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Grade II. Back Vol. lod. net. Byron's Childe Harold.* Cantos III. IV. Cook's Voyages.* Dampier's Voyage Round the World.* Defoe's Plague of London.* Longfellow's Evangeline. Milton's Paradise Lost.* 2 Vols. Pope's Iliad.* 3 Vols. Prescott'sConquest of Mexico.* 2V0IS. Grade ni. Ea^h Vol. from is. 4d. net. Burke's Speeches on America. \s 6d. net. Burke on French Revolution.* Selection from> Lamb's Essays. Macaulay's History. The Fii-sl Chapter, More's Utopia.* * The text of these books is reduced. London : 34. King Street, Covent Garden, W.O, Digitized by Microsoft® DATE DUE Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS H. PITMAN, M.A. Cornell University Library PA 357.P68 Greek conjunctions. 3 1924 021 603 836 RIVINGTON, PERCIVAL & CO. KING STREET, CO VENT GARDEN LONDON 1895 S Digitized by Microsoft® A. \\^1T(o Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS PAGE iNTRODUCTIOIf, AND LiST OF CONJUNCTIONS . . . 5-8 Conjunctions Introducing Co-ohdinate Sentences (A) . 8-22 Subordinate Conjunctions . . ... 23 (1) Definite and Indefinite Construction . . 24 (2) Subordinate Conjunctions in Reported Speech 26 Conjunctions Introducing Subordinate Sentences (B) . 28-54 Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Corneii University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in iimited quantity for your personai purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partiai versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commerciai purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions connect (conjungo) sentences together. Sentences may be connected together in such a way as to be co-ordinate with one another, or so that the connected sentence is sabordinate to the other, in which case it is called a dependent sentence. Co-ordinate {Co-, ordino) sentences are such that each makes complete sense when taken by itself, so that the two may be regarded as ranged in equal rank. Thus, " he came and saw " is a compound sentence, consisting of two clauses, each of which makes sense independently of the other. Such are clauses connected by " or " and " but '' : as " Speak or die." "He does not prophesy good concerning me, but (lie prophesies) evil." On the other hand, contrast such a sentence as " He came that he might see me." In this, the clause " that he might see me" is incomplete in sense, if taken apart from "he came." In other words, the second sentence depends upon (de-, pendeo = " hangs , down from ") the first ; and so " he came " is called the " main clause," and " that he might see me " is called " the subordinate (stib, ordino) clause," as being Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS ranged underneath the first, on a lower level, as it were, than the main clause. The following is a list of the most common Greek con- junctions. Those marked with an asterisk are Enclitics, i.e. not to be put first in their sentence. A. Co-ordinate. 'AAAi . "But." 'AAAa iiYjV . . " But indeed," " But really." 'AXka yap . . (1) "But indeed." (2) "But . . . for." *rcip . . "For." *Ak . . "But." *A' oSv . " Be that as it may," " However." 'H . . " Or." Often doubled, ^ . . : •?=" either . . . or." Kal . . "And." Kai fxi^v . (1) "But see!" (2) "And yet." (3) "And verily." Kat yap . "For in fact." Kat Srj . "And see! — ;" Generally used in compliance with a request Kal S?) ;3X^7rw="'Well, I am looking." Kai 8rj Kal . "And indeed," "And moreover." KatTOt . "And yet." *Mci/ ovv . (1) "So," "Accordingly." (2) " Nay, rather." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE *M6VT0l • (1) "However," (2) "Assuredly." OiVe . . ovre . "Neither . . . nor." Ovh\ . . (1) "Not even." (2) "Nor." OvKOVV " Not, therefore." OvKOVV . " Therefore." Ov jx-qv aAAa . " Not but what," "Yet all the same," theless." " Never- *OSv . "Therefore," "So." *T£ . , "And." Frequently also followed by Kai ; re . both . . . and. . . KOU = To lyap " Therefore." *Toti'i)i' . "Therefore," "So." B. Subordinate. "Axph axpts oB . "Until." AlOTL " Because." 'Eai/ ( = Et civ), € I "If." 'Ev w "While." ILire . , . eLT£ "Whether . . . or." 'Ettci "When," "after that," "since." 'EttciStj "When," "after that," "since." 'Ecfi' £, icj)' §T£ " On condition that." "Ecus, €0)5 av (1) "While"; (2) "Until." "EfTTe "Until." "Iva (1) " In order that." (2) "Where." Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS Me)(pi, /u.e;^/3t ov OdovfiKa . "Ottms "Ot£ . "On . Tlplv . 'YcTTipOV ■^ 'licTT lit. = "Even." KaiTrep with participle is equi- valent to "although" with a Finite Verb.) (1) "While"; (2) "Until." (1) "Lest," after a verb of fearing or misgiving. (2) "For fear lest." "That." The chief meanings are — ■ (1) "In order that." (2) "So that." (3) "How" (in indirect questions). (4) oTTus fj^fj, "Lest." " When." (1) "When"; (2) "When" (in indirect questions). (1) "That" (in indirect statement). (2) "Because." (1) "Before that." (2) "Until." "After that." The chief meanings are — (1) "That," introducing indirect statement. (2) " In order that," introducing final clause. (3) "When," "since," "as," introducing tem- poral, causal, or comparative clauses. " So that." A. Conjunctions Introducing Co-ordinate Sentences. '-^^^tt (1) = " But," introducing a sentence in strong contrast to the one before. ovK e(jivyov dXX.a Si-qXacra = "/ did not flee, but charged through their ranks." Digitized by Microsoft® CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS ' AXXa — ooutmued. (2) Often introduces a new idea, either closing a previous discussion, or merely commenting on what has gone before. 'AAX' oiVo) yjyi\ -iroLeiv = " Well, this is what we must do." 'AXA', el SoKel (rot, crTei)(e = " Well, if you think fit, go." "AAAa ^lAocro^cj) eoi/cas = " Well (or why), you are like a philosopher." A. Ti oSv evecTTiv ; B. dW 6pq. TrdvTa TreLpdcrop.ai 5i-qyrjijav Qr]j3oJv (jTaSiOvs ej88oyu.ijKOVTa = " The rest of the Thebans came to the rescue. Now Plataea is 70 furlongs off Thebes." UTreKreivav tods dvSpas" ■^(rau Se dySo^/covra Kal €KaTOV = " They killed the male prisoners. Now they amounted to one hundred and eighty." (3) In Homer, §1 is sometimes used to mark the main sentence, where a dependent sentence has preceded. et 8e Ki fjirj Suioxxlv, eyoi 8e Kev avrbs e'Aui/iat. = "But if they ivill not give it, then I will mijself take ..." Digitized by Microsoft® CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTION'S 13 *Ae — continued. €ios TcmO' &p[j.aive Kara (j^piva Kal Kara Ovjxov, cAketo 8' €K KoAeoio piya, ^oos. = " While he pondered thus in mind and spirit, he began to draw from its sheath his mighty sword." Notice the idioms, o [xev ... o 06 (1) In Singular, 'TAe one . . . the other." In Plural, '■^ Some . . . others." (2) " He for his part . . . he for his part," or " He on the one hand . . . hut he on the other." N.B. — 6 8e, 01 8e ( = "but he," "but they"), are also constantly used without 6 fiiv, ol p-lv preceding. el Se /iirj = " But if otherwise," " hut failing that" Introducing the alternative to some previous supposition. * A' ovv = " Be that as it may," " however," Setting aside what has been mentioned before, and passing on to something different. TTOTajUos ei' TiS aAAos rJlJ-tv kirri Sta/3aTcos ovk olSa' Tov 8' odv Evpo.T~'jv oi!Sap,€v OTL dSvvarov Sia/Srjvai = "If there is any other river we have to cross, I know not : the Euphrates, however, we know is impossible to cross." "H ( 1) = " or," used singly. 8ts |u.ev rj Tph dweKpova-avTO = " Twice or three times they beat them off." Digitized by Microsoft® 14 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS ' H — continued. (2) Used twice over, %...% = " either . . . or" 6cra)9 Se tvov y\ d-TrocrKaTrTei re ^ diroTei)^i^ei = "But perhaps he is either digging a trench some- where, or building a wall to cut us off." (3) Used in alternative questions, both direct and indirect, after iroTepov. TTOrepov €fji,7r6Si,ov ru cru/xa ■^ ov ; = " Is the body a hindrance or not ?" Jlorepov, which prepares the hearer for an alternative to the first question, is usually omitted in translating, except when the question is indirect, when it should be rendered " whether.'' r]peTO TroT€pov airei-q t) Trapebrj = "He asked whether he were absent or present." Besides its use as a Conjunction joining Co- ordinate clauses, 3? is used for "than" after all words implying comparison ; not only com- parative adjectives — a/xetVcoi/ % ey = " letter than /"-^but adjectives and adverbs, which, though in the positive degree, have them- selves a comparative meaning, as "opposite," "different," "befoie." evavTia kiro'njcrev rj kym = "He did the reverse of what I did." So aXXo^ ("other"), Trpoa-Qev, irpiv ("before," containing the comparative notion "earlier"), also vcrrepov, Trporepov (after, before), are fol- lowed by j;. ov irpoTepov IvcSocrav ■^ avTol icrdXr]a-av = " They did not give in, till they failed of their own fault." Digitized by Microsoft® CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 15 Kal (1) And. = " You and I came." Sometimes doubled — kuI . . . Kal = "ioth . . . and." ^vviTTiX-anfidveiv Kal Xdycj) Kat epyif = "To join in the operations both in word and deed." eppwTO T£ Tras Kal cSimtjjs Kat ttoAis = "And all loere in a state of vigorous activity, both individual and State alike." (2) Often anticipated by T-e. (Te...KaJ = "both...and.") i]\dofJ,€V 6-yw re Kal i = "He happened to be in Tissaphernes' train, and in high honour with him ; for in fact he professed to he an expert in strategy." Kal Sh Lit. " And you see." (1) In compliance with a suggestion, A. pXitpov Karo). B. koI Stj ^XeTroi. A. "Look down.'' B. " Well, I am looking.'' (2) Introducing a supposition, Kal Srj TeOvacri • Tts /^e Several ttoAjs ; = "And granted they are dead: ivhat city loill receive me ?" Kai S^ Koi. " And moreover." Kal fjLrip (1) Introducing something fresh, — calling atten- tion to a new character coming on to the stage, to some fresh and sudden sight or sound, or to a new point in an argument. Kai fj.rjv Trpo TrvXuv rjS' 'lo'jj.rjVTq = "But see, here is Ismene coming forth from the gates.'' Kal firjv 6 TI.apav KaKcos ?rotetv, ovh' avTov airoKTUvai av idiXoip,ev " Neither do we make any claim against the king for the empire, nor would ice care to do any injury to his country, nor should we even wish to kill him" ; or, "and we should not wish to kill him either." Notice that ovre . . . ovre following a preceding negative, is to be translated " either . . . or." OvK alcr)(vvea-6e oiVe Oeov's ovre avOpiinrovs = " You have no shame before either gods or men." Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS Oi;^e (1) " Not even" emphasizing the word following it. ouS' ctv TravTaTrao't Sta^atTyre = " You would iwt cross anyhow.'' a.XX\ S 'ydd', ovSe fjLovaLKrjv hridTafiai = "But, good sir, Ihave not even any accomplishments." ovS' ■q^a.iov = "Not even a little." (2) After a preceding negative, " nor." 'H Brj/jLayayia yap ov Trphs fJ.ova-iKov eV icrrlv dvS/obs, ovSe )(prjcrTov toiis rpoirovs = " The leadership of the peo[ile no longer goes to the man who is accomplished, nor to him who is excellent in his character." If ovSe is followed by another ovSe in the same sentence, the second means " nor," and it must be judged from the sense of the passage whether the first means " not even " or " nor." OvKOUV 02 " Therefore '' (strictly should mean " not . . . there- fore" but the emphasis is cast mainly on the final syllable, and the negative portion of the word is so subordinate as practically to dis- appear). ovKovv orav Srj fxr) (rOevw Treirav(ro[iai = "Then, when my strength fails me, I shall cease (to strive)." In questions, " not . . . {therefore) "; in statements, " not . . . therefore" The accent is on the first syllable, and it is this which is the most im- portant part of the word. The meaning of the second syllable need not be insisted upon in Digitized by Microsoft® CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS OuKOVv — continued. translation, as it is the negative which pre- dominates. ovKovv irdpos ye crjs drreoraTow ejbpevos = " Not of old was I afar from thy heart." OVKOVV ojj,aijj.oi )(d) KaravTiov Oavdv ; = "Then loas not also he that fell on the other side thy brother ?" *0?v " Therefore;' " so." e8oK€t ovv eirt)(eipr]Tea etvai = "So they resolved that the attempt should be made." *Te (1) "And." oXiyov re eirevoovv ovSev dfifj^orepoi, = " And each side had no small aims in view." Sometimes doubled, as often in IlomcrJ- Trarfip dvSpoyv re deiov t€ = "Father of gods and men alike" (Lit. " of both men and gods.") (2) In Post- Homeric Greek, in its commonest usage, is employed before koI. re . . . Kai = "both . . . and." Kpavyrj re Kal 6X.oXvyfj )(^p(i)fievoL = "Having recourse to both shouting and screaming." ' In Homer, re is also often used not as meaning " and," but to mark a statement as general. Ss Ke Seats kirneiB-qrai. iui\a t' IkKvov avroO. = " Whosoever obeyeth the gods, him they hear indeed," a general maxim. In this way it is often found with Relatives and Conjunctions {e.g. Ss re, Kai re, ydp re, 3^ re), not affecting the meaning of the word after which it comes, but showing that the whole sentence states something which generally or habitually happens. Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJUNCTIONS * Te — continued. crvvecrTpeipovTO re Iv a-i^ia'W avroi'S koi, ras Trpoapoka^ direayOovvTO = "They hoik closed their ranks, and repulsed attaclts." (3) Often it follows ovTe and ixriTe, if the sentence it couples is not negatived like the one preceding. oiVe ^vv^jiorfdovv ki^vXacrcrov re to, auTWV iKacrroi = lit. " They both did not unite to help {them), and guarded each their own property"; that is, "With- out uniting to help (them), they guarded each their own property." (4) Notice the idiom aXXto? re koL ( = " ioth otherwise, and "), to be translated " especially.'' efj^XXov rev^eadai Tou aX-qdov'S XoyuTfiov, aAXtos te Kul TToXXaKLS dpldfWVVTe'S = " They were likely to hit upon the right number, especially as they often counted." Totygp "Therefore," "that is why" (stronger form,To£ya/)ow). Toiyap Si' opdrj's T'^vSe vauKAijpets ttoXiv. — "Therefore, or, that is why thou dost pilot the ship of State aright." *Tolw v " Therefore," " so," " then." 'AirayyeXXeTe roivvv avrcj) ort /iax'js 5^' irpmrov = "Take him back the message, thtn, that he must fight first." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 23 SUBOEDINATE CONJUNCTIONS. The different Moods following the Subordinate Conjunc- tions are dealt with in the treatment of each particular Conjunction. Before proceeding to these, however, it may be of use to study two general principles which have a great deal to do in determining the Mood after most of the Conjunctions. Two considerations have constantly to be taken into account — (1) whether the clause is Definite or Indefinite, and (2) whether it stands in Direct or Eeported Speech. Digitized by Microsoft® 24 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS (1) Definite and Indefinite Construction. The Clauses which vary most plainly according as they are Definite or Indefinite, are those introduced by the Adverbial Conjunctions of Time, Place, and Manner, and by the Eelative ; but the following remarks also apply to the Final Sentences introduced by w? and otto)?, and to that Conditional Sentence which has Put. Indie, in the Apodosis, and 'lav with Subjunctive in the Protasis. When Definite, the Clause has refej-ence to a circumstance, person, or thing, actually known as a fact. When Indefinite, it is more vague, and refers to such a circumstance, person, or thing as is not actually known, and need not be actually existing, but only imagined. Por instance — " When I came I saw him " is Definite, and = " I saw him at tlie time when I came." "Whenever I came I saw him'' is Indefinite, and = " I saw him at any time when I came." Again — " I waited till you came " can be Definite, and = " Till the time when you came " ; here the time of arrival is known. Or it can be Indefinite, and = " I waited till you came, ichenever that might he '' ; time of arrival being unknown. In order to make the Eelative, or the Adverbial Con- junction of Time, Place, or Manner, Indefinite, the Greeks add av, with the Subjunctive, if the verb of the Main Digitized by Microsoft® DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE CONSTRUCTION 25 Sentence is in a Primary Tense,* but use after it the Optative without av, if the Main Verb is in a Historic Tense. Thus— " WMnever I come I see Mm " is OTav ep\(DiJ,ai, opSi avrhv. But- And- But— And- But— ore e/D^ojuat, opo) avrhv would mean, " / see him now thai I am coming," " Whenever I came, I saio him '' is ore epxoijLHjv, kuiptav avrov. ore ■qp'xpjj.rjv, kdptov avrhv would mean, "/ used to see him at the time lohen I came." " I am waiting till you come," Definite, is Trepif),evia p.e\pi,i ov eXev(rei, tut Indefinite is TT^pijj.kvoi p,€\pi,s ov av ikdys. " / waited till you came," Definite, is irepiefiivov p.i\pK o5 ^A.fe. "7 waited till you came," Indefinite, is Trepiep.€VOV p.k-)(pi,i oC iXdois. So "who" is o?, but "vjJwever'' is oy av with Subjunctive in Present Time, o? with Optative in Past Time. And oo-Tt?, o?, Ola's, ocro9 (Eelatives), ■wp'cv, ov, oT, o6ev (Adverbial Conjunctions), as well as wy, ottw^ (Final Par- ticles), w? (Adverbial Conjunction of Manner = " as "), and. ei (becoming eav or rjv when coupled with av), are made Indefinite in the same way. * Primary Tenses = Present, Future, and Perfect. Historic Tenses = Imperfect, Aorist, and Pluperfect. Digitized by Microsoft® 26 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS (2) Subordinate Conjunctions in Reported Speech. In regard to the other consideration, namely, whether the Subordinate Sentence stands in Direct or Eeported Speech, the following facts should be noticed. After the Particles which take the Infinitive or the Participle, there is no change in Mood when the sentence is put in Eeported Speech. As to the others, in Primary Sequence the Mood and Tense after the Conjunction is the same as in Direct Speech ; but in Historic Sequence the Mood will become Optative, but the Tense must be strictly kept to that actually em- ployed in the original words of the Direct Speech. Thus the sentence vv^ r\v ore l^ifet ( = /< was night when he went out), when changed into Indirect Speech after ^^jo-t (he says), a Primary Tense, becomes vvKTa (f>rja-iv eivai ore e^jet. But after e^j; (he said), a Historic Tense, it becomes vvKTa e(j>ri elvat, ore ifioi. So eireiSav crrnJLijvrj (rvcTK^va^eaOc {"Whenever he gives the signal,pack up''), after KeXevei ( = he commands), becomes KeAevet eTraSav rj eTvai OTe e^yei (Vivid instead of ore e^iot) ; and eKekevcrev eiretSctv crqiiiqvy (ruaKevd^eirdai (Vivid instead of kireiSrj crrnj.'qvai) ; and afii.apTque(rdo,i (re erj el tovto Xe^eii (Vivid instead of el tovto Xe^ois). Digitized by Microsoft® 28 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS B. Conjunctions Introducing Subordinate Sentences. "Axpi, axP'? oS " Until." Like i^ixph A'^XP's °®> ^^^ more rare. AioTi " Because." OvK riXde StoTj ev fp^l^V V^ = "He did not come because he was afraid." 'Eat/, el '•!/." These two words introduce conditional sentences. Conditional sentences state either (1) a fact, what actually is, will he, or was the case under certain circumstances; or (2) a mere supposition, what would be or would have been the case, under certain circumstances. They consist of two clauses: the one stating the circumstance given which something else follows— this is called the Protasis, and is introduced by If; and the other stating the result of that circumstance, which is called the Apodosis, and is the main sentence. Digitized by Microsoft® 5 UB ORDINA TE CONJUNCTIONS 29 Et TOVTO eAe Ea^', ei — continued. 1. Statement of Fact in Apodosis. el TOVTO Aeyets, ajj-aprdvei's, " If you say this, you are wrong.'' £t TOUTO Ae^eis, afiapTria-ei, " If you say this, you will be wrong." ■yes \ rifiapravi^, " If you used to say this, you toere lorong." e'Ae^as {Jjixapre?, " If you said this, you were wrong." eiprjKas ijfiaprijKas, "If you have said this, you have been wrong." N.B. — Where the Apodosis states a fact, as here, dissimilar tenses may be used in Pro- tasis and Apodosis ; e.g. " If the ship came back yesterday, he will be hanged to-morrow" would have Future in Apodosis and Aorist in Protasis. If the Apodosis is in the Future, the Protasis may also be eav tovto Xe'yjy? (or Xeing), which is more indefinite in meaning than ei Xe'^ej?, and =If ever, or supposing ever, you say this. When general occurrences are stated in the Apodosis, the Protasis has Indefinite Con- struction ; i e. eav or rjv with Subjunctive if the main Verb is in a Primary Tense, ei with Optative if the main Verb is in an Historic Tense. Digitized by Microsoft® 30 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS Eav, et — cotitinued. Jav toSto Aeyijs, afj.apra.veL'; = " You are wrong (as a general rvle) if [ever) you say this." Tliis is a general statement, as opposed to the particular case, el TOVTO Aeyets ajxapTdvcLS, which means, " You are wrong {now) if this is what you are saying.'' i" Tt jXTj <^ipoi,jj.iv &Tpvvev cf>epeLV = "If (ever) we did not bring anything, he kept urging us to bring it." 2. Statement of Supposition in Apodosis. (a) €t TOVTO Xiyoi's, o.p.a.pTavoL's av = "If you loere to say this, you would be wrong'." (6) 66 TOVTO eXeyes, rjp.dpTave's av has two meanings : 1. Lit. "If you loere (now) saying this, you toould have been wrong (now)." i.e. " If you said this (noiu), you looidd be lorong." 2. Lit. "If you icere saying this {just lately), you would have been wrong {then)." i.e. "If you had been saying this, you would have been wrong." (c) €t TOVTO e'Ae^as, rj/J-apTei av — "If you had said this, you would have been wrong." Notice that (a) expresses what might happen at any time (Pure Condition), (b) and (c) both express what might have happened once, but Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 31 Eai', ei — continued. never could now (Unfulfilled Condition). The difference of meaning between (6) and (c) is caused by the .fact that the Imperfect ex- presses continuous or habitual action in the past, or in time which, though past, reaches up to the present, while the Aorist denotes a simple or completed action in the past. If a conditional sentence contains any negatives, they will be (1) in the Protasis /xjj (and its compounds yai^re, fxriSe, fir/Seh, etc.) ; and (2) in the Apodosis ov (and its compounds ovre, ovSe, ovSeis, etc.). 'El/ w " While " ixpovw being understood). 'Ev ^ dTrfjv, ■ijA.^es = " While I was aioay, you came.'' E?Te ■ . ■ ehe "Whether . . . or." (1) In Alternative Conditions, Negative ju.}/. £iT£ aAAo Tt diXoi xprja-dai eire ctt' A'yvTTTOv mpaTSveiv (TvyKaTao-Tpetj/aivTO av avrt^ = "Tfie]/ would help him in making conquests, whether he wished to use them for anything else, or to take the field against Egypt." (Lat. sive . . . sive.) (2) Sometimes in Alternative Questions, Negative ov or fjLTi. a-Keyl/&u,€6a. Eire Iv "AtSov da-lv at ypv)(a,l eire koX ov = "Let us see whether souls are in Hades or not." (Lat. Utrum . . . an.) Digitized by Microsoft® 32 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS 'E-Tret (1) Wh&n, referring to action previous in time to the action of the main verb. It may there- fore often be best rendered by the Pluperfect in English. = " When we saw that he was in danger, we were ashamed." eirei 6TeAeuTijcra/xev fw.x6fj.evoi,, aTrrfX6ofj.EV = " When we had finished fighting, we went away." Ijret Sk aTT-ffVTrfcrav avrois ol (rrpariqyoi, cAeye wpuTOS = " When the generals had met them, Tissajahernes loas first to address them.'' (2) Since, as. BacrtAeiJs viKav ijyetTat cTret KCpov airkKTovev = "The liing thinks he is victorious, since he has killed Gyrus." It may be noticed that the notion of Cause as well as Time, given by eTre), does not affect the mood of the verb following it, as is the case with the Latin Cum. "E.irei&h (1) When, after that. As in the case of 67re!, the Subordinate Clause denotes action prior to that of the main verb, and so the verb after eyreiSyj should often be rendered by Pluperfect in English. eireiS'^ kfTiKOfiicravTo to. 6k tijs x.wpa's, aTreKxetvav TOiis avSpots = " When they had conveyed their property in the country into the city, they put the men to death." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 33 ETrei^f? — oontimied. (2) As, since. 'EttciS^ ovk iSvvavTO kXetv rrjv ttoXiv, l(Te/3akov «s TI^V 'ArTLKrjV = "Since (or As) tliey could not take the city, theij invaded Attica.'' When used Temporally ( = when), both exet and eireiSri may be made Indefinite ( = whenever) in the following way : A. If the main verb is in a Primary Tense, eire'i and e-rreiSri become, by addition of av, eirav or eTrrjv, and eireiSav respectively, and they are followed by the Subjunctive. tTretSav 17 eKopa ij, XdpvaKa^ ayov(7i.v lifjia^ai = " Whenever the funeral procession takes place, coffins are brought along on hearses." (Lit. waggons hring coffins.) = " Whenever (or At such time as) the signal is given, get your baggage together." B. If the main verb is in an Historic Tense, cTre! or e-n-eiS^ are used alone, and the verb after them is put in the optative. eTreiSfi Trpoa-fib^emv, ot iTrciSarat kireipQii/TO iiriPalveiv = "Whenever they (i.e. the ships) came clo-^e, the mari-nes tried to board them." 'E^' w, e(f) wre " On condition that." With Infinitive Construction (Negative /a^). d(f>lefji,ev ere e' (yxe /xrjKeTt cjiLXoa-ocfielv = " We let you go on condition that you do not act philosopher any more." c Digitized by Microsoft® 34 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS 'E^' w, 60' 6i)Te— continued. With Future Indicative (ISTegative oxi). crirov&a.'S 7roi,7]cra.[j,evoi icj>' (S tovs avSpas KOfjbiovvTai = "Having made a truce on condition that they should recover their men.'' "Eco? 1. With Indicative, of definite time. = (a) Until, and (b) While, so long as. (a) dvdJpfiovv, 6(DS ot oTrAiTat aTrrjpav = " Thep waited opposite, until the soldiers weighed anchor." (Ij) eus 7roA.eyU.os rjv t06s AaKeEaijxovioi^ irpos TOiis 'A^r,vatoDS, irape/xevev. = 'Ms Zowgr OS f/ie Lacedemonians were at war with the Athenians he remained with tliem." 2 Used of indefinite time, {a) With Aorist = Until (Lat. dum with Suhjunctive). If the tense of the main verb is Primary, em? is followed by the Subjunctive, with m. Kadapeveiv fws civ 6 deb's avTos dirokva-q = " To keep pure, until God Himself sets us free.'' If the tense of the main verb is Historic, e'ft'? is followed by the Optative, without av^ The subordinate clause is then called "quasi- ohlique" (i.e. practically Indirect Statement), 1 The principle of Vivid Construction would equally admit fus ay with Subjunctive here. Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 35 ' Eft)? — continued. because ewj then points to the moment as looked forward to by the actor or actors in the story {i.e. by the subject or subjects of the main verb) ; but, with a past tense of the Indicative, ew? points to the moment as looked back upon by the writer of the story. 7rept€/i6vo/iev 'iu>-i dvoix^detrj to Secr/iwrij/Diov = " We used to wait about until {such time as) tlie prison was opened." (6) With Present = While, as long as (Lat. dum with Indicative), followed by the usual Indefinite Construction. 6(0? av TO a-Zjxa e;^a)/xev, ov KTrjo-ojieda ov iTTLdvixovfiev = "So long as we have the hody, we shall not obtain what we desire." "Eo-re 1. With Indicative, of definite time. (a) Until, and (b) While, so long as. (a) S-Tep yvw/iijg rb irav ^Trpacrcrov, eVre Stj cr^tv dvToAas kybi acTTpOiV iSei^a = " They did everything without judgment, till I made 2)lain to them the times of the rising of the stars." (b) ecTTe at cnrovSai ijerav = "As long as the truce lasted." 2. When used of indefinite time eVxe follows the same rules as eoo?. (It becomes eW av when followed by the Subjunctive, in Primary Sequence.) Digitized by Microsoft® 36 CREEK CONJUNCTIONS "Ira (1) Introducing a Final Clause, i.e. one expressing Purpose = " In order that." ('/,) If the tense of the main verb is Primary, the verb after Iva is in Subjunctive Mood; if Historic, in Optative. (Negative /x^ ) ep^erai iva I'Stj = '^ He comes that he may see.'' ^\dev Lva iSoi = 'He came thatfhe migld see." But the principle of the Vivid Construction also applies here; and so the Subjunctive may be used in Historic Sequence to repre- sent the actual thought of the person con- cei\'ing the purpose, as it stood at the very moment when the purpose was conceived. Thus, in the instance above, iVa 'tSri may stand as well as 'lva 'iSoi, after ^\6ev. In (a) the fulfilment of the purpose is regarded as possible. (5) An Historic Tense of the Indicative is used (in Historic Sequence) after iVa, where the opportunity for the fulfilment of the purpose is a thing of the past, so that its fulfilment is impossible. a^tov rjv irapiivai Iv -ijKOva-as = "If loould have been icorth uMle to he present (hut yoii were not), that you might have heard {hut you did not). Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 37 ' \va — oontiuued. (2) =" When!' ifi'tt yap 8eos, 'ivQa, koI aiScus = " Fur wliere there is fear, there is also reverence." ev ayop^ iva. Vfx.S>v ttoXXoI aK-qKoacriv = '■^In the marJcet-jilace, ichere mamj of you have heard." Kalirep Not strictly a Conjunction, as it is always used in connection with a Participle, and so forms part of the main sentence, instead of intro- ducing a subordinate clause. ■q fMYjV crv iravcru, Kaiirep ai/xos mv ayav " Verily thou slialt be dieck&l, although thou art so very fierce." Me'x/oi, Me'xP' o^> il^expL? ov in Ionic dialect). These con- junctions follow the same construction and have the same meaning as 'icos and eorre. 1. Of definite time, (a) Until, and (b) ivhile, as long as." (a) TTokejj.iav Steyevero [J.^XP'- K^^pos eSe-^^ij Tov crTparevfiaTOs = "He continued his military operations until Cyrus a-iked for his army." ovK eXao-crov (crxov ol 'Kd-qvaloL [i^XPi ov rpoTrrj iyevero avrlav = "The Atlienians had the upper hand until they were rovted." (b) j"'^XP' yjjovvTo, irpodvp.w's eiTro/xefla = "As long as they led the way we followed tvilh enthusiasm.'' 'AOrjvaloL, p-^XP'- "^ irepl '^kevulva o (rrpaTO'S rjv, = "As long as the army loere in tlie neighbourhood of Mcusis, the Atlienians had some hope." Digitized by Microsoft® 38 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS ^k\pi, ixe\pi oS — continued. 2. Indefinite = " While," if the Tense is Present. = " Until " „ „ Aorist. In this usage fiexpi; i^expi oS follow the same rules as ew?, earre. (See "Ew?, 2.) M^ {!) = '' lest," after verbs of fearing and misgiving. It is followed by Subjunctive, if the main \'erb is in a Primary Tense, as = "I fear lie will come." (f>ofiov/j.aL jjiYj OVK iXdrj = "I fear lie will not come.'" If the principal verb is in an Historic Tense, the verb after /xij may be put in the Optative. It^ojBovfx-qv fir) "X6ot = "I feared he would come." VTrOTTT^vija.'s firi n irraiTiov e"»j = "Suspecting it might be a ground of accusation." But the principle of the Vivid Construction apphes here too, so that we might also write, €CJ>ol3o'u[irjV fifj eXdrj, in order to represent the exact thought of the person who felt the fear, at the very moment when that fear was felt. Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 39 M»y — continued. (2) "For fear lest" the verb of fearing or misgiving not being expressed, but implied in the main clause. AucrtTcAet eacrat, \a] koX tovtov ■Ko\.k\i.iov TTpocrduiieda "It is expedient to let it he, for fear lest we make him too our enewy." Mr] is also used as a ISTegative Particle, rather than Conjunction, as foUovs's : (rt) In prohibitions — ■ If a single, complete, or momentary act is for- bidden, the Aorist Subjunctive is used. IJ,fl TTOITJCTTJS = "Do not do this." If a habit or continued action is forbidden, the Present Imperative follows ^^. fj,rj TTOiet TOVTO = (1) "Do not do this (as a habit)." (2) "Do not go on doing this." (b) In questions, implying doubt as to an affirmative answer — fxrj l3ov\e(rde icreXOelv = "Do you wish to come in ? " (lit. "Surely you do not wish?" (Lat. Num.) nwv { = iJ.h ovv), and apa fxh are used in the same way. (c) In wishes, with Optative — jx-q ykvoiTO = "May it not be so ! " Digitized by Microsoft® 4° GREEK CONJUNCTIONS M»? — continued. In exhortations — = "Let us not go." (d) It negatives the Infinitive Verh-noun. ai(T)(^pov ecrrt /jurj eiSevai tovto = "It is disgraceful not to know this." TO fji.rj iSeiv = Mot seeing ; the lack of sight. But in Indirect Statement ov should be used with the Infinitive. [In Indirect Command, however, ixn is used, owing to the fact that in a Direct Command /x^ would be used. crvfJi/SovXevo} /j-rj irapaStSovat ra oirXa = "I advise you not to surrender your arms." The Direct Command was /^^ ■wapaSiSoa-Qe.'] (e) With Adjectives, Participles, and Nouns it has an indefinite or universal force. o jx-q KaKos = "Such a one as is not bad." 7] jxrj ffjLTreipia = "Lack of experience." [ir] TTOHOV TOVTO = "Such a one as does not do this." 01 /irj eiSoTcs TOVTO = " Those who do not knoio this," in the sense of "Any men who don't know this." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 41 M>? — continued. ov on the other hand specialises : OC OVK etSoTCS TOVTO = "Those (particular) men who do not know this." With the Participle, without Article, it takes the place of a Protasis to a Conditional Sentence. ju,ij TTOiZv rovTO, /ca/cds e? = " Being such an one as not to do this (i e., If you do not do this), you are a knave." ov TTOmV TOUTO KaKOS €1 = "As you do not do this, you are a kriave." (/) After verbs of Doubting, Denying, Preventing, it is used with the Infinitive "redundantly" (i.e., superfluously, as an extra), and is not translated in English. _ It really emphasizes the negative effect of the preceding action. rjpvovvTO fXTj TreTTTUKevai = " They denied they had fallen.'' = "I prevent you from coming." If the preceding verb is Negatived, ov is inserted after /x^. oi5Sev KiaX.vei jxir] ovk dX.rjOe's etvai = "Nothing prevents it from being true.'' Digitized by Microsoft® 42 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS sKrj — continued. Or if the preceding verb is Interrogative, and the question is such as to imply that a negative answer is expected, ov is also inserted after ytii?. T( eyUTToSwv ixTTj ovK aTToOavetv ', = " What is there to prevent one dying ? " Here ti ef/.TroSwv ; = ovSev eariv efx-woSwv. Mi^ is also used — (1) In the Protases of Conditional Sentences, after euv, rjv, £ind el; (2) in Final Sentences after 'iva, m?, and oTrtoy ; (3) with the Infinitive after wcrre; (4) in all Indefinite Sentences. '06oweKa (1) "That." (Poetic.) ayyeXAe . . . odovv^Ka reOvrjK 'Op^crrrjs = "Announce that Orestes is dead." (2) " Because." iiroiKTeipoj Se Viv odovveK' ary (TvyKare^evKTai KaK-n = "But I pity him, because he has been possessed with an evil frenzy." "Ottu^ (1) Final { = " In order that," with the same mean- ing and construction as iVa (Negative /x^). (a) In Primary Sequence — = "He comes that he may see." [IST.B.— In Primary Sequence otto)? may be made Indefinite by addition of av, and in this respect differs from wa.] Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 43 ' OTTftjy — cBntinued. In Historic Sequence — ■^X9eV 0770)1 iSoi = "He came that he might see"; or, in Vivid Construction, ■qXOev OTTCOS tSjj. Here the fulfilment of the purpose is regarded as possible. (h) In Historic Sequence, if the opportunity for the fulfilment of the purpose is a thing of the past, a past Indicative Tense may follow OTTCOJ : ^XPW °"^ TJyjya-crov ^ev^ai irrepov, ottcos e^atvov rpa- y LKwrepoi " You ought to have put on Pegasus' lolng, that you might have appeared more tragical (hut you did not)." (2) After verbs having the meanings "to strive," "manage," "contrive," "take care," and the like, oirw^ is used to introduce a clause ex- pressing the olject or effect of the action. The verb after 6™? is then put into the Future Indicative, and in this use Greek idiom prefers the Vivid Future Indicative to the Future Optative, when the main verb is in an Historic Tense (JSTegative /xiy). (ppovTi^e OTTftJS p.rjSev dva^LOV irpa^^is = "Take care that ijou do nothing ummrthy." eirpacraov oirco9 ns fio-qOeia fi^u = " They were trying to manage that some assistance should cume." Digitized by Microsoft® 44 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS ' OTTftjy — continued. In this use the same construction as in (1) is also found after ottco?, but not so frequently. To express a command, o-n-ws with 2nd person of the Future Indicative is used, under- standing some such verb as " mind " or " take care " before it. OTTWS ovv ecrecrOe a^ioi = " Mind, then, that you are looi'thy." = " Mind you don't say." (3) "Row" in Indirect Questions. Thus, the Direct Question, ttw? e'xety ; ( = " How are you?"), becomes, when reported, after a Primary Tense, kptuT^ oTTios ^x^is ( = " He asJiS how you are ") ; after an Historic Tense, ■>]p€To oTTws e^ots {=" He asked how you were ") ; or, in Vivid Construction, ■ijpeTo oTTojs f'x^'5 ( = " He asked how you were "). (4) Notice the Idioms, ovk 'ia-Tiv ottoo? ( = "It cannot be that " . . .), and ovk ea-nv ottws ov ( = " It cannot be but that " . . .). In these, the construction after ottco? is that of Simple Statement. (5) "Otto)? fxr] { = " Lest") may follow a verb of feariwj, with the Subjunctive or the Future Indicative (used Vividly after an Historic Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 45 ' Otto)? — continueil. Tense, as well as ordinarily after a Primary Tense) : o'u (^o^et OTTOS jui) avoo-iov Trpayfia Tvyxavrj'S irpaTTtav ; = "Are you not afraid lest you may happen to be doing an unholy deed ? " Tov Sai/xovos 8eSoix' oVwg jJirj T£ij^o/Aat KaKo8ut/xovos = ''Iam a/raid lent the Power that I shall meet with will be an evil onii.'' (6) Sometimes with Superlatives, intensifying, like ojy and oTi. mroi's apurTa= "As well as possible." "Ore " When," " while." oTe is to be used when it introduces a sentence expressing an action belonging to the same time as that of the principal verb. e.g. vv^ -^v ore e^yei = "It was night when he went out." ore 8e ravTa yjv, cr^iShv fi^itrai rjtrav vvKTes = "Now it was about midnight whtn this took place." OTe, therefore, is used as the Eelative to the Demonstrative rore, either expressed or understood in the main clause. The sentence above means "It was night at that time lohen he went out." Contrast e-Tret and iweiSri, which refer to time before that of the principal verb, and mean " after that." eirel e^yei vv^ iyevero would Digitized by Microsoft® 46 -CREEK CONJUNCTIONS ' Ore — continued. mean "After he began to go out, night came on." oT€ is made Indefinite ( = vjhenever) by the addition of av, if the tense of the main verb is Primary, when it is written otov, and takes the Subjunctive ; and by using the Optative with ore alone, if the main verb is in a Historic Tense. 'OTTOTe When. (1) It is chiefly to be used in Indirect Questions. Thus the Direct Question, TTore irapea-et {= " When will you eome ? ") becomes, when reported, after a Primary Tense, epwT^ OTTofe irapicru ( = "i7e aslcs when you will come"). After an Historic Tense, the Mood of the verb in the Indirect Question becomes Optative, but the Tense remains the same as that used in the Direct Question. T/pero OTTOTE Trapkcroio = {^' He asked when you loould come "). But in Indirect Questions (as well as Indirect Statements), the Vivid Construction is equally admissible ; so that it would be equally correct to maintain the mood as used in the original Direct Question, and write J/pero oirore Trapecrei. (2) OTTOTe is also found as a Temporal Conjunction, meaning "when," in both Definite and In- Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 47 Ottote — continued. definite Construction. When Definite, oTroVe is followed by Indicative. When Indefinite, after a Primary Tense, it becomes oirorav, by addition of av, and takes Subjunctive ; after an Historic Tense oirore alone is used, and is followed by Optative, but the Vivid Con- struction is equally admissible ; i.e. o-n-orav with Subjunctive. \(a.\iTra. to. irapovTa, ottote (TTep6fj,c9a .... = " The present circumstances are difficult to face, now that (or, at a time when) we are deprived " . . . . rrjv eTn,)(€ipr](riv l<^'- lauTi^ evo/jn^ev efvat oirorav l3ov\y]Tai = " He thought that the attack was in his power to make, whenever he wished." '0;roTe aurOono irapa Kaipov dapirovvTa^, A.eyMi' KaTeirkrja-(rev = " Whenever he perceived that they were unseasonably elated he used to moderate their exciteinent by his words." "Otl (1) Introducing reported speech, " ^Aa^." XiyU OTL Kvpos TedvYjKiV = "He says that Cyrus is dead." The words actually used by the speaker were Kv/30? TeOvriKev. If the reported speech follows a verb in a Primary Tense, the original Tense and Mood actually used by the speaker are kept. If the reported speech Digitized by Microsoft® GREEK CONJ'UNCTIONS ' Ot: — continued. follows a verb in an Historic Tense, the Tense originally used by the speaker is kept, but the Mood becomes Optative. eXe^av on KCpos reOvTjKia'S eiJj = " They said that Cyrus was dead." The Vivid ( = Lively) Construction is equally admissible. This is the idiom which has been mentioned above, and which, for the sake of picturesquely bringing before the hearer what the speaker actually said, allows the Mood originally iised to remain, even after an Historic Tense. Thus, may be written, as well as oti TeOvijKwi elij. (2) " Because." = "He went away because he loas afraid." (3) As indeclinable particle with superlatives, in- tensifying, on jiaXiuTa = "As much as possible.'' OTt irXeifrroh = "As many as possible." Cf. in Latin the use of quam, with superlatives. Quam celerrime = As quickly as possible. (4) '6ti fj-h "Except." oijSev OTt jLtTj ' K.9rjva,b = "Nothing except Athens." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CON/UNCTIONS 49 lipw "Before," "until" A. Definite. In this use irph is followed by (1) Infinitive, or (2) if the main sentence is negative, by the Indicative. (1) Uplv rjjLepav etvat t/co/itcrav = "They conveyed it before it was day.'' Ae^at dkXia croi Trplv Oaveiv a jBovXoiiai = "I wish to tell thee my leishes ere I die." (2) OVK cveSocrav wplv ol TreXTocrrai. erpei/'av = "They did not give in till the peltasts routed them" B. Indefinite. When Indefinite, -wph takes av and Subjunctive Mood, if after a Primary Tense ; but it takes Optative without av, if after an Historic Tense, and if the subordi- nate clause is quasi-oUigue. (See "Eo)?, 2.y It then refers to Indefinite Time in the Future ; but is only found in this construc- tion if the main verb, to which it is sub- ordinate, is negatived. oiJK aTreijJ.1 irplv av Ae^jys = "/ will not go till you tell." ovSaf/.69w a. with Subjunctive could stand here. D Digitized by Microsoft® so CREEK CONJUNCTIONS Oy — continued. (2) "Ifi ord&r that" Final, introducing a sentence expressing Purpose, with the same construction as oTTft)?. eKiliovXevovfTiv (US d7roA.€(rco(rtv ly/xas = "■They are plotting that they may destroy us." dvecrrr] &/q fJteXXoi = "He rose up, that he might not be wasting time.'' If the opportunity for the fulfilment of the purpose is a thing of the past, so that its fulfilment is impossible, w? is followed by an Historic Tense of the Indicative. ri /x' ov ka^wv CKreivas evOv's us eSei^a fi-qirore ; = " Why did you not take and slay me, that I might never have shown . . . ?" (3) " As," " when," and " since," Causal and Temporal. (is rjcrdovTO, e-TrXevcrav = "As they perceived it, they set sail." (OS eyvoi, Trpovy^wp^i Js TfjV yrjv = " When he became aware of it (or, on becoming aware), he advanced into the land." (US oiJK kSvvavTO, direirkeov = "Since they could not do it, they sailed aioay." (4) With Participles, drawing attention to the cir- cumstances of the action described. (a) With Future, expressing Purpose. ■qX.dov (US dipav Lovvres ras 'AO-qvas = "They came, intending to annihilate Alliens." Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 51 fly — continued. (&) With Present, Aorist, and Perfect, express- ing Cause or Manner. IIeptKA.6a Iv oXt'i^ tT)^ov d>s TrewravTa cr<^as TroXefjLetv = " They held Pericles to blame, as having persuaded them to go to war." (5) "As," in the sense of "In such a way as," comparing, ft)? Xiyerac = " As it is said." TrapecTKeva^ovTO us ovTrto wpoTepov = "They made preparations as they never had before." ft)? { = as) may be made indefinite by taking dv with Subjunctive in Primary, Optative with- out dv in Historic, Sequence. ^vveridecrav (tous X.(dov;) lus eKouTTov ti ^vfiPaivoi = "They fitted in (the stones) just as each suited." Expressions after w? thus used are often elliptical; e.g. Ta^a/HEVoi (is es /ActX'^i' (rdcrcrovTaL) = "Drawn up as {people are drawn up) for fight." "AkXa TToXXct m ev iJ^cydXy iroXa rjixapr-qdr] = "Many other mistakes were made, as {is naturally the case) in a large city," understanding ap-aprd- verai with ws ev peydky 7roA.€t. (is errt TrXeurrov = "As happens in most eases." (i)S €7rt rb iroAv = "As generally happens, or, on the average." Digitized by Microsoft® 52 GREEK CONJUNCTIONS fly — continued. (6) With Superlatives, emphasizing — (is To-'fiuno, = "As quidcly as possible." (7) Eestrictive. = "He was intelligent, for a Bosotian." (8) Introducing an exclamation, " JIoiu." Direct — = "How ill-tempered I " Indirect — OVK otdBa KoX vvv (is avtapus Aeyets = "Do you not know liow vexatious your words are, even now 1 " [N.£. — Distinguish the Conjunction ws from the Adverb diy ( = " Thus," used in Attic only iu the expressions kui &?, ovS' w?), as well as from the Preposition governing accusative, meaning " to," and only used before Fersons.] "flo-re " So that" (1) With Infinitive (Negative /x^) introduces Conse- secutive Sentence, expressing the natural Digitized by Microsoft® SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS 53 Q,ryTe — continued. result ; especially after such words as " So," " such," OVTU), TOCrOVTO^, TOIOVTO^. rt vocros ((fiO^Lpe rrju arpaTiav Sxjre kcu toiis irpOTepovs (TTpaTcmras vo. Rouse, zs.td. Greek Sentence Construction. By Arthur Sidgwick. js. 6d. net The Retreat from Syracuse, fromThucydides. ByW.H. D. Rouse. The Siege of Plataea, from Thucydides. ByJ. M. Sing. %s.6d. 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