o6T i8^ Cornell University Library HD 2067.G87 Agricultural reciprocity between America 3 1924 013 866 037 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY [ICULTURAL RECIPROCITY BETWEEN America and China A Contribution Toward Economic Devdopn and Permanent Famine Relief TRUSTEES Office, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D., President Charles A. Stoddard, D.D., LL.D., Vice-President W. Henry Grant, Secretary and Treasurer Warren P. Laird, Sc.D. L. B. Miller Francis S. Phraner David Eugene Smith, Ph.D., LL.D. The President of the College, ex-oficio, FINANCIAL SECRETARY Rev. Herbert E. House, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York; 1723 West Slat Street, Los Angeles, California ADVISORY BOARD * Hon. John W. Foster, LL.D,, Washington, D.C. Hon. Seth Low, LL.D., New York Rev. W. a. P. Martin, D,D., LL.D., Peking, China Rev. Charles R. Erdman, D.D., Princeton, N. J. Frank Morion McMurry, Ph.D., Columbia University, New York Edwin J. Gillies, New York Rev. Harlan P. Beach, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Rev. Thomas W. Pearce, M.A., Hongkong, China Rev. R. H. Graves, D.D., LL.D., Canton, China Hon. Amos P. Wilder, Ph.D., Shanghai, China FACULTY College Address, Honglok, Canton, China Charles K. Edmunds, President, Physics, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins Andrew H. Woods, Vice-President, M.D. University of Pennsylvania W. K. Chung, Dean, Department of Chinee, M.A. Chinese Government Henry B. Graybill, Principal Preparatory School, A.B. Washington and Lee, M.A. Columbia Clinton N, Laird, Chemistry, M.A. University of Pennsylvania Chester G. Fuson, Geography and Drawing, B.A. Emporia G. Weidman GRorr, Agriculture, B.Sc. Pennsylvania State College Arthur Russel Knipp, Physics and Engineering, B.A. Johna Hopkins, B.S. Massachusetts Institute Technology Wilfred E. MacDonald, Mathematics, A.B, University of Tennessee, MA. Havard Henry C. Brownell, History and Bible, B.A. University of Vermont On leave as Rhodes Scholar, Oxford. Ernest Joseph Weeks, B.A., Hamilton Charles Hall Wicks, B.A. Cohiell Kenneth Duncan, A.B. Wabash College Frank Stars Williams, B.S. MiUsapa College Agricultural Reciprocity BETWEEN America and China Agricultural Reciprocity Promoted through the Canton Christian College Department of Agricultural Investigation, Education and Practice BULLETIN No. 5 By GEORGE WEIDMAN GROFF TRUSTEES OF THE CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 390329 PRESS OF Sowers Printing Company Lebanon, Pa. CONTENTS Intensive Agriculture in America and China Compared 5 Extensive Agriculture in America and China Compared 13 The Opportunity for Mutual Helpfulness . . 60 America Must Take the Initiative 23 The Canton Christian College : 23 Location 25 Climate 25 Agricultural Conditions 26 Field 27 Opportunity 27 Needs 28 The University Medical School 28 The Agricultural Department in the Canton Christian College 28 Suggested Fields for Service : Dairy and Stock 32 Agronomy 33 Forestry 33 Horticulture 33 Agricultural Chemistry 33 Agricultural Extension 34 Irrigation and Drainage 34 Landscape Architecture 34 Agricultural Education 35 The Opinion of an Expert Agriculturist 35 The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China 37 Letters from Chinese Students 39 AGRICULTURAL RECIPROCITY between AMERICA AND CHINA A New Era in Agricultural Development Has Suddenly Appeared America has what China lacks and needs — exten- sive AGRICULTURE. China has what America lacks and needs — inten- sive AGRICULTURE. The American farmer invariably thinks of his field. The Chinese gardener is concerned about his plant. In point of agricultural development each has some- thing to get and something to give. Intensive Agriculture in America and China Compared. An intensive system of cultivation and the strictest economy of plant food make it possible for the Chinese to sustain a large population on a comparatively small area of cultivated land. The scantiness of the living thus gained and the ever-present spectre of famine are not due so much to the lack of intensive farm methods as to the need of agricultural extension and means of transportation. A mere glimpse at the land under cultivation convin- ces one of the success of the Chinese gardener, and gives a vision of what can some day be done when scientific knowledge and labor-saving machinery form part of his equipment. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IN CHINA Fields adjoining Canton Ciiristian College property, which have been ridged for leeks and other winter vegetables. The sides of each bed have been carefully smeared with mud to prevent evaporation, and water is always kept in the trenches. The jars in the foreground are used for storing night soil, all of which is .carefully saved and fod to plant life. Lychee trees and junks line the river banks. An intuitive knowledge of each individual need and characteristic of the growing plant has made possible the Chinese gardener's success. He has inherited this through centuries of close, almost loving observation of plant life. Encouraged by this natural perception, he applies only the best practices in the economy of plant growth. He cheerfully expends any amount of time and energy, in order that the need of each plant may be promptly met. Early and late, at all periods of the plant's growth, he is deeply concerned for its greatest welfare. In China seed-time and harvest are always accom- panied by special diligence and rejoicing; but with the Chinese these are not the periods that demand the most careful thought and effort. Each seedling plant, be it grain, vegetable, or fruit, is started in a nursery environment. The seed, whether large or small, strong or weak, must germinate under none but the most favorable conditions. The seed-bed is therefore chosen with studious care for sunlight and exposure. Its soil is specially prepared, and water in sufficient quantity is provided. After the seed has been sown, the soil, which is rarely rich in itself, is coated with plant ashes, which have been carefully saved from burned grass, the princi- pal source of fuel. Only after the bed has been evenly covered with a mulch of rice straw has the work of providing the little plant's start in life been completed. Meanwhile fields beyond are teeming with plant life; for, to secure enough food for so many, sunshine afid space must be used to the utmost. When plants are young, they are crowded in the nursery bed. The harvesting of one crop is always followed by the imme- diate planting of another. A person often sees three or four crops growing in the same field or bed. The weed, that universal enemy of our American farmer, is seldom thought of in China: ages ago it was exterminated as a useless space consumer. The closest economy of sun- light and water is thus observed. The Chinese have un- kg / / 11^ Jl. V ' :^- A CHINESE SCARE CKOW In this case 'it lias been placed on top of a fbean trellis. consciously applied a scientific truth that has but re- cently been impressed upon the minds of the American agriculturists by one of our foremost scientists, Dr. Henry P. Armsby, who says: "The problem of food supply is in essence a problem of energy supply.. .The density of population which a country can support from its own resources is practically limited by the amount of solar energy which the farmer can recover in food products." The Chinese know that sun- shine and water are not enough, that as surely as men must be fed, their plants must be fed also. The Chinese farmers could not name for you the essen- tial plant foods, nitrogen, phos- phorus, and pot- assium, but they know the valua- ble raw materials which contain these elements and which feed the plants, and they also know in what stage of the plant's development each kind of food is needed. During the days of soil preparation and seed- sowing they are busily collecting and keeping under the most favorable conditions the raw materials that contain these elements. They are adepts in processes of fermentation that make the plant foods available for immediate assimila- 9 BEDS OF CANTON GINGER. In America this product is marketed In the preserved or su&ared form. A crop watcher's hut is in the center of the scene and 'bamboo trees are in the background. In the spring of the year the young tender shoots of this tree are marketed as "bam- boo sprouts" which to the Chinese is as much of a delicacy as asparagus is to us. tion by the plant. The large earthenware jar in which human excrement is stored is conveniently located with reference to road and field, and is deemed as important to successful gardening as is the manure or plant com- post pile. Sometimes this same jar is used for dissolving the peanut or bean cake, which consists of the residue left after the oil has been extracted. This the Chinese recognize to be rich in plant food , but it should not be fed to the plant before it is dis- solved and made ready for assimi- lation. The many ponds scattered here and there over the land and often used for irrigation are pru- d e n 1 1 y stocked with fish ; and during the dry season, when the water is low, the mud of the pond, which is then rich in fertilizing ma- terials from the by-product of fish life, is smeared over the gardens, or dried and broken into small clods, and either scattered over the field or used in potting. To the mind of the Chinese the soil is therefore not a mine of untold natural wealth. It is rather a machine into which the raw materials should be fed, and from which will then come the finished product of plant life. The Chinese dignify their gardeners with the title "fa A VILLAGE POND This is a most important feature of every village community in that it is used for irrigating and is the only source of sew- age disposal. Yearly it is stocked with fish and planted with lotus lilies, the seed and roots of which are used as food. Sur- rounded by bamhoo trees, with pagoda in the distance, this pond forms an attrac- tive feature of the landscape. wong", or "flower king"; with such dignity the worth of expert gardeners should be universally recognized. America is only now awakening to the necessity of soil conservation and a more intensive agriculture. In the past the wealth of her soil has been wasted; farms that were once productive have been abandoned; and enriching fertilizing materials have been thoughtlessly MOUNTAIN-SIDE RICE PATCHES These are built into steps tor irrlgajtlng and to prevent the washing away of the soil. turned into the rivers, a practice that has starved plant life, polluted the rivers, and poisoned the people. The average American farmer has lacked the patience to study the individual characteristics of his plants. But the time has come when he must follow the example of his brother across the seas and become more deeply con- cerned about these things, converting many of his neg- lected fields into veritable gardens. In China, where such intensive methods of cultivation are employed, it is -natural that plant life should take on its highest forms, and that certain districts should be noted for the production of specially attractive types. The Amoy pomelo or grape fruit, the Watlam orange, and the Lau Chau plum are all illustrations of 11 this fact. As one travels over the country, how interest- ing it is to note distinct changes in variety. How strange to find in one district a large, juicy, highly-flavored pomelo, while in the district adjoining, where the soil and climate are almost identical, ^ pomelo of very inferior quality. The result is not surprising. In China there is no end to varieties, but few of them have ever been systematically brought together and propagated ; and yet SOUTH CHINA FRUITS The pear-shaped pomelo (grape fruit) in the background to the left and the large persimmon in the foreground are especially worthy of our study and introduction Into the United States. On the right the lychee and lung-ngaan (dragon-eye) are fruits no variety of which has ever been successfully introduced ilLto the United States. many are worthy of the study of the various horticultural agencies throughout the world. The practical agricul- turist can well ponder over the words of Mr. David Fairchild, agricultural explorer in charge of the foreign exploration work of the United States Department of Agriculture, when he says, "We have come to look upon China as a 'gold mine' of plant possibilities and to realize that an agricultural study of its crops and cropping systems must be made much more extensive than any- thing we have done heretofore. ..." 12 The American farmer is fortunate in having a govern- ment that maintains speciaHsts whose business it is to study plant types, and then to advise him as to those which are best adapted to the conditions under which he labors. He can well afford to purchase his seed from seedsmen whose reputation is dependent upon the suc- cess of their product. And his orchards are all planted from nursery-grown stock. This custom in itself main- tains the distribution of only the most carefully selected and budded plants. Contrast this with the practice in China, where seed must be privately grown or purchased without any defi- nite guarantee that it will produce a plant of a specified type, and where the gardener cannot be certain that he is planting a tree of first-class quality unless he himself has done the budding or layering. The Chinese do not have a knowledge of even the elementary principles of Mendel's Law of Heredity, and have accomplished little in systematically developing new varieties, or even fix- ing the old types. In China there is therefore much to be done for agricul- tural development by a study and fixation of the Chinese types of plant life and by the organization of the seed and nursery business. Extensive Agriculture in America and China Compared. With an intensive agriculture that excels that of any other nation, and with plant forms that indicate the de- velopment of a high type of agriculture, China is never- theless constantly confronted with scarcity and famine ; and the Christian people of America and other lands are frequently called upon for relief. While the immediate causes of these famines are floods and droughts, both the result of deforestation, permanent relief can be immediately effected by better means of transportation, by more comprehensive 13 < z X o I I— I O b CO •< b; H b o O O X H 2 o a> ft I- 01 d e; < S o z o H o CO *.t'«aB4aiio '":^^-'£jisiMiC'.^^;^^'-- ■' ■^N^^^ i^^^ ^^-^^ -^ ^^::^:s ;;::; 1 ■ .,.^-^ H^^^S THE CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE SITE These buildings were hastily built with walls one brick thick, and are now being replaced by the permanent buildings. The grounds await considerable grading before the campus can be developed. collegiate, and technical, with about 200 students and a faculty of 14 American and 18 Chinese professors and instructors. There are six permanent buildings and a campus of 48 acres located across the river from Canton. "The proposed Agricultural Department in that noble in- stitution, the Canton Christian College, may be of great service in bringing about, between our agriculture and that of China, a bene- ficial exchange of points of superiority. "Such a Department will eventually be able to give practical aid to Chinese farmers and to open a path of hope to educated young men, eager to promote the economic regeneration of their country. Nothing could be suggested more likely to convince the Chinese of our good-will and to dispose them to listen to whatever we offer them in the way of moral or religious ideas." From a letter by Professor Edward A. Ross, Professor of Sociology in the University of Wisconsin. Location. The Canton Christian College is located at Canton, the commercial, literary, and official metro- polis of South China, with a population of 1,500,000, situated ninety miles up the Pearl river from Hongkong. It is the nearest Chinese city to American territory in the Philippines. Climate. South China has the most advantageous climate in all China for agricultural effort. The two Kwang provinces are traversed by the line of the Tropic of Cancer, and there is found and grown there a wide range of temperate and tropical plants. The climate permits of the growth of plants throughout the entire year, and live stock demands but little attention in the way^of protection from the weather. Agricultural Conditions. Kwang Tung and Kwang Si are primarily agricultural provinces. The former is cultivated intensively, and the latter extensively. Kwang Tung has an area of 100,000 square miles and a ^v?^?" ^1^ ■1 SINKING AN ARTESIAN WBL/L ON COLLEGE GROUNDS dense population of 319 persons to the square mile. Warm climate, abundant moisture in season, and fertile soil in the lower areas, together with the plant-loving and industrious habits of the people, make it the most productive section in the Empire, if not in the world. Here are produced rice, silk, sugar-cane, indigo, tea, tobacco, and a wide variety of temperate and tropical vegetables, grains, and fruits. Kwang Si, with an area of 77,220 square miles, is the most sparsely populated province of the country, esti- mates showing only sixty-six persons to the square mile. 2n The province is abundantly watered by three streams, which comprise three water basins, each of which is only very partially developed. Kwang Si is known as "the granary of Kwang Tung"; here are grown paying crops of wheat, rice, millet, maize, and buckwheat. This province produces about the same fruits and vegetables that are found in Kwang Tung, though they are often of quite a different variety. In both these provinces, though especially in the latter, vast tracts of uncultivated land remain to be de- veloped. When the proposed railroads are built, there can be no doubt that these two provinces will be called upon to largely supply the market needs of the north. Field. The field is practically untouched in the work of agricultural education and investigation. Opportunity. There is a widespread desire for know- ledge of western agricultural methods. Agricultural investigation and development are possible because of the progressive character of the Cantonese people. "No single agency can compare with the superior advantages offered by Christian education to mould the new civilization of China's millions." A SWIMMING CONTEST No Canton Christian College student is permitted to row on the river unless he can swim at least fifty yards. The trees in the back- grround are those of the lychee, a fruit which the Chinese laundryman of America often presents to his patrons. They are often miscalled "Chinese nuts." ''/.■ i i_ gf^ jFT ff ffi 1 g MARTIN HALX, with students and teach-ers assembled on verandas. This is a reinforced concrete building. I-t is fire, ant and typhoon proof. Needs. The Agricultural Department of the Canton Christian College needs the hearty cooperation of American agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions, and of all friends of agricultural development in its effort to establish a thorough course of Agricultural Education and Extension, including buildings, equip- ment, teachers, and funds for the running expenses of the department. The University Medical 'School. The University Medical School is an institution closely affiliated with the Canton Christian College, maintained by the Chris- tian Association of the University of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of graduating skilled Chinese physicians, thoroughly trained in western scientific medicine. It has assets to the amount of $23,500 and a yearly budget of about $11,000. Its staff consists of six American and two Chinese professors and instructors. The Agricultural Department in the Canton Christian College For several years the Canton Christian College has been endeavoring to establish an Agricultural Depart- ment. It has received substantial assistance from the 2S Pennsylvania State College Young Men's Christian Association toward the support of a teacher of agricul- ture. Elementary agricultural education has been in- troduced in the preparatory school, and experimental gardens for observation and practice have been estab- lished on the College grounds. Investigations of the agricultural needs and possibilities of the two Kwang Provinces have been carried on, and some plants have been introduced into China and others into America. CULTIVATED LAND ADJOINING CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE PROPERTY which it proposes to purchase for agricultural purposes. This land is fertile and carefully graded off Into toeds, each at a level of from one to three feet ahove the other so as to provide for irrigating. Note the cement white-ant proof fence posts and barbwire fence at .th« base of tihe photograph, which marie the boundary of the college property. The trees in the upper right-hand corner hide the village of Sun Fung Wong. Crop-watchers' thatched huts are scattered here and there over the land. With this start the College is now in a position: — 1. To advance its agricultural investigations by in- troducing American methods adaptable to China, by showing what Chinese methods are adaptable to America, by furnishing American plants and animals adaptable to China, and by introducing into the United States Chinese plants and animals adaptable to America. 30 Photo, from II. S. Dept. of Agr. ZIZANIA LATIFOLIA. CHINESE WILD RICE OR "KAU SUN." Chinese Wild Rice. This plant, photographed in the green-houses of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, is one of a number brought into the United States, under the supervision tOf the Canton Ohristian College, by one of their former studen-ts, Mr. Ohan Chow. The American species of wild rice is strictly an annual, reproducing itself only by seed. The Canton plant is a perennial,, reproducing it- self chiefliy by rhizomes. This Canton species has never been observBd to produce seed under cultivation except in the Washington cultures, where this one plant has grown several (panicles, one of whioh is setn at the top of the stem in the upper right hand corner of the photo- graph. "Kau Sun" — ^A Chinese Vegetable. In China the solid base of the stem lof this wild rice plant is gath- ered in early spring when It is still very tender, cut into pieces two to three inches long, and marketed as a substitute for "bamboo sprouts." It ds highly relished for its peculiar richness and delicacy of flavor. Westerners boil it and serve It with -melted butter or with a cream dressing. The Chinese iprefer it stewed with meat. 2. To promote its agricultural education in its Lower and Upper Schools, and to instruct the peasantry of China through lectures and demonstrations; and, through the circulation of pamphlets and bulletins, to inform the agriculturists of other lands what China has learned by ages of intensive cultivation. 3. To establish agricultural practice. Its own stu- dents are working in the gardens. It is preparing to establish nurseries and gardens for the fixing and pro- pagation of the best varieties, and is lending aid to Chinese agricultural development companies. Suggested Fields for Service Dairy and Stock. Agricultural development in China has been chiefly lacking in the domestication of animals. The use of milk would greatly improve living conditions both among natives and foreigners. A TRANSPORTABLE DUCK FARM A flock of this size Is cared for by one or twio abtendants, who daily search for new feeding grouad on submerged rice fields, canals, or other places. In the evening by a peculiar call of .the attendant the ducks gather on the boat and are given a little grain. It is said that as an Incentive to have them hurry the last bird is given nothing to eat. 32 Agronomy. Famines in China can be overcome and the standard of living greatly raised by developing the extensive areas of uncultivated land, by the use of farm machinery, and by discontinuing some of the bad practices of soil management. Forestry. Floods and drought in China are largely due to the deforestation of the mountains. Much is therefore to be done for China in the work of reforesta- tion. A FOG-OBSCURBD SCENE IN THE CANTON DE1,TA. Photogriapihed from Loh Fau, the most renowned (mountain of South China (4,000 feet high). In the lower right-hand corner Wash Au Toi is one of 'the many famous monasteries of t^is district. In China the monies only are careful to preserve the forests, and one finds many beautiful spots near their temples. Beyond this wooded spot are the uncultivated foothills and watery rice fields. Horticulture. This is the logical department with which to begin agricultural educational work. Horti- culture in China has reached a high stage of development as far as the working of the soil is concerned. But the propagation and fixation of varieties are in a chaotic condition. Agricultural Chemistry. This department is needed to increase the knowledge and use of commercial ferti- lizers, and of chemicals for the combating of insect 33 enemies and plant diseases. A profitable investigation of the present methods of soil management and ferti- lizing materials now in use in China could also be carried on. Agricultural Extension. An unlimited field is open to this department for most effectual and beneficent Christian work among the peasantry. Its success is largely dependent upon the work of the other depart- ments. A COMMON TYPE OF TREAD-POWER IRRIGATING PUMP These men are pumping water from a canal and starting it on its way down over a series of rice fields. Irrigation and Drainage. The Chinese are born irri- gators, wasting little water. They know nothing of large irrigation projects and need to be taught how to drain much of their land, which is now subject to excess water supply. Much is therefore to be learned and much to be taught concerning this subject. Landscape Architecture. The Chinese type of land- scape development ought to be studied before it becomes too greatly influenced by that of the West. In many respects it can be improved, but much is attractive and 34 BANYAN TREES of this type are often used In adorning temple grounds or as a setting f.or a village entrance. Unlike the banyan of .India, the aerial roots never reach to the ground and it is therefore called "bastard ban- yan." It is propagated by cuttings. worthy of consideration. The campus at the Canton Christian College offers exceptional opportunity for the working out of an attractive development. Such a de- partment would be of great influence in the new planning and laying out of cities and homes. Public parks are almost unknown in China. Agricultural Education. Upon this department will rest the development of agricultural education, both elementary and collegiate. The Opinion of an Expert Agriculturist "It could not be other than a matter of the highest industrial, educational, and social importance to all nations if there might be brought to them a full and ac- curate account of all those conditions which have made it possible for such dense populations to be maintained so largely upon the products of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese soils. Many of the steps, phases, and practices 3.> through which this evolution has passed are irrevocably buried in the past, but such remarkable maintenance efficiency attained centuries ago and projected into the present with little apparent decadence, merits the most profound study and the time is fully ripe when it should be made. Living as we are in the morning of a century of transition from isolated to cosmopolitan national life, when profound readjustments, industrial, educational and social, must result, such an investigation cannot be made too soon. It is high time for each nation to study the others and by mutual agreement and co-operative effort, the results of such studies should become available to all concerned, made so in the spirit that each should become co-ordinate and mutually helpful component factors in the world's progress. "One very appropriate and immensely helpfiU means for attacking this problem, and which should prove mutually helpful to citizen and state, would be for the higher educational institutions of all nations, instead of exchanging courtesies through their baseball teams, to send select bodies of their best students under competent leadership and by international agreement, both east and west, organizing therefrom investigating bodies each containing components of the eastern and western civilization and whose purpose it should be to study specifically set problems. Such a movement, well con- ceived and directed, manned by the most capable young men, should create an international acquaintance and spread broadcast a body of important knowledge which would develop as the young men mature and contribute immensely toward world peace and world progress. If some broad plan of international effort such as is here suggested were organized, the expense of maintenance might well be met by diverting so much as is needful from the large sums set aside for the expansion of navies ; for such steps as these, taken in the interest of world up- lift and world peace, could not fail to be more efficacious and less expensive than increase in fighting equipment. GRADUATES OF THE CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE MIDDLE SCHOOL TJie two on the left passed the government examinations and are n'OW at the University of Michiga.n under the Indemnity Scholarship Fund. The third from the left is a medical student in the University M«d.lcal School. The one on the right is Principal of a Model Primary School, a work which has been organized and is fully supported by the Canton Christian College Y. M. C, A. Many students of this type are now awaiting the introduction of an Agricultural Course. It would cultivate the spirit of pulling together and of a square deal rather than one of holding • aloof and of striving to gain unneighborly advantage."* The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China The Pennsylvania State College work has been defi- nitely organized and the Horticultural Department in this proposed School of Agriculture in the Canton Christian College is under the supervision of a Directing Committee of Pennsylvania State College men living at State College, *From 'the introduction to "Farmers of Forty Centuries," the last work of F. H, King, Professor of Agricultural Physics in the University of Wisconsin, and chief of the Division of Soil Management, United States Department of Agriculture. Those who are interested in Chinese agriculture and its message to the Western world are recommended to read this most scholarly work by Prof. King. The price of this book is 12.50. Through the kindness of Mrs. King it can be purchased from the Directing Com- mittee of the Pennsylvania State College Mission to China, the Agent's profits to be d«voted to the work of the Mission. Orders should be sent to Mr. Ralph L, Watts, State College, Pa, 37 Pa., and the field and instructional work will be carried on by men specially trained in the School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State College. There is also an Advisory Board consisting of alumni, trustees, members of the faculty, and prominent agriculturists. It is the purpose of this Mission, through the medium p f agricultural investigation, education, and practice, to aid Christian Mis- sions at work in China in promot- ing industrial self-sufficiency and the growth of Christian char- acter, fellowship, and work among the Chinese. Investigational. To carry on in China, especially in the field of horticulture, such investigation as will lead to a bet- ter understanding of Chinese methods of gardening and a fuller knowledge of Chinese plant types. Educational. To assist the Canton Christian College in its work of agricultural education among the Chinese by placing on its faculty men specially trained in agricul- ture and capable of carrying on horticultural instruction and demonstration. Practical. To establish on the Canton Christian College campus nurseries and gardens for the collection and the propagation of the best plant types, both for 38 THE SHANTUNG ROSE This rose is propagated In the northern province o£ Shantung and cuttings are yearly brought to the southern provinces, where they produce exceptional flowers. practical demonstration to the Chinese of the most modern nursery and seed-growing methods, and for the distribution of well-selected seeds and plants. Co-operative. To establish a Department of Horti- culture at the Canton Christian College in the hope that other American colleges will found similar Missions at the same College in other branches of Agriculture, and thus help to give the Chinese Empire the benefit of an efficient and well equipped School of Agriculture. Letters from Chinese Students "Dear Mr. Groff:— It is almost one semester while I am in school this year. As I am studying the subject of Chemistry it seems very interesting to me. I always asked myself, what shall I do and where shall I go next year? The trouble is there are no good agricultural schools in my native land. .Therefore the only way to get education in agriculture is to go to the country which is well developed in this work. Two weeks ago I and Mr. L. had a trip to Sam Shui. We saw a good deal of land there is wasted. The people there pay no attention to improve their farms and products. Some of them are getting enough just to support their families. Others even get enough to support them- selves. When the dry season comes, they suffer for water. When the wet season comes, they do not know how to drain the water. Many times they fail in their crops. They only say it is fortunate or unfortunate. When I came to myself, nothing I can do besides agricultural work, and' there is no other work which is so important as the condition of China now. The question of studying in foreign country is not easy to answer. As far as I know it requires a large amount of expenses for years. So if there will be no special chance I am sure I cannot reach the point. The hope which I expected is upon you. You know my condition better than anyone else. Hoping you will send me informations whenever convenient. The work of the garden is going on well. Each month there is a gain of 20 or 15 dollars." Sincerely yours. A student at the Canton Christian College. Dear Mr. Groff:— Yesterday I have sent you a copy of the constitution of our agricultural company which was written in Chinese. ... I wish I 39 would translate it into English if I had time enough. But one special point I want to make more clear to you is that the purpose of our company is to develop the agricultural work in China in order to support the establishment of schools at the vicinity of our farms. This is what we, members of the company, devote to do. Moreover there is something more inportant which is to bring the Light of Christ into the soul of our people whom we shall get a closer touch with. You know when we can give them work to do on the farms and when we can open schools for the boys and girls there will be more opportunity for us to make friends with them; then if we preach, the influence will be more effective than that if we simply talk nicely without actually doing anything helpful to them. . . . I realize ourselves as men of inexperience and that our work seems to be a great task. It seems that we are unlikely to carry out such a great work, but I want to tell you that we do it not depend- ing on our own wisdom, or experience, but on God's power. We be- lieve that our purpose is right and that God will help us. Therefore if we succeed we should not be proud; or if we fail we should not be sorry. Give us advises whenever you can. If anything in the con- stitution you don't understand I will answer you at your request.. . . . Very sincerely yours, RECREATION PERIOD — STUDENTS OP THE C.\NTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN THEIR SCHOOL GARDEN. 40 The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China DIRECTING COMMITTEE State College, Pa. A. Howry Espenshade, Chairman. L. H. Dennis, Vice-Chairman Ralph L. Watts, Secretary-Treasurer H. S. Adams J. p. Jackson F. N. D. BucHMAN Fred Lewis Pattee E. B. Deeter A/L. Tobias W. J. Wright ADVISORY BOARD Hon. J as. A. Beaver, Belief onte, Pa. Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg, Pa. Hon. Wm. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Pa. Hon. David Fairchild, Washington, D. C. Mr. Orlando Harrison, Berlin, Md. Dr. Thomas F. Hunt, State College, Pa. .Hon. Vance McCormick, Harrisburg, Pa. Dr. Edwin Erle Sparks, State College, Pa. Mr. Chester J. Tyson, Flora Dale, Pa. Col. John A- Woodward, Howard, Pa. Representative on the Field G. Weidman Groff, 1907. The University Medical School BOARD OF DIRECTORS University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. OFFICERS Edward C. Wood, Chairman Thomas S. Evans, Secretary Marshall S. Morgan, Treasurer FOREIGN DIVISION George Wharton Pepper, Chairman Samuel F. Houston Charles J. Hatfield, M.D. Charles H. Frazier, M.D. Frederick Fraley, M.D. William Campbell Posey, M.D. Warren P. Laird William Guggenheim Shippen Lewis "Henry Hill Collins, Jr. Horatio C. Wood, Jr., M.D. James F. Magee, Jr. Rev. Floyd WTomkins, S.T.D. RuFus B. Scarlett, M.D. Francis S. McIlhenny FACULTY J. C. McCracken, M.A., M.D., University of Pennsylvania W. W. Cadbury, M.A., M.D., IJniversity of Pennsylvania T. M. Li, M.D. , University of Pennsylvania H. J. Howard, M.D., University of Pennsylvania Miss Mabel Strawbridge Macher, Bryn Mawr Hospital Miss Marian R. Taylor, Secretary Mrs. Mary Strawbridge Macher, Hospital Matron