ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
Cornell University Library 
 S 61.E222 
 
 Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural Colleg 
 
 3 1924 001 141 963 
 

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 http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924001141963 
 
BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Iowa Agricultural CollegG, 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 1886. 
 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA : 
 
 DAILY REPUBLICAN PRINTING AND BINDING HOtTSB. 
 18S7. 
 
BULILjETIIvr 
 
 OF THE 
 
 IOWA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, 
 
 Report of £!xperiments Conducted upon the College Farm. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Ames, Iowa, January 1, 1887. 
 
 The work of the experimental station is to substitute facts 
 for uncertainties. An experiment, in order to be ot value to the 
 farmer, must be carefully conducted and all facts preserved. In 
 order that it be authentic it should be carried on for a series of 
 years, and the result of the different years combined to make up 
 the final result. In issuing this bulletin of experiments we pre- 
 sent to the public such facts as we have been able to glean from 
 our work during the year. We present to you, both our suc- 
 cesses and failures, in the hope that you may find something that 
 will aid you in your work. The farming period of 1888 may be 
 noted as one of extreme drought; the facts herein given are, 
 therefore, for a dry year. 
 
 The thanks of the Department are due to the President and 
 Board of Trustees for the hearty support they have given in this 
 work; to "Willet M. Hays, B. S. A., for his faithful service in 
 conducting the details of the experiments; to Francis S. Schoen- 
 leber, B. S. A., the Department Assistant, and to Mr. S. A. 
 Beach, a member of the Junior class, for his care of the grasses. 
 
 HEEMAN KNAPP, 
 Ass't Professor of Agriculture. 
 
COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL GRASSES AND FORAGE CROPS IN 
 PLATS AND FIELDS. 
 
 During the years 1884, 1885 and 1886, careful notes were 
 made on quite a number of grasses, clovers and other forage 
 plants. Progress has been made in the methods of ferreting out 
 the habits and particular uses of the various grasses and forage 
 plants, and we here present some of the facts collected in our 
 observations. Where the value of the plant warrants we deem 
 proper to present actual yield per acre, heights, time of blossom- 
 ing, &c. It is convenient in many cases to compare the various 
 meadow grasses with Timothy, the pasture grasses with Kentucky 
 Blue Grass, and the clovers with Red Clover as a stand- 
 ard of both meadow and pasturing qualities. A system of 
 grass plats was started a number ot years ago. At first the plats 
 were 4x12 feet. The borders of the beds of surface rooted grasses 
 were much more vigorous than the crowded grass in the center, 
 and to get more nearly field conditions the plats now sown are 
 IS'J^xlS^ feet. These plats are sown with the view of procuring 
 a stand that can be kept pure and the habits observed. Sowings 
 have been made both in the spring and fall on nicely prepared 
 ground. The seeds are lightly h^nd-raked in. With some beds 
 it is necessary to weed out other grasses in order that the beds 
 may be kept pure. This has afifbrded some uotes on the power 
 of particular grasses to hold the sod when in competition with 
 others. Where the grass or clover has been grown in both plats 
 and fields, the fact is so stated. The plats are on rich, black 
 prairie soil, and considerably protected by groves. 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris (Red Top.) 
 
 We have a history of plat No. 48 of this grass for the past 
 two years. It gives the following facts: It does not start as 
 early in the spring as timothy. By the last of June it stands 
 about 30 inches high and is in full bloom. Observations on this 
 grass in fields and the testimony of all writers on this grass, lead 
 to the belief that it is much the best to cut it for hay when in 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC!ULTURE. 3 
 
 blossom. The stems become woody when nearly ripe, causing 
 cattle to reject it in the pastures, and on account of this woodiness 
 it is doubtless less easily digested and less palatable when made 
 into hay. The aftermath on this soil is about the same in bulk 
 as the aftermath timothy, which it very closely resembles. Early 
 frosts have slightly worse effect on it than on timothy. The 
 native habitat of this grass is on moist soils, where it furnishes 
 pasture of a fairly good quality. Its interlacing roots make one 
 of the best sods for wet, spongj' places. Cut the last of June it 
 has yielded about 3J tons of hay per acre for two years, which is 
 one ton less than timothy under the same conditions. Chemical 
 analyses as made by the United States Department of Agricul- 
 ture, and by other parties, seem to show as good a composition as 
 timothy. Owing to its lesser yield and seemingly poorer flavor, 
 red top is surely not as profitable a meadow grass as timothy and 
 our other best grasses. For pastures it is a little late in starting 
 in the spring; is quickly killed by early fall frosts, and it does 
 not grow strong in mid-summer. Further, the earlier growth 
 becomes dead and woodj' for summer pasturing. Bed No. 83, 
 sown last spring, came fairly well and made about same growth 
 as timothy. 
 
 Agrostis stolonifera (CEEEriNG -Bent Geass.) 
 
 Bed No. 35 was sown with seed sent by the seedsman under 
 this name. We have observed no difference in it from Agrostis 
 Vulgaris. A. Stolonifera is a mere variety of A. Vulgaris, 
 and the same discussion would apply to it as is given under the 
 latter. 
 
 Alopeourus pratensis (Meadow Fox Tail.) 
 
 A plat was sown to this grass in June, 1882. We have no 
 record of its growth during '83. In '84 and '85 it was observed 
 to be fully as slow in starting as timothy. In '84 and '85 its 
 average yield was about three tons of cured hay per acre. It 
 furnishes a good aftermath, and stands the frosts nearly or quite 
 as well as Kentucky blue grass. Indeed, it presented a better 
 appearance in this plat than did the Isentucky blue grass in the 
 late falls of '85 and '86. It has a slight tendency to bunch or 
 grow in tussocks. In the winter of '85 and '86 the mice nearly 
 ruined the sod, but during the summer of '86 it has regained a 
 
4 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 ^ood hold on the soil. Careful trials in a more extended way 
 might prove this grass worthy of general trial if the seed were 
 not so expensive. 
 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet Vbenal Grass.) 
 
 This grass has been sown two or three times, but no stand 
 being obtained, nothing fuller can be said. It is said to be very 
 light in yield and to grow thin on the ground. 
 
 Andropogon annulatus (Austealian Blue Geass.) 
 
 Plat Eo. 5 was sown to this grass April 24, 1884. In the 
 spring ot '85 it came up thin and looked weak. June 30th it 
 stood 11 inches high and was mown. The second growth was 
 short and poor. By the next spring red clover and Kentucky 
 blue grass had taken possession of the soil. What little we were 
 able to see of this grass did not show its adaptability to this 
 place. 
 
 Arrhenatherv/m avenaoeum (Tall Meadow Oat Grass.) 
 
 (Some Authors call it Av&na Elatior.) 
 
 This interesting grass has been sown in plats, both alone and 
 in mixtures. Plat No. 33 was sown in '83. We have careful 
 records of it for '84, '85 and '86. April 5, '84, it stood three 
 inches high, and May 9, ] 1 inches. It bes:an to blossom May 
 28th, and was mown June 6, yielding a fine crop of hay. July 
 19 it had reached a height of 18 inches, and was mown again. 
 Having attained a height of 20 inches it was mown the third 
 time October 13. In the spring of '85 it came out looking well 
 but uneven. April 29 it stood six inches high, ajid May 14, 10 
 inches. Was rather thin on the ground, and red clover was 
 sowed in the bed, which was raked slightly to cover the seed. 
 June 13 the oat grass stood 55 inches high, and yielded, when 
 mown, seven tons and 272 pounds per acre, green, and five tons and 
 450 pounds dry fodder per acre. June 30 the clover sown April 
 18 was four inches high, and the second growth of oat orass 
 seven inches. No record was made of second growth except that 
 the oat grass was 16 inches high August 20, and clover doing 
 well. November 20 the frosts had not injured this grass much 
 worse than Kentucky blue grass. In the spring of '86 the bed 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5 
 
 started out nicely with not much show of red clover. April 17 
 it stood four inches; May 1, 12 inches, and May 8, 18 inches 
 high. It began to bloom May 29, and was mown June 5, pro- 
 ducing 10^ tons green, and 4^ tons dry fodder per acre. July 3 
 the second growth stood eight inches high, and by the last of 
 August stood 17 inches, notwithstanding our unprecedented 
 drouth, which it stood exceedingly well, remaining green all 
 summer. Not having been mown a second time, the plat pre- 
 sents a fine mat for fall pasture. At present, October 26, it is 
 but little worse affected by frosts than Kentucky blue grass. The 
 red clover sown in the plat does not seem to hold its own, but is 
 growing weaker and giving the bed to the oat grass. 
 
 This grass sown in other beds tells the same story. In some 
 beds where it is mixed with orchard grass and red clover it shows 
 great value. A discussion of this mixture will be found under 
 meadow and pasture mixtures. As pasture grass or as hay it is 
 soft and fine. There is one serious drawback to this grass, and 
 that is that the seed being difficult to save, it costs a great deal 
 to make the first seeding. If some way could be devised to re- 
 duce the cost of seed so that it could be sown in mixtures, farm- 
 ers could well afford to try it for meadows and for pastures. It 
 has a slightly bitter taste, but on a trial in a small way cattle 
 were found to relish it. The United States Agricultural Depart- 
 ment reports this grass to be of high nutrative quality. 
 
 Bromus arvensis, or pratensis (Mba.dow Beoom Grass.) 
 
 Two plats called Meadow Broom Grass have been grown, one 
 under the specific name of A?'vensis, the other Pratensis. They 
 seem to be the same grass, though we have no description at 
 hand of this species. The beds have done so poorly that little 
 can be said of it as yet. It has not held the sod well. Spots 
 would become bare, and other grasses finding room would get in 
 and crowd it out. The notes show it to be a little late starting 
 in the spring, only a moderate yield of green or dry fodder, and 
 that it stands the frosts quite well. It blossoms the latter part 
 of May and first of June. 
 
 Bromus unioloides (Spkadeb's Geass or Rescue Grass.) 
 
 This grass stands the winters well. A plat of it has retained 
 a good sod for several years. It starts out fairly early. May 1, 
 
6 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 '86, it stood seven inches high. Blossoms durina; the latter part 
 ot May and first part of June. Is in best state to mow near the 
 middle of June, and stands a little less than two and one-half 
 feet high. The second growth is good. In 1884 good second 
 and third mowings were made off the plat. It stands the early 
 frosts quite well. It does not yield enough hay to make it a 
 rival of timothy, nor enough pasturage to make it rank with 
 Kentucky blue grass. 
 
 (Jynosurus cristatus (Crested Dogs Tail.) 
 
 This grass makes a persistent sod, withstanding our winters 
 and summers well. It starts up in the spring fairly early, and 
 begins to blossom during the last few days of May. When in 
 best state to cut, in the early part of June, it stands about two 
 feet high. The average yield ou this rich ground has been about 
 two tons per acre. It sometimes runs up seed culms the second 
 time, blossoming in the latter part of September. Any growth 
 allowed to stand until late seems to stand not only the early 
 frosts, but remains more or less green all winter. Its blades 
 seem to undergo a ripening process that enables them to remain 
 green alter being subjected to our coldest winters. The sod is 
 in bunches or tussocks. This grass might prove of some value 
 for gravelly or stony places in pastures. Both Dr. Phares and 
 Mr. J. Henderson speak of it as desirable for dry upland pas- 
 tures. In our rich arable soils its yield is too light to rival our 
 better grasses. 
 
 Daotylis glomerata (Oechaed Geass.) 
 
 This grass has been grown in the fields and in plats for a 
 number of years. Mention was made of it in the Bulletin pub- 
 lished by the Agricultural Department in the spring of 1884. 
 We have careful notes regarding it for the three years since that 
 time. May 9, '84, it is reported as doing well and standing 
 eight inches high. It began blossoming before the 20th of May. 
 and on June 7 it stood nearly 30 inches high. It was mown 
 June 10, producing an enormous crop of hay. It made a strong 
 second growth, showing slight injury from the hot, dry weather. 
 October 18 it stood nearly 30 inches high. 
 
 Wintered well, and though a little late in the spring of '85 
 came out and made a vigorous growth. May 14 it stood seven 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 
 
 inches, began to blossom May 29, standing 25 inches high. 
 Mown June 11, yielding abont two tons of hay per acre. June 
 30 the second growth had reached a height of nine inches. 
 During August the same drying-up as the year before was 
 noted. Notes taken in October and November speak particularly 
 ot the easy killing of this grass by frosts. This year, ' '86, it 
 started its growth fairly early, as did all medium grasses. April 
 24: it stood on this rich, warm land seven inches, and May 1, 
 nine inches high. Blossoming had begun May 20. Mown June 
 5, when it stood 44 inches high and produced nearly two tons of 
 dry hay per acre. July 31, the second growth stood eight inches. 
 From this time forward the drouth told on it severely. Many 
 of the leaves were dead by the middle ot August. Daring the 
 earlier part of September the green leaves began to show that 
 the roots had not been killed. At present, October 28, the 
 several plats show a nice fall growth of blades, but are consider- 
 ably affected by frosts, while the new succulent growth of Ken- 
 tucky blue grass is unaffected. Experiment is not needed to 
 determine that this grass has superior qualities for hay. We 
 have any amount of testimony that it is relished by all classes of 
 stock, and the published records of the United States reports 
 give it a high nutritive ratio. This grass will be treated of par- 
 ticularly under the head of mixtures. It grows somewhat in 
 bunches or tussocks, and will probably do better in mixtures 
 than when alone. This grass in actual value is a just rival of 
 timothy, tall meadow oat grass, Kentucky blue grass and red top. 
 It, like tall meadow oat grass, costs so much for the first seeding 
 that it is not grown very extensively in the State. We have 
 found it quite sure to catch. Last spring a new plat was seeded, 
 and a very good stand is showing since the fall rains. 
 
 Deschampsia ewspitosw (Tufted Haie Ge.iss.) 
 
 Plat No. 4 was sown in the fall of 1884. It is nearly as 
 early in starting up in the spring as Kentucky blue grass, and 
 reaches a height on this soil of three and one-half to four feet. 
 Three and one-half tons of green or two tons of dry fodder or 
 hay was mown both in '85 and '86. The aftermath was neither 
 luxuriant nor inviting. It is a rather coarse, harsh grass. In 
 the later fall it grows up and furnishes considerable pasturage. 
 It stands the frosts well. It may be of value in some places, but 
 
8 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 does not seem to be worthy of a place among either our best 
 meadow or pasture glasses. It is perfectly hardy here, and com- 
 petes strongly with other grasses for the sod. It grows some- 
 what in tutts. 
 
 Deschampsia fiexuosa (Wood Haie Gkass.) 
 
 This grass grows in tussocks. A plat of it, No. 24, sown in 
 the fall of '83, shows that it is perfectly hardy. It does not make 
 quite as early pasture as Kentucky blue grass. Begins blossom- 
 ing in the early part of June, but is in best condition for cutting 
 about June 20. Its culms stand three to three and one-half 
 feet high. The yield of hay has been about three and one-half 
 tons of green and one and a half tons dry hay. The aftermath 
 is fine but light. Does not at all compare with Kentucky blue 
 grass for pasture. 
 
 Festuca elatior (Tall Fesouje, Meadow Fescue, &c.) 
 
 This interesting grass has been successfully grown in two or 
 three plats for some years. Some notes were made on this grass 
 in the Bulletin published by this department in 1884. In the 
 spring ot '84 it stood 11 inches high May 9. In the spring of 
 '85 one plat that had been sown three years stood eight inches 
 May 14, and the sod had begun to bunch. The other plat seeded 
 a year before stood six inches April 30. May 1 of the present 
 year, '86, the older plat stood eight and the other nine inches 
 high. The time of blossoming in all of half a dozen cases noted 
 is from the last few days of May to near the middle of June. 
 The average height when in bloom was 33 inches. The average 
 yield of the first mowings of these plats was 2 tons 850 pounds 
 per acre. The second growth has been better than second growth 
 of timothy. The grass has the habit of bunching, and has been 
 thought to not be hardy. Further observations lead us to con- 
 clude that it is wanting in hardiness, as was stated in the report 
 made three years ago. As to flavor we have but little actual 
 knowledge gained by feeding it. It was not eaten so readily as 
 timothy when offered to some cows, but in England it is a stan- 
 dard grass for hay, and is said to be both palatable and nutritious. 
 Chemists give it a high position as to its proportion of nutritious 
 parts. Observations made during the falls of '85 and '86 lead to 
 the conclusion that this grass will not stand freezing nearly so 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 
 
 well as Kentucky blue grass when reserved for late fall and early 
 winter pasture. This, like tall meadow oat grass, costs too much 
 for first seeding. Reference will be made to it in connection 
 with grass mixtures. 
 
 Festuoa pratensis (Meadow Fescue, Randall Grass.) 
 
 This grass is thought by Dr. Yasey, and other botanists, to 
 be a mere variety o^ Festuca elatior. In speaking of the differ- 
 ence they say it is a little smaller. The time of blossoming, as 
 shown by several observations recorded in our notes, is a few days 
 earlier than F. elatior. Several observations indicate that it does 
 not make pasture quite as early in the "spring as Elatior. The 
 average yield per acre for several mowings is practically the 
 same as for F. elatior. The foliage ot these plats has been noted 
 as standing frosts slightly better than the foliage oi F. elatior. 
 
 Festuca durinscula (Haed Fescue .) 
 
 This hard, wiry grass is somewhat larger than sheeps fescue, 
 bat is not worth the space on good lands. Comes fairly early in 
 the spring. Blossoms from the last of May until toward the 
 middle of June. Will probably not yield over one to one and 
 one-half tons of hay per acre. Stands the climate well. Stands 
 frosts moderately well for late pasture. Owing to its habit of 
 growing in bunches, and the difficulty in mowing caused by its 
 wiryness, it is not desirable in lawns. 
 
 Festuoa ovina (Sheep's Fescue.) 
 
 This grass starts early in the spring. Begins t© bloom about 
 May 25. Culms are not usually more than 18 inches high. It 
 is recommended by many as valuable for dry, gravelly or stony 
 pastures. It has no value in good fields. Grows in tussocks. 
 Might be nice for lawn mixtures. 
 
 Festuoa rubra (Red Fescue.) 
 
 This fescue has been sown the last three springs without a 
 stand being secured. 
 
 Holous lanatus (Meadow Soft Geass.) 
 
 This grass was once successfully seeded in a plat, but soon 
 died out. Seemed to suffer on this rich land from the summer 
 
10 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 heat. In '85 one crop was liarvested. The second growth came 
 good, but began to fail when dry weather came on. Authorities 
 sa}' it does best on moist or peaty soils. 
 
 Lolium iperenne (English Rye Grass.) 
 
 A plat of this interesting grass was sown in the spring of 
 '82. Its growth, yield, &c., tor '83 are recorded in the Bulletin 
 issued in the winter of '83 and '84. Started early in the spring 
 of '84, but did not seem to be doing well. Blossomed May l7. 
 Stood 17 inches high, and was thin on the ground. Second 
 growth did not do well. In the spring of '85 it started only mod- 
 erately early, standing May 14, five inches, not very thick but 
 uniform and doing well. Soft and fine. June 30 it stood 23 to 
 30 inches high. Yield of hay was tairly good. Second growth 
 did not do well. Last/pring the plat was covered with dead fall 
 growth. Mice had worked in it during the winter, doing con- 
 siderable injury as noted atterwards. May 1, it stood seven 
 inches. Began blossoming May 29, and was mown about the 
 middle of June. Red clover had gotten in and formed the 
 greater bulk of the hay. The grass died down in the great drouth 
 of July and August. With the fall rains the young grass start- 
 ing up made a fair growth. Did not seem to be injured by the 
 drouth to the extent of killing any roots. Indeed the rye grass 
 seems to be regaining the ground formerly given in part to blue 
 grass and red clover. 
 
 A new plat, No. 87, was sown to this grass April 10, '86. 
 Beside it was sown a plat of Italian rye grass. These two plats 
 were the first to appear of the twenty-five to thirty plats of 
 grasses sown at that time. Seventy-two pounds per acre were 
 sown, which seemed thicker than necessary even this dry vear. 
 May 15, it stood three inches high. June 5, seven inches, and 
 July 10, eight inches. Did not stand the dry weather as well as 
 Italian rye grass. August 2, it was mown to kill a few annual 
 weeds and grasses that grew in the plat. During August and 
 September the two plats of rye grasses caused no little interest 
 in their peculiar power to grow while almost all other grasses 
 were lifeless. This grass did not appear as healthy nor 
 grow as luxuriantly as did the Italian rye grass. September 4, it 
 stood three inches high, and October 2, 11 inches. During the 
 severest part of the drouth it showed some unhealthy and dead 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. H 
 
 blades. It was not so sweet to the taste as Italian rye ^rass. At 
 present, November 1, it presents a perfect sod and most inviting 
 pasturage of green matted blades that are very little affected by 
 frosts. 
 
 Lolium perenne, var. Italicum (Italian Rye Grass.) 
 
 A trial of this grass is reported on the fifth page of the 
 Bulletin issued by this department in the winter of '83 and '84. 
 As stated there, further trial on that plat was prevented by the 
 grass winter killing. Dr. Phares, of Mississippi, in his "Book 
 on Grasses and Other Forage Plants," says this variety is an 
 annual, and must be re-seeded everj- spring. Last spring plat, 
 No. 86, was sown 60 pounds per acre, wliich proved thicker than 
 necessary. May 15, it stood four inches high; June 5, nine 
 inches, and July 10, 10 inches. Mown at same time with Eng- 
 lish rye grass. September 4, the second growth stood five inches 
 high and was apparently perfectly healthy, while onr blue grass 
 pastures were brown and dead. These rye grasses were the most 
 attractive beds in the plats during the drouth. It is noted that 
 the foliage is sweet to the taste. November 1, the second growth 
 is 13 inches high, a few culms have run up, and the dense mat 
 of blades have stood the trosts pretty well, showing slightly more 
 injury than English rye grass and both showing more than Ken- 
 tucky blue grass. 
 
 Phleum pratense (Timothy.) 
 
 In the last Bulletin issued by this department, some of the 
 good qualities of this grass are enumerated, and notes are given 
 of what it did in these plats. For the main portion of Iowa this 
 grass is beyond any experimental stage and is known well. We 
 have these standard, well-known grasses in this series of plats 
 greatly for the purpose ot comparing varieties less known. 
 Timothy is the most grown for hay of any grass in Iowa, and we 
 doubt if nearly as much red clover hay is raised . 
 
 The plat No. 39 was sown in the spring of '82, as recorded 
 in the Bulletin of '84. In the spring of '84 this grass came out 
 strong and fairly early, standing 13 inches high May 9. June 
 20, it was in bloom. June 24, it stood 30 inches high and yielded 
 a trifle over three tons of hay per acre. If must be borne in 
 mind that these plats are on rich soils and are small. They give 
 
12 COLLEGE BULLETIN/ 
 
 yields that will do reasonably well to compare with each other, 
 but not with other results taken from real iield culture. The 
 larger plats now used will do better. They are of such a size 
 that the grass growing on the border can be removed and a 
 square rod can be cut that has no border grass in it. Some of 
 these surface or lateral rooted grasses grow much larger along 
 the borders. Clovers and other deep rooted plants are no larger 
 by the paths than in the center of the beds. The larger beds 
 can be more readily kept from mixing also. Timothy being best 
 known, is somewhat used as a standard of comparison for meadow 
 grasses. This explanation is here made that the value of these 
 comparisons can be better determined in the minds of those who 
 wish to compare the yields, heights, time of growth, &c., of the 
 various grasses given. To return to timothy for '84. Daring a 
 part of July th<s stubble appeared as if dead, but started again 
 when the August rains came. Was mown September 17, when 
 standing 18 inches high. October 13, the third growth had 
 reached a height of nine inches. 
 
 In the spring of '86 the plat came up strong and medium 
 early. Had a good sod and by May 14-, stood six inches high. 
 June 30, stood forty-eight inches, and upon being cut produced 
 four tons of hay per acre. By August 25, the second growth had 
 attained a height of 10 inches and was looking well. October 15, 
 and again November 18, it was observed that the timothy did not 
 stand frosts nearly as well as Kentucky blue grass. Neither 
 does it make much fall pasture in the meadows. 
 
 In the spring ot '86, when all grasses were much earlier than 
 usual, this plat of timothy kept its place as a medium early pas- 
 ture grass. May 1, it stood ten inches high, and appeared almost 
 as fine as meadow oat grass. It did not shoot its culms up so 
 early as many grasses, and at the time meadow oat grass, orchard 
 grass, red clover, &c., were in their greatest beauty, this grass 
 did not show well. But during the last few days of May its 
 "heads" began to start upward, and by the 19th of June it pre- 
 sented such a sight as only rich soil can produce. It stood 44 
 inches high. Mown June 22, it produced over four and one-half 
 tons per acre. But little growth showed until about the first of 
 ot October, when it began to do pretty well. By the middle of 
 October it stood eight inches high. The early frosts made it 
 look unhealthy. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13 
 
 Further meution will be made of this and the other stand- 
 ai'd grasses iu connection with the subjects of meadows, pastures, 
 and the mowing of grasses. 
 
 This grass is growing in nearly all the pastures and meadow 
 fields on the CSallege Farm. Some things observed here are but 
 a repetition of what nearly all farmers notice in regard to this 
 grass. On moist, rich soil it produces, when sown alone, enor- 
 mous crops of hay. On poor, dry soils it grows thin and short. 
 In fact there is objection to sowing it alone on any but rich, 
 moist soils. _ On dry soils the sod becomes dead and hard. The 
 bulbs and roots have been an interesting subject of casual study 
 during the past dry season. An estimate made in August by 
 examining the bulbs of timothy on a variety of soils, placed the 
 injury at about oue-half of the stand. At present, October 2, an 
 examination shows that such an estimate was too high. All 
 bulbs discolored we counted as dead, which was probably a mis- 
 take. The new stools or shoots usually start at the base of the 
 bulb from the axils of some of the radical leaves, and though 
 the upper part of the bulb may be dead, yet the plant may send 
 up one or more stools. A better knowledge of the roots, root- 
 stalks and stools of grasses is needed. It is very difficult with 
 our present limited knowledge to determine when and how a 
 grass is injured. We thought our grasses nearly all badly in- 
 jured by the great drouth of the past summer. But the fall 
 rains have carpeted the fields with their usual coat of green. 
 
 Poa pratensis (Kentucky Blue G-easb.) 
 
 The Bulletin of '84 contains a report on this grass. Too 
 much can not be said about it, however, and we will give further 
 history of it in plat and on the farm. In that report mention 
 was made of the fact that it took time as well as plenty of seed 
 to make a good sod of Kentucky blue grass. Notes have been 
 continued on the same plat as noted in the Bulletin of '84. In 
 the spring of '84 the plat started out with a good showing. May 
 9, it stood 10 inches, and 22 inches June 6, when it was mown, 
 producing a fair quantity of hay as shown by the green weight. 
 Drv weight was not recorded. Aftermath grew well and stood 15 
 inches high by July 19. Sun seemed to affect it some during 
 the dry, hot weather. 
 
 In the spring of '85 it came out and grew vigorously. Sod 
 was close and dense. May 14, it stood seven inches high. Began 
 
14 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 to bloom May 25. June 13, it stood 24 inches, and yielded one 
 and one-half tons of dry hay. June 30, the second growth stood 
 nine inches but thin. Growth was good during the fall, the 
 blades forming a thick mat by cold weather. 
 
 In the spring of '86 it started nearly as early as any of the 
 grasses, unless meadow brome grass be an exception. April 17, 
 it stood six inches, and May 1, it stood nine inches high. Began 
 to blossom May 22. June 5, stood 30 inches and produced a 
 little over one and one-half tons of dry hay. There were very 
 few blades showing out of the dry sod during the dry summer. 
 However, during October a good growth was made and now, 
 November 2, has a very good mat of green herbage unaffected by 
 frosts. 
 
 This far-famed king of pasture grasses thrives in almost 
 every enclosure on the College Farm. By far more of this than 
 of any other grass or clover is to be found in the pastures, and 
 much of it has crept into the meadows. Having such a great 
 diversity of soil from a sticky clay soil to knolls of nearly pure 
 gravel; peaty lands and timber lands; closely-cropped pasture 
 lots and dense hazel lands; wet sloughs and river bottoms, sub- 
 ject to overflow; wide-spreading lawns and rich arable corn 
 lands, we have had ample opportunity to see this grass which 
 creeps everywhere tried by a drought the severest known in 
 Iowa. During the month ot June we had only one and eighty- 
 seven hundredths^ inches of rainfall. During July only six- 
 hundredths of an inch. During August only fifty-three hun- 
 dredths of an inch. During September four and three-fourths 
 inches. During October one and eleven hundredths inches. 
 Stating the period of real drouth separate we have only two and 
 forty-six hundredths inches of rainfall for the ninety-two days 
 from June 1, to August 30. These summaries are made from 
 the records kept by Prof H. Osborne for the Iowa Weather Ser- 
 vice. An early spring with plenty of warm rains had produced 
 a magnificent growth of this grass wherever found, and when 
 the drouth began to tell there was a good growth of blades stand- 
 ing in the not overstocked pastures. Blue grass seemed to be 
 one of the worst sufferers of our common grasses. During the 
 latter part of August the fields looked brown and dead. The 
 parched grass would crumble under the feet as one walked across 
 the sward. It seemed safe to conclude that much of our orass 
 land would need reseeding. All are surprised at the result. As 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45 
 
 soon as the fall rains had moistened the surface of the ground the 
 pastures began to throw up green blades through the brown dead 
 grass. Nothing could have looked more like spring. During 
 July, August and September, all closely fed pastures furnished 
 almost no food. Those pastures that are conducted on the "knee 
 deep" principle furnished food much longer. Right here may 
 be noted one of the good characters of Kentucky blue grass. 
 The standing blades are dense and easily cured into hay. When 
 they died it was in great measure a curing process. We had very 
 slight dews and few rains during this dry weather, so that the 
 hay-like character, was more or less retained on most soils. On 
 parched dry soils, however, the death was early, before the cess- 
 ations of heavy dews and the heat was so intense that the blades 
 of even this grass were blackened and made unpalatable. Or- 
 chard grass, the clovers and timothy were spoiled much sooner 
 after death than was the blue grass. The Kentucky blue grass 
 ripens up, or cures, but the other grasses die while yet green. 
 The rains brought immediate returns wherever blue grass was 
 found, except on the most gravelly knolls. There we concluded 
 it was killed. But now, November 3d, even these spots are look- 
 ing green, and inspection shows that part of the original plants 
 are growing and a thick matting of fine seedlings are springing 
 up. JSTot a single acre will need reseeding. A peat bed, now 
 drained and covered with blue grass sod, became so dry that a 
 passing train set fire to it and it burned to the depth of eighteen 
 inches. A part saved by putting out the fire has as fine a sod of 
 blue grass remaining as was before the dry weather. 
 
 During the latter part of September and up to the present 
 time pastures have furnished a good growth of grass, but where 
 too many cattle are kept for the amount of pasturage, not a very 
 good supply could be produced. It needed top to get the benefits 
 of sunlight and air, and if deprived of these by a continual crop- 
 ping of the top could not use the materials furnished by the soil 
 to build up large tops and grow strong roots. No grass responded 
 to the rains sooner nor has done better in producing this fall 
 pasturage. While cattle and horses suffered at the time of the 
 drouth from insufficient pastures, the farmer who has the true 
 grass method will feel the loss of his annual supply of late fall 
 and early winter pastures. All the pastures, even those kept for 
 late pasturage, were from necessity used to fill up the summer 
 gap. This fall month has not produced a sufficient amount of 
 
16 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 food for both fall and early winter. On account of the absence 
 of rain during the haying season, a fairly large crop of most ex- 
 cellent hay has been stored which will help stock through to 
 grass again. Straw of small grain being almost free from rust) 
 is better than usual. Cornstalks, upon which considerable de- 
 pendence is placed in this vicinity, as elsewhere in the State, are 
 light, and having ripened rather early are more injured by 
 weathering than usual. 
 
 Last fall, '85, diifered so radically from this, that mention 
 may be worthilj' made. Frosts were late. A great crop of blue 
 grass remained on the farm principally in the woodland pastures. 
 The cattle nearly lived on it alone far into December. Colts 
 could have done well longer with nothing else. The same dense 
 hay-like nature of blue grass blades gives them power to with- 
 stand a great amount of freezing. When a clover leaf is killed 
 by frost and stands a day or two nothing cares to eat it. Ken- 
 tucky blue grass not only survives longer but retains it edible 
 and nourishing qualities longer after it succumbs. These things 
 have all been given here in connection with this grass because it 
 seems to be the backbone of pastures. Clovers and other grasses 
 are not depreciated, however, as they are as flesh to the bone. 
 All our first purposes cannot be subserved by one grass, the 
 scope of requirements is too great. 
 
 Poa nemoralis — (Wood Meadow Geass). 
 
 A plat was sown to this grass April 20th, 1885, but it was 
 dug up. Again, April 10th, 1886, another plat was sown, but 
 not catching, it was dug up. Dr. Phares says this grass is adapted 
 only to shady and moist places or in watery swamps. 
 
 Poa serotina — (Fowl Meadow Geass). 
 
 A plat was sown to this variety of Poa in '83. By the spring 
 of '86 it wasso badly mixed that we do not feel safe in reporting 
 even the time of blossoming- A second sowing was made April 
 10th, '86, but no stand was secured. Authorities regard this 
 grass worthy of trial almost anywhere. 
 
 Sorghum halapense — (Johnson Geass oe the South). 
 
 Several seedings in plats have been uniform in not produc- 
 ing a stand. Once or twice a few plants grew but seem to have 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17 
 
 died in winter. Reports of this grass indicate beyond doubt that 
 it will live here only as an annual. 
 
 Sorghum vulgare — (Douka Gobn, Douea). 
 
 May 5th, '86, a small plat was planted to seeds ot this plant. 
 One-half the plat was sown broadcast the other half drilled. It 
 came well, and the part in drills was thinned out so as to stand 
 about like drilled corn. The part sown broadcast did not do 
 well. That in drills blossomed August lith to 28th. September 
 4th stood fifty -four inches. A good crop of seeds was produced. 
 The experiment illustrated that this plant is benefitted by cul- 
 tivation in the same way as corn. Killed by frosts at same time 
 as field corn. It seems worthy of a careful experiment to deter- 
 mine its value as a crop for green fodder. The grain may also 
 prove profitable in this locality. 
 
 Avena flavescens — (Yellow_ Oat Grass). 
 
 Sown several times under same conditions as other grasses 
 were sown, but never have secured a stand. 
 
 Avena pratensis — (Meadow Oat Geass). 
 
 We have never grown this grass, but it should not be con- 
 founded with Fall Meadow Oat Grass elsewhere discussed. It 
 is much smaller than tall meadow oat. 
 
 CLOVERS AND OTHER LEGUNIWOUS PLANTS. 
 
 JUEGEE BEAN AND PUFF BEAN. 
 
 Commissioner Coleman furnished us seeds of these varieties 
 lately imported from Russia. They both stood the past dry 
 summer fairly well "and produced medium crops of beans. The 
 young seedlings are observed to withstand nearly as much freez- 
 ing as Red clover. We are not acquainted with their uses but 
 they are recommended as food for hogs. They are quite prom- 
 ising plants and worthy of trial. 
 
 BLUE AND YELLOW LUPINS. 
 
 Seeds of these plants were sent us by the Commissioner of 
 Agriculture. They are imported from Russia. They were 
 planted in drills one foot apart. Blossomed during the early 
 part of July. The Blue lupins reached a height of 35 inches, 
 while the Yellow were not more than one half as large. They 
 
18 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 were considerably injured by the drouth. They eome recom- 
 mended as fodder for sheep. They certainly are worthy of fur- 
 ther trial. 
 
 FIELD PEAS. 
 
 The tirst of May a small field was sown to field peas. They 
 were thoroughly cultivated in with seed drill and the ground 
 harrowed smooth. The soil was gravelly but was thoroughly 
 manured with well rotted barnyard manure, The dry weather 
 injured the crop so badly that no measurments were undertaken. 
 What feed was produced came of good use for hogs during the 
 drouth when good grass was scarce. At one end of the field a 
 few plants were sown to determine something of the amount of 
 seed required for one acre. Approximately 2, 2^, 3, Si, and 4 
 bn., were sown on the plats respectively. The thick seedings 
 did decidedly the best under these conditions though the seed 
 all grew. 
 
 Medicago sativa. — (Alfalfa or Lucerne.) 
 
 To give the history complete of this clover in the plats we 
 refer to Page 12 of the bulletin issued during the winter of 
 '83 and '84. 
 
 In the spring of '84 it started as early as March 28th, which 
 was as early as growth was noticed in the earliest grasses. April 
 26th it stood five inches and was growing vigorously. Blossom- 
 ing June 9th when it was mown, stood thirty-three inches high 
 and yielded at the rate of six tons hay per acre. Notes seem to 
 indicate that it was cut twice more bat weights are not recorded. 
 
 In the spring of '8.5 the plat of alfalfa stood eight inches 
 high April 29th. Was cut June 30th when in blossom produc- 
 ing three tons 1277 pounds dry fodder per acre. Second growth 
 was cut August 20th — seemed to be hurt by dry weather. No- 
 vember 20th it was nearly all killed by the frosts while red clo- 
 ver and blue grass were only slightly affected. 
 
 In the spring of '86 this plat kept pace with the fastest 
 growing grasses. April 24th stood 10 inches. Began to blos- 
 som Jane Ist, stood 35 inches and produced three tons 286 
 pounds dry hay per acre. June 12th the lecond growth stood 
 six inches. Began blossoming again June 26th, and stood 26 
 inches high. As we desired to see it seed the fine growth was 
 allowed to stand until August 28th when many of the seeds had 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 19 
 
 fallen — height thirty inches. Sept. 11th it had again reached / 
 a height of eight inches. Oct. 23d stood nineteen inches. No- 
 vember 4;th it showed considerable effect of frost while red clover 
 is but little effected and Kentucky blue grass is not perceptibly 
 hurt. 
 
 Last spring another plat was seeded to this promising plant. 
 Sown April 10th at the rate of 24 pounds per acre on spring 
 plowing, seed bed nicely prepared and lightly raked in with 
 hand rake. Land rich, black loam. Began germinating April 
 14th, appearing April 16th. May 15th starting finely, three 
 inches high, good stand. June 2d sixteen inches, June 12th 
 twenty inches and blossoming, June 26th it was twenty-five 
 inches high and yielded two tons per acre. A small per cent, of 
 weeds were mixed with the hay. July 24th, despite the dry 
 weather, the second growth stood ten inches high and appeared 
 green and vigorous. From this time the growth was slow, 
 though some growth was kept up all summer. Blossomed the 
 second time August 14th. At present, November 4th, it is much 
 injured by freezing. 
 
 From this showing we firmly believe that this plant is not 
 only worthy of field experiment but worthy of extensive culture 
 in Iowa. We find no authority saying aught against its palata- 
 bility. We believe it will do well on Iowa's rich open soils. Its 
 culture and use must be learned before it can be used to the best 
 advantage. It cannot probably compete with clover in our pres- 
 ent system of farming as a hay crop. As farming becomes more 
 advanced this plant may be of much use for soiling purposes. 
 All anthorities agree that it should be sown on ground rather 
 free from weeds and not cut too close nor often during the first 
 year. After the first year it smothers all weeds and may be cut 
 several times each summer. 
 
 Melilotus alba — (Bokhara Clover or Sweet (3lover). 
 
 In the spring of '84 a plat was sown to this plant April 
 24th; June 21st stood seven inches high; July 26th, twenty- 
 three inches; August 23d, twenty-seven inches; September 27th, 
 thirty inches; October 18th, thirty-six inches. 
 
 In '80 it came early, standing six inches April 30th. May 
 27th stood thirty-one inches and yielded over twenty tons green 
 fodder per acre. Some of the freshly cut clover was fed to hogs 
 
20 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 that were running on green pastures. Old and young hogs 
 seemed to relish it. A part of the plat was allowed to stand un- 
 til June 30th. It stood fifty-inches and was still blossoming. 
 The stems were thick and woody. During the fall the plat was 
 turned under. Cutting after it had seeded killed it. 
 
 One of the larger plats was sown to Bokhara April 10th at 
 the rate of 12 pounds per acre. May 29th it stood seven inches, 
 June 26th it was nearly twenty-five inches and was mown. Sec- 
 ond growth was good, plants appearing healthy all through dry 
 weather. Now it stands twenty inches and seems to withstand 
 freezing fully as well as red clover. This grass will produce 
 great crops but stock do not seem to relish it. It grows as a 
 mere weed in many parts of the State. 
 
 Onoiryohis sativa — (Espaesette, Sainfoin). 
 
 A plat was sown to this plant in April, '82. We have no 
 records of it during '82 or '83. 
 
 In the spring ot '84 it started early. Stood ten inciies May 
 9th. Began blossoming May 27th. June 9th stood twenty-five 
 inches and produced three tons dry hay. Grew up again rapidly 
 standing six inches June 28th, and produced very good grazing 
 during the remainder of the fall. 
 
 In the spring of '85 the sod was poor but plants were doing 
 well. May 14th eight inches high; May 25th beginning to blos- 
 som; May 29th twenty inches high and showing a tendency to 
 fall down. Mown June 8th producing three and one-fourth tons 
 dry fodder per acre. Second growth was vigorous but there 
 were small spots of dead stubble. Observations made during 
 October and November indicate that this plant stands the early 
 freezing quite as well as Kentucky blue grass. 
 
 In the spring of '86 the plat was not even but some plants 
 started out well. Heads began to form May 8th. Began to 
 blossom May 19th, and continued in blossom until mown June 
 5th. Stood thirty inches when mown and produced three and 
 one-fifth tons dry hay per acre. June 26th second growth stood 
 seven inches, but made little growth after the dry weather set in. 
 At present, November 4th, seems to be none the worse for hav- 
 ing been frozen several times. 
 
 Poteriuin sanguisoria — (Buenet). 
 
 A plat was sown to this plant April 13th, '82, but not catch- 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 21 
 
 ing was re-sown June Ist. We find no record of it until the 
 spring of '84, when it started fairly early but was thin. May 9th 
 it stood seven inches; blossoming May 20th; May 22d stood 
 eighteen inches; was raown and produced two tons and 1226 
 pounds of dry fodder per acre. Second growth stood eight inches 
 June 21st; blossomed July 10th. Cut but not weighed July 19th. 
 The third growth did well and was eleven inches high by Sep- 
 tember 27th. 
 
 The winter of '84r-5 seemed to affect it some. Grew in tufts; 
 May lith stood ten inches; May 21st beginning to blossom; 
 June 20th stood twenty-nine inches. Second growth grew well. 
 
 During the spring of '86 the uneven tussocked growth was 
 noted, May 1st it stood eight inches; May 12th beginning to 
 blossom; May 29th stood thirty inches and produced one ton 
 and 830 pounds dry hay per acre. A fair second growth was 
 produced considering the great lack of rain. Observations made 
 in October and November, in both '85 and '86, indicate that this 
 plant stands freezing pretty well. 
 
 Trifolium incarnatum — (Ceimson Clovee). 
 
 As reported in bulletin issued in the spring of '84, this 
 clover kills out after cutting. A plat was sown in the spring of 
 '85, all dried out during the fall and winter. 
 
 In the spring of '86 a third sowing was made on nicely pre- 
 pared fall plowing. Twelve pounds per acre was sown and only 
 a fair stand came. The clover grew finely and when mown, July 
 20th, stood twenty inches. The dry weather injured it badly, 
 all the leaves except two or three at the top of each stalk being 
 dead. During the early part of September a great majority ot 
 the plants were dead. As the fall rains came on in September, 
 the few remaining plants revived and did apparently very well. 
 At present, November 4th, they show but little more effect from 
 freezing than does red clover. 
 
 Trifolium hyiridum — (Alsike Clovee). 
 
 For the history of the plat of this grass see page 14 bulle- 
 tin of '84. 
 
 In the spring of '84 it came up thin and did not grow rap- 
 idly. Stood only five inches high May 24th. Began to blossom 
 
22 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 May 28th. June 9th stood seven inches high and produced less 
 than one and one-half tons of hay per acre. Second growth 
 started fairly well, but was somewhat affected by the dry hot 
 weather. August 13th stood ten inches. In a moist pasture 
 during the same year it held its ground and furnished a good 
 proportion of the nice hay harvested from the field. 
 
 Blue grass had taken possession of a part of the ground 
 when first noticed in the spring of '85. May 4th stood four 
 inches; May 21st ten inches; June 30th twenty inches. Weight 
 of the mixed hay was over four tons per acre. 
 
 In '86 the clover started slowly. Stood six inches May 1st. 
 Began blossoming May 22d. Continued blossoming until June 
 5th. Mown June 12th. Hay about 60 per cent, alsike clover. 
 Produced two and three-fifths tons per acre. August 12th there 
 were to be seen only two or three plants of alsike. The sod 
 was completely covered with Kentucky blue grass. The soil 
 is a rich prairie loam well drained by tile drainage and it seems 
 safe to conclude that this clover does not stand the hot dry peri- 
 ods common in this climate after mowing. 
 
 This clover is especially adapted to moist bottom lands. A 
 field upon the college farm was sown to this clover mixed with 
 other plants for meadow over ten years ago. Upon careful in- 
 quiry we find that none has been sown since. The meadow is 
 now surrounded by a levee and produces large crops of hay an- 
 nually. In the western and central parts ot ttie field there still 
 remains a goodly proportion ot alsike: In some lower places in 
 the eastern part the alsike has doubtless been killed out by over- 
 fiowing water. Dr. S. A. Knapp says there has been plenty of 
 alsike there ever since he came t© the farm seven years ago. 
 
 Observations for '85 and '86 indicate that this clover stands 
 frosts about as well as red clover. 
 
 Trifolium pratense — (Common Red Clovek). 
 
 As elsewhere stated the red clover is used as a standard of 
 comparison and to get the full history of this plat, Wo. '38, we 
 refer you to page 13 of Bulletin of 1884. 
 
 In the latter part of April, '84, this plat was noted as ap- 
 pearing the best of all the plats. May 9th it stood seven ieches 
 and was thick on the ground. Began to blossom May 28th. 
 June 6th stood eighteen inches and produced seven tons and 800 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 23 
 
 pounds of dry hay per acre. Second 2;rowth stood four inches 
 June 21st. Record for remainder of the year is not given. 
 
 May 14th, '85, the plat was not doing well, and stood only 
 three inches high. June 8th stood twenty-one inches and yield- 
 ed two tons and 800 pounds dry hay. Second growth had at- 
 tained a height of ten inches by June 30th. Was mown during 
 the season, but no record is made of number of times or amount 
 of hay mown. 
 
 The plat was thinly covered in the spring of '85, but the 
 growth was good. Stood six inches April 24:th. Began to blos- 
 som May 22d and continued until June 12th, when the plat was 
 mown and produced two and three-fourths tons dry hay. June 
 26th the second growth stood seven inches and blossoms were 
 showing again. Grew well up to July 10th when it stood 20 
 inches. From this time the eflfects of the severe drouth began 
 to tell. August 14th most of the stalks were covered with a 
 black fungus. By the first of October there was not a live stalk 
 in the plat. Whether the drouth was alone accountable for the 
 death of the clover and the black mould-like fungus merelv found 
 a home on the dying plants, or whether the fungus as an accom- 
 paniment ot the dry season really aided in the death, is a very 
 interesting problem. This black mould was found on a great 
 part of the colver on the College Farm. Dr. Halsted, Professor 
 of Botany, has been making the plants a study, and will, doubt- 
 less, include this plant in some future report of his own. 
 
 In April, '86, plat No. 70 was sown to home-grown seed of 
 red clover and plat No. 71 to seed from Germany. In these the 
 partial biennial nature of red clover will be one of the points 
 which we hope to study. Both these plats did finely until the 
 dry weather set in. May 29th both stood about seven inches, 
 and both began to show blossoms June 26th. Both were mown 
 July 24th, they stood upwards of twenty inches high. The 
 home-grown seed had not quite so even a stand but was slightly 
 the tallest. So plants seem to have been killed by the dry sea- 
 son. At present, November 5th, both plats show a perfect stand 
 and but little . effects of frost is to be noticed. Eed clover has 
 been grown in plats in various mixtures and in many fields on 
 the farm. Some observations will be given under the head of 
 erass mixtures. 
 
24 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 MAMMOTH RED CLOVER. 
 
 , This is a mere variety of the common red clover, Trifolium 
 pratense. Plat ]S"o. 57 was sown to this grass May 12th, '85. 
 June 30th growth vigorous, eight inches high. No further notes 
 were made other than the plat was in excellent condition during 
 the summer. 
 
 In the spring of '86 this clover started very early. April 
 24th stood seven inches and May 8th stood twelve inches, was 
 even, thick and the handsomest of all the plats. Began to blos- 
 som May 26th; May 29th thirty inches high; June 2d all lodged; 
 June 12th mown; producing sixteen tons of green clover per 
 acre, and three tons and 1280 pounds dry hay per acre. Second 
 growth did not seem to be doing well during the latter part of 
 July. Began blossoming second time July 10th. July 28th 
 stood twenty inches and was mown. The third growth was slow. 
 Center of the bed having been killed out was re-seeded October 
 16th. 
 
 In April, '86, plat No. 72 was seeded to this clover at the 
 rate of 12 pounds per acre. A very good stand was secured. 
 May 29th stood five inches. Blossoms began to show July 3d. 
 July 24-th stood fifteen inches, which was not so high as the ad- 
 jacent beds of common red clover. It was mown Julv 24th. 
 Second growth was not as strong as the two plats of common red 
 clover. 
 
 This variety of red clover is larger, stems larger, yield greater, 
 but hay not so fine. Habits seem to be the same as red clover 
 in other ways. Would doubtless be good for green manure. 
 
 TTifolium prociimbens — (Yellow Clover or Yellow Trefoil). 
 
 This pretty clover starts up early in the spring and is in full 
 bloom before the first of June. The average of the first mowings 
 made in tha early part of June for two years gave only one and 
 four-tenths tons per acre. It makes almost no growth during the 
 summer. This gives other grasses an opportunity to take the 
 sod and smother it out. It is persistent in seeding which is done 
 after the manner of white clover, small heads will produce seed 
 near the ground. It will not spread so rapidly as white clover. 
 If the other grasses will allow, it makes a nice growth when the 
 tall rains come on. The original plat kept pure by weeding for 
 
-DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 25 
 
 several years has been drowned by blue grass and a new bed was 
 sown last spring. A good stand was secured and a growth was 
 made nearly equal to the white clover beside it. It is hardy in 
 winter. It is not worthy of a place among our few best meadow 
 and pasture plants. Stands frosts about the same as red clover. 
 
 TrifoUum repen — (White Clovek, Dutch Clover.) 
 
 The original plat reported in Bulletin of '84, is now nearly 
 taken by Kentucky blue grass. On many soils that grass seems 
 to root this hardy clover out. There is a time during the dry 
 summer weather when white clover remains nearly dormant and 
 the more constant grasses get hold of the land. During the 
 great drouth of '86, this clover was completely killed in many 
 very dry situations. Its wonderful seeding powers soon bring 
 it in again, however, as can be noticed since the fall rains have 
 had time to develop the seedlings. 
 
 This clover comes into a neighborhood and in a few years 
 has spread into every field, road and fence corner were stock are 
 allc'Wed to run. 
 
 GRASS MIXTURES. 
 
 To-day when grass farming is gradually creeping from the 
 older, wealthier parts of our State to its newer, less developed 
 parts; when the conditions of transportation so forcibly points 
 the farmer to condensing freights; when lands so much need re- 
 cuperation and rest; when the farmers are so alive to the use of 
 grass, now is the time that thought and experiment should thor- 
 oughly canvass the subject and determine the facts. Besides the 
 experiments in growing various grades alone some plats have 
 been sown to such mixtures as the character of the various grasses 
 and clovers would suggest as adapting them to the various needs 
 and purposes. 
 
 There are so many desirable qualities in the ideal meadow 
 or pasture that no single grass or clover is able to supply them 
 all. The greatest number of desirable qualities can be supplied 
 on any farm by grass mixtures and by difierent mixtures on diff- 
 erent soils in different fields and for different purposes. "When 
 we take note of the fact that many farmers have spent years 
 learning how to farm with one grass as blue grass or clover, we 
 
26 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 can readily appreciate the fact that there is much to learn con- 
 cerning the proper seeding and management of grass lands and 
 the profitable use of their products. A farmer or a neighborhood 
 can take up grass farming only as it is learned, and the whole 
 system of crops, stock, improvements, &c., are adjusted to it. 
 Farmers who have changed from grain to grass, rarely go back 
 to grain. They do, however, change their methods of grass farm- 
 ing in many instances, and as oth^r grasses than the few now in 
 use are found to be adapted to our soil and climate there will be 
 more diversity in grass farming. The condition of things found 
 in old grass countries, as in England, where it is not uncommon 
 to find two or three dozen grasses in use on one farm, will be ap- 
 proached here as the possibilities of the different grasses are 
 learned. A small but important beginning has been made here. 
 The farmers of the State have experimented extensively, and 
 have found several grasses suited to their several uses. They 
 should not leave those found to be true to them and adopt grasses 
 found good only in the experimental plats. It is the test of vast 
 practical use on the farms that you must look to for final evidence 
 in regard to the best grass when it comes to buying seed for an 
 important field. Our experiments have already indicated some 
 things in grass mixtures which can be remedied. The farmers 
 of Iowa should experiment more with grasses. As more grass 
 is needed there is more need of a greater variety. To use other 
 grasses that would be valuable they must first be studied. The 
 experience of farmers in other countries should be given full 
 weight, but experience in Iowa climate and on Iowa soil should 
 always be required as final tests. In the early part of May, '85, 
 the following mixtures were sown in plats one rod square: 
 
 RED CLOVER AND ORCHARD GRASS. 
 
 Sown May 9th '85 at the rate of 30 lbs. per acre of Orchard 
 grass and 15 lbs. of Red clover. During the summer of '85 the 
 clover made good growth but there was not much show of Orch- 
 ard grass. 
 
 In '86 both started out well and evenly. April 24th they 
 stood nine inches high. Both began to bloom May 22d when 
 the clover stood twenty-two inches and the orchard grass thirty- 
 four. Both continued in blossom until June 6th when the clo-' 
 ver stood twenty-eight and the orchard fifty inches. The yield 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27 
 
 was 15 tons green and 4J tons dry hay. About 90 per cent was 
 clover and ten per cent, orchard grass. 
 
 A second crop of clover made a fine growth despite the lack 
 of rain. July 3rd it stood eighteen inches and was beginning 
 to blossom: May lith, tmenty-five inches; green wt. when 
 mown .5J tons, dry weight 2 tons. After the fall rains had begun 
 a third small crop of clover was produced but was not mown. 
 
 TALL MEADOW OAT GEASS AND ilED CLOVER. 
 
 Sown May 9th, '85, at the rate of 20 lbs. of Tall Oat and 15 
 lbs. of Red Clover per acre. During the summer of '8-5 the clo- 
 ver made good showing and but little was seen of the Oat grass. 
 
 In the spring of '86 the clover came especially good. There 
 were two or three bare spots in the plat. Some orchard grass 
 was found to have crept in. The clover and oat grass began to 
 blossom a little before the first of June. When mown June 5th 
 the clover stood 29 inches and the oat grass 60 inches. About 
 75 per cent, was red clover, 15 per cent, tall oat and 10 per cent, 
 orchard grass. The produce was 12f tons dry hay. August 
 14th, a second growth of clover stood 26 inches, and the oat 
 grass stood 28 incnes, producing 4 tons green If tons dry hay. 
 A third growth of 11 inches was produced. These three grasses 
 appeared well adapted to each other for meadows. 
 
 RED CLOVER AND TIMOTHY. 
 
 Plat No. 60 was sown to timothy and red clover at the same 
 time as the two above named. No timothy appeared but the 
 red clover did well. 
 
 The quality of the hay of the first mowing was not as good 
 as in the plats where a mixture of orchard and tall meadow oat 
 prevented the lodging. 
 
 ORCHARD GEASS, TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS AND 
 
 TIMOTHY. 
 
 Plat No. 61 was sown to these three grasses May 9th, '85. 
 Twenty pounds per acre of Orchard and ten pounds of each of 
 the other two grasses was used. The stand was even but rather 
 thin in the spring of '86. May 1st, the grasses stood nine inches. 
 
28 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 The orchard grass began to bloom May 22d, and the tall oat 
 grass a week later. The plat was mown June 17th, when the 
 timothy was nearly ready to bloom and fully two weeks later 
 than the best time for cutting the other two grasses. There was 
 about 60 per cent orchard grass, 25 per cent, tall oat grass, and 
 the remaining 15 per cent, timothy and clover. Wt. green 3 
 tons, dry 1 7-25 tons. This is a poor mixture on account of the 
 difference in time of ripening. The second growth was thin 
 and reached the height of eleven inches. 
 
 Plat 62 was sown to a mixture, using 10 lbs. Orchard grass, 
 5 lbs. Tall Meadow Oat grass, 5 lbs. Meadow Flescue, 5 lbs. 
 Kentucky Blue grass and 3 lbs. each Red, White and Alsike 
 Clovers. 
 
 Not much growth was produced during the summer of '85. 
 May 1st, '86, it stood 8 inches, was thin, and uneven. June 17th 
 the average height of the plants was about 56 inches; green wt. 
 9J tons; dry wt. IJ tons. A fairly good second growth was 
 produced but being rather thin was not mowed. The grasses 
 sown appeared, except Kentucky Blue grass. Mixture indicates 
 nothing of promise for meadows. 
 
 Plat No. 64 was sown to Orchard grass. Tall Meadow Oat, 
 Red and Alsike Clovers; 20 10, 15 and 15 pounds per acre res- 
 pectively. 
 
 In the spring of '86 the stand was thin and uneven. The 
 Red clover was showing better than Alsike, and the Tall Oat bet- 
 ter than the Orchard grass. The growth was good. Mown June 
 5th, the green wt. was 14 3-5 tons and dry 4 tons per acre. A 
 good second growth was produced which was mown August 14th 
 giving 3 3-5 tons green and 1 3-5 tons dry fodder. A third 
 growth of eleven inches was produced. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Several lessons have been impressed on the observer by a 
 careful study of these plats. 
 
 The mistake of putting such grasses as timothy which blooms 
 and matures late with Orchard and other early maturing grasses 
 was most forcibly illustrated. Before the timothy reaches its 
 time ot greatest yield of actual digestible nutriment, such early 
 grasses have become woody and indigestible. 
 
 That clover is better suited to growing with early maturing 
 meadow grasses than with late, is also illustrated. Clover left 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 29 
 
 nntil timothy is ready to be cut has become slightly old and 
 the second crop does not get a start until after the dry sum- 
 mer period has set in. 
 
 Besides being most excellent meadow grasses, Tall Mea- 
 dow Oat grass and Orchard grass have proven especial adapta- 
 bility to being grown with Red Glover for hay. All mature 
 early, and a splendid second crop of clover can be obtained 
 either for hay or tor seed. Clover grown alone is much more 
 liable to lodge than when grown with these strong growing 
 grasses. 
 
 Uniform good stands have been produced where Orchard 
 grass and Tall Meadow Oat grass have been sown early in the 
 spring. A mixture of 16 lbs. Orchard grass, 16 lbs. Tall Oat 
 grass and 6 lbs. Red clover for rich arable lands would make a 
 profitable meadow if the first seeding was not so expensive, an 
 acre costing about five dollars at present prices of seed. It it 
 could be kept pure and the clover allowed to re-seed itself 
 every year, it would doubtless pay even at this price. On this 
 farm the older meadows are thickly infested with blue grass and 
 other early maturing grasses. Much ot the good has left these 
 grasses it the meadow must await cutting until the timothy is 
 mature. It all the grasses were early all would be cut when at 
 their best. On the other hand, timothy seeding with clover is 
 cheap and standing later has the advantage of giving longer time 
 to cultivating corn and other crops. 
 
 OATS. 
 
 ExPEKiMBNT No. 1 — Varieties. 
 
 In our test of oats we had eleven so-called varieties, which 
 were sown in field plats. White Moscow, Samara, "Welcome, 
 White Belgium, and Petrovski wei-e sown in the same field with 
 the experimental plats of Boskof reported on subsequent pages. 
 
 These being on land which held moisture well, grew vigor- 
 ously despite the drouth, and produced good crops of grain and 
 straw. Welcome alone showed a slight tendency to lodge. 
 Three bushels per acre were sown and cultivated in the same 
 manner as the seven plats of Boskof reported in the experiment 
 
30 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETCSr, 
 
 on Thickness of Seeding. They were threshed from the shock 
 without rain. The following table shows the results: 
 
 
 WELCOME. 
 
 SAMAItA. 
 
 BOSKOF. 
 
 -WHITR 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 WHTTK 
 MOSCOW. 
 
 PETROVSKV. 
 
 lbs. straw per a 
 bu. oats per a. 
 wt. per bushel. 
 
 3 000 
 51.1 
 
 37f 
 
 2 854 
 60.4 
 
 381 
 
 3 066 
 
 47.9 
 
 40 
 
 2 637 
 
 48.6 
 
 43 
 
 2 474 
 59.7 
 
 39i 
 
 2 046 
 42.4 
 38i 
 
 The figures show Samara and White Moscow to have 
 yielded the most grain per acre and to have done best under 
 these conditions. 
 
 Five other varieties were sown on gravelly soil similar to 
 that of the potatoe field and owing to the drought were almost a 
 total failure. 
 
 ExPEEiMENT No. 2 {TMckness of Seeding.) 
 
 This experiment was conducted for the purpose of determ- 
 ining the effect on the crop from sowing different amounts of 
 seed per acre. Two series of plats were sown, one on an open 
 gravelly soil, the other on a rather heavy moist prairie loam. 
 The crop of the preceeding year in the former case was potatoes 
 and in the latter corn, both fields previous to this had received 
 a good coating of barnyard manure. Boskof, a variety medium 
 in strength of straw, and in yield of both grain and straw was- 
 sown in both series. Some of the points to be noted in this ex- 
 periment, which should run through a series of years, are: How 
 does thickness of seeding affect the yield of grain ? How does 
 thickness of seeding affect the weight per bushel of the grain? 
 How does thickness of seeding affect the yield of straw? How 
 does thickness of seeding affect the tendency to lodge? Is there 
 any advantage in thick seeding in foul ground to keep the weeds 
 from getting the start of oats? 
 
 ON GRAVELLY SOIL. 
 
 Six plats, five by three and one-half rods were planted in a 
 row near the top of a gravelly bluff. The plats received 2^.2^, 
 2f , 3, 3i, 3^ bushels per acre respectively. They were cultiva- 
 ted in with the seed drill on fall plowing and thoroughly cross 
 harrowed. The stand was good. A marked dift'erence in thick- 
 ness of the plats was observable. The extreme drought toward 
 the time of maturing magnified some slight difference in the 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 
 
 31 
 
 soil of the different plats. Though the plates were harvested 
 and threshed they did not yield enough good oats to make com- 
 parison of any value. 
 
 ON MOIST SOIL. 
 
 This series of seven plats was quite satisfactory in results. 
 In fact we could hardly have hoped tor a crop in an average 
 year on this retentive richly manured field, much less had the 
 period of time immediately preceding ripening been wet. 
 What caused utter failure in the first series was, we can almost 
 assume, best for this. The plats received 2J, 2^, 2f, 3, 3J. 3^, 
 and 3f bushels per acre respectively. About one half of each 
 plat was cultivated with a two horse cultivator, the oats were 
 then sown and cultivated in and the land was atterwards har- 
 rowed down q^uite well. The heavy crop of cornstalks interfered 
 with this method and the remainder was turned under with a 
 plow and the oats were covered with a harrow. It may be said 
 that there appeared to be slightly better oats on the spring 
 plowing. Owing to the drought no differences c»uld be recorded 
 as to lodging. All stood up perfectly. The plats were about 
 60 by 1 1-3 rods and each contained .51 of an acre. The grain 
 was nicely harvested and was threshed from the shock without 
 rain. The subjoined table shows the results of the several plats. 
 
 Amount sown per acre. 
 
 21 
 
 2.} 
 
 2f 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3J 
 
 31 
 
 Amount straw per acre. 
 Bushels grain per acre. 
 Wt. of grain per bushel. 
 
 2823 
 
 41 
 
 37J 
 
 2619 
 
 43.7 
 
 38 
 
 2784 
 
 45.2 
 
 37f 
 
 3066 
 
 47.9 
 
 40 
 
 3025 
 
 44.6 
 
 38f 
 
 2902 
 
 48.8 
 
 38i 
 
 2669 
 
 47.5 
 
 39 
 
 Generally speaking the sowing of 3 to 3i bushels per acre 
 gave the greatest yield of straw, though the 2^ bushels seeding 
 gave nearly an average amount. In yield of grain per acre the 
 figures in the statement above represent bushels of 32 pounds as 
 weiffht from the machine. The thicker seedings show the best 
 yield of grain, the only approach to an exception being in the 
 3J bushels seeding where below an average is given. The aver- 
 age weight per bushel is SS^pounds which all the four higher 
 seedings exceed except one, and of whicli all the lesser seedings 
 fall short. All things considered the three bushel seeding was 
 probably as good' as any. Though within narrow limits the 
 facts of the experiment go to show that on this soil this dry 
 
32 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 year the thicker seedings did the best in weight of straw, in 
 weight of grain and gave better quality as indicated by the ac- 
 tual weight of a standard cleaned bushel. In this experiment is 
 certainly a good illustration that we need an experiment carried 
 through a sufficient number of years to give general average re 
 suits. In this case one seriesof plats gave no results and the other 
 gave results within narrow limits for this year, this soil, this seed, 
 and this time and method of planting. Having a crop experi- 
 ment in duplicate series of soils more or less adapted to the ex- 
 treme years is probably something ot an advantage as it affords 
 more illustrations of things studied. Average years will give 
 fair results on both soils while extreme years will give good 
 results on the one or the other. 
 
 STOOLING. 
 
 The stooliug habit was studied in connection with the above 
 experiment. For this purpose six small plats 14 by 22 feet were 
 sown with "Welcome oats; 1 bu., 1^ bu., 2 bu., 2^ bu.^ 3 bu., 3^ 
 bu., per acre respectively. They were sown April 23d, sprout- 
 ing April 27th, appearing May 2d. On May lltti they were 
 about 2^ inches high and the first stools were appearing. A 
 wooden trame one yard square on the inside was constructed. 
 By laying this down in the plats the number of seed plants and 
 the number of stools could be accurately counted. 
 
 TABLE NO. 1. 
 
 Bushels Seed per Acre. 
 
 CO'*' 
 1-5 
 
 Seed Plants 
 
 Stools 
 
 Totals 
 
 Seed Plants. 
 
 Stools 
 
 Totals 
 
 Seed Plants 
 
 Stools . 
 
 Totals 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 97 
 
 184 
 
 194 
 
 216 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 67 
 
 107 
 
 20 
 
 218 
 
 242 
 
 45 
 
 93 
 
 133 
 
 185 
 
 213 
 
 84 
 
 142 
 
 207 
 
 205 
 
 236 
 
 129 
 
 235 
 
 340 
 
 390 
 
 449 
 
 74 
 
 84 
 
 94 
 
 131 
 
 164 
 
 383 
 
 395 
 
 400 
 
 434 
 
 359 
 
 457 
 
 479 
 
 494 
 
 565 
 
 523 
 
 3i 
 
 341 
 33 
 374 
 287 
 273 
 560 
 217 
 370 
 587 
 
 This table shows the number of stools May lith when the 
 plants were three inches high to be nearly in proportion to the 
 thickness of seeding. One week later when the oats were five 
 inches high and the number of stools greater than the number of 
 original plants the proportion remained the same. One month 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 33 
 
 later, however, when the oats were nearly a foot high there were 
 more stools in the thin seeding than in the thick. The whole 
 number of stalks was still greater in the thicker seedings. As 
 the dry weather came on some irregularities of soil made such 
 great differences in the growth of these different plats that obser- 
 vations were continued in the other fields. 
 
 
 TABLE NO. 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Field sown April 17th, on gravelly land. 
 
 
 
 
 Bushels Seed per Acre. 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 m 
 
 
 rSeed Plants 
 
 215 
 
 225 
 
 250 
 
 248 
 
 310 
 
 368 
 
 Stools 
 
 296 
 
 562 
 
 436 
 
 565 
 
 615 
 
 539 
 
 Totals 
 
 511 
 
 787 
 
 786 
 
 813 
 
 925 
 
 907 
 
 
 [Plants 
 
 208 
 
 291 
 
 226 
 
 376 
 
 466 
 
 405 
 
 "^ . 
 
 Stools 
 
 314 
 
 390 
 
 344 
 
 527 
 
 344 
 
 385 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 522 
 
 681 
 
 569 
 
 903 
 
 810 
 
 790 
 
 Heads 
 
 311 
 
 381 
 
 353 
 
 879 
 
 480 
 
 391 
 
 
 Heights 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 This field was nearly as unsatisfactory as the first as the 
 drouth began to tell as early as the time of heading. In these 
 figures there is shown a great increase of stocks in the thicker 
 seeding and a pretty large increase in the number that appeared 
 to be running up to make heads marked in the table, heads. 
 The heights taken, as nearly as possible as an average for the 
 plats show how unequal the conditions of the ground became in 
 the dry weather. These were tlie plats reported on a preceding 
 page as being too poor in yield for a comparison of straw and oats 
 to be of any value. 
 
 As a last resort a third field was taken. This field produced 
 a good and very even crop. The following counts were made in 
 the ripening field. 
 
 TABLE NO. 3. 
 
 Bushels Sown per Acre. 
 
 2i 
 
 2J 
 
 2f 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 3i 
 
 3J 
 
 
 r Plants -- - - 
 
 185 
 
 203 
 
 253 
 
 322 
 
 356 
 
 290 
 
 466 
 
 05 
 
 Stools^ 
 
 276 
 
 253 
 
 225 
 
 202 
 
 277 
 
 103 
 
 137 
 
 >i \ 
 
 Totals-- 
 
 461 
 
 456 
 
 478 
 
 524 
 
 633 
 
 393 
 
 603 
 
 3 
 
 Heads - 
 
 294 
 
 285 
 
 340 
 
 363 
 
 389 
 
 337 
 
 469 
 
 Hs 
 
 Keiarhts - 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Yield straw per acre — 
 
 2823 
 
 2619 
 
 2784 
 
 3066 
 
 3025 
 
 2902 
 
 2669 
 
 Yield grain per acre 
 
 Weight grain per bu — 
 
 41 
 
 37| 
 
 43.7 
 38 
 
 45.2 
 371 
 
 47.9 
 40 
 
 44.6 
 38f 
 
 48.8 
 
 47.5 
 39 
 
34 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 Many of the stools that made a start were crowded out be- 
 fore heading by the survival of the fittest. While there was a 
 gradual decrease of stools toward the thicker seedings the num- 
 ber of total plants averaged but slightly greater in the thicker 
 seedings. The number of heads show a gradual increase with 
 the thicker seedings which is quite marked. The yields per 
 acre and weights per bushel are of some interest in this connec- 
 tion aud are, therefore, appended to the table. The dry season 
 together with unavoidable irregularity of time in these observa- 
 tions makes them far from satisfactory and final in their indica- 
 tions. 
 
 The stooling takes place as in corn, wheat and all other of 
 the grass family from the axils of the blades under the sheath 
 just above the joint in the stem. Usually the first stool starts 
 under the sheath of about the third blade and succeeding stools as 
 succeeding blades are developed. The stools take root from their 
 joints like the parent plant and may in turn start stools from 
 the axils ot their blades. Some plants standing alone were found 
 to start nearly twenty stools. Plants much crowded as in thick 
 seeding find that it is fittest for the original plant to-survive 
 without trying to throw out stools. Yery many of the stools 
 thrown out die before time for sending up heads. 
 
 OORJS^ AND COB MEAL vs. CORN MEAL FOR FEED- 
 ING SWINE. 
 
 EXPEBiMENT No. 1. — Mogs duTvng the last stage of fattening. 
 
 On Sept. lith eight young hogs ot the same breed averag- 
 ing about 230 pounds were divided into two lots of nearly the 
 same weight and degree of fatness. During the spring and sum- 
 mer they had run on grass receiving a little grain only after the 
 grass had become very dry. They were fed to fat after August 
 9th. Full feeds of rye meal were fed excepting about one week 
 during the latter part of August, when ear corn was fed. They 
 were taken for this experiment September 14th and were so well 
 fatted that doubt was expressed as to their making a profitable 
 experiment on these different ways of feeding corn. Each lot 
 was fed one week to accustom them to the food. A barrow in 
 the lot fed corn and cob meal and a sow in the other lot were 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 35 
 
 necessarily removed on account of the barrow becoming lame. 
 This left the two lots all barrows and quite even in degree of 
 fatness but with the lot fed corn meal somewhat the heavier. The 
 hogs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment, at the 
 end of one week, and again at the end of the second week when 
 they were sold. In all three cases the weights were taken about 
 noon and before the noon feeding. They were fed three times 
 every day. The first few days the meal was soaked from one 
 feeding to the next. Owing to the food souring slightly during 
 warm weather it was necessary to miss one feeding entirely 
 and the method was adopted of mixing the meal with water as 
 fed. A small spoonfull of salt was given each lot on the morn- 
 ing's food. They were kept in small enclosures whei-e no other 
 food was obtainable. 
 
 TABLE NO. 1. 
 
 Showing Individual Weights and Gains. 
 
 
 Lot Fod Corn and Cob Steal. 
 
 tot Fed Corn Meal. 
 
 
 Hogs. 
 
 No. L 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3. 
 
 Weights 
 
 Gains. 
 
 Hogs. 
 
 Weights. 
 
 Gains. 
 
 September 21 
 
 2191 
 22.5J 
 250J 
 
 No. 4. 
 No. 5. 
 No. 6. 
 
 266} 
 272J 
 218} 
 
 
 
 
 695i 
 
 
 
 757 
 
 
 September 28 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3. 
 
 229J 
 
 250 
 
 263i 
 
 9f 
 24i 
 12i 
 47 
 
 No. 4. 
 No. 5. 
 No. 6. 
 
 283 
 
 286} 
 
 234J 
 
 lej 
 
 13f 
 16} 
 
 
 742;} 
 
 8031 
 
 46| 
 
 October 5 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3. 
 
 238J- 
 260| 
 271f 
 
 8f 
 10| 
 
 28 
 
 No. 4. 
 No. 5. 
 No. 6. 
 
 299J 
 302f 
 25U 
 
 161 
 16i 
 17 
 
 
 770f 
 
 854 
 
 50} 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 97 
 
36 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 TABLE NO. 2. 
 
 Amount of food consumed by eacli lot, together with Weights and Gains. 
 
 
 Lot Fed Con 
 
 1 and Cob Mea 
 
 . 
 
 Iiot Fed Corn Meal. 
 
 
 Weight of Food. 
 
 9 
 
 a 
 
 
 Weight of Pood. 
 
 4m 
 
 .11 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 <! 
 
 PM 
 
 PM 
 
 
 
 
 ■< 
 
 PM 
 
 PM 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 '-I 
 
 CD 
 
 
 S^ 
 
 S 
 
 1-- 
 
 T—l 
 
 <o 
 
 
 
 
 Sep. 21 
 
 
 lOf 
 
 11 
 
 6951 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 lU 
 
 757 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 lOf 
 
 
 
 
 
 lU 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 9^ 
 
 9^ 
 
 8* 
 
 
 
 
 9* 
 
 i)i 
 
 «* 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 8. 
 
 10 
 
 lOJ 
 
 
 
 
 9f 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 13i 
 
 9* 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 12* 
 
 10* 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 H 
 
 11 
 
 loi 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12* 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 11* 
 
 11* 
 
 
 
 
 12i 
 
 12 
 
 13* 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 742f 
 
 209f 
 
 47 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 803f 
 
 226^ 
 
 46i 
 
 29 
 
 lU 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 9* 
 
 11* 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 11* 
 
 11* 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Oct. 1 
 
 11* 
 
 11 
 
 11* 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 11* 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 lU 
 
 10 
 
 lOJ 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 11* 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 lOi 
 
 11 
 
 10* 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11* 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10* 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 11* 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 153 
 
 
 
 770i 
 
 226* 
 
 28 
 
 12* 
 163 
 
 
 
 854 
 
 288* 
 
 50i 
 
 Totals 
 
 146 
 
 137i 
 
 
 436i 
 
 75 
 
 156* 
 
 145f 
 
 
 465i 
 
 97 
 
 By carefully weighing several bushels before and after shell- 
 ing it was found that there was 14.08 pounds ot cob to each, 
 bushel of corn. Counting 70.08 pounds a bushel of corn and 
 cob meal and 56 pounds a bushel of corn meal there were fed 
 6.22 bushels of corn and cob meal and 8.31 bushels clear corn 
 meal. The corn and cob meal produced 12.05 pounds of pork 
 for each bushel fed, and the corn meal produced 11.67 pounds of 
 pork for each bushel fed. To produce one pound of pork 5.81 
 pounds of the mixed meal and 4.79 pounds of the clear meal 
 were required. At $3.00 per hundred, the price at which the 
 hogs were sold, the gains gave 45.79 cents per bushel for the corn 
 ground with the cob, and 44.34 cents per bushel for the clear corn 
 meal. The hogs fed clear corn meal gained more rapidly, but 
 they did not make as much money out of the corn consumed. 
 
 EXPEEIMENT NO. 2. 
 
 HOGS IN THE EARLY STAGE OF FATTENING. 
 
 October 15th, '86, four sows quite similar in breeding, &c., 
 were divided into two lots, one fed corn and cob meal the other 
 clear corn meal. The sows all had pigs early in the spring and 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 37 
 
 had been on pasture all summer. Since weaning the pigs noth- 
 ing had been ted in addition to the grass except a small daily al- 
 lowance of bran. When taken for the experiment they were 
 quite thin. They were fed, watered, salted and weighed same as 
 the barrows in preceding experiment, except that the weights 
 were not taken at regular periods. They were fed six days before 
 the records were begun and twenty-eight days afterwards, as 
 shown in the subjoined tables: 
 
 TABLE NO. 1. 
 
 Individual WelgMs and Gains. 
 
 October 21- 
 October 28- 
 
 November 3 
 November 9. 
 November 15 
 November 18 
 
 Lot Fed Corn and Cob Seal. 
 
 Lot Fed Corn Heal. 
 
 Hogs. 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Gains. 
 
 Hogs. 
 
 Weiglits. 
 
 Gains. 
 
 279 
 214J 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 305} 
 219; 
 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 301J 
 226 
 
 22J 
 
 Hi 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 318 
 231 
 
 12f 
 11} 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 313 
 
 246f 
 
 iij 
 
 20f 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 339} 
 244J 
 
 21} 
 13i 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 324f 
 258 
 
 11} 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 3521 
 262 
 
 13J 
 
 17} 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 349 
 
 272 
 
 24i 
 14 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 369 
 
 280} 
 
 16} 
 
 ]8i 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 
 3o5J 
 279 
 
 6| 
 7 
 141 
 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 373J 
 
 284J^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 132| 
 
COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 TABLE NO. 2. 
 
 Amount ot food consumed 67 each lot, together with Weights and Gains. 
 
 
 Lot Fed Corn nnd Cob Meal. 
 
 liOt Fed Corn Meal. 
 
 
 Weight of Food. 
 
 
 i 
 
 •3 
 iS 
 
 Weight of Food. 
 
 4-1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 1^" 
 
 s 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 g 
 
 s 
 
 
 <1 
 
 
 CD 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 1— I 
 
 CO 
 
 £ 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 Oct. 21 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4931 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 525 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 7J 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6A 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 8i 
 
 81- 
 
 8 
 
 527i 
 
 155 
 
 38$ 
 
 7J 
 
 7i 
 
 7 
 
 549 
 
 124i 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7* 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 8i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 9 
 
 8J 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 559| 
 
 156J 
 
 32} 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 584 
 
 135} 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 KU 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8i 
 
 8i 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 lOf 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8^ 
 
 Si 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10^ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8i 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 582| 
 
 174f 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 614f 
 
 146f 
 
 30f 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 10^ 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Si 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 JO 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 621 
 
 178* 
 
 38} 
 
 8 
 S 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 649} 
 
 146J 
 
 34J 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 lOJ 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 SA 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 634f 
 
 92J 
 
 m 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 657f 
 
 75J 
 
 81 
 
 Totals 
 
 255i: 
 
 351- 
 
 251 
 
 
 757} 
 
 141 
 
 209 
 
 205} 
 
 214| 
 
 
 629 
 
 132f 
 
 The meal used was the same as in the preceding experiment. 
 There were fed 10.80 bushels of corn and cob meal and 11.23 
 bushels ot corn meal. 
 
 The corn and cob meal produced 13.06 pounds of pork for 
 each bushel of corn fed, and the corn meal 11.82 pounds for each 
 bushel of corn fed. To produce one pound of pork 5.37 pounds 
 of the mixed meal and 4.73 pounds of the clear meal were re- 
 quired. Estimating at $3.80 per hundred, price used in the pre- 
 ceding experiment, the gains give 49.68 cents per bushel for the 
 corn ground cob and all while they give but 44.92 cents per bushel 
 for the clear corn meal. In other words 4.7 cents more for the 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 39 
 
 corn and cob meal than for the clear corn meal. The lots fed 
 corn and cob meal, though the smaller made better use of the 
 greater amount of corn. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF CALVES. 
 
 The design of the following table of weights is simply to 
 show the generally fair gain made by calves under the farm 
 management. The gains given each year by the fat stock show 
 illustrate the extremely large gains made by a few excellent feed- 
 ers. These calves have been fed with ordinary care with the 
 idea constantly in our minds that they were to be breeders, not 
 stockers, that, if kept by us, they must return to us a money 
 profit above their feed, care, &c., or else they are not fit to keep 
 on the farm. If sold to others the reputation of the College and 
 ourselves was at stake, and the better they did in the hands of 
 their purchaser the surer our chances of further sales, and we 
 hope also of benefit to the State. 
 
 DATE OF BIRTH. 
 
 DATE OP WT. 
 
 DATS FROM 
 BIRTH. 
 
 WEIGHT 
 
 593 
 
 1180 
 
 457 
 
 1051 
 
 718 
 
 962 
 
 631 
 
 1073 
 
 375 
 
 749 
 
 365 
 
 674 
 
 198 
 
 587 
 
 1010 
 
 1130i 
 
 848 
 
 1175 
 
 822 
 
 998 
 
 560 
 
 810 
 
 549 
 
 817 
 
 503 
 
 778 
 
 GAIN 
 PERDAT 
 
 Holstein-Frislan — . 
 
 Grinnell 
 
 Durkje b.c, 1885 -. 
 
 Harpke 3d 
 
 Frankje2d 
 
 Metje 3d 
 
 Harpke 4th 
 
 Frankje b.c 
 
 Short-horns 
 
 May Moore 8th 
 
 Winnie Dudley 2d 
 
 Lily Napier 3d 
 
 May Moore 10th—- 
 CoUege Combs 2d- 
 Maud Dudley 3d-. 
 
 March 16, 1885 
 
 Sept. 30, 1885 
 
 12, 1885 
 
 9, 1885 
 
 21, 1885 
 
 1, 1886 
 
 16, 1886 
 
 Jan. 
 
 April 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 June 
 
 March 25, 1884 
 Sept. 3, 1884 
 29, 1884 
 18, 1885 
 29, 1885 
 14, 1885 
 
 Oct. 30. 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 30, 
 
 Sept. 
 June 
 June 
 Aug. 
 
 1.989 
 
 2.30 
 
 1.34 
 
 1.7 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.11 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.446 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.54 
 
 PEESEEYmG FENCE POSTS. 
 
 In the spring of 1882 the department began an experiment 
 to determine the relative value of tar, crude petrolium, and the 
 two combined when applied to fence posts. March 19th of that 
 year twelve basswood, eleven black oak, twelve white willow, 
 eleven white cedar, eleven white elm, eight soft maple and one 
 white oak, in all sixty-six posts, were treated as recorded in the 
 following notes. The posts were set in a line of fence running 
 
40 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 east and west just south of the cottage known as "Fair Oak 
 Mansion." The numbers begin near the east end ®f this fence 
 with the marked cedar posts and run westward to a short dis- 
 tance beyond the northeast corner of the college cemetery. The 
 first forty-two posts have wires attached to them, while the re- 
 maining twenty-four have never been used in a fence. To have 
 all the data the exact time decay began and the time of breaking 
 of each post should have been recorded. Some of the posts to 
 which wires have never been attached are merely marked awoAj 
 in the notes. Of those marked "off" no record has been made 
 of when they were decayed sufficiently to break. All the posts 
 except the white cedar and the white oak were cut during 
 the middle of March, 1882, and set from the 19th to the 26th of 
 August the same year. The average length of the posts used 
 was seven feet, and they were set three feet in the ground. Usu- 
 ally but one coat of petrolium was applied; sometimes, however, 
 two coats were applied before applying' the tar where both were 
 used. The crude petrolium was painted on with a brush. The 
 tar was heated to boiling in a large deep pan constructed and 
 heated like the old fashioned sorghum pan. The posts were sub- 
 merged and left about four minutes in the boiling tar. August 
 26th, 1886, the following notes were recorded. The numbers 
 being irregular as to the kinds of wood. The notes are summar- 
 ized under the different kinds of wood used. 
 
 WHITE OEDAB. 
 
 Of the four, JS^os. 7, 8, 9 and 24, which received no prepara- 
 tion, all showed slight signs of decay. Nos. 1, 3 and 5, tarred 
 at the bottom only, were all sound. Ifos. 2, 4 and 6, receiving 
 both petroleum and tar, were sound. No. 10, which received 
 petroleum, was nearly as much decayed as the four to which 
 nothing was applied. 
 
 SOFT MAPLE. 
 
 Nos. 12, 14, 16 and 60 received no coating; 12 was easily 
 broken and the other three were down. No. 15 treated with tar 
 was down. Nos. 17 and 18, treated to both petroleum and tar, 
 were easily pushed over with the hand. No. 13, treated with 
 petroleum, could be broken over with the hand. 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AaRICULTURE. 41 
 
 WHITE ELM. 
 
 No. 26, not treated, was decayed in nearly an inch. Noa. 
 23, 25, 28, 59 and 61 were treated with tar; No. 23 was nearly 
 ready to break; 28, 59 and _61 were considerably decayed, while 
 No. 25 was but slightly decayed. Nos. 20, 21 and 22 were 
 treated with petroleum and tar; all three were easily pushed 
 over. Nos. 19, 24 and 27 were painted with petroleum, No. 19 
 was easily broken; 24 was already down, and No. 27 was very 
 slightly rotted. 
 
 WILLOW. 
 
 Nos. 32, 33 and 34, not treated with anything, were broken. 
 Ot the tliree treated with tar 35 and 36 were slightly decayed, 
 and 37 was nearly ready to break. Of the three treated with 
 both petroleum and tar, 29 and 31 were considerably decayed, 
 while No. 30 was sound. Of the three painted with petroleum, 
 38 was nearly off, 39 and 40 were down. 
 
 WHITE OAK. 
 
 The single post. No. ] 1, was treated with tar and showed no 
 signs of decay. 
 
 BLACK OAK. 
 
 Five were not treated; three of these, 43, 44 and 45, had 
 been pulled out; 41 was nearly off, and 46 was considerably de- 
 cayed. Ot the three tarred, 42 and 47 were somewhat decayed, 
 while 49 was sound. Of the three coated with both petroleum 
 and tar, 48 had been pulled out, 50 was sound, and 51 but slight- 
 ly rotted. 
 
 BASSWOOD. 
 
 Of the four not coated with anything, all were down. Of 
 the four treated with tar, 52 was slightly decayed, and 63, 64 and 
 65 were broken. Of the four receiving petroleum and tar, 62 
 was slightly decayed, while 56, 57 and 66 were broken. 
 
 These notes were carefully made by removing the dirt to the 
 depth of six or eight inches and trying the wood with a knife. 
 
42 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 In connection with the above, notes were taken for the following 
 tabulation, in which the different degrees of decay in each kind 
 of wood with its different application is shown: 
 
 
 Sound. 
 
 Decay 
 
 •4 inch 
 
 deep 
 
 Decay 
 
 % Inch 
 
 deep. 
 
 Decay.l 
 In. deep 
 
 Decay 2 
 In. deep 
 
 Easily 
 broken by 
 pushing. 
 
 Down 
 
 Away 
 
 
 
 d.ao'd 
 
 cSPCO 
 
 eapoo 
 
 (SPOO 
 
 o3p O'O 
 
 rfP OT3 
 
 o3p o-a 
 
 Basswood 
 
 Black Oak 
 
 WlUow 
 
 White Elm 
 
 Soft Maple 
 
 Cedar 
 
 White Oak 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 1 
 
 4 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 1 
 1 2 
 
 43 3 
 3 2 
 31 
 
 3 1 
 
 Dividing the posts into two classes for the present year by 
 saying that all posts with as much 6r more than one and one- 
 half inches of decayed wood have passed their day of usefulness, 
 and those having less are still useful for another year, and we 
 have the following figures: 
 
 
 Posts stood Four Years Treated 
 With 
 
 Posts Falliug to Stand Four 
 fears. 
 
 
 a 
 
 Tar Alone. 
 
 s 
 g 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 p 
 
 £ 
 
 to 
 
 a 
 IS 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 Basswood 
 
 Black Oak 
 
 Willow - 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 White Elm 
 
 Soft Maple 
 
 Cedar 
 
 White Oak 
 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Out of the eighteen posts not treated but five were still good, 
 of the 20 treated with tar, 14 were still useful, of the 17 treated 
 with both petroleum and tar, 10 were still of use, of the 7 treated 
 with petroleum, but 2 remained sound. 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 43 
 
 Of the 12 basswood posts four not treated were down, and 
 but one out of four saved by the use of tar and one out of four 
 by the use of both petroleum and tar. Of the seven black oak 
 posts one receiving nothing was nearly gone, while the other re- 
 ceiving nothing was still usefull. Three coated with tar and two 
 with both materials were still nearly sound. Of the 12 willow 
 posts the three treated with petroleum and the three not treated 
 were gone, while the three treated with both preservatives were 
 good, and two of the three tarred were still standing. Of the 
 nine white elm the one not treated was gone, three of the four 
 tarred still stood, but one of the three treated with both paints 
 stood, and the one painted with petroleum stood. Of the soft 
 maple four receiving nothing, one receiving tar, two receiving 
 both paints, and one painted with petroleum went down in from 
 two to three years, and are now almost wholly decayed. Of the 
 cedar posts four not treated, three treated with boiling tar, three 
 painted with petroleum and immersed in the tar, and the one 
 painted with the petroleum, are all entirely or nearly sound. The 
 single white oak, tarred, seemed to be perfectly sound. 
 
 Comparing the different preparations in preserving the diff- 
 erent woods, we have: 
 
 Four basswood posts not treated, all went down ; four treated 
 with tar, three went down and one stood; four treated with both 
 tar and petroleum, only one stood. Tar and double application 
 alike effective. Two black oak posts not treated, one still stands 
 and one has passed its usefulness; three tarred, all stand; two 
 treated with double application stand. Tar and double applica- 
 tion alike good. Three willow not treated, all are down; three 
 tarred, only one is down ; three treated with double application, 
 all stand; three painted with petroleum, all went down. Petro- 
 leum not benaficial, tar not quite so good as petroleum and tar 
 combined. One white elm not treated, is down ; live treated with 
 tar, four standing, one down ; three treated with double applica- 
 tion, one standing, two down; two treated with petroleum, one 
 standing, one down. Tar appeared to be beneficial. All of the 
 soft maple posts are down. Tar could not save them. None of 
 the cedar posts are down, but those not coated and those painted 
 with petroleum are beginning to decay, while the six receiving 
 tar, either alone or with petroleom, are perfectly sound. 
 
 Tar has been a good thing in preserving up to this time all 
 
44 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 kinds of wood. The same may be said of petro]eum and tar to- 
 gether. Petroleum alone seemed to have little or no effect; as 
 many posts treated with this application went down as where 
 nothing had been applied. Tar applied alone makes a better 
 showing than where the posts were tarred after being painted 
 with petroleum. Posts painted first and then tarred did not ab- 
 sorb the tar. It merely formed a coating on the outside of the 
 petroleum and was considerably scaled off. Where the unpainted 
 post was immersed in the boiling tar it was observed that the tar 
 had penetrated the wood i- or J- inch, thus forming a coat that 
 could not scale. Pretroleum did no good when applied alone, 
 and harm when preceding the use of tar. Tarring is estimated 
 to cost two cents per post. Just how many years it will lengthen 
 the years of usefulness of a post of each of the different kinds of 
 wood would be of interest could sufficient data be collected to 
 show. Only estimates from appearances of posts can be given 
 of how long they will stand. Basswood posts will not last on an 
 average more than two and one-half years if they have merely 
 been cut and cured before setting. Tar will probably not make 
 them average more than a year longer. The soft maple posts 
 are all gone, and are evidently the poorest of all kinds used. The 
 use of tar will preserve white willow on an average ot five years, 
 while without tar they will average but three or four, as indi- 
 cated by the posts here observed. Tar seems to be of great use 
 in preserving posts, and will, doubtless, be of greatest value in 
 preserving the good woods rather than in increasing the length 
 of time the poor posts will stand. The experiment rather proves 
 that the cost is greater than the profit where the application is 
 to basswood and willow.' What the profit will be shown to be in 
 the case of cedar and oak posts not enough time has elapsed as 
 yet to indicate. 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 In the cellars last spring were eighty-six varieties of pota- 
 toes, No's 7 to 93 inclusive of which fitty varieties, No's. 7-56, 
 had been on the farm two or more years, and thirty -six varieties, 
 No's. .57-93, were introduced in 1885. Two varieties were added 
 last spring. Onondago, No. 93, was brought by Mr. F. S. G-reely 
 from Illinois . The other Extra Early Vermont, No. 94, was 
 brought back to the farm by Mr. R. B. Shearer of Ames. 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45 
 
 He says he bought the seed ten or eleven years ago of Frof. Mc- 
 Afee, then Prof, of Horticulture, and that they were the best of 
 twenty six varieties he then had. This variety being saved until 
 now in preference to all others. 
 
 A field of rather sandy or gravelly nature quite uniform 
 throughout was chosen. The field was in oats in 1885, and in 
 the fall a heavy coating of barnyard manure was plowed under. 
 In the spring the fall plowing was prepared by first going over 
 with a two horse corn cultivator then with the han-ow. Two 
 rows across the field 44 rods in length were planted of each va- 
 riety. The Aspinwall Potato Planter was used. It did satis- 
 factory work to say the least. It does as true and good work as 
 does the improved corn planter. One man and team can plant 
 four or five acres per day if the potatoes are already cut. The 
 potatoes are thrown into a hopper, the runner or plow dropped 
 into the ground and as the team starts the arms revolve each 
 picking up one cutting at a time and dropping it behind the 
 the runner, which is on the same principal as the runners in the 
 corn planter. The furrow is nicely filled by two blades. The 
 planter can be adjusted to suit depth, distance apart of rows, 
 distance apart of tubers in the row and to drill almost any de- 
 sired amount of pulverized fertilizer in the bottom of the furrow 
 with the tubers. Dropping is most regular when the shape of 
 the cutting is cubical rather than long or flat. We think this 
 machine worthy of a use similar to that given the corn planter. 
 Farmers can own and rent or own it in partnership with profit. 
 
 The cultivation of the field of potatoes consisted of two har- 
 rowings while the potatoes were coming up and three plowings. 
 The first two plowings were given with a common two horse cul- 
 tivator. The vines made very rapid and fine growth during the 
 earlier part ef the season and when we came to plow them the 
 last time the early ones were setting tubers. The method of cul- 
 tivating the last time was quite novel. Mr. Eobert's blades 
 mentioned elsewhere in connection with corn plowing were used. 
 As only the center between the rows could be touched the inside 
 blades were removed. The outside blades were set to throw the 
 dirt toward the row and a most excellent cultivation was secured. 
 All the hand work done was to pull a few large growing weeds 
 out of the rows. Had the season been less dry more cultivation 
 would have been needed. Notes were taken on the growth of all 
 
46 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 varieties every week and further notes were taken at the time 
 of digging. These notes were arranged in tabular form and are 
 presented on subsequent pages. 
 
 For this fall's digging Pres. Chamberlain procured a Mc- 
 Oallum potato digger. It has a broad shovel or plow which 
 simply raises the dirt upon an iron elevator running over a vi- 
 brating screen and carrying the potatoes upward and backward. 
 Nearly all the dirt runs through the screen filling the furrow al- 
 most tull and the potatoes, vines, and clods are carried back and 
 thrown on the top of the furrow. Unless the vines are very 
 strong and green, if the ground is right, the potatoes can nearly 
 all be seen. When the vines are heavy enough to clog some, the 
 pickers only need to be told that they must examine these 
 bunches as they often conceal potatoes. The potatoes are rather 
 less bruised than when dug with a fork. The operator has a cer- 
 tain test of whether the plow is deep enough to get all the pota- 
 toes. He has merely to notice whether any are cut, if not, the 
 plow must be below all tubers. As yet this machine costs con- 
 siderable mone}' for the amount of actual time it will wear. 
 Some little faults in mechanical details caused us much trouble 
 and nearly wore some parts of the machine out on ten acres. 
 
 HISTORY OF YAEIETIES FOE 1886. 
 
 The plan of arranging these notes serves to show a compari- 
 son of all varieties in time of planting and coming up, the 
 growth of both vines and tubers, the blossoming, the death of 
 vines and ripening of tubers; and in the columns at the right 
 will be found the yield, form, &c., as noted at the time of dig- 
 ging. From June 1st to Sept. 8th weekly observations were 
 made on the growth of vines and tubers. The strength of vines 
 is shown in figures meaning size rather than height as some vari- 
 eties are more erect growers than others. The time at which the 
 vine began to weaken is shown by the letter W. When a part 
 of the vines were really dying D'ngAe, used; and D, when near- 
 ly or quite all vines were dead. Figures marking the tubers 
 were made by comparing all with Beauty of Hebron, and four 
 hills of each variety were usually dug each week. £ standing 
 in the third line shows how many times the variety was found 
 to be in blossom. Si. is used for ripe and shows when the skin 
 and general appearance of the tuber showed ripeness without 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47 
 
 any reference to the death of the vines. In the notes at the 
 right the observations on the tubers were recorded at the time of 
 digging. Ripeness was determined by the maturity of the skin 
 and by the firmness, size, and appearance of the tuber. Some 
 late varieties were not marked good in form on account of second 
 growth producing small side tubers and enlargements, "fingers 
 and toes." Notes were taken on the amount of rot but the per 
 cent, was so small that no mention is made of it. The cooking 
 qualities of but few varieties were tested this year as it would 
 certainly be unfair to judge of the mealiness and flavor of a po- 
 tato before it is ripe. This is especially true where a second en- 
 largement of the tubers had taken place with the fall rains, or 
 where the tuber had sprouted. The four classes indicated in the 
 last vertical column are made up trom tlae records as made on the 
 varieties; and was determined in the main by the time of ripe- 
 ning of the tubers, somewhat by the time the vines died but with- 
 out reference to the time of blossoming. The yield of the varie- 
 ties of 1885 which have never been published in full before are 
 inserted and serve to illustrate how varieties difler in different 
 years, the one with the conditions to produce rot, the other one 
 exceedingly dry. 
 
48 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 49 
 
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
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DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59 
 
 Eight varieties are classed extra early of wliich Beauty of 
 Hebron, Pearl of Savoy and Early Ohio rank highest in good 
 qualities. Of these three Beauty of Hebron averaged for the 
 last two years 117^ bushels per acre, Pearl of Savoy 136 bushels 
 and Early Ohio 111 bushels. A record of Beauty of Hebron and 
 Early Ohio for the past five years shows an average yield of 164 
 bushels per acre for the former and 135 bushels per acre for the 
 latter. Pearl of Savoy is of high cooking quality and promises 
 to out do Beauty of Hebron while Early Ohio must take third 
 place because of being a light producer. This year Early Ohio 
 is our earliest potato. It was nearly mature when the drouth be- 
 gan to have its effect and though, generally, not so good a yielder 
 as other early sorts, made the best yield of any in the field. Last 
 year the potatoes rotted badly and Early Ohio being earliest suf- 
 fered probably the most. 
 
 Twenty four varieties are classed medium early, of which 
 thirteen varieties averaged over 90 bushels per acre for the last 
 two years. Lee's Favorite averaging 134 bushels stands highest. 
 Early Howard averaging 112 bushels stands second and Boston 
 Market averaging 103 bushels per acre stands third. 
 
 Twenty -seven varieties are classed medi/itm, eight of which 
 gave an average of over 100 bushels. .Queen of the Roses stands 
 highest, 3'ielding 125 bushels per acre, Hamburg second, yield- 
 ing 124 bushels per acre. 
 
 Of the twenty-nine late kinds, eight averaged for the last 
 two years 112 or more bushels per acre. Chief averaged 142 bush- 
 els. White Elephant 137 bushels and State of Maine 135 bush- 
 els. 
 
 We have good ground for recommending the eleven varie- 
 ties named, and a mere glance at our comparison of varieties in 
 yields will show the benefits of having some of the best. No.'s 
 15, 17, 20, 24, 30, 33, 34, 40, 52, 63, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 63, 64, 75, 
 85, 86 and 89 have averaged less than 70 bushels per acre for the 
 two years and are not recommended. 
 
 SIZE OF TUBEES, 
 
 Without expecting to prove anything new but to illustrate 
 the value of having considerable bulk to tubers, the following ex- 
 periment was tried. Small chips one inch across and one-fourth 
 inch deep were taken from medium tubers. Each chip con- 
 
60 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 tained a single eye. The curved potato knife was used. One 
 row of Chief was planted with these chips. They were dropped 
 into the machine by hand as they were too small for the arms to 
 catch them, and covered in the same way and at the same depth 
 as the other potatoes. They came quite slowly and weak thongh 
 nearly all came. The roots were frequently observed and it was 
 found that while the shoots from large cuttings sent out numer- 
 ous strong roots from the very base of the stem these did not 
 send out such strong roots. The vine was compelled to wait un- 
 til roots were sent out up along the stem before it really ob- 
 tained a good foot hold. The roots seemed fully as tardy in 
 making a start as did the top. Another row was planted with 
 the eye cut out with a cylindrical piece of tuber one inch long 
 and one-half inch in diameter. Early Howard was used for this 
 row. Chief cut to chips yielded 36 bushels per acre compared 
 with 103 when planted the regular way at the same time. Ear- 
 ly Howard yielded 50 bushels as compared with 134 bushels 
 planted regularly. A peculiarity noted was the lateness of these 
 rows as compared with regular planting. It may be that larger 
 tubers aid very materially in procuring early potatoes. The 
 more nutriment in the tuber the earlier start the vine gets is cer- 
 tainly shown by this extreme illustration. These rows seemed 
 to stand the drouth bettar than the same varieties planted reg- 
 ularly. 
 
 DEPTH OF PLANTING. 
 
 Empire State planted with the Aspinwall planter at differ- 
 ent depths gave the following results : 2 inches deep was as shal- 
 low as the machine would plant. This gave 56 bushels per acre; 
 3^ inches about the depth at which the regular planting was 
 made produced 74 bushels ; 4| inches, which was the greatest 
 depth possible with this machine gave 101 bushels per acre. 
 The vines were earlier and stronger where the machine planted 
 the deepest. These plantings were in adjacent rows and were 
 planted May 12th. Natures way for planting the potato is deep 
 and it is, therefore, adapted to coming up from some depth. 
 Examinations show that the long under ground stock has many 
 more roots budding out from its sides than the short stems of 
 the shallow planting. Further, there are more under ground 
 stems branching out from the main <?tem when it is farther in 
 the ground and these under ground stems bear the potatoes. On 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61 
 
 mellow arable land great advantage comes from having the pota- 
 toes planted four or five inches deep. The deeper plantings 
 were slightly harder to dig because more dirt was necessarily 
 raised. 
 
 DISTANCE APAET OF TUBEES IN THE EOW. 
 
 The Aspinwall planter is so arranged that 8, 6 or 4 droppers 
 or arms may be nsed drilling the potatoes 14, 18 and 27 inches 
 apart respectively. Two rows ot Dakota Red were planted at 
 each of these distances. The yields were, 14 inches apart 70 
 bushels per acre, 18 inches apart 68 bushels per acre, and 27 
 inches apart 40 bushels per acre. 
 
 WIDTH BETWEEN THE EOWS. 
 
 Several rows of Empire State were planted to compare the 
 effect of wider and closer plantings. The weights of all but one 
 ot the narrower plantings have been lost. Yield per acre when 
 rows were 32 inches apart was 70 bushels. Three rows planted 
 41 inches apart, weighed together, averaged 73^ bushels per acre. 
 It may be said that the corn cultivator used is not the best im- 
 plement to cultivate potatoes, and the closer plantings were prob- 
 ably somewhat injured by the plow. 
 
 SLAUGHTEE HOUSE EEFITSE FOE POTATOES. 
 
 By means of the fertalizing attachment on the potato plan- 
 ter different amounts of finely pulverized slaughter house refuse 
 was scattered in the rows with the tubers. The variety used 
 was Chief, rows were 44 rods long. 
 
 4 rows without fertilizer yielded 88 bushels per acre. 
 
 2 " with 240 lbs. " " 76 " " " 
 
 1 >' " 600 " " " 87 " " " 
 
 1 " " 600 " " " 80 
 
 1 " " 960 ' 101 
 
 BLOSSOMING AND TIME T0BEES EIPEN 
 
 The weekly observations afford some facts concerning the 
 time of blossoming. June 16th fifteen varieties had begun to 
 bloom, June 23d forty-three more had^begun, June 30th seven- 
 
62 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 teen more had begun and July 7th eleven more were for the 
 first time recorded in bloom. Two varieties, Cloud's White Chief 
 and Yick's Extra early were not found in bloom at all. Show- 
 ing these in a tabular statement we find that it was not the early 
 varieties alone that began to bloom early. 
 
 
 EXTRA EABLY. 
 
 EABLY. 
 
 MEDIUM. 
 
 LATE. 
 
 June 16. 
 
 " 23. 
 
 " 30. 
 
 .July 7. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 9 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 9 
 6 
 
 The proof is -['lite conclusive that the blossoming is 
 guide to the time of ripening or earliness of varieties. 
 
 no 
 
 DEATH OF VINES. 
 
 It has been interesting to notice the death of the vines dur- 
 ing the dry season. As is shown in the tabular statement below 
 it has not been the early potatoes alone that died in mid-summer 
 but also some of the late ones, while their tubers were imma- 
 ture. 
 
 
 EXTRA EABLY. 
 
 EABLY. 
 
 MEDIUM. 
 
 LATE. 
 
 July 28. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Aug. 4. 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 " 11. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 " 18. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 " 25. 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Sept. 1. 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 Beauty of Hebron had some green stalks at the time of dig- 
 ging. Data gathered, a more favorable year would be necessary 
 to determine how closely the death of the vines is associated 
 with the ripening of the tubers. 
 
 CROSSES. 
 
 An attempt was made to cross some varieties. Numerous 
 crosses were tried between several of our earliest varieties, also 
 between some of the best late varieties, but owing to the extreme- 
 ly dry weather not a single ball was produced from nearly two 
 hundred flowers fertilized. Eiforts were also made with a wild 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63 
 
 potato which has been grown in the Horticultural Department 
 for a few years. The same lack of success was met. In fact we 
 s^w but a dozen or so balls on all of the varieties and none on 
 the wild potato resulting from natural fertilization. It was in- 
 tended to cross fertilize many more flowers but the effects of the 
 drouth had begun to tell and but little hopes could be entertained 
 of success. 
 
 Tnisco Greiner in his valuable little book, ^'■Money in Po- 
 tatoes" %&y 5 : "It is necessary to create about 2,000 new varie- 
 ties in order to find one as good as those already in existance, 
 and perhaps 10,000, or more, in order to find a better one." 
 Nearly all of our new varieties are originated by sowing the 
 seed of selected varieties without any direct knowledge, usually, 
 with what variety the flower was crossed. Some have been origi- 
 nated by experimenters crossing the flowers of two choice varie- 
 ties. Doubtless the latter method is not meant by Mr. Greiner 
 in the above statement. Very few varieties produce many seed 
 balls. Many flowers must be cross-fertilized to insure the pro- 
 duction of a few seed balls . 
 
 POTATO BUGS. 
 
 During the latter part of May the Colorado potato bug, 
 Doryphoria decemlineata, began to show themselves in the potato 
 field in formidable numbers — and soon began to deposit eggs. 
 June 5fh, when the earliest eggs were beginning to hatch, thir- 
 teen rows on the north side of the field were gone over and every 
 hill handled. Not a bug or bunch of eggs was left in sight. 
 This method cost nearly two and one-half dollars per acre. Two 
 weeks later the larva of all sizes were infesting the field in alarm- 
 ing numbers. The rows hand-picked had fully half as many bugs 
 as the remainder of the rows. Arsenic poisoning was resorted 
 to and upon the suggestions of Prof. H. Osborn, the following 
 method was tried, and proving very satisfactory, was used in go- 
 ing over the field: 
 
 Barrels of water were placed in the wagon, room being left 
 in back end for a man to stand. The rear barrel contained a 
 solution of Paris green or London purple. An Aquapult force 
 pump was operated while the team was driven back and forth 
 across the field. The small nozzle was used and the liquid 
 sprayed by holding the thumb against the end of the nozzle. By 
 
64 COLLEGE BULLETIIT, 
 
 a swinging motion of the hand several rows were thoroughly 
 spraved at once. Seven rows were sprayed in this manner going 
 over an acre in ten minutes, but more satisfactory work w^s 
 done by taking five rows and driving more slowly. The good 
 effect of the application was shown by comparison with a few 
 rows left untreated. Prof. Osborn says one-half pound of either 
 London purple or Paris green is sufficient for a barrel of water 
 if kept well stirred. 
 
 Not counting cost of force pump, this method will not cost 
 above fifty cents per acre. The loss of poison by the spray cov-. 
 ering the ground between the rows is not great, as these poisons 
 are not very expensive- The spray is made much finer than 
 when the can sprinkler is used and will therefore go much 
 farther. The saving of labor in large fields is much greater than 
 any possible greater cost of poisons. 
 
 TIME TO DIG. 
 
 The harvesting of these potatoes gave some interesting notes 
 in connection with the weekly observations on the tubers previ- 
 ous to diging. Owing to the drouth the potatoes, late as well as 
 early kinds, made but little growth of tuber during August. The 
 September rains were sufficient to start those vines, which had 
 longest withstood the drouth, into new growth. Many of the 
 later sorts started new leaves from the stalks, and in many cases 
 new sprouts producing vines as high as eight inches by October 
 1st. But the second growth was not confined to the vines, the 
 tubers making a second growth as well. Number 55, Duchess, 
 was a marked example of second growth of both tops and tubers. 
 Many of the tubers had sprouted and nearly all showed second 
 growth. The stem end of the tubers would be fairly solid, skin 
 firm and have the mature color; and at the seed end and some- 
 times along the sides the second growth would be made. This 
 second growth usually made the potato of irregular form, and in 
 many cases a number of projections, "fingers and toes," would 
 be formed. These second growths would have every appearance 
 of immaturity, skin that would easily slip, and color of skin 
 peculiar to that variety when growing rapidly. Probably peri- 
 ods of drouth are the main factor in producing "fingers and toes." 
 Many of these projections wera broken off in the handling, and 
 but little additional bulk was given to the yield of these sorts by 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65 
 
 allowing thetn to remain in trie ground until the new growth had 
 taken place. Some samples cooked indicated nothing of meali- 
 ness or flakiness. Unless the second growth after a drouth has 
 time to mature, the potatoes had better be dug before such growth 
 begins, if quality is any object. Where the drouth ends earlier 
 in the season, however, good crops of second growth potatoes 
 may be grown and should then be given full time to develop. 
 Sometimes only early sorts produce potatoes of good quality, 
 while at other times the late sorts alone have good quality. 
 
 After a potato is at its best if good care can be given the 
 sooner dug the better, usually. 
 
 In many varieties the dying of the vines seems to be a very 
 good guide to the time the tubers are mature. This cannot al- 
 ways be followed. The color, size and general appearance of the 
 tuber, together with a test of the firmness of the skin are aids to 
 the experienced grower. The tuber is an exogenous grower and, 
 so long as growth goes on, the cambium layer separating the skin 
 from the tuber is a soft layer and allows the skin to be easily 
 slipped by the thumb. When the tuber is ripe the skin is more 
 dense and is not separated from the solid cellular part of the 
 tuber by this cambium layer. 
 
 TEMPEEATITRE OF TILE DRAIN WATER 
 
 During January, February and March, the temperatures of 
 several drains were kept, but were in some way mislaid and lost. 
 However, the averages ot the monthly observations for those 
 three months were preserved. The averages of five drains 2, 4 
 and 6 in the table below and two drains near the creek east of 
 the barns taken near the first and middle of the month give an 
 average of a little over 39° F. for January and 38° F. for both 
 February and March. After January 15th to April 1st, no drain 
 varied more than one or two degrees from the average of 38". 
 None of these drains seem to be aftected by deep spring water, 
 and are in the open fields where the soil was fully exposfed to the 
 severe winters. Another drain, No. 6, in the table runs nearly 
 its whole course through an apple orchard, and during the same 
 period averaged two degrees higher. No. 1, really a spring, 
 averaged 6 or 8 degrees higher than the first mentioned. Other 
 drains fed partly by deep spring water and partly by water drawn 
 
GQ 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 from near the surface, showed averages somewhere between the 
 first and last named. 
 
 Below are given the temperatures taken weekly of one spring 
 and five drains from April 19th to July 19th, when all the drains 
 had gone dry: 
 
 
 APBIl. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 JXJLT. 
 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 I 
 
 44 
 
 4fi 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 II 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 36 
 
 44 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 
 IV 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 56 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 VI 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will be observed that the spring No. I did not so nearly 
 approach the freezing point April 1st as did the surface water of 
 the drains. The low temperature recorded April 1st for No. Ill 
 must have been due to the imperfect opening which caused the 
 water to stand exposed, where taken, to the frozen banks. Both 
 a higher temperature during the winter and a lower during the 
 summer indicate that this drain is partly ted by a spring. The 
 fact of its running longer is still further evidence of the same. 
 The spring, No. 1, slowly increased in temperature from M:" 
 April 1st to 52° July 19th, while the surface water of the three 
 foot drains increased from 38° April 1st to 52° by May 24th, and 
 continuing at the same rate of increase up to 58 or 60° at the 
 time of ceasing their flow. 
 
 One of these drains, No. V, was observed daily from April 
 19th to June Ist, giving the following figures. 
 
 Apr. 19 
 
 42 
 
 Apr. 28 
 
 46 
 
 May 7 
 
 46 
 
 May 16 
 
 49 
 
 May 25 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 53 
 
 21 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 46 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 27 
 
 53 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 May 1 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 19 
 
 50 
 
 28 
 
 53 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 11 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 
 51 
 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 44 . 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 21 
 
 51 
 
 30 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 13 
 
 49 
 
 22 
 
 51 
 
 31 
 
 54 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 14 
 
 49 
 
 23 
 
 52 
 
 June 1 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 If a piece of land could be found having an impervious sub- 
 soil that would prevent the downward flow of the rains a very 
 interesting experiment might be conducted to see what per cent 
 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67 
 
 of rains would be evaporated and what per cent carried off by 
 the drains. There seem to be no drains on the college farm where 
 the area actually drained can be closely estimated. Further, 
 many of the drains are fed by spring water and a record of their 
 outflow would not determine much. 
 
 SOIL TEMPERATUEES AND EAINFALL. 
 
 For the seven months begining April 10th and ending Nov. 
 10th, temperatures of the soil were kept by m-eans of four ther- 
 mometers placed 1 inch, 3 inches, 6 inches and 9 inches deep 
 respectively, and read daily at 7 a. m., 1 p. m., and 6 p. m. They 
 were planted in one of the plats laid off for grass, and the plat 
 was kept bare during the summer. The soil is a black rich pra- 
 irie loam and is tile drained. The location is one pretty well 
 hedged in by trees which may have some effect on the tempera- 
 ture of the soil, probably to make it higher. 
 
 The entire tabular statement of the soil temperatures we 
 find is too large for publication, we therefore insert the ranges 
 and averages at different depths for each month, hoping the rea- 
 ders will find some interesting fact contained therein. Should 
 any one desire the entire set of tempratures they will be furn- 
 ished on applcation. 
 
 APRIL, LAST TWENTY DATS. 
 
 One inch deep ranged from 42° to 86° averaged for the three read- 
 ings 60° 
 
 3 inches deep ranged from 42° to 76°, averaged 60° 
 
 6 u .. '. " 43° " 69°, " 57.2° 
 
 9 « .' " " 48° " 64°, " 55.4° 
 
 MAY. 
 
 1 inch 
 
 deep 
 
 ranged from 48° to 96°, 
 
 averaged 73° 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 48° " 96°, 
 
 71° 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 47° " 80°, 
 
 68.8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 50° '" 74°, 
 
 62. J 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 1 inch deep ranged from 57° to 106°, averaged 84.4° 
 
 3 .< u u .< 57° " 102°, " 83.3° 
 
 g u u u .. 61° " 92°, " 76.4° 
 
 9 " 
 
 65° "84°, " 74.5° 
 
68 
 
 COLLEGE BULLETIN, 
 
 JULY. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 inch 
 
 11 
 
 deep 
 
 (1 
 
 ranged 
 
 from 70° 
 " 73° 
 
 to 118°, 
 " 110°, 
 
 averaged 93.4° 
 " 90.3° 
 
 6 
 
 4t 
 
 i( 
 
 u 
 
 74° 
 
 " 95°, 
 
 " 83.6° 
 
 9 
 
 (1 
 
 
 1( 
 
 " 76° 
 AUGUST. 
 
 " 88°, 
 
 " 80.9° 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 inch 
 
 deep 
 
 ranged 
 
 a 
 
 from 54° 
 
 " 58° 
 
 to 124°, 
 " 106°, 
 
 averaged 88.8° 
 86.4° 
 
 6 
 
 If 
 
 ** 
 
 u 
 
 " 68° 
 
 " 91°, 
 
 " 80.9° 
 
 9 
 
 1( 
 
 (( 
 
 ({ 
 
 73° 
 
 SEPTEMBER 
 
 " 86°, 
 
 " 79.3° 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 inch 
 
 deep 
 
 ranged 
 
 it 
 
 from 41° 
 
 47° 
 
 to 106°, 
 " 94°, 
 
 averaged 67.3° 
 " 68° 
 
 6 
 
 (i 
 
 a 
 
 li 
 
 55° 
 
 " 86°, 
 
 " 67.7° 
 
 9 
 
 
 K 
 
 u 
 
 58° 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 " 81°, 
 
 " 66.3° 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 inch 
 
 deep 
 
 ranged 
 
 from 28° 
 " 33° 
 
 to 91°, 
 " 84°, 
 
 averaged 62.8° 
 " 61.2° 
 
 6 
 
 ( ( 
 
 i( 
 
 u 
 
 " 41° 
 
 " 74°, 
 
 59.2° 
 
 9 
 
 (( 
 
 (1 
 
 11 
 
 45° 
 
 " 70°, 
 
 58.3° 
 
 NOVEMBER, FIRST TEN DAYS. 
 
 1 inch deep ranged from 24° to 70°, averaged 43.5° 
 
 3, " " " " 23° " 62°, " 42.6° 
 
 6 " " " " 37° " 59°, " 45° 
 
 9 " " " " 40° " 55°, " 46.6° 
 
 The highest temperature recorded was shown by the one- 
 inch deep thermometer, at the noon observation Aug. 15th. The 
 relative humidity of the air has considerable effect on thearaount 
 of heat the sun is able to transmit to the soil. The high temper- 
 atures were attained when several days with hygrometric state 
 had allowed the sun to heat the dry soil to some depth. The 
 highest average of one reading of any thermometer for a whole 
 month was the one-inch deep thermometer at noon observations 
 for July, being 107.9*. The highest average for the three daily 
 observations of anj' thermometer was the one inch deep ther- 
 mometer for July, being 93.4°. For the same month the three- 
 inch deep thermometer was at its highest, being 90.3°, also the 
 six-inch deep, being 83.6°; and the nine-inch deep, being 80.9°. 
 
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 69 
 
 The Rainfall in inches for the seven months was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 April 16, .86; April 17, .5; April 23, .08; April 25, .23; 
 April 27, .22 and .29, 44. Total 2.33. 
 
 For May 8, .65; 10, 1.05; 13, .46; 14, .32; 26, .3. Total 2.78. 
 
 For June 2, .1; 5, .02; 7, .44; 15, .08; 19, .11; 22, 1.12. To- 
 tal, 1.87. 
 
 ForJnly23, .02; 30, .04. Total, .06. 
 
 For August 1, .12; 4, .13; 5, .02; 16, .16; 17, .03; 28. .07. 
 Total, .53. 
 
 For September 1, .51; 2, .18; 3, .04; 4, .26; 5, .07; 8, .38; 
 9, .41; 13, .17; 14, .05; 16, .8; 19, .3; 21, .13; 25, .22; 27,1.14. 
 Total, 4.66. 
 
 For October 15, .44; 20, .04; 23, .32; 25, .3; 26, .01. To- 
 tal, 1.11. 
 
 For November 9, .02. Total, .02. 
 
 Total for the 7 months from April 10th to November 10th, 
 13.36 inches. The averagr per month being 1.336 in. 
 
 It will be further noticed that during July we had practic- 
 ally no rain being only .06 ot an inch, and from June 22d to 
 Sept 1st, over two months, only .59 being little more than f 
 inch. 
 
r 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 ' ' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 "1 
 
 H 
 
 YOUNG STOCK. 
 
 (PBINCI PALLY MALES.) 
 
 FOB, SALE AT REASONABLE PRICES. 
 
 CATTLE. 
 
 Holstein-Fresians, Jerseys, Short-Horns. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 ^ydesdales. Normans. Hambletonians, 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 Shropshire Downs, Southdowns. 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 Poland Chinas, Chester Whites. 
 
 NEW VARITIES OF POTATOES. 
 
 SEED O.A.TS JiJNlD dGTiilS^- 
 
 Address, Heeman Knapp, Ames, Iowa.