liMlii; 1 :': i : ;;.;. ; . Date Due C 15'] JY 7 Ifr 8 •*■ WAY »3 — 'MAY- 6W48 1) »T7T' 1WR~ ; gB=frfr39t ifelfff il lAfl^k^il JAN 2 2004 A Cornell University J Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027513435 THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT MARION DEXTER LEARNED, Ph.D., Associate in German in Joints Hopkins University. baltimore: Press of Isaac Friedenwald, 1889. *-» PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH ZARNCKE, AS A TRIBUTE GRATITUDE AND ESTEEM. PREFACE. This study of the Pennsylvania German dialect dates from the year 1884, and is, so far as the author is aware, the first attempt to offer an exhaustive scientific treament of any American-German dialect. Its only predecessor, Haldeman's Pennsylvania Dutch (Phila. 1872), was of a more general and descriptive character. After having collected the most valuable printed matter in the dialect, the author made repeated tours into various portions of eastern Pennsylvania, in order to study the peculiarities of the spoken dialect. In the year 1885 he went to the Rhenish Pala- tinate (Rheinpfalz) and acquainted himself with the speech of the old home of the Palatines (Pfalzer). Thus a point of view was gained from which comparisons could be made. As a pioneer attempt the work had to contend with many difficulties, the most serious of which was the fixing of a consistent phonetic orthography. When such was finally adopted, it could not be consistently carried out for lack of suitable type. Hence it was necessary to substitute v for the voiced spirant b with a stroke ; y for the intervocalic palatal g. The general plan of the work includes two parts. Part I (con- sisting of articles reprinted from the Am. Jour. Phil., Vol. IX, 1-4 and X, 3) contains chapters on Ethnography , Phonology, Inflection, Syntax, English Mixture. Part II will treat of German Mixture and Etymology. The material here presented has been carefully sifted. The examples are quoted from original sources. The critical portions of the work have passed under the eye of one " to the manor born." In this connection the author gratefully acknowledges the val- uable assistance of Mr. E. H. Rauch (ed. Carbon Co. Democrat), Mr. Zimmerman (ed. of Reading Times), Dr. Egle (State Libra- rian, Harrisburg, Pa.), Mr. Stone (Librarian of P. H. S., Phila., Pa.), Prof. Jacobsen (Bethlehem, Pa.), Rev. Eli Keller (Emaus, Pa.), Professors Dubbs and Stahr (Lancaster, Pa.), Miss Rachel Bahn (Hellam, Pa.). The author extends especial thanks to Hon. H. L. Fisher (York, Pa.) and Rev. H. R. Home, D. D. (Allentown, Pa.), for their hearty co-operation in so many ways. The bibliography is given pp. 21, 89-94, an d in foot-notes pp. 1-20. An index will accompany Part II. For additions and corrections cf. p. 8. The Author. Baltimore, Nov. 25, 1889. CONTENTS. PAGE i. Introduction (Ethnographical) . . i 2. Phonology . . 21 u. Vowels . . . • 24 b. Consonants .... .41 3. Inflection : a. Declension (1) Nouns 55 (2) Articles 58 (3) Adjectives . . 59 (4) Pronouns 60 b. Conjugation of Verbs . 63 4. Syntax .... .71 a. Nouns ... 72 b. Pronouns . . .74 <.. Verbs . 79 d. Adverbs .... 80 c. Prepositions ... 82 f. Conjunctions . . ... 84 5. Speech Mixture : u. English Mixture ... . . . .87 (1) Proportion of English Mixture . 88 (2) Character " " " • 94 (3) Causes " " .111 (4) Laws " " " "4 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Read as follows: p. 13, n. 1, Scotch-Irish not Scotch-Iris; p. 17, 1,039,854 not 1,139,854; p. 18, Middle Frankish not Rhine Prankish (cf. Am. Jour. Phil. IX 4, p. 517), Rhine Frankish not South Frankish ; p. 19, Low German not Dutch, and below, Dutch not Low German; p. 22, dialects not dialect; p. 23, £ not c\= ; p. 25, fa not hpsp ; p. 26, Grimm, Gr. I 522 not 443 ; add exc. Vien. schame after "From all these examples"; p. 29, 5, N. E. a not a ; p. 30, lib and leva ; p. 34, brotp not brotp ; p. 36, aerpvpt not aervpt ; p. 37, waergp not waerg ; p. 38, transfer borgpment to note 1 ; p. 41, .A*. T 3 . not ^. iy., and palatalization not phenomenon ; p. 42, /?. .P. not ./?. Pf. ; p. 44, w not wu, num{m)? not iiump, omit note 1 ; p. 45, comma between R. P. and Westr. ; p. 49, other foreign words ; p. 50, note 1, P. G. before tvkt, etc., and magaps not mdga\s ; p. 51, 3, add t; p. 53, afe/$ not dzch; p. 54, omit " in flexional elements "; p. $7, fvtpr not fvtvr ; p. 58, dp or d 1 , d. pi. ; p. 60, §58, ii. 2, forms in'« (Rauch) without » (Home) ; p. 67, ay's not zljp; p. 70, ?-? not /o?v ; p. 95, and bellp (vb.) ; p. 98, vulg. liconsh; p. 100, schpeip not schpep ; p. 102, maerbplschte~ not aerbplschte~ , and blobaeryprte not lobaeryprte; p. 104, 0r»/> not />?-»/> ; p. 107, ^272;/ =1 also /««/, we//. I' in words <[ N. E. — N. H. G. 0. ^ final represents a sound approaching e, and hence is written by Home and Hoffman as a or a" (English pronunciation). ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS. An. := Anmerkung. Hunz. Aarg. Wbch. — Hunziger Argauer Worterbuch. Keller Kal. 1= Keller in the Allentown Kallenner for 1885. M. E. = Middle English. O. M. F.=: Old Middle Frankish. s. — seite (page). Skeat := Skeat's Etymological Dictionary. Tr. Cap. — Trier Capitulary. Hoffman — Hoffman in Journal of American Folk-Lore (Vol. I, No. 2; Vol. II, Nos. 4 and 6). THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT. 1 Ethnographical Introduction. The object of the present chapter is to trace the history of the early German settlers of Pennsylvania from their old homes in the Fatherland to their settlements in the province of William Penn. By thus ascertaining their ethnic origin it will be possible to determine the speech-elements brought by them to Pennsyl- vania soil and developed into the unique dialect termed " Penn- sylvania German" or " Pennsylvania Dutch" (called by those who speak it, " Pennsylvanisch Deitsch"). While the theme is of peculiar interest to the linguist, it has for the student of American institutions also an importance too often overlooked by our historians. Here two great branches of a powerful ethnic stem unite to develop under new conditions a new social and political organism. It is hence great historical injustice to include all the early settlements of Pennsylvania under the occupation and development of that province by Quakers (or Friends). It has been those of German blood, men like Rupp, Seidensticker, Egle, and others of local importance, who have called attention to the real significance of this German element in the colonization of America. 2 True, our liberty-loving poet has caught the plaintive note of the pioneer's song and woven it into the touching " Lay of the Pennsylvania Pilgrim," Franz Daniel Pas- torius leaving the scenes of literary activity and the " iiberdriissig gekosteten europ'aischen Eitelkeiten" to find religious freedom and political quiet beyond the sea, in a humble cottage, over whose portal he set the Latin motto : "Parva domus sed arnica Bonis: procul este Profani." Klein ist mein Haus, doch Gute sieht es gem ; Wer gottlos ist, der bleibe fern. 3 1 This paper forms the first chapter of a more elaborate philological treatise on the Pennsylvania German dialect. 2 Of America, because from Pennsylvania a constant stream of migration has pushed its way into all parts of the West. Cf. Rauch's Handbuch, Preface, p. 8. 3 Cf. Seidensticker, Bilder aus der Deutsch-Pennsylvanischen Geschichte, S. 39. There is perhaps no State in the Union affording so many curious phenomena of social history as the Keystone State. Here are found living illustrations of nearly every step of our national development — the statesman, scholar, poet — worthy representa- tives of modern culture — and hard by, the crude, honest, industrious Palatine (Pfalzer) or Swiss, wearing the garb of the seventeenth century, observing the customs of his ancestors in their modest hamlets along the Rhine, contentedly indifferent to the march of literature, art or science. Here, too, is found the most varied commingling of nationalities — Dutch, Swedes, English, Scotch, Irish, Norwegians, Danes, 1 French, Germans, not to speak of the promiscuous influx of Hungarians, Italians and what not, in the last few decenniums of the present century. It is in the midst of such varied ethnic forces that we are to seek the causes which have contributed. to the formation of this impor- tant speech-island in the domain of German dialects. The subject proper will be discussed under two periods — the first, that of colonization 2 (1682- 1753); the second, that of migration and frontier settlement (1753-1848). To give completeness to the treatment, it will not be amiss to review briefly early German colo- nization in other provinces of America. In the year 1705 a number of German Reformed left their homes between Wolfenbiittel and Halberstadt, went first to Neuwied in Rhenish Prussia, and thence to Holland, whence (1707) they sailed for New York, intending to join the Dutch settlements in that province ; but, driven by storm into the Delaware Bay, they started for New York by a land route through Nova Caesaria (N. J.). On reaching the regions watered by the Musconetcong, the Passaic and their tributaries, they halted and settled what is now known as German Valley of Morrison County, N. J. Many of their descendants are still to be found in Somerset, Bergen, and Essex counties. There were German settle- ments at Elizabethtown before 1730, and about the same time at Hall Mill. Of the 33,000 who at the invitation of Queen Anne left the Rhine country for London in the years 1708-9, 12,000 to 13,000 1 In 1853 Ole Bull attempted to settle a colony of Norwegians and Danes in Abbott Township, Potter County. Some of these colonists still remain in the county. - The early settlements of the Dutch on the Delaware, of the Swedes in the southeastern corner of the province, of the French pioneers in the western portion of the State, do not directly concern us here. arrived in London 1708. In the fall of 1709 one hundred and fifty families, consisting of six hundred Palatines, were sent under the direction of Christian de Graffenried and Ludwig Michel, natives of Switzerland, to North Carolina. Tobler and Zuber- biihler of St. Gall, Switzerland, settled with a large number of their countrymen in Granvill County, N. C, in the first third of the 18th century. Many Germans went from Virginia and Penn- sylvania to the mountainous regions of North Carolina. Lincoln, Stoke, and Granvill counties were settled by Germans. Those in North Carolina from Pennsylvania alone numbered in 1785 over 1500 souls. 1 Another company of Palatine Lutherans left London in the year 1708 under the direction of Rev. Josua Kocherthal, arrived in New York probably in December of the same year and settled at Newberg. In June, 1710, ten vessels set sail from London with more than 4000 Germans and, after a voyage of six months, arrived in New York. It is stated that 1700 died during the passage or immediately on landing. In the autumn, about 1400 of the survivors were sent to Livingston's Manor on the Hudson. Of these, one hundred and fifty families went to Schoharie Valley in 17 1 2, and some found a home on the frontiers of the Mohawk Valley. Queen Anne sent some Germans to Virginia also, where they settled at Rappahannock in Spottsylvania County. They advanced later, however, up the river, and many of them crossed over into North Carolina. Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, Va., were settled before 1746 by Germans from Pennsylvania. Many of their descendants still speak the German language, or " Dutch," as Washington called it when referring to them in his surveys of their land. 2 As early as 1710-1712 German emigrants came to Maryland and settled between Monocacy and the mountains, where Fred- ericktown was laid out in 1745. This settlement soon extended to the Glades, Middletown, and Hagerstown. In the years 1748-54 about 2800 Germans were brought to Maryland, many of whom settled in Baltimore. 3 In the year 1716-17 several thousand Germans, under the 1 Cf. Rupp, 30,000 German Names, p. 4, quoted from Loher, p. 69. - Quoted by Rupp in 30,000 German Names, p. 7, from Sparks' Washington, II 418. 3 Cf. Rupp, 30,000 German Names, p. 13, and Gayarre's Louisiana, pp. 360-1. leadership of John Law,' embarked for Louisiana, but Law landed them on the pontines of Biloxi, near Mobile. After exposure and death had wrought their ravages, about three hundred finally- settled along the Mississippi, in the present C6te d'Or, thirty or forty miles above New Orleans. Their descendants forgot their mother tongue and adopted the French language. In the spring of 1734, some Lutherans from Salzburg in Upper Austria arrived in Georgia and settled Ebenezer in Effingham County. This colony received accessions and numbered in 1745 several hundred families. In addition to forty or fifty Moravians who had already settled in the State under the leadership of Nitchman, there were also a number of Germans in Savannah. In the year 1732 about one hundred and seventy persons were brought over by Pury of Neuchatel and began a Swiss settlement called Purysburg, on the north bank of the Savannah, about thirty-six miles from its mouth. In the years 1740-1755 many Palatines were sent to South Carolina and settled Orangeburg, Congaree, and Wateree. In 1765 more than six hundred Palatines and Suabians, sent over from London, settled a separate township in South Carolina. In 1739 a settlement was made by German Lutherans and German Reformed at Waldoborough in Lincoln County, Maine. 2 In 1753 George II of England induced a company consisting largely of Hanoverians to go and settle in Nova Scotia. They landed at Marliguish June 7th of the same year and laid out the town of Lunenburg, where their descendants are still to be found. I. — Period of Colonization (1682-1753). At the beginning of this period we are met by two groups of facts which gave rise to the great influx of Germans into Penn- sylvania: (1) the unsettled political, religious and social condition of Germany ; (2) the influence of William Penn's travels in that country, which, at the beginning of the 17th century a pros- perous country, had been reduced by the Thirty Years War to the most wretched poverty. The peasant, whose condition before the war, though tolerable, was not without marks of the wars of ' The famous visionary banker, author of " A Discourse upon Money and Trade." 5 Further survivals of their influence are Bremen in the same county, and Frankfort in Waldo County, Maine. the early 16th century, was brought to the last extremity. He had caught the spirit of misrule from the lawless life of the sol- dier. Villages and towns lay in ashes ; many a promising son of the soil fell a victim to the plague, and many districts were left desolate. Burgher and peasant alike groaned under the weight of religious persecution. " Where Catholicism still had foothold, the leaders of the Pro- testant party were swept away — especially the parochial clergy (Seelsorger) — most thoroughly in those provinces in which the Emperor himself was sovereign. Much had been done before the long war, but still, at the beginning of the struggle, the political majority, the keenest intelligence, the greater number of the con- gregations in Upper Austria, Moravia, Bohemia, and Silesia, were evangelical. At this point a thorough reformation was instituted. Burghers and peasants were driven to confession in crowds by the soldiers ; whoever, often after imprisonment and torture, refused to renounce his faith, was compelled to quit the country, which many thousands did. It was deemed a favor if the fugitives were granted an insufficient respite for the disposition of their movable property." ' While southeastern Germany was suffering from the wounds of the Thirty Years War, the western provinces, especially the Upper Rhine country, were suffering under the ravages of Louis XIV. He had laid waste the cities of Alsace and taken possession of Freiburg in the Breisgau, Lorraine, Franche Comtfe, Vaudemont, Saarlouis, Saarbriicken, Mompelgard, Luxemburg, and Strassburg. In 1685 he revoked the Edict of Nantes, by which Henry IV had granted Protestants equal rights with Catholics (1598), thus driving out of France 500,000 Huguenots, many of whom sought refuge in Ger- many, Holland, and England. Inthe year 1689 the Rhine Palatinate (Rhein-Pfalz, Kur-Pfalz) was exposed to the most ruthless devas- tations. Terror reigned in hideous guise. If we add to these conditions the religious disturbances resulting from the pietistic movement throughout Germany, we shall find a ready explanation of the enthusiasm with which Germans hailed the hope of a peaceful home beyond the sea. It was just prior to this culmination of woes that William Penn made his visits to Germany — the first in 1671, the second in 1677. During his first visit Penn went to Emden, Crefeld, and various 1 Freytag, Bilder III 199. points in Westphalia. It is, however, the second of his visits which has the greatest significance. This time he went to Rotterdam, Leyden, Haarlem, and, most important of all, Amsterdam, where a general assembly of Quakers (Friends) from various parts of Europe was convened. Besides the above-named places, Penn revisited Crefeld, Emden, and Duisburg, extending his travels up the Rhineland to Krischheim, Worms, Frankfort-on-the-Maine and neighboring points. The acquaintances made during this visit led to the formation of two important land companies, the Crefeld Purchasers and the Frankfort Land Company. The Crefelders were, however, strictly speaking, private land-buyers and not an organization. It was as plenipotentiary agent of the Frankfort Company that Franz Daniel Pastorius arrived in Philadelphia, August 20, 1683, accompanied by ten persons. Their object was to prospect for subsequent emigrants. The first actual German colonists, how- ever, arrived in Philadelphia October 16, 1683, by the ship " Con- cord" (the Pennsylvania-German "Mayflower"). This company of settlers consisted of thirteen families from Crefeld and the neighborhood. " Sie waren eine Sippe so zu sagen. So weit ihr Gewerbe hat ermitteln lassen, waren es grosstenthiels Leinweber, so dass Pastorius allerdings Veranlassung hatte, den Weberstuhl in das Stadtwappen von Germantown zu setzen " (Seidensticker). Siedensticker thinks the thirty-three souls mentioned are to be understood, frpm the correspondence of Claypoole and Furly, as thirty-three ' ' freights." This being the case, the actual number must have been considerably more than thirty-three persons, as children under twelve years came as "half- freight" and those under one year of age came free. The names of these persons are interesting and significant. 1 It was this group of colonists who, under the direction of Pastorius, began the settlement of Germantown, 1683. Seidensticker suggests that there may have been Mennonites among them, though Crefeld and Krischheim near Worms were strong Quaker points, and that the early divisions of Germantown — Krisheim, Sommerhausen, Crefeld — doubtless represented the places dear to them as homes in the Fatherland. Of the Crefeld Purchasers, who had bought in all 18,000 acres of land in Pennsylvania, Jacob Telner of Crefeld came to America in 1684, Van Bebber in 1687, Jan Strepers of 1 Cf. Seidensticker, Bilder, S. 28, who cites Pastorius' " Grund- und Lager- bucli." Kaldenkirchen in 1691. Although no statement is found that fresh colonists came at these different times, it is hardly probable that these land-purchasers came over to settle without consid- erable companies of their immediate acquaintances. Thus we have located the first German settlers in Penn's Province. The next company of Germans to settle in Pennsylvania was a group of enthusiasts, called "The Awakened" (" Erweckte"), about forty in number, under the guidance of Johann Kelpius. They arrived in Philadelphia June 22d, and in Germantown on "St. Johannistag" of the year 1694. Kelpius himself was from Siebenbiirgen. He, with Koster, Falckner, Biedermann and others, had rallied around Pfarrer Zimmermann, who had been removed from his pastorate in Bietigheim in Wurtemberg. After a short stay in Halberstadt and Magdeburg, the company decided to emigrate to Pennsylvania. Zimmermann, however, died in Rot- terdam, leaving Kelpius to direct the mystic wanderers into the new land. He accordingly settled the suspicious new-comers on the Wissahickon, a short distance from Germantown, probably near the present Hermit's Spring and Hermit's Lane. Kelpius himself was steeped in the teachings of Jacob Bohme, Dr. Peter- sen, and the English prophetess Jane Leade. With his little group of mystics he resolved to lead a hermit's life in the wilder- ness and await the second coming of Christ. Their settlement was called " Das Weib in der Wiiste " (the woman in the wilder- ness). Besides the men above mentioned there were a number of women, but with no thought of earthly love in their life. 1 From the Chronicon Ephratense * we learn the further develop- ment of this society: "Ihre Anzahl war damals (1694) bey vierzig, hatte sich aber vermehrt, dann 1704 vereinigte sich Con- rad Matthai, ein Schweizer, damit." From 1704-1712 the first settlements in Berks County were made by English Friends, French Huguenots, and German emi- grants*from the Palatinate. The Germans settled near Wahlink (Oley). Isaac Turk, or de Turck, having been compelled, like thousands of his countrymen, to quit France, fled to Frankenthal in the Palatinate, emigrated thence (1709J to America and settled near Esopus, N. Y., but removed in 17 12 to Oley, Berks County, 1 Cf. Seidensticker, Bilder, S. 98 : " Und so wollten denn auch die Mitglieder des ' Weibes in der Wiiste ' nicht freien und nicht gefreit werden." 2 A chronicle kept in the cloister at Ephrata, Lancaster County, Pa. 8 Pa. In the same year a company of Mennonites purchased land in Pequea (in the present Lancaster County), Pennsylvania. In order to escape persecution for their religious convictions, they left their homes in the cantons Zurich, Bern, and Schaffhausen, Switzerland, in 1672, and settled in Alsace and along the Rhine above Strassburg. In 1708 they migrated to London to find protection in the realm of Queen Anne. From England they emigrated to America and settled first at Germantown. Soon a part of them removed to Pequea-Thal and formed the nucleus of the settlement at Eden. This colony received large accessions of both Swiss and Germans, especially in the years 171 1 and 1717. Many distributed themselves among the various districts of the province without reporting to the provincial authorities either their names or origin. 1 The following from Rupp's edition of Benjamin Rush's Essay on the Manners and Customs of the Ger- mans of Pennsylvania will show the general character of the Germans who went at this period to England, Ireland, 2 and America, especially Pennsylvania : " From the middle of April, 1709," says Rupp in a note, "till the middle of July of the same year there arrived at London 11,294 German Protestants, males and females. Of the males there were: husbandmen and vine-dressers, 1838; bakers, 3 56 ; masons, 3 87; carpenters, 124; shoemakers, 68; tailors, 99 ; butch- ers, 29 ; millers, 45 ; tanners, 14 ; stocking-weavers, 7 ; saddlers, 13; glass-blowers, 2; hatters, 3; lime-burners, 8 ; schoolmasters, 18; engravers, 2; bakers, 3 22; brickmakers, 3; silversmiths, 2; smiths, 35; herdsmen, 3; blacksmiths, 48; potters, 3; turners, 6; statuaries, 1; surgeons, 2; masons, 3 39. Of these 11,294 there were 2556 who had families." 4 We have given 17 12 as the date of the first settlement on Pequea Creek because the record of their land -purchase bears that date. It is possible that a few Germans had begun to take up land here earlier. The manner in which they radiated from Germantown can be seen in the following statement: " In 1716 Germans, French and a few Hollanders began to break ground twenty, thirty, forty, 1 Cf. John Dickinson's Report of 1719. 2 Many of the descendants of those who settled in Ireland may still be found in Ulster. 'Enumerated twice because quoted verbatim. 4 Cf. Frankfurter-Mess-Kalender von Ostern bis Herbst 1709, S. go. sixty, seventy miles from the chief town" ' (Germantown). Large German settlements were made at the same time in the present Berks County. In 17 17 a German Reformed society was formed in Goschenhoppen ; some Low German Mennonites were settled on the Perkiomen and Schippack (Skippack) creeks ; Germans and French in Wahlink, and some Huguenots in Oley. 2 In the year 1719 about twenty families of Schwarzenau Baptists (Taufer) came to Philadelphia, Germantown, Schippack (in Oley), Berks County, and to Conestoga, and Muhlbach (Mill Creek), Lan- caster County. From the Chronicon Ephratense is taken the fol- lowing account of this company of "Taufer," now generally known throughout the State as Dunkards (Dunker or Tunker) : " At the beginning of the 18th century arose a large sect called Pietists, representing all ranks and stations. Of these, many returned to the church and became Church- Pietists (Kirchen-Pietisten) : the rest betook themselves to the districts of Marienborn, Schwarzenau, and Schlechtenboden. From this latter branch two different societies were formed, ' Die Inspirations- Verwand ten ' and ' Die Schwarzenauer Taufer.' In the year 1708 the following eight persons broke the ice : Alexander Mack as teacher, a certain very rich miller of Schriesheim on the Bergstrasse, his ' Hausschwester,' a ' Witwe Nothigerin,' Andreas Bone, Johann Georg Honing, Lucas Vetter Keppinger, and a certain nameless armorer. From these eight persons originated all the ' Tauffgesinnten ' among the High Germans in North America. The society of ' Tauffer' (Bap- tists) in Schwarzenau became widely extended. One branch of it settled in Marienborn, and in the year 17 15 are found in Crefeld. In 1719 a party of them under Peter Becker came to Pennsyl- vania." A few lines further on the Chronicle says of Konrad Beissel, the founder of the cloister at Ephrata, 3 that he was expelled from the Kur-Pfalz, "like many others from Frensheim, Lambsheim, Mutterstadt, Frankenthal, Schriesheim, and other places, the most of whom [i. e. of which persons] ended their days in Pennsyl- vania." Konrad Beissel arrived in Boston, Mass., in 1720, came to Conestoga, Lancaster County, Pa., and settled at Muhlbach the same year. 1 Rupp, 30,000 German Names, p. 10. 2 Ibid. p. 29, note. 3 Cf. Siedensticker, Bilder, for a most interesting account of this cloister and the life in it. IO In the next company of Germans who settled in the province of Pennsylvania we find a remarkable instance of the toilsome migration of the time. In order to trace the steps of these weary wanderers who came to seek a peaceful retreat in the wild freedom of Tulpehocken, we must revert to the years 1708-9. These Germans were among the unfortunates who, driven by bitter per- secution from the Kur-Pfalz, had gone to England in 1708-9. At Christmas, 1709, four thousand were shipped in ten vessels to New York, where they arrived June 10, 1710. In the following fall they were taken to Livingston's Manor to work out their pas- sage from Holland to England and from the latter to America. In 171 3 they were released from the debt and betook themselves, about one hundred and fifty families, to Schoharie, N. Y. Most of these migrated to Tulpehocken, Pennsylvania, in 1723. The leading spirit of this Tulpehocken settlement, however, was Kon- rad Weiser, who came with another accession of Palatines in 1729 and located near the present Womelsdorf, which had been settled by the Schoharie Palatines. The following report (made 1764) of Keith's administration (about the year 1729) affords additional testimony as to the great numbers of Germans coming in at that time : " He [Keith] settled in Pennsylvania a number of Palatines, . . . and those emigrants poured in such numbers into Pennsylvania that the government of the province refused to receive any more unless they paid a pecuniary consideration for their reception. This obliged many ships full of them to go to other British settlements." In one year no less than 6200 Germans and others were imported into the colony. In this same year that company of the Taufer which had gone in 1720 to Westervam in West Friesland came to Pennsylvania. There is record of seventy-five Palatine families who arrived in Philadelphia in August of 1729 and settled in Quintaphilla, which seems to have been partly occupied, 1723-9, by the Schoharie settlers. In this same year (1729) emigrants from Germany settled also in the eastern part of the same county (Lebanon), and a company of German Jews made a settlement near Scheafferstown, the present inhabitants of which are largely of German descent. Here these Jews had a synagogue, and as early as 1732 a necropolis. In 1730 a few Dutch settled in Pike township, Berks County, where many of their descendants are still living. Kutztown in the same county was settled by Germans about 1733. II In 1734 a considerable number of Schwenkfelders settled in Hereford township and on contiguous lands in Berks, Mont- gomery, and Lehigh counties, where many of their descendants are still to be found. Their number in 1876 was given as about three hundred families, constituting eight hundred members, with five churches and one school-house. 1 The next settlement of importance was made by the Moravians at Bethlehem, Northampton County, Pa. In the spring of 1740" Peter Bohler left Georgia with a few Moravians from Herrnhut, Saxony, who had attempted a settlement among the Creek Indians in 1734. In 1741 they began to build the town of Bethlehem (the present centre of the Moravian Church North). In 1745 most of those who had settled in Georgia, numbering several hundred families, migrated to Pennsylvania because they were religiously opposed to bearing arms in the war with Spain. They settled for the most part in the counties of Berks, Montgomery, Bucks, and Lehigh, and organized a church at Emaus as early as 1747. 3 In 1748 Reading, Berks County, was founded and continues to be one of the strongest German centres of the State. Dr. Egle's words are fitting here : " Reading, at the erection of Berks County (1752), contained three hundred and seventy-eight inhabitants. The original settlers were principally Germans from Wiirtemberg and the Palatinate, with a few Friends under the patronage of Penn. Most of the inhabitants being Germans, they gave charac- ter to the language and customs. For many years the German tongue was almost exclusively spoken, and is still used in social intercourse and religious worship in a considerable portion of the present population. Till 1824, the date of the erection of the first Presbyterian church, the religious services of the churches were held in German." 4 What is here said of Reading is true in ■Mr. J. Y. Heckler writes me under date of) September 17, 1887, that the Schwenkfelders' settlement is divided into two districts, the Upper and the Lower. They have six churches, located as follows : In the Upper District, (1) the Upper Hanover township, near the county line of Montgomery, Lehigh, and Bucks counties ; (2) on the " Teufel's Loch," Washington township, Berks County; (3) in Hosensack Valley, Upper Milford township, Lehigh County. In Lower District, (1) in the eastern corner of Lower Salford township ; (2) in southern corner of Towamencin township ; (3) in southern part of Worcester township ; last three all in Montgomery County. 5 Cf. Henry's Lehigh Valley (in five numbers), No. 2, pp. 172 ff. s Cf. Reichel, Friedensthal and its Stockaded Mill, Northampton County (1749-1767). 4 Cf. Chapter on Reading in Egle's History of Pennsylvania (ed. of 1876). 12 general of many smaller towns in the German districts of the State. One needs only to pass along the streets of Hamburg, Allentown, Lancaster or York, to find himself environed by this peculiarly German atmosphere. Thus I have traced the history of the German settlements of Pennsylvania through the period of colonization, as it may fitly be termed, without implying, of course, that the stream of emigration from the above named districts of Germany ceased to flow in the middle of the 18th century. On the contrary, the influx of Ger- mans became so great as to be almost uncontrollable. This will be seen in the following : " Im Herbste 1747 kamen nicht weniger als 7049 Deutsche in Philadelphia an. Im Sommer jenes Jahres landeten 12,000 Deutsche." ' In the preceding pages the directions have been indicated in which this great German migration moved for the most part till the year 1848. II. — Period of Migration and Frontier Settlement (1750-1800). The second period of Pennsylvania German history from circa 1750-4 to the beginning of the present century was one of great agitation and extensive migration within the limits of Pennsylvania as well as beyond its borders. The peaceful colon}'' to which the beneficent Penn, the pioneer of religious tolerance in America, had invited the persecuted of every creed, began to be disturbed by the omens of war. The savage neighbors of copper hue, won at first by the manly negotiations of Penn, and christianized in great numbers by the pacific teachings of both Quakers and Mora- vians, were now incited by the fury of France and became hideous monsters, spreading terror and death with the relentless tomahawk. Hardly had the Indian war-whoop, mingling in weird accord with the battle-cries of France, died away in the forest gloom, when the alarm of revolution sent dismay throughout the fair province of Pennsylvania, heralding the event which was to solve the problem of American independence, and transform loosely settled colonies into compact States of the Union. After the close of the Revolution a new movement begins in Pennsylvania. Enterprising pioneers from New England, New York and eastern Pennsylvania push into the northern and western 1 Cf. Dr. W. J. Mann, Die Gute Alte Zeit in Pennsylvania, S. 24, and Hall- ische Nachrichten, S. 125. 13 portions of the State, opening to the commerce of the world rich products of the soil and treasures of the mine. But to under- stand the migrations of Germans already settled in the province, and the isolated cases of this movement prior to 1750, it will be necessary to glance at the feud between the Pennsylvania Germans and the Scotch-Irish. Throughout almost the entire extent of the Kittatinning Valley, from northeastern Pennsylvania to northern Maryland, the Scotch-Irish were either already settled or settling when the Germans came into the region. It is a remarkable fact that most of the important settlements first made by the former are now occupied by the latter. This is particularly the case in the present counties of Lancaster, York, Franklin, and Cumber- land. 1 Apart from the apparent natural antipathy in the character of these races, the most potent cause of the feud was the Cressap rebellion in 1736. This was a raid made on the incoming German settlers in the southern part of York County. Cressap had come up from Maryland with " about fifty kindred spirits " and offered the Scotch-Irish, as their share of the booty, the improvements made by the Germans, on condition that they should aid him in dislodging the latter. From their failure in the attempt to drive out these so-called German intruders the Scotch-Irish have to date the era of their retreat before the advancing Teutons. This advance was sustained, not by force of arms, but by more efficient instruments of conquest, untiring industry and thrift. Following the track of these events, we find the Germans gradually occupy- ing the greater portion of lower Lancaster, York, and much of Franklin and Cumberland counties, while the Scotch-Irish move on into the unsettled districts along the Susquehanna and Juniata, with the Germans in their wake. It is but fair to state that the Scotch -Irish preference for the stirring scenes of border life doubt- less played a considerable r61e in this general migratory move- ment. As early as 1728-9 we find Germans settling west of the Sus- quehanna in the rear of the advancing Scotch-Irish. In 1741 Fred. Star and other Germans settled in Perry County, probably near Big Buffalo Creek. New Germantown was afterwards laid out and named after Germantown near Philadelphia. Pfautz Valley in the same county was settled about 1755 by Pfautz, a 1 In Cumberland County the displacement is not so far-reaching as in the others mentioned. In the large towns especially the Scotch-IrisK population has continued to predominate. German. Most of the settlers seem to have come from the eastern part of the State. As early as 1747 a number of German families ventured to locate in Schuylkill County. Geo. Godfried Orwig and others from Germany settled at Sculp Hill, a mile south of Orwigsburg. A Yeager (Jaeger) family from near Philadelphia came to this valley about 1762. Soon after 1752 the Scotch-Irish of old Allen township in Northampton County were supplanted by Germans. Kreidersville was named for one of the German farmers who came in 1765. Gnadenhiitten (the present Lehighton and Hanover townships) was occupied by Germans. In the year 1755 a colony of Dunkards (or Baptists) settled in Blair County in what is called the Cove, where many of their descendants are still to be found " retaining well-nigh the same simplicity which marked their fathers — non-resistants, producers, non-consumers." ' In the years 1757-60 many of the Scotch-Irish in Cumberland County were supplanted by Germans. Even as early as 1749 the agents of the Proprietaries were instructed not to sell any more land to the Irish, but to induce them to go to the North Kittatinning Valley. In 1764 Hanover, York County, was laid out. The following year (1765) records a noble civilizing enterprise undertaken by the Moravians among the Indians. April 3d of this year eight Moravian adults and upwards of ninety children set out from Bethlehem and reached Wyalusing, in the present Bradford County, May the 5th. This mission, opened by Zeisberger, the Moravian apostle to the Indians, 1763, received the name Fried- enshatten. A school-house was built in which both adults and children learned to read the Delaware and German languages. 2 The place became a Christian German-Indian town. In the year 1772 (June nth), however, they began their exodus from Friedenshutten in two companies, one under Ettwein, the other under Rothe. 3 At the time of the exodus they numbered one hundred and fifty-one souls. For the Moravian work among the 1 Dr. Egle, Centennial Hist, of Pennsylvania, cf. Cove, Blair County. 2 The rich results of Zeisberger's lexicographical work are carefully pre- served, for the most part in manuscript form, in the Moravian library at Bethle- hem, Pa. 3 Cf. Ettwein's Journal. !5 Indians this was " the era of gradual decadence extending down to our own times, when there is but a feeble remnant of Christian Indians ministered to by the Moravians dwelling at New Fair- field, Canada, and New Westfield, Kansas." ' In 1769 Berlin, in Brathes Valley, Somerset County, was settled by Germans. Later some Mennonites came and joined this settle- ment. In 1773 Isaac Valkenburg, with his sons-in-law, Sebastian and Isaac Strape, from Claverack on the Hudson, settled at Fairbanks, Bradford County. Thither came also Germans from the neigh- borhood of Philadelphia. In this same year the Pennamites sent a German, Phillip Buck, to settle at the mouth of Bowman's Creek, and two others who settled at the mouth of Tunkhannock Creek in Wyoming County. There were possibly others with them. In the years 1787-9 John Nicholson gathered from Philadelphia and the lower Susquehanna about forty Irish and German fami- lies and settled them in Hopbottom, Susquehanna County. Dutch Hill, in the same county (just north of Wyalusing), was settled by persons of Dutch descent born in New York. In Cambria County the main source of the population was Pennsylvania German stock. Their pioneer was Joseph Yahns, and those who followed him were for the most part Dunkards and Mennonites or Amish. Yahns arrived in 1791 at Kickenapawling's old town. The others settled in the adjacent county, principally at Amish Hill. Their descendants are still to be found around Johnstown (Johns- or Yahnstown). A colony of German Catholics settled near Carroll- town. Columbia County was entered by Germans (among them Christian Brobst or Probst and Georg Knappenberger) in the year 1793. Germans are now found in great numbers around Catawissa, where formerly Quakers held sway. Zelienople and Harmony in Butler County are occupied mainly by Germans descended from a society of Harmonists who settled there in the years 1802-3. In 1807 Herman Blume, a native of Hesse-Kassel, with others, founded a German settlement at Dutch Hill, Forest County. Blume was followed by many of his fellow-countrymen (Hessians). In this (Forest) county was laid, too, the scene of many of Zeis- berger's labors. Greene County was filled up after the Revolution from the eastern counties of the State and foreign immigration. Where 1 Quoted from Rev. W. C. Reichel by Egle, Hist, of Pa., p. 414. i6 the mixture is so promiscuous it is difficult to discriminate after one or two generations. About 1830 Mennonites and Dunkards settled near McAllister- ville in Lost Creek Valley, Juniata County. Germans in Baltimore and Philadelphia effected a settlement on the " community' plan" at St. Mary's, Elk County. In 1842 and 1845 Garner brought from Europe an industrious company of settlers who located in Benzinger township in the same county. Thus we have traced in general outlines the history of German settlement in Pennsylvania down to that period of German emi- gration initiated by the revolutionary troubles of 1848. For our purposes these later arrivals have no special importance. In considering the dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans, it is the formative periods which are of the greatest significance, because during these the language not less than the people took firm possession of Pennsylvania soil. It will be noticed that in many cases only the bare mention of an isolated German settler has been made. We have given the few traces that history has pre- served for us, being thus thankful for now and then a silent land- mark to indicate the track of the settler. It remains for the local investigator to trace family genealogies and note local peculiar- ities of speech-mixture in these minor settlements. Having thus glanced at the successive German settlements of Penn's province in their chronological order, let us consider more particularly the speech elements transplanted to Pennsylvania soil by these in-coming settlers. At the very outset the question arises, Why should these German colonists have retained their language and, to no slight extent, their manners and customs, while the Dutch and Swedes along the Delaware, and the French" in the western part of the State, practically lost all traces of their original speech? To answer this it will be necessary to consider the number and distribution, the religious, social, political and intel- lectual character and aims of these early German settlers. 1 The application of Fourier's economic plan in the Teutonia community is an interesting experiment for political economists of the present day. 2 The French settlement near Leconte's Mills and Frenchville, Clearfield County, and the Norwegian-Swedish settlement under the direction of Ole Bull in Potter County, are too recent to fall within the scope of our present investigation. Either of these settlements, however, would amply repay a summer tramp if any dialectician should feel disposed to try the invigorating air of northern Pennsylvania. J 7 It is not possible to ascertain the exact number of Germans who settled in Pennsylvania from 1682-1753, because in the years of the largest influx great numbers were allowed to enter the province and take up land near their fellow-countrymen without record or notice of either their origin or destination. We can, however, deter- mine the number approximately from the official reports of the time. For the ship-lists prior to 1727 no adequate documents are accessible or, so far as is known, extant; from 1727-1777 Rupp's "Collection of 30,000 German Names" serves our purpose. According to Rupp, only about two hundred families of Germans had come to Pennsylvania before the year 1700. These had settled in and around Germantown. Sypher states that nearly 50,000 Germans had found homes in the province before 1727, the year Rupp's lists begin. In 1731 the Lutheran membership of Pennsylvania numbered about 17,000, and that of the German Reformed Church about 15,000 (chiefly from the districts of Nas- sau, Waldeck, Witgenstein, and Wetterau). In 1752, of the 190,000 inhabitants of the province about 90,000 were Germans. 1 In 1790, according to Ebeling, 2 the German population of Penn- sylvania was 144,660. Thus we may safely estimate the German population of the State in the year 1800 at 150,000. In 1870 the aggregate population of Pennsylvania numbered 3,521,975, of which number 1,200,000 were of German descent and 160,146 directly from Germany, thus leaving 1,839,854 (more than six sevenths of the entire number of German blood) born for the most part on American (Pennsylvania) soil. When we come to the distribution of Pennsylvania Germans in those districts where they have preserved their dialect, it will be found impossible to give exact figures, because (1) no accurate record of births, deaths, removals and accessions is kept as is the case in Canada f (2) many, especially merchants not of Ger- man descent, speak the dialect fluently ; (3) many who are of German extraction no longer speak the vernacular of their ances- tors, but regard it with an air of contempt, and use every means to become Americanized and lose even the reminiscences of their German traditions. That greatest of levelling influences, the public school, makes it imperative to speak English, thus dividing Cf. Seidensticker, Gesch. d. d. Gesellschaft von Pennsylvanien, S. 18 ; Dr. Smith, Brief State of the Province of Pennsylvania. 2 Ebeling, Beschreibung der Erde, Abtheilung, Pennsylvanien. 3 Cf. Prof. Elliott, American Journal of Philology, 1885, pp. 135 ff. i8 families, so that often the parents speak their dialect among them- selves and to the children, while the latter speak English among themselves and to the parents. In many sections of the State, Lancaster and York counties for example, which one or two generations ago were distinctively German, the old vernacular is fast disappearing and the English is becoming the current speech, leaving only the name of speaker and locality as reminders of a once flourishing German community. It is possible, however, to indicate approximately the status of what may be termed dis- tinctively Pennsylvania German districts. For the most part the genuine Pennsylvania German is to be found in the agricultural districts and country towns and villages, although in cities like Philadelphia, Allentown, Reading and Harrisburg there are large numbers whose vernacular is Pennsylvania German. In such cities as those just named it is possible to hear almost every dia- lectic variation, from the language of the Swiss to that of the Hollander, from the patois of the peasant to the polished speech of the literatus. But if we pass beyond the sphere of these great levelling centres, we shall find the original dialect and, to no slight extent, the customs of the simple pioneers in full sway. It is only necessary to state here that as a rule the general historic outlines have remained intact, the old settlements gradually enlarging, and in many cases sending out from their midst more adventurous spirits who became the nuclei of new settlements in the western counties of the State. The Germans were for the most part agri- culturists or local artisans and possessed their land. There have usually been some younger representatives willing to cultivate the paternal acres and perpetuate the ancestral title to the soil. To recapitulate, the distribution of the dialectic elements may be stated as follows : In the first settlement at Germantown were Crefelders till 1709-10, when the " Pfalzer '" began to pour in from the Palatinate. Here are represented (1) Low Frankish and Rhine Frankish, of J ' the Lower Rhine province near Dtisseldorf ; (2) South Frankish, near the North Alemannic (Suabian) border ; South Frankish, specifically Rhine Palatinate (Rheinpfalzisch); (3) South Frankish- 1 The term " Pfalzer" as used in the ship-lists is not sharply defined, and may apply to representatives not only of the Pfalz (Kurpfalz) but to any Rhinelander, and sometimes, it would seem, to any German. As a matter of fact, however, the most of the so-called Pfalzer were from the Rhenish Palati- nate, as their dialect shows. This will be discussed in another chapter. 19 Alemannic of Alsace and Lorraine. In Berks County, where the inhabitants are stigmatized as " dumb Dutch," the speech-elements were (i) " Rheinpf'dlzisch" brought into Wahlink and Oley by French Huguenots temporarily living in the Palatinate and by native Palatines; into Tulpehocken by the New York Palatines from Schoharie and others direct from the Palatinate; (2) Ale- mannic, brought into Bern by the Swiss ; (3) Welsh in Breck- nock, Caernarvon, Cumru, Robeson, and Union townships ; (4) Swedish in Union township ; (5) Silesian, probably with Saxon and other elements, brought by the Schwenkfelder into Hereford township and lands adjoining in Lehigh and Montgomery coun- ties ; (6) English 1 in Union township ; (7) Dutch f (8) Suabian at Reading. 3 In the region of Eden (Pequea-Thal), Lancaster County, we find Alemannic elements from Zurich, Bern, Schaffhausen, and possibly a considerable mixture oi " Rheinpf'dlzisch" which latter, with probably many other dialectic varieties, came also with the Dunkards (Tunker) to the regions along the Conestoga and Miihlbach, Lancaster County, and also to Skippack in Oley, Berks County. The few Dutch that settled near Pottsville, Schuylkill County, brought Low German elements, as did those also in Pike town- ship, Berks County. 4 Into Northampton County came with the Moravians, Upper Saxon elements (Sachsen-Altenburg), and extended into Berks, Bucks, Montgomery, and Lehigh counties. Thus it is seen that the ethnic elements which developed the Pennsylvania German speech represent a wide and varied lin- guistic territory. Nor must it be supposed that, inasmuch as the Pennsylvania German is spoken of as a unit, such a complete 1 English is mentioned here to show the variety of speech-elements repre- sented in this one county. It will be understood that the English element is a constant quantity in every settlement of any importance in the whole province. 2 To Hamburg, Berks County, came the speech of Hamburg, Germany, but it soon came into contact with the great Pfalzisch current and was merged in it and in the neighboring dialects. 3 In and around Reading, Berks County, the dialect elements were chiefly Suabian and Rhine Frankish, many of the settlers having come from Wiirtem- berg and settled with Pfalzer from the various sources mentioned above. 4 In Pike township, Berks County, the Dutch element is quite small com- pared with the Alemannic and Rhine Prankish. 20 levelling has taken place as to render it impossible to trace the original dialectical characteristics. This will receive fuller treat- ment in the chapter on Phonology. The causes leading to the perpetuation of these peculiarities were in general the same as those which preserved to our time this widely spoken dialect itself. Rupp remarks that the Ger- mans who came to Pennsylvania before 17 17 were for the most part persons of means. This in many cases was true, but they were as a class from the humbler walks of life, seeking a quiet retreat from the storms of persecution. They were men of firm convictions, and in many cases deeply imbued with the spirit of pietism. They cherished the traditions of the Fatherland, cared little for political power or prominence, were content to till their fertile acres in this occidental Eden unmolested in their religious and social rights and liberty. Here is a state of political units quite different from the early settlers of New England, where the responsibility of government was keenly felt by the individual settlers when they met in that greatest of Teutonic institutions, the town meeting. Besides the unobtrusive character of the early Pennsylvania Germans, there were other potent forces favoring the perpetuation of their lan- guage, such as the organization of German schools in all important German centres, the establishment of printing presses in German- town and Ephrata, from both of which towns German-American publications were distributed in great numbers throughout the province, varying in importance from Sauer's American edition of the German Bible and the Chronicon Ephratense to the simplest tract and calendar. The pulpit has been and continues to be the great bulwark of conservative strength. 21 II. ABBREVIATIONS. Aarg. — Aargau dialect. A.-S. = Anglo-Saxon (Old English). Basl. zz Basel dialect. Br. Gr. — Braune's Althochdeutsche Grammatik. Brandt zz Brandt's German Grammar. Bav. — Bavarian dialect. D. zz Dutch (Hollandisch). Fischer P.-D. G. = Fischer's Pennsylvanisch-Deutsche Gedichte. Fischer K. Z. zz Fischer's Kurzweil und Zeitvertreib. Goth. — Gothic. Grimm zz Grimm's Deutsche Grammatik. H. — Haldeman's Pennsylvania Dutch. Horn zz 'm Horn sei, Buch. Kl. (Kluge) zz Kluge's Etymologisches Worterbuch. K. — Kobell's Gedichte in pfalzischer Mundart. lex. zz lexical(ly). M. H. G. = Middle High German. N. (Nadler) zz Nadler's Gedichte in Pfalzer Mundart. N. H. G. = New High German. N. E. zz New English (Modern English). O. H. G. = Old High German. O. N. — Old Norse. U. P. = Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz). O. S. zz Old Saxon. P. G. zz Pennsylvania German. Paul Mhd. Gr. zz Paul's Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik (Zweite Aufl. Rauch zz Rauch's Pennsylvania Dutch Hand-book. R. P. zz Rhine Palatinate dialect (Rheinpfalzisch). Sanders zz Sanders' Deutsches Worterbuch. Sch. Pdn. zz Schade's Paradigmen. Sch. M. B. zz Schmeller, Die Mundarten Bayerns. Sch. B. W. zz Schmeller's Bayerisches Worterbuch. Sch. zz Schandein's Gedichte in Westricher Mundart. Sch. Id. zz Schweizerisches Idiotikon. S.-C. zz Sievers-Cook, Grammar of Old English. W. A. G. zz Weinhold's Alemannische Grammatik. W. B. G. zz Weinhold's Bairische Grammatik. W. Mhd. Gr. zz Weinhold's Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. Westr. zz Westrich dialect. Wien. zz Wiener Dialekt (Vienna dialect). Z. zz Zeller's Dichtungen in pfalzischer Mundart. 22 Phonology. §i. — The conclusions of the introductory chapter show clearly that the speech elements transplanted to Pennsylvania were pre- eminently those from the Rhenish Palatinate. The chapters on phonology and morphology will substantiate the fact that Penn- sylvania German, in borrowing from English to enrich its vocabu- lary, has by no means forfeited its birthright and become a pitiable hybrid of bad Germa7i and worse English, but, on the contrary, has perpetuated in their pristine vigor the characteristics of its vener- able European ancestor, the Rhine Frankish, specifically Rhine Palatinate, " Jiheinpfalsisch." - The following comparative view of Pennsylvania German pho- nology represents what is recognized in eastern and central Pennsylvania as the Pennsylvania German dialect. A more detailed treatment of dialectical differences in various portions of the State is reserved for a subsequent chapter. For reasons which will appear in the preface, a normalized text, differing from any yet in use among P. G. writers, has been adopted. The following treatment locates the P. G. form historically by stating (i) the Pennsylvania German word ; (2) (in parenthesis) the New High German and New English etymological and lexical equivalents, where the latter differ from the former ; (3) the Rhine Palatinate, Rhein-Pfalzisch or Westrich (usually the most nearly related European dialect; cf. Ethnographical Introduction, pp. 18-20); and (4) the Old High German equivalent (where peculiarly inter- esting, the Rhine Frankish form of the O. H. G. period). The most nearly related forms are printed in type so that the eye can catch at a glance the affinities of the word under consideration. In order to give both German and English readers a complete picture of our dialect, we have given the N. H. G. and N. E. equivalents, even at the risk of stating what the philologist would sometimes readily supply. The phonetic notation has been reduced to the simplest possible system. It is to be regretted that the new system of notation proposed by the Modern Language Association of America is not ready for adoption. After comparing the systems of Bell, Sweet, Storm, Winteler, and Sievers, I have adopted the following. It seemed preferable to retain the v instead of using in its place the with the hook or inverted c, inasmuch as this sound is written a in most of the Germanic languages. In the table below, the equivalents in Winteler's system are given in ( ). 23 §2. Table of Equivalents. Vowels P. G. Winteler. (o 2 approaching a) (o 1 approaching a) (Sievers' se 2 as modified by the following r.) New English equivalent and example, o in hot, a in what, aw in law. (e») e U 1 ) 3 i (i 2 ) X (i 1 ) (o 2 ) o U 1 ) u (u 2 ) u («') Diphthongs : pi ( = P+i) (e. 1 + i s ) EU (o 2 + u) ei (cf. H.f3) (a + i 2 ) ai (rare, c£. H., ch. I, §3), P. G. ex. hai! a in marry. a in car. e in clever, e in met, bet. a in pale, sale, last e in seven. i in six, fix. ee in keel, feel. o in omission. 6 in home, u in pussy. 00 in pool, fool. oy in boy, coy. ou in house. ei in height. ai in aisle (of London). §3. Consonants. b (voiceless) — b as in N. H. G. bitter. v (voiced spirant, = b with a stroke and represents original b) — v as in N. E. never, d (voiceless) = d as in N. H. G. Ding, f (voiceless spirant) — f as in N. H. G. finden, N. E. find, g (voiceless) — g as in N. H. G. Gift, N. E. gift. ch (voiceless spirant, in Italics to distinguish from P. G. ch — N. H. G. ch) — g (ch) as in N. H. G. selig. y (palatal, medial, == older intervocalic g) = y as in N. E. many a (when pronounced together). h (aspirate) = h as in N. H. G. Hand, N. E. hand, j (for original j or consonantal i) = j as in N. H. G. Jahr, N. E. year, k (voiceless) = k as in N. H. G. Konig, N. E. king. 1 - 1 as in N. H. G. lang, N. E. long. 1 (strongly liquid when intervocalic) = 11 as in N. E. willing. m = m as in N. H. G. Heim, N. E. home, n m as in N. H. G. Name, N. E. name, p (voiceless) ~ p as in N. H. G. Pein. r — r as in N. E. ring, often trilled, when medial as in N. E. borough, s (voiceless spirant) = s as in N. E. seven, t (voiceless) — t as in N. H. G. Topf, N. E. top. w represents original w (hw) less voiced (less dental) than w in N. H. G. was. z (t + s) — ts as in N. E. cats, ks (x). dzh (=N. E. j in John). sch (= s, N. H. G. sch) = sh as in N. E. short. ~ indicates nasality. ch (— N. H. G. ch and written for it) = ch in N. H. G. ich. 24 Vowels. v. §4. — P. G. v has a sound approaching that of o, and is doubtless a very old one, as would appear from such forms as O. H. G. seal and scol, halon and holdn, or better zata and zota, where no liquid influence has to be accounted for (cf. Br. Gr. §25, 6, 1). This sound (as short) has the same quality as the a in N. E. wallow; as long, it is well known to N. E. in all, call, fall (for A.-S. cf. S. C. §51 ; for Alemannic, cf. W. A. G. §112; for the change before nasals and / cf. W. Mhd. Gr. §20). The sound occurs also in other German dialects; cf Sch. Id. S. XVI, Hugel's Wiener Dialekt, S. 10. P. G. v represents : 1. Germanic a, N. H. G. a, R. P. a (for Bav. cf. Sch. M. B. §108). P. G. rrecht (N. H. G. nacht, N. E. night), R. P. nacht (Z.) ; P. G. dunk (N. H. G. dank, N. E. thank(s)) ; P. G. hEls (N. H. G. hals, lex. N. E. neck ; cf. halse, Spencer) ; P. G. lend (N. H. G. land, N. E. land), R. P. land (N.), Westr. lann (Sch.) ; P. G. munn (N. H. G. mann, N. E. man) ; P. G. hBnd (N. H. G. hand, N. E. hand) ; P. G. schimd(t) (N. H. G. schande, lex. N. E. shame). Note 1. — In some cases P. G. has retained Germanic short a, while in N. H. G. this a has been lengthened. P. G. fetar (N. H. G. vater, N. E. father), R. P. vadder (N.), vatter (Z.), Bav. vadp', and valtp'. M. H. G. vater, O. H. G. vatar. 2. a of Latin words introduced early. P. G. kfcrd (N. H. G. karte, N. E. chart, card), M. H. G. karte « Fr. carte) ; cf. P. G. kerd (lex. N. H. G. kammen ; cf. karden, lex. N. E. card wool) ; cf. N. H. G. karde, M. H. G. karte, O. H. G. charta (lex. N. E. teasel, cardoon) < Lat. circa 7th cent. (Kluge). 3. Germanic 11 (except Gothic, which has ai, ail). P. G. durch, durach (N. H. G. durch, N. E. thorough, through), R. P. durch, but cf. R. P. nor, norre (= N. H. G. nur) and worscht, M. H. G. durch, dur, O. H. G. duruh, durah, duri, dur, but Goth, \airh; P. G. wurzal (N. H. G. wurzel, lex. N. E. root; cf. N. E. wurt), Goth, waiirts; P. G. WErscht (N. H. G. wurst, lex. N. E. sausage). 4. o in N. E. words introduced into P. G. Ex. : P. G. schop (= N. H. G. werkstatte, N. E. shop ; P. G. schlop (lex. N. H. G. kiichenabfall, schlampe, N. E. slop, swill, an untidy female. 25 In consonantal combinations si, sp, st of words borrowed from the English are usually pronounced schl, schp, scht, if initial ; cf. §40. §5. — P. G. v corresponds to : 1. Original Germanic te (Gothic ^); cf. W. A. G. §44. (For O. H. G. & <^ Germanic te, cf. Br. Gr. §34, a, 1). P. G. »dar, R. P. a (o), cf. pi. odera (H.) (N. H. G. ader, lex. N. E. vein ; cf. A.-S. *dre), R. P. oder (N.), Bav. ads', auda', O. H. G. ddara ; P. G. m»l3 (N. H. G. mahlen, lex. N. E. grind), R. P. mahle (N.), but cf. P. G. rnola (N. H. G. malen) ; P. G. m»n3 (N. H. G. mahne, N. E. mane) ; P. G. h»s3 (N. H. G. hase, N. E. hare). For j^r more generally jor, schl»f, generally schlof; cf. §12, 3. 2. Germanic au, which in some cases ]> 3 in O. H. G. (cf. Br. Gr. §45), and in others remained as a diphthong, written ou after the ninth century (cf. Br. Gr. §46), R. P. aa {&), P. G. dpb (N. H. G. taub, N. E. deaf) ; P. G. dp (N. H. G. thau, N. E. dew) ; P. G. Ipfo (N. H. G. laufen, N. E. leap, etymologically but lexically N. E. run and walk) ; R. P. laafe (Z. and K.), Westr. lafe (Sch.). 3. Germanic a, R. P. a. P. G. sch#da (N. H. G. schade, etymol. M. E., N. E. scathe, scath, lexically N. E. damage, harm) ; P. G. n»ma (N. H. G. name, N. E. name), R. P. name (N. and Sch.) ; P. G. s»ma (N. H. G. sama, lexically N. E„ seed) ; cf. N. E. semen <[ Lat. semen. Note 1. — This correspondence extends also to contracted mono- syllables. P. G. m»d (N. H. G. magd, N. E. maid), R. P. mahd (Z.), Bav. m&id, masd, M. H. G. maget, meit, O. H. G. magad, Goth. maga]>s\ 4. N. E. aw, P. G. l»messig (lexically N. H. G. gesetzmassig, gesetzlich), N. E. according to law, compound <^ N. E. law + German massig. For formations of this kind cf. chapter on English Mixture. e. §6. — In P. G. as in O. H. G. original Germanic e has remained (cf. Br. Gr. §29). Moreover, in many this e, which in O. H. G. became i before i or u in the following syllable (cf. Br. Gr. §30, a and c), has persisted as e in P. G. Ex. : O. H. G. nimis, hilfis, nimu, hilfu^Y. G. nemscht, helfscht, nema, helfa. (For infinitives see examples below.) As in O. H. G. so in P. G. this original e is pronounced short and open. The following examples show in striking manner the lengthening of this e in N. H. G. (cf. Brandt, §488, 2) : P. G. geva (N. H. G. geben, N. E. give), R. P. gewwe (N. 26 Z.), Bav. g£bm ; P. G. nem3 (N. H. G. nehmen, N. E. take, lexi- cal equivalent, cf. A.-S. niman), Westr. nemmS (Sch.) ; P. G. helf.nem, 2 sg. imper.; gebt,nemmt (K.), helft (K.),werd(K.), 3 sg. indie, are all in keeping with the P. G. principle of avoiding the umlaut forms in the pres. indie, of strong verbs. The same tendency is found in other dialects, as for example R. P., Westr. The following are examples of nouns retaining this original Ger- manic e\ P. G. schweval (N. H. G. schwefel, lexically N. E. sulphur; cf. A.-S. swefl) ; P. G. neval (N. H. G. nebel, lexically N. E. mist, fog ; cf. O. S. neval), R. P. newwel (Z.). Note i.- — P. G. writers do not distinguish orthographically between original Germanic e and e produced by the z"-umlaut of a. For the latter we use the usual sign e. §7 A. — P. G. e represents : 1. z" of words introduced (as early as O. H. G. period) from Latin (N. H. G. e). P. G. been, pech (N. H. G. pech, lex. N. E. pitch or shoemaker's wax), M. H. G. b'ech,pech, O. H. G. b'eh, p'eh (cf. M. H. G.pfich, O. H. G.^?^s (Kluge), andeis, respectively. (2) N. H. G. a <^ z'-umlaut of original Germanic a. (For N. H. G. e and a <^ z'-umlaut of a, cf. Grimm, Gr. I 443, under AE.) P. G. mechtich (N. H. G. machtig, N. E. mighty), O. H. G. mahtig; P. G. krefta (N. H. G. kriifte; cf. N. E. craft); krenkla, meschda (N. H. G. krankeln, masten). An interesting verb falling under this class is P. G. sich schema (N. H. G. sich sch'amen, N. E. shame [one's self], be ashamed), M. H. G. sich schemen or schamen, O. H. G. sih seaman, 1 and 3 weak conj., Goth, sik skaman. In the N. H. G. dialects the regu- lar form is that with the umlauted stem-vowel : Aarg. si schame, Basl. schamme, Vien. schame (reflex), Westf. sik schemen. From all these examples it would appear that O. H. G. should have had *skamian corresponding to A.-S. scamian {sceamian). The M. H. G. forms schemen and schamen would support this suppo- sition. Note 1. — It is a question whether P. G. secht (=sagt or sagte ?) 2 7 is to be considered as caused by the z-umlaut of a, or a case of as- similation of a in sacht (:=sagt) to the e of the juxtaposed er (fre- quent in narration) ; thus sacht-er ^> *saechl-er ^> *sacht-3r ^> secht-3r. I prefer to consider it a case of umlaut by analogy. Forms like er sacht, mar sacht (N.) would favor this latter view. 3. Germanic a (N. H. G. a). P. G. hen (N. H. G. haben, N. E. have) ; cf. R. P. hawwe, henn, hunn (N.) ; hen is the regular form of the plural, and seems to show the persistence of the original & of the second syllable ; cf. O. H. G. habim-hi (SmSs), 1 pi., and habhi, 3 pi. (Br. Gr. §304). The explanation would be that the b^>w and dropped, and the a-e were contracted into e. This contraction finds an analogue in M. H. G. han, lAn (1 p].) <^ haben, I&zen, where the vowel of the first syllable carried the accent and per- sisted, while in P. G. that of the second syllable was retained. The differentiation into hvv3 and *hen (infinitive), representing respectively the independent verbal idea of halten and the auxiliary haben, as in M. H. G. (cf. Paul, Mhd. Gr. §180, 181), is not found in P. G. P. G. hen occurs only in the plural, while hBva is the regular form of the infinitive ; cf. R. P. hawwe (N.). 4. (1) a in words borrowed from English (N. H. G. a), the P. G. representation of the N. E. pronunciation. P. G. bendi (N. H. G. bantam, N. E. bantie, vulgar for bantum); P. G. mem (N. H. G. mamme, memm, mama, N. E. mam, vulgar for mama). (2) e in words introduced from N. E. P. G. benreil (Hedeoma pulegioides, N. E. penny-rile, vulgar for pennyroyal) ; P. G. desk (lex. N. H. G. pult, N. E. desk; for e before r cf. §17, 2); P. G. fens (lex. N. H. G. zaun, N. E. fence). 5. Sporadically N. H. G. ei in unaccented syllables. P. G. ke, also ke (N. H. G. kein, lex. N. E. no (adj.) ; P. G. an, 'n (N. H. G. ein, N. E. a (one) ) comes really under a, §7B. Note 1.— P. G. des is the regular form for N. H. G. das in unaccented positions ; cf. W. Mhd. Gr. §30. To explain this as the genitive is quite unscientific and unnecessary, cf. H., pp. 35, 36. 6. (1) Sporadically N. H. G. ie. P. G. schep (N. H. G. schief, N. E. skew ; cf. O. N. skewfr, Dutch scheef) ; R. P. schebb (N.) ; (cf. Kluge under schief, where he suggests Goth. *skaiba). (2) N. H. G. i of personal pronouns in unaccented positions. P. G. ena (N. H. G. ihnen, lex. N. E. to them), M. H. G. in, O. H. G. itn, in, Goth. im. As all of these examples show, the original vowel was short, having been lengthened in N. H. G. ; cf. Bav. iner (eane' <^ ihnen ihr, Sch. B. W.). 28 7. (i) £< z-umlaut of o (N. H. G. '6). P. G. scheppa (N. H. G. schopfen, lex. N. E. dip, draw, Dutch sckeppen, O. S. skeppian, M. H. G., O. H. G. schepfen (early O. H. G. scopfen<^scophian~) ; P. G. leffal (N. H. G. loffel, lex. N. E. spoon), M. H. G. leffel, O. H. G. leffil. In both schepp? and leffal we evidently have an z-umlaut of original a, the N. H. G. form with b having come in during the M. H. G. period (but cf. N. E. scoop, etc.). (2) But real representatives of z-umlaut of o (older u) are P. G. kennt, kenna (N. H. G. konnte, konnen, N. E. could, can ; cf. A.-S. cunnan); R. P. kenne, M. H. G. kunnen, O. H. G. chunnan (cf. Schade Paradig., pp. 96, 97). As will be seen from the above examples under e, a decided levelling has taken place in P. G. as compared with N. H. G. The sharp distinctions between the z'-umlaut of a and of o have disappeared in P. G. ; cf. Low German z-umlaut of a. What is here said of e is true also of e, which includes an even larger number of sounds clearly differen- tiated in N. H. G. The full scope of this levelling process will become more evident in the comparative table which is to accom- pany this treatise. p. B. — P. G. d represents the vowel of the flexional syllable. P. G. renna (N. H. G. rinnen); dena ira (N. H. G. denen ihre = ihrer) ; ebbar, ebbas (N. H. G. jemand, etwas ; cf. §30, 2, 1, note 2). §8. — P. G. e corresponds to the following : 1. (a) Germanic ai before h, r, w (cf. Br. Gr. 14 b), N. H. G. e. P. G. er (N. H. G. ehre, lex. N. E. honor ; cf. A.-S. ar) ; R. P. ehr (Z.), Bav. er, 6r, ea' (cf. O. P. eia') ; P. G. lera (N. H. G. lehren, lex. N. E. teach; cf. N. E. lore, subs., and A.-S. lgeran, vb.) ; P. G. sel (N. H. G. seele, N. E. soul), R. P. seel (N.) ; P. G. kera (N. H. G. kehren, lex. N. E. turn) ; P. G. me, menar (N. H. G. mehr, N. E. more), Westr. mehner (Sch.) ; P. G. se (N. H. G. see, N. E. sea). {b) Germanic ai, which became in O. H. G. ei in latter part of the eighth century (cf. Br. Gr. §44 and notes), N. H. G. ei. P. G. del (N. H. G. teil, N. E. deal), R. P. dheel (N.), Bav. taal ; P. G. be~ (N. H. G. bein, N. E. bone, lex. leg) ; P. G. emar (N. H. G. eimer, lex. N. E. bucket; cf. A.-S. ambor, ombor), O. H. G. eimbar, einbar; P. G. hem (N. H. G. heim, N. E. home), R. P. ham (Sch.), heem (Z. K.) ; P. G. hessa (N. H. G. 29 heissen, N. E. hight, lex. be called), R. P. hesse (Sch. Z. K.) ; P. G. bed (N. H. G. beide, N. E. both), M. H. G. beide, bide ; P. G. leb (N. H. G. laib, N. E. loaf) ; P. G. led (N. H. G. leid, N. E. loth (?) ), Westr. led (Sch.), R. P. leed (Z.), but cf. P. G. leida (N. H. G. leiden, lex. N. E. suffer). 2. (a) N. H. G. a. P. G. er (N. H. G. ahre, N. E. ear (of grain), O. H. G. ehir (ahir). z'-umlaut of original a (N. H. G. a). P. G. ze (N. H. G. zah, N. E. tough; cf. A.-S. t6h), O. H. G. z&M; P. G. kes (N. H. G. kase, N. E. cheese, A.-S. c€se), O. H. G. ckdsi -^Lat. c&seus. (5) /-umlaut of Germanic a, N. H. G. c, R. P. e. P. G. red (N. H. G. rede, lex. N. E. speech), M. E. rede (cf. N. E. rede- craft, Barnes) ; cf. Goth. ra\j$, R. P. redde, verb (N.), redd, substantive ; P. G. elend (N. H. G. elend, lex. N. E. misery ; cf. Goth, aljis (Kluge) ) ; P. G. mer (N. H. G. meer, lex. N. E. sea; cf. Goth, marei) ; P. G. farhera (N. H. G. verheeren, N. E. harry, lex. N. E. devastate ; cf. Goth, harjis) ; P. G. freval, for , original b cf. Kluge (N. H.'G. frevel, lex. N. E. mischief); P. G. lega (N. H. G. legen, N. E. lay). 3. Original Germanic e (cf. Br. Gr. §29, 30, a), N. H. G. /. P. G. mel (N. H. G. mehl, N. E. meal), 0. H. G. melo ; P. G. beta (N. H. G. beten, lex. N. E. pray), R. P. bede (N.), O. H. G. betdn; P. G. weg (N. H. G. weg, N. E. way), R. P. weg (N.); P. G. besam (N. H. G. besen, N. E. besom), Bav. besen, besem (bfon, besm (?)), M. H. G. besen, besen, b'eseme, O. H. G. b'esamo. 4. N. H. G. e in loan-words. P. G. te (N. H. G. thee, N. E. tea), R. P. thee. 5. N. E. a. P. G. meb(p)al (N. E. maple, lex. N. H. G. ahorn) ; P. G. len, N. E. lane, N. H. G. ein schmaler weg, allee ; f esa (N. E. face, lex. N. H. G. gegeniiber stehen oder stellen). P. G. shows a splitting of the (diphthong) sound represented in N. H. G. by ei, a part appearing as diphthongs, a part remaining as the simple vowel e (? or e in unaccented position). Even in the abstract terminations -heit and -keit the diphthong is often heard, though the more regular form is e {? or e). This wavering is seen also in the stem syllable of many words, as P. G. kled and kleid (cf. R. P. kleed (N.) ), both of which may be heard in the same district. This confusion is doubtless due to two causes : (1) the pronunciation of N. H. G. ei as heard from the pulpit ; (2) the commingling of Germans representing districts of Germany in which the sound was pronounced respectively e and ei (cf. the treatment of V and vu, §20). 3° 6. z'-umlaut V (= N. H. G. au ; cf. §20, 1), N. H. G. au. P. G. bem (N. H. G. b'aume, N. E. beams, lex. trees) ; R. P. baam (Z. N.), beem (K.). This e is the regular z'-umlaut of V, and not to be confused with the N. H. G. z'-umlaut of au (= P. G. vu), which is ei. P. G. geil (N. H. G. gaule, lex. N. E. nags, draft-horses) < z"-umlaut of gvul (cf. vu, §20, 2), R. P. gaul (N.), pi. gaiil (Sch.), gaul (N.). 7. (a) z'-umlaut of older (O. H. G.) + u, N. H. G. eu. P. G. frea (N. H. G. freuen, lex. N. E. rejoice), R. P. frod, peasant speech fraad (N.), frot, 3 sg., gefrdt, p. p. (N.) ; Bav./r,/w~, frh~ ,/rdi'n, M. H. G.frouwen, O. H. G.frouwhi (<^frok?). P. G. farschprea (cf. N. H. G. spreu, lex. N. E. spread, cf. N. E. spray), M. H. G. spraewen (cf. Kluge under spriihen). (b) z-umlaut of older 6 (O. H. G. e, o~^>e, u^>i, ii^> i. P. G. bichar (N. H. G. biicher, N. E. books ; cf. A.-S. bee); P. G. dinn (N. H. G. diinn, N. E. thin), O. H. G. dunni ; P. G. brick (N. H. G. briicke, N. E. bridge) ; P. G. ival (N. H. G. uebel, N. E. evil), O. H. G. ubil; P. G. ivar, R. P. iiwwer (N.); P. G. miliar, missa, rick, sinn (N. H. G. miiller, miissen, riicken, sunde (or sinn). Note 1.— P. G. zigal (N. H. G. ziegel and ziigel, N. E. tile, A. S. tigel, and lex. bridle). In the former signification it cor- responds to N. H. G. ziegel, M. H. G. ziegel, O. H. G. siagal <[ Lat. tegula ; in the latter to N. H. G. ziigel « ziehen), M. H. G. ziigel, zugel, O. H. G. zugil, zuhil (cf. A.-S. tygill, N. E. &>z7= labor; cf. Skeat). Note 2. — A sporadic instance of P. G. i for N. H. G. au is P. G. siffar (N. H. G. saufer, N. E. sipper, in sense of tippler, drunkard), evidently by z'-umlaut of original *sufjan (for original u persisting cf. Br. Gr. §32). The two parallel series would then be as follows : N. H. G. saufer, verb saufen, M. H. G. sufetK^O. H. G. s&fan, but P. G. sif(f)3r, M. H. G, O. H. G. sup/en (suffan), Gotbi *silpjan, cf. with this N. E. sup, M. E. pr. p. supping, A.-S. s&pan and N. E. sip, A.-S. sipan. Both of these series point clearly to an original weak verb (with short stem -vowel) in both A.-S. and Gothic ; cf. Welsh sippian. Note 3. — P. G. i corresponds in a few cases to : (1) N. H. G. u = Germanic i before nasals. Ex. : P. G. finf, finif (N. H. G. fiinf, N. E. five, n dropped ; cf. A.-S. fif), O. H. G. funf (older 32 finf), Goth, fimf; (2) N. H. G. u, where in the III b ablaut series (cf. Br. Gr. §337) orthographic confusion of i and u crept in. Ex. : P. G. hilf (N. H. G. hiilfe, hilfe, N. E. help), M. H. G. hilfe, Kelfe, O. H. G. hilf a, helfa (cf. Br. Gr. §31, a). Note 4.— P. G. krisch (N. H. G. gerausch (?), N. E. rush, lex. cry, shriek). 1. §10. — From §9 it was seen that a large number of older z's remain in P. G. There were, however, some of these original short z's which > long in P. G. as in N. H. G. ; cf. §10 {b) below. P. G. i represents accordingly : 1. {a) Original z > N. H. G. 1. P. G. igal (N. H. G. igel, lex. Ni E. porcupine) ; cf. Bav. egel, igel, O. H. G. igil ; P. G. bir (N. H. G. birne, lex. N. E. pear) ; P. G. Idrich (lex. N. H. G. wiederkauen, N. E. ruminating). (b) Original short i > N. H. G. ie (cf. Br. Gr. §31, 5). P. G. ris (N. H. G. riese, lex. N. E. giant), O. H. G. risi, riso ; P. G. schdil (M. H. G. stiel, N. E. steal, stale (Skeat), lex. N. E. handle), O. H. G. siil. 2. Original Germanic diphthong represented in O. H. G. by io « eo) in 9th century (cf. Br. Gr. §17, c), N. H. G. ie. P. G. biga (N. H. G. biegen, N. E. bow), O. H. G. biogan ; P. G. bida (N. H. G. bieten, N. E. bid = command), A.-S. beodan (in the sense of beat = overcome, etc. ; it is doubtless <^ the N. E. beat, A.-S. beatan), O. H. G. biotan ; P. G. dib (N. H. G. dieb, N. E. thief, R. P. dieb (N.) ; P. G. gis(s)3 (N. H. G. giessen, lex. N. E. pour) ; P. G. lid (N. H. G. lied). 3. z-umlaut of older u <^ O. H. G. uo « Germanic 6 circa 9th cent. ; cf. Br. Gr. §21, d). P. G. file (N. H. G. fiihlen, N. E. feel), R. P. fiile (Z.), Bav. fishi, O. H. G.fuolen; P. G. mid (N. H. G. miide, lex. tired), R. P. mud (Z.), Westr. mid (Sch.), O. H. G. muodi ; P. G. gri~ (N. H. G. griin, N. E. green), R. P. griiii (Z.), grii' (K.) ; P. G. trib, rib, tir (N. H. G. triibe, rube, thuren) ; tir is pi. of tir (der), cf. §8, 8, (4). 4. The corresponding sound in borrowed words. P. G. schdlm (N. E. steam) ; P. G. plesir (Fr. plaisir) ; P. G. -ira, infinitive ending. Ex. : P. G. kurasira (N. H. G. karassiren, N. E. caress, lex. court). o. §11. — P. G. corresponds to the O. H. G. o<^ti before a, e, in the following syllable (cf. Br. Gr. §32, a), and represents : 33 i. (a) N. H. G. d. P. G. koch (N. H. G. koch, N. E. cook), cf. verb kocha, R. P. kocht (Z.), 3 sg. ind., O. H. G. cochon ; P. G. loch (N. H. G. loch, lex. N. E. hole), O. H. G. loh ; P. G. noch (N. H. G. noch, lex. N. E. yet) ; P. G. modal (N. H. G. model, masculine, N. E. model), O. H. G. modul, but cf. N. H. G. modell, neuter, <^ Italian (Sanders). (<5) N. H. G. d. P. G. fogal (N. H. G. vogel, N. E. fowl), Bav. fogl, O. H. G. fogal (cf. Br. Gr. §32, a, 3) ; P. G. ofa (N. H. G. ofen, N. E. oven, lex. stove), R. P. offe (N.), Bav. ofs"; P. G. odar (N. H. G. oder, N. E. other, lex. or), R. P. odder, Bav. dd'p', O. H. G. ode, odo ; P. G. gazoga, p. p. of ziga or ziya (N. H. G. gezogen), R. P. gezoge (N.) ; P. G. wolfal (N. H. G. wohlfeil, lex. N. E. cheap), R. P. wolfel (N.) ; P. G. kolr»bi (N. H. G. kohlrabi, N. E. colerabi). Note 1.— P. G. hochzich (N. H. G. hochzeit, lex. N. E. wed- ding), R. P. hochzich (N.), represents original o long. The P. G. adjective hoch is long, however, and thus perpetuates the long value of O. H. G. hoh. (For the conduct of + r cf. §19, 2.) §12. — P. G. o long represents : 1. O. H. G. 6, Goth, au (cf. Br. Goth. Gr. §25, also Br. Gr. §45), N. H. G. 6. P. G. dod (N. H. G. tod, N. E. death), O. H. G. iSd; P. G. Ion (N. H. G. lohn, lex. N. E. reward) ; P. G. not (N. H. G. noth, N. E. need), R. P. noth (Z.) ; P. G. rot, 16s (N. H. G. roth, los, N. E. red, loose, less). 2. O. H. G. o, Goth, u, lengthened to N. H. G. d. P. G. wona (N. H. G. wohnen, N. E. won, lex. N. E. dwell, cf. A.-S. wunian, N. E. wont, p. p. adj.), O. H. G. wonH; P. G. son (N. H. G. sohn, N. E. son) ; P. G. hoi (N. H. G. hohl, N. E. hollow) ; P. G. sol (N. H. G. sohle, N. E. sole) ; cf. R. P. lohn (N.), bohn (N.). 3. (a) Germanic &, O. H. G. & (cf. Br. Gr. §34, Grimm Gr. I 442, A A 1, 0), N. H. G. a (in some cases all). P. G. mol (N. H. G. mal, lex. N. E. time, cf. A.-S. mal, mael in Beowulf), R. P. mol (Z. K.), Westr. mol (Sch.), O. H. G. m&l'm. anamali (Kluge) ; P. G. do (N. H. G. da, N. E. there), Westr. do (Sch.), R. P. do (Z. K.) ; P. G. no or no~ (N. H. G. nach, lex. N. E. after) in verbal compounds like norecha (N. H. G. nachrechen, N. E. rake after). Both noch and no are found in P. G. The latter is to be ex- plained as having dropped the h when its spirant quality was lost. 34 The regular form in the accented position is noch, R. P. noh (Sch.), nooch (Z.), noht (Z.) ; cf. Sch. M. B. §566 ; P. G. mala (N. H. G. malen, lex. N. E. paint), R. P. molt (K.), 3 sg. ind. ; P. G. froga (N. H. G. fragen, lex. N. E. ask), R. P. frog (Z.) 1. sg. ind. ; P. G. brota (N. H. G. braten, lex. N. E. roast), R. P. brota (Z.) ; P. G. blosa (N. H. G. blasen, lex. N. E. blow ; cf. blaze, blare), R. P. blost (Z.), 3 sg. ; P. G. not (N. H. G. naht, lex. N. E. stitch). (b) N. H. G. aa (_£) representing O. H. G. & as 1 (a). P. G. sod (N. H. G. saat, sat, new orthography, N. E. seed), R. P. saat (N), O. H. G. sat; P. G. wog (N. H. G. waage, lex. N. E. balance, scales, cf. verb weigh), O. H. G. w&ga. Note 1. — P. G. zolM (N. H. G. zahnlade) represents O. H. G. a, but Goth. u. Note 2. — In nouns of ze'«-stems P. G. o corresponds to O. H. G. a, N. H. G. au. P. G. bio (N. H. G. blau, N. E. blue), Westr. bio (Sch.), R. P. bloo (Z.), O. H. G. blao ; P. G. ^gebroe (N. H. G. augenbrauen, N. E. eye-brows) ; cf. O. H. G. br&wa. §13. — In P. G. as in O. H. G. original Germanic u persists before nasal combinations (cf. Br. Gr. §32, a). P. G. u represents : 1. («) According to the above statement, N. H. G. u. P. G. dumm (N. H. G. dumm, N. E. dumb, lex. stupid), O. H. G. tumb ; P. G. dunscht (N. H. G. dunst, N. E. dust, lex. vapor) ; P. G. schtund (N. H. G. stunde, lex. N. E. hour), R. P. schtund (N.) ; P. G. kunna (N. H. G. kunden, lex. N. E. customers, cf. (un)cooth), O. H. G. chund (n. sg.). (b) N. H. G. 0, O. H. G. or u (cf. Br. Gr. §340, a, 3, a), b). P. G. kum(m)a (N. H. G. kommen, N. E. come, cf. S.-C. §390, note 2) ; R. P. kumme (p. p. same) (N.), O. H. G. had the form human, cf. last ref. to Braune ; P. G. ganum(m)a or ganomma, p. p. of nema (N. H. G. genommen, lex. N. E. taken), R. P. genumme (N.), O. H. G. ginoman; P. G. garunna, p. p. of rinna (N. H. G. geronnen, N. E. run), O. H. G. girunnan (cf. Br. Gr. §32, a, and §336, Paul Mhd. Gr. §44) ; P. G. sunn (N. H. G. sonne, N. E. sun), R. P. sunn (N.), O. H. G. surma ; P. G. sunscht (N. H. G. sonst, lex. N. E. otherwise), R. P. sunscht. Note 1.— P. G. drumm (N. H. G. lex. trommel, N. E. drum). At first sight one might be disposed to explain this word as a direct borrowing from the English, but a closer examination will 35 show that it is to be traced back to M. H. G. trumme, trume, trum.be, O. H. G. trumpa, trumba, by assimilation of b ^> m and dropping of the final e, which is the rule in P. G. Note 2. — P. G. forms like drucka, drocka (N. H. G. trocken, lex. N. E. dry) represent a near approach of the u to o, a variation apparent in M. H. G. trucken, trocken, O. H. G. trucchan, troc- chan, Bav. trucken. Note 3. — In forms like runding or rundung the P. G. quite frequently employs the unumlauted form, a general tendency in P. G. most noticeable in verbs. N. H. G. has the same wavering, as for example rundung, rundung. P. G. luschdera (N. H. G. liistern, N. E. lust) ; cf. also P. G. luschderig ; P. G. hupsa (lex. N. H. G. hiipfen, N. E. to hip, cf. hop), R. P. hupst, 3 sg. (N.) Note 4. — P. G. u occurs sporadically in nucka for N. H. G. nicken, lex. N. E. nod. 2. The corresponding sound in words introduced from N. E. : P. G. kunscht»blar, <^ N. E. constableQ), N. H. G. konstabler; P. G. dzhump < N. E. jump, lex. N. H. G. springen. §14. — P. G. a represents the last stage of the passage of Ger- manic 6 into u (cf. Br. Gr. §38, 39, 40). In certain districts of P. G. territory, however, the last of the diphthong- forms uo is heard. I have noted the sound especially in the speech of the Swiss Dunkards of York Co. Ex. : guot (the u more prominent than the o) for the usual form gut. P. G. ft represents accordingly : 1. Germanic 6, N. H. G. it. P. G. blut (N. H. G. blut, N. E. blood), O. H. G. bluoi; P. G. mut (N. H. G. mut, N. E. mood, lex. courage, spirit), R. P. muth (N.), O. H. G. muol; P. G. grub (N. H. G. grube, lex. N. E. pit) ; P. G. bu, bub (N. H. G. bube, N. E. " bub," boy), R. P. Bu (N.) ; P. G. blum (N. H. G. blume, N. E. bloom, lex. flower), Westr. blum (Sch.). Note 1.— P. G. fufzez??zaurstei ; P. G. dBrdaldfcub, -d»b (N. H. G. turteltaube, N. E. turtledove); P. G. fercht (N. H. G. furcht, N. E. fright) ; P. G. hurtich (N. H. G. hurtig, lex. N. E. hurrv) ; P. G. kBrz (N. H. G. kurz, N. E. curt); P. G. sdverz (N. H.'g. schurz, N. E. short, lex. shirt, apron). Note 1. — In certain districts there is some variation in the pro- nunciation a and before r, but the presentation given above generally obtains (cf. 'm Horn sei Buch, vocabulary). Note 2. — For v -\- r cf. forms like w»r (N. H. G. war, N. E. was) ; g»r (N. H. G. gar, lex. N. E. even). Note 3. — Long u -\-r and long -\- r generally remain in P. G. Ex. bora, later lengthening as in N. H. G. (N. H. G. bohren, N. E. bore), R. P. bohre, O. H. G. boron. There are, however, excep- tions, as P. G. nBr and nur. Note 4. — P. G. waerra, wBrra (N. H. G. werden, worden). For r due to the assimilation of the d to the preceding r, and an extension of this phenomenon in Westrich, cf. §42. 39 Diphthongs. §20. — The N. H. G. diphthong au is represented in P. G. by two sounds: (1) the long vowel-sound v ; (2) the regular N. H. G. diphthong-sound vu. The limits of these sounds, however, are not sharply drawn, as will be seen from doublets like dBub and d»b (N. H. G. taube"). vu. 1. P. G. V represents (in this N. H. G. au category) : (1) Germanic au<^0. H. G. ou (beginning of yth century; cf. Br. Gr. §53, §46), N. H. G. au. P. G. d»f (N. H. G. taufe, N. E. dip, lex. baptism), O. H. G. ioufa(€) ; P. G. b»m (N. H. G. baum, N. E. beam, boom, lex. tree), O. H. G. bourn, Germanic form not clearly traced ; P. G. fr_» (N. H. G. frau, lex. N. E. wife), R. P. fraa (N.) ; P. G. Ma (N. H. G. laufen, cf. §5, 2). 2. P. G. vu represents : (1) Germanic H — O. H. G. A, N. H. G. au (cf. Br. Gr. §41). P. G. bnmd (N. H. G. braut, N. E. bride), O. H. G. brUt; P. G. hBus (N. H. G. haus, N. E. house), R. P. haus (N.) ; P. G. hTJut (N. H. G. haut, N. E. hide), R. P. haut (N.) ; P. G. mBul (N. H. G. maul, lex. N. E. mouth), R. P. maul (N.) ; P. G. muus (N. H. G. maus, N. E. mouse); P. G. sbu (N. H. G. sau, N. E. sow) ; P. G. hfcufa (N. H. G. haufe(n), N. E. heap) ; P. G. sBufa (N. H. G. saufen, cf. §9, 2, Note 2). For other repre- sentatives of the N. H. G. au (as d=au, n:=.au) cf. §§12, 3, n. 2, 14, n. 3. ei. §21. — The N. H. G. ei like ati has two correspondences in P. G. 1, e, and 2, ei. P. G. e represents : 1. Germanic ai. P. G. dela (N. H. G. theilen) ; P. G. blech (N. H. G. bleich) ; P. G. be~, cf. R. P. beefi-haus (N.) (N. H. G. bein) ; P. G. bed (N. H. G. beide). This simple vowel representa- tive of the Germanic ai was not unknown to O. H. G. (cf. Br. Gr. §44 an. 4). Braune's explanation of this phenomenon as due to " ortho- graphische nachlassigkeit " is not consistent with the facts pre- sented by our dialect, for there is a clear distinction of sound in P. G. between e and ei. This e would develop naturally out of O. H. G. ei by supposing that the accent was on the first vowel of the dipththong and later overshadowed the i. Thus ei pronounced 4° as Braune claims, ^> e -\- i '^> / -f- z^> ^ would be an analogous process, and the subsequent insertion of the i by the scribe would be to restore the original diphthong form, which harmonized with his pronunciation of the vowel. The O. H. G. forms uuez, hiigan, gih&zzan, bin are all doubtless true orthographic representations of the sounds as pronounced in certain parts of O. H. G. territory (in these cases Frankish) ; cf. P. G. wess (N. H. G. weiss), R. P. wees (Z.), enfc/te (N. H. G. e ™g)> gahessa (N. H. G. geheissen), cf. R. P. heest (N.), Westr. hesst (Sch.), be, (N. H. G. bein). P. G. ei represents : i. Germanic i (Goth, ei), N. H. G. ei. P. G. beissa (N. H. G. beissen, N. E. bite), O. H. G. bizzan ; P. G. weis (N. H. G. weis, N. E. wise), O. H. G. wis. 2. O. H. G. iu, N. H. G. eu. P. G. feiar (N. H. G. feuer, N. E. fire), O. H. G. fiur ; P. G. scheiar (N. H. G. scheuer, lex. N. E. barn), O. H. G. sciura. 3. z-umlaut of the diphthong au, N. H. G. au. P. G. heisar (N. H. G. hauser, N. E. houses). Note that the z'-umlaut of v (N. H. G. au) is e (cf. §8, 6). Note 1. — As in the case of V and vu there were doublets, so in the case of e and ei the same is true. This vacillation is most noticeable in the feminine endings het and heit, ket and keit, R. P. kat arid keit (N.). vi. §22. — The P. G. diphthong vi (cf. Preface) represents : 1. O. H. G. ei, N. H. G. ai in a few words. P. G. xavl (N. H. G. Mai, N. E. May), O. H. G. meio. 2. O. H. G. ei, N. H. G. ei. P. G. »i (N. H. G. ei, N. E. egg), O. H. G. ei; P. G. vrpi (N. H. G. weihe, lex. N. E. hawk), but O. H. G. wie. 3. N. E. oy. P. G. p»i (N. E. pie, lex. N. H. G. kuchen). It will be noticed that this sound has undergone the change required by the phonetic law of P. G., that of pronouncing the a back. Accordingly the Ita-lian a -\- i (as in Eng. pie) >• regularly P. G. P-\-i. Most of these sounds noted under pi are limited, however, to a comparatively small number of words. M. D. Learned. 4i III. Consonants. §23. — In treating the P. G. consonants, it has been found most convenient to consider them under the following divisions : r 1. Semivowels j (j/)> w (v). I. Sonorous consonants < 2. Liquids /, r. i 3. Nasals m, n. (" 1. Labials b,p,f. II. Non-sonorous consonants \ 2. Dentals d, t, (t/i), (d/i), s, 2. I 3. Palatal gutturals g, k, ch (g). Sonorous Consonants. §24.-1. Semivowels/ (j>). (1) P. G. initial j corresponds to Germanic j (z). P. G. jor (N. H. G.jahr, N. E. year), R. Pf. jor (Z., Sch.),johr (K.), O. H. G.j&r ■ P. G. jung (N. H. G. Jung, N. E. young), R. P. Jung (N), O. H. G. jung. . (2) P. G. y (medial for j) represents Germanic g. M. H. G. often dropped such a g between vowels ; cf. Paul, Mhd. Gram. §73. The phenomenon, however, seems to be very much more extended in P. G. than in M. H. G. P. G. s*ry3 (N. H. G. sorge, N. E. sorrow), R. P. Sorge (N.), O. H. G. soraga ; P. G. mBrya or mory3 (N. H. G. morgen, N. E. morning), R. P. morge (K..-N.) ; P. G. felys (N. H. G. felge, N. E. felloe) ; P. G. burya or borya, but often borga (N. H. G. borgen, N. E. borrow) ; P. G. reya and rega (N. H. G. regen, N. E. rain). Such double forms are not infrequent. Thisjj' is especially frequent where a liquid precedes. Note 1. — In sporadic cases this_y represents N. H. G. h. P. G. ruya (N. H. G. (ruhe) ruhen, lex. N. E. rest), O. H. G. rouw6n. w (v). §25. — t. P. G. w occurs initially both alone and in combina- tions, and represents : (1) Germanic w, N. H. G w. P. G. WBrd (N. H. G. wort, N. 42 E. word), R. P. wort (N.), O. H. G. wort; P. G. woll (N. H. G. wolle, N. E. wool), O. H. G. wolla ; P. G. wolf (N. H. G. wolf, N. E. wolf). (2) Germanic- Gothic km, N. H. G. w. P. G. wBer (N. H. G. wer, N. E. who), older O. H. G. hw'er, Goth, hwas; P. G. wel (N. H. G. welch, N. E. which, cf. A.-S. hwylc), Goth, hwtleiks, cf. Br. Gr. §292, an. 1, 2, R. P. well, cf. N. s. 216. (3) P. G. w occurs in the following initial consonantal combina- tions : kw (older qii), schw (older sw),sw « Germ, iw), cf. Br. Gr. §107. P. G. kwella (N. H. G. quellen, lex. N. E. boil), O. H. G. qu'ellan ; P. G. schwurz (N. H. G. schwarz, N. E. swart), O. H. G. swarz; P. G. zwe (N. H. G. zwei, N. E. two), R. Pf. zwee (Z., K.), O. H. G. zwei, Goth. twai. 2. Medial w (written v to distinguish it from original w). This intervocalic v represents : (1) The original medial soft spirant b (cf. Br. Gr. §134, and an. 1 ; Paul, Mhd. Gram. §§33, 81, anm.), N. H. G. b between vowels, or a liquid and a vowel. P. G. geva (N. H. G. geben, N. E. give), R. P. gewwa (N.), O. H. G. (O. M. F. Tr. Cap.) ce gevene ; P. G. selvar (N. H. G. selber, N. E. self, selv-), R. P. selwer (N.), O. H. G. (Tr. Cap.) selvo, selvemo, selveru. Note 1.— P. G.v corresponds to N. H. G./ ochdem (H.), the original m is retained as in N. H. G. athem, odem, oden, lex. N. E. breath). R. P. Westr. ochdem (Sch.), O. H. G. atum. Here two dialectic forms go side by side, an instance of the mixture not infrequent in P. G. forms. P. G. bBlsBm (N. H. G. balsam, N. E. balsam), O. H. G. balsamo. n. §29. — 1. P. G. initial n represents: (1) Germanic n, N. H. G. n (cf. Br. Gr. §126). P. G. nucht (cf. §4, 1) ; P. G. n»b (N. H. G. nabe, N. E. nave, hub), O. H. G. naba; P. G. nira (N. H. G. nieren, cf. M. E. nere, lex. N. E. kidneys). (2) Germanic gn, hn {kri). Cf. Braune, §150. P. G. n#ga (N. H. G. nagen, N. E. gnaw), O. H. G. 7tagan, older g?iagan ; P. G. nid (N. H. G. met, lex. N. E. clinch), cf. O. H. G. hniotan (P. G. nida, N. H. G. nieten). 2. P. G. medial n represents : (1) Germanic n, N. H. G. n. P. G. menga (N. H. G. menge, lex. N. E. crowd, multitude, cf. among <^ on mang(e) or on gemang(e)), O. H. G. menigi, managi ; P. G. bona, pi. (N. H. G. bohnen, N. E. beans), cf. R. P. bohn, sg. (N.), O. H. G. bdn&n ; P. G. mena (N. H. G. meinen, N. E. mean, lex. think), R. P. meena, meent (Z.), meenscht (K.), O. H. G. meinen. Note 1. — P. G. nn medial represents : (1) Original Germanic nn (cf. Br. Gr. §95). P. G. brunna (N. H. G. brunnen, N. E. burn, lex. spring), O. H. G. brunno ; P. G. rinna (N. H. G. rinnen, N. E. run, lex. leak), R. P. rinne (M.), O. H. G. rinnan. (2) N. H. G. nd, nt (<^ Germanic n]>, nd), by assimilation. P. G. finna (N. H. G. finden, N. E. find), R. P. gfunne p. p. of finne (N.), O. H. G. findan ; P. G. binna (N. H. G. binden, N. E. bind), cf. R. P. kinner (N.), O. H. G. bindan; P. G. nunnar (N. H. G. hinunter, cf. N. E. under), R. P. nunner (N.), O. H. G. unter, under ; P. G. annar (N. H. G. ander, N. E. other), R. P. anner (N.), O. H. G. andar; P. G. bennar (N. H. G. bander, N. E. bands, lex. ribbons). 3. Final n of inflexion is wanting in P. G., thus leaving -3 the 4 6 regular ending of the infinitive and weak forms of nominal declension. P. G. gucka (N. H. G. gucken, lex. N. E. look) ; P. G. schtudira or studia (N. H. G. studiren, N. E. study) ; P. G. rechla or rechna (N. H. G. recheln, rechnen, N. E. reckon). P. G. n final represents flexional n (i) in pronominal forms. P. G. an, 'n (N. H. G. ihn) ; den (N. H. G. den, demonstrative) ; 'n (N. H. G. einen). (2) In certain verbal forms. P. G. hen (N. H. G. haben (pi. forms), cf. §7, 3; bin (N. H. G. bin). Note 1. — P. G. nn final represents : (1) Germanic nn. P. G. dann (N. H. G. dann, N. E. then), R. P. dann, O. H. G. danne ; wann (N. H. G. wann and wenn, N. E. when), Westr. wann (Sch.), O. H. G. wanne. (2) 11 of words introduced from other languages. P. G. bBlun (N. H. G. luftbalon, N. E. balloon). Note 1. — For forms like gena, tune, cf. §16 ; and for nasalized vowels cf. §41. Labials b, p,f. §30. — 1. P. G. initial b represents : (1) Germanic b, N. H. G. b. P. G. binna (cf. 29, 2 (2)) ; buch (N. H. G. buch, N. E. book) ; bes (N. H. G. b6s, lex. N. E. angry, bad) ; b?r (N. H. G. bahre, N. E. bier, barrow) ; b.^rd (N. H. G. bart, N. E. beard) ; P. G. b»woll (N. H. G. baumwolle, lex. N. E. cotton) ; beidal (N. H. G. beutel, lex. N. E. bolt, used to separate flour, cf. N. E. boodle.) (2) b of borrowed words. P. G bell (N. E. bell, to ring a bell, N. H. G. schelle, schellen) ; P. G. bado (Fr. bateau, lex. N. H. G. kahn, N. E. small flat-boat) ; P. G. bens (N. E. pence, lex. cent, penny, lex. N. H. G. pfennig), R. P. penning; P. G. besal (cf. N. H. G. base, O. H. G. basa, lex. N. E. aunty). (3) N. H. G. p in many words, which often show a vacillation in pronunciation in P. G. P. G. bBmbal(a) (N. H. G. pampeln, bammeln, lex. N. E." bum," loiter, R. P. bambeld, 3 sg. (N.) ; P. G. baerik (N. H. G. periicke, Fr. peruque, lex. N. E. wig) ; P. G. bredich (N. H. G. predigt, lex. N. E. sermon) ; cf. vb. preach. 2. P. G. b medial represents : (1) N. H. G. p (for the most part in words of foreign origin. For original O. H. G.p, which remains/ in P. G., cf. Br. Gr. §131). P. G. bfcbigei (N. H. G. papagai, N. E. popinjay, cf. O. Fr. papegai) ; P. G. bubir (N. H. G. papier) ; P. G. bi3bbal (N. H. G. pappel, N. E. poplar). 47 Note i.— P. G. bBbali (lex. N. H. G. kindlein, N. E. baby) is perhaps to be explained as = bubali (= N. H. G. biiblein) rather than as a new formation from the N. E. baby-li, which would have become bebsli in P. G. Note 2. — An interesting case of medial bb is P. G. ebbar, ebbas (lex. N. H. G. jemand, etwas, lex. N. E. some one, something), R. P. ebber, ebbes (N.), Westr. ebbes (Sch.), M. H. G., O. H. G. etewer, etewas, eteswer, eteswas, cf. Goth. aippan and hwas, O. H. G. hwer. In P. G., as in R. P., this word has undergone labial lenization or stopping, i. e. passage from (slightly) voiced spirant to the sonant stop. The process must not be identified with that formulated in Verner's law, though having some resemblance to the latter, inasmuch as the change in P. G. and R. P. seems in no sense connected with Indo-European accent. The change is still going on in N. English in the speech of American negroes and children ; cf. neb{b~)er, eb(b)er for never, ever. The stages of the changes in P.' G. and R. P., traced from the early forms, would be for the masculine as follows : Goth, aijipan -\- hvas (not found in this collo- cation) > M. H. G., O. H. G. e tewe r (<^*et/ekver, cf. O. H. G. hver. Regular O. H. G. form would be *eddewer, cf. O. H. G. eddeswer, eddes waz (in Kero's Glossary), Br. Gr. §295 d, W. Mhd. Gr. §314). In all these O. H. G. forms the aspirate h has disappeared). In N. H. G. this word is found only in the neuter and adverbial forms etwas, elwa. Thus etwer^> R. P. and P. G. ebber (w, originally slightly sonant ^> sonant- stop and finally assimilated the f). 3. P. G. b final represents : (1) Germanic b, and N. H. G. 5 + vowel. P. G. grub (N. H. G. grube, N. E. groove?), O. H. G. gruoba; P. G. hBb (N. H. G. habe, N. E. have), R. P. habb ; P. G. schd_»b (N. H. G. staub, lex. N. E. dust). Note 1. — The combination schd occurs as initial, medial, and final. For z> cf. §25, 2. As might be expected from what was said above, there is some confusion between b and p, inasmuch as both are voiceless consonants. This fact was noted by Haldeman P. D. §5). A §31. — 1. Initial/ in P. G. represents: (1) Germanic p (cf. Br. Gr. §131), N. H. G. pf. P. G. pund (N. H. G. pfund, N. E. pound), R. P. pund (N.), O. H. G. pfunt ; P. G. pluk(g) (N. H. G. pflug, N. E. plough) ; cf. R. P. 4 8 plog, O. H. G.pluag (Otfried) ; P. G. pun (N. H. G. pfanne, N. E. pan), R. P. pann (N.), O. H. G. pfanna ; P. G. p»d (N. H. G. pfad, N. E. path), O. H. G. pad (Otfried) ; P. G. pnrra (lex. N. H. G. pfarrer; cf. M. H. G. pfarre, lex. N. E. parson). R. P. parre (N.) ; P. G. peif (N. H. G. pfeife, N. E. pipe), R. P. peif(N.). Note i. — P. G. p occurs in the initial combinations pi, pr. P. G. plBtz, or blBtz (N. H. G. platz, N. E. plot, lex. place) ; P. G. pleg(k) (N. H. G. plage, N. E. plague). (2) p in words recently introduced from other languages. P. G. poscht offis (N. E. post-office, lex. N. H. G. postamt) ; P. G. puda (lex. N. H. G. knospen, N. E. buds), would seem to be a new formation from N. E. bud ; but cf. Dutch bot. The word is doubt- less older than the English influence on R. P. 2. P. G. p medial occurs for the most part geminated, and represents : (1) N. H. G.//< older/. P. G. pnp(p)al (N. H. G. poppel, N. E. poplar) ; P. G. rep(p3)l3 (N. H. G. rappeln ; cf. N. E. rap, lex. clatter). These words are written with one p by many P. G. writers. I have preferred to follow the N. H. G. norm. (2) (a) N. H. G. //< older Germanic pp. P. G. kloppa (N. H. G. klopfen, cf. N. E. clap, lex. knock). (b) N. H. G. pf by West Germanic gemination of p. P. G. scheppa (N. H. G. schopfen, lex. N. E. dip, shovel), O. H. G. schepfen, skaphjan, skeffen (cf. Br. Gr. §130). 3. Final// in P. G. represents : (1) N. H. G. // followed by a vowel. P. G. kepp (N. H. G. kappe, N. E. cap, lex. bonnet) ; P. G. drupp (N. H. G. truppe, N. E. troop). (2) N. H. G.pf, Germanic//. P. G. kopp (N. H. G. kopf, N. E. lex. head), R. P. kopp (N.), pi. kobb (N.), O. H. G. choph, chupf, cf. Sch. M. B. §618; P. G. schdrupp (N. H. G. struppe, lex. N. E. hames-hook); P. G. schipp (N. H. G. schippe, schiippe). (3) N. E. /. P. G. dzhump (N. E. jump, lex. N. H. G. springen). Note 1. — P. G. schlHp(p) N. H. G. mpf. In these cases P. G. and O. H. G. show the same stages of mutation (cf. Br. Gr. §131 b~). P. G. schdrump (N. H. G. strumpf, lex. N. E. stocking), R. P. schtrumbe (pi.). Note 3. — P. G. p corresponds sporadically to N. H. G. f. P. G. schep (N. H. G. schief ; cf. §7, 6 (1)). /• §32. — 1. P. G.f initial represents: (1) Germanic/, N. H. G. /. P. G. frra (N. H. G. fahren, N. E. fare), R. P. fahre, O. H. G. faran ; P. G. fBlla (N. H. G. fallen, N. E. fall), O. H. G.fallan ; P. G froga (N. H. G.fragen), cf. §12, 3 (a) ; P. G. fremm (N. H. G. fremd, lex. N. E. strange), R. P. fremd (N.), Westr. fremm (Sch.), O. H. G.framadi. Under this section belong compounds with the prefix far and other forms written in N. H. G. with initial v. (2) (a) / in words < N. E. P. G. fernis (N. E. furnace, lex. N. H. G. schmelzofen) ; feerawell (N. E. farewell, lex. N. H. G. lebe wohl). (5) ph in Greek and Latin and other words. P. G. fBrisear (N. H. G. pharisaer, N. E. pharisee). 2. P. G. medial/ represents : (1) Germanic/, N. H. G.f. P. G. hfcufa (N. H. G. haufen, N. E. heap), O. H. G. hufo. Note 1. — P. G. ffr= N. H. G. ff, N. H. G. d. P. G. odar or oddar (N. H. G. oder, N. E. other, lex. or), R. P. odder (N.), O. H. G. odor ; P. G. scheda (N. H. G. scheiden, lex. N. E. separate, divorce, cf. N. E. shed, sheath), O. H. G sceidan ; P. G. ef l»da (N. H. G. einladen, lex. N. E. invite), O. H. G. ladSn. Note 1.— Germanic d, N. H. G. it. P. G. mud (d) ar (N. H. G. mutter, N. E. mother), R. P. modd'r (N.), motter (Sch.), O. H. G. muotar; P. G. wed (d) ar (N. H. G. wetter, N. E. weather), R. P. wedder (N), O. H. G. wetar (cf. Br. Gr. §§163-4, an. 1). 3. Final d in P. G. represents occasionally : (1) Germanic d, N. H. G. /. P. G. mud (N. H. G. mut, N. E. mood), R. P. muth (N), O. H. G. muot. This, however, gives rise to doublets, mud and mut, as d final and t final are easily confused. (2) Germanic \> in rare cases. P. G. m»d (N. H. G. magd, N. E. maid), R. P. mahd (N.), cf. M. H. G. meit (magef), O. H. G. magad, Goth. mdga\s. t. §34. — 1. P. G. / initial represents: (1) N. H. G. in foreign words; cf. §33, 1 (1), note 1. (2) In a few words represents older t. P. G. turm (N. H. G. turm, lex. N. E. tower), O. H. G. turra. 2. Medial t represents : (1) Germanic d, N. H. G. t. P. G. bahita (N. H. G. behiiten, cf. N. E. heed) ; P. G. nedich (N. H. G. nothig, N. E. needy, 5i lex. necessary). Here, too, double forms occur as in the case of d. P. G. bid(d)ar, bit(t)er (N. H. G. bitter, N. E. bitter). (2) N. H. G. / + z. P. G. hitz (N. H. G. hitze, N. E. heat) ; P. G. sitz (N. H. G. sitz, N. E. seat) ; P. G. dids (Horn), tit (Rauch) (N. H. G. zitze, N. E. teat). For foreign words cf. note under §33, 1, (1). 3. Final t in P. G. represents : • (1) (a) Germanic d, N. H. G. t. P. G. hut (N. H. G. hut, lex. N. E. hat) ; P. G. haut (N. H. G. haut, N. E. hide), R. P. haut (N.) (b) N. H. G. t when following a consonant. P. G. krikt (N. H. G. kriegt) ; kunscht (M. H. G. hunst). There are many forms in d, however (cf. §33, 3 (1)), especially where a liquid precedes. th. §35. — In P. G, as in N. H. G., the sound th is to be found only in foreign words. Even these borrowed words are usually so far Germanized in pronunciation as to lose the spirant quality of the th. Thus Rauch, the most English of all the P. G. lexicographers, gives only the isolated word theory (== N. E. theory, N. H. G. theorie) under t. Orthographically th {dli) is of frequent occur- rence, but is pronounced as simple t (a?). In some localities, how- ever, the pronunciation of this dh has at least a reminiscence of the aspirate as in N. E. daughter (cf. Br. Gr. §167 (b) (c), an. 1,2); cf. Fisher, A. M. and K. Z. Gutturals g, k, ch (g). §36. — 1. P. G. initial g represents : (1) Germanic £■, N. H. G. g. P. G. ge, gena (N. H. G. gehen, N. E. go), Westr. geh (Sch.), O. H. G. gin, gan ; P. G. geva (cf. §25, 2 (1)); P. G. gift (N. H. G. gift, lex. N. E. poison; cf. gift)- Note 1. — Initial consonantal combinations with g are gl, gn, gr. P. G. glock (N. H. G. glocke, lex. N. E. bell, cf. clock) ; P. G. gn_»d (N. H. G. gnade, lex. N. E. grace) ; P. G. gro (N. H. G. grau, cf. §25, 3). Doublets occur, as klock and glock, klick and glick. 2. Medial g in P. G. represents : (1) Germanic g, N. H. G. g, more strongly guttural in P. G. than in N. H. G. P. G. s»g3 (N. H. G. sagen, N. E. say), R. P. 52 sache, Westr. sah, sake (Sch.), O. H. G. sdgen ; P. G. dr#ga (N. H. G. tragen, N. E. draw, lex. carry), O. H. G. tragan. Note i. For Germanic £• (in P. G. generally pronounced palatal), cf. §24, 1, (2)) ; P. G. morya (N. H. G. morgen ; beerya (N. H. G. berge). (2) Germanic A, N. H. G.g. P. G. schl^ga (N. H. G. schlagen, N. E. slay) ; cf. R. P. schlage (N.), O. H. G. slahan. 3. Final g in P. G. corresponds to Germanic g. P. G. s»g (N. H. G. sage, N. E. say), R. P. sag ; P. G. dpg (N. H. G. tag, cf. §33, 1 (1)). This g is often pronounced as k; cf. §37,3. §37. — 1. P. G. k initial represents: (1) Germanic k, N. H. G. k. P. G. k»fa (N. H. G. kaufen, lex. N. E. buy, cf. adj. cheap and noun chapman), R. P., cf. ver- kaaft (N.), O. H. G. choufdn; P. G. korn (N. H. G.korn, N. E. corn) ; P. G. kenna (N. H. G. konnen, N. E. can) ; P. G. koch' (N. H. G. koch, N. E. cook). (2) N. E. c in borrowed words. P. G. kolik (lex. N. H. G. magenkrampf, N. E. colic) ; P. G. koppcha (N. E. cup, lex. N. H. \ G. tasse), a curious compound formed on the N. E. cup-f-P- German I diminutive -cha ; P. G. kruiar (N. E. crier, lex. N. H. G. aus- rufer) ; P. G. krunar (N. E. coroner, lex. N. H. G. todten- beschauer). Note 1. — Consonantal combinations with k are kl, kn, kr, kw. P. G. kloppa (N. H. G. kloppen, N. E. clap) ; P. G. kni (N. H. G. knie, N. E. knee) ; P. G. krBft (N. H. G. kraft, N. E. craft, lex. power) ; P. G. kwet (N. E. quoit, vulgarly pronounced quat, lex. N. H. G. wurfscheibe). 2. Medial k (c£) in P. G. corresponds to Germanic k (ck), N. H. G. ck. P. G. ktrecka (N. H. G. knacken, N. E. knock, lex. crack) ; P. G. ricka (N. H. G. riicken, cf. §9, 2) ; P. G. schdecka (N. H. G. stecken, N. E. stick.) Note 1. — Simple k (not geminated) occurs in combination with a nasal or liquid. P. G. dBnka (N. H. G. danken, N. E. thank) ; P. G. melka (N. H. G. melken, N. E. milk). 3. Final k corresponds to Germanic g or k alone, and in combi- nation with nasal or liquid. P. G. schdek (N. H. G. steg, lex. treppe, lex. N. E. stairs, foot-bridge), R. P. schteeg (N.), O. H. G. stec ; P. G. schd'Berk (N. H. G. starke, lex. N. E. strength, cf. starch) ; P. G. schbuk (N. H. G. spuk, N. E. lex. hobgoblin) ; P. G. schbunk and adj. schbunkich « N. E. spunk, spunky, lex. N. H. G. heissblutig). 53 ch. §38. — 1. P. G. ch initial is wanting, as in N. H. G., except in a few foreign words. Even here it is pronounced regularly as k, unless the word be borrowed from N. English. P. G. kor (N. H. G. chor, N. E. choir), but cf. P. G. dzcheck (N. E. check, lex. N. H. G. wechsel) ; dzchlf (N. E. chief, lex. N. H. G. haupt). These all belong under §33, though often written as in English. 2. Medial ch in P. G. represents : (1) The older spirant h in a few words. P. G. hochi schul (N. H. G. hohe schule, hochschule, N. E. high school) ; P. G. hechar (N. H. G. hoher, N. E. higher) ; P. G. nechar (N. H. G. naher, N. E. " nigher," lex. nearer). (2) Germanic k (c), N. H. G. ch. P. G. sucha (N. H. G. suchen, N. E. seek), O. H. G. suohhan (cf. Br. Gr. §150 ff.). 3. Final ch occurs in P. G. much more frequently than in N. H. G. because g of the adjectival ending is pronounced regularly ch. Final ch represents : (1) Germanic k, N. H. G. ch. P. G. degich (N. H. G. teigich, N. E. doughy) ; P. G. meglich (N. H. G. moglich, lex. N. E. possible) ; P. G. teglich (N. H. G. taglich, N. E. daily). (2) Germanic g, N. H. G. g. P. G. kenich (N. H. G. konig, N. E. king), O. H. G. chunig; P. G. heifich (N. H. G. haufig, lex. N. E. frequently) ; P. G. Brrich (cf. §19, 2). Note 1. — P. G. ch, both medial and final, represents Germanic h where the latter became ch in N. H. G. P. G. lBcha (N. H. G. lachen, N. E. laugh), O. H. G. lahhen, lahhan ; P. G. nBcht (N. H. G. nacht, cf. §4 (1)). h. §39. — The letter h is aspirate in P. G. and is written in the present work only where pronounced. Some writers, however, follow the earlier N. H. G. orthography and write it as a sign of length. In P. G. h is pronounced only when initial either of a word or of a syllable, and represents Germanic h. P. G. hut (N. H. G. hut, N. E. hood, cf. §14 (1)); P. G. hBnd (N. H. G. hand, N: E. hand, cf. §4 (1)). For Germanic h before vowels cf. Br. Gr. §153 ; for Germanic h which became P. G. ch cf. §38, 2, (1), note 1. §40. — P. G. j is the voiceless spirant in all positions. P. G. sel (N. H. G. seele, N. E. soul, cf. §8, 1); P. G. hessa (N. H. G. 54 heissen, N. E. hight) ; P. G. n»s (N. H. G. nase, N. E. nose). P. G. s occurs in the following consonantal combinations : sch, schp, scht, corresponding to N. H. G. and Germanic sp, st. P. G. schte" (N. H. G. stein, N. E. stone); P. G. schproch (N. H. G. sprache). This pronunciation of Germanic sp, si is extended to these combinations in all positions in P. G. and not restricted to the initial syllable as in N. H. G. ; cf. P. G werscht (N. H. G. wurst) ; reschbal (N. H. G. raspel, cf. Brandt, §24). Nasalized Vowels. §41. — The question of nasality in German dialects is too intricate to be discussed at length in this paper. It will be possible here only to outline the subject to form a basis for the treatment of the phenomenon in P. G. Schmeller and Weinhold mention various phases of this phenomenon : (1) medial nasalization heard east of the Lech, bci~inp, so" ' nne (Sch. M. B. §548 ff., 554, 566-7, cf. W. A. G. §§8, 200-201) ; (2) final nasalization (Sch. M. B. 554, 581-5 ; W. B. G. §§169-71. Of this there are two developments : (a) from a vowel combination, zu~ . bey~ , brey~ , g'nati~; (J>) from consonant element (usually after omission of the consonant : no~ (= noch), wei~ rauch (= weihrauch). In P. G. we find final nasalization the most strongly represented. This takes place in the stem in flexional elements. In P. G. the vocalic elements assume nasality without changing their vocalic quality (cf. H. §4). P. G. occurs medially only in cases where the nasalized syllable is separable. Ex. : P. G. #~fBng3 (N. H. G. anfangen, lex. N. E. begin), and may hence be considered as one phase of final nasali- zaticm, of which the following are examples,: (1) Nasalization caused by n. P. G. sche~ (N. H. G. schon, lex. N. E. beautiful), R. P. schoh (N. Z.), Westr. scho' (Sch.) ; P. G. schte" (N. H. G. stein, N. E. stone), R. P. schteeh (N.) ; P. G. hr (N. H. G. hin, lex. N. E. hence) ; P. G. ge~ (N. H. G. gehn, N. E. go) is sometimes heard for gena. So also schte~ for schtena. (2) Nasalization caused by other consonants, (a) by ch. P. P. no~ (N. H. G. nach, lex. N. E. after) is heard instead of the more regular form noch. Fisher, P. D. G. and K. Z., Horn, and Rauch have regularly noch, if it occurs alone. ■ 55 IV. Inflection. I. Declension, i. Nofins. A. Strong (or vocalic) declension. (a) a-declension. §42. — a-stems : Masculine, Neuter. Sg. N. d»g wErt hols G. (dogs) 1 (wErts) 1 (hols) 1 D. dog wErt hols A. °>g WErt hols PI. N. dog(a) WErt a helsar G. (dog(a)) 1 (wErta) 1 (helsar) 1 D. dz7g(a) wErta helsar A. dpg(a) WErta helsar Note 1. — For the corresponding P. G. equivalent of the gen. cf. Syntax, §80, and Dative, §89, 1 ; for infin. as possible case of gen. cf. §92. Note 2. — In P. G. wvrt (like O. H. G. masculines, not neuters) has only the ending -a in the plural, while in N. H. G. it has gone over to the class of the a-declension, which forms the plural with -er « O. H. G. -ir, cf. Br. Gr. §197). Here belongs also the plural hverz3r (sg. lreerz) which belonged originally to the consonant declension, as is still the case in the pi. in N. H. G. (cf. Br. Gr. §221). For plurals in -s cf. English Mixture. §43. — Diminutive neuter plurals. Diminutives in -cha (= N. H. G. chen<0. H. G. -ich + in, cf. Brandt, §510) occur but rarely in York and Lancaster counties, while in Berks and Lehigh they are quite frequent and form the plural in -sr, as for 1 The gen. forms are found only in following: (1) In poetry . meines Lebens Sunn. (2) In compounds : hunnshols, fredenszeita. (3) In adverbs: willens, moryats, ovats. (4) In possessive construction both with and without (generally without) the noun : 13ns Breuns, Ens dodis Hbus. 56 example schwamchpr, endchsr, bdrtcksr (Keller, Kal. 25). The regular P. G. diminutive suffix is -It (= N. H. G. lein, cf. Br. Gr. §195, an. 3), forming plural in -len. Ex. : ketzli (sg.), ketzhn (pi.) (Home) ; schetzli, sehetzUn. This is remarkable as the only occurrence of flexional n in P. G. nouns. §44.— y'a-stems : Masculine. Neuter. Sg. N. weza rick end D. weza rick end A. weza rick end PI. N. rick(a) end(a) D. rick(a) end(a) A. rick(a) end(a) Note. — The j has disappeared after having effected umlaut as in N. H. G. This umlaut has taken place also in denominatives, as fischar «[ fiskari O. H. G.). §45-- -mz-stems : Masculine. Neute Sg. N. schne km D. serine km A. schne km PL N. schne kni D. schne km A. schne kni Note. — Here the tendency of the language to contract asserts itself. This process of dropping the o (u), which had begun as early as the 9th century (cf. Br. Gr. §204, a. 1), has obliterated almost all traces of the zfa-declension. It remains as hiatus, however, in the declension of the adjectives belonging originally to this class of stems; cf. bid, bld3r (N. H. G. blau, blauer). (b) ^-declension. §46. — Pure ^-sterns, all feminine : Sg- N. er D. er A. er PI. N. era D. era A. era Note. — For the b and v of forms like fvrsvp (pi. oifvrb) cf. §25, 2 ; §30, 3, and note 1. While in Gothic (Br. Got. Gr. §56) the medial voiced spirant became voiceless when final, and in M. H. G. it was dropped on becoming final, P. G. retains it as a media. 57 §47* — -/#-stems : Sg. N. sind (or sinn) — N. H. G. siinde D. sind A. sind PI. N. sinda D.. sinds A. sinda Note. — Derivatives with the suffix -in « injo-), like sind, have lost all trace of -jo, and are declined as the pure ^-sterns. §48. — Abstracts originally in -i: Sg. N. meng PI. mengs D. meng menga A. meng menga Note 1. — Forms in -ung have in some cases replaced the older forms in -i, as dlfung for dif (= N. H. G. tiefe). (c~) The z-declension. §49- Sg- N. gBscht fuss (cf. §50) mBus D. gtfscht fuss mBus A. gBscht fuss mBus PI. N. gescht(a) fiss leit « luiti, O. H. G.) meis D. gescht(a) fiss leit meis A. gescht(a) fiss leit meis Note 1. — Forms like mvtis, svu, gvns belonged formerly to the consonant declension, but since O. H. G. times have been de- clined as z'-stems (cf. Br. Gr. §219, an. 1). Note 2. — In P. G. as in N. H. G. some nouns take the umlaut and drop the original pi. ending -e (-«, O. H. G.), as eppel (ebM, Home), N. H. G. apfel « O. H. G. ephili, cf. Br. Gr. §216-217). This dropping of the final -e «0. H. G. z) of declension extends to the greater number of the nouns belonging to the z-declension. Ex.: sg. nvscht, pi. nescht; sg. nvcht, pi. necht; sg. bvm, pi. bem ; sg. schdock, pi. schdeck. Plurals in -9 are few. (d) The w-declension. §50. — In O. H. G. only traces of the ^-declension remained (cf. Br. Gr. §228 ff.) In P. G. as in O. H. G. and N. H. G. the mas- culine fuoz (cf. Br. Gr. §229, a. 2) and feminine hvnt (cf. Br. Gr. §231) are declined according to z-declension. The N. H. G. vor- handen, survival of the original ^-declension dative, does not occur regularly in P. G. Used " sparingly '' (Home). §51. — (1) Words expressing relationship, or r-stems, are de- clined in P. G. as in N. H. G. : Fpfor (n. d. a. sg.), fefor (n. d. a. pi.). 58 (2) Participial stems. Words which were originally participles, as freind,feind, have no special declension, but form their pi. in -e like nouns of the a- declension. (3) Isolated stems are declined as in N. H. G. mvnn (n. d. a. sg.), mennsr (n. d. a. pi.). B. Weak (n or consonant) declension. §52. — This declension shows no change in the singular, and adds -3 in the plural for all cases. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sg. N. h»na mensch zung vg 5r D. hzma mensch. zung vg or A. h»na mensch zung vg or PI. N. (G.) D. A. h»na menscha zunga #ga ora Note 1. — Hvers in the plural has gone over to the strong declen- sion, and forms its plural in -ar, in analogy with -sr plurals from old tf.y-stems (cf. Brandt, §431). This is not to be understood as indicating an increase of -sr plurals in P. G. In the case of wvrt, P. G. unlike N. H. G., has but one plural ending in -3, thus showing conservative tendency. Hersa, the weak plural, is also in use. Note 2. — The genitive form of the weak nouns occurs only in compounds, as for example vg3heid.3l(= N. H. G. staar), mensch.3- freind (=N. H. G. menschenfreund). 2. Article. §53. — 1. Indefinite. 2. Definite. Singular. Mas. Fem. Neut. Mas. Singular. Fem. Neut. Plural. M. F. N. N. an, (a) an, (a) an, (a) dar dl as dl D. ama ara ama am der, (dar) am de, (d) A. an, (a) an, (a) an, (a) dar, (d, =n) di as di Note 1. — For the genitive the article with the possessive pro- noun is employed ; ex. : 3m mvnn set Mt=. N. H. G. der hut des niannes ; dar mudd?r ir 5uck = N. H. G. das buch der mutter. Note 2. — In the gen. and dat. pi. of the definite article the forms de and d' are written. Where in the printed literature den is found it may be ascribed to N. H. German influence. Den occurs frequently as ace. sing, mas., though dar is the regular form. In the phrase den mvrys, den is to be regarded as the demonstrative (=N. H. G. diesen morgen), cf. §61. Note 3. — The form 3 is heard in the unaccented positions and used very frequently for both mas. and neut. nom. and ace. This Singular. Fern. Neut. Plural. M. F. N. giiti(a) gutsr guti(a) gut gutam gut guti(a) guta guti(a) 59 unaccented form is sometimes employed also for the feminine and dative, thus breaking down utterly the fiexional forms of the dialect. 3. Adjective. A. Strong declension. §54- Mas. N. gutar D. gutam A. giitar Note 1. — This near approach to the /-sound in the n. and a. sg. fern, and pi. would seem to be an intermediate form between O. H. G. iu and N. H. G. e (cf. M. H. G. iu =: ii). B. Weak declension. §55- Singular. Plural. Mas. Fern. Neut. M. F. N. N. dar gut (mmn) dl gut (fr?) (d)as gut (kind) di guta P { dem guta (murm) der guta (fro) dem guta (kind) de guta (leit) ( sei~ Ir sei Ir D. dem guta (misnn) der guta (frz>) dem guta (kind) de (da) guta A. dar (de) gut(a) (rncnn) dl gut(a) fro) (d)as gut(a) (kind) di guta Note 2. — Participles when used attributively follow the declen- sion of adjectives in same position. Only the past participle is in common use in P. G. Note 1. — In the mixed declension the strong form of the adjec- tive occurs where the preceding form is uninflected ; ex. : 9n giitar mvnn, but en9r vltefrp (dat.) C. Comparison of adjectives. (1). Regular comparison. §56. — (a) In P. G. the comparative and superlative are formed regularly by suffixing -3r (O. H. G. -6r) and -{e)scht (O. H. G. -6st) respectively to the stem ; ex. : pos. reich, com. reichar, sup. reichscht. Words like sche" whose stem ends in a nasal immediately pre- ceded by a vowel drop the nasal in the uninflected form of the positive, but add it in the comparative and superlative ; ex. : sche~ , comp. sckenar {e short), sup. schenscht. (Note that the stem vowel becomes short in the comp. and sup. forms of this word.) (b~) Certain adjectives in P. G, as in N. H. G., take the i- umlaut in comp. and sup. (O. H. G. endings -ir, -ist); ex.: gross, comp. gressir, gresscht ; vlt, comp. elt3r, sup. eltscht. 6o (2). Irregular comparison. §57- gut, comp. besser, sup. bescht. vll, me (mensr) menscht. hoch, hechsr, 1 hechscht. n»(h), nechar, 1 nechscht. There is some irregularity in the quantity of the vowel in mensr and menscht. Home, for example, writes memr, but menscht (e short), which seems to show a tendency to shorten long-stem syllables, as in the case of sckensr, etc. (cf. §56). 4. Numerals. A. Cardinals. §58. — Ens, zwe, drei^lr^finf^finif^), sex (cf. Br. Gr. §271), siv9, vcht, nein, zen, R. [ze, H.), elf (ehf), zwelf (zwelsf), dreizen (or dreize~}, fverzen, foofzen, sexzen, siw3zen, vchtzen, neinzen, zwvnsich, enunnzwvnzich, etc., dreisich, fverzich, etc., hunn3rt, dvusend, million. Note 1. — The form fir occurs only when used as a separate word ; in compounds it follows the regular phonetic law of vowel changes before r (cf. §17, 3) and ^> ae. Note 2. — Zen is put first in order because it is the full form, though ze~ with but slight nasality is perhaps of more frequent occurrence. Note 3. — En (ra ganuma gawest 3. si wz?ra ganuma gawest Future. 1. ich wEer ganuma Plur. Sing. 2. du wserschl ganuma 3. Eer wBert ganuma Same auxiliary with gasucht. 1. mar wEerra ganuma 2. ir wEerra ganuma 3. si wEerra ganuma Future Perfect. Sing. 1. ich wEer ganuma wEdrra Plur. 1. mar wEerra ganuma weerra 2. du weerscht ganuma wEerra 2. ir wEerra ganuma wEerra 3. Eer wBert ganuma wEerra 3. si wBerra ganuma wEerra Same auxiliary with gasucht. (b~) Subjunctive and conditional. Present. Sing. 1. ich weer ganuma Plur. 2. du weerscht ganuma 3. Eer wBer ganuma Same auxiliary with gasucht. 1. mar wEera ganuma 2. ir wEera ganuma 3. si wEera ganuma Imperfect. Sing. 1. ich wser ganume wBrra Plur. 1. mar weera ganuma wurre 2. du wBerscht ganuma wBrra 2. ir wEera ganuma wBrra 3. Eer wEer ganuma wErra 3. si wEera ganuma wBrra Same auxiliary with gesucht. Imperative. Sing. Plur. 2. wner ganuma 2. wEeran ir ganuma wEer gasucht wEeran ir gasucht Infinitive. Present. ganuma zu sei jesucht zu sei Perfect. ganuma gawest zu sei~ gasucht gawest zu sei~ \\b. Tense-forwiation. A. Ablaut series. §68. — P. G. has preserved intact the six series of ablauting verbs only in general outlines. As the imperfect is regularly replaced by the perfect, only the principal parts in actual use, the present and past participle, will be given here. 6 7 I («). (*) ei beissa gleicha reissa bleiva dreiva schreiva gabissa gaglicha garissa gabliva gadriva gaschriva II («). (b-) fliga ziga, zlja schissa bedriga liga gafloga gazoga gaschossa bedroga galdga III (a). Verba] stems ending in nasal combinations, mm, nn or m, n -J- a consonant : schwimma gaschwumma binna gabunna finna gafunna {U) Verbal stems ending in a liquid combination, / or r -\- con- sonant : e o helfa gaholfa (wei'fa) (gaworfa) schterva gaschtorva (gaschtsrva) IV (a). Verbs whose stems end in a single nasal or liquid : e, i, u jiema schdela kuras (farhela) (schera) it, o ganumma gaschdola (ga)kuma (farhola) gaschora (&) Verbal stems ending in ch {Jih =: Germanic k) : brecha schprecha gabrocha gasehprocha 68 V (a). Verbal stems ending in other consonants than those in- cluded in III and IV : e\ / e\ e essa gessa geva (ga)geva lesa galesa weva gaweva (F.) V) i e sitza gasessa VI. y, v V, V fz?ra gsfora wechsa gawBchsa B. Reduplicating verbs. §69.— la. a a fells gafulla fcnga gafEnga hBlda gahslda (*) o« d, cf. Br. Gr. §35i) schlofa (= z schlafen) gaschlofa rota (— raten) gardta broda (=' braten) gabroda lossa (Ibsss) (= lassen) galosst (galusst) CO / (0. H. G. ei) i (0. H. G. ei) hesa (hessa) (^heissen) gahesa (gahessa) Ila. Verbs with "dark" stem-vowel . originally (Br. 1 27(0. H. G. an, ou) c ■ (0. H. G.-ou) Izjfa galofa (*) u (0. H. G. uo) u (0. H. G. uo) rufa garufa (c) au sEufa (cf. §g, 2, note 2) gasofa (O. H. G. silfan, cf. Br. Gr. §334, a . 3.) C. Weak verbs. §70.'— Of the weak verbs little need be said. All differentiation into classes with the infinitive ending in -jvn, -on, -en as in O. H. G. has practically disappeared in P. G. Traces of the -jvn class may still be seen in those verbs which have the z-umlaut or gemination or both according to length of stem-vowel (cf. Br. Gr. §91 ff.). 6 9 Ex. : decks (O. H. G. decken <^ Goth. *pakjan) ; setzs (O. H. G. sezzen, cf. Goth, satjan, cf. O. S. satian) ; hers (O. H. G. h6ren <^ h&rjan, cf. Goth, hausjan) ; kiss? (O. H. G. kussen, cf. O. H. G. kus, O. S. cus, cos). The -6n and -tin classes have, like -jvn, become -s by the levelling of endings of flexion. For this levelling in N. H. G. cf. Brandt, §454-5. Of the three verbs in N. H. G. belonging to the class having no connecting vowel in O. H. G. (Brandt, §454, 3) only denks and brings are in use in P. G. Denks, like brenns (cf. Brandt, §455), forms its past participle with the present (i. e. umlauted) stem. Ex. : P. G. gsdenkt (N. H. G. gedacht, O. H. G. gidaht) ; gsbrennt (N. H. G. gebrannt, O. H. G. gibrennit). Brings, however, retains the older partici- pial form gsbrocht. As there is practically no imperfect (cf. §65 (1)) in use in P. G., the conjugation of the weak verb will be found to agree with that of the strong, after eliminating the flexional umlaut and substituting the weak participle for the strong. Of course, that class of verbs which are conjugated with the auxiliary sei~ are exceptions and not included here. The P. G. forms new verbs regularly with the infinitive ending -s. Ex. : exschpects « English expect) ; sepsrvts « English separate) ; edits « English edit) ; difends « Eng. defend). P. G. has also a class of verbs from Romance roots forming their infinitive in -irs (N. H. G. iren). Ex. : kvrssirs « N. H. G. karessieren) ; bvlvirs (N. H. G. barbieren). D. Irregular verbs. (a~) Preterite-presents. First ablaut-series. §71. — 1. Indie. 1 and 3 sg. wis, 2 sg. wescht, 1, 2, 3 pi. wisss; infin. wisss ; past part, gswisst. In this verb the perf. part., as in the case of denks (cf. §70), seems to be formed by analogy with the present infinitive. Second ablaut-series. 1. Indie. 1 and 3 sg. kvnn, 2 sg. kvnnscht, 1, 2, 3 pi. kenns; subjunc. 1 and 3 sg. kennt, 2 sg. kenntscht; infin. kenns; past part. *gskonnt, not used. 2. 1 and 3 sg. dvrf, 2 sg. dvrfscht, 1, 2, 3 pi. dverfs; infin. dverfs ; past part, not used. Third ablaut-series. Indie, pres. 1 and 3 sg. soil, 2 sg. sollscht, 1 and 3 pi. solle, 2 pi. soil/; infin. soils; subjunc. preterite 1 and 3 sg. set, 2 sg. selscht, pi. sets ; perf. part, not in use. 7 o Fourth ablaut-series. Indie, pres. i and 3 sg. mpg, 2 sg. mvgscht, 1 and 3 pi. mega ; subjunc. pret. 1 and 3 sg. mecht, mechscht; 1 and 3 pi. mecht? (2 pi. mecht or mechta). Fifth ablaut-series. Indie, pres. 1 and 3 sg. muss, 2 sg. muschi, 1 and 3 pi. missa, 2 pi. warf ; infin. missa. Note 1. — The verb ega (Home), egna (Rauch and Harbaugh), defective in O. H. G. (cf. Br. Gr. §377) and supplemented by hab£n, is weak in P. G. and used in the sense of to own.' From it has been formed also the substantive egnar (as in N. H. G. eigner). There seems to be a confusion of the two forms ega and egna (eigen and eignen) in P. G. (b) Mi-verbs. §72.-1. The verb sei~ in P. G., as in N. H. G., is used instead of O. H. G. wesan, which is still represented in the N. H. G. by the strong perf. part, gewesen. P. G., however, uses regularly the weak form gawest. True, gawesa occurs in Wollenweber ; but, like much of his P. G., it is too highly tinged with N. H. G. PARADIGM. Indicative Present. Sing. 1. ich bin Plur. I. mar sin 2. du bischt 2. ir sin, or seid (H. 41), (dar sint) 3. 'eer is, isch (ischt) 3. si sin. Note 1. — The form is may be considered the more general form, as it can be heard in almost every locality. It is the regular form, for example, in the writings of Rachel Bahn, of York County; of Zimmerman, of Reading, Berks County ; of the Allentown " Kalenner " (poems by Keller) ; of Home, of Allentown ; of Rauch, of Mauch Chunk. The form isch has been referred to the Mennonites and Dunkers, who were mainly of Swiss origin (cf. Hald. p. 41). This seems correct, as isch is most common in Lancaster and York counties, where the Ahmish, Mennonites and Dunkers constitute the larger portion of the German population. The form ischt I have found less common (cf. Wollenweber's Gemalde, S. 63, etc.; H. H. 66). It would seem to be the N. H. G. ist in the P. G. garb, st being regularly pronounced scht. 'It might be regarded as Suabian. §73. — 2. The verb dun (R.), du (H.). Indicative Present. Sing. 1. ich du Plur. 1. mar duna 2. du duscht 2. ir duna 3. vev diit 3. si duna (dun si, H. H. 21, 18). mar " 7i Subjunctive Imperfect. Sing. I. ich det Plur. I. mar deta 2. du detscht 2. ir deta 3. mar det 3. si deta •ner Past Participle. gadu The verbs ge and schte. §74-— 3- ge. Indicative Present. Sing. I. ich ge Plur. 1. mar gena (gea, H.) 2. du gesht 2. Ir gena 3. 'Ber (mar) get 3. si gena Past Participle. ganga Note 1.— The P. G. verb schtvendd « Eng. stand =N. H. G. ertragen, aushalten) must not be confounded with this. §75.-4. schte. Indicative Present. Sing. I. ich schte Plur. 1. mar schtena 2. du schtescht 2. ir schtena 3. Ber (mar) schtet 3. si schtena Past Participle. gaschtBnna §76. — 5. The verb sens (ses or se~~). ^ Indicative Present. Sing. 1. ich sen Plur. 1. mar sena 2. du senscht 2. ir sena 3. Ber (mar) sent sicht (F), sit 3. si sena Past Participle. gasena 77.-6. The verb wolla (wella). Indicative Present. Sing. 1. 2. 3- ich will du wit(t) Ber (mar) will Plur. 1. mar wolla (wella, R. H. 183) 2. ir wollt (wellt) 3. si wolla (wella) Sing. 1. ich wot Imperfect. Plur. 1. mar wotta 2. du wotscht 2. ir wotta 3- Ber (mar) wot 3. si wotta Syntax. §78. — Pennsylvania German possesses a freedom of syntactical structure unknown to N. H. German, since it is permissible to use 7 2 either the accusative or nominative of nouns in the direct regimen of verbs and prepositions, while in N. H. G. only the accusative would be allowable. So too in points of idiomatic expression and vocabulary the P. German feels quite at liberty to employ the term or expression, whether English or German, which will be most intelligible to himself and his hearers or readers. As stated in the introduction (pp. 17-18), the extremes of this freedom are toward the predominance of N. H. G. speech and traditions on the one hand, and English language and life on the other. Thus in localities like Bethlehem, for example, where German schools have kept alive German culture, life and institutions, the speech of the Moravians, especially, is rigidly conservative and much freer from Anglicisms. In fact, till within the last forty or fifty years the Herrnhut community at Bethlehem and Nazareth was an exclu- sive German society. No more fitting example of the levelling power of language could be chosen than the town of Bethlehem itself, where the P. German, the vernacular of the neighboring country and towns, is fast making its way into the commercial and social centres of Moravian life, thus rapidly crowding out the literary German, forcing the educated classes to adopt English, and drawing the illiterate into the stream of the vulgar P. G. idiom. For further treatment, cf. English Mixture. The most charac- teristic features of P. G. syntax will be treated in this chapter. Noun. Nominative. §79. — 1. The syntax of the nom. case, as subject of a verb, in P. G. agrees essentially with that of N. H. G. Ex. : Dver Vr?m mBiin fat ke hornet (R. H. 160). The nominative case is used in exclamation. Ex. : O du llw3r kindhets-krischdvg ! (H. H. 39). For nom. = ace. cf. §82. Genitive. §80. — This case is rare in P. G. except (1) in compounds: zeitsfrog, rrechbarsweib, m'ennsleit, weibsleit ; (2) adverbs : d?gs, rrechts, heitichd»gs (or heitichsd»gs), Lvft ver sei~s wegas widdirfort (F. A. M. 53). Heitichd'Bgs fat's [= N. H. G. giebt's] schir gvr ke mod me (R. H. 168) ; (3) special idioms : Juscht nekscht 'Ens dEdis hvus (H. H. 1). Ich muss nfif 'Ens Br"euns£Y J (R. H. 182). DI schqueirs offis wvr bvld {ball) voll menscfa (W. 55). .73 Wl scke, im einsvmz gzmit, wirbelt dl drossals owetlld ! (F. K. 136). ywar weil ver so vil svcha vn der kinnar krischtbvm diit (H. H. 41). Odars alta Beckars alii ku kv, ka (H. 53). Bis meinas lebans 1 sunn fsrsinkt. In schtilbr dodasnacht (H. H. 8). The place of the genitive in regular P. G. syntax is supplied by the prepositional construction. Ex. : Fsr di sefo fon unsar gegnar zu fsrgelschten (um die seelen unserer gegner zu ver- wirren), R. H. 219. For the gen. of possession cf. §81, 1. Dative. §81. — The dative plays a very prominent r61e in P. G. syntax, and is used : 1. To denote possession. Ex. : Ich bin deim dpdi sei~ schpuk (R. H. 220). Ei, derMrs. Jenkins Ira dress is fon dem veri sim shtick (R. H. 198). Un m?r sit [=N. H. G. sieht] grvd for sick dem ulta Dockt or Leisering sei~ wvss3rheilmiscMvlt (W. 77). Do klopts Bm p^rra seinar tir \der\ [da klopts an der thiire des pfErrers] (W. 44). 2. As the object of certain verbs, gsfvlh, gslings, etc., as in N. H. G. Ex. : Hir hvwich wvs meim hBerz gtfellt [gzfvttt] (H. H. 30). In the case of idioms borrowed from N. E. we find a nom. (=: ace.) where the strict German idiom would require a dative : So enar of kors [== N. H. G. natiirlich] dil ich net snta [= N. H. G. gefallen] (R. H.,218). So the P. G. gleichs (used in the sense of the English like, not that of resemble as in N. H. G.) governs the ace. (or nom. for ace). 3. Of indirect object, as in N. H. G. Der rig3l [rigggf] hot uns schpvss gamvcht (H. H. 31). It occurs as dat. of interest in ex- amples like the following : Un schlvgt em in di be ~ [und f ahrt einem in die beine], F. A. Z. 107. 4. Where we should expect the accusative after verbs like mEchs. Ex. : Dsr wei~ ', der hzt am schlefrig gsmvcht, Dar seidar Iwt am ufgawacht (F. A. Z. 107). This seems to be the P. German word for einem, used by analogy for en (=:einen), and not the P. G. form of English him. 5. After prepositions (cf. §89). 1 This is, strictly speaking, not P. G., but N. H. German. P. G. would regularly require Bis dl sunn fon meim leva, etc. 74 Accusative. §82.— Professor Home says ('M Horn sei~ Buch, p. 84): "All the cases are like the nominative." It must be remembered that this statement applies only to the form of the noun. In the direct verbal regimen (as the article or other gender-bearing word shows), either the nominative or accusative may be used. Ex. : Wi'r dar hEersch (nom. = ace.) g'schosss hot g'hvt (H. p. 43). fa, ich sen der krischtb»m (nom. = ace.) funkb (H. H. p. 39). D'nort is V imp sumpichp blvts nunnzr gsunkd bis vn dar huls (nom. = ace.) (H. p. 42). While in the unconscious idiom the nominative is the regular form, the accusative is nevertheless frequent. Ex. : Dock sen ich den krischtbpm (accusative)/«w^ (H. H. 41) ; Mpr hot ke ru de gBnsa dvg (=N. H. G. den ganzen tag). Msr schvuz a/ den schena wvld (F. K. Z. 145), '6" is for den schqueier kum(m)p (H. H. 71). The prepositional regimen (cf. §89) seems to have conserved the accusative (or dative) form more generally than the verbal regimen. In the case of the pronouns, however, the oblique forms are employed with great regularity. Pronoun. §83. — The pronoun in P. G., as in English and French, has retained most of the older inflected forms. In use, however, there is some deviation from N. H. G. 1. Personal pronouns, nom. case. In addition to the regular forms corresponding to N. H. G., P. G. has mpr (=z N. H. G. man, when accompanied by a verb in the singular number ; N. H. G. wir, when used with the plural form of the verb), ddr (==. N. H. G. Ihr, older form of address, for the present ►Sz'i?). Dar hend's net gwisst ; bis juscht vet wonsl [N. H. G. auf einmal] Hend ir's gpgessl's wer (wver) mich. 1 You did not know who it could be, But all at once you guessed 'twas me (R. H. 216-217, Witmer's poem). Ich glvb dar hvlt3 fon sellp. (Ich glaube sie haben solche vorrathig), R. H. 194. The 2d pers. sg. of the pronoun is usually amalgamated with the ending of the verb, or perhaps omitted altogether, when 1 This ace. for nom. is an Anglicism (cf. English, it was me). 75 the verb occupies the inverted position. Danti kBnrischt [rzkennscht du] mir [msr] firleicht syg3, wo ich won ? (R. H.) Wescht dock, es gebt in deitsch ke lv [N. H. G. recht gesetz]. Loss mir dl schpuchts wek (H. H. 74). 2. Genitive. — The genitive of the personal pronoun is found in isolated constructions. Unn unser ens is dort (H. H. 62). Do gebt ver um 3?i tpler net mer vis unserens um en zent (W. 33). Unser is here gen. plural. In one important case the P. G., like R. P., has the gen. of the personal pronoun where the dative would be expected. Hvscht du dei~~ del ' f hvwich met" del f Dl ghin mei~, drdei~ (F. K. Z. 89). Compare R. P. Hascht du deih dheel, haww ich meifi dheel, Die ghore mein, die deih (N. 83). Schmeller (M. B. §720) regards this construction as in analogy with the M. H. G. genitive-construction after koereti, and cites Niblung. 9053: So; h'ort min, her Dietrich. Cf. also Mart. 168: Er hiez hdreii der martyr. 3. Dative. — The syntax of the dative of the personal pronoun in P. G. agrees in the main with that of the same case in N. H. G. As indirect object : yer singt mar v~ an lidli sche" (F. K. Z. 25). Wi m3r sich denka mpg (H. H. 71). As object of verbs : Unn ich lm he If? kann Ich helf 'm unn fsrleug 'm 's net (F. K. Z. 33). ybsr well ver dir so gut bekum{m)t [N. H. G. steht] mVgscht 'n b'hvllpfpr vcht un 3 hvlvsr (R. H. 192). For the dative with prepositions cf. §89, 1. For dat. used as nom. cf. §83, 1. 4. Accusative. — The syntax of the accusative of the personal pronoun in P- G., as compared with N. H. G., differs from that of the latter in some interesting features. Both verbs and preposi- tions require an oblique case 1 of the pronoun and do not regularly allow the nominative as in case of nouns (cf. §82). Examples of the regular use of the ace. of pers. pron. are : Meind, juschl, du schwetzt vom schqueisr unjuscht Schick an, ich waer gswiss vrich fro (W. 66). Wie eich hot betrogs Das suchs um geld bei dem goldene boge (H. H. 57). 'Cf. So enar of kors du ich net suta (R. H. 218). 7 6 Si koschtd mich ken geld (F. K. Z. 27). Wvs bvt mich [N. H. G. hilft, nutzt mir] vunsr dings (F. K. Z. 27). Muss ich mich widsr ufgevs (R. H. 220). Peculiar to P. G. is : Wverscht sens wi ver's ['s =r es ace] gleicht (F. K. Z. 25). Demonstrative Pronouns. §84. — For //zm, the nearer demonstrative, N. H. G. fl^r, die, das (dieser, diese, dieses), P. G. employs dver, di, des (the mas. and neut. distinguishable from the definite article by the omission of the initial d in the neuter form of the latter and by a lighter accent on the mas. form, cf. §55). Des is sn bild font Henri Hvrbvch (H. 76). (For case of the article, cf. 3s buck hesst " Di Hvrfs") So get's in der3 rvuhs Welt, wo vlfos muss farge (H. H. 84). Ich kum{m) di woch (R. H. 175). For that, the remote demonstrative, N. H. G. jener, jene, jenes, P. G. employs regularly selsr, seli, sel. gs vlt mvrik-hvus get bvll " down below " [N. English]. An selar hunnzrtjirich " show " [N. English] (F. A. M. 37). Dort in selam schenp fvtsrhvus (H. 77). Cf. der sem, determinative pronoun. P. G. has adopted here the English word same in the form sem and employs it with the definite article as a strong determinative pronoun = N. H. G. derselbige, etc. Interrogative Pronouns (cf. §62)-. Wver (u-er), wvs (indecl.), who, 7vhat, and webr, weli, wel, which, are used much the same as in N. H. G., except that P. G. employs a dative for the N. H. G. genitive. Wem sei frp is gestvrw3 f (Wessen frau ist gestorben ?) For the feminine welera lr is used (cf. Home's paradigm, §62). For N. H. G. warum ? the P. G. employs far wvs ? Cf. also cases like For wvs es wlrt isch (For what it is worth), F. K. Z. 4. English influence is possibly to be looked for here. Webr preis f — Do is fdrfinfun zwvnsich, etc. (R. H. 202). Relative Pronouns. ■ §85. — For the N. H. G. relative welcher and der in all cases the popular -P. G. idiom employs the forms vs and wo (wu). Un wver hel's gddenkt Vs [= &«] di pennsylvvnisch deitsch schprdch schir fir dvusend worts het, biseids 3 dvusend mensr Vs [=:welche2 Juscht vus Pm Englisch ganumz sinn (R. H. 186). Horn, Fischer and others, however, write regularly dvs instead of 77 vs, even in referring to a masculine antecedent. This is quite analogous to the English use of the relative that, referring to both persons and things, gr wvr selli zeit d?r bescht gslvernt govsrnir dBs nock ilf 3m still wvr (H. 73). Mei~ erbvr, hochgsldbt unn fsr- wvndtsr Herrbvch wvr dsr erscht dus sich's unnarnum? hot an pennsylvvnisch-deitschs litervtur zu ergrindz (F. K. Z. 3). Some authors, particularly Harbaughand Wollenweber, employ the relative in its full N. H. G. form, but this is evidently a reminiscence of N. H. G. influence. Mei~ herts trecht wi an heilich ding, Dl gaflb di ich mit mir bring Hem fon dar lenga reis (H. H. 31). P. G. supplies the place of the genitive of the relative by the use of the dative. This dative takes the place of the genitive of both relative forms dver, wo, as in R. P. (cf. Nadler, p. 216, §11). Sie erzefo es waer 3 Mvnn in Revding g3wes3, dem sei~ nvm3 wvr L. (W. 6 1 J. For the N. H. G. welcken, welcke, the P. G., like R. P., employs also the relative wo (wii) : O ! horcht ir leit ; wu ndch mir Ubt, Ich schreib nock des schtick (H. H. 19). Der wu [welcher] 3m vnners sei~ vi farbrecht krikt's vi (H. 45). ! loss mich ge ! Jv loss mich ge ! Noch meiners hemst zu, Wu leid (f) dort drov3, vch wi sche~ ! (R. B. 195.) Note 1. — Nadler has pointed out (Ged. in Pfalzer Mundart, S. 216, §11), the identity of this relative wo (wu) with English who. In R. P. and P. G., however, it is indeclinable. The same is found in other dialects ; cf. Hunz. Aarg. Wbch. : die wo wend c ho, sellers sage. The use of vs for das (or dass, cf. §85) in P. G. seems to indicate Swiss influence (cf. Hald. p. 37). Aarg.: I weis niemer as chont chd, es git f'il das (as) furl gond (Hunz. Aarg. Wbch. 47). Indefinite Pronouns. §86. — 1. Ensr (ens), ens. Only the masculine and neuter forms are in general use as indefinites. The masculine is used much as in N. H. G., except that for the genitive the dative is used. Is enar do vs net sn Romvn is? Wvnn so enar do is, loss sn rvus schwetzs (R. 218). For nom. = acc. cf. §81, 2. Dsr ent (= N. H. G. der eine), dsr vnn3r (= N. H. G. der andere), kensr (= 7 8 N. H. G. keiner), and the various flexional forms are also used in P. G. 2. Ebbsr, ebb?s, N. H. G.jemand, etwas (cf. §30, 2, note 2). .S wvr ebbar in selbm sc/itu/—ebbsr wvr dort, so gpwiss vs ich leb? (R. Rip van Winkel, p. 14). A curious case of agreement is seen in the following example : Allss is schtill — si wissp net, Dvss eppar [ebbar) fremmas kumt (H. H. 79). This is explainable either as the survival of the older genitive, or as analogous to P. G. ebbss fremmas (= N. H. G. etwas frem- des, cf. tjs muss ebbas 'buttich's sei~ [es muss etwas beso?iders sein]), H. H. 66. Uf emol kochts un plumps I plumps ! kumt ebbas wermas uf de schamvchsr gsfvlls (W. 54). Ennig ebbas sunschtl [sonst etwas?] (R. 192). The P. G. usage here is the same in the main as that of R. P. (cf. ebbar, ebb3s). The neuter form is of more frequent occurrence than the masculine, ych, Lviirv ! dvs ich hier so ebbes h'ore muss / (N. S. 94). Nvu' geht er frech uf ebbes vnnerscht [etwas anders] aus, Sch. 18. Jentvnd, nimvnd, jedsr {jeds), jiddrmvnn are all in use in P. G. and agree in the main with N. H. G. With Fischer and Harbaugh the form jedd is quite common. Deim git3, deins wunnzr singt jo jed3 kinmrsung (H. H. 41). gn schmidtschop hot dn jeda mvnn (F. K. Z. 7). Jedar muss sei~ egw hvut zum gaerv3r drvgg (Home, 35). Los jedarmBnti wvs ver is, so bleibscht du v ~ wver du bischt (Home, 36). 3. Enig, etlich, mvnig. P. G. enig = N. H. G. irgend welch or irge?id ein(ig), N. E. any, and hence is clearly distinguished from etlich. Gvr ke ~ diphtheria, unn in fvect gvr nix gaferlichs fon enigar vrt (R. H. 196). Dvrch enig rissli get ver nei~ Unn get V~ uf dl schtek (R. B. 185). Cf. Unn wvnn du mer 3n schtick bvbbir ^pvpir) gebscht, will ich etlich pilferlin pnpvers fsr si (R. H. 197) for an ex. of etlich. In the peculiar force of enig English influence is doubtless to be traced (cf. the N. E. any, which is much more convenient than any corresponding N. H. G. expression). gn munchar ruyst umtsr im, Wvnn mo I di hits is gross unn schlimm (R. B. 188). Of P. G. vll, vll nothing need be said in particular. 79 Verbs. §87. — The most interesting features of the syntax of the P. G. verb consist in forms borrowed from English. These will be treated in the chapter on English Mixture. Here it will be neces- sary to note only a few points in the use of moods in P. German. As was seen in the paradigm of the verb, the indicative is decidedly the regular form of the P. G. verb. The subjunctive is in use, but is expressed by the aid of auxiliaries, which alone have pre- served the subjunctive forms in their conjugation. For the use of tenses cf. §65. The Subjunctive is used in P. G. as in N. H. G. in the unreal or ideal condition, either with or without the hypothetical conjunction (wvnn, vs wvnn, in the condition, dvnn in the conclusion) ; while the real condition is expressed by the indicative as in N. H. G. Present condition : Het ick niks vs 7nei~ Lisli mei~ Peif iinn mei~ wei~. JSs wver m.9r dock vlfos so hibsch unn so gut. Unn wBnn ich dfh"Bb, bin ic/i luschtich unnfrei. Si schtBerka m,3r immar mei~ hverz unn mei~ milt. (F. K. 62.) The last two lines of the stanza illustrate the use of the indica- tive in the real (general) condition. The same rule for the use of moods extends to elliptical conditions : Ich kennt ddr dn schtori [< English story = N. H. G. geschichte] ftrzeh [N. H. G. erzahlen], So vs's garingscht? wvrt Dir dei~ sel ufreisd det; dei~ Jung's blut kvlt frir9 (R. H. 221). In the last example the form det (N. H. G. thate) is the auxiliary regularly used in P. G. to fill the place of the subjunctive forms of the verb. Past unreal condition : Du hetscht 3n pyr jdr fri3r a ~ fvng3 soIIp, dvnn wBer villeicht \_fsrleicht. Home] ebbss drvus wvrr3 (Ziegler in Hald. p. 28). The following will illustrate the elliptical past condition : Unn ich hvb gfilt [N. H. G. gefiihlt] juscht grpa dvs wvnn ich mich foil hesar te gSof(f )a het (Rauch in Hald. p. 38). -f £-. (P. U Subjunctive in indirect discourse : Es wvr vusgevo, vs ich gschldfa het in meim bvmgvrda [N. H. G. baumgarten]. Unn vs dn schlvngvn mich gzkrvddalt [= N. H. G. gekrochen] WBer, Unn het mich dot gabisss (R. H. 221). 8o Subjunctive of desire : Do will ich eich 3mol 3n pvr svchpfrdgP, dl ich gvern wisss det (Hald. p. 53). Infinitive. P. G. often omits zu before the infinitive in con- structions beginning with fdr after certain verbs : gbvut 3m jor 1870, hvb ich mci~ meind iifgsmvcht far'n buck schreivs unn publischs (R. H. VI). Ich hvb v~ fvnge sch^ffa (Hald. p. 39). 0)13 dl brill uf du~ (Hald. p. 40), cf. §91. For infinitive-substan- tive, cf. §92. Adverbs. §88. — 1. Adverbs of time. P. G. like N. H. G. employs the adverbial genitive mvryats (or morgends) (N. H. G. morgens), PvpIs, vvets or wends (N. H. G. abends), jemols (N. H. G. jemals), ebmdls (N. H. G. manchmal), v~ fangs (N. H. G. anfangs), heidigsdvgs (N. H. G. heutigen tages). Ex. : Fon mvrysts frl bis vvets schpdt (R. B. 181). Dl fveschsns [N. E. fashions, N. H. G. moden], dl fsrennen sich Gvr oft so heidigsdvgs (F. A. M. 58). In the case of the following example the adverb ens (N. H. G. einmal, N. E. once) might be either gen. or ace. as far as the form is concerned. Do gtick nur ens de gvrts v~ (W. 6). The P. G. like N. H. G. makes use of the ace. or nom. in expressing definite time. Ich svg ich will kensr 'Ellsweil (N. H. G. jetzt), R. H. 191. So mvry3 (N. H. G. morgen), dver ?iegscht dpg (N. H. G. den n'achsten tag), den mvry3 (N. H. G. diesen or heute morgen), mlnweil (N. E. meanwhile, N. H. G. indessen), Minweil hot des afkoit3 [N. E. cutting up, N. H. G. possentreiben a~ gsfenga] (W. 74). Sidder and sinter (= N. H. G. seither, seitdem). Un sidder hen ni3r glvteis do (R. B. 190). Dl Mvrgret muss sinter sels hupps [Eng. hoops = N. H. G. krino- linen, reifrock] selbert gskrigt hvvp (W. 100). Getrvut ivvr siddar mvnehes pvr (W. 40). U~tinerweils=: r Eng. meantime (N. H. G. inzwischen), numms zzi 7!tcr einmal, selmol = damals, nimms = nim?ner. Un unnerweils list ensr gspd (F. K. 77). 2. Adverbs of place : do (N. H. G. da, hier), wo (N. H. G. wo), dvrt (N. H. G. dort), hunns (N. H. G. unten), drumw (N. H. G. darunter, unten), ov3 (N. H. G. oben), drovs (N. H. G. droben, darauf), nvus (N. H. G. hinaus), drvus (N. H. G. daraus, draus- sen), hvus (N. H. G. aussen), nei~ (N. H. G. hinein), middsdrin (R. B. 189) (N. H. G. mittendrin), forns (N. H. G. forn), hinm (N. H. G. hinten), her (N. .H- G. her), hi~ , hin (N. H. G. hin), hinnsdrp" , himi3drin, hinmdruf, himi3nei~ , hinn3nd~ (N. H. G. 8i hintendran, hintendrin, hintendrauf, hintennein, hintennach), vnnsrschwo (H. H. 67) (N. H. G. anderswo), ddhivs (N. H. G. hiiben). 3. Adverbs of manner. Besides the regular use of adjectives as adverbs of manner, the following deserve special mention: letz, used also as an adjective, (N. H. G. verkehrt). Fsrleicht gescht du selv3r letz (R. H. 181) ; juscht (N. H. G. gerade), grvd, inschtvendig (N. H. G. instandig, sogleich), ivarzwerch (N. H. G. uberzwerch). Most interesting among P. G. adverbs of manner are those borrowed from N. English : ennihvu (N. E. anyhow, N. H. G. auf irgend eine weise, often concessive, N. H. G. es sei wie es wolle), somhvu, w. (N. E. somehow, N. H. G. irgendwie), hserli (N. E. hardly, N. H. G. kaum). yer kennt si hBerli me (F. A. M. 55). Porpas (N. E. (on) purpose, N. H. G. absichtlich). P. G. has a curious class of adverbs belonging here : ynmrsch(f) (N. H. G. anders), drunnsrscht drivdrsch, kinnsrscht-fedsrscht (N. H. G. hinterst, forderst, cf. P. G. fedrpfiss, N. H. G. vorder- fiisse), koppfedprscht (N. H. G. mit dem kopf voran, kopflings). Dsr svddal hinnarscht-fedarscht druf (F. A. M. 93). Kopp- fedarscht nei~ vm schpundsloch (F. A. M. 91). Si won? 'En- nersch-wo ! (H. H. 67). Di vlt3 svchs hen si do yll's drunnarscht drivarsch nei~ (H. H. 66). These forms are formed from the base drunter, driiber; cf. N. H. G. analogies Das unterste zu oberst, Das oberste zu unterst (kehren). 4. Adverbs of degree of special importance in P. G. are vrich (N. H. G. arg, lex. sehr), m3r hen 'Erich kvlfos wetter vlhweil (R. H. 178) ; fultens (N. H. G. vollends, vollig, cf. N. E. fully), Unn ich denk es is V~ fullens sofil me waert (R. H. 199) ; veri (N. E. very, N. H. G. aller -f- superlative form of adjective), Ich tnschur's, vs si di veri bescht? [N. H. G. die allerbesten] sinn (R. H. 202). P. G. employs also the form aller -(- superlative as N. H. G. Ich hvb, unn fon der Bllarbescht quvliti (R. H. 202) ; 3bvut (N. E. about, N. H. G. ungefahr), used very frequently as a preposition; schir(N. H. G. fast), So wpr's schir gPr di letscht woch (R. B. 189). 5. Relative adverbs. P. G. usually forms its relative adverbs on the base forms der-, as derfo (= N. H. G. davon), derfor (N. H. G. davor), derzu (N. H. G. dazu), derweg3 (N. H. G. deswe- gen), dernevs (N. H. G. daneben). 6. Adverbs of direction : aims, wu vnn3, dortvnns (=. N. H. G. 82 hin, wohin, dorthin). Loss mich dortBnna £' s = N. H. G. als frequently. Unn ich hvb k'filt juscht grvd Avs wvnn ich mich foil hesar huldar ie gasofa het (Rauch as quoted by Hald. p. 38). Haldeman, in his treatment of this word (p. 38), has suggested three possible explanations, (1) dvs = vis, dvss or dv(r)vls; (2) dvs = dv with adverbial suffix (cf. Hald. Affixes, p. 213); (3) Ziegler's explanation that it arises from thejuxtaposition of the two words grpdvs (=vls), the d being transferred to the following word as in the French liaison. But examples like Net weinichar d3s siva hunnart far dich unn mich (Rauch, quoted by Hald. p. 38) are against this explanation. It seems to me unnecessary to seek for such far-fetched explana- tions, and more reasonable to regard this as a construction in which dvs has included in its meanings the force of vis in com- parison (cf. the history of N. H. G. denn and als in comparison). It is much more plausible to suppose that the confusion of dvs and vs (as Haldeman, p. 38, suggests) is analogous to the " cutting down " of the pronouns des and es to as, and that vs (<^vls) was then confused with vs «[ diss or dess). Interesting collocations with vs are farwvs vs (= N. H. G. weshalb, warum), vnschtvt vs (=N. H. G. statt — zu with infin.). P. G. employs regularly dvnn, wvnn (= N. H. G. wann and wenn), wie, well, so dvs ud so vs, vs wvnn (= N. H. G. als wenn). §91. — Of especial importance are P. G. idioms borrowed from N. E. as far — (zu) (= N. H. G. zu um — zu) with the infinitive. Ich hvb v~ n plvn far 'n neia sort pvetent hinklasup kocha (R. H. 229). Provided : Provided [— N. H. G. wenn, unter der bedingung, dass] mar kvn si kvfa uf bvrriks (R. H. 234). Itar — odar (= N. H. G. entweder — oder ; iter < N. E. either) ; Rauch 86 employs entweddsr, however, although he is the most English of all P. G. writers. Of the remaining conjunctions (copulative) and conjunctive adverbs little need be said. P. G. does not employ the N. H. G. correlative weder — noch, but net — unn net. yer iss net neich unn net vrm (Hald. p. 40). Infin itive-Su bstantive. §92. — P. German, like many other Rhenish dialects, makes fre- quent use of the infinitive-substantive. ffs f»ra in ddr tren [N. E. train] (H. 61). Nein treppd- ss brvucht ke zelas do. (H. H. 31). For cases of this construction in other dialects, cf. Was e' Dranges. was e' Treiwes, Wo nor all das nauser soil? (Sch. 7). Des letschtmol auwer is keen Blut Ufs Schlage mehr geloffe (N. 65). Ich kann mich fors Mahle So selber bezahle (Lennig, 90). War so en Winterdag recht lang, . Wars' mauchem vorr em Schaffe bang (Zeller, 34). Wann aber ich im Zdhle so Bis iiber verzich kumm (Kobell, 24). Des werd e Suches koschte (Woll. 47). 87 V. English Mixture. Speech-mixture in P. G. falls naturally into two divisions : (i) English mixture, the subject of the present chapter, (2) German mixture, or dialectic fusion, to be treated elsewhere. The thesis that P. G. is essentially a German dialect and not a compromise between German and English has been adequately maintained in the foregoing chapters on phonology and mor- phology, which are the true criteria of speech classification. In the chapter on syntax it was seen that English had made inroads into the dialect to a very great extent. The present chapter is designed to set forth the nature and causes of this infusion of Eng- lish, and the laws which govern this mixture of speech elements. The problem involved is one of exceedingly complex nature : (1) As regards the German elements brought into contact with the new environment. They were not simply members of one German race, representing one separate German dialect, but mem- bers of various races, speaking as many dialects with their provin- cial patois — Swiss, Suabians, Bavarians, Alsatians, Pf alzer, Saxons. (2) As to their social rank. They did not represent the same social class, but a great variety of social conditions — men of noble rank, like Zinzendorf (who, to be sure, did not settle permanently in the new land) ; men of profound learning, like Pastorius ; men of wealth, like the Crefeld merchants; sturdy pioneers of civiliza- tion, like Nitschman ; soldiers of fortune — or rather of misfortune — like the Hessians, whom destiny called to defend their new fatherland before taking possession of its fair fields ; skilled arti- sans of almost every trade. (3) As to religion. Devout men of varied persuasions and religious beliefs — Lutherans, Anabaptists, Mennonites, Herrnhuter, Friends, Huguenots, Pietists and Mystics. Add to these facts the conditions of life which they found here : (1) the ethnic elements — English, Scotch, Irish (cf. IX, p. 77) ; (2) the social and political changes constantly developing in the flux 88 and flow of our mobile American life; the dominant power of English as the recognized official speech, its growing influence through the public school, its superior advantages as the language of cultivated society. All these are constant forces in the pro- cesses of speech-growth under consideration. The elements, then, which enter into our treatment are the Germans with their variety of language and life, on the one hand, influenced by the new conditions of language, institutions, and life — -mostly English, Scotch, and Irish — on the other. The discussion will fall under three separate headings : (i) The proportion of English in P. German ; (2) the nature of this mixture ; (3) the causes and laws underlying this speech-development. It does not fall within the scope of this chapter to treat at length the influence of English on P. G. phonology. A word must suffice. To the most casual observer, the Germanized pronuncia- tion of English in many P. G. localities is noticeable. So, too, English makes its impression upon the pronunciation of German. A variety of phonological stages or products is distinguishable. The two extremes are comparatively pure — Pennsylvania German, on the one hand, and English on the other, each with its own basis of articulation. A very large number speak both languages with remarkable purity. Between these extremes there are those who speak both German and English with the German basis of articulation, and those (I should think relatively few) who speak both English and German with the English basis. It is possible that English influence is traceable in certain P. G. sounds closely resembling the corresponding English sounds, as, for example, P. G. v and v ; cf. phonology. Proportion of the English to the German Element in P. German. In order to determine the exact proportions of English in Penn- sylvania German it will be necessary to examine not only the representative literature of the dialect, but also the la?iguage as spoken by the people in their various pursuits and conditions of life. The peasant girl, now in the kitchen, now in the field ; the quiet farmer, rarely venturing beyond the nearest market-place; the active merchant, breathing the invigorating atmosphere of commercial life ; the professional man, in constant contact with keen scrutinizing intellects; the statesman, the scholar, and the poet, must all contribute material for our investigation from their 8 9 peculiarities of vocabulary, syntax and style. Let us examine the speech of these representative classes. i. Glossaries. There are two approximately complete diction- aries of the P. G. dialect, both published since Prof. Haldeman wrote his " Essay on Pennsylvania Dutch." Of these two lexi- cons, that compiled by E. H. Rauch and published in his Penn- sylvania Dutch Handbook (P. G.-N. E. and N. E.-P. G.) contains, to quote his own words, " Schlr fir dBusand wvrdta, biseids a deusand menar -es bus am englisch ganumma sinn," thus making an aggregate of about 5000 words. The second of the above- mentioned dictionaries is that published by Prof. A. R. Home in his book entitled "gm Horn sei~ Pennsylvvnisch Deilsch Buck" (P- G.-N. E.-N. H. G.). This is by far the most complete and : scientific lexicon of the P. G. speech, and contains 5522 words. In addition to these two dictionaries there are three other incom- plete glossaries, one appended by H. L. Fisher to his "Tfsylt Maerikhvus mittas in d,3r Schdntt" the second to his " Kurzweil unn Zeitf9rtreib" the third published by Bausman as a " Wort- verzeichniss " to Harbaugh's " H^rfe." 1 A word-by- word examination of these glossaries gives the follow- ing results : "gmHornsei Buch," 5522 words, 176 English. Rauch's " Hand-book," circa 5000 " 1000 " Fisher's " 3s ylt Maerikhvus " 2181 " 63 " " Kurzweil unn Zeitfartreib," 1983 " 21 " "Wortverzeichniss" to H.'s "HErfe," 245 " 123 " It must be stated, however, that the "Wortverzeichniss" is only a list of the most unusual words, and hence not representative. None of these glossaries except Rauch's attempts to give a full list of the English words in the dialect. If, then, we allow for the number of German words not contained in these collections, and the unrecorded English words actually in use among the people, the entire P. G. vocabulary would number about 6000 words. The figures given above, however, do not represent the exact pro- portion of English in the dialect, because the frequency with which 1 Since this was written, a quite exhaustive glossary of the P. G. dialect (P. G.-English) by Dr. Hoffman has appeared in the Transactions of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, Dec. 1888. This is, however, little more than a revision of Home's dictionary. The author acknowledges no sources by name, and hence gives us no clue as to his mode of procedure. 9 o these English words occur is not taken into consideration. To ascertain this let us examine the following specimens. Southwestern Section. In Harbaugh's poem, g's Schulhvus vn ddr Krik, consisting of thirty-one five-lined strophes (900-1000 words), there are only fifty-one (51) English words, including six (6) recurrences of the work Krik and four (4) of the word juscht identifiable with the N. H. G.jusl. Some strophes have no English words, none have more than four. In the same book (Harbaugh's Hvrfe) is one of the most pathetic poems in the dialect, Zum y~denka vn Dr. H. Hvrbvch, by Rev. C. Weiser. This poem of nine six-lined strophes (nearly 400 words) contains but two different English words, juscht, referred to above, and schtopp? (English stop) twice. The next selection, ten poems by Rachel Bahn, contains 117 four-lined stanzas (2800-3000 words). Of this number only 66 are English, including 11 recurrences of nvu and 7 of juscht. Miss Rachel Bahn has sent me a prose description of Autumn (177 words) in which not a single English word is to be found. In Fisher's yltd Zeit9, a poem of some 323 seven-lined strophes, there are, according to my count, only 318 unquestionably Eng- lish words (including a large number, such as "awful" "potatoes" '• cottage-cheese" which have good P. G. equivalents, schreklich, grumber3, schmirkes, and are consciously regarded as intruders, inasmuch as the author writes them in italics). Fisher's P. G. trans- lation of Bryant's " Rivulet," Kurzweilunn ZeitfBrtreib , pp. 135-9, contains circa 600 P. G. words and no English. This is remarkable as showing the capacity of the dialect. In order to illustrate the proportion of English in Fisher's prose we have chosen two selections. The first is the Fdrwvrt to his Kurzweil unn Zeit- fdrtreib, containing about 500 words, in which the English gapublischt occurs twice, juscht and nvu once each, and the pos- sible English7?z>2^ in the expression " mei~ flint zu piks." The second prose selection from Fisher is from a P. G. correspondence in which he discusses P. G. orthography, vocabulary and kindred topics. In the prose portion of about 300 words the only Eng- lish word which occurs is "local." To complete our examination of the literature of the Southwestern Section the following news- paper selections have been made : The first article, Dl Saelli will m vks g3schlif3 hvv9, from 9i the Penna. Staaiszeitung (Dec. 25, 1884) of Harrisburg, Pa., con- tains about 750 words, of which 48 are English, including repeti- tions of lekston and nvu. The next selection, Dem Kaeptsn sei~ Chrischt-Kindsl, from the Lancaster Volksfreund und Beobachter (Dec. 24, 1884), contains about 850 words, of which (proper names excepted) only 22 are English. Northeastern Section. The first selection, Rauch's P. G. translation of Brutus' speech on the death of Caesar (Shakespeare's Julius Caesar), printed in Rauch's Handbook (p. 218), contains 247 words, of which but 10 are English. In an original article by Rauch (" Pit Schweffel- brennar ") in the Carbon County Democrat (Mauch Chunk) there are about 850 words, of which 123 are English. Rauch's P. G. translation of Rip Van Wi?ikel, consisting of 26 pages, of about four hundred words each, averages about 20 English words to the page. From Wollenweber's Gemalde aus dem Pennsylvanischen Volksleben two selections have been chosen : (1) a prose selection, Di Faeschans (pp. 75-76), containing 384 words, of which 22 are English ; (2) a poem, Im Sommsr (p. 19), of 3 seven-lined stanzas containing 131 words, of which but three are English. Zimmerman, in his P. G. translation of C. C. Moore's Night before Christmas (circa 500 words) employs only 29 Eng- lish words. Tobias Witmer's poem, Seks Ur (Home, pp. 59-60), of 9 four-lined stanzas (circa 300 words), contains but 10 English words. Prof. Home's biographical sketch of Lawrence J. Ibach (Home, p. 80) contains 160 words, of which 7 are English. Conrad Gehring's sketch of Gov. Hartranft (Home, pp. 74-75) contains 200 words, of which 9 are English. Rev. Eli Keller, in his best poem, Der Kescht9bvm, 52 verses (about 550 words), makes use of the English mep3l, mep3lblit, nvu (once each), and juscht (twice), a t. The same writer, in No. 2 (about 250 words) of a series of 10 P?° G. poems (circa 2500 words), in the Allentown Kvlennsr for 1885, does not employ a single English word. M. C. Henninger, in his poem (Home, pp. 61-64), 3 s ^ vn i- n der Tren (12 eight-lined stanzas, about 500 words), makes use of 28 English words. These selections might be multiplied indefinitely, but enough has been given to show the proportion of English to P. G. in the dialect as written. Of the spoken dialect the prose selections given are fairly repre- sentative, especially those from Fisher, Rachel Bahn, Rauch, and j^Jrf 0,0.0. i potpie fleischpastete. boddal bottle flasche. boggi buggy leichter einspanniger Wagen. bord board brett. altan, vorhalle. *v<«f cow*' bortsch porch biikar bugger schinderknecht.. bissi ('i'l^ pussy katzchen. biitschar butcher fleischer. dijr Jw tar teer. d»di (daedi) \\> daddy vater. demadi timothy timotheusgras. ■1 denki desk(s), dest (I thank you besten dank. i) desk(s) pult. >L dinnar dUings ^ dinner mittagsessen. K : > dealings handel. died $8' " * V trot trab (gehen). drunk trunk koffer. dninnal-bett trundle-bed rollbett. dzchentalmaen gentleman der feine wohlgesittete Mann dzhumpa jump springen. ok. NX JJ 96 P. G. N. E. N. H. G. dzchuramaen juryman der geschworene. dzhusdis justice gerechtigkeit, recht. editar editor redacteur. i4 [ JUM '- elaveta elevate heben, erheben. ' endersa endorse indossiren. 3/ a**£'W •»"■*'' endzhinlra (or in-) engineer ftthren, lenken, regieren. endzhein (or in-) engine dampfmaschine, locomotive. endzhz?ia enjoy geniessen. engedzha engage sich verbinden,bedingen, miethen engref(v)a engrave eingraben, stechen. enkeradzha encourage ermuthigen. enrols enroll einschreiben. <"' ra.4 exaektli exactly genau, gerade. ^ exaemina examine priifen. ) exkyiisa excuse entschuldigen. £^'^ W exsepta except ausnehmen. exakyuta execute ausfiihren. expenda expend ausgeben. expella^S«) l ' /le expel austreiben. i,v*.;.,i.-u. explena explain erklaren. V| UcA* exploda explode explodiren. expressa express versenden. exschpekta expect erwarten. J\jjL.tykc extraekta extract auszieTen. flQOfU^ verlangern, erwettern. extenda extend a ' edzhent agent agent. t^ ****»•< alekschan election wahl. aveda evade ausfliichte machen. femes furnace schmelzofen. faekt fact thatsache. faerawell farewell lebewohl. fendyu vendue (offentliche) versteigerung. kr»ier vendue crier auctionator. fens fence einzaunung. feina fine um geld strafen. fix fix befestigen, bestimmen. Hv flaw riss, fehler. fors force gewalt. fula fool betriigen, zum narren machen. |LgErdzhal sraemla cordial gamble herzstarkung. um peld snielen. gaerdin gEund guardeen (vulg. for vormund. guardian) gown kleid. 97 P. G. gilti graemblra graendaed N. E. guilty cranberries, grandad, for grand- father N. H. g, schuldigj/ preiselbeeren. grossvarer. . p^ ■f grjiha.^ __ (gukumari gumar giftrJel"^ grubs cucumber goodbye ausgegrabene baumwurzeln gurke. adieu, lebewohl. hEspeuar hospower (vulg. for pferdekraft. h*swip Horsepower) ■! hoswip (vulg. for ochsenziemer. liBuns ^'-™ heist - w 'mBslar)-\j^.] huschpittal ','.' horsewhip) '^ Ihounds- —-) heist (prov. for hoist) hostler \ jagdhundeX heben, aufhissen. stallknecht. hospital (prov. for hospital. Irtwp* ^hBX3?> Xt herrya hiimbuk J mn|3 indld Insch, Insching Inschingrobbar insei'd Q:.. maenedzha mebal (mepal) meind meinda missari g,\-& AAO /f^H'tn.cA subs, pick (choice vb. choose vulg. for picture pissabed (vulg. for lOwenzahn dandelion) plenty genug. please gefallen. plain einfach. i,H .1 $~ »,- f l>t ?<■•-! /«*«<.- >W*< A^l _ /( ■J £ , ij, v^«X*.«/V» Kf> j^'-'fj.W ^ 99 -X P. G. N. E. N. H. G. poscht-Bffis postoffice postamt. pokich poky langsam. pol pole stange. praenks pranks possen. present (bresent) prison gefangniss. pritend pretend vorgeben. punk punk schwamm. regun raccoon waschbar. rBSum vulg. for rosin harz. raeps raps schlage. raesch rash vorschnell. refari referee schiedsgericht. refarim«nn man schiedsrichter. resed(H) or rsslt (R) receipt quittung. roschds roast braten. rul (rular) rule (ruler) lineal. rumadis vulg. for rheuma- tism rheumatismus. schsp shop werkstatt, laden. schbaersgrBS vulg. for asparagus spargel. schbeit spite groll. schblftta split spalten. schbrEUts sprouts sprossen. schbrl spree rausch (he has been on a — er ist wieder 'mal durchgegangen). schbring spring quelle, brunnen. schbunk spunk zunder, muth, entzttndbares schdet state staat. [gemiith, schdlm steam dampf. schdoppar stopper (kork)stopsel. schdrippa strip abstreifen. schdiident student student (note accent). «(«-<■" . ■ ■ schdudis (&schdu- study studiren. dlra) schefar shaver wucherer. schipisch sheepish schiichtern, verdSchtig scheu. schkipps skip uberspringen, auch hiipfen. schklds (cf . schklda, vulg. for skates schlittschuhe. verb) schkwaerl squirrel eichhbrnchen. schkweiar squire friedensrichter. schle (or schlitta) sleigh schlitten. schled slate schiefer. schlik slick glatt. schlo slow langsam. schmaert smart geschickt, klug. ■* ?i-.. " V' Uc-,.0' /, IOO P. G. N. E. N. H. G. schmok smoke raucfi. schmoka smoke (vb.) raucKen. schneppar (schnaep ■ snapper (turtle) eine schildkrote. par) schnok snug bequem, enge. schpeia spy erspahen, entdecken. ■schpenda spend verausgaben, ausgeben. schtaenda stand ertragen, erdulden. schtaerta start abgehen, abfahren, in bewegunj setzen. schiir sure sicher, gewiss. sefa save retten, sparen. seidar (cf. seidar- cider apfelwein. press) semmli vulg. for assembly versammlung. sent cent ein geldstiick. sessar vulg. for assessor steuerbeamter, siehe aessessar. sessment " assessment steuerumlage, einschatzung. set set bande, rotte. seifara cipher rechnen. seina sign unterzeichnen. simaderi cemetery kirchhof. siti city stadt. soldzhar soldier soldat sommansa summons vorladen. sukla suckle saugen. suparintendar vulg. for superin- oberaufseher. tendent sut suit rechtshandel, prozess. suta suit passen, gefallen. tup (dijp) top gipfel, spitze. taefarns taverns wirtshauser. / ein spiel in dem der gewinnt, der taega tag 1 einen andernberuhrt, oder ihm ( einen schlag gibt. tolbex toll-box kasten fur das chausseegeld. tollreus toll-house zollhaus. tornpeik turnpike chaussee. traevalars travelers reisende. triks tricks possen, streiche. tzhaeps (dzhaeps) chaps kerls. tzhesa (dzhesa) chase jagen, verfolgen. ufkors (ofkors) umbrel of course vulg. for umbrella natiirlich. regenschirm. IOI P- G. N. E. N. H. G. WEtscha (cf.wEtsch, watch (as subs. = bewachen. s.) WErk-hsus waelli werri (or very) wib (w£p) wi'barwill wig (wik) wildarnis zspling Uhr) workhouse valley very whip whippowil windf anger Whig (Republican) Whig, wilderness wildniss. arbeitshaus, zuchthaus. thai. eben, (der)namliche. peitsche. (kV^A- der virginische ziegenmelker oder sapling baumchen. Ebschtaerta Ebseina Ebwaera (p. p. Ebga wEra) v, fids e schplita E^settla suspika Eiischpeia Eusteiara e(~fensa (einfensa) fence in farbsdara farmixa farschmoka German Prefix and English Root. start off sign away abgehen, abfahren. uberschreiben an. wear off (out) fit (try on) split a little settle pick out (shell) spy out tire out farschwEppa rEiislaensa ufpeila ufkota ufkoksa Eltfaeschen bElgem dlrascho, also kri- diirscho (R) eisa meind eisaschdor (H) hEndbord hiinichsukal klpen klspbord-fens lBgarfer (or -faer) bother mix blacken by smoke swap lance out pile up cut up coax up abtragen. anpassen. anspalten. ansiedeln. ausschalen. ausspahen. ermtiden. einzaunen. plagen, verwirren. vermischen. verrauchen. austauschen. herauseilen od. springen. aufhaufen, aufschichten. unsinn, possen treiben. durch liebkosungen bereden. German Root -\- English Root. old-fashion ball -game menagerie iron mine hardware store hand-board honeysuckle cow-pen clap-board fence camp-meeting altmodisch. ballspiel. menagerie. eisengrube. eisenwaarenladen. wegweiser. geissblatt. kuhstall. lattenzaun. . gottesdienst im freien. 102 P.G. N. E. SBlsbEX salt-box schdikalfens stake-fence schepbol dipper schussbord tailboard tebsx tea-box lifror uproar welschkornkrip corn-crib weschblok washing-blo N. H. G. salzfass. eine aus pfahlen od. stangen aufgerichtete umzaunung. schopfer. schussbrett am wagen. theekasten. aufruhr, larm. welschkornscheune. washing-block(stool) waschbank (-block). English Root + German Root or Suffix. beindzEbba bodslcha bordkaerch butschsrex fensrigal ginihinksl hikarniss klingschte krikli l»b«bir lcmessich ledzhsrbuch maentalbord, maen- talstik maerbslschte mebleis schdimirul schleddekar schmokduwBk schmokpeif schmokdEg (or -we der), also Eltwei- vsrsummsr wEtschkett watch-chain wiblein (better wibli) little whip pine-cone, small bottle church-gallery cleaver fence-rail, guinea (chicken) hickory-nuts clingstone (peach) little creek law-paper according to law ledger tannenzapfen. flaschchen. empor-kirche. schlachterbeil. stake, staket. perlhuhn. weisse amerikanische wallnusse. pfirsiche, deren kern sich schwer vom fieische ablbst. bachlein. papier fiir dokumente. gesetzmassig. hauptbuch. mantelboard (-piece) kaminsims. marble tick-seed steam-mill slater smoking tobacco (smoking) pipe i- \ Ind lan summer marmor. wirtelsstrefpen. dampfmiihle. schieferdecker. rauchtabak. tabakspfeife. nachsommer. uhrkette. peitschchen. English Idea expressed in German. tigadokter. b^kschte^legar bisskuts bisskEtsagrEut lobaerysrte gawittsmit eye-doctor bricklayer, piss-cat (skunk) skunk-cabbage, golden rod (Blue mountain tea) lightning-rod augenarzt. maurer. stinkthier. stinkkohl. bergthee, goldruthe, wundkraut. blitzableiter. 103 P. G. giitgiikich (cf. schlechtgiikich) hemgamBcht N. E. good-looking home-made N. H. G. hiibsch, schbn. selbst gemacht, hiinnartjor ze^doktor hundred years (cen- tury) dentist jahrhundert. zahnarzt. Bahn. For wes ich do falora Ireb, Ich dort exschpekt to [zu] se. — P. 196. For what I have lost here, I expect to see there. For Blla mol ich's hers do, Dot's mich enkersdzhd me. — P. 199. For every time I hear it, it encourages me the more. Un g?fixt hot er in juschtferslrel. — P. 193. And he fixed it just first-rate. Sin noch fll me ich gleichd du. — P. 200. There are still many more [which] I like. Infaekt ich wess's juscht so gut, Dass wBnn's geschtar gahaeppsnt waer. — P. 192. In fact I knew it just as well as if it had happened yesterday. Unn sell konfess ich b". — P. ig8. And that I confess too. Ich hoff aer nrek(g) noch laeslp leng. — P. 187. I hope it may last yet a long time. Unn mit dem schteub sich mix? dot. — P. 184. And with the dust it is mingled [mixed]. For jedars waer Bm piks dran. — P. 190. For every one would then be picking [it up]. Well, ennihvu, wenn's frljor kummt, Bin ich gaplist ferslret. — P. 180. Well, anyhow, when spring comes, I am pleased first-rate [very glad]. Aer hot's net kenns staend? me. — P. 190. He could not stand it any longer. Do kummt an schlitta unn aer schtoppt. — P. 186. Here comes a sleigh and it stops [is stopping]. 104 Wu dl kleimet sut9 dut, Do sings si mit frischam mat. — P. 183. Where the climate suits [is favorable] they sing with fresh vigor. Fischer. Ich gleb mar kennt's aeppvrs mBcha. — A. M. 71. I think we could make it appear. Dl hex, dl hot an Ivyer grfit, Der bescht sei~ leva hot gaplit — A. M. 65. The witch, she. feed a lawyer, who pleaded his very best [the best in his life]. Dl hex, dl hot di Ivsfd gawunna. — A. M. 65. The witch, she won the lawsuit. gn jedar mzitit sei~ bissness do. — K. 112. Every one minds his business here. Dunn/br si zu plis? , Isch's kurtsum baschlossa.' — K. 16. Then in order to \_for to] please them it is forthwith decided. Kenn's ullas pruf3 bei meim bu. — K. 83. I can prove it all by my boy. I. D. Rupp hot mit grossar ml unn Busleg dreissich deusat nsma fon unsera brufa deitscha ei~gawBnderta forfetar gasBmmalt unn gdpublischt. — K. 3. I. D. Rupp collected with great difficulty and outlay [expense] thirty thousand names of our brave [noble] German forefathers and published them. Dl Blta weg sinn b11 farduzt, Der schtlm hot Ellas revoluzt. — A. Z. 172. The old ways are all confused [changed], steam has revolutionized everything. 3s wBert Bllas gprunt bei schtlm, gs waert bnl nix gaschBfft bs bei maeschln, Der mensch, der runt sich e~ bei schtim. — A. Z. 171. Everything is run by steam, soon nothing will be done except by machine, man too will run himself [go] by steam. DBnn schmok ich unn bios der schmok in die he. — K. 62. Then I smoke and blow [puff] the smoke up into the air. !°5 Unn dl wu als hen treiva solle, Sinn hem gpschnikt, noch me sek zu hola. — A. Z. 117. And those who should have driven sneaked home to fetch more sacks. 3s waert nix me gamed nBu mit der sens, Vs juscht e" gamz>d so Bn der fens, Der rip9r drin zu schtaerfo. — A. Z. 139. We now cut no more with the scythe than just one swath along the fence, in which to start the reaper. Unn wfcnn mar's feiar hen ufgaschtert Denn sinn an deusant funka fert. — A. Z. 206. And when we stirred up the fire, a thousand sparks flew out. Aer schtekt so tight es wbx. — A. Z. 108. He sticks as tight as wax. Here, then, is an evident adaptation of the German stecken (schteka) to the English idiom. Mar traevalt neu bei lend unn se, Bei lokomotiv tint. — A. Z. 172. We travel now by land and sea by locomotive team. So get mar jerlich Bn der Pol, Unn vdfs Bit Dzhaeks3n-tik3t. — K. 113. So we go to the polls every year and vote the old Jackson ticket. Hvrbvch. Sell hot si dlf aeffekt. — H. 72. This affected them deeply (made a deep impression upon them). Der meschtar hen mar nBusgaschpaerrt, Dl dlr unn fenschtar fescht gdbaerrt. — H. 18. We shut the master out, we barred the door and windows fast. Der waert hot si gpbelt. — H. 72. The tavern-keeper bailed them out. Do is nBu's schreivas, b11 kompllt, Gsmixt mit lp, dBs Bllas bit, 3s hot ke_/?» unn flek. — H. 73. Here is the document, all complete, mixed with law that beats [surpasses] everything; it has not a/law, nor [spot] blot. io6 Wi is des junga bnurafolk doch ufgsdresst, Wl heva si dl kepp so schteif unn hoch ! — H. 21. How the young peasant folk are dressed up, how stiffly and proudly they hold their heads ! Dl bBura hen gase~ wl gut Es get wBnn mar sei~ bissness dut Aekkvrding zu der Iv ! — H. 75. The peasants saw how well it goes when one does his business according to the law. Der schkweidr hot der gBnz pvk gpfeint.— H. 72. The squire fined the whole crowd [gang]. Kennscht denka wl ich fill.— H. 15. You can imagine how I feel. Here the German reflexive has given place to the English intransitive construction ; cf. X 3, 314, 4. Mar lebt juscht wi darvor: des fixt dl Iv. — H. 22. One lives just as before, that the lata fixes. Del buschleit hen ken luscht dehem, Si haenkzrs noch der schtedt. — H. 51. Some country people find no pleasure at home, they hanker after the city. Sell hebt sr sche~ fum wegabett hereus, Unn heist si haendich in di ovara schtek. — H. 46. This lifts them up out of the wagon[bed] nicely, and hoists them handily into the upper stories. Ir schreivas hemalt unser em — Ich les's gern— es kummt mir hem. — H. 25. Their writing [poetry] reminds us of home ; I like to read it, it comes home to me. Mar hett gskldst unn det kompvunda mit de kreditars. — H. 22. (That) we have closed and will compound (settle) with the credi- tors (indirect question). SBgt Hsns : " Ich kraek dl nuss." — H. 74. Says Jack : " I'll crack the nut " (I'll settle the question). Nbu hot der meschtar reus gplaenst, G^r kreislich schipisch gukt. — H. 18. Now the [school] master lanced [rushed] out, looking very sheepish. 107 Di junga lei? Bllweil schtill, Unn schlofa Ella fescht. — H. 15. The young ones now lie still, and all sleep soundly. Dort hengt an schtrik, den liiftt mar En di sek. — H. 42. There hangs a rope, this we loop to the sacks. Mar egent nix — di fra hots in hvnd — Mar is ir edzhent, maenedzht geld unn lend. — H. 22. One [the husband] owns nothing — the wife has it all in hand — One [he] is her agent, manages money and land. Guk, wi s\pip9 rum. — H. 15. Look, how they peep around. Der mond is uf — er is juscht foil — 3r pipt zum fenschtar rei — Guk mol ! — H. 33. The moon is up— it is just full, it peeps in through the window — just look ! Unn ufgppeilt uf enar seit. — H. 26. And piled up on one side. Das hot der Hens ebvut g3plist, Wi mar sich's denka ksnn. — H. 72. This pleased Hans about as one might imagine to himself, gn jedar bEurabu muss kaerridzh reidp. — H. 21. Every peasant-[farmer-]boy must ride in a carriage. Wran's seinscht, dsnn kennscht du rei~ ! — H. 18. If you sign it you may come in. DischwElma schkippd ivar's feld. — H. 14. The swallows skip [fly low] over the field. Schtopt Em lreus unn schluppt gBns secht Mit seim s«k Em schornschte~ nei~. — H. 40. [He] stops at the house and slips right softly down the chimney with his sack. Unn Ellas wes si hen, di leit, Det ich fdrschwvppB enich zeit For's schulhEus en der krik. — H. 13. And all they have, these people, I would swap any time for the schoolhouse on the creek. Sell is an Erch gut ding — as sift fil ml. — H. 46. That is a very good thing — it saves much labor. io8 Do finnscht ken meschtar so, ge, such — Der seifpn kenn derch's gBnsa buch, Unn schkippt ken eni ml. — H. 17. You will not find a teacher — go, hunt [him] — who can cipher through the whole book and skips [without skipping] not a single rule. Dl grossa hen dl grossa gstaegt, Dl klena b11 farmisst. — H. 18. The large [boys] tagged the large [girls], [but] missed [passed by] all the little ones. Der meschtar wvtscht si Bwar scherf. — H. 16. But the master watches them closely [sharply]. Gdwipt hot aer numma zu. — H. 17. He whipped continually. Home. KutstBun leit im drek. — P. 53. Kutztown lies [is situated] in the dirt. Aer is an Brch freindlichar unn schmaerter mvnn unn meint sei~ bisness gut. — P. 48. He is a very friendly and smart man and minds his [own] busi- ness well. There seems to be English influence in the following : gs is b~ zu sellar zeit ima brlf bus Filedelfa grossa g\pg beim govarnlr gaflrt worra, dBss di fila deitscha ivareH's bescht lend ufnem.9 deta unn gaferlich waerra. — P. 55. It was also at that time that a grave complaint was made to the governor in a letter from Philadelphia, that the numerous Ger- mans were taking up the best land everywhere and becoming dangerous. Weil der Bit mran Brm wBr, hot der jung tzhaep ken laerning krigt, bs wbs er so bus sich selvart [selvar] ufgppikt hot. — P. 72. As the old man was poor, the young chap got no education except what he picked up himself [by his own exertions]. Aer hot mit fll widarwaertichkeita zu fechta ghBt, Bvar ar hot's gpschlaenl wi an mBnn. — P. 74. He had many misfortunes to contend with, but stood them like a man. Weil ar zu seinara muttarschproch gsschlikt hot, eva wi'r in d' hekschta emtar WBr. — P. 74. Because he stuck to his mother-tongue even when he was in the highest offices. 109 Juscht sei" foreltara hetta 'n pBr hunnart jor in England g3schd(i)oppi. — P. 48. Only [except that] his forefathers had stopped a few hundred years in England. For bI tars — das ment bei uns ivar hunnart jor — wi unsar forel- tara ins lend kumma sin, unn's eschtlich Pennsylfsni v~g?settslt hen, wBr's noch an Brma schlechta geyent, foil Inscha, schlenga unn fil Bnnar ungazifar. Long ago — that means with us over a hundred years — when our forefathers came into the country and settled eastern Pennsyl- vania, it was still a poor, wretched region, full of Indians, snakes, and many other vermin. Aerscht kaerzlich hot uns an freind gas^t, dess ar noch gut wisst, wi der Dzlren noch drunna in NorristBun bver gstent unn di sent zeit lv gplisp hett (Gehring).— P. 75. Only a short time ago a friend told us that he still knew [remem- bered] well how [when] John attended bar down there in Norris- town and at the same time read law. Si sinn mit schdim ufgpwaermt im wintar. — P. 49. They are warmed up by steam in winter. English influence seems to be traceable in the following : Aer hot so hoch bs 8 bis 10 gamena/if/ zeitp ghz>t. — P. 78. He had as high as 8 or 10 congregations many times. Ranch. Unn ich farmut, bs do selvar aedminischtrp wid ? — P. 205. And I suppose you yourself want to administer! Unn wBnn da duscht, dsnn waert aer b~ follens aegrlP mit mlr. —P. 196. And if you do, he will fully agree with me. Will ich ebbas sunscht provlra — der raeskpl aektp. — P. 219. I will try something else — to act the rascal. Unn dut de gBns tren sellerweg baelae?isp. — P. 228. And in this way balances the whole train. Juscht zu sens, wi gut aer dich bekummt, suppos du provlrscht an emol b~. — P. 191. Just to see how well it will become you, suppose you try it on. Unn es dut derjldr b~ protektp, for hols bs gut ei~ gpsokt is mit fefo?-duvBkbrI dut net farfeula. — P. 232. And it also protects the floor, for wood which is well soaked with chewing tobacco juice does not rot. I IO In der kaerich is an f'erstretar plBts for ema sei~ tzhv duvEk gut endzhvie. — P. 232. [In] church is a first-rate place for one to enjoy thoroughly his chew (vulg. " chaw"^) of tobacco. Unn wEnn sell felt zu schBffa dEnn nem di bvks. — P. 194. And if that fails to operate, then take the box. Do is an schtik, bs gafiggart is. — P. 198. Here is a piece that is figured [with figures]. net helvar gafinischt L?m unn schlp, so wischt unn bus der faeschan. — P. 219. "scarce half made up, And that so lamely and unfashionable.'' Ich inschur's, bs si de veri beschte sinn. — P. 202. I'll insure them to be the very best. Kepera mer do rum mit de ledis. — P. 219. " He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber." -> 3m Jones sei~ unfelbera kreitsrmittal posttifii kjurtvlls mensch- licha komplents fom blohuschta?" bisnunnarzu schquaerze~vit. — P- 193- Jones' unfailing herb remedy positively cures every complaint, from whooping-cough down to square tooth-ache. Derum is sei~ dvdi neus unn hot an gskokst. — P. 224. " Therefore came his father [daddy] out and entreated him." Sell nveg sei~,Bvar ich ge~ nei~ for plen predicha. — P. 183. That may be so, but I go in for plain [square] preaching. Der doktar hot di pilfarlin pripaert, unn gaordert ens ei~zugeva Ella zwe schtund. — P. 197. The doctor prepared the powders, and ordered one to be given every two hours. Piti mich net, Evar geb mir nEu dei~ ora. — P. 220. " Pity me not, but lend me thy serious hearing." Sei so gut unn mEch an bill derfo~ unn du si risits. — P. 201. Please make me a bill and receipt it. Plaens hob ich galegt for an ufror res3. " Plots I have laid ... To set my brother Clarence and the king In deadly hate the one against the other." yvar ich bin net gaschept for so schporls unn triks. — P. 219. " But I that am not shaped for sportive tricks." Oh, ich will net schle~ uf a faertel.— P. 189. Oh, I won't stand on a quarter. Ill Unn mit b11 meina sinda nvusg9schteppt in di ennar welt. — P. 222. And with all my sins stepped into the other world (free transla- tion of the original). SBg zwe unn dreisich — schplit der differens. — P. 200. Say thirty-two, split the difference. Der kostomar settalt ufun SBgt faeriwell. — P. 193. The customer settles up and bids farewell. Causes and Laws underlying the Speech Mixture. It now remains to trace the causes and laws underlying this speech-mixture. One will notice, by glancing at the lists, that most of these borrowed words are either very familiar or very technical. Attention has already been called to the remarkably pure German vocabulary of certain isolated phases of the life of this people, as for example that of the peasant-women in the kitchen and the home. Here, then, is the nearest approach to the speech of the original German settler. If we begin in the isolated home and follow the course of the homespun German as it is brought by the children and other members of the family into contact with the life about them, we shall be able to discover both the causes and laws of the English infusion. Prominent among these causes are the following : (1) The unintelligibility of German to the English speaker. On entering the land the German settler found a civilization the lan- guage of which was English. Most of the traffic had to be carried on with English-speaking tradesmen, who knew and wished to know little or no German. The natural result was that the German, in transacting business, was compelled to call objects, perfectly familiar to him in his own idiom in the fatherland, by their English names. The following are examples: boddal (N. H. G. flasche), baergpn (N. H. G. handel), breds (N. H. G. gewebe), fendyu (N. H. G. offentliche versteigerung), kaerpst (N. H. G. teppich), schtor (N. H. G. laden), silt (N. H. G. anzug), sefs (N. H. G. eiserne geldkasten), schlippsrs (N. H. G. pantoffeln), wordrobs (N. H. G. kleiderschranke). ' The newspapers abound also in curious compounds ; cf. the following: eisenstore, kiichen ranges, extra grates, furnaces, bar- room-oekn, air-tight und alle sorten parlor-oefen, brilliant gas burners, tragbare heaters und gasbrenner, teuerbricks, springs, geforged und gerolltes eisen, shafting, safes, meisel in setts, razor strops und hones, pulleys, carvingmesser, buischermesser, varnisch, 112 neues kohlenscreen, boiler von alien sorten, brassarbeit, kaffee- miihlen (cf. Haldeman, pp. 30 ff. for this and similar selections).' (2) The insufficiency of the colloquial German vocabulary for the emergencies of the new environment. The newly arrived German met many objects for the first time and learned to recog- nize them by their English names, which were much better known to him than the German equivalent. Among such the following may be mentioned : fens (N. H. G. zaun, mauer, umzaunung, gehage, are all insufficient to express the various meanings of the American " fence ") ; kvttedzh-kaerp3ts (N. H. G. teppiche fur hiitten oder landhauser would need explanation) ; pvi ox pei (N. H. G. kuchen und pastete both somewhat different from the American, Yankee, " pie") ; bvss in P. G. has the meaning of N. H. G. aufseher, fabrikherr, meister, with various other kindred significations ; kvlletsch is something quite peculiar to English and American life and has no equivalent in N. H. G, the German gym- nasium would be misleading, and hochschule or universitat would signify too much ; rvgiin or rvkkiln would hardly be exchanged for the lumbering N. H. G. nordamerikanischer waschbar ! Agricultural implements, as ripar, schelhr, kaerridzh (Eng. car- riage), boggi (buggy), rvkswe (rockaway). (3) The recognition of English as the only official speech. The fact that since early in the eighteenth century English has been the only recognized official speech, even for Germans, has forced the P. German to make use of the technical vocabulary connected with municipal and state government. The result is that P. G. has received a large influx of these technical English words untranslated and for the most part unchanged in pronunciation. To be sure, the German pulpit, schools, and press in various parts of the state have kept the German equivalents of many of these terms before the people, but the P. G. dialect has chosen to adopt the English terms instead of the German. So we find scores of them : vffis, aedvpts, aeppvints, aerreschta and rescht?, endvrsp, enrols, poschtvffis, schdct and schtet. A glance at the list above will afford numerous examples. In order to show how English law terms have crept into the dialect I quote passages from Har- baugh's Harfe (pp. 70-71). 1 It must be noted, however, that these selections given by Haldeman, while illustrating to some extent P. G. speech mixture, are taken from pro- fessedly N. H. G. newspapers. "3 Dl Iv unn kdrts hen si gahesst, . . Nord hot der en der cnnar gprescht, 3s is for den schkweiar kumma ; Der HBns wsr gpsommanst. . . Uf sBinschdeg wfcr dl sat beschtellt, . . Der schkweisr hot der gBns paek gpfeint, . . Der waert hot si gdbilt. (4) The loss of puristic speech-consciousness by the decline of the German pulpit and schools. The English public schools are rapidly supplanting German institutions and thus decreasing the demand for German in the pulpit. The German press is still active in almost every town of considerable size, but that does little toward cultivating a puristic taste for the mother-tongue. The result is clear. The younger generation of Pennsylvania Germans, schooled in the dialect of the parental fireside, comparatively igno- rant of the literary language, and taught in the English schools to forget their vernacular, speak the dialect, if at all, without dis- tinguishing or knowing whether they speak a language or jargon. It is but fair, however, to state that there are not a few who can distinguish, when their attention is directed to their speech, and some are found who make conscious efforts to preserve the pure German vocabulary. To this blunting of speech-feeling are due such borrowings as plenti (quite general for N. H. G. genug, also P. G. genunk), tvun (N. H. G. dorf, also P. G. schtedal), bisness (N. H. G. gesch'aft, .sache), opinyzn (N. H. G. meinung, also P. G. mening), dzhudzhe (N. H. G. urtheilen, beurtheilen), traeveb (N. H. G. reisen, also P. G. resa), koslomprs (N. H. G. kunden, also P. G. kunna). Even more interesting than these single words are the unconscious Anglicisms which have crept into P. G. syntax : (1) modified signification of the German term gleichd (orig. = N. E. resemble, now = N. E. like, N. H. G. gern haben), guks (orig. =: N. E. look, N. H. G. sehen, now = also N. E. look (appear), N. H. G. aussehen,/?"/,? (orig. trans, and reflex., now trans, and intrans.) (aer frit schlecht = N. H. G. er fiihlt sich unwohl) ; (2) the intro- duction of the English idiom, as Ich Ireb mei~ meind ufgamvcht (=N. H. G. Ich habe mich entschlossen), si is daun uf der elt Rip Van Winkel (N. H. G. sie ist bose auf den alten Rip V. W.) (Rip 11). Wenn avar der Rip dl noschen nemt pus zu baekd inseidfon zweneich jor unn e dcg (= N. E. If, however, Rip takes the notion to back out inside of a. year, etc.) (Rip 17). Ich wess ii4 bs aer der aedvaentedzh gdnume hot fum Rip (N. E. I know that he took advantage of Rip) (Rip 24). Des der Dzho den Dzhen bei der Saelli vusgpkot het (N. E. That Joe had cut out John with Sally) (W. 48). Do hen si gamerkt des si gsftilt sinn (N. E. Now they noticed that they -were footed) (W. 134). For other examples see X 3, 295 et seq. (5) The inclination to despise the P. G. vernacular. As Eng- lish culture becomes more generally disseminated, the rising gene- ration regard with contempt the speech of their fathers, and thus not only contribute to the growing speech-mixture, but bid fair in a few generations to erase the last vestiges of the sturdy German vernacular. The results of this cause are manifold. In some cases the strong vitiation of the German idiom with English words and expressions ; in others, the speaking of broken English on the part of the parents when addressing their children and strangers ; in still others, the utter abandonment of all reminiscences of the fatherland and complete absorption in English language and life. There is a touch of pathos in the fast vanishing traces of this once flourishing German civilization. It were a theme worthy of the poet's pen to sing the dirge of this dying race of sturdy Teutons, and perpetuate to coming generations vivid recollections of the honest simplicity, the patient sacrifice, the untiring energy, and indomitable heroism of their early ancestors. Laws. From the foregoing it is possible to summarize the general laws underlying the speech mixture : 1. That term or idiom is employed which is the most familiar to both speaker and hearer. So doublets are frequent, German and English varying according to the speakers. 2. Where the object is new and distinctively English (Ameri- can), the English term is likely to be retained. Not infrequently \ however, a speech compromise is made in the form of a compound, as klpen, ei~fenss. 3. Where the literary activity is not nurtured by the schools, the speech-consciousness is deadened and -mixture becomes more indis- criminate. 4. Official, formal, and technical terms are rarely, almost never, translated (in this case from English into P. German). 5. That form of the word which in common use is borrowed in the form in which it is heard, i. e. if the vulgar pronunciation is the one in vogue, the vulgar form of the word is introduced, as bessam (for opossum), reschta (for arrests), schklds (for skates). Cornell University Library PF 5934.L43 3 1924 027 513 435 $0wll Hmvmitg ptafg THE ZARNCKE LIBRARY COLLECTED BY FRIEDRICH ZARNCKE THE GIFT OF William H* Sage 1893 J\ fcSL&AJL 'Jjih^. :- : ^;i^i : ;%:>#:M