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Cornell University Library 
 HV9091.B8 
 
 A summary of uvenile-court legislation 
 
 3 1924 013 786 011 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013786011 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
 
 W. B. WILSON. Secretary 
 
 CHILDREN'S BUREAU 
 
 JULIA C. LATHROP. Chief 
 
 A SUMMARY 
 
 OF 
 
 JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION 
 IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 By 
 SOPHONISBA P. BRECKINRIDGE 
 
 and 
 
 HELEN R. JETER 
 LEGAL SERIES No. 5 
 
 Bureau Publication No. 70 
 
 i ! i; 
 
 < ! C f 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1920 
 
W\l<bo<d\ 
 
 @ 2~0 SLtfd 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Letter of transmittal 5 
 
 Editor's note 7 
 
 Introductory note 0-10 
 
 Abbreviations used in references 10 
 
 I. The court given jurisdiction 11 
 
 II; Extent of jurisdiction 15-24 
 
 A. Over children 15-21 
 
 1. Age limitation , 15 
 
 2. Classes of cases included 16 
 
 3. Definition of delinquency 17 
 
 4. Definition of dependency and neglect 19 
 
 5. Discretion of the court in case of crime 20 
 
 B. Oyer adults 21-21 
 
 1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency 21 
 
 2. Desertion and nonsupport 22 
 
 3. Crimes against children 23 
 
 4. Mothers' pensions 23 
 
 5. ®ther jurisdiction 23 
 
 III. Preliminary procedure 25-32 
 
 A. Petition or complaint 25 
 
 B. Summons or warrant 26 
 
 ■C. Preliminary investigation 28 
 
 D. Custody and care of child pending hearing 28 
 
 IV. Hearing 33-41 
 
 A. Nature of proceedings 33 
 
 B. Time and place 34 
 
 C. Privacy 36 
 
 D. Woman assistant to the judge 38 
 
 E. Mental and physical examination 38 
 
 F. The jury 38 
 
 G. Appeal 40 
 
 H. Use of evidence in other trials 41 
 
 V. Disposition of the case 42-53 
 
 A- Religious belief of parents respected 42 
 
 B. Civil status of child 42 
 
 C. Disposition of case 43-51 
 
 1. Delinquent children 43-48 
 
 (a) Probation <Z 
 
 (b) Appointment of guardian 44 
 
 (c) Commitment 44 
 
 (d) Separation from adult convicts .,. 47 
 
 (e) Fines and restitution rrrr; -~ . . . 47 
 
 2. . Dependent children "". ". 48-51 
 
 fa) Probation 1 48 
 
 (b) Appointment of guardian 48 
 
 (c) Commitment 49 
 
 D. Special care for the sick and the feeble-minded 51 
 
 E. Parental duty of support 52 
 
 3 
 
<t CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 VI. Continuing jurisdiction and relation of court to institutions in which 
 children are placed 54 
 
 VII. Organization of the court 58-68 
 
 A. Judge 58-60 
 
 1. Method of selection , 58 
 
 2. Tenure 59 
 
 3. Salary 59 
 
 4. Qualifications 60 
 
 B. Probation officers 61-66 
 
 1. Appointment 61 
 
 2. Number and salary - 62 
 
 3. Term of office - 65 
 
 4. Powers and duties 66 
 
 C. Advisory, supervisory, or administrative board 67 
 
 D. Records and reports 67 
 
 VIII. Construction and purpose of the law 69 
 
 List of references, by States, to statutory sources 71 
 
 Appendix. Additions and amendments to juvenile court laws enacted during 
 
 the year 1919 81-99 
 
 I. The court given jurisdiction 81 
 
 II. Extent of jurisdiction 82 
 
 III. Preliminary procedure -T 85 
 
 IV. Hearing 86 
 
 V. Disposition of the case 88 
 
 VI. Continuing jurisdiction and relation of court to institutions in which 
 children are placed 91 
 
 VII. Organization of the court 91 
 
 VIII. Construction and purpose of the law 95 
 
 List of amendments, by States 97 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Labor, 
 
 Children's Bureau, 
 Washington, August 14, 1919. 
 Sir: Herewith I submit a summary of juvenile-court legislation in 
 the United States, prepared by Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, 
 who has written the editor's note, and Miss Helen R. Jeter, of the 
 Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. A considerable amount 
 of preliminary work was done by Miss Lulu L. Eckman, of the 
 Children's Bureau. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 Julia C. Lathrop, Chief. 
 Hon. W. B. Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Labor. 
 
 5 
 
EDITOR'S NOTE. 
 
 The juvenile-court legislation which has been enacted since 1899 
 by many States and by the United States Congress for the District 
 of Columbia is evidence of the unsatisfactory state of the law pre- 
 vailing prior to that time for dealing with offending children and 
 with adults guilty of offenses against children and also of the inade- 
 quate provision for the care of destitute family groups in which 
 there were children. 
 
 The law under which offending children or adults guilty of offenses 
 against children were dealt with was the criminal law with all its 
 constitutional safeguards — jury trial, confronting of witnesses, 
 sworn testimony — and with all its lack of provision for constructive 
 treatment that goes with the individualization of punishment. 
 Found "guilty" by a jury of his peers, the accused would suffer 
 the penalty ; "not guilty," and he went free, without constructive help, 
 however great his need. The accused child had been, with certain 
 restrictions as to age, dealt with exactly as the adult, and the adult 
 accused of offending against the child could be only punished or 
 acquitted. The courts before which these cases were tried were 
 courts of criminal jurisdiction whose rank, whether justices' courts, 
 magistrates' courts, or circuit courts, depended upon the seriousness 
 of the offenses charged. For the care of families in destitute condi- 
 tion there were in a number of States statutory provisions, similar 
 to those in the English Poor Law, imposing a duty of support on 
 certain relatives and requiring aid to be given by local public officials, 
 of whom intelligent and competent relief could be rarely expected. 
 These statutes provided for the enforcement of the duty of support 
 by an action generally .before the county court or the corresponding 
 tribunal possessing functions partly judicial and partly administrative. 
 There had also been developed a body of legislation providing for 
 the institutional care of children from degraded homes. These stat- 
 utes authorize the establishment of institutions to which the children 
 of drunken, immoral parents might be committed. The establish- 
 ment and conduct of these institutions has often given rise to diffi- 
 cult and delicate situations. 
 
 The juvenile-court legislation then deals with a complicated group 
 of pioblems: That of the offending adult, the accused child, the 
 neglectful and degraded parent, the incompetent or unfaithful 
 guardian, the family that is simply poor. This legislation must 
 contain provisions concerning methods of complaint, of apprehension, 
 and of detention; structure and organization of the juvenile court 
 
 7 
 
8 editoe's note. 
 
 and its relation to the other tribunals; records, procedure, organiza- 
 tion of the probation staff, and methods of disposition of the various 
 kinds of cases; and the relation of the court to the agencies upon 
 which it must depend — charitable, educational, correctional. These 
 new provisions will be to a considerable extent determined by the 
 nature of the old law; and the new legal and social structure which 
 the statute attempts to substitute for the old will not possess unity 
 and simplicity, but will inevitably offer proof of the varied problems 
 giving rise to its enactment. 
 
 These difficulties are increased by the fact that under the earlier 
 law the right of the father to his child partook of the nature of a 
 property right. The courts of law while able to enforce the rights 
 of fathers were unable to enforce the duties of fathers, 1 and the 
 power to interfere with the right of custody enjoyed by the father 
 was rigidly limited to certain specific parental deficiencies. Recently, 
 however, it has become clear that under the doctrines of equity 
 jurisprudence the rights of the child to a reasonable minimum of 
 care, of decency, of well-being, and of consideration for youth and 
 previous disadvantage might be assured the child without violating 
 either the constitutional provisions intended to prevent abuse of 
 criminal procedure or the property rights of the father. Legislation 
 attempting to cure these defects in the law is also faced with constitu- 
 tional difficulties growing out of the doctrine of "separation of 
 powers" and out of the fact that the judicial system is frequently 
 elaborately dealt with by the State constitutions, and the power 
 of the legislature to create new courts or to determine procedure is 
 therefore limited. 
 
 Because of the great variety of the problems presented by these 
 groups of offending and neglected children and because of the dif- 
 ferences among the various States with regard to the structure of 
 the judicial system, an analysis of the legislation exhibits differences 
 at many points. The courts to which the jurisdiction is assigned 
 vary, not only among States but within the boundaries of a single 
 State; the classes of persons over whom special jurisdiction is given, 
 the nature of the structure, the nature of the procedure, the nature 
 of the treatment authorized vary. But everywhere is the attempt 
 through the judicial system to attack a series of differing and difficult 
 problems involving hostile conditions, domestic, economic, and social 
 under which children were living and developing. 
 
 The following analysis exhibits the differences in the legislative 
 attack upon these problems. A further question that could be asked 
 but has not been asked is the extent to which the members of the 
 judiciary have met the expectations embodied in the legislation 
 under review. 
 
 1 Wellesley v. Duke of Beaufort, 2 Russell, 23. 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 In an analysis of juvenile-court legislation it is necessary to note 
 first the extent to which the effort to obtain this form of control has 
 prevailed and the scope of the laws enacted in the several States. 
 Juvenile-court laws have been enacted throughout the United States 
 with the exception of Connecticut, Maine, and Wyoming, and these 
 three States have passed laws dealing with some of the problems 
 usually included in the juvenile-court law itself. Connecticut pro- 
 vides for detention homes, probation, juvenile reformatories, and sep- 
 arate hearings for first offenses of children, and further provides that 
 in cities of 20,000 or more juvenile courts may be established by 
 ordinance, to be held by a judge of the police or city court, provided 
 such ordinance does not extend beyond the selection of a suitable 
 courtroom; Maine makes special provisions for the probation of chil- 
 dren under 16 and has established industrial schools; Wyoming 
 defines delinquent, dependent, and neglected children and provides for 
 State supervision of their care. 
 
 Most other States have single comprehensive laws operating over 
 the whole State, but in the following States the legislative policy has 
 been different. In Alabama, 1 Colorado, 2 Delaware, 3 Maryland, 4 Mas- 
 sachusetts, 5 Missouri, 6 New Jersey, 7 New York, 8 Ohio, 9 Pennsylvania, 10 
 
 « Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 (general law for State). Local Laws 1915 No 128 (local law for 
 Mobile County), No. 361 (locallaw for Jefferson County). 
 
 2 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 552-557, 558 amended 1913 p 694, 559-587, 588 amended 1909 C 156, 
 589-608, 1549-1559 (law for State) ; ss 1589-1607 (law applying to counties of 100, 000 or more). 
 
 3 Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 3827-3843 amended 1915 C 236, 1917 C 252, and 1917 C 253 (law applying 
 to the city of Wilmington). (Provisions for commitment and probation of juvenile offenders in jemainder 
 of State but no juvenile-court law.) 
 
 * Maryland 1916 C 326 p 685 (generallaw for State). Code of Public Local Laws art 1 ss 184A-184F amended 
 1912 C 471 and 1914 C 701 (Allegheny County, partly superseded by State law); art 4 s 623A amended 1902 
 C 611, 1904 C 521, and 1910 C 41; and ss 886A-886F amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, 1906 C 263, 1912 C 618, 
 1918 C 208 (Baltimore City). 
 
 6 Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 86; C 84 s 2 amended 1908 C 598; C 217 s 83; C 46 s 6 amended 1913 C 
 779; 1903 C 334 amended 1909 C 181; 1906 C 413 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1907 C 411 amended 1918 C 
 257 s 418 (law for State); 1906 C 489 amended 1918 C 257 s 419 (law applying to Boston). 
 
 « Missouri. 1911 p 177 (law applying to counties of 50,000 or more); 1917 p 195 (law applying to counties 
 ofless than 50, 000). 
 
 » New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 ss 206, 207 amended 1916 C 212, 208-215 (general law for the 
 State); 1912 C 353 amended 1918 C 81; 1918C82 (lawforcountiesofthefirstclass). 
 
 8 New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (penal law) art 44 and 196 with amendments (law applying 
 to whole State); 1910 C 659 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, 1915 C 531 (New York City); 1910 C 611 (Monroe 
 County); 1913 C 270 (Ontario County); 1891 C 105 added to and amended by 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 
 1911 C 651, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571 (Buffalo); 1910 C 676 amended 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112 (Syracuse); 
 1915 C 489 (Saratoga County). 
 
 sOftio. General Code 1910ss 1639-1683 with amendments (State law); s 1523-1 added 1916.p 424 (Montgom- 
 ery County); s 1532-2 added 1917 p 703 (Summit County); s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721 (Mahoning County); 
 S1683-14 added 1917 p 732 (Lucas County); s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176 (Hamilton County). 
 
 J" Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 amended 1909 pp 89 and 119, 1911 pp 543 and 959, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 304 
 (State law); 1911 p 198 amended 1915 p 5 and 1917 p 19 (Allegheny County); 1913 p 711 amended 1915 pp 988 
 and 1017, and 1917 p 1015 (Philadelphia). 
 
10 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 South Carolina, 1 Tennessee, 2 and Virginia 3 there are several laws each 
 operative over certain portions of the State. 
 
 In examining the several laws in detail, attention should be directed 
 to the following points: (1) The court given jurisdiction, whether a 
 court already existing or a specially created tribunal, and the character 
 of the jurisdiction conferred; (2) the extent of the jurisdiction,whether 
 over children or adults or both; (3) the preliminary procedure; (4) 
 the special features of the hearing; (5) the nature of the disposition; 
 (6) the relation of the court to the agencies with which the court 
 cooperates; (7) the organization of the court; and (8) the principles 
 in accordance with which the law should be applied. In the following 
 analysis these topics are presented in considerable detail. 
 
 It should be said that the following analysis was completed during 
 the first half of the year 1919 and refers to laws effective at the be- 
 ginning of that year. Before the volume had issued from the press, 
 however, the statutes enacted by the legislatures that sat that year 
 became effective and have been summarized in an appendix. The 
 main discussion is, however, of date prior to July 1, 1919. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN REFERENCES. 
 
 [References giving chapter or number for a specified year are in every case to session laws of that year, 
 
 unless otherwise indicated.] 
 
 A act. 
 
 art article. 
 
 C chapter, chapters. 
 
 No number. 
 
 P page. 
 
 a section. 
 
 ss sections. 
 
 v ■. volume. 
 
 1 Smith Carolina. 1912 No 429 (law for entire State); 1917 No 73 (law applying to counties of more than 
 20, COO and not more than 50, 000). 
 
 z Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294; also partly superseded by 1917 C 120. (Covers State except counties from 70, 000 to 
 90, 000). Private Acts 1911 C 182 (Hamilton County); Private Acts 1913 C 277 amended 1915 C 292 (Knox 
 County). 
 
 s Virginia. 1914 C 350 (law for entire State) ; 1914 C 57 (act limited to cities of 50, 000 or more). 
 
A SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. THE COURT GIVEN JURISDICTION. 
 
 In a few States a special juvenile court is created for the larger 
 cities or counties. This is the case in Alabama, 1 Colorado, 2 Dela- 
 ware, 3 Georgia, 4 Indiana, 5 Louisiana," Massachusetts, 7 New York, 8 
 Tennessee, 9 and Virginia. 10 A special court is established in the 
 District of Columbia, 11 and in Utah 12 one is provided for each judicial 
 district. 
 
 In other districts of these States and in all other States jurisdiction 
 is vested in courts already existing, usually with the provision that 
 such court may be called the juvenile court when acting under the 
 juvenile-court law. 
 
 Exclusive jurisdiction over juvenile cases is given to the special 
 courts thus created and to designated courts 13 in Arizona, Arkansas, 
 California, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, 
 Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Okla- 
 homa, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, 
 Washington, and parts of Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, 
 Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Penn- 
 sylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. When concurrent jurisdic- 
 tion is given to several or all of the courts in a community, it is doubt- 
 ful whether the organization and procedure will be as uniform and 
 intelligent. The law allows this, however, in Connecticut, 14 Florida, 15 
 
 i Alabama. LocalLawsl915Nol28sl;No361s3. (Mobile and Jefferson Counties only.) 
 s Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 1589. (Counties of 100,000 only. ) 
 » Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3827. (Law applies to Wilmington only.) 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 amended 1916 No 575. (Counties of 60,000 population and between 35,000 and 
 60,000 if established by grand jury.) 
 s Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914s 1630. (Counties containing a city of 100,000 population.) 
 6 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 ss 1-3. (Parish, of Orleans only.) 
 
 I Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 4 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. (Boston only.) 
 
 « New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 510, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 
 571. (Buffalo only.) 
 
 9 Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182; Private Acts 1913 C 277 amended 1915 C 292. (Hamilton and Knox 
 Counties.) 
 
 io Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 1. (In cities of over 50,000 population, a special juvenile and domestic relations 
 court.) 
 
 II District of Columbia. 34 U.S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 1. 
 
 12 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. (In each judicial district. ) 
 
 13 For courts given this jurisdiction, see pp. 13, 14. 
 
 n Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 ss 1856 and 1859. (Superior court, district court of Waterbury, 
 courts of common pleas and police, town, city, or boroughcourts and justices oi the peace.) 
 
 ^Florida. 1911 C 6216 ss 2 and 9 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. (County court, justice 
 of the peace, municipal court, or other court. ) 
 
 11 
 
12 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Iowa, 1 Maine, 2 New Hampshire, 3 North Carolina, 4 Texas, 5 Vermont, 8 
 Wisconsin, 7 and Wyoming, 8 and in certain counties of Alabama, 9 
 Delaware, 10 Illinois, 11 Massachusetts, 12 Mississippi, 13 Nebraska, 14 New 
 York, 15 Ohio, 16 Virginia, 17 and West Virginia. 18 In Ohio 19 and Wiscon- 
 sin, 20 however, the judges of the several courts having concurrent 
 jurisdiction must designate one of their number to hear all juvenile 
 cases. 
 
 The qualifications of the judges for this special task are of such 
 importance in attaining the purpose of the juvenile-court law that 
 it is essential to give jurisdiction to a court in which high character 
 and training are required for the judges. This can seldom be at- 
 tained by vesting jurisdiction in police judges or justices of the 
 peace, as is done in Connecticut, 21 Delaware, 22 Florida, 23 Maine, 24 New 
 Hampshire, 25 and Vermont, 26 and in certain jurisdictions of Mary- 
 
 i Iowa. Supplement to the Code 1913 ss 254-al3 and 260-a. (District courts and superior courts of city.) 
 2 Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 64 s 53 amended 1917 C 297. (Municipal or police court and probate 
 
 court for dependent and neglected children. Regular criminal courts for juvenile offenders.) 
 ' New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 2) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 
 1917 C 74. (Police and justice courts.) 
 
 4 North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. (Recorder's courts, or like courts, and superior courts.) 
 
 5 Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1198 amended 1913 C 112; 1917 C 93 p 252 amended 1918 C 14. 
 (County and district courts and County Court at Law of El Paso County.) 
 
 6 Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7324. (City and municipal courts and justices of the peace.) 
 ' Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-2.1 and 573-2.2. (All courts of record.) 
 
 " Wyoming. No juvenile-court law. Ordinary courts exercise jurisdiction. 
 
 'Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 2. (Probate court and recorder's court where established, except 
 -in Mdbile and Jefferson Counties.) 
 
 !° Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3823, 3824. (Outside Wilmington, court of general 
 sessions, superior court, municipal court, and justice of the peace.) 
 
 " Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 170 and 171. (Circuit and county courts in counties of 
 less than 500,000 population.) 
 
 12 Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 86 s 12; 1903 C 334 s 1 amended 1909 C 181; 1906 C 413 s 1 amended 
 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. (Police, district, and municipal courts and trial justices except in Boston, and 
 probate judges except in Suffolk County and Boston.) 
 
 13 Mississippi. 1916Cllls7. (Chancery orcireuitcourt.) 
 
 " Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. (District courts — county courts in absence of district judge— 
 and police judge in counties of 40,000 or more. ) 
 
 k New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 494 added 1910 C 699; 1915 C 489 s 1. (Courts of 
 special sessions, police, and city courts, except in New York City, Buffalo, Syracuse, Chautauqua County 
 Monroe County, and Ontario County. In Saratoga County the county court has concurrent jurisdiction. ) 
 
 »« Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176. (Courts of eommom pleas, probate 
 courts, insolvency and superior courts, except in Hamilton, Lucas, Mahoning, Montgomery and Summit 
 Counties.) 
 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1 and C 57 s 1. (Every court of record of criminal jurisdiction and police and jus- 
 tice courts, except in cities of 50,000 or more.) 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 and s 3 amended 1917 C 63. (Circuit courts and criminal courts, except in 
 counties where a court of common pleas has exclusive jurisdiction.) 
 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176. 
 
 " Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.1. 
 
 2' Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1856. 
 
 22 Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 2203-2213. (Outside Wilmington. ) 
 
 23 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 2 and s 9 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 c 7332. 
 2 < Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 64 s 53 amended 1917 C 297. 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 2) amended 1915 C "6 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 « Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7324. 
 
SUMMARY OF JTJVKNILE-COTJKT LEGISLATION. 13 
 
 land, 1 Massachusetts, 2 Nebraska, 3 New York, 1 Pennsylvania, 5 and 
 Virginia. 6 Other States definitely provide that such courts shall 
 not have jurisdiction and require the immediate transfer of juvenile 
 cases that happen to be brought before them. 7 
 
 Jurisdiction is given to the county court in Arkansas, 8 Kentucky, 
 Oklahoma, 10 Oregon, 11 South Dakota, 12 and certain counties in 
 Colorado, 13 New Jersey, 14 New York, 15 Pennsylvania, 16 Tennessee, 17 
 and Texas; 18 to the district court in Montana, 10 Nevada, 20 New Mex- 
 ico, 21 North Dakota, 22 Rhode Island, 23 and in some districts in Louis- 
 iana, 24 Minnesota, 25 and Nebraska; 26 to the superior court in Ari- 
 zona, 27 California, 28 Washington, 29 and certain counties of Georgia; 30 
 to the court of common pleas in certain counties in Ohio, 31 New 
 
 ' Maryland. 1916 C 326 ss 2 and 14; Code of Public Local Laws art i s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521, 
 and 1910 C 41. (Baltimore City by statutory provision and other areas In which the circuit court judges 
 have not designated one of their number under the 1916 statute.) 
 
 ' Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 86 s 12; 1906 C 413 s 1 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1903 C 334 
 s 1 amended 1909 C 181. (Outside Boston.) 
 
 a Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. (Incities of 40,000 or more. But see State p. Bryant, 94 Nebr. 
 754.) 
 
 ' New York. Consolidated Laws C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 494 added 1910 C 699; 1915 C 489 s 1. (Except in 
 New. York City, Buffalo, Syracuse, Chautauqua County, Monroe County, and Ontario County. ) 
 
 6 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (Quarter sessions of the peace outside Philadelphia and Allegheny 
 County.) 
 
 ' Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1 and C 57 s 1. (Except incitiesof over 50,000population.) 
 
 ' Alabama, AriBona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, In- 
 ' diana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 
 Jersey, New York (Monroe and Ontario Counties and Now York City only ), North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, 
 South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. 
 
 « Arkansas. 1911 A 215 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll 's Statutes 1915 s 331e. 2. 
 
 >« Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 ss 4413 and 4414. 
 
 " Oregon. Lord 's Oregon Laws 1910s 4407 amended 1915 C 147. 
 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 2 and 3. 
 
 " Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 587 and 1549. (Outs de Denver.) 
 
 11 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1; 1918 C 82. (In Essex and Hudson Counties only.) 
 
 '» New York. 1913 C 270 s 1: 1910 C 611 s 1; 1918 C 464. (Ontario, Monroe, and Chautauqua Counties 
 only.) 
 
 i« Pennsylvania. 1911 p 198 amended 1915 p 5 ss 1 and 2 and 1917 p 19. (Allegheny County only.) 
 
 i' Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 2 and 3 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177.1917C 
 41 and Private Acts 1917. C 294. (Counties less than 33,600, between 33,700 and 70,000, and from 90,000 to 
 148,000.) 
 
 18 Texas. 1917 C 93 p 252 amended 1918 C 14. (County Court at Law in El Paso County.) 
 
 is Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3. 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 ss 729 and 730. 
 
 2i New Mexico. 1917C4S2. 
 
 22 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11403. 
 
 23 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 2 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 2< Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 ss 1-3. (Oustide Parish of Orleans.) 
 
 » Minnesota,. 1917 C 397 s 2. (Counties over 33,000.) 
 
 2« Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. (Counties less than 40,000 population.) 
 
 2» Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3562. 
 
 ss California. 1915 C 631 s 16 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 2» Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. 
 
 8» Georgia. 1915 No 210 amended 1916 No 575. (In counties of less than 35,000 and between 35,000 and 
 60,000where no special Courtis established, the judge of the superior court shall designate an existing court 
 of record.) 
 
 s> Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1532-1 added 1916 p 424, s 1532-2 added 1917 p 703, s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721, 
 and s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176. (Hamilton, Mahoning, Montgomery, and Summit Counties 
 only.) 
 
14 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Jersey, 1 and West Virginia; 2 to the circuit court in Mississippi, 3 
 and in designated counties in Illinois, 4 Indiana, 5 Maryland, 6 and 
 Missouri; 7 to the probate court in Idaho, 8 Kansas, 9 Michigan, 10 and 
 part of Alabama, 11 Minnesota, 12 and South Carolina; 13 to the criminal 
 court in certain counties in Missouri; 14 to courts of special sessions 
 in certain jurisdictions in New York; 15 to recorder's courts in special 
 counties of South Carolina; 16 to the municipal court in Philadelphia; " 
 to the city judge of the county seat in certain counties in Tennessee; 18 
 and to the court of domestic relations in Lucas County, Ohio. 19 
 
 In order to secure continuity and intelligence in dealing with ju- 
 venile offenders, it is necessary not only that the court have exclusive 
 jurisdiction but that a single judge be appointed to hold court for 
 a time sufficient for him to become familiar with the probation 
 office and with the needs of the children brought before him. In 
 some States a rotation of judges is allowed; but in California, 20 
 Maryland, 21 Missouri, 22 Montana, 23 Nebraska, 24 Ohio, 25 Pennsylvania, 26 
 Washington, 27 and Wisconsin, 28 and in certain counties in Illinois, 29 
 Iowa, 30 Minnesota, 31 and New York, 32 a particular judge is selected by 
 his associates to hear only juvenile cases. 
 
 i New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 207 amended 1916 C 212. (Outside Essex and Hudson 
 Counties.) 
 2 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 and s 3 amended 1917 C 63. (In counties where such court is established.) 
 
 • Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 7. (Chancery orcircuit judge.) 
 
 * Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 170 and 171. (Counties of over 500,000 population.) 
 & Indiana. Burns ' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1630. (Counties not containing city of 100,000. ) 
 
 6 Maryland. 1916C326sl4. (Outside thecity of Baltimore, established at discretion of circuit judges.) 
 
 7 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. (All counties not containing a city of the first class.) 
 » Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 153 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 8 Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3065 amended 1917 C 154. 
 " Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2012. ' 
 
 11 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No. 506 s 2. (Outside Mobile and Jefferson Counties, except in cities 
 having recorder 's courts. ) 
 
 12 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 2. (Counties 33,000 and less.) 
 
 « South Carol.na. 1912 No 429 s 1. (Except in counties of 20,000 to 50,000.) 
 
 ^Missouri. 1911pl77s2. (Counties containing a city of the first class.) 
 
 is New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-a added by 1915 C 531 ; 1910 C 676 amended 1916 C 487 s 1 and 1917 C 112. 
 (New York City and Syracuse only.) 
 
 is South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 1. (Counties having more than 20,000 but not more than 50,000.) 
 
 » Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, and 1917 p 1015 No 328. (In Philadelphia 
 only.) 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911C58s 18amended 1913 (First Extra Session)C22, 1915C177,1917C41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Counties of 148,000 or over and those not less than 33,600 nor over 33,700 ) 
 
 i» Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1683-14 added 1917 p 732. 
 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 16 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 2i Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. 
 
 22 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2. 
 » Montana. 1911 C 122 s 12. 
 
 2< Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1246. 
 
 25 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176. 
 
 26 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1; 1913 p 711 s 8 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, and 1917 p 1015- 1911 p 198 
 amended 1915 p 5 and 1917 p 19. 
 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. 
 
 2» Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.1. 
 
 23 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 170 and 171. (Applies to counties over 500 000.) 
 ™ Iowa. 1917 C 405 s 1. (Applies to counties of 100,000 or over.) 
 
 »i Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. (Counties having more than 33,000.) 
 
 8z New York.. 1910 C 659 s 34-c to 34-e added 1915 C 531. (Applies to Now York City. Presiding judge 
 appointed by the mayor.) 
 
II. EXTENT OF JURISDICTION. 
 
 A. OVER CHILDREN. 
 
 1. Age limitation. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the j uvenile court in 14 States ex tends to 
 children under 16 years of ag e. These are Alabama, 1 Colorado, 2 
 Georgia, 3 Indiana, 4 Iowa, 5 Kansas, 8 New Jersey, 7 New Mexico, 8 
 New York, 8 Oklahoma, 10 Pennsylvania, 11 Ehode Island, 12 Tennes- 
 see, 13 and Vermont. 14 In 13 States — Arkansas, 15 Delaware, 16 Flor- 
 ida, 17 Illinois, 18 Kentucky, 10 Louisiana, 20 Massachusetts, 21 Michigan, 22 
 Missouri, 23 Montana, 24 New Hampshire, 25 Texas, 28 and Wisconsin 27 — and 
 the District of Columbia, 28 jurisdiction is extended to 17 years, and 
 in 17 States — Arizona, 29 Connecticut, 30 Idaho, 31 Minnesota, 32 Missis- 
 sippi, 33 Nebraska, 34 Nevada, 35 North Carolina, 36 North Dakota, 37 
 
 1 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 1. (In Jefferson County, girls under 18.) 
 
 2 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 586. (Delinquent girl under 18.) 
 
 3 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 2 amended 19l6 No 575. 
 
 * Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1630. (Delinquent girl under 18, dependent boy or girl 
 under 17.) 
 
 6 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al4. 
 
 « Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3065 amended 1917 C 154. 
 
 ' New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206; 1912 C 353 amended 1918 C 81; 1918 C 82. 
 
 s New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 2. 
 
 '. New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 485 amended 1916 C 278; s 486 amended 1912 
 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 1917 C 430; 1910C611s2; 1913C270S2; 1918 C 464 s 1. 
 
 w Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4412. 
 
 n Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1; 1913 p 711 s 11 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, and 1917 p 1015. 
 
 12 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 1 amended 1917 C 1546. (Wayward and dependent under 17.) 
 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 1 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294; 1917 No 120 p 355. 
 
 h Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7323. 
 
 is Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 amended 1917 A 420. (Girl under 18.) 
 
 ''Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 3827-3828. (Applies to Wilmington. Girl under 18.) 
 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 1 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 i» Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 169. (Girl under 18.) 
 
 i» Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 3310.1. (Girl under 18.) 
 
 80 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3. 
 
 a Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 1 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. (Neglected under 16.) 
 
 22 Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 ss 2011 and 2017. 
 
 23 Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 1. 
 
 2< Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2. (Dependent under 16.) 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 1) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 « Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. (Girl under 18. 
 Dependent and neglected children under 16.) 
 
 « Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-1. (Girl under 18.) 
 
 2 s District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. 
 
 2» Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3562. 
 
 3° Connecticut. 1917 C 308 s 4. 
 
 ■a Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 152 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 32 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1. 
 
 33 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 6. 
 
 8* Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1263. 
 35 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 728. 
 3» North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. 
 s' North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11402. 
 
 15 
 
16 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Ohio, 1 Oregon, 2 South Carolina, 3 South Dakota, 4 Utah, 5 Vir- 
 ginia, 6 Washington, 7 and West Virginia 8 — to 18 years. In Mary- 
 land 9 the limitation is extended to 18 for girls and 20 for boys, and 
 in California 10 to_2JLfor both boys and girls. A number of States 11 
 provide that jurisdiction once obtained over any minor may con- 
 tinue beyond these age limits, usually until he reaches 21. 
 2. Classes of cases included. 
 
 The laws in a few States 12 contain no definition of the groups of 
 children over whom the court is to exercise jurisdiction but merely 
 define the specific offenses for which a child may be brought into 
 court. These are simple amendments to the criminal code. In 
 most States, however, these definitions are divided into broader 
 classifications of delinquent and dependent or neglected. Truants 
 are included in these classes or added to them in more than one-half 
 of the States; 13 children found violating the child-labor law in a few 
 States; 14 and physical or mental defectives in California, 15 Iowa, 16 
 Maryland, 17 and Minnesota. 18 
 
 In Colorado 19 an appeal from the refusal of an officer to grant a 
 work permit to a child may be taken to the juvenile court. An oath 
 may be administered and an age certificate issued by the court. 
 
 i Ohio. General Code ss 1642 and 1643 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 2 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4406. 
 
 2 South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 1; 1912 No 429 s 1. 
 
 < South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1. 
 
 s Utzh. 1913 C 54 s 2. 
 
 6 Virginia. 1914 C 57. (Dependent under 16.) 
 
 ' Washington. 1913 C 160 s 1. 
 
 ? West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 8 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2. (In Baltimore under 16.) 
 
 'o California. 1915 C 631 ss 1 and 5 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 11 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506. Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3570. Arkansas. 
 1911 A 215 s 9 amended 1917 A 420. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3066; s 3065 amended 1917 C 154. Mas- 
 sachusetts. 1907 C 411 amended 1918 C 257 s 418. (Continues to 18.) Missouri. 1911 p 177 si; 1917 p 195 si. 
 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2 (Continues until court otherwise decrees.) New Jersey. 1918 C 82. (Counties of 
 the first class. Continues for period of commitment or probation.) New York. 1910 C 611s 7; 1918 C 464. 
 (Monroe and Chautauqua Counties.) Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 1642 and 1643 amended 1913 p 864. Okla- 
 homa. Revised Laws 1910 s 4424. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 8 amended 1909 p 119. Rhode Island. 1915 
 C 1185 s 10. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 1 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177 
 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7323. (Until boy 21 or girl 18.) 
 
 12 Alabama. General Laws 1915No506s 1. California. 1915 C 631 ss 1 and 15 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1856. (No definition— all complaints against children.) Delauarc. 
 Revised Code 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3822, 3823, 3824. (Outside Wilmington.) District of Columbia. U. S. 
 Revised Statutes Supplement 1891 C 58 p 474: Supplement 1901 C 250 p 48 and C 847 p 1544; 34 U. S. Statutes 
 at Large p 73 s 8; 35 U. S. Statute. at Large p 420 s 17. Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 2 amended 1916 No. 575. 
 New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910' p 1887 s 206 and p 1889 s 217. (Applies to State outside Essex and 
 Hudson Counties.) New York. Consolidated Laws C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 485 amended 1916 C 278- s 486 
 amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 1917 C 430; s 2186; 1910 C 659 s 37 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691 and 
 1915 C 531 ; 1910 C 611 s 2; 1913 C 270 s 2; 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 516 
 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571; 1918 C 464 s 1. South Can'ina. 1912 No 429 s 1; 1917 No 73 si. 
 
 » Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho Indiana 
 Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska New 
 Jersey, NewYork, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee,' Texas Vermont 
 Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. ' 
 
 >< Arizona, Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode 
 Island, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah. 
 
 is California. 1915 C 631 s 1 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 '• Iowa. Supplemental Supplement 1915 ss 254-b to 254-1. 
 
 » Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. 
 
 is Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1. 
 
 ie Colorado. 1911 C 95 ss 8 and 15. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 17 
 
 In Wisconsin 1 the juvenile court issues working permits at the 
 request of the industrial commission. 
 
 In Arizona 2 the juvenile court may issue letters of adoption for 
 a child under its jurisdiction, and in Ohio 3 for an inmate of a 
 maternity boarding house. 
 
 3. Definition of delinquency. 
 
 Before the enactment of juvenile-court legislation the courts dealt 
 only with those juvenile offenders who were charged with (1) violat- 
 ing a State law or local ordinance; (2) committing a criminal offense; 
 or (3) being incorrigible. This is still the situation in Connecticut, 4 
 Delaware, 5 the District of Columbia, 6 Georgia, 7 Mississippi, 8 New 
 Jersey, 9 and Pennsylvania. 10 A step in advance is made by the New 
 York law, 11 which provides that "a child of more than 7 and less than 
 1 6 years of age, who shall commit any act or omission which if 
 committed by an adult would be a crime not punishable by death or 
 life imprisonment, shall not be deemed guilty of any crime but of 
 juvenile delinquency only." 
 
 Many laws, however, formulate a more inclusive definition of 
 delinquency in order that the court may not be. prevented by the 
 lack of technical jurisdiction from assuming the care of any child. 
 Most States 12 now consider as delinquent any child who (1) violates 
 
 1 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 1728a-l amended 1917 C 674. "' "" '' 
 
 s Arizona. Revised Statutes (Civil Code) 1913 s 3565. ' A '\ ' ' 
 
 ' Ohio. General Code 1910 s 6272. ' "" | " 
 
 * Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1856. (All complaints against children.) 
 
 « Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 2192-2213, 3822. 3824. (Criminal offenses, vagrancy, and incorrigibility.) 
 « District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. (All crimes and offenses, not capital and.not 
 punishable by dead or life imprisonment; habitual truancy also.) 
 ' Ge-rrgia. 1915 No 210 s 2 amended 1916 No 575. (Offenses that would be punished in an adult.) 
 « Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 6. (Violation of municipal ordinance or State law.) 
 
 ' New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206. (Child charged with crime except murder or. man- 
 slaughter, or being incorrigible. Adds disorderly and vagrant. For Essex and Hudson Counties see 
 below.) 
 i» Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (Incorrigible and charged with violation of the law.) 
 " New York. 1909 C 478. (In addition "disorderly and ungovernable children" who desert their homes 
 without cause, associate with dissolute, immoral, or vicious persons, or are not susceptible of proper control. 
 Consolidated laws C 40 (Pena') s 486 (7).) 
 
 ™ Arkansas. 1911 A 215 amended 1917 A 420. Definition omits (9) and (12). Colorado. Revised Statutes 
 1908 s 586. Omits (10) and (12). Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3829. (Applies to city of Wilmington.) 
 In addition, habitual smoking of cigarettes and violation of child-labor law. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 1 
 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. Omits (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11). Idaho. 1911 C 159 
 art 17 s 152 amended 1917 C 84. Omits (10) and (12). Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C23 s 169. 
 Omits (12). Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes Supplement 1918 s 1641. Omits (6), (10), (12). In 
 addition, smoking of cigarettes and loitering about school building or yard. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 
 254-al4, Omits (7), (9), (10), (11), and (12). Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3066. Omits (6) to (12) 
 inclusive. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3. Omits 
 (7). In addition, begging, receiving alms or peddling or playing a musical instrument in a public place 
 or accompanying anyone so doing. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. Omits (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), and (12). 
 Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 86 s 24; 1906 C 413 s 1 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. Omits (5) 
 to (11) inclusive. In addition, vagrant. Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2011. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 
 s 1. Omits (4) to (8) inclusive. In addition, knowingly visits any place where his presence is permitted 
 in violation of the law. Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1 and 1917 p 195 s 1. Montana. 1911 p. 122 s 1. Omits (10) 
 and (12). Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1244. Omits (10). New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supple- 
 ment 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 1) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. Omits (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), and 
 (12). New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 5 amended 1918 C 81. (Counties of the first class.) Omits (6), (8), (9), 
 
 153862°— 20 2 
 
18 STJMMAKY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 a law or local ordinance (except crimes punishable by. death or life 
 imprisonment); (2) is incorrigible; (3) associates with thieves, 
 criminals, prostitutes, vagrants, or vicious persons; (4) is growing 
 up in idleness or crime; (5) knowingly visits a saloon, pool room, 
 billiard room, or gambling place; (6) knowingly visits a house of ill- 
 fame; (7) wanders about the streets at night; (8) wanders about 
 railroad yards, jumps on moving trains, or enters any car or engine 
 without authority; (9) habitually uses or writes vile, indecent, or 
 obscene language; (10) absents himself from home without just 
 cause or without the consent of parent or guardian; (11) is im m oral 
 or indecent; or (12) is an habitual truant. 
 
 In Arizona 1 only (1) and (2) are included in the definitions of 
 delinquent, and in Washington. 2 only (1), (8), and (9); but in these 
 States children committing other offenses are considered as depend- 
 ent rather than delinquent. In Nevada 3 the law defines as delinquent 
 a child who violates any law of the State or any ordinance of a city, 
 town, or county. In addition, a child who commits any of the 
 offenses enumerated above — from (2) to (11), inclusive — or is living 
 under conditions that in most States would render him dependent, is 
 considered as both dependent and delinquent. 
 
 In Alabama, 4 California, 5 and South Carolina, 6 while the law 
 formulates no definition of delinquency but enumerates specific 
 offenses for which a child may be brought to court, most of the pro- 
 visions given above are included. 
 
 and (10). In addition, one who is vagrant or disorderly or commits a crime except murder or manslaughter. 
 New Mexico. 1917 C 4s 1. Omits (10). North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 1. Includes only (1), (2), 
 and (4), and wayward, unruly, and misdirected. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11403. Omits (12). 
 In addition, habitual smoking of cigarettes, use of narcotic drugs, frequenting of place where indecent ex- 
 hibitions are displayed. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4412. Omits (12). In addition, use of intoxicat- 
 ing liquor, injurious drugs, or cigarettes. Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4406. Omits (7) to (11) inclu- 
 sive, Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 si amended 1917 C 1546. Omits (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (11), and (12). SouthDa- 
 kota. 1915 C 119sl. Omits(7). In addition, habitual smoking of cigarettes, drinking of intoxicating liquor 
 in public place or school house, visiting with one of opposite sex any restaurant or place where liquors are sold 
 after 9 o'clock, or being found in private apartment or room of restaurant, lodging house, hotel or other 
 place at night alone with one of the opposite sex. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 1 amended 1913 (First 
 Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294; 1917 No 120 p 355. Omits (10). 
 
 Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 Art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. Omits (4), (6), (7), 
 and (10). Utah. 1913 C 54 s 16. Omits (10) and (12). Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7323. Omits (8) 
 and (10). Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1. Omits (8) and (10). In addition, use of intoxicating liquor or drugs. 
 
 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 amended 1917 C 63. Omits (6) and (12). Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a s 
 573-1. Omits (7) and (10). Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 2. Includes only (1) to (4) and victim of vicious habits, 
 i Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3562. (See definition of dependency.) 
 
 2 Washington. 1913 C 160 si. (See definition of dependency.) 
 
 3 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 728. Omits (12). (In addition, see definition of dependency.) 
 
 • Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 1. Omits (6), (10), and (12). In addition, a child who habitually 
 smokes cigarettes, is in possession of pistol, dirk, bowie knife, or metal knuckles. Local Laws 1915 No 128, 
 applying only to Mobile County, adds habitual begging. Local Laws 1915 No 361, applying only to Jeffer- 
 son County, includes only (1). 
 
 s California. 1915 C 631 s 1 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. Omits (6) to (10) inclusive. Adds vagrant. 
 
 » South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 1 and 1917 No 73 s 1. Omits (5) to (10) inclusive. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COUBT LEGISLATION. 19 
 
 4. Definition of dependency and neglect. 
 
 The dependent or neglected child is usually defined * as one who is 
 (1) destitute, (2) homeless, (3) abandoned, (4) dependent upon the 
 public for support, (5) without proper parental care or guardianship, 
 (6) begging or receiving alms, (7) found living in a house of ill fame 
 or with a vicious or disreputable person, (8) in a home unfit because 
 of neglect, cruelty, or depravity on the part of the parents, (9) ped- 
 dling or playing a musical instrument or singing in a public place, 
 (10) in surroundings dangerous to morals, health, or general welfare 
 or such as to warrant the State in assuming guardianship. 
 
 1 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Penal Code) s 255. Omits (4) and (9). In addition, one who visits 
 saloon, "billiard room or pool room, without parent or guardian; is incorrigible, habitually uses intoxicating 
 liquor, smokes cigarettes, or uses drugs ; or is vagrant, frequents company of criminals, vagrants, or pros- 
 titutes, or is over fourteen and refuses to attend school as directed by parent or guardian. A rkansas. 1911 
 A 215 s 1 amended 1917 A 420. Omits (10). Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 552. Omits (9). Delaware. 
 Revised Code 1915 s 3829. Applies to Wilmington. Includes only (1), (2), (6), and (8). Florida. 1911 C 
 6216 s 1 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. Omits (7) and (10) . Idaho. 1909 p 38 No 267 s 2 
 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193. Omits (7) and (10). Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 169. 
 Omits (10). Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1642 and 1643. Omits (9). In addition, one 
 who is employed in a saloon. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al4. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3066- 
 Omits (10). In addition, idle orimmoralhabits. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l. Omits (10). 
 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3. Omits (2), (3), (6), (7), (9), and (10). In addition, wandering 
 about streets at night without lawful business. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 1. Omits (9) and (10). In addi- 
 tion, truant and feeble-minded or otherwise mentally deficient. Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 amended 1909 
 C181. Includes (4), (5), (8), and (10). Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2011. Omits (10). In addition, 
 illegitimate. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 1. Omits (1), (2), (4), and (10). In addition, mental defective, 
 illegitimate, and one whose parents desire (for good cause) to be relieved of care and custody. Mississippi. 
 1916C111S6. Includesonly (1),(2), (3),and(10). Missouri. 1911 p 177s land 1917 p 195s 1. Omits,(5) 
 and (10). Montana. Revised Code 1907 s 7829. Omits (3), (9), and (10). Nebraska. Revised Statutes 
 1913 s 1244. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 728. Omits (10). In addition, all provisions enumerated 
 under definition of delinquency except violation of State law or ordinance of city, town, or county. New 
 Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 1) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. 
 Omits (9) and (10). New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 2. Omits (9) and (10). North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 
 C 222 s 1. Includes only (1), (2), (3), and (10). North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11403. Omits (10). 
 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1645 amended 1913 p 864 and 1915 p 458. Omits (9). In addition, one given 
 away or disposed of in employment, service, or occupation contrary to laws of State. Oklahoma. Revised 
 Laws 1910 s 4412. Omits (10). Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 ss 4406, 4425, and 4426. Omits (10). In 
 addition, participating in public entertainment without permission of juvenile-court judge. Pennsylva- 
 nia. 1903 p 274 s 1. Includes only (1) to (5). Shodelsland. General Laws 1909 C 139 s 1 and C 140 s 1. In- 
 cludes only (3), (5), (6), and (8). In addition, one whose life or health is endangered by occupation in 
 which it is permitted to engage, compelled to do wanton or improper acts or allowed to steal . South Da- 
 kota. 1915 C 119 s 1. Omits (1) and (10). In addition, orphan, child who frequents company of reputed 
 thieves or prostitutes, or in possession of any person not the parent or lawful guardian or next of kin. Ten- 
 nessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58s 1 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private 
 Acts 1917 C 294. Omits (10). Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art2184. Omits (9) and (10). Inaddition, 
 one whose parent permits it to become addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors. Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 
 s 720x24 amended 1909 C 123; 1913 C 54 s 2. Omits (9). In addition, frequents saloon or place where in- 
 toxicating drink is sold or is wandering about late at night, or sleeping at night in the open air. Ver- 
 mont. General Laws 1917 s 7323. Omits (9). Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 1. Omits (9) and (10). Washington 
 1913 C 160 s 1. Omits (3) and (4). In addition, is vagrant, frequenting company of reputed criminals, 
 vagrants or prostitutes, visits pool room, billiard room or saloon, is incorrigible or truant or uses intoxicat- 
 ing liquors, tobacco or drugs. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 amended 1917 C 63. Omits (10). Wisconsin. 
 Statutes 1915 C 30a SS73-1. Omits (10). Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 1. Includes only (1), (3), (4), (5), (6). 
 
20 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 1 Alabama, 1 California, 2 the District of Columbia, 3 Georgia,* New 
 York, 5 and South Carolina 6 do not define dependency, but include 
 some of these provisions in specifying the classes of children who may 
 be brought into court. The New Jersey 7 law does not define depend- 
 ency, although dependent children may be committed by the juvenile 
 court to certain schools for dependent and delinquent children. 
 
 In an act establishing temporary county homes for dependent and 
 neglected children, Connecticut 8 includes waifs; strays; children in 
 charge of overseers of the poor; children of prisoners, drunkards, or 
 paupers, and of others committed to hospitals, almshouses, or work- 
 houses; and all children (between 4 and 18) deserted, neglected, 
 cruelly treated, or dependent, or living in any disorderly house, or 
 house reputed to be a house of ill fame or assignation. 
 
 Maine 9 provides for the commitment of children who are cruelly 
 treated or willfully neglected by their parents; not provided with 
 suitable food, clothing, or the privileges of education; kept at or 
 allowed to frequent any disorderly house, house of ill fame, gambling 
 place, or place where intoxicating liquors are sold, or other place 
 injurious to health or morals; and orphans without means of support. 
 
 5. Discretion of the court in case of crime. ,. 
 
 In dealing with the child who is charged with a felony or a crime 
 punishable by death or by life imprisonment, the legislatures of most 
 States have refused to apply the essential principles of juvenile-court 
 legislation. In the District of Columbia, 10 Georgia, u Iowa, 12 Louisiana," 
 Massachusetts, 14 New Jersey, 15 New York, 16 Utah, 17 and Vermont, 18 the 
 
 i Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 1. Includes (10) only. 
 
 2 California. 1915 C 631 s 1 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. Omits (4), (7), and (9). In addition, is va- 
 grant, frequents company of criminals, vagrants, or prostitutes ; visits billiard rooms or pool rooms, saloon, 
 etc. ; uses intoxicating liquors or drugs, or smokes cigarettes ; is insane, feeble-minded or mentally deficient. 
 
 « District of Columbia. 34 TJ. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. Includes (1), (3), (6), (7), and (8), and incor- 
 rigible. 
 
 « Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 2 amended 1916 No 575. Includes (1 ) only. 
 
 » New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 485 amended 1916 C278; s 486 amended 1912 
 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 1917 C 430. Omits (1), (3), (4), and (10). In addition, one who frequents company 
 of thieves or prostitutes, or is employed as ropewalker, gymnast, circus performer, etc.; or in illegal or 
 indecent exhibition. 
 
 « South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 1; 1917 No 73 s 1. Includes only (1), (2), (6), and (8). In addition, child 
 required to work contrary to law or in an unreasonable degree. 
 
 •' New Jersey. 1913 C 340. 
 
 s Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1766. 
 
 » Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 64 s 53 amended 1917 C 297. 
 
 u> District of Columbia. 34 TJ. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. (Excludes jurisdiction over a crime or offense 
 capital or otherwise infamous, punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, or libel, conspiracy, or 
 violation of theposfc-omce and pension laws of the United States.) 
 
 11 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 2 amended 1916 No 575. (Excludes crime punishable by death or by lifeimprison- 
 ment.) 
 
 " Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al4. (Excludes crime punishable by death or by life inprisomnent.) 
 
 13 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3. (Capital crimes excepted.) 
 
 " Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 1 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. (Excludes crime punishable by death 
 or life imprisonment. ) 
 
 "> New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 206. (Excludes murder or manslaughter and joint com- 
 mission of crime with person over 16.) 
 
 >« New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 196 s 2186. (Crime punishable by death' or life im- 
 prisonment.) Same provision for Monroe and Ontario Counties— 1910 C 611 s 2 and 1913 C 270 s 2- Buffalo— 
 1911 C 651 amended 1917 C 571. 
 
 » Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10. (Excludes offense punishable by death or life imprisonment ) 
 
 '« Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7331. (Excludes crime punishable by death or life imprisonment.) 
 
SUMMABY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 21 
 
 law specifically excludes the juvenile court from jurisdiction in such 
 .cases. In the great majority of States * in which the juvenile court 
 may have jurisdiction, the judge may in his discretion dismiss the 
 case and allow the child to be tried in the regular criminal courts or 
 under the ordinary procedure. In some States 2 it is even possible for 
 the judge so to transfer a merely delinquent child, if he thinks reforma- 
 tion is impossible. In Nevada, 3 however, it is possible, in the dis- 
 cretion of the judge and with the consent of the accused, to extend 
 the juvenile-court procedure to a person between 18 and 21 who is 
 charged with felony. 
 
 B. OVER ADULTS. 
 
 1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency. 
 
 Forty States and the District of Columbia now have laws making 
 adults criminally liable for contributing to a child's becoming 
 delinquent or dependent. 4 The court which has jurisdiction 
 over juvenile cases is usually given this jurisdiction. 5 This plan 
 
 1 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3562. (May suspend criminal prosecution for any offense 
 committed by child. The assumption is that the judge may allow criminal prosecution to proceed in some 
 cases.) Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 10 amended 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631s 4c amended 1917 C 627 and C 
 634. Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177a. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3076. Kentucky. 
 Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.5- Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 7. (At request of minor accused.) Michigan. 
 Compiled Laws 1915 s 2012. (Children over 14.) Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 13. 'Montana. 1911 C 122 s 6. 
 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 737. New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 b 85 (Laws 1907 G 
 125 s 15) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 9. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 
 s 11412. Olio. General Code 1910 s 1681. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4424. Oregon. Lord's Oregon 
 Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 9 amended 1917 C 1546. Smith Carolina. 
 1912 No 429 ss 3 and 6; 1917 No 73 s 6. South Dakota. 1915 C 119s 18. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 9 
 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Code 
 Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 12. 
 
 • Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 9. Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 16 amended 1916 No 575. Illinois. 
 Hurd's Revised. Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177a. Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 11 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 
 C 243. (Over 14.) Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 21. (Over 12.) Mississippi. 1916 C HI s 13. Missouri. 1917 
 p 195 s 2. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 737. New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 
 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 15) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 209. 
 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11412. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910s 4424. Oregon. Lord's Oregon 
 Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 9 amended 1917 C 1546. South 
 Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 13. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 11 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 ' Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 737. 
 
 1 Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Vermont, and 
 Wyoming have not yet enacted such legislation. 
 
 * This is the case in the following States: Alabama. General Laws 1915 No506s 10. (Allows 1100 fine, im- 
 prisonment in county jail for 6 months, or both. ) Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Penal Code) ss 256-257. 
 ($500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both.) California. 1915 C 631 s 21 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. ($1,000 
 fine, 2 years' imprisonment, or both.) Colorado. 1909 C 157 ss 8 and 9. ($1,000 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, 
 or both for delinquency; $100 fine, 90 days' imprisonment, or both for dependency or neglect. ) District of 
 Columbia. 34 US Statutes at Large p 73 s 24. ($100 fine, 3 months' imprisonment, or both. ) Georgia. 1915, 
 No 210 s 37 amended 1916 No 575. (Juvenile court has jurisdiction if offense is a misdemeanor, but not if it 
 amounts to a felony.) Idaho. 1911 C 159 art 17s 159 amended 1917 C 84. ($300fine,6months'imprisonment, 
 or both for delinquency.) Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1645; Supplement 1918 s 1648. ($500 
 fine, 6 months' imprisonment, or both.) Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a31. (Applies only to dependency 
 andneglect.) Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3080 and 3081. ($l,000fine, 1 year'simprisonment, orbo.h.) 
 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 ss331g.l-331g.6;331d.l-331d.ll. ($100fine,50days'imprisonment,orboth.) 
 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3; 1916 No 139; 1918 No 169. ($200 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or 
 both.) Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 13. (Fine, imprisonment, orboth,in the discretion of thecourt.) Massa- 
 chusetts. 1906 C 413 s 13 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243, (Applies to delinquency. $50 fine, 6 months' 
 imprisonment, or both.) Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 27 and 28. (Courtmayimposeconditions.) Mississippi. 
 1916 C 111 s 11. (Court may request person responsible to do or omit to do any act, and failure to comply 
 may be punished as contempt of court, but this shall not prevent action being brought under any criminal 
 statute.) Missouri. Revised Statutes 1909 s 4491. (Applies to delinquency. $500 fine, 6 months' imprison- 
 
22 STJMMAEY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 seems to work for the best interests of the child ; but in some States, 1 
 in order to safeguard the constitutional rights of the adults, juris-, 
 diction is given to the ordinary criminal courts. 
 
 2. Desertion and nonsupport. 
 
 The juvenile court has likewise jurisdiction over cases of desertion 
 and nonsupport in Alabama, 2 the District of Columbia, 3 Louisiana, 4 
 New Jersey, 5 West Virginia, 6 and part of New York. 7 In California, 8 
 Maryland, 9 Ohio, 10 and Tennessee 11 the court has jurisdiction in cases 
 of abandonment or failure to provide for a child. In cities of 50,000 
 
 ment, orboth.) Montana. 1911 C 122 ss 18-21. Revised Code 1907 s 7836. (From $10 to $1,000 fine, 9 months' 
 impriso n ment , or both for deliquency; $600 fine, 9 months' imprisonment, or both for dependency or 
 neglect.) Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 ss 1263-1264. ($500 fine, 6 months' imprisonment, or both.) 
 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 ss 757-764. ($500fine, 6 months' imprisonment, orboth.) NewJersey. Compiled 
 Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 214; 1915 C 246 amended 1918 C 85. ($1,000 fine, 6 months' imprisonment, or both 
 for contributing to delinquency. $100 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both, for abuse, abandonment, 
 cruelty, or neglect.) New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 2 ; 1917 C 85 s 7. ($1,000 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or 
 both for delinquency. $10 to $50 fine, 90 days' imprisonment, or both for dependency or neglect.) New 
 York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 ss 487-493, s 494 added 1910 C 699. (In New York 
 City jurisdiction is given to city magistrates.) 1910 C 611. (Applies to Monroe County.) 1891 C 105 
 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 516, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571. (Applies to 
 Buffalo.) 1918 C 464 s 20. (Chautauqua County.) Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 1642 and 1654 amended 
 1913p864. ($10 to $1,000 fine, 10 days' to 1 year's imprisonment, or both.) Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 
 1910 ss 2150-2154. ($1, 000 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both.) Rhode Island. General laws 1909 C 139s 9; 
 s 10 added 1910 C 550. ($500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both for delinquency; $250 fine, 1 year's imprison- 
 ment, or both for dependency and forfeit of right to custody of child.) South Dakota. 1909 C 275 amended 
 1913 C 175. ($500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, orboth.) Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182 s 5. (Hamil- 
 ton County only. See below for penalty.) Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x37 amended 1911 C 55; J913 
 C54s2. ($100 fine, 3 months' imprisonment, or both.) Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 7 and C 228. ($500 fine, 
 lyear/s imprisonment, or both. ) Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 1 and 17. ($1, 000 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, 
 orT>btn.) West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 33-39 and 43 amended 1917 C 63. ($500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, 
 orboth.) 
 
 i Arkansas. 1911 No 215 s 23 amended 1917 A 420. ($500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both.) Florida. 
 1915 C 6906: ($100 fine, 3 months' imprisonment, or both.) Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 38 
 ss 42hi and 42hn. ($200 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, orboth.) Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 120 ss 33-37. 
 Contributing to delinquency or distress of child is defined as encouraging use of tobacco, cigarettes, liquor 
 or narcotic drag, furnishing or giving child firearms or any dangerous weapons, except when done by 
 parents, guardians, teachers, or instructors; ($100 fine or 30 days' imprisonment.) Michigan. Compiled 
 Laws 1915 s 2028. (Applies to delinquency. $100 fine, 90 days' imprisonment, or both.) North Carolina. 
 Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 6. Pennsylvania. 1909 p 434 s 1, supplementing 1903 p 274. ($500 fine, 1 year's 
 imprisonment, or both.) Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 16 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C r> 
 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. ($5 to $50 fine, 10 days' to 3 months' imprisonment or 
 both. ) Texas. Penal Code 1911 art 1055; art 1055a added 1918 C 52. ($1, 000 fine, 1 year's imprisonment ' or 
 both for parents, guardians, or persons responsible for child. $500 fine, 1 year's imprisonment, or both'for 
 other persons contributing to delinquency.) Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 S4581 i. ($500 fine, 1 year's im- 
 prisonment, or both. ) 
 
 * Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 498 s 2. 
 
 ' District of Columbia. U.S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1891 C 58 p 474 s 3; 34 TJ. S. Statutes at lar" 
 p73s8. -*" 
 
 * Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 3. 
 
 <■ New Jersey. 1912 C 360 ss 1-5 amended 1918 C 83. (All disputes involving the domestic relation < r 
 the welfare of children, except those under the jurisdiction of the court of chancery or ornhsms' ™, r < i 
 s West Virginia. 1917 C 51 s 2. ' v court. > 
 
 ' New York. 1910 C 612. (Monroe County.) 
 < California. 1917 C 168. 
 
 * Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 13. 
 
 "> Ohio. General Code 1910s 1655 amended 1913 p 864. 
 ii Tennessee. PuDlic Acts 1915 C 120 p 335. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 23 
 
 in Virginia, 1 where a special juvenile and domestic relations court is 
 established, this court has jurisdiction over cases of desertion and 
 nonsupport. 
 
 3. Crimes against children. 
 
 The juvenile court has jurisdiction over persons accused of of- 
 fenses against children in Colorado, 3 the District of Columbia, 3 and 
 Virginia. 4 
 
 4. Mothers' pensions. 
 
 The juvenile court administers the "mothers' aid" law in Arkan- 
 sas, 5 Colorado," Illinois, 7 Iowa, 8 Maryland, 9 Michigan, 10 Minnesota," 
 Missouri, 12 Montana, 13 New Jersey, 14 Ohio, 15 Oklahoma, 16 Oregon, 17 
 South Dakota, 18 Tennessee, 19 Utah, 20 Washington, 21 and Wisconsin. 22 
 
 5. Other jurisdiction. 
 
 The juvenile court has jurisdiction over the case of an adult violat- 
 ing the child-labor law in Delaware, 23 the District of Columbia, 24 
 Utah, 25 and certain counties in New York; 2 " over the failure of a 
 parent to comply with the compulsory school-attendance law in 
 
 i Virginia. 1914 C 57. 
 
 3 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 1607. (Jurisdiction in any criminal case against an adult person for 
 the violation of any criminal law where the offense shall be against the person or involve the morals of a 
 child or minor. Also jurisdiction under acts involving duties to, or responsibility for, a child, of any parent, 
 guardian, or other person.) 
 
 * District of Columbia. United States Revised Statutes Supplement 1891 C 58 p 474 ss 2 and 4; 34 U. S. 
 Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. (Any person enticing girl under 18 into house of ill fame and all persons violat- 
 ing any law relating to or affecting the protection of children.) 
 
 * Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 7. (Juvenile and domestic relations court in cities of over 50,000 has jurisdiction 
 over all cases involving the. prosecution and punishment of adults charged with offenses against children 
 under 18.) 
 
 * Arkansas. 1917 A 326. 
 
 « Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 558 amended 1913 p 694. 
 
 ' Ittiiiois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 298. 
 
 > Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a20. 
 
 » Maryland. 1916 C 670. 
 
 i° Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2017. 
 
 u Minnesota. 1917 C 223. 
 
 f Missouri. 1911 p 120 amended 1913 p 146. 
 
 » Montana. 1917 C 83 repealing 1915 C 86. 
 
 " New Jersey. 1913 C 281 amended 1915 C 118. 
 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 1683-2 to 1683-10 added by 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 199, and amended 1915 p 4T>. 
 
 ■• Oklahoma. 1915 C 183. (County court. Not stated whether sitting as juvenile court. ) 
 
 " Oregon. 1917 C 267. 
 
 » South Dakota. 1917 C 300. (County court. Not stated whether sitting as juvenile court.) 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1915 C 32 p 90. 
 
 » Utah. 1913 C 90. (Only in counties of 125,000 or more.) 
 
 n Washington. 1915 C 135. 
 
 » Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573f. 
 
 a Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3842. ( Wilmington.) 
 
 « District of Columbia. 34 U. 8. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. 
 
 * Utah. 1911 C 144 s 15. 
 
 25 New York. 1910 C 612 (Monroe County); 1918 C 464 s 20 (Chautauqua County Jurisdiction in all cases 
 arising under art 44 of the Penal Law). 
 
24 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Idaho, 1 Indiana, 2 Kansas, 3 Montana, 4 and New Jersey; 5 and in cases 
 brought for the purpose of providing support and maintenance of 
 children born out of wedlock in the District of Columbia. 6 The 
 judge of the juvenile court in Oregon 7 has power to make a compro- 
 mise with the putative father of an illegitimate child relative to the 
 support of the child. Cases concerning the concealment of the birth of 
 a child may be brought to the juvenile court in certain counties in 
 New York. 8 In Ohio 9 the judge may give consent to the marriage 
 of persons under legal age who are without parents or legal guardians. 
 Adults aiding the escape of a child from an institution in Delaware/ 
 or furnishing a minor in an institution with tobacco in certain coun- 
 ties in New York, 11 are subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile 
 court. 
 
 i Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 151 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 ' Indiana. Bums' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 6678 amended 1915 C 77. 
 
 > Kansas. Genera] Statutes 1915 ss 9416-9417. 
 
 ' Montana. 1913 C 76 s 1107. 
 
 « New Jersey. 1913 C 221 s 4 amended 1915 C 224. 
 
 6 District of Columbia. 37 U. S. Statutes at Large p 134. 
 
 i Oregon. 1917 C 48 s 12. 
 
 s New York. 1910 C 612; 1918 C 464 s 20. (Monroe and Chautauqua Counties. See note above,) 
 
 • Ohio. General Code 1910 s 11181-1 added 1915 p 17. 
 
 '"Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3840A added 1917 C 253. 
 
 " New York. 1910 C 612;1918 C 464 s 20. (Monroe and Chautauqua Counties.) 
 
III. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE. 
 
 A. PETITION OK COMPLAINT. 
 
 In most States proceedings are begun in juvenile cases by peti- 
 tion, filed by any reputable person who believes that the child is 
 within the provisions of the law. This is the case in Alabama, 1 
 Arizona, 2 Arkansas, 3 California, 4 Colorado, 5 Delaware, 6 Florida, 7 
 Georgia, 8 Illinois, 8 Iowa, 10 Kansas, 11 Kentucky, 12 Louisiana, 13 Mary- 
 land, 14 Michigan, 15 Minnesota, 16 Mississippi, 17 Missouri, 18 Montana, 19 
 Nebraska, 20 Nevada, 21 New Hampshire, 22 New Mexico, 23 North; 
 Carolina, 24 North Dakota, 25 Oklahoma, 28 Oregon, 27 Pennsylvania, 28 
 Rhode Island, 29 South Carolina, 30 South Dakota, 31 Tennessee, 32 Ver- 
 mont, 33 Virginia, 34 Washington, 35 West Virginia, 36 and Wisconsin, 37 
 and in certain counties in New York. 38 The petition must be 
 
 1 A Mama. Genera] Laws 1915 No 506 s 3. 
 
 ' A rizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3682, 3564, 3565. 
 
 ' A rkansas. 1911 A 215 s 4 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 * California. 1915 C 631 s 3 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 6 CWoro<fci. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 554, 555; s 588 amended 1909 C 156. i i ,, . 
 
 'Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. (Wilmington.) 
 
 ' Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 3 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. (By probation officer.) 
 
 • Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 3 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 172. 
 io Iowa. Supplemental Supplement 1915 s 254-al5. 
 u Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3068. 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 
 13 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 ss 1 and 4. (Called "affidavit" instead of "petition.") 
 " Maryland. 1916 C 326 ss 3 and 6. 
 » Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 '« Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 7. 
 
 17 Mississippi. 1916 C :.ll ss 7 and 8. 
 
 18 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 3; 1917 p 195 s 3. (Applies only to neglected children.) 
 '» Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5. 
 
 M Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1247. 
 
 a Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 ss 728 and 731. 
 
 " New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 4) amended 1915 C 96 and 191 
 C74. 
 
 » New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 4. (Called "affidavit" instead of "petition.") 
 
 » North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. (Affidavit or oral testimony.) 
 
 * North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11406 and 11407. 
 
 28 Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4416. 
 
 27 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4416. 
 
 » Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 2. 
 
 "Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 4 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 "South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 1; 1912 No 429 s 1. 
 
 "South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 4 and 5. 
 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 4 and 6 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 
 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 33 Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7325. 
 
 « Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8. 
 
 ■'<• Washington. 1913 C 160 s 5. 
 
 :« West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 1 and 4 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-4. 
 
 a 8 New York. 1910 C 611 s 3; 1913 C 270 s 3; 1918 C 464 s 3. (Monroe, Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties.) 
 
 25 
 
26 SUMMARY OF JUVENIL,E-COTTRT LEGISLATION. 
 
 verified in Georgia, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Washington, and 
 West Virginia; sworn in Michigan, Montana, and Rhode Island; 
 and verified by affidavit in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, 
 Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, South 
 Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Wis- 
 consin. In the District of Columbia 1 the law requires "information 
 filed by the corporation counsel or his assistant." In Connecticut, 2 
 Massachusetts, 3 New Jersey, 4 and New York 5 the complaint is 
 still used; and in Idaho, 6 Indiana, 7 Missouri, 8 Ohio, 9 Texas, 10 and 
 Utah 11 the law provides for sworn complaint. 
 
 B. SUMMONS OB WARRANT. 
 
 A further step in differentiating the juvenile-court process from 
 ordinary procedure is made by securing the attendance of the parent 
 or guardian and the child by summons instead of by warrant. The 
 laws of Alabama, 12 Arkansas, 13 Colorado, 14 Connecticut, 15 Delaware, 16 
 Georgia, 17 Illinois, 18 Indiana, 19 Iowa, 20 Kansas, 21 Kentucky, 22 Louisiana, 23 
 Maryland, 24 Massachusetts, 25 Michigan, 26 Minnesota, 27 Mississippi, 28 
 Missouri, 29 Nebraska, 30 Nevada, 31 New Hampshire, 32 North Dakota, 33 
 
 i District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 12. 
 
 • Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1822. (By parent, guardian, selectman, grand juror, or other 
 officer of town.-) . t 
 
 ' Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 3 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1903 C 334 s 1 amended 1909 C 181. 
 
 < Neir Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 208. 
 
 « New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 519, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 
 571. (Applies to Buffalo. No provision for rest of State outside Monroe and Ontario Counties.) 
 
 « Idaho. 1911 C 159 ss 151, 154, 162, 173 amended 1917 C 84. (Prosecuting attorney. Truancy cases may 
 be begun by probation officer, truant officer, or other reputable person.) 
 
 ' Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1632 and 1644. 
 
 • Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 7. (By city prosecuting or circuit attorney.) 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1647 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 i° Texas. Bevised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2186; Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1199 amended 1913 C 
 112. (Petition in case of dependent or neglected child, sworn complaint in case of delinquent child.) 
 
 " Utah. 1913 C 54 s 4. 
 
 "Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 3; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 3 and No 361 s 6. (In Mobile County 
 either summons or warrant.) 
 
 « Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 4 andi amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 » Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 554 and 555; s 588 amended 1909 C 156. (Summons or citation.) 
 
 ■« Connecticut. 1917 C 308 ss 1 and 5. (Between 14 and 18 may be summoned rather than arrested. Under 
 14 must be summoned.) 
 
 " Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. (Wilmington.) 
 
 " Georgia. 1915 No 210 ss 4, 6, and 7 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 is Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 172 and 173. 
 
 18 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 ■ Iowa. Supplemental Supplement 1915 s 254-al6. 
 « Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3067 and 3069. 
 
 ■ Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 « Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 4. 
 
 » Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 86 ss 14-15; 1908 C 413 ss 3 and 4 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 (For child under 14 only.) 
 
 s» Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 
 » Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8. 
 
 a Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 8. 
 
 " Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4 and 1917 p 195 s 4. 
 
 " Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1248. 
 
 si Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 ss 731-732. 
 
 32 New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 5) amended 1915 C 96and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11406 and 11407. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION". 27 
 
 Oklahoma, 1 Rhode Island, 2 South Carolina, 3 South Dakota, 4 Ten- 
 nessee, 6 Vermont, 6 Virginia, 7 Washington, 8 West Virginia," Wisconsin, 10 
 and part of. New Jersey 11 and New York 13 provide for the use of the 
 "summons." In California, 13 Florida, 14 Montana, 16 New Mexico, 16 
 Ohio, 17 and Oregon 18 a "citation" is used. In Alabama, Delaware, 
 Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, 
 New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode 
 Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, 
 Washington, and West Virginia failure to obey summons or citation 
 may be punished as contempt of court. Arkansas, California, Dela- 
 ware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
 Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 
 Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South 
 Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wis- 
 consin provide .that a warrant may be issued if a summons seems 
 likely to be ineffectual. Arizona 18 and Pennsylvania 20 give the judge 
 power to "make all necessary orders" for the appearance of the per- 
 sons against whom complaint is filed, but do not describe the form. 
 In New Jersey 21 and Utah 22 "notice of hearing" is served by sheriff, 
 constable, police officer, or probation officer. In Idaho, 23 New York, 24 
 Texas, 25 and Hamilton County, Tenn., 26 the only provision is for 
 "warrant or capias." In the District of Columbia 27 the court may 
 "issue process for the arrest" of persons against whom complaint 
 has been filed. North Carolina 28 provides only that " any fehild under 
 18 may be arrested." 
 
 i Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 ss 4417 and 4418. 
 
 > Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 5 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 > South Carolina. 1912 No. 429 ss 1 and 8; 1917 No 73 ss 1 and 8. 
 < South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 6-9. 
 
 <• Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 5 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 • Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7326. 
 ' Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8. 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 6 and 7. 
 
 > West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 4 and 5 amended 1917 C 63. 
 i° Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-5.1 and 573-5.2. 
 
 " New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 7 amended 1918 C 81. (Counties of the first class.) 
 
 " New York. 1910 C 611 ss 4 and 6; 1913C270ss4 and 6 (Monroe and Ontario Counties); 1991 C 1C5 
 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 531-c, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571 (Buffalo); 1918 
 C 464 s 4 (Chautauqua County). 
 
 a California. 1915 C 631 ss 4, 4a, 4b, and 15e amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 4 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332; 1911 C C2C1 s 1. 
 
 » Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5. 
 
 i» New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 4. 
 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1648 amended 1913 p. 864. 
 
 " Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4410. 
 
 '• Arizona. Revised Statutes (Civil Code) 1913 s 3564. 
 
 M Pennsylvania. 1903 p. 274 s 2. 
 
 2i New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 ss 209 and 210. 
 
 a Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 5 and 6. 
 
 » Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 « New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486 (5) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430. (Except in counties mentioned above.) 
 
 » Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1200 amended 1913 C 112. 
 
 "• Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182 s 2. 
 
 » District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 17. 
 
 » North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. 
 
28 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 C. PKELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. 
 
 A majority of the States J provide by law for a preliminary inves- 
 tigation of the case by the probation officer before the child is brought 
 in for hearing. Other States 2 which require an investigation do not 
 state when it shall be made, and the rest 3 do not mention it at all. 
 
 D. CUSTODY AND CARE OP CHILD PENDING HEABING. 
 
 The method of detaining the* child before and during trial is one 
 of the most significant features of juvenile-court legislation. Under 
 the criminal law the child who could not give bond for his 
 appearance was sent to jail to await his trial. Georgia, 4 Iowa, 5 
 Louisiana, 6 Michigan, 7 Missouri, 8 Montana, 9 New Hampshire, 10 Ohio, 11 
 Pennsylvania, 12 Khode Island, 13 South Carolina, 14 Virginia, 15 Jef- 
 ferson County, Ala., 16 and Hamilton County, Tenn., 17 now provide 
 
 ^Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 3; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 3 and No 361 s 6. (Obligatory only 
 in Jefferson County.) Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (CivilCode)ss3562and3566. California. 1915 C 631 
 ss 3b and 20 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 6670. Georgia. 1915 Nd 210 
 ss 4 and 26 amended 1916 No 575. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 amended 1917 C 84. (To be made if possible.) 
 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 174. Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. Iowa. 
 Supplement 1913 s 254-al8. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3067. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e. 
 20. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 ss 1 and 2. Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 7 amended 1912.C 187 
 and 1916 C 243. Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 20l5. Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9 and 13; 1917 p 195 s 11. 
 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 amended 1915 C. 24 
 and 1917 C 24. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 733 amended 1917 C 63. New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 7 amended 
 1918 C 81. (Applies drily to Essex and Hudson Counties. Hot obligatory. No mention of investigation 
 inrest of State.) New York. 1910 C 659 s 39 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, and 1915 C 531 (applies to New 
 York City); 1910 C 611 s 4 (Monroe County); 1913 C 270 s 4 (Ontario County); 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 
 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 521, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571 (Buffalo); 1910 C 676 s 31 amended 
 
 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112 (Syracuse). (For rest of State see below.) North Dakota. Compiled Laws 
 1913 s 11408. Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1663. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 18 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 6 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) 
 C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2188; Code of 
 Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1202 amended 1913 C 112. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 14. Vermont. General Laws 1917 
 s 7326. Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 5. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 
 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-3.1 and 573-3.4. 
 
 2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 amended 1917 A 420. Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 593. Delaware^ Re- 
 vised Code 1915 s 3833 amended 1917 C 252. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended by 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 
 
 1917 C 7332. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6; Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 886 B amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 
 514, and 1912 C 618. Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 s 9387; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 19. 
 New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 ss 5-8) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 
 C 74. New York. Code of Criminal Procedure Part I Title 1 s lla(2). Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 
 s 4411. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 8 amended 1917 C 1546 
 South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 4; 1912 No 429 s 5. 
 
 3 District of Columbia, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Maine, and Wyoming. 
 
 * Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 19 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 « Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a24. (Extends to children under 17.) 
 
 e Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 ' Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2013. 
 
 8 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13 and 1917 p 195 s 6. 
 
 • Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5. 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 16) amended 1915 C 93 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 4102. 
 
 12 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 7. 
 
 13 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 8 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 '« South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 7; 1912 No 429 s 7. 
 
 « Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 2. 
 
 >• Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 7. (Applies to Jefferson County.) 
 
 « Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 29 
 
 that no child who comes Tinder the jurisdiction of the juvenile court 
 shall under any circumstances be detained in a police station or jail. 
 Arkansas, 1 California, 2 Colorado, 3 Delaware, 4 Florida, 5 Idaho," 
 Illinois, 7 Indiana, 8 Kentucky, 9 Minnesota, 10 Nebraska, 11 Nevada, 12 
 Oklahoma, 13 Oregon," South Dakota, 15 Utah, 16 Washington, 17 West 
 Virginia, 18 and Wisconsin 10 have this provision only for children under 
 certain ages. In Alabama, 20 "if absolutely necessary," a child "may 
 be kept in jail for safe-keeping. " In Kansas 21 it is permissible if the 
 child has committed a felony. Mississippi 22 prohibits placing a child 
 under 17 in jail unless he is tobe remanded to the grand jury. Ten- 
 nessee 23 provides that if a child is apprehended at night and no dis- 
 position can be made he may be placed in a jail or police station 
 until morning. While Massachusetts 24 prohibits detention in jail 
 under 14, an exception is made in the case of a boy between 12 and 
 14 who has violated a law. 
 
 Alabama, 25 Arizona/ 6 Georgia, 27 Maryland, 28 Missouri, 29 New Jersey, 30 
 New York, 31 North Carolina, 32 Pennsylvania, 33 South Carolina, 34 Tennes- 
 see, 35 Texas, 36 and Wisconsin 37 require that children who are confined 
 
 ' Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 amended 1917 A 420. (Under 12.) 
 ' California. 1915 C 631 s 14 amended C 627 and C 634. (Under 16.) 
 'Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 591. (Under 14.) 
 < Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3836. (Under 14.) 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 ss 4 and 11 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 • Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 amended 1917 C 84. (Under 14.) 
 
 ' Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 179. (Under 12.) 
 8 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1637. (Under 14.) 
 
 • Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 >» Minnesota. 1917 C 265. (Under 14.) 
 
 " Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1254. (Under 14.) 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 742. (Under 12.) 
 
 " Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4425. (Under 12.) 
 
 » Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4418. (Under 14.) 
 
 16 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. (Under 15.) 
 
 " Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x33. (Under 16.) 
 
 » Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11. (Under 16.) 
 
 " West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 amended 1917 C 63. (Under 12.) 
 
 '» Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-9.1. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No. 506. 
 
 a Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3070. 
 
 H Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 9. 
 
 k Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 11 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (In Knox County not to be confined in jail if avoidable.) 
 
 m Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 3 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506. 
 
 2» Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Penal Code) s 1468. 
 
 n Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 19 amended 1916 No 575. (Under 16.) 
 
 a Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 12. 
 
 » Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 12; 1917 p 195 s 9. 
 
 a» New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1875 s 166. (Not to be detained more than 24 hours unless sep- 
 arated.) 
 
 si New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486 (8) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430; 1910 C 611 s 5; 1913 C 270 s 5; 1918 C 464 s 10. 
 
 »* North Carolina. 1915 C 222 s 5. 
 
 •> Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 7. 
 
 s< South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 7; 1917 No 73 s 7. 
 
 36 Tennessee. Public Acts_1911 C 58 s 5 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294? 
 
 a« Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1200 amended 1913 C 112 p 124. 
 
 87 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-9.3. (Under 16. ) 
 
30 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 in any jail, police station, or house of detention shall be kept apart 
 from adult prisoners. 
 
 In the majority of cases it is considered best to allow the child to 
 remain at home pending trial, unless the surroundings are such as to 
 warrant his immediate removal. In Arizona, 1 Arkansas, 2 California, 3 
 Florida/ Illinois, 5 Louisiana, 6 Minnesota, 7 Missouri, 8 Nebraska,' ■ 
 Nevada, 10 New Hampshire, 11 North Dakota, 12 Oklahoma, 13 Oregon," 
 Pennsylvania, 15 South Dakota, 16 Tennessee, 17 Vermont, 18 Virginia, 1 ' 
 Washington, 20 and West Virginia 21 the law provides that the child 
 may remain in the control of his parents, guardian, or person having 
 custody, without mention of any security. The provision that a 
 child may give bond for appearance, or if unable to give bail shall 
 be committed to the custody of a responsible officer such as the 
 sheriff, police officer, or probation officer, is found in the laws of 
 Alabama, 22 Arkansas, 23 Colorado, 24 the District of Columbia, 25 Florida, 26 
 Idaho, 27 Illinois, 28 Indiana, 29 Iowa, 30 Kentucky, 31 Maryland, 32 Massa- 
 chusetts, 33 Michigan, 34 Mississippi, 35 Missouri, 36 Nebraska, 37 Nevada, 38 
 
 '. Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3564. 
 
 2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 5 amended 1917 A 420; 
 
 2 California. 1915 C 631 s 4b and s 14 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 « Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 4 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 s Illinois. Hurd;s,Bevised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 173. 
 
 8 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 1 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8. 
 
 2 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4; 1917 p 195 s 5. 
 s Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1248. 
 
 12 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 732. 
 
 " New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 5) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 12 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11407. 
 
 i» Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4419. 
 
 14 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4410. 
 
 is Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 2. 
 
 " South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. 
 
 " Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 5 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 •» Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7326. 
 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8. 
 
 » Washington. 1913 C 160 s 6. 
 
 21 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 5 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 22 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 3. 
 
 22 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 amended 1917 A 420. 
 » Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 591. (Has right to give bond.) 
 
 » District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 17. (May give bond for appearance ) 
 2« Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 11 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 » Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 amended 1917 C 84. (May accept verbal or written promise ol parent, or bond 
 or other security.) ' 
 
 28 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 179. 
 
 29 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632 and 1637. 
 
 » Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a24; Supplemental Supplement 1915 s 254-al6. 
 
 31 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.6. (Has right to give bond or other security ) 
 
 22 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 12. 
 
 23 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 5 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 w Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2011. 
 
 25 Mississippi 1916 C 11 s 9. (May be admitted to bail.) 
 22 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13; 1917 p 195 s 6. 
 « Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1254. 
 22 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 742. •■, 
 
SXJMMABY OF JTJVENTLE-COUKT LEGISLATION. 31 
 
 New Hampshire, 1 New York, 2 North Carolina, 3 North Dakota, 4 
 Ohio, 5 Oklahoma, 8 Oregon, 7 South Dakota, 8 Tennessee, 9 Texas, 10 
 Vermont, 11 Washington, 12 West Virginia, 13 and Wisconsin. 14 
 
 The personal recognizance of the child or parent may be substi- 
 tuted for bond in Delaware, 16 Idaho, 18 Indiana, 17 Kentucky/ 8 Maine, 19 
 Massachusetts, 20 Montana, 21 New York, 22 Ohio, 23 Rhode Island, 24 and 
 South Dakota. 25 
 
 When it is evident before trial that the child should not be allowed 
 to remain in the custody of parents or guardians, there should be a 
 suitable place provided for his care. This is usually designated a 
 detention "home" or "school." As the needs of the counties vary 
 greatly with the number of children and with other local conditions, it 
 has up to the present time proved impossible to secure by law ade- 
 quate provision for the care of children under detention. Special 
 detention homes, rooms, or schools are required for all counties in 
 five States only — Arizona, 28 California, 27 Michigan, 28 Missouri, 29 and 
 Pennsylvania 30 — and for the larger cities or counties in nine others — 
 Alabama, 31 Colorado, 32 Kentucky, 33 Montana, 34 Nevada, 35 New York, 30 
 
 i New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 16) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 • New York. 1910 C 611 s 5; 1913 C 270 s 5; 1918 C 464 s 5. (Monroe, Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties. 
 May be admitted to bail. ) r 
 
 • North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 5. (May be placed in temporary custody of some responsi- 
 ble person who will give bail or be responsible for his appearance in court.) 
 
 ' North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11417. (May give bond or other security.) 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1665. (Bail is permitted as in criminal cases.) 
 
 • Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4425. ' 
 ' Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4418. 
 
 s South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 5 amended 1913 ( First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. (May be admitted to bail or held otherwise, as the court directs.) 
 
 10 Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1200 amended 1913 C 112. (May give bond or other se- 
 curity for appearance.) 
 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7332. 
 
 " Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11. 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-9.1. 
 
 u Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. 
 
 « Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 » Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 18 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 
 » Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 15. 
 
 '-« Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 7 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. 
 
 a Montana. 1911 C 122 s 5. 
 
 » New York. Code of Criminal Procedure Part IV Title XII s 554(4). 
 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1648 amended 1913 p 864 and s 1648-1 added 1913 p 864. 
 
 « Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 5 and 8 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9 
 
 » Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3573. 
 
 » California. 1915 C 631 ss 17b and 22 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634 
 
 — Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2013. 
 
 » Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 12; 1917 p 195 s 9. 
 
 *> Pennsylvania. 1903 p 137 s 1 amended 1913 p 870 s 1. 
 
 al Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 110 (applies to Mobile County); Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 12 (applies 
 to Jefferson County; requires establishment if contract with an association is unsatisfactory). 
 
 »' Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 591. (Counties of the first class. ) 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. (Counties containing cities of the first or second class except 
 those in which the board of children's guardians has established a temporary home.) 
 
 84 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 22. (In counties of 40,000 or over. ) 
 
 86 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 742. (In counties of over 10,000.) 
 
 8» New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 518, 1914 C 124, and 1911 
 C 571. (Applies to Buffalo.) 
 
32 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Utah, 1 Washington, 2 and West Virginia. 3 The law permits their 
 establishment in all counties of Florida, 4 Georgia, 5 Illinois, 6 NebrasT 
 ka, 7 New Jersey, 8 North Carolina, 9 Rhode Island, 10 South. Carolina, 11 
 Texas, 12 Washington, 13 and West Virginia, 14 and in certain counties 
 of Kansas, 15 New York, 16 Oregon, 17 and South Dakota; 18 In Florida^ 
 and Utah 20 the small counties may combine in the use of a deten- 
 tion home. The commissioners of the District of Columbia 21 are 
 required to provide a "suitable place of detention." In Idaho 22 
 a "suitable room in the county building or courthouse must be pro- 
 vided wherein the sheriff may safely keep such child." In other 
 States it is left to the discretion of the sheriff, police, or probation 
 officer to place the child in a suitable place provided by the city or 
 county authorities. 
 
 1 Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x42 amended 1909 C 110 and 1911 C 54; s 720x43 amended 1909 C lio. 
 (Counties containing cities of the first or second class. ) 
 
 * Washington. 1913 C 160 s 13. (Counties of more than 60,000. ) 
 
 3 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 amended 1917 C 63. (Counties of more than 40,00U) 
 
 < Florida. 1915 C 6841. 
 
 5 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 18 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 « Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 271-278. ( Provided legal voters of county consent.) - ' 
 
 ' Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1262. 
 
 s New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 216; 1912 C 327 amended 1918 C 84; 1912 C 353 s 7 amended' 
 1918 C 81. , , ■ . , ; 
 
 9 North Carolina. Pjiblic Laws 1915 C 222 s 5. 
 
 10 Rhode Island. I9K C 1185 s 7 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 >> South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 7; 1917 No 73 s 7. 
 
 12 Texas. Code Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1203 amended 1913 C 112 p 214. 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 s 13. ' 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 amended 1917 C 63. (With consent oflegal voters.) 
 15 Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3086-3089. (County of 20,000.) 
 
 '• New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 11 (County Law) s 99. (Any county except Kings. Under 
 control of sheriff . Both women and children committed. ) 
 » Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4412 amended 1913 C 429. (Counties of more than 100 000 ) 
 >• South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 9. (In counties of 50,000 or more. ) ' 
 
 <o Florida. 1915 C 6841. (Counties of less than 10,000. ) 
 
 » Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x42 amended 1909 C 110 and 1911 C 54; s 720x43 amended 1909 C 110 
 " District of Columbia. 32 U. S. Statutes at Large p 972. ' 
 22 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 155 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
IV. HEARING. 
 
 A. NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 Formal criminal procedure is inconsistent with the theory under- 
 lying the juvenile-court legislation, which treats the child not as a 
 criminal but as a delinquent ''misdirected and misguided and needing 
 aid, encouragement, help, and assistance." 1 The purpose is not to 
 prove that the child is, or is not, guilty of an offense, but to find out 
 what surroundings and circumstances are responsible for his delin- 
 quency and to make sure that the hostile conditions do not continue. 
 To this end South Dakota 2 provides that "all hearings under the 
 provision of this act may be informal in their nature and conducted 
 under such rules and regulations as the court may prescribe, and 
 designed to inform the court fully as to the exact status of the child, 
 and to ascertain its history and environment and the past and 
 present physical, mental, and moral conditions of the child and its 
 parents, custodian, guardian, or relatives." 
 
 The law provides that the court shall hear and dispose of the case 
 in a "summary manner" in California, 3 Idaho, 4 Iowa, 5 Kansas, 6 
 Kentucky, 7 Minnesota, 8 Missouri, 9 Nebraska, 10 New Hampshire, 11 
 Ohio, 12 Oklahoma, 13 Oregon, 14 Tennessee, 16 Vermont, 16 Virginia, 17 Wash- 
 ington, 18 and Wisconsin, 19 and in an "informal manner ' ' in Delaware. 20 
 The court may adopt any form that is best suited in Rhode Island. 21 
 
 1 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 597. (Similar statement occurs in laws ol other States.) 
 
 2 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 28. 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 4b. 
 
 < Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 154 amended 1917 C 84. 
 6 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al9. 
 » Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3069. 
 ' Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 8 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 8. 
 » Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 4; 1917 p 195 s 4. 
 '• Nebraska. Revised Statutes-1913 s 1248. 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 88 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 5) amended 1915 C 96 aDd 
 1917 C 74. 
 12 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1650. 
 >a Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4419. 
 14 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4410. 
 
 >• Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 1 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 i« Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7326. 
 „ y< r y*in. 1914 C 350 s 8. 
 ib Washington. 1913 C 160 s 6. 
 n Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-5.2. 
 so Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. 
 Ji Xhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 33 
 
 153862°— 20 3 
 
34 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Colorado, 1 Missouri, 2 and Utah 3 provide for chancery or equity 
 proceedings. Kentucky, 4 Massachusetts, 5 Michigan, 6 and Vir- 
 ginia 7 definitely state that the proceedings shall not be criminal. 
 
 Other States have more general provisions with regard to the 
 nature of the proceedings. In Alabama 8 all proceedings shall be 
 guided by the theory that the child is the ward of the State and 
 subject to the discipline and entitled to the protection which the 
 court should give, and the "trial shall be so conducted as to disarm 
 the fears of the child and win its respect and confidence." Georgia* 
 and New York 10 provide that the nature of the proceedings shall be 
 explained to the child. In Maryland 11 the "hearing, trial, and 
 determination shall be without regard to the technicalities of pro- 
 cedure or rules of evidence." 
 
 In New Jersey 12 the trial shall be in conformity with the law and 
 like proceedings in the court of quarter sessions. The Wyoming " 
 law provides, in the case of a child between 10 and 16, that the pro- 
 ceedings "shall conform as nearly as practicable to the course of 
 procedure provided for by law for the trial of criminal cases in the 
 district courts; but the trial of such juvenile delinquents shall be 
 before the court and not before a jury." 
 
 B. TIME AND PLACE. 
 
 In the larger cities of Louisiana u and of New York 15 the juvenile 
 court must not be held in the same building with criminal or adult 
 courts. In Delaware, 18 Illinois, 17 Indiana, 18 Kentucky, 19 Massachu- 
 setts, 20 Minnesota, 21 Missouri, 22 Nebraska, 23 New York, 24 Ohio, 25 Ehode 
 
 1 Colorado. 1909 C 158 si. (Where practicable.) 
 
 2 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. (Except that criminal procedure shall govern when child is 
 charged with violating a criminal statute.) 
 
 a Utah. 1913 C 54 s 7. 
 
 * Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l8. 
 s Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 2 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 s Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2012. (But a child over 14 charged with a felony may be proceeded 
 against in the proper courts.) 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 8. 
 8 A labama. General Laws 1915 No. 506 s 4. 
 
 3 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s f5 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 io New York. 1910 C 611 s 8; 1913 C 270 s 8. (Applies only to Monroe and Ontario Counties ) 
 
 " Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2. 
 
 i 2 New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 211. 
 
 ia Wyoming. Compiled Statutes 1910 s 3128. 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. (Applies to New Orleans.) 
 
 is New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-q added by 1915 C 531. ( Applies to New York City, except the borough of 
 Richmond, where a separate room may be used.) 1911 C 651 s 517. (Applies to the city of Buffalo ) 
 
 i« Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3831. (Wilmington.) 
 
 " Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 171. (In counties of over 500,000.) 
 
 is Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1630 and 1633. 
 
 is Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.2. (Counties containing a city of the first class ) 
 
 M Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 « Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. 
 
 22 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2. (Counties of 50,000 or over.) 
 
 2» Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1246. (In counties of 40,000 population ) 
 
 a* New York. Consolidated Laws 1909C40(Penal) art 44 s 487. (Applies to' State ) 1910 C 61U 7- 1913 
 C 270 s 7. ( Monroe and Ontario Counties. ) ' 
 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1649. (Special room not used for criminal cases when avoidable.) 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVBNILE-COUBT LEGISLATION. 35 
 
 Island, 1 and Virginia 2 a separate room is required. Arizona, 3 
 Connecticut, 4 Delaware, 5 Georgia, 6 Indiana, 7 Kentucky, 8 Lousiana, 9 
 Massachusetts, 10 Michigan, 11 Missouri, 12 Montana, 13 New Jersey, 14 New 
 York, 15 North Dakota, 16 and West Virginia 17 provide that hearings 
 may be held in chambers. In Baltimore 1S trial may be held in any 
 "proper place" in the courthouse. In Boston 10 suitable rooms are to 
 be provided in the county courthouse. In New Mexico, 20 Missis- 
 sippi, 21 part of New Jersey, 22 and in Philadelphia 23 any place may be 
 selected by the judge. In Colorado u the county commissioners 
 shall provide a "suitable place" in the county courthouse, or the 
 trial may be held in the detention house. In New Jersey 25 a public 
 school may be used. In North Carolina 26 the judge may hear cases 
 in his private office. In Tennessee 27 a "separate place" must be 
 provided, and in Utah 28 trials shall not be held "on the premises of 
 any ordinary police court if possible." 
 
 Juvenile cases must be heard at special or separate sessions apart 
 from other business of the court in Alabama, 28 Louisiana, 30 Massachu- 
 setts, 31 Missouri, 32 New Hampshire, 33 New York, 34 North Carolina, 35 
 
 1 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended 1917 C 1546. (So far as practicable.) 
 
 5 Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 8. (Cities having a population of 50,000 or more. ) 
 
 s Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3562 and 3566. 
 
 « Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1856. (If a first prosecution, unless charged with an offense pun- 
 ishable by death or imprisonment in State prison. ) 
 
 ' Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. (So far as may be lawfully done.) 
 
 « Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 11 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 ' Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1630 and s 1633. 
 
 « Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331 e.4. (So far as may be lawfully done.) 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 2. 
 
 io Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 « Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2013. 
 
 " Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 5. (Counties less than 50,000.) 
 
 is Montana. 1911 C 122 s 8. 
 
 » New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (Applies only to counties of the first class.) 
 
 ii New York. 1910 C 611 s 7; 1913 C 270 s 7; 1918 C 464 s 2. (Monroe, Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties.) 
 
 i» North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11405. . ' 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 is Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521, and 1910 C 41. 
 
 « Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 3 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. (Applies to Boston.) 
 
 » New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 5. (Applies only to dependent.) 
 
 a Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 14. 
 
 •> New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8; 1918 C 82. (Applies to counties of the first class — Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 a Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 9 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017, and 1917 p 1015. 
 
 — Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 1599. 
 
 » New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 m North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 4. 
 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Counties of 148,000 or more.) 
 
 28 Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x33. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 4. 
 
 " Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 2. 
 
 ■■ Missichusetti. Revised Laws 1902 C 86 s 16; 1906 C 413 s 6 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 82 Missouri. 1917 p 195 s 5. (So far as practicable. Applies to counties of less than 50,000.) 
 
 33 New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 3) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 ■* New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 487. (Applies to State.) 1910 C 611s 7; 1913 
 C 270 s 7. ( Monroe and Ontario Counties.) 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 
 651 s 517, 1914 C 124 and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 1918 C 108. (City of Olean.) 1918 C 464. (Chautauqua 
 County.) 
 
 35 North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 4. (So far as practicable.) 
 
36 SUMMARY OF JTJVENILE-COTJRT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Oregon, 1 Pennsylvania, 2 Bhode Island, 3 Tennessee, 4 Utah, 5 and 
 Washington. 6 In Iowa, 7 Kansas, 8 and Texas 9 the law requires 
 the court to be always in session for hearing juvenile cases. In the 
 District of Columbia 10 court is opened the first Monday of every 
 month and may continue as long as necessary for transaction of 
 business. The Denver 11 court has three terms opening the second 
 Tuesday in January, April, and September, respectively. Indiana 12 
 provides that sessions may be held irrespective of the terms of the 
 circuit court. In Baltimore 13 trials may be held at such times as 
 necessary. The judge may act in vacation in Mississippi, 14 Nebraska, 15 
 Virginia, 16 and West Virginia." In Tennessee 18 the court shall be 
 open "at all reasonable times." In Arkansas, 19 New Jersey, 20 New 
 Mexico, 21 Pennsylvania, 22 and Utah 23 the judge determines when the 
 court shall be held. 
 
 C. PRIVACY. 
 
 The public may be excluded from trials in the juvenile court in 
 Alabama, 24 California, 25 Delaware, 26 Georgia, 27 Indiana, 28 Iowa, 29 Ken- 
 tucky, 30 Massachusetts, 31 Michigan, 32 Minnesota, 33 Mississippi, 34 Mon- 
 
 i Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4408 amended 1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147. 
 
 s Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. 
 
 3 Bhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 * Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Counties of 148,000 or more.) 
 
 5 Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x33. 
 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 ' Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al3. (But hearing requiring notice shall be held only in term time.) 
 
 a Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3065 amended 1917 C 154. 
 
 8 Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1201 amended 1913 C 112. 
 "> District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 19. 
 " Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 1592. 
 »* Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1630. 
 
 » Maryland. Code o£ Public Local Laws art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521, and 1910 C 41. 
 » Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 7. 
 16 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. 
 16 Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 13. 
 
 " West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 2 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 is Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 3 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 4] and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 is Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 amended 1917 A 420. 
 x> New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. 
 
 si New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 5. (Applies only to cases ol dependent and neglected children.) 
 "Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711s 9 amended 1915 p 988. (Appliesto Philadelphia.) 
 a Utah. 1913 O 54 s 17. 
 
 « Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 4; Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 9. 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 16a amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. (Uponrequest of child or parent or guardian.) 
 
 * Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3834. (So far as may be lawfully done.) 
 
 * Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 11 amended 1916 No 575. 
 2> Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1633. 
 2» Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al9. 
 
 »° Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.4. 
 
 si Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 6 amended 1912 C 187 and 1910 C 243; 1906 C 489 s 5 amended 1918 C 257 s 4 ] « 
 
 »» Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2013. 
 
 »' Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 24. 
 
 s< Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 14. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 37 
 
 tana, 1 New Jersey, 2 New Mexico, 3 New York, 4 North Carolina, 5 
 Oregon, 6 Rhode Island, 7 Utah, 8 and Washington. 9 
 
 The law prohibits any publication of the case in the newspapers in 
 Arkansas, 10 Colorado, 11 Nevada, 12 New Hampshire, 13 North Dakota, 14 
 South Dakota, 15 and West Virginia. 16 
 
 It is unlawful in Colorado " to take the photograph or to make a 
 sketch of any child in court. 
 
 The court record may be withheld from the public in Alabama, 18 
 Georgia, 10 Minnesota, 20 New Jersey, 21 New York, 22 Rhode Island, 23 
 Virginia, 24 and Washington. 25 The name of the child must not be 
 given in the annual reports of the court in Arkansas, 20 Colorado, 27 
 Delaware, 28 Idaho, 29 Kentucky, 30 Montana, 31 Oklahoma, 32 Washing- 
 ton, 33 and West Virginia. 34 
 
 1 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 8. 
 
 ' New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (Applies to Essex and Hudson Counties only . ) 
 
 ■ New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 7. 
 
 • New York. 1910 C 659s 34-s added by 1915 C 531. (New York City.) 1910C611S7. (MonroeCounty.) 
 
 1913 C 270 s 7. (Ontario County.) 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 517a, 
 
 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 
 
 » North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 4. 
 
 • Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4408 amended 1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147. 
 ' Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 8 Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x33. 
 
 • Washington^ 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 " Colorado. 1913 C 51 ss 1, 2, and 4. 
 
 « Nevada. Hevised Laws 1912 s 728. 
 
 is New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 3) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 " North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11406. 
 
 " South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1. 
 
 " West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1. 
 
 « Colorado. 1913 C 51 ss 1, 2, and 4. 
 
 ■* Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 9. (Jefferson County.) 
 
 « Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 11 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 » Minnesota. 1917 C397 s 24. 
 
 » New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8; 1918 C 82. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 » New York. 1910; C 659 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, and 1915 C 531. (New York City.) 1910 C 
 611s 7. (MonroeCounty.) 1913 C 270 s 7. (Ontario County.) 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 
 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 517 a, 1914 C 124 and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 1918 C 464 s 2. (Chautauqua County.) 
 
 "Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 « Virginia. 1914 C 57 s 8. 
 
 " Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 amended 1917 A 420 
 
 " Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 587. 
 
 "Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3831. 
 
 a Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 153 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 »» Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.2. 
 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3. 
 
 " Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4415. 
 
 » Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 »' West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 25 amended 1917 C 63 
 
38 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 D. WOMAN ASSISTANT TO THE JUDGE. 
 
 California * and New Mexico 2 are the only States that specifically 
 provide by law for the appointment of a woman to hear cases of girls 
 brought before the court. Colorado, 3 Georgia, 4 Mississippi, 5 North 
 Dakota, 6 and Chautauqua County, N. Y., 7 make provision for the 
 appointment by the judge of other persons to hear cases. Rhode 
 Island 8 requires that a woman probation officer shall be present at 
 all hearings of petitions concerning girls. 
 
 E. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 The laws of Alabama, 9 Idaho, 10 Minnesota, 11 Ohio, 12 Virginia, 13 and 
 Chautauqua County, N. Y., 14 provide that the court may require the 
 child to be examined mentally and physically by a competent physi- 
 cian. In Illinois 15 and New York 18 a mental examination may be 
 given; and in South Dakota " there is provision for a physical 
 examination. 
 
 P. THE JURY. 
 
 The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 18 has stated that, "Whether 
 the child deserves to be saved by the State is no more a question for 
 a jury than whether the father, if able to save it, ought to save it. 
 
 ' California. 1915 C 631 s 19 ("a female referee shall be appointed where possible"); s 24 ("in all oases of 
 female persons over the age of Ave years coming within the provisions of this act such persons shall be dealt 
 with so far as possible by or in the presence of a woman * * *"). 
 
 2 New Mexico. 1917C4s6. ("Where the juvenile delinquent is a child under 10 years of age or a female, 
 a woman may be appointed as referee.") 
 
 3 Colorado. 1909 C 158. (The court may appoint a referee or master of discipline to hear cases and report 
 to the judge, who may affirm findings or review case.) 
 
 * Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 29 amended 1916 No 575. (One or more probation officers may be appointed as 
 referee on the first instance. The court may affirm judgment or review case.) 
 
 s Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 23. (Judge may appoint one or more persons as probation officers to a~t 
 as referee, to hear cases, and to make report to the judge, together with recommendations.) 
 
 « North Dakota. 1915 C 179 s 1. (Judge may appoint some suitable, discreet person of either sex of good 
 moralcharacter as juvenile commissioner, with power to examine cases, etc. If child is to be removed from 
 custody of its parents, the final hearing shall be before the judge.) 
 
 7 New York. 1918 C 464 s 15. (A lawyer or other suitable person. Judgments confirmed by court.) 
 
 s Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 and 24 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 ' A lnbama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 15. (Jefferson County.) 
 
 '° Idaho. Revised Code 1908 s 823. (Required before commitment to Idaho Industrial Training School.) 
 
 " Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 10. (In counties of more than 150,000 the court may establish a department 
 for physical and mental diagnosis.) 
 
 •« Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1652-1 added 1913 p 864. (A child committed to an institution may be sub- 
 jected to a physical and mental examination by a physician appointed by the juvenile court.) 
 
 ■a Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4. (Every child may be subjected to a mental and physical examination by a 
 competent physician appointed by the court.) 
 
 " New York. 1918 464 s 19. (Chautauqua County.) 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 341. 
 
 i« New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486 (9) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430. (The magistrate may cause an examination by two physicians of at least five years' experience 
 in mental diseases.) 1910 C 659 s 39-a added 1913 C 691. (Applies to New York City. The judge may 
 order a mental examination with the consent of the parents.) 
 
 " South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 28. (The court may require an examination by the county physician if of 
 the same sex; if not, then by some other physician as the court may direct.) 
 
 •» Commonwealth v. Fisher 213 Pa St 48; 62 At 198 (1905). 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 39 
 
 The act is but an exercise by the State of its supreme power over the 
 welfare of its children." The informal nature of the proceedings 
 makes it almost impossible to use a jury. Nevertheless, many States 
 have considered it necessary to preserve the constitutional rights, if 
 not of the child, at least of the parent. The child, parent, or any 
 person interested may demand a jury trial, or the court may on its 
 own motion order it in Colorado, 1 Illinois, 2 Indiana, 3 Kentucky, 4 
 Michigan, 5 Minnesota, 6 Missouri, 7 Montana, 8 Nebraska," Nevada, 10 
 New Jersey, 11 New Mexico, 12 Ohio, 13 Oklahoma, 14 South Dakota, 15 
 Tennessee, 16 Texas, 17 Washington, 18 West Virginia, 19 and Wisconsin. 20 
 In Maryland, 21 if the offense is one for which a jury trial may be 
 legally demanded, the child may demand a jury, and the judge shall 
 direct that the case be tried as other criminal cases are tried. In the 
 District of Columbia 22 the child is entitled to a jury unless it is waived 
 in open court. In Arizona, 23 Arkansas, 24 Iowa, 25 and Wyoming 26 all 
 trials shall be without jury. In Illinois, 27 Michigan, 28 South Dakota, 29 
 and Wisconsin 30 the law provides for a jury of 6 if any is called, and 
 in Colorado 31 and Nevada 32 it may be either 6 or 12. 
 
 > Colorado. Revised" Statutes 1908 ss 553, 587, 1551, and 1602. 
 
 2 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 170. 
 
 3 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 < Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.2. 
 
 ' Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2012. 
 
 • Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 2. 
 
 i Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. 
 
 s Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 » Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. 
 io Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 729. 
 
 n New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 ss 208 and 212; 1912 C 353 s 8. 
 12 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 5. 
 
 is Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1651 amended 1913 p 864. 
 ^Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910s 4413. 
 is South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 32. 
 
 i« Tennessee . Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 2 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 " Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1198 amended 1913 C 112 s 4. 
 ia Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. 
 " West. Virginia . 1915 C 70 s 2 amended 1917 C 63. 
 so Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.7. 
 si Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 7. 
 
 22 District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 12. 
 
 23 A rizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3566. 
 2< Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 2 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 » Iowa. Supplemental Supplement 1915 s 254-al6. 
 
 25 Wyoming. Compiled Laws 1910 s 3128. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 170. 
 
 28 Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2012. 
 
 2» South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 32. 
 
 so Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.7. 
 
 ai Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 553, 587, 1551. 
 
 82 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 729. 
 
40 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 G. APPEAL. 
 
 Special provision for appeal from the decision of the juvenile 
 court is made in Alabama, 1 Arkansas, 2 California, 3 Colorado, 4 
 Connecticut, 5 Delaware, 6 the District of Columbia, 7 Georgia, 8 
 Idaho, 9 Illinois, 10 Indiana, 11 Iowa, 12 Kansas, 13 Louisiana, 14 Massachu- 
 setts, 15 Mississippi, 16 Missouri, 17 Montana, 18 Nebraska, 19 Nevada, 20 part 
 of New Jersey, 21 New Mexico, 22 part of New York, 23 North Dakota, 24 
 Pennsylvania, 25 Rhode Island, 26 South Carolina, 27 South Dakota, 28 
 Texas, 29 Utah, 30 Vermont, 31 Virginia, 32 and Wisconsin. 
 
 33 
 
 1 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No. 506 s 8. (To any court having equity jurisdiction.) Local Laws 
 1915 No 128 s 9. (Mobile County. To city court.) Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 9. (Jefferson County. 
 To any court having equity j urisdiction. ) 
 
 2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 21 amended 1917 A 420. (To circuit court as other cases appealed from county, 
 court.) 
 
 3 California. 1915 C 631 s 23 amended 1917 C 627 and 634. 
 
 1 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 553 and 1604. (To the supreme court.) 
 
 s Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1870. (To court of common pleas.) 
 
 « Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3837A added 1917 C 253. (Resident associate justice of New Castle 
 County.) 
 
 ' District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Largep 73 s 22. (Court of appeals of the District of Columbia.) 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 17 amended 1916 No 575. (To the supreme court.) 
 
 • Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 165 amended 1917 C 84. (Delinquency proceedings may be reviewed on questions 
 of law only.) 
 
 •o Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 190d. (May be reviewed by writ of error.) 
 
 " Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1635. (To the appellate court except when there has been 
 a plea of guilty.) 
 
 12 Iowa. Supplemental Supplement 1915 s 254-al6. (To the supreme court.) 
 
 " Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3076. (To district court.) 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. (To the supreme court on matters of law only.) 
 
 » Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 5 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1911 C 175. (To the superior court.) 
 
 16 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 24. (May be taken as in civil cases.) 
 
 » Missouri. 1911 p. 177 s 20; 1917 p. 195 s 8. 
 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 10. (Only for person over 17.) 
 
 19 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1245. (To the district court.) 
 
 20 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 753. (To the supreme court.) 
 
 21 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 9; 1918 C 82. (Essex and Hudson Counties. On questions of law.) 
 
 22 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 14. (To the supreme court.) 
 
 » New York. 1910 C 659 s 40 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, and 1915 C 531. (New York City. Appeal 
 as in cases brought by indictment.) 1910 C 611 s 9; 1913 C 270 s 9. (Monroe and Ontario Counties. To 
 the appellate division of the supreme court.) 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 
 651 s 530, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo. To the county court.) 1918C464s9. (ChautauquaCounty 
 To appellate division of the supreme-court.) 
 
 " North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11426. (As in criminal cases.) 
 
 «5 Pennsylvania. 1915 p 652 ss 1 and 2. (To the superior court of the Commonwealth.) 
 
 2« Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 12 amended 1917 C 1546. (To the superior court.) 
 
 2' South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 9. (To the circuit court.) 
 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 34. (To the circuit court.) 
 
 as Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. (To the court of 
 criminal appeals of Texas.) 
 
 " Utah. 1913 C 54 s 11. (Appeal to the supreme court from any order depriving the parent of custody. 
 Appeal from decision in cases of contributing to dependency or delinquency may be taken to the district 
 court.) 
 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7324. (As in criminal cases.) 
 
 32 Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 8 and 10. (As in other cases.) 
 
 3a Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.3. (To the supreme court as in civil action.) 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 41 
 
 H. USE OF EVIDENCE IN OTHER TRIALS. 
 
 The Illinois law provides that ' ' a disposition of any child under 
 this act or any evidence given in such cause, shall not, in any civil, 
 criminal or other cause or proceeding whatever in any court, be 
 lawful or proper evidence against such child for any purpose what- 
 ever except in subsequent cases against the same child under this 
 act. " 1 A similar provision is contained in the laws of Alabama, 2 
 Arizona, 3 Arkansas, 4 Colorado, 6 Delaware," Idaho, 7 Kentucky, 8 
 Louisiana, 9 Massachusetts, 10 Michigan, 11 Minnesota, 12 Missouri, 13 Mon- 
 tana, 14 Nevada, 15 New Hampshire, 16 New Jersey, 17 North Dakota, 18 
 Ohio, 19 Oklahoma, 20 Rhode Island, 21 South Dakota, 22 Tennessee, 23 
 Texas, 24 Utah, 25 West Virginia, 26 and Wisconsin. 27 The law applying 
 to New York City 28 provides that the records of the children's court 
 shall be evidence in the courts of the State to the same extent as is 
 provided by the law concerning courts of special sessions. 
 
 i Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 169. 
 
 2 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 14; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 13. 
 'Arizona. 1917 C 18. (Except within two years of discharge Irom an institution.) 
 
 ' A rkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 s Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 586. 
 
 ' Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3829. 
 
 » Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 152 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l. 
 
 D Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 1 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 10 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 ii Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2011. 
 "2 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 19. 
 " Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 1; 1917 p 195 s 1. 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 2. 
 '» Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 728. 
 
 '• New Hampshire. 1917 C 31 s 3. (Except within two years after discharge from an institution.) 
 » New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 207 amended 1916 C 212. 
 is North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11406. 
 i» Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1669. 
 *> Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4412. 
 a Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 20 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 22 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 1. 
 
 a Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 1 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1"15 C 177,1917 4), 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294; Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 9 amended 1915 C 292. 
 « Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. 
 '<=■ Utah. 1913 C 54 s 16. 
 
 * r West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1 amended 1917 C 63. 
 » Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.2. 
 2" New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-j added by 1915 C 531. 
 
V. DISPOSITION OF THE CASE. 
 
 A. RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF PARENTS RESPECTED. 
 
 The principle that the religious belief of the parents should be 
 respected in disposing of their children would probably govern 
 most judges without express legal enactment; but the legislatures 
 of the following 24 States have provided expressly for the application 
 of this principle in the disposition of children: Alabama, 1 Arizona, 2 
 Arkansas, 3 California, 4 Colorado, 5 Georgia, 6 Illinois, 7 Iowa, 8 Kentucky, 9 
 Massachusetts, 10 Minnesota, 11 Mississippi, 12 Missouri, 13 Montana," 
 Nebraska, 15 Nevada, 16 New Hampshire, 17 New Jersey, 18 New York, 19 
 North Dakota, 20 Ohio, 21 Pennsylvania, 22 South Dakota, 23 and West 
 Virginia. 24 
 
 B. CIVIL STATUS OF CHILD. 
 
 In the case of delinquent children it is also necessary to have regard 
 
 , to the effect of court action on the later civil status of the child. 
 
 In the statutes of Alabama, 25 Arizona, 26 California, 27 Colorado, 28 the 
 
 District of Columbia, 29 Georgia, 30 Kansas, 31 Minnesota, 32 New Jersey, 33 
 
 i Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7; Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 16. 
 
 ' Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3571. 
 
 ■ Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 13 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 ' California.. 1915 C 631 s 24. 
 
 b Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908s 558 amended 1913 p 694. 
 
 « Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 34 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 ' Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 185. 
 
 > Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a27. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l4. 
 i° Massachusetts. 1905 C 464 s 1. 
 « Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 20. 
 « Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 23. 
 is Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 19; 1917 p 195 s 6. 
 » Montana. 1911 C 122 s 16. 
 K Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1258. 
 i« Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 748. 
 
 " New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 S 17) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 « New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 15. (Applies to counties of the first class.) 
 
 19 New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486(5) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430; 1910 C 611 s 15; 1913 C 270 s 15. 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11419. 
 
 21 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1679. 
 
 22 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 9. 
 a South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 22. 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 22 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 14; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 13; No 361 s 9. 
 
 28 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3570. 
 
 2' California. 1915 C 631 s 5 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 a> Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 597. 
 
 2s District of Columbia. 39 U. S. Statutes at Large C 92 p 56. 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 12 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 si Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3079. 
 
 32 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 21. 
 
 » New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 8. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 42 
 
SXIMMAKY OF JUVENILE-COUKT LEGISLATION. 43 
 
 New Mexico, 1 part of New York, 2 North Dakota, 3 Rhode Island, 4 
 Tennessee, 5 Texas, 9 and Washington, 7 provision is made to the effect 
 that adjudication under the juvenile-court law shall not disqualify a 
 person for holding a State or municipal office, that the child shall 
 not be deemed a criminal, and the adjudication shall not be held a 
 conviction. 
 
 C. DISPOSITION OF CASE. 
 
 The cases of both delinquent and dependent children may be dis- 
 posed of by (1) dismissing; (2) continuing from time to time; (3) 
 placing the child on probation, that is, leaving him in his home subject 
 to the visitation of the probation officer; (4) appointing a guardian; 
 (5) committing to an institution, agency, or organization. In the 
 case of delinquent children, as has been pointed out, punishment 
 may still be resorted to in a number of States. One State, namelj', 
 Alabama 8 still allows a child to be bound out as an apprentice*. 
 These provisions will be summarized, first, with reference to delin 
 quent, and second, with reference to dependent, children. 
 
 1. Delinquent children. 
 
 (a) Probation. — All States with the exception of Wyoming provide 
 for the probation of juvenile delinquents. 8 The child may be allowed 
 
 i New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 5. 
 
 2 New York. 1010 C 611 s 7; 1913 C 270 s 7; 1918 C 464 s 2. (Monroe, Ontario.and Chautauqua Counties.) 
 
 ' North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 10959. 
 
 < Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 20 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1915 C 86 p 230; Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 9 amended 1915 C 292. 
 
 « Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1195 amended 1913 C 112 p 214. 
 
 ' Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 « Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 6. Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 
 (Civil Code) ts 3566 and 3568. Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8 
 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. Colorado. Bevised Statutes 1908 ss 594, 599, 1557, 1558, 1559. Connecticut. 
 GeneralStatutesl918ss6670and6671. Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 3816-3826, 3836. District of Columbia. 
 34 V, . S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 5. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 9 amended 1916 No 575 s 2. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 amended 1917 C 84. Illinois. 
 Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statues 1914 s 1632. /«■«. Supple- 
 ment 1913 s 254-a23. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3070. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.7. 
 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 16. Maryland. 1916 C 326 
 s 8; Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 886B amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, and 1912 C 618. Massachusetts. 
 1913C457; 1906 C 413 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. Minnesota. 
 1917 C 397 ss 11 and 13. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 10 and 23. Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16; 1917 p 195 s 6. 
 Montana. 1911 C 122 s 15. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 736; s 734 
 amended 1917 C 63. New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 ( Laws 1907 C 125 ss 9 and 15) 
 amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Jersey. Compiled Statutes p 1887 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8. New Mexico 
 1917 U 4 s 9. New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 ( Penal) art 44 s 486 amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, 
 and 1917 C 430; 1910 C 659 s 99 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691, and 1915 C 531; 1910 C 611 s 12; 1913 C 270 s 12; 
 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C- 50; 1911 C 651 s 526, 1914 C 124, and 1917 C 571; 1918 C 
 4G4 s 7. North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411. Ohio. 
 GeneralCodel910sl652amendedl913p.864. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910s 4423. Oregon. Lord's Oregon 
 Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959; s 6 amended 1911 
 p5:3, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 304. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 10 amended 1917 C 1546. South Carolina. 1912 
 ITo 429 s 5; 1917 No 73 s 5. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12. Tennessee. Public 1 cts 1911 C 58 s 9 amended 
 1913 ( First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Code of Criminal 
 Procedure 1911 art 1203 amended 1913 C 112. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 8. Ver ~ont. General Laws 1917 s 7329. 
 Virginia. 1 914 C 350 s 7. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 amended 1917 C 63. 
 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1. 
 
44 SUMMABY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 to remain at tome or may be placed in a suitable family under the 
 supervision of a probation officer. 
 
 (6) Appointment of guardian. — A "reputable citizen of good moral 
 character" may be appointed by the court as legal guardian of a 
 delinquent child in Arizona, 1 Arkansas, 2 Florida, 3 Illinois, 4 Iowa, 5 
 Kansas, 6 Minnesota, 7 Nebraska, 8 Nevada, 9 New Hampshire, 10 North 
 Dakota," Oregon, 12 South Dakota, 13 Tennessee, 14 Vermont, 15 Wash- 
 ington, 16 West Virginia, 17 Jefferson County, Ala., 18 and Chautauqua 
 County, N. Y. 10 An association or institution to which a child is 
 committed becomes the legal guardian in Arizona, 1 Florida, 3 Illinois, 4 
 Iowa, 5 Kansas, 6 Minnesota, 7 Nebraska, 8 Nevada, 9 New Hampshire, 10 
 North Dakota, 11 Oregon, 12 South Dakota, 13 Tennessee, 14 Vermont, 15 
 Washington, 16 and West Virginia. 17 In New Jersey 20 the State 
 board of children's guardians may be appointed guardian of a delin- 
 quent child. In Ohio 21 all minors who in the judgment of the 
 juvenile court require State institutional care shall be committed to 
 the care and custody of the State board of administration, which 
 becomes the sole and exclusive guardian. Such guardianship shall 
 not include the control of the child's property in Arizona, Arkansas, 
 Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, 
 North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, and 
 West Virginia. 
 
 (c) Commitment. — Public institutions for the care of delinquent 
 children have been established in all States under various names — 
 industrial schools, training schools, or reform schools. These may 
 be supported as State institutions, and the juvenile-court laws 22 
 provide for the commitment of children to these institutions. 
 
 » Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3566 and 3567. 
 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 7 and 12 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 3 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 7 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 ' Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 176 and 177; C 122 ss 324 and 328. 
 
 ' Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a21. 
 
 « Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3072 and 3073. 
 
 ' Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 11, 12, and 16. 
 
 8 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1251. 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 735. 
 
 i° New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 14) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411; 1915 C 179 s 2. 
 « Oregon. 1910 s 4415. 
 
 « South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 " Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 8 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 15 Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7330. 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 s 9. 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7, 10, and 29 amended 1917 C 63. 
 " Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 17. 
 « New York. 1918 C 464 s 18. 
 » New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1S87 s 225. 
 21 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1811-1 added 1913 p 175. 
 
 a Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7. Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3568 and 3572. 
 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 594. Connecticut. General Statutes 191s ss 1S06 and 1822. Delaware. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 45 
 
 In California, 1 Florida, 2 Illinois, 3 Indiana, 4 Kansas, 6 Minnesota," 
 Nevada, 7 New Jersey, 8 North Dakota, Oklahoma, 10 Oregon, 11 South 
 Dakota, 12 Tennessee, 13 Texas, 14 Virginia, 16 and West Virginia 16 it is 
 also possible under the law to commit a delinquent child tc an 
 institution provided by the city or by the county; in Colorado, 17 
 Delaware, 18 Florida, 19 Idaho, 20 Illinois, 21 Indiana, 22 Iowa, 23 Ken- 
 tucky, 21 Louisiana, 25 Maryland, 26 Michigan, 27 Minnesota, 28 Missouri, 29 
 
 Revised Code 1915 ss 2192-2202, 2203-2213, 3836. District of Columbia. U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 
 1901C847pl544s2;34U.S.StatutcsatLargep73s8. Florida. 1911 0.6216s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 191.5C 
 5919, and 1917 C 7332; 1915 C 6840 ss 1 and 2. Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 9 amended 1916 No 575. Idaho. 1911 C 
 159 s 157 amended 1917 C 84. Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. Indiana. Burns' Anno- 
 tated Statutes 1914 s 1632. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a23. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 10081-100X4 
 10108-10110. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331c.7. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 7; 1918 No 
 143. Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 144. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 
 C S(i ss 27, 32, 33; 1906 C 413 s 8 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. Michigan. Compiled La", s 1915 s 2015 
 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16; 1917 p 195 s 6. Mon- 
 tana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. Revised 
 Lavs 1912 s 736; 1913 C 254. New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 281; C 85 (La- s 1907 C 
 125 s 15) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8, 
 1918 C 147. New Mexico. Statutes 1915 s 5107; 1917 C 4 s 9. New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 
 (Penal) art 44 s 486 amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 1917 C 430; art 196 s 2184 amended 1913 C 607; 
 and S2194; C 55 (State charities) s 184; s 213 amended 1910C 449; and s 366. North Carolina. Tublic Laws 1915 
 C 222 s 2; 1917 C 255. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411. Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1652 amended 
 913 p 864. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4423. Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910s 4416 amended 1913, 
 1C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959; s 6 amended 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039 
 and 1915 p 304. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 10 and 15 amended 1917 C 1546. General Laws 1909 C 
 354 s 46 amended 1915 C 1261. South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 5; 1917 No 73 s 5. South Dakota. 1907 C 222; 
 1915 C 119 s 12. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 
 1917 C 41 s 1 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Codo Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1195 and 1202 
 amended 1913 C 112; art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10. Vermont. Gen- 
 eral Laws 1917 s 7329. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 and 2; 1914 C 170. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. West 
 Virginia. 1915 C 70s 9 amended 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915S573-6.1. Wyoming. Compiled Stat- 
 utes 1910 ss 3123-3126. 
 
 1 California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 > Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and C 7332. 
 
 > Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. 
 
 * Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 » Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3098, 3099. 
 
 • Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. 
 
 7 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 736. 
 
 » New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 s 212. 
 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411. 
 
 >» Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4423. 
 
 " Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. 
 
 " South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12. 
 
 "> Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 " Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1197 amended 1913 C 112 and 1918 C 26; art 1203 amended 
 1913 C 112. 
 
 '» Virginia. 1918 C 189. (County or city farms.) 
 
 it West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 694. 
 
 is Delaware. Revised Codo 1915 s 3836. 
 
 i» Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and C 7332. 
 
 *> Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 »> Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. 
 
 » Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 n Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a23. 
 
 m Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.7. 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 »» Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. 
 
 i> Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 
 m Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. 
 
 as Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 16. 
 
46 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Montana, 1 New York, 2 North Dakota, 3 Ohio, 4 Oklahoma, 5 Oregon," 
 Pennsylvania, 7 South Dakota, 8 Tennessee, 9 Texas, 10 Utah, 11 Vermont, 12 
 West Virginia, 13 and Wisconsin 14 the court may commit delinquent 
 children to private institutions incorporated under the State law; 
 while in Arkansas, 16 Arizona, 16 California, 17 Colorado, 18 Delaware, 19 
 Florida, 20 Idaho, 21 Illinois, 22 Kansas, 23 Kentucky, 24 Minnesota, 25 
 Nebraska 26 Nevada, 27 New York, 28 North Dakota, 29 Ohio, 30 Okla- 
 homa, 31 Oregon, 32 Pennsylvania, 33 South Dakota, 34 Tennessee, 35 Ver- 
 mont, 36 Virginia, 37 Washington, 38 Wisconsin, 39 and Wyoming 40 such 
 children may be committed to duly accredited private associations 
 organized for the care of delinquent and dependent children. 
 
 In addition to these institutions and associations, several States 
 make use of other agencies. Delinquent children may be committed 
 in the District of Columbia 41 to the board of children's guardians; 
 
 i Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 ■> New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486(5) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430. 
 s North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411. 
 
 i Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1652 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 » Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4423. 
 
 « Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. 
 
 ' Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959; s 6 amended 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 304, 
 
 s South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12. 
 
 > Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 i« Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1203 amended 1913 C 112. 
 u Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10. 
 
 12 Vermont. General Statutes 1917 s 7329. 
 
 is West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 9 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 " Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1. 
 
 w Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 " Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3568. 
 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 » Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 594. 
 
 » Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3836. 
 
 M Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917C 7333. 
 
 2i Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 157 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 22 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. 
 
 23 Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3073. 
 
 24 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.7. 
 
 25 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. 
 
 2« Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 736. 
 
 2« New York. 1918 C 464 s 7. (Chautauqua County.) 
 
 29 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11411. 
 
 3» Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1652 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 3i Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4423. 
 
 32 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4416 amonded 1913 C 249. 
 
 33 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959; s 6 amended 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 314. 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 12. 
 
 ss Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 3» Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7329. 
 
 si Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 and 2. 
 
 •» Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. 
 
 s» Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1. 
 
 « Wyoming. Compiled Statutes 1910 ss 3123-3126. 
 
 " District of Columbia. U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1901 C 847 p 1544 s 2; 34 TJ. S. Statutes at 
 Large p 73 s 8. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 47 
 
 in Vermont, 1 to the board of charities and probation; in Massachu- 
 setts, 2 to any institution to which they might be committed for 
 violation of the law except a jail or house of correction; in Montana, 3 
 to State penal or reformatory institutions (other than the industrial 
 schools); and in Ohio, 4 Wyoming, 5 and Knox County, Tenn., 6 
 to the workhouse. The Delaware 7 courts may under the law com- 
 mit delinquent children to an institution organized in another State, 
 the house of refuge in Philadelphia. 
 
 (d) Separation from adult convicts. — Arkansas, 8 California, Florida, 10 
 Illinois, 11 Indiana, 12 Iowa, 13 Michigan, 14 Minnesota, 15 Missouri, 16 Mon- 
 tana, 17 Nebraska, 18 Nevada, 10 New Hampshire, 20 New Jersey, 21 New 
 York, 22 North Carolina, 23 Ohio, 24 Oklahoma, 25 Oregon, 28 Pennsylvania, 27 
 Washington, 28 West Virginia, 20 Wisconsin, 30 and Wyoming 31 require- 
 confinement in separate rooms, yards, and inclosures if children are 
 committed to institutions in which adult convicts are confined. 
 
 (e) Fines and restitution. — A child may still be fined for an 
 offense or for violating the conditions of probation in the District 
 
 i Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7329. 
 
 2 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 8 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 s Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 • Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 4113-4115 and 4138. 
 
 - Wyoming. Compiled Statutes 1910 s 3127-3128. 
 
 « Tennessee. Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 9 amended 1915 C 292. 
 
 ' Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3824. 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 11 amended 1917 A 420. 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 14 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 11 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 « Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 179. 
 u Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 » Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a24. 
 •< Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2018. 
 >s Minnesota. 1917 C 265. 
 u Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 13. 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 « Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1254. 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 742. 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 16) amended 1915 C 96 
 and 1917 C 74. 
 
 2i New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1874 ss 163 and 164; 1918 C 147 (Prohibits commitment to Stato 
 prison). 
 
 22 New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486(8) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430. 
 a North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 5. 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 3169. 
 » Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4425. 
 " Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4418. 
 i Pennsylvania. 1893 p 459 s 1. 
 a Washington. 1913 C 160 s 11. 
 29 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 16 amended 1917 C 63. 
 2» Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-9.1. 
 "' Wyoming. Compiled Laws 1910 s 1097. 
 
48 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 of Columbia, 1 Indiana, 2 Massachusetts, 3 Montana, 4 New Jersey, 5 
 New York, 6 Ohio, 7 and Utah, 8 and Knox County, Tenn. 9 
 
 In Georgia, 10 Indiana, 11 Kentucky, 12 Massachusetts, 13 and Montana, 14 
 if the offense is malicious trespass, the court may order the damage 
 to be made good; or if petit larceny and the goods are not returned, 
 the child may be required to pay. 
 
 2. Dependent children. 
 
 (a) Probation. — The court may allow a dependent or neglected 
 child to remain in its own home subject to the friendly visitation of 
 a, probation officer in Alabama, 15 Arizona, 16 Arkansas, 17 California, 18 
 Colorado, 19 Georgia, 20 Illinois, 21 Kansas, 22 Kentucky, 23 Louisiana, 24 
 Maryland, 25 Massachusetts, 26 Michigan, 27 Minnesota, 28 Mississippi, 29 
 Missouri, 30 Montana, 31 Nebraska, 32 Nevada, 33 North Dakota, 34 Penn- 
 sylvania, 35 South Carolina, 36 South Dakota, 37 Texas, 38 Washington, 39 
 West Virginia, 40 and Wisconsin. 41 
 
 (b) Appointment of guardian. — An individual may be appointed 
 by the juvenile court as legal guardian of a dependent child in 
 
 1 District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 12. 
 
 2 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 3 Massachusetts. 1906 C 413s 9 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. (Fine not to exceed *5 for violation 
 of probation. If not paid may be sent to jail.) 
 
 < Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 6 New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1909 p 1887 s 212. 
 
 ■ New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486(6) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 4H) r_nd 
 1917 C 430. ' (May be fined for smoking, not to exceed 110.) 
 
 7 OMo. General Code 1910 s 1654 amended 1913 p 864. (If for best interest of child, not to exceed f 10.) 
 » Utah. 1913 C 54. (Not to exceed $25. ) 
 
 9 Tennessee. Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 9 amended 1915 C 292. (Knox County.) 
 
 i° Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 56 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 » Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 " Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l6. 
 
 " Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 12 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1907 C 335. 
 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 16 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7; Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 6, No 361 s 13. 
 
 " Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3566 and 3568. 
 
 " Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 '< California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 11 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 558 amended 1913 p 694. 
 
 " Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 9 amended 1916 No 575 s 2. 
 
 21 Winois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 175. 
 
 M Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3070. 
 
 " Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.9. 
 
 M Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 » Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. 
 
 » Massachusetts. 1913 C 457. 
 
 " Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 
 a Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. 
 
 » Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. 
 
 « Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 5. 
 
 " Montana. Revised Code 1907 s 7835. 
 
 M Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 « North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11409. 
 
 » s Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959. 
 
 « South Carolina. 1917 No 73 s 4; 1912 No 429 s 4. 
 
 1 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10. 
 
 M Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2190. 
 
 " Washington. 1913 C 160 s 10. 
 
 " West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 " Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573—5.4. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 49 
 
 Arkansas, 1 Colorado, 2 Illinois, 3 Nevada, 4 North Dakota, 5 Ohio, 8 
 South Dakota, 7 West Virginia, 8 Jefferson County, Ala., 9 and Monroe 
 and Ontario Counties, N. Y. 10 An institution or association to 
 which the child is committed becomes the legal guardian in Ari- 
 zona, 11 Florida, 12 Idaho, 13 Illinois," Iowa, 15 Kansas, 18 Minnesota," 
 Missouri, 18 Montana, 19 Nebraska, 20 Nevada, 21 New Hampshire, 23 
 New Mexico, 23 North Dakota, 24 Ohio, 25 Oklahoma, 26 Oregon, 27 South 
 Dakota, 28 Tennessee, 29 Texas, 30 Utah, 31 Vermont, 32 Washington, 33 West 
 Virginia, 34 and Wisconsin. 35 
 
 As in the case of delinquent children, this is guardianship of the 
 person only and does not include control of the child's property in 
 Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, 
 Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, 
 Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wash- 
 ington, and West Virginia. 
 
 (r) Commitment. — There is less uniformity in the provisions of the 
 various States for the commitment of dependent than of delinquent 
 children. State homes exclusively for dependent children have 
 
 i Arkansas. 1911 A 215 ss 7 and 12 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 > Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 557. 
 
 s Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177. 
 
 • Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11409, 11410, and 11414. 
 
 • Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 1653 and 1672 amended 1913 p 864. 
 ' South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7, 10 and 29 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 17. 
 
 '« New York. 1910 C 611 s 16; 1913 C 270 s 16. 
 
 » Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3566 and 3567. 
 
 ■» Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 7 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 » Idaho. 1909 p 38 s 2 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 176; C 122 ss 324 and 329. 
 
 i» Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a21. 
 
 i» Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3072 and 3073. 
 
 « Minnesota. 1917 C 397 ss 11, 12, and 16. 
 
 « Missouri. Revised Statutes 1909 s 466; s 467 amended 1917 p 109. 
 
 i» Montana. Revised Code 1907 s 7835. 
 
 so Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1251. 
 
 »i Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 735. 
 
 " New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 14) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 sa New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6. 
 
 « North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11409, 11410, and 11414; 1915 O 179. 
 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 1653 and 1672 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 a Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4422. 
 
 ■" Oregon. 1910s 4415. 
 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 10, 11, and 12. 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 8 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 *> Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2190. 
 
 "i Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 C 10 s 720x26. 
 
 a Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7330. 
 
 •• Washington. 1913 C 160 s 9. 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 ss 7, 10, and 29 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 »» Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a s 573-5. 
 
 153862°— 20 4 
 
50 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 been established in Colorado, 1 Iowa, 2 Kansas, 3 Minnesota, 4 Mon- 
 tana, 5 Nevada, 8 Oklahoma, 7 Rhode Island, 8 West Virginia," 
 and Wisconsin. 10 County homes are provided in Connecticut, 11 
 Ohio, 12 and Wisconsin. 13 Such children may be committed to the 
 care of the State board of charities in Massachusetts, 14 New Hamp- 
 shire, 15 Ohio, 16 and Vermont; 17 to the State board of control in Minne- 
 sota 18 and Nebraska ; 10 to the board of children's guardians in Indiana ; 20 
 to the overseers of the poor in Massachusetts ; 21 to the board of county 
 commissioners in Indiana f* and to the society for the prevention of 
 cruelty to children in Rhode Island. 23 In Texas 24 the court may 
 make such order as seems best for the moral and physical welfare 
 of a dependent child. 
 
 In most States 25 dependent children may be committed to duly 
 accredited private institutions, associations, or home-finding socie- 
 ties. 26 
 
 i Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 568. 
 2 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a20. 
 a Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 9689. 
 
 I Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. 
 
 » Montana. Revised Codes 1907 s 7834. 
 
 • Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 1917 C 63; ss 4098 and 4099 amended 1913 C 243. 
 
 ' Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4421; 1917 p 292 ss 1 and 5. 
 
 8 Rhode Island. General Laws 1909 C 139 s 2; s 3 amended 1912 C 827. 
 
 5 West Virginia. 1909 C 80 amended 1917 C 23. 
 
 i° Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573a. 
 
 II Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1766. 
 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864. 
 13 Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-5.2a added 1917 C 350, 573-5.3 and 697-2. 
 '* Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 ss 3 and 4 amended 1909 C 181. 
 
 « New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 13) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864. 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7328. 
 is Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. 
 18 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. 
 M Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1644. 
 
 21 Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 ss 3 and 4 amended 1909 C 181. 
 
 22 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1644. 
 
 23 Rhode Island. General Laws 1909 C 139 s 2; and s 3 amended 1912 C 827. 
 « Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2189. 
 
 * These are: Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3567. Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 
 1917 A 420. California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 
 558 amended 1913 p 694. Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3836. Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 
 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. Idaho. 1909 p 38 No 267 s 2 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193. Illinois. 
 Hurt's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 175. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a20. Kansas. General Statutes 
 1915 s 3071. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.9. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. Maine. 
 Revised Statutes 1916 C 64 s 53 amended 1917 C 297. Mart/land. 1916 C 326 s 8. Massachusetts. 1903 C 334 
 ss 3 and 4 amended 1909 C 181. Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2017. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. Mis- 
 souri. 1911 p 177 s 5. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 
 1917 C 63. New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 13) amended 1915 
 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11409. Ohio. General 
 Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864.' Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4421. Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 
 1910 s 4414. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959; s 6 amended 1911 p 543, 1913 p 1039, and 
 1915 p 304. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First 
 Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 
 720x25 amended 1909 C 123. Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7328. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 and 2. 
 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 amended 1917 C 63. Wisconsin Statutes 1915 
 s 573-5.3. 
 
 >« The laws dealing with the incorporation of these organizations include provision tor the payments to 
 be made from the public treasury for the maintenance and training of the children. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 51 
 
 There is a striking failure to provide adequately for the separate 
 care of dependent and delinquent children, and the children from 
 both groups may be committed to the same institutions in Alabama, 1 
 Arkansas, 2 California, 3 Florida, 4 Indiana, 6 Kansas, 6 Louisiana, 7 
 Maryland, 8 Michigan," Mississippi, 10 Nevada, 11 New Jersey, 12 New- 
 York, 13 North Dakota," Oklahoma, 15 South Carolina, 18 South Da- L 
 kota, 17 Texas, 18 Virginia, 10 Washington, 20 and West Virginia. 21 
 
 The laws of Arizona, 22 Connecticut, 23 Kentucky, 24 Ohio, 25 and 
 Pennsylvania 26 definitely prohibit such commitment. 
 
 D. SPECIAL CARE FOR THE SICK AND THE FEEBLE-MINDED. 
 
 A child needing medical care may by order of the court be placed 
 in a hospital in Arkansas, 27 Florida, 28 Georgia, 29 Illinois, 30 Indiana, 31 
 Iowa, 32 Kansas, 33 Kentucky, 34 Michigan, 35 Minnesota, 30 Montana, 37 
 Nebraska, 38 Nevada, 39 North Carolina, 40 North Dakota, 41 Ohio/ 2 
 
 1 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7. 
 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 7 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 ' California. 1915 C 631 s 8 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 « Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 6 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7333. 
 
 » Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 « Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3071, 3098, 3099. 
 
 ' Louisiana. 1918 No 143 s 4. 
 
 B Mart/land. 1916 C 326 s 8. 
 
 9 Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2017. 
 i° Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s. 10. 
 
 11 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 18 New Jersey. 1913 C 340. (Special schools established by school boards for dependent and delinquent 
 children.) 
 
 i» New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 488(5) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480, and 
 1917 C 430. (Commitment to any institution willing to receive.) 
 " North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11409. 
 •» Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4421. 
 « South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 5; 1917 No 73 s 5. 
 » South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 10. 
 
 18 Texas. 1913 C 144 p 289. (Girls' training school (or dependents and delinquents.) 
 >» Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 1 and 2. 
 » Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. 
 »' West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 7 amended 1917 C 63. 
 » Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3572. 
 " Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1784. 
 ™ Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.9. 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653-1; 1913 p 864. 
 >« Pennsylvania. 1903 p. 274 s 10. 
 « Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 8 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 « Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 6 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 0919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 32 amended 1916 No 575. 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177b. 
 
 81 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 82 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 25t-a20. 
 
 " Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3071. 
 
 " Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.8. 
 
 » Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2017. 
 
 »« Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 11. 
 
 » Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 ss Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1250. 
 
 3« Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 738. 
 
 « North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222. 
 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11413. 
 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
52 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Oklahoma, 1 Oregon, 2 Pennsylvania, 3 South Dakota, 4 Tennessee, 5 
 Virginia," West Virginia, 7 Wisconsin, 8 and certain counties in New 
 Jersey" and New York. 10 In California, 11 Illinois, 12 Missouri, 13 New 
 York," Ohio, 15 and Virginia 16 provision is made for committing 
 mental defectives to institutions for their special care. 
 
 E. PARENTAL DUTY OF SUPPORT. 
 
 The laws of Alabama, 17 Arizona, 18 Arkansas, 10 California, 20 Col- 
 orado, 21 Connecticut, 22 Delaware, 23 the District of Columbia, 24 Geor- 
 gia, 25 Illinois, 26 Indiana, 27 Iowa, 28 Kentucky, 29 Maryland, 30 Massachu- 
 setts, 31 Minnesota, 32 Mississippi, 33 Missouri, 34 Montana, 35 Nevada, 36 New 
 Jersey, 37 New Mexico, 38 New York, 39 North Dakota, 40 Ohio, 41 Oregon, 42 
 
 1 Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4421. 
 
 2 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4414. 
 
 3 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 6 amended 1911 p 543. 
 < South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 14. 
 
 5 Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 7 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41,and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 « Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4. 
 
 ' West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 12 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 " Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-6.1m. 
 
 ' New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 14. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 "New York. 1910C611sl4;1913C270sl4;1918C464sl9. (Monroe, Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties.) 
 
 " California. 1915 C 776. 
 
 "Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 341. 
 « Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 5 and 17. 
 
 » New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 44 s 486 (5) and (9) amended 1912 C 169, 1915 L" 4S0 
 and 1917 C 430; 1910 C 659 s 39-a added 1913 C 691. 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864. 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 4. 
 " Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7. 
 18 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3566. 
 » Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 18 amended 1917 A 420. 
 » California. 1915 C 631 s 11 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 21 Colorado. Revised Laws 1908 ss 563-565. (For dependent. Bond required. Imprisonment for failure 
 to pay.) 
 
 22 Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 1795. 
 
 23 Delaware. Revised Code 1915 ss 3836 and 3839. 
 
 « District of Columbia. V. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1901 C 847 p 1544 s 5. 
 
 * Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 31 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 190. 
 
 37 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 
 23 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a25. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l5. 
 
 33 Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 10. 
 
 »i Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C 46 s 6 amended 1913 C 779 s 9. 
 
 32 Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 25. 
 
 33 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 15. 
 
 34 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 21; 1917 p 195 s 15. 
 
 3 > Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 3» Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 751. 
 
 3 ' New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 13. (Applies to counties of the first class.) 
 33 New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 12. 
 
 as New York. 1910 C 611 s 13; 1913 C 270 s 13; 1918 C 464 s 16. (Monroe, Ontario, and Chautauqua 
 Counties.) 
 <° North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11423. 
 « Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1653 amended 1913 p 864. 
 « Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4423. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 53 
 
 Pennsylvania, 1 Rhode Island, 2 South Dakota, 3 Tennessee, 4 Utah, 6 
 Vermont, 6 Washington, 7 West Virginia, 8 and Wisconsin 9 provide 
 that the court may inquire into the financial ability of the parents or 
 guardian and may order them to contribute to the support of a child 
 placed in the care of an individual, association, or institution. Failure 
 to pay may be punished as contempt of court in Arkansas, Connec- 
 ticut, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, 
 and West Virginia. The order may be enforced by execution in 
 Indiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, and 
 Washington ; or in any way in which a court of equity may enforce 
 its orders in Kentucky, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, 
 Vermont, and Washington. In Illinois the court may order a rea- 
 sonable sum to be paid out of the wages of the parent or guardian. 
 Montana provides that orders for support may be enforced as other 
 judgments are enforced. In Monroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y., 
 they may be enforced as money judgments of courts of record. 
 Nevada, South Dakota, and West Virginia require "reasonable 
 security" for payment. In Oregon, Tennessee, and Vermont no 
 property is exempt from levy and sale to meet payment. In Rhode 
 Island failure to pay may be punished by imprisonment in jail. 
 Virginia provides that procedure shall be as that in cases of non- 
 support. 
 
 1 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 4 amended 1911 p 959. 
 
 2 Rhode Island. General Laws 1909 C 140 s 2. 
 
 3 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 26. 
 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 15 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 » Utah. 1913 C 54 s 2. 
 
 • Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7334. 
 ' Washington. 1913 C 160 s 8. 
 
 • West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 27 amendod 1917 C 63. 
 
 • Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-5.5. 
 
 kJ 
 
VI. CONTINUING JURISDICTION AND RELATION OF COURT 
 TO INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE PLACED. 
 
 Laws vary as to whether or not the court has any further juris- 
 diction over a child once disposed of or over the institution to which 
 he has been committed. 
 
 In Alabama, 1 Arkansas, 2 California, 3 Florida, 4 Georgia, 5 and Okla- 
 homa 6 the law provides that the jurisdiction of the court continues 
 even though a child is placed in an institution. 
 
 The judge may change or set aside an order in Alabama, 7 
 California, 8 Colorado, 9 Delaware, 10 Florida, 11 Georgia, 12 Illinois, 13 Kan- 
 sas, 14 Kentucky, 15 Michigan, 16 Mississippi, 17 Missouri, 18 Montana, 13 
 Nebraska, 20 New Jersey, 21 New Mexico, 22 New York, 23 North Caro- 
 lina, 24 North Dakota, 25 Oregon, 26 Pennsylvania, 27 South Dakota, 28 
 Tennessee, 29 Texas, 30 Utah, 31 Washington, 32 and West Virginia. 33 
 
 i Alabama. Local Laws 1915 Xo 128 s 6; Xo 361 s 13. (Mobile and Jefferson Counties.) 
 
 2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 14 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 8 California. 1915 C 631 s 12 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 * Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 s Georgia. 1915 Xo 210 s 27 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 6 Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4424. 
 
 ' Alabama. General Laws 1915 Xo 506 s 7. 
 
 8 California. 1915 C 631 s 9 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 9 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 559. 
 io Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3837. 
 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 12 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 27 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 177d. 
 
 » Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3074. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.9. (Applies to dependent and neglected.) 
 
 i* Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2023. (Except commitments to State public school.) 
 
 " Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. 
 
 is Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 17 and 18; 1917 p 195 ss 6 and 14. 
 
 « Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 28 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1251. 
 
 21 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 15. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 22 New Mexico. 1917 C 85 s 6. (Dependents.) 
 
 28 New York. 1910C611sl2; 1913 C 270s 12; 1918C 464s 14. (Monroe, Ontario.andChautauquaCounties.) 
 2 < North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. 
 3> North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11415. 
 28 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4416 amended 1913 C 249. 
 » Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 8 amended 1909 p 119. 
 28 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 29. 
 
 2 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 7 and 9 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 
 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Except when permanently placed m private home.) 
 :• Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1203 amended 1913 C 112. 
 " Utah. 1913 C 54 s 10. 
 - ' 2 Washington. 1913 C 160 ss 8 and 15. 
 
 'a West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 10 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 54 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 55 
 
 28 
 
 Florida, 1 Iowa, 2 Louisiana, 3 Maryland, 4 Missouri, 6 Montana, 8 
 Nevada, 7 North Carolina, 8 North Dakota, 9 South Dakota, 10 and 
 West Virginia 11 give the court power to discharge a child from an 
 institution. In the District of Columbia, 12 Kentucky, 13 and Minne- 
 sota 14 the institution can not discharge the child without the consent 
 of the court. 
 
 Institutions receiving children committed by the juvenile court 
 are subject to the supervision, visitation, and control of a board or 
 committee appointed by the court in Alabama, 15 Arkansas, 16 Cali- 
 fornia, 17 Delaware, 18 Florida, 19 Georgia, 20 Illinois, 21 Indiana, 22 Ken- 
 tucky, 23 Missouri, 24 Nebraska, 25 North Dakota, 26 Ohio, 27 Oregon, 
 Pennsylvania, 29 Tennessee, 30 Texas, 31 Washington, 32 West Virginia, 
 and Wisconsin. 34 
 
 The court may require reports from institutions in Colorado, 35 
 Florida, 38 Georgia, 37 Idaho, 38 Illinois, 39 Indiana, 40 Kansas, 41 Ken- 
 
 i Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 8 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919, and 1917 C 7332. 
 2 Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a23. > 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 * Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 8. 
 
 » Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14. 
 « Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 ' Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 740. 
 
 North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s 2. 
 
 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11415. 
 io South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 17. (If conditions are unsatisfactory.) 
 u West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 14 amended 1917 C 63. 
 » District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 8. 
 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.7. (Court cannot discharge without consent of institution.) 
 » Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 13. (Within one year of commitment.) 
 is Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 13. 
 w Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 14 amended 1917 A 420. 
 i» California. 1915 C 631 s 17b amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 n Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3838. (Wilmington.) 
 » Florida. 1915 C 6841 s 5. 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 215 s 38 amended 1916 No 575. 
 a Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 186. 
 a Indiana. Bums' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 3675 and 3677. 
 a Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 3316.19. 
 » Missouri. Revised Statutes 1909 ss 1329-1332. 
 
 * Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1261. 
 
 » North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11420. 
 
 27 Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 2971-2976 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 28 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4421. 
 
 " Pennsylvania. 1903 p 8 s 1 amended 1913 p 452 s 1. 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 13 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 f II, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 si Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2190; Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1204 amended 1913 C 
 112. 
 
 « Washington. 1913 C 160 s 18. 
 
 as West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 23 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 * Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-10. 
 
 3s Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 559 and 595. 
 
 •'« Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 12. 
 
 •i Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 20 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 * Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 158 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 ■ Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 181. 
 « Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1638. 
 " Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3074. 
 
56 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 tucky, 1 Louisiana, 2 Maryland, 3 Missouri, 4 Montana, 5 Nebraska, 6 
 Nevada, 7 New Jersey, 8 North Dakota, 9 Ohio, 10 Oregon, 11 South 
 Carolina, 12 South Dakota, 13 Tennessee," Texas, 15 Utah, 16 Vermont, 17 
 Virginia., 18 West Virginia, 19 and part of New York. 20 
 
 The court may exercise direct supervision in Georgia, 21 Missis- 
 sippi, 22 Nevada, 23 New Jersey, 24 Monroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y., 25 
 New York City, 26 and Knox County, Tenn. 27 
 
 Colorado, 28 on the other hand, provides that the board of control 
 of the State home is not subject to the order of the court at the 
 time of committing, nor is any restriction upon its discretion im- 
 posed by such order. 
 
 Alabama, 29 Arizona, 30 California, 31 Connecticut, 32 and Idaho 33 pro- 
 vide for the discharge of the child by the institution. In Kentucky 34 
 the court may release a ward on the recommendation of the institu- 
 tion. In California 35 the court must have "due regard to the effect 
 upon the discipline of the institution" of a change of order. 
 
 > Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l2. 
 
 2 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 « Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 9. 
 
 * Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14. 
 
 <■ Montana,. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. 
 
 « Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 ss 1251 and 1256. 
 
 ' Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 740. 
 
 s New Jersey. 1912 C 353 ss 11 and 16. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 
 9 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11415. 
 
 io OHo. General Code 1910 s 1675 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 n Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4419. 
 
 ■2 South Carolina. 1912 No 429 s 5; 1917 No 73 s 5. 
 
 « South Dakota. 1915 C 119 ss 17 and 19. 
 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 12 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 16 Texas. Revised Civil Statutes 1911 art 2190; Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1204 amended 1913 
 C112. 
 
 " Utah. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x25 amended 1909 C 123; and s 720x36. 
 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7333. 
 
 " Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 11 and 12. 
 
 10 West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 18 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 » New York. 1918 C 464 s 12. (Chautauqua County.) 
 
 21 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 26 amended 1916 No 575. (Visitation by probation officer or other agent of the 
 court.) 
 
 " Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 10. (Inspection and approval of court required.) 
 
 23 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 734 amended 1917 C 63. (Probation officer visits and reports.) 
 
 2 * New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 16. (In Essex and Hudson Counties the judge must visit once a year all 
 institutions receiving children committed by the court. ) 
 
 » New York. 1910 C 611 ss 12 and 18; 1913 C 270 ss 12 and is. (County judge must visit each institution 
 at least once a year.) 
 
 M New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-f added 1915 C 531. (Institutions must be inspected once a year by at least 
 one justice. ) 
 
 27 Tennessee. Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 14 amended 1915 C 292. (It is the duty of the judge to visit all 
 institutions once a year.) 
 
 2s Colorado. 1913 C 50 s 1. 
 
 2= Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 7. 
 
 " Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3566. (Court must be advised and record kept.) 
 
 'i California. 1915 C 631 s 10 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. (Returned to court if incorrigible.) 
 
 "» Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 ss 1808, 1809, and 1825. 
 
 » Idaho. 1909 p 58 s 3 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193. (Must file with court a copy of resolutions.) 
 
 " Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.7. 
 
 •» California. 1915 C 631 s 9 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 57 
 
 Illinois, 1 Maryland, 2 Massachusetts, 3 Nebraska, 4 Nevada/ Ohio, 6 
 and West Virginia 7 provide in the statutes establishing children's 
 institutions, for the appointment by the institutions of agents to 
 have supervision over children placed by them in family homos. 
 
 Provision is made for the supervision and control of institutions 
 and associations receiving children by the State board of charities 
 in Colorado, 8 Connecticut, 9 Indiana, 10 Louisiana, 11 Massachusetts, 12 
 Missouri, 13 Montana, 14 Nebraska, 15 New Jersey, 16 North Carolina, 17 
 Ohio, 18 Oklahoma, 18 Pennsylvanin, 20 South Dakota, 21 Tennessee, 22 Ver- 
 mont, 23 Virginia, 24 and Wyoming; 25 by the State board of control in 
 Iowa, 26 Minnesota, 27 and West Virginia; 28 by the State commissioner 
 of State institutions in Arizona ; 2 " by the State department of public 
 welfare in Illinois; 30 by the State board of control of reformatory, 
 charitable, and penal institutions in Wisconsin; 31 by the board of 
 charities in the District of Columbia; 32 and by the juvenile-court 
 commission in Utah. 33 Institutions in Idaho, 34 except those man- 
 aged by the State, are under the control of the governor. Super- 
 vision is exercised in Colorado 35 and Utah 36 by the county commis- 
 sioners; in Ohio, 37 by the county board of health and the county 
 commissioners; in cities of 500,000 in Missouri, 38 by the board of 
 children's guardians; and in the Parish of Orleans, La., 38 by the 
 prison and asylum commissioners. 
 
 1 Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917<23sl80. '* Oklahoma. Constitution art 6 s 28. 
 
 ' Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 9. » Pennsylvania. 1903 p 11 s 1. 
 
 » Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 C M. s 3d •' Soulh Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 19. 
 
 amended 1904 C 363; 1908 C 639 s 6. M Tennessee. Public Acts 1917 C 120 pp 305- 
 
 < Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1255. 369. 
 
 » Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 743. " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7313. 
 
 • Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1674 amended 1913 p 2 < Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 11. 
 864. (Girls' and boys' industrial schools. ) u Wyoming. 1915 C 99 s 3. . 
 
 ' West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 1" amended 1917 C 63. *> Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a26. 
 
 { 1 >uty ol State institutions to maintain. ) 2 ' Minnesota. 1917 C 212 ss 18 and 19. 
 
 • Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 595. « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 18. 
 ' Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 ss 1S88 and "Arizona. 1917 C 89. 
 
 1893. '"Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 
 
 "> Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1638. sl81. 
 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art lis s 4. " Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 561-567d. (Also (s 
 
 "Massachusetts. Revised Laws 1902 (' 86 ss 50-53; 562b) a legislative committee appointed by the 
 
 C 84 s 2 amended 1908 C 598. g<" ernor. ) 
 
 " Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 18; 1917 p 195 s 14. » District of Columbia. V. S. Revised Statutes 
 
 » Montana. Revised Code 1907 ss 271-281. Supplement 1901 C 807 p 1447. 
 
 i» Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 ss 1251 and » Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. 
 
 ]266 si Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 158 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 "New Jersey Compiled Statutes l»iu p 453. 3i Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 605. 
 
 (State commissioner of charities. ) " VM. Compiled Laws 1907 s 720x36. 
 
 « North Carolina. Public Laws 1917 f 170. ' » Ohio. General Code 1910 ss 2497-2499. 
 
 "OMo. General Code 1910 ss 1352 ..ml 13W-1 * 8 .WMottri. mlpM^ 
 amended 1913 p 864. 
 
 39 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT. 
 
 A. JTTDGE. 
 
 1. Method of selection. 
 
 The judges of the juvenile courts of Jefferson County, Ala., 1 Essex 
 and Hudson Counties, N. J., 2 and the cities of Wilmington, 3 Boston, 4 
 and Baltimore 5 are appointed by the governors of their respective 
 States. 
 
 In Denver, 6 New Orleans, 7 Buffalo, 8 Indianapolis, 9 certain counties 
 of Ohio, 10 and in the fourth judicial district of Minnesota, 11 the judges 
 are elected by popular vote. 
 
 The judge of the juvenile court is appointed by the President of the 
 United States in the District of Columbia; 12 by the juvenile-court 
 commission in Utah 13 and in Mobile County, Ala.; 14 by the mayor in 
 New York City; 15 by the city council in cities of 50,000 popidation in 
 Virginia; 16 by his associates in California, 17 Missouri, 18 Montana, 19 
 Wisconsin, 20 Georgia, 21 and in certain counties of Illinois, 22 Iowa, 23 
 Maryland, 24 Minnesota, 25 Nebraska, 26 Ohio, 27 Washington, 28 and Penn- 
 sylvania; 29 and by the presiding judge in other counties of Pennsyl- 
 
 1 Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 4. 
 1 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1. (Counties of the first class.) 
 3 Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3830 amended 1917 C 252. (Wilmington.) 
 * Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 2 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. (Boston.) 
 
 8 Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521 and 1910 C 41 p 644. 
 (Baltimore.) 
 
 ■ Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 1593, 1594, 1595. (Denver.) 
 
 7 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. (Parish of Orleans.) 
 
 8 New York. 1911 C 651 ss 511-514. (Buffalo.) 
 
 8 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. (Counties containing a city of 100,000 population.) 
 
 10 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1639 amended 1914 p 176 and 1913 p 864, s 1532-3 added 1917 p 703; s 1532-1 
 added 1916 p 424; s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721; s 1683-14 added 1917 p 732. (Hamilton, Lucas, Mahoning, Mont- 
 gomery, and Summit Counties.) 
 
 « Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 202-204. (Fourth judicial district.) 
 a District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 2. 
 
 11 Utah. 1913 C 54 si. 
 
 » Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 10. (Mobile County.) 
 
 « New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-c to 34-e added 1915 C 531. (New York City.) 
 
 '• Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 and 4. (Cities of 50,000.) 
 
 17 California. 1915 C 631 s 16 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 18 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2. 
 "• Montana. 1911 C 122 s 12. 
 
 » Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.1. 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 21 amended 1916 No 575.' 
 
 ^Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 171. (Counties of more than 500,000.) 
 •» Iowa. 1917 C 405 s 1. (Counties of more than 100,000.) 
 " Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 2. (Outside Baltimore.) 
 » Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. (Counties of raoro than 33,000.) 
 a Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1246. (Counties of 40,000.) 
 
 27 Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1639 amended 1913 p 864 and 1914 p 176; s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721- s 1532-1 
 added 1916 p. 424; s 1532-2 added 1917 p 703; s 1683-14 added 1917 p 732. 
 M Washington. 1913 C 160s 2. (Counties of 30,000.) 
 
 " Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 1. (Outside Philadelphia and Allegheny Counties.) 
 58 
 
SUMMAKY OP JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 59 
 
 vania. 1 In Hamilton County, Tenn., 2 the judge of the city court of 
 Chattanooga acts as judge of the juvenile court. In Knox County, 
 Tenn., 3 the recorder of the city of Knoxville is judge of the juvenile 
 court. Where this jurisdiction is bestowed on certain regular courts, 
 the judges presiding over these become for these purposes the juve- 
 nile court judges. 
 
 2. Tenure. 
 
 The judge is appointed for one year in Mobile County, Ala.; 4 for 
 1 year or longer in the discretion of the presiding judge in Philadel- 
 phia and Allegheny Counties, Pa.; 5 for 2 years in Utah; 6 3 years in 
 part of Georgia; 7 4 years in certain counties of Iowa 8 and Virginia, 9 
 and in Wilmington, 10 Indianapolis," and New Orleans; 12 5 years in 
 Essex and Hudson Counties, N. J.; 13 6 years in certain counties of 
 Georgia 14 and Minnesota, 15 Jefferson County, Ala., 16 and the District 
 of Columbia; 17 and for 10 years in Buffalo. 18 
 
 3. Salary. 
 
 The salary of the judge is $600 in Mobile County, Ala.; 10 $720 in 
 Wilmington, Del.; 20 $2,500 in Jefferson County, Ala.; 21 $3,000 in 
 the District of Columbia, 22 New Orleans, 23 Baltimore, 24 and Boston ; 25 
 $4,000 in Indianapolis; 28 and $5,000 in Essex and Hudson Counties, 
 N. J. 27 In South Dakota 28 the judge receives $500 and in Tennessee 29 
 
 i Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8. (Philadelphia and Allegheny Counties.) 
 
 > Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182 s 1. 
 
 > Tennessee. Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 2 amended 1915 C 292. 
 
 • Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 10. 
 
 • Pennsylvania. 1913 p 711 s 8. 
 < Utah. 1913 C 54 si. 
 
 ' Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 21 amended 1916 No 575. (In counties between 35,000 and 60,000.) 
 
 « Iowa. 1917 C 405 s 1. (Counties of 100,000 or more.) 
 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 and 4. (In cities of 50,000 or more.) 
 w Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3830 amended 1917 C 252. (Wilmington.) 
 11 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. (Indianapolis.) 
 " Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. (Parish of Orleans.) 
 « New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1. 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 21 amended 1916 No 575. (Except counties between 35,000 and 60,000.) 
 •» Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 202-204. (In the fourth judicial district.) 
 "Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 4. (Jefferson County.) 
 » District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Largo p 73 s 2. 
 
 » New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 ss 511-514, 1914 C 124 and 
 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 
 '» Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 10. (Mobile County.) 
 » Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3830 amended 1917 C 252. 
 n Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 4. 
 " District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 2. 
 a Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. 
 
 " Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521 and 1910C 41 p. 644. 
 » Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 3 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. 
 » Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 " New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1. 
 a South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 25. 
 
 » Tennessee Public Acts 1911 C 58 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294; Private Acts 1911 C 182 s 9. (In Hamilton County no compensation beside that as 
 judge of the city court of Chattanooga.) 
 
60 SUMMABY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEOlSJ^ATiui-n . 
 
 $300 in addition to his salary as county judge. In Michigan * the 
 judge is paid, in addition to his salary as probate judge, $100 for each 
 15,000 inhabitants. In Georgia 2 the salary is fixed by the judge of 
 the superior court; in Buffalo 3 by the common council; in Utah 4 by 
 the juvenile-court commission; and in certain cities of Virginia 5 by 
 the city council. 
 
 4. Qualifications. 
 
 The qualifications of the judge as stated in the law vary greatly 
 from State to State. In Buffalo, N. Y., 6 any resident of the city 
 may be elected. In Wilmington, Del., 7 the judge shall be appointed 
 "without any regard for his political affiliations and his sole quali- 
 fication shall be his fitness to be a juvenile judge. ' ' In New Jersey 8 
 he must be a counselor at law; and in Mobile County, Ala., 9 and in 
 the District of Columbia 10 ' ' learned in law..' ' Colorado " provides 
 that the judge of the Denver court must have the qualifications of a 
 district judge. Louisiana 12 requires for New Orleans a judge who 
 is at least 40 years of age and has had five years of legal practice. 
 In Baltimore 13 the judge must be a member of the bar of the supreme 
 bench of Baltimore City. Georgia u provides for an attorney at law 
 with at least three years' practice, an interest in children, and a 
 knowledge of the problems of social service, of philanthropy, and of 
 child life. In Indianapolis 15 the judge must be at least 40 years 
 old, a legal voter, and a parent. The Alabama 16 law applying to 
 Jefferson County provides for the appointment of a citizen of the 
 United States and of the county for three years, who is learned in 
 the law, at least 30 years of age, of high moral character and clean 
 life, selected for his special fitness, by training, education, and expe- 
 rience, to deal with delinquent and neglected children. 
 
 i Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2019. 
 
 2 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 21 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 a New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 ss 511-514, 1914 C 124, and 
 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 
 
 < Utah. 1913 C 54 si. 
 
 '■ Virginia. 1914 C 57 ss 1 and 4. 
 
 • New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 ss 511-514, 1914 C 124, and 
 1917 C 571. 
 
 ' Delaware. Eevised Code 1915 s 3830 amended 1917 C 252. 
 
 8 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 1. (Counties of the first class.) 
 
 » Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 s 10. (Mobile County.) 
 '» District of Columbia. 34 TJ. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 2. 
 11 Colorado. Eevised Statutes 1908 ss 1593, 1594, 1595. 
 » Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. . 
 
 is Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521 and 1910 C 41 p M4. 
 i ' Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 21 amended 1916 No 575. 
 is Indiana . Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1632. 
 i« A labama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 4. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 61 
 
 B. PROBATION OFFICERS . 
 
 1- Appointment. 
 
 -Probation officers are appointed by the juvenile-court commission 
 m Mobile County, Ala.; 1 by the governor in Florida 2 and in Maine; 3 
 by the supreme bench in Baltimore;" by the city government in 
 certain counties of Tennessee; 5 and by the juvenile board in certain 
 counties of Texas." The State probation officer in Ehode Island 7 
 acts as chief officer and assigns probation officers to each juvenile 
 court. In Vermont 8 the secretary of the State board of charities 
 ami probation acts as chief probation officer; and with the approval 
 of the governor, the State board may appoint deputies. In Utah " 
 the probation officers are appointed by the juvenile-court commis- 
 sion, but any large city may appoint deputies upon the recommenda- 
 tion of the judge of the juvenile court. In Wilmington, Del., 10 the 
 judge of the superior court appoints the chief probation officer upon the 
 recommendation of the judge of the juvenile court, and other proba- 
 tion officers may be appointed by the judge of the juvenile court. 
 Oklahoma makes no provision for the appointment of probation 
 officers for the juvenile court. 
 
 In all other jurisdictions " probation officers are appointed by the 
 
 ' Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 ss 10-14. 
 
 ' Florida. 1911 C 6216 3 5 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 3 Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203. 
 
 < Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 886A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514. 1906 C 263 and 
 
 1912 C 618. 
 
 6 Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 
 1917 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Counties of 148,000.) 
 
 • Texas. 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. (Counties of 100,000 containing a city of 70,000.) 
 
 ' Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 and 24 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 ss 7292-7304. 
 
 ■ Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13. 
 
 '• Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3833 amended 1917 C 352. 
 
 •'Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 6; Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 12. (State outside Jefferson County.) 
 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3565. California. 1915 C 631 ss 18, 20, and 19e to 19v amended 
 1917 C 627 and C 634. Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 593, 1596, 1597; 1911 C 186 s 2. Connecticut. Gen- 
 eral Statutes 1918 s 6668. District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 4. Georgia. 1915 No 210 
 »s 22, 23, 24, and 26 amended 1916 No 575. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 amended 1917 C 84. Illinois. Hurd's 
 Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 174. (Consult Witter v Cook County Commissioners 256 111. 616.) Indiana 
 Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. Kansas. 
 General Statutes 1915 ss 3067 and 3092. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 ss 3310.3 and 331e.20. Louisiana. 
 Constitution 1913 art 118 s 1. Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6. (Except in Baltimore.) Massachusetts. Revised. 
 Laws 1902 C 217 s 83; 1906 C 413 s 7 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1908 C 637. Michigan. Compiled 
 Laws 1915 s 2015. Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 
 ss 19 and 23. (Municipal authorities may appoint additional officers.) Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917 
 p 195 s 11. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 amendod 
 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 C 733 amended 1917 C 63. New Hampshire. Public 
 Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 ss 5-8) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. New Jirzaj. Com- 
 piled Statutes 1910 p 1879 s 180 amended 1911 C 225; 1913 C 89. New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11. New York. Codo 
 of Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a; 1915 C 531; 1910 C 611 s 11; 1913 C 270 s 11; 1911 C 651 s 524; 1910 
 C 676 s 23; 1918 C 464 s 11. North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 ss 2 and 3. North Dakota. Compiled 
 Laws 1913 s 11408. Ohio. General Code 1910s 1662 amended 1913 p 864 and 1917 p 19. Oregon. Lord's 
 Oregon Laws 1910 s 4412 amended 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89; 1915 p 5 s 
 3 amended 1917 p 19; 1913 p 711 amended 1915 pp 988 and 1017 and 1917 p 1015. South Carolina. 1912 No 429 
 ss 4 and 5- 1917 No 73 s 4. South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 
 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915C177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Codo of 
 Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1202 amended 1913 C 112. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 and 6. Washington. 
 
 1913 C 160 s 3. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-2.4 
 
62 SUMMARY OF JUVEiMii-iS-uuOSx ij£iGribija.ij.L>-«. 
 
 court. The appointment must be approved by the probation com- 
 mittee in California; by the State board of charities in counties of 
 over 100,000 in Colorado; by the commission on probation in Massa- 
 chusetts; by a board composed of the State superintendent of public 
 instruction, the governor, and the district superintendent of schools 
 in Nevada; by the county superintendent of public instruction and 
 the superintendents or principals of the two largest independent 
 school districts in the county in Texas; and by the county superin- 
 tendent of schools and the county commissioners in West Virginia. 
 In Georgia, in counties of over 150,000 in Wisconsin, and in counties 
 of over 500,000 in Missouri the appointment of probation officers is 
 on a civil service basis. 
 
 2. Number and salary. 
 
 The number and salary of those appointed usually vary with the 
 population of the county. The law provides for a definite number 
 in California, 1 the District of Columbia, 2 Wilmington, Del., 3 and 
 Baltimore, Md. 4 A minimum number is prescribed by statute 
 in Connecticut, 5 Florida, 6 Georgia, 7 Indiana, 8 Kansas, 9 Maryland, 10 
 Missouri, 11 Nebraska, 12 Nevada, 13 New Hampshire, 14 New Mexico, 15 
 New York, 16 Pennsylvania, 17 Tennessee, 18 Utah, 19 Washington, 20 and 
 Wisconsin. 21 A maximum number is defined in Colorado, 22 Idaho, 23 
 
 > California. 1915 C 631 ss 19e-19v amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. (Varies from 1 to 30 according to size of 
 
 county.) 
 
 2 District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 4. (One man and one woman.) 
 
 » Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3833 amended 1917 C 252. (A chief and three woman assistants.) 
 
 ' Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 886A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, 1906 C 263 and 1912 C 
 
 618. ( Five probation officers. ) 
 
 6 Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 6668. (One or more.) 
 
 « Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. (At least one.) 
 ' Georgia. 1915No. 210 ss 22, 23, 24, and 26 amended 1916 No 575. (One officer and one or more d3puties.) 
 ' Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. (In counties of 50,000 or more at least one.) 
 'Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3067 and 3092. (One or more.) 
 io Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6. (One or more.) 
 ii Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917 p 195 ss 10-13. (One or more.) 
 
 12 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 .s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. (In counties of 100,000 or 
 more a chief and three assistants, who shall be women.) 
 
 13 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 733 amended 1917 C 63. (Counties over 15,000 one officer and an assist- 
 ant. Counties less than 15,000 only one paid officer.) 
 
 i* New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 ss 6-9) amended 1915 C 96 
 and 1917 C 74. (At least one.) 
 
 is New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11. (At least one.) 
 
 i< New York. 1910 C 611 s 11; 1913 C 270 s 11; 1918 C 464 s 11. (Monroe, Chautauqua, and Ontario Coun- 
 ties. One at least.) , 
 
 " Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711 s 9 amended 1915 p 988; 1915 p 5 s 3 amended 
 1917 p 19. (Philadelphia, Allegheny County, and rest of State, at least one appointed.) 
 
 is Tennessee. Private Acts 1911 C 182 s 8; Private Acts 1913 C 277 s 4 amended 1915 C 292. (Hamilton 
 County at least one. Knox County one man and one woman.) 
 
 » Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13. (One at least.) 
 
 M Washington. 1913 C 160 s 3. (One or more.) 
 
 2i Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a ss 573-2.4, 573-2.-4pt, and 573-3.1. (In counties over 150,000 four or 
 more. In other counties at discretion of county board. ) 
 
 22 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 593. (Counties of 100,000 or more, not ovrr three; between 25 000 and 
 100,000 not more than two; between 15,000 and 25,000 not more than one.) 
 
 23 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 amended 1917 C 84. (In counties of 5,000 school population, not over two. In 
 all other counties only one.) 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 63 
 
 Iowa, 1 New Jersey, 2 Massachusetts, 3 Mississippi, 4 Montana, 6 Oregon, 6 
 Tennessee, 7 Texas, 8 and West Virginia." The number to be ap- 
 pointed is left to the discretion of the governor in Maine; 10 to the 
 municipal authorities in Mississippi; 11 the board of revenue and the 
 road commissioners in Mobile County, Ala; 12 the common council 
 in Buffalo; 13 the court, the board of aldermen, and the board of esti- 
 mate and apportionment in New York City; 14 the board of estimate 
 and apportionment in Syracuse; 15 the State probation officer in 
 Rhode Island; 16 the State board of charities and probation in Ver- 
 mont; 17 and the county board in counties of less than 150,000 in Wis- 
 consin. 18 The court decides how many officers are necessary in Ala- 
 bama, 19 Arizona, 20 Arkansas, 21 Illinois, 22 Kentucky, 23 Louisiana, 2,1 Mich- 
 igan, 25 Minnesota, 26 Nebraska, 27 New York, 28 North Carolina, 29 North 
 Dakota, 30 Ohio, 31 South Dakota, 32 Tennessee, 33 Texas, 34 Virginia, 35 
 and West Virginia. 36 
 
 i Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. (Counties of 50,000 or more, not to exceed four.) 
 
 ! New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1879 s 180 amended 1911 C 225; 1913 C 89. (Counties of tho first 
 class may have five, counties of the second class three, and all other counties one.) 
 
 • Massachusetts. 1906 C 489 s 6 amended 1918 C 257 s 419; 1908 C 637. (One may be appointed by each 
 court having jurisdiction. The Boston juvenile court may appoint two.) 
 
 < Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 and 23. (One paid officer.) 
 
 •> Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. (A chief and two assistants.) 
 
 ' Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4411 and s 4412 amended 1913 C 249. (In counties of 100,000 or more, 
 two heads of departments, one assistant, and not over six deputies.) 
 
 i Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 
 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (In counties of 148,000, five.) 
 
 » Texas. Code Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1202 amended 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. (In 
 counties of 100,000 or over, six.) 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 C 63. (Counties over 30,000, four; less than 30,000, one.) 
 n Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203. 
 ii Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 and 23. 
 " Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No. 128 ss 10-14. 
 
 « New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 6.-.I s 524, 1914 C 124, and 1917 
 C 571. (Buffalo.) 
 i< New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-i added 1915 C 531. (New York City.) 
 is New York. 1910 C 676 ss 32-33 amended 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 1 12. (Syracuse.) 
 i« Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 18; s 24 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 " Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7298. 
 « Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 C 30a s 573-2.4m. 
 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 6; Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 12. (Except Mobile County.) 
 » Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3565. 
 'i Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 amended 1917 A 420. 
 " Illinois. Hurt's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 174. 
 » Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.3 and 20. 
 « Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 ss 1 and 2. 
 » Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 
 » Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. 
 " Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. 
 » New York. Code Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a. 
 " North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 ss 2 and 3. 
 M North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11408. 
 a Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1662 amondod 1913 p 864 and 1917 p 19. 
 »2 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. 
 « Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 
 
 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 « Texas. Code Criminal Procedure art 1202 amended 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. 
 8s Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 and 6. 
 " West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
64 SUMMARY OF JXJvjiiiiiJi-OOuKX i_jLtxii5.L,Ax.iu.iN . 
 
 Provision is made by law for the payment of a definite salary in 
 California, 1 Colorado, 2 Delaware, 8 the District of Columbia, 4 Flor- 
 ida, 5 Indiana, 6 Nebraska, 7 and the city of Baltimore. 8 A minimum 
 payment is prescribed in Tennessee 8 and in Mobile County, Ala.; 10 
 and a maximum limit is set in Jefferson County, Ala., 11 Arizona, 12 
 Arkansas, 13 Colorado, 14 Connecticut, 15 Iowa, 16 Kansas, 17 Kentucky, 18 
 Missouri, 19 Montana, 20 Nevada, 21 Ohio, 22 Oregon, 23 Pennsylvania, 24 
 Tennessee, 25 Texas, 26 Utah, 27 and West Virginia. 28 The amount of 
 compensation is decided by the county commissioners in Florida, 29 
 Illinois, 30 Maine, 31 North Carolina, 32 South Dakota, 33 and Washing- 
 
 ' California. 1915 C 631 ss 18-20 and 19e-19v amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. (From 1600 to $2,400 according 
 to size of county.) 
 
 2 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 593. (In counties of 100,000 the chief probation officer is paid $1,500 
 and the assistants $1,200.) 
 
 a Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3833 amended 1917 C 252. (In Wilmington the salary of the chief is 
 $1,200, of the three women assistants $750.) 
 
 * District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 4. (The man receives $1,500, the woman $900.) 
 
 6 Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended by 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. (In counties of 90,000 the 
 chief receives $1,800, the assistants $900 and $480.) 
 
 « Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. (Probation officers receive $3 per day except 
 that where a special court is established they are paid on the order of the judge.) 
 
 » Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. (In counties of 50,000 and ovej 
 the chief is paid $1,200, the assistants $3 per day; in counties over 100,000 the chief receives $1,800 and the 
 assistants $1,200.) 
 
 b Maryland. Code of Public Local Laws art 4 s 8S6A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, 1906 C 263 and 1912 
 C 618. ($1,200 in Baltimore.) 
 
 9 Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 
 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (A minimum of $10 per year.) 
 
 '"Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 128 ss 10-14. (Chief to receive not less than $90 per month.) 
 
 11 Alabama. Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 12. (Not more than $1,800 to chief, $1,200 to deputies.) 
 
 12 Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3565. (Chief not more than $125 a month.) 
 "Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 amended 1917 A 420. (Chiefnot over $1,200, assistant $900.) 
 
 14 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 593. (In counties of less than 500,000 not over $1,200 a year.) 
 
 » Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 2237. (Not over $4 a day in cities of 50,000 or over; not more than 
 $3 in other places.) 
 
 m Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. (In counties of 50,000 or over not more than $75 a 
 month; in counties of 100,000 or over the chief is paid not over $1,500 and the assistants $1,200. ) 
 
 " Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3067 and 3092. (In cities of 15,000 and counties of 25,000 the compensa- 
 tion is $3 per day ; in other places $2 a day . ) 
 
 18 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.3and20. (In counties containing a city of the first or second 
 class the chief may recive $2,400, the assistants $1,200 and $1,000.) 
 
 i» Missouri. 1911 p 177 ss 9-11 ; 1917 p 195 ss 10-13. (From $300 to $2,500 according to size of county.) 
 
 "» Montana. .1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. (Chief $1,800, assistant $1,200.) 
 
 21 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 733 amended 1917 C 63. (From $75 to $150 a month according to size of 
 county.) 
 
 a OMo. General Code 1910 s 1662 amended 1913 p 864 and 1917 p 19. (Chief $3,000, assistant $1,500.) 
 
 » Oregon . Lord's Oregon Laws 1910s 4-111; s 4412 amended 1913 C 249. ( In counties over 100,000: the two 
 heads of departments receive $150; the assistant the same and the deputies $100 a month.) 
 
 m Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711s 9 amended 1915p 988; 1915 p 5s 3 amended. 
 1917 p 19. (In Philadelphia the chief is paid not more than $5,000, and the assistants $2,500; in Allegheny 
 County the chief may be paid $3,000 and the assistants $1,500; and in the rest of the State $1,200.) 
 
 » Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177 1917C41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Not over $1,200.) 
 
 » Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1202 amended 1913 C 112; 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. 
 (In counties of 100,000 or more not over $100 a month.) 
 
 » Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13. (Assistants not over $4 a day.) 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 C 63. (In counties of more than 15,000, $600; in smaller 
 counties $300.) 
 
 " Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 ao Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 174. 
 
 i Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203. 
 
 m North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 ss 2 and 3. 
 
 88 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 24. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 65 
 
 ton; 1 by the county board of supervisors in Michigan, 2 Mississippi, 3 
 and part of New York; 4 by the county board in Wisconsin; 5 by the 
 common council in Buffalo; 6 the board of estimate and apportion- 
 ment in Syracuse; 7 the State board of charities and corrections in 
 Rhode Island ; 8 the city government of the county seat in counties 
 of 148,000 in Tennessee; 9 the State board of charities and probation 
 in Vermont; 10 and by the court in Alabama, 11 Idaho, 12 Indiana, 13 
 Maryland, 14 Massachusetts, 15 Minnesota, 16 and New Hampshire. 17 
 Probation officers receive no compensation except expenses in North 
 Dakota, 18 South Carolina, 19 Virginia, 20 and certain counties in Oregon, 21 
 and South Dakota. 22 The Georgia 23 law provides that payment may 
 be made from county funds but does not mention the amount. The law 
 makes no provision for payment in Louisiana, New Jersey, and New 
 Mexico. The law provides for the appointment of volunteer proba- 
 tion officers in Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, 
 Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Ohio, Rhode Island, Tennessee, 
 Utah, West Virginia, and Monroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y. 
 
 3. Term of office. 
 
 The probation officers hold office for two years in California, 24 for 
 four years in Florida, 25 and during the pleasure of the court in Ala- 
 bama, 28 Nebraska, 27 Pennsylvania, 28 Tennessee, 29 and Washington. 30 
 
 > Washington. 1913 C 160 8 3. 
 
 a Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 8 2015. 
 
 1 Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 and 23. 
 
 « New York. Code of Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a. (New York State.) 1910 C 611 s 11. 
 (Monroe County.) 1913 C 270 s 11. (Ontario County.) 
 
 « Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 573-2.5. 
 
 'New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1932 C 549, 1938 C 53, 1911 C Gol s 524, 1914 C 124, and 1917 
 C571. (Buffalo.) 
 
 ' New York. 1910 C 676 ss 32-33 amended 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112. (Syracuse.) 
 
 8 Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 and 24 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
 ' Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 
 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 >o Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7298. 
 » Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 6. 
 » Idaho. 1911 C 158 s 163 amended 1917 C 84. 
 « Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. 
 '« Maryland. 1916 C 326 s 6. 
 
 » Massachusetts. 1908 C 637; 1906 C 413 s 7 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243; 1908 C 465 s 3. 
 '• Minnesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1937 C 125 ss 6-9) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 "North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11408. 
 i» South Carolina. 1912 No 429 ss 4 and 5; 1917 No 73 s 4. 
 » Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 and 6. 
 
 11 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4411; s 4412 amondod 1913 C 249. (Counties lor, than 100,030.) 
 « South Dakota. 1915 C 119 3 24. 
 
 » Georgia. 1915 No 210 ss 22, 23, 24, and 26 amended 1916 No 575. 
 21 California. 1915 C 631 s 18 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 » Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. 
 s ° Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 606 s 6. 
 
 » Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. 
 « Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89; 1913 p 711 s 9 amended 1915 p 988; 1915 p 5 s 3 
 
 T^ir/IVubUc Acts 1911 C58 ss6and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 
 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 » Washington. 1913 C 100 s 3. 
 153862°— 20 5 
 
66 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 4- Powers and duties- 
 It is the duty of the probation officer as specified in the laws of 
 thirty-three States 1 (1) to investigate the case, (2) to be present at 
 the hearing and represent the interests of tho child, (3) to give such 
 information and assistance as the court may require, and (4) to take, 
 charge of the child before and after trial. In addition, in moat 
 of these laws, 2 he is given the powers of police officer or sheriff, to 
 execute processes and make arrests. The definition of duties is 
 not quite so broad in Alabama, 3 Connecticut, 4 Indiana, 5 Maine, 6 New 
 Hampshire, 7 New York, 8 North Carolina, 9 Rhode Island, 10 South 
 Carolina, 11 and Vermont. 12 In the District of Columbia 13 and New 
 Mexico " duties are prescribed by the court. In Michigan, New 
 Jersey, and Oklahoma there is no mention of any powers or duties. 
 
 1 The tallowing States have most of these provisions: Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3565. 
 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 6 amended 1917 A 420; California. 1915 C 631 s 20 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 593. Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3833 amended 1917 C 252. Florida. 
 1911 C 6216 s 5 amended by 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. Georgia. 1915 No 210 ss 22, 23, 24, 
 and 26 amended 1S16 No 575. Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 163 amended 1917 C 84. Illinois. Hurd's Revised Stat- 
 utes 1917 C 23 s 174. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al8; 1917 C 405 s 2. Kansas. General Statutes 1915 
 ss 3067 and 3092. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.3 and .20. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 
 118 si. Maryland. 1916 326 s 6. Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 7 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. Min- 
 nesota. General Statutes 1913 ss 9385-9391; 1917 C 397 s 9. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 ss 19 and 23. Missouri. 
 1911 p 177 ss 9-11; 1917 p 195 s 11. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 14 amended 1915 C 52. Nebraska. Revised 
 Statutes 1913 s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 ss 733 and 734 amended 
 1917 C 63. North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11468. Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1663. Oregon. Lord's 
 Oregon Laws 1910 s 4411; s 4412 amended 1913 C 249. Pennsylvania. 1903 p 274 s 3 amended 1909 p 89; 
 1915 p 5 amended 1917 p 19; 1913 p 711 amended 1915 pp 988 and 1017 and 1917 p 1015. South Dakota. 1915 
 C 119 s 24. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 ss 6 and 18 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 
 177, 1917 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Texas. Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1202 amended 1913 
 C 112; 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. Utah. 1913 C 54 ss 12 and 13. Virginia. 1914 C 350 ss 5 and 6. Wash- 
 ington. 1913 C 160 s 3. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 6 amended 1917 C 63. Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 ss 
 573-3.1 to 573-3.6. 
 
 2 Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia 
 Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Also Monroe and Ontario Counties, N. Y. (1910 C 611 s 11; 
 1913 C 270 s 11). 
 
 * Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 6; Local Laws 1915 No 128 ss 10-14 and No 361 s 12. (Petition 
 supervision, and powers of poace officers.) 
 
 1 Connecticut. General Statutes 1918 s 6669. (Investigate, preserve records, and take charge of all persons 
 placed on probation.) 
 
 5 Indiana. Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1631-1637. (Investigate, report to court, represent child 
 at hearing, and v^it child placed on probation.) 
 
 « Maine. Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203. (Investigate the school attendance of 
 children between 5 and 16.) 
 
 » New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 ss 6-9) amended 1915 C 96 
 and 1917 C 74. (Investigate every criminal case.) 
 
 s New York. Code of Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a. (Investigate, report to judge, supervise 
 persons placed on probation.) 
 
 • North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 ss 2 and 3. (Charge of all delinquent and dependent children 
 brought before the court.) 
 
 i° Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 ss 18 and 24 amended 1917 C 1546. (Investigate caso and represent child ) 
 " South Carolina. 1912 No 429 ss 4 and 5; 1917 No 73 s 4. (Investigate, take charge of child and report 
 on conduct.) ' 
 
 i' Vermont. General Laws 1917 ss 7299-7304. (Care and custody of all persons placed on probation.) 
 « District of Columbia. 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73 s 4. 
 ii New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 11. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 67 
 
 C. ADVISOBY, STJPEBVISOBY, OB ADMINISTEATIVE BOARD. 
 
 The statutes of Alabama, 1 Arkansas, 2 California, 3 Delaware, 1 
 Florida, 5 Georgia, 6 Illinois, 7 Kentucky, 8 Massachusetts, 9 Minne- 
 sota, 10 Missouri, 11 Montana, 12 Nebraska, 13 North Dakota, 14 Oregon, 15 
 Pennsylvania, 16 Tennessee, 17 Texas, 18 Utah, 1 " Washington, 20 West 
 Virginia, 21 and Wisconsin 22 provide for the establishment of a board 
 or committee to assist in the administration of the juvenile-court 
 law. It is in most instances composed of citizens appointed by the 
 judge to serve without compensation, whose duty it is to inspect 
 institutions and associations to which the court commits children, 
 to visit children placed in family homes, to render any advice and 
 assistance which the court may require, and to make an annual report 
 to the public concerning the work of the court. 
 
 D. BECOBDS AND BEPOBTS. 
 
 A separate juvenile record is required in all States 23 except Georgia, 
 Maine, South Carolina, Texas, and Wyoming. The laws estab- 
 
 ' Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 13; Local Laws 1915 No 361 s 20b; Local Laws 1915 No. 128 s 10. 
 (In Mobile County the juvenile-court commission is appointed by the board of revenue and the road 
 commissioners . ) 
 
 2 Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 1'4 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 ' California. 1915 C 631 s 17 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. (Also controls management of detention 
 home.) 
 
 ' Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3838. (Applies to Wilmington.) 
 
 « Florida. 1915 C 6841. 
 
 « Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 38 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 ' Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 ss 186-187. 
 
 8 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.l7. 
 
 • Massachusetts. 1908 C 465. (Appointed by the chief justice of the superior court.) 
 
 10 Minnesota. 1917 C 194 ss 4-7. (A county board of child welfare appointed by the State board of control 
 at the request of the county board. Where no sueh board is appointed the judge of the juvenile court may 
 appoint a local agent. Board or agent may perform duties of probation and school attendance officers.) 
 
 « Missouri. Revised Statutes 1909 ss 1329-1332. 
 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 13. 
 
 "Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1261. (Supervise detention home also.) 
 
 » North Dakota. Complied Laws 1913 s 11420. (Investigate cases also.) 
 
 18 Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4421. 
 
 18 Pennsylvania. 1903 p 8 s 1 amended 1913 p 452. 
 
 " Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 13 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41 
 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (Board of visitation appointed by the court in each county. A board of visi- 
 tors and supervisors of the juvenile court may be appointed in counties having a population of 190,000 by 
 the governing authority of the county seat.) 
 
 18 Texas. 1917 C 16 amended 1917 C 58. (In counties having a population of 100,000 or ovor and con- 
 taining a city of 70,000 the judges of the civil and criminal district courts together with the county judge 
 are constituted a juvenile board of the county. This board exercises functions similar to those described 
 above.) 
 
 " Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. (A juvenile-court commission consisting of the governor, the Attorney General, 
 and the State superintendent of public instruction. Although a State commission, has powers and func- 
 tions similar to those exercised by most of the above-mentioned boards and commissions.) 
 
 » Washington. 1913 C 160 s 18. 
 
 « West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 23 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 *> Wisconsin. Statutes 1915 s 5731 amended 1917 C 589; and s 573-10. (Two organizations are appointed 
 by the judge: (1) a county board of child welfare for advice and consultation on the administration of 
 the law granting pensions to mothers; (2) a board of visitation similar to the boards. in other States.) 
 
 "Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 4. Arizona. Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) s 3562. Ar- 
 kansas. 1911 A 215 s 3 amended 1917 A 420. California.. 1915 C 631 s 16 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 Colorado Revised Statutes 1908 s 587. Connecticut. General Statutos 1918 s 1858. Delaware. Revised 
 Code 1915 s 3831. (Wilmington.) Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 2 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915C 6919and 1917C 7332. 
 Idaho. 1911 C 169 s 153 amended 1917 C 84. Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 171. Indiana. 
 
68 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 lishing special juvenile courts in the District of Columbia; Mobile and 
 Jefferson Counties, Ala. ; the city of Buffalo, and Monroe, Ontario, and 
 Chautauqua Counties, N. Y., do not mention the keeping; of records. 
 The juvenile court is required to report periodically to some other 
 authority in Arkansas, 1 California, 2 Colorado, 3 Delaware, 4 Idaho, 5 
 Iowa, s Kansas, 7 Kentucky, 8 Louisiana, 9 Michigan, 10 Montana, 11 Ne- 
 braska, 13 New Hampshire, 13 Oklahoma, 14 Utah, 15 Virginia, 16 West 
 Virginia, 17 New York City, 18 and Buffalo, N. Y. 19 These reports are 
 annual except in Nebraska, N»w Hampshire, and Utah, where they 
 are to be made monthly. They usually contain the number and 
 the disposition of children dealt with and "other useful information" 
 which may be required. Reports are made to the governor of the 
 State in Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, and Kentucky; to the State board 
 of charities in California, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, 
 New Hampshire, and Virginia ; to the commissioner of charities and 
 corrections in Oklahoma; to the State board of control in Iowa; to 
 the county board in California and Colorado; to the county com- 
 missioners in West Virginia; to the court of general sessions in Dela- 
 ware; to the juvenile-court commission in Utah; to the common 
 council in Buffalo, N. Y. ; and to the secretary of state, the mayor, 
 the comptroller, and the board of aldermen in New York City. 
 
 Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1630. Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-al3. Kansas. General Statutes 
 1915 s 3068. Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.2. Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 2. Mary- 
 land. 1916C326s3. Massachusetts. Kevised Laws 1902 C 86 s 16; 1906 C 413 s 6 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 
 C 243. Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2013.. Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 3. Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 22. 
 Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 2; 1917 p 195 s 2. Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3. Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1246. 
 Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 730. New Hampshire. 1917 C 31s 2. New Jersey. Compiled Statutes 1910 p 1887 
 s 207 amended 1916 s 212; 1912 C 353 s 8. New Mexico. 1917 C 4 s 3. New York. Consolidated Laws 1909 
 C 40 (Penal) s 487; 1910 C 659 s 34-1 added 1915 C 531. North Carolina. Public Laws 1915 C 222 s4. 
 North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11405. Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1641. Oklahoma. Revised Laws 
 1910 s 4414. Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4408 amended 1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147. Pennsylvania. 
 1893 p 459 s 2, 1903 p 274 s 1. Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 13 amended- 1917 C 1546. South Dakota. 1915 
 C 119 s 3. Tennessee. Public Acts 1911 C 58 s 3 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 1915 C 177. 
 1917 C 41 and Private Acts 1917 C 294. Utah. 1913 C 54 s 1. Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7324. Vir- 
 ginia. 1914 C 57 s 8. Washington. 1913 C 160 s 2. West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 3 amended 1917 C 63. Wis- 
 consin. Statutes 1915 ss 573-2.2 and 573-2.3. 
 
 i Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 16 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 2 California. 1915 C 631 s 20 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 a Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 s 587. 
 
 < Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3831. 
 
 6 Idaho. 1911 C 159 s 153 amended 1917 C 84. 
 
 « Iowa. Supplement 1913 s 254-a26. 
 
 ' Kansas. General Statutes 1915 ss 3090 and 3095. 
 
 8 Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331e.2. 
 
 Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 i° Michigan. Compiled Laws 1915 s 2015. 
 
 " Montana. 1911 C 122 s 3. 
 
 12 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 ss 5831-5837. 
 
 i' New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125 s 10) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 » Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4415. 
 
 is Utah. 1913 C 54 s 15. 
 
 « Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 6. 
 
 » West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 25 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
 is New York. 1910 C 659 s 34-j added 1915 C 531. (New York City.) 
 
 i» New York. 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 651 s 522, 1914 C 124 and 1917 C 571 
 
VIII. CONSTRUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE LAW. 
 
 Thirty-five States have provided for liberal construction of the 
 juvenile-court law. In Alabama ' "all proceedings shall be upon 
 the theory that the child is a ward of the State and subject to the 
 discipline and entitled to the protection which the court should 
 give under the conditions disclosed." A similar statement is con-' 
 tained in the Georgia 2 statute and in the laws applying to Monroe, ' 
 Ontario, and Chautauqua Counties, N. Y. 3 In Mississippi 4 the act 
 shall be liberally construed, and wide discretion given all officers 
 in carrying out its objects, with proper regard to the welfare of the 
 child and to the public interest. In Illinois 5 the act ' ' shall be 
 liberally construed to the end that the care, custody, and disci- 
 pline of the child may approximate that which should be given by 
 its parents." The provision is substantially the same in Arkansas, 6 
 California, 7 Colorado, 8 Delaware, 9 Florida, 10 Indiana, 11 Iowa, 12 Kansas, 13 , 
 Kentucky, 14 Louisiana, 15 Massachusetts, 16 Minnesota, 17 Missouri, 18 , 
 Montana, 19 Nebraska, 20 Nevada, 21 New Hampshire, 22 New Jersey, 23 
 North Dakota, 24 Ohio, 25 Oklahoma, 26 Oregon, 27 Rhode Island, 28 South 
 
 1 Alabama. General Laws 1915 No 506 s 4. 
 
 2 Georgia. 1915 No 210 s 10 amended 1916 No 575. 
 
 ' New York. 1910C611ssland_7; 1913C270s7; 1918C464S2. (Shall bo construed as remedial in character.) 
 
 < Mississippi. 1916 C 111 s 20. 
 
 » Illinois. Hurd's Revised Statutes 1917 C 23 s 189. 
 
 « Arkansas. 1911 A 215 s 17. 
 
 i. California. 1915 C 631 s 24 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 » Colorado. Revised Statutes 1908 ss 560 and 697; s 5.58 amended 1913 p 694. (For the protection of the 
 child, the home, and the State, in the interest of public morals, and for the prevention of poverty and 
 crime.) 
 
 • Delaware. Revised Code 1915 s 3S41. (Wilmington.) 
 
 " Florida. 1911 C 6216 s 15 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. 
 
 " Indiana. Bums' Annotated Statutes 1914 ss 1640 and 1646. 
 
 » Iowa. Supplement 1913 ss 254-a28 and 254-a47. 
 
 " Kansas. General Statutes 1915 s 3079. 
 
 " Kentucky. Carroll's Statutes 1915 s 331C.18. (Child to bo cared Tor as it r.-ouId be by chancery court.) 
 
 * Louisiana. Constitution 1913 art 118 s 4. 
 
 '• Massachusetts. 1906 C 413 s 2 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 
 » Minnesota. 1917 C 397 s 32. 
 
 >» Missouri. 1911 p 177 s 22; 1917 p 195 s 18. 
 
 » Montana. 1911 C 122 s 24. 
 
 20 Nebraska. Revised Statutes 1913 s 1260. 
 
 »• Nevada. Revised Laws 1912 s 750. 
 
 22 New Hampshire. Public Statutes Supplement 1913 C 85 (La-.vs 1907 C 125 s 19) amended 1915 C 96 and 
 1917 C 74. 
 
 23 New Jersey. 1912 C 353 s 22. (Essex and Hudson Counties.) 
 " North Dakota. Compiled Laws 1913 s 11422. 
 
 » Ohio. General Code 1910 s 1683. (To best subserve the moral and physical welfare of the child.) 
 
 « Oklahoma. Revised Laws 1910 s 4426. 
 
 2' Oregon. Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4424. 
 
 » Rhode Island. 1915 C 1185 s 22 amended 1917 C 1546. 
 
70 
 
 SUMMARY OF JUYENILE-COUET LEGISLATION. 
 
 Dakota, 1 Tennessee, 2 Utah, 3 Vermont, 4 Virginia, 5 Washington, 6 and 
 West Virginia. 7 
 
 1 South Dakota. 1915 C 119 s 35. 
 
 2 Tennessee. Publie Acts 1911 C 58 s 17 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, K15 C 177, 1917 C 41 and 
 Private Acts 1917 C 294. 
 
 3 Utah. 1913 C 54 s 19. 
 
 ' Vermont. General Laws 1917 s 7337. (That the restraint of a delinquent sha 11 tend rather towardhis 
 reformation than to his punish merit as a criminal.) 
 ' Virginia. 1914 C 350 s 14. 
 6 Washington. 1913 C 160 s 14. 
 r West Virginia. 1915 C 70 s 26 amended 1917 C 63. 
 
LIST OF REFERENCES, BY STATES, TO STATUTORY SOURCES. 
 Alabama : 
 
 General Laws 1915 No 506 (p 577) and No 498 (p 560). (State.) 
 
 Local Laws 1915 No 128 (p 115), No 361 (p 268), and No 110 
 (p 30). (Mobile and Jefferson Counties.) 
 Arizona : 
 
 Revised Statutes 1913 (Civil Code) ss 3562-3578. 
 
 Revised Statutes 1913 (Penal Code) ss 255-271, 1468. 
 
 1917 C 18. 
 
 1917 C 89. (Control of State institutions.) 
 Arkansas : 
 
 1911 A 215 amended 1917 A 420. 
 
 1917 A 326. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 California : 
 
 1915 C 631 amended 1917 C 627 and C 634. 
 
 1915 C 776. (Mental defectives.) 
 
 1917 C 168. (Desertion and nonsupport.) 
 Colorado : 
 
 Revised Statutes 1908. 
 
 ss 552-608 (s 558 amended 1913 p 694; s 588 amended 1909 
 
 C 156). 
 ss 1549-1559. (Minors.) 
 ss 1589-1607. (Counties of 100,000.) 
 
 1909 C 157. (Contributing to delinquency and dependency.) 
 
 1909 C 158. 
 
 1911 C 95. (Child labor.) 
 
 1911 C 186. (Probation officers.) 
 
 1913 C 50. (State home.) 
 
 1913 C51. 
 
 Connecticut : 
 
 General Statutes 1918. 
 
 ss 1766-1799. (County homes.) 
 
 ss 1800-1830. (Industrial schools.) 
 
 ss 1853-1859. (Juvenile offenders.) 
 
 ss 1860-1863. 
 
 s 1870. (Appeal.) 
 
 ss 1888 and 1893. (State board of charities.) 
 
 s 2237. (Payment to probation officers.) 
 
 ss 6668-6675. (Probation officers.) 
 
72 SUMMARY OF JUVEXILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Delaware : 
 
 Revised Code 1915. 
 
 ss 2192-2213. (Industrial schools.) 
 ss 3816-3826. (Juvenile delinquents and probation.) 
 ss 3827-3843 (ss 3830 and 3833 amended 1917 C 252; 
 ss 3837A and 3840A added 1917 C 253). 
 District of Columbia: 
 ' U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1891 C 58 p 474. 
 U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1901 C 250 p 48. 
 U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1901 C 807 p 1446. 
 U. S. Revised Statutes Supplement 1901 C 847 p 1544. 
 32 U. S. Statutes at Large p 972. 
 
 34 U. S. Statutes at Large p 73. 
 
 35 U. S. Statutes at Large p 420. 
 37 U. S. Statutes at Large p 134. 
 39 U. S. Statutes at Large p 56. 
 
 Florida : 
 
 191 1 C 6216 amended 1913 C 6494, 1915 C 6919 and 1917 C 7332. 
 1911 C6221. 
 1915 C 6840. 
 1915 C 6841. 
 1915 C 6906. 
 Georgia : 
 
 1915 No 210 amended 1916 No 575 (p 58). 
 Idaho : 
 
 Revised Code 1908 s 823. 
 
 1909 p 38 No 267 amended 1911 C 185 and C 193. 
 1911 C 159 amended 1917 C 84. 
 Illinois : 
 
 Kurd's Revised Statutes 1917. 
 
 C 23 ss 169-190d, 271-278, 341. 
 C 38 ss 42 hi-42 hn. 
 C 122 ss 324, 328, and 329. 
 Indiana : 
 
 Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914. 
 ss 1630-1649. 
 
 s 6678 amended 1915 C 77. 
 Supplement 1918 ss 1640a, 1641, 1648, and 667C. 
 Iowa: 
 
 Supplement to the Code 1913 ss 254-al3 to 254-a47. 
 Supplemental Supplement 1915 ss 254-al5, 254-al6 and 254-a 
 
 to 254-1. 
 1917 C 405. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 73 
 
 Kansas : 
 
 General Statutes 1915. 
 
 ss 3065-3103 (s 3065 amended 1917 C 154). 
 ss 9416-9417. (School attendance.) 
 s 9689. (State orphans'. home.) 
 ss 10077-10118. (Industrial schools.) 
 Kentucky : 
 
 Carroll's Statutes 1915. 
 
 ss 331d.l-331d.ll. (Contributing to delinquency and 
 
 dependency.) 
 ss 331e.l-331e.23. 
 
 ss 331g.l-331g.6. (Parent contributing to delinquency.) 
 Louisiana : 
 
 Constitution 1913 art 118 (s 5 repealed 1916 No 13). 
 1916 No 139. 
 1918 No 143. 
 1918 No 169. 
 Maine : 
 
 Revised Statutes 1916. 
 
 C 64 ss 49-62 (s 53 amended 1917 C 297). 
 C 120 ss 33-37. (Contributing to delinquency.) 
 C 137 s 10 amended 1917 C 203; ss 15 and 16. 
 C 144. (State juvenile institutions.) 
 Maryland : 
 
 Code of Public Local Laws. 
 
 Art 1 ss 184A-184C amended 1912 C 471 and 1914 C 701; 
 
 ss 184D-184F added 1914 C 701. 
 Art 4 s 623A amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 521, and 1910 
 
 C41. 
 Art 4 ss 886A and 886B amended 1902 C 611, 1904 C 514, 
 and 1912 C 618. (s 886A also amended 1906 C 263.) 
 ss 886C-886F added 1912 C 618. 
 s 886F also amended 1918 C 208. 
 1916 C 326 p 675. 
 1916 C 670. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 
 Massachusetts : 
 
 Revised Laws 1902 C 86 (s 20 amended 1902 C 314, s 31 amended 
 1904 C 459, and s 36 amended 1904 C 363); C 84 s 2 amended 
 1908 C 598; C 217 s 83; C 46 s 6 amended 1913 C 779. 
 1903 C 334 amended 1909 C 181. 
 
 1905 C 464 s 1. 
 
 1906 C 413 amended 1912 C 187 and 1916 C 243. 
 1906 C 489 amended 1918 C 257 s 419. (Boston.) 
 
74 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION* 
 
 Massachusetts — Continued. 
 1907 C 335. 
 
 1907 C 411 amended 1918 C 257 s 418. 
 
 1908 C 465. 
 1908 C 637. 
 1908 C 639. 
 1911 C 175. 
 1913 C457. 
 
 Michigan : 
 
 Compiled Laws 1915 ss 2011-2028. 
 Minnesota : 
 
 General Statutes 1913. 
 ss 202-204. 
 ss 9385-9391. 
 
 ss 9394-9397. (Industrial schools.) 
 1917 C 194 ss 1-7. (State board of control and county board of 
 
 welfare.) 
 1917 C 212 ss 18 and 19. 
 1917 C 223. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 1917 C 265. (Confinement' of minors.) 
 1917 C 397. 
 Mississippi : 
 
 1916 C 111. 
 Missouri : 
 
 Revised Statutes 1909. 
 
 ss 466, 469, 470 and 472. 
 
 ss 467, 468, 471 and 473 amended 1917 p 109. 
 
 ss 1329-1332. (Board of county visitors.) 
 
 s 4491. (Contributing to delinquency.) 
 1911 p 120 amended 1913 p 146. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 1911 p 177. 
 1911 p 349. (Board of children's guardians.) 
 
 1917 p 195. 
 Montana : 
 
 Revised Code 1907 ss 271-281 and 7829-7843. 
 1911 C 122 ss 1-24 (s 14 amended 1915 C 52.) 
 1913 C 76 s 1107. 
 1917 C 83. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 Nebraska : 
 
 Revised Statutes 1913. 
 
 ss 1244-1264 (s 1249 amended 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24). 
 
 ss 5831-5837. 
 
SUMMARY Or JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 75 
 
 Nevada : 
 
 Revised Laws 1912. 
 
 ss 728-764 (s 733 amended 1917 C 63; s 734 amended 1917 
 
 C63). 
 ss 4087-4108. (State orphans' home.) 
 ss 4098 and 4099 amended 1913 C 243. 
 1913 C 254. (State school of industry.) 
 New Hampshire: 
 
 Public Statutes Supplement 1913. 
 
 C 85 (Laws 1907 C 125) amended 1915 C 96 and 1917 C 74. 
 . C 284. 
 
 1917 C 31. 
 New Jersey: 
 
 Compiled Statutes 1910. 
 
 p 453. 
 
 p 1874 ss 163-166. 
 
 p 1879 ss 180-185 (s 180 amended 1911 C 225 and 1913 C 89). 
 
 p 1887 ss 206-225 (s 207 amended 1916 C 212.) 
 1912 C 327 amended 1918 C 84. 
 1912 C 353 amended 1918 C 81. (Counties of the first class.) 
 
 1912 C 360 ss 1-5 amended 1918 C 83. 
 
 1913 C 221 s 4 amended 1915 C 224. 
 
 1913 C 281 amended 1915 C 118. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 
 1913 C 340. (School for dependent and delinquent children.) 
 
 1915 C 246 amended 1918 C 85. 
 
 1918 C 82. 
 1918 C 86. 
 
 1918 C 147. (Correctional and reformatory institutions.) 
 
 New Mexico: 
 
 Statutes 1915 ss 5107-5110. (Eeform school.) 
 
 1917 C 4. (Delinquent children.) 
 
 1917 C 85. (Dependent and neglected children.) 
 
 New York: 
 
 Consolidated Laws 1909. 
 C 40 (Penal). 
 
 art 44 ss 480-493, amended as follows: 
 s 483(3) repealed 1910 C 699. 
 s 484 amended 1910 C 383 and C 475, 1911 C 243, 
 
 and 1917 C 564. 
 s 485 amended 1916 C 278. 
 s 486 amended 1912 C 169, 1915 C 480 and 1917 
 
 C430. 
 s 494 added 1910 C 699. 
 art 196 s 2184 amended 1913 C 607; ss 2186 and 2194. 
 C 11 (County law) s 99. 
 
 C 55 (State charities law) s 184, s 213 amended 1910 C 449, 
 and s 366. 
 
76 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-OOURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 New York — Continued. 
 
 Code of Criminal Procedure Part I Title I s 11a; Part IV Title 
 
 XII s 554(4). 
 1891 C 105 amended 1901 C 627, 1902 C 549, 1908 C 50, 1911 C 
 
 651, 1914 C 124 and 1917 C 571. (Buffalo.) 
 1910 C 611. (Monroe County.) 
 1910 C 659 amended 1911 C 721, 1913 C 691 and 1915 C 531. 
 
 (New York City.) 
 1910 C 676 amended 1916 C 487 and 1917 C 112. (Syracuse.) 
 1913 C 270. (Ontario County.) 
 1915 C 489. (Saratoga County.) 
 1918 C 108. (Olean.) 
 1918 C 464. (Chautauqua County.) 
 North Carolina: 
 
 Public Laws 1915 C 222. 
 
 Public Laws 1917 C 170. (State board of charities.) 
 Public Laws 1917 C 255. (State industrial schools.) 
 North Dakota: 
 
 Compiled Laws 1913 ss 11402-11428; s 10959. 
 1915 C 179. (Juvenile commissioner.) 
 Ohio: 
 
 General Code 1910. 
 
 s 1532-1 added 1916 p 424. (Montgomery County.) 
 s 1532-2 added 1917 p 703. (Summit County.) 
 s 1532-4 added 1917 p 721. (Mahoning County.) 
 ss 1639-1683, amended as follows: 
 
 ss 1639, 1642-1647, 1648, 1651-1656, 1658-1662, 1668, 
 1670, 1672, 1675-1678 and 1680 amended 1913 p 864. 
 s 1639 also amended 1914 p 176. (Hamilton County.) 
 s 1645 also amended 1915 p 458. 
 ss 1648-1 and 1652-1 added 1913 p 864. 
 s 1662 also amended 1917 p 19. 
 
 s 1676 repealed and reenacted as s 1352-2 1913 p 864. 
 s 1683-1 added 1911 p 425. 
 s 1683-1 supplemented 1913 p 864. 
 ss 1683-2 to 1683-3 added 1913 p 864 and amended 
 
 1915 p 436. 
 ss 1683-4 to 1683-9 added 1913 p 864. 
 s 1683-10 added 1914 p 199. 
 
 ss 1683-13 to 1683-19 added 1917 p 732. (Lucas 
 County.) 
 s 1841-1 added 1913 p 175. 
 ss 2497-2499. 
 
 ss 2971-2976 amended 1913 p 864. 
 s 3169. 
 s 4102. 
 s 6272. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUMS^ILK-COUBT LEGISLATION. 77 
 
 Oklahoma : 
 
 • Revised Laws 1910 ss 4412-4426 (s 4420 repealed 1915 p 199 s 1). 
 1915 C 183. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 1915 p 230. (State homo.) 
 1917 p 292. (State home.) 
 
 Constitution art 6 s 28. (State board of charities.) 
 Oregon : 
 
 Lord's Oregon Laws 1910. 
 
 ss 2150-2154. (Contributing to delinquency or depend- 
 ency.) 
 ss 4406-4426 (s 4407 amended 1915 C 147; s 4408 amended 
 1913 C 249 and 1915 C 147; ss 4412 and 4416 amended 
 1913 C 249). 
 1917 C 48. (Illegitimate children.) 
 1917 C 267. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 Pennsylvania : 
 1893 p 459. 
 
 1903 p 8 amended 1913 p 452. 
 1903 p 11. 
 
 1903 p 137 amended 1913 p 870. 
 1903 p 274 amendod .1909 p 89, 1909 p 119, 1911 p 543, 1911 p. 
 
 959, 1913 p 1039, and 1915 p 304. 
 1909 p 434. 
 
 1911 p 198 amended 1915 p 5 and 1917 p 19. (Allegheny 
 County.) 
 
 1913 p 177. 
 
 1913 p 711 amended 1915 p 988, 1915 p 1017 and 1917 p 1015. 
 
 (Philadelphia.) 
 1915 p 244. 
 1915 p 652. 
 Rhode Island: 
 
 General Laws 1909. 
 
 C 139 ss 1-11 (s 3 amended 1912 C 827; ss 10 and 11 added 
 
 1910 C 550). 
 C 140 ss 1-7 (s 7 added 1910 C 551). 
 C 354 s 46 amended 1915 C 1201. 
 1915 C 1185 amended 1917 C 1/546. 
 South Carolina: 
 
 1912 No 429. (State.) 
 
 191 7 No 73. (Counties of more than 20,000 and not over 50,000.) 
 
 South Dakota: 
 
 1907 C 223. fStato training school.) 
 
 1909 O 275 amended 1913 C 175. (Contributing to delinquency 
 
 or dependency.) 
 1915C119. 
 1917 C 300. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 
78 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Tennessee : 
 
 Public Acts 1911 C 58 amended 1913 (First Extra Session) C 22, 
 1915 C 177, 1917 C 41, and Private Acts 1917 C 294. (State 
 except counties of 70,000 to 90,000.) 
 Private Acts. 
 
 1911 C 182. (Hamilton County.) 
 1913 C 277 amended 1915 C 292. (Knox County.) 
 Public Acts. 
 
 1915 C 32. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 1915 C 86. 
 
 1915 C 120. (Desertion and nonsupport.) 
 1917 C 120. 
 Texas : 
 
 Revised Civil Statutes 1911. 
 
 art 2184-2190. (Dependent and neglected children.) 
 art 2191-2201 superseded 1913 C 112. (Delinquent chil- 
 dren.) 
 Code of Criminal Procedure 1911 art 1195-1207 (art 1205 re- 
 pealed 1913 C 112; art 1195-1207 amended 1913 C 112; art 
 1197 also amended 1918 C 26). 
 Penal Code 1911 art 1055; art 1055a added 1918 C 52. 
 1913 C 144 p 289. (State training school for girls.) 
 
 1917 C 93 p 252 amended 1918 C 14; C 16- amended 1917 C 58. 
 Utah 
 
 Compiled Laws 1907 ss 720x23-720x48 amended as follows: 
 
 ss 720x24, 25, 29, 30 and 32 amended 1909 C 123. 
 
 s 720x37 amended 1911 C 55. 
 
 ss 720x42 and 720x43 amended 1909 C 110. 
 
 s 720x42 also amended 1911 C 54. 
 1913 C 54. 
 
 1913 C 90. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 1911 C 144 s 15. (Child labor.) 
 
 Vermont : 
 
 General Laws 1917. 
 
 ss 7292-7304. (Probation.) 
 
 s 7313. (Board of charities and probation.) 
 
 ss 7323-7337. 
 
 Virginia : 
 
 1914 C 57. (Counties of 50,000 or more.) 
 1914 C 170. (Industrial schools.) 
 
 1914 C 228. (Contributing to delinquency.) 
 1914 C 350. (State.) 
 
 1918 C 189. (County or city farms.) 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 79 
 
 Washington : 
 
 1913 Clll. (Discharge from State training school.) 
 1913 C 157. (State training school.) • 
 1913 C 160. 
 
 1915 C 135. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 West Virginia: 
 
 1909 C 80 amended 1917 C 23. (West Virginia Children's Home.) 
 1915 C 70 amended 1917 C 63. 
 1917 C 51. (Desertion and nonsupport.) 
 Wisconsin : 
 
 Statutes 1915. 
 ss 561-567d. 
 
 ss 573-573J (573-5.2a added 1917 C 350; 573f-l, 2, 5 and 6 
 amended 1917 C 589 (Aid to mothers); 573f-6a added 
 1917 C 589). 
 s 1728a-l amended 1917 C 674. (Child labor.) 
 s 4581i. (Contributing to delinquency.) 
 Wyoming : 
 
 Compiled Statutes 1910 ss 3123-3135 and 1097. 
 1915 C 99. (Definitions, agencies, and placing.) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO JUVENILE-COURT IAWS 
 ENACTED DURING THE YEAR 1919. 
 
 The juvenile-court legislation enacted by 28 States during 1919 
 includes two" acts creating special juvenile courts and denning the 
 procedure for the treatment of delinquent and dependent children, 
 one for counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama, 1 the other for the 
 city of Kingsport in Tennessee. 2 The Alabama statute supersedes 
 the local law applying to Jefferson County. 
 
 Idaho 3 enacts a new law for the care of dependent and neglected 
 children. 
 
 West Virginia * separates the former juvenile-court law into two 
 laws relating to delinquent and to dependent children, respectively. 
 One of these statutes establishes also a State board of children's 
 guardians in place of the West Virginia Humane Society and gives 
 to this board control over dependent and neglected children, as well 
 as the functions of administration and supervision of institutions 
 exercised by the State board of control under the old law. 
 
 Indiana 5 creates a probate court for Vanderburgh County and con- 
 fers jurisdiction under the juvenile-court law upon that court. Ore- 
 gon 6 establishes a court of domestic relations in counties of 200,000 
 or more and gives to it the juvenile-court jurisdiction. 
 
 Wisconsin 7 consolidates and renumbers numerous provisions of 
 the statutes relating to children and to juvenile courts with few 
 changes in substance. 
 
 The amendments in other States which are less extensive in char- 
 acter will appear in the following outline. 
 
 I. THE COURT GIVEN JURISDICTION. 
 
 Original and exclusive jurisdiction in the cases of delinquent, 
 dependent, and neglected children is given to the special juvenile 
 courts established in counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama * and 
 in the city of Kingsport in Tennessee, 8 to the newly created probate 
 court of Vanderburgh County in Indiana, 9 and to the court of domestic 
 relations established in counties of 200,000 or more in Oregon. 10 
 
 ' Alabama. General Laws 1919 No 146 s 5. • Oregon. 1919 C 296. 
 
 ' Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 568. * Wisconsin. 1919 C 614. 
 
 'Idaho 1919 C 161. 8 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 ss 2 and 3. 
 
 ' West Virginia. 1919 C 110 and C 111. ■ Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 11. 
 
 > Indiana. 1919 C 99. ,0 Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1. 
 
 153862°— 20 6 81 
 
82 SUMMAEY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Nebraska x provides that in counties of more than 50,000 popula- 
 tion the judges of the district court shall select one of their number 
 to hear all cases arising under the juvenile-court law. 
 
 West Virginia 2 provides for admission to the home for dependent 
 children in Marion County through the county court, although juris- 
 diction under the juvenile-court law is conferred upon circuit courts, 
 criminal courts, and courts of common pleas. Jurisdiction under the 
 statute relating to dependent and neglected children 3 is given to the 
 circuit, common pleas, criminal, intermediate, or juvenile court. 
 
 Wisconsin 4 provides that all courts of record shall have original 
 jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit courts but that the judges of 
 the several courts of record in each county shall designate each year 
 one judge to hear all cases arising under the juvenile-court law. 
 
 Tennessee 5 requires that children brought before justices of the 
 peace or recorders, or arrested by peace officers, in the city of Kings- 
 port shall be immediately transferred to the juvenile court and author- 
 izes transfer by the criminal court of children indicted by the grand 
 jury. 
 
 II. EXTENT OF JURISDICTION. 
 
 A. OVEB CHILDREN. 
 
 1. Age limitation. 
 
 The Alabama statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over * 
 gives the juvenile court jurisdiction over boys under 16 and girls 
 under 18 who are dependent or delinquent. Jurisdiction once ob- 
 tained may continue through the minority of the child. 
 
 In Montana 7 the age limitation is raised from 17 to 18 for all chil- 
 dren. New Mexico 8 extends certain provisions of the juvenile-court 
 law to girls under 18. Wyoming 9 extends the classification of 
 juvenile delinquents to all under 21. 
 
 The Maine statute entitled an "Act of Juvenile Delinquency" 10 
 applies only to boys between 8 and 16. 
 
 The Idaho statute relating to dependent children 11 applies to 
 those under 18. Connecticut 12 reduces the age limit from 18 to 16 
 for the hearing in chambers of first offenses. 
 
 The Tennessee act applying to Kingsport 13 includes boys and girls 
 under 16 only, but jurisdiction once obtained may continue until 
 the child is 18. 
 
 West Virginia u reduces the age limit for dependent boys from 18 
 to 16. 
 
 i Nebraska. 1919 C 116. » New Mexico. 1919 C 86. 
 
 2 West Virginia. 1919 C 46 s 5. • Wyoming. 1919 C 119 s 2. 
 
 * West Virginia. 1919 C 110 s 4. » Maine. 1919 C 58. 
 
 « Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 2. » Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 1. 
 
 6 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 11. u Connecticut. 1919 C 110. 
 
 » Alabama. 1919 No 146 ss 2 and 3. 13 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 ss 6 and 9. 
 
 ' Montana. 1919 C 202 s 1. " West Virginia. 1919 C no s 4. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 83 
 
 2. Classes of cases included. 
 
 The juvenile court in counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama ' is 
 given jurisdiction over the cases of delinquent, dependent, and 
 neglected children. The probate court of Vanderburgh County in 
 Indiana, 2 in addition to these classes, is given jurisdiction over truant 
 children and in all cases where the custody or legal punishment of a 
 child is in question. The court of domestic relations in Oregon, 3 
 besides controlling delinquent, dependent, and neglected children is 
 given jurisdiction in the cases of children who are indigent and sick 
 or deformed and those who are feeble-minded, epileptic, or crim- 
 nally inclined, and in all cases for the adoption of children. The 
 juvenile courts in Missouri 4 are given control over admission to the 
 State school for the deaf and exclusive jurisdiction over the commit- 
 ment of girls between 7 and 17 to the State industrial schools. 
 
 3. Definition of delinquency. 
 
 The Alabama statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over 5 
 defines a delinquent child as one who violates any Federal or State 
 law or any local ordinance or who commits any offense for which a 
 person may be prosecuted by a criminal action. The definition of a 
 dependent child is much wider, however, and brings under the juris- 
 diction of the court a child who for any cause "is in need of the care 
 and protection of the State." 
 
 4. Definition of dependency and neglect. 
 
 A dependent or neglected child is defined by the Alabama statute 
 for counties of 150,000 or over 8 as one who is (1) destitute, (2) home- 
 less, (3) abandoned, (4) dependent upon the public for support, (5) 
 in surroundings dangerous to morals, health, or general welfare, (6) 
 engaged in an occupation, calling, or exhibition, or found in any 
 place, for permitting which an adult may be punished by law, (7) 
 within the provisions of any regulations for the education, care, 
 and protection of children, (8) for any other cause in need of the 
 care and protection of the State, or (9) one whose custody is the 
 subject of controversy. 
 
 The Idaho statute 7 makes substantially the same classification 
 adding (1) a child whose parents or guardian have for the period of 
 six months willfully neglected to take reasonable care and (2) one 
 whose parent has been confined in any penal, charitable, or State 
 educational institution in the State for a period of more than six 
 months and 'who is left without lawful guardian or next of kin able 
 and willing to take prop er care. 
 
 i Alabama. 1919 No 146 ss 2 and 3. 
 
 » Indiana. 1919 C 99 3 1. 
 
 'Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1. 
 
 . M-mouri. 1919 p 195 s 1; 1919 p 186 a 1, 1919 p 189 s I. 
 
 « I"'. 1SS No l« s 2. (Applies only to counties or 150,000 population or over.) 
 7 Idalio. 1919 C 161 s 1. 
 
84 STJMMABY OF JUVENILE-gOIIEX LEGI^AyFIQISr. 
 
 Tennessee, in the act applying to the city of Kingsport, 1 makes 
 no distinction between the charge of dependency or delinquency 
 but defines a delinquent or dependent child as one who is (1) found 
 begging or receiving alms, (2) vagrant, (3) without home, proper 
 guardianship, or visible means of support, (4) without proper parental 
 control, (5) destitute, (6) in a home which is unfit, (7) in the company 
 of criminals, vagrants, or prostitutes, (8) living in a house of prostitu- 
 tion, (9) found in any saloon, pool room, or place where liquors are 
 sold, (10) persistently disobedient, (11) incorrigible, (12) an habitual 
 truant, (13) addicted to intoxicating liquor, cigarettes, or drugs, (14) 
 an orphan or deserted by parents and in danger of being brought up 
 to lead an immoral life, (15) whose mother (the father being dead) 
 can not properly support him, or (16) one who violates any law or 
 ordinance, except crimes punishable by life imprisonment or death. 
 
 5. Discretion of the court in case of crime. . 
 
 Alabama 2 provides that the judge of the juvenile court in counties 
 of 150,000 or over may transfer any delinquent child who "can not 
 be made to lead a correct life, and can not be properly disciplined" 
 under the juvenile-court law to any court having jurisdiction over 
 the offense committed. Such a child may be committed to the 
 county jail to await trial. 
 
 Tennessee 3 allows the juvenile court in Kingsport to bind over to 
 the criminal court children charged with crimes and misdemeanors. 
 A child, moreover, who is charged with violating any law or statute 
 is given the right to waive examination by the juvenile court and 
 may in that case be committed to the county jail or required to give 
 security for appearance in the criminal court. 
 
 Wisconsin 4 leaves it to the discretion of the examining magistrate 
 to commit a boy under 17 or a girl under 18 charged with an 
 offense punishable by imprisonment in the State prison either to the 
 juvenile court or to the court having jurisdiction in such cases. In 
 the latter case all rules applying to trial, sentence, and commitment 
 in criminal cases are to be followed, except that the court may, in its 
 discretion, dispose of the child in the manner provided for commit- 
 ment under the juvenile-court law. 
 
 B. OVER ADULTS. 
 
 1. Contributing to delinquency and dependency. 
 
 Alabama 5 provides for counties of 150,000 or over that the juvenile 
 court may have jurisdiction in the case of any person contributing 
 
 i Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 6. 
 ■' Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 21. 
 3 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 ss 9 and 10. 
 < Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 17. 
 
 » Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 20. Allows 12 months' imprisonment while law for State (General Laws 1915 
 No 506 s 10) provides for only 6 months. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COtTRT LEGISLATION. 85 
 
 to the delinquency or dependency of a child. The court is given 
 authority to try the case and to impose sentence without the inter- 
 vention of a jury. Appeal may be taken to the circuit court of the 
 county. 
 
 The probate court of Vanderburgh County in Indiana x and the 
 court of domestic relations in counties of 200,000 or more in Oregon 2 
 are given original and exclusive jurisdiction in the cases of persons 
 contributing to the delinquency or dependency of a child. 
 
 California s provides that jurisdiction over persons contributing to 
 delinquency or dependency of a child who has been declared to be a 
 ward of the juvenile court may be had by the court either of the county 
 in which the child was placed or of the county in which the offense 
 was committed. 
 
 Other States make- no change in the jurisdiction of the courts over 
 this class of cases. 4 
 
 2. Desertion and nonsupport. 
 
 The court of domestic relations in counties of 200,000 or more in 
 Oregon z is given jurisdiction concurrent with that of the circuit 
 court in cases of desertion and nonsupport. 
 
 3. Other jurisdiction. 
 
 New Jersey 5 gives the juvenile court jurisdiction in the cases of 
 parents or guardians who fail to comply with the compulsory school- 
 attendance law. 
 
 III. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE. 
 
 A. PETITION OR COMPLAINT. 
 
 The Alabama statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over, the 
 Idaho statute relating to dependent children, 7 and the Tennessee 
 statute applying to the city of Kingsport - provide that proceedings 
 may be begun by verified petition filed by any person having know- 
 ledge of the case. 
 
 . B. SUMMONS OR WARRANT. 
 
 Alabama 9 provides for a "summons" served by any person selected 
 by the court in counties of 150,000 or over, Idaho 10 for a "notice and 
 and citation," and Tennessee » for a "citation," to require the attend- 
 ance at court of the child and other necessary persons in the city of 
 Kingsport. Failure to co mply constitutes contempt of court. 
 
 ' Indiana. 1919 C 99 si. 
 
 ^Mon^raisesthe age .unit of the « affected from 17 to 18 to correspond to the amendment to the 
 luven^court .aw 1919 C 202 . 7. _ No ^ ^ g ^ 9 
 
 • New Jersey. 1919 o 34. ■" 
 
 I i^Zl» cTs r S " » r—^te Acts m, 558 s 8. City of Kingsport. 
 
 7 Idaho. 1919 O lo J. S *. 
 
 ■ Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 658 s 7. 
 
86 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 C. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. 
 
 The Alabama statute 1 requires the juvenile court in counties of 
 150,000 or over to make an investigation of the case before serving 
 summons. 
 
 D. CUSTODY AND CARE OF CHILD PENDING HEARING. 
 
 Alabama * prohibits in counties of 150,000 or over the detention of 
 a dependent, neglected, or delinquent child in a jail or other place 
 where criminals are confined, except in the case of a child transferred 
 by the juvenile court to a regular criminal court. The delinquent 
 child may be released on bail or on his own recognizance or may be 
 left in the care of his parents, guardian, or probation officer. The 
 judge of the juvenile court may arrange, with any incorporated or 
 unincorporated society, for the temporary care of children before or 
 during hearing. If such an arrangement is impossible, in the opinion 
 of the judge, the statute requires the county authorities immediately 
 to establish a suitable detention home. 
 
 Arizona 2 provides that the detention home, including appoint- 
 ment and removal of the person in charge, shall be under the control 
 of the juvenile court. 
 
 Delaware 3 provides that the judge of the juvenile court in Wil- 
 mington shall have power to appoint a matron for the detention 
 home. 
 
 Missouri 4 creates parole boards in counties of not less than 80,000 
 nor more than 500,000 which are given governing authority over the 
 detention homes. 
 
 Tennessee 5 prohibits in the city of Kingsport confinement in the 
 county jail when avoidable and provides that a child taken into 
 custody by the juvenile court may be admitted to bail, released with- 
 out bail, or detained pending hearing in a place which the county 
 court and board of mayor and aldermen of the city are required to 
 provide, separately for white and for colored children. The judge 
 may, however, arrange with a suitable society or individual for the 
 temporary detention of children. 
 
 West Virginia ° requires the establishment of a detention home in 
 counties of 40,000 or over. 
 
 IV. HEARING. 
 
 A. NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 The nature of the proceedings in the" juvenile court shall be ex- 
 plained to the child and his parents in counties of 150,000 or over in 
 
 i Alabama. 1919 No 146 s x. < Missouri. 1919 p 608 s 5 and 1919 p 611 s 5. 
 
 'Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103 s 5. 6 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 658 ss 7, 12, and 13 
 
 a Delaware. 1919 C 223. e West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 37. 
 
SUMMABY OF JUVBJSTILE-OOUET LEGISLATION. 
 
 87 
 
 Alabama. 1 The judge of the juvenile court in Kingsport, Tenn., 3 
 may conduct the examination of witnesses without the aid of 
 counsel and may inquire into the habits, surroundings, conditions, 
 tendencies, and guardianship of the child. In so far as practicable 
 the child shall not be treated as a criminal but as misdirected, 
 misguided, neglected, and needing aid and encouragement. 
 
 B. TIME AND P1ACE. 
 
 Alabama" provides that the hearing in counties of 150,000 or over 
 may be held in chambers or in any other room provided and may be 
 held in any place in the county which is convenient to the court 
 and all parties involved. 
 
 Idaho * provides for hearings in the cases of dependent children 
 in any room in the courthouse and requires the hearing, so far as 
 possible, to be separate from other business of the court. 
 
 Nebraska 5 requires in counties of more than 50,000 a special room 
 to be designated the "juvenile court room." 
 
 Connecticut's provision for hearings in chambers in cases of first 
 prosecutions of children 6 has been amended to include only children 
 under 18 heard by the district court of Waterbury; courts of common 
 pleas; town, city, borough, or police courts; and justices of the 
 peace. 
 
 Tennessee 7 requires the juvenile court in the city of Kingsport to 
 be held in some room other than the regular court room. 
 
 c. PRIVACY. 
 
 Alabama, 8 Idaho, 9 and Wisconsin 10 provide that all persons not 
 directly interested in the case may be excluded from hearings in the 
 juvenile court and that the court record may be withheld from 
 public inspection except by special order of the court. Maine " pro- 
 vides for private hearings and closed records in the cases of boys 
 between 8 and 16. Idaho n forbids also the publication of the name 
 of a dependent child in the court's annual reports to the governor. 
 Tennessee 13 permits hearings "behind closed doors" if desired. 
 
 i Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 10. 
 
 1 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 559 s 9. 
 
 <■ Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 11. 
 
 < Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 9. 
 
 > Nebraska. 1919 C 116 s 1. 
 
 • Connecticut. 1919 C 110. Does not include offenses punishable by death or by imprisonment in the 
 State prison. 
 
 ' Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 12. 
 
 8 Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 11. Counties of 150,000 or over. 
 
 "Idaho. 1919 C 161s 7. Applies to dependent children. Parents, guardians, or attorneys may examine 
 record by special order of court. 
 
 i° Wisconsin. 1919 C 614 s 2. 
 
 " Maine 1919 C 58. Parents or guardians have access to records. 
 
 " Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 3. 
 
 » Tennessee. Private Acts 1819 C 558 s 12. City of Kingsport. 
 
88 
 
 SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COTJBT LEGISLATION 
 
 D. APPOINTMENT OF BEFEBEES. 
 
 Alabama ' allows the judge in counties of 150,000 or over to 
 appoint probation officers or other persons to hear cases in the first 
 instance. Provided no exceptions are taken and a review is not 
 asked, the judgment of the referee may be confirmed by the judge 
 of the juvenile court. 
 
 E. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 Alabama 2 makes it the duty of the court in counties of 150,000 
 or over to have a child examined when practicable by a duly licensed 
 and practising physician. The court is given authority to enforce 
 such an order in all cases coming under its jurisdiction. 
 
 Arizona 3 provides that the court may require a medical or mental 
 examination of any child. 
 
 F. THE JTJBY. 
 
 Idaho 4 provides that cases of dependent and neglected children 
 shall be heard without a jury. 
 
 G. APPEAL. 
 
 Appeal may be taken from the juvenile court in counties of 1 50,000 or 
 over in Alabama 5 to any court of the county having equity jurisdiction. 
 
 Idaho 6 provides in the case of dependent or neglected children for 
 an appeal to the district court, where the trial shall be .held anew 
 and without a jury. 
 
 Montana 7 has amended the provision of the juvenile-court law 
 relating to appeals, making it applicable to all cases under the law. 
 
 Michigan 8 provides that a rehearing, when granted by the judge 
 of the juvenile division of the probate court, shall be held hj the judge 
 of the circuit court or the judge of the probate court of another county. 
 
 Appeal may be taken from the juvenile court of Kingsport, Tenn., 9 
 to the circuit court of the county and may be heard without a jury 
 unless demanded on the first day of the trial term. 
 
 H. USE OF EVIDENCE IN OTHEB TBIALS. 
 
 Proceedings in the juvenile court shall not be used as evidence in 
 any other court to which a child is transferred in counties of 150,000 
 or over in Alabama ,0 and in Kingsport, Tenn. 11 
 
 V. DISPOSITION OF THE CASE. 
 
 A. BELIGIOTJS BELDIF OF PABENTS BESPECTED. 
 
 The Alabama statute applying to counties of 150,000 or over 12 re- 
 quires the judge of the juvenile court to respect the religious belief 
 
 i Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 19. 
 » Alabama. 1919 No 140 s 15. 
 ' Arizona. 1919 p 105 C 103 s 3. 
 < Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 7. 
 'Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 25. 
 a Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 18. 
 
 ' Montana. 1919 C 202 s 5. 
 
 8 Michigan. 1919 No 365 s 1. 
 
 9 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 10. 
 
 10 Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 21. 
 
 » Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 9. 
 M Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 10. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 89 
 
 of the parents in committing a child to an institution or association 
 other than a public institution. 
 
 B. CIVIL STATUS OF CHILD. 
 
 The Alabama ? and Tennessee ' statutes provide that no judgment 
 under the juvenile-court law shall disqualify a child for any public 
 office or for the civil service, that the child shall not be denominated 
 a criminal, and the adjudication not a conviction. 
 
 C. DISPOSITION OF CASE. 
 
 1. Delinquent children. 
 
 (a) Probation.— -In counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama, 3 and 
 in Kingsport, Tenn., 4 the juvenile court may allow a delinquent child 
 to remain in his own home subject to the supervision of the truant 
 officer. 
 
 (I) Appointment of guardian.— The judge of the juvenile court in 
 counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama 5 may decide as between 
 parents whether the father or mother shall have the custody of the 
 child; but if it is necessary to appoint a legal guardian of the child's 
 person and property, the judge must apply to the probate court. 
 
 (c) Commitment. — Alabama" provides that in counties of 150,000 
 or over the juvenile court may commit a delinquent child to a family 
 home under the supervision of a probation officer; to any person, 
 association, or society for the care of children within the State; or 
 to any State institution for children. 
 
 Indiana 7 provides that a boy over 10 and under 16 who has 
 violated a criminal law may be committed, by the court having 
 jurisdiction, to the house of refuge for juvenile offenders instead 
 of to the county jail or State prison. 
 
 Iowa 8 prohibits the commitment of a child under 10 to the State 
 training schools for boys or girls and provides that such children 
 may be placed in the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Another Iowa 
 statute 8 provides for the establishment of a State juvenile home to 
 which all delinquent, dependent, and neglected children shaU be com- 
 mitted unless in the opinion of the court they should be cared for 
 
 otherwise. , . , , . _ . 
 
 New Mexico 10 provides for the commitment of girls under 18 to 
 
 the State Girls' Welfare Board. 
 
 Tennessee 4 provides for commitment by the juvenile court of 
 Kingsport to State, county, or private industrial schools but also 
 allows binding out to apprenticeship, and in the case of crime or 
 misdemeanorsfineorj^o^nmjt ment to the county workhouse. 
 
 • " " ~ , ti „ a „f 1 wi nno ■ Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 10. 
 
 > Alabama. 1919 No Iff . 1 ( oun U s of U0£0 . ? ^.^ ^ Q ^ 
 
 2 Tennessee. Private Acta 1919 c 558 8 9. Liiy »^^i f ^^ mg Q ^ 
 
 a Alabama. 1919 No HO s 10 , /(m)a mg c m B 4 _ 
 
 < Tennessee. Private Acts ,1919 t 5,8 s 9. ^ ^ ^^ mg c g( , g ^ 
 
 • Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 13. 
 
90 SUMMABY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 2. Dependent children. 
 
 (a) Probation. — The Alabama statute applying to counties of 
 150,000 or over 1 provides for the probation of dependent and 
 neglected children in their homes. Iowa 2 amends the provision of 
 the juvenile court relating to probation to include dependent and 
 neglected children. 
 
 (b) Appointment of guardian. — Idaho 3 provides that a dependent 
 or neglected child shall become the ward and be subject to the 
 guardianship of the person, institution, or society to which it is 
 committed, but that such guardianship shall not include control 
 over the estate of the child. 
 
 (c) Commitment. — A dependent or neglected child in counties of 
 150,000 or over in Alabama 1 may be committed in the same manner 
 as a delinquent child. 
 
 Idaho " provides for the commitment of dependent children to any 
 suitable person, society, or institution in the State. 
 
 Missouri 5 and Vermont 6 prohibit the commitment of dependent 
 or neglected children to the State industrial schools provided for 
 delinquent children. 
 
 D. SPECIAL CARE FOB THE SICK AND THE FEEBLE-MINDED. 
 
 A child in need of medical care may be placed in a public or private 
 hospital by order of the juvenile court in counties of 150,000 or over 
 in Alabama. 7 The expense of such care may be .charged against the 
 county. 
 
 E. PABENTAL DUTY OF SUPPORT. 
 
 The court in counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama 8 may inquire 
 into the financial ability of parents or guardians and may order 
 payment for the care of any child under the juvenile-court law. 
 Failure to comply constitutes contempt of court. 
 
 West Virginia 9 provides for commitment of dependent or neg- 
 lected children to the State board of childrens' guardians but retains 
 provisions for commitment directly to institutions approved by the 
 board. 
 
 i Alabama. 1919 No 140 s 10. 
 
 * Iowa. 1919 C 246. 
 
 » Idaho. 1919 C 101 ss 8 and 12. 
 
 < Idaho. 1919 161 s 8. 
 
 » Missouri. 1919 p 186 s 42; 1919 p 189 s 56; 1919 p 191 s 26. 
 
 « Vermont. 1919 No 207. (Except with approval of State board of charities and probation.) 
 
 7 Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 15. 
 
 s Alabama. 1919 No 140 s 14. 
 
 » West Viraima. 1919 C 110 ss 4 and 5. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COUET LEGISLATION. 91 
 
 VI. CONTINUING JURISDICTION AND RELATION OP COURT 
 TO INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE PLACED. 
 
 Alabama 1 provides for counties of 150,000 or over that probation 
 officers or other agents of the court shall visit children placed in 
 institutions or in the care of individuals or associations and that the 
 court may change the order of commitment at any time. All 
 agencies and institutions receiving children are required to give 
 information to the court. 
 
 In New Mexico 2 the Girls' Welfare Board must obtain the ap- 
 proval of the court before paroling girls committed to its eare. 
 
 The judge of the juvenile court of Kingsport, Tenn., 3 is given power 
 to modify or revoke any order, release, parole, recommit, or bind any 
 child to the criminal court at his discretion. He is also required to 
 visit and inspect at least once a year all institutions to which children 
 are committed and is authorized to examine witnesses and appoint 
 referees for the purpose of obtaining any information concerning 
 such institutions. 
 
 VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT. 
 
 A. JUDGE. 
 
 1. Method of selection. 
 
 The judge of the juvenile court in counties of 150,000 or over in 
 Alabama* is appointed by the governor of the State, in counties of 
 more than 50,000 in Nebraska 5 by the associate district judges. The 
 judge of the city court or any other person appointed by the board 
 or mayor and aldermen in the city of Kingsport, Tenn., 6 may act as 
 judge of the juvenile court. 
 
 2. Tenure. 
 
 In Alabama" the judge is appointed for six years; in Nebraska 7 
 for the term of the district judge. 
 
 3. Salary. 
 
 The salary of the judge of the juvenile court is $3,000 in counties 
 of 150,000 or over in Alabama; 4 $4,000 in Boston; 8 and $1,500 in 
 addition to his salary as circuit judge in counties of less than 50,000 
 in Missouri. 8 Wisconsin 10 provides that the county board may make 
 an annual appropriation for compensation for the additional services 
 Tendered by a juvenile-court judge. 
 
 4. Qualifications. 
 
 Alabama 4 provides for counties of 150,000 or over that the judge 
 of the juvenile court shall hav e been a citizen of the United States 
 
 „ „,„ ,„„„j 17 « Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 No 146 s 2. 
 
 . Alabama. 1919 No l« , ■ 10 and 17. ? ^^ ^ q ^ g ^ 
 
 * New Mexico. 1919 O SO i il. ( Masmchmetts . 1919 c 255. 
 
 . Tennes.ee. *>™»%*. 19a ° 6M 9a . *„„,,„. 1919 p 273. 
 
 , Alabama. 91 No " •■ „ wiscm ^ ,„„ c 618 . 
 6 Nebraska. 1919 C 116 3 1. 
 
-92 SUMMAEY OF JUViSMILiJS-COCIJiX kKttlSJbAifWsiN'. 
 
 and of the county for three years; learned in the law; at least 30 
 years of age; of high moral character; clean life; and especially fit by 
 training, education, and experience to deal with dependent, neglected, 
 ■and delinquent children. 
 
 B. PROBATION OFFICERS. 
 
 1. Appointment. 
 
 Provision is made for the appointment of probation officers in 
 counties of 150,000 or over in Alabama 1 by the juvenile-court judge 
 on the recommendation of the advisory board, in Vanderburgh 
 County in Indiana 2 by the probate judge, and in counties of 200,000 
 in Oregon s by the court of domestic relations with the approval of 
 the State child-welfare commission. Delaware* provides that the 
 chief justice and associate justices of the State may appoint a pro- 
 bation officer in each county. 
 
 2. Number and salary. 
 
 A number of States have made changes in legal provisions regard- 
 ing the number and the salary of probation officers. Alabama 1 
 provides for a chief probation officer and such others as the judge 
 deems necessary in counties of 150,000 or over. California reduces 
 the number of probation officers for counties or cities and counties of 
 the second class from a chief and 10 assistants to*a chief and 9 assis- 
 tants. Indiana 6 requires the appointment of at least one officer in 
 counties of. less than 100,000, at least three in larger counties, and 
 permits in addition the appointment of two regular officers in counties 
 of 50,000 and under 100,000, and one or more special officers 
 in counties of 25,000 and less than 100,000. Nebraska 7 provides 
 for the appointment of four probation officers in counties of more 
 than 100,000, three in counties of 50,000 or more, and one in counties 
 of less than 50,000. In counties of less than 20,000 the sheriff may 
 perform the duties of probation officer, unless the board of super- 
 visors or county commissioners authorize the appointment and pay- 
 ment of a probation officer. Oregon 8 provides for a chief probation 
 officer and as many subordinates as the judge of the court of domestic 
 relations in counties of 200,000 or more considers necessary. New 
 Jersey" provides that the judge of the juvenile court in counties of 
 the first class may appoint four persons as officers or attendants of 
 the court and that their salaries shall be in accordance with the 
 schedule established by the State civil service commission. Tennes- 
 see 10 requires the judge of the juvenile court to appoint one male 
 probation officer and authorizes the appointment of as many assist- 
 
 ■ Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 17. ' Indiana. 1919 C 222 s 1. 
 
 2 Indiana. 1919 C 99 s 25. ' Nebraska. 1919 C 117 s 1; 1919 C 132. 
 
 ' Oregon. 1919 C 296 s 1. b Oregon. 1919 C 296. 
 
 * Delaware. 1919 C 222. » New Jersey. 1919 C 240. 
 
 » California. 1919 C 631. w Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 4. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 93 
 
 ants as necessary; ■ West Virginia ' makes compulsory the appoint- 
 ment of two probation officers in counties of less than 40,000. 
 
 Alabama 2 provides a maximum payment of 11,800 for the chief 
 and $1,200 for the assistant probation officers in counties of 150,000 
 or over. Arizona 3 provides for a salary of not over $150 a month 
 for the chief probation officer. California 4 provides $250 a month 
 for the chief, $200 for one assistant, and $140 for other assistant 
 officers in counties of the second class. Delaware ° provides that the 
 salary of the probation officer may be fixed by the court but shall 
 not exceed $1,800 in New Castle County and $1,200 in Kent and 
 Sussex Counties. In the city of Wilmington 8 the salary of one 
 woman probation officer is raised from $800 to $1,000, of the other 
 two women officers from $800 to $900, and of the chief probation 
 officer from $1,200 to $2,000. Indiana 7 provides for $1,500 for the 
 chief, $1,200 for the assistant, and $1,100 for additional officers in 
 counties of 100,000 or more, $4 per day in counties of 25,000 and 
 under 100,000, and $3 per day in smaller counties. Iowa 8 provides 
 that in counties of 35,000 or over four probation officers may 
 be paid salaries not exceeding $125 per month. Minnesota 9 
 increases the salaries of probation officers in counties of 150,000 and 
 under 200,000 from $1,800 to $2,400; and in counties of 200,000 and 
 not over 300,000 from $2,000 to $2,300 for the chief, and from $900, 
 $1,200, and $1,500 to $1,000, $1,380, and $1,800 for deputies and 
 assistants. Missouri 10 by a reclassification raises the salaries of pro- 
 bation officers in counties of 90,000 and less than 100,000 from $1,000 
 to $1,500 and reduces those in counties of 100,000 and less than 
 110,000 from $2,000 to $1,500. Montana 11 increases the salary of 
 the chief officer from $1,800 to $2,400, the assistants from $1,200 to 
 $1,500. Nebraska 12 raises the salaries in counties of over 100,000 
 from $1,800 for the chief and $1,200 for the assistant to $2,000 and 
 $1,500, respectively. Oregon 13 provides for a salary not to exceed 
 $2,000 for the chief probation officer in counties of 200,000 or more. 
 The salary of assistant officers is left to the discretion of the county 
 commissioner. Tennessee 14 provides that probation officers of the 
 juvenile court of Kingsport shall serve without compensation. 
 Texas 15 provides for counties of 35,000 and less than 75,000 and 
 containing a city of 29,000 one probation officer who may receive 
 $2,400; for other counties of less than 75,000 one officer who may be 
 paid not over $1,200; and for counties of more than 75,000 at least 
 
 i West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 6. > Minnesota. 1919 C 350. 
 
 « Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 17. » Missouri. 1919 p 275. 
 
 * Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103 s 1. " Montana. 1919 C 202. 
 
 < California. 1919 C 631. n Nebraska. 1919 C 117 s 1; 1919 C 132. 
 
 » Delaware. 1919 C 222. ia Oregon. 1919 C 296. 
 
 i Delaware. 1919 C 223. " Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558. 
 
 J Indiana. 1919 C 222 s 1. " Texas. 1919 C 51 s 1 . 
 
 'Iowa. 1919 C 41. 
 
94 SUMMAEY OF JUVBNILE-OOUET- LBGISJjATIOK'. 
 
 . two officers, the chief to receive not over $2,400. Additional officers 
 may be paid upon vote of the county commissioner's court. West 
 Virginia Raises the salaries of probation officers in all counties from 
 $600 to $1,200. 
 3. Powers and duties. 
 
 Probation officers appointed by the juvenile court in counties of 
 150,000 or over in Alabama 2 have the powers of sheriffs and police 
 officers and may serve process and make arrests. Delaware 3 gives 
 probation officers all the powers of constable and requires them to 
 make investigations when directed by the court and to keep suitable 
 books and records. Tennessee * provides that probation officers in 
 the city of Kingsport shall have the powers of peace officers, shall 
 serve citations of the court, investigate all cases ; take charge of 
 children before hearing, and visit the homes of children under the 
 jurisdiction of the court. Any peace officer, that is, any policeman, 
 the sheriff or deputies, or the constable, may perform the same 
 duties in connection with the juvenile court. 
 
 C. ADVISORY, SUPERVISORY, OS ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD. 
 
 Alabama 5 provides that the judge of the juvenile court in counties 
 of 150,000 or over may appoint an advisory board of five members 
 to advise and cooperate in the appointment of probation officers and 
 in all other matters arising under the juvenile-court law, to visit 
 institutions and associations receiving children committed by the 
 court, and to report to the public concerning the work of the court. 
 
 Arizona 8 provides for the appointment by the court of aboard 
 of three persons to make monthly inspections and reports to the 
 court as to the condition of the detention home. 
 
 Nevada ' provides for the appointment by the court of a pro- 
 bation committee to report on other than State institutions and to 
 have control over the internal affairs of the detention home. 
 
 D. RECORDS AND REPORTS. 
 
 Alabama 8 provides that the court- may determine the form and 
 character of its records in counties of 150,000 or over. Arizona 9 
 requires a record which shall include the names of the child and 
 parents, age, birthplace, and other information which has been 
 obtained. Idaho 10 and Nebraska " require a record to be kept of 
 the cases of dependent children. Idaho 12 provides for an annual 
 
 i West Virginia. 1919 C 111 s 6. » Nevada. 1919 C 24. 
 
 » Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 17. ° Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 24. 
 
 s Delaware. 1919 C 222. • Arizona. 1919 p 16S C 103. 
 
 t Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 4. M Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 3. 
 
 » Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 18. . » Nebraska. 1919 C 190 a 2. 
 
 « Arizona. 1919 p 165 C 103. 12 Idaho. 1919 C 161 3 3. 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 95 
 
 report to the governor, and Nebraska 1 requires a monthly report to 
 the State department of public welfare in the case of dependent 
 children. Tennessee 2 provides that the juvenile court of the city 
 of Kingsport shall be a court of record and that the city judge or 
 city recorder shall keep a minute record of proceedings. 
 
 VIII. CONSTRUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE LAW. 
 
 Alabama 3 provides for a liberal construction of the statute apply- 
 ing to counties of 150,000 or over in order to accomplish its beneficial 
 purpose. 
 
 Idaho 4 provides that the act applying to dependent children shall 
 be liberally construed that the care shall approximate that which 
 should be given by parents. 
 
 Tennessee 5 provides that the act applying to the city of Kings- 
 port shall be construed liberally and as remedial in character. 
 
 i Nebraska. 1919 C 190 s 2. * Idaho. 1919 C 161 s 21. 
 
 2 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 e 558. 5 Tennessee. Private Acts 1919 C 558 s 3. 
 
 ' Alabama. 1919 No 146 s 28. 
 
LIST OF AMENDMENTS, BY STATES. 
 Alabama : 
 
 General Laws 1919 No 146. (Applies to counties of 150,000 or 
 
 over. Supersedes Local Acts 1915 No 361.) 
 
 Arizona : 
 
 1919 p 165 C 103. (To increase the efficiency of juvenile courts.) 
 
 California : 
 
 1919 C 55 amending Penal Code s 777. (Jurisdiction of offenses.) 
 
 1919 C 293 amending 1915 C 631 s 11 as amended 1917 C 627 
 
 and C 634. 
 
 1919 C 359 amending 1915 C 631 s 13 as amended 1917 C 627 
 
 and C 634. 
 
 1919 C 631 amending 1915 C 631 s 19b as amended 1917 C 627 
 
 and C 634. 
 
 Connecticut : 
 
 1919 C 110 amending General Statutes 101S s 1856. 
 
 Delaware : 
 
 1919 C 222 amending Revised Code 1915 ss 3816, 3817, and 3818. 
 
 1919 C 223 amending Revised Code 1915 s 3833 as amended 
 
 1917 C 252 and adding s 3833 A. 
 
 Idaho : 
 
 1919 C 161 repealing 1909 p 3S No 267 as amended 1911 C 185 
 
 and C 193. 
 
 Indiana : 
 
 1919 C 76. (Compensation for care of dependent children.) 
 
 1919 C 99. (Creating probate court of Vanderburgh County 
 
 and conferring juvenile-court jurisdiction.) 
 
 1919 C 171 amending Burns' Annotated Statutes s 10004. 
 
 1919 C 222 amending Burns' Annotated Statutes 1914 s 1631. 
 
 Iowa : 
 
 1919 C 12 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 254-a20. 
 
 1919 C 41 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 254-al8. 
 
 1919 C 165. (Establishing State home for children.) 
 
 1919 C 246 amending Supplement to the Code 1913 s 254-a23. 
 
 Kansas : 
 
 1919 C 211 amending General Statutes 1915 s 3098. 
 
 Maine : 
 
 1919 C 58 adding s 3 to Revised Statutes 1916 C 144. 
 
 1919 C 76 amending Revised Statutes 1916 C 137 s 10 as amended 
 
 1917 C 203; also amending C 137 s 19. 
 153862°— 20 7 97 
 
98 SXTMMAEY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 
 
 Massachusetts : 
 
 1919 C 255. (Establishing salary of judge of Boston juvenile 
 court.) 
 Michigan: 
 
 1919 No 365 amending Compiled Laws 1915 s 2023. 
 
 Minnesota : 
 
 1919 C 304 s 9 amending General Statutes 1913 s 235. 
 
 1919 C 333 amending 1917 C 223 s 6 and repealing General 
 Statutes 1913 ss 7197, 7198, and 7199. 
 
 1919 C 350 amending General Statutes 1913 s 9390. 
 Missouri : 
 
 1919 p 186 amending 1917 p 155 ss 39, 40, 42, and 49. 
 
 1919 p 188 supplementing 1917 p 155. 
 
 1919 p 189 repealing 1917 p 150. 
 
 1919 p 189 amending 1917 p 155 ss 55, 56, and 63. 
 
 1919 p 191 amending 1917 p 155 ss 22, 23, 26, and 33. 
 
 1919 p 195 amending Eevised Statutes 1909 s 1495. 
 
 1919 p 197 amending 1917 p 155 ss 32, 47, and 61. 
 
 1919 p 199 repealing 1917 p 155 ss 24, and 25. 
 
 1919 p 201 repealing 1913 p 148. 
 
 1919 p 273. (Salary of judges.) 
 
 1919 p 275 amending 1911 p 177 s 11. 
 
 1919 p 608. (Board of paroles in counties 80,000-200,000.) 
 
 1919 p 611. (Board of paroles in counties 200,000-500,000.) 
 Montana : 
 
 1919 C 202 amending 1911 C 122 ss 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, and 18 and 1911 
 C 122 s 14 as amended 1915 C 52. 
 Nebraska : 
 
 1919 C 116 amending Revised Statutes 1913 s 1246. 
 
 1919 C 117 amending Eevised Statutes 1913 s 1249 as amended 
 1915 C 24 and 1917 C 24. 
 
 1919 C 132 amending Revised Statutes 1913 s 9145 as amended 
 1915 C 168. 
 
 1919 C 190. (Placing dependent and neglected children.) 
 Nevada : 
 
 1919 C 24 amending Revised Laws 1912 s 734 as amended 1917 
 C63. 
 New Jersey: 
 
 1919 C 34 amending 1915 C 224. (School attendance.) 
 
 1919 C 179 amending 1915 C 118. (Mothers' pensions.) 
 
 1919 C 240 amending 1912 C 353 s 20. (Probation officers.) 
 New Mexico: 
 
 1919 C 86. (Girls' welfare board.) 
 
SUMMARY OF JUVENILE-COURT LEGISLATION. 99 
 
 New York: 
 
 1919 C 416 amending Consolidated Laws 1909 C 40 (Penal) art 
 196 s 2184 as amended 1913 C 607. 
 Oregon : 
 
 1919 C 128 amending 1913 C 342 s 13 as amended 1915 C 243 s 1. 
 
 (State training school.) 
 1919 C 296 amending Lord's Oregon Laws 1910s 4407 as amended 
 1915 C 147. (Court of Domestic Relations in counties of 
 200,000 or more.) 
 1919 C 388 amending Lord's Oregon Laws 1910 s 4412 as amended 
 1913 C 249. (Probation officers.) 
 Pennsylvania : 
 
 1919 p 445 amending 1903 p 274 s 6 as amended 1915 p 304. 
 Tennessee : 
 
 Private Acts 1919 C 558. (City of Kingsport.) 
 Texas : 
 
 1919 (Second Called Session) C 51 amending Code of Criminal 
 Procedure 1911 art 1202 as amended 1913 C 112 s 8 and 1919 
 (Regular Session) C 91. 
 
 Vermont : 
 
 1919 No 204 amending General Laws 1917 s 7299. 
 
 1919 No 206. (Dependent children.) 
 
 1919 No 207. (Dependent children.) 
 West Virginia: 
 
 1919 C 46. (County home in Marion County.) 
 
 1919 C 110 amending Barnes' Code 1918 C 15 J. 
 
 1919 C 111 amending 1915 C 70 as amended 1917 C 63. 
 Wisconsin : 
 
 1919 C 30 amending Statutes 1915 ss 4725a, 4734a, 47341), 4734c, 
 4734g, 4734j, and 4734k. 
 
 1919 C 614 amending Statutes 1915 ss 561j-13m, 573, 573-1, 
 573-2, 573-3, 573-4, 573-5, 573-6, 573-7, 573-8, 573-9, 
 573-10, 573a, 573aa, 573ab, 573c, 573d, 573f, 573g, 573h, 
 697-2 to 697-7, 697-9, 697-10, 697-18 to 697-24, 697-26 to 
 697-31, 1527, 1543, 1547, 2344a, 4961, 4962, 4963, 4966 4967 
 4968, 4970, 1907 C 447 s 1, and 1903 C 447 ss 2 and 4 as 
 amended 1907 C 186 and repealing Statutes 1915 ss573e, 573i, 
 1544, 1545, 1546a, 1547, 4556A, 4965, 4970-1, 4970-2, 4970-3* 
 4970-5, 4970-6. 
 
 1919 C 618. 
 Wyoming : 
 
 1919 C 119 amending Compiled Statutes 1910 s 3128 and 1915 
 C 99 s 2. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Abandonment of, or nonprovision for child, 
 adults guilty of, jurisdiction over, by- 
 juvenile courts 22 
 
 See also Desertion and nonsupport. 
 Act. See Law. 
 "Act of Juvenile Delinquency," application 
 
 of, to boys of specified age 82 
 
 Additions and amendments to juvenile-court 
 
 laws enacted during the year 1919 81-95 
 
 Administrative board. See Board, adminis- 
 trative. 
 Adults aiding the escape of a child from an 
 institution, jurisdiction over, by ju- 
 
 # venilecourts 24 
 
 Adults contributing to delinquency or de- 
 pendency, appeal to circuit court by. 85 
 jurisdiction over, by courts trying juvenile 
 
 cases 21 
 
 by criminal courts 21 
 
 by juvenile courts 84-85 
 
 exclusive, by court of domestic relations. 85 
 
 by probate court 85 
 
 liability of 21, 84 
 
 of ward of juvenile court, jurisdiction over. 85 
 power of juvenile court to impose sentence 
 
 upon, without jury 85 
 
 Adults furnishing minor in an institution 
 with tobacco, jurisdiction over, by 
 
 juvenile courts 24 
 
 Adults guilty of abandonment or nonprovi- 
 sion, jurisdiction over, by juvenile 
 
 courts 22 
 
 Adults guilty of crimes against children, ju- 
 risdiction over, by juvenile court 23 
 
 Adults guilty of desertion or nonsupport, ju- 
 risdiction over, by court of domestic 
 
 relations 23, 85 
 
 by juvenile court 22 
 
 extent of 21, 22, 84, 85 
 
 by special juvenile court 23 
 
 Adults violating child-labor law, jurisdiction 
 
 over, by juvenile courts 23 
 
 Advisory board. See Board, administrative, 
 
 advisory, or supervisory. 
 Ago certificates. See Certificates, age. 
 Age limitations, extension of, for persons 
 
 charged with felony 21 
 
 variations in, under juvenile-court jurisdic- 
 tion , 15-16,82 
 
 Agents, court, visitation by, of placed-out 
 
 children 91 
 
 supervision by, over children placed in fam- 
 ily homes 57 
 
 Amendment to Montana law, changing age 
 
 limit for appeal 88 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Amendments, list of , by States 97-99 
 
 to criminal code, specific juvenile offenses 
 
 defined by 16 
 
 and additions to juvenile-court laws enacted 
 
 durmg the year 1919 81-95 
 
 Annual court reports. Sec Reports, court, 
 
 annual. 
 Appeal, amendment to Montana law, remov- 
 ing age limit for 88 
 
 from juvenile court, special provision for.. 40 
 from juvenile court to circuit court, by 
 
 adults, in specified cases 85 
 
 from juvenile court to circuit court, without 
 
 jury 88 
 
 from juvenile court to district court, in spec- 
 ified cases 88 
 
 from refusal of work permits 16 
 
 Appendix 81-95 
 
 Appointment, of guardian for delinquent chil- 
 dren 89 
 
 of guardian for dependent children 48-49 
 
 of guardian for dependent or neglected chil- 
 dren 90 
 
 of legal guardian by probate court 89 
 
 of probation officers 61-62, 88, 92 
 
 of State board of children's guardians for 
 
 delinquent children 44 
 
 of woman assistant to hear cases of girls 38 
 
 Apprenticeship of children, delinquent, power 
 
 of juvenile court to provide for 89 
 
 Associations receiving children, commitment 
 
 of delinquent children to 89 
 
 commitment of dependent or neglected 
 
 children to 90 
 
 control of, by board of children's guard- 
 ians 57 
 
 by couhty board of health and county 
 
 commissioners 57 
 
 by county commissioner SI 
 
 by governor 57 
 
 by juvenile-court commission 57 
 
 by prison and asylum commissioners 57 
 
 by State board of charities 57 
 
 by State board of control 57 
 
 by State board of control of reformatory, 
 
 charitable, and penal institutions 57 
 
 by State commissionofStateinstitutions. 57 
 private, commitment of delinquent and 
 
 dependent children to 46 
 
 commitment of dependent children to. . 50 
 
 Birth of children. See Children, birth of. 
 Board, administrative, advisory, or super- 
 visory, duties of 67, 94 
 
 personnel of 67, 94 
 
 State, delinquent children committed to . 44 
 
 101 
 
102 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Board of charities and probation, delinquent 
 
 children committed to 47 
 
 Board of charities, State, commitment of 
 
 dependent children to 50 
 
 control by, over institutions and associ- 
 ations, receiving children 57 
 
 Board of children's guardians, commitment 
 
 of delinquent children to 46 
 
 commitment of dependent children to 50 
 
 control by, over institutions and associa- 
 tions receiving children 57 
 
 State, appointment of, for delinquent chil- 
 dren 44 
 
 establishment of, by West Virginialaw. . 81 
 or other approved institutions, com- 
 mitment of dependent or neglected 
 
 children to 90 
 
 powers vested in, by West Virginia law . . 81 
 Board of control of institutions, reformatory, 
 .charitable, and penal, State, control 
 by, over institutions and associations 
 
 receiving children 57 
 
 Board of control, State, commitment of de- 
 pendent children to 50 
 
 control by, over institutions and associ- 
 ations receiving children 57 
 
 Board of control of State home, Colorado, 
 
 notsubject to order of court 56 
 
 Board of county commissioners, commitment 
 
 of dependent children to 50 
 
 Board, Girls' Welfare, State, commitment of 
 
 delinquent girls of specified age to... 89 
 parole by, subject to approval of court . . 91 
 Board of health, county, and commissioners, 
 county, control by, over institutions 
 and associations receiving children. . 57 
 Board, parole, control by, over detention 
 
 homes 86 
 
 Care of children. See also Custody and 
 care of. 
 
 before or during hearing, by societies 86 
 
 Care, separate, of delinquent and dependent 
 
 children, inadequate provision for.. . 51 
 special, for feeble-minded and sick chil- 
 dren 51-52,90 
 
 for mentally defective children 52 
 
 Cases, classes of, included in jurisdiction oi 
 
 j uvenile courts over children 16, 83 
 
 delinquent, methods of disposing of. 89 
 
 and dependent, methods of disposing of. 43-51 
 juvenile, court record of, withheld from 
 
 public 37 
 
 exclusion of public from trial of 36, 87 
 
 Ming of complaint in 26 
 
 filing of petition in 25-26,85 
 
 issuance of summons in 26-27, 85 
 
 jurisdiction over, by circuit courts 14 
 
 by city judges 14 
 
 by county courts 13 
 
 by courts of common pleas 13 
 
 by courts of domestic relations 14 
 
 by courts of special sessions 14 
 
 by criminal courts 14 
 
 by district courts 13 
 
 by justices of the peace, in specified 
 
 States 12-13 
 
 undesirability of 12-13 
 
 Page 
 Cases, juvenile, jurisdiction over, by munici- 
 
 palcourts 14 
 
 by police j udges, in specified States 12-13 
 
 undesirability of 12-13 
 
 or justices of the peace, prohibition 
 
 of, in some States 13 
 
 transfer of 13 
 
 by probate courts 14 
 
 by recorder's courts 14 
 
 by superior courts 13 
 
 nature of proceedings at hearing in 33-34, 86 
 
 preliminary investigation of 86 
 
 privacy at tria 1 of 36-37, 87 
 
 proceedings in, methods of beginning. 25, 85-86 
 
 publication of, prohibition of 37 
 
 selection of judges to hear only 14 
 
 sole judge for, advantages of 14 
 
 advantages of extended term of 14 
 
 trial of, with jury 38-39 
 
 without jury 38-39 
 
 Certificates, age, issuance of, by juvenile court 16 
 Charities, board of. See Board of charities. 
 Child-labor law, adults violating, jurisdiction 
 
 over 23 
 
 inclusion of juvenile violators of, in delin- 
 quent, dependent, or neglected classes 16 
 Children, adoption of, jurisdiction over, by 
 
 court of domestic relations 83 
 
 arrested by peace officers, transference of, 
 
 to juvenile court 82 
 
 birth of, jurisdiction over concealment of, 
 
 by juvenile court 24 
 
 born out of wedlock, jurisdiction over cases 
 
 for support of, by juvenile court 24 
 
 brought before justice of peace or recorder, 
 
 transference of , to juvenile court 82 
 
 care of, before or during hearing 86 
 
 sick and feeble-minded ; 51,52, 90 
 
 charged with crimes and misdemeanors, 
 
 transference of, to criminal court 84 
 
 commitment of, power of juvenile court to 
 
 change order of 91 
 
 committing crimes or misdemeanors, pun- 
 ishment of, by fines or commitment 
 
 to county workhouse _ 89 
 
 committing crimes, specified, designation of 
 jurisdiction over, by judge of juvenile 
 
 court 20-21 
 
 committing offenses or violating conditions 
 
 of probation, punishment of, by fines. 47^18 
 custody of, parental, juvenile-court judge 
 
 to determine gg 
 
 custody and care of, pending and during 
 
 hearing 28-32,86 
 
 delinquent, appointment of guardian for... 44 89 
 appointment of State board of children's 
 
 guardians for 44 
 
 civil status of 42 
 
 commitment of, laws of juvenile court con- 
 cerning 44 
 
 to board of charities and probation 47 
 
 to board of children's guardians 46 
 
 to city institutions 45 
 
 to county institutions 45 
 
 to family home, person, or State insti- 
 tution for children gg 
 
 to house of refuge 47 
 
 to industrial schools so 
 
INDEX. 
 
 103 
 
 Children, d^Umqueiit, commitment of, to 
 
 industrial, training, or reform school. . 44-47 
 
 to penal or reformatory institutions 47 
 
 ta private institutions 46 
 
 to public institutions 44-47 
 
 to State board of administration 44 
 
 to- State institutions 44 
 
 to workhouse 47 
 
 confinement of, separate from adult con- 
 victs 47 
 
 disposition of cases of 89 
 
 power of juvenilecourt to- bind out to ap- 
 prenticeship- 89 
 
 probation of 43-44, 89 
 
 property of, exclusion of,, from control of 
 
 appointed guardian 44 
 
 reparation by, for losses sustained 48 
 
 right of, to waive examination by juvenile 
 
 court 84 
 
 specified, commitment of, to county jail 
 
 to await trial 84 
 
 transference of, by juvenile court to 
 court having jurisdiction over offense. 84 
 of specified age, commitment of, to Sol- 
 diers' Orphans' Home 89 
 
 Children [girls], delinquent, of specified age, 
 commitment of, to State Girls' Welfare 
 
 Board 89 
 
 Children, delinquent, of specified age, com- 
 mitment of, to State training schools pro- 
 hibited 89 
 
 delinquent and dependent, commitmentof, 
 
 to private associations 46 
 
 commitment of, to same institutions 51 
 
 disposition; of cases of 43-51 
 
 inadequate provision for separate care of. 51 
 
 procedure for treatment of, law defining. . 81 
 delinquent, dependent, or neglected, com- 
 
 mitmentof,toStatejuvenilehome. 89 
 inclusion of, in jurisdiction of juvenile 
 
 courts 16,83 
 
 Jurisdiction over, by court of domestic 
 
 relations 83 
 
 exclusive, by court of domestic rela- 
 tions 81 
 
 by probate court 81 
 
 by special juvenile court 81 
 
 dependent, admission to home for, through 
 
 county court 82 
 
 appointment of guardian for 48-49 
 
 commitment of, to board of children's 
 
 guardians 50 
 
 to board of county commissioners 50 
 
 to county homes _ - 50 
 
 to overseers of the poor 50 
 
 to society for prevention of cruelty to 
 
 children 50 
 
 to State board of charities 50 
 
 to State board of control ... 50 
 
 to State homes -.. 49-50 
 
 property of, exclusion of, from control of 
 
 appointed guardian 49 
 
 requirement of monthly court report of.- 95 
 
 support of, by parents or guardians. 90 
 
 dependent or neglected, appeal to district 
 
 court in eases of...— 88 
 
 appointment of guardian fox. ... 90 
 
 Page. 
 Children, dependent, care for , law providing. 81 
 commitment of, to family home, person, 
 
 or State institution for children 90 
 
 to State board of children's guardians 
 
 orother appro vejti institution 90 
 
 to State industrial schools., prohibition 
 
 of. 90 
 
 jurisdiction over, by specified courts S& 
 
 probation of. 48,90 
 
 property of, exclusion of, from control of 
 
 appointed guardian 90 
 
 trial of, without jury. 88 
 
 detentionof, in jail prohibited 86 
 
 methods of, pending and during hear- 
 ing 28-32, 86 
 
 discharge of, by institutions 56 
 
 disposition of, parent's religion respected 
 
 ill 88-89 
 
 explanation of proceedings shall be given to. 86 
 extent of juvenile-court jurisdiction over, 
 
 by age _. 82 
 
 feeble-minded and sick, special care for 51-52 
 
 feeble-minded, epileptic, or criminally in- 
 clined, jurisdiction over, by court of 
 
 domestic relations*.. — 83 
 
 filing of complaint in cases of. 26 
 
 filing of petition in cases of. 25-26, 85 
 
 illegitimate. See Children, born out of 
 
 wedlock. 
 in care of associations, visitation of, by pro- 
 bation officers or court agents.. 91 
 
 in care of individuate, visitation of, by pro- 
 bation officers or court agents . . 91 
 
 in institutions, partial support of, by par- 
 ents or guardians 52-53 
 
 in institutions, visitation of, by probation 
 
 officers or court agents 91, 94 
 
 indicted! by grand- fury, transference of, by 
 
 criminal court to- juvenile court 82 
 
 indigent and sick or deformed, jurisdiction 
 
 over,bycauTtofdomesticreIations.. 83 
 
 issuance of citation, In cases of 27 
 
 Issuance of summons in cases of. 26-27 
 
 issuance of warrant in- cases of 27 
 
 jurisdiction over, by court, after disposi- 
 tion of case 54,91 
 
 by juvenile court, exclusion of specified 
 
 crimes from 20 
 
 extent of, by age 15-16 
 
 extent of, by classes of cases 16 
 
 mental and physical examination of 38, 88 
 
 mentally defective, special care for 52 
 
 photographing of, in court, prohibition of. . 37 
 placed in family homes, supervision over 
 
 by agents. 57 
 
 placed in hospitals, who need medical care . 51, 90 
 placed-out, visitation of, by probation 
 
 officers 91,94 
 
 preliminary investigation of cases- of 28, 86 
 
 relation of court to institutions for 54-57, 91 
 
 release of, by court, on recommendation of 
 
 institution, 56 
 
 sick and feeble-minded. See Children, 
 feeble-minded and sick see also under 
 Classes. 
 
104 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Children, status of, civil, after judgment by 
 
 j uvenile court 89 
 
 truant, j urisdiction over, by probate court. 83 
 under court jurisdiction, visitation of, in 
 
 homes, by probation officers 94 
 
 Circuit court. See Court, circuit. 
 
 Citation, failure to obey, punishment for 27, 85 
 
 issuance of, by probation officers 94 
 
 in juvenile cases 27, 85 
 
 City court. See Court, city. 
 City institutions. See Institutions, city. 
 City judges. See Judges, city. 
 Civil status. See Status, civil. 
 Classes, delinquent, dependent, or neglected, 
 inclusion of, in jurisdiction of juve- 
 nile courts 16,83 
 
 inclusion of juvenile violators of child- 
 labor law in 16 
 
 jurisdiction over, by court of domes- 
 tic relations 83 
 
 dependent or neglected, inclusion of specific 
 
 cases in, in Connecticut 20 
 
 in Maine ; '. 20 
 
 feeble-minded, epileptic, or criminally in- 
 clined, jurisdiction over, by court of 
 
 domestic relations 83 
 
 indigent and sick or deformed, jurisdic- 
 tion over, by court of domestic rela- 
 tions 83 
 
 Classes of cases. See Cases, classes of. 
 Commission, juvenile-court, control by, over 
 institutions and associations receiv- 
 ing children £7 
 
 Commissioner, county, control by, over In- 
 stitutions and associations receiving 
 
 children 57 
 
 State, of State institutions, control by, 
 over institutions and associations 
 
 receiving children 57 
 
 Commissioners, county, and board of health, 
 county, control by, over institutions 
 and associations receiving children.. 57 
 prison and asylum, control by, over insti- 
 tutions and associations receiving 
 
 children 57 
 
 Commitment of children. See Children 
 [specified], commitment of. 
 
 Committee, probation, appointment of 94 
 
 powers and duties of. 94 
 
 Common pleas, court of. See Court of com- 
 mon pleas. 
 Complaint, filing of, the preliminary pro- 
 ceeding in juvenile cases in specified 
 
 States 26 
 
 Concurrent jurisdiction. See Jurisdiction, 
 
 concurrent. 
 Construction and purpose of the juvenile- 
 court law 69-70,95 
 
 Contempt of court. See Court, contempt of. 
 Control ol institutions receiving children 
 
 committed by the juvenile court 55-56 
 
 Control of property of delinquent children, 
 
 exclusion of, from guardian 44 
 
 Control of property of dependent children, 
 
 exclusion of, from guardian 49 
 
 Control of property of dependent or neglected 
 
 children, exclusion of, from guardian. 90 
 
 Page. 
 County board ofhealth. See Board of health, 
 
 county. 
 County court. See Court, county. 
 County institutions. ■ See Institutions, county. 
 County workhouse. See Workhouse, county. 
 Court, circuit, appeal to, by adults con- 
 tributing to delinquency or depend- 
 ency 85 
 
 jurisdiction of, over dependent and 
 
 neglected children 82 
 
 over juvenile cases 14 
 
 rehearing of juvenile cases by 88 
 
 city, judge of, power of, to act as judge of 
 
 juvenile court 91 
 
 Court of common pleas, jurisdiction of, over 
 
 dependent and neglected children. . . 82 
 
 over juvenile cases 13 
 
 Court, contempt of, failure of parents or guar- 
 dians to contribute to support of 
 
 placed-out child punishable as 53,90 
 
 county, admission to homo for dependent 
 
 children, through 82 
 
 jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases 13 
 
 criminal, jurisdiction of, over adults, for 
 contributing to delinquency or de- 
 pendency ; 21 
 
 over dependent and neglected children. 82 
 
 over juvenile cases 14 
 
 transference of children charged with 
 
 crimes and misdem eanors to 84 
 
 district, appeal to, from juvenue court, in 
 
 specified cases of children 88 
 
 jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases 13 
 
 selection of judge from, to hear juvenile- 
 court cases 82 
 
 Court of domestic relations, jurisdiction of, 
 exclusive, over adults contributing 
 
 to delinquency or dependency 85 
 
 over delinquent, dependent, and neg- 
 lected children 81 
 
 over adoption of children 83 
 
 over adults for desertion and nonsup- 
 
 port 23, 85 
 
 over delinquent, dependent, or neglected 
 
 classes 83 
 
 over feeble-minded, epileptic, or crim- 
 inally inclined children 83 
 
 over indigent and sick or deformed chil- 
 dren 83 
 
 over juvenile cases 14 
 
 over juvenile-court cases gj 
 
 Court, equity, appeal to, from juvenile court . 88 
 intermediate, jurisdiction of, over depend- 
 ent and neglected children 82 
 
 jurisdiction of, over children after disposi- 
 tion of case 54 91 
 
 juvenile, administration of "mothers' aid" 
 
 law by, in specified States 23 
 
 appeal from decision of ^q 
 
 appeal from, to circuit cou rt without jury . 88 
 
 to court having equity jurisdiction 88 
 
 appeal to, upon refusal of work permits . . 16 
 civil status of child after judgment by . . . 89 
 control of institutions to which children 
 
 are committed by 55-56 
 
INDEX. 
 
 105 
 
 Court, juvenile, control of, over admission to 
 
 State school for deal 83 
 
 over detention homes in Arizona 86 
 
 designated, exclusive jurisdiction given 
 
 to * 11 
 
 designated, in specified States 11 
 
 designation of, as court of record 95 
 
 examination by, right of delinquent chil- 
 dren to waive 84 
 
 exclusion of public from trials of 87 
 
 issuance of age certificates by 16 
 
 judge of, power of, to decide parental cus- 
 tody of child 89 
 
 to determine jurisdiction over chil- 
 dren committing specified crimes.. 20-21 
 to extend age limitation for persons 
 
 charged with felony 21 
 
 to investigate institutions receiving 
 
 children 91 
 
 to modify or revoke orders, release, 
 parole, recommit, or bind child to 
 
 criminal court 91 
 
 jurisdiction of, exclusion of felony from ... 20, 21 
 exclusive, over commitment of girls of 
 specified age to State industrial 
 
 schools 83 
 
 inclusion of delinquent, dependent, or 
 
 neglected classes in 16,83 
 
 over adults, extent of 21,22,24,84,85 
 
 for abandonment of, or nonprovision 
 
 for child 22 
 
 for aiding the escape of a child from an 
 
 institution 24 
 
 f or concealing birth of child 24 
 
 for contributing to delinquency or de- 
 pendency 21, 84-85 
 
 for crimes against children 23 
 
 for desertion and nonsupport 22 
 
 for failure to comply with the com- 
 pulsory school-attendance law 23,85 
 
 for furnishing a minor in an institu- 
 tion with tobacco 24 
 
 for violation of the child-labor law ... 23 
 over cases for providing support and 
 maintenance of children born out of 
 
 wedlock 24 
 
 over children, classes of cases included 
 
 in 16,83 
 
 exclusion of specified crimes from 20 
 
 extent of, by age 15-16,82 
 
 extent of, by classes of cases 16, 83 
 
 of specified age committing specified 
 crimes, examining magistrate to 
 
 determine 84 
 
 over dependent or neglected children. 82 
 variations in age limitations under. . 15-16, 82 
 laws of, concerning commitment of de- 
 linquent children to institutions 44 
 
 organization of 58-68,91-95 
 
 parole by State Girls' Welfare Board 
 
 subject to approval of 91 
 
 power of, to change order of commitment. 91 
 to commit delinquent children to family 
 home, person, or State institution for 
 
 children 89 
 
 to commit delinquent children to indus- 
 trial schools 89 
 
 Page. 
 Court, juvenile, power of, to commit de- 
 pendent or neglected children to 
 family home, person, or State institu- 
 tion for children 90 
 
 to consent to marriage of persons with- 
 out legal guardians 24 
 
 to enforce a medical or mental exami- 
 nation 88 
 
 to fine or commit children to county 
 workhouse, for crime or misde- 
 meanors 89 
 
 to impose sentence without jury in 
 
 specified cases of adults 85 
 
 to provide for apprenticeship of delin- 
 quent children 89 
 
 to transfer children charged with crimes 
 
 and misdemeanors to criminal courts . 84 
 to transfer delinquent children to court 
 
 having proper jurisdiction 84 
 
 proceedings of, forbidden as evidence in 
 
 other courts 88 
 
 reports of, annual, names of children 
 
 withheld from. . .- 87 
 
 reports required by, from institutions to 
 
 which children are committed 55, 91 
 
 special, creation of 11,81 
 
 jurisdiction of, exclusive, over delin- 
 quent, dependent, and neglected 
 
 children 81 
 
 over juvenile cases 11 
 
 over adults, for desertion and non- 
 support 23 
 
 supervision of, over institutions to which 
 
 children are committed 55-91 
 
 time and place of hearings of, in specified 
 
 States 34-30,87 
 
 transference of children arrested by peace 
 
 officers to 82 
 
 transference of children brought before 
 
 justices of peace to 82 
 
 transference of children indicted by grand 
 
 jury from criminal court to 82 
 
 visitation of institutions to which children 
 
 are committed by 55-56 
 
 municipal, jurisdiction of, over juvenile 
 
 cases 14 
 
 orders of. See Orders, court, 
 power of, to commit boys of specified age 
 who violate criminal law to house of 
 
 refuge for juvenile offenders 89 
 
 probate, appointment of legal guardian by.. 89 
 
 creation of, by law 81 
 
 jurisdiction of, exclusive, over adults, for 
 contributing to delinquency or de- 
 pendency 85 
 
 over delinquent, dependent, and neg- 
 lected children 81 
 
 jurisdiction, juvenile-court, conferred 
 
 upon 81 
 
 jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases 14 
 
 over truants 83 
 
 juvenile division of, power of judge of, to 
 
 grant rehearing 88 
 
 of record, designation of juvenile court as. . 95 
 
 of record, jurisdiction of, original 82 
 
 recorder's, jurisdiction of over juvenile 
 
 cases 14 
 
106 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Court , records of. See Records, eourfc. 
 release of children by, on recommendation 
 
 of institution _ 66 
 
 reports of. See Reports, court. 
 
 of special sessions, jurisdiction of, over 
 
 jnvenile cases -. 14 
 
 superior, jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases. 13 
 sujpreme^of Pennsylvania, ■concerning trial 
 
 of juvenile cases by jury 38 
 
 Crimes against children, adults guilty of, 
 
 jurisdiction over, by juvenile court . . 23 
 Crimes, specified, children committing, juris- 
 diction over, judge of juvenile court 
 
 to determine 20-21 
 
 children of specified age committing, ju- 
 risdiction over, examining magistrate 
 
 too- determine. _ 84 
 
 exclusion of, from juvenile-court jurisdic- 
 tion 20 
 
 or misdemeanors, punishment of children 
 
 committing 89 
 
 Criminal code, amendments to, specific juver 
 
 nile offenses denned by. 16 
 
 Criminal court. See Court, criminal. 
 Cruelty to children, society for prevention of. 
 See Society for prevention of cruelty 
 to children. 
 Custody of child, parental, power of juvenile- 
 court judge, to decide 89 
 
 Custody and care of children, delinquent, by 
 
 State board of administration- 44 
 
 Custody and care of children pending and 
 
 during hearing 28-32, 86 
 
 Deaf, sehool for. See School for deaf. 
 
 Decision of juvenile court, appeal from 40 
 
 Decision of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 
 concerning trial of juvenile cases by 
 
 jury 38 
 
 Defectives, mental or physical, inclusion of, 
 in delinquent, dependent, or neg- 
 lected classes 16 
 
 Definition of delinquency. See Delinquency, 
 
 definition of. 
 Definition of dependency. See Dependency, 
 I definition of. 
 
 Deformed children. See Children, indigent 
 
 and sick or deformed. 
 Delinquency, definition of, as accepted by 
 
 most States 17 
 
 as shown by Alabama law 83 
 
 previous to juvenile-court legislation 17 
 
 States lacking, but including specified 
 
 provisions 18 
 
 variations in 17 
 
 Delinquency and dependency, adults con- 
 tributing to, appeal of, to circuit 
 
 court 85 
 
 jurisdiction over, by court trying juvenile 
 
 cases 21 
 
 by criminal court 21 
 
 by juvenile court 84-85 
 
 exclusively court of domestic relations. 85 
 
 by probatecourt 85 
 
 distinction between, not made in act for 
 
 Kingsport, Tennessee 84 
 
 liability of adults lor contributing to 21,84 
 
 Page. 
 Delinquent ehildien. See Children, delin- 
 quent; see also Classes, delinquent. 
 Delinquent classes.. See Classes, delinquent; 
 
 see also Children, delinquent. 
 Department of public welfare, State. See 
 Welfare, public, State department of. 
 Dependency, definition. of, States lacking, 
 
 but including specified provisions ... 20 
 
 variations in - 18,19 
 
 and delinquency. See Delinquency and 
 dependency. 
 
 and neglect, definition of, variations in 83-84 
 
 Dependent children. See Children, depend- 
 ent;, see also Classes, dependent. 
 Dependent classes. See Classes, dependent; 
 
 see also Children, dependent. 
 Dependent and neglected classes. See Class- 
 es, dependent and neglected. 
 Desertion and nonsupport. See alio Aban- 
 donment or non provision, 
 adults guilty of, jurisdiction over, by court 
 
 of domestic relations 23, 85 
 
 by juvenile court . 22 
 
 by special juvenile court 23 
 
 Designated juvenile court. See Court, ju- 
 venile, designated. 
 Detention of children in jail, prohibition of. - 86 
 Detention of children, methods of, pending 
 
 and during hearing 28-32 
 
 inspeclfied States-. 86 
 
 Detention home. See Home, detention. 
 Disposition of cases, delinquent and depend- 
 ent, methods of 43-51 
 
 Disposition of child, religion of parents re- 
 spected in 42,88-89 
 
 District court. See Court, district. 
 Domestic relations, court of. See Court of 
 domestic relations. 
 
 Epileptic children. See Children, feeble- 
 minded, epileptic, or criminally in- 
 clined. 
 
 Evidence, use of, in subsequent trials 41, 88 
 
 Examination, medical or mental, order for, 
 
 enforcement of , by juvenile court 88 
 
 mental and physical, of children 38, 88 
 
 Exclusive jurisdiction. See Jurisdiction, ex- 
 clusive. 
 
 Feeble-minded children. See Children, fee- 
 ble-minded. 
 
 Felony, exclusion of, from juvenile-eourt 
 
 jurisdiction 20 
 
 power of juvenile-court judge in Nevada to 
 extend age limitation for persons 
 charged with 21 
 
 Fines, children committing crimes or misde- 
 meanors subject to 89 
 
 children committing offenses or violating 
 
 conditions of probation subject to. . . 47-48 
 
 Governor, control by, over institutions and 
 
 associations receiving children 57 
 
 Grand jury, childrenindicted by, transference 
 of, by criminal court to juvenile 
 court 82 
 
INDEX. 
 
 107, 
 
 Page. 
 Guardian, legal, appointment of, by probate 
 
 court gg 
 
 lor delinquent children 44, 89 
 
 for dependent children 48-49 
 
 for dependent or neglected children. ... 90 
 issuance of summons to, in juvenile cases. 26-27 
 
 Health, board of. See Board of health. 
 
 Hearings, juvenile-court, privacy at 87 
 
 time and place of, in specified States. . 34-36, 87 
 
 private, for boys of specified age , 87 
 
 Home, county, commitment of dependent 
 
 children to 50 
 
 temporary, in Connecticut for dependent 
 and neglected children, classes admit- 
 ted to 20 
 
 detention, control of, by juvenile court in 
 
 Arizona 86 
 
 by parole board 86 
 
 control of internal affairs of, by probation 
 
 committee 94 
 
 establishment of 86 
 
 for children, before or during hearing 86 
 
 inspection report of, monthly 94 
 
 ma tron for, appointment of 86 
 
 family, commitment of delinquent children 
 
 to 89 
 
 commitment of dependent or neglected 
 
 children to 90 
 
 for dependent children, admission to, 
 
 through county court 82 
 
 for dependent and neglected children in 
 
 Connecticut, classes admitted to 20 
 
 for dependent and neglected children in 
 
 Maine, classes admitted to 20 
 
 juvenile, State, commitment of all delin- 
 quent, dependent, and neglected 
 
 children to. 89 
 
 Orphans', Soldiers', commitment of delin- 
 quent children of specified age to 89 
 
 room, or school, detention, for children, 
 
 before trial 31-32 
 
 State, commitment of dependent children 
 
 to 49-50 
 
 -finding societies. See Societies, home-find- 
 ing. 
 House of refuge, commitment of delinquent 
 
 children to 47 
 
 for juvenile offenders, commitment of boys 
 of specified age to, for violation of 
 
 criminal law 89 
 
 Hospital, placing of children needing medical 
 
 care in 51,90 
 
 Ulegitimatechildren. SeeChildren, born out 
 of wedlock. 
 
 Imprisonment in jail, failure of parents to con- 
 tiibuto to support of child in institu- 
 tion punishable by 53 
 
 Individual, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to care of 89 
 
 commitment of dependent or neglected chil- 
 dren to care of 90 
 
 Industrial, training, or reform schools. See 
 Schools, industrial, training, or re- 
 form. 
 
 Inspection of detention homes 94 
 
 Page. 
 Inspection of institutions receiving children 
 
 by juvenile-court judge 91 
 
 Institution, city, commitment of delinquent 
 
 children to 45 
 
 commitment of delinquent and dependent 
 
 children to same 51 
 
 commitment of mental defectives to 51 
 
 county, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to 45 
 
 discharge of children by 58 
 
 penal, or reformatory, commitment of de- ! 
 
 Unquent children to 47 
 
 private, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to 45 
 
 commitment of dependent children to.. 50 
 public, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to , 44-47 
 
 State, Colorado, board of control of, not 
 
 subject to order of court 59 
 
 commitment of delinquent children to . . . 44, 89 
 commitment of dependent or neglected 
 
 children to 99 
 
 State commissioner of, control by, over 
 institutions and associations receiv- 
 ing children 57 
 
 Institutions to which children are com- | 
 
 mitted, control of 55-56 
 
 by board of children's guardians 57 
 
 by county board of health and county i 
 
 commissioners 57 
 
 by county commissioner 57 
 
 by governor 57 
 
 by juvenile-court commission 57 
 
 by prison and asylum commissioners. . 1 . 57 
 
 by State board of charities 57 
 
 by State board of control 57 
 
 by State board of control of reformatory, 
 
 charitable, and penal institutions 57 
 
 by State commissioner of State institu- '■ 
 
 tions 57 
 
 inspection of, by juvenile-court judge 91 
 
 relation of court to 54-57, 90 
 
 supervision of 55-56, 91 
 
 visitation of 55-56 
 
 Institutional reports. See Reports, institu- 
 tional. 
 Intrepretation of delinquency. See Delin- 
 quency, definition of. 
 Interpretation of dependency. See Depend- 
 ency, definition of. 
 Interpretation of neglect. See Neglect, defi- 
 nition of. 
 Investigation, preliminary, of juvenile eases 28,86 
 
 JailjCounty, commitment to, of specified de- 
 linquent children, to await trial. ... 84 
 Judge, city-court, power of, to act as judge of 
 
 juvenilecourt 91 
 
 city, duty of, relative to court records 95 
 
 jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases 14 
 
 court of record, selection of, to hear juvenile- 
 court cases 82 
 
 district court, selection of, to hear juvenile- 
 court cases 82 
 
 juvenile-court, examination of witnesses by, 
 
 without counsel 87 
 
 inspection by, of institutions receiving 
 
 children 91 
 
 method of selection of 58-59, 91 
 
108 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Judge, juvenile-court, power of, in Nevada, 
 to extend age limitation for persons 
 
 charged with felony 21 
 
 to appoint matron for- detention home 
 
 in Wilmington, Del 86. 
 
 to determine parental custody of child. 89 
 to determine proper jurisdiction over 
 
 children committing specified crimes. 20,21 
 to investigate institutions receiving 
 
 - children 91 
 
 to modify or revoke orders, release, 
 ': parole, recommit, or bind child to 
 
 ; criminal court 91 
 
 ; qualifications of 60, 91-92 
 
 salary of 59-60, 91 
 
 tenure of 59, 91 
 
 of juvenile division of probate court, grant- 
 
 '<■ ing Of rehearing by 88 
 
 police, jurisdiction of, over juvenile cases, 
 
 in specified States 12-13 
 
 prohibition of, in some States 13 
 
 undesirability of 12 
 
 selection of, for juvenile cases only 14 
 
 sole, advantages of extended term of, for 
 
 . juvenile cases 14 
 
 advantages of for juvenile cases 14 
 
 Judges, rotation of, allowed in some States. . 14 
 
 special qualifications of, importance of 12 
 
 Jurisdiction, concurrent, disadvantages of. . . 11 
 
 in specified States 11-12 
 
 continuing, and relation of court to institu- 
 i » tions in which children are placed. . . 54-57 
 
 exclusive, advantages of 11, 14 
 
 of courts. See Court [specified], jurisdic- 
 t tion of. 
 
 of judges. See Judge [specified], jurisdiction 
 , of. 
 
 of justice of the peace. See Justice of the 
 peace, jurisdiction of. 
 Jury, appeal from juvenile court, to circuit 
 
 court, without 88 
 
 power of juvenile court to impose sentence 
 
 in specified cases of adults, without.. 85 
 trial of dependent and neglected children 
 
 r without 88 
 
 trial of juvenile cases by 38-39 
 
 trial of juvenile cases, without 38-39 
 
 Justice of peace or recorder, transference of 
 
 children brought before, to juvenile ' 
 
 court 82 
 
 Justice of the peace, jurisdiction of, over 
 
 juvenile cases, in specified States 12-13 
 
 prohibition of, in some States 12-13 
 
 undesirability of 12-13 
 
 Juvenile cases. See Cases, juvenile. 
 Juvenile court. See Court, juvenile. 
 Juvenile-court commission. See Commis- 
 sion, juvenile- court. 
 Juvenile-court judge. See Judge, juvenile- 
 court. 
 Juvenile offenses. See Offenses, juvenile. 
 
 TLa,vr, "act of Juvenile delinquency," applica- 
 ble only to boys of specified age 82 
 
 amending age limit for appeals in Montana. 88 
 conferring juvenile-court jurisdiction upon 
 
 court of domestic relations 81 
 
 Page. 
 Law, conferring juvenile-court jurisdiction 
 
 upon probate court 81 
 
 committing delinquent children to institu- 
 tions 44 
 
 creating special juvenile courts 81 
 
 criminal, commitment of boys of specified 
 age to house of refuge for juvenile 
 offenders, for violation of 89 
 
 defining delinquency in Alabama 83 
 
 defining dependency and neglect in Ala- 
 bama 84 
 
 defining procedure for treatment of delin- 
 quent and dependent children 81 
 
 establishing State board of children's guar- 
 dians in West Virginia 81 
 
 juvenile-court, construction and purpose 
 
 of 69-70,95 
 
 making no distinctionbetween delinquency 
 
 and dependency in Kingsport, Term. 84 
 
 providing for care of dependent and neg- 
 lected children 81 
 
 relative to jurisdiction of court over chil- 
 dren, after disposition of case, vari- 
 ance in 54-57 
 
 relative to partial support by parents, of 
 
 children in institutions 52-53 
 
 school-attendance. See School-attendance 
 law. 
 Laws, juvenile-court, enacted during the year 
 
 1919, additions and amendments to. . 81-95 
 Liability of adults. See Adults, liability of. 
 List of references to statutory sources, by 
 
 States 71-79 
 
 Magistrate, examining, power of, to deter- 
 mine proper jurisdiction over children 
 of specified age committing specified 
 crimes 84 
 
 Marriage of persons without legal guardians, 
 
 power of juvenile court to consent to. . 24 
 
 Matron for detention home, appointment of. . 86 
 
 Mental and physical examination. See Ex- 
 amination, mental and physical. 
 
 Mental or physical defectives. See Defectives, 
 mental or physical. 
 
 Mentally defective children. See Children, 
 mentally defective. 
 
 Monthly court report. See Report, court, 
 monthly. 
 
 "Mothers' aid "law. See Pensions, mothers'. 
 
 Mothers' pensions. See Pensions, mothers'. 
 
 Municipal courts. See Courts, municipal. 
 
 Neglected classes. See Classes, dependent 
 and neglected; see also Children, de- 
 pendent and neglected. 
 
 Neglected and dependent classes. See Classes, 
 dependent and neglected. 
 
 Nonprovision and abandonment. See Aban- 
 donment and nonprovision. 
 
 Nonsupport and desertion. See desertion 
 and nonsupport. 
 
 Number of probation officers 62-65 92-94 
 
 Offenses against children. See Crimes against 
 
 children. 
 Offenses, juvenile, as defined previous to 
 
 juvenile-court legislation 17 
 
 specific, defined by amendments to 
 
 criminal code jg 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1-G9 
 
 Officers, probation. See Probation officers. 
 
 Orders, court, change ot, requirement that 
 rights of institutions bo respected 
 
 upon 56 
 
 requiring parents to contribute to sup- 
 port of children in institutions, en- 
 forcement of 63 
 
 Orphans' home. See Homo, orphans'. 
 
 Overseers of the poor, commitment of de- 
 pendent children to 50 
 
 Parents, explanation of proceedings given to. 86 
 failing to comply with compulsory school- 
 attendance law, jurisdiction over, by 
 
 juvenile court 23, 85 
 
 or guardians, punishment of, for failure to 
 contribute to support of children in 
 
 institutions 53 
 
 or guardians, support of dependent children 
 
 by 90 
 
 issuance of summons to, in juvenile cases. . 28-27 
 religion of, respected in disposition of 
 
 child 42,88-89 
 
 Parole boards. See Boards, parole. 
 
 Parole of girls, by State Girls' Welfare Board, 
 
 subject to approval of juvenile court- . 91 
 
 Peace officers, transference of children ar- 
 rested by, to juvenile court 82 
 
 Penal or reformatory institutions. See In- 
 stitutions, penal or reformatory. 
 
 Penalty, parents or guardians subject to, for 
 failure to contribute to support of 
 children in institutions 53 
 
 Pensions, mothers', provisions for, in speci- 
 fied States 23 
 
 Permits, work, appeal from refusal of 16 
 
 Petition, filing of, preliminary proceeding in 
 
 juvenile cases in specified States. . 25-26, 85 
 
 Physical or mental defectives. See Defec- 
 tives, mental or physical. 
 
 Physical and mental examination. See Ex- 
 amination, mental and physical. 
 
 Police judge. See Judge, police. 
 
 Powers and duties of probation officers 66, 94 
 
 Powers of juvenile-court judge in Kingsport, 
 
 Term 91 
 
 Prevention of cruelty to children, society for. 
 See Society for prevention of cruelty 
 to children. 
 
 Prison and asylum commissioners. See Com- 
 missioners, prison and asylum. 
 
 Privacy at trial in juvenile court 36-37 , 87 
 
 Private associations. 5ee Associations, pri- 
 vate. 
 
 Private institutions. See Institutions, pri- 
 vate. 
 
 Probate court. See Court, probate. 
 
 Probation committee. See Committee, pro- 
 bation. 
 
 Probation of delinquent children 43-44, 89 
 
 Probation of dependent or neglected children - 48, 90 
 
 Probation officers, appointment of. 61-62, 88, 92 
 
 issuance of citation by 94 
 
 number of 62-65,92-94 
 
 powers and duties of. 66, 94 
 
 salary of 62-65,92-94 
 
 tenure of 65 
 
 Probation officers, visitation by, of children 
 
 at home under court jurisdiction 94 
 
 of placed-out children 91, 94 
 
 Proceedings, explanation of, given to child 
 
 and parents 86 
 
 in juvenile cases, methods of beginning. .. 25, 85-86 
 nature of, at hearing, in juvenile cases. . 33-34, 86 
 Property of children, delinquent, exclusion 
 
 of, from control of appointed guardian. 44 
 power of probate court to appoint legal 
 
 guardian of 89 
 
 dependent, exclusion of, from control of 
 
 appointed guardian 49 
 
 or neglected, exclusion of, from control of 
 
 appointed guardian 90 
 
 Public, exclusion of, from trial in juvenile 
 
 court 36, 87 
 
 institution. See Institution, . public. 
 
 withholding of court record from 37, 87 
 
 Publication of juvenile cases, prohibition of. . 37 
 
 Qualifications of judges, juvenile-court. . . 60, 91-92 
 special, importance of. 12 
 
 Recorder, city, duty of, relative to court 
 
 records 95 
 
 Recorder's court. See Court, recorder's. 
 Records, court, juvenile, withholding from 
 
 public of 87 
 
 separate, for juvenile cases, requirement 
 
 of 67 
 
 withholding of, from public 37 
 
 Referees, appointment of . . . : 88,91 
 
 appointment of, for purpose of investigating 
 
 institutions 91 
 
 References, list of, to statutory sources, by 
 
 States 71-79 
 
 Rehearing of juvenile cases, provisions for. . . 88 
 Relation of court to institutions in which 
 
 children are placed 54-57 
 
 Religion of parents respected in disposition 
 
 of child 42, 88-89 
 
 Reparation by delinquent children, for losses 
 
 sustained 48 
 
 Reports, court, annual, names of children 
 
 withheld from 37, 87 
 
 requirement of 68,94-95 
 
 contents of 68, 95 
 
 made to specified authorities 68, 95 
 
 monthly, of dependent children, require- 
 ment of. 95 
 
 requirement of ■. 68 
 
 inspection, of detention home 94 
 
 institutional, of children committed by 
 
 juvenile court, requirement of 55-91 
 
 Rotation of judges allowed in somo States 14 
 
 Salary of juvenile-court judges 59-60, 91 
 
 Salary of probation officers 62-65, 92-94 
 
 School-attendance law, compulsory, adults 
 
 failing to comply with, jurisdiction 
 
 over, by juvenile court 23, 85 
 
 School for deaf, State, admission to, control of, 
 
 by juvenile courts 83 
 
 School, industrial, commitment of delinquent 
 
 children to 89 
 
110 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 School,, industrial, State, commitment of. de- 
 pendent or neglected children to, pro- 
 hibitionof 90 
 
 Jurisdiction over, exclusive, by juvenile 
 courts 83 
 
 training, State, commitment of delinquent 
 children of specified age to, prohibi- 
 tion of 89 
 
 Schools, industrial, training, or reform, delin- 
 quent children committed to 44-47 
 
 Selection of juvenile-court judges, method 
 
 of 58-59,91 
 
 Sick children. See Children, feeble-minded 
 and sick; see also Children, indigent 
 and sick. 
 
 Societies, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to 89 
 
 commitment of dependent or neglected 
 
 children to 90 
 
 for care of children before or during hearing . 86 
 home-finding, commitment of dependent 
 
 children to • 50 
 
 Society for prevention of cruelty to children, 
 
 commitment of dependent children to 50 
 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home. See Home, Or- 
 phans', Soldiers'. 
 
 Special juvenile court. See Court, juvenile, 
 special. 
 
 Special sessions, court of. See Court of special 
 
 Specific offenses. See Offenses, specific. 
 
 Specified crimes. See Crimes, specified. 
 
 State board of administration. See Board of 
 administration, State. 
 
 State board of charities. See Board of chari- 
 ties, State. 
 
 State board of children's guardians. See 
 board of children's guardians, State. 
 
 State board of control. See Board of control, 
 State. 
 
 State commissioner. See Commissioner, 
 State. 
 
 State department of public welfare. See 
 Welfare, public, State department of. 
 
 State Girls' Welfare Board. See Board, Girls' 
 Welfare, State. 
 
 State industrial school. See School, indus- 
 trial, State. 
 
 State institutions. See Institutions, State. 
 
 State school for deaf. See School for deaf. 
 State. 
 
 State training school. See School, training, 
 State. 
 
 Page. 
 Status, civil, of children, after judgment by 
 
 juvenile court 89 
 
 of delinquent children 42 
 
 Statutory sources, list of references to, by 
 
 States 71-79 
 
 Summons, failure to obey, punishment for. . . 27, 85 
 
 issuance of, in juvenile cases 26-27, 85 
 
 method of, in specified States 27, 85 
 
 Superior court. See Court, superior. 
 Supervisory board. See Board, administra- 
 tive, advisory, or supervisory. 
 Support and maintenance of children born 
 out of wedlock, jurisdiction of 
 
 juvenile court over cases for 24 
 
 Support, partial, by parents, of children in 
 
 institutions 52-53 
 
 Supreme court. See Court, supreme. 
 
 Tenure of juvenile-court judges 59, 91 
 
 Tenure of probation officers 65 
 
 Term of office. See Tenure of. 
 
 Trialin juvenile court, privacy at 36-37,87 
 
 Trial of dependent and neglected children 
 
 without jury 88 
 
 Truants, inclusion of, in delinquent, depend- 
 ent, or neglected classes 16 
 
 jurisdiction of probate court over 83 
 
 Variations in definition of dependency and 
 
 neglect 83-84 
 
 Visitation of children in institutions, in care 
 of individuals or associations, by 
 probation officers, or other court 
 agents 91, 94 
 
 Visitation of institutions receiving children 
 
 committed by juvenile court 55-56 
 
 Warrant, issuance of, in juvenile cases 27 
 
 Welfare, public, State department of, control 
 over institutions and associations 
 
 receiving children 57 
 
 report of dependent children, 
 monthly, requirement from juve- 
 nile court for 95 
 
 Witnesses, examination of, by judge of juve- 
 nile court, for purpose of obtaining 
 
 information about institutions 91 
 
 without counsel 87 
 
 Woman assistant, appointment of, to hear 
 
 cases of girls 38 
 
 Work permits. See Permits, work. 
 Workhouse, commitment of delinquent chil- 
 dren to 47 
 
 county, commitment of children to, for 
 
 crime or misdemeanors 89 
 
Gaylord Bros. 
 
 Makers 
 Syracuse, N. V. 
 
 PAT. JAN. 21. 1908 
 

 
 
 1