the four following jars the lip appears to hdve been cast and soldered to the ham- mered bodw A smooth, turqudise-hliie patina covers the outer surface; inside it is blue-green and crustw Excellent preservation. Ace. No. 12. 160.4. 570 ?7i 571 I--VR of similar shape to the preceding. I he handle is undecorated except for a few incised lines on its lower attachment. On the rim beading, roughl)" executed. Height of cup, 2i\ in. (6.3 cm. ); height with handle, 3117 in. (9 cm.). Diameter of mouth, 2yt5 in. (3.6 cm.). Purchased in I(;I2. S;nd to have been found at Civita Castcllana with Nos. 4Ss;-49o, 370, 372, 373, 378-3S0 (cf. p. 179 f.). Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 266. The turquoise-blue patina has largeU' disappeared on the exterior; and ( n the inside the patina is light blue with dark blue and green patches. The handle is slightly corroded and the cup is cracked in several places. Ace. No. 12. 160.3. 572 E-\R of similar shape to 570, 571. The handle is missing, but the place where it was at- tached is clearh' visible b\- the indentation on the rim and the outline left b\- its lower attachment. The decoration on the cup is similar to No. 570. Height, 3r6 in. (8.7 cm.). Diameter of mouth, 2| in. (6.7 cm.). Purchased in 191 2. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana 207 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls in the same tomb with Nos. 488-490, 570, 571, 573, 578-580. Mentioned in AND Plates the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p- 266. Smooth, turquoise patina with dark blue patches. The handle is missing (see above). The vase is cracked in a few places and small missing portions have been restored. Ace. No. 12.160. 6. 573 JAR of similar shape to 570-572. The handle is missing, but as in No. 572 the place where it was ongmally attached is clearl}^ visible. On the lip is a tongue pattern with beading above; the ornamental band at the bottom consists of cross-hatchings and rows of beadmg. Height, 3]^ in. (8.i cm.). Diameter of mouth, 2| in. (6 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana with Nos. 488-490, 570-572, 578-580 (cf. p. 179 f.). Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 266. Turquoise-blue patina with dark blue patches. A piece from the lower part of the vase is missing and small missing portions have been restored. Ace. No. 12. 160. 7. ^74 573 S7S 574 JAR of similar shape to 570-573. The ri;ii is decorated with a tongue pattern and two rows of beading; on the cup are two broad, ornamen- tal bands each consisting of a plait pattern between rows of beading; around the bottom is another row of beading. The handle, which is plain and ends below in a leaf-shaped attachment, is ancient, but does not appear to belong to the cup; the attachment of the original handle was considerably larger, as can be seen by its outlines, which are still preserved. The decorations are all executed with the same delicacy as in the pre- ceding e.xamples, and as the cup is covered with the same turquoise-blue patina, it is possible that it belonged to the same tomb find. In any case it must belong to the same period. 208 \ASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS Height with haiKlk-, 4', in. (10.5 cm.). Purcha.st-d in lyij. Mentioned in the Cups, Bowls Museum Bulletin, Api-il, 1914, p. 95. Smooth, turquoise-blue patina. The sur- and Plates face is encrusted in places. There are several cracks which have been patched up. The handle is ancient, but does not belong to the vase (see above). Ace. No. 13.227.4. 575 ]^^y ^^it'i liig'i handle, of similar shape to Nos. 570-574, but with slighth' more concave sides. The lower attachment of the handle is leaf-shaped; otherwise there is no decoration. The execution is rough. For a similar jar from Nemi with an inscrip- tion in archaic Latin characters, cL Collection H. Hoffmann, Antiquites (Sale Catalogue), 1899, p. 118, No. 507. Height, with handle, 4Tk in. (11. 6 cm.); height of cup, 3i6- in. (S.l cm.). Diameter, 2^^ in. (6.8 cm.). Purchased in lX(/>. Said to have been found near Grosseto. Unpublished. Crusty, blue-green patina. On one side is a brown patch where the bronze probabh- came in contact with iron. Ace. No G.R.3 578 578 ROUND MOUTH OF A VASE. The decoration, which is executed with great precision and delicac}', consists, on the inside, of a plait pattern and a tongue pattern; on the out- side, of a tongue pattern only; and on the rim, of a tongue pattern surmounted b\' beading. The bod\' of the vase was of very thin bronze and has almost entireh' disappeared; but enough remains of the neck and the curve of the shoulder to indicate that the vase was a short- necked jar probably similar e.g. to K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karls- ruhe, pi. IX, 16, 17, 19. Diameter, 5/5 in. (13.5 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana with Nos. 4S8-490, 570-573, 579, 580 (cf. p. 179 f.). Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, p. 266. The mouth was evi- dently cast and soldered to the hammered body. Smooth, turquoise-blue patina. A clod cf earth is still adhering to the neck. Ace. No. 12.160.S. 579 SILVER CUP of flaring outHne, with high bronze handle. The handle is decorated with beading and terminates below in a paw resting on an elongated disk, which is partly covered with small punctured circles. 209 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cui's, Bowls The cup itself has two broad ornamental bands, consisting of plait pattern, AND Pi.ATF.s shaded triangles, and rows of beading. For a cup of sunilar shape see K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karls- ruhe, pi. X, i8. Height of cup, sf in. (14.6 cm.); height with handle, 7^, m. (20.2 cm.). Diameter, 5^ in. (13.4 cm.). Purcha.sed in IQI^- Said to have been found at 579 Civita Casteiiana with Nos. 4^^-490, 570-573, 57S, 5S0 (cf. p. 179 f.). Men- tioned in the Museum BuUetm, December, 1913, p. 266. The patina of the handle is smooth and turquoise blue. The surface of the silver has assumed a dark gra}' tone. The handle is well preserved, but the cup is considerabl}' broken and restored. Ace. No. 1 2. 160. 10. 580 PATERA WITH HANDLE. It has a flat bottom and a rim of slightly flaring outline. The patera itself is plain, but the handle is elaboratelj^ ornamented with decorations in relief and openwork, as fol- lows: The attachment, which is slightly curved and was attached to the 210 580 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls bottom of the patera, bears a spiral pattern, surmounted by a recumbent AND Plates ^^^^ |^ ^.^^ relief. Beneath this is a plaque with a scene of two boxers and a trainer, modelled in the round. One boxer has already been knocked down by his opponent, who is in the act of delivering another blow with his left hand. To the right stands the trainer with both arms uplifted, evidently to indicate the termination of the fight. Both boxers are nude; one has straight hair falling to the neck, with a row of curls on the forehead. The other appears to be bald. The surface is somewhat rubbed, but a series of incised lines is clearly visible on both wrists of the victorious boxers; so that we ma\' presume that the contestants wore boxing-gloves. The trainer has a mantle with a fringed border at the bottom and has straight hair falling to his neck. This scene is executed with great spirit and the difficulties of representing such a complicated subject within so small a compass have been surmounted with much ingenuity — note, for instance, the way the standing boxer's left arm and the trainer's left arm are modelled side by side, one showing only in front, the other only from behind. Beneath this plaque is a beautiful design of scrolls and palmettes, worked in low relief on both sides of the handle and terminating below in a giant in full round, the upper part of which is in the form of a bearded man with long hair, while below he ends in fish-legs, with bearded serpents' heads. On this type of giant with serpent's legs and its occurrence in the sixth century B.C., cf. E. Kuhnert in Roscher's Lexikon, Giganten, §§ 1670 ff. The artist has successfull}' combined actual utility with art b\- leaving a pleasing blank space below the boxers' scene to act as a thumb- rest and by making the scaly legs of the monster intertwine to form a ring by which the patera could be hung up. The workmanship is excellent. This may indeed be regarded as a master- piece of Greek decorative art, both for the delicacy with which all details are executed and for the marvellous variety and harmony of the compo- sition. For paterae of this shape and period, but without handle, cf. A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa, pis. XIX, 20; XX, 7; Ifor a somewhat similar handle, cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. XII, 7. Length, with handle, 17I in. (4S.8cm.). Diameter of patera, 103^ in. (26. 5 cm.). Height of patera, i^ in. (4.3 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Said to have been found at Civita Castellana with Nos. 48S-490, 570-573, 57S, 579 (cf. p. 179 f.). Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1913, pp. 266, 267, figs. 3-4. Smooth, turquoise-blue patina. The patera is considerably 212 N fev S«a;'«S "1^. m- HANDLE OF PATERA 580 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cui'S, Bowi.s cracked and some missing pieces have been restored. The handle, however, AND Plates which was soldered to the bottom of the patera, is in excellent preservation. Ace. No. 12. 160.9. 581 SHALLOW BOWL, with narrow flat rim. Undecorated. Per- haps earl}' fifth centur}' B.C. (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4926). Height, ij in. (3.1 cm.). Diameter, 5iTrin. (14.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4926. The green patina has been partly removed. There is a small hole near the rim. Ace. No. C.B.360. \ ;8i 582 SSi 582 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, undecorated. Probably earl}' fifth century B.C. fcf. J. L. M}-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4928). Height, 2i in. (5.7 cm.). Diameter, 451 in. (12.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4928. Dark green patina with light green patches. Small pieces missing. Ace. No. C.l J 55- 583 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, similar to preceding. Height, 2| in. (6 cm.). Diameter, 4I in. (12.4 cm.). From C}'prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4927. Crusty, green patina with purplish patches. Cracked on one side with a small piece missinn- Ace No. C.B.3S7. 584 SHALLOW BOWL, with central boss incised. Fifth-centui-}' t}pe (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4932). Height, 1 J in. (4.8 cm.). Diameter, 8^ in. (21 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4932. Rough, green 214 \'ASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS patina with dark blue and brown patches. Small pieces missing. Ace. No. Cups, Bowls C.B. 356. \>;p Plates 585 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, with central boss and flaring rnn. Probably late fifth centur\- B.C. {d. J. L. AI_\'res, CesnoLa Handbook, No. 4930 1. Height of bowl, lifin. (4.9 cm.). Diameter, 41'^ in. (11. 3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M^res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4930. Rough, dark green patma. No parts missing. Ace. No. C.B. ,54. S84 585 586 586 BOWL, with central boss. Probably late fiftii centur\' B.C. (cf. J. L. ]\I\'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4929). Height of howl, if in. (3.5 cm.). Diameter, ^ys in. (13.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. AHres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4929. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. L\ I, 3. Crust^', green patina with blue patches. The bowl has been broken and repaired, but onl\- a small piece is missing. The rim is slightl}' chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 353. 587 BOWL, W'ith central depression and rim curving inward. Probabh* late fifth centur)' B.C. (cf. J. L. J\H"res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4931). Height of bowl, I j^y in. (3.7 cm.). Diameter, 6' in. (15.5 cm.). From Cjprus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. MA'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4931. Crust}', green patina. The outer surface is considerably cor- roded. Ace. No. C.B. 359. 587 21 : IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls 595 KYLIX, on high foot and with long, slender handles, the attach- AND Plates ments in the form of lanceolate leaves. The body, which is undecorated, consists of a round, shallow bowl, with wide, flaring rim. Fourth to third centur}^ B.C. For simdar cups from Cormth see W. Froehner, Collection H. Hoffmann, Antiquites, II (Sale Catalogue), 1888, Nos. 423-429, pi. XXXIII; A. Furtwiingler, Sammlung Sabouroff, II, pi. 145; B. Pharmakowsk}', Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1910, p. 219, figs. 18, 19, and O. M. von Stackelberg, Graber der Hellenen, pi. VII, 13 (where a cup of this t)'pe is described as found with a Corinthian coin of the late fourth cen- tury B.C.). See also the cups of this general t}pe found m the Crimea (cf. S. Reinach, Antiquites du Bosphore Cimmenen, pi. XXXVIII, 5) with decorations in the style of the early Hellenistic period. Kylikes with the same slender handles also occur in terracotta; they are covered with brilliant black glaze and evidently imitate metal prototj'pes (cf. e.g. A. Furtwangler, Berliner Vasensammlung, Nos. 2765, 2766). On some of these a facsimile of a Syracusan coin is found stamped in the centre, which would date them to the fourth century B.C. Height, 3I in. (R.2 cm.). Diameter, 5 in. (12.6 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Published by E. R[obins()n] in the Museum Bulietm, May, 1909, p. 81, fig. 5. Cast. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed. One handle was broken off and reattached. Parts of the attachments are missing. The base and rim of the cup are much encrusted. Ace. No. 07.286.130. S95 596 596 CUP, on high foot and with long, slender handles, of which the attachments are in the form of lanceolate leaves. The body consists of a round, deep bowl, without rim, and is undecorated. For an account of cups of this type see under preceding example. Height, 3I in. (8.8 cm.). Diameter, 3I in. (S.8 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Described by G. M. A. R[ichterl in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1908, p. 90, No. 10. Cast. The rough, green patina has been mostly removed. The foot and the 216 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSIES handlfs were broken i? 60s 606 606 LARGE DEEP BOWL, with broad, flat rim. Undecorated. Uncertain date. Height of bowl, bfg in. (16 cm.). Diameter, 14^ in. (37.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4946. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III. pi. XLVIII, 3. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. Considerably broken, with large pieces missing. Ace. No. C.B. 372- 607 LARGE SHALLOW BOWL, with narrow, flat rim. Undec- orated. Uncertain date. Illustrated, p. 221. Height, 4x1 in- (12.6 cm..). Diameter, 17I in. (44.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4947. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XLVIII, 2. The green patina has been largely removed. There are two holes in the centre of the bowl. Ace. No. C.B. 373- 219 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cups, Bowls 6o8 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, undecorated. AND Plates Uncertain date. Height, 3Jin. (7.9 cm.). Diameter, 7I in. (18. i cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4937. Illus- trated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XLIX, I. The crust)-, green patina has been largely- removed. There are several small holes in the bowl. Ace. No. C.B. 367. 609 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, similar to the preceding. Height, 2|in. (6.7 cm.). Diameter, f^iV in. (16.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4942. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. XLIX, 2. The green patina has been partly removed. There are a number of small holes. Ace. No. C.B. 369. 610 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, similar to No. 608. Height, 2j in. (5.8 cm.). Diameter, S /'o in. (14.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4938. Crusty, green patma with brown patches. No parts missing. Ace. No. C.B. 361. 611 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, similar to No. 60S. Height, 2x1 in. (7.5 cm.). Diameter, 6| in. (16.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L, Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4941. Crusty, blue-green patina. Indented and cracked in places, with two small pieces missing. Ace. No. C.B. 362. 612 HEMISPHERICAL BOWL, similar to No. 608. Height, 25 in. (6.4 cm.). Diameter, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4943. The rough, green patina has been partly removed. There are several small holes. Ace. No. C.B. 370. 613 DEEP BOWL, with flat bottom, undecorated. Uncertain date. Height, 3,5 in. (7.9 cm.). Diameter, 8 in. (20.3 cm.) From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4939. Rough, green patina with brown patches. The rim is cracked on one side. Ace. No. C.B. 365. 220 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS Cups, Bowls 614 FLAT PLATE, with broad horizontal rim. Embossed medaUion and Plates in the centre and embossed circuhir bands on phite and rim. LTncertain date. Diameter, jH in. (n)-5 cm.). From Cyprus. Ccsnola Collection, cf. I. L. INhres, Cesnt)la Handbook, No. 4944. 1 he green patina has been largel)' removed. 607 608 613 615 A large piece is missing and the surface is considerabl}' corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 726. 615 FLAT PLATE, with broad rim and incised concentric circles on the inside of the plate. Uncertain date. Diameter, 7j in. (,19.7 cm.j. From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M\-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4945. Greenish patina. Several largish pieces are missing and the surface is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 725. 22 1 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS CAULDRONS, PAILS, ETC. Cauldrons, jj^^ following cauldrons and pails (unless otherwise stated) are ham- Pails, Etc. ^^^^^^^ ^^,;^j^ handles and other attachments cast. 620 FLAT HORIZONTAL RIM AND TWO HANDLES OF A LARGE CAULDRON. The rim is decorated on its upper surface with a -<«i8 DETAIL OF 620 spirited relief of lions pursuing boars and bulls (there being apparently four lions, three boars, and thirteen bulls), with a rope ornament on its edges. On each of the handles are represented, also in relief, three super- imposed groups of two upright monsters facing each other in heraldic fashion, each holding up a jug of Mycenaean shape by its handle and foot. The monsters are in the shape of lions, each wearing on its back a curious 222 VASES AXD KITCHEN UTENSILS garment or hide, deeorated with several borders and a row of dots, and Cauldrons, ending below in a point. Un the round plates v,]i!ch form the lower at- Pa'ls, Etc. tachments of the handles are three heads of btdjs (jSovKpAvia), ^^■irl^ their horns brought round, each enclosed in a signet rin;^ The st\-le of the reliefs belongs to the Alycenaean period, probabh' about 1300-1200 B.C. Eor a similar example, also from C\-prus, cf. M. Marki- des, A Mycenaean Bronze in the C\-prus Aluseum, British School Annual, bzo X\ III, igi i-igi2, pp. 95 ff., pi. Mil. Com.pare also the tripod. No. 1 180, in our collection. The t^'pe of monster represented on the handle, which also occurs fre- quentl}- on Al^xenaean gems, has been the subject ot much co^tro^"ers3^ A Milchhofer (Die Anfange der Kunst in Gnechenland, pp. 54 ff.) v.as the first to bring together and discuss examples of these monsters, which he connected with the Black Denieter. A. B. Cook (Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1894, pp. 84, 106, 120, 138, 153) differentiates them into a number of well-defined t\'pes and interprets them as votaries in an animal-cult, clad in the skin of the animalworshiped. InG. Parrot et C.Chipiez,Histoire del'art, III, p. 794, the garb at the back is called a fish-skin, and the monster derived IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cauldrons, from the Assyrian <:od Anou. A. Eurtwiingler, in Antike Gemmen, III, ' pp. 39 ff., holds that the monsters are throughout of lion form, though some- times with horse's or donkej-'s ears, and are conceived of variously as mighty hunters, which in their turn are overcome at times by a higher human or godlike creature, and as being in the possession of a wonderful fertilizing liquid, as e.g. on our bronze handle. For the various types cf. the examples brought together b}' A. Furtwangler, Antike Gemmen, I, pi. II, 30-35, and pi. VI, 16; and vol. Ill, p. 37, fig. 16. Whether these monsters have realh' any cult significance is rendered very doubtful by the additional evidence which has recently been supplied from Crete. The monsters depicted on Cretan gems are of an almost infinite variet}^ and clearly suggest a somewhat fanciful modification of foreign t}-pes on the part of the Cretan artists, who probabl}' cared more for the artistic possibilities ot these creatures than tor their religious significance (cf. D. G. Hogarth, The Zakro Sealings, Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXII, p. 90 f,). Heights of handles: 8f in. (22.2 cm.) and Sj in. (20.9 cm.). Diameter of rim, 15! in. (40 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M^ers, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4703. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LIV, i and 2, where it is said to have been found at Kition. Also published b3' G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de Tart, III, pp. 794 ff., figs. 555 and 556. A. B. Cook, Journal of Hellenic Studies, XIV, 1S94, p. 103 f., fig. 5; A. Furtwangler, Sitzungsberichte der kgl. bayerischen Akademie dcr Wissenschaften, 1905, p. 269, No. 10. Cast. Rough, dark green patina. The reliefs have become blurred in places from corrosion. One of the handles is bent out of position, and there are a number of breaks in the rim and two in one of the handles. The rim and handles were attached to the cauldron, and similarl}- the handles to the rim, by rivets, which are still in place. Ace. No. C.B. 452. 621 CAULDRON with lid and arched swinging handle. The attach- ments are in the form of five open-work ornaments, with rings for the inser- tion ot the handle. The cauldron has a rounded top, short neck, and narrow flat rim. The lid is secured by means of a chain to one of the rings of the attachments. This cauldron can be dated to about the middle of the sixth centur}^ since it was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot (No. 40); cf. p. 177 f. d^otal height to top of lid, ii| in. (28.3 cm.). Greatest girth, 12^ in. (30.8 cm.). Diameter of mouth (on outside of rim), 6J in. (i 3.9 cm.). Published by A. Furt- wangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, 224 621 623 622 626 624 625 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cauldrons, text to pis. 586, 587, pp. 4, 5, No. 7, fig. 7. The crusty, green patina has been P.'MLS, Etc. removed in places. There are several cracks and some pieces are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 399. 622 CAULDRON with rounded top and broad, flat rim. It has no feet or handles and was probabh' intended to be phiced on a stand over a charcoal fire. Illustrated, p. 225, Like the preceding this cauldron was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot (No. 40); cf. p. 177 1. For archaic Greek cauldrons of this type see A. Eurtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 123 f. Height, 122 in. (38. S cm.). Greatest girth, 2I1 in. (54 cm.). Diameter of mouth (on outside of rim), 161^ in. (41.5 cm.). Published by A. Furtwangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, text to pis. 586, 587, p. 4, No. 5, fig. 5. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. There are a number of cracks and holes. Ace. No. G.R. 394. 623 CAULDRON with arched, swmging handle. The handle, as well as the attachments, which are in the form of large loops, are of iron. Like No. 622 this was intended to he placed on a stand. Illustrated, p. 22 1;. This cauldron, like Nos. 621, 622, was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot (No. 40), and is thereb}' dated to the middle of the sixth century B.C.; cf. p. 177 f. Height, 8| in. (21.3 cm.). Diameter, 14^! in. (37.9 cm.). Published by A. Furtwangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulp- tur, text to pis. 586, 587, p. 5, No. 8, fig. 8. Crusty, green patina with blue patch- es. The iron is much corroded and the surface of the bronze is covered in places with iron rust. There are a few cracks and holes. The handle attachments are riveted to the body of the cauldron. Ace. No. G.R. 398. 624 CAULDRON with flat, rounded rim, two horizontal handles, and three feet. The feet end below in paws; their attachments to the body of the vessel are in the form of an open-work ornament surmounted by the fore part of a winged figure in barbaric style. Each handle is decorated with three raised bands; the attachments are roughly triangular in shape and ornamented with mcisions. Illustrated, p. 225. Found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot (No. 40); cf. p. 177 f. Middle of sixth century B.C. Probably of Italic manufacture. The combination of a winged figure with lion's claws to form feet of various vessels is a frequent device in 226 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS archaic Greek art [d. A. Eurnvangler, Oh-mpia, I\', Die Bronzen, pi. LI, Cauldrons, No. 85S, and text, p. 137), where a number of examples are cited. Pails, Etc. Height, without handle, 10} in. (26.7 cm.). Diameter, 23 in. (5S.4 cm.). Published hy A. Furtwiingler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, pp. 4-5, No. 6, fig. 6. Crusty, green patina; some traces of iron rust on the inside. There are several small holes and indentations; otherwise in a splendid state of preservation. Ace. No. G.R. 395. 625 LARGE CxALLDRON, of angular outline and with short c\-Iin- drical neck. L'ndecorated. Illustrated, p. 225. L ncercam date. Height, I2i%in. (31.6 cm.). Largest girth, l6f|in. (42.7 cm.). Diameter of mouth, S| in. (22.5 cm.). From C\prus. Cesnola Collection, cf L L. ]\Lvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4948. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XL\, I. The crustv, green patina has been partly removed. Two rectangu- lar patches have been riveted on in antiquity. The surface is somewhat corroded and several pieces are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 400. 626 LARGE CAULDRON, similar to the preceding. Height, loiin. (26 cm.). Largest girth, 15^ in. (38. 4 cm.). Approximate diameter of mouth, g^ in. (23 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4949. The crusty, blue-green patina has been largely removed. Indented in places and bent out of shape. Several small pieces are missmg. Ace. No. C.B. 403. 630 SO-CALLED CISTA A CORDON!, or ribbed pail of c^hndncai form with two arched swinging handles. The handles are twisted and the attachments are in the form of double loops rn'eted to the vessel. There are nine flutings on the bod_\' of the cista, and on the bottom are concen- tric circles, embossed. The pail consists of two sheets of bronze, one for the body, riveted together on one side, and one tor the bottom. The rim has an iron core. Pails of this t\'pe (also with two horizontal handles on the sides instead of the swinging handles) have been found in great numbers m the district between the Alps and the Apennines, especiall}- at Bologna; also north of the Alps and as far south as Tarentum (cf. J. Martha, L 'Art etrusque, p. 91 f. and A. Mau, Paul3--\\'issowa, Realenc}"klopadie, under cista, p. 2605). Two chief varieties can be distinguished : one of smaller dimensions with onh' five to eight ribs spaced so as to allow decorations to be introduced between 227 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cauldrons, them, ynd another of larger size (20-40 cm. high) with nine to fifteen ribs Fails, hrc. brought close together (cf. Mau, op. cit. p. 2605). The first belongs to the ViUanova period and was apparentl\^ a simple tomb offering; the second is chiefly found in fifth-centur}^ tombs and served, at least in Italy, almost invariably as an urn containing ashes. Our e.\ample, which is dated to the middle of the sixth century B.C., since it was found in the tomb with the chariot (cf. p. 177 f.), appears to stand midway between the two types. The origin of these ribbed pails is disputed. They are probabl}^ neither Greek nor Etruscan, but were originated m the territory where they have been found most frequentl}', namelv, in the valley of the Po (cf. A. Furtwang- ler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler gnechischer und romischer Skulptur, text to pis. 586, 587, p. 1. Height, without handles, 7I in. (19.4 cm.). Diameter, 8x1" in. (22.4 cm.). Pub- lished by A. Furtwangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und rom- ischer Skulptur, text to pis. 586, 587, pp. l, 3, No. 3, fig. 3. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed; on the inside are considerable traces of iron rust. 1 here are several holes and the bottom has been somewhat bent. Ace. No. G.R. 412. 630 631 631 PAIL (Situla), of flaring outline, with rim bent slightly inward. Fhe handles are missing; the place for their attachments is shown by rivet- holes below the rim. They were probably of iron, as is seen from the con- siderable traces of iron rust. On the bottom are concentric circles, em- bossed. This pail was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot. No. 40, and is thereby dated to about the middle of the sixth century B.C. Height, 9li in. (25.3 cm.). Diameter, ii|in. (30.2 cm.). Published by A. Furtwangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulp- 228 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS tur, text to pis. 5S6, 5S7, p. 5, No. 10, fig. 10. Crusty, gret-n patina. The bot- Cauldrons, torn is hent and cracked in places, with some pieces missing. Ace. No. G.R. 414. Pails, Etc. 632 LID OF A A'ESSEL. It has a flat, horizontal handle, attached b}' rivets. This lid was found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot. No. 40, and is thereb)- dated to about the middle of the sixth centur\- B.C. Approximate diameter, 9I in. (24.5 cm.). Unpublished. Crust)', green patina, with some traces of iron rust. Somewhat bent out of shape; there are a number of cracks and holes. Ace. No. G.R. 415. 632 633 633 DISH COVER. It has a loop handle in the centre fastened bv rivets. Date uncertain; probabh' late. Greatest length, 85 in. (20.6 cm.). From Cj-prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4950. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XL\', "i. Crustw blue-green patina. Most of the rim is missing. Ace. No. C.B.413. ' ' STRAINERS A large number of ancient stramers (-qdisos, vXiar-qp, columj have Strainers survived. The_\' were used for the same purpose as thej- are toda\-, for strammg liquids of all kinds. On Greek vase-paintings and Etruscan paintings and reliefs a cup-bearer is frequentlj- represented holding a stam- er (cf. A. Purtwangler and R. Reichhold, Griechische Vasenmalerei, pi. 84; P. Hartwig, Die griechischen Meisterschalen, pi. XXXI\'; and Monu- menti dellTnstituto, IX, pi. 13). Martial, XI\ , 103, speaks of the colum nivarium which was filled with snow and served not only as a strainer for wine, but also as a cooler at the same time. 229 Strainers IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS For strainers in general see E. Saglio, in Daremberg et Saglio's Diction- naire under colum, p. 133 1. 638 STRAINER, with handle, all in one piece. The handle termi- nates in a ring and is decorated with the head of a girl and a festoon, roughly engraved on its upper surface. The rim of the bowl is moulded with bead and tongue pattern, and the perforations in the centre of the bowl are arranged in the form of a rosette. This type of colander can be assigned to the sixth to fifth centuries B.C., as it occurs in tombs together with black- figured and red-figured vases. (See A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa, pi. CXXXX, II, pi. L, 23; cf. also the examples from Nocera in Bullettino archeologico napoli- tano, nuova serie, V, 1857, pi. III). A similar engraved design, but with a male instead of a female head, is seen on an example in the Bibliotheque Nationale; cf. E. Babelon et J. -A. Blanchet, Catalogue des Bronzes, No. 143 1. Length, iIys iti. (29.4 cm.). Diameter of bowl, 5f in. (13.7 cm.). Purchased in 191 1. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] m the Mu- g^g seum Bulletin, May, 1912, p. 98. The green patina has been mostly removed. Preservation good; no parts missmg. Ace. No. II. 212. 2. 639 STRAINER. It consists of a circular perforated bowl (much broken) with flat rim and handle, ending in a ring for suspension. Opposite the handle is a hook-shaped projection terminating in a small oblong plate. It has no decorations. The projection opposite the handle appears to have served two purposes, as a means of resting the strainer across the mouth of the jar into which wine was poured, and for hanging the strainer from the lip of the jar when not in use. This type of strainer is comparativel}^ rare and seems to belong only to Central Italy. For an example with an archaic Latin inscription assigned \'ASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS to the third century B.C. cf. H. L. Wilson, in the American Journal of Strainers Philolog)-, XXMII, 1907, pp. 451 ft'., where a list of similar strainers is also given. Compare also one m the Museum of Eine Arts, Boston, described b}' E. Robinson m the Annual Report, 1S99, p. 50. Length, l2iVin. (.30.6 cm.). Diameter, 5i in. (13.3 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Crusty, bluish patina. The interior part of the bowl is missing and the end of the hook on the handle is broken oft". The whole piece is made of a single piece of bronze, excepting only the little obkmg phite. Ace. No. G.R. 143. 639 640 641 640 STRAINER. It consists of a shallow-, circular bowl wdth flat rim and hemispherical strainer in the centre. I he bowl is divided into two parts, an upper and a lower. There are three horizontal horse-shoe han- dles fastened to the under side ot the rim by means of rivets. Uncertain date. Diameter, 14! in. (37.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4935. The patina, which has been removed in parts, is c^ust^- and green with blue patches. Most of the actual strainer is missing and there is a small hole in the rim. Ace. No. C.B. 371- 641 STRAINER, similar to the preceding. Diameter, I if in. (29.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4936. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. 231 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Strainers LII, i. The green patina has been largely removed. The three horse-shoe handles are missing, but the places for their attachment are indicated by the rivet-holes, in some of which the rivets are still preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 374. LADLES Ladles A ladle was commonly used in Greek times for dipping the liquor from larger receptacles into cups, as is seen from representations on vases (cf. Museo Borbonico, XII, pi. 21 ; Monument! dell' Institute, VI, pi. 65, IX, pi. 46; L. von Stephani, Compte-rendu, 1868, pp. 154-156). Its essential char- acteristics are a spoon-shaped bowl and a long handle generally curved at its upper end for suspension. The Greek name for this utensil appears to have been Kvados or Kvadis (cf. Scholiast, Aristophanes, Wasps, 855; Pollux, Onomastikon, X, 75, who mention KvaOos as a vase for drawing wine, and Scholiast, Aristophanes, Acharnians, 1053, who compares it to a spoon); but this word was not exclusively confined to this shape, as we find it also cited as a perfume vase (cf. Pollux, Onomastikon, VI, 105; Athenaeus, X, p. 424-B). The Roman equivalent was the simpulum (cf. Varro, De lingua latina, V, 1 24, who says that the Roman simpulum took the place of the Greek C3'athus, but was confined to sacrifices). For ladles in general cf. E. Pottier, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under c)"athus and simpulum. 645 LADLE. The upper end of the handle is bifurcated, each part terminating in an animal's head. Both the handle and the bowl are deco- rated with graceful designs in flat relief. The outer side of the bowl is decorated with a large rosette, surrounded by a guiUoche pattern; at the base of the handle in front is a floral pattern, on the back, a running Satyr, with spirals beneath; at the top of the handle, both front and back, is an inverted palmette. On the outer edge of the bowl is beading in relief. Both the shape and the scheme of the decoration are of great beaut}'. The st}'le is archaic Greek ot the sixth century B.C. Height, II J in. (28.5 cm.). Purchased in 1908. Probably from Civita Castellana. Described by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 81. Patina blue-green and crusty. The surface is considerably corroded. It was much encrusted and was cleaned on its arrival in the Museum; the patina has been restored in one or two spots where it was removed for cleaning. Ace. No. 08.258.2. 232 646 648 645 6s2 654 653 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Ladles 646 MINIATURE LADLE. It consists of a four-sided stem, terminating in a deep, rounded bowl. The small size of the ladle suggests that it was used for toilet or chirurgic purposes. Illustrated, p. 233. Ladles of this general t\'pe belonging to the sixth century were found at Amathus, Cyprus (cf. British Museum, Excavations in Cyprus, p. 102, fig- 148' i)- Length, 4I in. (10.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4838. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIV, I. The crusty, greenish patina has been removed in places. The surface is corroded in places, and there is a largish hole in the bowl. Ace. No. C.B. 230. 647 LADLE BOWL, with tang for insertion in a wooden or bone handle. Illustrated, p. 233. Sixth to fifth-century type (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4925)- Height of bowl, ire in. (3-3 cm.). Diameter, 3 ^^^ in. (7.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4925. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXI, 4. Crusty, green patina. No parts missing. Ace. No. C.B. 368. 648 LADLE, with round, shallow bowl and long, four-sided handle, which is curved at its upper end and terminates in two heads ot ducks. Otherwise there is no decoration. Illustrated, p. 233. The shape is distinguished for its grace and simplicit}'. Sixth to fifth centur}^ B.C. Ladles of this shape are commonly found together with Athenian black-figured and red-figured vases in tombs in Etruria (cf. A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa di Bologna, pi. XIX, 8-1 1; pi. XXIX, 14; pi. L,3; pi. LIV, 12; pi. LXIV, 5; pi. CXXXX, 10). Height, 13 in. (33 cm.). Diameter of bowl, 3|in. (9.2 cm.). Purchased in 1910. Said to be from Civita Castellana. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1910, p. 275. Cast. Crusty, light green patina. Intact. Ace. No. I0.2I0.-,v 652 LADLE, with deep, oval bowl and long, four-sided handle, which is curved at its upper end and terminates in the head of a duck. Otherwise there IS no decoration. Illustrated, p. 233. A ladle of this shape is seen in actual use on a red-figured kylix signed by Brygos (cL Monumenti dell' Instituto, IX, pi. 46), and ladles of the same 234 VASES AND KITCHEN I TENSILS shape have been found at Pompeii (cf. J. Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 444, fig. Ladles 241 q), so that this type seems to have enjoyecl a long period of popuhirit}-. Height, I7lt in. (45.6 cm.). Prohahlv purchased in 1S97. UnpuhHshed. Crust)-, greenish patina. No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. 147. 653 PADLE, with round, shadow bowl and flat ornamental handle decorated on its outer side with a floral design, incised. On the under side of the bowl are concentric circles, also incised. Probablv Roman period. Height, 4I in. (11. S cm.). Diameter of bowK 2} in. {-^.j c m iSq6. Unpublished. Rough, greenish patina. No parts missing No. G.R. 34. Ilhistrated, p. 233. Oman perioc m.). Purchased .Ace. 654 PADLE, with deep c\ lindrical bowl, small foot, and flat orna- mental handle. The handle is decorated on its outer side with incisions. The bowl has groups of horizontal bands and beading on its outer side, and concentric circles beneath. Probabl}' Roman period. Illustrated, p. 2 Tv Height, 4^^ in. (11. 5 cm.). Diameter of howl, z-^ in. (5.2 cm.). Purchased in 1900. luipublished. Rnugh, green patina. No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. 390. MISCELLANEOUS UTENSILS 657 EIRE SHOA'EL, with twisted handle and rectangu- lar blade bent up at the sides to form a rim. The type is characteristic of the late Mycenaean Age. For other examples from Enkomi, Cyprus, cf. British Mu- seum, Exca\'ations in C^-prus, p. 15, fig. 25, Nos. 1461-146^. Length, 193^ in. (49.1 cm.). From C\prus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. M}Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4700. Ilkistrated in the Cesnola Atlas, pi. LN\'II, 5. Crust\-, green patina. The surface is partly covered with incrustations. The lower half of the blade and the upper end of the handle are missing. Ace. No.C.B. 89. Miscella- neous Utensils 658 SHO\'EL with short handle. The handle is mod- elled in the form ot a Corinthian column cut in halt length- wise and terminating at its outer end in an animal's hoof and a leaf-shaped projection. The sides of the blade are decorated with ara- besques in relief, and with three ro\\s of beading on the rim; at each 235 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Miscella- neous Utensils of the upper corners der side of the shovel is attached a small conical socket. On the un- are five knobs, one at each corner and one in the 6c;8 centre. Shovels of this type have been found at Pompeii (cf. e.g. Museo Borbonico, X, pi. LXIV), and belong to the Roman period. The}' are commonly explained as having been used for burning incense or perfumes, and are identified with the Latin batillum (cf. E. Saglio, Darem- berg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under batdlum). Length, l6j in. (41.3 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, Syria. Unpublished. Rough, greenish patina; slightly injured in some places. Ace. No. G.R. 137. 659 SHOVEL, similar to the preceding. The lower half of the column is decorated with leaf-shaped ornaments, incised. The sides of the blade are undecorated. On the under side of the shovel are four knobs. Length, 125 in. (31.*^ cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, Syria. Unpublished. Rough, greenish patina, partly removed on the blade. No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. 141. 660 SHO\ EL, similar to No. 65S. The column has become very conventionalized. The sides of the blade are undecorated and the nm has simple grooves. The sockets at the corners are m the shape of animals' ears. On the upper side of the blade have been stamped concentric circles, one at each corner and one in the centre. On the under side of the blade are four knobs. Length, 10 in. (25.4 cm.). Purchased in igoo. Said to have been found in the Hauran, S\-ria. Unpublished. Rough, greenish patina. No parts missing. Ace. No. G.R. '139. 665 MEAT-HOOK (Kpeaypa, harpago). It consists of a shaft ending in a ring from which radiate seven curved prongs. At the juncture ot the shaft and the ring is an eighth prong to which a second ring is at- tached. The shaft is decorated with twisted flutings and has a socket at its outer end for the insertion of a wooden handle. A considerable number of these hooks have been found, chiefl)' in Ltruria. Various theories have been advanced regarding their purpose 236 66^ Berliner X'asensammluno;, II, VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS • ' (cf. J.-Adnen Blanchet, in Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, harpago, p. 12), but the one most generall\- accepted is that the\- are identical with the Kpeaypa, which is described b\' the Scholiast on Aristophanes' Knights, 772, as an instrument used in cooking, resem- bling a hand with the fingers bent inward, used to take boiled meat out ot the caul- dron. Hooks of this general t^'pe emplo^'ed in such a way are represented on a red- figured vase-painting (cf. A. Furtwiingler, p. 510, No. 21SS) and on the design of a cista (cf. L. Duvan, Melanges d 'archeologie de I'Ecole de Rome, 1890, X, p. 309, pi. VI). The sugges- tion made b}* W. Helbig (Das Homerische Epos, 2nd ed., pp. 3^3 ff.) that this utensil is a later development of the Homeric irefjiirco^oXov, has been disputed by R. Engelmann (Jahrbuch des archaologischen Instituts, iSqi, pp. 173 ff.). Length, 14^ in. (36 cm.). Purchased in iSg6. Unpublished. Crusty, green patina. The tips of most of the prongs are broken; otherwise in good preser- vation. Ace. No. G.R. 142. 666 IRON GRATE on four feet and with eight trans\'erse rods. The rods end m plates ot semicircular outline. Found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot. No. 40, and thereb\- dated to about the middle of the sixth century B.C. Miscella- neous Utensils 666 For grates m general cL E. Saglio, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, craticula, p. 1536. Height, 3iin. (S.3 cm.). Length, 141% in. (36.4 cm.). Width, lijin. (29.9 cm.). Unpublished. The iron is much corroded and several pieces are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 435. 237 Miscella- neous Utensils IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 66-], 668 PAIR OF IRON FIRE-DOGS. Each consists of a rod of square section inserted at each end in a stand of double horseshoe shape. Found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot, No. 40 (cf. p. 177 f.), and thereby dated to about the middle of the sixth centur}' B.C. For fire-dogs in general cf. E. Saglio, Daremberg at Saglio, Dictionnaire, craticulum, p. 1537. Length of No. 667, 39! in. (99.7 cm.); of No. 668, 37I in. (96.2 cm.). Un- published. Much corroded. The rod in No. 668 is somewhat bent. Ace. Nos. G.R.4j3'434- 667 669 IRON ANDIRON. It consists of a horizontal support curved upward at each end and restmg on tour teet, each two of which are made of a single sheet ot bronze. This piece, as well as Nos. 670-672, was found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third centuiy B.C. (cf. pp. iSoff.). Length, 14-;-! in. (37.9 cm.). Piirchased in 1903. Unpublished. The iron is considcrahlv corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 462. 669 670-672 THREE IRON ANDIRONS, similar to the preced- ing and found with it in the same tomb. Unpublished. No. 670 has 238 \'ASES AND KITCHEN Lri'p:NSILS one foot missing; Nos. 671, 672 are horh fragmentan-. Ace. No. G.R. Misceli.a- 463-465. NEOUS Utensils 673 IRON FIRE-TONGS, consisting of two curved rods fastened together with a rivet. This piece was found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. (cf. pp. iSoff.). For fire-tongs in general cf. J. A. Hild, Daremberg et Sagho, Dictionnaire, under forceps, pp. iijgff. Length, 21 1 m. (55 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Unpubhshed. The iron is considerably corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 461. 673 674 IRON FIRE-RAKE. It consists of a four-sided rod, bent at right angles and flattened at one end. This and the succeeding piece were found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. (cf. pp. 180 fF.). Length, 6j in. (15.9 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Unpublished. The iron is considerabl}' corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 457. 674 675 IRON FIRE-RAKE, similar to the preceding and found with it in the same tomb. Unpublished. Ace. No. G.R. 458. 676 IRON SPIT (t). It consists of a rod of four-sided section witl one end pointed, the other flattened. 239 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS MiscELLA- This piece was found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century NEOUS B.C. (cf. pp. iSoft".). Utensils Length, 23! in. (59.3 cm.). Purchased in 1903. UnpubHshed. The iron is considerably corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 460. 677 SPIT(0, of square section, ending above in a rounded plate, which is perforated m the centre. Found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot, No. 40 (ct. p. 177 f.), and thereb}' dated to about the middle of the si.xth century B.C. Height, 3 feet 35 in. (1.04 m.). Unpublished. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. There are a few traces of iron rust. Ace. No. G.R. 416. 677-680 678-681 hour examples like the preceding, of about the same dimen- sions and likewise found with the Etruscan chariot. Ace. Nos. G.R. 417- 420. 685 CLUSTER OF THREE CHAINS, perhaps used to support a small cooking pot or lamp. Each chain has a long hook suspended from its lower end, while on its upper end it is attached to a long flat link. The three links are joined together by a common loop. Uncertain period. Length, III in. (29.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Col- lection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4984. Il- lustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIV, 6. Crusty, greenish patina with blue patches. Part of one hook is missing, as is also the upper part of the member which termi- nates below in a loop. Ace. No. C.B. 200. 240 68s VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSIES VASE HANDLES A large number of separate bronze handles have been found in most Vase excavations. The reason for this is the fact that the vessels themselves Handles were mostl\- hammered out of thin plate and were, therefore, easih' de- stro^-ed; while the handles, which were generally cast solid in separate pieces, naturally proved more durable. 690 \ERTICAL HANDLE OF A WIDE-NECKED JUG. It is fluted to form three ridges, ot which the centre one becomes the stem of a lotos flower, and the two outer ones are continued to fit against the rim of the vase. The lower attachment is in the shape of a palmette ornament. The form and style of this handle suggest an Eg)ptian model of the XVTII and XIX Dynasties. For similar handles still in place on bronze jugs of that period see D. Randall-Maclver and A. C. Mace, El Amrah and Abydos, Egypt Exploration Fund, pi. XLIV, D 33, and pi. XLVI, D 116. Length, 3 1 in. (7.9 cm. J. From C^'priis. Cesnola Collection, ct'. J. L. M\res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4701. Illustrated in the Ccsnola Atlas, III, pi. LIX, 3. The green patina has been largely removed. The handle was attached to the vase bv means ot three rivets, two of which are still preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 195. Illustrated, p. 243. 691 ATTACHMENT FOR THE HANDLE OF A BOWL. It is in the form of a horizontal rod of seir.icircular section, curved to fit against the rim of the bowl, with a rectangular plate projecting below; a bird is perched on top of the rod, while on its outer side are two rings for the in- sertion of the handle. Illustrated, p. 243. For handles of similar type cf. the Assyrian bowds from Nineveh in the British Museum which belong to the VIII-VTI centuries B.C. Length, 4I in. (10.5 cm.). From C^-prus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4^90. The green patina has been mostly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded in places. The attachment was fastened to the bowl by means of two rivets. Ace. No. C.B. 17S. 692 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JLIG. The handle itself is fluted to form two ridges. The upper attachment is effectively modelled in the shape of a bird, with wings spread to embrace the neck of the vessel, and with head protruding above the top of the handle. The feathers are indi- 241 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Vase cated by incised lines. The treatment of the bird shows Egyptian influence. Handles Seventh or sixth century B.C. Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4891. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LIX, I. The green patina has been largely removed. The lower attachment is missing, as is also the lower end of the bird's tail and pieces of the wings. Ace. No. C.B. 192. 693 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JUG, ending below m a plain triangular plaque and above in two curving arms, which embrace the rim of the vessel; in the centre projecting above the neck is a leaf-like ornament. Probably seventh to sixth centur\- B.C. (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4892). The leaf-like ornament occurs also on Roman vases; for one from Boscoreale ct. E. Permce, Archiiologischer Anzeiger, 1900, p. 189, tig. 17. Length, 4jf in. (12.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4892. Ihe green patina has been mostl}' re- moved. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 194. 694 SMALL HORIZONTAL HANDLE OF A BOWL, consisting of a horizontal rod curving upward and surmounted in the centre by a lotos flower. For sinular handles compare the larger examples on the bowls Nos. 533, 534. Seventh or sixth centiir\' B.C. Length, iH in. (4.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4897. Crusty, blue-green patina. The lower ends of the handle and the attachments are missing; also one of the petals of the lotos flower. Ace. No. C.B. 183. 69s HORIZONTAL SWINGING HANDLE OF A BOWL. The attachment is in the shape of three spools, cut in halves lengthwise and joined at the edges. The handle itself is ornamented with two raised bands. Handles of similar type are still preserved on the bowd No. 533, which belongs to the seventh or sixth centur\- B.C. For similarly shaped handles cf. references there given. Length, Sts in. (12.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4898. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LIX, 4. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. The attachment 242 691 690 692 694 ( 695 6q6 697 699 704 70s IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS \'ase was fastened to the bowl by means of two rivets, which are still preserved. Ace. Handles No. C.B. 190. 696 HORIZONTAL SWINGING HANDLE OF A BOWL. Of the same type as the preceding, but with the attachment in the form of two spools instead of three. The Iiandle itself is undecorated. Illustrated, p. 24^. Length, 2f in. (7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres. Cesnola Handbook, No. 4899. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LVII, 5. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. Ace. No. C.B. 188. 697 HORIZONTAL HANDLE, probably from a bowl like No. 533. It curves upward and was surmounted b\' an ornament (lotos-flower.''). The round attachments have a rosette ornament in relief and are joined to each other by a crossbar. Probably seventh or sixth century B.C. Length, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4900. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LVII, 6. Crust)', green patina. The greater part of the ornament at the top of the handle is missing. The handle was attached to the vessel by means of six rivets, which are still partly preserved, with pieces of the vessel still adjoining. Ace. No. C.B. 177. Illustrated, p. 243. 698 HORIZONTAL HANDLE, probably from a cauldron or bowl. The round attachments are joined to each other by a cross-piece. The attachments have protruding edges, which perhaps were covered with a thin bronze plate. Illustrated, p. 243. For bowls belonging to the seventh to sixth centuries with somewhat similar handles in place cL K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. VIII, 3 ff. Length, 316 in. (9.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4909. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi- LVII, I. The patina has been largely removed. In the attachments are three rivets still in place, round which are preserved pieces of the vessel to which the handle belonged. Ace. No. C.B. 184. 699 SWINGING HANDLE FROM A BOWL. It is attached by means of rings to a tubular flange with expanded ends which fitted on half of the circumference of the bowl. Illustrated, p. 243. Shallow bowls with handles of this shape were found in a tomb at 244 \ASES AND KIIVHEN UTENSILS Amathus, C\prus, with objects belonging to the sixth centur\' B.C. (See Vase British Museum Excavations in Cyprus, p. 102, iig. 14S). Bowls with H.AlNDLes similar handles but somewhat shorter flanges ha\'e been found at Nine\'eh (cf. A. H. La^-ard, Nineveh and Babylon, 1S53, pp. 183-185). Length of flange, from end to end, 12J in. (32.7 cm.). From C^'prus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 491^. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. L\'II, 3. Crusty, green patina with blue patches. No parts missing. Ace. No. C.B. 41 1 . 704 ATTACHMENT FOR A SINGLE SWINGING HANDLE OF A PAIL. It IS in the form of a closed loop with upturned ends. A piece of the pail IS still preserved. Illustrated, p. 243. Attachments ot this type occur both earh' (ct. the sixth-century ribbed pail m this collection, No. 630) and late (ct. e.g. the Roman examples, F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, No. ill); so that it is impossible to date an isolated specimen. Length, -tYi- in. (^1.4 cm.l. Date of purchase uncertain (before igo6). Un- published. Crust\ , blue-green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. The three rivets bv which it was fastened to the pail are still in place. Ace. No. G.R. 337. 705, 706 PAIR OF ARCHED, SWINGING HANDLES, probably from a bowl. Each has an attachment in the form of a horizontal rod, of semicircular section, curved to fit against the rim of the bowl. These handles were tound in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot, No. 40 (cf. p. 177 f.), and are thereb}' dated to about the middle of the sixth century B.C. No. 705 is illustrated, p. 243. For a bowl with somewhat similar handles in position ct. e.g. No. 538. Compare also C. Carapanos, Dodone, pi. XLV, 8; P. Perdrizet, Fouilles de Delphes, p. 78, fig. 272; C. Waldstein, Argive Heraeum, pi. CXXI, Nos. 2133-2142. Width of No. 705, 3xV in- (8-1 cm.), of 706, 33^ in. (8.4 cm.); length of attach- ment, 2y6 in. (5.2 cm.). Unpublished. The crusty, green patina has been mostly temoved. No parts missing. Ace. Nos. G.R. 441, 442. 707 HANDLE of same t\-pe as the preceding, but the attachment ornamented with a raised band in the middle. Found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot, No. 40; cf. p. 177 t. 245 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Vase Width, 4j in. (lO.S cm.). Length of attachment, 2| in. (6.7 cm.). Un- Handles published. The criisty, green patina has been removed in places. Ace. No. G.R.443. 708 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JUG. The lower attachment is ornamented with an inverted palmette and volutes, in low relief. The handle itself is twisted and is made in one piece with the mouth of the vase. The style of the palmette ornament belongs to the sixth century' B.C. Length, 6| in. (16.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4893. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LVIII, 5. The patina has been mostly removed. The surface is considerably corroded. A piece of the mouth ot the vase is still preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 198. 709 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JUG. The lower attachment is ornamented with an inverted palmette and volutes, incised. The handle, which IS made in one piece with the mouth of the vase, is dnided into two ridges by a deep groove along the centre. Tlie st\le of the palmette orna- ment belongs to the sixth to fifth century B.C. Length, 4x6 in. (12.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4R94. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. L\'III, 2. The green patina has been mostly removed. Part of the mouth of the vase is still preserved. In the lower attachment is a rivet b}- which the handle was fastened to the jug. The lower attachment is cracked. Ace. No. C.B. 191. 710 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JUG. The lower attachment is decorated with an inverted palmette and volutes in relief. The handle, which is made in one piece with the mouth of the vase, is divided into two ridges by a deep groove along its centre, and is embraced at the top by a moulded collar. The stA'le of the palmette ornament belongs to the fifth century B.C. Length, SiVin. (12.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S95. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. FIX, 5. The crusty, green patina has been largely removed. Part of the mouth of the jug is still preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 196. 711 ATTACHMENT FOR THE SWINGING HANDLES OF A PAIL, in the form of two rings with an ornament of bud and volutes above. 246 711 70Q 710 712 ...r-jm^ 714 71 s 720 721 722 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Vase The attachment is cast in one piece with the rim of the pail, of which a Handles part is still preserved. Similar attachments occur on pails found in fifth-century tombs (cf. A. Zannoni, Scavi della Cercosa, pi. LI\', 5; LXIII, 7 and 9). Length, 2I in. (6 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Crusty, blue-green patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. G.R. 345. 712 HORIZONTAL HANDLE FROM A BOWL, in the shape of a horse-shoe. Similar handles are still in place on the strainer No. 640, where the\' are riveted to the under side of the rim. Uncertain period. Length, from end to end, zj in. (7.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4901. Crusty, greenish patina. A rivet is attached at each end, round which are still preserved pieces of the vessel to which it belonged. Ace. No. C.B. 179. Illustrated, p. 247. 713 HORIZONTAL HANDLE, similar to the preceding, but smaller. Length, from end to end, 2^ in. (6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4902. Crusty, greenish patina. A rivet IS attached at each end, and round it are preserved pieces of the vessel to which the handle belonged. Ace. No. C.IL 180. 714 HORIZONTAL HANDLE OF A KYLIX, undecorated. Sixth to fifth centur)' B.C. Illustrated, p. 247. Length, Iye in. (5.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collecti(.)n. cf. J. L. M\Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4905. Crusty, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 175. 715,716 PAIR OF HORIZONTAL HANDLES FROM A HYDRIA. The round attachments have a rosette ornament, roughly worked in relief. Probably fifth to fourth century B.C. Illustrated, p. 247. Length of each, from end to end, 2| in. (6.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. j. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4903, 4904; 716 is illus- trated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LVH, 4. The patina has been largely removed. On each attachment are three rivets, still in place. Ace. Nos. C.B. 182, 186. 720 HORIZON'I'AL HANDLE OF A BOWL. 'Fhe attachments are in the form of iv\' leaves, and the handle proper is decorated with knobs and collars. Probably Roman period. Illustrated, p. 247. 248 VASES AND KITCHEN UTENSILS Length, 4i in. (10.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. f. L, Vase Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4906. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, 1 1 L nl u.Mn, .^. LVlll, 4. Lrust\', green patma. Ace. No. C.B. iSi. 721 HORIZONTAL SWINGING HANDLE OF A BOWL. The handle, which is in the form of a large open loop, is attached to the vessel by means of two rings. Part of the rim of the bowl is still preserved. Uncertam date. Handles of this type occur both on early vases (cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen, pi. VHI, 32) and on specimens of the Roman period (cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, fig. 203). Length, 2j in. (7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cF. J. L. ALvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4907. Crust3-, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 176. Illus- trated, p. 247. 722 HORIZONTAL SWINGING HANDLE, similar to the pre- cedmg, but attached to the vessel b}- means of a hinge instead of two rings. Length, liin. (3.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4908. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 185. Illustrated, p. 247. 723 1^-i 723, 724 PAIR OF HORIZONTAL HANDLES OF A BOWL, curvmg up at each end and termmatmg m rams' heads. In the centre of each handle is a three-leaved ornament, modelled in high relief. Probably Roman period. For a bowl with somewhat similar handles cL F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, No. 189. Length of 723, 6j in. (15.9 cm.); of 724, 65 in. (15.5 cm.). From Cjprus. Ces- nola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4910, 491 1. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded in places. Ace. Nos. C.B. 187, 189. 249 Vase Handles IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 725 HORIZONTAL HANDLE OF A BOWL. The handle curves upward and is decorated with three moulded bands. Each attachment ends in the head of an animal (doe.^). Illustrated, p. 249. Uncertam date. Length, 6} in. (15.1) cm.). From CyprLis. Cesnola Collectum. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4912. Illustrated m the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LVHI, 3. 1 he patma has been largelv removed. 1 he surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 193. 726 VERTICAL HANDLE OF A JUG, ending below m a vme leaf with roughlv incised veins, and above m two arms (one missing) to embrace the rim of the vase. The stem of the handle has a plait ornament, in high relief, on its lower part, and a lanceolate leaf, incised, on Its upper part. Probabl}-' Roman period. Length, 9I in. (25.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Col- lection, ci. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4^9^>. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LIX, 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, |il. I\', where it is said to have come from Dali. The crust)', green patina has been partly removed. One of the arms forming the upper attachment to the vase is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 197. 726 727 HORIZONTAL HANDLE OF A BOWL. The handle is roughly oval in shape and is decorated with moulded collars; below is an attachment with a design ot palmette and volutes roughl}- worked in relief. Roman period. For a similar handle cf. K. Schumacher, Antike i^ronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. VIH,34. Length, 3I in. (9.2 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 190G). Unpublished. Crusty, 727 green patina. A small piece from the attachment is missing. Ace. No. C.R. j^o. TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS MIRRORS The emplo\-ment of mirrors (hoTTTpoi', speculum) for reflection goes Mirrors back as tar as Eg^'ptian tunes, where the\' appear to have been in regular use from the Old Empire. They were also known to the ]\I\'cenaeans, and termed an indispensable article of the toilet in Greek and Roman times. These ancient mirrors, however, ditfer in man}' respects from those used nowadays; for until the Roman period at least, the material of mirrors was not glass, but burnished metal, preferabl}' bronze, which was sometimes co\ered with gold or silver foil (cf. J. de Witte, Revue archeologique, X\ II, 1868, pi. XIII, p. 373 f.; S. Remach, Antiquites du Bosphore Cimmerien, pi. XXXI, 7, p. 82). At present, of course, the surface of the bronze is general}}' co^'ered with a patina and can, therefore, no longer be used for reflection. In order to keep the mirrors bright the ancients pro\'ided them with lids (cf. N^os. 757 fF.), or kept them in cases of cloth or straw, of which traces are occasionalh' preserved (ct. Archaologische Zeitung, 1876, p. 39, and G. Benedite, Catalogue general des antiquites eg\'ptiennes du Musee du Caire, Nos. 44001-44102, Miroirs, pp. XXIX ft., pi. XXIV; also an example in the Morgan Collection in this Museum, No. P.M. 732. Further- more, the ancient mirrors are as a rule of small dimensions, the diameter being generally under rather than over ten inches. Large mirrors were doubtless also used (cf. Lucian, Adversus mdoctum, 29), but in the average household people seem to have been content with small specimens corre- sponding to our own hand-mirrors. Their form is mostl}' round or rounded; though square mirrors were also used, both b}' the Etruscans (cf. J. Ma.i-tha, L'Art etrusque, p. 199, fig. 155), and the Romans (ct. No. 840). The disk itself is often either slightl}' convex or concave, in which cases the objects reflected were respectiveh' enlarged or diminished in size. Scenes depicted on vases and some terracotta statuettes show us the various wa^-s in which mirrors were used. When they are not in use, w-e often see them hung up b}' a nail on the wall; otherwise, the woman holds the mirror in one hand while attending to her toilet wnth the other; or she supports it on her knee to have both hands free; or an attendant holds it 251 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Mirrors up for her — all the many wa)'s, in fact, in which it is natural to use hand- mirrors. (For references see A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Diction- naire, speculum, p. 1423; also the terracotta statuette No. 12.229.19 in our collection.) The mirrors supported on a foot (cf. No. 751) were, of course, placed on the table. The Egyptian mirrors, which served as prototypes to the Mycenaean and classical examples, were generally slightly oval in form and supplied with a tang which was hiserted in a handle often decorated with various Egyptian motives (cf. G. Benedite, Catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du Musee du Caire, Nos. 44001-44102, Miroirs, and several examples in this Museum, in the Egyptian collection). The Mycenaean mirrors which have been found at various localities such as Ial}'sos, Mycenae, Vaphio, Menidi, and Thoricos are round and were similarly provided with a handle, attached b}^ two large nails (for references see A. de Ridder, op. cit., p. 1423). There are no examples in our collection. Greek Mirrors GREEK MIRRORS For Greek Mirrors in general see A. de Ridder in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, speculum (an ex- cellent up-to-date resume on the subject with man3^ valuable references). A. Dumont et J. Chaplain, Ceramiques, 188S, II, pp. 167 ff. F. Pottier, in Dumont et Chaplain, Ceramiques, 1888, III, pp. 242 ff. (gives a list of Greek mirrors known at that time with references to their publications). E. Michon, Monuments grecs publics par I'association pour Lencourage- ment des etudes grecs, Nos. 19-20 (1891-1892), pp. 33 tf. (makes additions to Pottier's list). H. F. de Cou, Argive Heraeum, II, p. 264, Nos. 1560 ff., pis. XCIII ff. See also catalogues of the various collections of bronzes in museums or in private possession; and S. Reinach, Repertoire, II-I\ , passim. Greek mirrors can be divided into three classes, according to their shapes: — I. Mirrors with Handles Of these the earliest known to us are the so-called Argivo-Corinthian mirrors, which date from the sixth century B.C. These consist of round disks with flat handles of flaring outline which are supplied above with a rec- tangular attachment and terminate below in a round piece; all three parts 252 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS of the handle are decorated with scenes in low relief. The disk and the Greek handle are worked in one piece (cf. A. Furtwangler, Historische und philo- Mirrors logische Aufsatze Ernst Curtius gewidniet, 1SS4, pp. 179 ff.; A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, speculimi, p. 1424, fig. 6527, and the references there cited). Another early t}^pe is that with a handle in the form of a human figure terminating in a suspension ring (cf. E. Pottier in Dumont et Chaplain, Les Ceramiques de la Grece propre, II, p. 243, and de Ridder, op. cit., p. 1425, fig. 6531). From the " Argivo-Corinthian " mirrors was evidenth' developed a form prevalent from the sixth to the fifth centuries B.C. and perhaps also later, in which the handle is similarlv" cast in one piece with the disk, but is of simpler shape and has no relief decoration. It is either perfectly plain or has some ornamental designs incised on the handle (cf. e.g. Argive Heraeum, II, pls.XCTIff.). In another form in vogue at the same time, the disk was supplied with a tang in which a separate handle of bone, ivor}', or wood was inserted. The tang was either in one piece with the disk, or made separatel}'. The attachment which connected the handle with the disk was often ornamented with various decorations, incised or in relief, ranging from human or animal figures to decorative designs (for references ct. de Ridder, op. cit., p. 1425 j. Sometimes a rectangular plaque ornamented with a scene in a jour relief was introduced between the mirror disk and the handle (cf. e.g. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, No. 302, and de Ridder, op. cit., p. 1425). The mirror disk is often ornamented along its edge with beading and tongue pattern. Rarely the back was also decorated with a scene either incised (cf. a round archaic mirror found in 1904 at Kelermes in the Kouban district, which has an engra^'ed design on the back, [cf. B. Pharmakowsk}-, Archaologischer Anzeiger, XX, 1905, p. 5S; G. Radet, Revue des etudes anciennes, X, 1908, 128, fig 26]; and one from Greece, Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1904, pp. 23, 24), or in relief (Gazette archeologiijue, 1878, p. 25, fig. 141). But as a rule the chief ornamentation was confined to the handle. FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) The disk, which is nearly circular, is worked in one piece with the tang and has an attachment with an incised design of two volutes and a palmette at the junction. The mirrors are all cast. Similar mirrors have been found in a sixth-century tomb at Amathus, 253 740 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek Cyprus (cf. British Museum Excavations in Lyprus, p. 102, fig. 148, 2, 3). Mirrors The examplesinourcoUectionmustdate from approximatel3" the same period. 740 Diameter, 65 in. (15.9 cm.). Length, with tang, Sjg in. (21.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4794. The green patina has been largely re- moved, and the surface is somewhat cor- roded. Ace. No. C.B. 14S. Diameter, 55 in. (13 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4795. The green patina has been largely re- moved and the surface is somewhat cor- roded. The tang is broken off. Ace. No. C.B. 146. 742 There is a slight rim on the mirror side. Diameter, 6^ in. (15.5 cm.). Length, with tang, 75 in. (19 cm,), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4796. The green patina has been largely removed and the surface is considerably corroded. Largish pieces are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 141. 743 Diameter, 55 in. (14. S cm.). cf. J. L. Mja'es, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S00. Greenish patina. The surface is much corroded. Several pieces, as well as the end of the tang, are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 163. 744 Diameter, 5! in. (14.6 cm.). Length, with tang, 7I in. (1S.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4797. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi- LXI, 3- The green patina has been largely removed, and the surface is consider- ably corroded. A largish piece is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 156. 745 Diameter, 63^ in. (16 cm.). Length, with tang, Sj^ in. (21.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 479S. The green patina has been largely re- moved, and the surface is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 142. 746 There is a slight rim on the mirror side. Diameter, sH in. (14.4 cm.). Length, with tang, 8f in. (21.9 cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4799. The green patina has been parti}' removed and the surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 136. 254 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 747 PART OF A HANDLE EROM A MIRROR. Onl.v the attach- Greek ment and a small part of the tang are preserved. The attachment has a Mirrors design of volutes in relief; at the top is a flanged edge into which the mirror fitted, which was therefore cast separately, not in one piece with the tang as Nos. 740 ff. The design of the volutes is in the style of the sixth to fifth cen- turies B.C. Length, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4801. The green patina has been partly removed Ace No. C.B. 150. 747 II. Mirrors Supported ox a Stand The stand supportmg the mirror is in the form generall\- of a female figure and occasionall}- of a male figure or an architectural member. On each side of the attachment, connecting the mirror disk witli its stand, small figures were mtroduced, while the disk itself was at times similarly decorated along its edge with animal or floral motives. The supporting figure was general!}- mounted on a base and the back of the disk was often decorated with con- centric circles. This type of mirror remained in vogue from the middle of the sixth to the end of the fifth centur\' B.C. 751 The stand is in the form of a female figure, standing in a some- what rigid pose and dressed in a sleeveless Doric chiton, which falls m simple, straight folds. She holds her right arm extended in front ot her, with the palm of the hand outward. With the left hand she lifts a fold of her drapery. Her hair is arranged in simple fashion, parted in front IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek and coiled at the back around a small fillet which encircles her head. The Mirrors mirror-support terminates at each end in a rosette and is decorated in the centre with a lotos flower and scrolls, lightly incised. The disk is orna- mented behind with concentric circles. The figure rests on a small round base, supported on three lion's feet, which is ancient and belongs to it; it is decorated with a moulding; of tongue pattern. 751 From the style of the figure the mirror can be dated in the transitional period, about 480-460 B.C. The execution is careful. Total height, 161^ in. (41.8 cm.). Height of the figure itself without the base, 65 in. (16.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Provenance; unknown. The mirror was cast in tliree pieces: the disk, the statuette with the support (solid), and the base 256 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS (hollow). Published b\- G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, Februarv, Greek 1907, p. iS, fig. 3. Patina crust\' green with blue patches; a considerable part Mirrors of this has been removed from the front of the figure. The surface of the mirror is somewhat corroded, but the figure, which is cast solid, is in excellent con- dition, except that the front half of the left frxit antl the finders of the right hand are missmg. The disk was broken off and attached. Ace. Xo. 06. io:;9 a and b. For other mirror supports without disks, cf. Nos. 28, 77, 86. III. Mirrors with Co\ers These consist ot two parts: the round mirror disk and a cover fitting over it. The cover was often attached to the disk by means of a hinge and then opened at right angles. Sometimes a suspension ring was added to the hinge, and another ring was fixed to the opposite side for raising the lid. At tunes a separate flat disk was placed between these two parts, which thereby formed a bo.x (A. de Ridder, Collection de Clercq, III, 5:;:;, p. 324). A large number ot these mirrors are decorated on the outside of the cover with a scene in relief. This either covers the entire surface (cf. Nos. 760, 765) or permits the surface of the lid to appear as a background (cf. Nos. 757, 758, 759, 761, 766, 767, 775). Round the relief is generally a moulded border, and the outside of the rim is sometimes simikul\' decorated. The inside of the lid was various!}' treated. Sometimes it was polished like a mirror disk to serve likewise for reflection, or it w as ornamented with con- centric circles; or again it was decorated with an incised scene, siKered occasionally (tor the latter cf. e.g. M. Collignon, Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, 1885, pi. IX; J. Dumont, Bulletin de correspondance hellemque, 1884, pi. X\ I). In tbie commoner examples the two outer surfaces ot the mirror were ornamented with concentric circles and beading placed along the edge. Mirrors of this t\-pe occur from the middle of the fifth centur\" down to Hellenistic times. 1 he disks and covers of the following mirrors are cast; but the decoratu e reliefs are repousse and tooled. 757 On the cover is a female head in relief, profile to right. The hair is arranged in loose flving locks, and she wears an opisthosphendone, a band or kerchief with wdiich the hair was caught up behind, and an earring in the shape of a pendant rosette. The treatment of the e\'e belongs to 257 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek what is known as the transitional t3'pe, being neither in full front as on arch- MiRRORs aic reliefs, nor yet wholly in profile. The outlines of the iris and the pupil are lightly incised. The probable date of the relief is the second half of the fifth century B.C. The head bears a certain resemblance to types which occur on the coins of Syracuse and Southern Italy in the last quarter of the fifth century B.C. Encircling the design is a moulded band. The mirror disk has a slightly raised rim on its upper side mto w-hich the cover fits; below, it has a c}din- drical rim, decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. Diameter, s| in. (13.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Said to have been found in Akarnania. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, p. iS. Patina bluish and crusty. The preservation is good; only the pin of the hin^e and the handle are missing. Ace. No. 06.1061. 7S7 758 On ^he cover is a female head, three-quarters front to left, in very high relief. She has long, wavy hair which falls in loose curls about the head. Incised lines, drawn with great delicacy, are used to indicate the brows and lashes and the shorter hairs on the forehead. The nobihtv of the features shows that this is an ideal head, not a portrait, and probabl}^ represents one of the greater divinities. Among these Aphrodite is the most likely to be the subject, both from her appropriateness to serve as the deco- ration of a mirror and from the action of the right hand, which holds a lock of hair, a characteristic of some representations of that goddess. The distinctly sculpturesque character of the head (the relief is so high that it might have been the section of a bust modelled in full round) and the some- what forced introduction of the hand suggest that the artist has here repro- duced a statue of Aphrodite. Should this be so, it would furnish us with a new type of Aphrodite, with all the loveliness shown in other represen- tations of that goddess, but with an added element of severity which is unfamiliar. The large style ot the modelling and the t3'pe of face with the low forehead, the heav}', strongly marked eyelids, and the simple 258 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS contour of the cheeks pLice this head not Liter than the end of the Phei- dian age. In both execution and preservation this is one of the most beautiful of all known Greek mirrors. The cover has a rim \vhich tits on the bevelled edge of the mirror disk. The latter is provided with a c\hndrical rim and has concentric mouldings on the under side. Round the edge of the mirror, and on the outside of both rims are moulded bands. On the co\'er is a small ring handle. Diameter, 71 in. ( 20 cm.) - ,0 Purchased in 1907. For the provenance see No. 760. Published by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1908, pp. 6S-69, tig. 2. Patina green. The prestr\'atinn is excellent, onl\- the tip of the nose being restored and a few hits in the hair missing. Ace. No. 07.255. Greek. Mirrors £?^^ 758 759 Oi^ ^^^ cover is an ideal head ot a maiden, full front, in high rebel, with her hair loose and flying about her head in wav_\' locks. In her ears, which are shown full front instead of in profile, she wears earrings ot the simple rosette shape. All the features, as well as the locks of hair, are represented with great precision of outline. In the absence of definite attributes it is impossible to identity this head w-ith any special goddess. Heads of the same general character with fl^-ing hair begin to appear on the coins ot various Greek cities about the end of the 259 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek fifth century B.C., where the\' are associated with different divinities and Mirrors local njmphs, according to the place for which they were struck. This mirror dates from the same period, as is seen from the broad, round face, the low forehead, the simple modelling, and the absence of any tendency toward sentimentality or emotion in the expression. Unlike the mirror just described (No. 75S), the treatment of the head, especialh' in the arrange- 759 ment of che hair, is not sculptural, but seems to have been designed tor the round setting m which it appears. Like its companion, this mirror is ot exceptional beaut}' and in a remarkable state of preservation. Encircling the design are moulded bands. The mirror disk is surrounded b}' a border of silver plating, m the form of a wreath, the details of which are indicated with roughly incised marks. It has a slightly raised rim on its upper side into which the cover fits. Below, it has a cylindrical rim decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. There is a hinge joining the cover and the disk. Diameter, 6^ in. (15.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. For the provenance see No. 7^o. Published by E. R[ohinson] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 190S, pp. 67, 68, fig. I. The green crust with which it was partly covered has been almost entirely removed, and the color is now a rich hrown; in some places the gold tint which the surface had originally can still be seen. The preservation is practically perfect; only a few insignificant pieces of the relief are missing. Ace. No. 07.256. 260 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSOXAL ORNAMENTS 760 This mirroi' is exhibited in three parts: la) the niirrur proper; (b) the cover, the mside ot which is decorated \\ith an eny:ra\"ed design; (c) the rehet, whiclr was attaciied to the outside ot tlie co\'er and which is now mounted on a separate modern disk. The engraved design represents Herakles and Athis. Herakles has placed his club and qun er on the ground, and is on tlie point ot taking the Greek Mirrors weight of heaven from Atlas. He is beardless and nude, e.xcept tor the lion's skin which is swung over his left arm. Atlas is represented as a bearded old man with long, busliy hair. He wears high laced boots with flaps at the top (endromides) and a short tunic (exomis) ot the t)'pe distinctive of the laboring classes, which was fastened only on the left shoulder, lea\'ing the right arm and shoulder bare. The hea^-en is rep- resented b)" two liorizontal lines crossing the top of the design, not in tlie usual manner as a rock or ball. The drawing is excellent, being spirited }'et careful. In both figures the muscles are indicated by shaded lines, those of Herakles being represented with considerable detail. The st\'le of the drawing, as well as of the relief on the cover, places this mirror in the second half of the fifth centur\-. For another example of Herakles and Atlas represented on a mirror cf. E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, II, pi. 137. 261 Greek Mirrors IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS The relief from the outside of the cover is unfortunately in a fragmentary condition. It is due to the skill of M. Alfred Andre that the existing por- tions have been sufficiently cleaned and repaired to show the beauty of the modelling and the spirit of the composition. Hitherto it has not been pos- sible to determine the subject represented, though the artist had evidently 'r^^^^^iy^-'^'^^j^' 760 a definite m}thological scene in mind. A male figure, identified b}^ the lion's skin tied under his throat as either Herakles or Theseus, is represented in violent struggle with a woman who is falling to the ground. She wears a thm, chnging chiton and a hmiation which envelops the lower part of her body and flies behind her. She seems to be resisting the attack with all her might. With her left hand she has seized her opponent under the arm- pit and is pushing him from her. Her right arm, now missing, was raised and was perhaps grasped by her opponent. The modelling in both figures suggests intense muscular exertion. On a rock by the male figure lies a dead eagle. Around the feet of the two figures appears a long inscription which is meaningless and a modern addition. There is no legend known to us of a contest of either Herakles or Theseus with a woman, except their struggles with the Amazons. Tliat the female figure here represented cannot be an Amazon is shown b}^ the long flowing 262 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS garments which she wears. The presence of the eagle suggests a connection Greek with the Prometheus m\'th; but there is no extant legend associating an\ Mirrors woman with Herakles' liberation of Prometheus. On an archaic Etruscan mirror in the British Museum (H. B. Walters, Catalogue of the Bronzes in the British Museum, No. 542) Herakles is represented carrj'ing off a woman who seems to be resisting him. She is there inscribed "Mlacush ", which has been connected with " Malacisch "', a word which sometimes occurs on Etruscan bridal toilet scenes and has, therefore, been interpreted as the epithet of a bride. But if Mlacush is the Etruscan rendering of a Greek name, the scene referred to may represent an exploit of Herakles not known through literature. In that case it is possible that our relief represents the same subject, though the introduction of an eagle, which does not occur on the Etruscan representation, makes this possibilit\' onl\' slight. Eor a scene in which Theseus is grappling with a woman there is not even this analogy. The mirror disk has a slightly raised rim on its upper side into which the cover fitted. Below, it has a c\lindrical rim decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 6j in. (16 cm.). Purchased in li)o6. This mirror is one of seven which were found at \'onitza in Akarnania. Of these one is in the British Museum (Unpublished; Inventory No. 1904, 7-S, i and 2); the others are Nos. 758, 759, 761, 766, 767 in this Museum. LTnpublished. The patina, blue-green and crust\', has been removed from the surface of the engraved design and from portions of the relief. The following restorations have been made: a piece between the right foot and the thigh of the draped figure, part of the drapery between the figures, and the left knee of the male figure. The illustration shows what parts are miss- ing. Ace. No. 06.1228. 761 On the cover is an a jour relief of a conventional floral pattern consisting of a palmette rising from the heart ot a bell-shaped flower, from each side of which springs a curl\' tendril ending in a bud, the whole resting upon a bed of akanthos leaves. In design and execution this ornament is of great beaut;'. Every leaf and petal is modelled minutelr but without impairing the freedom and animation of the whole. The mirror probable- belongs to the end of the fifth century B.C. The cover has a rim which fits on the bevelled edge of the mirror disk. The latter is provided with a cylindrical rim and has concentric mouldings on its under side. Round the edge of the cover and on the outside of both rims are moulded bands. Diameter, 6J in. (15.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. For the provenance see 26^ IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek No. 760. Published by E. R[obins()n] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1908, Mirrors PP- 68, 69, and tailpiece on p. 70. The patina on the cover is bright green, on the inside blue and green. The preservation is excellent, only the centre petal of the palmette being missing and a small tendril on the right restored. Ace. No. 07.257. 761 765 On the cover is a relief representing two Pans engaged in a quarrel, with Eros intervening. One Pan has seized the other b}^ the arm and is pulling him away against his will. Eros, who has apparently just arrived on the scene, is about to strike a blow at the remonstrant. The object with which he is striking seems to be one of those bags which are frequently represented in the hands of Greek children, in which they carried their balls and other toys. The locality of the scene is indicated as a mountain side by the rocky ground and the flowering plants. The two Pans are bearded and have shaggy hair and goat's ears, horns, legs, and tails. The one on the left wears an animal's skin as a cloak, two ends of which are tied together at his throat. Eros is represented as a youth with long hair and large wings; except for tJTe draper)' which is swung over his left shoulder he is nude. Both the composition of this group, which is skilfully adapted to the circular field, and the execution are excellent. The thick-set bodies of the Pans with their coarse-teatured faces are well contrasted with the slender figure of Eros, and the ph)sical exertion and intentness of all three are splendidly portrayed. The unusually good preservation of the mirror enables us to appreciate the beautiful modelling and the minute care with which the artist has represented every detail, such as the faces of the Pans, the hair on their heads and legs, and the feathers on the wings of Eros. 264 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS The date of the mirror cannot be later than the middle of the fourth Greek century B.C., as the type of the Eros betrays none of the influence of Praxi- Mirrors teles and his period. The mirror disk has a groove round the edge on its upper side into which 765 the cover fitted; below, it has a cylindrical rim, decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 5j in. (13.3 cm.). Purchased in 1907. From the Peloponnesos; said to have come from Elis. Published by E. R[obinson] in the Museum Bulle- tin, April, 1908, p. 69 f., fig. 3. The cover, which was considerably damaged, has been skilfully repaired and cleaned by M. Alfred Andre; the rim of the cover is modern and was introduced to hold the fragments of the relief together. The hinge is missing, but there are clear traces of its original outline. Ace. No. 07.259. 766 On the cover is a relief representing Dion}sos and Ariadne. Di- onjsos, recognizable by his long hair and effeminate appearance, is seated on a rock to the left. With his left hand he holds up a corner of his drapery, leaving the front of his body nude. Ariadne, seated on a rock opposite Dionysos, is resting her right hand on the head of a panther which stands between them. She is clothed in a sleeveless chiton, has long, wavy hair, and wears a necklace. Above, flying from Ariadne to Dionysos, was prob- ably an Eros. Of the figure itself nothing is left, but its silhouette is clearly indicated on the bronze. The execution is careful, but the composition conventional. The style is that of the fourth century B.C. For a vase-painting with a similar scene of Dionysos, Ariadne, and Eros, see C. O. Miiller — F. Wieseler, Denkmaler der alten Kunst, 2, 424. 265 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek The cover has a rim which fits on the bevelled edge of the mirror disk. Mirrors The latter is provided with a cylindrical rim, decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. There is a suspen- sion ring attached to the rim. 766 Diameter, 8J in. (20.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906. For the provenance see No. 760. Unpublished. The patina on the relief, bright green and crusty, has mostly been removed, disclosing a light brown which is not the color of the bronze itself; on the face of the mirror the patina is blue and green on which are patches of light brown. The relief is much corroded, and important parts of both figures, as well as the whole of the Eros above, are missing. The hinge connecting the cover and the mirror disk has disappeared; but there are clear traces of its original outline. Ace. No. 06.1229. 767 On the cover is a relief of the head of a woman, profile to left. Her hair IS carried back from her forehead in parallel waves, which are com- monly known as the "melon" st}ie, and gathered in a knot behind; it is encircled by a broad fillet decorated with incised patterns. She wears an earring of the open ring t\'pe ending in an animal's head. The detailed modelling of the eye and the firmness of the chin lend a cer- tain individuality to the face of this relief. It is probably a work of the latter part of the fourth century B.C. For a similar mirror see H. B. Wal- ters, British Museum Catalogue of Bronzes, No. 321 1, pi. XXXII. Encircling the design is a band ornamented with a rope pattern. The 266 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS cover has a rim which fits on the bevelled edge of the mirror disk. Tin.- latter is provided with a c\-lindrical rim below, and has concentric mouldings on its under side. On the outside of both rims are moulded bands. There is a suspension ring above. Diameter, b\ in. (15.8 cm.). Pur- chased in 1907. For the provenance see No. 760. Published by E. R[obinson] m the Museum Bulletin, April, 1908, p. 70, fig. 4. Patina bright green with patches of blue on the interior. The head has been slightly restored; parts of the upper lip, the two lowest waves of the hair, with the knot, and the base of the neck being modern. The suspension ring has been broken and reattached, with slight restorations in plaster. The hinge is missing, but there are clear traces of its original outline. Ace. No. 07.25X. 775 On '^'i'^ cover is a relief of Eros represented as a nude, chubbj- infant of Hellenistic type with wings spread. He is seated on rocky ground holding up in his left hand a slender oval object. His right hand, now missing, apparently rested on the rock by his side. Behind the head is a cluster of akanthos leaves. Probably third centur\' B.C. (iREEK Mirrors 707 775 Encircling the design are concentric mouldings. The cover has a sligiit rim which fits on the be\'elled edge of the mirror disk. The latter is pro- vided with a cjdindrical rim belo\v, decorated with moulded bands. On the under side of the disk are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 5I in. (13 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Provenance unknown. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, Februarj', 1907, p. 18. Patina light green 267 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek '"i'^ crust)' in parts; on the surface of the mirror there are patches of blue. The Mirrors hronze of which the rehef is made is very thin and the corrosion has broken it open in several places. The parts actually missing are the lower part of the right wing, a small piece of the left wing, the right hand, the front of the left foot, a portion of the rocks, and pieces of the akanthos leaves. There are no remains of the handle or the hinge. Ace. No. o!').io(')0 A and B. 776 The cover is missing;. On the under side are concentric circles. Diameter, 4I in. (9.7 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Unpublished. Patina green and crust\'. Ace. No. Cj.R. 127. 776 777 "'^ '^^ cover IS missing. On the under side are concentric circles. Diameter, 4;? in. (11.8 cm.). Purchased in 1X96. Unpublished. Patina green and crust)-. Ace. No. G.R. 128. IROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) These consist of heavy circular disks, provided with low CA'lindrical rims. Thev were made in pairs, and pohshed (and sometimes silvered) respectively on the recessed and flat sides, the latter be- ing provided with a bevelled edge, into which the other fitted like a cover. Both polished surfaces were thus protected. The unpolished sides were ornamented with concentric-circle ornaments and con- centric mouldings. There are no actual pairs in this collection. (a) With flat side polished. 780 On the recessed side there are seven concentric- circle ornaments and 780 two concentric mouldings. 268 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORXAMEXTS Diameter, 5y,' in. (14.4 cm.). ef. |. L. M\rc,s, Ce.snohi Handlmok, Ki>. 4^=02. Greek The green patina has been largel\' rem()\-ed. The surface is sHghtly ccrruJed. Mirrors Ace. No. C.B. 13S. 781 On the recessed side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 4.} in. (11.4 cm.^. cf. J. L. AL^ r'-S. Cesnola Handbook, No. 4^0^ The green patina has been partly removed. Ace. No. C.B. idl. 782 On the recessed side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 4^'^ in. (11.6 cm.), cf. J. ],. M\-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4^04. The green patina has been parth rem()\ed. Ace. No. C.B. 151. 783 On the recessed side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 45 in. (11.4 cm.), cf. J. L. M\-res, Cesnola ILjndbook, No. 4)^05. Ihe green patina has been partly remc>vcd. There is a hole in the disk. .\cc. No. C.B. 15S. 784 On the recessed side are seven concentnc-circle ornaments and two concentric mouldings. Diameter, 4y,j in. (11.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S06. The green patina has been remo\'ed in places and the surface is somewhat encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 137. 784 787 7S9 785 On the recessed side are seven concentric-circle ornaments and two concentric mouldings. Diameter, 43 in. (11.4 cm.j. cf. J. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4807. The green patina has been almost entirely removed and there are several holes in the disk. Ace. No. C.B. 140. 786 The disk has no bevelled edge. There are two concentric mould- ings. Diameter, afe in. (6.S cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 480S. 269 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek The green patina has been partly removed and the surface is slightl\' corroded- MiRRORs Ace. No. C.B. 147. (b) With recessed side polished 787 On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Illustrated, p. 269. Diameter, 5I in. (15 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4809. The green patina has been largely removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 144. On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 5! in. (14.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4810. The green patina has been largely removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 139. 789 A swinging handle is attached to the disk b}^ means of at- tachments in the form of bulls' heads. On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Illustrated, p. 269. Diameter, 4;| in. (11. 1 cm.). Length, with handle, 6j in. (15.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S11. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXI, I, 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. IV, where it is said to have come from Dali. The green patina has been partly removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 149. 790 On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, jxg in. (8.1 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4812. The green patina has been largel)' removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 159. 791 On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 2}| in. (7.4 cm.), cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4813. The green patina has been largely removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 157. 792 On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 2-}| in. (7.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4814. The green patina has been partly removed and the surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. if.o. 793 On the flat side are concentric mouldings. Diameter, 2x| in. (7.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4815. The green patina has been largely removed and the surface is slightl}^ corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 162. 270 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS ETRUSCAN MIRRORS For Etruscan Minors in general see Etruscan E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel I-IV, 1843-1867; V, h\' A. Kliigmann und G. Korte, 1S84-1897. A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, speculum, pp. 1427 ff. K. Schumacher, Erne praenestinische Ciste in Karlsruhe, 1891, p. 20 f. G. Matthias, Die praenestinischen Spiegel, 19 12. P. Ducati, Contributo alio studio degli specchi etruschi figurati, m Mitteilungen des archaologischen Instituts in Rom, 191 2, pp. 243 ff. J. Martha, L' Art etrusque, 1S89, pp. 542 ff. A. Furtwiingler, Antike Gemmen, III, p. 189. There are three types of Etruscan mirrors, corresponding to those preva- lent among the Greeks; namely, mirrors with handles, mirrors with stands, and mirrors with co\ers. I. Mirrors with Handles Mirrors with handles form b)' far the most numerous class, almost two thousand of them having already been unearthed. 1 heir chief interest lies in the decorations which ornamented the backs ot the mirror-disks, which were generalh' incised, and sometimes executed in relief (for the latter cf. e.g. H. B. Walters, Catalogue ot Bronzes in the British Museum, pi. XVI II j. The time of their manufacture extended from the sixth to the third century B.C., and within this period the shape of the mirrors underwent certain important modifications. At first, that is, at the end of the sixth century and during the fifth century B.C., the mirror disk is round and heavy and is provided with a tang, which either projects directly from the disk or has an intervening attachment (cf. e.g. mirrors found in the Certosa ceme- tery, A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa, pis. XX, sep. 39; XXXXIII, sep. 86; XLIX, sep. loi; LXXXVI, sep. 252). At the end of the fifth century and during the fourth centut}" the tangs become gradually longer and wider and the attachments larger; the mirror-disk itself grows lighter and is generally slightly convex, with the rim bent up on the back or concave side to protect the incised design (cf. L. A. Milani, Monumenti scelti, pp. 8 ff., III-V, and text 15, fig. 7, pi. V, 17, where a mirror of this type is stated to have been found in a grave at Populonia which can be dated about 400 B.C.). To- ward the end of the fourth century and during the third century B.C. the form again changes. The handle, which was heretofore formed by a tang 271 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Etruscan inserted in a wooden or bone covering, now is cast in one piece with the Mirrors Jjgj^ anj terminates generally in the head of an animal. The attachment is now strongly curved outward, and the disk is sometimes round, sometimes pear-shaped (cf. e.g. E. Gabrici, Necropoh di eta ellenistica a Teano dei Sidi- cini, Monumenti antichi, XX, 1910, p. 135, fig- 103, where a mirror of this form IS said to have been found in the necropolis of Teanum, which be- longs to the second half of the fourth century B.C.). Mirrors with handles cast in one piece with the disk have been found chiefly at Praeneste (cf. D. Vaglieri, Notizie degli scavi, 1907, figs. 18-23, pp. 479-481), and were therefore probabl}^ both invented and mainly manu- factured there. Though in many respects to be distinguished from the genuine Etruscan products, they must still be regarded as intimatel}' con- nected with them (cf. G. Matthies, Die praenestinischen Spiegel, especially pp. 57 fl.). The subjects represented on the mirrors are almost entirely based on Greek mythology, native legends being rarely treated (for isolated examples cf. Bullettino, 1868, p. 216; Annali dell' Instituto, 1879, p. 38; Monumenti dell' Instituto, XI, pi. III). This fact shows the close dependence of Etruscan artists on Greek models. It has often been pointed out that these models must have been chiefly the designs on Greek vases, since Greek mirrors with incised decorations are not so common. But though vases which were imported in such quantities into Etruria naturally must have supplied many readj'-made motives, the Etruscan artist would not confine himself solely to these, but borrow freely from all Greek works at his disposal. Round the design is generally a floral wreath, while the attachment is also variously decorated. I or the question of the technique of the engraved designs cf. Introduc- tion pp. xxiiff. The execution of the scenes on these mirrors is often very coarse and cursory. Sometimes, however, they are of great beauty (cL e.g. No. 814 of our collection) and approximate so closely to the pure Greek style that they must either have been executed by Greeks residing in Etruria, or at any rate by artists who were thoroughly imbued with the Greek spirit. An interesting feature of these mirrors is the fact that inscriptions are often added to the scenes, generally giving the names of the various per- sonages represented (a custom probably borrowed from Greek vase-paint- ings), rarely that of the artist (cL G. Matthies, op. cit., p. 47 f.). In the earlier examples they are Etruscan, both in script and in form, and occur with great frequency (cL E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel IV, pp. 100 ff., 272 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS V, p. 233 i.). Later, in the Praeneste specimens, they become rare and are Ktruscan in Latin, which was the hmguage current m that district (cf. Matthies, Mirrors op. cit., pp. 44 ff. ; E. Gerhard, op. cit. IV, p. 100, \', p. 235). FIFTH TO FOURTH CENTURY B.C. The following mirrors, which are all cast, are provided with a tang for insertion in a wooden or bone handle (preserved in No. 79S). 797 797 The engraved design represents Aphrodite persuading Helen to join Paris. In the centre stands Aphrodite identified by her Etruscan name I uran (Mfl QVf ) inscribed at her left. She turns toward Helen hold- ing her coaxingly by the chin. Helen ( 1 /^ M I 4 3 j is seated on a rock and seems to resist the persuasions of Aphrodite. With one hand she is hold- ing the goddess by the wrist to push her gently aside; the other she is hiding behind her back, either refusing to yield it to the goddess, or perhaps because 273 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Etruscan she does not want to accept a gift which Aphrodite may have held in her Mirrors proffered right (this hand and the object which it possibly held have been mostly eff"aced). Behind Aphrodite, Paris or Alexander (3 TH 3 ? ) J (^ ) is seated on a rock, leaning on a staff upon which he rests his chin, quietly watching the scene. He wears a mantle which leaves most of the upper part of his body uncovered. Aphrodite and Helen both wear a long- sleeved chiton, a himation, a diadem, earrings, a necklace, and bracelets. Around the design is an ivy-wreath; on the attachment are a palmette and scrolls; a palmette is also engra\'ed at the bottom of the front or mirror side; and along the edge is a tongue pattern. The mirror disk is flat, with the edge slightly bent up on the back or engraved side. The drawing of the design is of great beaut}-, and was probablj' closely copied from a Greek original. The same subject is represented on other mirrors, but these are greatly inferior in execution (cf. E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, pis. CXCVII and CXCVIII). Length, with handle, 95 in. (24.0 cm.). Diameter, 6^5 in. (15.4 cm.). Pre- sented by Henry G. Marquand, 1H97. From Perugia. Published by A. Kliig- niann und G. Korte in Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, V, pi. 107 and p. 140. Patina green, hard, and smooth. The handle in which the tang was inserted is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 131. 798 Tlie engraved design represents Athena between Thalna and Sime. In the centre stands Athena, fully armed, identified by her Etruscan name Menrva ((^'^ Q\A3 YYl). Before her is a nude female figure w^th averted head, inscribed Thalna ( fl M \1 fl O). She is seated on her drapery, a fold of winch she clasps between her knees. Behind Athena is a nude Satj'r, inscribed Sime (3 VV\ I 0, holding a thyrsos, and also turning his head awa)- from Athena. The latter wears an Attic helmet with upturned cheek- pieces, the aegis, a long sleeveless chiton, a necklace, earrings, and bracelet. In one hand she holds a spear, in the other a round shield. Thalna has ear- rings, necklace, bracelet, and diadem. All three figures wear low shoes. Between Athena and the Satyr is a flower on a long stem. The design is encircled by a garland of ivy, terminating in a design of palmette and volutes on the attachment. The mirror disk is slightly convex and has beading along the edge. The rim is sharply bent up on the hack or engraved side. The handle, of bone, in which the shaft was inserted is still preserved. The drawing, though more careful than on the average Etruscan mirror, is somewhat mannered. Sime, as the name of a Satyr, occurs in other cases; cf. E. Gerhard, 274 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS Etruskische Spiegel, lY, pL CCXCIX. Man}- identiHcations have been Etruscan suggested for Thalna, e.g. Artemis, Mirrors Thallo (the goddess of growth), and Flora; cf. Gerhard, Etruskische Spie- gel, IV, pi. CCCX, and p. 53. Length, with handle, ii^ji in. (24. q cm.). Diameter, 636- in. (17.3 cm.). Presented by Henry G. Marquand, 1897. From Chuisi. Described by A. Kliig;- mann und G. Korte in Gerhard, Etrusk- ische Spiegel, V, p. 215. The green patma has mostl}' been removed from the surface. Ace. No. G.R. 135. 799 The engraved design repre- sents Peleus surprising Thetis at her toilet. Thetis (^I0 3 0) is standing in the centre arranging her hair with one hand and with the other holding by the handle a mirror in which her face is shown m reflection. Seated in front of her is another woman, in- scribed Calaina [ f\V\\l^^f\')), who is looking up, as if con versing with Thetis. Both are absorbed in their own doings and seem quite unconscious of Peleus (P ^lE ), w^hois approaching cautiously from the left, with hands outstretched as if ready to seize the goddess. On the floor are placed a basket with per- fume bottles and dipping-rod, a folded garment, and a pair of shoes. Thetis has a light mantle with ornamented border thrown over her shoulders, which leaves the right side of her bod\' bare, a diadem, a necklace, and brace- lets. Calama wears a long-sleeved chiton, a himation with embroidered border, sandals, and a diadem. In her left 798 799 land she holds a necklace or bracelet with pendants; 275 in her right IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Etruscan a small round object. Around the design is a thick wreath ot ivy-leaves Mirrors ;,nj berries with two clusters of berries at the top and a floral ornament at the bottom. In the exergue is a fox (.'') lying down; on the edge a tongue- pattern and beading; at the bottom of the front or mirror side is an orna- ment of palmettes and scrolls. The mirror disk is flat, with the rim turned up on the back or engraved side. The execution of the design, which is deeply incised, is careful and life- like. The subject of Peleus lying in wait for or pursuing Thetis is depicted on several Greek vases; cf. the list given by B. Graef in Jahrbuch des archiiologischen Instituts, I, p. 201. The representation which comes closest to our scene is on a pelike from Kameiros (cf. A. Salzmann, Necropole de Camirus, pi. 58), where Peleus is surprising Thetis in her bath. The name Calaina is doubtless derived from the Greek Ta\r]V7], which occurs as the name of a Nereid. Diameter, 6f in. (16.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Found between Orvieto and Bolsena on the estate of Count Bugiosanti of Orvieto, in whose possession it was in 187R. Published by A. Klligmann und Cj. Korte in E. Gerhard, Etrus- kische Spiegel, V, pi. 96, p. I 23, and by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, p. 95 f. See also F. von Duhn, Bullettino dell' Institute, 1878, p. 139; Notizie degli scavi, 1^77, p. 261; A. Fabretti, Corpus mscnptionum italica- rum, Appendix, No. 651. The olive-green patina has been mostly removed from the surface of the design; the mirror side is largely encrusted. The tang with the attachment is missing. Ace. No. 09.221.16. 800 The engraved design represents Odysseus attacking Circe. A bearded man, identified by the inscription as Odysseus (3T^0\/), is at- tacking with drawn sword Circe (C E D ( Pi), who is seated on a chair in the centre and is raising both hands in supplication. On her other side stands Elpenor (VIV Q fi 1 -43 0), armed with bow and arrow, with which he is threatening the sorceress. In the foreground is one of Odysseus 's com- panions partly transformed into a pig, only the hind legs retaining human shape. Odysseus wears a chlamj's fastened at his throat and leaving the front part of his body bare. In his right hand he holds the sword with which he is attacking Circe, in his outstretched left the sheath. Circe is wearing a long-sleeved chiton, a himation, sandals, a necklace, and bracelets. Elpenor has a chlam\-s and a crested helmet. Encircling the design is an ivy-wreath, with a cluster of berries at the top. At the bottom of the front or mirror side is an ornament of palmettes and scrolls; along the edge, beading. The mirror disk is slightly convex, with the edge bent up a little on the back or engraved side. 276 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMEN'TS 800 The presence of Elpenor in this scene as the companion who escaped the wiles of Circe and helped Odj'sseus to save his friends, is contrary to the story as told in Homer's Odyssey (E 135 ff.), where that role is assigned to Eurylochos. The Etruscan artist was evidently not concerned about having his representation archaeologi- cally correct; he needed another figure on the right to balance Odysseus on the left, and he supplied him with the name of Elpenor, as one he remem- bered to he associated with Od3-sseus. The drawing ot the scene on this mirror is ot great delicac}^ and spirit. The subject occurs not infrequently on Greek vases (cf. Seeliger, Roscher's Lexikon, Kirke, p. 1197 f.). For simi- lar representations on Etruscan mir- rors see especially E. Gerhard, Etrusk- ische Spiegel, IV, C D III (i), which is almost identical with ours, differing onl\' in small details, such as the shape of Elpenor "s helmet, the position of the inscriptions, the decoration on the chair, etc.; and one in the Louvre (,E. Gerhard, Ecruskische Spiegel, IV, C D III (2)). Length, with handle, 85^ in. (22 cm.). Diameter, 65 in. (16.5 cm.). Pur- chased in 1909. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1910, pp. 95, 99, fig. 8. Patina green. The design has been picked out with white paint in the Museum to make it clearer. The handle, in which the tang was inserted, is missing. Ace. No. 09.221.17. 801 The engraved design represents Bellerophon slaj'ing the Chimaera. Bellerophon, mounted on Pegasos, has already transfi.xed with one lance the goat's neck of the Chimaera, and is plunging another into the mouth ot its lion's head. Bellerophon wears a chlam3s which is fl_ying behind him. Pegasos has an elaborate bridle. On the background are drawn various objects to fill the spaces not taken up b}' the design, such as ornamental stars, flowering plants, and a bird walking along a rock. The design is encircled b}' a loose ivj^-wreath, springing from a palmette on the attach- ment. The mirror disk is flat, with the edge slightly bent up on the back or engraved side. 277 Etruscan Mirrors IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Ltruscan The execution of the design is fair and animated. Noteworthy is the Mirrors representation of Chimaera as female, with udders, which is contrar_v to the usual custom in Greek art. For -. other instances of a female Chimaera see a Melian terracotta relief (C. O. Miiller — F. Wieseler, Denkmaler der alten Kunst, pi. XIV), and corns from Sik)'on (P. Gardner, Types of Greek coins, pi. Vni, 20). Length, 9 in. (22.8 cm.). Diameter, 6| in. (16.2 cm.). Purchased in 1909. In 1879 it was in the possession of Ales- sandro Castellani. Published by A. Kliigmann und G. Korte in Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, V, pi. 72, p. 89, and described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bidletin, April, 1910, p. 96. The patina, green and crust}', has mostly been removed from the surface of the design. The design has been picked out v\ ith white paint in the Museum to make it clearer. The handle, in which the tang was in- 801 serted, is missing. Ace. No. 09.221.15. 802 The engraved design represents Admetos and Alkestis kissing each other. A youth identified b}' the inscription as Admetos (^3Tll4lTA), and a full}' draped woman inscribed Alkestis (13 L^ ) J Ai) are holding each other in an affectionate embrace. As a sign of their union a chain is hung around both figures. 1 o the right a girl, clothed in a long-sleeved chiton, is applying perfume to Alkestis 's hair by means of a little stick (dipping-rod) from the alabastron which she holds in her left hand. (For figures with alabastra and dipping-rods cL E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, IV, pi. CCCXXII; V, pi. 22, etc.) On the left a nude youth, standing with his back toward the spectator, is on the point of departing. He has swung a chlamj's over his left shoulder; in one hand he carries a pair of shoes by their lacings, in the other he holds up a short-handled instrument ending in seven prongs (a harpago? cL No. 665), around which is twisted a long flexible object of indefinable character. Admetos wears a himation which falls from his left shoulder and is draped around the lower part of his body. He has sandals on his ieet and on his head a diadem decorated with a design like a figure 8. Alkestis wears a long-sleeved chiton, a himation, sandals, 278 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS a necklace, earrings, and a crown or diadem. Encircling the design is an Etruscan ivy wreath; on the attachment a design of a palmette and scrolls; on the Mirrors edge beading. The mnTor disk is flat and onl}' slightl}' turned up on the back or engraved side. The drawing is free and rather better than the average. Among Etrus- can works there are many similar representations of two figures embracing, though this is the onl}' mirror in which the names Atmite and Alcestei appear. (^For their occurrence on an Etruscan vase with this subject see G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, II, frontispiece.) In the ma- jority of instances the figures are inscribed Atunis and Turan, i.e. Adonis and Aphrodite; ct. E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, I, pis. CXI, CXII; I\', pi. CCCXXII; V, pis. 23-25; and it is probable that these scenes served \ 802 313 as prototypes for the representation of other couples (cf. E. Gerhard, Etrus- kische Spiegel, V, p. 35). Where, as in the present case, the principal figures are Admetos and Alkestis, the probability that the scene represents their parting at once suggests itself. Length, I0x% in. (25.8 cm.). Diameter, 6^ in. (16.5 cm.). Purchased in 1S96. From Civita Castellana. Published by A. Klugmann und G. Korte in E. Ger- 279 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Etruscan hard, Etruskische Spiegel, V, p. 217. The patina, smooth and green, has been Mirrors almost entirely removed from the surface. Ihe handle m which the tang was inserted is missing. Ace. No. G.R. i j2. 813 The mirror is undecorated, except for a tongue pattern on the edge with beading above, and a design ot palmette and scrolls at the bottom of the mirror side. Illustrated, p. 279. Length, 8f in. (21.2 cm.). Diameter, 5 {-f in. (15 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Provenance not known. Unpublished. Patina green with patches of blue, and crusty in places. The handle in which the tang was inserted is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 129. FOURTH TO THIRD CENTURIES B.C. The following mirrors all have an ornamented handle cast in one piece with the disk. The handle terminates below m an animal's head (deer r). 814 The engraved design represents a charming genre scene of Aphro- dite fishing with Eros aiding her. The landscape is suggested by the rocks on which the goddess is seated, the palm tree between her and Eros, and the flowering plants in the background. Aphrodite rests her left hand on the rock at her side and holds a fishing-rod in her right. Eros, who stands before her, is taking hold of the same rod with both hands, evidently helping the god- dess to pull out the fish which has just caught the bait. At the edge of the w-ater is a small cuttle-fish. A dove is perched on Aphrodite's shoulder. Aphrodite has short curly hair and somewhat puffy cheeks; she wears a long-sleeved chiton, sandals, a neck- lace, and bracelets. Eros is nude and wears over his left shoulder a girdle on which beads are strung. Around the design is a border of laurel leaves and berries. At the bottom of the front or mirror side an ornament of palm- ettes and scrolls; around the edge a 280 ^14 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS tongue pattern. The mirror disk is flat and turned up on the back or engraved side. The drawing is xtiy graceful and htehke and, if not executed hv a Greek artist, was certainl)' directl}' inspired b}' a Greek onginaL For other Praenestine mirrors with detailed landscape rendering cf. G. Matthies, Die praenestinischen Spiegel, p. 67 (his group A II). For rep- resentations of fishing-scenes in Greek art ct. P. Hartwig's publication of a k\'lix in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in his Gnechische iMeisterschalcn, p. 54, pi. 5, and his references to similar scenes. Length, 13I in. iT],-3 cm.). Diameter, 7^ in. (18 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Provenance unknown. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 190!-!, pp. 89, 90, fig. I. Patina green and crusty; this has been removed from several parts of the design. There was a break across the bottom ot the disk which has been repaired. A portion of the border is obhterateil. Ace. No. 07.260. Etruscan Mirrors 817 The engra\'ed design represents the release of Prometheus. In the centre stands Prometheus (^OflWlWQD with an expression of pain on his face; he is in a drooping attitude, and has both arms extended, one of which he leans on a youth to his right (3)fl\l1?3- Es- place), the other on Athena (fl:30 M3I4^- Menrva) to his left. Next to Athena is Herakles (3 s] >'prus. Cesnola Collection. The green patina has been partl\' removed. The surtace is slightly corroded. Ace. Xo. C.B. 227. 837 MIRROR HAXDLE, similar to the preceding. 836 Length, ;j in. ("9.3 cm. . cf. J. L. M^Tes, Cesnola Handbook, Xo. 4^23. 2S9 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Roman The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is slightly corroded. Mirrors Acc. No. C.B. 232. 840 PLAIN RECTANGULAR PLATE of oblong shape. This plate probably served as a mirror in Roman times. On the sub- ject of rectangular mirrors cf. A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Diction- naire, speculum, p. 1429. In the British Museum is a similar plam rec- tangular mirror from Halikarnassos. Length, 6f6 in. (17 cm.). Width, 6^f in. (15.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. j. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4898. The smooth, light green patina has been partly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Acc. No. C.B. 412. *^l ^"-'^-M ■"■\\ "" [ '^ I^^^^^^^^^Bh^' 840 CISTAE OR TOILET BOXES CisTAE The word cista {Kiarri, cista) really means a basket; but as an arch- aeological term it has been restricted to certam cyhndrical utensils, generally of bronze, but sometimes of wood, ivory, or bone. These cistae have a long history, appearing as early as the seventh cen- tur}' and lasting to the second century B.C. (cf. K. Schumacher, Eine prae- nestinische Ciste im Museum zu Karlsruhe, pp. 32 ff.). During this time various forms were evolved (cf. Schumacher, loc. cit.; for an example of a cista "a cordoni" in our collection cf. No. 630); but by far the largest number of the extant examples are of a later type dating mostly from the third centur}' B.C. and found chiefly at Praeneste. (Eor examples of this type found elsewhere cf. A. Mau, in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, cista, 2593 f., who also points out that the employment of similar cistae in Etruria is shown both by the number effect from cistae found there and by their appearance on the engraved designs of Etruscan mirrors.) This type 290 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS consists of a cylindrical, rarely oval, receptacle of bronze, supported on three Cistae (if oval on four) feet, and closed b\- a cover with a handle in the form of one or more figures. At about two thirds of its height (which averaged 7 to 10 in. [20-25 cm.] ) was generally attached a row of rings from which chains were suspended to facilitate the carrying ofthecista. The feet are in the form of animals' claws or hoots, often with a scene in relief on the attachment. The sides of the cista were made of one plate of bronze which was bent into the cylindrical shape and soldered at the edges; the bottom was either made of the same piece as the sides, or separately and attached. The chief interest of these cistae consists in the engraved designs with which they are generally decorated, which comprise decorative borders, as well as figured scenes. The latter are either m}'thological or ever\'-da\' scenes, or, and these form the majority-, would-be mythological subjects of arbitraril\' grouped figures. The design is often partly obscured by the attachments of the rings and of the feet, which were evidently- added after the scenes were engraved. The e.xecution of these designs varies. Sometimes, as in the case of the famous Ficoroni cista in the Museo Kircheriano, the\- are of great beaut}-; but often the\' are very cursor}' and of little artistic merit. In a few cases the decorations, instead ot being engraved, were executed in relief (ct. Mau, op. cit., 2602). With regard to the use for which these cistae ser\-ed it is clear, both from the objects found inside them (such as mirrors, strigils, combs, hair pins, rouge pots, etc.) and from the representations ot them on mirror scenes, that the}' served as toilet boxes (cf. Mau, op. cit., 2594). For cistae in general cf. A. Mau, Pauly-Wissowa, Realenc}clopadie, cista, 2591 tt. (1899J. K. Schumacher, Fine praenestinische Cista im Museum zu Karlsruhe (1891). E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, I, 3 ft. (1843^ 0. Jahn, Die ficoronische Ciste (1852). R. Schone, Annali dell' Instituto, 1866, pp. 151 ff; 1868, pp. 413 ff. (giving complete list of the 75 cistae then known). J. Martha, L'Art etrusque, pp. 532 ff. (1889). F. Lenormant, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, cista, pp. 1202 tf. (1887). There are as vet no cistae with engraved designs of the developed Prae- neste type in our collection. The only example we possess is a plain cista with ornamental handle and feet. 291 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS CisTAE 845 CISTA. It rests on three feet in the shape of paws surmounted by human busts. The handle on the cover is in the form of a boy, who is sitting with crossed legs, one hand restmg on his right knee, the other holding a small round object by his side. The word Suthina is inscribed both on the cover and on the body of the cista (cf. p. 182). The decorations are crudely executed. This cista was found in an Etruscan tomb at Bolsena belonging to the fourth or third century B.C. (cf. p. 180 f.). Total height, yf in. (19.4 cm.). Published by A. f'urtwangler, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, III, pp. 270, 271, fig. 4. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. There is a hole in the cover; otherwise the cista is intact. Ace. No. G.R. 446. 846 FOOT OF A CTSIA, in the form of an animal's paw resting on a ball, with a plain attachment above. The attachment is shaped like two wings and has a bronze-headed, iron rivet in the centre; at the back is a projecting piece for the support of the bottom of the cista. Height, if in. (3.2 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Crusty, green patina with blue patches. Traces of iron rust on the inner side. Ace. No. G.R. 326. 847 848 846 847 FOOT OF A CISTA, in the form of an animal 's paw resting on a ball, with a plain attachment in the shape of a floral design above. At the back is a projecting pin for the support of the bottom of the cista. Height, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Crusty, preen patina. There is one rivet-hole in the attachment. Ace. No. G.R. 340. 292 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 848 FOO r OF A CISTA, in the form of an annual "s paw resting on a Cistae ball, with a plain attachment in the shape of a floral design. Height, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906J. Crustv, green patina with blue patches. There are two rivets in the attachment. Ace. No. G.R. 333- 849 FOOT OF A CISTA, in the form ot an animal's paw with an attach- ment shaped like two ^\lngs above. The feathers ot the wings are indicated b}- in- cised lines. At the back is a projecting piece for the support of the bottom of the cista. Height, 5t in. (14.9 cm.). Date of pur- chase uncertain (before 1906). Crust}-, green- ish patina. The surface is considerabh' encrusted. Tl tachment and a rivet-hole in the projection at the back. Ace. No. G.R. 163. 849 here is a rivet in the at- STRIGILS OR SKIN-SCRAPERS The strigil icr7X€77ts, stngilis) was commonlv used both in Greek and Strigils Roman times as a bath implement for scraping the bod}'; it was emplo}'ed b}' athletes tor remo\-mg the oil with which the}- anointed themselves, as well as the dirt and perspiration after exercise. The blade of the strigil IS curved and slight!}' hollowed out inside, \\ith both edges sharp- ened. Though the general shape remained the same from the tirst intro- duction of this implement, probabl}" in the sixth centurv B.C., down to Roman times, there are slight changes both in the cur\-ature of the blade and in the form of the handle. In the earlier examples the blade is generall}" onh' slighth' curved, and the handle forms a rounded loop, which is fastened to the blade b}" a leaf-shaped attachment; the loop is sufficientl}' wide for comfortable insertion of the fingers. In the Roman examples the handle is generalh' rectangular and the fingers were placed round it, not inserted in it. The cur^■ature of the blades varies from being \erv slight to forming an acute angle, but this seems to be independent of the period in which the}- were made, being dictated apparent!}' rather b}' individual taste (cf. e.g. examples in this collection). As is natural, various materials were used for strigils. The commonest seem to ha^-e been iron 293 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Strigils and bronze; but examples of silver, electrum, lead, bone, and ivory have also been found (cf. references given b}' S. Dorigny in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, strigilis, p. 1533. For a silver strigil found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. cf. p. 181 f.). The method of employing the strigil is obvious from the shape; it is also shown in a number of monuments where it appears m actual use (cf. e.g. references cited b\' Dorign)', loc. cit.). It is noteworthy that the stngil was used by women as well as by men (cf. e.g. E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, IV, pis. 317, 318; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, No. 665). Strigds are variously decorated. Sometimes the han- dle is in the form of a human figure (cf. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, No. 665), or ornamented with moulded or incised designs, or with reliefs; the back of the blade is often fluted. Inscriptions and stamps are frequent on strigils. The commonest give a proper name, which may be either that ot the maker or of the owner (cf. Dorignv, op. cit., p. it;33, Note 15). tor strigils m general cf. S. Dorignv, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, strigilis, P- 153^- British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 112 (1908). Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Alterthunis p. 88 (1871). 855 STRIGIL. The blade is broad and is bent to an obtuse angle. The handle, which is in one piece with the blade, forms a wide loop and is fastened to the blade by a leaf-shaped attachment, riv- eted on. Greek, probably fifth century B.C. 855 Length, io| in. (27 cm.). Gift of Edward Robinson, 191 1. Purchased in Athens. The crusty, greenish pa- tina has been partly removed. The surface is partly covered with incrustations. Ace. No. II. 107. 294 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 856 STRIGIL. The bladt', which is unusual!)' broad is bent to a right angle. The handle, which is in one piece with the blade, forms a loop and is fastened to the blade b\' an attachment, soldered on. Probably fifth centur\' B.C. Length, SiV in. (21.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Col- lection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S24. Crusty, green patina. Part of the attachment of the han- dle is missinsr. The blade ma\' have been bent. Acc.No.C.B.204. .Strigils 856 °S7 STRIGIL. The blade is broad and bent to a ris-ht an', greenish patina. Ace. No. G.R. 332. 861 SIRIGIL. The blade, which is narrow and fluted on its outer side, is bent to an obtuse angle. The handle, which is in a separate piece and riveted to the blade, forms a rectangular loop. It is pro- vided with two stamps, one star-shaped, the other bearing the inscription: L. M U C. F (Lucius Mucius Fecit — Lucius Mucius made it). Roman period. 861 Length, 9 in. (22.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4825. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. L, S- The green patina has been partly removed. The surface is considerably cor- roded and the edges of the blade are chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 202. 862 BLADE FROM A STRIGIL, smnlar to the pre- cedmg. The blade is narrow and is bent to an acute angle. On its outer side it is ornamented with flutings. Roman period. Length, 4I in. (12.4 cm.). From C3'prus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. iNIyres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4826. The 7 patma has been mostl}' re- moved. The surface is slightly corroded and the edges are somewhat chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 203. ^ gg^ 863 IRON STRIGIL, of similar form to No. 861, but with broader blade and made all in one piece, with long leaf-shaped attachment, riveted on. Roman period. Length, 9I in. (24.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. 297 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Strigils Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S27. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, in, pi. LXVI, 4. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 199. 864 IRON STRIGIL, similar to preceding. Razors Length, 9i in. (23.5 cm.). From C}prus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 482S. The iron is much corrod- ed. Acc.No.C.B. 201. 863 RAZORS 867 RAZOR. It consists of a crescent-shaped blade and a smal handle in the form of a stirrup. Knives of this t3'pe are characteristic of the early Italian civilization, where the)' occur with great frequency in tombs of the ViUanova pe- riod, or Early Iron Age. lor a list of examples found cf. W. Helbig, Das Homensche Epos, p. 248, Note 3; S. Gsell, Fouilles dans la Necropole de Vulci, p. 296, Note 3; and G. Gozzadini, In- g^^ torno agli scavi fatti dal Sig. Arnoaldi-Veli presso Bologna, pp. 59-91. A few specimens are said to have been found in Greece, but their provenance has been doubted (cf. W. Helbig, Das Homer- ische Epos, p. 248, Note 2). They were identified as razors by Gozzadini, op. cit., pp. 54-56, and W. Helbig, Im neuen Reich, 1875, I> PP- I4~IS- ^^is identification is con- vincing; for it is evident that they must have been used to cut some sub- stance that gave little resistance. Length, 3 }| in. (9.7 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Crusty green patina. The edges are considerably chipped. Ace. No. G.R. 339. RINGS FOR BATH IMPLEMENTS 869 RING for the attachment of bath implements. It is of circul: Rings for "'^"^ form, four fifths of its circumference being broad and flat. Implements ar wiTile the re- maining part is occupied by the handle. The latter consists of two animal's 298 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS heads emerging trom volutes and phiced faceto face, with a ball in their open mouths. Roman period, of fair workmanship. A similar ring, with tour strigils, one ointment bottle, and one saucer attached, was found at Pompeii (ct. A. Mau, Pom- peii [English edition], p. 377, fig. 209). Diameter, 5^6 '"• ('3-5 cm."). Date ot purchase uncertain (before igo6). Unpub- lished. Crust}', green patina, with blue patches. The surface is considerably cor- roded. Ace. No. G.R. 322. Rings for B.ATH Implements 869 DIPPING RODS These dipping rods consist of a round shaft with a ring at one end to serve as a handle and a knob at the other tor dipping into the cosmetics. Half-way down the shaft is a round disk, which served to rest on the mouth of the bottle as a stopper. A number of similar examples belonging to the Roman period have been found in Cyprus (cf. J. L. Myres, Catalogue ot the Cyprus Museum, Nos. 3745 ff.). Compare also the example m glass, J. L. Myres, Cesnola Hand- book, No. 5060. Dipping Rods 871 The knob is in the form of a ribbed bead. Just below the ring is a small plate decorated with incised lines. ,L_ 9 -^ 871 Length, Jj in. (18.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4831. Illustrated in the Cesnola .Atlas, III, pi. LXVUI, 5. The crustv, green patina has been removed in places. .Ace. No. C.B. 172. 872 The knob is m the form of a ribbed bead. Length, 6i in. (17.5 cm.j. From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4832. The crusty, gtecnish patina has been removed in 299 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Dipping places. The disk is somewhat bent, and the ring is cracked. Ace. No. C Rods B. 173. Tweezers 872 873 Lhe knob is in the form of ;i pointed naiLbead. Length, 6yij in. (16.7 cm.), cf. L L. M\'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4R33. Greenish patina, removed in phaces. The ring is somewhat bent. Ace. No. C. B. 171, TWEEZERS One of the commonest uses of the tweezers or the forceps (rptxoXa/Jis, vulsella) in antiquity was the removal of superfluous hairs; but they were also emplo\'ed for raising or snuffing the wicks of lamps, and b}^ artisans for the finer manipulations of their crafts (cL J. S. Milne, Surgical Instru- ments in Greek and Roman Times, pp. 90 ff.). EARLY BRONZE AGE Lhe tweezers ot the Bronze Age period are either of simple U-shape or have a loop at the top. They have flaring sides and expanded edges. Specimens of this type have been found not only on Greek sites (cL H. Schliemann, Mycenae, p. 308, fig. 469 (of silver); H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. I\', 32; C. Carapanos, Dodone, pi. 51, 21; A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, pi. XX\', 493-494, etc.); but throughout Central and Northern Europe (cL Furtwangler, op. cit., p. 68). The form apparently remained in use throughout the Bronze Age. Thus, some ex- amples from Cyprus have been found in veiv early tombs (cL A. Furt- wangler und G. Loschcke, Mykenische Vasen, p. 24 {'.), while the silver example from Mycenae is much later. FROM CYPRUS ( C E S ^f O L A COLLECTION) (a) Of U-shaped outline 876 Length, 2f in. (7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4658. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXIV, 7. Crusty, greenish patina. Ace. No. C.B. 168. Length, 3i\ in. (8.1 cm.). cL J. L. Myres, Cesnola Atlas, No 4659. The green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 164. 876 300 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS (b^ With Loop at Top 878 Length, ji in. (S.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Ctsnola Handbook, No. 4660. The ctust^-, gteenish patina has been partly removed. The edges are chipped in places. Ace. No. CB. 166. Tweezers .^? '^i3^r'^- S8I 878 885 879 Length, 2H in. (^-^ cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. ^f^Gi. Rough, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 169. Length, 2; in. (7 cm.), cf. J. L. INLvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4662 Rough, green patina. The edges are chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. 165. FROM G O U R N I .\ . CRETE 881 Length, T^ in. (S.g cm.). Gift ot the American Exploration Societ\', 1907. Crusty, light green patina. The surface is considerabh' encrusted. Ace. No. 07.232.1. ROMAN PERIOD ^^ ith long arms curving inward at the ends, and with moulded handle. This form is that commonU' found in late tombs (cL A. P urt\\angler, Olympia, die Bronzen, pi. LX\', 1107; F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, pi. CXV, figs. 291, 292). 301 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Tweezers 885 Length, 5I in. (13 cm.j. cf. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 167. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4830. PINS Pins Pins [Trepovij, acus), like needles, have been in use from very early times. They were used to fasten both the clothing and the hair, which explains the comparatively large size of most ancient examples. The former use was particularly prevalent before the introduction of the fibula or safety- pin (cf. p. 307) . They were made in either metal or bone. BRONZE AGE The Bronze Age examples in this collection all come from Cyprus and belong to the Cesnola Collection. Two types can be distinguished: — TYPE I. Of simple form with small, indistinct head For similar examples cf. H. Schliemann, Ilios, p. 249, figs. 106-107; J. Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements in Great Britain, p. 365, fig. 447; C. L. Woolley, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, VI, February, 1914, pi. XX (b). 888 Length, 135 in. (34.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4674. The green patina has been mostly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 249. Length, 1I4 in. (28.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4675. The patma has been mostly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. The head is missing. Ace. No. C.R. 248. 890 Length, 3I in. (9.8 cm. 890 cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4676. 302 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS The patina has been musth' removed. The sartace is sdmewhat corrotled. Ace. Pins No. C.B.gc). T'^ PE II. "E\'elet"' t\pe, with a perforation half-way down the shaft. Ihis form was developed from the sunple straight pin to give greater security to the fastening. A thread could be passed through the hole in the pm and tied round the head or point, thus keeping it in place. The heads of these pins var}' in form, being either small and mdistinct, or large and conical, or spherical. These "e^'elet" pins commonly occur in Cyprus during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, and have also been found in Egypt (cf. W. M. flinders Petrie, Illahun, XXII, 1-3 (Gurob); in Hittite tombs (cf. C. L. Woolley, Liverpool Annals of Archaeolog)' and Anthropology, \T, February, 1914, pis. XXI (c), XX\' (c); in Palestine (cf. F. J. Bliss, Mound of Manv Cities, p. 59, figs. 98-100); at Hissarlik (M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, die Bibel, und Homer, pi. 146, 4-A); in Ital\' (O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pi. 7, passim); and in Northern and Central Europe (]. Undset, Zeitschrift fi.ir Ethnologic, p. 209 f. ); the}' are unknown in Crete and other Minoan sites. (a) With small, indistinct head 891 Length, 6j in. (15.9 cm.), cf. J. L. ALvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4677. The crust} , green patina has been parti)' removed. The surface is somewhat corrcided. Ace. No. C.B. 262. 892 Length, 5f in. (14.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 467S. The patina has been mostl}' removed. Ace. No. C.B. 263. Length, sf in. (14.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4679. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVIII, 8. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. Ace. No. C.B. 264. 894 Length, 4I in. (10.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4680. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. Ace. No. C.B. 265. 303 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Pins 895 Length, 4 in. (10. i cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4681 The patina has been almost entirely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 266. 896 The shaft is unusually thick. Length, 4I in. (11. 7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4682. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXVIII, 9. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 26R. 897 896 897 On the shaft are moulded rings. Length, 3 J in. (8.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4683. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, pi. LXIX, 7. The green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 270. fb) With large, conical, or mushroom-shaped head. 898 Length, 5f in. (14.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4684. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVIII, 7. Crusty, green patina with blue patches. The surface is corroded in parts, and pieces from the head are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 105. Length, 2| in. (7.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4685. The patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat corroded, and some small pieces are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 108. 900 Length, 4}^ in. (12.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4686. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 113. 304 TOILKT ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 901 Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.), ct. J. L. ^L\■^ts, Ccsnoln Handbook, No. 4687. Greenish patina. 1 he surtace is largely covered with incrustation. Ace. No. C.B. 109. 902 Length, if in. (9.6 cm.), cf. J. L. ^L^■res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4688. The patina has been removed. Ihe surtace is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 269. Length, 4x6" in. (11. 8 cm.), cf. J. L. ^Lvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4''i89. 1 he crust\', greenish patina has been remo\ed in places. 1 he point is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 267. 904 The prohle ot the head torms an acute ant^le. (Jn the shaft are moulded rings. Length, ;i in. (8.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4''i90. The greenish patina has been mostl\' remo\ed. The surtace is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 271. Pins 904 (c) With "distaff" head, made of intersecting circular plates 905 The shaft is unusuall}" slender. Length, 2y| in. (7.1 cm.), cf. J. L. Myrt-s, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4691. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LNIX, 9. The patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. The point is missing. Ace. N(j. C.B. 272. 90s LATER PERIODS 910 PIN (.'} of semicircular section, with curved head ending in the head of an animal (snake .'). 305 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Pins Found in the same tomb with the Etruscan chariot, No. 40, and thereby dated to about the middle of the sixth century B.C. Height, 9x1 in. (25.1 cm.). Unpublished. The crust}', green patina has been mosth' removed. The tip is broken off. Ace. No. G.R. 514. 910 911 PIN. The head is in the form of a female figure holdmg a patera in her right hand; with her left she grasps the drapery, which passes over her left shoulder, and round her right leg, leavmg the front part of the bod}^ nude. She wears a necklace and brace- lets. An mscription in Etruscan letters is written across the front (C<'X^'l). The stem itself, which is twisted on its upper part and has a moulded top, emerges from an animals head. ]^ate Etruscan style, of fair e.xecation. Height, 16 in. (40.6 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1S97. Un- published. Smooth, greenish patma. Chipped in places; otherwise intact. Ace. No. G.R. 136. 914 PIN, with plain splierical head and shaft of round sec- tion. Roman period. Length, 5x^0 in- (ij— cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4851. Illustrated in the MP" 914 911 Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LXIX, 5. Tbe patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 542. 306 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 915 PIN, with stroni^ly tapering shaft and silvL-r neck m the form of a Pins spool. The head, which was probably also of silver, is missing. Prohabl}- Roman period. Length, 4i'6 in. (11.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnula Collection, cf. L L. Myres, Cesnoh Handbook, No. 4852. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 2^4. 91: FIBULAE OR SAFETY PINS The oldest method emplo) ed for fastening; a dress was b\- means of a straight pin (cf. Nos. 8SS if.). The lack of sccurit\- that this entailed led in some places to the invention of various de\ices, such as the "e\-elet" pin, with a perforation half-way down the shaft through which a thread could be passed and wound around the head (cL Nos. 89 1 ff. in this collec- tion), or the "double spiral hook" (cf. J. Undset, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 1 889, p. 208). A still better substitute, however, was found to be the iibula, or safet^'-pin, in which the point of the pin is bent back to the head and caught in a guard, thus preventing both the pin from coming out and the wearer from being pricked. The fibula when once introduced became exceedingly popular, not onl\' in classical lands, but throughout most of Europe. It passes through a number of t\-pes, which can be more or less accuratel}' dated and thus afford valuable chronological e\'idence for the objects found with them m tombs. Where the libula was first in\-ented is still a matter of uncertainty-. In Greek lands it appears onl_\' rarel}' in the Bronze Age, and then onh' at the end of that period (Athemsche Mitteilungen, 1887, pp. S fF. ; 'Ecfyrjidepls 'Xp\aLo\oyLKr], 18S8, pi. 9, i and 2, p. 167; British Museum Exca\a- tions m C\'prus, p. 68, Note i). From Northern Ital\', however, and from Central Europe, there are undoubted examples irom the lerramare Cni- lization (cf. Undset, op. cit., pp. 205 ff.), and it is probable, therefore, that this implement originated somewhere in those countries, perhaps in the Balkan peninsula. The de\"elopment of the fibula in Ital}" and m Greece is more or less distinct. The earliest forms (ct. 1 \'pes I and II m both classi- Fibulae IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Fibulae fications) occur in both countries; but after that the forms begin to differ. However, a number ot fibulae ot Itahan type, that is, of the boat-shaped and serpentine varieties, have been found in Greece (cf. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, Nos. 342-361 A, and A. Furtwangler, Aegina, pi. 1 16, 3, 5, 8-1 1, 26J. But as this number is not large, it is possible that these fibulae were importations (cf. J. Undset, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 21, 1889, pp. 228ff.). For fibulae m general cf. J. Lmdset, Zu den iiltesten Fibeltypen, in Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 21, 1889, pp. 205 ff. O. Tischler, Uber die Formen der Gewandnadeln, in Beitrage zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Ba}'erns, 4, 1881, pp. 47 ff. S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, fibula, p. iioi. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie. O. Montelius, Spjinnen fran bronsaldern (Antiqvansk tidskrift for Sverige, 6, 1880-82). H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, pp. LIXff. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, pp. 51 ff. and 183 f. H. Thiersch, m Furtwangler, Aegina, pp. 400 ff. (on p. 408 f. an inter- esting account of the uses of the fibula in classical times). W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I, pp. 552 ff. GREEK FIBULAE' Greek The Eastern fibulae in our collection all come from Cyprus. The l^iBULAE following classification, therefore, is limited to the types occurring in that island. Of these some are peculiarly Cypriote; but the majority occur elsewhere on Greek sites. TYPE I. FiDDLE-Bow Type The bow is straight and long, giving the appearance of a fiddle-bow or modern safety-pin. This appears to be the earliest t\'pe of safetj^-pin; it was produced by simply bending a straight pin spirally upon itself and securing it in a fastening. There are no specimens of this type in our collection. Several examples, however, have been found in Cyprus in Mycenaean tombs, belonging to ' The data for this classification are chiefly derived from J. L. Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, pp. 483 ff., and Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, III, pp. 138 fF.; J. Undset, Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 1889, 21, pp. 213 ff. 308 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORXAMEM'S the end of the Late Bronze Age, about 1200 l^.C. i British Museum Ex- Greek cavations in 0\prus, p. dS, Note i). I'hey also occur rarel\- elsewhere in riBULAE Greek lands at the end of the Bronze Age (Athenische jNIitteilungen, 1S87, pp. 8fF.; 'E4>^]^JiepLs 'Ap\aLo\oyLK-q, 1S8S, pi. 9, I and 2, p. T67; \\'. Ridge\va\", Early Age of Greece, p. 561). For Italian fibulae of this form see p. 314. TYPE II. Semicircul.\r Iype It was soon found that m a fibula ot T\-pe I there was not enough room for the material and a more convenient term was de\ eloped m which the how was more or less m the form ot a semicircle, slighth' s^^olle^ in the middle, and the toot a small, bent-up plate of semicircular outline. Lhe how remains symmetrical m shape, and is often ornamented with beads and collars, m imitation ot the actual beads strung on the bows ot western fibulae (cL Nos. 1013-1015I. This form begins in the Transition Period between the Bronze and Earh' Iron Ages, and remains m use in the Geometrical Period. For other examples from C}"prus cf. British Museum Exca^■atlons in C\prus, p. 68, Note i; and J. L.M^res and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, p. 13S, Nos. 4S21-4S23; see also the silver examples in this Museum, J. L. M\Tes, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 3199-3203. For fibulae of this t\-pe found outside Cyprus on Greek sites, ct. e.g. J. Undset.Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 1S89, 21, p. 214, fig. 15; A. Furtwang- ler, Olympia, IV , Die Bronzen, No. 342; H.Tiersch, in Furtwangler, Aegina, p. 400, Nos. 94-96; cf. also the fibulae recent!}- found in later HIttite tombs (.C. L. Woolley, Liverpool Annals of Archaeolog)' and Anthro- polog}-, yi, February 1914, pL XX\ I a). For Italian fibulae of this form cf. Nos. 950,951. FROM CYPRUS (CESXOLA COLLECTION) 920 The bow is thin, plain, and four-sided. The head is formed by a spiral of one turn. Illustrated, p. 310. Length, It in. (4.Scm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 473°- Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIII, 4. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. Xo. C.B. 304. 921 The bow- is thin and plain. The head is formed b\- a spiral ot one turn. Length, 2Ti in. (6.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4731. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded. The pin is missing and the bow is broken in two pieces and reattached. Ace. No. C.B. 307. 309 Greek Fibulae IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 922 The bow is thick and ornamented with two moulded beads. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 4ii; in. (10.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4732. Crusty, greenish patina, with blue patches. Ace. No. C.B. 311. 923 The bow is thick and ornamented with two moulded beads. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.). cf. J. L. M}Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4733. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pl- LXHI, II. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded. The foot and the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 312. 920 922 924 TYPE III In order to include a still larger fold of drapery Type II was developed into T\pe III b\' supplying the bow with one or two stilted prolonga- tions, thus giving it a roughly quadrilateral appearance. The bow is gen- erall)' ornamented with beads and collars, like Type 11. The foot remains a small, bent-up plate. Lor other examples of this type from Cyprus cL the silver fibulae in Gallery C. 32, Nos. 3199-3203; British Museum Excavations in Cyprus, p. 68, figs. 92, 93; J. L. M\-res and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, Nos. 4824-4839, where references to examples from other sites are also given. This t\'pe of fibula, but with the foot enlarged into a plate, sometimes of enormous proportions and variousl)- decorated, became popular in Greece during the geometric period (cL A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, Nos. 362 ft".; J. Undset, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, 1889, PP- 220 ff. ; L. Studniczka, Athenische Mitteilungen, XII, pp. 14 ft'.). FROM CYPRUS (c ESN OLA COLLECTION) 924 The bow is ornamented with three moulded collars. The head IS formed b\' a spiral of two turns. Length, iiin. (3.8 cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4714. The crusty, greenish patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 308. 310 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 925 The bow is ornamented with three moulded collars. The head is formed b\" a spuai of two turns. Length, I-ii: in. (4cm.V cf. J. L. AL"* rt-s, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4735. Crusty, greenish patma. Ace. No. C.B. jo^ 926 The how is ornamented with three moulded collars. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, ijin. (4.4 cm.). cf. J. L. ^L^ f^s- Ct-snula Handbtxik, No. 47,6. Illustrated in the Ccsnola Atlas, III, pi. LXMIL 6. Crusty, greenish patina. The lower half of the pin is missing. Ace. No. C.H. ",o ;. 927 The bow is ornamented with three moulded collars. The head is formed by a spiral oi two turns. Length, ij^ in. (4 cm.), cf. J. L. M^tes, Ccsnola Handbook, No. 4737. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LX\'IH, 10. Crust\', green patina. Lhe toot and the end ot the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.H. ;oi. 928 The bow IS ornamented with three moulded collars. Length, ;l in. (5.4 cm. L cf. I. L. M}Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 47iS. The crust)', greenish patina has been parti)' remo\'ed. The head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.H. ;o2. 929 The bow is ornamented \\ith three moulded collars. The head is tormed by a spiral ot two turns. Length, l^ in. (2.S cm.), cf. J. L. M\ res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4739. Crusty, greenish patina. The pin is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 316. G REEK f IBULAE 930 The bow consists ot tour globular beads and a plain rectangular block. The head is formed h\' a spiral ot two turns. Length, l|in. (3.5 cm. I. cf. J. L. M^'res, Cesnola *^30 Handbook, No. 4740. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, 111, pi. LXA'III, 12. Lhe crustv, green patina has been removed in places. lhe pin is missing. --\cc. No. C.B. 303. TYPE IV The bow is bent up at an angle with a bulbous knob on top and a flat rectangular piece shaped like a double axe on either side. The toot is slightly elongated and the pin is curved. This t\-pe of fibula is found in tombs of the geometrical period and ma}- have begun as earl}' as the Transitional Age. It is generall}' referred to as Cvprlote, since most extant examples have been found in C}-prus 311 Greek. Fibulae IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS (cf. J. L. M.yres, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, III, p. 141, Note 4). When it occurs elsewhere, k was probably imported from Cyprus (cf. H. Thiersch, in Furtwingler, Aegina, pi. 1 16, 25). The de- velopment of this form is clearly seen by a comparison of examples such as No. 931, which shows the original smiple loop; No. 932, where the loop is already enclosed by a collar; and Nos. 933-938. where the loop has become a knob. For the derivation of the rectangular pieces on the sides from double-axe symbols, cf. J. L. Myres,Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4741 ff., who cites examples from Sicily of the Late Bronze Age, in which double axes are strung as separate amulets on the wire of the bow. 931 932 933 937 This t\'pe of fibula may be connected with the Western serpentine form (cf. J. L. Mj-res, op. cit., Ill, p. 142). Compare also the somewhat simdar fibulae found at Tartus (W. Ridgewa\-, Early Age of Greece, I, p. 563, fig. 116), and recentl}' more copiousl}' at Carchemish', in which the bow is twofold and joined by a neck at an angle, from which pendants are often suspended. FROM CYPRUS (cESNOLA COLLECTION) 931 The bow has a loop at the apex, but no collar, and flat, leaf- shaped sides. This form probably marks the beginning of tlie t\'pe at I This information I owe to Mr. J. L. Myres. TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENIS the point where it diverges from the Tartus form. The head is formed (!reek b\' a spiral of one turn. Fibulae Length, 2jin. (b cm.). cf. J. L. ^L^•res, Ctsncila Handbook, No. 4741. Illustrated in the Ccsnola Atlas, 111, pi. L.WIII, 9. Crustw greenish patina. Ace. No. C.B. lOb. 932 The central knob is here m the form of a loop, clearly showing its original meaning. The head is formed by a spiral of one turn. Length. 3i;;- in. (locm.). cf. J. L. M3 res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 474;. Crusty, greenish patma. The surface is somewhat corroded. '\he foot and the lower halt ot the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 299. 933 The knob is four-sided. The head is formed b\- a spiral of one turn. Length, 4* in. (11.4 cm.). cf. J. L. AL\ res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 474;. Crust>-, greenish patina. The foot is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 29v 934 The knob is four-sided. The head is formed by a spiral of one turn. Length, 4f in. (12. l cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4744. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXllI, 14 (head and pin only iiguredi. Crustw greenish patina. The sinface is corroded and encrusted. The bow is broken abo\'e the head and reattached. Ace. No. C.B. 296. 935 The knob is four-sided. The head is formed b}- a spiral of one turn. Length, 4I in. (10.3 cm.). cL J. L. ^L^Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 474v Crusty, greenish patina. Part of the foot and most of the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 29S. 936 The knob is four-sided. Length, 43^ in. (10.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4746. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. The head and most of the pin are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 300. 937 The knob is slightl\- flattened and the collar small. The head is formed b\' a spiral of one turn. Length, 3 j^ in. (9 cm.). cL J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4747. The crust\', greenish patina has been parth' removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 297. 938 The knob is oln'e-shaped and the collar small. 1 he head is formed b\' a spiral of one turn. Length, 3! in. (7.9 cm.), cf. J. L. M^res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 474S. 5^3 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. The pin and the Fibulae toot are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 294. 939 Length, 4 in. (10. i cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4749. Only the pin and a small part of the bow are preserved. The patina has been removed. Ace. No. C.B. 310. Early Itallan Fibulae EARLY ITALIAN LIBULAE' Unless otherwise mentioned, the following fibulae were all purchased b\' the Museum in 1896. TYPE I. FiDDLE-Bow Type (cL Type I of Greek fibulae) The bow is straight and long, giving the appearance of a fiddle-bow or modern safety-pin. The foot is in the form either of a disk or a rounded, bent-up plate (cL O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pis. I-IV, figs. 1-23). Fibulae of this form have been found on Bronze Age sites in North Italy (cL Montelius, op. cit., pi. 8, figs. i-y). There are no examples in our collection. The following two specimens, though they have the fiddle-bow type of bow, have the later, slightly elongated form of foot. 945 The bow is flat and oval-shaped. The head is formed by a spiral of one turn. The foot is in the form of a small, bent-up plate. Length, l{'g in. (3 cm.). The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded in places. A piece from the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 51. 945 946 Similar to the preceding. Length, I5 in. (2.9 cm.). The crusty, green patma has been partly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Part of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 52. TYPE II. Simple Semicircular Type (ad arco semplice) (see Type II of Greek fibulae) The bow IS in the form oi a semicircle. Two main varieties of this t}'pe can be distinguished, according as the fastening (a) consists of a In this classification I have chiefly followed O. Tischler, ]?eitrage zur Anthropologic und Urgeschichte Bayerns, IV, 1881, pp. 50 ff. for the ditterentiation of types; and O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, Texte, pp. IV-VI, for the dating. TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS plate bent lengthwise to form a catch of semiciicular outline (cf. 0. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pi. l\\ hi;s. 241!".), or (b) was formed by prolonging the foot b\- twisting it first into two loops and then rolling it spirally into a disk (cL Montelius, op. cit., pi. I, hgs. 3 ft.), or making it terminate in a flat piece of metal id. Montehus, op. cit., pi. I, hg. ii'. In both varieties the bow is often decorated in various ways, with incisions, collars, beads, disks, or spiral twists. This type of fibula occurs in Italy during the Late Bronze Aije (cL Montehus, op. cit., pi. R, pi. 41, figs. 14, i:;i. TYPE II ^a) 950 The bow IS twisted spiral!}-. The head is formed hv a spiral of one turn. Length, if in 14.4 cm.). Black patina. The lower part ot the pin is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 109. 951 The how IS four-sided The head is formed bv a spiral ol two turns. Length, ;i| in. (6.S cm.). Crust}-, greenish pa- tina. Part ot the foot and most of the pin are missintj TYPE II ^b) No examples in our collection. TYPE III [:i). Boat-Sh.\ped Type T^-pe II was developed into T}-pe III b\- making the bow swell in the middle, so as to resemble a boat (cf. O. Montehus, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pi. \ I, figs. 52 ft.). This thickened bow was either solid, or hollow, with the under side closed, or provided with a small hole, or left open. The surface was generally decorated with incised lines. Sometimes the bow was drawn out in the n-iiddle to form points, which were occasionall)' pro^-lded with horn-like knobs (cL Montehus, op. cit., pi. IX, figs. loi ft".'. These se\-eral varieties are often called b\- difterent names, such as the leech t)-pe (a sanguisuga), the boat t\-pe [z navicella), the kite t\-pe. It is simpler, however, to group all these ^-arletles under the larger heading of boat-shaped t}-pe, and onl\- distinguish two mam subdivisions: (ij those with a short toot formed b_\- a bent-up, elongated plate (cf. Montehus, op. cit., pi. A I, figs. :;2 ft.); and (2) those with a long 315 Ace. No. G.R. 1 15. Early Italian- Fibulae Fibulae IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Early foot shaped like an open sheath, terminating sometimes in a knob (cf. Itallan Montehus, op. cit., pi. VIII, figs. 90 fF.). The short-footed variety is the earlier of the two and belongs to the Early Iron Age. The long-footed one, without knob at the end, comes next in date, being partly contemporary with the other, but occurring occasionally as late as the sixth century. The fibulae with long foot terminating in a knob belong mostly to the sixth to fourth centu- ries B.C. 9SS 956 957 WITH SHORT FOOT, IN THE FORM OF A SEMICIRCLE 955 The bow is solid and decorated on its upper surface with incised zigzag lines and bands. Length, iff in. (4.9 cm.). The crusty, blue-green patina has been partly removed. The head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 70. 950 The bow is hollow. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns, consisting of cross-hatched triangles and squares, and bands ornamented with punctured dots. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 2f in. (6.7 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The pin and part of the foot are missing. On the under side of the bow are several holes. Ace. No. G.R. 98. WITH SLIGHTLY ELONGATED FOOT 957 The bow is hollow and closed. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. The larger part of the pin is missing. Ace. No, G.R. 71. 958 The bow is hollow and open on the under side. Its upper sur- face is decorated with incised lines. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. 316 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS Length, 2| in. (,(1.2 cm.). Crusty, grct-n patina. Broken in several places Early and reattached. Ace. Nci. G.R. 117. 959 T he bow is hollow and open on the under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised hands. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). Blackish patina. There is a hole in the upper side of the bow. Ihe head and pin have been attached and do not certainly belong. Ace. No. G.R. 94. Italian Fibulae WITH LONG, SHEATH-LIKE FOOT 962 967 962 The bow is solid and of angular section. It is decorated at each end with a series of incised lines. On the foot are incised zigzag lines. The head is formed b}' a spiral of two turns. Length, 4I in. (10.5 cm.). Crust3-, greenish patina. The end of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 69. 963 Similar to the preceding. Length, 4j^ in. (11. 6 cm.). The crusty, greenish patina has been partl\' removed. The head and the pin have been attached and probabh' do not belong. The end of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 72. 964 The bow is solid. The head is formed b\' a spiral of two turns. Length, 3xV in. (S.7 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is con- siderabh' corroded. Ihe pin and the end ot the toot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 112. 965 The bow IS hollow and open on its under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised bands. The head is formed b\' a spiral of two turns. Length, 4} in. (10.8 cm.). Crusty, brownish patina. The surface is much encrusted. Ace. No. G.R. 103. 966 The bow is hollow and open on its under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised patterns. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. 317 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Early Length, 35 in. (8.9 cm.). Green patina with blue patches. Pieces from the Italian bow are missmg. The plate and the pin with part of the head have been at- FlBULAE tached and probably do not belong. Ace. No. G.R. ill. 967 The bow is hollow and open on the under side. Its upper surface IS decorated with incised bands. The head is formed b}^ a spiral of two turns. From the pin is suspended a short chain. Illustrated, p. 317. Length, 3f in. (9.5 cm.). Crusty, green patma. The pin has been broken off and reattached. Ace. No. G.R. 106. 968 The bow is hollow and open on its under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised bands. The head is formed b\- a spiral of two turns. Length, 3i^ in. (8.4 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The pin has been attached, but probably belongs. Most of the foot is missmg. Ace. No. G.R. 91. 969 The bow IS hollow and open on its under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised lines. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, I2 in. (3.8 cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. Parts of the pin and of the foot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 54. 970 The bow is hollow and open on the under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised patterns. The head is formed hv a spiral of two turns. Length, 3x1 in. (10 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The end of the foot is missing. The pin has been attached and does not certainly belong. Ace. No. G.R. 102. WITH LONG, SHKATH-LIKE FOOT AND BOW DRAWN OUT IN THE MIDDLE -A _A 975 978 975 The bow is solid and decorated on its upper surface with incised lines. Length, 2j in. (5.7 cm.). The greenish patina has been mostly removed. The head and the pin have been attached and do not belcmg. The end of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 100. 318 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 976 The bow is solid and decorated on its upper surface with incised Early lines. Italian Length, l| in. (4.8 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The head and the pin have been attached and do not certainly belong. Part of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 101. 977 Tlie bow is solid and decorated on its upper surface with a ridge. The head is formed b}' a spiral of two turns. Length, liin. (3.8 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The head with the pin is broken off and reattached. Part of the bjot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 63. 978 The bow IS hollow and open on its under side. On its upper sur- face it is decorated with incised patterns, consisting of bands, zigzag lines, and punched circles. Length, 4 in. (lo.i cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The pin has been at- tached, but probably belongs. Most of the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 113. 979 The bow IS solid and plain. The head is formed b}' a spiral of two turns. Length, if in. (4.1 cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. Part of the foot is missing and the pm is bent. Ace. No. G.R. 59. Like preceding, but points provided with knobs: — 982 The bow is hollow. On its upper surface is a punched circle. The head is formed b}' a spiral of two turns. Length, 4I in. (11. l cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. 1 he sur- face is slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. G.R. 99. 983 The bow is hollow. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 3I in. (8.9 cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. G.R. 107. 984 The bow is solid and plain. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, if in. (4.1 cm.). Green patina. The surface is slightly corroded in places. The pin, part of the foot, and a piece from one knob are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 55. 319 Early Italian Fibulae IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS WITH LONG, SHEATH-LIKE FOOT TERMINATING IN A KNOB f% 987 990 992 987 The bow is solid and decorated on its upper surface with a series of ridges. The head is formed by a spiral ot two turns. Length, 3f in. (9.5 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The pin is missing. Ace. No. C.R. 7S. 988 Like the preceding. Length, 4313^ in. (10.3 cm.). Crusty-, green patina. A piece of the head is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 88. 989 The bow is hollow and closed. It is decorated on its two ends with incised lines. Length, i\ in. (8.9 cm.). The patina has been removed. Ace. No. G.R. 76. 990 1 he bow is hollow and open on its under side. Its upper surface is decorated with incised bands and zigzag lines. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 6iJ in. (if'1.2 cm.). The patina has been removed. Ace. No. G.R. 50. 991 Ihe bow is hollow and open on the under side. It has been drawn out in the middle to form two points which are pro\ided with knobs. Length, 2-iV in. (5.5 cm.). Smooth, green patina. The surface is partly cor- roded. 1 he head and the pin are missmg. Ace. No. G.R. 64. 992 The bow is veiy shallow, almost flat, and decorated on its outer side with beaded mouldings. The outer half of the foot is surrounded with a bone cjdinder. On the bronze part of the foot are zigzag lines and a swastica, incised. The head is formed b\' a spiral of two turns. tor a similar example cl. C). Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. X, 122. Length, 3iV in. (8.8 cm.). Smooth, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. G.R. 116. 320 ' IBULAE TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS WITH FOOT M I S S I N C, (a) With bow swollen, but not drawn out in centre Early Italian 998 ^ he bow is hollow and open on the under side. On the upper pj side It is decorated with incised patterns. Length, 2y| in. (7.1 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. The head and pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 81. 999 The bow is hollow and open on the under side. On the upper side it is decorated with incised patterns. Length, 2x^ in. (6.2 cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. The sur- face is somewhat corroded in places. The head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 87. 1000 The bow is hollow, and closed on the under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns consisting of bands and con- centric circles. Length, iff in. (4.6 cm.). Crust\-, green patina. The head and the pin are missing. A small piece is missing from the under side of the bow. Ace. No. G.R. 66. 1 001 The bow is hollow and open on the under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with hatched bands, incised. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is C(.)rroded in places. The pin is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 92. 1002 The bow is solid and flat; on its upper surface it has an incised collar. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, if in. (4.4 cm.). The foot is missing. The patina has been removed. Ace. No. G.R. 1 10. 1003 The bow is hollow and broken on its under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns. Length, ij in. (4.4 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. The head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 83. 1004 The bow is hollow and closed on its under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns. Length, if in. (4.4 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The surface is much cor- roded. The head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 74. 1005 The bow is hollow and broken on its under side. The upper 321 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Early surface is decorated with incised lozenges. The head is formed by a spiral Italian of two turns. Length, ij in. (3.2 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The pin is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 96. (b) With bow drawn out in the centre to form points 1008 The bow IS hollow and open on its under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns consisting of zigzag lines, hatched bands, and punctured concentric circles. Length, 2| in. (7.3 cm.). Smooth, dark green patina. The head and pin are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 89. 1009 The bow is solid and flat. On its upper surface it is decorated with incised patterns. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, iff in. (4.6 cm.). Crust)-, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. Part of the head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 85. 1010 The bow is hollow and open on its under side. On its upper surface it is decorated with a moulded ridge. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, IjV in. (3.6 em.). Smooth, green patina. The pin is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 57. TYPE III (b). Contemporary with the boat-shaped type is another variet}^ in which the bow is formed by a simple wire, without swelling, but often strung with beads or disks of various materials, such as amber, glass, bone, or bronze. The foot is either quite small, or elongated, or sheath-shaped (cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pi. VII. figs. 68, 70). lOII lOII The bow is four-sided in section, and is strung with an amber •? 22 I0I5 TYPE IV. Serpentine Type (a drago, serpeggiante) Alongside with T}-pes II and III there was developed the serpentine type of fibula. It was formed by twisting the bow into all manner of shapes, —first by introducing a spiral or simple loop, then by adding swelhngs and horn-like knobs. The bow is sometimes decorated with incisions, or spiral twists, or it is strung with beads or disks. Some gold examples are elaboratel}' ornamented with granulation. 323 1- FBULAE TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS bead. The foot is onl\' slightl)' elongated. The head is formed hy a spiral Early of two turns. Italian Length, 2-' in. (7 cm.). Crustw green patina. The surface is corroded in places. Pieces from the foot are missing. Ace. No. Ci.R. Gy. 1012 The bow is four-sided in section. The foot is onl)' slightl}' elongated. The head is formed b)' a spiral of two turns. Length, 2^ in. (5.4 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is sH^htly corroded in places. Ace. No. G.R. 97. 1013 The bow IS four-sided in section, and strung with a small bone bead. The foot is long and sheath-like. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 33-5 in. (10 cm.). The patina has been mostl\' removed. The foot is somewhat bent. Ace. No. G.R. 79. 1014 The bow is four-sided in section and strung with a small silver bead. The foot is long and sheath-hke. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 3I in. (9.8 cm.). The patina has been mostly removed. The sur- face is slightly corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 90. 1015 The bow is four-sided m section and strung with three large amber beads. The head is formed by a spiral of two turns. Length, 4! in. (11. 1 cm.). Green patma. The surface is somewhat corroded. The end of the pin and most of the foot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 119. IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Early This t^'pe of fibula is dated most convenient!}' according to the shape Italian of [^^ foot, which developed on parallel lines with that of Types II and III. iBULAE Simplicity of form m the bow is not necessarily a sign of early date, since the simplest shapes are found quite late. The foot is either (aj of the disk variety (cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. XIV, figs. 195 ff.), or (b) it is formed by a bent-up plate, rounded (cf. Montelius, op. cit., pi. X\I, figs. 218 ff.), or elongated (cf. Montelius, op. cit., pi. XVI, figs. 233 ff.), or sheath-like with or without knob at end (cf. Montelius, op. cit., pi. XVIII, figs. 258 ff.). Serpentine fibulae of the disk variet}' and those with semicircular foot occur as earl)' as the latter part of the Bronze Age, and are rarely found in the Early Iron Age. Those with elongated foot range from the Early Iron Age to the fifth centurv B.C., the longer foot being later than the shorter one, and the introduction of a knob at the end being a mark of lateness. Fibulae with horns belong mostlv to the seventh centur}' B.C. WITH FOOT TERMINATING IN A DISK 1020 There are two spirals, one of one turn, the other of two. The disk is formed b}' a flat piece of metal rolled once spirallw Length, 4i% in. (11.3 cm.). Crust}-, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. Pieces from the disk are missing. The disk was broken off and has been repaired, apparentfy in antiquity. Ace. No. G.R. 114. 102 1 There are two spirals, one of one turn, the other of two. Length, 3^ in. (7.9 cm.). Crust> , green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. The disk is missing, only two k)ops of the foot beinc; preserved. The end of the pm is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 118. 1022 There are two spirals, both of one turn. The bow has a series ot moulded beads. The foot, which is missing, was either of the disk variety or a small bent-up plate. Length, 3I in. (8.6 cm.). The dark green patina has been largely removed Ace. No. G.R. 86. 3-4 TOILET ARTICLES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS WITH LONG, S H E A T H - L I Fi E FOOT 1025 The bow IS formed b\' two loops with cross-pieces. The head Early consists of a knob. The pm is strung with two bronze rings. Itallan Length, si,} in. (9.4 cm.). Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is some- Fibulae what corroded. Part ot the foot is missing. Ace. No. G.R. 75. 1025 1028 WITH LONG, SHEATH-LIKE FOOT AND BOW DECORATED WITH HORNS AND BOSSES 1028 The bow lias two loops, a spiral of tMie turn, and one pair of horns. The head consists of a knob. Length, G^g in. (16.3 cm.). The patina has been removed. The end of the foot and one horn are hent, and part of the other horn is missing. Ace. No. G.R. loS. 1029 Similar to the preceding. Length, 4xV m. (11. 2 cm.). 1 he patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat corroded, and the edges of the toot are chipped. Ace. No. G.R. S4. 1030 Similar to No. 102S, but fragmentary. Length, 2f in. (7 cm.). The patina has been removed. The surface is some- what corroded. Part of the bow, the pm, and pieces from the fo(jt are missing. Ace. No. G.R. S3. 103 1 The bow has two loops and two pairs of bosses. The head consists of a knob. Length, 2jV in. (5.6 cm.). The patina has been mostfy removed. The foot and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. S2. 1032 The bow has two loops with one cross-piece and two pairs of bosses. The head is formed by a knob. Length, 2| in. (6 cm.). Smooth, green patina. Part of the pin and most oi the foot are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 93. 1033 The bow has two loops and two pairs of bosses. The head is formed by a knob. The foot terminates also in a knob. 325 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Early Length, 5 I in. (13.6 cm.j. The patina has been removed. Ace. iNo. G.R. 95. Italian Fibulae ^ 1033 1034 1034 The bow has two loops and four pairs of bosses. The head is formed hv a knob. Length, 2f in. (7.6 cm.). The green patina has been largely removed. Part of the bow, the pin, and the foot are missing; also one of the bosses. Ace. No. G.R. 77. 1035 Only part of the bow is preserved; it has two loops and four pairs ol bosses. Length, if in. (4.8 cm.). The patina has been mostfv removed. The sur- face is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 61. TYPE V. "Certosa" Type This type of fibula, which is generally of small size, has a sharply arched bow, and a turned-up foot (cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primi- tive en Italie, pi. XI, figs. 137-142). A number of specimens were found during excavations in the Certosa cemetery near Bologna, irom which it derives its name (cf. A. Zannoni, Scavi della Certosa, pis. XLIX, 10, 13, 16; XC, 2; CXVII, 4, etc.). From the objects with which it was found it can be dated as belonging to the sixth to fifth centuries B.C. 1040 With plain bow and long, sheath-like ioot, turned up at the end. Length, ij in. (4.8 cm.). Crusty, green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Most of the head and the pin are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 62. om Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. 1. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4951, 4952. No. 1 190 is illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LM, 2. The light green patina has been partly removed. The surface is slightly cor- roded, and there are a few holes. Ace. .■?«2----'="-''i-**'«-^ ';*. Nos. C.B. 324-325. 119s RECTANGULAR SOCKET with flaring foot. Prob- abh" part of a large piece of fur- niture. There are several rivet- holes on each of its long sides, one large rectangular and four small circular ones. Uncertain date; probably earl}^ Height, Siiin. (14.7 cm.). Length of inside socket, 2xV iu- (5-9 cm.). Width of socket, ^ in. (1.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4955. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXIV, 4, where it is stated that fragments of wood w inside. Crust)', green patina. The surface is much corroded. Ace. No. 1195 ere found C.B. 347- 1 196 OBJECT OF UNCERTAIN USE, in the form of a rec- tangular box with flaring rim shaped like tiie so-called cavetto cornice of Eg3-ptian architecture. On the inside is a bevelled edge. Perhaps part of a piece of furniture. Uncertain date; probabl}' earl}'. Height, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Length, 35 in. (8.9 cm.). Width, 2I in. (6.7 cm.). From C\prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. INLres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4953. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LI, S- The light green patina has been largely re moved. The surface is somewhat corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 345. 1 1 96 FURNITURE AND PARTS OF FURNFIURE 1 197 OBJECT OF UNCERTAIN USE, similar r,> th. preced- ing. Height, 2 in. (5.1 cm,). Length, 3^ in. (8.9 cm.). Width, 2,^ in. (6.7 cm.,). From Cyprus. C(.-snuhi Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4954. The green patina has been parti)- removed. The surface is a little cor- roded in places. Ace. No. L'.B. ^4c). 1200 LEG OF A CHAIR OR COUCH. It is elaborately moulded in imitation of wooden models turned on a lathe. About midwa\- is intro- duced the figure ot a bo\-, in hi<:h relief, ^^earin('■ a cloak which falls down his back and is tied under- neath his chin. He is kneeling on one knee and holding a rabbit on his left leg. Two of the mouldings are decorated with patterns of akanthos leaves and leal ornaments respectiveh', modelled in low relief and overlaid with silver. Si.x frag- ments of the decorations of the seat — five orna- mental bands and a small head of a ram in relief — are also preserved. Of the bands three are flat and decorated with a guiUoche pattern; two are moulded m the form of a Lesbian cvma with a leaf ornament. These decorations are all in relief and are parti}' overlaid with silver. In proportions and st^de this chair-leg resem- bles the bronze legs from Roman chairs and couches found at Pompeii and elsewhere (cf. C. L. Ransom, Studies in Ancient Furniture, p. 32, and references there givenj. It is to the earl\' Impe- rial period, therefore, that our example belongs. The original design, however, originated with the Greeks, as can be seen b}- the legs of a couch from Priene (cf. T. Wiegand und H. Schrader, Priene, p. 379, fig. 480J, which are of the same general '-°° type, but of much more graceful outline. Height, I2jin. (32.3 cm.). Purchased in 1908. Mentioned and illustrated in the Museum Bulletin, Ma}', 1909, pp. 77 and Si. Cast sidid. Patina green and crust\". It was broken and repaired just below the figure cit the bo}'. Several pieces are missing from the mouldings, as is also the right hand of the boy. Ace. No. of the leg, 08. 258.13, of the fragments of decoration, 08.25S.1b-g. Parts f)F Fl'RNITURE .OJ IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Parts OF 1 2o6 BOSS of hemispherical shape, undecorated. The inside is f URNiTURK f|[jgj ^,;^|-j ]g.jj ,jj-,(.j jg provided with a spike for attachment. Date uncertain. It probably formed part of a piece of furniture. Diameter, if in. (4.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4956. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 429. 1206 1208 1207 BOSS, similar to the preceding. Diameter, l|m. (4.1 cm.). Frcim Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4957. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is somewhat corroded and cracked in places. Ace. No. C.B. 428. 1208 ROUND BOSS OR LID of a convex form with upright nm. Uncertain date. It may have served as a lid of a small bo.x or as a boss on a piece of furniture. Diameter, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collectiem. cf. I. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4958. Crusty, green patina. On the inside is a part of a similar object corroded to it. Ace. No. C.B. 425. 1209 ROUND BOSS OR LID, similar to the preceding. Diameter, irl i"- (4-6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. ]. L. Myres, Cesnola Flandbook, No. 4960. Crusty, green patina. 'I'he edges of the rim are slightly chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 427. I2IO ROUND BOSS OR LID, .similar to No. 1208. Diameter, if? in. (4.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. }. L. Myres, Cesnola Flandbook, No. 4959. Crust)-, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 426. 354 FURNITURE AND PARTS OF FURNITURE TABLE 121 1 TABLE of variegated marble with bronze fittings. It is of Table rectangular form mounted on one leg. The fittmgs consist of a bronze rim round the table leaf, and three feet ending in claws, with an ivy leaf at each juncture in the stj'le of the ieet of bronze candelabra. The feet form an intervening member between the marble shaft and the marble base. The bronze rim is decorated on three sides with beautiful palmette and rosette ornaments, inlaid in silver and niello. Of these some are enclosed in long panels, with moulded borders. Originall}', when the bronze re- tained its golden color, the dull black and bright silver colors of the decorations must have stood out very eftectivel}-. For this technique cf. Introduction, p. xxiv f. I2II This table belongs to the Roman period. The form of the leg is unlike that of the Roman table legs found at Pompeii and elsewhere (cf. A. Mau, Pompeii, pp. 368 ff. ; A. de Ridder, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, mensa, p. 1724); and as this table has been put together from a number of pieces with the missing parts restored, it is doubtful whether the present recon- struction is correct in all details. 355 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Table Height of table as restored, 2 ft. 8^ in. (82.6 cm.). Length of table leaf, 3 ft. 5I in. (1.057 m.). Width of table leaf, 2 ft. if in. (65.2 cm.). Purchased m 1905. Said to have been found at Boscoreale. Unpublished. The bronze por- tions are covered with a crusty, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 514. r I2II 121 I SPOUT Spout I214 SPOUT, in the form of a Corinthian column, surmounted by a funnel-shaped mouth. Roman period. Length, iSt6 in. (38.3 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have come from the Hauran, Syria. Unpublished. Crusty, green patina. Chipped in places. Ace. No. G.R. "16S. 1214 FASTENINGS Fastenings 'pi-^g various fastenmgs of ancient boxes, etc., such as nails, hinges, and hasps, were usually of bronze, and have been preserved, while the objects which the}' held together have mostl}- disappeared, having been of wood, ivory, or other perishable material. 356 FURNITURE AND PARTS OF FURNITURE NAILS The nails {ri\os, y6fj.'prus, p. 336 (at the bottom to the right). The patina, crusty green with dark blue patches, has been removed m places. Intact. Ace. No. C.B. 449. 1274 With two rows of lotos petals on the stem. Height, 8 in. (20.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4961. Illusttated in Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 336 (to the right at the top). The crusty, 367 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Candle- green patina has been removed in places. Part of the rim and one of the volutes HOLDERS have been broken off and reattached. Ace. No. C.B. 404. AND Lamp- 1^75 With two rows of lotos petals on the stem. STANDS Height, 9I in. (24.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 496R. Crusty, green patina. The stem is slightly bent. Ace. No. C.B. 409. 1276 With two rows of lotos petals on the stem. Height, 4i^ in. (11.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4969. The green patina has been mostly removed. The socket is somewhat broken, one of the lotos petals is missing, and the surface of the others is partly corroded. In the socket there are two rivet-holes, which served for attachment. Ace. No. C.B. 410. 1277 With one row of lotos petals on the stem. The stem is shorter than in the other examples, but the socket is longer. Height, llj in. (2S.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4967. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LI, 3. The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is cor- roded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 450. 1278 With one row of lotos petals on the stem. The stem is shorter than in the other examples, but the socket is longer. Height, II J in. (28.6 cm.), cf. J. L. M}Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4963. The patina — crusty green with dark blue patches — has been removed in places. The rim has been broken '"77 in several places and reattached; the surface, especially of the volutes, is consid- erably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 405. TYPE II. With plain, round shaft, resting on a base in the form of three feet ending in hoofs and an ivy-leaf at each juncture, line shaft was surmounted by a circular plate which served for the support of the lamp. This type of lamp-stand is found as early as the sixth century B.C., but continues until later. For other lamp-stands of this form from Cyprus, cf. British Museum Excavations in Cyprus, p. 67, figs. 87, 89 (from a sixth-century tomb) 368 LIGHTING iriENSILS and J. L. Myres and M. ( )linefalsch-RichttT, Gataluuuc of the Cyprus Mu- Candi.e- Seum. No. 361I. HOLDERS A N D 1285 The shaft is surmounted by a three-sided volute capital of Lamp- Cj'priote-Ionic form, in the st)-le of the sixth century B.C. stands Height, 39^ in. (1.03 ni.). cf. j. ].. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4970. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVll, i. The green patina has been M r t^ T^ 1285 1286 latgely removed. The circular plate is missmg; also the three leaves between the feet of the base. The volute capital is bent to one side. Ace. No. C.B. 432. 1286 The shaft is surmounted by a square knob, a pair of hooks for suspending the wick-trimmer, and a circular plate for the support ot the lamp. This and the following specmiens probably belong to a somewhat later date than No. 1285. Height, 33! in. (85 cm.), cf. J. L. Myr.s, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4972. 369 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Candle- holders AND Lami'- STANDS The light green patina has been mostly removed. The ivy-leaves at the junc- tures of the feet are missing; the surface is a little corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 433. 1287 Similar to the preceding, except that the knob below^ the hooks IS lozenge-shaped instead of square. Height, 4ir6 in- (io5S cm.j. cf. J. L. M}Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4974. The green patina has been largely removed. The plate is considerably broken and the leaves between the feet of the base are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 434. 1288 The shaft is surmounted b\' a circular plate. Height, 385 in. (97.8 cm.j. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 497S- Illustrated in L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 336. The green patina has been latgel}- removed. The plate is much broken and the hooks for the wick-tnmmers and the knob at the juncture are missing; also the leaves between the feet of the base. Ace. No. C.B. 435. 1289 The shaft is surmounted hv a square knob which served for the support of the plate. Height, 36I in. (93 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4971. The light green patina has been largely removed. The plate is missing; also two of the leaves between the feet of the base. The shaft is broken in two and reattached. The surface is considerabh' corroded in places. Ace. No. C^.B. 4^1. 1290 The shaft is surmounted b}' a square knob which served for the support of the plate. Height, 36/B in. (92 cm.), cf. J. L. Mj-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4976. The light green patina has been largely removed. The plate is missing, as are also two of the leaves between the feet of the base. Ace. No. C.B. 4^6. 1 291 The shaft is surmounted b\' a square knob which served for the support of the plate. Height, 254 in. (65.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4973. The green p;itina has been almost entirely removed. 1 he plate is missing; also the leaves be- tween the feet of the base. 1 he shaft was broken in two and reattached, as was also one of the hoofs of the base. Ace. No. C.B. 430. 1292 Part of a similar candelabrum, of iron; onl}^ the lower end of the shaft ■■ -■^•'-^'tsi ^Y-' ^ "'^ — .-^■^oa.^..., ..-i^ Tu y t iiiari t-f -t and part of the base are 1292 370 LIGHTING UTENSILS me of the lei;s is rusted a cla\^ amphora of fifth or fou 1 ov toLirtli- preser\'ed. 1 o or centur)' t\pe. Height of fragment, 9I in. (23.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handh,.ok, No. 4977. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 402. ETRUSCAN 1297 CANDELABRUM. The shaft, which is octagonal in its upper part and round in its lower, with a recurved rosette at the juncture, rests on a base in the shape of three feet ending in paws. The shaft is surmounted by a recurved rosette and by two vase-shaped receptacles, one above the other, joined to each other by a plain stem. Erom the lower one, which is considerabl}' smaller than the other, emerge three spikes with loop-shaped ends terminat- ing m birds' heads; from the upper project four curved stems with fork-like ends. These, as well as the lower spikes, probabl}^ served for the inser- tion of candles. The stem which joins the two receptacles projects half-wa}' into the upper one and IS unfinished at its upper end. It is possible that It was originall}' continued higher and was perhaps surmounted h\' a statuette, as is the case in so many early Etruscan examples. This candelabrum was found in the same tomb as the large chariot (No. 40), and is thereb}' dated as belonging to the middle of the sixth centut}' B.C. (See the description of the contents of that tomb, P- 1770 Height, 475 in. (1.206 m.j. For provenance see above. Illustrated and briefly described by A. Furt- wangler, Brunn-Bruckmann, Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Skulptur, Nos. 5S6 and 587, p. 6, fig. 11. One foot is broken off and has been repaired in antiq- uity. Two of the spikes ending in birds' heads are partly broken and one has become bent. Other parts have also been somewhat bent out of position. For the possibility of a missing top part see above. Ace. No. G.R. 411. Candle- HOLDERS AND Lamp- STANDS 1297 371 Candle- holders AND Lamp- stands IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 1298 CANDELABRUM. The shaft consists of a statuette of a human figure surmounted by a moulded stem which ends above m three pointed leaves curled downward. The whole is supported on a base with three feet ending in paws which rest on balls. The statuette represents a man standing with his weight on both legs, the left a little advanced. His right arm is lowered, the left hand is held to his hip. He is nude and has long hair which falls loose on his back. For a similar candelabrum cf. K. Schumacher, Bronzen in Karlsruhe, No. 419, pi. V, 3. In that example there is a cup at the top with a spike in the middle, for the insertion of a candle; it is probable that our specimen originall}' had a simi- lar cup. Archaic Etruscan period, of fair execution. Height, ijf in. (34.9 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Mar- quand, 1S97. Unpublished. The green patina has been mostly removed. The right hand of the statu- ette is missing and the ends of two of the spikes have been broken off and reattached. The shaft has also been broken from the vase and reattached. Ace. No. G.R. 175. 1299 CANDELABRUM. The shaft, which is fluted and ornamented with a leaf pattern be- low, rests on three feet in the form of lion's paws on plinths, springing from heads of monsters. Be- tween the feet are palmettes, m the round, and a rich pattern of palmettes and scrolls in relief. On the top of the shaft is an inverted bowl orna- mented with tongue pattern on its under side and surmounted by a short, moulded stem on which is the figure of an athlete. The latter is represented as standing with his weight chiefly on his right leg; the right arm is raised, the left extended. He is nude and has short, straight hair. Between the moulded stem and the male figure there must originally have been spikes for the attachment of candles. For similar examples with the spikes still in position cf. Museo Etrusco I2gq LIGHTING UTENSILS Gregoriano, pis. LXXVH, 3, 5; LXXX, 3, 4; LXXXI, i, 2,3,4; LXXXII,4. Candlk- The st.vle IS Etruscan, ot the fifth century B.C., and the execution is fair, holders The manner in which the candles were fixed on such spikes is illustrated on an Etruscan painting (cf. Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, I, fig. 10S6). Height, 4 ft. 9i^ in. (1.463 m.). Purchased in 1896. Said to have been found at Chiusi. Unpublished. Crust.y, blue-green patina, with brown in- crustations. One leg was broken off and is reattached, and another is slightly bent from its original position. For the spikes which must originally haveleen between the moulded stem and the male figure, see above. Ace. No. G.R. 4515. AND Lamp- stands 1298 1303 1303 CANDELABRUM. The shaft, which is decorated with inci- sions and with the figure of a panther modelled in full round and rep- resented climbing up it, rests on three feet, terminating in hoofs, with leaves at the junctures. At the top of the shaft is a bowl with broad rim and four birds perched on it. Late Etruscan typt, ot rather cursory execution. For similar examples 373 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Candle- with a bowl and with animals represented climbing up the shaft, cf. Museo HOLDERS Etrusco Gtegoriano, pis. LXXXII, I, 2, 5; LXXVI, i, 2, 4, 5; and LXXV, I, 3,4,6. Height, 15! in. (40 cm.). Purchased in 1896. Said to have come from Civita Castellana. UnpLd^lished. Rough, greenish pa- tina. There is a hole in the bowl and in one leg. Ace. No. G.R. 170. AND Lamp- stands 1304 CANDELABRUM (of iron). The plain, round shaft rests on three feet and ends above in three curved spikes, which served for the attachment of can- dles. Toward the top of the shaft are two hooks from which the wick-tnmmers were suspended, one of which is still in position. This candelabrum forms part of the contents of an Etruscan tomb belonging to the fourth to third century B.C. (cL pp. iSoff.). Height, 42 in. (106.7 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Un- published. The iron is much corroded; one of the feet is damaged. Ace. No. G.R. 466. 1305 CANDELABRUM (of iron). Similar to the preceding, but with only two spikes and no hooks for hanging up the wick-trimmers. This candelabrum was found in the same tomb as No. 1304. Height, 34.1 in. (SR.3 cin.). Purchased in 1903. Un- published. dTe iron is much corroded. The end of one foot is broken off. Ace. No. G.R. 467. i 1304 1306 CANDELABRUM (of iron). The top part only is preserved. It consists of part of the shaft, surmounted by an inverted bowl and twisted stem from which project three spikes ending in birds' heads. At the top of the stem is a small bowl and below the inverted bowl are hooks for the sus- pension of wick-trimmers. This candelabrum was found in the same tomb as Nos. 1304, 130;. Height of fragment, 13I in. (34.4 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Mentioned by A. Furtwangkr, Neue Denkmaler antiker Kunst, ill, 1905, Heft U, p. 273, (h). It used to be mounted on three restored legs and is so described by Furtwangler; 374 T 1310 ni8 1315 STANDS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Candle- the legs have now been removed. The iron is much corroded. Some parts are HOLDERS sHghtly bent. Ace. No. G.R. 454. AND Lamp- j-^iq CANDELABRUM. On top of a moulded shaft is a round disk, surmounted b)' a spike, into which lamp No. 1335 fitted. The base is round, with a moulded edge, and ornamented on its under side with concentric circles, incised. The small size of the candelabrum suggests that it was placed on a table when in use. Illustrated, p. 375. Height, Sri in. (H-Z cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Unpublished. Crust}', greenish patina. No missing parts, but the surface is somewhat corroded in places. Ace. No. G.R. 3S8. 1 3 1 5 CANDELABRUM. The shaft is plain and is surmounted b}^ a vase-hke top, with a round disk at the top for the support of the lamp. The whole rests on a base which consists of three legs ending in lion's paws on disks, with lea\es between them. Illustrated, p. 375. This t3'pe of candelabrum belongs to the Roman period. For a number of similar examples from Pompeii and Herculaneum cf. E. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, Nos. 44 ff. Height, 51 in. (1.295 '"'''•)■ Purchased in 190S. From the Filangieri Col- lection. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, Ma}', 1909, p. Si. Cast solid. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed in places. No parts missing, but the top disk and the small disks under the lion's paws were broken off and reattached. Ace. No. 0X.25X.15. 13 18 LAMP-STAND, in the form of a tripod. It consists of a cir- cular disk, set in a rim which rests on three legs. The legs terminate below in paws and are continued above into arabesque patterns which occupy the spaces between each two legs. On the upper side of the disk is a shallow circular depression into which the foot of the lamp fitted. Illustrated, p. 375. Stands of this type have been found with their lamps, at Pompeii (A. Mau, Pompeii, p. 374, fig. 203). The patterns of the arabesques between the feet show a variety of designs (cf. E. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, figs. 75-81). Eor an exactly similar example to ours, also from Boscoreale, ct. E. Pernice, Archiiologischer Anzeiger, 1900, p. 182, fig. 7. Height, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). Purchased in 190S. Said to have come from Bosco- reale. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 44. Crusty, blue- green patina. The upper surface of the circular top is much corroded. Ace. No. 0S.25X.1 2. 376 LIGHTING UTENSILS LAMPS The use ot Limps (\i'xi'os, lucerna) in cLissical lands goes back as far as Minoan tmies (^second millennium B.C.), and lasts through the Roman era. Throughout this long period the t\-pe of lamp used was essentiallv the same, though in form and decoration it passed through many stages of development. Its essential parts are a receptacle for the oil and a nozzle for the insertion of the wick. In Minoan times the chief form is that of an open, generally deep bowl, with an occasional bridge over the nozzle, and with a vertical or horizontal handle. For clay examples cf. British School Annual, IX, p. 326, fig. 27, i, 2, 3; VIII, p. 2S5, fig. 4; \TI, p. 128, fig. 41. For stone examples mounted on a high foot, cf. e.g. A. J. Evans, British School Annual, \ I, p. 44. A form introduced at the close of the Bronze Age was a plain saucer \^■ith rim pinched into a nozzle or wick-holder. For a discussion of this see under Nos. 1323 ff. The commonest Greek form of the fifth to the third centur\' B.C. is a circular bowl with incurved rim (to pre\'ent the oil from spilling), short or long trough-like nozzle, and sometimes with horizontal handle. These lamps are often co\ered with the brilliant black glaze characteristic of the period, and are generalh' wheel-made (cf. H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung troianischer Alterti.imer, p. 199, Nos. 4031 i^.: R. Zahn, in 1 . ^^'iegand und H. Schrader, Priene, p. 449). The lamps of the late Hellenistic period (circa II century B.C.) are moulded, of elongated shape, and generalh' ha^■e relief decorations on the upper side. They have long, trough-like nozzles, and instead of being open receptacles, are fitted with concave tops with only a hole left for pouring in the oil. Occasionally they have ring handles (cf. Zahn, op. cit., p. 450, Nos. 174 ff".; Schmidt, op. cit., p. 200, Nos. 4064 fF.). From this was derived the familiar Roman t^-pe of lamp of a circular bowl, with rounded or volute nozzles and small ring-handle (cL Zahn, op. cit., p. 453, Nos. 187 fF.; Schmidt, op. cit., p. 201, Nos. 4081 fF.; H. B. Walters, Histor\- of Ancient Potter}-, II, pp. 400 fF. etc.), which in its turn became elongated and provided with a mere projection to serve as a handle (cf. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 201, Nos. 4087-4089). Sometimes lamps are provided with tubular sockets for insertion in a spike on the top of the lamp-stand (cF e.g. No. 1335 in our collection; also J. L. Mj-res, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 2519-2520). Noteworthv is the rare occurrence of Etruscan lamps. This is probably 577 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Lamps due to the fact that in Etruria candles were commonly used instead ot lamps, as can be seen by the Etruscan candelabra, the majority of which served for the insertion of candles, not for the support of lamps (see under candelabrum, pp. 366, 371 ff.). By far the greatest number of the ancient lamps are made of clay; but a considerable number of bronze specimens have also been found, as well as some examples in stone and precious metal. On the subject of lamps cf. : — J. Toutain, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under lucerna. H. Thiersch, in Furtwiingler, Aegina, p. 467 f. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 205. R. Zahn, in T. Wiegand — H. Schrader, Priene, pp. 449 ff., and especially pp. 456 ff. H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertiimer, pp. 199 ff. S. Loeschcke, in Beschreibung romischer Altertiimer gesammelt von Carl A. Niessen, 3*^*^ Bearbeitung. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 118. H. B. Walters, History of Ancient Pottery, II, pp. 393 ff.; Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum. J. Fink, Formen und Stempel romischer Thonlampen, in Sitzungs- berichte der kgl. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1900, Heft 5. C. Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie, p. iSo. SAUCER LAMPS They consist of an open saucer with rim pinched to form one or more nozzles for the insertion of wicks. This tj'pe of lamp was first introduced at the close of the Bronze Age (cf. F. J. Bliss, Mound of Man\- Cities, Tell-el-Hes}-, fig. 174 [in X\TII dynasty layers]). In C3'prus it commonl}' occurs from the seventh to the fourth centuiy B.C. (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 2501-2520); it also occurs undated in Phoenicia, and in Malta and Sicily even to the present day (cf. J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, p. 80). For an example from Olympia cf. A. Furtwiing- ler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, No. S92. FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) The examples in this collection all have a shallow bowl and wide, flat rim. This form is the latest development of this type and belongs to the fourth and third centuries B.C. (cf. J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, p. So). 378 LIGHTING LUKN'SILS 1323 Length, 5J in. (14.9 cm.). Widtli, s'lijin. (14. S cm.). Height, ijin. (2.9 cm.), cf. J. L. M^-rcs, Cesnola Handbook, No. ^^jS. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. NLI\ , 3. The green patina has been largely removed. The sur- face is considerably corroded and there are a number of small holes. .Ace. No. C.B. 414. Lamps ij; 1327 1324 Length, bl in. (15.6 cm.). Width, bh in. (16.5 cm.). Height, 1} in. (3.2 cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 49^ i. The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is somew hat corroded and there are a number of holes. Ace. No. C.B. 418. 1325 Length, Sui in. (13.5 cm.). Width, 5j in. (13.3 cm.). Height, ire in. (2.7 cm.), cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4979. The light green patina has been almost entirel\' remo\'cd. The rim is slighth' chipped and there are a few small holes. Ace. No. C.B. 415. 1326 Length, ^Y6 in. (i4-5 cm.). Width, 4j| in. (12.5 cm.). Height, I in. (2.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 49S0. The green patma has been almost entireh' removed. The surface is considerabh' corroded and the rim is somewhat chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 417. 1327 This specimen is somewhat different from the precedmg, havmg an open saucer with slight rim and trough-like spout. It is probabl\' some- what later in date. For a similar example in clay cf. J. L. Myres. Cesnola Handbook, No. 25 iS. Length, 4^5 in. (11.3 cm.). Diameter, (8.4 cm.). Height, f in. (1.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook. No. 4982. The crusty, green patina 379 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Lamps has been largely removed. The rim is considerably broken and chipped. Ace. No. C.B.416. LATE creek: lamps 1335 LAMP, in the form of an open, round bowl with elongated round nozzle, and lid attached by a hinge. It has a short flaring foot and ring-shaped handle with an ivy-leaf above. In the centre of the bowl is a tubular socket, which served for inserting the lamp on the spiked stand No. 13 10. For a somewhat simdar lamp from Priene, cf. T. Wiegand und H. Schrader, Priene, p. 385, figs. 488-489. The device of the tubular socket for insertion on a spike goes back as far as Mmoan times (cf. Monu- menti antichi, 1902, p. loi, figs. 34-35). Height, without lid, 2 in. (5 cm.). Length, without handle, 3! in. (8.6 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Unpublished. Crusty, greenish patina. The handle is broken off and part of the ring is missing. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 3S7. 1335 1336 LAMP in the form of a rounded bowl, elongated on one side to form the nozzle. The bowl is closed at the top except for a small heart- shaped hole near where the bottom of the wick would come, and a round aperture which served for pouring in the oil and which is co\- ered by a lid in the form of a shell. There is a ring handle and a short flaring foot. '■'^^ For a similar example in claj', cf. R. Zahn, in T. Wiegand und H. Schrader, Priene, p. 452, No. 186. Height, with handle, Si^in. (S.7 cm.). Length, without handle, 41% in. (11.8 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain. Rough, green patina. The upper 380 LIGHTING UTENSILS part of the handle is missing, also the pin of the hinge for the lid. Ace. No. (i.R. Lamps 386. ROM.AN LAMPS 1340 LAMP, in the form of a round bowl on a low ring base and with an elongated nozzle, flanked on each side b\- a volute. The handle consists of two curved stems, united above to a large heart-shaped member and joined to the lamp by leaf-shaped attachments. This t3-pe of lamp occurs on Roman sites in great numbers during the first centur}' B.C. (cf. J. Fink, Formen und Stempel romischer Thonlampen, in Sit- zungsbenchte der Miinchner Akademie, 1900, p. 686, Class I). For similar 'j+° examples in bronze cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, Nos. 36, 37. Height, with handle, 3^6 in. (8.9 cm.). Length of lamp, without handle, 41V in. (11. 8 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have been found in the Hauran, S^'^a. Crust\', green patina. A small piece is missing from the handle; other- wise intact. Ace. No. G.R. 30. 1350 BRONZE SAUCER. The broad nm is divided into two sec- tions, a flat, horizontal part decorated with incised scrolls and bearing the inscription Suthina (cf. p. 182), and a con\-ex border with beading and egg-and-dart pattern in relief. On the latter are two small rings tor the attachment of handles. Etruscan, fourth to third century B.C. The best explanation of saucers of this type is that they were the bowls placed at the top of thymiateria or incense burners. They could hardly have served as lamps, as the bowl part is often so small as to be inadequate for a receptacle of the oil; and they cannot have been parts of candelabra, as there are no marks of attachment. For similar examples cL K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, Nos. 421 ff., and the references there cited; there are several in the British Museum, and in the University Museum, Phila- delphia, all unpublished. Diameter, 41V in. (ii-j cm.). Purchased in 1903. Pound at Bolsena in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. (cf. pp. 180 fF.). Unpublished. 381 1350 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Lamps Crusty, green patina. There is a small hole in the rim and bruken. Ace. No. G.R. 452. )ne ot the rmgs is LAMP-HOOK ,AMP-HOOK 1 35 1 LAMP-HOOK. It consists of a rod from which pr hooks, curving in opposite directions; at one end of the rod is a ring, in which one hnk of a chain is still preserved. The use of this hook is seen from examples still at- tached to Roman lamps. It apparently served both for suspension (cf. British Museum, Handbook of Greek and Roman Life, p. 119, fig. 105; K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen, No. 404), and as a pick-wick (cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, fig. 35, where a hook of this type is at- tached to the lid of the lamp). Length, 3I in. (S. 9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4983. Crusty, greenish patina. Ace. No. C.B. 93. oject two 1351 ARMS AND ARMOR Our knowledge of ancient arms and armor is derived both from frequent representations of them on monuments, and from actual specimens which have survived. The majority of extant examples are of bronze, though after the Bronze Age, and especially in Roman times, we know iron to have been commonly used, at least for the majority of weapons. This is due to the fact that iron objects have mostly perished by corrosion, while those of bronze are generally in a comparatively good state of preservation. DAGGER-BLADES Dagger- blades The dagger {iyxupiSiov, pugio) was one of the earliest metal weapons employed, its short length and simple shape lying within the scope of the maker's ability at an early period; for during the Early Bronze Age the maker was not only inexperienced in working metal, but the material at his disposal was often almost pure copper, which, being softer 382 ARMS AND ARMOR than bronze, did not adnnt of xery efficient forms (see Introduction, p. xvi). Dagger- Later, when these difficulties were overcome, the sword became popular, blades its greater length making it more serviceable as an offensive weapon at close range (see Nos. 1460 ff.). For daggers in general cf. A. J. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Diction- naire, pugio, pp. 761 ft. EARLY BRONZE AGE (ABOUT 3OOO-2OOO B.C.) FROM CYPRUS (cESN0L.\ COLLECTION) The dagger-blades at this earl\' period are of almost pure copper, gen- eralh' with a high admixture of copper oxide, which gives it a little more hardness. The implements appear to have been cast in an open mould and then finished b}- hammering. The haft, which was of more perishable material, such as wood or bone, has in all cases disappeared. On this ac- count It cannot now be determined whether this t\-pe of blade was also in- serted into a long haft and used as a spear. Two main types can be distinguished: TYPE L Leat-shaped, with rounded or slighth' pointed base for in- sertion m the hatt. The base was sometimes prolonged into a flat tang and rivets were added to secure the fastening further. Along the centre line of the blade runs a midrib, generallv slight, but sometimes more accentuated. This form, without the tang, ma}' be regarded as the earliest type of bronze dagger. An example of this shape was found in the necropolis of Nagada in Egypt and belongs to the first dynast}' (cf. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Ballas and Nagada, p. 48, pis. LX\ , 3, and LXXXIII, 836; and J. Naue, Die vorromischen Schwerter, pp. 1-2, Note i, pi. I, i). The addition of the tang is a natural development of this t}'pe, as it must soon have be- come evident that the securer fastening it provided was advantageous. Similar examples have been found in Hittite tombs (cf. C. L. Woolley, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, Februar}-, 1914, pi. XXIV); at Troy (cf. H. Schhemann, Ilios, p. 505, fig. 957); in the Cyclades (cf. F. Diimmler, Athenische Mitteilungen, XI, Beilage, I, 1 1, p. 24); and in Central Europe (cf. M. Much, Die Kupferzeit in Europa, p. 13, figs. 11-14, and R. Virchow, Griiberfeld von Koban, pi. II, i, p. 77). (a) Without tang 1360 At the base of the blade are three rivet-holes. 383 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Dagger- Length, 65 in. (15.6 cm.)- cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4601. BLADES The green patina has been partly removed. Slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 19. 1360 1366 1361 At the base of the blade are three rivet-holes. Length, 6j in. (16.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4602. The greenish patma has been largely removed. Somewhat corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 20. 1362 At the base of the blade are two rivet-holes. Length, 31! in. (9.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4603. The green patina has been largely removed. Considerably corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 21. 1363 At the base of the blade are three rivet-holes in which the rivets are still preserved. Length, 6f in. (17. i cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4604. Greenish patina. The surface is somewhat corroded and encrusted. Ace. No C.B. 23. 1 364 There are no rivet-holes. Length, 4xi in. (11.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4605. The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is considerably corroded and the edges are much chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 30. 1365 There are no nvet-holes. Length, 5I in. (13.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4606. The patina has been partly removed. The surface is slightL' corroded Ace No C.B. 33. 1366 There are no rivet-holes. Length, 4f| in. (12.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4607. 384 ARMS AND ARMOR The patina has been partl\- removed. The edges are somewhat chipped. Ace. Dagger- No. C.B. 34. BLADES (b) With Tang 1367 There are three rivet-holes, two in the base of the blade, one in the tang. Length, 6y6 in. (15.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4608. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXI, 2. The patina has been partly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 26. s^'»; 1367 1368 There are two rivet-holes in the base of the blade. Length, 5 1 in. (14.3 cm.), cf. J. L. M\-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4609. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is a little corroded. Ace. No. C.B. iS. 1369 There are two rivet-holes in the base of the blade. Length, 4! in. (11. l cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4610. The patina has been partl\' removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 25. 1370 There are two rivet-holes in the base of the blade, in one of which the original rivet is still preserved. Length, 4i% in. (10.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 461 1. The patina has been partly removed. The surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 27. 1 371 There are no rivet-holes. Length, 3! in. (9.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4612. The patina has been partly removed. The upper part of the blade is missmg. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 29. 1372 There are no rivet-holes. Length, 4I in. (12.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4613. The patina has been largely removed. The top of the blade is missing. The surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 31. 385 Dagger- blades IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 1373 There are no rivet-holes. Length, S2 in. (14 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4614. The patina has been partly removed. The top of the blade is missing and the surface is considerably corroded, with a few pieces missing. Ace. No. C.B. 35. 1373 1374 1374 Triangular blade with slightly concave outline. The tang is unusually broad. There are three rivet-holes, two in the base of the blade, one in the tang. For similar dagger-blades ot triangular shape from the Cj'clades cf. F. Diimmler, Athenische Mitteilungen, XI, 1886, Beilage i, Nos. 6, 7. Length, 3f in. (9.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4615. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXI, 4. The green patina has been partly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 28. TYPE II. Leaf-shaped, with strong midrib which is prolonged into a round, tapering tang, long enough to penetrate the whole length of the handle. The end is bent back to form a hook, in order to keep the tang firmly in place. Often there are two slits at the base of the blade to sepa- rate the cutting edges from the tang (cL J. L. M\'res, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 4616-4625). This t}-pe of dagger is said to have been found in graves of 3000 B.C. (cf. M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Neues iiber Ausgrabungen auf Cypern, in Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, XXXI, p. 321, fig. XXI, 10). It is often referred to as Cypriote par excellence, and was certainly a favorite form in Cyprus, to judge from the numerous examples found there (cL J. L. Myres and M. Ohne- falsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, p. 53, Nos. 551 fF.). 386 ARMS AND ARMOR But it is not peculiar to this localit)' onh'. Daggers of the same shape have Dagger- been found in Tro}^ (cf. M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kj'pros, die Bibel und blades Homer, pL CXL\'I, 3A, d), as well as in Hungary (cf. F. von Pulszky, Die Kupferzeit in Ungarn, p. 77, Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7) and other sites of Central Europe (cf. J. Undset, Die altesten Schwertformen, in Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, XXH, 1890, p. 8 f., who thinks that these were probabl\- carried there from Cyprus by the Phoenicians). 1378 Length, StV in. (21. 8 cm.), cf. J. L. M3-res, Ccsnohi Handbook, No. 4616. The green patina has been mostl\- removed. The edges are slighth' chipped. Ace. No. C.B. I. Illustrated, p. 3S9. 1379 Length, 123^ in. (31.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4617. The green patina has been partly removed. Slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 2. 1380 Length, 13 i\ in. (jj.^ cm.), cf. J. L. M\Tes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 461S. The green patma has been partly removed. Slightl\" corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 3. I381 Length, i6y^ in. (41. S cm.), cf. J. L. M\res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4619. The green patina has been partl\- removed. Slighth' Cdrroded m places. Ace. No. C.B. 4. 1382 Le The green p No. C.B. s. 382 ngth, iSrs in. (59.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4020. reen patina has been parti)' removed. Slightly corroded in places. Ace. 1383 Length, I3vij in. (40.2 cm.), cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4621. The green patina has been partly removed. Slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 6. 1384 Length, 193^ in. (48.7 cm.), cf J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4622. The green patina has been partly removed. Slightly corroded in places. The edges are considerably chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 7. 1385 Length, 191 in. (48.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4623. 387 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Dagger- The green patina has been partly removed. Considerably corroded in places. BL.ADES Ace. No. C.B. 8. 1386 Length, 173^ in. (44.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4624. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXII, 2. The green patina has been parti}' remo\ed. Slight!)- corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 9. 1387 Length, i6| in. (41 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4625. The green patina has been partly removed. Considerably corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 10. 1388 The midrib is hammered fiat for a short distance from the point. Length, 20 in. (50.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4626. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, pi. LXXH, 5. The green patina has been partly- removed. Considerably corroded. The tang is bent a little to one side. Ace. No. C.B. II. 1389 The midrib is hammered flat for a short distance from the point. Length, 16^6 in. (40. S cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4627. The green patina has been partly removed. Considerably corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 12. 1390 Length, I2f in. (32.1 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4628. The green patina has been mostly removed. Much corroded, with pieces along the edges missing. Ace. No. C.B. 13. I39I Length, lOre >"• (-'^■5 cm.), cf. J. L. M\'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4629. The green patina has been mostly removed. The edges are much chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 14. 1392 The blade is bent back, probabl}- intentionally to make it useless before burial (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, p. 472). The end of the tang is hammered out. Length, as bent, ill in. (29.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4630. The green patina has been partly removed. Slightly corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 15. 1393 The blade is bent like No. 1392. Length, iii in. (29.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4631. 388 1378 d^??pKS^!?***(«».»— T— I3SS i:,qz j'^-^i.'^ifc^^*;^^^'^^'-3^f?*''j--'' 1394 139s 1 396 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Dagger- The patina has been entirely removed. The copper has now a brownish appear- BLADES ance. Much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. i6. 1394 Doubled up, probably intentionall}', like Nos. 1392, IJ93. Length, as bent, 65 in. (16.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Mjres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 46^2. Greenish patina. The surface is much encrusted and considerable parts of the blade, as well as the whole of the tang, are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 81. Illustrated, p. 3S9. 1395 The midrib protrudes so far and the lateral wings of the blade are so narrow that the dagger is practically four-winged. Illustrated, p. 389. Length, 9j|- in. (24.9 cm.j. cf. J. L. M)'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4633. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pl- LXXII, 3- The green patina has been partly removed. Much corroded, with considerable parts of the blade missing. Ace. No. C.B. 17. 1396 Lour-bladed type like No. 1395. Illustrated, p. 389. Length, 14 in. (35.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4634. Greenish patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. The bent tip of the tang is broken off. Ace. No. C.B. 37. LATE BRONZE AGE In tlie Late Bronze Age, which corresponds to the ALxenaean coloni- zation of Cyprus, bronze proper was used, that is, copper was mixed with 9-1 1 per cent of tin, and was of correspondingly greater hardness. The forms of the dagger blades accordingly became more developed. They have now broad flat tangs with flanged edges. The handle-plates were riveted to these tangs, where they were kept in place by the flanges. Lor other examples of this period with similar flanged tangs cL e.g. A. J. Evans, The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, p. 82, fig. 90. FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) 1403 There are five rivet-holes in the tang. 1403 Length, s/V in. (13.5 cm.j. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4692. 390 ARMS AND ARMOR Illustrated in the Ccsnula Atlas, 111, pi. LXIW 3. (iieenish patina. The sui- Dagger- tace IS much encrusted and corruded. Ace. NO. CB. 22. blades 1404 Between the blade and the tang is a socket to secure the handle- plates turther. The tang, which is A-er\- long, is unsymmerrical. It con- tains t\\o n\"et-holcs in which the ri\"ets are still preserved. 1404 Length, SiV in. (20. s cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4693. Greenish patina. 1 he surface is much corroded and encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. -4- FROM G O U R N I A , CRETE The type prewalent in Crete during the Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan I periods (about 1S00-1500 B.C.) is the follo^\ing: Leaf-shaped, without tang or midrib, and with rounded or straight-edged base for insertion in the haft, to which it was further secured b\" rn'ets. These blades are often of verv thin bronze, in which cases the\" could not have been used for stabbing, but merelv as knite-blades. For similar examples cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. I\ , 56-60, and the references there cited; R. B. Seager, E.xplorations in the Island of Mochlos, fig. 45, NN, 9; II, 52, I\', iS. For the de\'elopment of this t\-pe of blade from the earlier triangular form cf. R. B. Seager, Mochlos, op. cit., p. 106 L 1407 1407 Slighth" rounded base with three rivet-holes, m two ot which the rivets are still preserved. Length, 53^ in. (13. S cm.y Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is corroded in places. The edges are con- siderably- chipped. Ace. No. 07.232.7. IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Dagger- 1408 The base is rounded and has three rivet-holes, in one of which BLADES t-iie rivet is still preserved. The blade contracts slightly in the middle. 1408 Length, 5x^ in. (13.8 cm.). Gift of the American E.xploration Society, 1907. Crusty, greenish patina. The edges are somewhat chipped. Ace. No. 07.232.6. 1409 1409 Straight base with three rivet-holes, in one of which the rivet is still preserved. The blade is wider in the middle than at the ends. Length, 5j in. (14.6 cm.). Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Crust}', brown-green patina with blue patches. Considerabh' chipped on the edges. Ace. No. 07.232.8. 1410 I4IO Straight base with two rivets. The edges of the blade are nearly parallel. Length, 437! in. (12.5 cm.). Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Crusty, greenish patina. Slightly chipped on the edges. Ace. No. 07.232.9. ,392 ARMS AND ARMOR SPEAR-HEADS From the he^innini; ot the Late Bronze Age spear-heads (spear = oopv, Spear- hasta) are provided with tubular sockets and are thus clearh distinguished heads from dagger-blades (see abo^■e, p. i^s)- For spears in general cf. E. Cuq, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, hasta, pp. 33 tt. FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) LATE BRONZE AGE Spear-heads ot this period ha\-e narrow, leaf-shaped blades generall\^ with a midrib, which sometimes becomes so accentuated as to give a four- winged appearance to the blade. This type of spear-head is common in the Greek world in the Later Bronze and Earl\" Iron Ages: ct. e.g. the examples from Knossos (A. J. Evans, The Prehistoric Tombs ot Knossos, pi. XCI, fig. 113I; from Gournia iH. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. 1\", 48); from Mochlos (R. B. Seager, Explora- tions in the Island ot Mochlos, fig. 45, XX, 10-12); from Ial\sos (A. Furtwiingler und G. Loschcke, M\'kenische A asen, pi. D); and from 01\'mpia (A. Furtwiingler, Ol^'mpia, I\\ Die Bronzen, pi. LXI\', and P- 173)- 141 5 AA'ithout midrib. The tubular socket was formed b\- bending the lower part of the blade around the head of the haft, a practice which may well have originated the socket. Illustrated, p. 395. Length, 4j in. (10.5 cm.), cf. J. L. ^L^'tes, Cesnula Handbook, No. 4694. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pl- LXXIII, S- Rough, dark greenish patina. A piece on the upper right-hand corner ot the socket is missing. Ace. Xo.C.B. 533. 1 41 6 With strongly- marked midrib. Illustrated, p. 395. Length, I3rt in. (35.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4695. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IIL pl. LXXIL i. Rough, green patina. Lhe socket is split open and a piece on its lower part is missing. Lhere are two rivet- holes in the socket. Ace. Xo. C.B. 41. 141 7 With strongl}- marked midrib. Length of fragment, 7i^ in. (18.9 cm.), cf. ]. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Xo. 4696. Rough, green patina. The upper part is broken off and the socket IS split open. Ace. No. C.B. 38. 393 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Spear- I418 The midrib is so marked as to give the spear-head a four-bhided HEADS effect. Length, I2f in. (32.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4697. Rough, greenish patina. Part of the iron (t) haft is preserved and a portion of the soclcet is missing, as are also a few pieces m the blade. Ace. No. C.B. 39. EARLY IRON AGE Most spear-heads of the Earl}' Iron Age resemble those of the Late Bronze period; that is, the}' have leaf-shaped blades and tubular sockets. But the blade is generalh" not so narrow, and the midrib broad and flat. The majorit}- of specimens found are of iron, but bronze is not wholly- discarded. For the distribution of this tA'pe ot spear-head see under the examples of the Bronze Age, p. 393. (a) Of Bronze 1423 Length, 5x6 in. (14.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4706. Rough, green patina. There are two rivet-holes in the socket. Chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. 36. 1424 Length, 7iV in. (18.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4707. The rough, greenish patina has been parti)' removed. The surface is encrusted in places. Chipped in places. There are two rivet-holes in the socket. Ace. No. C.B. 40. (b) Of Iron 1425 Length, lliV in. (28.1 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4708. The tip is broken off, as is also part of the socket. Part of the haft is preserved inside the socket. Ace. No. C.B. 45. 1426 Length, 9;'^ in. (24.3 cm.). cL J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4709. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 46. 1427 Length, 8^ in. (20.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnoia Handbook, No. 4710. The iron is much corroded, and a piece from the edge of the blade is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 47. 394 I4IS .:*«*» iji6 1418 1423 1424 1426 1430 1433 1436 1437 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Spear- I428 HEADS Length, 7I in. (18.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4711. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 48. 1429 Length, 5x6 in- (14-' cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4712. Part of the iron haft is still preserved. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 49. 1430 The small size of this e.xample suggests that it ma}' have been used as an arrow-head. Illustrated, p. 395. Length, 3 Ye in- (7-8 cm.), cf. J. L. M)'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4713. Ace. No. C.B. 507. Another variety of spear-head found in C\'prus during this period has a four-sided blade with a socket below and ending above in a point. The process of its development from the other t}'pe was probably the gradual disappearance of the wings of the blade, leaving only the long midrib. This type of spear-head is peculiar to Cyprus and may perhaps be iden- tified with the aiyvva referred to by Herodotos and other ancient writers as the Cypriote javelin (cf. J. L. Myres, The Sigynnae of Herodotos, in the Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. T}'lor, 1908, pp. 255-276; and A. J. Reinach, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under sigyna, p. 1336 f.; also J. L. Myres, Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, III, p. 107, and V, p. 130). (a) Of Bronze 1433 Length, 25 in. (63.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4714. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi- LXVII, 2. The green patina has been largely removed. Somewhat bent. The socket is split open and broken on one side. The tip is missing. Ace. No. C.IL 42. Illustrated, p. 395. 1434 Length, 2o| in. (53 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4715. Crusty, green patina. Somewhat bent and corroded in places. The tip is miss- ing. Ace. No. C.B. 43. 1435 Length, 27^6 in. (69.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4716. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXXVH, 4. Crusty, green patina. Considerably corroded in places. The tip is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 44. 396 ARMS AND ARMOR 1436 Spear- Length, 14^ in. (35.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4717. heads Rough, green patina. The socket is slit open. There are two rivet-holes in the socket. Ace. No. C.B. 116. llhistrateil, p. 395, (b) Of Iron 1437 Length, II in. (27.9 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 471S. Much corroded. One rivet in the socket is preserved. It was broken in two and reattached. Ace. No. C.B. 115. Illustrated, p. 395. FROM ITALY The blade is ot broad, leaf-shaped form, ending in a sharp point, and provided with a flat midnb. Below is a tubular socket for the insertion of the handle. This is the common type of spear-head found in Italy during the Pre- Roman period (cf. E. Cuq, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under hasta, p. 37, and British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, fig. 83). The four specimens in our collection are dated as not later than the middle of the sixth century B.C., since they were found in the same tomb as the Etruscan chariot (cf. p. 177 f.). Of Iron 1442 Length, with socket, 19I in. (50 cm.). Unpublished. The iron is much corroded. The tip and a piece of the socket are missmg. Inside the socket a portion of the iron haft is still preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 43S. 'SM^t^ ''^^: 1442 1443 Length, with socket, iSfg in. (46.5 cm.). Unpublished. The iron is much corroded. Inside the socket a portion of the iron haft is still preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 43 7- 1444 Length, with socket, lS| in. (48 cm.). Unpublished. The iron is much .397 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Spear- corroded. The tip is missing and the edges are somewhat chipped. Inside the HEADS socket a portion of the iron haft is still preserved. Ace. No. G.R. 436. 1445 Similar to the above, but of smaller dimensions. Length, with socket, Sj^ in. (21.5 cm.). Unpublished. The iron is much corroded and a few pieces from the socket are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 439. BUTT-SPIKES Butt- The shafts of Greek spears were often provided on the butt ends either SPIKES y^,^^Yi another spear-head, so that the weapon could be used at both extremi- ties, or with a simple spike (cf. E. Cuq, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under hasta, p. 36). The following are examples of such spikes (aavpuT'qp), with tubular sockets. FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) EARLY IRON AGE 1450 Of four-sided section, with a moulded ring between the spike and the socket. Implements of this form used to be classed as spear-heads (cf. A. Furt- wangler, Oljmpia, IV, Die Bronzen, pi. LXIV, p. 175); they are, however, more probably spear-butts, for which their shape is much better adapted (cf. R. C. Bosanquet, in Essays and Studies presented to William Ridge- way, 1913, p. 275 L). Length, 65 in. (16.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4719. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pl- LXXIII, 2. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is much corroded. The upper end of the spike and the greater part of the socket are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 51. 1450 1451 145 I Of round section. Length, 7g in. (1S.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4720. Rough, greenish patina. The bronze is slit open in many places and a piece at 398 ARMS AND ARMOR the bottom is missing. About midway arc traces which show that a ring of Ikirr- another material surrounded it. Ace. No. C.B. 50. spikes SWORDS The earliest bronze swords {^i4>os, gladius) date from the Later Bronze Swords Age. In the Earl)- Bronze Age the difficult}- of casting so long a weapon as the sword had not yet been overcome and short daggers had to serve the purpose of chief offensive weapon (cf. Nos. 1360 ff). For swords m general cf. : — E. Beurlier, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, gladius, pp. 1600 ff. J. Naue, Die vorromischen Schwerter. 1460 BRONZE SWORD. The blade has slightly convex edges which become concave and indented before the\- reach the hilt. The hilt, which is attached to the sword by two bronze rivets, has a grip of oval section and a pommel in the shape of a shallow bowl with a knob in the centre. The hilt and the adjoining portion of the sword are richh' decorated with incised and punctured ornaments, consisting of rows of circles, semicircles, dots, and zigzag lines. On the grip are three raised bands, and the blade has a series of ribs running along either side of the midrib. 1460 The workmanship is excellent, the decorations being executed through- out with wonderful finish. This type of sword is commonly known as Hungarian and belongs to the Later Bronze Age (cf. J. Naue, Die vorromischen Scliwerter, p. 48 f., p. 53 L, p. 56, pis. XXII ff. ; O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. 31, p. 174 L,and the references there cited). For its distribution cf. J. Naue, op. cit., p. 55. Length, 2I5 in. (54.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, p. 20. Smooth, olive-green patina. The preservation is excellent, the sword being practically intact, except for a crack in the pommel and a few slight chips in the blade. Ace. No. 06.1170. I461 BRONZE SWORD WITH SHEATH. The blade is in the form of a long, pointed leaf with broad flat midrib, and rounded base. The hilt 399 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Swords has a crescent-shaped pommel and a grip which is wider m the middle than at the ends. The grip and the base of the blade have raised edges for the insertion of bone or ivory inlay (now missing). The blade is decorated along either side of the midrib with a series of ridges, and at its base are finely incised and punctured lines. On the base of the blade and the hilt are four rivet-holes for the attachment of the inlay. '\i^ ^^.^^^^^^' --^'^«'**^' 1461 The sheath is made of a thin plate of bronze, bent together with edges adjoining. It ends above in a knob, with disk below, and is decorated on its surface with a series of parallel ridges, zigzag lines, and hatchings This t3'pe of sword commonly occurs in Central and South Italy. The earliest examples belong to the period between i loo-iooo B.C. (O.Montelius, Pre-Classical-Chronologie, pi. Ii), but the t}'pe continues into the Early Iron Age (cf. J. Naue, Die vorromischen Schwerter, pp. 11-12, pi. VI, l). Length of sword, 2o| in. (53 cm.). Lengths of sheath fragments, iijig-in. (28.1 cm.); 4^ in. (11. 4 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Said to be from Roman excavations. Unpublished. Rough, green-blue patma. The sword is somewhat chipped and the sheath very fragmentary. Ace. No. 09.221.27. 1462 IRON SWORD, with straight-edged blade, strong midrib, and flanged tang. This form is probabl}' a translation into iron ot a bronze form found in Greece during the late Mjxenaean period (cf. H. Schliemann, M3xenae, p. 144, fig. 221, and others cited b}' A. J. Evans, Mjxenaean Cj'prus as illus- trated in the British Museum Excavations, in the Journal of the Anthro- pological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. XXX, 1900, p. 218). It is of foreign origin and seems to have originated in Italy, where a number of bronze examples of this form have been found (cf. J. Naue, Die vorrom- 400 ARMS AND ARMOR ischen Schwerter, p. 15 f., pis. \'II, VIII). Our example, from its close resemblance to these Bronze Age examples, must be placed at the bey;innint; of the Earl}^ Iron Age, that is, about iioo-iooo B.C. For similar iron swords from Cj-prus, cf. J. Undset, Die altesten Schvvertformen, in Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, 1S90, XXII, p. 2 f. Length, z/f in. (69.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. [. L. jMyres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4725. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXIV, 2. The iron is much corroded. The handle-plates and rivets are miss- ing, but the discoloration shows the handle to have run forward in a blunt point on the upper end of the blade. Ace. No. C.B. 438. Swords 146Z 1463 1463 IRON SWORD, with broad, leaf-shaped blade, with recurving edges and strong midrib. The tang is semicircular above and was prob- ably long and narrow below (the lower part is now^ missing); it is not flanged, but has a bronze binding which protected the edges. Of this form only a few examples have been found, all of which come from Cyprus (cf. e.g. J. F. M3-res andM. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cj'prus Museum, Nos. 3911-3913 [three fragments of at least two swords]; M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Zeitschrift ftir Ethnologic, XXXI, 1S99, p. (29) [a reference to a sword now in Cambridge and shortly to be published by J. L. Mvres in the Fiverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropolog}']). On the engraved bowd from Cj-prus, which dates from the first half of the seventh century B.C. (cf. J. F. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4554) similar swords are represented. The t3'pe resembles the later form ot sword at Halos, but is of more curved outline fcf. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4726). Recently a number of similar but smaller daggers and swords have 401 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Swords been found in Early Iron Age tombs near Carchemish (not yet pub- lished).' Length, 23 1 in. (59.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4726. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXIV^ I. The iron is much corroded. The lower part of the tang is missing (see above). Two bronze rivets are preserved, as well as parts of the bronze binding of the handle-plates. Ace. No. C.B. 437. 1464 1469 147s 1464 FRAGMENT OF A SIMILAR IRON SWORD, consisting of the greater part of the tang with its bronze binding, and a considerable por- tion of the ivory handle-plates, which are fastened to the tang by means of three silver rivets. The hilt is c^dindncal in section and ornamented with two mouldings. Length of fragment, 4J in. (12.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4727. The iron is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 439. 1469 DIMINUTIVE SWORD, probably used as a pin. The blade is long and thin, with slightl)' curving edges. The hilt has a guard in the form of a cross-piece, and ends above in a knob-shaped pommel. This type of sword is that commonl)' used in Greece during the fifth century B.C., as can be seen from frequent representations of it on Greek 'Lhis information I owe to Professor John L. Myres. 402 ARMS AND ARMOR vase-paintings, and some datable specimens found (cf. British Museum, Swords Greek and Roman Life, p. 99 f.). Length, 3^ in. (8.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M.yres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S29. The green patina has been partly re- moved. Otherwise intact. Ace. No. C.B. 222. 1475 IRON SWORD with straight-edged blade and marked midrib. The guard is of rounded form cut off sharp at the ends. The hilt has a bronze grip of oval section and flat pommel surmounted b\' a knob. The pommel is apparently fragmentary, having been of the antennae type with recurving ends. Early Iron Age. For similar swords cf. J. Dechelette, Manuel d' archeologie, II, pp. 730 ff.; J. Naue, Die vorromischen Schwerter, pis. XXXIV fF. Length, 17I in. (43. S cm.). Gift of Albert Gallatin, 1913. Dredged from the Rhone at Avignon in 191 1. The iron is much corroded and the edges of the blade are much chipped. The hilt, which is covered with a c^ust^^ green patina, is slit open on one side. Ace. No. 13.134. ARROW-HEADS Arrows (tos, sagltta) were used both in warfare and for the chase Arrow- throughout antiquit}', from the Stone Age down to Roman tmies. Their heads chronolog}' is a matter of some dilHculty, as they have mostly been found scattered on the surface, not in tombs. More or less definite date marks, however, are sometimes supplied b}' their occurrence on well-known battle- fields. For arrows in general cf. A. J. Reinach, Daremberg at Saglio, Diction- naire, sagitta, pp. 997 ff. The following t\'pes of arrow-heads are represented m our collection: TYPE I. With flat, leaf-shaped blade, midrib, and long four-sided tang which served for insertion in the shaft. This type appears as early as the Bronze Age (cf. F. J. Bliss, A Mound of Many Cities, Tell el Hesy, p. 81, figs. 133 ft'.; E. Sellin, Tell Ta'Annek, pi. 8 g and h ; J. de Morgan, Recherches sur les origines de rEg\pte, 1896, p. 210, Nos. 569, 570; J. Garstang, Mahasna and Bet Khalaf, pi. XXIII; R. C. Bosanquet, Phylakopi, pi. XXXVUI, 6); but persists until later, and is commonly found in S3-ria and Palestine (cf. F. J. Bliss and R. A. S. Macalister, E.xcavations in Palestine, pi. 79). A number of examples have 403 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Arrow- been found in C\'prus (cf. H. B. Walters, British Museum, Catalogue of HEADS Bronzes, No. 2S09; W. Ridgeway, Earl_y Age of Greece, p. 302, fig. 57). FROM CYPRUS (CESNOLA COLLECTION) 1480 The midrib is broad and flat. Length, 5:1 in. (13.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4776. The greenish patina has been partly removed. The surface is encrusted in places. Ace. No. C.B. 32. 1 48 1 The midrib is broad and flat. Length, 2f in. (6.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4777. Crusty, greenish patina. Ace. No. C.B. 60. 1482 The midrib is narrow and marked. Length, l| in. (4.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4778. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 62. Type II. With three-edged blade and tubular socket. This type is commonly found on Greek sites during the classical period. A number of examples were found on the battle-field of Marathon (cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, No. 748 [2], pi. XIV, 28), which gives them a definite date. They appear, however, to have had a long history. It is possible that they should be identified with the Homeric rpiyXo^xi-'' or thnce-barbed arrow (cf. W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I, p. 301 f .; A. Furtwangler, Olympia, Bronzen, p. 178, Nos. 1083 ff.). In the recent excavations at Carchemish they have been found in tombs after the fifth century B.C. FROM CYPRUS (cesnola COLLECTION) 1487 Length, if in. (4.1 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4789. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LXXIH, 4- Rough, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 57. 1488 Length, Iys in. (3.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4790. Light green patina. The surface somewhat encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 55. 1489 Length, ih in. (3.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4791. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 54. 404 uso 1481 1487 1502 1499 iSii iqio ■*g ^^y y^_— ^ 1512 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Arrow- 1 490 HEADS Length, 1y6 in. (3 cm.)- cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4792. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is slightly corroded and the edges are somewhat chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 53. I49I Length, ife in. (4.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4793. The patina has been removed. The surface is considerably corroded and the edges are chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. 56. TYPE III. With four-sided blade of either straight-edged, tapering outline, or leaf-shaped profile. The tang is long and either round or four-sided in section. This t}'pe, like the preceding, occurs on Greek sites during the classical period. Again a definite date-mark is supplied by their occurrence on the battle-field of Marathon (cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, p. 144, No. 748, pi. XIV, 40, 41; British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 100, fig. 86). FROM CYPRUS (cesnola COLLECTION) (a) With straight-edged blade 1499 The tang is round in section. Illustrated, p. 405. Length, 4 in. (10. i cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4779. The rough, green patina has been partly removed. The tang is bent in its lower half. Ace. No. C.B. 65. 1500 The tang is of round section. Length, 3I in. (9.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4780, Green patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 66. I 501 The tang is four-sided. Length, 2f in. (6.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4781. The patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 67. (b) With leaf-shaped blade 1502 The tang is of round section. Illustrated, p. 405. Length, 25 in. (6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4782. Greenish black patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 76. 1503 The tang is of round section. Length, 25 in. (7.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4783. 406 ARMS AND ARMOR The patina has been largely removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. Arrow- No. C.B. 73- HEADS 1504 The tang is rounded. Length, 2f in. (9.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 47S4. The patina has been removed. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 74. 1505 Length, 2ff in. (7.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4785. The patina has been removed. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 75. T\ PE I\ . With two-edged triangular blade, sometimes ending below in barbs. There is a midrib and a four-edged tang, which is broadened where it joins the blade. This type is commonly found on classical sites during the Hellenistic period (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Olj'mpia, IV, Die Bronzen, Nos. 1093 ft".; H. Thiersch, in Furtwiingler, Aegina, p. 433, No. 258, pi. 1 17, 45; C. Carapanos, Dodone, pi. LVIII, 17, 18; M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1899, p. 332), and is figured on coins of the Alexander period (cf. British Museum, Catalogue, Crete, pi. 16, 13). But it also occurs earlier, as is seen from its appearance at Marion in Cyprus at the beginning of the fourth century (cf. A. Furtwangler, Ol3'mpia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 178; Nos. 1093 fF.), and at Eryx in Sicil}' in the fifth to fourth centuries B.C. (cf. an unpublished example in Sir Arthur J. Evans's collec- tion^). For Roman arrow-heads of this type cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 105, fig. 92. FROM CYPRUS (cESNOLA COLLECTION) 15 10 The blade has straight, flaring sides ending below in barbs. Length, Irs in- (3-6 cm.), cf. J. L. Ah-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4786. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXIH, 6. The patina has been largely removed. The points of the blade and the barbs, as well as most of the tang, are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 63. Illustrated, p. 405. 151 1 The blade has straight, flaring sides, rounded below. Length, 2j in. (5.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4787. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 64. Illustrated, p. 405. I This information I owe to Mr. John L. Myres. 407 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Arrow- I512 The blade is leaf-shaped. Illustrated, p. 405. "•"•■^^^ Length, 2| in. (6.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4788. Rough, greenish patina. The surface is somewhat encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 61, SHIELDS Shields The form of shield {aairis, dvpeos, TrapiJ.7], clipeus, scutum, parma, pelta) m use in the M3'cenaean period was of large dimensions, often ex- tending from the neck to the feet (cf. W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I, p. 312). In the succeeding period a smaller shield of more wieldy form w^as adopted, and this necessitated the adoption of metal cuirasses, helmets, and greaves to compensate for the loss of the protection which the large shield afforded. Lor shields in general cf. — E. Saglio, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, clipeus, pp. 1248 fF. W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos, pp. 3 1 1 ff. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, p. LXVTII f. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, pp. 88 ff. C. Friederichs, Klemere Kunst und Industrie im Alterthum, p. 218. 1522 SHIELD BOSS, consisting of a round, flat disk (fragmentary), with a pointed conical knob in the centre. This form is of Ass\-rian origin. It is frequently represented on early Cypriote figures of warriors (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, Nos. 2098 fL in the Terracotta Collection and No. 746 in the Vase Collection). For a fine e.xample with figures of lions and bulls embossed in Oriental st\'le, from Amathus, cf. G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de Lart, III, p. 869 f., fig. 639. Its probable date is about 700 B.C. Diameter of fragment, 5tV in. (13.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4754. The patina has been mostly removed. The surface is much corroded in places. Less than half of the disk is preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 5 14. 1523 ROUND DISK, of slightl)' convex shape, ornamented on its outer side with punctured, engraved, and embossed patterns arranged in concentric bands. The latter consist of concentric circles, dotted zigzag lines, hatched lines, dotted triangles, dotted meander, and a series of small and large bosses. 408 ARMS AND ARMOR Disks of this t\pe have been frequently found in Earlj' Iron Age tombs Shields in Italy (about seventh century B.C.) and probabl}- served as shield-bosses (cf. e.g. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. 46, 2; H. B. 1523 15-4. 1525 Walters, Bronzes in the British Museum, p. LXIX, Nos. 368-373; W. Hel- big, Das Homerische Epos, p. 319, fig. 122). Diameter, 83% in. (20.8 cm.). Purchased in igi2. Unpublished. The green patina has been parth' removed. The surface is somewhat encrusted and there 409 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Shields are some rust stains. Cracked in places and repaired in antiquity; some of the old patches and rivets are still preserved. Ace. No. 12. 163. 1. 1524 ROUND DISK, of slightly convex shape, similar to the pre- ceding but of smaller dimensions. The patterns consist of dotted zigzags, hatched lines, and a series of bosses. Diameter, 35 in. (8.9 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Unpublished. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. Slightly cracked; there is a hole in the centre. Ace. No. 12. 163. 2. 1525 ROUND DISK, of slightly convex shape, similar to the pre- ceding. The patterns are similar. Diameter, 3x1- in. (10 cm.). Purchased in 1912. Unpublished. Crusty, blue-green patina. The surface is somewhat encrusted and there are some rust stains. There is a hole in the centre and the edges are somewhat chipped. Ace. No. 12. 163. 3. HELMETS Helmets The earliest helmets {Kwet^, galea) were probably made of leather (ki;c€77 = literally dog's skin). No metal helmets previous to the Early Iron Age have as yet been unearthed (cf. W. Ridgeway, Early Iron Age, p. 307). The epithets applied to helmets in the Homeric poems lead one to suppose that they were made either of bronze (cf. W. Helbig, Das Home- rische Epos, p. 295), or of leather with bronze fittings (cf. W. Reichel, Homerische WafFen, p. 99 f.). Throughout the classical period metal helmets were worn by both the Greeks and the Romans. The metal employed was chiefly bronze, though in Roman times iron was also used. For helmets in general cf. — S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, galea, pp. 1429 fF. B. Schroder, Die Freiherrlich von Lipperheidesche Helmsammlung in den kgl. Museen zu Berlin, in Archiiologischer Anzeiger, XX, 1905, pp. IS ff. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. i66. P. Perdrizet, Fouilles de Delphes, pp. 98 fF. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, pp. LVI fF. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 76. C. Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Alterthum, pp. 221 iF. 410 GREEK HELMETS 1530 HELMET of so-called Corinthian t}'pe, with domed top and Greek closely fitting cheek-pieces and long nose-piece, all made m one piece. Along Helmets the border is a finely executed border of a running spiral between rows of dots. 1 here are three small loops, two on the crown and one on the back, which served to fasten the crest. Illustrated, p. 41",. This t\-pe of helmet is called Corinthian from its frequent occurrence on the coins of Corinth. It is constantl)- represented on Corinthian and Attic black-figured and earl\' red-figured \ases, which indicates that it was in general use in Greece from the seventh to the earl\' fifth centui)' B.C. (cf. S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, galea, p. 1443). During this period it passed through a series of de\'elopments. The earliest t\-pe is made of fairly thin bronze, of equal thickness throughout, and is of a some- what clumsy form with a straight back and small holes around the edge for the attachment of the lining (cf. A. Furtwiingler, Olympia, l\, Die Bronzen, p. 166, No. 1015 L). Later the cheek-pieces and especially the nose-piece were made of thicker bronze than the rest of the helmet; the nose-piece was finely shaped and the back cur\ed so as to fit the neck. The small holes around the border were dispensed with, the lining being now needed only on the crown and the neck. Sometimes the crown was distinguished from the lower part bv a plastic line and the e\'ebrows were indicated b}' ridges. All detailswere executed with great finish (cf. Furtwiingler, op. cit., p. 167). Our helmet belongs to this later type, with reinforced cheek-pieces and nose-piece, shapely form, and no holes along the edge. It is noteworth}' that while on the vase-representations these helmets in\ariabl\' have a crest, on the extant examples there are often no traces of fastenings tor such a pur- pose. Probably what was a distinctly desirable addition to the vase- painter from a decorative point of view was often felt unpractical and cum- brous in real life (cf. Furtwiingler, op. cit., p. 166). For Corinthian helmets of later t\-pes from Ital\- cf. B. Schroder, Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1905, p. 16 f. Height, Si in. (21.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. From Olympia. Unpub- lished. Smooth, green patina with blue and brown patches. The surface is partly covered with incrustations. There are several cracks and small holes, and the ends of the cheek-pieces have been curved backward. Ace. No. 07.286.105. 1535 HELMET of the so-called Attic t\-pe. It consists of a cap with small nose-piece, immovable cheek-pieces, and a small peak to cover the neck. The cheek-pieces, which are rounded below and end in a point in 411 liMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek front, are cut so as to leave the ears free. Separating the crown from these Helmets appendages is a raised ridge, and the e3'ebrows are hkewise indicated by raised ridges. On the forehead is roughly incised what appears to be a hu- man head, full face, wearing a helmet of the Attic t3'pe with upturned cheek- pieces. Beneath the ej'ebrows is a band of incised circles and lines, end- ing in \olutes on the temples. The so-called Attic helmet was apparently developed from the simple cap-like form which appears on the early Attic vases (cf. A. Furtwangler, 01}'mpia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 170, who gives a clear account of the history of this t}'pej. The earliest appearance of the developed form with a peak for the protection of the neck and cheek-pieces which leave the ears free is on Chalkidian vases of the sixth century B.C. (cf. e.g. Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1889, p. 91; Monumenti dell' Instituto, I, 26, 12). It also occurs on Attic late black-figured vases and early Attic coins, and becomes the prevailing form in the early fifth century B.C., as is seen from its frequent occurrence on vases of the severe red-figured period and monuments such as the Aegine- tan pediment group. During the fifth and fourth centuries it retained its popularity. The cheek-pieces, which were sometimes richl}' ornamented (cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 79, fig. 57J, were often attached on hinges to enable the wearer to push them up from the face when not in battle. The nose-piece is often absent. Crests were worn on the Attic helmets, just as on the Corinthian; that is, they invariabU' appear on the vase-representations, but are often absent on extant examples. For a very elaborate type of crest worn with a helmet of this class cf. the replicas of the Athena Parthenos of Pheidias. Our example probably belongs to the end of the sixth century, the shape of the cheek-piece corresponding to that prevalent on Chalkidian vases (see above) and the earliest red-figured vases (cL Wiener Vorlegeblatter, D, 7). Height, 7I in. (20 cm.). Purchased in 1904. Unpublished. The crusty, green patina has been almost entirely removed. There are several cracks and indentations. The incised and punctured ornaments have become almost obliter- ated. Ace. No. G.R. 503. 1 540 HELMEl' of conical shape, with a brim in the form of a vertical band, the upper part projecting over the brim. On each side is a rivet-hole, perhaps for the attachment of the cheek-pieces. This type of helmet often occurs on Greek monuments of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. (cf. S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, galea, p. 1445; B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 530, fig. 280). Its shape 412 1535 ■' ^• h i5jo 1535 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Greek Helmets is similar to the pilos or felt hat from which it was clearly derived. The cheek-pieces are added onl}^ occasionally, and are not original to this shape, but were adopted from the other types of . helmets (cf. B. Schroder, Die Freiherrlich von Lipperheidesche Helmsamndung m den kgl. Museen zu Berlm, Archaologischer Anzeiger, XX, 1905, p. 21). For helmets of this type cf. also K. Schumacher, An- tike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, No. 697, pi. XIII, 4. Height, 8 J in. (20.9 cm.). Purchased in 1908. Said to have been found in a well near the Peiraeus toward Eleusis. Mentioned in the Mu- seum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 81. The patina '54° has been mostly removed. The surface is much discolored and encrusted in places. Ace. No. 08.258.14. 1 541 HELMET of the same type as the preceding. There are no rivet-holes at the sides, but there are four at the apex, perhaps for the at- tachment of a crest. Height, 8(15 in. (20.5 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Said to have been found in Sicih'. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 190S, p. 39. The patina, crusty and green with blue patches, has been largely removed on the outer side. 1 he surface is corroded in places and there is a hole on one side. Ace. No. oS.2.4. ITALIC HELMETS 1546 HELMET, of hemi- spherical form with triangular crest and narrow border. Both the crest and the lower part of the helmet are elaboratel}^ ornamented with embossed designs consisting of cir- cular knobs and rows of dots. The helmet is made in two pieces, which are fastened together below the crest on each side by means of plaques held in place by three long rivets. Along the edge of the crest the 414 IS4I 1549 155° IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Italic fastening is produced bv one sheet of bronze being bent over the other. On Helmets each side just above the border are two rivet-holes. Hehnets of this type have been found on Early Iron Age sites in Ital)^ (cf. J. Martha, L' Art etrusque, p. 60; Notizie degli Scavi, 1882, pi. XIII, 8, pp. 162 ff. and 180; O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive, pi. 47, 10; Kopenhagen, Nationalmuseum, Fiihrer durch die Antikensammlung, p. 104, No. 22; B. Schroder, Die Freiherrlich von Lipperheidesche Helm- sammlung in den kgl. Museen zu Berlin, in Archiiologischer Anzeiger XX, 1905, p. 25 f. ; one in the Universit}^ Museum, Philadelphia, unpublished); also in Germany and in France (cf. Notizie degli Scavi, 1882, p. 164, and the references there given). 1 he form also appears on bronze statuettes and is imitated in clay to serve as a lid to cmerar}' urns (cf. B. Schroder, loc. cit.). lor the possible derivation of this t\'pe of helmet from Mj'cenaean pro- totypes ct. Schroder, loc cit., and the references there cited. Height, as restored, I2| in. (32.1 cm.). Greatest width, 12.T in. (31.8 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Found in Capua. Published b\' F. von Duhn, Annali dell' Institute, 11^83, p. 1S8, pi. N; B. Dean, Museum Bulletin, February, 190S, p. 38. Crusty, green patina with brownish patches. The apex on the crest is restored and several small pieces are missing. The protruding rivets underneath the crest may have served for the support of some ornament, perhaps in the shape of birds' wings (cf. B. Dean, loc. cit.). Ace. No. oS.2.5. 1549 HELMET consisting of a metal cap of hemispherical form ending above in a point with a knob at the apex. It has a peak to cover the neck, and movable cheek-pieces. The knob is decorated with tongue pattern and beading on the sides, and a rosette at the top. The peak and the narrow brim, which runs round the entire edge, are covered with a plait pattern, surmounted by beading and horizontal ridges; some of the ridges have hatched lines and there is a palmette in the centre in front. The cheek- pieces are modern, but parts of the original hinges are still preserved. Be- neath the peak are two rings secured b}' a loop attachment. Illustrated, p. 41 q. This t}'pe of helmet, which is popularly known as jockey-cap, occurs from about 400 B.C. (cL Notizie degli scavi, 1886, pi. I, 2, p. 39) and has frequently been found in Italian and Gallic tombs of the fourth and third centuries B.C. They were probably of Etruscan origin and adopted by the Galatians from the Etruscans (cf. R. Paribeni, Ausonia, I, pp. 279 ff.). For similar helmets cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pis. 64, i ; III, 3; B. Schroder, Die Freiherrlich von Lipperheidesche Helmsammlung 416 ARMS AND ARMOR in den kgl. Museen zu Berhn, m Aichiiologischer Anzeiger, XX, 1905, p. Italic 28; Monumenti antichi, IX, pi. XXM ; S. Reinach, Darember<^ et Saglio, Helmets Dictionnaire, galea, p. 1446; H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, Nos. 2725-2728; L. Lindenschmit, Alterthiimer unsrer heidnischen \'orzeit, I, Heft III, pi. 2, 364; K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, pi. XIII, 5, No. 696, and the references there cited. lor a representation ot this form of helmet in sculpture see the so-called warrior from Delos (S. Reinach, Bulletin de la correspondance hellenique, VIII, 18S4, p. 179, and No. 805 in our collection of casts). Height, \\ithout cheek-pieces, 7I in. (20 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Said to have been found in Sicil}'. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 190S, p. 39. The crusty, green patina has been removed in places. The cheek-pieces are restored (see above). Ace. No. 0S.2.1. 1550 HELMET of the same t)"pe as the preceding. The cheek- pieces are ot wavy outline and each is decorated with three large concentric circles, in relief; they are attached h}' means of hinges. The brim and the peak are decorated with horizontal ridges of which some are co\'ered with hatched lines. The knob is decorated with a rosette. In the middle of the peak is a hole, probabh' for the attachment of rings such as are still pre- served m No. 1549. Illustrated, p. 415. Height, 7j in. (18.4 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Stated to have come from South Italy. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, Februar}', 1908, p. 39. Crust)', blue-green patina with brown patches. The surface is considerabl)' corroded. One of the cheek-pieces is modern; the other is much broken, with some parts restored. Ace. No. 0^.2.3. I 55 I HELMET of the same type as No. 1549. The cheek-pieces are missing; their place is indicated by the rivet-holes which served for their attachment. The peak is decorated with incised decorations, consisting of beading, horizontal ridges, and a wavy-line ornament, filled with dots. The brim has a plait pattern with a leaf ornament at the centre on the back. Running round the bottom of the helmet proper are horizontal lines, rows of dots, and hatched lines. The knob has a rosette ornament. In the middle of the peak is a rivet-hole, probabh- for the attachment of rings such as are still preserved in No. 1549. In the middle at the back is a similar rivet-hole. Height, 7x6 in. (19.5 cm.). Purchased in 1S9S. Said to have been found near IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Italic Sciacca in Sicil}'. Unpublished. The green patina has been largely removed. Helmets There are several cracks with pieces missing and the surface is somewhat dented. Ace. No. G.R. 500. 1551 1552 1552 HELMET of the same t3'pe as No. 1549. The cheek-pieces are missing, but pieces of the hinges by which they were attached and the rivets with rosette-shaped heads are still preserved. On each side is a c^'lindrical attachment, each with four rivet-holes which appear to be modern. The knob at the top is decorated with tongue pattern. The peak and the brim have plait pattern, surmounted by beading and a horizontal ridge covered with hatched lines; also a leaf ornament on the edge of the peak. Beneath the peak are two rings secured by a loop attachment and a rivet with rosette- shaped head. Height, Sjij in. (22 cm.). Purchased in 1908. Said to have been found in a well between the Peiraeus and Daphne. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 81. The patina has disappeared. The surface is discolored, and indented in places. The cheek-pieces are missing (see above). Ace. No. 0S.258.13. 1558 HELMET ot hemispherical shape with a deep brim of flaring outline. On each side is a raised band of curving shape and a hemispherical boss. The bands, which are cast in one piece with the rest of the helmet, were probably derived from the strips used to strengthen felt caps. The bosses served to stop glancing blows on the head; they are made of bronze hlled with an iron core and are attached by means of rivets. The two rivet- holes at the top of the helmet served for fastening the crest. There is also 418 ARMS AND ARMOR a rivet-hole on each side, probabl}- for the attachment of decorations such as Italic are still preserved in K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, No. 700, Helme pi. XIII, Sa, and in an unpublished example in the University Museum at Philadelphia. The discoloration on the upper part of the brim shows that a separate metal band was attached here. This t3-pe of helmet has had a long period of development. The earliest examples appear in tombs of the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth centurv B.C. (cf. B. Schroder, Die Freiherrlich von Lipperheidesche Helmsammlung in den kgl. Museen zu Berlin, in Archaologischer Anzeiger, XX, 1905, p. 26); while the later specimens must be dated to the third cen- 1558 1558 tury B.C., both trom the style of their decorations (cf. Schroder, op. cit., p. 28) and from the fact that some were found on the battle-field of Cannae, 216 B.C. (cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 82). Our example must belong to the third century' B.C. from its similarit}- to the specimens found on that battle-field. Besides Ital}', helmets of this t)-pe have also been found in Hallstatt and other Central European sites (cf. E. V. Sacken, Das Grabfeld ^'on Hall- state, pi. ^ III, 5). For the manner in which such helmets were worn cf. a bronze statuette figured by R. Hoernes, Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst, p. 677. Height, 6f in. (17. 1 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1908, p. 39. The patina, crusty and green, with blue patches, has been removed in places. One of the bosses is modern. There are several cracks and holes. Ace. No. oS.2.2. 419 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS CUIRASSES Cuirasses No trace of a bronze cuirass (Sojpa^, lorica) belonging to the Mycenaean age has yet been found. In the Homeric poems the breast-plate is frequently mentioned and referred to as of bronze (xaX^eos) (cf. W. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, I, p. 309). With the introduction of a smaller shield (cf. p. 408) the cuirass became an essential piece of defensive armor and re- mained in use throughout Greek and Roman times. For cuirasses in general cf. E. Saglio, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, lorica, pp. 1302 ff. H. B. Walters, Catalogue of Bronzes in the British Museum, p. LX\ III. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 82. C. Friedenchs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie in Alterthum, p. 228. 1565 CUIRASS, consisting of front and back pieces, reaching to below the waist and roughly curved to fit the forms of the bod}-. The back plate is provided with a neck-piece. On the left side and shoulder the two pieces are held together by rivets; the fastening on the right side was produced by the insertion of a rod into metal loops. The surface of the plates is elaborately embossed b}' circular knobs and rows of dots arranged in patterns which follow more or less the chief lines of the body. The breast-nipples are indi- cated. The edges, both above and below and round the armholes, are bent upon themselves, enclosing an iron wire for further strengthening. Round the armholes are rivet-holes. This tj'pe of cuirass, which is of Italic origin, is very rare, only seven specimens in all being apparently known (cf. B. Dean, Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, p. 89). It is a variety of the earliest type of Greek cuirass, which is represented on archaic statuettes (cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, fig. 63) from which it differs in not being bent up abruptly at the waist line, but continued below it, following the line of the hips; also in its elaborate embossed decoration. It belongs probably to the seventh century B.C. 420 *■' ^ *■' -* ^ 156s ARMS AND ARMOR Height, 2o| in. (51 cm.)- Width, 15', in. (39.4 cm.). Purchased in 1909. Formerly in the Forman Collection. Its provenance is not definitely known, but it has been assigned to Northern Italy and to Southern France. Published by R. Ferrer, Reallexikon der prahistorischen, klassischen und fruhchristlichen Altertiimer, p. 5QI, pi. 164, 2; and Urgeschichte des Europliers, p. 456, pi. 164; B. Dean, Museum Bulletin, May, 1909, pp. S9-90. The green patina has been Cu:rasses 1565 largely removed. The preservation is excellent, except for a few cracks and a few missing pieces. Ace. No. 09.41. 1570 CUIRASS, consisting of front and back pieces reaching to the waist, linel}' modelled to fit the forms of the bod\-. The breast-nipples are worked in separate pieces and inserted. Along the sides are remains of hinges and rivets for fastening the two parts together. This form of cuirass is that mostl}' found in Italy in fourth-centur}' tombs, which occurs on South Italian vase-paintings of the fourth and third cen- turies B.C. (cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Lite, fig. 64). It is a development from the Greek cuirass of the archaic period, which consisted 421 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cuirasses of two bronze plates, roughl}' curved to fit the bod\' and reacliing to the waist where it was bent up abruptly to allow the free movement of the hips (cf. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, fig. 63). In the fourth-cen- tur}' t}"pe represented b}' our example the modelling of the body was re- produced and the lower edge was made to follow the line of the waist and hips. The Greek cuirass of the fifth century was a different kind, being made of leather plated with bronze and provided with shoulder-straps to buckle down upon the breast. This t\'pe, which allowed much freer movement of the bod\', IS frequentl}' represented on Greek vase-pamtings, occurring first on those of late black-figured st3'le and continuing through the red- figured period. Height, 13I in. (35.2 cm.). Found at Campobasso. Purchased in 1907. Mentioned by B. Dean, in the Museum Bulletin, February, 190S, pp. 38-39. Blue-green patina, with large rust stains. Cracked in places, with several pieces missing. Ace. No. 08.2.6. ;;:3:^^. 1575 PERFORATED DISK. It consists of a round plate covered all over its surface with perforations of various shapes, arranged in the form of concentric circles. The bands between the per- forations are decorated with incised lines. Italic. Early Iron Age (Villanova period). For a very similar disk in the National Mu- seum in Copenhagen cf. Fiihrer durch die Anti- kensammlung, p. 104, No. 21. Such disks were probably sewed on a breast-plate of cloth or leather as ornaments and to serve for further protection. Diameter, 5 j| in. (15.1 cm.). Purchased in 1 896. Unpublished. Smooth, green patina. Chipped in places. Ace. No. G.R. 310. Armored Belts ARMORED BELTS A large number of ancient armored belts have been found, especially in graves in Italy, at Bologna, Corneto, Este, Ruvo, Canosa, and Paestum (cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive, pis. 52, i, and 56, 8 ff.); also at Hallstatt (cf. E. V. Sacken, Hallstatt, p. 47, and pi. IX, f.); and in Hungary (cf. A. Bertrand and S. Reinach, Les Celtes, pp. 120 ff.). For their use in Greece during the classical period there is no evidence. The 422 IS70 1570 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Armored belts consist of broad, bronze bands, which were hned with leather or a Belts similar material. For belts found with pieces of leather still attached cf. Bullettino 1834, pp. 39 and 52; and E. V. Sacken, Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt, p. 47. For the probable identit}' of the Homeric niTpr] with some extant examples, cf. W. Helbig, Das Homerische Epos, pp. 290-291, and W. Ridge- wa}', Early Age of Greece, I, p. 311. For armored belts in general cf., besides the references above cited, British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 84; C. Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Alterthum, p. 230. 1576 1576 PART OF AN ARMORED BELT, consisting of a curved, oblong plate of bronze with long hook-and-e}'e clasp. Along the edges are rows of dots, and small holes for fastening the leather lining. The hook is attached to tlie belt by means of two rivets. The eye is a sep- arate loop of thick bronze wire inserted into two holes in the belt. Early Iron Age. Length of tragincnt, 145 in. (36. S cm.). From C^•p^us. Cesnola Collection, cf. j. L. Mj'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 47^5. Crusty, greenish patina with blue patches. Ace. No. C.B. 80. 1580 ARMORED BELT. It consists of a curved, broad plate of bronze with small holes along the edges tor fastening the leather lining. There are two hooks and two pairs of holes for their insertion. The hooks are elaborately decorated on their attachments with fine palmette ornaments incised and punctured, and on the hooks proper with wavy lines and flutings. The)" are fastened to the belt b}' means of rivets. For similar belts and hooks with almost identical decoration from South- ern Ital}' belonging to the fourth or third century B.C. cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen, Nos. 715 ff. and yz} fl. Circumference, 33 in. (S3.Scm.). Width of plate, 4 in. (10.3 cm.). Purchased 424 ARMS AND ARMOR in 1907. Formerly in the Batenian Collection. Said to have been found in Tuscan}' in the year 1829. The rou^h, brown-green patina has been removed in places. Parts of the belt and insignificant pieces of the hooks are missing; the two hooks have become detached. At one place the belt was broken in two and mended, perhaps in ancient times. Ace. No. 0S.3A. Armorkd Belts 1 581 HOOK OF A SIMILAR BELT. The decoration ,s almost identical. Length, 43 in. (11.4 cm.). Purchased in 1907. Rough, green patina. Slight- ly cracked and chipped in places. Ace. No. oS. ^ B. '"•'fea^ 1581 GREAVES The earliest metal greaves {Kvrip.is, ocrea) as 3'et discovered are a pair from Enkomi, C}'prus, which belong to the late M}'cenaean period (cf. British Museum Excavations in C)'prus, p. 16, fig. 26). In Homer metal greaves are repeatedl}' mentioned and the Achaeans are called both tvKvij^ibis (well - greaved) and x'^^'^i^oKprifjudes (bronze- greaved) (cf. W . Ridgeway, Earl}^ Age of Greece, p. 312, and G. Karo, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, ocrea, p. 145). On the geometric vases the presence of greaves is not indicated, but from the se\enth century onward they occur with great frequenc\' on all Greek monuments (ct. G. Karo, op. cit., p. 145 f. ). 1 hen- general adoption at this period is easil\- explained b\' the use of a smaller shield w-hich rendered greaves, helmet, and cuirass desirable let. p. 40X). For greaves in general ct. G. Karo, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, ocrea, pp. 145 ft. A. Furtwangler, 01\'mpia, l\. Die Bronzen, p. 159. British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 86. Greavks 1588, 1589 PAIR OF GREAVES. Each consists of a rather thick sheet of bronze, shaped to fit the leg, and reaching to above the knee. It was kept in place by its own elasticity. A ridge runs down the middle in 425 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Creaves front. On the inner side of each the calf is roughl}' indicated, its contours being marked b}' three ridges. There are no holes along the edge. Proba- bh' sixth century B.C. Height, I9s in. (50.6 cm.). Purchased in 1904. Unpuhlished. The patina, crusty and dark green with blue patches, has been removed in places. The surface is encrusted and corroded in places. Ace. Nos. G.R. 504, 505. 1590 GREAVE for a right leg. It is made of thinner bronze than the preceding and has holes along the edge for the attachment of the lining. It is finely modelled according to na- ture, both the calf and the knee-cap being in- dicated. A ridge runs down the middle in front. Probably fifth century B.C. Height, i6f in. (41.5 cm.). Purchased in 1906. Perhaps found at Elis. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, February, 1907, p. 20. The crusty, light green patina has been removed in places. There are several small holes and cracks, and a piece is missing at the bottom in front. Ace. No. 06.1076. 15Q0 HORSES' TRAPPINGS HORSE-BITS Horse Horse-bits (xaXtf'o?, frenum) were in use throughout classical times, BITS and are mentioned as far back as Homer (Iliad XIX, 393). Two main types can be distinguished, (i) that consisting of a single bar, and (2) that con- sisting of two bars linked together. Most extant examples belong to the second variet}', as do also those in our collection. For horse-bits in general, cf. G. Lafa}'e, Daremberg et Saglio, Diction- naire, under frenum, p. 1334, and the references there cited; E. Pernice, Gnechisches Pterdegeschirr, 56tes Winckelmannsprogramm, pp. 17 fp.; see also G. Bellucci, Bullettino paletnologico itahano, XXXVIII, 191 3, pp. 135-146. 1600 HORSE-BIT. It consists of two twisted bars joined in the centre b}' a double link and ending on the outside in rings for the insertion 426 1588 1589 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS HoRSK- of the reins. Each bar is provided with a cheek-piece, ornamented with ^^^^ openwork. For a similar example, dated by its decoration of palmettes on the cheek- pieces as belonging to the sixth century B.C., cf. J. L. Myres and M. Ohne- falsch-Richter, Catalogue of the C)'prus Museum, No. 3841. Length, izf in. (32.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4772. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. XLV, 2. The crusty, greenish patina has been reinoved in places. Ace. No. C.B. 119. 1600 1601 1 601 PART OF A HORSE-BIT, consistmg of four Imks and a bar, with bronze wire coiled round it and terminating at each end in a ring. The larger link at one end served for the insertion of the rein. Originally the bit must have had another bar and some more links. Horse-bits of this type from Narce, dated by the other contents of the tomb to the seventh century B.C., are in the University Museum at Phila- delphia, unpublished. Length, 5-1V in. (12.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4773- Crusty, green patma. Ace. No. C.B. 118. 1605 HORSE'S MUZZLE. It is formed by an open framework con- sisting of two side pieces with a front piece above in the shape of a semicircle and a curved back piece below to fit under the horse "s chin. The front piece has a lozenge-shaped ornament m the centre and moulded bands on each side; the side pieces are similarly decorated with moulded bands and end above m swans' heads. To the latter, rings were originally attached for fastening the muzzle over the head. This form of muzzle, which altogether dispenses with the cage proper, is the simplest t3'pe in use among the ancients, and acted simply by the pres- sure exerted on the horse's nostrils. For a number of similar examples found at Pompeii cf. E. Pernice, Griechisches Pferdegeschirr, 56tes Winckel- mannsprogramm, 1896, p. 12; G. Gozzadini, De quelques mors de cheval 428 HORSES' TRAPPINGS italiques, pi. Ill, lo, and p. 25; and G. Lafaye, Daremberget Saglio, Diction- naire, trenum, p. 1336, tig. 32S4 (figured upside down) and the references there cited. For muzzles in general cf. also E. Saglio, Da- remberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire,capistrum,p.896f. ^^ ith regard to the use of the muzzle in antiq- uity, it appears to have been put on horses only when they were led to drink, to pasture, or to be groomed, never when ridden or driven (cf. Pernice, op. cit., p. 15). It is also noteworthy that the bronze examples which have survived do not cor- respond to those figured on ancient monuments; the explanation probably is that bronze specimens were not in common usage, the ordinary material apparently being either leather or some other flexi- ble substance (cf. Pernice, op. cit., p. n fi^.). 1605 Height, sis in. (14. « cm.j. Purchased in 1913. Described by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, pp. 94, 95. Smooth, dark green patina. Chipped in places, otherwise intact. Ace. No. n.225.6. HoRSE- BITS TOOLS AXE-HEADS OR CELTS The axe (TreXe^i's, a^ivrj, securisj was one of the first implements used by man both as a weapon and as a tool. A large number ot axe-heads belonging to the Stone Age have been discovered in all countries. When metal took the place of stone, the same general forms were transferred from one material to the other and gradually developed. For axes in general cf. A. J. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, securis, p. 1 165. EARLY BRONZE AGE Axe-heads of this period have thin, flat blades, generally tapering toward the cutting-edge, which is more or less expanded and rounded. These blades were inserted into a cleft rod or lashed to a handle. An example from Egypt, with the rod to which it was lashed still preserved, gives a good idea of this usage (cf. G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de 1 "Orient class- ique, I, p. 60; see also chapter on methods of hafting celts in John Evans, 429 AXE-HE,\DS OR Celts Axe -HEADS OR Celts IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain, pp. 146 ft.)- Occasionally such axe-heads were used simply as wedges (cf. No. 1622). This form, which was taken over from the Stone Age examples, has a wide distribution during the Earl}^ Bronze Age, occurring not only in Greek lands and in Ital}-, but throughout most of Europe (cf. M. Much, Die Kupferzeit in Europa, passim, and the references cited by A. J. Reinach, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under securis, p. 1166, Notes 3 and 4). FROM CYl'RUS (CESNOI.A COLLECTION) Like the dagger-blades of this period these Cypriote axe-heads are not really of bronze, but of almost pure copper. Their small size makes it prob- able that they were used as implements rather than weapons. The form for both was probably the same (cf. F. Diimmler, Athenische Mitteilungen, 1886, p. 219 f.). 161O Length, 4I in. (12.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4635. The patina has been mostly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 122. 161 1 The cutting-edge is slightly expanded. Length, 4J- in. (10.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4636. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 123. 161 2 The cutting-edge shows a marked expansion. Length, 4^ in. (10.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4637. The patina has been partly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 124. 161 3 The tapering is very marked and the cutting-edge is slightly expanded. Length, 4^ in. (10.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4638. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXX, 2. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 125. 1 61 4 The expansion of the cutting-edge is very marked. Length, 4^g in. (10.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4639. The patina has been mostly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 126. 161 5 The tapering is marked; the expansion of the cutting-edge slight. 430 i6io 1622 1612 1630 163 1 1620 1643 1636 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Axe-heads Length, 3I in. (9.2 cm.)- cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4640. OR 1 he patina has been largely removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. Celts No. C.B. 128. 1616 Length, 4f| in. (12.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4641. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 129. 161 7 Slight expansion of the cutting-edge. Length, 55 in. (14 cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4642. The patina has been removed. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 130. 161 8 The cutting-edge is slightly expanded. Length, 5x1 in- (H-S cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4643. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXX, I. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 131- 1619 The blade is unusually thick. The cutting-edge is slightly expanded. Length, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). cf. J. L. Mytes, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4644. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXX, 4. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 133. 1620 The expansion of the cutting-edge is marked. Illustrated, p. 431. Length, 6 in. (15.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4645. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXX, 3. The patina has been partly removed. The surface is considerably corroded on one side. Ace. No. C.B. 134- 1 62 1 Slight expansion of the cutting-edge. Length, 7x5 in. (18 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4646. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXX, 5. Dark greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded and encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 135. 1622 The tapenng is very slight; the expansion of the cutting-edge marked. This example seems to have been used without handle, simpl\" as a wedge. Illustrated, p. 431. Length, 3I in. (9.9 cm.). cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4647. Crusty, green patina. The surface is much corroded on one side. Ace. No. C.B. 127. 432 Celts TOOLS LATER BRONZE AGE 1630 With double blade and central shaft-hole. The blades are long Axe-heads and slender. Illustrated, p. 43 i. or The axe-head with double blade is commonly found during the Bronze Age both in Greek lands and elsewhere (cf. references given by A. J. Reinach in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, securis, p. 1 167, Note 13). The ear- Hest examples are contemporary with the XII dj'nasty. This example belongs to the Late Minoan I period (1600-1500 B.C.). In Crete the double axe appears to have had a religious significance, and was apparentl}' used as the S3'mbol ot the chief deity. For a smiilar example from Gournia, cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 24. Length, 7y6 in. (iS cm.). From Gournia. Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Rough, green patma. The surface is somewhat encrusted. Ace. No. 07.232.12. 163 I With double blade (one half is missing) and central shaft-hole. The blade is rather shorter and broader than in No. 1630 and the cutting- edge is expanded and rounded. Illustrated, p. 431. For a similar example from Gournia, cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 23. Length, 3 in. (7.5 cm.). From Gournia. Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. The surface is encrusted. Ace. No. 07.232.11. 1632 1632 With long, narrow blade, slightly curved and tapering toward the cutting-edge. At right angles to the blade is a tubular shaft-hole, orna- mented with moulded rings. This t^-pe is not otherwise known in Cyprus, but has been found along the Syrian coast (cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4698), and in Palestine (cf. an example from Silwan [Jerusalem] in the British Museum). Its date is not certain; but it probably belongs to the Late Bronze Age. Length, 8 in. (20.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4698. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. L, I, and Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. V, where it is said to have come from Alambra. The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 121. 433 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Axe-heads early iron age OR (^^£LTS With long, narrow blade tapering toward the cutting-edge, which is more or less expanded and rounded. This form is the same as that in use during the Early Bronze Age (cf. Nos. 1610 fF.)- Of I ron 1635 Length, 65 in. (15.5 cm.). From C3'prus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4723. The iron is much corroded and some pieces are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 132. 1636 Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4724. The iron is much corroded and some pieces are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 5 18. Illustrated, p. 43 l. 1640 "WINGED" CELT, with side flanges and stop-ridge. The portion of the blade which lies between the side flanges and above the stop- ridge is cast thinner than the rest of the blade. Into the recess thus formed the handle fitted; the blade was prevented from being driven too far into the handle by the stop-ridge. 1640 This type of celt, which is often called palstave, was in use in both Greece and Italy from about the eighth to the seventh centur}^ B.C. (cf. A. J. Reinach in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, securis, p. 1 167, fig. 6262, and the references there given). Length, 3i4in- (10 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). The blue-green patina has been removed in places. The edges of the flanges are chipped. Ace. No. G.R. 359. 434 TOOLS CLASSICAL PERIOD 1643 With double blade and central shaft-hole. The cutting-edges Axe-hfads are expanded and rounded. Illustrated, p. 431 . or This t\-pe ot axe-head is common during the Bronze Age (cf. Nos. 1630, Celts 163 1). During the classical period it does not appear to have been in general use; but it is often represented on fifth-century vase-paintings as a weapon in the hands of Amazons or Scythians; probably as a sacrificial in- strument in Dionysiac scenes; and in the hands of Hephaistos in represen- tations of his return to Olympos. It occurs also on coins from Tenedos. For references see those cited by E. Saglio, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dic- tionnaire, under bipenms, p- 7 1 1 f. Length, 6!|- in. (17. l cm.j. Height, 2xi in. (6.9 cm.). Purchased in 1S9S. Stated to ha\-e been found at Kertsch in the Crimea. Unpublished. The crust\', brown-green patina has been removed in places. No missing parts. Ace. No. G.R. 165. CHISELS As is natural, an indispensable tool like the chisel was in use as earh' as the Stone Age and continued to be so throughout antiquitw The forms vary from a simple t}pe consisting merely of a short bar of metal with a cutting-edge to more elaborate ones provided with tangs and handles of various shapes. BRONZE AGE 1646 Of long, narrow form, square in section, with cutting-edge at one end and left blunt at the other. slightly expa nded Chisels 1646 This simple form is common during the Bronze Age, not onl}' in Greek lands (cf. e.g. F. Diimmler, Athenische Mitteilungen XI, 18S6, p. 24 f., Beilage I, 9 [from the Cyclades]; H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. I\', 12-16; Phylakopi, pi. XXX\TII, I-3), but elsewhere (cf. F. J. Bliss, Mound of Mam^ Cities [Tell el Hes\-], pp. 59, 96, and 97, and others cited b\' J. Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain, p. 166). Length, 4s- in. (11. 8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. 435 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Chisels Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4648. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, 6. Crusty, dark green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 77. 1647 Like the preceding, except that it is oblong in section and ends above in a blunt spike for insertion in a handle. Length, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4649. The greenish patina has been partly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 521. 1648 Similar to No. 1646. Length, jl in. (20 cm.). From Gournia. Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. Ace. No. 07.232.5. 1647 1648 AWLS Awls Awls were used as piercing tools from a very early period, and naturally stayed in use throughout antiquity. The examples m our collection are of the simplest type, consisting merely of a long, narrow shaft, tapering toward each end. One end was used for piercing, the other was inserted in a handle of wood or bone, like the one preserved in No. 1660. For similar awls cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 17; H. Schmidt, Heinrich Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertiimer, p. 251, Nos. 6233-39; J. Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain, p. 189, fig- 223. FROM CYPRUS (cESNOLA COLLECTION) Awls of this simple t}pe occur in Cyprus in the Early Bronze Age (cf. J. L. Myres and M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, Catalogue of the Cj'prus Museum, Nos. 565 ff.). But the same shape stayed in use a long time, so that the examples from Cyprus in this collection, of which there are no excavation records, are not certainly from the earliest period. 436 TOOLS (a) Of rectangular section i6S5 Awls Length, 4! in. (ii.i cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4650. The patina has been removed. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B.68. ;^iBJ»^k 'i:^:v..=iJ,>^^^*^ 1655 1657 1660 1661 1663 cf. T- L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4651. been largeh' removed. The surface is somewhat 1656 Length, 4i in. (lo.S cm.). The crusty, green patina has corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 69. 1657 Length, 4!- in. (lo.S cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4652. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HL pi. LXIX, 3. The patina has been removed. The surface is slightly corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 70. 437 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Awls 1 65 8 Length, 3! in. (9.8 cm.)- cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4653. The greenish patina has been mostly removed. The surface is considerably cor- roded. Ace. No. C.B. 71. 1659 Length, 3I in. (9.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4654. The patina has been removed. The surface is somewhat encrusted. Ace. No. C.B. 72. 1660 The bone handle is still preserved. Illustrated, p. 437. Length, with handle, 5I in. (13.6 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4655. The crusty, greenish patina has been removed in places. The surface is somewhat corroded, and the pomt is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 795. (b) With round section 1661 Length, 45 in. (12.4 cm.), cf. J. L. M}'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4656. The green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 260. Illustrated, p. 437. 1662 Length, 4^ in. (10. 8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4657. Crusty, green patina. One end is missing. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 261. FROM GOURNIA, CRETE 1663 The shaft is rectangular below and rounded above. Illustrated, P- 437- Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.). Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. Rough, green patina. The surface is considerably encrusted. The shaft was broken in two and repaired. Ace. No. 07.232.2. SICKLES Sickles Sickles (bpeiravov, falx) were apparently in use as early as the Stone Age (cf. J. Evans, Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, p. 320), and were certainl}^ common from the Bronze Age onward. It has been suggested that their comparatively small size was due to the custom of cutting oS only the ears of wheat (cf. J. Evans, Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain, p. 194). For sickles in general cf. S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, falx, pp. 968 ff. 438 TOOLS 1668 SICKLE. The hLide is cur\e(J and has one side indented; at the Sickles base it is bent on itself to provide a socket for the insertion of a handle. This type is not otherwise known in Cyprus, but occurs commonly in Crete during the Late Mmoan period (cf. H. B. Hawcs, Gournia, pi. IV, 34- 36; cf. also H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertiimer, p. 246, Nos. 6137-6139). Length, 55 in. (14 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4699. The crust}', greenish patina has been parth' removed. Ace. No. C.B. 86. 1668 KNIVES Knives i^naxaipa, culter) are among the most ancient products of Knives human industry. The various purposes for which the}^ were employed necessitated a variet}" ot forms. 1 hey were generally provided with a handle, which was sometimes of a different material, and has in many cases disappeared. For knives in general ct. S. Reinach, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, culter, pp. 1582 ff. 1675 IRON KNIFE, with one-edged, convex blade, and long, four- sided tang. Illustrated, p. 440. For knives with similarly shaped blades, belonging to the Early Iron Age, cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Itahe, pi. 78, 8; pi. 47, 16. Length, 8| in. (20.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 472S. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LVI, 5. The iron is much corroded. The blade is chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. 85. 1676 KNIFE, with one-edged blade, similar to the preceding, but not so strongly curved. Length, 6f in. (16.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf J. L. 439 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Knives M^-res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4729. The iron is much corroded. The upper part of the blade is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 87. 1677 KNIFE-HANDLE, with part of the blade, which was of iron and one-edged, still inserted. The handle is of round section; at its upper end It is ornamented with bands of zigzag lines, incised, and is perforated for a suspension ring. Early Iron Age. This t}pe of knife-handle is unfamiliar in the East and resembles the early knife-handles of Italy (cf. O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie, pis. 10, 4; 33,3). Length, 3! in. (g.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4753. The greenish patina has been partly removed. The surface is much corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 88. 167s 1677 'if 1679 1680 I68I 1679 IRON KNIFE, with one-edged convex blade, and long four- sided tang. This knife was found in an Etruscan tomb of the fourth to third century B.C. (cf. pp. iSoflF.). Length, 8-iij5- in. (20.5 cm.). Purchased in 1903. Unpublished. I'he iron is considerably corroded. Ace. No. G.R. 459. 1680 KNIFE, with curved, one-edged blade and moulded handle, all in one piece. Uncertain period. Length, 3 J in. (7.9 cm.). Probabl)' purchased in 1898. Crusty, green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. The ends of the blade and of the handle are missing. Ace. No. G.R. 346. 440 TOOLS 1 68 1 DIMINUTIVE KNIFE with moulded handle and a movable. Knives two-edged blade attached hy means of a joint. The blade is now rusted in a half-open position. Probably used as a surgical instrument (^lancet for bleeding.^). Length of handle, ih in. (3.S cm.). Purchased in 1S96. Smooth, light green patina. The surface is p:irtl\' encrusted and the point of the knife is chipped. Ace. No. G.R. 120. NEEDLES Needles {t3e\6i'r], pa^fts, acus) were among the first implements in- Neeulf.- vented by man. Before the mtroduction of metal they occur in bone and wood; during the Bronze Age they were generally of bronze; and later the}" were made of iron. Bone and bronze needles once introduced, however, sta\"ed m use throughout antiquity. For needles in general cf. E. Saglio in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, acus, pp. 61 ff. BRONZE AGE FROM CYPRUS (cESNOLA COLLECTION) Two types can be distinguished : TYPE I. The most primitive has the e\-e formed b\' a closed hook. For other examples of this t3'pe cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 38; H. Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertiimer, p. 253, Nos. 6370-6379; F. J. Bliss, Mound of many Cities (Tell el Hesv), p. 59, figs. 101-102; O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. 9, 7. 1686 Length, 3^ in. (9.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4663. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 237- 1687 Length, 3lt in. (lo.i cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4664. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, 15. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 23 S. TYPE II. Later the eye was drilled and was either round or oblong for use with coarser thread (cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 39; H. 441 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Needles Schmidt, Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertiimer, p. 254, Nos. 6405 if.; O. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italic, pi. 9, 8). (a) With round eye 1688 The eye end is rounded. Length, 5j in. (13.3 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4665. The green patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 239. 1689 The eye end is rounded. Length, 5 in. (12.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4666. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 240. 1690 The eye end is rounded. Length, 4s- in. (10.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4667. The crusty, greenish patina has been removed in places. The point is broken off. Ace. No. C.B. 241. 1 69 1 The eye end is pointed. Length, 3s in. (8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4668. The crusty, greenish patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 243. (b) With oblong e)'e 1692 The eye end is rounded. Length, Tjys in. (8.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4669. The crusty, greenish patma has been mostly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 242. 1693 The eye end is almost rectangular. Length, 2ys in. (6.5 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4670. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 244. 1694 The eye end is pointed. Length, 52- in. (14 cm.}, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4671. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi- LXIX, 17. The crusty, green patina has been partly removed. The surface is much corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 245. 1695 The eye end is square. Length, 42^ in. (11.4 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4672. Crusty, green patina. The point is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 246. 1696 The eye end is pointed. Above and below the eye are moulded rmgs. Length, 2f in. (6.7 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4673. 442 ^OOLS Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, 111, pi. LXIX, 14. Crust)', (greenish patina. N.-KDLlis The lower part is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 247. 1686 sesimnf 1688 1694 1696 1691 1700 FROM GO URN I A, CRETE 1700 The eve end is broad and flat, the shaft of round section. Late Minoan period. This tj'pe of needle with the broad end was probabl}^ used tor making mats, baskets, etc' Length, 53% in. (13.5 cm.). Gift of the American Exploration Society, 1907. The surface is considerabl}' encrusted and corroded. Ace. No. 07.232.3. NETTING NEEDLES Needles for makmg nets ha\'e been found both in Italy and in Greek lands. They consist of a long shaft, each end of which terminates in a two- pronged fork, one set at right angles to the plane of the other. Netting-needles of this t\'pe have been found m lifth-centur}' tombs, and occur frequently in Roman times, the same form having evidentl)' been in I This information I owe to Mrs. C. H. Hawes. 443 Netting Needles IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Netting use for a long period (cf. A. Furtvvangler, Ol3'mpia, IV, Die Bronzen, p. 182, Needles Jv^q, u^q), 1705 Length, yfl in. (20.2 cm.)- From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4i~!54. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pl- LXIV, 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. IV, where it is said to have come from Dali. The green patina has been largely removed. The surface is considerably corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 226. 1705 1706 Length, 7 yV in. (18.6 cm.). Date o( purchase unknown. Unpublished. Crusty, greenish patina. Ace. Ni). G.R. 514. MiSCE NEGUS Tools LL./^- MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS 1 710 GOLD-BEATER'S BLOCK. On various parts of its surface are cut twenty-two dies for small ornaments. They are of various designs, sizes, and depths, consisting of nine different types of rosettes, nine round bosses, both plain and ornamented, a plait pattern, a dotted circle, a rec- tangle with a boss and two stars, and a segment with two horn-like decora- tions. 1 he st3de of these ornaments belongs to the Roman period. Such moulds were used for the impression of designs on thin sheets of metal, preferably gold, where the design was repeated a number of times and labor could be saved by such a mechanical process. A thin sheet of metal was laid over the die, covered by a piece of wax or lead, and then beaten into the die by means of a wooden hammer or finer tool. A number of such moulds have been found belonging to the Mycenaean, geometric, orientaliz- ing, and Roman periods. In the best Greek period such mechanical devices do not seem to have been in favor; at least, no moulds of that time appear to have been found (cf. F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Jewellery in the British Museum, p. LI f.; T. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik in Ab- 444 1710 NEOUS Tools TOOLS handlungen der kgl. siichsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, XI\', pp. Miscei 277 ff. ; E. Pernice, Oesterreichische Jahreshefte, 1904, pp. iSo ff.). The majont}' of such moulds are of stone, but bronze ones have also been found (cf. Marshall, loc. cit.). Length, 3Jin. (9.2 cm.), \\idth, 2| in. ((,.9 cm.). Purchased m 1910. Mentioned in the Museum Bulletin, December, 1910, p. 27V Smooth, green patina. There are several holes and scratches. .Ace. No. 10.210. :;o. WEIGHING IMPLEMENTS STEELYARD 1720 SIEEL"! ARD (statera). The t3-pe is the same as that in use Steelyard at the present da}-. It consists of a bronze bar, divided into two uneijual parts, of which the longer is supplied with scale marks on three of its four taces, and the shorter has a number of hooks attached to it. Of these hooks two are suspended b\- chains from a collar, which is placed in a groove at the end of the rod; they were used for holding the articles to be weighed. The remaining three (onl)^ two are preserved) were suspended from movable rings and served to hang up the steelyard; each is attached to a different side of the rod and was used according as one or another of the graduations was turned to the upper side. On the first face are twelve divisions, each subdivided into tv,-eltths. This scale was used wlien the steehard was suspended b\' the hook nearest to the graduated bar. Ob- jects weighing up to twelve pounds could then be weighed b\' mo\'ing the sliding weights along the bar. 1 he second face begins with fi\e pounds and goes up to twenty-two; the third at twenty and goes up to fifty-eight. These were used when the steel\'ard was suspended respectivel}^ b\' the middle hook and the one nearest the collar. All intervals of five pounds are marked hv the figures \' and X alternately; twent\' is marked XX and fifty by the Greek letter N. The sliding weight, which is of lead coated with bronze, weighs two and a half pounds. A small bronze weight, weighing i oz. and decorated with bands and circles, also appears to have been found with the steel3'ard. The steelyard was commonly used by the Romans, though apparently not by the Greeks, w^hose only weighing instrument seems to have been the balance. Lor a steelyard similar to ours and described at length, cL British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, pp. 149 i'i'.; d. also G. Lafaye, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, libra, p. 1227. 445 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Stfelyaru Length of bar, 13I in. (34 cm.). Purchased in 1900. Said to have come from Jcbeil, Syria. The crust}', green patina has been partly removed. One hook is missing (see above), also the knob at one end of the bar. The bronze coating on the weight has partly disappeared. Ace. No. G.R. 355. 1720 WRITING MATERIALS For writing purposes the ancients used either paper made from the papy- rus plant or parchment, and pen and ink; or wax-coated tablets and a pointed instrument called ypacjielov, 7p«()iis, ypa4>i.ov, stylus, stilus. STYLI Styli The st}ius consists ot a shaft with a sharp point at one end and a broad, flat blade at the other. The point was used for inscribing the characters on the wax tablets, the flat end for erasing them. Most of the specimens found belong to the Roman period, but the same type was already in use in Greek times (cf. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, Nos. 11 23 ff. ). Styli were also used for surgical purposes (cf. J. S. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, p. 72 f.). 446 WRITING MATERIALS 1730 The shaft is moulded. Length, 4; in. (12.4 cm.). Lmm C\'pras. CcsnoLi Collection, cf. ]. L. Mvies, Cesnola Handhook, No. 4^55- Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, 12. The crust\', greenish patnia has heen paitl\- remo\ed. Ace. No. C.B.2S6. Styli t2^S£lX1nmSlit TT"''" 1730 I731 173 I The blade is ven' narrow. Length, 4/jj in. (11. 2 cm.). From C\priis. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S56. Illustratetl in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi LXIX, 2. The green patina has been mostly removed Ace. No. C.B. 25S. INKSTANDS 1735 SMALL CYLINDRICAL CUP with a moulded band on the outer surface and concentric circles on the bottom. I his cup may have served for various purposes, either as an inkstand (cf. a similar example in British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 188, fig. 196-a); or as a dice-box (cL a similar example, British Museum, Greek and Roman Life, p. 196, fig. 205). Roman period. Height, 2j in. (5.8 cm.). Diameter, I 5 in. (3.8 cm.). From Cyprus, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4934. The crusty, green patina has heen partly removed. No missing parts. Ace. No. C.B. 350. 447 Inkst.\nds 1735 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Inkstands 1736 CUP of cylindrical shape, decorated with five moulded bands on the outside; on the bottom are moulded concentric circles. Roman period. Like the preceding this may have been used as either an inkstand or a dice-box. Height, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Diameter, if in. (4.5 cm.). Date of purchase un- certain (before 1906). Unpublished. Crust\-, green patina. Slightly chipped in one or two places. Ace. No. G.R. 392. 1737 CUP, like the preceding. The dimensions and decorations are the same, so that they were probably made as a pair. Ace. No. G.R. 393. 1736 1737 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS Our knowledge of ancient surgical instruments is derived both from the numerous classical writers on medical subjects (from Hippokrates, who lived in the fifth centur}' B.C., down to Paulus Aegineta in the sixth and seventh centuries A.D.), and from the actual specimens found. The latter are usually of bronze, the iron and steel specimens having probably mostl}' decayed. Most of the examples found belong to the Roman period. Large numbers were found at Herculaneum and Pompeii, and other Roman sites, and sometimes supplies of them w^ere found in what were probably surgeons ' graves. cf. J. S. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times (1907); Gurlt, Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1888, No. 48, p. 976 f. ; Deneffe, Etude sur la trousse d'un chirurgien gallo-romain du Ille siecle; R. Briau, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under chirurgia; L. Whible}', A Com- panion to Greek Studies, pp. 558-565. 448 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS As will be seen, a number of the implements here classed among surgical instruments may have served tor the toilet or other purposes, the same form having been in use for more than one purpose. PROBES A probe (fxrjXri, KowapLov, viraXenrTpoi', viraKeiirTpLS, specillum) was used in antiquity both as a sound and as a means of applying medicaments or toilet preparations, such as e\'ebrow pigments or e\'e ointments. The tips of probes var}- considerably, ending either (i) in sharp points, or (2) in oval enlargements, or (3) simply retaining the thickness of the shatt. Frequently one instrument was made to ser\'e two purposes, one end of the shaft being fashioned into a probe, the other into a spatula, a spoon, or a hook cf. |. S. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, pp. 51 ff. ■ Par 1745 1745 DOUBLE PROBE with two olivary ends (cf. Milne, op. cit., P- 56). Length, 6 in. (15.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4^46. Crusty, green patina. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 257. 1746 DOUBLE PROBE, like preceding. Length, 5f in. (13.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4847. Crusty, green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 259. 1747 PROBE, with one olivary end, the other missing. The shaft is moulded. Length, 61 in. (15.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4848. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 255- 449 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS 'robes 1748 PROBE, with one olivaiy end, the other missing. On the shaft is a moulded ring. Length, 45 in. (11. 4 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4849. Crusty, green patina. Ace. No. C.B. 235- 1752 BIFURCATED PROBE. The handle is of hexagonal section and ends in a knob above. Length, 41I in. (12.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4853. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pl- LXVIII, 4- The greenish patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 225. 175 1753 1753 EAR PROBE {(hToy\v(pi.s, !xri\r}v, e^uiTiba, oricularium specillum, auriscalpium) used to remove foreign bodies from the ear. It consists of a small narrow scoop at one end, and ends in a simple probe, without en- largement, at the other. For similar examples cf. Milne, op. cit., pp. 63 ff., pl. XV, 2, 5. Length, 65 in. (16.5 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4837. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pl- LXIX, I. The crusty, green patina has been mostly removed. The surface is corroded in places. The edges of the scoop are chipped and there are two small holes. Ace. No. C.B. 231. SPATULAE Si'ATULAE A spatula (I'TraXetTrrpoi', airadoixri^ri, spathomele) consists of a long shaft with an olivary point at one end and a broad, flat blade, usually oar- shaped and blunt-edged, at the other. It was a pharmaceutical instrument, 450 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS the olive end being used for stirring medicaments, the blade for spreading them; but it was also used for other purposes, for instance, by painters for preparing and mixmg their colors, cf. J. S. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, pp. 58 ff. FROM C Y 1' R t; S ( C K S N O L A C O L L K C T ION; 1757 There is a moulded ring between the blade and the shaft. Length, 7i% in. (1S.2 cm.). cf. J. L. Mvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S39. The crusty, green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 250. Sl'ATUL.^iE 1757 1758 The blade is long and narrow. There is a moulded ring be- tween the blade and shaft. Length, 6^ in. (15.9 cm.j. cf. J. L. NLvres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S40. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, 1 1. The rough, green patina has been partly removed. Ace. No. C.B. 252. 1759 The blade is broad and short. Length, 63^ in. (15.5 cm.), ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S42. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, iS. Crusty, greenish patina. The top of the blade is chipped. Ace. No. C.B. 253. 1760 The sides of the blade are almost straight. There is a moulded ring between the shaft and the blade. Length, 63^ in. (16 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S41. Crusty, green patina. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 251- 1761 The blade is broad and short. Between the blade and the shaft are some incised lines. Length, 5i% in. (13.8 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S43. The crusty, greenish patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 254. SPOON PROBES The spoon probes are similar to the spatulae, but end in a spoon Spoon instead of a flat blade. They were likewise used chiefly for mixing Probes 45 1 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Spoon and apph'ing medicaments, and also for mixing and preparing colors. Probes Por similar examples cf. Milne, op. cit., pi. XV, fig. 4, pp. 61-62. 1765 Length, 3 1 in. (8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4836. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, IH, pi. LXVIII, 3. Crusty, greenish patina. One end is missing. Broken in two places and repaired. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 226. 1765 1766 1767 1766 At one end is a rounded, flat spoon, at the other a sharp point. 1 he shaft is round m section; between the spoon and tlie shaft is a four-sided piece ornamented with grooves. Length, 4t in. (ii.S cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. ]. L. M\'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4!^35. The blackish patina has been removed in places. The shaft is somewhat bent. Ace. No. C.B. 229. 1767 ^^ '^^^ ^'^^ ''^ '^ diminutive spoon, which ma}' have served as an ear-pick; at the other, what appears to be an olivar\' enlargement, much corroded. Length, 6yg- in. (15.4 cm.). From C\-prus. Cesnohi Collection, cf. L L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4850. Crust}-, green patina. The surface is coftoded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 256. 452 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS SCALPELS OR BISTOURIES The following are two handles of scalpels or bistouries. Each consists ot a bronze bar, of square section, at one end of which is a slot for the inser- tion of the iron blade, at the other a leaf-shaped spatula. The latter was used as a blunt dissector. For similar examples cf. J. S. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, pp. 24 ff., pis. I-III. Scalpels OR Bistouries 1770 Length, ji^in. (8.7 cm.). P>om Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M.yres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S44. Rough, green patina. Part of the iron blade is still preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 58 1770 I77I Length, 3x^ in. (8.7 cm.). From C\'pras. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Llandbook, No. 4845. The patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. C.B. 59. For examples of styloid instruments see Nos. 1730, 173 i. These have been classed among writing materials; hut as implements of this shape were also used in surger}-, it can be decided for which purpose an example orig- inally served only when the circumstances of discovery throw some light on this question (ct. Milne, op. cit., p. 72). This is not the case with our specimens. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS The Greeks regarded music as an essential part ot a liberal education. Nevertheless, music had not the same independent position as nowadays, but was regarded merely as an accompaniment to vocal composition. They used both wind and stringed instruments, such as the hre and the flute. Cymbals were also used in both Greek and Roman times, especially in religious ceremonies of an ecstatic character. 453 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Eor music in general cf. R. D. Archer-Hind, in Whible)"s Companion to Greek Studies, pp. 290 ff.; Th. Reinach, in Daremberg et Saglio s Dic- tionnaire, under musica, pp. 2072 tt. SISTRUM SisTRUM ^111 SISTRUM {(jtlaTpov), a musical instrument used m the wor- ship of the goddess Isis. This example is of the usual t3'pe, consisting of a loop-shaped frame attached to a moulded handle and fitted with a num- ber of rods. The rods, which have curved ends, pro- duce a rattling sound when shaken. At the top of the sistrum is a cat, somewhat roughly modelled. It is re- clining and its fore legs are twice represented, once on the side and once in front. The origin of this instrument goes back to early Egyptian times; but a great number of examples in bronze have survived dating from the Roman period, when the worship of Isis had attained great popularity in Italy. It is to this period that our example belongs. The identification of this instrument is rendered cer- tain by a description given of it by Apuleius (Meta- morphoseon XI, 4), and by a number of monuments representing Isis or one of her attendants carrying a sistrum (cf. the list given by S. de Ricci, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under sistrum, P- 1356). Height, 5j in. (13.3 cm.). Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1897. Unpublished. Smooth, green patina, encrusted in places. The frame is broken on one side and chipped in several places; the curved ends of one of the rods are broken off. Ace. No. G.R. II. 1777 CYMBALS Cymrais 1778, 1779 PAIR OF CYMBALS (Khix^a^ov, cymbalum). Each consists of a round, shallow bowl with flat rim slightly turned up on the outer side. In the centre is a hole for the insertion of the handle surrounded by two moulded rings. On the rim of each is incised an inscription in letters of fifth to fourth-century style KaXXiadeveias (on No. 1778) KaWicrdeviiap (on No. 1779), presumably the name of the owner, "of Kallistheneia." The name is not otherwise known. The substitution of P for final 2 is a charac- 454 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS teristic of the Elean dialect (cf. E. S. Roberts, An Inrrodiicrion to Greek Cymbals Epigraph)-, p. 361). C3-mbals\vere a favorite instrument with the Greeks and Romans, espe- ciall}' in rehgious ceremonies ot an ecstatic character, such as were prac- tised in the worship of Demeter, Dion3SOs, and Kybele. They were, how- ever, used also withour any religious significance, especiallv in Roman times. On the subject of c\'mbals in general cf. E. Pottier in Darem- berg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, cymbalum, p. 1697 f., who gives references to examples similar to ours. Compare also a pair, likewise inscribed with the name of the owner, in the British Museum, Greek and Roman Lite, p. 220, fig. 230. Similar c\mbals of approximately the same period have also recently been found at Carchemish (not }'et published). For examples from the Roman period cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, fig. 263. Diameter ot each, 3|in. (9.9 cm.). Purchased in 1915. From Greece, probably Elis. Described by G. M. A. R[ichtt'r| in the Museum Bulletin, April, 1914, p. 95. Crusty, light green patina, with considerable rust stains. The handles are missing, but pieces of their loop attachments are still preserved. The inscriptions have been picked out with white water-color paint. Ace. Nos. 13.225.5 a and b. i77« 1779 The following cj'mbals are from Cyprus and belong to the Cesnola Collection. The}' cannot be certainlj' dated. 1785 CYMBAL. It consists of a circular plate of convex form with flat rim. In the centre is a hole for the insertion of a handle. For a pair of cj^mbals of this shape cf. F. B. Tarbell, Naples Bronzes, fig. 263. Diameter, 23 in. (6.3 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 48S1. Crusty, green patina. The handle is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 422. 455 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Cymbals 1 786 CYMBAL. Similar to the preceding. Diameter, 2f in. (6.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4882. Crusty, greenish patina. The handle and a piece from the rim are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 421. 1787 CYMBAL. Similar to No. 1785, but with rim upturned at the edges. Diameter, 23^5 in. (5.2 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. ]. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4883. Crusty, green patina. The handle is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 420. 1788 CYMBAL. Similar to the preceding. Diameter, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 48S4. Crusty, bluish-green patma. The edges are chipped in places. Ace. No. C.B. 423. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS Ingot 181O INGOT. It consists of a large four-sided slab with incurving sides, weighmg about 62 lbs. avoirdupois (28,086 grammes). The surface is left rough. Similar ingots, of copper, belonging to the Bronze Age have been found at Enkomi, Cyprus, in a Mycenaean bronze foundry (cf. A. J. Evans, My- cenaean Cyprus as illustrated in the British Museum Excavations, p. 215); at Hagia Triada, Crete (cf. L. Pigormi, Bulletmo di paletnologia italiana, 1904, pp. 99-103); at Tylisos, Crete (cf.J. Hazzidaki, 'Ec^rj^uepts 'ApxaioXoyiKr], 1912, pp. 220 ff., fig. 31); in Sardinia (cf. Bullettino archeologo sardo, VI, i860, p. 325; and G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de I'art, IV, p. 99); and elsewhere (cf. those enumerated by J. Dechelette, Manuel d "archeologie prehistorique, celtique, et gallo-romame, II, pp. 397 ff.). Such ingots may have been used simply as ingots, or as weights, or they may have had a monetary value (cf. A. J. Evans, Corolla Numismatica in honour of B. V. Head, pp. 355 ff.). The weight of our example is approxi- mately that of those found at Hagia Triada, which, as Mr. Evans has pointed out, is that of a light Babylonian talent. The material is bronze, not copper, according to the following analysis made by Mr. W. Kuckro, the Museum chemist: Copper 89.9%, Tin 7.5%, Lead 1.5%, Iron & Aluminium .5%, SiHka .6%. Length, 17I in. (44.5 cm.). Width, 14! in. (37.5 cm.). Thickness, about 2 456 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS in. (5.1 cm.). Purchased in 1911. Said to have come from Asia Minor. Un- Incot pubhshed. Crusty, green patina. The surface is consideraMy encrusted. Ace. No. 1 1.140.7. i8ro 181 1 TUBULAR SHAFT, perhaps used as a sceptre-stem. It has two pairs of opposite holes. Late Minoan I period. Illustrated, p. 458. For an exact!}- similar example, also from Gournia, cf. H. B. Hawes, Gournia, pi. IV, 66. Length, 4Yg in. (10.3 cm.). From Gournia, Crete. Gift of the American Exploration Societ\', 1907. Crust\', greenish patina. 1 he surface is considerably encrusted and corroded. Ace. No. 07.232.10. Sceptres AND Maces 18 1 2 MACE-HEAD, with transverse hole for the shaft and with long tubular socket. Each side of the head is in the shape of a double shell. Perhaps seventh century B.C. Illustrated, p. 458. Height, 35 in. (R.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, ef. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4769. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LVI, I. The green patina has been largel\' removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 329. 457 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS SCEFTRHS AND Maces 1813 MACE-HEAD, with ribbed conical sides and large transverse hole for the shaft. Probably seventh century B.C. Height, 2x1 in. (7.1 cm.). Greatest width, 3 in. (7.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 476S. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LI, 2. Crusty, green patina. The surface is con- siderably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 351. 1812 1S13 1814 1 8 14 SCEPTRE-HEAD in the form of a group of three bulls' heads with tubular socket below. The eyes and foreheads of the bulls are hollow for the insertion of inlay. The colored paste beads now in place do not seem to belong; only the crescent of red enamel in one forehead is apparently original. The bulls are vigorously modelled in the archaic Orientalizing stjde, ot the seventh or sixth century B.C. Height, 5x1 in. (14.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collec- tion, cf. L L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4771. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, 111, pi. LII, 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXVIII; also published by G. Perrot et C. Chipiez, Histoire de Part, III, p. 799, fig. S'''4. The patina has been largely removed. The surface is considerably corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 792. 1 81 5 SCEPTRE-STEM (rj m the form of a tubular shaft, decorated with raised horizontal bands and, in the centre, with hve lozenge-shaped ornaments arranged verti- cally. Perhaps before sixth century B.C. Height, 7I in. (18.7 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4770. Brown-green patma. The surface is much corroded. Ace. No. C.B. 326. 45 S 181S IS a MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 1820 SHEPHERD'S CROOK, tL-rminatmg m a scroll. It Ik conical socket, pierced by two rivet-holes. L'ncertam date. Height, 4I in. (12.4 cm.). From Cyprus. Ctsnola Collection, cf. ]. L. Myres, Cesnola Handhook, No. 4774. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, ifl, pi. LV, 2. Crust)', bfown-green patina. The surface is considerably corroded and the socket is split open. Ace. No. C.B. 527. Shki'heru's Crooks 1 82 1 SHEPHERD'S CROOK, with end curved outward. Conical socket. Uncertain date. Height of fragment, jy'g in. (S.icm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. iMyres, Cesnola Handhook, No. 4775. The crustv, green patma has been largely removed. Only the upper part of the socket is preser\ed Ace No. C.B. 393. 1820 1S21 1825 SOCKETED IMPLEMENT. It is four-sided in section, ending in a point and pro\ided with a round tubular socket. Probably Early Iron Age. Its use is uncertain. It ser\'ed perhaps as a spear-point or butt-spike. Illustrated, p. 460. Length, 73^ in. (18.6 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4721. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXXIII, I. Rough, greenish patina. The surface is much corroded. The socket is split open and has the lower end missing. Parts of t\vo nvet-hnles are preserved. Ace. No. C.B. 117. 1826 SOCKETED IMPLEMENT. It is of four-sided section, 459 Socketed Imfekments IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Socketed ending in a cutting-edge. Perhaps used as a cliisel. Early Iron Implements Age (r). Length, 6j in. (15.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4722. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXXIII, 3. Rough, greenish patina. The socket is split open. Ace. No. C.B. 52- 1825 1826 KoTTABos 1830 KOTTABOS or implement used in the Greek game called KOTTaj3os. It consists of a shaft of round section restmg on a base in the form of an mverted bowl with a moulded stem above. The base is sup- ported on three feet, each in the shape of a paw, mounted on a plinth and ending above m two rams' heads emerging from a pair of volutes. Less than half-way up the shaft is inserted a disk with slight rim; this disk fits loosely and is kept in place by a pin below. At the top of the shaft a nude male figure, with right arm raised above his head, is balancing a small disk. The disk is ornamented on the under side with two moulded bands, and a small hollow m the centre. This hollow fits on a peg in the hand of the statuette. The statuette is mounted on a base with a hole in the middle for insertion in the shaft. The game of kottabos was in vogue among the Greeks from the beginning ■■ . of the sixth to the beginning of the third century B.C. It was probably originally a form of libation, to which an erotic significance was sometimes given (cf. G. Lafaye, Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, kottabos, p. 866). The object of the game was to throw a small quantity of wine from a cup at a mark. The great popularity of the game is attested b\^ the frequent allu- sions to it by ancient authors (cf. C. Boehm, De Cottabo, pp. 5-8 and 35, 460 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS ■S Appendices). From these accounts we learn that there were two main forms ot the game: (i) The KOTrafios di' o^vl5a(J3u>v m which a Kpar-qp, or mixin^ vessel, was filled with water and a number of empty saucers {6^vi3a4>oi) were set floating in it. The object was to throw the wine from the bot- tom of a cup on to the saucers until they sank; I he who sank the greatest number was the winner. (2) The KOTTaiSos narcYKTos necessitated a special implement. The wine was thrown at a disk [TrXaffTiy^) balanced at the top of a bronze rod {paj35os). The object was to dislodge the disk and make it fall (hence ^•«TQ:^■Tos = let down) on the " navTjs" and produce a resounding noise. Besides the accounts given of this game bv ancient au- thors, we have several representations of it in Greek vase-paintings (cf. S. Reinach, Repertoire des vases peints, under kottabos; K. Sartori, Das Kottabosspiel, p. loi; and the other references cited by G. Lafaye, Daremberg et Saglio, Dic- tionnaire, kottabos, p. 869); as well as a number of the actual implements with which the kottabos kataktos was pla}-ed. This example is such an implement. To judge from the vase-representa- tions the game was played either reclining on a couch (generally at the end of a meal) or standing on the ground. The cup from which the wine was thrown was held b\' inserting the first finger in one of the handles. There has been some discussion as to which part ot the kottabos the jxai'r]s was. Since the word occurs often as a name of a slave it was thought that the small statuette at the top of the shaft was meant; but as C. Boehm has pointed out, the disk could hardly make a resounding noise by scraping the figure on which it was perched; and the statuette is bv no means an indispensable adjunct of the kottabos on the vase-representations. He has therefore identified the lower disk with the fxavrfs, and this explana- tion seems to meet the case. The word yuai'rjs was actually used to mean a sort of cup (Athenaeus XI, p. 487 c); moreover, the lower disk alwa^'s occurs on the vase-paintings, as well as on the extant examples ot kottaboi, and must therefore have had a special purpose. 461 KOTTABC 1830 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS KoTTABOS Dikast's Ticket Our example, to judge from the style of the statuette, belongs to the fifth century B.C. Lor other examples of such kottaboi cf. the list given by K. Sartori, op. cit., pp. 113, 1 14. Some of these show an arrangement by which the rod could be ex- tended at will; this is not the case in our specimen where the rod is all in one piece and riveted to the moulded stem below. Height, 7 ft. 2 in. (2.1S4 rnetres). Purchased in 1913. Published by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulle- tin, April, 1914, p. 95. Crusty, blue-green patina. There is a hole in the base; otherwise the prt-servatinn is ex- cellent. Ace. No. 13.232.1. 1 83 1 DIKAST'S TICKET. The law-courts of Athens were divided into ten sections called Dikas- teria, each having a jury of five hundred citizens. Every juror or dikast was provided with a bronze ticket as evidence ot his right to sit on a jury and to draw pay therefor. These tickets bore the name ot the holder (sometimes with that of the father), the name ot the district in which he lived, and the number of the court in which he was entitled to sit. Our specimen is inscribed 'ETrt/vpar?)? 2/ca'/Jai= Epikrates of the deme of Scambonidae. The omission of the n was probably due to the illiterac\' of the writer. At the left IS stamped an I, the ninth letter ot the Greek alphabet, signity- 1830 1831 ing that Epikrates belonged to the ninth court. At the right are two stamps, each with the device of an owl surrounded by an olive spray, the official emblem of the city. A largenumber of such tickets have been found. U. L. Kohler, Corpus In- scriptionum Atticarum, II, 2, Nos. 875 ff. and 888, b,pp. 347 ff. and 5 37, pub- lished sixty-seven examples, all belonging to the fourth century B.C., which is also the period to which our specimen belongs. For an account of such 462 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS tickets cf. E. Caillemer in Daremberg et Saglio's Dictionnaire, dikastai, pp. Dikast' 189-190. TiCKHT Length, 4j in. (11. 3 cm.). Width, | in. (2.2 cm.). Purchased in 1907. De- scfibed by G. M. A. R[ichter] in the Museum Bulletin, May, 190S, p. 90, No. 11. The crusty, green patma has been largely removed. Ace. No. 07.2S6.9v BELLS Small bells have been found in great numbers on many ancient sites. Their use corresponded to a large extent to that ot the present daw In the Crimea a number were tound with harness (ct. L. von Stephani, Compte- rendu, 1865, pi. \, 7). They are also frequently found suspended from armlets, having evidently been regarded as possessing magical properties (cf. Bronzi di Ercolano, II, pis. 96 ft.; L. von Stephani, Compte-rendu, 1865, pp. 173 ft'.). The forms var\' from rounded to rectangular, the latter being charac- teristic of the Roman period, the former having been found in both Greek and Roman times (cf. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, I\ , Die Bronzen, p. 186). The tongues of the bells are often of iron. PROBABLY IV CENTURY B.C. 1835 The body is of conical shape and the tongue is attached by a chain from the loop which forms the handle. Illustrated, p--\.om Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4X62. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXVm, I. The green patina has been largel\- removed. Ace. No. C.B. 394. 1836 The body is rounded with the handle in the form of a ring, all in one piece. Illustrated, p. 464. Height, 1] in. (3.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S63. Illustrated in the Cesnola Atlas, HI, pi. LXVIIL 2; L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. IV, where it is said to have come from Dali. Crustv, green patina. The surface is considerabl)' corroded. The tongue is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 395. 1837 The body is of conical shape and the tongue is suspended from the loop which forms the handle. 463 IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Bells Height, i in. (2.5 cm.)- From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. M3'res, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4865. Crust}', greenish patma. A piece from the body is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 398. 1835 1836 1840 1837 1838 The body is of hemispherical shape, with a handle in the form of a loop from which the tongue was suspended. Height, I in. (2.2 cm.), cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4864. Illustrated in L. P. di Cesnola, C}'prus, pi. IV, where it is said to have come from Dali. Crusty, greenish patina. The tongue is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 397- 1839 Similar to the preceding. Height, xV '"• (i-i cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, ct. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4867. Crusty, greenish patina. The surface is considerably corroded. The handle and the tongue are missing. Ace. No. C.B. 396- 1840 The body is of hemispherical shape with the handle in the form of a ring, all in one piece. Height, fin. (1.6 cm.). From Cj'prus. Cesnola Collection. cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4866. Crusty, green patina. The tongue is missing; it was ptobably of iron, as there are traces of iron rust in the interior. Ace. No. C.B. 399. ROMAN PERIOD 1845 The body is quadrilateral and has a knob at each corner. The handle is in the form of a ring, cast in one piece with the bod}'. For a similar example, of late date, found at Olympia cf. A. Furtwangler, Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, pi. LXVI, 1170. Height, ifo in. (4 cm.). Purchased in 1S98. Stated to have been found at Kertsch in the Crimea. Crust}-, greenish patina; the surface is considerabl}' corroded. The tongue is missing; it was probably of iron, as there are traces of iron rust. Ace. No. G.R. 348. 464 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 1840 The hod}' is of conical shape and has open-work decoration con- Bells sisting ot a series of triangular perforations. The ring handle is in one piece with the body. Date uncertain, probably Roman. Height, if in. (4.4 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). The crusty, green patina has been largely removed. The tongue is missing. Ace. No.G.R.357- 1845 1846 I8S5 1850 PORTION OF A CHAIN consisting of six double links. Date uncertain. Length, 5Yg- in. (12.8 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4886. The crusty, light green patina has been removed in places. Ace. No. C.B. 120. Portion OF A Chain 1850 1855 BU ETON, ot convex shape, with a loop tor attachment on the inside. The outer surface is decorated with four concentric bands in relief. Date uncertain. Perhaps used for horse-trappings. Diameter, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4869. The green patina has been partly removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. A piece from one side is missing. Ace. No. C.B. 419. 1856 Similar to the preceding, but with five concentric bands. Diameter, iff in. (4.9 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4868. The crusty, green patina has been partly 465 bLTTOxNS IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS Hlttons removed. The surface is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.B.424. The edges are chipped in places. Objects Votive AND 1860 OBJECT OE UNCERTAIN USE (DIPPING-ROD.?), con- Uncertain sisting of a four-sided shaft with a ring at one end and a moulded part ter- minating in a knob at the other. Probabh' Roman period. Length, 55 in. (14 cm.). From Cyprus. Cesnola Collection, cf. J. L. Myres, Cesnola Handbook, No. 4S34. Cesnola Atlas, III, pi. LXIX, 8. The patina has been mostly removed. The surface is corroded in places. Ace. No. C.B. 562. i860 1865 AMULET, in the form of a bull's head. It is provided with two rings, one between the horns, another at the back. The details are indi- cated by incisions. Etruscan ( ?), of rough execution. For similar amulets cf. K. Schumacher, Antike Bronzen in Karlsruhe, Nos. 826 ff. Length, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). Smooth, green patina. Ace. No. G.R. 343. 1865 1866 Similar to preceding. Length, 2 in. (5.1 cm.). Date of purchase uncertain (before 1906). The green patina has been largely removed. Ace. No. G.R. 344. 466 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 1867 \OTIVE RIGHT HAND, with hn-ers lu-ld close together, \otiveand The inner side is flat and pto\ided ^\lth a rini; for suspension. Uncert.mn Objects Length, I J in. (4.5 cm.). Stated to have heen iound at Kertsch, Crimea. Purchased in 1S9S. Greenish patina. The suttace is somewhat corroded. Ace. No. C.R. 351. 1868 OBJECT OE UNCERTAIN USE, shaped hke a tassel, with a ring for suspension at the back. Perhaps used as a votive offering. Length, i[|in. (4.9 cm.). Date or purchase uncertain (hefore 1906). The crusty, green patina has been largel\- removed. Ace. No. G.R. 352. 1867 467 INDEX 469 INDEX THE NUMBERS REFER TO THE PAGES OF THE CATALOGUE. GREEK, LATIN, AND OTHER FOREIGN WORDS, EXCEPT PROPER NAMES, ARE PRINTED IN ITALICS Abacus^ sec Capital Jcerra, 134 Achilles, armor of, in Greek art, 295; question regarding representation of, on chariot, 18 Acorn, Siren standing on, 52 Actor, statuette of, 84 Admetos, engraving of, 278-279 Adorans, statuette of an, 51-52 Aeginetan Bronze, xvii Aegis, engraving of, 274, 282; with gor- goneion, 115, 116 Agrippa, representations of, on Roman coins, compared, 148; Agrippa (r), portrait head of, 144-149 A jour Relief, on buckle, 335; on handle of jug, 60, 192; on jug, 185; on mirror cover, 263; on ornament, 7-8; process of making, xxvi Akanthos Leaves, 65, 66, 192, 263, 267, 353 Ak.arnania, hvdria from, 65; mirrors from, 257-264, 265-267 Akropolis Korai, attributes and acces- sories of, referred to and compared, 34, 38, 42 Akropolis Maidens, see Akropohs Korai Alabaster, in inlay work, xxiv, xxv Alabastron, engraving of, 285 Alexandrian Grotesques, explanation of term, 83 Alexandropol, discovery at, determining use of disks, 68-69 Alkamenes, herm of Hermes b\-, 122 Alkestis, engraving of, 278-279 Alloying, of metals in antiquity, xvii-xvui Amazon^, (|uestion regarding representation of, 262-263 Amber, beads of, on hbula, :j22-^25; in inlav work, x\i\ , xx\' Amphora, of cla)-, 371; in decoration on howl, 202; pointed, held bv sat\'r, 127 Amulets, in form of bull's head, 466; statuettes used as, 4; on statuette of dancing girl, 14; on winged Lasa, 217 Andirons, of iron, 182, 238-239 Andritzena, statuette found near, 40 Animals, 199, 204; and children, in Greek and Roman statuary, 161; of monstrous shapes, origin of, 199; parts of, used as decorations, 186, 202, 217, 232, 235, 236, 250, 266, 291, 292, 293, 298-299, 305, 306, 345, 350; skin of, as cloak, 264; statuettes and reliefs of, 162-174; see also names of animals Anou, and monsters in antique decorations, 223-224 Antennae Type, of sword pommel, 403 Anthemia, 66, 192 Antilochos, question regarding representa- tion of, 18 Antioch, personified, I3c^i3i Antiocheia, figure of, 130-131; represented on Svrian coins, 131. Anuliis, 342 Apelles, painting by, referred to, 11 S Aphrodite, Anadyomene, 118; of Apelles, compared, 118; engravings of, 273-274, 280-281; Knidian, 74-76, 117; relief of, 66; represented on coins from Knidos, 76; statuettes of, xix, 74-77, 117-119; Aphrodite ('), Apis ('), statuette of, 169 q8, 282 47 71 INDEX Apollo, relief of, 25; statuettes r)f, ic^n, 41. 114 Apple, in hand of Aphrodite, 118; of Hesperides, as attribute of Herakles, 128; apple (?) in hand of Herakles, 96 Apron, 136 Araisesoue Patterns, zt,:,, 376 Arcades, statuettes from, 39-40, 41 Arcadian Peasant, statuette of, 39-40 Architectural Members, as mirror stands, 255 Architrave, engraved in background of Etruscan mirror, 282, 284 Ares (?), statuette of, 98 Arezzo (?), plaques from, 15-16; vase handles from, 3 i Argive School of Art, characteristics of, 50 Argivo-Corinthian, mirrors, 252-253 Ariadne, relief of, 265 Arimaspians, in legend and art, 62 Aristophanes, references to writings of, 232, 237, 361 Aristoteles, reference to writings of, 198-199 Armored Belts, 422-425 Arms and Armor, derivation of knowledge of, 382; material used in manufacture of, 382 Arrow, 120; engraving of, 276; use of, in antiquity, 403 Arrow-Heads, 403-408; spear-head pos- sibly used as, 396; with four-sided blade, 406; with leaf-shaped blade, 403-404, 406, 40S; with three-edged blade, 404; with two-edged triangular blade, 407; type in Hellenistic period, 407; found on field of Marathon, 404, 406 Ariemis, bust of, in relief, 115 Asia Minor, Ionian monuments from, compared, 26; Asia Minor (?), bronze ingot from, 457; statuette from, 74-77 AsKLEi'ios, engraved representation of, 281-282 Assyrian God, see Anou Athamos, statue of, and ancient coloring of bronze, xxvi-xx\ iii Athena, arm of statuette of, 116-117; bust of, 116; engraving of, 274, 281- 282; statuette of, 115-116 Athenaeus, references to writings of, 198, 365 Athenian helmet, 274, 411-412, represented on coins, 412; k\'lix: in clay, 177, decorations on, compared, 20, 26 determining date of bronzes, 27-28 eye decoration on, referred to, 33 school of art, Doric and Ionic influence on, 50, 51; vases, see kylix above Athens, division of law courts in, 462; Athens ('), handle of bowl from, 6;^ Athlete, figure of, surmounting candel- abrum, 372; statuette of, 54-55; see also under Youth and special names Atlas, engraved decoration on mirror cover, 260 Attachments, animal heads as, 45; bird- shaped, 193, 241; bird with spread wings, 185; bulls' heads as, 270; cluster of leaves as, 217; Dionysos bust as, 125; Doric capital as, 128; Eros relief as, 121; female mask as, 30; figure re- clining as, 9; floral design as, 292; for handles of mirrors, 253; Herakles head as, 61; hinge and ring form of, 249; horizontal rod as, 245; horse's fore-part as, 63; human head as, 30; ivy leaves, 248; lanceolate leaves, 32, 126, 216-217; leaf-shaped, 186, 206, 208, 209, 294, 297, 298; lion's fore- part as, },},; lions' masks as, 185; loop form, 227, 245; open-work, 224, 226; palmette, 241; palmette and volutes, 246, 250; pointed, 289; ram's head, 191; rectangular, 184; rings as, 249, 298-299, 381; rings with buds and volutes, 246; round with rosette orna- ment, 244, 248; running youth, 190; scenes in relief, employed on, 291; scroll and palmette: with eyes, ^53, with serpents' heads, 33-34; Seilenos masks, 125-126; Sphinx wearing head- dress, 9; spiral pattern surmounted by recumbent doe, 212; spool-shaped, 63, 242, 244; for swinging handle of pail, 33-34; volute design, 184; volutes with lotos flower, 55; wing-shaped, 292, 293 Attic, see Athenian Augustan Age, characteristics of sculpture of, 135 Aunscal plum, 450 Avignon, iron swords from, 405, 404 Awls, 436; use of, in antiquity, 436 Axe, 429-435; in Bronze Age, 429-430, 433' 435; Cypriote, 430; double, significance of, 433; in Iron age, 434; with long narrow blade, 433; material used in manufacture of, 429, 430; 47- INDEX with shaft hole ornamented, 433; type represented on fifth-eentury vases, 435; use ot, in antiquity, 429-430 B Bags, represented in Creek art, 264 Ball, with animal's paw, as foot of cista, 292, 293; eni|iloynient as representa- tion of the heavens, 261; engraved representation of, 285; in animal's mouth, 299 Balsamaria, 193 Barbarl-^n, 141 Basket, 275; of fruit, 201 Bath Implements, ring attachments of, 298-299 BaliUum, 236 Bead-and-Reel Moulding, 9 Beaded Moulding, 44, 320 Beading Design, 73, 78, 186, 187, 189, 194, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 217, 230, 232, 23s, 257, 274, 279, 280, 282, 283- 284, 381, 416, 418 Beads, decorating fibulae, 322-324; en- graved representation of, 280; globular, as decoration, 311; of paste, colored, 458 Beard, treatment of, compared to Otricoli Zeus, 1 10 Bearded, Boreas, 30; Hermes, 121; man: 40, head of, broken from statuette, 139, winged lion as, 199, upper portion of giant as, 212; Satyr, 69, 84-85, 188, 189; serpents' heads, as legs of giant, 212; Triton, 3 I Bellerophon, engraved representation of, 277-278 Bells, in antiquity, 463; conical, 463, 465; hemispherical, 464; quadrilateral, 464; rounded, 463 Berries, 164, 276; and ivy leaves, in wreath, 276; and laurel leaves, 280 Bifurcated Frobi-:, 450 Bird, attachment in shape of, 193; as attachment to handle of jug, 241, and handle of vase, 185; heads of, ter- minating spikes of candelabra, 371, 374; perched on handle of bowl, 21, and on candelabrum, 373; in repousse relief, 17; with spread wings, 7, 185; statuette, 7; walking, 277 Bistouries, 453 Bitumen, referred to by Pliny, xxx Boar, attacked by lion, 335; fore-part of, 2t; pursued by lions, 222 Boat, engraved representation of, 80 Boeotian Shield, 17, 22 Bolsi;na, candelabrum of iron from, 182; cista from, 180, 292; clay objects from, 182; gold ring from, 182; iron andirons, fire-rakes, and fire-tongs from, 1S2, 238-239; iron knife blade from, 1S2, 440; iron spit ( ') from, 182, 2v;; jug from, 180, 193; mirrors from, iSo, 275-276, 281-282; patera from, 180, 217-218; saucer from, 180, 381; silver objects from, 182; tomb groups from, 180-182 Bolt, 365 Bone, beads of, on fibulae, 322, 323; cylinder of, on fibula, 320; handle of mirror, made of, 274; in manufacture of needles, 441, and strigils, 21)4 Bonikova, In'dria from, 65 Boots, ice Shoes Borax, in application of niello inlay, xxv Bori)i:r, decorative, see Decorative borders; of mirrors, in Roman times, 287; moulded, decoration on mirror covers, 257; ornamental, see Decorative borders Boreas, relief of, 3C^3i BoscoREALE, bronze from, color of patina, xxix; Boscoreale (?), bronze and marble table from, xxviu, 355-356; lamp stand from, 376; statuette of Eros from, 8 5-90 Bosses, 408; hemispherical: 354, on hel- met, 418; round: as attribute of "bowl," 198, on bowls, 199, 205, 214, 215, on bracelets, 377, 338, 339, on fibulae, 325, 326, on ring, 343, as lid, 354, dies for, on gold-beater's block, 444, surmounting male figure on chariot panel, 25 Bottle, globular, 196-197; handleless, 192- 193; high-shouldered, 195, 196; for ointment, 195-197; for perfume, in engraving, 275; use of, in antiquity, 183 Bow, of Apollo, 41; in engraving, 276; of Eros, 120; of Herakles, 95 Bow-Knot, 150 Bowl, attachment for handle of, 241; with boss, 199, 205, 214, 215; characteristics appertaining to, 198-199; decorated, 201-203; deep, 200-201, 219, 220; engraved decoration on, xxiii, 201-203; with foot, 219; Greek name signifying, 198; handles from, 33, 62-63, 242, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250; hemispherical, 199, 214, 215, 220; with incurving rim, 215; 473 INDEX inverted as ornament, 372, 374; Latin word signifying, 199; portion of, 201; repousse decoration on, xxii, 201-203; shallow, 202-205, 214, 219; shell form, question regarding use of, 219; see also Cups, Plates, and Patera Box, small, 134 Boxers, 212 Boy, figure of, in relief, 353; portrait statue of, 149-152; sitting, as handle of cista cover, 292 Bracelets, 336-342; engravings of, 80, 274, 275, 276, 280, 286; on figure, 306; in La Tene period, 339; materials used in manufacture of, 336; on statuette, 127; tj^pe worn by statues in archaic Cypriote style, 338; use of, in antiquit\-, 336 Brass, modern copies of antiques made of, xv; in Roman times, xv, xvu-xviii Breasts, as decoration on bowl, 335-336 Bronze, advantages over copper in casting, xvi, 382-383, over iron in preservation, xvi, 382; Aeginetan, xvii; 375> 381; ■^''«' <^)-'o vnder Bolsena, Civita Castellana, Monteleone, Orvieto, Cordiano, etc.; candles used in, 366, 377-378; cistae used in, evi- dences of, 290-291; Greek artists in, 5; iron articles from, 177-182, 237-240, 374-375, 440; see also under Bolsena, Civita Castellana, Monteleone, Falerii, Orvieto, etc.; Etruna (?), statuette from, 31-32 Etruscan, art: engraving in, xxiv, 26, Greek influence on, 5-6, 20, 26, 28, 272, 274, 276, 281, Dioskouroi in, 283, types represented in, 34, 42; bronze, color of patina on, xxix; candelabra, 366, 371-378; chariot, 17-29; cistae, xxiii, xxiv, 292; female statuette, xxiii, 34-39; mirrors, xxiii, 6, 271-287; monuments, type of monsters on, 199; paintings, and the use of strainers, 229; reliefs, and use of strainers, 229; 478 INDEX sculpture, 5-6; statuettes, 5-6, 92-109, and special names; stelae, decotations on, retetrcd ti), 2;; tombs, atticles from, 17-20, 177-182, 205, 2 1 7-2 1 S, 224-22Q, 2^7-240, 245-246, 2S2, 2<)2, 37i^-i75- _i^i. 440, si'f also Tomb Groups, i\I(intelec)nc, Ci\ ita Castcllana, and Bolsena EuTHVDiKcKS, Kore of, compared, 51 EuTYHIDES, pupil of L^-sippos, i:;i Ewe, 167 Exoinis, type of short tunic, 261 Eye, in archaic reliefs, 258; as decorati^ e moti\-c, and bibliography of, 35; inhiid, XXV, 7, 17. 25, 67, Qi, 134, 135, 161, 34Q, 45S; in transitional type, 257-258 "Eyelet" Pins, 305-^05 Falerii, bronze from, and color of patina on, xxviii, xxix; Falerii (r), necropolis of, ornament from helmet from, 47; tomb group from, 180 Falterona Lake, bronze from, patina on, noted. XXIX Faly, 43 8 Farmyard Group, 167-169 Fastenings, 356-365 Fawn, dead ( •), 17 Feathers, treatment of, 39, 65, 88, 89, 119, 173,217,241-242 Female, figure: Antioch personified bv, i^o, dancmg, 13-15, 202, in decoration on bowl, 202, engravings of, 15, 16, 80, 278, 282-283, as handles to vases and jugs, 45-46, 59-60, 80, as head of pin, 306, as mirror support, 13-15, 55, 255— 257, 287, as mirror stands, characteris- tics of, 15, recumbent, 18, 22-25, relief representations of, 17, 18, 22-25, 262-263, statuettes of, xxm, 11 -12, 12-13, 34-38, 94, 95, 103-104, 109, 160, type counterpart to statuettes of priest, 103, walking, statuettes of, 12-13, 93, 94; head: 160, as pendant on earring, 344, relief representations of, 9, 257, 258, 259, 266, vase in form of, 193- 194; henna, 286; mask, 30; Sc'f also (Sirl Fern Pattern, 329 Festoon, 2;o ^Fibula, advantages of, 307; age of, and development of foot, 324; beads and disks as decorations on, 322; bibliog- raphy, 308; boat-shaped type, 315-52?; in Bronze Age, 308-301), 314-315, 324; catch-plate of, characteristic of type, 32g; "Certosa" type, 326; decorated, 316-322, 327, 32<;, 330; distriburiim of, 307-308; early Itali;in, 314-327; fast- enings of, distinguishing \-arietics uf semicircular type, 314; fiddle-bow type of, 3o8-3og, 314; font de\-elop- nient in different ages, 324, 52g; in Geometric period, 309, 310, 511; Creek, 308-314; inscri]nion on, 350; in Iron Age, 316, 324; kite type, 315; "Fa lenc" t\-pe: 326-327, an:ilogies anil differences with Roman fibula, 328; leech type, 315; origm of, 307; Roman, 328-330; semicircular type, 308-5OQ, 314-315; serpentine typa, varieties of first development, 323-326; of silver, 309,310; "F-shaped, 327; in Transition period, 309; types, of chronological value, 307; use of, in antiquit;-, 307; western serpentine form of, 312. Fillet, ii, 34. 42, 44, 74, 96, 106, 112, 121, 139, 256, 282; decorated, 34, 38, 42, 80, III, 266; gilded, 40; with long ends, 10; niitrow, 41, 47 Fire-Dogs, of iron, 177, 258 Fire-Rakes, of iron, 182, 239 Fire-Sho\el, 235 Fire-Tongs, of iron, 182, 239 Fish, as pendant, 345 Fish-Tails, as legs of a Triton, 31 Fishing-Rod, 280 Floral design and orn;iments, 195, 194, IQQ, 204, 232, 235, 263, 276, 242, 203, 334, 348; motnes, employment as decoration on mirrors, 255; wreath, employment on Etruscan mirrors, 272 Flower, 274; bell-shaped, 263; bud, 265 Flowering Plants, 277, 280 Flute, used by the CSreeks, 453 Fluted, band, 172; design, 186. 188, 189, 206, 210, 227, 204, 295, 2Q7 Folded Garment, 274 Foot, from statue, 142; of \essel, with r:im's head and f>ot, 171 Foot-Stool. 128 Forceps, srt- Tweezers Forging, in antiquitw xxu ForTUNA, attitude and attributes, used In depicting, 132; identification from re|i- resentation on coins, 132; statuettes of, 131-132 Fox ( '), 276 479 INDEX Franck, Southern (':), bronze cuirass from, 420-421 Freninn, 426 Fringed Border, 212 Frog, 13 Fruit, basket of, 201 Furniture, sections from, 7-8, 170, 345, I4S-354; see also Chair, Couch, Table, etc. GaLAXIDI (r), water jar from, 198 Garland, of ivy, 274 Gems, designs on, and bronze decorations, 223-224 Giant, 212 Gilding, xwi-xxvii, 40 Girdle, with beads, 280 Girl, bust of, 162; dancing, 12-15; figure of, as handle of jug, 80; head of, in engraving, 230; little, holding puppy, 160-161; standing, 34-38; statuettes of, 11-15, 34-38, 160-161 Gladius, 399 Glass, beads, on fibulae, 322, 327; paste, in inlay work, xxiv, xxv, 7; vases, as dedicatory offerings, referred to, 4 Globular Beads, as decoration, 311 Goat, ears of, on Pan, 264; in farmyard group, 167; head of, as ornament, 171; horns of, on Satyr, 127; neck of, on Chimaera, 277; reliefs of, 92; statuette of, 7; winged, 199 God of Commerce, Hermes as, origin of characterization, 123 Goddess, in Cypriote religious ritual, 201; of Chance, 132; Mother-, 335 Gold, m bronze alloy, xvu; bracelets made of, 336; buckles made of, 331; ham- mering of, process of, xxi, 444; in inlay work, xxiv Gold-Beater's Block, materials used in manufacture of, 445; use of, in anti- quity, and example of, 444-445 Goose, statuette of, as ornament, 173 Gorgoneion, on Aegis, 115, 116; as stand for statuette, 46 GouRNiA, awl from, 438; axe from, 433; chisel from, 436; needle from, 433; tubular shaft from, 457 Grapes, 125, 161; grapes (?), 131 Greaves, 17, 425-426; bibliography of, 425; decorated, 18,98; in Homer's time, and on (ireek monuments, 425 Greece, Bronze Age in, xvi; cymbals from, 455; despoiled by Romans, 3 Greek, art: Arimaspians and griffins repre- sented in, 62, characteristics of, xiv-xv, XX, 14, 26, 50, 70, 113, Chimaera de- picted in, 278, early representations of running, 190, Herakles represented in, 43, influence on subsequent European art, xiv, 5, 20, 272, 274, 276, 281, 287, Nereid with armor of Achilles depicted in, 295, winged horses represented in, 22, see also under Archaic, Doric, and Ionic; artists in Etruria, 5, 272; athletic sports, disk throwing, 51; bronze, varieties of, wii; "bronzes": characteristics of, xiii-xv, xx, compared with modern, xxvii; choral dancing, 202; cuirass, 422; fibulae, 308-314; helmets: 411-414, see also xinder Athen- ian, Corinthian, and Helmets; lamps, 377, 380-381; mantle, see Himation; mirrors, xxiii, 252-270; mythology, subject of decoration on Etruscan mirrors, 272; sculpture, history of, referred to, xiii, 5; statues, casting and hammering of, xxi-xxii Griffin, 61-62, 199 Grosseto (?), jar from, 209 Grotesques, 81-83, 136-138 Groups, 42-43, 167-168 Guilloche, ornament, 185; pattern, 232, 353 H Hagios Sostes (?), statuette of Apollo from, 41 Hair, arrangement of, compared to Akrop- olis statues, 37-38; one tuft braided, custom of, 88; treatment of, compared to Otricoh Zeus, no Hammering, bronze, process of, xviii, xxi- xxii; gold, process of, xxi, 444 Handle, of furniture, with bullock's head, 169; type found in tombs in Olvmpia and Italy, 200; of vases, 241-250; see also under Bowl, Jar, Jug, Pail, Patera, etc. Hare, 25 Harmodios of the Tyrannicides, statuette compared to, 51 llarpago, see Meat-hook, 2^)6-237; har- pago {?), 278 Hasps, 339-360; decorated, 360 Ilasla. 393 480 INDEX Hat, pointed, 39 Hauran (?), attachments for swinging handle of pail from, 125; spout m term of Corinthian column from, 356 Head, broken from statuette, 160; on Greek coins, compared, 258, 25g-26o; as portrait, 154 Head-Dress, 9, 16; high, 39; radiated, 100, loi Healing, god of, 281 Heaven, representation of, 261 Helen, engraving of, 275-274; Helen (?), 282 Helmet, Attic type of, 274, 411-412; hibliograph}' of, 410; cheek-pieces turned up,98;of conical shape, 412-414; Corinthian type, 17, 116, 411; crested, 98, 99, 115, 141, 276, 414; decorated, 18, 416, 417, 418; in engravings, 274, 276, 282; Greek, 411-414; hemi- spherical, 414, 418-419; Italic, 414-419; materials used in manufacture of, 410; ornament possibly from, 32, 46, 47; plumed, 282; represented on coins, 411, 412; type: found in Gallic tombs of third and fourth century, 316, repre- sented on Greek monuments of fourth and fifth century, 412, found in Italian tombs of third and fourth century B.C., 416, and sixth and seventh century B.C., 429 Her,a, attribute of, 103; engraving of, 286; and Hercules, in literature and art, 286; Hera (.'), statuette of, 112 Herakles, attributes of, 128; engra\ings of, 260, 281-282, 286; head of, in relief, 61; possible representation of, discussion regarding, 262-263; statu- ettes of, 43-44, 8s, 95. 96, 98, 127-128; struggling with Nemean lion, 85; with Juno, Latin origin of legend, 286; as beardless youth, 286 Heraldic, design, 222-223; group, 7, 204 Herald's Stafe, 123 Hercules, see Herakles Herm, of Hermes Propylaios, 121-122 Hermarchos, regarding life of, 72; Her- marchos ('), statuette of, and discus- sion regarding, 70-74 Hermes, as boy, 124-125; as god of com- merce, 123; Propylaios, of Alkamenes, discussed and compared, 122; Pro- pylaios (.?),hermof, 121-122; statuettes of, 123-125; types of, and attributes of, 123 Hephaistos, armor of Achilles fashioned by, reference, 295 Herodotos, reference to writings of, 396 Himation, 36, 39, 47, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, no, 112, 115, 128, 130, 131, 160, 262; Akropolis Korai stj'le, 42; decorated, 34, 106, 149, 150, 275; in engravings, 80, 274, 275, 276, 278, 282, 286; as indicative of period of statue, 152; in reliefs, 66; striped, 149, 150; with tassels, 38; t\'pe in vase repre- sentations, 38; see also Cloak Hinge, as attachment for handle, 249; lid of lamps attached by, 380; from cir- cular box, 359 Hippokrates, as authority on surgical instruments, 448 Holdfast, 360 Homer, reference to writings of, 277, 561, 420, 425, 426 Hood, 102, 104 Hoofs, terminating shaft of candelabrum, 373; see also special names of animals Hooks, of armored belt, decorated, 424, 425; for wick trimmers, 374 Horns, decorations in form of, die for, on gold-beater's block, 444; on fibulae, 323, 325; on Herakles, 96; on Pan, 264; of plenty, 13 i Horse, bits: in antiquity, 426, bibliography of, 426, decorated, 426-428, portion of, 428; ears of: on Satyr, 46, on Seilenos, 42, on Seilenos' masks, 31; fore-part of, 62-63; hoof: broken from statue, 171, on Seilenos, 42; legs of, incorrect position in statuette, 8; muzzle of: decorated, 428-429, use of, in antiquity, 429; shoe, handles in shape of, 231, 248; tail of, broken from relief, 171; trappings of: 426-429, button used as, considered, 465, concave disks used as, 6y, 81; types of, represented in paint- ings and on vases, 8-9; walking, stat- uette, 8-9; winged, 18, 22; horses (.'), 204 Human, breasts, as decoration on beads, 1i5~336; busts, surmounting paws, on feet of cista, 292; figure: as handle of strigil, 294, as shaft of candelabrum, 572, as mirror handle, 253, winged, 25, see also Female figures, Alale figures; Bo}', Girl, and Children; head: dec- oration on handle of vase, 30, on helmet, 412, as vases, 193-194 Hungarian, type of sword, 399 48 INDEX Hungary, Bronze Age in, xvi Hydrate ok Potassium, for preserving; bronzes, xxxni-xxxiv Hydria, definition of word, 197; handles from, 9-10, 126, 248; relief from, 65-66; use of, in antiquity, 197; hydria (?), handles from, 32 I "II Capitano," tomb found at foot of, articles from, 17-29, 177-180 Implements and L'tensils of bronze, xiii, XV, xxvi, xxviii; of copper, in Bronze Age, XV, xvi; decorative art shown in, xiii; of iron, xiii, xv, xvi, xxiii; of stone, xiii, xv Incense, burners, bowls at the top of, 381; burning, type of shovel employed in, 236; vases, form of, and discussion regarding, 193-194 Incising, see Engraving Infant, statuette of, 161; statuettes of, characterized as Eros, 161 Ingot, 456-457 Inkstands, 447-448 Inlaying, xix, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, 7, 17, 25, 28, 67, 81-83, 91' 128-130, 134, 135, 142, l6r, 349, 355, 458; process of, xxiv-xxvi Inscriptions, archaic Attic-shaped letters, 40; on cymbals, 454-455; Etruscan, 272-282; Greek, 39; identifying sub- jects borrovi'ed from vase painting, 272; Latin, 273, 286; on mirrors, 272-282, 286; modern addition to antique mirror cover, 262; on pin, 306; punctured, 296; on strigils, 294, 296, 297; on statuettes, 39, 40; Suihina, 193, 217, 218, 282, 292; on tomb objects, 182 loKASTE, xxvi-xxvn Ionian, see Ionic Ionic, column: supporting statuette of Herinarchos, 70, 72-73, capital of, decorated, 73; fac^ade, on Etruscan mirror, 282; kylix, eye decoration on, referred to, 33; monuments, from Asia Minor, decorations on, compared, 26; school of art: characteristics of, 50, type of Seilenos represented in, 42 Iron, as alloy of bronze, x\ii-xviii; :is alloy of white metal, xvii-x\iii; andiron, 182, 238, 238-239; arms and armor manufactured of, 382; axes, 434; candelabra, 182, 370, 374-376; core, of rim of cista, 227; fire-dogs, 177, 238; fire-rake, 182, 239; fire-tongs, 182, 239; grate, 177, 237; handles on bronze cauldron, 226; helmets manufactured of, 410; implements, xiu, xv, xvi, xxiii, see also special names; key, 362; knives, one-edged blade, 182, 439, 440; lamp stands manufactured of, 365; mixed with bronze for color effects, xxvi; needles manufactured of, 441; in Roman times, 382; spear-heads, 177, 394, 397; spit (?), 182, 239-240; strigil, 297; strigils made of, 293-294; sub- ject to corrosion, xv-xvi, 382; sword: fragments of, 402, with leaf-shaped blade, 400, with straight-edged blade, 403; tires, on chariot, 17; tongues to bronze bell, 463 Iron Age, xv Isis, worship of, and musical instrument used in, 454 Italian Spear-Heads, characteristics of, 397 Italic cuirass, 420; helmets, 414-419 Italy, destruction of ancient bronze in, 3; iron spear-heads from, 397-398; primi- tive figures from, compared, 6; Italy (?), Northern, cuirass from, 420-421; stat- uette of actor from, 84; see also Etruria, Tuscany, and place names Ivory, buckles made of, 331; as handle- plate of sword, 402; in inlay work, xxiv, xxv, 17, 28, 142; in manufacture of strigils, 294 Ivy, garland, 274; leaf, 56, 60, 125, 248, 355, 380; leaves and berries, 276; wreath, 91, 274, 277, 279, 286 Jacket, Minoan, 202 Japanese Bronze, inlay work on, xxiv, n. Jars, cylindrical, with high handle, dec- orated, 206-209; cylindrical, question of use of, 206; overturned, relief repre- sentation of, 80; see also Amphora and Water-jar Javelin, Cypriote, referred to, 396 Jebeil (r), steelyard from, 445-446 Jewels, on chain, on dancing girl statuette, 14 Jewelry, bronze, patina on, proving char- acter of patina formation, xxvii Jugs, angular, 190-191; with beaked mouth. 482 INDEX 186-191, 193; with circular mouth, iqi- 192, 194-195; design on handle of, com- pared to akroteria of gra\e stelae, 192; elongated, 191-102, IQ4; with flarmg foot, 1S5; globular, 184-185; handles from, 61, 80, 121, 241-242, 246, 250; with high handles, 1S9-IQO, IQI, 192, 19?, 194; high-shouldered, 186—189; Mycenaean shape, 222; ovoid, 185; round, 189-190; squat, 192, 195; use of, and names in ancient times, 1 82-1 S3; see also Oinochoe and Bottles Jlno, see Hera Jupiter, see Zeus Jupiter Capitolinus, pap\ri account of treatment of hron/.e statues in temple of, XXXl Kantharos, as attribute of Herakles, 128 Kerchief, 53 Kertsch, axe-head from, 433; bell from, 464; buckles from, 331-333; votne hand from, 467 Keys, 361-363; in antiquit)-, 361; iron, ^62; Laconian, 361; in Pompeu, 364; in Roman times, 361; wotn on the finger, 361 Kilt, Minoan, 202 Kleinmeistkr, k\"likes of type of, im- portance of discover!', 27-28, 177- 178 Kntdian Aphrodite, copies of, 74-77, 117; on Roman coins, 76 Knives, 4^9-441; dagger-blades used as, 391; of iron, 182, 440; diminutne, 441 ; handle of, decorated, 440 KoRE OF EuTHYDlKOS, characteristics of, referred to and compared, 51 Kottabos, 46c^46i; game of, described, 460- 461; statuettes as terminating figures of, 4, Ibl KvBELE, c\-mbals used in worship of, 455; figure of, xi\, xx\-, 128-130; sym- bolizing Earth, 130; worship of, 130, 45 i KvLix, ancient bronze foundry represented on, referred to, xxi; determining date of chariot, 27-28; eye decoration on, referred to, 33; handle from, 24S; with high foot and slender handles, 216; ornamented, 199-200; terracotta used in manufacture of, type of, 216; t\-pe of cup so called, 198 L L.\DLE, cnaracteristics of, 252; with cylin- drical bowl and foot, 235; decorated, 232; with deep o\al bowl, 234; (ireek and Latin names for, 232; miniature, 234; with round shallow bowl, 2^4, 233; use of, in Greek times, 232, 254 Lake Dwellings, Bronze Age in, x\i Lamp, in antiquity, 363, 377; bibliographv of, 378; Greek, 377, 380-381; in Hellenistic period, 377; -hook, 382; of later use than candles, 363; material used in manufacture of, 378; in Minoan times, 377, 380; Roman, 3S1-382 Lamp-Stands, see Candelabra Lance, 277 Lanceolate Leaves, see unJer Lea\-es Lar, statuettes of, 132-134 Lares, types and attributes of, 133 Lasa, employment of figure on mirrors and significance, 217, winged, as handle of patera, 217, 283 La Tene Fibula, 327; characteristics of, 326, 327; derivation of name, 327 Latin Inscriptions, on mirror, 272, 286 Laurel, leaves and berries, 280; wreath, 134, 282, 283, 284 Lead, alloy of bronze, x\ii-\\iii; alio!" of white metal, xvii-wm; casting, xxi; coated with bronze, sliding weight on steelyard, 444; in manufacture of strigils, 294; in niello, xxn', xxv; mirrors of, with glass, introduction of, 287 Leaf, see Lea\'es; leaf (?), long, 107 Lea\-es, 53, 56, 73, 80, 126, 164, 186, Ig7, 206, 208, 209, 217, 233, 236, 242, 249, 294, 297, 298, 312, 329, 3S3, 372. m, 381, 386, 391, 3Q3, 304, 397, 399, 403, 404, 406, 408, 417, 418, 433; akanthos, 63, 66, 192, 263, 267, 333; background formed of, 80; lanceolate, 32, 126, 216-217, 230; laurel, 280; between lion's paws, 376; pointed, 372 Legs, fish tails as, 31; ending in horses' hoots, 40; Serpents' heads as, 212 Leicester Fosse (Eng.), statuette of Poseidon (') from, 114 Lesbian Cyma, on abacus of Ionic column, 75; on fittings of chair, 333; on mirror- attachment, 53-36 Lighting Utensils, 365-382 Lion, claws of, in Greek art, 226-227; couchant, 25, 30, 187, 188; drawing processional car, 128; feet of, 14, 256; 483 INDEX fore-part of, 30, 33; heads of: 25, 28, 185, on Chimaera, 277; Herakles struggling with, 85; masks of, 17, 166, 167, 185; on mirror stands, referred to, 287; as monsters, 199, 222-223; paws of: on disks, 376, with four toes, 350-352, on mirror stand, 256, sprmg- ing from mouths of monsters, 372; in rehef, 7, 8, 222, 335, 345; skin: cap of, 61, on handle of jug, l8q, of Herakles, 43, 95, 98, 127, 128, 261, 281, identifj'ing male figure, 262; of stone, referred to, 167; lion (?): 25, feet and tails of, 14 Lock, in antiquity, 361; -plate, 364-365 LocRi (?), statuette of walking horse from, 9 Lonca, 420 Lotos, buds, 11, 164, 199; -capped columns, 202; flower: in engravings, 55, 255, 285, in reliefs, 7, 8, 17, handles of, 200, 201, 242, necklace of, 17, stem of, 24; petals, on stem of candelabra, 366, 367, 368 Liicerna, 377 Lucia N, reference to writings of, 251 Lyre, 40, 201; used by (ireeks, 453 Lysippos, pupil of, 131; school of, 67, 88 M Macedonia, statuette of Roman priest from, 135; Macedonia (?), mirror stand from, 56 Mace-Head, 457, 458 "Malacisch," interpretation of term, 263 Male Figures, Apollo type, 11, 25; Athenian archaic type, characteristics of, 41; bearded, 40, 139, 199, 212; engravings of, 16, 80; fightmg, 141- 142; as mirror stands, question regard- ing, 47-48, 255, 287; playing lyre, 40- 41; portrait bust of, 142-144, 153-154; as priests, 100-103; reclining, 9; reliefs of, 17, 25, 141-142; statuettes, 40-41, 47-48, 93, 94, 100-103, 105-108, 138- 142, 372, 460; see also Youth Maltese Cross, decorated, 199 Man, figure of, see Male figure Mantle, 84, 100, loi, 106, 116, 132, 154, 190, 282; decorated, 17, 141, 275; engraved representation of, 274, 286; with fringe, 9, 212; as hood, 102, 104; loosely draped, 70 Marathon, type of arrow-heads found on field of, 404, 406 Marble, statues of, age of most of those extant, 5; popularity of, in Praxiteles' time, 3; table of, with bronze rim, 355 Martial, reference to writings of, 229, 365 Masks, female, 30; lions, 17, 166, 167, 185; of Medusa, 17; Seilenos, 31, 32, 125 Matera, statuette of Poseidon from, 113 Matrimony, deities of, 286 Measure, 131; question of cylindrical jars used as, 206 Meat-Hook, 236-237; use of, in antiquity, discussed, 237 Medusa, inlay work on, xxv, 17 Memnon, possible representation of, 18 Memphis, sacred animal of, 169 Menrva, Etruscan name for Athena, 274 Mercury, use of, in gilding, xxvi Mimiis, statuette of, inlay work on, xxv, xxvili, 81-83 Minoan Costume, 202 A'llRROR, in antiquity, 251-253; Argivo- Corinthian, characteristics of, 252-253; attachments for handles of, 253; cases for, in antiquity, 251; classical, from Egyptian type, 252; concentric circles on, 255, 265, 268-270, 288-289, covers, xxii, xxiii, 257-268, 286, 288; Cypriote specimens, characteristics of, 268-270; Egyptian as prototypes, 252; engraving on, xxiii, xxiv, 253, 257, 261, 271, 273- 287; Etruscan: xxiii, 271-287, bibliog- raphy of, 271, and Greek models, 281, 287; gilding on, xxvi; Greek: xxii, xxiii, 252-270, bibliography of, 252, portion of handle from, 255, rarity of mcised decoration on, 272; handles of: 252-255, 271-287, 289-290, statuettes forming, 4, 253; lead, with glass, introduction of, 287; modification of form in Roman times, 287; patina destroying original purpose, xxviii; rectangular, 287; relief work on, xxii, 66, 257-270; Roman: 287-290, of silver, 288; silvering of, 257, 260, 268; stands of, statuettes employed as, 12, 13, 15, 47-48, SS, 2SS. 287, 288; in vase representations, 251 "Mlacush", inscription on Etruscan mir- ror, 263 Modeling, in "the round," development of, 9 Modiiis, 131 Money Pouch, 123 Monsters, 199, 222-223; from Eastern art, 199; on Etruscan monuments, 199; mouths of, lions' paws springing from. 484 INDEX 372; t3'pe and significance of, con- sidered, 22;}-22^ MoNTELEONE, tomb groups from, 177-1S0 Mother Goddess, 3 is Moulding, jiv Casting Mule's Head, on ornament from couch, 91-Q2 Mural Crown, 12S, 130 Music in Greek times, 453 Musical Instruments, 453-456 Musicians, 201 Mycenaean, bronze, xvii, xviii, xxiv; gems, monsters on, referred to and considered, 22y. mirrors, 251, 252; rim and inan- dies of cauldron, 223; tripod, 345; jug, Myron, school of, example from, 54-55 Mythological Scenes, on cistae, 291; on Etruscan mirrors, 272 Olympieion, statue in, referred to by Pausanias, 75-74 Olympos, representation of, in engraving on mirror, 286 Omphalos, 199 OpenA\'ork, XXV, 185, 210-212, 224, 226, ^ 330, 334-335. 4-^ Opiitliosphendone, 257 Orator, statuette of, 141 Oricularium Specillum, 450 Oriental School, influence of, shown, 7, 185, 199, 200, 202-203, 344-345. 366 Ornament, from helmet ('), 46-47; round, 61—62; from round ob|ect, 31-^2 Otricol! ZEiis, hair and beard of, treat- ment compared, 110 Owl, surrounded by olive spray, 462 N Nails, 357-359 Necklace, 9, 11, 14, 38, 80, 265, 306; of beads, 34, 38, 335-336; in engravings, 274, 275, 276, 279, 282; of lotos flowers, 17; patina on, xxvlii; necklace (.'), as large open ring, 336 Needles, 441-443; decorated, 442; ma- terials used in manufacture ot, 441; for netting, 443-444 Nereid, with armor of Achilles, 295; name on Etruscan mirror probabl}' signifj-ing, 276; riding a sea-horse, 295 Nickel, alloy of bronze, xvii Niello, composition and preparation of, xxl\', xxv; in inlay work, xxiv-xxv, xxviii, 164, 355 North Wind, personified by Boreas, 30 Nymph, 42 Ocrca, 425 Odysseus, engraving of, 276-277 OiNOCHOE, 65, 202 Ointment, bottle, 195-197; box, 285, see also Alabastron Olive, branch, 286; spray, surrounding owl, 462 Olympia, figurines found at, referred to and compared, 6; tvpe of handles found at, 200 Olympian Zeus, modification of tj-pe of, no Pail, attachment for swinging handles of, 125-126, 245, 246-248; flaring, 228- 229; ribbed, with swinging handles, 227-228; see also Cauldron, Situla, and Cista a cordoni Fainting, possible use of, in bronze sculp- tures, xxvu Palestrina, round ornament with relief decoration from, 62; Palestrina (r), kylix from, 199-200 Palmettes, 9, 14, 30, 31, 46, 52, 60, 186, 189, 190, 212, 232, 241, 246, 250, 263, 274. -n^ 355. 37-. 4-4; and scroll, . 33-34. 60, 189, 276, 279, 280, 372; and volute, 250 Palm Tree, 280 Palstave, type of celt, 434 Pan, relief of, 264; statuette dedicated to, 39. 40 Panther, 199; climbing up shaft of can- delabrum, 373; inlay work on, xxv, xxvi, 162-166; in reliefs, 25, 121, 265; statuette of, 162-166; \\inged, I99 Papyrus, 202 Paris, engraving of, 273-274 Parma, 408 Paste Beads, 458 Patera, 9, 100, loi, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 114, 128, 132, 306; attribute of t)-pe of Lares, 133, of Juno, 103; definition of word, 199; with foot, 218; handle of: ?9, 172-17?, decorated, 210-214, fanci- ful, 217, significance of, in hand of priest, lOl, 134 Patina, on antiques and copies, xv, xvl; 48 s INDEX atmosplieric effect producing, xxviii; bibliography of, xxxii; chemical in- fluences producing, xvii, xxviii; chlorine in, and bronze disease, xxxii; colors of, XXIX, xxxi; composition of, xxxi; forma- tion of, xxxi; inlay work possiblv con- cealed by, xxiv; Plutarch's opinion regarding, of importance, xxix-xxx; protecting bronzes buried in earth, xvi; provisions to guard against formation of, in papyri, xxxi; relation to ancient and modern bronze, xxvii-xxxii Paulus Aegineta, as authority on surgical instruments, 448 Pausanias, writings of referred to, xxvi, 22, 73-74, lor Paw, 372, 376; as candelabrum base, 371; as foot of kottabos, 460; as ornament on cup, 209; as feet of cauldron, 226; as termination of handle of jug, 194 Pearls, in inlay work, xxiv Peoasos, engraving of, 277-278 Peiraeus, helmet found near, 414 Peleus, engraving of, 275-276; and Thetis, in Greek art, 276 Peloponnesian School ('), statuette show- ing influence of, 13 Peloponnesos, mirror from, 264-265; statu- ette of diskos thrower from, 48-51 Pelops, referred to, 22 Pella, 408 Pendants, on bracelet, 275; elongated, on tripod, 348; in form of fish, 345; heart- shaped, 14; on mantle, 39; rosette, 257; signet ring as, 14 Perfume Bottles, 275 Pergamos, school of, statue from, 126-127 Perugla, mirrors from, 274 Pt'tasos, winged, 124 Petronius, as authority on wooden lamp- stands, 365 Pheiuias, Olympian Zeus, compared, no; school of, example from, 258-259 Phuilf, 9, 65; shallow, decorated, 199; see also Plate Phoeniclan, commerce in tin, x\i-x\"li Phrygian Caps, 282, 284, 285 Pig, 44, 167; with human legs, 276 Pilos, 39; helmet in shape of, 412-414 Pin, in antiquity, 302, 307; with conical- shaped head, 304; with cur\'ed head, 305; from Etruscan tomb, 177, ^06; "eyelet" type: 303-305, ad\-antagcs and characteristics of, 303, 307, intro- duction of, 307; fastening mantle, 39; head of: ending in that of an animal, 305, in form of female figure, 306, of mushroom-shape, 304; materials used in construction of, 302; with silver neck, 307; simple form of, 302-303; stem of, emerging from animal's mouth, 306; see also Fibula; pin (?), of semi- circular section, 305 Plait- Pattern, 190, 205, 208, 209-210, 250, 416, 417, 418; die on gold-beater's block for, 444 Plaque, decorated, on handle of patera, 212; engra\'ed work on, xxiii, 15, 16, 80-81; as form of decoration, 200; of ivy-leaf shape, 60; rectangular, decorated, 335; relief work on, 66-67, 9~> 33 5; of triangular shape, 80-81; undecorated, on handle of jug, 191 Plaster, in modern casting, xix, xx Plate, 199, 221; see also Phiale and Bowl Plato, writings of, referred to, 88 Plectrum, 40, 114 Pliny, writings of, referred to, xxvi, xxx, 3,41,288 Plough, 167-168 Plutarch, writings of, referred to, xxvi, xxix-xxx, 41 Pollux, engravings of, 282-285 Pollux, J., writings of, referred to, 197, 232 Polos, 9 P0LYK.LEITAN, type of Hermes, 123 PoLYKLEiTOS, school of, work showing in- fluence of, 56-58, 138 Pompeii, type of key in use in, 364 PoMPEiiAN, lamp-stands, referred to, 120 Portrait, busts, 142-144, 153-154; head: of Agrippa, 144-149, cast hollow, xix, fragment from, 154; statues: of boy, 149-152, of C. V. Trebonianus Gallus, 154-158, of Hermarchos, 70-74 Poseidon, on coins from Poseidonia, 113; origin of type of, 67-68; statuette of, xxv, 67-68, 113-114; striding, 112 Praeneste, cistae found at, 290; Latin inscriptions on mirrors from, 273, 286; mirrors manufactured at, peculiarity of, 272 Praxiteles, influence of, examples showing, 65-66, 74, 117, 127-128; Knidian Aph- rodite of, copies from, 74-77, 117; popularity of m:irble for statues dating from, 3 ; school of, and type of Eros, 265 Priest, attributes interpreting statuettes as, loo-ioi, 134-135; Roman, statuette of, 134^135; statuettes representing, as 486 INDEX dedicaton- offerings, loi; pnest [?), statuettes, lOO, loi-io:; Priestess, in decoration on bowl, 201-202; probably identity of female statuettes, 1 03 Probe, with decorated shaft, 449, 450; double, 449; use of, in antiquity, 449 Processional Car, drawn by lions, 128 Prometheus, engraving of, 281-282; in ancient art, 282; myth, question re- garding, 263 Pun'CTURED, circles, 106; name on strigil, 206; triple spirals, 34 Puppy, with child, 160 Purse, 123 Pyxis, 100, 104; identifying character of female figures, 103 Q Quiver, 114, 115, 120, 2S2; of Herakles, 261 R Rabbit, 353 Ram, in farmyard group, 167; heads of: emerging from volutes, 460, as foot of a vessel, 171, on handle of bowl, 241), on handle of a jug, 191; leg of, 171; reliefs of, 17, 25, 353; statuette of, 170-171 Razor, form of, in antiquity, 298; distri- bution of, 2g8 Rectangle, with boss and two stars, die on gold-beater's block for, 444 Rectangular, mirrors, 251, 287, 290; socket, part of furniture, 352 Relief-Work, antique process of repousse, xxi-xxii; decoration on bowl, 202; on Etruscan chariot, 17-25; on handle of patera, 210-212; on mirror C()\ ers, xxii, 233, 257-268, 271; on phiale, igq; on plaques, 66-67, 9--,335; '"'" strigiLs, 294; see also under A juur reliet Renaissance Bronzes, xiv, x\- Rhoikos, Samian artist, x\iii Rhyton, 132; in shape of animal's head, 217 Ring, 343-344; as attachment for handles, 246, 249, 380, 381; for bath implements, 298-299; on bracelets, 337; on buckle, 334; characteristics of, 342; coiled as earring, 344; decorated, 337, 343; as handles for dipping-rods, 299; moulded, as decoration on mirror handle, 289; open: as necklace, 336, as t}'pe of e:irring, 266, on pin of fibula, 325; protrusions, in form of, 52; sliding, 334; on votne offerings, 466, 467 Riveting, xxii Rock, go, 128, 262, 265; engraved, 273, 277, 280; in relief, 66, 92; as representation of the heavens, 261; suggesting land- sc;ipe, 280 Roman, art, influence of Egj'pt on, i6q; candelabra, 366, 376; coins: and repre- sentations of Aphrodite, 76, of Poseidon, 113; emperor, custom of representing, 154; fibulae, 328-330; lamps, 381-382; mirrors, 287-290; mythological scene, 286; sculpture, and bronze statuettes, 5; soldier, identification by helmet, 141; times: bronze casting in, xx, xxi, Greek art in, 5, inlay work in, xxiv, metals produced in, xvii-xvui Roman Bronze ^^'oRKs, modern foundr\-, xix n. Rome, bronze statues in, 3; bust of Athena from, 116; horse's hoof and fetlock from, 171; K}'bele image from, 130; portrait statue from, 155; Rome (r): Eros statuette from, 85, handles from, 126, panther statuette from, 162-166, portrait bust from, 142-144, relief of two men fighting from, 141-142, sword and sheath from, 399-400 Rope, izz, 266, 345 Rosette, 34, 38, in, 201, 202, 232, 248, 256, 257, 259, 371, 416, 417, 41S; dec- oration on fillet, Greek analogies for, 38; dies for, on gold-beater's block, 444; ornaments, inlaid, 355; pendant, 257; recurved, 371 ; earrings in form of, Greek analogies found for, 38 Running, early representations of, 190 Safety-Pins, see Fibula Sai;itlci, 403 Sakkos, 55 Samian Artists, xviii Sandals, 70, 82, no, 124, 130, 135, 154, 276, 278, 2S0; engra\ang of, 275 Satyr, bearded, 46, 84-85, 188, 189; bust of, as ornament, 45; dancing, 84-85; engraving of, 274; reliefs ot, 68, 6q, 188, 189, 232; running, 232; statuettes of, 84-85, 126-127; striding, 126-127; type of in Hellenistic period, 127; winged, with horse's ears, 46 4S7 INDEX Saucer Lamps, 378, 381 Scales, 31 Scalpels, handles of, 453 Sceptre, iio; head of, inlaid, xxv, 458; stem of; decorated, 458, tubular shaft possibly used as, 457 Scroll-Design, 33-34, 60, 189, 194, 212, 274, 276, 279, 280, 281; and floral orna- ment, 194; and palmettes, 33-34, 60, 189, 276, 279, 280; with serpents, 33-34; terminatingshepherd's crook, 459 Sculpture, development of, shown in bronze statuettes, xui, 3, 5 Scutum, 408 Sea-Horse ridden b}' Nereid, 295 Seat, folding, 13 Sfcuris, 429 Seilenos, masks of, in relief, 31, 32, 125, 126, 194, 195; with Nymph, 42; t3-pes of, and attributes, 42 Semicircles, 399 Semicircular type of fibula, 314-315 Sepukralis, signification of, 182 Serpents, heads of, as legs of giant, 212 reliefs of, 33-34, 183-184, 185, 189 with scroll and palmette design, 33-34 see also Snake Serpentine Fibula, 323-326 Sheath, of sword, 276 Shell, 380; bowl in imitation of, 219; double, 457 Shepherd's Crook, 439 Shield, of Achilles, 295; bibliography of, 408; Boeotian, 17, 18, 22; boss, of Assyrian origin, 408; bowl in form of, 198-199; engravings of, 274, 285; form and size of, in antiquity, 408; reliefs of, 17, 18, 22; round, 18, 22, 274, 285 Shoes, 42, 59-60, 65, 102, 141, 160, 217; engravings of, 274, 275, 278, 282, 284, 285, 286; with flaps, 127, 132, 261; high, 41, 127, 132, 134, 261, 282, 284; high, laced, 282, 284; high, laced, with flaps, 261; laced, 34, 41, 106, 107, 261, 282, 284; laced, with upturned pointed toes, 34; low, 274; with turned-up toe, peculiarity of certain period, 34; winged, 30 Shovels, 235-236; type used in incense burning, 236 Sicily, helmets from, 417-418 Sickle, type found in Crete, 439; use of, in antiquit}', 438; sickle (''), 108 Signet-Ring, enclosing bulls' heads, 223; pendant on chain on statuette, 14 Silver, as alloy of bronze, xvii; beads, on fibula, 323; cup, with bronze handles, xxviii, 209-210; in inlay work, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, 91, 136, 161, 162, 164, 353, 355; in manufacture of bracelets, 336, of buckles, 331, of lamp-stands, 365, of stngils, 294; mirrors of, in Roman times, 288; mixed with metals for color eff^ect, xxvi; neck of, on bronze pin, 306; in niello, xxiv, xxv; overlay, 353; rivets of, on iron sword, 402; rings of, referred to, 343 Silvering, employment of, on mirror covers, 257, 260, 268; process of, xxvi SiME, engraving of, 274 Simpuliim, use of, in sacrifices, 232 Siren, relief of, 52; type of, in Greek art, 52 Sirolo (r), statuette from, 44 Sistnim, 454 Sitida, attachment for swinging handles of, 33-34 Snake, 174; see also Serpent Socketed Implement, 459, 460 Soldering, process of, xxii South Italy (?), helmet from, 417 Sow, in farmyard group, 167 Spathomele, 450 Spatula, decorated, 451; use of, in antiquity, 450-451 Spear, engraving of, 274; relief of, 17; with statuette, 98 Spear-Heads, butt-spikes classed as, 398; distinguished from dagger-blades, 393; distribution of, 393; four-bladed, 394; four-sided blade, 396; four-winged appearance, 393; of iron, 397; Italian, 397; leaf-shaped, 393, 394, 397; ma- terials in manufacture of, 394; sug- gesting arrow-head, 396; type in Iron Age, 393. 394 Spccillum, 449 Speculum, 251 Sphinx, on handle of h^^dria, 9; as mirror supports, 287; repousse relief of, 199; statuette of, 162; Sphinx (?), feet and tail of, 14 Spiked Mane, on grifirn, 62 Spiral, border of, 411; form of bracelet, 339, 340; forming head of fibulae, 309- 325; ornament, 17; pattern, 186-187, 212, 232; ring: 342, 343, and use of type in antiquity, 342 Spit (?), 177, 240; of iron, 239-240 Spokes of Wheels, number of in chariots considered, 17, 26, 128 INDFA' Spools, attacliments in form of, 6;, 242, 244; doLihle, ;oi-204; neck of pin in form of, }oy SrooN Probes, 451-452 Spout, 356 Staf?~, 135, 274; Si'c- iilsn Tliyrsos Stag, head of, 132; reliefs of, 21;, 345; statuette of, 6 Stamps, on strigils, 204, 2q^, 2qy Star, 277, 2S5; stamps in shape of, 2g7 Statfra, 445 Statues, casting of, xxi, xxii; cult, 4; destruction of, 3; documentar\- pro\ i- sions regarding patina on, xxxi; ham- mered, xxi; of marble, 3; technical processes in making of, xix, xxi, xxii Statuettes, casting of, xvm; dating of ex- tant specimens, 5; as dedicatory offerings, 4, lOi; Eg\'ptian, attributes of bull on, referred to, 169; engraved work on, xxiii, 34-38, 42-44; of geometric origin, xviii; as handle of vase, 45-46; history of, and that of sculpture, xiii, 3; inlay work on, xxv, 53-56, 64, 81- 84, 85-00, iio-iii, 113-114, 134-136, 162-166; and knowledge of anti(]ue sculptural work, xui, 3; Mycenaean, xviii; ornamentation of, xxui, xw; as shaft of candelabrum, 372; sur- mounting candelabra, 4, 371; as mirror stands, 13-15. 2S8; as thank ofi-erings, loi; uses of, in antiquitv, 3-4; use of mirrors represented on, 251; as votive offerings, 4, 6, 38, 52, 105 Steelyard, 445-446; use of, in anticjuity, 445 Steering-Oar, 131, 132 Stirrup, handle of razor in form of, 298 Stone, Age, xv; implements, xiii, xv; in manufacture of gold-beater's block, 445, and of lamp stands, 365; moulds, tor casting, xx-xxi; precious, and semi- precious, in inlay work, xxiv, xxv Stud, 123, 124 Str^ainers, 229-232; use of, in ancient times, 229 Strigils, 293-298; bibliography of, 21)4; blade from, 297; decorations on, 294; form of, and modifications, 293; ma- terial emploved in manufacture of, 293 ; method of emplo}-ment shown in monu- ments, 294; use of, in antiquity, 293, 294 Sri'Ll, 446-447; use of, in antiquit)', 446 Sulphur, in niello, xxiv, xxv Surgical Instruments, xxviii, 44S-449 SusA, head of Agrippa from, 144 SuTHiNA, inscription on cista, ig;, 217, 218, 292, on Ktruscan mirror, 282, on lamps, 381, and on tomb objects, 182; signifi- cation of inscription, 182 Swan, engra\-ing of, 80; hc;ids of, 60, 428; relief of, 66; statuette of, 173 SwASTiCA, incised on fibula, 320 Swords, in antiquitv, 399; blade of, decorated, 400, and leaf-shaped, 399- 400; diminutive, 402; efficiency o\er dagger, 383; engraving of, 276; hilt of, decorated, 399, 402; iron, 400-403; Mycenaean, inlaid work on, xxiv; pommel of: antennae ti-pe, 40^, bowl- shaped, 399, crescent-shaped, 400, and knob-shaped, 402; sheath of: engraving of, 276, and relief of, 141; with sheath, 399-400; type of, in Central and South Italy, 400 Syracuse, coins of, ti'pes of beads on, com- pared, 258 Syria (?), bottles from, 195-197; jug from, 194; lamp from, 3S1; shovels from, 235-236; spout from, 356; steelyard from, 445-446 T Table, four-legged, 202; marble, with bronze fittings, xx\i, xx\iii, 355; tripod, 201 Tail, of horse, broken from relief, 171; of sphinxes and lions, 14 Tambourine, 201 Taranto (?), statuette of athlete from, 55 Tartus, tvpe of fibulae found at, 312-313 Tassels, on himation, 34, 38, 150; voti\'e offering in form of, 467 Teano ( ■), jug fri>m, 192 Terracotta Statuettes, showing use of mirrors in antiquitv, 251 ThaLNA, enuraNing of, 274; identifications suggested for character, 275 Thank-Offerings, figures ot certain types as, loi Thebes (:), handle of vase from, 54 Theodoros, Samian artist, x\ 111 Theseus, possible representation oK dis- cussion ot, 262-263 Thetis, engr;i\-ing of, 275-276; and Pelcus, in Greek art, 276; question regarding representation of, 18 Throne, 12S, 129 489 INDEX of, 274; see also Eros, 88, liq; inverted, 120; from, v.. 19-120, portrait Thunderbolt, iio, hi Thymialerion, 381 Thvrsos, 126; engraving " Staff Tin, aliov of bronze, xvi, xvii, and of white metal, xvii-xviii; commerce in, xvi- xviii; with copper, in manufacture of dagger-blades, 390; in soldering, xxn Toga, 134, 153; indicative of period, 151; praetexta, 135 Toilet, articles from Bolsena tomb, 182; boxes, 290-293 Tomb Groups, 177-182 Tongue Pattern, 9, 30, 187, 190, 192, 194, 206, 208, 209, 217, 230, 256, 274, 280- 281, 286, 372, 416, 418; and beading, 276; and plait pattern, 135 Tools, for engraving, xxiii; forging of, xxii; patina on, xxviu Top-Knot, horse's, 8, 9 Torch, -holder held by "-holder" (?), 205-206; -racing, in antiquity, 88 Torque, 14 Trebizond (?), statuettes 169-170 Trebonianus Gallus, C. statue of, 154-158 Tree, 80, 92; branch of, 25 Trefoil, lip, on jugs, 186-187 Triangles, 206, 207; dotted, 408; sli 210 Triangular, blade, to arrow-head, 407, and to dagger, 386; perforations, 465 Trident, 67 Tripod, 345-348; form of lamp-stand, as, 376; relief decoration of, compared, 223, 345; table, 201 Triton, 31 Troy, axes from, xvu; hammering |iractised in, xxi Tubular Shaft, 457 Tunic, 133, 134, 135, 141, 153; short, 261; short-sleeved, 160; sleeved, 82; t\'pe worn by laboring classes in antiquity, 261; see also Chiton Turan, 273 Turner's Lathe, e\-idence decoration, xxiu Tuscany (r), belt from, 425 Tweezers, 300-303 ; use of in anrujuit;', 300 Two-Edged, triangular blade, to arrow- heads, 407 Tympanum, 128 Tyre (?), strigil from, 296-297 aded. of. in ;intique u Utensils, decorative art shown in, statuettes forming part of, 4; vi'orks of art, 6 xiii; as Varro, cited, 232 Vases, Athenian black-figured, decorations on, compared, 20, 26, and deciding date of bronzes, 27, 230, 234; Corinthian, decorations on, compared, 200; engrav- ing of, 281-282; female head, form of, 193-194; Francois, hydria repre- sented on, 197; with Greek decorations, compared, 21; handles of, 30, 31, 45-46, 52-54, 59-60; human head form, use of, 193-194; "Italo-Ionic" decorations on, compared, 25; libation (r), 185-186; mouth from, 209; neck of, 184; Pana- thenaic, designs on, referred to, 73-74; receptacles on candelabrum in shape of, 371; red Bucchero, shape of, compared, 186; red-figured, deciding d ate of bronzes, 230, 234; representations on: and the use of columns as pedestals, 73-74, inscriptions in, 272, and ladles in antiquity, 232, and mirrors, 251, 272, and top-knots on horses, 9, and the use of strainers, 229, and water-jars, 197; see also Bowls, Jars, Jugs, Kylix, Hydria, and Water-jars Veil, formed by himation, 128 Versailleux, statuette of Hermes from, \'essel, foot of, with ram's head and leg, 171; hammered, xxi; lid of, 229; made in separate pieces, xxu; ornament from, 7-8; used in Cyprus, 184 Vine, branch, 120; leaves: 125, on handle of jug, 250, Seilenos mask crowned with, 194 ^ \'itre()US Glaze, in inlay work, probable use of, 1 7 Volute, animals' heads emerging from, 298-299; capital, 369; design, 172, 184, 246, 250, 255, 274, 381; on mirror- stand attachments, 14, 55; rams' heads emerging from, 460; terminating ends of bracelet, 236, and legs of tripod, 345; krater, handles from, 60-61 VoNiTZA, mirrors from, 258-263 Votive offerings, statuettes as, 4, 6, 38, 52, 105; offerings (?), 467; right hand, 467 490 INDEX w fighting: 99; vic- 19S, use of, in antiquity. ^^'ARRIOR, fallen, relief of, 17, ;::; relief of, 22, statuette of, 9S, tonous, relief of, I 7 Wart, 138 Water, flowing, 80 Water- Jars, undecorated, 197- from vase decorations, 197 Water-Spolts, 166, 167 Wax, in casting, xviii, xix, x\ Weapons, patina on, xxviii Weighing Implements, used 445 Weights, with steeh-ard, 445 Wheat. 130 Wheels, of chariot, 17-26, 128; solid, 168 Whip, 18 Wick-Trimmers, 374 Winged, Boreas, 30-31; celt, 434; Eros, 65, 66, 85-90, 90-91, 119, 120, 264-263, 267; figure, in Greek art, 226-227; Goddess, 38; horses, 18, 22; human figure, 25; Lasa: engraving of, 285; handle of patera in form of, 217; lions, 199; panther, 199; petasos, 124; shoes, 30 Wings, attachments in shape of, 292, 293; of Boreas, 30; on Hermes, 124; spread, 7' S- \^ IRE, forging of, xxii; as ornament on bracelet, 341, 342 Wolf (r), head of, as handle, 172-173 Woman, see female figure Wood, Etruscan chariot made of, xxi, 17; lamp-stands made of, 365; needles made of, 441 Wreath, ii, 121, 128, 136; of i\\-, 91, 274, 277, 279, 2S6; ny leaves and berries, 276; laurel, 134, 2S2, 2S4; siKer- plated, 260; worn by Roman priests at sacrifices, compared, loi Wrestlers, on handle of lid of cista, 78-79 Writinc-Paper in antiquity, 446 Y Yokes, 17, 25, 26, 167, 16S ^ outh, "Apollo t\'pe," lO-ll; carr\'ing dead bod\', 77-78; carrying pig, 44; engravings of, 278, 284; head of, broken from statuette, 139; holding a panther, 25; praying, 58-59; reliefs of, 25, 61, 138, 190; running, 10, 190; statuettes of, lo-ii, 44, 45, 56-58, 58-59, 64, 108-109, 139, 140; see also under Athlete and special names Zeus, engraving of, 286; statuettes of, no, III; Zeus ('): as mirror stand, 47-48, statuette of, 113-114 Zigzag Lines, 348, 399, 400; dotted, 408, 410 Zinc, as alloy of brass, xviu, of bronze, xviii, of white metal, \vii-x\iii 491 OF THIS CATALOGUE FIVE HUNDRED COPIES HAVE BEEN PRINTED IN JUNE, I915