COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE to LATIN AMERICA REVISED EDITION :, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF CQMMEKCE BUREAU OF FORElQN AND DOMESTIC '.QSMMRGE /'/Of Cornell Httiwratg Ilihrarg 3tl}ara, Nun $ mrb U.. S* Supt. of ...Do.ouiiien.ta.. Cornell University Library F 1409.F481922 Commercial travelers' guide to Latin Ame 3 1924 021 077 841 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021077841 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE JULIUS KLEIN, Director MISCELLANEOUS SERIES— No. 89 COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA REVISED EDITION By ERNST B. FILSINGER PRICE, J1.25 Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The need for a guide for commercial travelers to Latin America has long been felt. In this volume an effort has been made to supply practical, concrete facts and information which will be useful to business men in ,.planning trips to -the territory south of the United States. It should be borne in mind that this is not a handbook. Many phases of commerce and industry which would obviously require treatment in a handbook can only be touched upon in- a guide: It is deemed necessary to make this explanation for the benefit of those who might otherwise expect a more extended treatment of certain subjects merely referred to in this publication. The bulk of the information herein supplied has been obtained at first hand. Not only is it based on the actual experience of numerous travelers, but the latest and most reliable Government and other authorities have been consulted. There is included only such information as will be of definite value to those who seek trade relations with the regions that are treated. No efforts have been spared to verify all the statistics and figures of every sort that are quoted. It should be remembered, however, that conditions are changing rapidly ; hence, allowance must neces- sarily be. made for discrepancies which may be -discovered in the actual use of the guide. Furthermore, it is to be expected that the coming of peace will materially influence the conditions of travel, sailings, time tables, etc. As the Bureau contemplates issuing from time to time revised edi- tions of this guide it will welcome suggestions for the improve- ment of the book, for additions or changes which may add to its usefulness, and for corrections which will insure its accuracy. Ernst B. Filsinger. hi PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. Owing to the numerous changes which have taken place since the Guide was first issued, a, new edition has become necessary. The book has been thoroughly revised throughout. No effort has been spared to make it as complete as possible. Much new and valuable material, has been added. Descriptions of the more important cities have been enlarged. Commercial travelers may thus form a better idea of conditions, opportunities, and prospects for sales in the respective countries. The author wishes to make acknowledgment of the valuable assistance furnished him by American commercial attaches, trade commissioners, consular officials, Amerioan chambers of commerce, travelers, bankers, business men, Government officials, steamship agentSj and others. in! all of the countries included in the Guide. The invitation extended in the preface to the first edition for suggestions, corrections* and additions to the Guide is now repeated. These may be sent to the Bureau for use in subsequent editions. Ebnst B. Filsinger. IV CONTENTS. Fage. letter of submittal ix Introduction xi Pabt I. — General Information for the Salesman. The salesman's equipment 1 Miscellaneous requirements , • 1 Documents for salesmen .77 Salesmen's licenses and samples, — ._ 11 Cables and mails , , 17 Funds for travel expenses - ; 20 Wardrobe 21 Health precautions 24 Traveler's check list 26 Transportation 28 Steamship companies and office addresses 28 Steamship fares and itineraries 30 Booth Steamship Co 30 Caribbean Steamship Co 30 Clyde Santo Domingo Line 30 Compafila Sudamericana de Vapores 30 Compafifa Trasatlilntica de Barcelona 31 Cuyamel Fruit Co. Steamship Service 32 Grace Line 32 Independent Steamship Line 32 Lamport & Holt Line 32 Lloyd Brasileiro 33 Mallory Steamship Co 33 Munson Steamship Line . 33 New Orleans-Blueflelds Fruit & Transportation Co„— - 33 New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Line)- 34 New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co^ 34 Norton Line r - — ... 34 Pacific Mail Steamship Co — -- — , — 35 Pacific Steam Navigation Co 36 V VI CONTENTS. Transportation — Continued. Steamship fares and itineraries— Continued. Page. Panama Railroad Steamship Line 37 Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co 37 Peruvian Steamship Co 38 Quebec Steamship Co ;_£__- 38 Red D Line 39 Royal Netherlands West India Mail 39 Southern Steamship Co. (Atlantic Steamship^ Lines)- 39 Steele Steamship Co ■■- 40 Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental Steamship Co.) — 40 Trinidad Line '-. — — ' 40 United Fruit Co. Steamship Service __. > 40 General information _____ ____: _" 43 What to do on arrival __ .-• 50 Advance work for travelers __ 50 Movements on arrival — ■-*. 51 Hotels, boarding houses, and fees _ 54 Pabt II.— Detailed Information fob. Canvassing L-^tin America, Subdivision of the territory—: _ 59 "Mexico _______! '.J. — 64 Central America — 121 Guatemala __ : 121 British Honduras 139 Honduras _____ 144 Salvador ___ 162 Nicaragua '— 176 Costa Rica _'_ 192 Panama 204 ; West Indies __ 1 214 Cuba 214 Jamaica 1__ 237 Haiti- : 244 Dominican Republic ; 255 Porto Rico_. 267 Virgin Islands 6f the United States 284 Bahama' Islands—- !__ 2g7 Bermuda Islands 290 Leeward Islands 292 CONTENTS. iVH West indies — Continued. Page. Guadeloupe- - ._ 302 Martinique _______ _ ____, .306 Barbados - 309 Windward Islands _ : , ____• 312 Trinidad .318 • Ouracao , _>__ 324 North coast of South America ;_ 328 '-- Colombia i __ 328 •■"■- Venezuela _. 412 - British Guiana 443 Dutch Guiana ■__ 449 ■- French Guiana :— 1 452 West coast of South America ; •.- 455 Ecuador- ______ 455 Peru ______: — , 472 Bolivia 498 Chile____ ___________ 522 East coast of South America : .561 Argentina .__ 561 Uruguay ___________ !_______ :_ 607 Paraguay __: >______•__ ____ *.__ 624 Brazil—.: : 637 Appendixes. 1. United States consular officers in Latin America— '699 2. Bibliography _' _________ 705 Index to cities and towns ' — __'__ — : 723 LIST OF MAPS.' i . .1. Mexico: Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Hermosillo, '! and northwestern section _. — --j 15 .2. Mexico: Durango, Guadalajara, and southwestern sec- tion -__ — -_-. — : — _. — ' , so -3. Mexico: Yucatan Peninsula.. r-.--.-~ — 86 4. Mexico : Mexico City and southern section____ ___ .89 5. Mexico: Monterey and northeastern, section. ,_ — 92 6. Mexico: Tampico, San Luis Potosi, and east central seq-' .,, tion _:_—_: :: — :_:._ — —__—'_ 1 "ioo 7. Guatemala 129 8. British Honduras 141 VIII CONTENTS. Page. : 9. Honduras (except western section)- '. 153 10. Salvador and Honduras (western section) 169 11. Nicaragua : Western section 184 .12. Nicaragua: Eastern section — ,. — ,, ,- 185 13. Costa Rica „ 199 14. Panama , 211 15. Cuba; Habana and western section. _ — 228 16. Cuba: Central section -, 233 17. Cuba: Santiago and eastern section . — 235 18. West Indies: Haiti,. Dominican Republic, and Porto Rico^ 250 19. West Indies: Virgin Islands, Leeward Islands, and Wind- ward Islands j.- 293 20. Colombia (northern section) and Venezuela (western sec- . tion) . , 378 21. Colombia: Southwestern section 380 22. Venezuela : North central section 426 -23. Venezuela: Northeastern section : 428 24. The Guianas ,— u*. - 444 25. Ecuador , , _i 465 26. Peru: Central section , 482 27. Peru (southern section) and Bolivia (western section) 489 28. Bolivia (southern section) and Argentina (northern, sec- tion ) 513 29. Chile: Concepcion-Valdivia section 538 30. Chile: Iquique^Antofagastasection..^^ , 542 31. Chile: Valparaiso-Santiago section , 553 32. Argentina: Bahia Blanca section ,___^_____^_ 575 33. Argentina : Buenos Aires-Rosario-Santa Fe section 577 34. Argentina : Tucuman-Cordoba section 596 35. TJruguay, 615 36. Paraguay -'. 630 37. Brazil: Bahia section 655 38. Brazil : NatatTernambucoiMacio section : 665 39. Brazil: Para section 668 40. Brazil: Porto Alegre-Curifcyba section 672 41. Brazil : Rio de Janeiro section 675 42. Brazil: Sao Paulo section 679 Map of Latin America : In'pocket. LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. Department of Commerce, bureau of foreign and domestic commebce, Washington, March 23, 1922. Sir: Submitted herewith is a revised edition of the Commercial Travelers' Guide to Latin America. This Guide, which was issued in 1920, has proved to be one of the most popular and useful of the Bureau's publications. The revision of the work for the present edition was made by Mr. Ernst B. Filsinger, the author, who has made extensive correc- tions and additions throughout the volume. The type has been entirely reset, although the arrangement and format of the first edition has been generally followed. Over 40 maps have been specially made for this edition and placed in the text where they will be most convenient for the reader. Respectfully, Juijrus Klein, Director. To Hon. Herbebt Hoover, Secretary of Commerce. IX COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. INTRODUCTION. Purpose.— -This guide, has been written to supply the need for > a guide book for commercial travelers in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America. While compiled primarily for business men, its convenience for casual travelers has not been overlooked. Time in Each Country. — An' attempt has been made to supply the traveler with sufficient data to estimate the time necessary to reach the important places in the region described; the approximate time required to go from point to point has also been specified. Obvi- ously, the conditions governing the sale of different kinds of mer- chandise vary so greatly that no time can be fixed for stay in any one city or country. Nevertheless, by~ a study, of the time-tables, descriptions of the cities, suggested routes, and other data supplied, it should not be difficult for the traveler to determine/ with some degree of accuracy, the time that should be devoted to each place. Probable Expenses. — la giving information regarding rates, routes, expenses, etc., it has been the endeavor to show how to obtain the best results in the shortest possible' time and at minimum expense. The executive, sales manager, or commercial traveler, by referring to the routes, distances, and means of travel scattered throughout the book, can estimate quite accurately the expense involved in a trip whose object may be the making of sales, the placing of agencies, or the inspection of agencies already established. General Scheme of the Guide. — For the convenience of the reader, and for easy consultation, the book has been divided into two sec- tions. The first part deals with general matters, such as salesmen's equipment, transportation, suggestions for procedure upon arrival at destination, etc. The experienced traveler may find superfluous many of the suggestions contained in this section, but those who have not heretofore traveled in Latin America will find in con- venient form some suggestions regarding many items which, despite their importance, are often overlooked. This section will be found of particular value to the beginner, and attention is directed to various details, such as documents needed, cables, wardrobe, health precautions, etc. Of great importance also are the details of trans- portation, including tickets, baggage, clearing of samples, overland routes etc Advance Beading. — The reader's attention is directed to a classi- fied bibliography at the end of the volume. In that list will be found the most important books, pamphlets, reports, etc., of general XI XII INTRODUCTION'. use in obtaining a knowledge of Latin-American conditions and in preparing salesmen for the competition which they must be ready to meet. Special attention is drawn to the reports by agents of the United States Government. These cover a variety of trades or lines of business, and careful advance study thereof will not only help the salesman to better prepare his samples but give Mm a more complete idea of the conditions he- will face in his particular line of work. These reports are published by the Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce. A complete list thereof, with prices, may be had by application to the offiee 4of the Bureau in Washington, or to its branch and cooperative offices. They are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, 'Government Printing Office, Washington, and by the district offices of the Bureau. - Statistics of imports from the United States into the territory covered within this volume may be obtained in the same manner. Commerce Reports, a publication issued weekly by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, likewise contains valuable infor- mation, compiled by American consuls, commercial attaches, trade commissioners, etc. Commerce Reports may be found in almost any public library. The subscription price is $3 per year; foreign sub- scriptions, $5. The various statistical publications of the Bureau also supply valuable assistance. See list in Appendix. Books About Countries. — The traveler who has familiarized him- self in advance with the commercial, social, and geographical condi- tions of the country he proposes to visit will enjoy a decided ad- vantage. It is especially desirable to have some familiarity with the. character of the people, their customs, political and economic conditions, etc. These vary greatly in the different Republics. Part I.— GENERAL INFORMATION FOR THE SALESMAN. THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS. What may be termed the salesman's " tools " should be carefully prepared and cheeked before leaving. An omission of some im- portant item may result in needless expense after the traveler has reached his destination. The most essential items in the average equipment are enumerated in the following pages. Remarks re- garding these have been made where it was deemed advisable. The list should be checked before departure. Catalogues. — Several copies should be carried. If possible, they should be packed in different units of the baggage to guard against inconvenience in the event of loss of a part of the baggage. If cata- logues have been published in other languages than English, they should also be included. Arrangement should De made to keep the traveler fully informed of -withdrawals of items listed, additions to samples carried, etc. A hand portfolio should be carried in which to place extra price lists, catalogues, and other important papers. Price Lists. — Several copies of the price list should be carried and in different pieces of the baggage. It is also desirable to place an extra price list in the sample trunk. This is important, especially when a traveler visits the remote places in the interior, as baggage is easily lost, unless under the constant vigilance of the owner. Occasionally a piece of baggage may be lost from a mule's back, but this in infrequent. * Metric Measurements.— Travelers who wish to do business suc- cessfully in Latin America should carry tables by which other measurements, weights, etc., are converted' into the metric units. The metric system is used in Latin American countries, and the traveler who can not quote in that system will be at a disadvantage. Firm Prides Important. — An immensely important factor in the development of foreign trade is stability of prices. The commercial traveler should be given the privilege of quoting prices that hold firm for at least sufficient time in which orders can be received at the home office and acknowledged by a cable. Because of keen competition, it is desirable that orders for important quantities be cabled and placed " firm " while the traveler is on the ground. If this is not done, difficulties and dissatisfaction are likely to ensue in case prices have advanced between the time the order is given and its receipt at the home office. In the case of small- orders agree- 2 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ment can be made that the prices specified on the order sheet are the maximum, and in the event that they have advanced by the time the order is received the American firm is either to cable new prices or to enter the. order at the new prices and advise the buyer accordingly. By observing these details there should be no mis- understanding. • In .quoting prices which ; fluctuate rapidly there should be an understanding between the home office with the traveler that the prices quoted are good for 48 hours. This is essential be- cause of the possibility of delay in transmission of messages and on account of the conations which prevail, in Latin American mar- kets. The matter of prices is so important that there is possibility of wasted effort, if there is no clear understanding in regard to them between the American firm and its representative. ' / > Stationery. — Business cards bearing the names of the firm and the traveler are indispensable. They should preferably be engraved. Latin Americans are ke.en observers and are influenced in their estimates of the manufacturer -by his attention to such details. Many European firms provide their representatives with cards whicfr are larger than those, commonly used in America, and it is, customary to show tjjereon views of factories, manufacturing facili- ties, etc. Another important detail is the date when the firm was established. A long period of business life carries great weight" with the Latin American merchant. . While a large supply of writing paper need not be taken, the trav- eler" should carry a sufficient quantity to maie him independent of ho.tel paper in the event that certain business matters require cor- respondence on his firm's stationery. A convenient form in which to carry stationery , is in a writing pad with tissue sheets. This permits the traveler who carries no typewriter to make carbon copies, of all his important correspondence. ■ Private Stationery. — The traveler who wisely prepares to make the most of the social opportunities afforded, him should carry a certain amount of, personal stationery. This should preferably be of good quality and- te if his name or monogram. Personal visiting, cards are likewise indispensable. Foreigners are quite punctilious in this regard, and the American traveler should not be at a disad- vantage. • - /_ •' Order Blanks. — A properly prepared order blank for export orders is highly ; essential. In the initial stages of foreign trade develop- ment, it may be inadvisable to. supply the traveler with a printed form, but he should be .compelled to note certain details on every order. The chief items, concerning which almost *very exporter requires information may be printed on a separate sheet to. accom- pany the order blank. The most important are the following : . Acceptance : All .order blanks, including the memorandum^ left with the buyer, should bear the phrase, " This order is taken sub- ject to the acceptance of — .". , Commercial references. . .,' Shipping directions: (a) Name of steamship line, or when neces- sary, name of, the buyer's representative or forwarding agent in American port.jj (6.) name of customs agent or consignee's repre- sentative at the port of entry.' THE SAIiESMAN'Sj EQUIPMENT. 3 ,-Cuetoms. declaration:, Exact description of each item ; how it is to be declared on" consular invoice. (This is indispensable to avoid confusion and delays in ..clearance of merchandise. ) ' -Packing, directions: Detailed instructions as to packing, whether in .cases, hales, or barrels. . Lining material to. use: Waterproof paper, oilcloth, burlap, or tin. For certain merchandise it is es- sential to .specify whether goods are to be packed with or without cartons, in bundles, bags, etc. Weights required: Whether gross, legal, or net; whether to be specified in- pounds or kilos. . Measurements : Whether in yards or meters or both. Marks and numbering : Whether on goods us well as on cases. Labels : Whether or not to use the firm name, . trade-mark, or neutral labels. ■'■■!■:■ > Papers : How many: copies of invoice required. Documents cover- ing goods ; how handled ; to whom papers are to be delivered. Terms : Full details concerning this item with definite under- standing as to the payment of collection charges; whether interest is to be collected for the time that remittance is in transit from Latin America, 40 the United States. ■ .When the customer insists that the shipping papers be presented through a certain bank, this should be specified in the order. The details of terms and handling of papers are so important that they should be fully covered. Special Pamphlets.— -Salesmen will find it desirable to carry with them the pamphlets issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domes- tic Commerce covering tariffs and consular regulations in Latin America. Those travelers who. do not speak Spanish or Portuguese will find them particularly useful. Tariff information must be readily available in order to make sales. Suggestions for Gifts. — It may prove valuable for the traveler to carry a limited quantity of small gifts, such as calendars,' pencils, or other novelties, which can be used for advertising purposes. These can be replenished from time to time by arranging for addi- tional lots to come by mail at various addresses. Caution must be exercised in carrying these articles, as they are subject to duty in some countries. Postage must also be fully paid wheii packages containing this material are sent to the traveler en route, or else he may not receive the package. New. Year's Greetings. — Salesmen will find it highly desirable to remember their customers and the friends whom they have made in Latin America at New Year's with cards or calendars. This is an old-established custom, and a remembrance in the form of a card or calendar is much appreciated. If cards are sent they should prefer- ably be engraved. In Latin America cards are not sent at Christ- mas, but at New Year's. Definitions of Export Quotations. — The following definitions were adopted at a conference held December 16, 1919, by the National Foreign Trade Council ; Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America ; National Association of Manufacturers ; American Man- ufacturers' Export Association ; Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York ; New York Produce Exchange ; and the New York Mer- 4 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. chants' Association. They are so important that they are given in full. 1. When the price quoted applies only at inland shipping -point and the seller merely undertakes to load the goods on or in cars or lighters furnished by the railroad company serving the industry, or most conveniently located to the industry, without other designation as to routing, the proper term is : " F. O. B. (named point)." Under this quotation : (a.) Seller must (1), place goods on or in cars or lighters, (2) se- cure railroad bill of lading, (3) be responsible for loss and/or dam- age until goods have been placed in or on cars or lighters at for- warding! point, and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or- damage in- curred thereafter, (2) pay all transportation charges, including taxes, if any, (3) handle all subsequent movement of the goods. 2. When the seller quotes a price including transportation charges to the port of exportation without assuming responsibility for the goods, after obtaining a clean bill of lading at point of origin, the proper term is: " F. O. B. (named point) freight prepaid to (named point on the seaboard)." Under this quotation: (a) Seller must (t) place goods on or in cars or lighters, (2) secure railroad bill of lading, .(3) pay freight to named port, -(4} be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been placed in or on cars or lighters at forwarding; point, and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) unload goods from cars, (4) transport goods to vessels, (5)' pay all demurrage and/or storage charges, (6) arrange lor storage in warehouse or. on wharf where necessary. 3. Where the-seller wishes to quote a price, from which the buyer may deduct the cost of transportation to a given point on the sea- board, without the seller assuming, responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill >o£ lading, at point: of origin, the proper term is: " F. &. B. (named point) freight allowed to (named point on the seaboard)." Under this quotation ; ,., (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars or lighters (2) secure railroad bill of lading, (3) be responsible for loss and An- damage until goods have been placed in or on cars or lighters at for-; warding point,: and clean bill of lading has been furnished by the railroad company. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) pay all transportation charges -< fearer is then entitled to deduct from the amount of the invoice the freight paid from primary point to named port), (3) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (4) unload goods from cars, (5) trans- port goods to vessel, (6) pay all demurrage and/or storage charges (7)j arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary 4. The seller may desire to quote a price covering, the transporta' tion *tf the goods to seaboard, assuming responsibility for loss and/or damage up to that point. In this case, the proper term is ""FOB cars (naming point on seaboard)." Under this quotation- ' ' ' THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 5 (o) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars, (2) secure railroad bill of lading, (3) pay all freight charges from forwarding point to port on seaboard, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived in or on cars at the named port. (o) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) unload goods from cars, (3) handle all sub- sequent movement of the goods, (4) transport goods to vessel, (5) pay all demurrage and/or storage charges, (6) arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary, 5. It may be that the goods, on which a price is quoted covering the transportation of the goods to the seaboard, constitute less than a carload lot. In this case, the proper term is : " F. O. B. cars (named port) L. C. Li." Under this quotation : (») Seller must (1) deliver goods to the initial carrier, (2) se- cure railroad bil lof lading, (3) pay all freight charges from for- warding point to port on seaboard, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived on cars at the named port. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, f3) accept goods from the carrier, (4) transport goods to vessel, <6) pay all storage charges, (6) arrange for storage in warehouse or on wharf where necessary. 6. Seller may quote a price which will include the expense of transportation of the goods by rail to the seaboard, including light- erage. In this case the proper term is : " F. O. B. cars (named port) lighterage free." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) place goods on or in cars, (2) secure railroad bill of lading, (3) pay all transportation charges to, including light- erage at, the port named, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have arrived on cars at the named port. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage in- curred thereafter, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) take out the insurance necessary to the safety of the goods after arrival on the cars, (4) pay the cost of hoisting goods into vessel where weight of goods is too great for ship's tackle, (5) pay all demurrage and other charges, except lighterage charges. 7. The seller may desire to quote a price covering delivery of the goods alongside overseas vessel and within reach of its loading tackle. In this case the proper term is: "F. A. S. vessel (named port) ." Under this quotation : (o) Seller must (1) transport goods to seaboard, (2) store goods in warehouse or on wharf if necessary, unless buyer's obligation includes provision of shipping facilities, (3) place goods alongside vessel either in a lighter or on the wharf, (4) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been delivered alongside the ship or on wharf. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, and for insurance, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods, (3) pay cost of hoisting goods into vessel where weight of goods is too great for ship's tackle. 90821° — 22— — 2 . 6 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. 8. The seller may desire to quote: a price covering all expenses up to and including delivery of the goods upon ther overseas vessel at a named port. In this case the proper term is "F. O. B. vessel (named port)." Under this quotation: - (a) Seller must (1) meet all charges incurred in placing goods actually on board the vessel, (2) be responsible for all loss and/or damage until goods have been placed on board the vessel. (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, (2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods. . 9. The seller may be ready to go further than the delivery of his goods upon the overseas vessel and be willing to pay transportation to a foreign point of delivery, i In this case the proper term is: " C. & F. (named foreign port." Under this quotation : (a) Seller must (1) malie freight contract and pay transportation charges sufficient to carry goods to agreed destination, (2) deliver to buyer or his agent proper bills of lading; to the agreed destina- tion, (3) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been delivered alongside the ship and clean ocean bill of lading ob- tained (seller is not responsible for delivery of goods at destination) : (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after and must take out all necessary insurance, (2) handle all sub- sequent movement of the goods, (3) take delivery and pay costs of discharge, lighterage, and landing at foreign port of destination in accordance with bill ; of lading clauses, (4) pay foreign customs duties and wharf age ; chargers,, if any. ,, ., 10. The seller may desire to quote a < price coverings the cost of the goods, the marine insurance on the goods; and all; transporta- tion ;charges to the foreign point of delivery. In > this case, the proper term is: "C I. F. (named foreign port)." Under this quo- tation: ... ....... J ..u (a) Seller must (1) make freight contract and pay .freight charges sufficient to carry goodslto agreed destination, (2) take out and pay for necessary mar-ine insurance, (3) be responsible for loss and/or damage until goods have been delivered alongside the ship, and clean ocean bill of lading and insurance policy have been deliv- ered to the buyer or his agent (seller is not responsible for the de- livery of goods at destination, nor for payment by the underwriters of insurance claims), (4) provide war-risk insurance where neces- sary for buyer's account. . - (6) Buyer must (1) be responsible for loss and/or damage there- after, and must make all claims to which he may be entitled tinder insurance directly on the underwriters, r(2) take delivery and pay costs of discharge, lighterage, and landing at foreign ports of des- tination in accordance with bill of lading clauses, (3) pay foreign customs duties and wharfage charges, if any. Explanations of abbreviations are: F. O. B., free on board- FA S., free alongside ship; O. /& F., cost and freight; I, F cost insurance, and freight ; L. O. L., less than carload lot Special Caution.— In quoting C. I. F. there should be an under- standing regarding consular fees ; that is, whether the price includes such charges or whether they are extra. Care should also be taken to avoid misunderstandings regarding the item of insurance • that is, the character of the risks covered. ' THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. *7 • Packing. — Salesmen should arrange with {heir firms to pack properly. The following suggestions will be found useful to note on order sheets sent to the home office: Bales : For baling use a good quality of burlap. Straps of painted iron or steel, at least li inches wide, should be securely fastened not more than 8 inches apart. The straps are readily sold to black- smiths. Galvanized straps are worthless. Narrow straps are likely to cut into the goods. Box shipments: Remember that the duty very often is collected on the gross weight. In such cases warn the shippers against heavy boxes or cases ; otherwise there may be a loss. If cases have to be used when shipping to countries exacting duties on packing as well as contents, they should be of the lightest, toughest wood. Size of packages: If bales are required, unless otherwise in- structed by the dealer, the packages should weigh not to exceed 125 pounds. Remember that a mule load is 250 pounds; and it should be evenly divided. Packages, however, should not be too small, as ! the expense then is too great. The size of the bales is of importance only, in countries where there are no railways or be- cause of special requirements. Ordinarily to seaports the size of the bale is unimportant, a large bale usually being preferred be- cause of the smaller cost of- handling (charges being per bale or package). DOCUMENTS FOR SALESMEN. Commercial travelers require certain documents in order to estab- lish their identity, prove their authority, etc. Ordinarily it suffices for the traveler to present his business card, especially when the merchants upon whom he calls have previously been advised by letter sent by his principals announcing his prospective visit. However, for the closing of important transactions or the adjustment of diffi- culties, it is essential that he be provided with documents which will make it possible for him to act in his principal's behalf when that becomes necessary. Photographs.-^It is desirable to carry photographs, which in case ut necessity may help to identify the traveler. Although not of primary importance, these may sometimes be found very helpful. They are also useful and required by the consuls of some countries before the traveler's passport is viseed. , Letters of Authority. — The representative who is given a certain authority will find it desirable to carry a letter in which the extent of his authority is outlined and thus, enable him to establish his right to action. Even when a full power of attorney is granted the traveler, it* is desirable that he also be provided with a letter of limited authority, as this will give him a certain strategic advantage when not desiring to admit that he holds full power of attorney. Power of Attorney. — This document is often required to properly complete certain transactions. However, it is ineffective in most countries unless properly viseed by certain officials, not only of the city and State wherein the manufacturer is located, but by the Secretary of State of the United States and the representative of 8 GUIDE TO IiATIN AMERICA. the country in which the power of attorney is to be used. For example, a power of attorney issued by a manufacturer in New XorK would require: (») The signature of the exporter; (&) the signa- ture of a notary public; (e) the recognition of the notary* signa- ture by a court of record; {d) the official recognition of the court of record by the secretary of the State in which the exporter is located ; (e) the vise of the Secretary of State of the United States certifying to the signature of the secretary of the State in which the exporter is located; (/) the signature of the. Ambassador or Minister of the Latin American Republic. . < Special note. — The above suggestions apply to all localities in the United States except New York City. In this city all consuls recognize the signature of the Chief Clerk. Therefore it is only necessary to obtain the Chief Clerk's attestation of the signature of the notary public, whereupon the consular representatives of the Latin American countries- in New York City will issue the corre- sponding certificate. Packing- Memorandum of the traveler's baggage, when the sam- ples carried are of a commercial value, is very desirable for the pur- pose of expediting clearance of the baggage. By handing this docu- ment to the customs officials, or brokers, when these are necessary, much time can be saved. The presentation of this memorandum inspires the customs officials with such confidence that their prompt cooperation is more easily obtained. Consular Invoices.-^In certain countries, notably Brazil, consular invoices covering samples of value carried by the traveler are indis- pensable. . These should be obtained before the departure of the representative. If they are not carried, serious difficulty inay be incurred. Requirements for entering and clearing samples are given under each country heading. Frequently the customs tariffs are changed, and before proceeding to the next country the traveler should ascertain whether the tariff has been altered. Passport. — This is absolutely requisite. Steamship companies will not sell tickets unless the prospective traveler can exhibit this document. Passports may be obtained by United States citizens upon application to the Department of State, Washington (New York office, Customhouse). If the traveler can satisfactorily answer the questions asked, the passport is issued, for which the fee is $10. Aliens should apply for passports to the consul in the United States representing the country to which they owe allegiance. When leav- ing for certiain countries, it is essential to have the passport viseed by a consul of the country next to be visited. This official usually can be found in the capital or the principal port of the country from which the journey to the next porti begins. Thus, for example, in Visiting Venezuela from New York City the vise of the cdhsul general of Venezuela in New York City is obtained before leaving. Applica- tion for passports should be made three weeks in advance of de- parture. Full details are given in the succeeding paragraphs' All passengers must produce passports and other documentary evidence of their nationality with photographs of identity before tickets can be issued to them. ' THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. & Passports and consular documents in the hands of passengers from the port of New York will be inspected and their validity determined by inspectors of customs at the steamer's gangway before embarkation. A person entitled to receive a passport, if within the United States, must submit a written application in the form of an affidavit to the Secretary of State, accompanied by two unmounted photographs of the applicant. Application blanks may be obtained from the Pass- port Agency, Customhouse, New York City, or State Department, Washington, D. O. The application should be made by the person to whom the passport is 'to -be- issued, and signed by him. The affidavit must be made before a clerk of a Federal court or of a State court authorized to naturalize aliens, within the jurisdiction of which the applicant or his witness resides, unless there is in such place an agent of the Department of State, in which case the ap- plication should be made before such agent. The applicant must state from which point he intends to leave the United States, date of intended departure, and by what ship he intends to sail. Each application must be in the hands of the De^ partment of State or its agent at least five days before the appli- cant's departure from the United States. A person who applies for a passport in order to gq abroad on commercial business must support his application with a letter from the head of the firm in the interest of which he intends to make the journey. All persons coming to the United States must carry passports or other satisfactory documents showing their identity and nationality. Aliens leaving a foreign country for the United States must have their passports or other official documents viseed at the American consulate at the port of embarkation, and each alien will be required to execute at the consulate a form of " declaration of alien about to depart for the United States." Sailing Permits and Income Tax. — All aliens must present them- selves at the customhouse at port of embarkation, with their pass- ports, and show satisfactory proof that income tax has been paid or present a certificate showing that they are exempt from payment. Sailing permits will then be issued stating that passengers have complied with all requirements of the revenue act; Passport Bequirements of Other Countries. — Below are given the special requirements of certain countries in addition to passports duly viseed. Argentina. — The Argentine immigration law, new decree, requires that all passengers (first, second, or third class), intending to land at any port in Argentina, be in possession of the following docu- ments viseed by the Argentine consul at port of departure : Judicial or police certificate stating holder has not suffered im- prisonment during preceding five years. Judicial or communal certificate of sanity and stating holder has not been a vagrant. These certificates must be obtained from the authorities at the locality where passengers reside and must be written on a letterhead of the police or court authorities. 10 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Nonresidents of. the United States must present the above docu- ments to the Argentine consular representative in the country where they reside for necessary certification. No passenger shall be allowed to land unless he or she holds a certificate of vaccination within the preceding seven years, i Any person embarking without such document must submit to vaccina- tion by the ship's surgeon before being allowed to disembark. The Argentine consul, 17 Battery Place, New York City, will re- quire at least a week's notification in order to attend to the certifi- cation of the required documents. He will also require two small photographs, such; as are used on passports, to' complete the records. Birth certificates should also be carried, particularly if the trav- eler intends to remain in Argentina, even for a short period. It is also desirable to obtain from the American consul a certificate of nationality, which will serve to identify the traveler. If residence is anticipated, such a certificate will also secure exemption from military service. Brazil.-^lt residence in Brazil is anticipated, registration should be filed with nearest American consul. British Government. — Travelers who embark on ships that touch English ports must have their passports viseed by the British con- sul ! at the port of departure. This vis6 must be obtained before the ticket is sold by the steamship agent. The traveler as also expected to give a full account of his movements and explain to the proper officials the object of his visit. EouaAor. — The Ecuadorean consulate requires three photographs of each person intending to go. to Ecuador ; also a letter of recom- mendation, if not known to the consulate. Guatemala. — If an American intends to become a resident, he must present .at the Guatemalan Foreign Office a passport viseed by the diplomatic or. consular official of the United States in Guatemala. Nicaragua. — A passport must be obtained from the: Minister of ; War in order, to leave. ■Salvador.— Persons traveling for concerns as representatives must carry letters of introduction and credentials, as well as authoriza- tions. In the papers it should be stated that these things are being done in accordance with a convention between the United States and Salvador regarding travelers. Venezuela. — No tickets are issued before passengers present bag- gage list, in' triplicate, certificate of vaccination, and passport,- all signed or viseed by Venezuelan consul at port of embarkation ' letters of Introduction.— These are highly useful and of far greater value in Latin America than in the United States Below are some suggestions : A letter of introduction, written on the stationery of the manu- facturer* "To whom it may concern," and with the seal of the prin- cipal, is particularly useful. The tetters will be far more valuable if-written in Spanish or Portuguese, if the addressees use either of these tongues. Letters jfrom the manufacturer to American consuls and commer Oial -attaches, also commercial organizations such as chambers of commerce, etc., are also valuable. • THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 11 Of still greater importance are specific letters of introduction to prominent business men or officials in Latin America from friends in this country. Letters of introduction are often the means of establishing relations which otherwise it would be difficult to create. When possible, letters from the consular or diplomatic representa- tives of the Latin American Republics in the United States to their correspondents at home will be found highly effective. Letters of introduction to trade bodies, merchants' associations, and similar organizations, either to specific individuals in Latin America or of a general nature, likewise are useful. Letters introducing the traveling representative to banks and bankers are particularly valuable. They will enable the traveler to obtain information regarding the credit of prospective customers, business conditions in general, and, when sufficiently strong, obtain entree to the most desirable business circles. Letters of introduction to the publishers of newspapers, maga- zines, and trade papers have a special value. The publicity which the traveler can obtain when such letters are rightly used will help materially toward the success of his trip. Seals affixed to a letter have an unusual value in Latin America ; they are impressive, and when they can be obtained should be used. Before departure the salesman should obtain letters of introduce tion to the branch offices of the mercantile agency to which his firm subscribes. When contemplating business in a city where these firms have agents or offices, it is advisable to confer with such agencies as to the credit to be extended to -the different buyers. Arrangements can be made before departure from the United States for the purchase of specific reports on foreign merchants. Letters of introduction in Latin America (as almost anywhere else), have a higher value if the recipient is requested to put the bearer in touch with some particular person or to perform some specific service. < Thus, a request to a ; banker to introduce the traveler to the principal importers. of . hardware will be far more effective than a mere letter of introduction, after presenting which the traveler is compelled to ask for the service he desires. SALESMEN'S LICENSES AND SAMPLES. : Uniform Treaties. — The United States has concluded or has under negotiation uniform treaties with eleven South and Central Amer- ican countries- regarding commercial travelers' - license fees and treatment of samples. Treaties with Uruguay, Guatemala, Sal- vador, Panama, .Paraguay, and Venezuela have been concluded and ratifications exchanged. Treaties with Colombia, -Ecuador, Nicara- gua, and- Argentina have been signed and approved. by : the United States Senate and are awaiting completion of proceeding by the for- eign. Governments preliminary to exchange of ratifications. Treaties with Peru and Costa Rica are under .negotiation. Text, of Treaties. — The full text of the first, treaty concluded, that with Uruguay, is printed below. 12 GUIDE TO L4TIJ* AMERICA. The United States of America and the Oriental Republic of Uru- guay, being desirous to .foster the development of commerce; between them and to, increase the exchange of commodities by facilitating the work of traveling salesmen, have agreed to conclude a con- , vention for that purpose and have to that end appointed as their plenipotentiaries: The President of the, United States of America, Robert Lansing, Secretary of State of the United States ; and The President of Uruguay, his minister, Dr. Don Baltasar Brum, Secretary of State in the Department of Foreign Relations— Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, which were found to be in due form, have agreed upon the following articles: Article I. Manufacturers, merchants, and traders domiciled within the jurisdiction of one of the high contracting parties may operate as commercial travelers either personally or by means of agents or employees within the jurisdiction of the other high contracting party on obtaining from the latter, upon payment of a single fee, a license which shall be valid throughout its entire! -. territorial juris- diction.. '.--<• In case either of the high contracting parties shall be engaged in war, it reserves to itself the right to prevent from operating wit&in its jurisdiction under the provisions of the treaty, or otherwise, enemy nationals or other aliens whose presence it may consider prejudicial to public order and national safety. Abt.i II. In order to secure the license above mentioned the appli- cant must obtain from the country of domicile of the manufacturers, merchants, and traders represented a certificate attesting his char- acter as a. commercial traveler. This certificate, which shall be issued by the authority to be designated in each country for the purpose, shall be viseed by the consul of the country in which the applicant proposes to operate, and the authorities of the latter shall, upon the presentation of such certificate, issue to the applicant the national license as provided in Article L Art. III. A commercial traveler may sell his samples without ob- taining a special license as an importer. Aet. IV. Samples without commercial value shall be admitted to entry free of duty. Samples marked, stamped, or defaced in such manner that they can not be put to other uses shall be considered as objects without commercial value. Art. V. Samples having commercial value shall be provisionally admitted upon giving bond for the payment of lawful duties if they shall not have been withdrawn from the country within a period of six (6) months. Duties shall be paid on such portion of the samples as shall not have been so withdrawn. Abt. VI. All customs formalities shall be simplified as much as possible with a view to avoid delay in the dispatch of samples. Art. VII. Peddlers and other salesmen who deal directly with the consumer but who have no established place of business in a given country shall not be considered as commercial travelers in THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 13 that country but shall be subject to the license fees on business of the kind, they carry on. Art. VIII. No license shall be required of : (a-) Persons traveling only to study trade and its needs, even though they initiate commercial relations, provided -.they do not make sales of merchandise. (6) Persons operating through local agencies which pay the license fee or other imposts to which their business is subject. (e) Travelers who are exclusively buyers. Abt. IX. Any concessions affecting any of the provisions of the present treaty that may hereafter be granted by either high con- tracting party, either by law or by treaty or convention, shall im- mediately be extended to the other party, Abt. X. This convention shall be ratified; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Montevideo within two years or sooner if possible. The present convention shall remain in force until the end of six months after either of the high contracting parties shall have given notice to the other of its intention to terminate the same, each of them reserving to itself the right of giving such notice at any time. And it is hereby agreed between the parties that on the expiration of six months after such notice shall have been received by either of them from the other party as above mentioned this convention shall altogether cease and terminate. In testimony whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed these articles and have thereunder affixed their seals. Done in duplicate at Washington this 27th day of August, 1918. Robert Lansing. Baltasar Brum. Explanatory Protocol. — The force and application of these pro- visions may be better understood in connection with the protocol drawn up at the same time as the treaty itself, the text of which is as follows : Article I. Regulations governing the renewal ind transfer of licenses and the imposition of fines and other penalties for misuse of iicenses may be made by either of the high contracting parties, whenever advisable, within the terms of the present convention, and without prejudice to the rights defined therein. If such regulations should permit the renewal of licenses, the corresponding fee will not be greater than that charged for the original license. If such regulations should permit the transfer of licenses, upon satisfactory proof that he is in every sense of the word the true successor of the original licensee, and can furnish a certificate of identification similar to that furnished by the said original licensee, the successof will be allowed to operate pending the arrival of the, new certificate of identification, but may not request the cancellation of the bond for the samples before the arrival of the said certificates. 14 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA! ' Art II It is the citizenship of the firm that the' commercial traveler represents, and not his own, that is involved in the issue to him of a certificate of identification. In order to 1 obtain practical results the high contracting parties agree to empower the locar customs officials to issue the said licenses upon surrender of the certificate of identification and the authenti- cated list of samples, acting as deputies of the central office consti- tuted for the issue and regulation of license's. The said customs officials will transmit the appropriate documentation to the' said, national office, to which the licensee will thereafter give due notice of his intention *to. ask for the renewal or transfer of his license, if these acts he allowable, or cancellation of his bond irp'oh his (de- parture from the country. Due notice in this connection will be regarded as the time required for the exchange of correspondence in the normal mail schedules, plus five business days; for the purposes of official verification and registration. • 'Abt. III. It is understood that the traveler will not engage in the sale of other articles than those which directly' represent the goods for which he is contracting for the sale and subsequent delivery"; that is to say, he may Sell his samples, thus incurring ah obligation to pay the customs duties thereupon, "but he may not sell other articles brought with him or sent to him which are not reasonably and clearly representative of the merchandise he purports to represent. "''"'', I Abt. IV. Advertising matter brought by commercial travelers in appropriate quantities shall be treated as samples without com- mercial value. Objects having "a depreciated commercial value be- cause of adaptation for purposes of advertisement, and intended for gratuitous distribution, shall, when introduced in reasonable quan- tities, be treated as samples without commercial value unless there ii^ express provision to, thet, contrary. --,■___- --.-"■: i 'Abt. V. If the license ]is renewed, the bond-^foir, the samples will be correspondingly extended.;. ". .,•.,. . ;i . . . .;.,•.■, Abt VI. Samples accompanying the commercial traveler will be dispatched as a portion of his personal baggage, and those arriving after him will be given precedence over ordinary, freight. , Provisions for Making Treaties Effective.^Sinee the treaties provide for the issuing of certificates of identification to commercial travelers to show tha'tjthey are entitled to exemption from various taxes and obligations 'and for the collection of fees, it is necessary to specifically delegate these powers to one. of the United States executive' departments by act of Congress. It has been decided that the Department, of Commerce is, best , equipped to., exercise these functions/ 'and a' hill for the purpose is pending in Congress The legislation proposed will net, only apply to' treaties already com- pleted, but also to.those that may be made in the futpre. Samples With or Without Value. — Samples carried are usually of two classes, "without value" or "with; value." .' The regulations of Customhouses ;in Latin America and tie' West Indies differ greatlv in certain countries the Officials are far more strict than in others The regulations of the different countries regarding samples should be studied before samples are packed. THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 15 Memoranduaai of Samples. — Whether samples carried are with or without value, they should be carefully listed. A memorandum which is easily understood by customs officials will aid materially in clearing baggage. Where samples have a value, that is, when they can be sold as merchandise, it is necessary to be supplied with a consular invoice when making application for admission to a foreign country. For full details concerning the admission of sam- ples, consult the pages relating to the different countries. Packing Samples. — The proper presentation of samples is of the utmost importance to successful selling. Too much attention can not be given by the traveler to this detail. He must be very care- ful in the original packing of his trunks but' even more par- ticular in repacking, as the tendency is to become careless after the traveler has shown his samples in several cities. Great care should be taken that the samples retain their fresh appearance and not become shopworn and dirty; A brush, dust cloth, etc., should be carried in the trunk with the samples. Some Precautions. — As many transportation companies, particu- larly in South America, make a charge for baggage carried, mini- mum weight and space are desirable. Samples should there- fore be packed with utmost care. The rough handling to which they are subjected makes this Absolutely necessary. Samples likely to be affected by moisture or water should be carefully protected. A wise precaution is the use of oilcloth on the inside of the taunk. This is particularly important in the Tropics during the rainy sea- son, and in the mountains where Baggage is carried by mules. Some travelers have waterproof oiled canvas covers,: into which trunks or traveling bags are fitted. ■■ Packing 1 for Mountain Transportation.-^- In preparing samples for traveling in the interior over mountainous country, precautions should be taken iii the matter of size of itrunks. The maximum weight that'a mule can carry is 130 kilos (kilo=2.2 pounds). The load should preferably be divided.! Thus, if trunks with samples weigh at>out 140 to 150 pounds, there should be two of them, each weighing 70 or 75 pounds* They should be easily adjustable to, a mule's back. If this contingency is not foreseen, new trunks may have to be bought before the inland journey can be made, and such a purchase may be both difficult and expensive. .Any ordinary size trunk may be used when the traveler visits only the seaports and points accessible by railroad. ' ■''••' ;■■-. i The majority of travelers visit only places which are accessible, by railroad or steamship. Obviously, the preceding suggestions, are for those travelers who visit places in the interior to whieh railroad or steamship lines do not go. 'Insuring Samples.— Steamship companies, assume no responsi- bility for samples,' except for ' damage while in their possession. The loss of' samples by fire, war, damage by fresh water (rain),, and sea water (as a result of a stormj falling overboard, etc); should be provided for by marine insurance. The most; liberal policy, ob- tainable, providing for this and all other possible losses (theft, fire, pilferage, damage, etc. ), is desirable, Sueh a policy can bepbtained; from insurance companies ; specialfeing in marine insurance. Some, steamship lines undertake to insure the baggage of jitheir passengers 16 ,t GUIDE TO LATIN AMKBICAi according to pihlished schedules Of rates. .All baggage carried should be insured against all. risks- on land and sea. /,- ! Ifc is desirable! that the baggage carry a special mark so that it may be easily distinguished (when many, pieces are piled on a dock or wharf.- For instance, a red circle, a red maltese cross, two inter- secting blue lines, a yellow crescent, etc. Checking Samples; — In most of the southern .countries the check- ing system has not reached the perfect stage that is so well known in the United States. The traveler will find it advisable constantly to keep an eye on his baggage.! A wise precaution, when traveling by train, is to make, sure before departure that the samples are on board, A "follow up "of the baggage in checking it to and from hotels is also desirable. To count on " close connections," or to depend upon narrow margins of time, is not advisable under any circumstances. Payment o£ Duties.- — In certain' countries, as in Cuba, for in- stance, the duty on samples must be paid in cash. Bond can not be given. However, if samples are removed within a. certain period, the cash is refunded, lessa certain percentage. To provide for such emergencies, the traveler should be supplied with sufficient money. In most of the Republics bond can be given for the samples, and this lis canceled vyhen the traveler leaves. For instance, in Costa Rica, at' the Atlantic port oft Port Limon, sthe. traveler can on enter- ing make a deposit or give bond; then if he leaves at the Pacific port of Puntarenas the deposit is. refunded or the bond canceled. In Colombia, if he enters at Barranouilla, he can make his deposit or > give bond, which -is refunded or canceled when departing from Buenaventura on the Pacific side: Aid of Customs Brokers. — The most expeditious means of clear- ing samples is by the employment of customhouse brokers. In certain places they are not needed. The names of reliable firms who can look after such details are given for all important places. The bonds for salesmen's samples are usually signed by resident mer- chants. A letter of introduction or credentials which will enable the traveler to obtain such accommodations are very essential. The new salesman's first visit) after arrival in a port, should be to the American consul, who can advise him regarding customhouse brok- ers and many other items. When the American firm has a local representative, details in regard to clearance of samples, etc., can be looked after by him. This obviates bothering the American consul. •'■:' Attitude toward Customs Officials.— American travelers, partic- ularly those on their first trips, not accustomed to the clearance of samples and perhaps annoyed by the delays, are cautioned not to become excited and to be exceedingly polite. They will find that they can accomplish much more by a friendly attitude than by an exhibition of exasperation. They should be particularly careful In the; use of their language, as many customs officials understand English, including swear words, and show their resentment when they feel they are being abused. When the customhouse official demands the opening of the trunks or memorandum of samples, travelers should respond with alacrity. Willingness to submit to inspection is of the greatest aid in obtaining prompt attention. Frequently the services THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 17 of customhouse brokers can be dispensed with if the customs official is convinced that the traveler is not attempting to conceal something that is dutiable. CABLES AND MAILS. Cable Codes. — Almost all business houses have code words to identify their products and to simplify telegraphic business. In developing foreign trade it is desirable to supply a code word for every item. These words should be used in the catalogues as well as on the samples. Selecting Code. — It is highly important' to decide on the code best adapted to the requirements of the business. The traveler should be supplied with a copy thereof. No matter what code is selected certain phrases, which apply to general '• business transactions; and are not covered in the body of the book, may be added. In most codes space has been left for that purpose. Cable Addresses. — If no cable address has been previously used, it is important to select an address and file it with the cable com- panies. Mention of this name should be made on all stationery and printed matter issued thereafter. By following this rule, many words may be avoided, as a charge is made for the address in all cablegrams. Other Cable Services.— The traveler should hear in mind that, in addition to straight cables, other services are available. These include messages to be sent at half rates, week-end letters, etc. - Registering Name. — The traveling salesman should be instructed to call at the cable office of every city visited immediately upon arrival. He should register his name, and when possible, his tele- graphic code address. He. should give the name of the hotel at which he is stopping in order that messages from his principals may be delivered without delay. Reversing Charges. — •American manufacturers can arrange for the payment by them at their offices in the United States for the cable messages sent by their representatives. This is done by notify- ing the cable companies before the salesman departs of their desire to effect such an arrangement. The cable companies then supply the traveler with a letter, the presentation of which at the cable offices abroad is the authority for the acceptance of messages under this condition. Travelers' Mail. — One of the most fruitful causes of difficulties is the failure of the traveler to receive mail- promptly. Too much stress can not be laid upon the importance of properly posting let- ters. It is better to anticipate a traveler's arrival in a place than to calculate too elosely. This can be done by consulting the table on page 19. The average or approximate time required for letters to be delivered is there specified. The traveler's route list should show the approximate time of arrival and departure at the various points in his itinerary. The place at which mail is to be received should be specified. In cities where mail is likely to be addressed to him at the post office he should leave his name and address, in order that any letters which may arrive will be delivered to him promptly. He should also look over the list of undelivered letters 18 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. (cartas rechazadas) to make sure that no letters intended for. him are left undelivered.. -..■> I > •', .. Delivery Address. — The sending of mail in care of hotels, espe- cially in small towns, is not generally advisable, owing to the care- lessness with which it' is handlted. The selection of a bank, custom- house broker, or mercantile firm is preferable. Owing to the uncer- tainties of transportation and the possible danger of loss, extra fiopies should be made of all communications to be sent to a later addness by ; a steamer following the one on which the original is carried. This will avoid much unnecessary correspondence, loss of time, and assure more satisfactory relations. The registration of important letters or documents is recommended-. Ten-' days to two weeks' time (occasionally a longer period, determined by the fre- quency of sailings) should be. allowed, before the duplicates of let- ters are mailed, to avoid their being placed on the same steamer as the originals. When intended for passengers on steamers* letters and telegrams may be addressed in care of agencies of steamship companies at various ports of call. In addition to address and port of call, in the; lower left-hand corner of the envelope should be written " Pas- senger on board S. S. r ."' The address of the sender should be clearly indicated on all such letters in order f to insure their return in case of nondelivery. W^eless Telegrams. — Practically all steamers are- now equipped with wireless, which makes it possible for passengers to communi- cate with their; friends on shore and advise them, of impending arrival some days before the steamer docks. Radiotelegrams are accepted at any telegraph office for transmission to steamers at sea. The address of a radiptelegram to be delivered to a steamer through a coast station should be: " John Jones, steamer Vestris, wirelesa" The changes for radiotelegrams sent through any coast station abroad can be ascertained at any telegraph office. The rate on board for communeiation with the coast can be obtained from operators on steamers. . : Forwarding of Iietters.^-Passengers on leaving a steamer should put their names and addresses in the book which is usually pro- vided on board for this purpose. This will enable steamship com- panies to forward any mail which may be; received for passengers after leaving the steamer. Advising Safe Arrival Abroad. — Steamship companies receive cable advice of the safe, arrival of steamers at variousports.- This information they are generally glad to pass on to the friends of pas- sengers. Special, post .cauds are usually provided for this purpose, on which, the names and addresses of friends may be written and the cards posted to steamship company's office or handed to the company's office , representative on board before sailing. They may also be handed to the pilot (through the purser) . ..Parcel? by Mail. — It is often necessary to send, samples, printed matter,, etc., to traveling representatives while they are en route from .one ; point to another. The following, precautions regarding the sending of such parcels will be found helpful ; Make sure that sufficient time is allowed for delivery Consult the table helow. Verify the sailing of vessels by. communicating THE SALESMAN'S EQTOPMENT. 19 with the Post Mice Department . or by reference to the official announcement in newspapers, shipping journals, etc. Notify the salesman by letter f the sending of the parcel and give full details of what it contains. Give price and other par- ticulars. It is highly important that full details be given in order that the traveler may not waste time in looking for the parcel. Use sample, post, and whenever possible samples should be regis- tered. Make sure that the parcel is sent in care of some one who will not misplace it or forget to make delivery. If duty is to be paid, notify the person in whose care the parcel is sent and arrange for his reimbursement. See that the package is mailable and that it can be delivered under the rules of ' the country to which it is sent. Consult, postal regulations before forwarding. : " Pack carefully to protect against damage by water, moisture, breakage, or loss. If of value, see that the parcel is properly in- sured. • . r Use. the sample post in preference to the parcel post,! if the sample post is available. See Postal -Guide. ■ •«••> . Mail Timetable. — The time shown in the following table is that usually required for letters to be transmitted from New York to the places specified in Latin America, Mexico, and the West Indies : - . i ■ Days. Days. Antigua, West Indies, direct 7 Maranh&o, Brazil, direct :_ 18 Antdftgasta, Chile, direct 16-20 Martinique, West Indies, direct- 9 Arica, Chile, via Panama 14-20 Mayaguez, Porto Rico, direct 7 Bahia, Brazil, direct— rJ , 15 Mazatlan, Mexico, via San Fran- Barbados,, West' Indies, direct — 8 ciscq _"' 7-10 Barringmlla,' Colombia,' direct — 9 Mollendo, Peru, via Panama — 13-20 Belize, British Honduras, via Montevideo, Uruguay, direct 25 New Orleans *— ■_ 7 Nassau, Bahamas, direct 4 Buenos Aires, direct — 17-25 Panama City, Panama, via. Co-" Caldera, Chile, via Panama—— 29 ion i: 7 Callao, Peru, via Panama 11-16 Para, Brazil, direct 14 Cape Haitien, Haiti, direct 7 Paita, Peru, via Panama 14 Cartagena, Colombia, direct 11 Pernambuco, Brazil, direct 13 Ciudad, Bolivar, Venezuela, via Port au Prince, Haiti, direct 7 Trinidad 11 Port Limon, Costa Rica, via New Colon, Panama, direct 7 Orleans ,_ 7 Curagao, West Indies, direct 8 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, di- Demerara, British 1 Guiana, di- rect ,i 10 rect ■-, :_-* 11 Puerto Plata, Dominican Repub- Dominica, West Indies, direct— 8 lie, direct 7 Grenada, West Indies, direct 9 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, direct. 11-19 Greytown, Nicaragua, via New St. Kitts, West Indies, direct 6 Orleans ■- 7 St. Lucia, West Indies, direct 8 Guadeloupe, West Indies, direct. 8 St. Thomas, West Indies, direct- 6 Guatemala City, via New Or- St. Vincent, West Indies, direct- 8 leans ' Samaba, Dominican Republic, di- Guayaquil, Ecuador, via Pan- '■•■:. rect _^_ _ 8 ama 12 - Santo Domingo City, Dominican Haban'a, Cuba, direct _ x 4 -Republic, direct — — .7 Iquique Chile, Via Panama- — 15-26 San Juan, Porto Rico, direct 5 Jacmel Haiti, direct 12 Santa Marta, Colombia, direct 15 Kingston, Jamaica, direct, , 5 Santiago, Chile, via Panama 32 La Guaira, Venezuela, direct 7 Santos, Brazil, direct 21 Livingston, Guatemala, via New Tampico, Mexico, by rail — . 6 Orleans----" - ----- 7* ValparaisoyChile, via Panama. 18-30 Maeeio Brazil, direct ,- — , — 17 Vera Cruz, Mexico, by rail--,,-,, 6 Maracaibo, Venezuela, direct 10 Vera Cruz, Mexico, by steamer — 8 20 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. FUNDS FOR TRAVEL EXPENSES. Adequate Funds Needed.-^-Bef ore departure adequate provision for expenses should be made. It reflects seriously on the principals of the traveler if the latter is embarrassed < by lack of money. Peri- odical remittances may be made, but it is important to have a thorough understanding on this point before departure. The ques- tion of remittances to travelers is one likely to cause much friction and misunderstanding. ,An initial letter of credit for a definite sum may be given, and renewals thereof may be arranged by, cable. It is best to supply the traveler, with a letter of credit sufficiently large to carry him to his destination and return. By this means he can also save money on exchange. He can draw against the letter ac- cording to conditions — more frequently when exchange is favorable. Letter of Credit. — This document enables the traveler to make drafts from time to time as funds are required. It is one of the most satisfactory and least expensive methods >x>f obtaining money. Letters of credit are procurable from banks, express companies, steamship lines, tourist agencies, etc. If it is desired to place a limit upon the credit, so that too large a sum may not be in the hands of the salesman, arrangements can be made withuthe bank from which the letter of credit is bought to provide,;, by cable, renewals of the credit from time to time as the requirements may demand. The traveler, before his departure, merely leaves his signature with the bank. When so instructed, the bank cables to its representatives in the Latin-American city, advising of the opening of the oredit for the additional sum. New York Exchange.^This is a desirable method of supplying the salesman with funds. It is done by furnishing him with a num- ber of drafts on New York banks. American Bankers' Association Checks. — These afford a conven- ient means of carrying funds. These checks can be bought of almost all banks. .. Express Money Orders.— These, are issued by the various ex- press companies and are cashed without difficulty. In most in- stances the express companies have branch oflices in the principal cities and are well known to local banks throughout Latin America. Travelers' Checks.— Travelers' checks, payable in most parts of the world, are issued by several of the steamship companies, express companies, banks, etc., and can also be negotiated readily Gold.— Some experienced travelers like to carry a certain amount of American gold eagles. These are accepted anywhere. Often thev are found very useful in the interior, off the beaten track, where documents, such as drafts and bills of exchange, are regarded with more or less suspicion. If gold is not carried, it is desirable to have in reserve at least $200 in American bills. These can dT hidden in the traveler's trunk either inside of certain clothes or other nlares where they can not be easily found. *»»>.«=» The vessels of certain steamship companies carrv a limited amount of money of the countries reached by their ships "" LCU Concerning Exchange.— The traveler who carries drafts let**™ of credit, money orders, or bankers' checks will find that at certain THE SAIiESMAN's EQUIPMENT. 21 times h.e is able to make the exchange for the local currency at more favorable rates than at others. This is. governed by the demand in the Republic for bills of exchange on the United States. At times there are more remittances to be made to New York than at other periods, and this, naturally, affects the rate at which the exchange is made. If the exports have been heavy and the amount due from the United States is considerable, the fact will be reflected in the rate of exchange. Very heavy shipments of coffee, rubber, copper, or other products frequently affect the exchange rate. It often happens that the traveler is able to cash his draft through one of his customers and obtain a more favorable rate than "would be possible at a bank. Some Suggestions. — There are often fluctuations in the values of the money of the Latin American countries, due to the instability of the currency systems, which are also influenced by exports and imports, as well as by certain local conditions. The traveler should always inform himself thoroughly regarding the values of money and watch the fluctuations in order to obtain the best results. Like- wise, he will find it advantageous to make inquiries of banks or money brokers in order to obtain the best rate. He should endeavor to be rid of the money of one country before departing;, otherwise he may find it necessary to make a considerable sacrifice to obtain the conversion of the funds he carries to the currency, of the country at which he next arrives. Before leaving one country for another he should also be sure to provide himself with at least sufficient money to enable him to get along on arrival, It is very inconvenient to arrive at a foreign port without some of the currency of the country. WARDROBE. Importance.— The selection of proper clothing ■ is of greater im- portance than that usually, accorded it. This is due to two facts: The great variation in climatic conditions, and, second, the Latin Americans base their estimates of the, importance of the represen- tative and his principals in large measure on his personal appear- ance. " As social life plays an important part in South American business, the proper dress for functions other than business must receive consideration. For greater convenience, the subject of dress has been divided into several paragraphs to accentuate the differ*; ence between the various climates, altitudes, seasons, travel routes, etc. Altitude especially, must be considered. Clothing 1 for the Tropics. — Light-weight clothing such as is gen- erally used in the warmest summer period in the United States should be carried in sufficient quantity to provide changes, as laiuv, dering may sometimes be delayed. Despite the heat, blue serges are often worn, and black clothes are always correct. Light-weight suits of Shantung silk, mohair, Palm Beach cloth, etc„ are much used- For extended visits, whijte suits (obtainable where most needed) are indispensable. Fabrics which, require unusual care are not so desirable. A traveling cap is essential. A durable auto- 90821° — 22 3 22 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. mobile coat or duster Is useful. With white clohes, white shoes, of course/must be worn. As a 'rule, white suits -can be bought more reasonably in the countries where they are worn than in the United States and may be purchased on arrival there. Patent-leather shoes for dress, high and low shoes of dull calf or dark tan leather, such as are worn in the United States, should also be carried, as they can be bought more reasonably here than abroad. Dress Wear. — Evening clothes are absolutely indispensable. A "tuxedo" should also be included. A frock coat 'for afternoon functions is also highly desirable. A silk hat is a necessary item for the man who wishes to be correctly dressed at functions of a formal nature. Dress for Uplands and Temperate Climate. — Clothing which is suitable during the fall period of the temperate regions of the United States will serve ' adequately. Woolen or semiwoolen underwear and socks are desirable and should be included in the baggage. A medium-weight overcoat is essential for use on the ocean, as well as for wearing at night in the upland regions, wher0 the temperature falls very rapidly. In the interior of Bolivia, Ecuador, Peril, and Colombia the houses are often cold, hence the need for heavy under- wear. A good raincoat will be found useful, as rain is almost cer- tain to be encountered. A raincoat that' is not too heavy in weight, but effective in excluding moisture, is desirable,' In the colder regions a heavy overcoat is necessary, particularly at night. A well- made sweater or sweater vest or jacket will be found an excellent addition to the wardrobe!.' It is also desirable to carry; some light flannels and' fine wooien socks. Soft shirts are desirable, particu- larly those with soft collars. One should always aim to be per- fectly comfortable. Travel on Horse or Mule Back and Over Mountains. — Heavy woolen underwear, outing shirts, suits of corduroy (or similar mate- rial to withstand' rough usage), very heavy waterproof (poncho) or black rubber coat and cap to withstand the torrential tropical rains, leggings, high laced boots, and one's own saddle should be carried. Woolen socks are also desirable. Steamer Trips on Rivers in the Tropics. — A folding mosquito canopy is absolutely necessary. One that can be compressed into the smallest space is best. Other requisites are gloves which will protect the hands against mosquitoes while on deck ; high shoes to protect the ankles against the same pests ; a gauze mosquito canopy for the face and neck; several changes of bed linen (primitive con- ditions on certain steamers make this highly desirable); an air pillow One s own blanket or steamer rug will be found useful. Some travelers recommend an air mattress, especially for long trips because of insanitary conditions which are often found If plan- ning to make only one trip, the special outfit required for the river tocany e fnd n °reSd 0Ught lD the Vmea StateS ' but can "e purchased Waterproof Bag.— It is highly desirable to carry a strong water- proof bag m which while riding overland one's outfit can be p Taced Outfit for Mountain Trips.-It is, of course, neces^ry for the traveler to carry his own outfit, especially saddle, blankets etc THE BAILSMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 23 The saddle is particularly important, and only the best should be used. Care should be exercised in adjusting the straps, which are often subjected to severe strains. The traveler who provides him- self with a good outfit and is able to meet unusual conditions will suffer far less inconvenience than the one who is less foresighted. In addition, he will enjoy to a far greater degree the magnificence of the scenery. The suggestions made for river trips also apply in large measure to mountain travel, particularly as concerns the outfit and supplies. It is occasionally possible to rent saddles, blankets, etc. Items such as these can, in any event, be obtained in any Latin America country which the traveler is visiting. The chief items are gen- erally provided by the owner of the horses or mules. Other Items. — One or two umbrellas of good quality to withstand heavy rain and hard usage should be included in the baggage. Rub- ber-soled shoes to wear on deck will be found more comfortable than the ordinary kind. A bath robe should be carried for obvious rea- sons. Some travelers like to include an automatic electric lamp for use at night where other light is not available, or where, : because of insects, a flashlight is more effective. A steamer rug of good quality may take the place of a blanket while in the highlands. Flannel shirts for hard journeys may be used to advantage. . A vacuum bottle or two will frequently prove a great comfort, espe- cially in remote places and while traveling overland. In practically every country where trips to the interior by mule or horseback are necessary travelers generally make the acquaint- ance of others who are going to the same destination. By arrang- ing in advance for a trip it is usually possible for a number . to travel together, adding much to the pleasure of the journey and effecting economies in the matter of food, etc. Baggage. — The traveler should seek' to avoid carrying too many pieces of baggage, because of the great chances for loss and the bother, vexation, and expense of handling numerous pieces. Several large pieces will be found most economical. These should include a good-sized handbag, a strong suit case (sufficiently large to hold the necessary clothing when it is not convenient to carry a trunk, as on a special or short trip), and a canvas bag with lock for soiled clothing. The traveler's wardrobe and the length of his stay deter- mine the extent of the rest of his equipment. Importance of Appearance. — The traveler is reminded of the necessity for presenting a clean, neat appearance. Before beginning the day's work he shoud be cleanly shaven and his clothes should be carefully pressed. It is not considered good form to approach a buyer with cigar in mouth. Wardrobe for Women. — The hints for dress given above, al- though intended for the male traveler, may also be applied to the attire of women. The latter are advised to supply themselves ade- quately with shirt waists, including some of silk, and light as well as dark shades. A cape should be taken, while sweaters of silk and wool, or vests of these materials, also will be desirable. Petticoats of a dark material, kimonos, rugs, and shawls should be included. In addition^ there should be a (lark and a light parasol of good qual- 24 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ity, so that they will not be easily damaged,' For formal occasions the toilets suitable for like affairs at home are needed. In the tropi- cal regions white is worn very extensively.' Purchasing' in United States Recommended. — It is recommended that the traveler's wardrobe be complete before he leaves the United States. A sufficient quantity of collars, ' underwear, socks, etc., especially should be purchased. All these articles may be had in the Latin American Republics, but the cost is necessarily higher and often excessive. Laundering-. — One reason for taking a good supply of linen is the wear and tear on such articles by laundering. In many places, particularly those that are remote, the most primitive methods are used, with rather disastrous effects on the clothing. Books on Equipment for Travelers. — For travelers who wish more detailed descriptions and suggestions for equipment, etc., the following books are suggested : Outfit and Equipment for the Traveler, Explorer, and Sportsmad, by Eustace Reynolds Ball, F. R. G. S., and others. 144 pages. Reynolds Ball's Guide, London, 1912. Scientific American Handbook of Travel, edited by A. A; Hopkins, 503 pages. G. Munn & Co., New York, 1910. The Art of Travel, by Francis Galton, F. R. S. 366 pages. J. Murray, London, 1876. Harvard Book of Travel. Harvard University Press, 1918. HEALTH PRECAUTIONS. , H Important Caution. — The advice, constantly reiterated by experi- enced travelers, against the use of alcoholic beverages is. founded on fact. Particularly is this advice applicable when traveling in high altitudes. No hard and fast rules regarding food need be laid down. The wise traveler will be temperate in all his habits. Generally speaking, the drinking of unboiled water is unwise, except in the larger places where the purity of ,the supply is unquestioned. Trav- elers may regard with suspicion the water in carafes in rooms or on hotel tables, In the matter of food and drink the traveler (espe- cially when making his first trip) should not be governed by the cus r toms or habits of the natives or other experienced travelers. The insanitary conditions in many of the small places make it necessary to observe the utmost caution. Where satisfactory evidence of the purity of the water can not be obtained, the traveler should confine himself , tp well-known brands of mineral waters. The indiscrimi- nate use of locally bottled waters may lead to illness, as there is no assurance that such water is without germs. The lack of sanitary appliances and sewers is frequently, the cause of contamination. Uncooked vegetables, salads, etc., may well be regarded with suspi- cion where modern sanitation has not been introduced. Medjcal Equipment.— Although all the large steamship companies furnish medical attendance, the wise traveler will not depend on that service exclusively. It is important to include in the baggage a kit containing certain simple remedies and some first-aid appli- THE SALESMAN'S EQUIPMENT. 25 ances. These are available already packed. Some simple cathar- tics, quinine pills, etc., should also be carried. Certain compounds to ward off mosquitoes are desirable. The mpst commonly used is oil of citronella. Items for medicine chest: Bicarbonate of soda (for indigestion), pepsin tablets, menthol, bismuth, witch-hazel, cholera mixture, Vase- line, Epsom salts, Listerine, New-skin, Antiphlogistine, boracic acid, court plaster, Jamaica ginger. Personal Comforts. — Adequate supplies^ of the following articles should be carried. They may be purchased far mQre reasonably in the United States than abroad : Toilet soap, tooth powder or paste, soothing lotions (for sunburn,), shaving soap, cold cream, talcum powder, sea-water soap (to be used when bathing in sea water), automobile goggles.. (for use in sandy country where the wind is high), spectacles of colored glass (to be used where the light is very blinding) ; toilet paper. Mosquitoes. — While Vessels are at dock in tropical ports it is advisable to keep cabin doors and windows closed. Some heat is preferable to the mosquito pest, as sickness often follows bites. Vaccination. — To some countries, for instance, Venezuela,, it is impossible to gain admission unless satisfactory evidence of success- ful vaccination is shown. For this reason it is important that the prospective traveler be vaccinated before departure.. Under any conditions it is a wise precaution, and the traveler will feel a greater security against possible infection from smallpox, particu- larly in the rural communities. As regards being immunized against other diseases, that is a matter which should be decided by the. indi- vidual in consultation with his physician. Avoiding- Colds. — The traveler will find that in many of the tropical places there is a marked difference in temperature between the interior of the old massive buildings, such as churches, cathe- drals, etc., and the outer air. In the higher altitudes, particularly, colds may be contracted by entering these buildings, and as, the dan- ger from pulmonary diseases is greater because of the rarjty of the atmosphere, a light overcoat should be carried. Care should be taken against sudden changes in temperature. High Altitudes. — When making sudden ascents from the lower to the higher altitudes, travelers sometimes suffer from " soroche," or mountain sickness. Those who have weak hearts are cautioned against a too rapid change. Travelers who wish to avoid this sick- ness usually divide the trip from the lowlands of Chile or Peru to the uplands of Peru or Bolivia into two stages, stopping off en route at Arequipa, or some other point that, may be decided upon. Quarantine Beg-ulations. — As a rule, there is nothing to fear on this score. Port sanitation has improved greatly, and only In exceptional instances do Latin-American ports declare quarantines against each other. When travelers are detained in quarantine the expense is usually for their own account. In calculating the period of exposure, the time spent on. shipboard after , the departure from the port quarantined against is taken into consideration. 26 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVELER'S CHECK LIST. The following check list has been compiled for the convenience of the commercial traveler. It will aid him to guard against over- looking or forgetting important items in his equipment. Most of these are discussed in the preceding pages. Books and Publications. 1. Books on exporting (advance reading). 2. Books on salesmanship (advance reading). 3. Books regarding countries to be visited (advance reading). 4. Publications of the Department of Commerce, technical and general. (For list see district offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, or Write to the Bureau at Washington.) Preparations. 5. Wardrobe. 6. Health precautions. 7. First-aid package. 8. Household remedies. 9. Accident and insurance policy. 10. Aids to comfort. Passport and Tickets. 11. Passport. 12. Steamship ticket. 13. Arrangement for transfer of baggage. Letters of Authority and Introduction. 14. Letter of authority. 15. Power of attorney. 16. Mailing route. 17. Arrangement about funds: (a) Letter of credit. (6) Travelers' checks. Policy, Terms, and Conditions. 18. Sales policy. 19. Local agents ; instructions for appointment. 20. Standard agency agreement. 21. Terms and conditions ; detailed memorandum. 22. Credit reports; instructions regarding; detailed memo- randum. 23 : . Letters of introduction regarding credits: (a) R. G. Dun & Co. (6) Bradstreet's. (c) Local hanks. (d) American banks (foreign offices.) 24. Book or letter of instructions. THE SAliESMAN's EQUIPMENT. 27 Samples, Catalogue, and Price Lists. 25. Price list, catalogue, and supplements. 26. Cubic measurements and freight rates. 27. Card authorizing collect messages by cable (when possible). 28. Samples of the lines of merchandise carried. 29. List of samples (on sample sheet). 30. "Layout" of lines. 31. Tickets, labels, tags, bands, photographs, etc. Stationery and Advertising Hatter. 32. Stationery : (o) Personal cards. (&) Business cards. (c) Customer report form. id) Memorandum pads. («) Pocket order or memo book. (f) Memo book for addresses and names. (g) Form for expenses. (h) Business stationery. (i) Order blanks. (j) Personal stationery. 33. Advertising matter, full details regarding. 34. Booklet descriptive of mills or factories. 35. Letters of introduction : (a) To agents, (&) To customers. (c) To prospects. 36. Record of business previously done. 37. Letters to dealers: (a.) Approved customers. (&) General list. 38. List of dealers to be checked by agent. 39. Record of business previously done (in duplicate). 40. Copies of correspondence: (a) With agents or prospects. (&) Customers. 41. Letters of introduction: (a) To dealers, prospective customers, or agents. (&) To banks. (C) To chambers of commerce, commercial attaches, trade commissioners, and consuls. (d) From export associations and boards of trade. (e) Miscellaneous. 42. Form of reports to be rendered to home office. TRANSPORTATION. The Expense. — Whether it is practicable to visit certain points is determined almost invariably by the expense involved and the time required. This guide is written for the purpose of simplifying the decision. On the following pages it has been the aim to give specific information regarding expense of traveling. The rates given are of two kinds: First, to specific ports in Latin America from specific ports in the United States; second, combination trips which may be utilised 'by the Business man for purposes of inspec- tion. Obviously, all rates can not be given. It is believed, how- ever, that those which have been specified will be found' helpful. Steamship Fares. — The rates of fare given for 1 the various lines are subject to change. The aim has been to provide rates which cover the cost of passage to all ports which are likely to be visited by American travelers. Further data can be obtained by applica- tion to the steamship offices. The rates given on following pages are chiefly for one-way trips, first-class accommodations, from the United States to the ports named. Local steamship service and the' seryiee of foreign steam- ship lines which operate between different countries are treated under the respective territorial divisions or countries. Many such lines do not reach the United States, but can be used for local traveling. STEAMSHIP COMPANIES AND OFFICE ADDRESSES. Booth Steamship Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City. Caribbean Steamship Co., 8-10 Bridge Street, New York City. Clyde Santo Domingo Line, 25 Broadway, New York City. Compafiia Peruana. See Peruvian Line. Companla Sudamericana de Vapores, 25 Broad Street, New York City. Compafiia Trasatlantica de Barcelona, Pier 8, East River New York City. Cuyamel Fruit Co., Cuyamel Building, 410-412 Camp Street, New Orleans, La. Grace Line (Inc.), 10 Hanover Square, New York City. Independent Steamship Line, Queen and Crescent Building, New Orleans, La. Lamport & Holt Line, 42 Broadway, New York City ; 814 Gravier Street, New Orleans, La. Lloyd Brasileiro, 44 Whitehall Street, New York City. Mallory Steamship Co., foot of Houston Street, New' York City. '■■} 28 TRANSPORTATION'. 29 Munson Steamship Line, 67 Wall Street, New York City ; 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111.; 708 Common Street, New Orleans, La.; 418 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo.; Keyser Building, Baltimore, Md. ; Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Nelson Line, 26 Broadway, New York City. New Orleans-Blueflelds Fruit & Transportation Co., Whitney Central Building, New Orleans, La. New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Line), foot of Wall Street, New York City;' 192 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.; 533 Marquette Building, Chicago, 111. ; 701 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. ; 1208 F Street NW, Washington, D. C. New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co., 25 Broadway, New York City ; 192 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 701 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. *» • Norton Line, Produce Exchange Building, New York City. Pacific Mail Steamship Co., '508 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. ; 31 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 10 Hanover Square, New York City.i '■ Pacific Steam Navigation Co., 26 Broadway, New York City ; 230 South La Salle. Street, Chicago, 111. Panama Railroad Steamship Line, 24 State Street, New York City ; 200 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; Monadnock Build- ing, San Francisco, Calif. . • Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., 26 Broadway, New York City; Key West, Fla. ; Port Tampa, Fla. Peruvian Line (Companfa Peruana), 32 Broadway, New York City; 510 Battery Street, San Francisco, Calif. Quebec Steamship Co. (Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd.), Furness House, Whitehall Street, New York City; 206 Old South Build- ing, Boston, Mass. Red D Line, 82 Wall Street, New York City. Royal Netherlands West India Mail," 25 Broadway, New York City. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 26 Broadway, New York City ; 230 South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Santo Domingo (Clyde) Line, 25 Broadway, New York City. South American Steamship Co. (Companfa Sudamericana de Vapo- res), 25 Broad Street, New York City. Southern Pacific Co., 165 Broadway, New York City; 227 Charles Street, New Orleans, La. ; 55 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 12 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. ; 1600 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. ; Flood Building, San Francisco, Calif. Spanish Line (Companfa Trasatlantica de Barcelona), Pier 8, East River, New York City. Steele Steamship Co., 630 Common Street, New Orleans, and Galves- ton, Tex. Toyo Kisen Kaisha, 625 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. Trinidad Line (Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd.), 34 Whitehall Street, New York City. United Fruit Co., 17 Battery Place, New York City; 131 State Street, Boston, Mass. ; 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans, La. ; 142 South Clark Street, Chicago, 111. Ward Line, See New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. 30 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TOURIST AGENCIES. Thps. Cook & Son, 245 Broadway, New York City ; 336 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 225 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.; 15 East Jackson' Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 689 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif,; 515,, South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Calif. Raymond & Whitcomb Co., 225 Fifth Avenue, New York City ; 300 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. ; 1005 Chestnut Street, Phila- delphia, Pa. ; 2033 East Ninth Street, Cleveland, Ohio ; 632 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago,, 111. ; 307 Crocker Building, San Francisco, Calif. ; 509 South Spring Street, Los Angeles, Calif. Frank Tourist Co., 489 Fifth Avenue, New York City. American Express Co., 65 Broadway, New York City. Foster & Reynolds, 220 West Forty-second Street, New York City. STEAMSHIP FARES AND ITINERARIES. BOOTH STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from New York. — Barbados, $100; Para; $160; Manaos, $200 ; Ceara, $175 ; Pernambuco, $250 ; Bahia, $275 ; Rio de Janeiro, $300; Santos> $310. Baggage.— Passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage free ; excess to Barbados, 35 cents per cubic foot; to Brazil, 50 cents per cubic foot. CARIBBEAN STEAMSHIP CO. (LTD.). - Occasional sailings for Trinidad and Venezuelan ports. Fare to Trinidad, $95. CLYDE SANTO DOMINGO LINE. Minimum First-class Fares, from New York, — To Turks Island, $50 ; Monte Crjsti, $60 ; Puerto Plata, $65 ; Sanchez, $77.50 ; Samana, $77.50; Macoris, $90; La Romana, $90; Santo Domingo City, $95; Azua, $100 ; Barahona, $100. . . Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Turks Island, fifth day; Monte Cristi, sixth day; Puerto Plata, seventh day; Sanchez, ninth day ; Macoris, tenth day ; Santo Domingo City,: eleventh day. Baggage. — Each passenger may take free of charge 25 cubic feet of baggage ; excess baggage 60 cents, per cubic foot. Articles needed during the voyage should be placed in a valise or steamer trunk not more than 13 niches higli. Passengers have access to their hold baggage at 11 a. m. daily. COMPANIA SUDAMERICANA DE VAPORES. Fares from Balboa, Panama.— To Guayaquil, Ecuador. $85; Paita, Peru, $105; Eten, $110; Pacasmayo, $110; Salaverrv $120 • Callao, $140; Pisco, $150; Mollendo, $165; Ilo, $165; Arica Chile $170 ; Pisagua, $175 ; Caleta Buena, $180 ; Iquique, $180 ; To'copiUaJ TRANSPORTATION. 31 ?195; Gatico, $195;, Antofagasta, $205; Taltal, $210; Chanaral, $210; Caldera, $215; Huasco, $215; Coquimbo, $215; Valparaiso, $220; Talcahuano, $235; Lota, $235; between Balboa and Cristobal and vice versa, $5. Typical Itinerary. 1 — Leave Cristobal, first day; arrive Balboa, first day ; Paita, Peru, fifth day ; Eten, sixth day ; Pacasmayo, sixth day ; Salaverry, seventh day ; Callao, eighth day ; leave Callao, ninth day ; arrive Mollendo, eleventh day ; Arica, Chile, twelfth day ; Iqui- que, thirteenth day ; Antofagasta, fourteenth day ; Coquimbo, fif- teenth day ; Valparaiso, sixteenth day ; leave Valparaiso, eighteenth day; arrive Penco, nineteenth day; Tome, twentieth day; Talca- huano, twentieth day ; Lota, twenty-first day. Leave Paita, first day; arrive Bten, second day; Pacasmayo, sec- ond day; Chimbote, third day; Samanco, third day; Casma, third day ; Supe, fourth day ; Huacho, fourth day ; Callao, fifth day ; leave Callao, sixth day; arrive CerroAzul, seventh day ; Tambo de Mora, eighth day ; Pisco, eighth day ; Lomas, ninth day ; iChala, ninth day ; Mollendo, tenth day ; Ilo, tenth day ; Arica, eleventh day ; Pisagua, eleventh day ; Iquique, twelfth day ; Tocopilla, thirteenth day ; Gatico, thirteenth day; Antofagasta, fourteenth day; Taltal, fif- teenth, day ; Chanaral, fifteenth day ; Caldera, sixteenth day ; Huasco, sixteenth day ; , Coquimbo, seventeenth day ; Valparaiso, eighteenth day ; leave Valparaiso, twenty-second day ; arrive Lota, twenty-third day. COMPANIA TRASATLANTICA DE BARCELONA. Fares.— New York to Habana, $90; New York to Vera Cruz, $120. Itinerary. — New York-Cuba-Mexico monthly service : Leave Genoa on the 21st, Barcelona 25th-26th, Malaga 28th, Cadiz 30th, direct to New York, Habana, Vera Cruz, and Puerto Mexico. -Return from Vera Cruz on the 27th and from Habana on the 30th of each month direct for New York, Cadiz, Barcelona, and Genoa. Venezuela-Colombia monthly service: Leave Barcelona on the 10th, Valencia 11th, Malaga" 13th, Cadiz 15th of each month direct for Las Palmas, Santa. Cruz de Teneriffe, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Porto Rico, Puerto Plata, Habana, Port Limon, and Colon. Steamer leaves Colon 12th of each month for Puerto Colombia, Curacao, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, etc. Passengers and freight for Vera Cruz and Tampico transshipped at Habana. Buenos Aires monthly service : Leave Barcelona 4th, Malaga 5th, Cadiz 7th of each month direct for Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Monte- video, and Buenos Aires. Return trip begins at Buenos Aires on the 2d, Montevideo 3d of each month direct to the Canaries, Cadiz, etc. Brazil-La Plata monthly service.: Leave Bilbao on the 16th, San- tander 16th, Gijon 17th, Coruna 18th, Vigo 19th, Lisbon 20th, Cadiz 23d of each month direct for Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. Returning, leave Buenos Aires on the 16th for Montevideo, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, etc. Bag-gage. — Bach first-cabin passenger is allowed 300 pounds or 20 cubic feet of baggage. No merchandise will be accepted as baggage. Excess baggage: Habana, $1.25 per cubic foot or $2.50 per 100 pounds ; Vera Cruz, $3 per cubic foot or $6 per 100 pounds. 32 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CtTYAMEL FRUIT CO. STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Tares.— New Orleans to Puerto Cortes, $40 ; New Orleans to Omoa, $40. Itinerary. — Leave New Orleans; first day; arrive Puerto Cortes, fourth day ; arrive Omoa, fourth day. • Baggage. — Allowance, 150 pounds. GRACE LINE. Pares from New York.— Cristobal, $145; Balboa, $150; Callao, $285; Arica, $315; Iquique, $325; Antofagasta, $350; Coquimbo, $360; Valparaiso, $365. Fares from Cristobal. — Callao, $140 ; Mollendo, $165 ; Arica, $170 ; Iquique, 180 ; Antofagasta, $205 ; Valparaiso, $220. Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Cristobal, sixth day; leave Balboa, seventh day; .arrive Callao, twelfth day; Mo- llendo, fourteenth day ; Arica, fifteenth day ; Iquique, sixteenth day ; Antofagasta, seventeenth day ; Valparaiso, nineteenth day. Buenos Aires, by way of Valparaiso and the Transandine Railway, may be reached in 21 days from New York. Connections are made" at Cris- tobal with the various lines to and from the West Indies and at Balboa with San Francisco and other west-coast steamers. Baggage.-!— Two hundred pounds carried free for each adult pas- senger. Excess baggage will be charged as follows: New York 'to Cristobal, 3 cents per pound; New York. to, Balboa,. 5 cents per pound; New York to west-coast' ports, 6 cents per pound: Baggage may be sent to the pier (Pier 33, Atlantic Terminal, Brooklyn) a day or two before sailing. ■ It will be kept on the dock pending claim of passenger. Baggage to be placed in stateroom should be not more than 14 inches high, 24 inches wide, and 36' inches long. Merchan- dise, specie, bullion, valuables, wines, or stores will not be accepted as baggage. "' • INDEPENDENT STEAMSHIP LINE. Fares. — New Orleans to Ceiba,, Honduras, $40. Itinerary.— Leave New Orleans, first day ; arrive Ceiba, third day. Baggage. — Allowance, 150 pounds. .' LAMPORT & HOLT LINE. Fares from New York. — To Rio de Janeiro, $270 ; Montevideo, $305; Buenos Aires, $315. Single and return tickets are interchangeable between Brazilian and River Plate ports for travel by steamers of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., Pacific Steam Navigation Co., or Nelson Line; on payment of the difference in single fares, if any. Itinerary.--Leaye New, York, first clay; arrive Rio de Janeiro, fourteenth day ; Montevideo, twentieth day ; Buenos Aires, twenty- first day. , . - Baggage.-^-Each first-class passenger is. allowed 20 cubic, feet of baggage without^ charge. Any excess to be paid for at the rate of 50 cents per cubic foot, but no merchandise or specie is to be taken as baggage'. Heavy baggage must reach the loading dock at least TRANSPORTATION. 33 two days prior to the date of departure. All baggage should bear the company's labels, which may be obtained on application. Pack- ages for the stateroom should not exceed 3 feet In length, 21 inches in width, and 15 inches in depth. LLOYD BRASILEIRO (CIA. COMMERCIAL E MARITIMA, AGENT). Fares from New York. — To Barbados, $100 ; Pernambuco, $260 ; Bahia, $290 ; Rio de Janeiro, $340. > Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day; arrive Barbados, sixth day; Pernambuco, thirteenth day; Bahia, fifteenth day; Rio de Janeiro, eighteenth day; Santos, twenty-sixth day. Baggage. — Each passenger is permitted to carry 20 cubic feet of baggage free ; any excess to be charged for at the rate of about 50 cents per cubic foot. MALLORT STEAMSHIP CO. Fares.— New York to Key West, $43.20; New York to Galveston, $63 ; Key West to Galveston, $36. , Itinerary. — Leave New York first- day ; arrive at Key West fifth day, Galveston seventh day. ,<-',■- ■" Baggage. — Free baggage allowance, 150 pounds. , Excess, rate, per 100 pounds: To Key West, $7.20; to Galveston, $10.50., , MUNSON STEAMSHIP LINE. , Mew York-Cuba Service. — Fares. — New York to Antilla, Cuba, $90-$225. ' crn '■ ' ' ■' ■- Itinerary. — Leave New York Friday ; arrive Antilla, Tuesday. Baggage. — Passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage. Addi- tional baggage, 20 cents per cubic foot, Passengers should arrange for delivery of theiy baggage to Pier 9, .E^at River, in ample time before sailing, and claim same before boarding steamer. New York-Sputh. America Service.— Minimum first-class fares. — New York to Rio de Janeiro, $295; Santos, $305; Montevideo, $345; Buenos Aires, $360. Itinerary. — Leave New York first day ; arrive Rip de Janeiro, about thirteenth day; Montevideo, about eighteenth ' day ^ Buenos Aires, about nineteenth, day. , Baggage^ — Passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet; additional bag- gage 75 cents per cubic foot. Passengers should arrange for delivery of their baggage to Pier 3, Hoboken; in ample time before sailing and claim same before, boarding, steamer. „, . NEW ORLEANS-BLUEFIELDS FRUIT & TRANSPORTATION CO. Fares. — New Orleans to Bluefields, $60; New Orleans to Cape Gracias, $60 ; Cape Gracias to Bluefields, $15. Itinerary. — Leave New Orleans, first day ; arrive Cape Gracias, fifth day ; arrive Bluefields,. sixth day. Baggage. — Allowance, 250 pounds ; excess baggage may be carried. 34 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. NEW YORK & CUBA MAIL STEAMSHIP CO. (WARD LINE). , ..Fares. — Tie following rates of fare are for first-class accommoda.i tions, two persons in a room: New York to: Habana, $85; Nassau, $86; Progreso, $102; Vera Cruz, $108; Tampico, $114. .;..■ . > Nassau to : New York, $86 ; Habana, $40. ; Habana, to: New York,, $85.; Nassau, $40; Progresq, $72; Vera Cruz, $78 ; Tampleo, $78. Progreso to :s Habana, $72; Vera Cruz, $60; Tampico, $66; New York; $102. .-.,!. Vera Cruz to: Tampico, $36; Progreso, $60; Habana, $78,; New York, $108. • -,:- • Tampico to: Vera Cruz, $36; Progreso, $66; Habana, $78; New York, $114. Itinerary. — Habana express service : Leave New York, first day ; arrive Habana, fourth day. : Sailings 1 Thursdays and Saturdays. New York-Mexico service: Leave New York, first day; arrive Nas- sau, third day; Habana, fifth day; Progreso, sixth day ; Vera"Cruz, eighth day; Tampico, twelfth day. Weekly sailings (Thursdays). Baggage. — Personal baggage consists' of wearing apparel, toilet articles, and similar effects in actual use and necessary and appro- priate for the Wear, use, comfort; and convenience of the passenger on the journey and not intended for other persons or -for sale. Two hundred (200) pounds or 20 cubic feet of personal baggage will be allowed free for each passenger holding a full-fare first-cabin ticket. NEW YORK & PORTO RICO STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from New York. — To San Juari, $75 and up, according to size and location of stateroom. Itinerary. — Leave New York,' every Saturday at noon, arriving at San Juan, following Wednesday or Thursday. Leave San Juan eveiy Wednesday at 5 p. m., arriving at New York following Monday. Baggage. — ISach first-cabin adult passenger is allowed '25 cubic feet or baggage ; second-cabin passengers are allowed 15 cubic feet. Bate for excess baggage, 60 cents per cubic foot. Baggage may be sent to the company's pier two or three days in advance of sailing. It will not be put aboard steamer unless claimed and checked, and passengers are urged to attend to this shortly after their arrival at the pier On the morning of sailing. ' ! NORTON LINE. Fares from New York.— To Montevideo, $225; Buenos Aires, $250.. Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day i arrive Montevideo, twenty- third day ; arrive Buenos Aires, twenty-fifth day. Baggage. — Forty Cubic feet of personal baggage is carried free for each adult passenger. All baggage must' be plainly marked with the name of the passenger, name of steamer, number of state- room, and destination. Tags and labels will be supplied by the company on application. TRANSPORTATION. 35 PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from San Francisco. — Mazatlan, $87; San Bias, $101.50; ManzanUlo, $110.50 ; Acapulco, $117 ; Salina Cruz, $117 ; Ocos, $148.50; Champerico, $157; San Jose, $157; Acajutla, $157; La Libertad, $160.50 ; La Union, $165 ; Amapala, $165 ; Corinto, $173 ; San Juan del Sur, $173; Puntarenas, $188; Balboa, $188; Cristobal, $194. Fares Between Balboa and Ports North. — Puntarenas, $39 ; San Juan del Sur, $54.30; Corinto, $71; Amapala, $78.30; La Union, $86.30; La Libertad, $94.70; Acajutla, $109.60; San Jose, $117; Champerico, $12520; Ocos, $133.60; Salina Cruz, $149; Acapulco, $172.70; ManzanUlo, $179.60; San Bias, $179.60; Mazatlan, $188; San Francisco, $188. Fares Between, Mexican and Central American Ports.— From Mazatlan.— San Bias, $15.80; ManzanUlo, $23.60; Acapulco, $47; Salina Cruz, $70.40; Ocos, $93.60; Champerico* $101.70; San Jose de Guatemala, $109.70; Acajutla, $117.50; La Libertad, $125.20; La Union, $141.10; Amapala, $148.90; Corinto, $156.70; San Juan del Sur, $156.70; Puntarenas, $164.50; Balboa, $188. From San, Bias. — ManzanUlo, $15.80 ; Acapulco, $31.30; Salina Cruz, $62.70; Ocos, $94; ChampericOj $94; San Jose de Guatemala, $101.70; Acajutla; $109.70; La Libertad, $117.50 ; La Union, $133.10; Amapala, $140.90; Corinto, $148.90; San Juan del Sur, $156.70; Puntarenas, $164.50 ; Balboa, $179.60. From ManzanUlo. — Acapulco, $23.50 ; Salina Cruz, $47 ; Ocos, $78.30 ; Champerieo, $86.20 ; San Jose de Guatemala, $93.90 ; Acajutla, $93.90 ;< La Libertad, $109.60; La Union, $125.20; Amapala, $125.20; Corinto, $133.10; San Juan del Sur, $148.80; Puntarenas, $164.50 ; Balboa, $179.60. From Acapulco. — Salina Cruz, $31.30; Ocos, $62.70; Champerico, $70.40 ; San Jose de Guatemala. $78.30 ; Acajutla, $78.30 ; La Libertad, $93.90; La Union, $101.70; Amapala, $109.60; Corinto, $117.50; San Juan del Sur, $125.20; Puntarenas, $148.90; Balboa, $172.70. From Salina Cruz. — Ocos, $31.30 ; Champerico, $47 ; San Jose de Guatemala, $47; Acajutla, $47; La Libertad, $62.70; La Union, $70.40; Amapala, $78.30;, Corinto, $86.20; San Juan del Sur, $93.90; Puntarenas, $117.50 ; Balboa, $149. From, Ocos. — Champerico, $15.80 ; San Jose de Guatemala, $23.50; Acajutla, $31.30; La Libertad, $39.20; La Union, $54.80 ;> Amapala, $62.70; Corinto, $78.30; San Juan del Sur, $93.90; Puntarenas, $101.70; Balboa, $133.60. From Champerico. — San Jose de Guatemala, $15.80 ; Acajutla, $23.50; La Libertad, $31.30; la Union, $47; Amapala, $54.80; Corinto, $62.70> San Juan del Sur, $78.30; Puntarenas, 93.90; Bal- boa, $125.20. -.:--"- From San Jose de Guatemala. — Acajutla, •■ $15.80 ; La Libertad, $23 50; La Union, $31.30; Amapala, $39.20; Corinto, $54.80; San Juan del Sur, $62.60; Puntarenas, $78.30; Balboa, $117.50. 36 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. From Acajutla.—Xh& Libertad, $15.80-* La "Union, $23.50; Amapala, $31.30; Corinto, $39.20; San Juan del Sur, $47; Puntarenas, $70.40; Balboa, $101,70!; . " '""'i ' ■ "~> „„„_""/ From La Libertad. — La Union, $15.80; Afnapala, $23.50; Corinto, $31 30 ; San Juan del Sur, $39;20 ; Puntarenas, $62.70; Balboa, $94.70. From La Untom— Amapala, $7.80 , Corinto, $23.50 ,- San Juan del Sur, 39.20 ; Puntarenas* $47.30 ; Balboa, $86.30. From Amapala.— Corinto, $15.80; San Juan del Sur, $31.30; Puntarenas, $47; Balboa, $78. From Gormto— San Juan del Sur, $15.80; Puntarenas, $32.10; Balboa, $71. From San Juan del Sur. — Puntarenas, $23:50 ; Balboa, $54.30. From Puntarenas. — Balboa, $39. Itinerary. — Leave San Francisco, first day; Los Angeles, third day; Mazatlan, eighth day; Manzanillo, tenth day ; -Acapulco, eleventh day; Salina Cruz, thirteenth day; Champerico, fifteenth day ; San Jose de Guatemala, sixteenth day ; Acajutla, seventeenth day; La Libertad, eighteenth day; La Union* nineteenth day; Amapala, twentieth day; Corinto, twenty-first day ; San Juan del Sur, twenty-second day; Puntarenas, twenty-third day; arrive Balboa, twenty-sixth day ; Cristobal, twenty-seventh day.- Baggage.— Between ports and Balboa, 200 pounds allowed to each full Cabin fare; excess baggage, 3 cents per pound. ; ' • PACIFIC STEAM NAVIGATION CO* Fares from New York. — First-class minimum rates per person: To Kingston, Jamaica; $85 ; Cristobal, $145 ; Callao, $285 ; Mollendo, $310 ; Arica, $315 ; Iquique, $325 ; Antofagasta, $350 ; Valparaiso, $365. .•■ Fares Between Cristobal and Worth Pacific Ports. — Puntarenas, Costa Rica, $45; San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, $60; Corinto, Nicaragua, $77; Amapala, Honduras, $84; La Union, Salvador, $93; La Libertad, Salvador, $101 ; Acajutla,. Salvador,, i$107; San Jose, Guatemala, $123; Champerico, Guatemala, $131; Ocos, $140; Salina Cruz, Mexico, $155. r • '• :' • ■ - - - ■ ' ' ■■ "• Fares Between Cristobal and "West Coast Ports.— Buenaventura, $49; Tuinaco, $50 ;. Esmeraldas, $55; Bahia, $65; Manta, $65; Cayo, $70; Machalilla, $70; Manglar Alto, $70; Ballenita, $75; Puerto Bolivar, $80; Guayaquil; $85; Paita, $105; Eten, $110; Pacasmayo $120; Salaverry, $120 ; < Callao, $140; Pisco, '$150; Mollendo, $165 Ilo, $165; Arica, $170;- Pisagua; $175; Junta, $175; Caleta Buena, $180 ; Iquique, $180 ; Tocopilla, $195 ; Gatico, $195 ; Mejillones, $200 Antofagasta, $205 ; Taltal, $210? Chanaral, $210 ; Oaldera, $215 Huasco, $215; Coquimbo, $215; Los Vilos, $215; Valparaiso, $220 Talcahuano, $235 ; Coronel, $235. From Balboa, $5 less. Connecting Lines. — Panama Railroad Steamship Line, between New York and Cristobal, $100; United Fruit Co., between New York and Cristobal, $145 ; between New Orleans and Cristobal, $110; Pacific Mail Steamship Co., between San Francisco and Balboa, $194. TRANSPORTATION. 37 Itinerary. — New York-Valparaiso Service. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Cristobal, seventh day ; Balboa, eighth day ; Callao, twelfth day ; leave Callao, fourteenth day ; arrive Mollendo, six- teenth day; arrive Arica, seventeenth day; Iquique, eighteenth day; Antofagasta, nineteenth day.; Valparaiso, twenty-first day. New York-Guayaquil Service. — Leave New York, first day ; arrive Cristobal, eighth day ; leave Cristobal, tenth day ; arrive Balboa, tenth day ; Buenaventura, twelfth day ; Esmeraldas, fourteenth day ; Bahia, fifteenth day ; Manta, fifteenth day ; Guayaquil, seventeenth day. Colon-Valparaiso Service. — Leave Colon, first day ; arrive Guaya- quil, fifth day ; leave Guayaquil, sixth day ; arrive Paita, seventh day ; Eten, eighth day ; Pacasmayo, eighth day ; Salaverry, ninth day ; Callao, tenth day ; leave Callao, twelfth day ; arrive Pisco, thirteenth day ; Mollendo, fifteenth day ; Arica, sixteenth day ; Iquique, seventeenth day ; Antofagasta, eighteenth day ; Coquimbo, twentieth day ; Valparaiso, twenty-first day. Baggage. — The free allowance to passengers paying through first- class rate is 200 pounds. Excess between New York and Cristobal, 3 cents per pound ; between New York and Balboa, 5 cents per pound ; between New York and west-coast ports, 6 cents per pound. PANAMA RAILROAD STEAMSHIP LINE. Fares. — Between New York and Cristobal, $100; between New York and Port au Prince, Haiti, $75 ; betwfeen Cristobal and Port au Prince, $45. This line has service as far as Colon only, but sells tickets to west-coast ports, connecting with steamers of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., Peruvian Steamship Co., and Compania Sudameri- cana de Vapores. Itinerary. — Leave New York, first day; arrive Port au Prince, fifth day ; arrive Colon, seventh day. Baggage. — Allowance for each adult : New York to Cristobal, 250 pounds ; through canal to west-coast ports, 200 pounds. Excess bag- gage : New York to Cristobal, 2 cents per pound ; Cristobal through canal to west-coast ports, 3 cents per pound. PENINSULAR & OCCIDENTAL STEAMSHIP CO. Fares. — Between Habana and Key West, $17i50, between Habana and Port Tampa, $35.50 ; between Key West and Port Tampa, $18 ; includes meals and berth while at sea. Between Miami and Nassau (Bahamas) , $25 one way ; $42 round trip. Itinerary. — Key WeshHahana Line. — Leave Key West daily ex- cept Sunday at 10 a. m., arrive in Habana daily except Sunday at 5 p. m. Leave Habana daily except Sunday at 10.30 a. m., arrive in Key West daily except Sunday at 5.30 p. m, Port Tampa-Key West. — Leave Port Tampa Sundays and Thurs- days at 1 p. m., arrive in Key West Mondays and Fridays at 7 a. m. Leave Key West Mondays and Fridays at 8 p. m., arrive in Port 90821° — 22 4 38 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Tampa Tuesdays and Saturdays at 2 p. m. Direct connections made at Key West for Habana and Port Tampa. MiamirNdssau Steamer Service. — During the winter, first sailing from Miami about December 27, at 4 p. m., arriving in Nassau at 9 # a. m. following day. Leave Nassau at 3 p. m., arrive Miami 8 a. m. following day. For month of January there will be two weekly sailings, and for February and March three weekly sailings. Last sailing about April 6 from Miami and April 7 from Nassau. '„• Bag-gage.— Free baggage allowance, 150 pounds for full ticket, 7-5 pounds for half ticket. Suitcases, handbags, or other small pieces of baggage must not be checked via this line. All charge for excess baggage must be prepaid, as 1 O. O. D. checks will not be recognized. Baggage must not be checked to any point in Cuba except Habana. PERUVIAN STEAMSHIP CO. Fares from Cristobal. — To Guayaquil, $85 ; Paita, $105; Eten, $110; Pacasmayo, $110; Salaverry, $120; Callao, $140; Mollendo, $165; Ho, $165; La Paz, Bolivia (via Mollendo), $185. Fare from Balboa, Panama, $5 less than above. Itinerary. — Leave Cristobal', first day ; Balboa, second day ; Guayaquil, fif th : day.; , Paita, sixth day ; Eten, seventh day ; Pacas- mayo, seventh day ; Salaverry, eighth day ; arrive Callao, ninth day; arrive Mollendo, thirteenth day. Steamers connect at Mol- lendo with, international train for La Paz, Bolivia. Baggage.— The free allowance to passengers paying through, rate is 200 pounds; excess, 3 cents per pound. - -, QUEBEC STEAMSHIP CO. Fares. — The following are the rates of fare per berth from New York to Demerara, British Guiana, and intermediate islands, or viee versa: Steamer Chuiana, to Barbados, $120 and up; to Demerara, $135 and up ; steamer Parima or Korona, to Barbados, $100 and up ; to Demerara, $115 and up ; New York to Bermuda, round trip $60 and up ; time about 46 hours. Itinerary.— Leave New York, first day ; arrive St. Thomas, sixth day ; St. Croix, seventh day ; St. Kitts, eighth day ; Antigua, eighth day; Guadeloupe, ninth day; Dominica, tenth day; Martinique, eleventh day >■ St. Lucia, twelfth day; Barbados, thirteenth day; Demarara, sixteenth day. Steamers spend about one day in each port. Returning north, steamers call at most of the above islands but remain less time in port. Steamship Connections.— From St. Thomas : To San Juan, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, Haiti, and Jamaica. From Martinique • To Trinidad, Paramaribo, Cayenne, La Guaira, Porto Cabello, Puerto Colombia, Cartagena, Colon, and Havre. From Barbados- To St. Vincent, Trinidad, La Guaira, Perto Colombia, Cartagena, Colon Limon, Jamaica, Cherbourg, and Southampton. Baggage.^First-class passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of baggage. Excess at freight rate charged for each port. TRANSPORTATION. 39 RED D LINE. Fares. — Steamers Caracas and Philadelphia: New York to San Juan, $50-$70; New York to Curacao, $75-$95; New York to La Guaira, $75-$95 ; New York to Puerto Cabello, $80-$100 ; La Guaira to New York (via Puerto CabeUo), $85-$105; Puerto Cabello to New York, $75^-$95 ; San Juan to Curacao, $25 ; San Juan to La Guaira, $25 ; San Juan to Puerto Cabello, $30 ; Puerto Cabello to San Juan, $25;, La Guaira to San Juan (via Puerto Cabello), $35; Curacao to La Guaira. $li ; Curacao to Puerto Cabello (via La Guaira) , $15 ; La Guaira to Curacao (via Puerto Cabello), $15;La Guaira to Puerto Cabello, $7 ; Puerto Cabello to Curacao, $8. Steamers Zulia and Maracaibo: New York to Mayaguez, $65 ; New York to La Guaira, $90 ; New York to Curacao, $90 ; New York to Maracaibo, $105 ; Mayaguez to La Guaira or Curacao, $25 ; Mayaguez to Maracaibo, $40 ; La Guara to Curacao, $11 ; La Guaira to Mara- caibo, $26 ; Curacao to Maracaibo, $15. Round-trip tickets sold at double the one-way rate. Typical Itinerary. — Steamer Philadelphia: Leave New York, July 16; arrive San Juan, July 21; leave San Juan, July 22; arrive Curacao, July 24 ; leave Curacao, July 24 ; arrive La Guaira, July 25 ; leave La Guaira, July 27; arrive Puerto Cabello, July 28; leave Puerto Cabello, July 29; arrive Curacao, July 30; leave Curacao, July 30 ; arrive San Juan, August 1 ; leave San Juan, August 2 ; arrive New York; August 8. Steamer Zulia: Leave New York, July 23 ; call at Mayaguez, July 29 ; arrive La Guaira, July 31 ; leave La Guaira, August 1 ; arrive Curacao, August 2 ; leave Curacao, August 7 ; call at Mayaguez, August 9 ; arrive in New York, August 15. EOYAL NETHERLANDS WEST INDIA MAIL. Fares from New York. — Cape Haitien, $80 ; Port au Prince, $90 ; Aux Cayes, $100 ; Curacao, $95 ; Puerto Cabello, $95 ; La Guaira, $95; Carupano, $120; Trinidad, $130; Paramaribo,; $160. Itinerary. — Arrive Cape Haitien, seventh day; Port au Prince, eighth day ; Aux Cayes, tenth day ; Curacao, fourteenth day ; La Guaira, fifteenth day ; Puerto Cabello, sixteenth day ; Carupano, seventeenth day; Trinidad, nineteenth day; Paramaribo, twenty- second day. Baggage. — Allowance, 30 cubic feet; excess, 60 cents per cubic foot to and from New York ; intercolonial, 24 cents. SOUTHERN STEAMSHIP CO. (ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINES). Fares. — New York to New Orleans, $60; New Orleans to Habana, $45 ; Government war tax $3 additional, - Itineraries. — Leave New York, Saturdays and Wednesdays; ar- rive New Orleans, Wednesdays and Sundays. Leave Newt Orleans, Saturdays; arrive Habana, Mondays. Baggage. — Baggage on the New York-Habana line will be checked through to destination of ticket. Each full ticket entitles passenger to 150 pounds free. Excess baggage will be charged for at rates 40 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. shown in tariff on file at offices of the company. A single piece weighing over 250 pounds can not be checked as baggage. For a piece of baggage any dimension of which exceeds 45 inches ithere will be a charge for each inch in excess equal to the charge for 5 pounds of excess weight. Upon personal application to any office of the New York Transfer Co. in New York or Brooklyn, or upon telephone request, bag- gage will be called for at any hotel or residence in Greater New York and checked from such hotel or residence to destination of ticket. Only regulation steamer trunks not exceeding 13 inches high will be allowed in staterooms or suites. All other trunks will be stored in baggage room. On the New Orleans-Habana line the free allowance of baggage is 150 pounds in weight and $100 in value. AH excess baggage will be charged for at the rate iof $7.50 per 100 pounds. STEELE STEAMSHIP CO. Fares. — Galveston to Tampico, $50; Galveston to Vera Cruz, $55. Itinerary. — Leave Galveston, first day ; arrive Tampico, third day ; arrive Vera Cruz, fourth day. TOYO KISEN KAISHA (ORIENTAL STEAMSHIP CO.). First-class Fares from San Francisco. — Salina Cruz, Mexico, $97.50; Balboa, Panama, $162.50; Callao, Peru, $240.50; Iquique, Chile, $273; Valparaiso, Chile, $300:50. Itinerary .—Leave San Francisco, first day ; arrive Los Angeles> third day ; leave Los Angeles, fourth day ■ arrive Salina Cruz, eleventh day; leave Salina Cruz, eleventh (lay; arrive Balboa, six- teenth day; leave Balboa, eighteenth day; arrive Callao, twenty- fourth day; leave Callao, twenty-seventh day; arrive Mollendo, thirtieth day; leave Mollendo, thirtieth day; arrive Arica, thirty-first day; leave Arica, thirty-first day; arrive Iquique, thirty-second day; leave Iquique, thirty-second day; arrive Valpa- raiso, thirty-sixth day. TRINIDAD LINE. Fares from Hew York. — Grenada, $125; Trinidad, $125; Deme- rara_, British Guiana, $140. Itinerary.— Leave New York, first day; arrive Grenada, eighth day ; remain in port about 6 hours ;. arrive Trinidad about 10 hours after leaving Grenada ; remain at Trinidad about three days ; arrive Demerara about 36 hours after leaving Trinidad. Baggage. — First-class passengers are allowed 20 cubic feet of space free. Excess baggage 50 cents per cubic foot. UNITED FRUIT CO. STEAMSHIP SERVICE. New York, Cuba, Canal Zone, Costa Rica Service.— Fores from Neio Yor7c— Habana, $85; Cristobal, $145; Port Limon via Cristo- bal, $170. Fares from Habana.—New York, $85 ; Cristobal, $75 ; Port Limon via Cristobal, $100. TRANSPORTATION. 41 Fares from Cristobal.— New York, $145 ; Port Limon, $25 ; Habana, direct, $75 ; Habana, via Port Limon, $100. , Fares from Port Limon.— Cristobal, $25 ; Habana, direct, $75 ; New York, direct, $145 ; via Cristobal, $170. New York, Jamaica, Canal Zone, Colombia Service. — Fares from New York. — Kingston, Jamaica, $102; Cristobal, $145; Cartagena, Colombia, $170; Puerto Colombia, Colombia, $170; Santa Marta, Golombia, $170. Fares from. Kingston. — New . York, $102 ; Cristobal, $50; Carta- gena, direct, $50; via Cristobal, $75; Puerto Colombia, $75; Santa Marta, $95. Fares from Cristobal. — New York, direct, $145; Kingston, $50; Cartagena, $25 ; Puerto Colombia, $52 ; Santa Marta, $70. . Fares from Cartagena. — New York, $170; Puerto Colombia, $20; Santa Marta, $35 ; Cristobal, via Santa Marta, $80 ; Kingston, via Santa Marta, $100 ; Kingston, via Santa Marta and Cristobal, $130. Fares from Puerto Colombia. — New York, $170; Santa Maria, $20; Kingston, via Santa Marta, $80; Cristobal, via Santa Marta, $70 ; Kingston, via Santa' Marta and Cristobal, $130. Fares from Santa Marta. — New York, $170 ; Cristobal, $50 ; Kings- ton, direct, $50 ; via Cristobal, $100. New York, Cuba, Jamaica, Guatemala, Honduras Service. — Fares from New York. — Santiago, Cuba, $96; Port Antonio, Ja- maica, $102; Kingston, $102; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, $170; Puerto Cortes, Honduras, $195 ; Tela, Honduras, $195 ; Belize, Brit- ish Honduras, $170 ; Trujillo, Honduras, $210. Fares from Santiago. — New York, $96 ; Port Antonio, $20 ; Kings- ton, $20; Puerto Barrios, $100; Puerto Cortes, $120; Tela, $120; Belize, $71 ; Trujillo, $140. Fares from Kingston. — New York, $102; Santiago, $20; Puerto Barrios, $85; Puerto Cortes, $105; Tela, $105; Belize, $75; Tru- jillo, $125. Fares from Puerto Barrios. — New York, $145 ; Santiago, $120 ; Puerto Cortes, $20 ; Trujillo, $40 ; Kingston, $75. Fares from Puerto Cortes. — Trujillo, $20; Kingston, $120; New York, $170. Fares from Tela. — Trujillo, $20 ; Kingston, $75 ; New York, $145 ; Santiago, $85. Fares from Belize. — Puerto Barrios, $20; Tela, $50; Puerto Cortes, $50; Trujillo, $70; Kingston, $145; Santiago, $155; New York, $210. Fares from Trujillo. — Tela, $20; Kingston, $105; New York, $170. New Orleans, Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, Cuba Service. — Fares from New Orleans. — Cristobal, direct, $110; Bocas del Toro, $127; Port Limon, $127. Fares from Cristobal. — New Orleans, via Bocas del Toro, $127; Bocas del Toro, $25 ; Port Limon, via Bocas del Toro, $40 ; Habana, $102. Fares from Bocas del Toro.— New Orleans, $120; Habana, $76. Fares from Habana. — New Orleans, $45,.-: New Orleans, Cuba, Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro Service.— Fares from New Orleans. — Habana, $45 ; Bocas del Toro, $136 ; Cristobal, $127. 42 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Fares from, Habana. — Bocas del Toro, $100; Cristobal, $75; New- Orleans, $45. Fares from Bocas del Toro. — Cristobal, $25 ; New Orleans, via Cristobal, $127. Fares from Cristobal. — Bocas del Toro, $25 ; New Orleans, $110. Itineraries. — -New York, Cuba, Canal Zone, Costa Rica Service.-^- Leave New *York, Saturday; arrive Habana, Wednesday; leave Habana, Saturday ; arrive Cristobal, Tuesday ; leave Cristobal, Wednesday ; arrive Port Limon, Thursday ; leave Port Limon, Sun- day ; arrive Habana, Wednesday ; leave Habana, Thursday ; arrive New York, Sunday. New York, Jamaica, Canal Zone, Colombia Service. — Leave New York, Tuesday ; arrive Kingston, Monday ; leave Kingston, Monday ; arrive Cristobal, Wednesday (fortnightly) ; leave Cristobal, Thurs- day (fortnightly) ; arrive Cartagena; Wednesday or Friday (alter- nate weeks) ; leave Cartagena, Thursday or Saturday (alternate weeks) ; arrive Puerto Colombia, Friday or Sunday (alternate weeks) ; leave Puerto Colombia, Sunday, or Tuesday (alternate weeks) ; arrive Santa Marta, Monday or Wednesday (alternate weeks); leave Santa Marta, Tuesday or Thursday (alternate weeks) ; arrive Cristobal, Thursday (fortnightly) ; leave Cristobal, Thursday (fortnightly) ; arrive Kingston, Saturday; leave Kingston, Saturday; arrive New York, Thursday. New York, Cuba, Jamaica, British Honduras, Guatemala, Hon- duras Service. — Leave New York, Saturday (fortnightly) ; arrive Santiago, Thursday ; leave Santiago, Thursday ; arrive Kingston, Friday; leave Kingston, Friday; arrive Belize, Monday; leave Belize, Monday ; arrive Puerto Barrios, Tuesday ; leave Puerto Barrios, Wednesday; arrive Tela, Thursday (every four weeks); leave Tela, Thursday (every four weeks) ; arrive Puerto Cortes, Thursday (every four weeks) ; leave Puerto Cortes, Thursday (every four weeks) ; arrive Trujillo, Friday ; leave Trujillo, Friday ; arrive Tela, Saturday; leave Tela, Sunday; arrive Kingston, Wednesday; leave Kingston, Wednesday; arrive Santiago, Thurs- day ; leave Santiago, Thursday ; arrive New York, Tuesday. New Orleans, Canal Zone, Panama, Cuba Service. — Leave New Orleans, Wednesday ; arrive Cristobal, Monday ; leave Cristobal, Thursday; arrive Bocas del Toro, Friday; leave Bocas del Toro, Saturday ; arrive Habana, Wednesday ; leave Habana, Wednesday ; arrive New Orleans, Friday. New Orleans, Cuba, Canal Zone, Panama Service. — Leave New Orleans, Saturday ; arrive Habana, Monday ; leave Habana, Wednes- day; arrive Cristobal, Sunday; leave Cristobal, Sunday; arrive Bocas del Toro, Monday; leave Bocas del Toro, Tuesday; arrive Cristobal, Wednesday; leave Cristobal, Wednesday; arrive New Orleans, Monday. New Orleans, British, Honduras, Guatemala Service.— Leave New Orleans, Friday; arrive Belize, Monday (every four weeks) ; leave Belize, Tuesday (every four weeks) ; arrive Puerto Barrios', Mon- day or Tuesday; leave Puerto Barrios, Friday; arrive Belize, Sat- urday (every four weeks) ; leave Belize, Saturday (every four weeks) ; arrive New Orleans, Tuesday. TRANSPORTATION. 43 Boston, Cuba,, Costa Rica, Canal Zone Service. — Leave Boston, Friday ; arrive Habana, Wednesday ; leave Habana, Friday ; arrive Port Limon, Tuesday (fortnightly) ; leave Port Liinon, Friday (fort- nightly) ; arrive Cristobal,, Tuesday or Saturday (alternate weeks) ; leave Cristobal, Wednesday or Saturday (alternate weeks) ; arrive Port Limon, Thursday (fortnightly) ; leave Port Limon, Saturday (fortnightly) ; arrive Boston, Sunday. Baggage. — Allowance, first class, 200 pounds, except between New Orleans and Habana in both directions, 150 pounds. Bag- gage must reach the pier at least 5 hours before sailing, but will not be accepted earlier than one day prior to sailing. Pas- sengers must reach the pier at least 2 hours before sailing, as baggage will not be placed on board until claimed and checked. All baggage must be plainly marked with passenger's name, steamer, and room number. Baggage to be placed in stateroom must be not more than 14 inches high 3 feet 10 inches long, to permit placing under berth. Passengers have access to baggage placed in hold at certain times, and should apply to purser for permission. Mer- chandise, specie, wines, or stores will not be accepted as baggage. GENERAL INFORMATION. TICKETS. Buying Tickets. — After the route has been selected and pass- ports obtained, the ticket may be purchased at the local ticket office of the steamship company. Where the steamship lines are not directly represented, such purchase may generally be made through the local passenger agent of a railroad company or at branch offices of tourist agencies. Ticket Agencies. — For the convenience of the traveler there is given on page 2S a list of the steamship companies which offer pas- senger service between the United States and the countries covered in this guide. The names of some of the leading tourist agencies and express companies which sell tickets are also included. Tickets for Entire Trip. — The traveler who has a definite trip in view should endeavor to arrange for a ticket covering the entire trip. By purchasing this in advance, the carrying of large sums of money or drafts is avoided, and the traveler is also able to save the cost of exchange in going from country to country. The exces- sive rates for short steamship trips which might .be necessary can thus be guarded against. Travelers should always endeavor to travel first class. This ap- plies to all lines, but in particular to the less important lines in South and Central America. An effort should be made to obtain the exclusive use of the cabin. If the allowance for expenses or other reasons prevents this, it is suggested that the traveler take steps to guard against an undesirable passenger being assigned to his cabin. Return Tickets. — The time limit on return tickets varies with the different steamship companies. Some companies allow twelve months, while others have a six-month limit. 44 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Unused Betum Tickets.— If the return portion of a ticket be not used and notice is given within the period of availability, most steamship companies will make a refund equal to the difference be- tween the amount paid for ticket and single fare, less 10 per cent. •Reservations. — Reservations may generally be made upon pay- ment' of half the passage money. Steamship companies usually require that full passage money be paid and tickets taken a fort- night before date of sailing. Stop-Over Privileges. — The conditions regarding this matter vary with the different lines. Passengers desiring to stay over at cer- tain ports should make inquiry regarding this point when pur- chasing tickets. Special Bates. — If a group of salesmen or a commission of busi- ness men anticipate making a trip together, it is sometimes possible to obtain a special rate for the party. This likewise applies to a party made up of several families. Applications for such rates should be made to the individual steamship companies or tourist agencies. No Responsibility for Delays. — Practically all steamship com- panies disclaim any responsibility for loss of connections due to delays in ports, fumigation, or the refusal of the authorities to allow passengers to be received, disembarked, or transshipped. Steamship companies will not be responsible for the exactness of dates shown in the itineraries, and they generally reserve the right to omit or add to any ports scheduled and cancel or postpone the sailings indicated thereon. Postponement. — In case of postponement of sailing of a steamer or the suppression of a port of call, those passengers who bought tickets prior to the publication of the postponement or suppression will be returned the value of the passage paid, but beyond this Steamship companies will accept no responsibility. Undesirable Passengers. — -Persons suffering from any serious ill- ness, any infectious of contagious disease, or those who are men- tally or physically incapacitated will not be accepted for passage by any steamship company. On each telegram a tax of 5 cents is levied. United States Revenue Tax. — A tax must be paid on all outward passage tickets sold in the United States for passage by any vessel from a United States port to a foreign port or place, except to Canada or Mexico. The rates are as follows: $1 on tickets costing over $10 but not exceeding $30 ; $3 on tickets costing over $30 but not exceeding $60 ; $5 on tickets costing over $60. This tax must be borne by passenger and is payable with passage money at the time of purchase of ticket. ;Alien Head Tax. — A tax of $8 is imposed on every passenger en- tering the country who is not a United States citizen. In the case of passengers in transit, receipt for the tax will be given, and such payments will be refunded by steamship companies, in ex- change for such receipts, if passengers leave the United States within 30 days of arrival, provided they have been declared as transit passengers and have signed the necessary certificate. Brazilian Embarkation • Tax. — The Brazilian Government levies an embarkation tax of 5 per cent on all single tickets and on half TRANSPORTATION. 45 the cost of return tickets. This applies to passengers going to ports outside of Brazil. For ports in Brazil the tax is 3 per cent of the cost of the ticket, the maximum payment being $2. Peruvian Tax. — In addition to passage money, a tax of $5 per .person is charged on all prepaid first-class tickets for passage from Peruvian ports. BAGGAGE. Steamship Company Labels.— All baggage, trunks, grips, etc., should bear the steamship company's labels or tags, which may be obtained on application at agencies. Heavy Baggage. : — Heavy baggage must be sent to the dock in ad- vance, and steamship companies generally require that such bag- gage reach the loading berth not later than two days prior to the date of departure. Advice of its dispatch; with full particulars and name of railway or express company, should be sent .to the steamship company's office. Bag-gage in Cabin. — As only small packages can be taken into the cabin, all large pieces of baggage which are for use on the voyage are stored in the baggage room, access to which is generally avail- able at a certain hour each day during the voyage. Packages for the stateroom should not exceed 3 feet in length, 21 inches in width, and IB inches in ijepth. Baggage which is wanted on the voyage should be so labeled, or it may not be accessible during voyage. All baggage must pass through the customhouse at pas- senger's port of destination. Name on Baggage. — The name of passenger should be painted in good-sized letters on each piece of baggage. Marking Baggage. — Always obtain labels from the steamship company's office to indicate whether trunks are desired in " cabin," " not wanted," or " wanted." Trunks which are wanted during the trip should be so labeled. Those which are to be placed in the hold should be marked accordingly. Most steamship companies permit travelers to visit the hold at certain hours and examine trunks which are marked " wanted." If trunks are marked " not wanted," they will be stowed in such a manner that access thereto is im- possible. Protection Against Dampness. — Travelers who expect to spend any length of time in Latin America should take precautions against damage to their baggage, samples, etc., by dampness. In some of the Latin American countries during the rainy season, particularly from March to August, many kinds of goods are easily ruined. For instance, footwear will become covered with a white mold. When leaving clothing in wardrobes, it is often the custom to hang inside an electric bulb, the heat of which will counteract the moisture. Size of Trunks. — A good size for a steamer trunk is 36 by 22 by 14 inches; such a trunk can easily be placed in the cabin, tinder the berth. Many travelers report that light, strong, water-tight trunks, well locked, are best. They should not weigh over 100 pounds packed, and all should weigh alike. Excess Baggage. — Travelers should bear in mind that on many railroad lines, especially those which traverse mountains, the 46 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. amount of baggage which is transported free is very small. The charge for excess is a very considerable one. Insurance of Baggage. — Passengers should insure their baggage (including samples) against all marine risks. Risk conditions in- clude loss or damage caused by fire, sea perils, and forcible theft, (not pilferage) while on board the steamer, but excepting breakage, unless caused by the vessel being stranded, sunk, on fire, or in col- lision. Certain companies are prepared to insure baggage of their passengers. In case the steamship company itself is not in a posi- tion to insure baggage, such insurance can be obtained on application to a marine insurance broker. Traveling salesmen should insure all baggage. If possible, the policy should cover all losses on sea or land, including theft, pilfer- age, etc. LANDING AND CLEARING BAGGAGE. Customs Inspection. — The method followed by the customhouses of the different countries in the matter of inspection of baggage is given in detail under each country. The traveler is cautioned to exercise patience in dealing with customs officials. It will be found that it is far more expeditious to pursue this policy than to display anger and make complaints, even though circumstances may justify such attitude. If the traveler's baggage contains a considerable percentage of new clothes which have not been worn, there is usually no difficulty in passing them if it can be plainly seen that they are for personal use. Anything that is dutiable should always be called to the attention of the inspector. A willingness to display what one is carrying and alacrity in opening the trunks is always appreciated. Transporting Baggage from Customhouse to Conveyance. — 'The conditions governing this vary greatly. Sometimes this work is per- formed by the attendants at the customhouse. More often, after the inspection is made and the traveler has closed his trunks, he is compelled to call a cab or taxi, or arrange to have the baggage transferred to hotel by a " peon," " mozo," or " cargador." At this stage of handling the baggage, as at all others, the traveler must be on the alert. From Customliouse to Hotel. — If the baggage can be carried on a taxi or other conveyance, there is no likelihood of any particular difficulties. On the other hand, if, as frequently happens in Latin American countries, a " peon " must be engaged, "the traveler should be sure to note the number of the latter's license; otherwise an unscrupulous individual may make off with the baggage. It is also essential to strike a bargain for the cost of transporting all the baggage (not single pieces) to the hotel in order to guard against overcharges. In most places the hotels have representatives at the customhouse, landing place, or station. Baggage can be given into their care for delivery to the hotel. Checking Baggage.— In many ports of Latin America the system of checking baggage is not so highly developed as in the United States. When a traveler wishes to go from one place to another he should allow sufficient time to transport his baggage to the station with a margin of time for checking. Not infrequently the baggage agent is insufficiently equipped, and it is essential to allow time for TRANSPORTATION. 47 the " revision " or weighing of the baggage, writing out of the bag- gage ticket, the payment of any excess, etc. Excess Bag-gage Charges. — The cost Of carrying baggage is-, gen- erally speaking, much higher in Latin America than in the United States. On many railroads the amount carried free is small; on others no baggage whatever is carried free, with the possible excep- tion of hand luggage. The matter of excess baggage must be in- vestigated in each instance. " Cargadores." — The traveler will find it advisable to bargain with the " cargadores," or porters, for carrying baggage to the steamship piers, and likewise with the boatmen who lighter it from the pier to the steamer. This is especially important in the small towns, and should be done some hours in advance of departure. In this way a good deal of money can be saved. " Eleteros."— These are boatmen who operate small boats in many ports. In the port of Callao the " fletero," like the " cargador " in other places, has a brass license tag. The traveler caii ascertain from the purser or other official the correct price, and should not permit himself to be overcharged for the removal of his baggage to the shore. Express Companies. — In some of the larger cities express com- panies are now taking the place of the " cargadores." Care should be taken to ascertain the reliability of the express company, as here, too, there is danger of inferior service and possible loss. Duty on Souvenirs. — Travelers who wish to carry back to the United States souvenirs or other articles purchased in Latin American countries should remember the regulations. Before their arrival in the United States, whether by train or on ship, they will be furnished with a blank, on which should be listed all articles for which admission is wanted. Many items are prohibited, such as "plumas de garza," liquors, etc. Allowances. — Americans (foreigners are not permitted to bring in more than their actual clothing) are allowed, free of duty, $100 worth of goods, exclusive of cigars and cigarettes. The number of cigars that may be admitted free of duty is 50 and of cigarettes 300 for each traveler. Although foreigners are not entitled to free admission of $100 worth of goods, they are permitted to bring in the quantities specified of cigars and cigarettes. ON SHIPBOARD. Prohibited Articles. — Passengers are strictly prohibited from tak- ing on board gunpowder, either in cartridges or otherwise, lucifer matches, or any article of explosive, inflammable, dangerous, or damaging nature. Passengers disregarding this regulation are lia- ble not only to prosecution and to the penalty imposed by statute, but also for all damage resulting from takrhg On board such articles. Almost all countries prohibit the carrying of revolvers and guns. Wines, Spirits, etc. — The regulations of most lines prohibit pas- sengers from bringing on board wines, spirits, malt liquors, or min- eral waters. These are usually obtainable on shipboard. General Dress. — At the beginning of a trip' ordinary clothing is worn. As soon as the Tropics are reached, this gives place to 48 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. negligee, including white duck suits, low shoes, etc. In the Tropics, even if passengers do not dress for dinner, it is customary to ap- pear in suits of some dark material. Dress for Sinner. — On the larger vessels, particularly the English ships, it is the custom to dress for dinner. The traveler who wishes to make the best impression should abide by all the customs. Steamer Chairs. — These. can be hired from purser on board. The charge varies with the different steamship lines. Most of, the steamship companies charge $1 per trip. The chairs should be prop- erly tagged, so that they may be occupied at the traveler's pleasure. In selecting places for steamer chairs care should be taken to avoid the possibility of the smoke and soot. A change in the wind may cause much discomfort and annoyance. Valuables. — Passengers are warned against keeping valuables in their staterooms. It is customary to place same in the care of the purser. Steamship companies make no charge for this service, and they accept no responsibility for loss or damage. Dog-s and Pets.— Passengers intending to take pets with them should make arrangements with steamship company when purchas- ing tickets, otherwise the pets may not be allowed on board. The rules of most lines do nqt permit pets in saloon or staterooms. Quarantine. — All quarantine expenses must be borne by passen- gers themselves. Care while in Port. — Travelers should exercise unusual care while ships lie in port. Doors of staterooms should be carefully locked in order to prevent theft. Doctor. — An experienced doctor is usually attached to the staff of each steamer. His services are free for sickness developed on board. Medicines are also provided free of charge by most of the steamship lines. Seasickness. — There is no universal remedy for seasickness. The traveler who is affected by the rolling of the vessel is urged to remain out of doors as much as possible. When threatened with seasickness, tea, crackers, and toast should be the chief diet until the traveler is accustomed to the motion of the ship. As a rule, the seasickness will disappear after a few days. Tips on Shipboard. — The persons who must be tipped are the table steward, the deck steward, the bar attendant, the bath steward, and the stewardess. On large vessels the barber and tailor are also usually rewarded. For short trips to the West Indies or Central America, the tips vary according to service rendered. They range from $2 to $7.. For a longer trip, as to Kio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, or Valparaiso, larger tips are customary. They then range from $3 to $10 or $15, depending on service received. Laundering. — On the new and large ships laundering, is now no longer so inferior as it was in the past on the smaller vessels. On the latter, unfortunately, the character of this work still leaves much to be desired. It is well, therefore, to have a sufficiently large wardrobe to be absolutely independent of this service. - Sailing Chart.— This is usually posted each day at noon, either in the smoking room or in the main cabin. It shows the distance cov- ered by the ship during the previous 24 hours. TRANSPORTATION. 49 Knots and Miles. — The statute mile is 5,280 feet ; the nautical mile or British Admiralty knot is 6,080 feet. One nautical mile equals 1.151 statute miles; 1 statute mile equals 0.868 nautical mile. CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER READINGS. [Degrees Centigrade to Degrees Fahrenheit.] c. ■ F. C. F. C. : = F. -30 -22.0 +32.0 +25 • + 77.0 -28 -18.4 + 1 +33.8 +26 + 78. 8 -26 -14.8 + 2 +35.6 +27 + 80.6 -24 -11.2 + 3 +37.4 , +28 + 82.4 -22 - 7.6 + 4 +39.2 +29 + 84.2 -20 - 4.0 + 5 +41.0 +30 + 86.0 -19 - 2.2 :; a + 6 +42.8 +31 + 87.8 -18 - 0.4 + 7 +44.6 +32 + 89.6 -17 + 1.4 .+ s +46.4 +33 + 91.4 -16 + 3.2 + 9 +48.2 +34 + 93.2 -15 + 5.0 +10 +50.0 +36 + 95.0 -14 + 6.8 +11 ' +51.8 +36 + 96.8 -13 + 8.6 +12 - +53. & - +37 + 98.6 -12 +10.4 +13. . +55.4 +38 +100.4 -11 +12.2 - +14 . +57.2 +39 +102.2 -10 +14.0 +15 +59.0 +40 +104.0 - 9 +15.8 +16 +60.8 +41 +105.8 - 8 +17.6 +17 +62,6 +42 +107.6 - 7 +19.4 +18 +164.4 +43 +109.4 - 6 +21.2 +19 +66.2 +44 • +111.2 — 5 +23.0 +20 +68.0 +45 +113.0 - 4 +24.8 +21 ' +60.8 +46 +114.8 - 3 +26.6 +22 +71.6 +47 +116.6 - 2 +28.4 +23 +73.4 +48 +118.4 - 1 +30.2 +24 +75.2 +49 +120.2 EQUIVALENTS FOR UNITED STATES AND METRIC WEGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 inch=2.54 centimeters=25.4 millimeters. 1 foot=0.304801 meter. 1 yard=0.914402 meter. 1 square foot=0.0929 square meter. 1 cubic foot=0.02832 cubic meter. 1 pound=0.45359 kilo. 1 mile=1.60935 kilometers. 1 mUlimeter=0.03937 inch. 1 centlmeter=0.3937 inch. 1 meter=3.2808 feet— 1.0936 yards. .1 square meter =10.764 square feet=1.196 square yards. 1 cubic meter=35.314 cubic feet=1.3079 cubic yards. 1 kilo=2.2046 pounds. 1 kilometer=0.62137 mile. WHAT TO DO ON ARRIVAL. ADVANCE WORK FOR TRAVELERS. Preparing Ground for the Traveler. — Careful preliminary work will save much time for the traveler. The ground can be tilled to such an extent that little time need be wasted by him after arrival. In many cases excellent " leads " can be developed and good " pros- pects " found by correspondence. These can then be turned over to the traveler so that the business may be closed with the minimum of expense. Some of the methods of tilling the field are given in the following paragraphs. List of Buyers.-r-Obtain a list of buyers with whom business is possible. Circularizing. — Circularize this list with carefully prepared let- ters or advertising matter. This matter should convey some idea of the character or importance of the firm. It will familiarize the prospective buyer with the standing of the house, thereby making it possible for the traveler to economize both time and energy. Announce Salesman's Visjt. — Before salesman departs, mail axb, nouncements of his prospective visit. Such announcements may be printed cards or written letters. Personally written letters will b| found far more effective. If necessary, this may be confined to fc comparatively small number -of the best houses. Salesman's Personal Letters. — The representative may address personal letters, before his departure, to the prospective customers. This is a courtesy that is generally appreciated. If merchants an- ticipate placing orders, they are more likely to hold them until the visit of the salesman. , Timing the Announcements.— The traveler will find it advan- tageous to notify customers not more than several weeks m advance, else the effect of the notification is likely to be lost. For example^if he visits the west coast of South America, intending to ftwn^ri ^w; P T U ' B ?, llYia ' and Chile - on a four^months 1 trip, it would be better to mail letters to Chile from Bolivia or Perf Arrangements may be made with his principal to send such lette* Obt^tr-V 11 ° ffiC . e «£ the time wWch "*™ ^£? app?opria| Obtaining Prospects."—" Prospects " for the traveler mav be developed by the sending of catalogues or other nrinteJ I ™*tter % a selected list of dealers\om e months in IdXfce of the sSesman* departure. The sending of such printed matter often inlereste mot pective buyers to such an extent that correspondence resets Sucn correspondence may be turned over to the traveler who will find it much easier to obtain a hearing for his goods thin would be the case if the catalogues had not been mailed 50 WHAT TO DO ON ARRIVAL. 51 Advertising in Trade Journals. — Very frequently some advance advertising is done in trade journals, export papers, and other mediums of that character. Such advertisements are usually cal- culated to awaken interest among prospective buyers and to create an atmosphere for the goods. They often serve to give an idea of the exporter's standing and the reliability and the variety of the goods carried. Not infrequently this advertising will result in inquiries for samples, which may be turned over to the salesman for follow-up work. As a rule, the sending of samples can be at- tended to at reasonable cost. If the line is of such a character that samples can be properly forwarded,: this is highly desirable. In innumerable cases they help to arouse interest before the sales- man's arrival. Keference can be made to the fact that a salesman will call at a certain date. Work While Traveler Is on the Ground. — A salesman can often be aided while he is on the ground in the larger places, such as Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, or Santiago. His visit in these places may be prolonged-, permitting considerable cooperation with him. This cooperation may be of the following character : Letters to dealers advising them that the salesman is in a certain city and that he carries full line of samples, etc. " Write-ups " in the local papers. If the salesman is clever he can frequently obtain invaluable publicity for himself and for his house through a good, newsy interview. When well conceived, this is extremely effective. The salesman himself can send out letters, accompanied by adver- tising matter, pamphlets, or leaflets, to help pave the way. All these things are very effective. MOVEMENTS ON ARRIVAL. The work of the traveling man may be greatly expedited by the local agent. Many Arms make arrangements with local representa- tives previous to the coming of the traveler. When this has been done a letter- or message to the agent in advance of the traveler's arrival will usually save the latter much time. Practically all the details mentioned in the following paragraphs will aready have had the attention of the local representative. Suggestions. — For a traveler who has not previously covered a given territory and can not count upon the assistance of a local agent the following hints may be found useful : 1. Immediately upon arrival engage rooms at a representative hotel.- Make arrangements for sample room. (In some places, especially in smaller towns, it may be necessary to rent a store- room.) 2. Arrange with the customhouse broker for clearance of samples through customhouse. 3. Visit the American consul for an exchange of views and sug- gestions. If an American commercial attache 1 is available, he should be consulted. Visit American bank, if any. 4. Make a preliminary survey of the business district to determine what firms seem most likely to be interested >. and worth calling 52 GUIDE /TO' LATIN AMERICA. upon. This is desirable in order to get the '< lay of the land." If a list of prospective purchasers is carried, these can be checked to be sure that there are no omissions. Consult the local directory. 5. Visit one or two of the leading banks or banking houses. If letters of introduction to banking houses are carried, they will be found valuable. Submit the list of prospective customers to bankers and obtain an idea of the credit to which the dealers are entitled. This system will save much time and obviate sales to people whose orders would not be approved by the credit man at home. 6. If the mercantile agencies are represented in that community, a conference with the manager of the office will be found desirable, as it will also serve to avoid: misdirected effort. 7. Present letters of introduction to any mercantile organizations, business houses, etc. 8. A preliminary visit to the customers for the purpose of making an appointment to inspect samples is desirable. In many Latin American cities it is almost impossible to obtain an immediate hear- ing, as merchants are not accustomed to accommodate a traveler by going immediately to a hotel. 9. If merchants fail to keep appointments (which is often the case), the traveler should visit them again. If necessary, some samples should be taken to the stores and every art of salesmanship employed to obtain orders. The habits of the buyers vary as greatly in Latin America as in the United States, and the foregoing hints are merely suggested to simplify the procedure. There are no hard and fast rules. Social Life. — The social amenities are much more carefully ob- served in Latin America than in the United States. The traveler will find it highly advantageous to be so armed with letters of intro- duction that he may obtain entree to the clubs, to commercial organ- izations, etc. Much business is transacted in that manner, and the traveler who has not taken the precaution of obtaining the necessary credentials entitling him to be " put up " at the clubs, may be at some disadvantage. Whenever possible, invitations to social affairs should be gratefully accepted, as they often lead to business. Languages.— So much has been written and said on this subject that it requires no extended discussion. The traveler who visits Latin America will find a knowledge of Spanish invaluable in all countries except Haiti, where French is spoken, and in Brazil, where Portuguese is the accepted tongue. Even though the language may be spoken only imperfectly, an effort to converse therein is greatly appreciated, and errors or slips of speech are overlooked. In certain communities the French merchants are very important factors; in others, Italian. The traveler who speaks these tongues also will find it advantageous to use them in his relations with the dealers. Business Customs. — The methods of transacting business in Latin America differ very widely in the various Republics. The observant traveler will quickly recognize these differences and interpret the spirit which prevails in the various communities. With only rare exceptions will he find the conditions like those in the United States, and he should be prepared to adapt himself to the changes. The traveler who is a fault finder, grumbler, unwilling to overlook cer- WHAT TO DO ON ARRIVAL. 53 tain discomforts a*id ttie primitive conditions associated with pio- neering, js unsuited to develop business, and he will And himself more successful in another field or at home. Duty on Samples. — The customs tariff laws of the West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South American countries differ widely. The procedure regarding admission of samples also varies, but, as a general rule, not so much as the tariff on imports. Under each country have been listed the rules applicable to duties on samples and the procedure to be followed in getting them into and out of the country. Suggestions regarding giving bond, etc., will be found in the proper divisions. Travelers' Licenses.— Many efforts have been made to obtain the remission of these imposts. In some countries the traveler requires no license, while in others the taxes vary in each State or Province. The requirements will be found carefully set forth under each country. (See also p. 11.) Sales Policy. — Salesmen who visit Latin America for the first time, especially the larger cities, frequently make errors in solicita- tion which may later adversely affect their prospects. If business ean suqcessfulliy be done with large wholesale importers (who in turn distribute goods), it is bad policy to solicit from retail stores or houses of less importance. Generally speaking, the markets ha-ve a limited purchasing power. Furthermore, a large distributer offers serious objections if he learns that a salesman attempts to sell both to him and to smaller competitive houses. All aspects of this problem should be carefully studied. Holidays; Their Effect.— The holidays of Latin America exert more influence on business than do similar occasions in the United States. In Latin America, because of its Catholic population, the feast days of the church are more widely recognized than in the United States. They often have official recognition, particularly in the cities of secondary importance. The several days preceding Easter in particular are celebrated, business being practically sus- pended on Holy Thursday and Good Friday. The saints' days like- wise are recognized. Celebrations in honor of historical characters and national heroes, besides national holidays, must also be taken into account. For each of the various countries the principal holi- days are specified, and the traveler will find it well to consider them in planning his trips. Holidays are often taken advantage of by traveling men for the entertainment , of their customers; they serve as occasions for din- ners, parties, etc. Not infrequently, when travelers are especially well acquainted with their buyers, they axe enabled to use the day for showing samples and obtaining orders. Seasons in Latin America. — Where seasonable .goods are re- quired, it is of the highest importance to remember that south of the Equator the seasons are the reverse of those in the United States. This as especially important in dealing with Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Chile. Adjustment to Conditions.— In most lines of merchandise, the im- porters in Latjn American Republics are accustomed to purchasing 90821°— 22-^ 5 54 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. earlier than dealers in similar lines in the United States. This makes it possible to solicit and obtain orders somewhat earlier than would be the case in the United States. It should be remembered, however, that in most lines of business some buying is being done continuously. Use of Diary. — The advantages of keeping a diary are obvious. Such a record will be found particularly valuable if used for the purpose of recording visits to firms, names of the buyers or depart- ment heads interviewed, list of goods in which they are interested, etc. Other valuable information for subsequent use may also be recorded. This includes the recording of birthdays or saints' days of buyers or customers, who may later on be remembered with cards, to show the traveler's interest in the buyer or customer. This Is particularly appreciated by Latin Americans. Time for Filling- Orders. — The following calculation will serve as a basis for travelers, and will show how much time must be counted on for the sale of goods, their manufacture, delivery, and payment : Leave New York November 1. Arrive Colon November 8. Miscellaneous stops between Colon and Valparaiso (depending upon conditions), 60 days. Arrive Valparaiso January 8. Order mailed from Valparaiso January 15. Order reaches New York February 6. Order approved, goods manufactured, and delivered to port of New York 60 days later, or April' 6. . Goods shipped from New York April 10. Arrive in Valparaiso May 10. Draft accepted May 15, payable 60 days' sight. Goods cleared in customhouse May 25. Goods on sale in customer's store June 1. Draft paid to the bank in Valparaiso July 15 (under normal con- ditions). Remittance reaches New York August 6 (under normal condi- tions). Attention to Officials. — Travelers in Latin America, regardless of the country, will find that when traveling, in the interior especially, it is advisable to keep on pleasant terms with the chief officials! If the traveler contemplates covering a stretch of road which may appear to him dangerous and where he may be subjected to attack (this being extremely rare), he may apply to the sheriff or " jefe politico " for a guard. In any event, it is highly desirable to fully recognize the authority of this official and to maintain the very best relations with him. HOTELS, BOARDING HOUSES, AND PEES. Hotels and Boarding Houses.— The hotel accommodations in Latin America vary quite as widely as do those in the United States In large cities, such as Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, and Santiago' there are numerous hotels, ranging from the very expensive to the most insignificant. The traveler Should not stint^msell in the WHAT TO DO ON ARRIVAL. 55 matter of his hotel. He should patronize only the best and most dignified, inasmuch as he is judged largely by the character of his lodgings. In the larger cities there is usually a choice of hotels, and those which cater to traveling men and have the necessary accommodations in the matter of sample rooms, etc., should be chosen. In the larger places modern conveniences, including sani- tary plumbing, baths, etic., are now quite common. Changes in Hotels. — The special attention of travelers is drawn to the fact that hotel accommodations are constantly subject to change. Not only is there in many places a periodical variation in price due to tourist seasons and similar causes, but the proprietors of hotels frequently change the character of their accommodations, with consequent effect on the prices. In many instances rates are advanced, but, as experienced travelers know, there is often a deterioration in the quality of service, food, etc. It is deemed necessary to point out this fact, because hotels which one year may be among the leading ones in a community are sometimes discon- tinued or at a later period are found in an entirely different class. Under each city has been given a list of hotels which are of most interest to commercial travelers. However, it will sometimes hap- pen that a hotel not specified will prove even more desirable for the traveler's convenience and comfort. This can be ascertained by personal investigation after arrival and by consultation with fellow travelers. Hotels in Small Towns. — The accommodations in the smaller places, and even in communities of some commercial importance, are frequently poor. The traveler who can not adjust himself to certain shortcomings in the matter of accommodations, food, and service had best remain at home. Hotels in small towns are seldom equipped with sample rooms, and it may be necessary to make arrangements to display samples in some vacant room or building not well adapted to the purpose. Hotels of this category are usually lacking in modern conveniences. Boarding Houses or Pensions. — Travelers who find it necessary to spend a considerable time in one place frequently take quarters in a " pension " or boarding house. When this is done a sample room is maintained in the central or business district. The cost under this system is not so great, and for one not familiar with the language there is the added advantage of acquiring the tongue from the na- tives. Quarters in a " pension V or boarding house can usually be obtained by watching the advertisements in the principal news- papers, or by inserting an advertisement therein, or by inquiring of friends. The American consul, if one is available, can usually advise. Special Hint.— When necessary to " make " small towns travelers are advised to obtain from friends in the large centers letters of introduction to acquaintances in the smaller places, with whom they may stop while transacting their : business. This is by far the safest method and insures a maximum of comfort and cleanliness unobtainable otherwise. Sometimes, when properly introduced under such circumstances, the host refuses to accept any pay for the accommodations. 56 GUIDE TO LATT5J AMERICA. Tambos. — These are very small sprlmitive inns. They are found In the settlements or villages through which a traveler passes in making trips by " carretera " or " camino de herradwa." They are sometimes the only means of obtaining shelter overnight. The food frequently is both limited and of poor quality. If the traveler anticipates having to stop at a tambo, it is necessary for him to have his own hammock, a few pieces of bed linen, mosquito net- ting, etc. Canned food should also be included in the baggage in order that there may be some degree of satisfaction at meal time. " Mesones." — These are taverns of an inferior kind. They usu- ally afford lodging for the traveler and quarters for his animals. They should be avoided if possible. " Fondas." — These are similar to the " mesones," but of a still poorer quality. They are not for American travelers. General Construction of Hotels. — Although modern hotel build- ings are being erected in many of the cities of Latin America, the great majority of such places are still old fashioned. They are usually built around "patios," or open courts. -Frequently the only light which enters is through a door or window opening on the court. In many latitudes, 'where mosquitoes are prevalent, the traveler should insure his comfort 'by insisting upon a good mos- quito netting. Failing to obtain the right kind at the hotel's ex- pense, he should carry his «wn. In fact, experienced travelers often do this. Baths.— Jn the smaller cities, and frequently in the larger ones, the hotels are not equipped with modern plumbing, hot water, or bathrooms. Under such conditions it is necessary to patronize bath establishments, which are often operated in connection with fcarber shops. They are reasonable in cost and the service is usually good, while cleanliness generally prevails. Lately many hotels that have no regular bathtubs are able to furnish shower baths or • regard- eras," which are much appreciated when bathtubs are not available. Toilet Conveniences.— These are often very primitive. In this matter extreme care should be taken to guard against infection, and travelers are warned to take all precautions. This is especially im- portant in the case of toilet-paper which the traveler may find in toilets. The traveler should always include this artiele in his baggage. Meals in Latin America.— -Generally speaking the hotels in Latin America are operated on the American plan ; that is table d'hote meals are included in *he cost of accommodations. Morning Coffee.— This, with bread and butter,' is usually served in one's room and brought to -the door by a servant. If specially requested milk may be obtained in place of hot water (for the coffee) . Fruit may often be had if asked for. Eggs are not usu- ally served, and when obtainable, an extra charge is made The heavy breakfast, as served in the United States, is not known in Latin America, even North Americans falling into the habit of the Latin American. Almuerzo.— This is served from 11 to 1 or 2 o'clock. It is a rather hea*y luncheon, taking the place of breakfast It usually includes a salad, a " dulce," or swee£ and often cheese' WHAT TO DO GN ARRIVAL. 57 Comida. — This meal — -dinner — is served in the evening, generally from 6 to 9. In most of the Latin- American countries people usu- ally dine very late. General Remarks. — As a rule, there is not much to complain about in connection, with the meals to be had in the fair-sized towns; it is only in the very small places that conditions are bad. furnishings of Hotels. — In the smaller places, and sometimes even in the larger ones, the bedding is not the best. It is always advisable to carry several changes of bed linen, sheets, and blan- kets. A few towels will also come in bandy. An air pillow likewise is often appreciated. When a salesman is unable to obtain a sample room and must show his samples in his bedroom, he should be care- ful of its appearance. It should always be kept neat and clean. Seeking a Hotel. — If the traveler is in doubt as to the hotel best suited to his purposes, he will find it advantageous either to- engage a coach or taxicab, or, in the smaller places, walk around the "plaza" until he has made the necessary inspection. This is ad- visable, because, once having taken up quarters and having baggage brought to the hotel, it is both inconvenient and expensive to make the transfer. A " cargador," usually found in great numbers around the stations, can carry the hand luggage, •while the heavy baggage is left at the depot until quarters have been engaged. Tipping.: — The custom of tipping is universal in Latin-American countries. As a rule, except perhaps in the very largest and most expensive hotels in the greatest cities,, the tips are smaller than in the United States. Tipping is a custom which the traveler ean not afford to ignore. It will help him materially in getting along. On the other hand, there is no excuse for extravagance, and only a bad precedent is set by those Americans who are careless with or too liberal in their fees. It is advisable to tip the head waiter and the table waiter at the first meal ; this insures good attention during his stay. Native Hotels. — The traveler who is making his first trip and wishes to experience the real " atmosphere" of the country will per- haps occasionally find it interesting to put up at hotels that are not widely patronized by foreigners. This i» especially the case in large cities such as Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro, where it is possible to find hotels which cater to non-English-speaking guests and yet enjoy a certain degree of comfort. Generally speaking, however, hotels which cater to American, English, and European travelers are the best. In Latin America, as a rule, the best is practically always below the standard of the average American hotel. Best Hotels: How Indicated.— The author has attempted in this edition to indicate, wherever possible, the hotels which are most likely to appeal to the average American traveler. The names of such hotels have been marked with an asterisk (*). However, it should be noted that it is not always possible to specify a choice of hotels, and there may be a difference of opinion regarding some that have been marked. Travelers are urged to ask the opinion of fellow travelers and merchants regarding the best stopping places. It should also be remembered that even in the case of 58 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. hotels which have been recommended the quality of the service often leaves much to be desired. In many cases there is really no choice. Reservations. — On account of the crowded conditions at hotels (particularly those that are well patronized), it is advisable in- variably to telegraph or cable ahead for reservations. When pos- sible, these reservations should be made through a friend, the local agent of the traveler's firm or a customer. If this precaution is not taken the traveler is likely to find upon his arrival at a port, especially if several steamers have arrived simultaneously, or on the eve of the departure of a large number of guests, that it is im- possible to secure accommodations and that his telegram has been ignored. In making reservations it is well to ask for an acknowledg- ment in order that no further thought need be given to the matter. " Cargadores ": Their Functions. — The commercial traveler in Latin America will find the " cargador " of great assistance ; he can be employed to enter the train ahead of time to reserve seats ; his services can be utilized for buying tickets, carrying baggage, and doing odd jobs which would ordinarily fall to the lot of a porter. The " cargador " is licensed and carries a tag or ticket to prove his Identity. Care should be taken not to entrust baggage or documents to those who are not able to identify themselves. The " cargador " also performs a useful function in the delivery of samples from the hotel to a customer's place of business. The " cargador," or " mozo," who is usually to be had by making in- quiry of the porter, can ordinarily give the traveler information re- garding the best time in which to deliver the samples, the name of the employee in charge, etc. QUARANTINE AGAINST LATIN AMERICA MODIFIED. Under a recent ruling of the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, ports on the east coast of Mexico and Cen- tral America and ports of South America and the West Indies are considered free of yellow fever. Vessels from such ports may be passed without fumigation (for mosquito destruction) or detention of crew or vessel, if all are well upon arrival and there has been no history of suspicious cases en route or at time of departure. Hitherto vessels from ports from the territory mentioned have not been permitted to enter the southern ports of the United States south of the southern boundary of Maryland, during the period April 1 to November 1, until six days had elapsed from the date of their departure. This worked a particular hardship on passengers and vessels coming from ports on the east coast of Mexico where the voyage consumed less than six days and resulted in the diversion of a part of the traffic to northern ports. Part II.— DETAILED INFORMATION FOR CANVASSING LATIN AMERICA. SUBDIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. This section of the guide has six subdivisions, viz : Mexico. Central America. West Indies. North Coast of South America. West Coast of South America. East Coast of South America. Although this may seem an arbitrary division, it is the easiest manner in which such widely different regions may be treated. It will be found that territories of traveling salesmen often fall into just these divisions, particularly in the case of business houses which have a number of salesmen. Obviously, many other divisions might be suggested, as many travelers who visit portions of the West Indies also canvass cities in Central America and South America. However, for practical utility, it is believed that this general arrangement will lend itself most easily to study and analysis. MEXICO. Area, 767,198 square miles (including islands) ; population, 15,000,000. There are several reasons why Mexico is treated in a separate division of this publication. In the first place, being contiguous to the United States and, generally speaking, more accessible than the other Latin-American Republics, a somewhat different treat- ment is required. Many jobbing houses throughout the United States, especially in the West and Southwest, normally have very intimate business relations with Mexican merchants. This applies to the buyers in the larger cities as well as in the small towns, min- ing camps, etc. It is quite common for a Mexican merchant, in what would correspond to a " crossroads " store in the United States, to make direct purchases in this country. As a consequence, it has been found necessary to list and describe a much greater number of small towns and communities than in other sections of the book. In reading this section of the guide it should be borne in mind that present conditions are abnormal. Nominally there is railroad service to many places, but in reality it is interrupted or frequently delayed. Despite the conditions which have recently prevailed, the 59 60 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. purchases of Mexico, as a whole, have increased very materially, and the commercial possibilities of this Republic are so great that they deserve the utmost consideration from American houses. A factor that must not be lost sight of in studying this as well as the other sections of the book is the material increase in prices, in hotel rates, railroad fares, etc. The European war has greatly affected the schedules of steamship lines, both trans-Atlantic and local. Consequently, it is of the utmost importance that all sailings, time-tables, etc., be verified on the ground. It is believed, however, that the information which is here given in detail wilt enable the traveler to plan his route with a considerabte 1 degree of certainty and intelligence. This is certainly true in the matter of the approx- imate time required, provided that allowance is made' for the ab- normal conditions which at present prevail. Mexico has always been one of the best customers of the United States and is destined for some time to be one of the three largest users of American products and manufactures in the Western Hemisphere. For this reason alone Mexico is particularly deserv- ing of the attention of American business men. CENTRAL AMERICA. Square miles.- Population. British Honduras 8,598 45,000 Cpsta Rica 13,691 450,000' Honduras 46,250 650,000 Guatemala 48, 2S*« 2,200,000 Nicaragua i_j_ j-__^^_ 49, 200 690, 000 Panama* . «--^-_ ' u : — 33,380 441.482 Salvador ^ ^ r ~r—^ -_-,♦—; v 1, 225 1, 300, 000 Central America includes all the territory lying south of Mexico and extending to the Colombian- boundary line on the north coast of South America. It embraces British Honduras and the Republics of Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua^ Panama, and Sal- vador. These countries preseat many amazing contrasts. In per capita purchasing powef, in development, and in other features they differ materially. To many it will be news that the western and eastern regions of Honduras and Nicaragua are for all practical purposes quite inaccessible to each other. The economic conditions ox these regions are also very different. The investment Of much American capital in the banana business on the eastern coasts of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama has resulted in an amazing development of this section of Central America, with al.consequent large benefit to the United States. The varying conditions in distinct section's of these divisions make for similar differences in trade. The commercial importance of the different towns may be judged to a considerable extent by consulting the section devoted to these countries. As Central America fre- quently serves (in, many lines) as the sole territory of travelers, it has been treated as a unit. Special attention is drawn to the necessity for considering the conditions which prevail and to the need of a car-efuf study of steamship and railroad routes, in order to obtain the greatest economy in canvassing this region. SUBDIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 61 WEST INDIES. Square miles. Population. Cuba- 45 885 2 , 889, 064 Porto Rico 3,606 1,118,000 Haifa -,+ -—--. 10, 204 2, 000, 000 Dominican Republic 18, 045 755, 000 Virgin Islands of the United States 138 27 000 BMtisB West Indies : ' Jamaica^ „ J __ 4, 207 900, 000 Bermudas 21 000 Bahamas' 4, 404 56,' 000 Barba'ojos' 166 200/000 Trinidad 2,050 365,000 Tobago __ 115 23,000 Grenada 120 71,500 St. I/trcla 238 54, 600 St. Vincent 140 50, 000 Antigua 108 30,600 Dominica 300 39, 000 Montserrat 33 15,000 St. Kitts 65 25.000 Nevis Island— 50 13,000 Virgin Islands (British) 58 5,600 French West Indies : Marftiilque - , ^ :^~ . 380 193, 087 Guadeloupe 619 220,000 Curasao (including Bonaire and Aruba) 410 57, 196 The best Latin-American customer of the United States is an island in the West Indies^Cuba. In this same region lie other islands which have a great economic significance for this country. These are 1 particularly Porto Rico, a Territory of the United States, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti, the latter two destined to have an enormous increase in imports and exports such as characterized the development of Cuba and Porto Rico. In the same general region lie many other islands which already have a large trade and whose importance is rapidly growing. This is particularly true of Guadeloupe and Martinique, of the Virgin Islands of the United States, of Jamaica and Trinidad. Many business houses subdivide the West Indies into separate territories, finding it desirable to maintain more than one repre- sentative in that region. For the purposes of this book it has been deemed well to' grBup them all under one general heading. NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Colombia 435, 278 5,847,491 Venezuela 394, 0(J0 2, 411,052 British Guiana 90(277 300,000 , Dutch Guiana ■ 54, 000 100, 000 French Guiana 32, 000 50,000 The north-coast countries include the Republics of Colombia and Venezuela, and British, Dutch, and French Gtuiaha: It is not gen- erally recognized what a vast region this is. Colombia alone has an area of 435,2*78 square miles, with a population of 5,847,491. American trade with this region has grown materially since 1914, and if a proper effort is made the business which has been developed can be further increased. 62 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. The Republics of Colombia and Venezuela are by some firms con- sidered as a unit and one traveler is assigned to both countries. Not infrequently, however, these countries are assigned to two or more salesmen. Trade conditions vary materially, and the contrasts in climate, production, purchasing power, etc., are remarkable. Bogota, the capital of Colombia, although only about 1,000 miles from the coast, is rather difficult of access, while some of the other commercial points of Colombia are almost never visited by foreign salesmen. This is a condition that will doubtless change, but it is incumbent upon American houses, if they seek to increase their business with Colombia, that they familiarize themselves with the varying conditions throughout the Republic. It has unquestionably some of the richest undeveloped regions in South America, and, with the development of transportation facilities, it is destined to have a magnificent future. Venezuela is far more easily canvassed than Colombia, the river system of this Republic giving greater facilities for travel than is the case in most portions of its sister Republic. The latent wealth of this country is likewise enormous and only intelligent, continuous effort on the part of American salesmen will be required to insure a still larger volume of business for the United States than has recently been obtained. The Guianas are treated individually. A study of these countries will prove that they, too, can be made to contribute a great deal to the commerce of the United States. They are largely undeveloped, and with the investment of capital their future should be very bright. WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Ecuador 116,000-120,000 2,000,000 Peru 460, 000-722, 461 4, 500, 000 Bolivia 473,560-704,105 2,820,119 Chile 292,419 3,754,723 The west-coast countries include the Republics of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Some idea of the territory which they embrace may be gathered from the fact that the coast line of Chile is over 2,600 miles in length. Since the outbreak of the European war the development of the trade with these countries has been little short of marvelous. The nitrates of Chile, the copper of Chile and Pern, the tin, tungsten, and other minerals of Bolivia, and the agricultural products of Ecuador have had an enormous demand, with, conse- quent heavy purchases by their merchants from the United States. Until recently the number of American salesmen who canvassed these countries was comparatively small. Lately, however, the number has increased considerably, and this has been especially the case within the last few years. The trade of these countries, like the other regions of South America, will undoubtedly be keenly competed for after the war, and it behooves American firms to plan their efforts in these countries with the utmost intelligence. A study of the individual Republics will show that they can be SUBDIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 63 canvassed with comparative ease. Bolivia and Chile are accessible from the east coast. The Amazon region of Peru, and also that of Bolivia, is destined to have a marvelous commercial development on account of its great latent wealth. EAST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Square miles. Population. Argentina 1, 153, 119 8, 462, 000 Uruguay 172, 153 1, 450, 000 Paraguay 196, 000 1, 000, COO Brazil 3, 275, 100 30, 553, 509 The fact that the Republic of Brazil alone is larger than the United States, exclusive of Alaska, is often overlooked. Although this great region has been treated separately, it is included in the group of east-coast countries for the reason that it lends itself best for treatment in connection with Uruguay and Paraguay. In all of these Republics, but particularly in Argentina and Brazil, American business has grown very materially in recent years. The extent to which it will be retained is dependent solely upon the efforts that will be made by American business men. Unquestionably the sending of traveling salesmen is the most effec- tive means. The great difference in climate, configuration; altitude, etc., make for a marvelous variety of products, many Of which are in great demand in the United States. They contribute very materially to the wealth of these regions, and if the reader would know the fundamental conditions governing the sale of American goods in the different cities it is important that he familiarize himself with these facts. Argentina and Brazil should be treated as distinct territories and not together. They are grouped in the present sec- tion under the title East Coast of South America for ready reference. MEXICO. Location. — Mexico is the fourth largest American Republic as re- gards territory. It is bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, on the south by British Honduras and Guatemala, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — The area, including the islands, is 767,198 square miles ; population estimated from incomplete 1921 census re- turns, 14,450,000, or 20 per square mile. The coast line on the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea is 1,728 miles, on the Pacific Ocean 4,574 miles. The inhabitants are chiefly mestizos, a mixture of In- dian blood with that of Spaniards and their descendants. There are also a considerable number of Europeans and other nationalities. Among the foreigners the Spaniards predominate. A large percent- age of the population is of pure Indian blood, many races being represented. Topography. — Tlie chief physical features are two great mountain chains which traverse the entire Republic, forming between them a number of great valleys and plateaus. The immense elevation on which the capital of the Republic is situated, called the Plateau of Anahuac, is the largest and most important. There is fringe of lowlands, known as the Tierra Caliente, on both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. The mountain range in the west is the Sierra Madre Occidental, and in the east Sierra Madre Oriental. The more important peaks are Popocatepetl, 17,520 feet; Orizaba, 18,250; Ixtacchuatl, 16,960; Nevada de Toluca, 14,950; Malinche, 13,460; Colima, 14,970. Climate. — The climate is modified by the great elevations and is largely determined by vertical zones. Mexico is partly in the Tropical and partly iff' the Temperate Zone. Tierra Caliente. — The district along the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, extending inland and upward to an altitude of 3,000 feet, has the heat of the Tropical Zone. The nights are tempered by sea breezes which also make the heat bearable during the day. This region is refreshed by summer rains which fall rather regu- larly, beginning generally in June, increasing in July, and ending in November.- The average annual temperature in this region is be- tween 80° and 88° F. It rarely falls below 60°, but sometimes rises to 100° ; 105° to 110° has been known in Acapulco, Guaymas, and Vera Cruz. Tierra Templada.— The regions from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level have a climate like the Temperate Zone. The average annual temperature is between 73° and 77° F. The temperature rarely varies more than 6 or 8 degrees during the year. The dry season is from October to May. 64 MEXICO. 65 Tierra Fria.— The cold region has a height of 7,000 feet and up- ward above sea level. This region has an average annual tempera- ture between 59° and 62° F. Most of the central plateau is located in this zone. Seasons.— Although it is almost impossible on account of the great extent of the country to definitely fix the seasons, they may be des- ignated in a general way as follows : Rainy season, middle of May to middle of October, when rainfalls are exceedingly heavy and of almost daily occurrence. In Mexico City, however, the daily show- ers are heavy only for a month or two during the rainy season. The dry season lasts the balance of the year. Very little rain falls during this period. The traveler should note particularly the period of rains, as traveling during this season, especially in the mountains and in the remote districts, is often impossible. Even on railroads, when well managed and under normal conditions, delays are quite frequent. Rivers. — Few rivers of Mexico are of any importance for naviga- tion. Among the principal rivers are the Rio Grande, 1,500 miles (2,414 km-) ; Mescala, or Balsas, 426 miles (685 km.) ; Lerma, or Santiago, 540 miles (869 km.) ; Conchos, Panuco, Grijalva, Usuma- cinta, and Papaloapam. Lakes. — The largest lake of Mexico is Lake Chapala, on the boundary line between the States of Jalisco and Michoacan. It is abouf79 miles (112 km.) long and 20 miles (32 km.) wide. Lake Tamiahua, in the State of Vera Cruz, is about 60 miles (99 km.) long and 10 miles (16 km.) wide as a maximum. to be named. The reader is directed to the succeeding pages in which the -different towns are described so that they may easily be studied.. , In this connection it should, be; pointed out that Merida, in Yucatan, is, often considered by itpelf; because; of the importance of its location in relation td the surrounding country. Many firms find it, quite easy to divide the Mexican field into two ,or three distinct territories which are canvassed regularly- ->•<■ Points of Interest. — Obviously it is impossible in a guide of this nature to give detailed descriptions, of the places and objects oif interest. Mexico offers extraordinary opportunities to the traveler ; from the scenic, historic, and commercial standpoints it is unusu- ally favored. Those who wish to obtain the maximum enjoyment and profit from a visit to Mexico are urged to buy a copy of an ; ex- ,cellent guide book called " Terry's Mexico," published in the United States by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, Mass. It" is on sale in Mexico, City at the Sonora News Co., Calle de Gante 4, and at the American Book & Printing Co., Avenda Francisco I. Madero 25. The latter company also sells Maxon's "Guide to Mexico, City and Vicinity." In this volume are detailed descriptions of practically everything; of : interest that is likely to appeal to the traveler. General Directory. — New Classified Business and Commercial Di- rectory of Mexico City and States, revised up to 1921, is sold by Criterion Publishing, Syndicate, 15 Park Row, New Xork City. Hotels. — The hotel accommodations in Mexico show wide varia- tions. The character of the accommodations differ as greatly as do those in the various cities of the United States.. " Normally, in Mex- ico City and other large places, the accommodations offered by the larger houses are of the first grade. In the smaller towns they are less desirable, while in the more remote places they are distinctly poor. 72 GTTIDE TO LS.TIN AMERICA. Hotel Kates. — With the exception of some of the hotels in the larger cities, especially Mexico City, practically all hotels are os*- ducted on the American plan. Generally speaking, the trawler "will find this preferable, for in most instances' the dining rooms in connection with the best hotels offer the maximum Quality of food and service. Owing to the war, political troubles, etc., rates in Mexico, as elsewhere, have suffered aidtstinet advahce^and prices are now higher than formerly. Generally speaking, however, hotel rates are not as high as in the' United States, despite the advances. Hotels in tine larger cities conducted on the American plan charge the equivalent in American money of $3 to $7 per day. Hotels of the second grade are somewhat cheaper. In the less important cities the rates in American geld aire about $2.5© to $5 per day. In some of the mining «ohiKrtsmitieB and places difficult of access, with consequent scarcity of BugpHes, the rates are higher. On many railroads are restaurants, at which stops are madeof suffi- cient length for the traveler to obtain meals. Hints f or 'Travelers.-^alesmen who visit Mexico should bear 4a mind that the larger importing houses which do a wholesale business object seriously if salesmen who canvass for their trade attempt also to sell to retailers. This principle applies generally throughout I/atin America, and the failure to observe it often results in the loss of business. In this Hepublic the size of a commwaity is not an index to the commercial possibilities. This is particularly true of the towns in the northern States, many of which, being near the United States, are accustomed to direct importations. In this respect; «obcU- tions differ materially from those iri Argentina or Brazil. Those who are compelled to travel overland or in places difficult of access should make a caTeful study of the seasons in order that they may not find their journey Impeded by impassable roads due to heavy rainstorms. Holidays in Mexico. — Following are listed the chief holidays of this Republic. The greater part of the population being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the ■chureh ate scrupulously ob- served. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the -holidays officially recognized < Jaa. 1, Feb. 5, May 5, Sept; 16, Dee. 25>, except in the interior (in the smaller towns) , where the merchants take advantage of these days for the transaction of business with the natives who' visit the towns in large numbers. January 1, New Year's Day; February 5, anniversary of thcCori- gtitution; February 22, death of Francisco I. Madero; May 5, anni- versary del Triunfo en 1862; September 16, anniversary «f 'in- dependence; December 12,; Guadalupe Day; December 25, Christmas Day. There are also many holidays observed in certain States and cities. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns of Mexico which are thought to be ■ot most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- MEXICO. 73 portant- from the strategic or, geographical . standpoint, such as frontier stations, ports, raib?o»$. junctions,,, and points about which the traseler may need jjasformatioa in order to plan hiaitrips, ACAPjJLCO, State at Guerrero ; population,. (kCGO; excellent .nat- ural : harbor on Pacific coast ; vessels anchor off shoce ;, 117 < smiles (188 km.) from Chilpancingo; 3QO rnMes. (483 kmt). from Man- zaniilo;,'300 miles t (483 Stash), from Salina Cruz. Climate, hot; ^70 to 90° an coast ; 55 to- 90° L. Lion's agent, William McCann Hudson. Customhouse brokers: Luis Garcia, Federico Pintos, sJuiaaa Fanes, Hudson* Billings & Co., Bamc* B. Cordova. ..• front Tamp4co; 14© miles (22S km. tr 19-hour journey by braneh line of Mexican Central ; from Meaaeo City, by Mexican Central Railway, average time fonr incurs, -i Trolley-cair service from railway station to near-by .towns, Res- taurant at railway stattoik- i < . _ . ; . i Bajaks and Bankers. — Banco; jiNacionail de Mexico; Jose jk Luis JE. Laria^ Apanrtado 34; Keyes.&^iltegas (representatives of Barmse Francaise rlu Mexique). r ■ '■■., ■-.,■,■ .•-! s i -. Hotels.^-Erancia,' 1 ? Bellini;* Washington, Paris,*. Alameda. iitifote.^-ThiS' place is lam .impprtfcirt agricultural cetite»>; also noted jar 'its- thermal springsi aHtfideliOWMiB :ftruitsu.. The shops of > the National Railways are located 'heu$.ii-Umiiiiail>',» large bwaJnesg is transacted. Source of supply for the surrouaeffiang: district. \ e]L num- ber erf business bouses carry on> a wholesale sfi «k»e1!7as aretaHttsMe. Wearthy of the- attention of most salesmen. •' ■• ^^.,iu\^<.n,ti -, -j ■'■ '■■>-.i CABEPECHE, capital .of State- .of Campeche ; !$o#a>latiOny.:20,fiB©;' port on Bay of Campeche, western coast of peninsula of Yucatan ; 74 GUIDE TO- LATIN AMERICA. open roadstead ; vessels anchor 5 to 10 miles offshore ; 820 miles (1,320 km.) from Mexico City; 576 miles (930 km. f from Vera Cruz; 107 miles (173 km.) from Merida. Principal products: Logwood, salt, sisal, hides, sugar, cattle, chicle, fruit, fish, etc. Lloyd's agent, Domingo Diego. ' Customhouse brokers : Luis G. Castro, Roman Serra, Antonio Ramirez. How Reached. — ■From Merida, : by United Railways of Yucatan, average time five hours;' from Vera Cruz, by steamer (Cia. Naviera Mexicana or Ward Line via Progreso; from New York, by Ward Line via Progreso. ; Hotels. — Betancourt, Cuahtemoc,* Pasaje, Salazar. Bankers. — Domingo Diego, Sues. ; Antonio I. Ramirez ; Robert S. Boyd ; Jose oe la Pena. Note. — An important port in southeastern Mexico; does a large export trade in logwood, salt, sisal, hides, and chicle. Worthy of the attention of salesmen who canvass that part of the Republic. There are a number of important houses that import direct. - Cam- peche is best visited from Merida or from Vera Cruz by coasting steamer. CANANEA, State of Sonora ; population^ 20,000 ; on Southern Pa- cific Railway of Mexico; 87 miles (140 km.) from Nogales, Ariz.; 39 miles (64 km.) from Naco, Ariz. Altitude, 4,950 feet. Products: Copper, silver, zinc, lead, and gold; also considerable cattle. Indus- tries : Two large smelters. American consular agent. How Reached. — From Nogales, by rail, average time 6 hours; trains Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; from Naco, by rail, 2} hours ; trains Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Trains return to Nogales and Naco the same days. Hotels. — Alexandria, Plaza. Banks. — Cfa. Bancaria Mercantil de Cananea. •- i Important Mines Near By. — Cananea ; Cobre- Grande ; Vela Grande ; Oversight ; Capote ; Eliza ; Henrietta. Nearly all reached by trolley. Note. — Cananea is* under normal conditions, a good business point, and a large business is done. In the vicinity are the mines of several American 1 copper companies, including those of the Cana- nea Consolidated^ Copper Co. It is one of the most important cop- per camps in the entire world. Thousands of men are employed, who earn •good 'wagesi and consequently have a large buying capacity. It is easily reached from Naco or Nogales, Ariz. Cananea deserves the attention of most salesmen, as there are large commissaries and stores here, some of which carry on a wholesale and retail trade. When coming from east, travelers should buy tickets to Naco, Ariz. ; when. coming from west, they should buy tickets either to Nogales or Naco. Travelers who go to the smelters and mining camps, or to the business center (Ronquillo), will, find it more economical to engage a room at the latter place and obtain meals at one of the restaurants. CARMEN, CITTDAD EL (Laguna de Terminos), State of Cani- peche; population, 9,000; on western coast of the Island of Carmen; very good port;[©9 miles (160 kmO from Campeche. Products: MEXICO. 75 76 GUIDE TO. (LATIN 'AMERICA. Chtcier /cereals;" medicinal parrt^,*c5c'6nufe, vefefableC etc. Indus} tijieSfr ■% awmiLL«hd ice plants. •-' "; « 'Lloyd's agent; George A. Ludewig. .OaetolttEiouseWokejrs: Gesrge A; Lud«vpg ; Mamiel Romero y Hnof Hl(292 km.^Jrom Mexico City; '2 miles from Laja River. Altjtuide, 5,763 JgwtT Climate, temperate. Producisr:„CereaIs, ifotatoes, beans, e;ta indastrlesV: Agriculture and slocfc raising!? also textile manufacturing miUs^ etc, JHow Eeacbed.— From Guanajuato, by Mextesn Central Railway'; f rojm' MexicOfeOi^^ by Mexico Centra 1 !: or National Railways, avei - age- t^e 8 hoursj fare $9.25.gold. . ~'\.--^ ___.., . Banks. — BftrKjue jfeangaiae dii Mexique (Euis CabaHeroT agent) braneh of Banco Nacional cie Mexico, SI ■, - fHc&eJs.— Gomes,* ««aalaTapf; Central* GiraldaZ 'Mo W-rJCbissis^ rafiEOffS junction • point and a very considerably Business is "castied- 'eft. TTmdeir'., normal conditions therie is muca direct importing. Several: of the houses da both a wholesale- and retail business. BexSjuse (iff its -g«3gr»phicai location Celaya is o| some importance arid suppHes^-aboufer'Kper cefit of -the^ SStatej Worthy of a visit byfthe'tnafoHty of salesmen. - . ■ ' GHIHUAH r- fla.,eapttal of 'Stale of Chinuaiiua;; -popolatiQn 40$00; 225 miles (362,km.y from Ciudad Juarez^SS* miles (3^608 km.J frtan Mexico Cityx 17 miles C27;km.) from Santa Ealaliai ;" Altitude 4,635 feet. ClinStte excellent.' Best visitSog time,[ wihttr ; hottest months,; May, J&ne, and July; rainy seasbh v June 1 " to enfi of Sepj tember. _ TemperaWre Gauges from 'W' W, in summer -to l5-°- F.'ia wiiter. Products t Cckeals, woodsy silver, leadi zo8c> tattle, hides! arid:' skins.,, Industrfts.: Mining, smelters,: iron foundries, soa^r feel tofies, TSOttonseedf nullai, ~ breweries^ fuxfliture factory, textile mills, 'j American consul and sice eerrsHl. ^B.ow Beacb^?— iTrim CindatTjuarea and Mexfeb City by Na» ticjnal Railways of Mexicb. (Mexican Ckfotral Line) . ■->.. --• f jB&.ttksrs.r'-B^vicl Russek & Co. ; Mines & Metals SecuMty,CoX ^Chi* huahua Investment Co. Banco National: de Mexi«h '■•„<.-- ! - pjoteis. — Robinson,* Azteca^ Palacio^yUBil, Praneiai" San Luis, piote.^— This; is the most important city of north central Mexicoi It is a base of supply fqrJthe rit^surftmacHBg mining an8 agriculi turat cotrotes^ :, Jhere are manjn wholesale houses here which do a laige 3otf)ingj business, and iifiustrialty the qfty is alSfhiof con-; siqe#able -importance; - The surrounding country is eanvjassed by the, representatives of- th« Whotesafe flum^ who make periodical trips to visit tBfeir customers iflrthe smaHef pla«es. Normaflyanj immense vojtome of busine^ is dime, both wBolesaleand retail, andj many retail firms make direct importations. Chihuahua should be incTaaedltt the TOnerafy Vt pTacttcatTr eVery sale^ffian. - ~" MEXICO^: 77 , While in, Chihuahua the traveler ■ should make inquiry regarding prospects for business in some of ;the rngre impjwrtaot mining camps in the interior. : , ; ,- , . CltTDAl)! JUAREZ, State pfChihaajius,; population, 20,00©; on Rio Grange, opposite El Paso, Tex. ; 225-milesr (362 km.) ftfi&mcity of Chihuahua ; 1,222 miles (1,969 km.) •> from Mexico City.- Altitnde, 3,800 feet. Climate dry and temperate. Products: Cattle, cereals, ores. ,, , . . „,iv,, - ■- , ?.' .«... . -■ .American consult ajwi vice consul: Customs brokers.: ArngBes & Velarde, Camilo Arguelles^Cuaroji: & Quijano, Escudero &. Martinez, Ravmundo, S. Garcia, Francisco D. Gonzalez, Lopez & Gonzales, Jose'H. Montano, Mora & Gonzales. i How Reached.— TFrom >Chihuabua, and Mexico City by National Railways of Mexico (Mexican Central Line); from El Paso, by trolley car.- . . :>(; -:, , • ,, .-- Bankers. — Cla, Bancariade Inyerstones; David Russek jr Cia. > ,j Hotels.— Travelers usually stop in El Paso, Tex., across the border. ■ . , . . , ■, ;Y ■>. •> Kate, — A very important port of entry. A consiebec&bJIe volume 'of feusBaess^ Is. done.. It is so close- to El Paso that its possibilities can easily, be investigated;, by salesman who visit that town or pass th-rougli en route to Chihuahua. ,, • - j >■ CITJDAjt) PQREIRIO DIAZ. See Piedras Negras. COATZACbALCOS. See Puerto Mexico. : , COLIMA, capital, of State of Coliimgi ; population, 30,000^ on River Colima ; on. National Railways of Mexico ; 541 mites (873 km.) fwrni; Mexico City; 6Qjniles (97km.) from Mansaadno; 161 miles (260' km.) from Guadalajara. Altitude, 1,620- feet Climate, !-hefeJ Prin- cipal pipductSt: Coffee, cereals, woods, fruits, cacao, corn. Inwbis- tries : Agriculture and stock raising; , How Reached.— From Mexico City, by National Railways of Mex- ico ; f f bin' Manzanillo, by Colisna-MaHzanililQ Railway. ,. Bank.— -Branch of Salvador tfgarte, of Guadalajara^ Hotels.T-Carabanehel,* Fentbx, Nacional, CosniopoMta, Occidental. Hote.— This city, is a source of supply ;f«tr the surrounding district. There are numerous importing firms, some of whom, do both a whole- sale and retail "business. Ordinarily worthy! of tile attention of I salesmen who eanvass. fair-sized towns.- Can be w worked." fia coh- nection with. Guadalajara rand; Manzanfilo. .- " CQRJJtOBA, eapital of State of Vera Cruz; populatkntiv 26,000 r 66 miles (107 km.) Srom Vera Cruz; 16 miles. (27 km,) from Orizaba; 146 miles (237 km.), from Jalapa; 197miles (318 knm.) from Mexico City. : Altitude,, 2,713. feet. Climate, hot aiftd moist; May is the hottest rmonthi January the coldest; rain -during nine months of year)., ; Products: Sugar, ^eofflee, ipineappHes, . banaiD&s, oranges, to- bacco, rice, timber, alcohol. Industries: Cattle raising' etc. i How Reached, — From Mexico City, by railroad 4E^rEacar*iI Miki- cano) . i Railroads : Mexican } Vera >Cruz & Isthmus Railway ; Ferro- • carril de fiordobar^, Huatusco. ; • . ■■< ■ Banks, — Eulalio, Roman \ Manuel A. Hftnedco.-' H-atels, — Ce.yallos»* Jardin, Franda, Pasaje. 78 GUIDE TO LATtSf AMERICA. Note. — Cordoba lies in the midst of a 1 rich coffee-growing district. The climate is tropical. The chief products in addition to coffee are sugar, alcohol, tobacco, and rice. A fair volume of business is carried. on, the principal firms making direct importations. Prac- tically all the merchants are Spanish. Cordoba is growing in im- portance because of railroad connections with Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Tapachula, and Chiapas. CUERMAVACA, capital of State of Morelos; population 6,500; 75 miles (120 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 4,600 feet. Climate, temperate. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, rice, cereals, beans. How Beached. — From Mexico City, by National Railways of Mex^ ico, 4 hours. Hotels. — Morelos, Moctezuma, Madrid, Bella Vista, Palacio. Cos- mopolita. Note. — A town of secondary importance, depending in the main on the wholesale houses of Mexico City. Cuernavaca is famous for its beautiful surroundings and wonderful vistas. It is a great favorite with tourists. The business is of a retail nature. CTJXIACAN", capital of State of Sinaloa; population 13,500; on Culiacan River; 853 miles (1,375 km.) from Mexico City; 37 miles (59 km.) from Altata (port) ; 333 miles (534 km.) from Guaymas. Altitude 119 feet. Climate, hot in summer but cool and pleasant in winter. Principal products: Sugar, corn, tomatoes, garbanzos, dye- woods, etc. Industries : Principally agriculture: How Beached. — From Altata, by Western Railway of Mexico; from Guaymas and Mazatlan' by Southern Pacific Railway of Mex- ico. Carretera to Guaymas, Hermosillo, Nogales, and Mazatlan. Hotels.— -Rosales,* Central, Cohen. Note. — Culiacan is in the midst of a rich agricultural district.' Its port is Altata. Easily reached ordinarily 1 via Southern Pacific Railway of Mexico from Guaymas and Mazatlan. Salesmen who, make the western coast of Mexico will find it, advantageous to can-' vass this place, as there are a number of important houses which carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. There is also some outfitting done for the rich mining district upstate: Altata is a small town 37 miles (59 km.) "distant; reached by the Ferrocarril Occidental. DTTRANGO, capital of State of 1 ' Durango ; population, 50,000; on Mexican International Railway'; 96 miles (157 km.') 1 from Tor- reon; 158 miles (253 kin.) northwest of Zacatecas; 550 miles (884 km.) from.Piedras Negrasr 680 miles (1,090 km.) from Mexico City, via Buramgo-Canitos direct line'i Altitude, 6,207 feet. Climate, tem- perate. Principal products: Gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, corn, wheat, 1 cotton, beans, chili, tur- pentine,, rosin, tobacco. Indutries: Stock raising, mining,' cotton mills, foundry, tannery, lumber milling, box factories. -How Beached. — From Zacatecas, by railroad; from Torreon, by International {Railway (National'Railwaysof Mexico) - from Piedras Negras, by International Railway, 23 hours. Branch railway lines to Tepehuanes, 136 miles (218 km.) ; to El Salto (on line to Mazatlan under construction), 83 miles (134 km.); to Guatimape, 37 miles (59 km.) ; to Santiago Papasquiaro, 64 miles (103 km.). MEXICO. 79 Banks. — Banco de Durango; Banco Nacional de Mexico (branch). Hotels. — Paris,* San Carlos,* Roma, Cosmopolita, Durango. Mote. — Durango, besides being the capital Of the State of Du- rango, is the railroad center for the entireJState. It is a distributing point for a very rich agricultural and mining district. Under nor- mal conditions a very important trade is done, there being many large wholesale importing houses. There are also retail firms who do direct importing, and this also reaches a considerable total. Durango is easily accessible from Torreon, and is generally worthy of the attention of agents. FRONTERA, State of Tabasco; population, 4,000; on Grijalva River, 5 miles (8 km.) from its mouth; steamers drawing more than 9 feet anchor in open roadstead ; passengers lightered to shore ; 3 miles (5 km.) from Gulf of Mexico; 72 miles (116 km.) from Villa- hermosa ; 70 nautical miles from Laguna. Principal products : Ma- hogany, dye and cedar woods, sugar, tobacco, bananas, coffee, maize, and cacao. Industries : Sawinill. Bankers : Alvaro F. Perez, Sues. American consul and vice consul. Hotels. — Diligencias, Mexico. How Reached.— From Vera Cruz and Laguna, by Compafiia Mexi- cana d& Navegaci6n. River navigation communicates With interior via. Grijalva, Usumacinta, and Palizada Rivers. Port of call for steamers of the Compafiia Mexicana de Navegacion, which connect with Ward Line steamers for the United States and Cuba. Note.' — A port_ through/ which moves a considerable volume of fruit, sugar, and other tropical products. Easily- reached from Vera Cruz by local steamers, and can be canvassed in connection with Campeche, Villahermosa, and Coatzacoalcos. There are several im- portant wholesale houses here and a number of retail stores which do direct importing. There are no railroads in this district, and the wagon roads are in 'bad~ condition. Rivers and small streams are the ; principal means of< travel. Special Note.^During active quarantine season passengers bound direct for United States Gulf ports must intern six days at Fronterd. Certain fruit vessels will carry passengers to the United States, leaving Frontera every five days> FUERTE, EL, State of Sinaloa ; population, 3,500; 63 miles (100 km.) from Topolobampo; 24 miles (38 km.) from San Bias; Prod- ucts : Beans, rice, agricultural products' in general. How Reached.— From Topolobampo by Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway, average time 4J hours ; from San Bias, by railway, average time 2 hours. Hotels. — Diligencias, .Peraza. jfcTote.-^El Fuerte is an agricultural town iij,. northern, Sinaloa and the crossing point of the Kansas City. Mexico & Orient, Railway and th£ Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway. When: the" mines in the mountains are in operation this town is of considerable importance, being the source of supply for the mining companies. El Fuerte may be» canvassed in connection with Guaymas and Culiacan. Some of the merchants make direct importations. -. • t >-. _ ', 80 GUIDE TO. LATIN AMEHICA. Map 2. — Mexico : Durango, Guadalajara, and southwestern section. MEXICO. ■& EMfSENADA, Lower California; port; population, 1,500; vessels anchor 1 mile offshore ; 885 nautical -miles from La Paz ; 65 nautical miles from San Diego, Calif. Products: Wheat, beans, onyx. ;In- dustries : Fishing. American consul and vice Consul. How reached. — From San Diego, by steamers of San Difigo-Van- couver Navigation Co. ; also by automobile ; "irom La Paz, by steamer. ' Note. — This is the eenter of the southern California fish aid lobster industry. A lair volume of retail business is done. GOMEZ PALACIO, State of Durango ; population, 20,000 ; on Na- tional Railways of Mexieo; 155 miles (260 km.) from Durango; 3 miles (5 km.) north of Tprreon; 708- miles (l.l$km.). from Mexico City. : Altitude,' 3,725 feet. ! Industries: SdSp factory (largest in Mexico), cotton mills. ' .''',.'• , /,; How Reached. — From Durango, by National Railways ; from 2por : reofi, by National' Railways or trolley car; from Mexico City, , by National Railways. Trolley connection with- Ciudad' Lerdo, which is on Mexican Central Railway. ' '"';'; 1 ' Hotels.— Awieriea, Hidalgo. Note. — Situated in the midst of a remarkably fertile cotton, dis- trict. Ordinarily a large business is done. Easily canvassed in connection with Torreon and CSudad Lerdo. Many dealers here are accustomed to make direct importations. GUADALAJARA, capital of State of Jalisco; population, 170,000; 223 miles (359 km.) from Manzanilio; 381 miles (613 km.) from Mexieo City. Altftudej 5,184 feet. Climate, temperate and healthful; temperature in Rummer averages 73 b F,' f! Principal prod- ucts: Corn, wheat, sugar, beans, -mescal, garbanzos',' oranges, Cattle, hides, timber,' silver and gold. Iridnstries: Breweries,.. textile mills, flour mills, tanneries, ifountfriefe, manufacture of hosiery, shoes, matches, candles, soap,' and oricks. American consul and vite' consul. How Reached. — From Manzanilio, by railroad, Colima-Manzanillo extension; from Mexico Crty, by National Railways of Mexico. Branch railway lines to Ameca, 56 miles (90 km.) ; to San Mar eqs, 29 miles (48 km.). Trolley, car service •throughout city and to near-by suburbs. •" Bankers. — Salvador tTgarte (correspondent of Mexico City bank) ; Martinez Gallardo y Robfes Gil; Federico y Guillermo Kunhardt ; Comision Monetaria; Banco Nacional; A. R. Downs & Sons; Cia. Bancaria del Occidente; B^nque Francaise du Mexique ; Banco de Jalisco; da. Occidental de Almacenaje, S. A.; Brewer & Gaysinsky. Hotels. — Garcia,* Fenix,* Frances, Cosmopolita, Roma,* Ameri- cano, San Francis. , •Wote.'— Guadalajara is the second city in importance in the Re- public; It is in the center of a very rich district, and although the surrounding country u is • chiefly agricultural, (JMiadalajara is growing in importance as a manufacturing center and as a mining supply point, being accessible to a great mining district. H«re are numerous Important wholesale houses in many lines that carwass a wide territory. There arte also many 'retail establishments which, r82 GUIDE TO»LATI|jF AMEEICA. like the wholesale, firms, make direct; importations. Guadalajara is visited by practically all salesmen whp come to Mexico. It is easily reached from Mexico City* Subagencies; are aften estab- lished here. ,b Chapala, a resort on beautiful Lake Chapala, is reached from here via jrailroad from. La Capilla. , i v , GUANAJUATO, capital of' State,, of Guanajuato; population, 40,000; 14 miles (24 km.) from Silad; 252 miles (406 km.) from Mexico City ; 34 .miles,., (55 km.) from Irapuato, • Altitude, 6,830 feet. Climkte, temperate, often cold; heavy rains June to October. Prin- cipal minerals : Gold, silver, iron, tin, lead, copper, mercury, bis- muth, hematite, sulphur. Products: Corn, cereals, vegetables. In- dustries: Mining and agriculture. „_. How Beached. — From Mexico City, by Mexican Central Railway; from Irapuato, by branch line" of Mexican Central Railway* Trol- ley cars run from railway station to hotels. ... Banks and Bankers.— Banpq de, Jalisco, Banco de Aguascalientes, Devoitie & Lujan. ' -\ r Hotels. — Palacio, Union, victoria, Luna. .. Note. — This is one of the oldest and most picturesque towns of the Republic. It is the, center ^fone^ofjtnerichest mining areas of the world, both gold and silver being, produced. There;are several im- portant houses here which carry on Jxpth a, wholesale and retail business. Generally speaking, this place is worthy -of, a visit by the majority of salesmen. 'i. - GUAYMAS, State of Soriora ; population, 8,340 ; : on the Gulf of California; landing by shore boats (travelers should bargain with boatmen before going ashore, otherwise charge may be excessive) ; 90 miles (145 km.) from Hermosillo; 1,280 miles (2,063 km.) from Mexico City; 265 mtyes.(427 km.) from Nogales. Climate, tem- perate i minimum temperature in winter' 67° P..; uncomfortablej.jn •summer owing to humidity; rainy season, July to September. Principal products : Cereals, fruits, fish, minerals. Industries : ^pnndry, machine sh,op, clumber, yards. , American consul and vice consuL Lloyd's agent, John Davidson. Customhouse brokers, , J. A. ( McPherson,. The Davidson Co., J, C. Vejar, W. iberri & Sons. ; ... '.,, ' , uj How Beached.— Prom Nogales or Hermosillo by Sonora Railway (Southern Pacific of Mexicq). ,Port of call for Stark Steamship Line, Pan.- American Steamship Co., California-Mexico Steamship Co., and others. Hotels.— Albin, Aleriieda, Palacio. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Mexico ; Sonora Bank & Trust Co. ; The Davidson Co., (Inc.). ... Note.-^Under normal conditions a very considerable business is carried on here, there being a few houses which do both a whole- sale and retail business. Guaymas should be canvassed by all salesmen Who make western Mexico. It is easily reached from Hermosillo. Prom Guaymas salesmen can also canvass Lower Cali- fornia and the Western coast of Mexico. HERMOSILLO, capital of State of Sonora; population, 12,000 J on the Sonora River ;167 miles (270 km.) from Nogales; 1,700 miles MEXICO. 83 (2,736 km.) from Mexico City; 90 miles (145 km.); from Guaymas. Altitude, 672 feet. Climate, hot in summer, excellent during Winter ; rainy season, July tq September. ^Principal products: Gold, silver, copper, fruits, beans, com* rice. Industries; Flour mill, brewery, ice! and soap factories, etc. How Reached.— From Nogales and Guaymas, by Southern Pa* cific Bailroad of Mexico* ; Hotels. — Gran Hotel Cohen,* Arcadia. Banks.— Banco de Sonora; Gompafifa Bancaria Mercantil y Agri- cola de Sonora. Note. — Hermosillo is easily reached from Nogales. It is the cen- ter of a very important mining district with numerous gold, silver, and copper mines. Agriculture is also carried on very extensively. There are several important wholesale and retail houses here, some of which*, make direct importations. Hermosillo should be canvassed by all salesmen. There is (a, chamber of commerce and agriculture here. , Nacozari. — While in Hermosillo inquiry should be made in re- gard :to. conditions at , Nacozari, as many travelers do a fair business there. Nacozari is most, easily reached, from Douglas,, Ariz. , IBAPTJATO, State of Guanajuato ; population, 25,500 ; 219 miles (353 km.) northwest of Mexico City; 34 miles (55, km.) southwest of Guanajuato; 161 miles (260 km.) from Guadalajara. ..Altitude, 5,655 feet. > Climate, temperate. Products: Corn, wheat,, beans, strawberries, melons, and other fruits. Industries : Mining, electric light and power plant, iron foundry, mosaic works, flour mills,, tanneries, shoe factories. .. ._ How Beached.— From El< Paso,, Tex., vja Mexican :Central Lines (daily service) ; from Laredo via. Queretaro or Gonzalez junction (daily service); from Mexico City by direct train, twice- daily ; from Guadalajara by branch line; also locaj passenger trains to all points -daily. Hack and auto service to all near-by points and surrounding towns, day and night.; • - , . , Hotels. — Riqja r Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Francia, Palacio. Bankers. — Banco Nacional de Mexico; Cia. Comercial del Cen- tro, S. A. ; Evaristo Cortes (agent of Banque Francaise du Mexique)". Njote.^Iraj>uato- is a division poin,t of the National Lines of Mex- ico. It is the geographical center of the Republic, and the center of the wheat and corn producing zone of Mexico. Tinder normal conditions a large tj;ade is done, chiefly retail. Dealers make direct importations. Travelers for Lake Chapala region, Tuxpam, Zamora, Colima, Manzanillo, and Pacific .coast points change cars here. There is a branch of the National Chamber , of Commerce; also an up-to-date club, for business men, which is always open to visitors, and, where travelers may become acquainted with the business men and planters of , the district. JALAP A, State of Vera Cruz; population, ,25,000; on Interoceanlc Railway and Jalapa & Teocelo Railway; 257 miles (415 km.), frpm Mexico City; 81, miles (131 km.) from Vera Cruz. Altitude, 4,658 feet. Climafeirsemitropical. Products: -Coffee, sugar, maize, vanilla, tobacco, ; oranges, bananas,, jalap, pineapples. Industries : Cotton, cigar andrcigarette factories, etc. 84 GUIDE TO lATTSf- AMERICA. How Beached.— Froni Mexico City, by Interoceanic Railway, 13 hours ; from Vera Cruz, by Interoceanic Railway. Bankers. — Jose Perez Oronoz ; y Hnos. ; Manuel A. Mareneo. Hotels. — Gran Hotel,* Mexico, Juarez.* Note. — In the center of a very rich agricultural district, cofliee being an 'important product. Business is chiefly Tetail, but some of the dealers make direct importations. There is manufacturing Mexico. Hotels. — Hidalgo, Fernandez. Note. — The Mexican petroleum company, " La Aguila," S. A., has, established here the largest petroleum refinery in the Republic. The company distributes weekly between ;45~,Q00 and 55,000 pesos among its workers, and consequently a lively business is done. MONCLOVA, State of Coahuila; population, 15,000; 691 miles (1,105 km.) from Mexico; 129 miles (208 km.). from Monterey; 125 miles (202 km.) from Saltillo; 150 miles (245 km.) from Piedras Negras; 236 miles (379 km.) from Torreon. Altitude, -1,926; feet. Climate, temperate. Products : Cereals, fibers, pecans, cattle. Industries : Stock raising and mining. How Reached.— From Piedras Negras and Torreon by Interna- tional Railway. Branch line to Cuatra Cienegas, 42 miles (67 km.)>. Banks. — Branch of Sada Paz linos. ; A. Zambrano e Hijos. Hotels.— internacipnal (at railroad station), El Progreso. Note. — This city is in a rich agricultural-district. There are some important houses located here, a number of which do both a whole- sale and retail business. It can~ be easily canvassed from Eagle Pass, : Tex. The importance of Monclova will be increased with < the completion of the railroad which is now under course of con- struction to connect Monclova with Chihuahua. In the neighbor- hood there are important mines of copper, lead, silver, and zinc. MONTEMORELOS, State of Nueva Leon ; population, 8,000 ; on National Railways- of Mexico; 59 miles (96 km:) from Monterey; 117 miles (187 km.) from Victoria; 262 miles (422 km.) from Tam- pico. Products^: Oranges, corn, pecan' nuts, sugar cane, fiber. In- dustries : Starch factory. How Reached. — From Monterey, Victoria, and Tainpico, by Na- ,i tional Railways of Mexico. Banks. — Valeriano Garcia Galvin, agent for Banque; Francaise du : Mexique; Sada Paz Hnos. (agency) ; A. Zambrano y Hijos (agency). Hotel.— Acevo. ' .- , Mote. — This place is easily reached from Monterey. Merchants are largely dependent upon the dealers of that city, but there is some direct importing, especially of hardware, machinery, etc. In the vicinity are the towns of General Teran, Allende, Rayones, and Galena, for which Montemorelos is the center. Canvassed by those who work closely. 92 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. MEXICO. 93 MONTEREY, capital of State of Nuevo Leon; population, 100,000; 322 miles (518 km.) from Tampico; 635 miles (1,022 km.) from Mexico City; 206 miles (331 km.) from Matamoras. Altitude, 1,624 feet. Climate, good; temperature averages 30° F. during short winter, 86° in summer ; light snows during January and Feb- ruary. Products : Iron, zinc, lead, silver, copper, marble, chemicals, coal, fruits, sugar, woods, beans, cereals. Industries: Smelting works, textile mills, ice factories, flour mills, breweries, foundries, locomotive and machine shops, steel works, stock raising. American consul general and vice consul. American Chamber of Commerce. How Beached. — From Mexico City, by National Railways of Mex- ico ; from Tampico, by National Railways of Mexico, 14 hours. ' Railroads. — Mexican Mineral and National Railways of Mexico, Trolley-car service throughout city. Banks and Bankers. — A. Zambrano e Hijos; P. Milmo e Hijo, Sues. ; Sada Paz Hnos. ; Banque Francaise du Mexique ; Banco Mer- cahtil de Monterey ; Banco de Nuevo Leon ; Banco Nacional de Mexico ; Compania de Paris y Mexico, S. A. ; Cia Bancaria Monterey. Hotels. — Ancira,* Imperial, Aurora, Iturbide, Colonial,* Continen- tal,* Golfo, Independencia, Monteleone, Oriental, Progreso, Ter- minal, Zaragoza, Iturbide, Savoy, America. Note. — Monterey is a beautiful and most important city in north- eastern Mexico, modern and progressive, and the chief railway center of the Republic. It is sometimes called the " Chicago of Mexico." There is a large American colony here. Monterey has numerous wholesale and retail firms who make direct importations. The representatives of the wholesale importers here canvass a very large territory. In the vicinity are many mines, while flour milling and other industries are carried on. Should be visited by all sales- men. Not infrequently Monterey is made the headquarters for the northeastern division of the Republic. The largest steel works in the Republic are located here. The city has a chamber of com- merce. There is trolley service to several medicinal springs nearby. MORELIA, capital of State of Michoacan ; on Rio Grande and Rio Chiquita; population, 50,000; 230 miles (372 km.) northeast of Mexico City ; 52 miles (86 km.) from Acambaro ; 85 miles (137 km.) from Uruapan. Altitude, 6,396 feet. Climate, dry and uniformly temperate. Industries : Stock raising, agriculture; smelters, four flour mills, etc. Products : Cattle, corn, beans, woods, minerals. Indus- tries : Three electric power plants, 8 flour mills, etc. How Reached. — From Mexico City, by National Railways of Mex- ico; from Acambaro, by railroad. Banks. — Branch of Comision Monetaria ; Banco Nacional de Mexico; Miguel Estrada (agent of Banqne Francaise du Mexique). Hotels. — Gran Hotel Morelos,* Palacio.* Note. — Morelia is located in a rich agricultural district and is easily > accessible from Mexico City. Many of the dealers make direct importations from the United States and there are several houses that carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. Worthy of the attention of salesmen who canvass towns of fair size. ! 94 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. MUZQUIZ, State of Coahuila ; population, 4,000, on Mexican Na- tional Railways; 90 miles (144 km.) from Piedras Negras; 25 miles (40 km.) from Barroteran; 30 miles (48 km.) from Sabinas. Prod- ucts: Chiefly coal and agricultural products. How Reached.— From Barroteran, by Oarbonifera de Coahuila branch of National Railways; from Piedras Negras, by automobile. Note. — -A progressive and rapidly growing town< in a rich agri- cultural district. ■' In the vicinity are some large coal mines. Can- vassed by those visiting small towns. It is situated in a south- westernly direction from Piedras NegraSi with which it is con- nected by a good dirt road, suitable for horse-drawn and automotive vehicles. NOGALES, State of Sonora; population, about 8,000; 88 miles (140 ,km.) southwest of Benson, Ariz.; 69 miles (113 km.) south of Tucson, Ariz.; 265 miles (427) km.) from Guaymas; 167 miles (270 km.) from Hermosillo. Altitude, 4,000 feet. • Climate, health- ful; warm days, cool nights. Products: Cattle, wheat, potatoes, corn, vegetables, fruit. Industries: Cattle raising, mining, clothing factory. American consul and vice consul. How Reached. — From Guaymas, by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway ; from Tucson, by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway, 2J hours ; from Benson, by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway, 6 hours. .,; • , Hotels. — In Nogales, Mexico: Abadie, Central, Mayo, America del Sur. In Nogales, Ariz. : Bowman, Evans, Montezuma, Brickwood. Banks. — Comision Monetaria ; Agencia Sonora, Sonora Bank & Trust Co. : ■ - Customhouse Brokers.— C. F. Holler; International Commission Co. ; Corella & Gomez ; Eduardo Ramiriz. Note. — Nogales is canvassed in connection with Nogales, Ariz. It is the port of entry for Hermosillo and the rich State of Sonora. Through Nogales are exported the products of the Yaqui and Mayo River Valleys, as well as large agricultural areas of Sinaloa, which produce garbanzos (chick-peas), beans, rice, and tomatoes in large quantities ; and sugar also. The total number of carloads of these commodities exported through and warehoused at this port amounts to approximately 3,000 yearly. Travelers can obtain excellent in- formation and advice by calling on the chambers of commerce of either Nogales, Ariz., or Nogales, Sonora, when going through these points on their way south. Inquiry can be made here regarding conditions at Naco and Cananea. A- considerable trade is carried on with these places also. There axe several trains each week from Nogales to the south, both morning and evening, the latter carrying standard Pullman sleepers. NTJEVO LAREDO, State of Tamaulipas ; on Rio Grande, oppo- site Laredo, Tex.; population, 15,000; 167 miles (208 km.) from Monterey. Altitude, 459 feet. Climate, healthful; days hot, but nights cool. Products: Cattle, cereals. American consul and vice consul. How Reached.— From Monterey, by National Railways of Mexico MEXICO. 95 Customhouse Brokers.— J. G. Pena & Co.; Gonzalo Gardenas & Co.; D. B. Serna & Co.; A. Morena & Co.; R. Zuniga & Co.; J. M. Azios ; F. Casso & Co. ; Roustain & Munoz ; Benevidas & Cardenas. Banks. — Sada Paz Hnos. ; Comision Moneteria ; Cla. General de Credito, S. A. Hotels. — Nacional ; Dos Naciones. Note. — Nuevo Laredo is one of the principal ports of' entry on the Mexican-American border. A fair volume of business is done. Information regarding, the merchants of Nuevo Laredo can be ob- tained of the banks in Laredo, Tex., across the river. There is daily Pullman train service to Mexico City via the National Rail- ways of Mexico. OAXACA, capital of State of Oaxaca; population, 40,000; 228 miles (367 km.) from Puebla; 288 miles (464 km;) from Mexico City ; 288 miles (464 km.) from Vera Cruz ; 43 miles (70 km.) from Ejutla. Altitude, 5,070 feet. Products: Coffee, silver, gold, skins, hides, . tobacco, fruits, cotton, timber, etc. Industries : Principally mining and agriculture ; flour mills, breweries, textiles. How Reached. — From Puebla, by Mexican Southern Railway, 12 hours ; from Mexico City, by Mexican Southern Railway ; from Ejutla, ; by Oaxaca & Ejutla Railway. Branch line to Taviche, 34 miles (55 km.) ,. . Banks. — Banco Nacional de Mexico; Banque Francaise du Mexique; Comision Monetaria; George H. Houston. • ;.. Hotels. — Hispano Americano, Francia,* Alameda, Mexico, Ke- forma. .-.;,, :•••■ Note.— An important commercial center in the southern part of Mexico. In the vicinity are numerous mines, while agriculture, cattle raising, etc., is carried on., Coffee is the principal crop of the district There are a number of good commercial establish- ments, some of which import direct. Usually found worthy of the attention of most salesmen. The Ruins of Mitla, 25 miles (40 km.) southeast of Oaxaca, are reached by automobile, 3-hour trip. These are among the most interesting ruins in Mexico. The great tree of Tule, 120 feet in diameter and 160 feet high, can be reached by automobile, one r half hour trip. ORIZABA, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 45,000 ; on River Ori- zaba ; 83 miles (133 km.) from Vera Cruz ; 184 miles (292 km.) from Mexico City; 167 miles (264 km.) from Jalapa. Altitude,' 4,028 feet. Climate, teinperate. Products :, Cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco. In- dustries: Jute and cottpn goods manufacturing; flour mills, power plants, cigar factory, brewery, etc. How Reached. — From Vera Cruz and Mexico City, by. Mexican, Railway. Trolley car service to suburbs. Hotels.— Gran Hotel Francia,* Borda-Diligencias. Bankers. — Juan C. Gutierrez; Arturo Celis Izarbe; Banco Na- cional de Mexico. Uote. — This town is midway between the " hot country; and the plateau. Famous for its cotton mills, among the largest in Mexico. Agriculture is also carried on very extensively. There are a num- ber of houses which do an excellent business and can import direct. This place is worthy of the attention of most salesmen. 96 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. PACKUCA, capital of State of Hidalgo; population, 53,500; 71 miles (114 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 8,023 feet. Climate, cool. Products : Wheat and other cereals, maguey, corn, ores. In- dustries : Mining, smelting, agriculture, and distilleries. Bailroads.— Mexican Railway, National Railways of Mexico, and Ferrocarril de Hidalgo. Station of last-named road is situated in the center of the city. How Reached.-^From Mexico City, by railroad, three-hour trip. Trolley from railway station to center of town, about a mile distant. Hotels. — Grenfell * Doria, Camino, Los Bafios. Banks.— (branch of Banco Nacional de Mexico; Banco del Es- tado de Hidalgo; Lorenzo Maquirar (agent Banque Francaise du Mexique). Mote. — Pachuca is the center of a very rich mining district, some very important silver mines being located in the immediate vicinity. Although easily accessible from Mexico City, many of the dealers are accustomed to make direct importations and some carry on both a wholesale and retail trade. Worthy of the attention of the ma- jority of travelers. Real de Monte, 6 miles (10 km.) distant, is one of the most ex- tensive mining properties in Mexico. It is reached by electric street railway. ; PARRAL, State of Chihuahua ; population, 15,000 ; 174 miles (280 km.) from Chihuahua; 911 miles (1,463 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 5,701 feet. Climate, excellent. Products: Silver, lead, zinc, gold, and cereals. Industries : Mining, milling, and agriculture. American consular agent. How Reached.— From Chihuahua and Mexico City, by National Railways of Mexico, changing to branch line at Jiminez. Banks. — David Russek y Cia. Hotels. : — Iberia, Central, Hidalgo, Cosmos. Note. — Parral is easily canvassed from Chihuahua, and should be visited by most salesmen. There is a considerable outfitting busi- ness, and a fair wholesale trade. The retail trade is very large, and both wholesale and retail firms make direct importations. Parral is one of the largest low-grade silver mining camps in Mex- ico. The Parral mining district includes the following camps: Santa Barbara, Minas Nuevas, Palmilla, and San Francisco del Oro. P ARRAS,' State of Coahuila; population, 7,000; 77 miles (126 km.) from Torreon; 99 miles (160 km.) from Saltilloj 25 miles (40 km.) from Madero. Products: Cereals, cotton, guayule, grapes, and tropical fruits. Industries: Wines and liquors, textile mills, flour mills. How Reached. — From Torreon, by International Railway of Mexico ; from Madero, by Central Railway ; from Saltillo, by Coa- huila & Pacific Railway. Bankers.— E. Madero & Hnos. ; W. H. Richardson & Co. ; Cia. In- dustrial de' Parras. Hotels. — Walther, Hidalgo. Note. — Parras is chiefly dependent upon Monterey and Torreon for supplies of merchandise. A fair volume of trade is transacted. It is visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller towns. MEXICO. 97 PIEDBAS NEGRAS (formerly Ciudad Porfirio Diaz), State of Coahuila ; population, 15,000 ; on right bank of Rio Grande, opposite Eagle Pass, Tex.; third port of entry; on National Railroad; 316 miles (509 km.) from Saltillo; 840 miles (1,356 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 702 feet. Climate, hot in summer, cool in winter. Principal products : Cereals, sugar cane, pecans, fruits, cotton, silver, copper, zinc. Industries: Railroad repair shops, stock raising, mining. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: F. A. Bonnet, Camphuis & Co., Beck Bros. Co. How Reached. — From San Antonio, Tex., by Southern Pacific Railway; from Saltillo,, by National Railroad of Mexico; from Guanajuato, by National Railroad of Mexico. Hotels. — International, Continental, Central, Canales. Note. — One of the main gateways to northeastern Mexico. The National Railways have their workshops here. An important mar- ket for cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc. It is in the vicinity of the important coal mining and stock-raising area. Numerous importing wholesale houses are located here. Can be easily canvassed in con- nection with Eagle Pass. Should receive the attention of salesmen who sell to wholesalers as well as retailers. Information in regard to the houses of Piedras Negras can be obtained from the banks in Eagle Pass, Tex. There is also a branch of Banco National de Mexico. PROGRESO, port in State of Yucatan ; landing, steamer to wharf for vessels drawing less than 11$ feet; larger vessels anchor off- shore; population, 5,500; 23 miles (36 km.) from Merida ; 140 nau- tical miles from Campeche. Altitude, sea level. Climate hot Products: Sisal, chicle, hides. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Arthur Peirce. Customhouse brokers: Alberto Montes, S. en C, Miguel Gutierrez, Gabriel Escalante, Emilio Marco & Co., A. Escalante & Hijos. How Reached. — From New York, by Ward Line steamers ; from New Orleans, occasional steamers ; from Merida, by United Yucatan Railway, 1 hour ; from Campeche, by train, 1 day. Hotels. — Llano, America, Colon. Note. — Principal port of entry for the State of Yucatan. Although the chief commercial houses are at Merida, 23 miles (36 km.) dis- tant, there are a number of firms here who do a very fair volume of business. It is easily canvassed in connection with Merida, and its possibilities can be investigated by salesmen who visit that city. Visitors will find it advantageous to proceed immediately to Merida and stop at a hotel there. PTTEBLA, capital of State of Puebla; population, 110,000; 130 miles (210 km.) from Mexico City; 228 miles (366 km.) from Oaxaca. Altitude 7,200 feet. Climate, temperate. Products : Beans, barley, maize, sugar, fruits. Industries: Textile mills, glass and other factories, tile works. American consular agent. How Reached. — From Mexico City, by Interoceanic Railway, 5 hours ; from Oaxaca, by Mexican Southern Railway, 12 hours. Railroads. — Industrial of Puebla; Interoceanic; Mexican; Mex- ican Southern. Trolley car service throughout city. 98 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — Banco Oriental de Mexico; Comision Monetaria ; Cfa. Oomercial de Puebla, S. A. ; Martinez, Pando & Oia. ; Cia. Bancaria de Paris y Mexico ; Banco EspaSol Refaccionario ; Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels.— Grand,* Jardin, America, Barcelona, Francia, Ingles, Magloire, Diligencias, Cosmos, Embajadores, Pasaje;* Europa. Note— Puebla is the chief city of the State of Puebla and its capital. It is the third city in population in the Republic. From a- commercial standpoint it is very important, and there are numerous large wholesale houses here that periodically canvass the surround- ing country. Puebla is the textile center of the Republic, there being about 40 cotton mills in and around the city. Many of the wholesale and some of the retail firms make direct importations of goods. Puebla should be visited by all foreign salesmen who go to Mexico. PUERTO MEXICO (GOATZACOALCOS), State of Vera Cruz; port on Gulf of Mexico (harbor built by Mexican Government) ; landing, steamer to wharf; 188 miles (303 km.) from Salina Cruz. Altitude, 15 feet. Climate, hot and unhealthy. Principal products: Hides, coffee, sugar, dyewoods. Customhouse agents, Pedro Ruiz and Peter W. Summers. Lloyd's agent, J. J. Sparks. How Reached. — From Salina Cruz, by Tehuantepec National Rail- way ; from Vera Cruz, by steamers ; from New York, by steamers. Principal Hotel.— Colon. " Note.— This is the eastern terminus of the Tehuantepec National Railway and an important shipping point for petroleum products from the large refinery at Minatitlan. A considerable volume of business is transacted, as some of the houses here supply the sur- rounding country. Worthy of the attention of most salesmen. Many of the firms do both a wholesale and retail business. QT7ERETARO, capital of State of Queretaro; population, 38,000; on River Queretaro; 167 miles (269 km.) from Mexico City; 100 miles (162 km.), from Irapuato. Altitude, 5,957 feet. Climate, temperate. Products: Cereals, coffee, sugar, tobacco, opals. In- dustries : Textile mills, flour mills, tanning, etc. How Reached. — From Mexico City, by Mexican National Railway. Trolley service to suburbs. Hotels. — Internacional,* Hidalgo, Ferrocarril, Robles. Chamber of commerce. Note.— A growing commercial center. There is some manufacture of cotton goods as well as other industries. Business is chiefly retail, but a number of the houses import direct. Queretaro is visited by agents who canvass closely. Hercules is only a short distance from Queretaro. It is noted for its textile mills, among the largest in the Republic. SALINA CRUZ, port in State of Oaxaca ; population, 6,000; land- ing, steamer to wharf; 188 miles (303 km.) from Puerto Mexico; 300 miles (438 km.) from Acapulco. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse broker, Luis N. de la Garza, A. Pineda. Lloyd's agent* Win. Wiseman. How Reached.— From Puerto Mexico, by Tehuantepec Railway • from San Francisco, by Pacific Mail steamers and Admiral Line steamers. MEXICO. 99 Steamship Ser•-- . Mote.— The proximity of this point to Salina Cruz and its loca- tion in the midst of a rich agricultural district give its business some importance. This place is a live center with a considerable let ail movement. It is the source of supply for the surrounding district. Generally speaking, it is worthy of the attention of trav- elers who cater to retail trade. . - - > ' ■ TEPIC, capital of State of Nayarit ; population, 18,000 ; 427 miles (690 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude,; 3*001 feet. Climate; tem- perate. Products:! Coffee, sugar, tobacco, rice, rubber, beans, cotton, fruitSj and vegetables. "i Industries : Cigar and hat factories, tan^ neries, and distilleries. How Beached. — Prom Mazatlahi and Guadalajara, by; Southern Pacific Railway to Ruiz, thence by automobile stage line. Dili- gence service to near-by points. Hotels.— La Bola de Oro, Progreso. Note. — Tepic is in the midst of a rich agricultural region. A fair business is done, and some of the merchants are in a position to make direct importations. Tepic is growing in importance, and once the railway is completed to Guadalajara it will be a very busy commercial center. The nearest station now is Ruiz. TOLUCA, capital of State: of Mexico; population, 38,000- 45 miles (73 km.) southwest of Mexico City. Altitude, 8,761 feet. Climate, cold in winter, summer delightful. Products : Cereals, fruits, sugar cane, woods, potatoes, beans* 1 and corn. Industries: Stock raising, breweries, corn and flour mills, cotton mills, tanneries, electric light and power plants. ■■ • ■'.-.. How Beached. — Prom Mexico City, by National Railways or by automobile. Toluca & Tenango Railway and San Juan de las Huertas Railway run frequent trains to San Francisco, 2 § miles (4 km.) ; Metepec, 4* miles (7 km.) ; Mexicalcingo, Calimaya, San Augustin, Tenango, and Alta. Auto service to Mexico City and Tenango and intermediate points. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Mexico ; Banco del Bstado Mexico. Hotels. — Sociedad, Grand, Internacional, Morelos. Note. — Toluca is an important industrial and agricultural center easily accessible from Mexico City by rail or automobile. There are a number of important business firms located here who are heavy importers. The general business is of a retail nature, and some of the retailers also make direct importations. This place should have the attention of salesmen. ' TOlTAIiA, State of Chiapas ; on Pan American Railway - popula- tion, 4,785; 111 miles (180 km.) from Tuxla Gutierrez; 138 miles (242 km.) from Tapachula. Climate temperate. Products: Cedar wood, coffee, cattle, skins. How Eeached.--From Tapachula and San Geronimo, by Pan American Railway. MEXICO. 105 Note.— -A. small city in the State of Chiapas, but doing a fair trade. Located on the Pan American Railway. Travelers- who sell to retail trade may find it advantageous to " make " this place. TORREON, State of Coahuila ; population, 40,000; 96 miles (157 km.) from Durango; 548 miles (881 km.) from Tampico; 704 miles (1,136 km.) from Mexico City; 210 miles (336 km.) from Saltillo. Altitude, 3,739 feet. Climate, hot. Principal products: Cotton, wheat, corn,' beans, guayule. Industries : Soap factories, rubber works, machine shops, flour mills, packing houses, textile factories, cigar and match factories, candle factories, etc. American consul and vice consul. How Reached. — From Durango, by International Railway ; from Tampico, by Central Railway ; from Ciudad Lerdo, by electric cars ; from Mexico City, El Paso, and Chihuahua, by Mexican Central Railway. Hotels. — Salvador,* Francia,* Espafiola, Laguna, Iberia, San Car- los, Porvenir. Banks. — Banque Francaise du Mexique ; Cfa. Banearia de Paris y Mexico; Banco de la Laguna; Deutsche Sudamerikanische Bank; Comision M one t aria ; Velso Garza Gonzales (correspondent) ; Adolf o Barrera (correspondent) ; Banco de Londxes y Mexico; Banco de Coahuila; Banco Mexican© de Industria y Comercio; Banco Na- cional de Mexico. Note. — Torreon is one of tlie most important commercial centers in northern Mexico. It is a railway junction point. There are a number of large manufacturing establishments of great importance. The surrounding country is extremely rich in agriculture, particu- larly cotton raising, while mining and smelting are also carried on. Many of the bouses here act as wholesale distributers for the sur- rounding country and canvass the trade regularly. Their annual turnover is large. These firms, as well as many of the retail houses, make their chief purchases in the United States. Torreon is well worthy of a -visit by. practically all salesmen. TUXPAM, State of Vera Cruz; on River Tuxpam, 5 miles (8 km.) west of Gulf of Mexico ; 2 miles (3i km. ) from Cobos, nearest rail- road station; 8 miles (12 km.) from Jalapa; 85 nautical miles from Tampico; 207 miles (335 km.) from Mexico City; 220 miles (368 km.) from Vera Cruz; 322 miles (518 km.) from Monterey; 120 miles (192 km.) from Guadalajara. Altitude, sea level. Climate, hot. Principal products : Crude petroleum, chicle, gum, rubber, honey, cedar logs, dyewoods, sarsaparilla, vanilla, skins, and hides. Industry : Stock raising. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Angel Perez. How Reached. — From Tampico, through the canals and Lake Tamiahua by small launch ; also by steamer from Vera Cruz. Hotels. — Bazar,* Colon, La Mexicana. Note.— ^A very fair volume of business is transacted, considering the size of this place, although the merchants are chiefly dependent upon the wholesalers of Tampico and Vera f Cruz. TUXTLA GUTIERREZ, capital of State of Chiapas ; population, 22,000; 87 miles (140 km.) from Jalisco; 40 miles (64 km.) from San Cristobal; 845 miles (1,360 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 1,575 feet. Climate, hot. Products : Sisal, coffee, lumber, tobacco, cattle. 106 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Beached.— From Jalisco, by stagecoach, over Government road, fare $20. Bankers,-r-Oue y Cia. ; Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels. — Mexico,* Central. Mote. — This is a rather important business center. Many of the houses here do both a wholesale and retail trade, supplying the sur- rounding district. They are accustomed to make their importations chiefly from the United States. Tuxtla Gutierrez is visited by a great many foreign salesmen, especially those from the United States. URTJAPAN, State of Michoacan ; population, 22,000 ; 85 miles (138 km.) from Morelia; 316 miles (509 km.) from Mexico City. Altitude, 3,700 feet. Products: Wheat, corn, coffee, bananas, figs, oranges, sugar cane, rice, cattle, > timber. Industries: Textile mill, distillery. How B.eached. — From Morelia and Mexico City by National Rail- ways. Hotels.— San Carlos, Trevino, Progreso,. America, Oriente. Bankers. — Bautista y Perez ; Borja & Chavez. Note. — Uruapan is the center of a business region in which a con- siderable volume of business is done. The merchants are largely dependent upon the importers of Morelia and Mexico City. There are, however, some retailers who make direct importations. Los Beyes, which is on the Zamora branch of the National Bail- ways, lies 4 or 5 hours' ride by horseback. From there the traveler can go to Guadalajara and the Lake Chapala region. VERA CBUZ, State of Vera Cruz; port on Gulf of Mexico; ves- sels lie alongside customhouse; population, 48,000, 81 miles (131 km.) from Jalapa ; 264 miles (425 km.) from Mexico City, via Mexi- can Central; 293 miles (471 km.) from Mexico City, via Inter- oceanic Railway ; 1,973 nautical miles from New York City ; 125 nautical miles from Puerto Mexico. Products: Vanilla, dyewoods, gold, silver, petroleum, sugar, coffee, chicle. Industries : Flour mill, soap, candle, chocolate, and cigar factories. American consul and vice consul. > Lloyd's agents, Viega Her- manos, Successors. • How Reached. — From Mexico City, by Mexican Central and In- teroceanic Bailways; from New York, by Ward Line steamers. Steamship Service. — Ward Line; Cfa. Mexicana de Navegaci6n to Frontera, Laguna, Campeche, etc. ; also many other lines. Railroads.' — Mexican Railway and Interoceanic Railway, daily service to Mexico City ; Vera Cruz & Isthmus Bailway, daily service to Isthmus of Tehuantepec; Ferrocarriles de Vera Cruz (Ltd.), daily train to Alvarado and steamers to points on Papaloapam Biver. Banks. — Julian Aragon y Sobrino; Banco Mercantil de Vera Cruz •■ Banco Nacional de Mexico ; Banque Francaise du Mexique ; Ullses Deschamps; A. B. Hegewish; Eulalio Roman; Viya Bnos, Sues.; Zaldo Hnos. y Cia. ; Cia. Bancaria de Paris v Mexico, S. A. Hotels. — Imperial,* Diligencias,* Espanol, Pasaje, /Universal, Mexico, Colon; Jardin, Astoria, Buena Vista, Oriente, America, Palacio. MEXICO. 107 Note. — Vera Cruz is one of the most important ports of Mexico. It has an excellent harbor sheltered by a sea wall. The harbor en- trance is 200 meters wide and the depth 11 meters. Vera Oruz is the port of entry for the greater part of southern Mexico. There are six wharves, and ships of many lines make Vera Cruz a port of calL Vera Cruz is well connected with the interior by the Mexican Rail- way, the Interoceanic Railway, the Vera Cruz & Isthmus Railway, and the Alvarado Railway. The city has a large trade with the in- terior, being the business center for the surrounding country. Its sphere of influence is practically the entire southern part of the Republic and the eastern coast in general. There are numerous important wholesale houses here and a great many retail firms who, like the wholesalers, make direct importations. It is worthy of the attention of all salesmen. Vera Cruz is often selected as a sub- agency for this part of Mexico. / Special Note. — Although passengers may be told by hotel runners / that they can have baggage passed through customhouse satisfac- torily, passengers should attend to this matter personally. Trunks and bags should be locked before handing same to runners. VICTORIA, capital of State of Tamaulipas ; population, 20,000 ; 812 miles (1,310 km.) from Mexico; 117 miles (187 km.) from Montemorelos. Altitude, 975 feet. Climate, hot. Products : Cereals, fruits, coffee, rice, sugar, henequen, ixtle, zinc, lead. How Reached. — From Montemorelos and Tampico, by National Railways. Bankers. — Bernardo Zorilla, Sues. ; Carlos Nunez de Caceres. Hotels. — Universal, Bristol, Ambos Mundos. Note. — A growing commercial center, being a distributing point for the central and eastern part of the State. Many of the houses import direct. May be visited to advantage by most salesmen. The exploitation of oil fields nearby is under way. VlIiLAHERMOSA, capital of State of Tabasco ; on Grijalva River; population, 14,000;; 72 miles (116 km.) from Frontera. Climate, hot. Products: Coffee, cacao, tobacco, sugar, vanilla, cereals, bananas, rubber. How Reached. — From Frontera, by river steamers. Lloyd's agent, Romano & Co. Steamship Service. — River steamers to Frontera, Jonuta, Monte- cristo, Palizada, Tenosique Balancan, and other points on the Grijalva, Usumacinta, and Palizada Rivers. Bank. — Banco de Tabasco ; Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels. — Juarez, La Galatea, Zaragoza, Palacio, Paisaje. Note. — This is a very important commercial center, as a large ex- port and import trade is: carried .on. Many, of the houses do a very brisk business and make direct importations. Worthy of the attention of commercial travelers. Usually canvassed from Vera Cruz. ZACATECAS, capital of State of Zacatecas; population, 33,000; 439 miles (707 km.) from Mexico City; 112 miles (180 km.) from Guadalajara. Altitude, 8,010 feet. Climate, cold ; constant cold winds; outer wraps advisable at all seasons; travelers should en- deavor to obtain lodging which gets the benefit of the sun the 108 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. greater part of the day. Products : Silver, cereals, beans, fruits. Industry : Mining. How Reached^From Mexico City and Oiudad Juarez by Mexi- can Central Railway. Trolley car service to various parts of city. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Mexico; Banco de Zacatecas. Hotels. — Colon, Plaza, Estacion, Frances,* Insurgentes, Nacional, Paris.* Note. — Zacatecas is the capital of the State of Zacatecas and rich in historical associations. It is the center of a silver-producing district which in bygone times was of great, importance. Some of the houses here make direct importations. Generally' speaking, it is worthy of the attention of agents who sell principally to retailers. Z AMOR A, State of Michoaean ; population, 16,000, on Duero River; 77 miles (126 km.) from Irapuato, reached by National Railways (on line from Irapuato to Guadalajara via Lake Cha- pala), average time 3i hours; 25 miles (41 km.) from Yurecuaro, reached by branch line to Los Reyes, average time 1-$ hours. Prod- ucts: Corn, wheat, beans, etc Hotels. — Mexico, Colon, Espinosa. Note. — This is a town in the northern part of the State, in a rich agricultural district. Some of the houses make direct importations. Easily reached ; canvassed by those who visit the smaller places. PLACES OF LESS IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. Many of these towns are visited by those who canvass closely and especially by salesmen for wholesale firms of St. Louis, Kansas City, Dallas, San Antonio, and New Orleans. Acambaro, State of Guanajuato; population, 20,000; near River Lerma; on National Railways; 108 miles (174 km.) from Guana- juato by rail; 55 miles (88 km.) from Gonzalez Junction by rail, 2-hour trip; 178 miles (286 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Beans, wheat, corn, fruits. Hotels : Internacional, Monterey, Ibarra. This is a small town in the southern part of the State, easily reached from the capitol. Chiefly dependent upon the merchants of Mexico City, but a few of the houses make direct importations. - A fair volume of business is done. Canvassed by those who work the smaller towns. Acaponeta, State of Nayarlt ; population, 5,000 ; near San Diego River; on Southern Pacific Railway; 103 miles (166 km) from Tepic. Products : Fruits, beans, coffee, fish. Acatlan, State of Puebla; population, 6,000; 87 miles (141 km.) from Puebla, reached by carretera; 22 miles (36 km ) from Murcio Martinez (nearest railroad station). Products: Maize, beans suear saver; copper, iron, goatskins, hides, and hardwoods. Industry: Mining, Carreteras to Abiasteca, Matamoras, and Huajagan, MEXICO. 109 Agua Prieta, State of Sonora ; opposite Douglas, Ariz. From this place the Nacozari Railroad runs a daily train to Nacozari, 65 miles south of the border and one of several important mining towns in that region. The road is projected to reach the Gulf, and another road is building from Agua Prieta to Casas Grandes, State of Chihuahua. Agua Prieta has little business, most of the people trading in Douglas^ Large quantities of copper, zinc, lead, and silver are shipped through this port. Other resources are cattle, firewood, potatoes. Ahome, State of Sinaloa ; population, 1,000 ; on Mexico & Orient Railway; 9 miles (15 km.) from Fuerte. Alamos, State of Sonora ; population, town, 6,000 ; municipality, 20,000; 248 miles (400 km.) from Hermosillo; 1,055 miles (1,703 km.) from Mexico City. Climate, hot. Products: Cereals, vege- tables, fruits. Industry: Mining. Reached by railroad via branch line from Navajoa (Ferrocarril de Sonora). Banks: Banco de Sonora; Banco Occidental; Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels: Alamos, Central. In Alamos a fair volume of business is done under normal con- ditions. In the vicinity are a number of mines. Several of the firms make direct importations. Allende, State of Coahuila ; population, 7,000 ; on Mexican Inter- national Railway; 31 miles (50 km.) from Ciudad Porfirio Diaz. Altar, State of Sonora; population, 2,000; 161 miles (259 km.) from Hermosillo; 50 miles (80 km.) from Santa Ana (nearest rail- way station). Products: Corn, wheat, beans, fruit, cotton, cattle, gold, silver, copper, etc. Industry : Flour mills. Communication by sea via Gulf of California. Hotels: Moreno, Trinidad, Zepeda. A great many cattle are shipped from this district. A consider- able amount of merchandise comes from Tucson, Ariz. Alvarado, State of Vera Cruz; population, 7,000; 43 miles (70 km.) from Vera Cruz, via Ferrocarril de Vera Cruz. This is. the terminus of the railway and the starting point for deep-sea and river steamers. Ameca, State of Jalisco; population, 8,000; 56 miles (90 km.) from Guadalajara, reached by branch line of National Railways. Products : Maize, wheat, sugar, copper. Amecameca, State of Mexico ; altitude, 7,600 feet ; population, 14,000; at the base of the Popocatepetl and the Iztaccihuatl ; 41 miles (66 km.) from Mexico City, three-hour trip. Interoceanic Railway and the San Rafael & Atlixco Railway. . Ang-ang-ueo, State of Michoacan; population, 5,000; on the Mexi- can Railway; 3 miles (5 km.) north of Tarecuato; 34 miles (55, km.) from Maravatio. Apaseo, State of Guanajuato; population, 4,500; on. National Railway; 78 miles (126 km.) from Guanajuato; 174 miles (279 km.) from Mexico City, average time of trip 7 J hours. Products : Corn, wheat, fruits, cattle. Industry : Quarrying. Arispe, State of Sonora; population, 3,500; 140 miles (220 km.) from Hermosillo; 75 miles (120 km.) from Cananea. Products: Corn, beans, cereals, etc. Industry: Mining. 110 GUIDE TO XATIN AMERICA. In Arispe, under normal conditions, a fair, volume of business is done. Usually canvassed by those who make the smaller towns. Often canvassed in connection with Nacozari and Moctezuma. Eas- ily reached from Nacozari. Asientos, State of Aguascalientes; population, 2,500; 40 miles (65 km.) from Aguascalientes, reached by National Railways via San Gil (31 miles from Aguascalientes). Products: Corny beans, chili, wheat, fruits, vegetables;; silver, copper, quicksilver. Boarding house, Rosario Carrera. Atlixco, State of Puebla ; altitude 3,925 feet ; population,. 9,000 ; 28 miles (45 km.) from Puebla; 24 miles (39 km.) from Matamoras. Products: Potatoes, maize, beans, wheat, alfalfa, woods, coffee, sugar, tobacco. Reached from Puebla by railway, average time of trip 2 hours. On Interoceanic Railway and San Rafael & Atlixco Railway. Atzcapozalco, Federal District; population, 7,000; 5 miles (8 km.) north of Mexico City. Products : Alfalfa, maize, barley, wheat, fruits, cattle, etc. On National Railways of Mexico. Reached by electric cars from Mexico City. Autlan, State of Jalisco; population, 8,000; 136 miles (220 km.) from Guadalajara. ■ Products : Cornj wheat, .potatoes,: rice, cotton, fruits, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, gold, silver, copper. This town is loeated in the center of a rich agricultural district Merchants chiefly dependent upon Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Aguascalientes. Batopilas, State of Chihuahua; population, 3,500; 250 miles (400 km.) from Chihuahua; 92 miles (150 km.) from Creel (nearest rail- way' station). Cadereyta, State of Nuevo Leon ; population, 4,500 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 23 miles (37 km.) from Monterey. Product: Silver. Camargo (Santa Rosalia), State of Chihuahua; at confluence of Concho and Florida Rivers; climate, temperate; population, 9,000; altitude, 4,560 feet; 75 miles (120 km.) from Chihuahua. Prod- ucts: Wheat,, corn, beans, vegetables, and cereals. Industries: Cattle raising, mining, flour mills, cotton mills. On Mexican Central Railroad ; easily reached from Chihuahua. Hotels : ■ Hidalgo, Cen- tral, Iturbide. This town is surrounded by a rich agricultural dis- trict ; there is also some mining. The stores here do a fair business and some make direct importations; Casas Grandes, State of Chihuahua ; population, 3,000 ; on Rio Grande, Sierra Madre & Pacifico Railway; 148 miles (240 km.) from Chihuahua. Products : Cereals, potatoes, fruits, cattle, corn, beans, alfalfa, chili, tobacco, woods, silver, lead, manganese, copper. Industries: Flour and saw mills near by at Pearson, "which has a population of 3,500. Hotel at Nueva Casas Grandes (railroad station). Catorce, mining town in State of San Luis Potosi ; altitude, 9,043 feet; population, 7,000; on National Railway of Mexico; 108 miles (174' kmr)' from San Luis Potosi. Cedral, State of San Luis Potosi; population, 6,000; on National Railway of Mexico (Vanegas to Matehuala branch). Industry: Guayule rubber factory. MEXICO. Ill Chalchicomula, State of Puebla ; population, 7,000 ; on Chalchi- comula Eailway; 144 miles (231 km.) from Mexico City; 55 miles (90 km.) from Puebla by earretera. Products: Fruits, beans, pota- toes, cereals, woods. Chapala, State of Jalisco; population, 2,200; 370 miles (595 km.) from Mexico City; 37 miles (61 km.) from Guadalajara. Hotels: Araopala, Victor Hugo, De la Palma. Chapala is a charming place on beautiful Lake Chapala. Chilapa, State of Guerrero; population, 14,000; 28 miles (47 km.) from Chilpancingo by mountain road; 231 miles (376 km.) from Mexico City. Products : Corn, beans, sugar, fruits. Industries : Manufacture of palm hats and mats. Hotels : Central, Alvarez. The best way to reach this place from Mexico City is to go by rail to Iguala, then by automobile to Chilpancingo, and thence to Chilapa on horseback. Chilpancingo, capital of the State of Guerrero ; altitude, 4,250 feet; population, 7,000; 78 miles (124, km.) from Iguala, reached by automobile and horseback; 207 miles (334 km.) from Mexico City, partly by earretera and partly by rail; 117 miles (188 km.) from Acapulco. Products : Corn, sugar. Hotels : Melendez, Sur. Bank, Banco Nacional de Mexico. A fair volume of business is carried on. Can be visited in connection with Iguala. Chinipas, State of Chihuahua; population, 2,000;. 270 miles (435 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Corn, wheat, sugar, maguey, cattle. Oiudad Guerrero, State of Chihuahua ; population, 2,600 ; 125 miles (200 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Cereals, beans, cattle, gold, silver, lead, copper, and zinc. Industries : Agriculture, mining, timber cutting. Reached by rail from Chihuahua to Station San Ysi- dro, from which place coaches are taken, arriving in Ciudad Guer- rero in about half an hour. From here travelers can go by horse- back to the mining camps of Concheno, Pinos Altos, Ocampo, Uruachic, Candamena, Moris,, and Yoquivo. Ciudad Guzman, State of Jalisco ; population, 20,000 ; 102 miles (164 km.) from Guadalajara, average time of trip seven hours; 120 miles (193 km.) from Manzanillo. Products: Sugar, tobacco, fruits, gold, silver, copper, iron, wines, lumber, turpentine. Coatepec, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 9,000 ; on Jalapa & Teocelo Railway; 7 miles (12 km.) from Jalapa. Products: Sugar, fruits, vegetables, bananas, oranges, coffee. Industry : Textile mill. Caminos de herradura to Xico, Cosautlan, Vera Cruz, and Xalapa. Bankers : Justo Fernandez, Carlos L. Polaneo, Arbuckle Bros. Hotel : Bstrella de Oro. , Comitan, State of Chiapas; population, 10,000; 343 miles (554 km.) from Jalisco, by road. Products: Wheat, maguey, fruits, cattle. Cosomaloapan, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 7,000; 33 miles (53 km.) from Tlacotaplan; 166 miles (268 km.) from Jalapa; 108 miles (174 km.) from Cordoba (branch of Mexican National Railways) . Products : Agricultural, especially sugar cane and fruits. A number of important sugar mills are located here. Cuautla, State of Morelos; population,, 6,000; on branch of Na- tional Railways of Mexico; 27 miles (45 km.) from Cuernavaca. 112 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Products: Sugar, coffee, rice, cereals, fruits. Sulphur springs. Hotels : San Diego, Halcyon, Morelos, Providencia. .. Cuatro Cienagas, State of Coahuila; 42 miles (67 km.) from Mon- clova, reached by branch line of National Railway ; 190 miles (306 km.) southwesterly from PiedrasNegras, with which it is connected by branch line of National Railways. There is also a branch line to Sierra Mojada, connecting with the Chihuahua cut-off, thereby connecting Chihuahua and Coahuila and eliminating a haul of over 700 miles. Cuatro Cienagas is a small town in the midst of a rich agricultural region. Some of the dealers make direct importation? from the United States. Canvassed by those who make the smullei places. Cuencame, State of Durango; population, 3,000; 103 miles (167 km.) from Durango; 6 miles (10 km.) from Pasaje (nearest railway station). Products: Beans, sugar, corn, cereals, cattle, lead, silver. Cusihuarichic, State of Chihuahua ; population, 2,000 ; on Mexican Northwestern Railway; 74 miles (120 km.) from Chihuahua. Products: Silver, lead, corn, wheat, cattle. This is an important mining town. A number of good firms are located here. Dolores Hidalgo, State of Guanajuato ; population 7,000 ; on Mexican National Railway; 240 miles (387 km.) from Mexico City; 126 miles (204 km.) from Guanajuato by rail, or 37 miles (60 km.) by' carretera. Climate, temperate. Products : Chili, beans, fruits, wheat, corn, alfalfa. Sulphur springs. Bank: Agency of Banque Francaise du Mexique. Hotel : Hidalgo. Dolores Hidalgo is famous as the cradle of Mexican liberty. It was here that the Cure Miguel Hidalgo initiated the movement for liberty against Spanish do- minion. Ebano, State of San Luis Potosi; 381 miles (613 km.) from Aguascalientes ; 35 miles (55 km;) from Tampico, reached by branch line of National Railways. Extensive oil works are located in this vicinity. El Oro, State of Mexico; population, 20,000; on- River Lerma; on Railway of El Oro Mining Co., Tondese to Tultenango; 108 miles (174 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Corn, wheat, beans, gold silver. Empalme, State of Sonora; 6 miles (10 km.) from Guaymas, reached by rail. The general offices and shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad of Mexico are located at this point. Encarnacion, State of Jalisco; population, 5,000; altitude 6,073 feet; on National Railway; 30 miles (48km.) from Aguascalientes Fresnillo, State of Zacatecas; population, 7,000; altitude 7 000 feet; on Mexican National Railway; 36 miles (58 km ) from' Zaca- tecas; 474 miles (764 km.) from Mexico City: Products- Corn wheat, beans, fruit, timber, gold, iron, lead, tin, silver mercurv ' Gonzales Junction, State of Guanajuato; population, 6,00b\ on National Railway, branch line to Acambaro, 55 miles (86 km ) 2-hour trip; 12 miles (20 km.) from Celaya '' Guadalupe State of Zacatecas ; population, 9,000; on Mexican National Railway; 6 miles (10 km.) from Zacatecas Guadalupe Hidalgo State of Mexico; population, 6,000; 3 miles (5 km.) from Mexico City, reached by trolley. Products : Wheat MEXICO. 113 Guanacevi, State of Durango; population, 7^000; 135 miles (217 km.) northwest of Durango; 66 miles (110 km.) from Tepehuanes; 66 miles (110 km.) from Rosario. Mining and agricultural center. Bankers : Hijos de Toribio Losoya. Reached from Rosario by horse- back, and from Tepehuanes by automobile. Tepehuanes is on the Durango to Tepehuanes Railroad. Guazapares, State of Chihuahua ; population, 1,500 ; 20 miles (32 km.) from Chdnipas River; 235 miles (385 km.) from Chihuahua; 70 miles (113 km.) from Alamos. Mining town. Canvassed by the importers of Chihuahua. Huamantla, State of Tlaxcala; population, 7,000; altitude, 5,000 feet; 102 miles (165 km.) from Mexico City, reached by Mexican Railway, five-hour trip; 161 miles (260 km.) from V«ra Cruz, reached by Mexican Railway, nine and one-half hours. Products : Wheat, corn, lentils, beans. Banco Oriental < de Mexico. Hotels: Buena Vista, Cosmopolita. Annual fail', 15th of August. Huatusco, State of Vera Cruz; population, 8,000; 38 miles (62 km.) from Jalapa; 13 miles (22 km.) from Cordoba (nearest sta- tion), i Products: Sugar, cereals, aguardiente. Ig-uala. State of Guerrero; population; 6,000; 78 miles (124 km.) from Chilpancingo by carretera; 147 miles (238 km.) from Mexico City. Terminus of Cuernavaca and Pacific line of National' Rail- ways. Climate, warm., Products: Corn, riee, fruits, gold, silver, copper, lead, etc. Bank : Banco de Guerrero. Hotel : Madrid. Au- tomobile road as far as Balsas River; eventually will be good to Chilpancingo, which can- be reached to best advantage from Ignala. Very hot d^rjng March, April, and May. May be visited in connec- tion with Chilpancingo. Imuris, State of Sonora; 43 miles (68 km.) from Nogales; reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway; average time of trip two hours. Agricultural and mining district ? also mineral springs. Northeast of Imuris is the famous Cocospera mining region. . Inde, State of Durango; population"; 2,000; 196 miles (316 km.) from Durango; 57 miles (92 km.) from Rosario, reached by carre- tera. Products : Fruits, sugar, cereals, gold, silver, copper, lead, and cattle. Izamal, State of Yucatan; population, 6,000; 40 miles (67 km.) from Merida ; time, about two hours. Climate, hot. Products : Henequen, sugar cane, fruits, corn, tobacco, etc. Hotels : Centro, Obrero. Reached by United Railway of Yucatan. This place is visited by some foreign travelers. Juchitan, State of Oaxaca ; population, 12,000 ; on Pan American Railway; 187 miles (301 km.) from Oaxaca. Products: Salt, coffee, cacao, corn, sugar, vanilla, hides, and skins. Industries : Straw hats, breweries, aerated waters. Hotels: El Eden, El Jardln. Bank : Branch of Banco Oriental de Mexico. Some fairly important commercial houses are located here. May be canvassed in connec- tion with San Geronimo. La Barca, State of Jalisco; population, 9,000; on Lerma River; 66 miles (106 km.) from Guadalajara, via Mexican National Rail- way; 96 miles (154 km.) from Irapuato, via Mexican National Rail- way, four and one-haif hour trip. Products : Fruits, sugar, corn, coffee,- tobacco, beans, wheat, potatoes, etc. Industries : Dairies. 114 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Bank: Agency of A. Perez Rojas. Hotel: El Central. The rail- road station is reached by tramway, being 3 miles (5 km.) from the town. Lag-os de Moreno, State of Jalisco ; population, 16,000 ; on Na- tional Railway of Mexico; 294 miles (475 km.) from Mexico Gity; 143 miles 231 km.) from Guadalajara. Products: Wheat, corn, fruits, etc. • Lampazos, State of Nuevo Leon ^population, 6,000; on National Railway of Mexico; 72 miles (115 km.) from Laredb, Tex.; 91 miles (154) km.) from Monterey. Stock raising and mining district. Bank agencies: A. Zambrano & Hijos; Banque Fi'ancaise du Mexique. Hotels: Cisneros, Cuanthemoc, Plaza. A fair business is done here. Lerdo, State of Durango ; population, 8,000 ; on River Nazos ; 155 miles (250 km.) from Durango; half hour's ride on trolley from Torreon, 3. miles (5 km.). Products: Cereals, fruits, cotton, beans, gold, silver, copper. < . Linares, State of Nuevo Leon ; population, 7,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 94 miles (151 km.) from Monterey. Products: Agricultural and cattle. Industries: Cigar factories and ice plant. Bankers: Jorge Adam Leal, Juan R. Suarez. Hotels: Ramal', Ramirez. There are a number of firms here that make direct importations. Easily canvassed in connection with Monterey and Victoria. Magdalena, State of Sonora; population, 5,000; 52 miles (87 km.) from Nogales; 124 miles (200 km.) from Hermosillo, reached by Southern Pacific Railway. Products: Corn, wheat, beans, copper, silver. Quite a good business is done here. Mapimi, State of Durango; population, 7,000; on Mapimi Rail- way; 121 miles (194 km.) from Jiminez. Products: Gold, silver, lead. Headquarters of the Penoles Mining Co. Maravatio, State of Michoacan ; 139 miles (224 km.) from Mexico City, by National Railway-; 55 miles (90 km.) from Zitacuaro, by branch line of National Railway, average time of trip 5 hours. Mascota, State of Jalisco; population,' 6,000 ; 130 miles (210 km.) from Guadalajara. Products: Gold, silver, copper. Matamoros* State of Puebla ; population, 6,000; on River Necapa. Reached from Puebla by National Railway (Puebla and Chiautla branch) ; railway to Atlixco. Products : Sugar, rice, coffee, bananas, lead, silver, copper, gold. Matehuala, State of San Luis Potosi ; population, 14,200; 29 miles (47 km.) from Vanegas, reached by National Railway branch line, average time of trip 2 hours; 6 miles (10 km.) from Azul, reached by Matehuala Railway, average time 1 hour. Industries: Mining and smelting. This town is in the northern part of the State. It can be visited in connection with San Luis Potosi. It is chiefly dependent upon that city, although a few houses make direct im- portations. Mazapil, State of Zacatecas; population, 5,500; 207 miles (336 km.) from Zacatecas reached via carretera. Products- Corn bar- ley, fruits, maguey, beans, wheat. Industries: Agriculture and cattle raising. Railroad station, Concepcion del Oro ; thence carre- tera. Mines of the Mazapil Copper Co. located near by MEXICO. 115 Miahuatlan, State of Oaxaca ; population, 6,000; 65 miles (105 km.) from Oaxaca by carretera. Products: Tobacco, coffee, sugar, beans. Minaca, State of Chihuahua; on Mexico Northern and Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railways; 120 miles (194 km.) from Chihua- hua, average time six hours ; travelers from Chihuahua change at La Junta to Minaca branch line; 75 miles (120 km.) from Sanchez, average time three and three-fourths hours. Mixcoac, Federal District; population, 7,000; on National Rail- way of Mexico, near River Mixcoac; 7 miles (11 km.) from Mexico City, one-half hour by trolley. Moctezuma, State of Sonora; population, 2,500; climate temper- ate; 73 miles (118 km.) from Hermosillo by carretera or 42 miles (67 km.) by camino de herradura. Products: Cereals, fruits, vege- tables, gold, silver, copper, antimony. Industry : Mining. Bankers : L. Durazo & Co. A fair volume of business is done in Moctezuma. The stores located here do a good deal of outfitting and make direct importations from the United States. Motul, State of Yucatan; population, 18,000; 28 miles (46 km.) from Merida. Reached by United Railway of Yucatan, 1J hours. Climate, hot. Products : Henequen, corn, beans, sugar cane. In- dustries : Salt drying, cattle raising. Hotel, El Nacional. A very fair trade is transacted. Mofcul is visited by some foreign salesmen. Ocotian, State of Jalisco; 112 miles (180 km.) from Irapuato, reached by Mexican National Railway, average time five hours ; 50 miles (80 km.) from Guadalajara, reached by Mexican Central Railway, average time two and one-fourth hours. Products : Corn, wheat, beans, fruits, woods, fibers. Hotels : Gomez, Mores, Reforma, Lux. Ometepec, State of Guerrero; population, 6,000; 166 miles (268 km.) from Chilpancingo ; 117 miles (188 km.) from Acapulco; 250 miles (400 km.) from Iguala. Products: Cotton, corn, tobacco, sugar, timber, cattle. Otumba, State of Mexico; population, 10,000; 44 miles (70 km.) from Mexico City. Products: Cereals, maguey, pulque. Railways: Interoceanic. and Mexican National. Papantla, State of Vera Cruz; 45 miles (72 km.) from Jalapa, reached by horseback. The famous Pyramid of Papantla is here. Patzcuaro, State of Michoacan ; altitude, 7,180 feet ; population, 10,000; on National Railway of Mexico; near Patzcuaro Lake, on railroad from Acambaro to Uruapan; 44 miles (71 km.) from Morelia. Products: Maize, beans, cattle, timber. Hotels: Mexico, Guizar, Ramos Chavez. Penjamo, State of Guanajuato; population, 9,000 ; 103 miles (173 km.) from Guanajuato; 31 miles (50 km.) from Irapuato, li-hour trip. Railways: Mexican National, Guadalajara: to< Manzanillo branch. Products : Corn, wheat, cattle. This town may be can- vassed in connection with Irapuato. Some of the dealers import direct, but the chief dependence is upon the large wholesale houses of Mexico City. Puruandiro, State of Michoacan ; population, 8,000 ; 57 miles (93 km.) from Morelia; 31 miles (50 km.) from Penjamo (nearest sta- 116 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. tion). Carretera to Augamacutiro. Products t Wheat, beans, cat- tl© ©tC. .;..-' Quijano, State of Sonora; 29 miles (48 km.) from Nogales, reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway. The Colombia Consolidated Mines, developed by American interests, are 12- miles (20 km.) distant; reaehed by horseback. • Heal de Monte, State of Hidalgo ; population, 10,000 ; on River Lerma; 6 miles (10 km.) from Pachuca. Mining district, one of the greatest in Mexico; American capital largely invested. Rioverde/ State Of San Luis Potosi; population, 8,500. Altitude, 3,715 feet. Products : Sugar, corn, timber, oranges, and other fruits. Reached by branch *_of Mexican National Railway. Hotels : El Buentono, El Central. A fair volume of business is transacted here. Sometimes canvassed by those who " make " the smaller places. Rosario, State of Sinaloa ; population, 9,000 ; on Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway; 40 miles (65 km.) from Mazatlan. Reached from Mazatlan. This is a mining town of some importance* . Sabinas, State of Coahuila ; population, 9,000 ; 75 miles (120 km.) from Piedras Negras, reaehed by National Railway; 12 miles (19 km.) from Rosita, reached by branch line; average time 1£ hours. Practically all the coal used in northern Mexico is derived from this region. The greater part of the mines are American owned, and many millions of dollars are invested therein. Sahuaripa, State of Sonora; population, 3,000; 191 miles (308 km.) from Hermosillo. Products: Corn, wheat, beans, timber, gold, silver, eopper, antimony. Salamanca, State of Guanajuato; population, 14,000; altitude, 5,646 feet; on National Railway; on Lei-ma River; 56 miles (90 km.) from Guanajuato; 206 miles ■ (333 km.) from Mexico City, 8-hour journey. Products : . Wheat, maize, ' fruits. Industries : Manufacture of woolen goods, gloves, pottery. Salvatierra, State of Guanajuato ; population, 10,00©; altitude, 5,774 feet; on National Railway; 196 miles (315 km.) from Mexico City; 74 miles (120 km.)> from Guanajuato;' 18 miles (29 km.) from Acambaro, 1-hour journey. Products: Cereals, sweet potatoes t sugar, woods. San Andres Tuxtla, State of Vera Cruz; population, 9,000; on Vera Cruz & Isthmus Railway; 195 miles (314 km.) from Vera Cruz; 62 miles (100 km.) from Alvaraflo- Products : Tobacco, cacao, cotton, beans, coffee. Banks and bankers : Banco Nacional de Mexico ; Nicolas Villa. San Cristobal las Casas, State of Chiapas ; population 13,500 ; 40 miles (64 km.) from Tuxtla Gutierrez. Products: Corn, wheat, barley, fruits. San Francisco del Silicon, State of Guanajuato; population, 6,000; altitude, 6,925 feet. Climate, temperate. Products: Fruits, wheat, corn, beans, etc. Industries: Cattle raising and straw-hat making. On National Railway; reached from Aguascalierrtes, Ira- puato, and Silao. Banks : Banco de Guanajuato ; Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels : Grand, Morelos. This town is located in an agri- cultural region. The stores do a fair volume of business ; they de- MEXICO. 117 pend principally on the large importing houses of Mexico, but there is some direct importing. San Geronimo, State of Oaxaca; population, 6,500; on Tehuante- pec Railroad; 17 miles (28 km.) from Tehuantepec; 160 miles (256 km.) from Puerto Mexico. Products: Sugar, tobacco, rice, fruits, hardwoods. Reached from Tehuantepec or Puerto Mexico by rail- road. A fair business (retail) is done here. San Juan de Guadalupe, State of Durango ; population, 4,000 ; 268 miles (432 km.) from Durango; 14 miles (22 km.) from nearest railway station. Products: Cotton, beans, wheat, corn, fruits, cat- tle, minerals. San Juan del Rio, State of Queretaro ; population, 8,000 ; altitude, 6,245 feet; on Mexican Central Railway. Acambaro-to-Gonzales Junction route; 34 miles (55 km.) from Queretaro; 118 miles (191 km.) from Mexico City. Carretera to Tequisquiapan and Amealco. Products: Maize, beans, textiles. This town depends chiefly on Queretaro and Mexico City for its purchases. Banks: Banco Na- tional de Mexico, Ignacio Comache, agent; Banco de Londres y Mexico, J. F. de Ceballos, agent; Banco de Queretaro, Alberto Ugalde, agent. San Luis de La Paz, State of Guanajuato ; population, 10,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 88 miles (144 km.) from Guanajuato. Products : Wheat, maize, and other grains. San Miguel de Allende, State of Guanajuato ; population, 11,000 ; on National Railway; 218 miles (350 km.) from Mexico City; 32 miles (52 km.) from Guanajuato. Products: Wheat, beans. Santa Cruz del Bravo, capital of Territory of Quintana Roo ; population, 4,800; climate, tropical, damp, and hot. Products: Coffee, tobacco, indigo, sugar cane, henequen, cereals, cotton, and precious woods. Reached by steamer. The business done is iu pro- portion to the population, which is not large. Some merchants make direct importations. Isla Mujeres is 149 miles (241 km.) from Santa Cruz del Bravo, 111 miles (179 km.) by sea and 38 miles (62 km.) by rail. Payo Obispo, population 1,000, is 132 miles (213 km.) from Santa Cruz del Bravo, reached by sea. Santo Rosalia. See Camargo. Santiago, State of Tepic; population, 4,500; on Tololotlan River; 35 miles (56 km.) from Tepic, on road from Guadalajara to Mazat- lan. Products: Cotton, tobacco, fruits, wheat, tomatoes. Indus- tries: Cigar and ice factories. Hotels: Union, Roma. Banks: Banco Nacional de Mexico (agency) ; Comision Monetaria (Agency). Sayula, State of Jalisco ; population, 8,000 ; on National Railway of Mexico; 84 miles (136 km.) from Guadalajara. Carretera to Tapalpa, Zapotlan, Atojac, and Tepic. Products; Cereals, sugar, coffee, fruits. Silao, State of Guanajuato; population, 15,000; altitude, 5,828 feet; on River Silao; on Mexican National Railway, branch line to Guanajuato; 14 miles (24 km.) from Guanajuato, one hour; 238 miles (383 km.) from Mexico City. Carretera to Leon, San Luis Po- tosi, and Irapuato. Products : Cereals, fruits. 90821° — 22 9 118 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Sonabrerete, mining town in - State of Zacatecas ; population. 12,000; 109 miles (176 km.) from Zacatecas; 62 miles (100 km.) from Gutierrez, on National Railway of Mexico. Carretera to Gu- tierrez and to Oatalina (Durango). Products: Gold, silver, copper, lead, maize, wheat, fruits. Tacambaro, State of Michoacan; population, 5,000; 62 miles' (100 km.) from Morelia; 34 miles (56 km.) from Patzcuaro (nearest rail- road station). Products: Sugar, maize, wheat, rice, coffee, cattle. Tacubaya, Federal District; population, 18,350; 4 miles (7 km.) from Mexico City; reached by Mexican Central and Del Valle Rail- ways ; also by tramway. Tenancingo, State of Mexico; population, 10,000; 30 miles (48 km.) from Toluca; 12 miles (20 km.) from Atla (nearest railway station). Products: Corn, wheat, beans, cattle. Tehuacan, State of Puebla ; population, 8,000 ; 78 miles (128 km.) from Puebla, reached by Mexican Southern Railway, average time of trip 3J hours; 31 miles (51 km.) from Bsperanza, reached by branch line, average time 2J hours. Products : Fruits, wheat. Teocaltiche, State of Jalisco; population, 14,000; 124 miles (200 km.) from Guadalajara; 31 miles (50 km.) from Fncarnacion, near- est railroad station; 50 miles (80 km.) from Aguascalientes. Prod- ucts: Corn, beans, tobacco, potatoes, wheat, woods, cattle, tin. In- dustries : Flour mill, breweries. Banks : Manuel R. de Olivas, cor- respondent for Banque Frangaise du Mexique and Banco Nacional de Mexico. Hotels: Mexico, Central. Best reached from Aguas- calientes by automobile, 3J-hour trip. From Teocaltiche one can visit Nochistlan. Tequisquiapan, State of Guanajuato; population, 4,000; on Na- tional Railway of Mexico. Texcoco, State of Mexico ; population, 6,000 ; on Interoceanic Rail- way; 24 miles (39 km.) from Mexico City. Teziutlan, State of Puebla ; population, 12,000 ; on branch of Na- tional Railway of Mexico ; 100 miles (162 km. ) from Puebla. Prod- ucts: Gold, silver, copper, fruits, beans, cereals. Ticul, State of Yucatan; population, 20,000; 50 miles (80 km.) from Merida. Climate, hot. Products : Henequen, corn, sugar cane, timber, etc. Industry : Weaving of fibers. The business done is fair. Ticul is " made " by foreign salesmen. It is reached by United Railway of Yucatan, about 3 hours from Merida. Tlacolula, State of Oaxaca ; population, 6,000 ; on Mexican South- ern Railway; 19 miles (33 km.) from Oaxaca. Products: Sugar, wheat, corn, beans, pulque, cattle. Tlacotalpan, State of Vera Cruz ; population, 6.000 ; situated at junction of San Juan and Papaloapam Rivers. Mail boats from Alvarado to Tuxpec. Products: Cattle, cotton, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, corn, rice, cacao, aguardiente. Industries : Distilleries, cotton mill, ice plant, aerated' waters, chocolate factory. Bankers : Juan A. Chazaro, Sucesores ; Correa & Chazaro ; Ingen'io Sante Fe, S. A. Hotels : Cuauhtemoc, Casa de Huespedes. Tlalpam, Federal District; population, 5,000; 10 miles (16 km ) from Mexico City; reached by electric cars. Carretera to Mexico City, Cuernavaca, and San Angel. MEXICO. 119 Tlaxcala, State of Tlaxcala ; population, 3,000 ; 86 miles (139 km.) from Mexico City, 23 miles (37 km.) from Puebla; reached by railroad. Products: Corn, wheat, rice, beans, timber. Hotels: Guillot, Nuevo, Universal, Mexico, Progreso. Topolobampo, State of Sinaloa; on Topolobampo Bay; 63 miles (100 km.) from El Fuerte, reached by Kansas City, Mexico & Orient Railway, average time of trip 44 hours ; 500 miles (800 km.) east of San Francisco. Steamship service to Guaymas, Mazatlan, and other ports. Torres, State of Sonora; 77 miles (124 km.) from Guaymas, reached by Southern Pacific of Mexico Railway. Junction point of the Torres and La Colorado Railway. Nearby are the famous Ta- rasca and other mines, which were first worked by the Jesuit Fathers. Tula, State of Tamaulipas ; population, 7,000 ; 103 miles (167 km.) from Ciudad Victoria; 95 miles (154 km.) from Cerritos (nearest railway station). Products: Cereals, potatoes, sugar. Tulancingo, State of Hidalgo; population, 9,500; 38 miles (62 km.) from Pachuca; 92 miles (148 km.) from Mexico City, reached by National Railway of Mexico (on the Mexico City-Pachuca route). Industries : Cotton mills. Products : Wheat, barley, cattle, etc. TJres, State of Sonora ; population, 1,000 ; on Sonora River ; 47 miles (76 km.) from Hermosillo, reached by carretera. Products: Cereals, sugar, timber, lead, iron, gold, silver. Urique, State of Chihuahua ; population, 2,000. Not far from Batopilas. Mining town. Can be canvassed in connection with Batopilas and Chinipas. Valladolid, State of Yucatan ; population, 5,000 ; on United Rail- way of Yucatan (eastern division) ; 112 miles (180 km.) from Merida, average time of trip 5i hours. Valle de Santiago, State of Guanajuato; population, 13,000; on National Railway of Mexico; 59 miles (96 km.) from Guanajuato. Products: Wheat, corn, cereals. Viesca, State of Coahuila ; population, 5,000 ; on " Hornos " and National Railway of Mexico; 62 miles (100 km.) from Torreon. Products : Cattle, cotton, corn, wheat, beans, sugar. Xochimilco, Federal District; population, 11,000; 12 miles (20 km.) from Mexico City; reached by electric cars. Agricultural dis- trict ; also quarries. Zacapoaxtla, State of Puebla; population, 12,000; 106 miles (170 km. ) from Puebla. Products : Fruits, coffee, vanilla, sugar, rice, medicinal plants, woods. Zacatlan, State of Puebla; population, 11,000; 18 miles (30 km.) from Ahuazotepec, nearest railroad station; 78 miles (126 km.) from Puebla. Products: Wheat, beans, maize, woods, fruits. Zapotlan. See Ciudad Guzman. aam - , Zitacuaro, State of Michoacan; population, 6,000: 83 miles (134 km.) from Morelia; 55 miles (90 km.) from Maravaitio; reached by National Railway, average time five hours. Products : Rice, sugar, fruits. Zumpango, State of Mexico ; population, 6,000 ; on Desague Valle de Mexico Railway; 19 miles (30 km.) from Mexico City; 76 miles ( 123 km. ) from Toluca. Products : Corn, wheat, beans. CENTRAL AMERICA. GUATEMALA. Iiocation. — Guatemala is the most northerly of the Central Ameri- can Republics, lying directly south of Mexico. It is bounded on the north and northwest by Mexico; on the east by British Honduras and the Gulf of Honduras; on the southeast by Honduras and Sal- vador ; and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population.; — The area is about 48,290 square miles; population about 2,200,000, or about 46 inhabitants per square mile. The coast line on the Caribbean side is 70 miles (112 km.) ; on the Pacific side, 200 miles (322 km.). Physical Features. — A chain of mountains traverses the country from north to south. This sends out spurs in every direction, form- ing numerous high plateaus, which are healthful and fertile. There are also a number of very picturesque and delightful valleys, through which flow some important rivers. The only navigable river of Guatemala is the Bio Dulce, and this is navigable only for launches and small craft. Other rivers are the Motagua and the Polochic. The most important lakes are Peten, Izabal, Amatitlan, Atitlan, and Guija. Climate. — There are many varieties of climate in Guatemala. On the coast, sea level, it, is tropical, hot, and humid, with heavy rain- falls ; in the vicinity of Zacapa there is a torrid region ; in the in- terior, at Guatemala City and vicinity (altitude 5,000 feet), the cli- mate is generally like spring in the Temperate Zone ; at Quezalte- nango (altitude 7,000 feet) it is cold. The average rainfall in Guate- mala City for a period of 8 or 10 years was 57 inches. Seasons.— -In the interior the rainy season lasts from May to October ; on the coast, occasionally to December. The dry season is from November to April. The coldest months are December and January ; hottest months, April and May. Inhabitants. — The number of pure white inhabitants is about 60,000, and the Europeans are not numerous. Seventy-five per cent of the population is composed of Indians or native Guatemaltecans, the remainder being of mixed blood. Chief Exports. — Coffee, bananas, sugar, chicle, woods, cattle, hides, rubber, skins, etc. Agricultural Products. — Coffee is the principal product, and con- stitutes normally more than five-sixths of the nation's exports ; sugar production is second. Next in importance are bananas, raised chiefly on the Gulf of Honduras. Cereals, such as corn, wheat, rice, beans, etc., are also grown. Cattle raising is of some importance 121 122 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Timber Wealth. — There is considerable wealth in the forests. In the Department of Peten mahogany, cedar, cabinet woods, rubber, chicle, vanilla, etc., are found. Transportation facilities are re- quired for proper development. Industries. — These are of a minor character and consist chiefly of small plants for the manufacture of articles for local use. There are several small tanneries, breweries, and factories for the manu- facture of cigarettes, cigars, soap, candles, and soda water. There are also one or two cotton mills. All wool and cotton clothing used by the Indians is manufactured by themselves. Language.— Spanish. In the eastern part of the country, where the greatest amount of American capital is invested, the influx of American and of Jamaican laborers has done much to make the English language better understood and more generally used. This influence extends as far inland as Zacapa. In the capital tourist travel and an increasingly large American colony are contributing to a similar tendency. One-fifth of the country^ capital is Ger- man. The German colony is the largest in the Republic, and most of the coffee raising is in the hands of the Germans, English is now taught in most of the public schools. Currency. — The currency is paper, based upon a silver peso (of Which none are in circulation), having a value of approximately 2 cents United States currency. One hundred centavos make a peso. There are 8 reales, each of 12J centavos, to the peso. The half reales, reales, pesos, and half pesos have virtually disappeared from use. The currency is subject to wide fluctuation and is much de- preciated, varying from 26 to 60 pesos per United States dollar. Banks. — There are six banks of issue in Guatemala City, which emit paper money under Government supervision. Weights and Measures. — The metric is the official system. Some old Spanish weights and measures are used in the more remote parts of the country. Postage. — Guatemala belongs to the Postal Union. Letter rate is 5 cents per ounce for the first ounce or fraction thereof and 3 cents for each additional ounce. There is also a parcel-post exchange w,ith the United States, and most of the European and other Ameri- can countries. The limit of weight is 22 pounds. Mail matter not fully prepaid is subject to fine. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 165 Broadway. Steamers from Piers 48-49, North River (West Eleventh Street), to New Orleans. Departures on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Trans- shipment from New Orleans to Puerto Barrios and Livingston. Panama Railroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures weekly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama C : tv (Balboa), Panama; transshipment at Panama by steamer to San Jose and Champerico. GUATEMALA. 123 ■United Eruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip). Departures twice a week for Colon (Cristobal) ; transshipment at Colon by steamer to San Jose and Champerico. Departures about once a month direct for Puerto Barrios and Livingston. Fare, New York to Puerto Barrios, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations, $170. LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans. Sailings subject to change without notice. Departures from New Orleans, via Belize, every four weeks (Fri- day) ; arrive at Puerto Barrios following Monday or Tuesday; leave Puerto Barrios every fourth Friday ; arrive at Belize Saturday ; arrive at New Orleans Tuesday. Fare, New Orleans to Puerto Barrios, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations, $75. When the steamer stops at Belize there is an extra charge of $10. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 507 California Street, San Francisco. Departures from Ocos, Champerico, and San Jose semi- monthly. Fares from San Francisco, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations: To Ocos, $148.50; Champerico, $157; San Jose, $157. (See also p. 35.) AVERAGE TIME OF TRIP. New York to Puerto Barrios (including stops en route), 10 days; New Orleans to Puerto Barrios (including stops en route), 5 days; San Francisco to Champerico, 15 days ; San Francisco to San Jose, 16 days. Difference in Time. — Guatemala time is earlier than New York. Deduct from New York time one hour and six minutes. Example : At 4.20 p. m. in New York it is 3.14 p. m. in Guatemala City. Mail time for Guatemala from New York (via New Orleans) approximately 7 days with good connections. Telegraph, Telephone, and Wireless. --The Government owns the greater part of the telegraph and telephone lines of the country. A double charge is made for messages in any language other than Spanish or in code. The service can be hastened by paying an extra charge and classing the message as " urgent." The Government owns and operates a wireless station in Guatemala City. Bate to eastern United, States, 49 cents a word; to New Orleans and San Francisco, 45 cents. Cable. — Cable communication Is direct from San Francisco. The rate from New York City to San Jose is 50 cents per word ; for places other than San Jose, 55 cents per word; from Guatemala City to the United States, 49 cents a word. TREATY REGARDING COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS,-^, treaty has been concluded between the United States and Guatemala, identical with those concluded or under negotiation with other 124 GtTIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Central and South American countries, providing for uniformity in license fees and treatment of samples of commercial travelers. The treaty will be put into effect as soon as the necessary regulations have been formulated. (See p. 11.) Salesmen's Samples. — Samples without commercial value and which are plainly unsalable are admitted free. Samples which have a value, and which can be identified upon reexportation, may be cleared without payment of duty, provided a bond for the amount of duty leviable be given ; time of bond, two months. Although the law provides for reexportation from port of entry, much leniency is shown. Upon proper presentation of documents obtained at port of entry, samples may be reexported through other" customhouses. If part of the samples are sold, duty will be collected on that part not reexported. Articles Prohibited. — Travelers should avoid carrying firearms and ammunition, as these are liable to seizure. Interpreting " Samples Without Value." — Articles whose im- portation through various ports may result in evasions of duty, such as rights and lefts in shoes, etc., are subject to duty. Time Bequired for Clearance. — When samples carried by the traveler are plainly unsalable, no time is lost in clearing them. If there is any doubt there may be delay. Passing Customhouse. — If the traveler finds he can not pass sam- ples through the customhouse at Puerto Barrios quickly enough to catch a train, he may arrange to ship them to the capital, Guate- mala City, and clear them there. The majority of travelers find it best to have their samples sent direct to Guatemala City and to at- tend to the clearance there. It is not uncommon for a traveler to land at Puerto Barrios at 6 a. m., and if his samples have no value to pass the customs and take the 6.30 a. m. train for the capital. In case of difficulties, application may be made to the agent of the International Railways Co. or the American vice consul. San Jose is the port at which most travelers via the Pacific enter Guatemala. The traveler needs no broker and can easily pass sam- ples and baggage himself. If in difficulties, he can apply to the American consular agent, the Agencia Maritima, or the Compafiia del Muelle de San Jose. At Champerico the same system may be followed. In case of difficulties, assistance may be asked of the Companfa Agencies de Champerico Limitada. Duties on Advertising Blatter. — If advertising matter, such as pamphlets, catalogues, etc., is carried, no duty is charged. Pencils and other articles ordinarily subject to duty, if they bear the im- print of the manufacturer, pay only 50 per cent of the rates pre- scribed by the tariff. Excess Baggage. — Charges for baggage are as follows : On the lines of the International Railroad, 14 cents per 1,000 pounds per mile; the freight rate is 8 cents. The charge for 1,000 pounds of baggage from Puerto Barrios to Guatemala City, 198 miles, is $26.82 gold ; if sent by freight, $15.84 gold. If the traveler has time, it may pay to ship baggage by freight. QUATEMAI«A. 125 Commercial Travelers' Tax. — No commercial travelers' tax of any sort is charged. Best Visiting Time. — For business, the best time of arrival de- pends largely on the conditions prevailing in the different lines of trade. The most agreeable period is from October 20 to February and March. This is immediately after the rainy season. Customhouses. — There are three kinds of customhouses in Guate- mala, (a) maritime, (6) inland, and (c) customhouses of transit. Merchandise may be cleared through the customhouses in Guate- mala City, Puerto Barrios, Retalhuleu, Ocos, and Livingston. Cus- tomhouses of transit are at San Jose and Champerico. Goods are sent from the customhouses of transit to the customhouses of clear- ance. In the latter, examination is made, duties paid, and goods de- livered. Roads in General.— In Guatemala, as in many other Latin Ameri- can countries, the road frequently are little better than trails. While they are known as " carreteras " and are often traveled by oxcarts, usually they are suitable only for travel on horseback. If baggage is carried, it must be done by pack mules, and for that reason it is advisable for the traveler to avoid it when possible. A highway for automobiles is now under construction between Guatemala City and Santa Ana in Salvador. From Santa Ana travelers can go by rail to San Salvador City. About 19 miles (30 km.) remain to be done to complete the road, also a bridge across the Paz River. The trip by auto from Guatemala City to Santa Ana has been made in about 18 hours, despite the condition of the uncompleted portion of the highway. Automobile Connections. — Regular automobile communications have been established between Guatemala and Antigua, Guatemala and Barbarena, Guatemala and Quezaltenango. Regular auto connec- tions are made between the railroad station Mulua and. Quezalten- ango and vice versa. The traveler can obtain information regard- ing the service, by inquiry of the porter at the hotel. Travel by auto- mobile is feasible only in the dry season. Railways.— There is only one important railway system in Guate- mala, which is operated by the International Railways of Central America. It represents a consolidation of the Guatemala Central Railway, the Guatemala Northern Railway, the Occidental Railway, the Ocos Railway, and the Pan American Railway. These have a total mileage as follows: Ocos- Railway, from Ocos to Ayutla, 23 miles (37 km.) ; Guatemala Northern Railway, from Puerto Bar- rios to Guatemala City, 198 miles (318 km.) : Guatemala Central, from San Jose .to Guatemala City, and from Guatemala City to Champerico, 157 miles (253 km.). The Alta Verapaz Railway, which is under separate management, runs from Panzos to Pan- cajche, in the eastern seption, 28 miles (45 km.) Trains for Mexico via Ayutla. — There are three trains weekly for Mexico, Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday. Travelers arrive at Ayutla about 7 p. m. Here they stop overnight. They can leave the station of Suchiate (Mexico) the next day, going via Tapachula to Mexico City. Trains to Tapachula run three times weekly. The 126 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. distance between the Mexican and Guatemala Railroad stations is about 2 miles. (Note : Travelers do not recommend this route.) Railroad Fares.— The railroad fare on the Guatemala Northern Railroad is 6 cents gold per mile, and on the Guatemala Central Railroad 2 cents per mile, at the present rate of exchange. Lunch Station. — For the trams from Guatemala City to Maza- tenango, Coatepeque, and Ayutla, the lunch station is Patulul, where the trains stop one-half hour for lunch. Passengers to and from San Jose have to lay over several hours in Escuintla and there can take lunch in good time. Passengers en route from Puerto Barrios to Guatemala City obtain lunch at Zacapa. CANVASSING GUATEMALA. Character of the Trade. — In the capital, Guatemala City, are lo- cated the principal wholesale houses. These supply the smaller distributors in the capital and the less important buyers throughout the country. The principal industrial plants are located in Guate- mala City. Importing Retailers. — In Guatemala City are certain retailers who are in a position to import direct. They should be called upon when the representative carries a line of merchandise for which the wholesalers can not be depended upon for adequate distribution. Agencies. — Local agencies are almost invariably established in Guatemala City. Business Centers. — The chief business center of the Republic is the capital. This may be reached by travelers from the Atlantic port, Puerto Barrios, or from the Pacific port, San Jose. The chief wholesale and distributing houses are located in Guatemala City and Quezaltenango, and most of the smaller towns are dependent on firms in those cities. New Orleans firms canvass the dealers in Livingston, Puerto Barrios, and Zacapa. Some merchants in the other important cities of Guatemala are accustomed to import direct, and many salesmen canvass the smaller places. If the traveler has time, he may find it advantageous to visit particularly Quezalte- nango (30,000 inhabitants) and Coban (23,000 inhabitants). The latter is an important distributing point for northern Guatemala, but difficult of access. Other important towns are . Totonicapan, Escuintla, and Retalhuleu. Suggestions for a Trip through Guatemala. — The route followed by at least 75 per cent of the commercial travelers in Guatemala is as follows : Arrival, via New York or New Orleans, at ■ Puerto Barrios, From Puerto Barrios, by International Railway, to Guatemala City ; from Guatemala City, by International Railway, to Retalhuleu; from Retalhuleu, by rail (via Mulua) and automobile to Quezalte- nango. Travelers from the Pacific enter through the port of San Jose and usually go direct to Guatemala City, which is the trade center of Guatemala. The second center of importance is Quezaltenango. The only other towns of sufficient commercial importance to justify a visit by commercial travelers are Coban and Mazatenango. Such GUATEMALA. 127 towns as Puerto Barrios, Livingston, Escuintfa, and Zacapa may be visited while in transit to other towns, but are not of enough importance to justify special visits. Traveling 1 Overland. — Do not make trips overland during the rainy season without first ascertaining the condition of the roads; otherwise the experience may prove disastrous. Be certain to in- form yourself locally as to best route to follow. Chamber of Commerce of Guatemala. — The Oamara de Comercio de Guatemala at Guatemala City, organized recently, is constituted for the development and maintenance of commerce. It has its own library and a sample room. Merchants in all parts of the Republic are members. Its offices are located at 8a Avenida Sur No. 46, Guatemala City. Purchasing Power. — The purchasing power of Guatemala should not be gauged by United States standards, as the greater part of the native population is poor, illiterate, and ignorant, with few material wants. The principal staples of food are beans, corn, poultry, and fruit. Import Duties. — Import duties are usually levied on gross weight, one-half the duty being payable in American money and one-half in Guatemalan currency ; for instance, the duty on rope is 30 cents per kilo of 2.2 pounds, which is payable 15 cents in United States gold and 15 centavos in Guatemalan paper money. The customs requirements are very complicated and exacting. Upon application, the American consul will furnish travelers with information con- cerning the duty on any specified article. Guatemala from Scenic Standpoint. — Guatemala is a wonderland of scenic beauty. The trip from Puerto Barrios to the capital is most interesting. To go from the capital to ancient Antigua, about 25 miles (40 kilometers), is to experience a day's journey seldom equaled. Various trips into the interior, by stage coach, but pref- erably in the saddle, teach one by first-hand experience much of the inner side of American life as lived by the native Indians of Guatemala. Undoubtedly, this country, now that it is so accessible by steamer to its coast and by railway through the interior, will become one of the favored lands for tourists in all America. Packing Goods. — Salesmen should inquire of their customers how they would like to have their goods packed and under what declara- tion of the customs tariff law they desire them listed. This is highly important. Hotel Bates. — Except m the smaller towns, the cost of the best hotels in Guatemala averages from $3.50 to $6 gold per day. Those of the second class in the larger towns average from $2 to $3.50. In the smaller places the rates run from $2 to $5. The rates quoted are for American plan, which is practically universal in this coun- try. Guatemala currency is much depreciated and the American traveler benefits accordingly. Only the best hotels should be con- sidered. Holidays in Guatemala. — Following are listed the chief holidays of this Republic. The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays ofncially recognized, except 128 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in the smaller towns, particularly in the interior, where the mer- chants take advantage of these days for the transaction of business with the natives, who visit the towns in large numbers: January 1, New Year's Day; June 30, Reform Day; September 15, Independence Day ; October 12, Discovery of America ; Decem- ber 25, Christmas Day. General Directory. — Directorio Oficial y Guia General de la Republica de Guatemala. Published by Marroqoin;Hermanos, " Casa Colorada," Sexta> Avenida Stu% Guatemala City. POPULATION OF DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITAL CITIES. [Latest estimates.] Departments. Population. ir.; Capital. Population. Alta Verapai! Amatitlan Baia Verapaz Cbimaltenango - . Chlquinmla Escuintla Guatemala Huehue'tehango- ■ Izabal Jalapa Jutiapa Peten.J Quezaltenango- . . Quiche. Retalhuleu Sacatepequez San Marcos...... Santa Rosa Soiola..'. Suchitepequez... Totonicapan 184,100 53,000 80,400 93,200 IBS, 000 46,100 212,500 185,800 10,700 62,600 90,600 10 000' 180,200 156,100 39,300 64,200 147, 100 70,500 113,000 58,600 142,600 54,600 Coban Amatitlan Salama Chimaltenango Chiquimula Escuintla Guatemala Huehuetenango Izabal Jalapa Jutiapa Flores Quezaltenango Santa Cruz del Quiche . Retalhuleu Antigua San Marcos Cuajlniquilapa Solola .. Mazatenango '. Totonicapan ; Zacapa 23,000 9,000 ■7,200 6,000 14,000 13,000 110,000 12,000 5,600 12,000 11,000 6,000 30,000 12,000 7,000 40,000 7,000 4,000 7,600 8,000 28,310 15,000 CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Guatemala which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are impor- tant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are fron- tier stations, ports, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips AMATITLAJST, capital of Department of Amatitlan; population 9,000; 24 miles (38 tm.) from Guatemala City; on International Railway. ., Products: Fruits, cotton, sugar, linseed, bananas, tobacco, cochineal. How Reached.— From Guatemala City, by International Railway. Hotels. — National, La Cataluna, Victoria. Note.— This is a little city a short distance from Guatemala City on Lake Amatitlan. It is usually canvassed by the wholesale houses of Guatemala City. GUATEMALA. 129 130 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ANTIGUA, capital of Department of Sacatepeguez ; population, 40,000; 27 miles (43 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 5,314 feet. Products : Beans, com, sugar, cereals, coffee. How Reached. — From Guatemala City by automobile. Hotels. — Manchan, Americana, Kojas, Central, Comercio. Note. — This town is famous for its ruins and historical associa- tions. There are a few importers here. The merchants are depend- ent on the houses of Guatemala. There is a considerable trade in coffee. AYUTLA, Department of San Marcos; population, 2,000; 23 miles (37 km.) from Ocos; 14 miles (22 km.) from Retalhuleu. How Beached. — From Guatemala City by railroad. Hotels. — Frontera, Pan Americano, Marina, - Note. — This town is on the Mexican border. Travelers cross the river in small boats to Suchiate in Mexico, where train is taken for Tapachula, from which point connections can be made for Mexico City. Three trains weekly for Mexico from Ayutla. Train arrives at Ayutla about 7 p. m. Passengers remain over night and leave station of Suchiate the next day for Tapachula. Distance between Mexican and Guatemalan stations at border is about 2 miles. CHAMPERICO, Department of Retalhuleu ; Pacific port ; open roadstead; passengers carried to and from steamers by lighters; population, 1,500; on the International Railway; 156 miles (250 km.) from Guatemala City; 28 miles (45 km.) from Retalhuleu. Principal products: Corn, beans, salt, and various woods; also coffee, rubber, and hides. Chief exports : Coffee and hides. How Reached. — From Guatemala City by International Railway. Note. — This port is of less importance than San Jose. It is of value, however, on account of its connection with Retalhuleu. From this point Quezaltenango is also reached. From the commer- cial standpoint it has little importance. CHIQUIMULA, capital of the Department of Chiquimula ; popu- lation, 14,000; 117 miles (180 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 550 feet. Principal products : Sugar cane, tobacco, cereals, fruits, and tropical produce. Industries: Chiefly the raising of cattle, sugar refining, etc. ; there is an important tobacco factory here. How Reached. — From Zacapa (nearest railway station from the Atlantic) by carretera; from Guatemala City by rail to Zacapa, thence by carretera. Note. — A fair volume of business is done by the houses estab- lished here. Travelers who canvass small towns and do business with retailers may find it advisable to visit this place, although its commercial importance is not great, COATEPEQUE, Department of Quezaltenango; population, 4,000 ; altitude, 1,600 feet ; 48 miles from Quezaltenango ; 159 miles (258 km.) from Guatemala City; 21 miles (33 km.) from Ayutla on Mexican border. Temperature averages 80° F. There are two seasons: summer, which begins regularly in November; winter, which begins in April. They are very marked. Chief products: Coffee, corn, sugar cane, bananas, rice, cereals of all sorts, cattle, and horses. Industries : Manufacture of rubber ponchos, furniture, • and willow ware. GUATEMALA. 131 How Beached. — From Quezaltenango, distance of 48 miles, by camina de herradura. It can also be reached by train leaving at <.15 in the morning, getting off at the station of Mulua or San Felipe, and taking coach or automobile to arrive in Coatepeque at 1.30 in the afternoon. Banks.— Agencies of Banco de Guatemala and Banco de Occi- dente. Note. — There are several good merchants located in this place, branches of firms in Guatemala City. Quite a fair business is transacted. COBAII, capital of the Department of Alta Verapaz ; population, 23,000; 105 miles (162 km.) north of Guatemala City. Altitude, 4,010 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal product : Coffee. Manu- factures : Soap, cigars, coarse cotton fabrics. Principal Hotels. — Verapaz, Victoria, Nuevo Mundo, Occidental. Banks. — Agency of Banco de Guatemala. Note. — This is the capital of the Department of Alta Verapaz, ranking third in importance. It is in a very rich coffee-producing region and the distributing point for a large area. There are a number of excellent firms here, who make direct importations, although Coban is also canvassed from Guatemala City. It is quite a strong German center. Coban has an outlet by cart road to Pan- cajche, where there is a railway, known as the Alta Verapaz line, to Panzos on the Polochic River. From this point there is a barge line and towboats to and through Lake Izabal and down the Dulce River to Livingston. There is a carretera southward to Salama. ESCUINTLA, capital of the Department of Escuintla; popula- tion, 13,000; on International Railway; 47 miles (75 km.) south- west of Guatemala City; 27 miles (43 km.) from San Jose (Pacific port). Altitude, 1,250 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal prod- ucts : Sugar, coffee, cacao, corn, fruits, woods, rubber, cattle. There is some minor manufacturing 1 — soap, cigars, etc. How Reached. — From Guatemala City and from San Jose by In- ternational Railway. Hotels. — Hotel Ferrocarril,* Central. Uote. — Travelers who visit small towns usually stop here. Those who sell only to large firms continue to Guatemala City. There are some important and popular springs near by; chief season, Feb- ruary to April. Commercially, Escuintla is of fair importance, although not generally canvassed by foreign salesmen. FLORES, capital of Department of Peten ; population, about 6,000 ; 279 miles (449 km.) from Guatemala City. Products : Chicle, corn, beans, woods (mahogany and cedar) . How Reached.— From Belize (British Honduras) overland. (The route via China ja or by the River Pasion via Sebol is very long and roads are not in good condition.) ITote— This is the capital of the Department and an important distributing center. There is a great wealth of hardwood, but owing to lack of communication only cedar and caoba are exported, these being woods which float. GUATEMALA CITY, capital of the Republic ; in the Department of Guatemala; population, 110,000; on the International Railway; 132 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. 75 miles (120 km.) from San Jose (Pacific port) ; 198 miles (318 km.) from Puerto Barrios (Atlantic port) ; 180 miles (391 km.) from Ayutla, at Mexican border. Altitude, 4,877 feet. Climate, temperate ; temperature averages 72° F. and rarely falls below 50° F. or rises above 85° F. ; average annual rainfall, 57 inches. Prod- ucts : Coffee is the most important ; other products are grains, cattle, hides, etc. Industry : Brewery. American Minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Dal- gliesh Hermanos. Chamber of commerce: Camara de Comercio de Guatemala, 8a Avenida Sur No. 46. How Reached. — From San Jose, by International Railway ; from Puerto Barrios, by International Railway. Steamship Sailing's. —Traveler should inform himself regarding sailings by visiting the offices of steamship agents some days in advance of departure. - Banks. — Banco Agricola Hipotecario; Banco Colombiano; Banco de Guatemala; Banco Internacional ; Banco de Occidente; Com- mercial Bank of Spanish America (Ltd.). Private banks: Rosen- thal e Hijos ; Schwartz & Co. ; Maximo Stahl ; Clermont & Co. ; Dalgliesh Hermanos. Hotels. — There are some 15 hotels in this city, but those named below are six that can be recommended to American travelers : Hotel Grace, American ownership, American plan, 30 rooms, $4.50 and up. Pension Geroult, French-German ownership, American plan, 18 rooms, $4 and up. Hotel Iberia, Spanish ownership, American plan, 15 rooms, $4 and up. Gran Hotel, German ownership, European plan, 20 rooms, $2 and up. Fair restaurant in connection. Central Hotel, Salvadorean ownership, European plan, 28 rooms, $2.50 and up. Fair restaurant in connection. Hotel Delmonico, American (naturalized) ownership, American plan, 21 rooms, $1.50 to $3.00. Other hotels are Continental, Paris, and American. Note. — Guatemala City is the chief city of the Republic and its capital. Travelers will find here the principal wholesale houses, likewise many important retailers who are in a position to import direct. The chief firms dealing in coffee also have their headquarters in this city. Guatemala deserves to be thoroughly canvassed by all travelers. The houses here canvass the whole country, and under normal conditions have an important turnover. Guatemala is thoroughly modern, with well-paved streets, excellent hotels and clubs, and every convenience for the tourist and traveler. Agencies are almost invariably established here. Train service to Mexico: Direct train service is maintained be- tween Guatemala City and Ayutla, the junction point of the Guate- malan Railways and the Mexican line. There are connections at Ayutla with the Ferrocarril Nacional de Mexico for Mexico City via Suchiate and Tapachula. See page 103. HT7EHUETEN ANGO, capital of the Department of same name ; population 12,000; altitude, 7,050 feet; in plain at the foot of the GUATEMALA. 133 Cuchamatanes Mountains; 186 miles (300 km.) from Guatemala City; 111 miles (180 km.) from San Felipe; 75 miles (120 km.) from Quezaltenango. Climate, semitropical. Principal products: Corn, wheat, coffee, beans, sugar cane, cacao, fruits, potatoes, woods, cattle, wool. Industries: Agriculture, woolen and cotton textiles; manufacture of hats. How Reached. — From San Felipe (nearest railroad station), by automobile, horseback, or muleback ; from Quezaltenango, by auto- mobile. Hotels. — Emilio Galvez, Centro Americo. Banks. — Recino e Hijos, agency for Banco de Occidente. Note. — This place is in the heart of a very fertile upland region. Agriculture is the chief industry, but there is also much timber and mineral wealth. Ordinarily not canvassed by foreign travelers. LIVINGSTON, Department of Izabal ; Atlantic port ; population, 2,500 ; on Gulf of Amatique, at mouth of Riyer Dulce ; 10 miles ( 16 km.) from Puerto Barrios; 60 miles (96 km.) from Izabal; 120 miles (192 km.) from Panzos; 954 nautical miles from New Orleans. Principal products : Bananas, cacao, rubber, sugar cane, sarsaparilla, vanilla, corn, beans, coconuts, and pineapples. Industries : Agricul- ture and cattle raising. Customhouse brokers not necessary; samples treated same as personal baggage. Lloyd's agent, J. M. Dyer. How Reached. — From Puerto Barrios by local steamer every sec- ond day, fare $1, one trunk free, «xtra baggage nominal ; from Izabal by river steamer; from Panzos by motor boat via Dulce River and Lake Izabal; from New Orleans by United Fruit Co. steamers. Hotels. — Balcels, Rio Dulce. Landing. — Vessels anchor about 2 miles off shore ; lighters carry passengers to shore. Note. — Livingston is the entrepSt for the Departments of Peten and Alta Verapaz. From a commercial standpoint it is hardly worth visiting, unless the traveler wishes to take the splendid Rio Dulce scenic trip. Produce is brought down the Rivers Cajaban and. Polochic to Lake Izabal; thence, to Livingston. Travelers may start here for Coban. Following is the route : Mail steamer to Panzos, railroad to Pancajche; Pancajche to Coban by carretera, MAZATENANfiO, capital of Department of Suchitepequez ; popu- lation, 8,000; on international Railway; 81 miles (130 km.) from San Jose; 115 miles (186 km.) from Guatemala City; 42 miles (87 km.) from Champerico; 14 miles (22 km.) from Retalhuleu. Prin- cipal products: Timber, coffee, rice, corn, anise, cotton, rubber, beans, pineapples, oranges, lemons, .cacao, sugar cane, and, vanilla. How Reached. — From Retalhuleu, by International Railway; from Guatemala City by International Railway via Santa Maria station. Banks. — Banco de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco de Occidente (agency). Note. — Mazatenango can also be visited from Champeri,co via Retalhuleu. There are a number of important houses located here, 90821°— 2a 10 134 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. and as it is on the International Railway it is often visited. It is in a very fertile agricultural region. OCOS, Department of San Marcos ; Pacific port ; population, 500 ; on the Ocos Railroad, which runs from Ocos to Ayutla; 62 miles (100 km.) from San Marcos. Principal products : Corn, beans, and salt. Landing'. — Open roadstead ; vessels anchor about three-fourths of a mile offshore ; lighters are used. How Reached. — From Champerico by coastwise steamers; from Guatemala by International Railway via Mazatenango and Retal- huleu. Bank. — Banco de Guatemala (agency). Hotel. — Bella Vista. Note. — This place isnot important as a port, but there are a few houses here which do a good business. It is chiefly important be- cause of its connection with Mazatenango. From - this point the Ocos Railway runs parallel to the Suchiate River as far as Ayutla, where it turns east and ends at Vado Ancho. Length, 23 miles (37 km.). PUERTO BARRIOS, Department of Izabal ; Atlantic port ; popu- lation, 2,500; on International Railway; 198 miles (318 km.) from Guatemala City; 964 nautical miles from New Orleans; 10 miles (16 km.) from Livingston. Principal products: Coffee, mahogany, bananas. Landing. — From ship to pier. American vice, consul. Lloyd's agent, A. A. Pollan. Custom- house brokers not necessary; samples are treated the same as per- sonal baggage. How Reached. — From Guatemala City, by International Railway ; from New Orleans, by United Fruit Co. steamers ; from Livingston, by motor boat every second day, fare 75 cents, one trunk free, extra baggage nominal. Hotels.— Tivoli, Del Norte ($5), Reneau. Note. — This is the chief port of Guatemala, through which most of the tonnage passes. The United Fruit Co. maintains a large office here and has numerous plantations in the neighborhood. The traveler can take a steamer here for Livingston and then go on to Coban. The United Fruit Co. maintains a commissary here, but otherwise the place is not of much commercial importance. QUEZALTENANGO, capital of Department of Quezaltenango; population, 30,000; on River Siguinola, at foot of volcano Sta. Maria; 120 miles (173 km.) west of Guatemala City; 75 miles (120 km.) from Champerico. Altitude, 7,351 feet. Climate, good. Principal- products : Wheat, coffee, cacao, sugar cane, etc. Indus- tries : ' Textile mill, tannery, cigar factory, brewery, flour mills, etc. How Reached. — From Retalhuleu by rail to Mulua, thence by automobile highway to Quezaltenango. From Guatemala City by automobile. Banks. — Banco Americano de Guatemala, B. Ascoli & Co., agents ; Banco de Occidente; Banco de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco Inter- national de Guatemala (agency). Hotels. — Modelo, Palacio, Thomas, International, Central, Aleman. GUATEMALA. 135 Note. — Quezaltenango is the second largest city of the Republic. It Is deserving of the attention of most salesmen, as a considerable business is done. Some of the houses in Guatemala have branches in Quezaltenango, and a territory of fair size is tributary to it. It is, however, canvassed very thoroughly by the houses in Guatemala City. RETALHULEU, capital of Department of Retalhuleu; popula- tion, 7,000; on International Railway; 28 miles (45 km.) from Cham- perico; 14 miles (22 km.) from Mazatenango; 127 miles (204 km.) from Guatemala City; 14 miles (22 km.) from Ayutla, on Mexican border. Principal products : Sugar, coffee, cacao, corn, rice, cotton, cattle, salt, timber. Industries: Power plant, ice plant, coffee- cleaning plants, etc. How Reached.-^From Ohamperico, by International Railway; from Mazatenango, by International Railway ; from Ayutla, by International Railway. Banks. — Banco Americano de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco de Occidente (agency) ; Banco de Guatemala (agency) ; Banco Interna- tional de Guatemala (agency). Lloyd's agent, S. Martinez. Customhouse brokers: Quezada & Cia. (Ltda.), Pedro Quezada, Jorge Langhoff. Hotels. — Gran Hotel, Recreo. Note. — This is the city fourth in importance of the Republic. A number of houses are able to make direct importations. A large business is done in supplying plantations. The only inland custom- house, aside from the one at Guatemala City, is located here, and practically all goods from the entire west coast of Guatemala pass through it. Many salesmen find it advantageous to canvass this city. SAW JOSE, Department of Escuintla; Pacific port; population, 1,500; on International Railway; 75 miles (120 km.) from Guate- mala City; 27 miles (43 km.) from Escuintla; 81 miles (130 km.) from Mazatenango. Principal products : Mahogany, salt, bananas, corn. Industry: Cattle raising. Landing-. — Open roadstead; ships anchor half mile offshoret lighter to iron pier. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, D. M. Savage. How Reached. — From Guatemala City, by International Railway ; has connection with Champerico via Mazatenango ; also with Puerto Barrios via Guatemala City. Hotels. — Hotel Marina, California. Note. — Accommodations here are poor ; traveler should hasten to depart. Important only as a shipping point and port of entry. Trav- elers provided with letters of introduction can sometimes arrange for accommodations with the American consular agent, Mr. Savage, TOTOUTCAPAN, capital of Department of same name;. popula- tion, 28,310; 15 miles (23 km.) east from Quezaltenango; 35 miles (56 km.) from San Felipe (nearest railroad station). Altitude, 7,894 feet. Climate, semitropical. Principal products : Dyewoods, wheat, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, raw sugar, cattle, and fruits. How Reached. — From Guatemala City by railroad to San Felipe, via Retalhuleu, thence cart road to Quezaltenango ; thence camino de herradura to Totonicapan. 136 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Hotel.— Hotel Central. Note.— The population of the city is chiefly Indian. The place is of no importance commercially except for native trade. ZACAPA, capital of Department of Zacapa ; on International Railway; population, 15,000; 100 miles (160 km.) northeast from Guatemala City; 95 miles (152 km.) from Puerto Barrios. Princi- pal products : Coffee, hardwoods, dyewoods, medicinal plants, gold, silver, marble, and granite. Industries : Manufacture of cigars and cigarettes. How Beached. — From Puerto Barrios and from Guatemala City by International Railway. Hotels. — Ferrocarril, France. Bank. — Banco de Guatemala (agency). Note. — Trains to Guatemala City stop at this place for luncheon, obtainable at station. Some travelers start here for the overland trip into Salvador (Santa Ana) and Honduras (Santa Rosa). This place is fairly important, being the shipping point for the Santa Barbara district of Honduras and likewise the Ohiquimula district of Guatemala, which lies southward. PLACES OP MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns of Guatemala and places of less interest to travelers. This list will serve as an index to the commercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able approximately to gauge their value or importance. Chirhaltenang-o, capital of Department of Chimaltenango ; popu- lation, 6,000; 31 miles (49 km.) from Guatemala City; 28 miles (47 km.) from Palin (nearest station). Altitude, 5,365 feet. Products: Cereals, coffee, cacao, fruits, corn. Hotels : Central, Minerva, Union. Cuajiniquilapa, capital of Department of Santa Rosa ; population, 4,000. Products : Coffee, corn, peas, sugar cane, mahogany, ebony, rice, etc. Reached from Guatemala City by carretera. Hotels: Progreso, Oriental. Cuyotenang-o, Department of Suchltepequez ; population, 6,000 ; on Ferroearril Occidental; 6 miles (10 km.) to Mazatenango. Carre- tera to Mazatenango, Retalhuleu, and San Felipe. Products : Cacao, coffee, beans, sugar, rice, tobacco, cotton. Guzacapan, Department of Santa Rosa ; population, 8,000 ; 35 miles (56 km.) from Cuajiniquilapa; 44 miles (72 km.) from Es- cuintla (nearest station). Products: Cereals, coffee, rice, cotton, henequen, woods. Ipala, Department Of Jalapa; population, 2,000; 25 miles (40 km. ) from Ohiquimula ; nearest railroad station, Zacapa. Products : Corn, beans, coffee, rice, fruits. Izabal, capital of Department of ' Izabal ; population, 5,600 ; 60 miles (96 km.) from tavingston ; 209 miles (336 km.) from Guate- mala City ; steamer communication with Livingston and Panzos. Products : Gold, coffee, sarsaparilla, rice, vanilla, sugar. Almost all the country's production of anil and cochineal is exported from here. GUATEMAI^A. 137 Jacaltenango, Department of Huehuetenango ; population, 5,000; 62 miles (100 km,), from Huehuetenango; 190 miles (306 km.) from Champerico. Nearest station, San Felipe. Products: Corn, beans, pineapples, coffee, sugar, yucca, vanilla, oranges, and lemons. Jalapa, capital of Department of Jaiapa ; population, 12,000 ; 65 miles (105 km.) from Guatemala City. Beached by railroad. Prod- ucts : Cereals, tobacco, sugar, corn, cotton, coffee, cattle. This is a fairly important place. Joyabaj, Department of Quiche; population, 5,200; 30 miles (48 km.) from Santa Cruz del Quiche; 51 miles (84 km.) from Guate- mala City (nearest station). Products: Coffee, rLce, tobacco, beans, potatoes, yucca, talcum, and plumbago. Jutiapa, capital of Department of Jwtiapa ; population, 11,000 ; 75 miles (120 km,) from Guatemala City. Products: Coffee, sugar, rice, cereals. Bank : Banco de Guatemala. Mixco, Department of Guatemala; population, 8;000; 4. miles (6 km.) from Guatemala City; on carretera from Guatemala City to Antigua. Products : Corn, beans, etc. Hotels : Hotelito, San Bafael. Momostenango, Department of Totonicapan ; population, 17,000 ; 21 miles (35. km.) from Totonicapan. Products : Bice, corn, wheat, " panela," cattle. Hotel : La. Beforma. Palencia, Department of Guatemala; population, 8,000; 15 miles (22 km.) from Guatemala City; reached by carretera. Products: Bice, oats, potatoes, coffee, sugar. Palin, Department of Amatitlan; population, 6,000; 8 miles (13 km.) from Amatitlan ; 32 miles (51 km.) from Guatemala City; on International Bailway. Products: Pineapples, coffee, beans, corn. Pancajelte, on Alta Verapaz Bailway. Bailway runs from this point to Panzos. Panzos, Department of Alta Verapaz; population, 3,000; 37 miles (60 km.) from Coban; on Alta Verapaz Bailway. Products: Corn, bananas, coffee, yucea, beans, etc. From this point the Alta Verapaz Bailway runs to Pancajche. Near here is situated the " Tinajas " rubber plantation, covering 155,000 acres, owned by the Guatemala Central Bailway. It is one of the richest estates of its kind in Oen tral America. Pajapita, population, about 4,000; 10 miles (16 km.) from Mexican border, on Pan American Bailway. There is some possibility of this town becoming more important later on. Patulul, Department of Solola; population, 2,000; 68 miles (110 km.) from Solola; on International Bailway. Products: Cotton, coffee, bananas, corn, sugar cane, etc. Trains stop here for lunch. There is a good restaurant at the station. Patzum, Department of Chimaltenango ; population, 7,000 ; 20 miles (33 km.) from Chimaltenango; 51 miles (81 km.) from Guatemala City (nearest station). Beached by carretera from Guatemala City. Products: Coffee, sugar, cereals, cotton, corn, medicinal plants. Quezaltepeque, Department of Chiquimula ; population, 6,600 ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Chiquimula; 49 miles (79 km.) from Acayutla; 15 miles (26 km.) from San Salvador. Nearest railway station, Zacapa. Products: Sugar, coffee, corn, beans. 138 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Sacapulas, Department of Retalhuleu ; population, 6,600 ; 41 miles (66 km.) from Santa Cruz del Quiche. Products: Sugar, maize, beans. Salama, capital of Department of Baja Verapaz; population, 7,200; 60 miles (97 km.) from Guatemala City. Products: Cotton, henequen, coffee, cacao, sugar, vanilla, rice, corn, vucca, sweet po- tatoes, woods. Banks : Banco Americano ; Banco de Guatemala ; Banco Internacional. Sanarate, Department of Guatemala ; population, 5,150 ; 39 miles (63 km.) from Guatemala City; on International Bailway. Prod- ucts: Cereals, tobacco, coffee, sugar. Industries: Weaving and cattle raising. San Cristobal, Department Alta Verapaz ; population, 6,000 ; 19 miles (30 km.) from Coban. Products : Coffee, sugar, cacao, maguey, rice, tobacco, woods, bananas. San Felipe, Department of Retalhuleu ; on International Railway ; 111 miles (180 km.) from Huehuetenango. Automobile highway to Quezaltenango. San Luis Jilotepeque, Department of Jalapa ; population, 10,800 ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Jalapa. Nearest railroad station, Jalapa. Products: Corn, beans, tobacco, rice, potatoes. San Marcos, capital of Department of San Marcos; population, 7,000; 135 miles (217 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 7,150 feet. Reached from Quezaltenango. Products : Coffee, wheat, corn, rice, potatoes. Santa Cruz del Quiche, capital of Department of Quiche ; popula- tion, 12,000; 74 miles (120 km.) from Guatemala City. Altitude, 5,500 feet. Reached from Totonicapan. Products: Corn, beans, wheat, sugar, potatoes. Hotels: Alteuse, Colon, Garzona. Santa Rosa, Department of Santa Rosa; population 6,300; alti- tude, 3,214 feet; 34 miles (52 km.) from Guatemala City; 11 miles (18 km.) from Cuajiniquilapa ; 28 miles (47 km.) from San Salva- dor; 50 miles (76 km.) from Acajutla. Nearest railroad station, Guatemala City. Solola, capital of Department of Solola; population, 7,600; alti- tude, 6,974 feet; on Dake Atitlan; 73 miles (116 km.) from Guate- mala City; 37 miles (60 km.) from Nahualate (nearest station). Products : Cereals and cattle. BRITISH HONDURAS. Location. — British Honduras is bounded on the north and north- west by Mexico, on the west and south by Guatemala, and on the east by the Caribbean Sea. Area and Population. — Area, 8,598 square miles. Coast line, about 160 miles. Population, 45,000, or about 5 inhabitants per square mile. British Honduras is a little larger than Wales. Physical Features. — The country may be roughly divided as fol- lows : First, the lowlands; second, the pine ridges; third, the broken ridges known as the cahoon ridges, from the cahoon palm ; then hills, 1,000 feet high, followed in turn by low mountains, known as the Cockscomb Mountains, averaging 4,000 feet in height. Chief Products. — Bananas, chicle, coconuts, sugar cane, pine- apples, tobacco, grapefruit, hides, sisal, tortoise shell, rubber, limes, and other tropical fruits. Chief Industries. — Cutting of mahogany, logwood, dyewood, rose- wood, cedar, etc. Manufacturing is negligible. Chief Exports. — Mahogany, chicle, bananas, coconuts. Climate. — In the main, subtropical. Highest temperature, 98 de- grees ; lowest, 50 degrees. The prevailing winds are easterly. Seasons. — Dry from the middle of February to the middle of May ; wet the balance of the year. Kain falls almost continuously during •October, November, and December. The average annual rainfall is 81| inches, but in some places it runs as high as 150 inches. inhabitants. — The inhabitants are of mixed Indian, Negro, Carib, and Spanish stock. The number of persons of pure white blood is comparatively small. Language. — English is the official language. Some Spanish is spoken in the interior and along the border of Mexico and Guate- mala. Currency. — Gold standard based upon that of the United States. American money circulates interchangeably with that of the colony. The coins are: A large mixed-metal 1-cent piece, a silver and silver-bronze 5-cent piece, a silver dime, a silver quarter of a dollar, and a silver 50-cent piece. No gold or silver dollars are in circula- tion, United States dollars serving in their place. There is a paper currency of 1, 2, 5, and 10 dollars, which is taken at par. Weights and Measures. — English, officially. Spanish weights are recognized and occasionally used. Postage. — Letters from the United States, the United Kingdom, and British possessions, 2 cents per ounce. Unpaid and insuffi- ciently paid letters are charged double the deficiency on delivery. Parcel post from the United States, the United Kingdom, and British possessions. 139 140 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Cable Rate. — Cable rate for messages to Belize from all points in the United States is 36 cents per word. Wireless Telegraph. — There is a wireless telegraph station at Belize. The rate is 10 cents per word, plus the charges of other sys- tems, or 36 cents a word from New York or Washington. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 165 Broadway. Steamers from Piers 48-49 North River (West Eleventh Street). Departures every Wednesday and Saturday for New Orleans ; thence by connecting steamer to Belize, British Honduras. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River. Departures fortnightly for Belize. Pare, including meals and minimum stateroom accommoda- tions, $170. (SAcajutla to San Salvador, a distance of 65 miles (105 km.), in 5 hours and 45 minutes, including a 2-hour stop- over at the commercial city of Sonsonate. After canvassing San Salvador the traveler can make a trip to Santa Ana by rail, the distance being not more than 50 miles (80 km.). Travelers who can arrange their trips to enter by way of La Libertad instead of Acajutla are advised to do so. Baggage can be declared immediately . through the customhouse at La Libertad and the trip to San Salvador resumed by automobile, which can be easily reached in two hours. When coming via Acajutla it is neces- sary to stop at Sonsonate, where the customhouse is located, and this takes longer. ' The traveler who comes by way of La Union can easily reach San Miguel (population, 30,406), 37 miles (60 km.) distant. At Chinameca is a large sugar mill. At Divisadero, in the Department of Morazan, mining operations are carried on by the Butters Divisa- dero Co. In addition, other mining enterprises are in this vicinity. Roads run from Gotera to the mining district. La Union to Amapala, Honduras. — A launch usually can be en- gaged at a day's notice for the trip to Amapala, Honduras. The cost is about $8. This is a shorter trip than by steamer, as the launch can go through channels which would be too shallow for a steamer. The distance, about 20 miles, can be made in three hours. 90821°— 22 12 166 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. The early morning is the best time for the trip, as the water becomes rough later in the day. Salvador money is usually exchangeable at par in Honduras. Classes of Buyers. — >A considerable number of wholesale houses or importers, located principally in San Salvador and Santa Ana, act as distributers to the smaller towns. Many retailers making direct importations are to be found throughout the country, but particu- larly in the cities of San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Miguel, and Sonsonate. Selling Terms. — The usual terms of credit are 60 and 90 days ; in certain lines, payment upon presentation of shipping documents at port of arrival. Credit information can be had from the banks in the principal towns. Packing of Goods. — Agents should obtain full instructions in re- gard to packing. Freight is discharged into lighters and goods must he packed with this in mind. Customers should be consulted as to the character of packing. Weight makes a very great differ- ence, and losses may be incurred if goods are not packed in accord- ance with customers' wishes. Duties are charged on gross weight. Hotel Rates. — In San Salvador, Santa Ana, and San Miguel the best hotels ;charge from $2.50 to $4 per day, American plan. Those of the second, class are somewhat cheaper. In the cities of lesser importance the rates vary from $1.25 to $2.50 per day, and the ac- commodations are correspondingly poorer. In San Salvador it is possible to obtain accommodations on the European plan. In gen- eral, the hotel service throughout the country is poor. Points of Interest. — The volcano of Izalco is located not very far from Sonsonate. It is almost continuously active. With clocklike regularity the mountain sends forth a dense column of smoke and flames. These eruptions occur at intervals of about five minutes. At night the mountain is visible from the sea, therefore it is called the Central American lighthouse. The volcano San Miguel is also active. Other volcanoes: Santa Ana, San Salvador, San Vicente, Conchagua. Lake Ilopango, with remarkable volcanic formation, is reached by motor from San Salvador, a distance of about 10 miles (16 km.). A beautiful lake about 9 miles (14 km.) long and 3 miles (5 km.) wide. Lake Guija, a very picturesque body of water 15 miles (25 km.') long and 5 miles (8 km.) wide, lies on the Guatemala border, but rather difficult to reach. .Lake Coatepeque is an attractive health and pleasure resort with automobile service from Santa Ana. Ilobasco : The scenery of Ilobasco is among the most beautiful in Central America. It i s we ll worth a visit. SUGGESTED ITINERARIES. — If arriving overland from Za- capa, Guatemala: From Zacapa, Guatemala, by cart road to Chi- quimula, Guatemala, and thence to Metapan; by motor to Santa Ana and thence to Ahuachapan and Sonsonate ; from Sonsonate by rail to San Salvador. SALVADOR. 167 If arriving by the Pacific : From Acajutla, via Salvador Railway, to Sonsonate, and thence to San Salvador ; to Santa Tecla . by elec- tric railway. From La Libertad by motor in 1£ hours. Motor trip from San Salvador : To Chalatenango and Ilobasco ; to Sensuntepeque, to Cojutepeque, via Laguna de Ilopango. By railroad or motor from Cojutepeque to San Vicente and Zacate- caluca; by railroad to Usulatan, and thence to San Miguel. Side trip by motor from San Miguel northward to Chinameca ; also by motor to Gfotera and by cart road to the mining district. From San Miguel by- railway to La Union. Note. — Except in the rainy reason, the roads of Salvador are good enough to permit comfortable travel. Distances from San Salvador. — The following distances of princi- pal cities from San Salvador are given in miles, with equivalent kilometers in parentheses: Acajutla, 65 (105); Ahuachapan, 72 (116) ; Cojutepeque, 17 (28) ; La Libertad, 25 (40) ; La Union, 137 (220) ; Santa Ana, 48 (78) ; San Miguel, 107 (172) ; San Vicente, 40 (64) ; Sonsonate, 53 (85) ; Zacatecoluca, 63 (101). Holidays in Salvador. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, all the feast days of the <*ureh are observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized, with the exception that in the smaller towns, particularly in the interior, these days are taken advantage of by the merchants for the trans- action of business with the natives who Visit the communities in large numbers. Other holidays observed are: January 1, New Year's Day; March 1, civic holiday; March 15, national holiday commemorating Gen. Morazan; August 29, national holiday com- memorating Gen. Gerardo Barrios ; September < 15, Independence Day ; October 12, Columbus Day. POPULATION OF DEPARTMENTS AND CAPITAL CITIES. Department. Population. ,' Capital. Population. 165,000 100,000 91,000 82.000 145,700 85.0Q0, 84,700 52,000 76,00Gh 91,&0, 109,500 111, 600 75,000 65,700 i 80,100 23,201 Sonsonate U,56i Ahuachapan. . : . 124, 683 Santa Anai , ..■ 59,817 9,572 Cojutepeqrie "12,817 ' 17,000 26,881 26,938 '15,811 30,406 Morazan . . .;. . . . . j . -> 5,821 CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the towns in Salvador which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In . this group have been included a few places Which are not always canvassed, but ■ which are important 168 GUIDE TO' LATIN AMERICA. from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, ports, and placefe about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ACAJUTLA, Department of Sonsonate ; population, 990 ; on Sal- vador Railroad. Port with open roadstead; landing very difficult; lighters are used to reach iron pier. Distant 12 miles (20 km.) from Sonsonate; 65 miles (105 km.) from San Salvador; 62 miles (100 km.) east of San Jose. How Beached, — From United States by Pacific Mail steamers from San Francisco ; from San Salvador and Sonsonate by Salvador Railway. Information obtainable from Agenda Nacional, Lim- itada. Steamship company agents: La Agencia National, Ltda. Lloyd's subagent, F. A. Gutierrez, Sonsonate. Banks. — Banco Occidental, Banco Salvadorefio, Banco Agricola Comercial. Hotels. — Occidental, Las Americas. Note. — Landing is from steamer to boat by swing; thence to pier, where passengers are again carried up by swing. Accommodations are very poor here. Travelers should endeavor to make quick con- nections and leave promptly for the interior. Acajutla is of no commercial importance. AHTTACHAPAN, capital of Department of Ahuachapan; popula- tion, 24,638; altitude, 2,620 feet. Distant 72 miles (116 km.) from San Salvador; 22 miles (36 km.) from Sonsonate. Climate, tropical but healthful. Principal products: Coffee, cereals, tobacco, sugar, rice, etc. Industries : Cattle raising ; some mining. How Reached. — From Sonsonate by motor car via Progreso ; from Santa Ana by motor. Hotel. — Americano. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency), Banco Occidental (agency), Banco Salvadorefio (agency). Note.— This is an important distributing point for the southwest- ern part of Salvador. It is usually visited only by salesmen who canvass closely. From this point a road leads to Guatemala. COJUTEPEQUE, capital of Department of Cuscatlan ; population, 12,817. Distant 17 miles (28 km.) from San Salvador; near Volcano Cojutepeque and Lake Ilopango. Climate, temperate. Principal products: Rice, coffee, indigo, sugar cane, etc. Manufactures: Chiefly cigars, for which this place is very famous ; one of the best candy factories in Salvador is also located here. How Reached. —From San Salvador by motor car and railroad. Roads lead from Cojutepeque to Ilobasco and Sensuntepeque. Nu- merous small villages are In the vicinity. Hotel. — -America. Banks (Agencies). — Agricola Comercial ; Occidental ; Salva- dorefio. Annual Fair. — This town is well known for its annual fair, held on August 29, which is largely attended. Note. — This place is very accessible from San Salvador. It is usually visited by salesmen who are accustomed to "work" the small towns. It has considerable transient trade. ILOBASCO, Department of Cabanas ; population, 15,802 ; 22 miles (36 km.) west of Sensuntepeque; 40 miles (64 km.) northeast of SALVADOR. 169 SpA \/ -^^^Z B AR B/rg A ;^ Void i®Zai - aj>Sl/ Tripidado \ ^^i.n Gu '' "l^fi*.— Vs^Lr^jL CX> / P^N )y / ^ S.BarbaraVCL.. „ •_/ ^X / OCOTEPEOrfT'"/ A y iN T 1B uJ X - (,,na! " ,gn 4) ' r iLr^ / T-» i^V GRACIASY<( ®EsperaMS i ! C5 >J \j V - ^V /■|fe u "/ ■" I*Ia*®f ! y|' A ^€n{ ]l J^^W X MORA2A ^"^l te0 chap&n / -fed \ \^ r -^s.l s i6ro® f SGotera T^^V \ LA I /'. fAy.iu.ly l) bertad ! / LA( /p A y>f La Liber P4 C I F I c OCEAN ^GENERAL DRAFTING CO.MtC.II.Y. 1 V^-ylU N I N/gi .' LA U8 'Si, I V 1 - [a U lioiF'p &rr?aim!a 8if Map 10. — Salvador and Honduras (western section). 170 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. San Salvador. Products: Coffee, sugar, limes, indigo, cereals. In- dustries: Cattle raising and manufacture of pottery. How Beached. — From San Salvador by automobile. Hotel. — Torres. Note. — Annual fair held on September 29. The town is easily reached from San Salvador by automobile. It is reached from the capital by a fair road. The surroundings are very picturesque. Usually not included in the itineraries of foreign salesmen. LA LIBERTAD, Department of La Libertad; port on. Pacific; steamers anchor in open roadstead ; population, 3,116. Distant 25 miles (40 km.) from San Salvador. Principal products: Grain, coffee, cattle, sugar, rice, indigo. How Beached. — From San Salvador by automobile, two-hour journey ; from Acajutla by steamer. Mote. — Steamers discharge by lighter. Landing- at iron pier- over the surf by swing. This is the second port of the Kepublic, but the business done here is not important. Other places reached from here are Santa Tecla and Quezaltelpeque. LA UNION, capital of Department of La Union; population, 5,821; port on Gulf of Foiiseca; steamers lie alongside wharf; on International Railway of Central America; 137 miles (220 km.) from San Salvador and 37 miles (60 km.) from San Miguel. Prod- ucts: Corn, coffee, rice, and beans. How Beached. — From San Miguel by International Railway, which runs to Cojutepeque and Santa Cruz Michapa ; from Amapala, Honduras, by v steamer or motor boat across Bay of Fonseca. Lloyd's subagent, International Railway Co. Hotel. — Italia. Banks. — Agencies of following : Banco Agricola Comercial, Banco Occidental, Banco Salvadorefio, Commercial Bank of Spanish America, Ltd. Note. — This is the only protected port of any consequence in the country. The Pan American Railroad has a concrete wharf for its terminus, which is the best in Central America. La Union is the port of shipment for the products of San Miguel and other places of eastern Salvador. SAN MIGUEL, capital of Department of San Miguel; population, 30,406; on International Railway of Central America, at foot of volcano of San Miguel (7,120 feet). Distant 107 miles (172 km.) from San Salvador; 37 miles (60 km.) from La Union; 63 miles (102 km.) from San Vicente. Products: Chiefly agricultural, coffee, cereals, and cattle. • How Beached. — From San Salvador, by International Railways; from La Union by International Railway. Steamship agents, Arguello & Son. ' Lloyd's subagent, John Goodall. Roads Leading from San Miguel. — North to Gotera ; northeast to the mining district via Jocoro and Santa Rosa ; east to La Union. Chinemeca and Ciudad Barrios are reached by trail overland. Hotels. — Hispano Americano, Paris. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency) ; Banco Occidental (agency) ; Banco Salvadorefio (agency). SALVADOR. 171 Note.— This is the capital of the Department and there is con- siderable distributing trade. San Miguel is usually visited by those travelers who canvass closely. SAN SALVADOR, capital of Department of San Salvador ; alti- tude, 2,115 feet ; population, 80,100 ; on the Salvador Railway, near foot of volcano of San Salvador. Distant 65 miles (105 km.) from Acajutla; 25 miles (40 km.) from La Libertad; 137 miles (220 km.) from La Union. Climate, semitropical ; temperature averages 76° F. Principal products: Coffee, rice, sugar, tobacco, balsam, hides, beans ; cotton cloth, silk goods, hats, soap, and cigarettes are manu- factured here. American minister plenipotentiary, consul, and vice consul are located here. How Beached. — From Acajutla, by the Salvador Railway; from La Union by International Railway to Santa Cruz Michapa, and thence by motor. From La Libertad by auto, 2-hour journey. Hotels. — Nuevo Mundo,* Italia, Occidental, Espana, Hispano- Americano, and Pinel. Roads Leading 1 from Salvador. — North to Chalatenango via Tonacatepeque ; south to La Libertad via. Santa Tecla. Volcano of Ilobasco. — For. the traveler who has the time, the scenery in the vicinity of the Volcano of Ilobasco is exceedingly attractive and should be visited if, possible. i Banks. — Commercial Bank of Spanish America ; Banco Agrlcola Comercial; Banco Occidental; Banco SalvadoreSo.' Note, — San Salvador, the capital of the Republic, is the city of greatest commercial importance. Here are located many important wholesale houses which canvass the entire country and supply the smaller dealers. These wholesale houses represent practically all branches of trade. In addition, there is a large number of firms who do a retail business and who are in a position to make direct importations. San Salvador should receive the attention of every foreign traveler who visits Central America. It is a good place for an agency, and sometimes the agent here canvasses some of the other Republics. The volume of business transacted when condi* tions are normal is very large. The prosperity of the Republic is governed entirely by the coffee market. SAN VICENTE, capital of Department of San Vicente ; popula- tion, 26,881 ; located on Acahuapa River near the foot of the vol- cano of San Vicente (7,120 feet) ; 40 miles (64 km.) from San Sal- vador. Principal products : Corn, tobacco, indigo, coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Industries : Sugar refining, manufacture of rebozos, shawls, hats, and cigars. How Reached. — From San Salvador by motor car and railroad ; from La Union by International Railway. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency) ; Banco Occidental (agency) : Banco Salvadoreno (agency). < - ., - Hotel. — Garibaldi. . : Note. — This is the capital of the Department and center of a con- siderable district devoted to agriculture. It has a large trade with the surrounding country. Chief feast day is November 1 (AH 172 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Saints' Day), when an annual fair is held. Usually canvassed by travelers who " work " the smaller towns. SANTA ANA, capital of Department of Santa Ana ; population, 59,817; on the Salvador Railway; altitude, 2,900 feet. Distant (via Sitio del Nifio) 48 miles (78 km.) from San Salvador and 66 miles (107 km.) from Acajutla. Climate, tropical; temperature from August to October, about 68° F. Products include cigars, coffee, sugar, cattle, corn, beans, rice, limes, beer. How Reached. — From San Salvador and Sonsonate by the Sal- vador Railway, via Sitio del Nifio. Lloyd's subagent, Isidoro Nieto. Hotels. — Florida*; Internacional, Paris. Roads Leading from Santa Ana. — A good carretera north to Metapan; south to Sonsonate and Acajutla. Connection overland with Chiquimula in Guatemala. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency) ; Banco Occidental (agency) ;. Banco Salvadoreno (agency) ; Banco de Santa Ana. Note. — This is the second city of Salvador in size and is an important business point. There are a number of substantial busi- ness houses here and a large volume of business is transacted. Some wholesale houses, as well as retail firms, import direct. A large business is done in coffee, as a fifth of the entire production of the Republic comes from this district. SANTA ROSA, Department of La Union; population, about 5,000; 30 miles (48 km.) from La Union (by launch and mule). Products : Corn, rice, wood, gold, silver, cattle, hogs, chickens. How Reached. — From La Union, by rail to San Miguel, 45 miles (76 km.) ; thence by muleback via Divisadero and San Sebastian, 18 miles (29 km.) ; or by launch from La Union to Manzanilla, 15 miles (25 km.) ; and thence by muleback to Santa Rasa, 15 miles (25 km.). The last is the best route for travelers not accustomed to tropical traveling. Hotels. — Roadhouses only. Note. — The Butters Salvador Mines are located here, but are closed down at present. Merchants obtain their supplies from brok- ers in the larger cities of Salvador and Honduras. Chief feast days, August 30 and October 8. SANTA TBCLA (Nueva San Salvador), Department of La Liber- tad; population, 23,291; 7i miles (12 km.) from San Salvador on Salvador Railway. Climate, cool. Products: Black balsam, coffee, sugar, cattle, salts, woods, cereals. Industries: Soap and candle factories, tanneries, coffee cultivation. How Reached. — From San Salvador by rail or trolley, also by automobile. Banks. — Agencies of the Banco Salvadorefio and Banco Agricola Comercial. Hotels. — Union Nuevo. Note. — Owing to its proximity to the capital, there is little com- mercial movement here. The town is south of the volcano of San Salvador (or Quezaltepec), whose immense crater can be visited conveniently. SALVADOR. 173 SENSUNTEPEQUE, Department de Cabanas; altitude, 2,310 feet; population, about 17,000. Distant 62 miles (100 km.) from San Salvador. Climate, good. Principal products : Sugar cane and cereals. How Reached. — From San Salvador, Victoria, and San Miguel, by carretera. Bote. — This city is chiefly dependent on the capital. It is visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller places. Chief feast days, De- cember 4 (Santa Barbara) and Transito, August 15. A fair volume of business is done. SONSONATE, Department of Sonsonate ; population, 14,561. It is on the Salvador Railroad, 53 miles (85 km.) from San Salvador and 12 miles (20 km.) from Acajutla. It is the center of a rich agricultural district. Products: Coffee, sugar, hides, dyewoods, tobacco, rice, corn, fruit, and Peru balsam. Manufactures: Coarse cotton cloth, mats, baskets, cigars. How Beached. — From San Salvador, Acajutla, and Santa Ana, by the Salvador Railroad. Steamship agents, Agenda Nacional (Ltda.). Lloyd's subagent, P. C. Arrazola. Hotels.— Gran Hotel, Hotel " Toniatti." Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial (agency) ; Banco Occidental (agency) ; Banco Salvadoreno (agency) ; Baneo Sonsonateco, Com- mercial Bank of Spanish America. Mote. — While this city has a number of houses that import direct, many of the firms are branches of those established in San Salvador. Sonsonate has an important weekly market, held on Sundays. Trains from Acajutla to San Salvador remain at Sonsonate one hour. Sonsonate is particularly important because of the fact that the so-called " Peruvian balsam " is cultivated only in this Depart- ment. In the hacienda Santa Emilia, the property of Messrs. Moisant, is the largest cacao plantation and sugar mill of the country. This is situated 6 kilometers from the city of Sonsonate, and is crossed by the railroad which unites San Salvador with Acajutla. Most travelers find it worth while to " work " Sonsonate. TTSTJI/UTAN, capital of Department of Usulutan; population, 15,811; distant 62 miles (100 km.) from La Union and 93 miles (152 km.) from San Salvador. Principal products: Maize, tobacco, beans, bananas. Industry: Tannery. How Reached. — From San Salvador, by International Railway; from La Union, by International Railway. Hotels. — Ingles, Oriental. Bank.— Occidental. Mote. — This city is canvassed by salesmen who visit the smaller towns. It is chiefly dependent on the houses of the capital. ZACATECOLUCA, capital of Department of La Paz ; population 26,938. Distant 63 miles (101 km.) from San Salvador.. Prod- ucts: Coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, vanilla, cereals. Industries: Silk and cotton mills, cattle raising, cigar manufacturing. How Reached. — From San Salvador by motor to San Vicente, thence by railway to Zacateeoluca ; from La Union by International Railway. Banks (Agencies). — Agricola Comercial, Occidental, Salvadoreno. 174 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. PLACES OP MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge (approximately) their value or importance. Apastepeque. — -Department of San Vicente ; population, 5,919 ; on Ismalaco River and Laguna Apastepeque ; li miles (2 km.) from San Vicente and 45 miles (72 km.) from San Salvador. Products: Sugar, coffee, corn, rice, beans. Apopa, Department of San Salvador; population, 6,758; on Sal- vador Railway; 8 miles (13 km.) from San Salvador. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar .tobacco, anil, rice, corn. Armenia, Department of Sonsonate ; population, 13,951 ; on Salva- dor Railway; 15 miles (24 km.) from Izalco (reached by railway). Ataco, Department of Ahuachapan ; population, 8,631 ; 5 miles (8 km.) from Ahuachapan. Carretera to Ahuachapan and Sonsonate. Industry : Basket weaving ; "Azogue " mines near by. Atiquizaya, Department of Ahuachapan ; population, 12,870. Lo- cated 74 miles (12 km.) from Ahuachapan, on road from Ahua- chapan to Santa Ana. Products : Coffee, corn, bananas, rice, to- bacco, coconuts, sugar. Industries : Manufacture of bricks, adobe, etc. An important fair is held annually in December. Chalatenango, Department of Chalatenango ; population, 9,572. Located 45 miles (72 km.) from San Salvador. Products: Medic- inal plants, quina, gold, silver, lead, copper. Industries: Pottery manufacture. Reached from San Salvador via Ilopango and Que- zaltepeque. This is the capital of the Department of Chalatenango. Chalchuapa, Department of Santa Ana ; population, 23,961 ; 10 miles (16 kin.) from Santa Ana. Products: Coffee, sugar, cacao, rice, beans, tobacco, grapes, woods. Automobiles between Santa Ana and Ahuachapan pass through here daily. Hotel, Espana. Chinameca, Department of San Miguel; population, 18,349; 15 miles (24 km.) from San Miguel. Carreteras to San Salvador, San Miguel, Usulatan, Santiago, Maria, Tecapa. Some travelers find it advisable to visit this town. Coatepeque, Department of Santa Ana ; population, 18,210 ; 9 miles (15 km.) from Santa Ana and 4 miles (7 km.) from Congo (nearest station). Products: Coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, panela. El Triunfo, Department of Usulutan; population, 913; 5 miles (8 km.) from Jucuapa and 20 miles (32 km.) from Usulutan. Carre- tera from TTsulutan. Gotera. See San Francisco. Izalco, Department of Sonsonate; population, 14,704; 5 miles (8 km.) from Sonsonate (nearest station). Carretera to Sonsonate and Santa Ana. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar, guayule rubber, bananas, woods. Jucuapa, Department of Usulutan; population, 13,885; 11 miles (18 km.) from Usulutan; on Carretera Nacional. Products: Cof- SALVADOR. 175 fee, corn, beans, rice, tobacco, cacao. Annual fair, October 26 to 29. Mejicanos, Department of San Salvador; population, 7,155; 2$ miles (4 km.) from San Salvador (nearest station). Products: Cereals. Metapan, Department of Santa Ana ; population, 16,949 ; 35 miles (56 km.) from Santa Ana (nearest station). Products: Cattle, sugar, calcium, lead, copper, coal. Nahuizalco, Department of Sonsonate; population, 14,608; 5 miles (8 km.) from Sonsonate (nearest station) ; on carretera from Santa Ana to Ahuachapan. Products : Sugar, bananas, coffee, yucca, corn, beans. Opioo, Department of La Libertad ; population, 12,281 ; 17 miles (28 km.) from Santa Tecla and 2$ miles (4 km.) from Sitio del Nino (nearest station). Carretera to Santa Ana and Sonsonate. Products : Cattle, tobacco, coffee, indigo, rice, woods. Quezaltepeque, Department of Chalatenango ; population, 2,156 ; 1 miles (11 km.) from Chalatenango. Products: Cereals, indigo, cattle. Fair Day, January 20. San Francisco, capital Department of Morazan ; population, 9,666 ; 74$ miles (120 km.) from San Salvador, in mining district. Prod- ucts: Gold, silver, copper, lead, corn. San Pedro Perulapan, Department of Cuscatlan; population, 12,126; 12 miles (20 km.) from San Salvador and 7 miles (11 km.) from Cojutepeque. Products : Corn, beans, rice, coffee, tobacco, and maguey. Santiago de Maria, Department of Usulatan; population, 8,000. Center of rich banana district. Banks. — Agricola, Occidental, Salvadoreno. Suchitoto, Department of Cuscatlan; population, 16,065 (dis- trict); 25' miles (40 km.) from Cojutepeque; 29 miles (48 km.) from San Salvador. Products : Coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, rice, bananas, cattle. Tacuba, Department of Ahuachapan ; population, 8,367; 4 miles (7 km.) from Ahuachapan. Climate, cool. Products: Corn, beans, coffee, rice. Tonacatepeque, Department of San Salvador ; population, 9,317 ; 12 miles (20 km.) from San Salvador. Carreteras to San Salvador, Chalatenango, and Cuscatlan. Products: Coffee, tobacco, sugar, corn. NICARAGUA. Location. — Nicaragua is the largest of the Central American Republics. It is bounded on the north by Honduras, on the- east by the Caribbean Sea, on the south by Costa Rica, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population.— Area, about 49,200 square miles; popu- lation (estimated), about 690,000, or about 14 inhabitants per square mile. The coast line is 300 miles (480 km.) on the Atlantic and 200 miles (322 km.) on the Pacific. Inhabitants. — The population consists almost entirely of Indians and Negroes and mixtures of the two with white blood. The pro- portion of pure white blood is about 10 per cent. About 75 per cent of the population lives in the western half of the country. The eastern and western sections of the country differ greatly, and there is little communication between tLem, the journey by trail and river being difficult. Travelers going from one coast to the other usually go by way of Costa Rica or Panama Canal. In the western section the people are of mixed Spanish and Indian blood, although there are quite a number of Nicaraguans of pure Spanish descent. In the eastern half, in which are the banana plantations, there is a considerable representation of Negroes from the West Indies, also natives of mixed Negro and Indian blood. In this section are some Americans and Nicaraguans who have come from the western half. Physical Features. — Nicaragua is traversed by two mountain ranges. There is a great diversity of climate, products, and soil. The plateaus and uplands are extremely healthful and fertile. Typical of these plateaus are those of Segovia and Chontales, 2,000 or 3,000 feet in height. The lowlands are hot and tropical. Sev- eral of the mountain peaks of Nicaragua are extinct volcanoes. Chief Rivers and lakes.- — San Juan River, about 140 miles (225 km.) long, connects Granada, on Lake Nicaragua, with the Atlantic Ocean. There are a few privately owned motor launches that make trips between Grey town (San Juan del Norte), at its mouth, and Granada. The service of these launches is not regular aria ar- rangements should be made beforehand. From Granada the rail- way extends to Managua, Leon, and Corinto. At Castillo Rapids cargoes must be unloaded and hauled around the obstruction on a short tramway and reloaded. Other rapids are the Machuca, the Balas, and the Toro. Bluefields River is navigable for about 65 miles (102 km.) from Bluefields to the city of Rama. Lake Nicaragua is about 110 miles long and about 45 miles wide. It is navigable throughout for large vessels. On an island in the center is the volcano of Omotepe. 176 NICARAGUA. 177 Lake Managua is but a short distance from Lake Nicaragua, with which it is connected by the Tipitapa River. It is about 38 miles long and from 10 to 16 miles in width. This lake is also navigable. On its shores are located the capital, Managua, and some smaller towns. Climate. — The climate of the eastern and western sections of the country is quite different. In the eastern part rains are very frequent during practically the entire year, while in the western part there are distinct wet and dry seasons. The prevailing winds are from the northeast. These are laden with moisture from the Atlantic. The " tierra templada " is encountered on the slopes of the volcanoes and over much of the sparsely settled regions in the center of the country. The " tierra fria " includes the volcanic peaks and the extreme heights of the interior, the latter being largely covered with pine and oak forests. Seasons. — In the eastern section (Caribbean side) the seasons are mot well defined ; rain falls almost every day. In the western part (Pacific side) there is a wet season from May to November, and a dry season from December to April. Chief Exports. — Coffee, rubber, gold, silver, hides, bananas, woods, cocoa, sugar, etc. Products. — The products are chiefly agricultural,. Among them are coffee, cacao, sugar cane, rubber, corn, beans, rice, and tobacco. Bananas and mahogany are the chief items in the exports of the eastern section. Industries. — Cattle raising is carried on extensively. Timber cutting and the extraction of dyes are important industries. There are some large sugar mills in the western section, and also a number of electrical plants, ice factories, sawmills, shoe factories, etc. Mining. — Nicaragua is a country of great promise as regards mining. The principal mines in the west are the Santa Franclsca, San Lucas, Amaya, San Cristobal, Quilali, and San Juan Tetel- paneca. Near Matagalpa is the Leoneas mine. On the Atlantic coast the gold mines are principally of the placer variety. Prinza- polka is the chief center. Near Segovia are gold-bearing reefs. In the eastern section gold mining is an important industry. Mines are heing rapidly developed, especially in Chontales and Nueva Segovia. Among the most important regions are those of Pis Pis, Tonkey, Eden, Jabali, and La Grecia. The Leonesa and Babilonia mines closed down during 1920 and 1921 on account of too much water and nigh costs. Language. — Spanish. , On the eastern coast, however, there is a wide knowledge of English. Currency. — The present monetary system is the gold standard, The unit is the cordoba, divided into 100 centavos. Its value in terms of the United States currency is $1. The circulation consists of silver coins and bank notes guaranteed to be payable in gold. The fractional coins are the half cent and cent, of copper, and 5, 10, 25, and 50 cent pieces, of silver. Weights and Measures, — The official system is the metric, but for domestic trade local standards are in use ; for example, the media, which equals a peck; the fanega (24 medias), which is spoken of as a "mule load," etc. These, however, are not used in foreign trade. 178 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Postage. — Nicaragua is a member of the Postal Union, and has a parcel-post system. The letter rate between the United States and Nicaragua is 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Telegraphs and Telephones. — The Government owns the tele- graph and telephone lines and maintains connections with the neigh- boring Republics. The telegraph service is very good and the rates are reasonable. The local telephone service is also good, as is the long-distance service up ■ to 40 miles. Cable.^-Cable connection is available over the lines of the All America Cable Co., via San Juan del Sur, on the Pacific coast. The cable rate from New York City to San Juan del Sur is 44 cents per word and to all other places 49 cents. There is also a cable-letter service to the United States and Europe at one-half the regular rate. Wireless.— There is wireless communication by a private station at Bluefields, on the Atlantic side. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Steamship Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 165 Broadway. Sailings from Piers 48-49, North River (Eleventh Street). Departures Wednesdays and Saturdays for New Orleans; thence by steamer of Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co. to Bluefields and Cape Gracias, Nicaragua. Panama Railroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). pe T partures weekly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City (Balboa), Panama; thence by steamer of Pacific Mail Steamship Co. to San Juan del Sur and Corinto. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River. Departures twice per week for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City (Balboa). Thence by Pacific Mail steamer to San Juan del Sur and Corinto. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co.— Office, 508 California Street, San Francisco. Departures semimonthly for San Juan del Sur and Corinto. Fare, $173. (See also p. 35.) LiNES FROM NEW ORLEANS. New Orleans & Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co. — Regular sailings every second week for Bluefields and Cape Gracias. Passea- ger service northbound from the Tropics weekly. Cuyamel Fruit Co.— ^Office, 410 Camp Street, New Orleans. 'Semi- monthly sailings for Bluefields and occasional sailings for Cape Gracias. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. — Fortnightly service between Cris* tobal and all Central American ports; Average Time of Trip.— New Orleans to, Bluefields,, 6 days ; New Orleans to Cape Gracias, 5 days; San Francisco to Corinto (includ- NICARAGUA. 179 ing stops), about 19 days; San Francisco to San Juan del Sur (in- cluding stops), about 20 days. Distances.— New Orleans to Bluefields, 1,220 nautical miles ; San Francisco to Corinto, 2,613 miles; Panama to Corinto, 683 miles; Panama to San Juan del Sur, 590 miles ; Cristobal to Greytown, 245 miles ; Greytown to Bluefields, 60 miles ; Cristobal to Bluefields, 305 miles. Fares (Subject to Change). — New Orleans to Bluefields, $60 ; New Orleans to Cape Gracias, $60 ; Cape Gracias to Bluefields, $15 ; San Francisco to Corinto, $173 ; San Francisco to San Juan del Sur, $173; Cristobal to Corinto, $77; Cristobal to San Juan del Sur, $60.30; La Union (Salvador) to Corinto, $23.50; Amapala (Hondu- ras) to Corinto, $15.80; Puntarenas (Costa Rica) to Corinto, $32.10. Puntarenas to San Juan del Sur, $23.50 ; Corinto to San Juan del Sur, $15.80; Amapala (Honduras) to San Juan del Sur, $31.30; La Union to San Juan del Sur, $39.20. Quarantine Regulations. — There is no quarantine for passengers from the United States or Panama. In case of suspicious illness passengers may be detained. Special Note to Travelers. — It is not practicable to visit the in- terior of Nicaragua from the eastern coast. The traveling is very difficult, the roads or trails being practically impassable, and the expense far too heavy. TREATY REGARDING COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.— A treaty has been negotiated between the United States and Nicaragua, similar to those made with other Central and South American coun- tries, providing for a single license fee for commercial travelers and for the treatment of samples. The treaty awaits action by the Nicaraguan Government- preliminary to the exchange of ratifica- tions. (See p. 11.) Salesmen's Samples. — Samples which have no commercial value are exempt from import duty. Samples with a commercial value are allowed temporary free admission upon the furnishing of bond for the amount of duty. If no bond is given, the correspond- ing amount of duty must be deposited pending the reexportation of samples. Bond is usually signed by some reliable local merchant There is often trouble with samples for which a bond is required, and it is best to engage a customs broker to look after their clear- ance. ' Period Permitted. — Samples must be reexported within a period which varies from one to three months, depending on the localities visited. The time may be arranged with the collector of customs duties at the port of entry. In case of necessity arrangements 'can probably be made for an extension. . Reexportation, — Samples may be reexported within the pre- scribed time, provided there is no discrepancy between the quantity imported and that which is checked out. Bond is then canceled. Samples may be entered through one port and reexported through another if the necessary documents are presented. In case any samples are sold duty must be paid thereon. ; Time Required for Clearance. — Samples can usually be cleared on the day they are disembarked. Samples carried as baggage are usu- 180 GTTIDB TO LATIN AMERICA. ally given the preference. When a large number of samples are carried a customhouse broker may be of assistance. Best Visiting' Time. — This is largely influenced by the conditions which prevail in the different lines of trade, the time required to manufacture goods, etc. Purchases are made for two chief seasons, Christmas and Easter. It is desired that goods arrive shortly in advance of those periods. Excess Baggage Bates. — The chief railroad in Nicaragua con- nects Corinto and Managua. No special baggage rate is allowed to commercial travelers. Free baggage permitted is 30 kilos (66 pounds) on each first-class ticket. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — There is no national license for travelers. No permit to transact business is necessary. General Character of the Business. — The principal purchasers in the Atlantic ports conduct a trade by barter with smaller places in the interior. They also act as outfitters for the gold seekers, log- ging camps, etc. There are numerous banana plantations, and the supplies for these offer opportunities fof salesmen. In the interior, reached from the Pacific side, are numerous large wholesale firms and many important retailers. Agencies. — Agencies are generally established in Leon or Mana- gua. The Atlantic coast region is often canvassed from Colon (Panama) or Ceiba and San Pedro (Honduras). Occasionally an agent is appointed in Bluefields. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. — For business . purposes Nica- ragua may be divided into two zones — the Atlantic coast and the interior. The latter is reached by way of Corinto, the Pacific port. There are no practical means for the commercial traveler to reach the interior from the Atlantic coast. On the Atlantic coast the chief business places are Cape Gracias, Pearl City, Bluefields, Prinzapolka, and Greytown (San Juan del Norte). In the interior the principal places are Managua, Granada, Leon, Masaya, Ma- tagalpa, Rivas, and Chinandega. Routes for Travelers. — The Atlantic Coast is generally canvassed from New Orleans. The first town visited may be Cape Gracias, then Pearl City, Bluefields, Prinzapolka, and Greytown. Communi- cation between these ports is only by steamers or schooners. The interior. — The . traveler visits Nicaragua either on the trip northward from Panama or Costa Rica, or southward from Sal- vador. : The port is Corinto. Here the traveler takes a train of the Pacific Railroad. His first visit is usually to the capital, Managua. Some travelers prefer to visit en route the city of Leon, which is larger than Managua. Granada, on Lake Nicaragua, can be reached easily from Managua. Business establishments in Managua, Granada, and Leon supply practically all the rest of the interior. Matagalpa, 103 miles (165 km.) from Managua, is an important business place in the coffee region, where some direct importing is done. During the dry season the Empresa de Autos de Mata- galpa runs automobiles between Leon and Matagalpa, charging $10 per passenger. There is also frequent though irregular service between Managua and Matagalpa, fare being $10. Masaya is reached by rail. Other towns are described and the methods of reaching them are stated in the following pages. NICARAGUA. 181 Suggestions for Canvassing Pacific Coast. — From Corinto to Chinandega, to Ohichigalpa, to Leon, to Managua, to Masaya, to Jinotepe, Masatepe, and Diriamba, all reached by Pacific Railway. From Masaya, by Pacific Railway to Granada ; by local steamer to San Jorge ; and by train and steamer to Rivas. Interior. — From Managua via Tipitapa by either automobile or pack mule train to Matagalpa ; by pack mule train to Jinotega ; by pack mule train to Esteli. Suggestions for Canvassing Atlantic Coast. — The traveler's movements depend largely upon the season of his arrival and the local transportation available. His movements are also influenced by point of arrival, whether Cape Gracias or Bluefields. The ma- jority of travelers visit Bluefields first. From Bluefields north. — By schooner to Pearl City ; by schooner to Prinzapolka ; by schooner to Cape Gracias. From Bluefields by launch to Rama. From Bluefields south. — By launch or schooner to Monkey Point ; by launch or schooner to Punta Gorda ; by launch or schooner to Greytown (San Juan del Norte). If the San Juan River is naviga- ble, trip can be made from Greytown to San Jorge and Granada on Lake Nicaragua. . : Railroads. — The only railway line operating in the Republic i& the Pacific Railroad. of Nicaragua. It covers a small district in the western portion of the country. Including its several branches, it represents a total length of 171 miles (271 km.). From Corinto the line extends in a northwesterly direction to Chinandega, a dis- tance of 12 miles (20 km.), and thence southeastwardly to Leon, Managua, Masaya, Granada, and Diriamha. Steamship Service on Lake Nicaragua. — Steamer Victoria or Progreso leaves Granada at 8 a. m. on Thursday of each week. The lake steamer makes a trip to San Jorge one week. and to San Carlos the- next week. Travelers who have not made exclusive arrangements for hire of motor launch for Greytown generally take the lake steamer to San Carlos and there await the San Juan River boat. Subject to unusual circumstances, the steamer will connect at San Carlos with the San Juan River steamer,. ■ The steamer stops at intermediate ports. There is also steamer serviee between Managua and several small places on the east and north shores of Lake Managua- ■ "■ ' ■ .'' * Distances Between Important Places. — Bluefields to Managua, 187 miles (300 km.) ; Bluefields to Cape Gracias, 185 miles (297 km.) ; Chinandega to Managua, 74 miles (118 km.) ; Corinto to Managua, 87 miles (139 km.) ; Corinto to Granada, 118 miles (188 km.) ; Granda to Managua, 36 miles (58 km.) ; Jinotega' 'to Ma- nagua, 136 miles (220 km.) ; Leon to Managua, 52 miles (84 km.) ; Leon to Corinto, 35 miles (57 km.) ; Masaya to Corinto, 106 miles (170 km.) ; Matagalpa to Managua, 103 miles (165 km.) ; Prinza- polka to Bluefields, 90 miles (144 km.). Local Steamship Service on Caribbean Coast. — Prinzapolka can be reaehed from Bluefields by gasoline schooners which make trips once and sometimes twice a week. Fare, $7 ; time of trip, one night. 90821" — 22 — —13 182 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Each passenger is allowed to carry two trunks free of charge if not too heavy. Rates for excess baggage must be arranged with captain of schooner. The service to Grey town depends on the weather. The bar being rough, boats have to await wind and weather. Pearl Lagoon can be reached by river, weekly service, but this is not very easy if salesman has many trunks. It can also be reached by way of the sea in seagoing launches on short notice. In addition to the steamers from New Orleans, there is also a semimonthly service between Cape Gracias and Bluefields by coast- wise schooners (Creighton's Transportation Co.). HINTS TO TRAVELERS. — The packing of goods for Nicaragua is very important. On account of the duty, it is essential that the packing be light and strong. For the interior, where the goods are transported by animals, this is particularly essential. Packages should not exceed 125 pounds for mule-back and dugout transporta- tion. Goods should be packed in such a manner as to prevent damage by water or excessive humidity. Do not neglect to ask your cus- tomers just how the goods should be packed. Overland Travel. — Before starting on a journey overland, be careful to ascertain In advance whether the roads are passable. During the rainy season they are often quagmires and can not be traveled. • Hotel Rates. — In Managua; Leon, Granada, and Bluefields the bet- ter hotels cost from $3 to $5 per day on the American plan, and on the European plan somewhat less. In the smaller towns there is not much choice, and the cost is from $1.50 to $3 per day, American plan. Holidays in Nicaragua. — The State religion being Roman Catho- lic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized, with the exception that in the smaller towns, particularly in the interior, the merchants take advantage of these days for the trans- action of business with the natives, who visit the communities in large numbers. Other holidays are : January 1, New Year's Day ; July 4, anniversary of independence of the United States ; September 15, independence of Central America ; October 12, Columbus or Dis- covery Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are ; listed and discussed the cities and towns in Nicaragua, which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. . In this group have been included a few , places which are not always canvassed but which are im- portant from- the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad- junction points, ports, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips BLUEFIELDS.— Department of Bluefields ; principal port of en- try on Atlantic coast, near mouth of Bluefields River in Bluefields Lagoon; population, 7,226 (1921 census) ; 187 miles (300 km ) from Managua; 185 miles (297 km.) from Cape Gracias- 90 miles (144 km.) from Prinzapolka; 60 miles (100 km.) from Rio Grande- 25 ' NICARAGUA. 183 miles (40 km.) from Pearl Lagoon. Products: Bananas, rubber, cacao, coconuts, gold, hides, tortoise shell, cedar, mahogany, pine, etc. Industry: Shoe factory. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers, Felipe Le Frank, A. Papi, and F. M. Beer. Lloyd's agent, T. W. Waters. How Beached. — From New Orleans, by steamers of Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co. and Guyamel Fruit Co. ; from Cape Gracias by Creighton's Transportation Co. ; two schooners which stop at in- termediate points ; cost $15 each way ; three trunks allowed, with- out excess ; from Port Limon, Costa Rica, there is biweekly service. From Bluefields small vessels carry on a coasting trade with other points on the east coast of Nicaragua. Each week a steamer runs up the Bluefields Biver to Rama, a trading port, a distance of 65 miles (102 km.). From this point transportation is alsb undertaken to the interior by canoes and pack animals. The actual port is El Bluff, 6 miles from the city. Banks. — National Bank of Nicaragua, affiliated with Mercantile Bank of the Americas ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (Ltd.), affiliated with Anglo-South American Bank. Hotels. — Atlantico, Peterson, St. James. Note. — Bluefields is a good business port, and there are some im- portant houses here that do a general outfitting and wholesale and retail business. It is a distributing point for the gold mine, banana, and timber regions. It is best reached direct from New Orleanjs. It is also accessible from Port Limon, Costa Rica, in 12 to 14 hours. Other coast towns are also accessible. While in Bluefields the salesman will find it advantageous to inquire regarding buyers and market conditions in Rio Grande, Pis Pis, Wawa River, etc. CAPE GRACIAS, Cape Gracias a Dios Territory ; population, 477 (1921 census) ; 185 miles (297 km.) north of Bluefields. Products: Mahogany, cedar, rubber, chicle, bananas. Customhouse brokers: Charles Hodgson, E. Kattengell. How Reached. — From New Orleans by steamers of the New Or- leans & Bluefields Fruit & Steamship Co. and Cuyamel Fruit Co.; from Bluefields the Nicaragua Commercial & Logging Co. runs a regular line of gasoline schooners to Rio Grande, Prinzapolka, Wawa sawmill, and Cape Gracias ; biweekly service between Port Limon, Costa Rica, and Cape Gracias. Landing. — Vessels lie about three-fourths df a mile offshore ; small boats are used. Note.^-This is a port of entry situated at the mouth of the Wanks (Segovia) River, reached by small vessels from Bluefields. It is a port of entry Jfor, the mining districts in northeastern Nicaragua, for Which mining.supplies and other merchandise are imported. Here- are several houses which do both a wholesale and retail trade. The traveler should make inquiry regarding business prospects in near-by villages and settlements. CHINANDEGA, Department of Chinandega ; population, 14,415 (1921 census) ; on, the Pacific Railway; 13 miles (21 km.) from Co- rjnto ; 74 miles (118 km.) from Managua. Principal products : Sugar cane, corn, rice, potatoes*. vanilla, .cotton, beans, wheat, fruit, etb. Manufactures : Cparse cjqth, sugar refining. The largest sugar mill 184 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Map 11.— Nicaragua : Western section. NICARAGUA. 185 Map 12. — Nicaragua : Eastern section. 186 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in Central America is located near here. It is called the " San An- tonio." There are also some ice factories, cotton gins, and sawmills. ; How Beached. — From Oorinto, or from Managua, by the Pacific Railway.' 1 Banks. — Agency of Commercial Bank of Spanish America ; Anglp- Central American Commercial Bank (Ltd.). Principal Hotel.— Iberico. ; Note. — This is the center of a rich agricultural district, and a considerable volume of business is done. Many 'travelers will find it advantageous to canvass this .city. Information concerning local merchants may be obtained fronvthe banks. ' ! CORINTO, D*epartment of Chinandega, chief port of the Repub- lic; population, 2,000; 13 miles (21 km.) from Chinandega; 87 miles (139 ; km.) from Managua. Exports coffee, sugar; hides, skins, timber, dyewoods, etc. ; - American consul. Lloyd's subagent, C. L. Hinckel. Steamship agents : E. Palazio & Co. and May & Griffith. Customs brokers : C. L. Hinckel, E. Palazio & Co., Rodolfo d'Arbelles, May & Griffith, Terminal Agency, and Juan B; Cesar. , How Reached. — From all principal towns by the Pacific Railway. Train leaves Granada daily at 8 a. m., arriving at Corinto at 5 p. m. ; fare, 2 cents per kilometer. Train for Granada leaves at 7 a. m. Hotels.— Hotel de "Corinto,* Boston; Europa. ' Hote. — About 65 per cent of the foreign commerce of the country passes through this port. There is a wharf at which steamers dis- charge and load. The Pacific Railway runs into the interior. The retail stores are not generally importers, but a few of the customs brokers do importing of staples. GRANADA, Department of Granada, on the shore of Lake Nica- ragua; population, city 15,000, district 30,000; altitude, about 180 feet; 36 miles (58 km.) from Managua; H8 miles (188 km.) from Corinto. Products: Sugar, coffee, cacao, fruit, alcohol, cattle, hides, cotton, indigo, etc. Customhouse brokers: Agenda Terminal, ,E. Palazio Co. > ; How Reached. — From Corinto by Pacific Railway ; train leaves Oorinto daily at 7.30 a. m. arriving at Granada at 4.15 p. m.; from San Juan" del Norte (Greytown), by gasoline boats.. j Hotels.— Aihambra and Versailles.* Steamer Service.— Weekly service between Granada and San Jorge (lake port for Rivas), San Carlos, San Miguelito, and San Ubaldo, on Lake Nicaragua. Banks. — National Bank of Nicaragua, affiliated with the Mercan- tile Bank of the Americas ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (agency). Note.— This is the third largest city of the Republic, and one of the richest Jn the country. It is a distributing point" for the De- partment of Chontales, a cattle, mining, lumber, and balsam dis- trict on the other side of the lake. A large business is transacted here, and there are a number of houses that carry on a banking business* Some of the .firms do a large wholesale" business in addition to carrying on "a* retail trade. There are also a number NICARAGUA. 187 of retailers who are in a position to make direct importations. Numerous small towns on the lake are supplied from Granada. GREYTOWN (SAN JUAN DEL NORTE), Department of San Juan del Norte; occupies seaward side on San Juan River delta; population, 600; 120 miles (193 km.) from San Carlos, on Lake Nicarague. Products : Coconuts, bananas, coconut oil. Customhouse brokers: G. B. Williams, Ornis Curtis, Landing. — Vessels lie about a mile offshore ; lighters are used. How Reached.— Greytown is reached by coasting vessels. Motor launches make occasional trips to Granada via San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. The trip takes two days. Hotel.— Hotel Central. Note. — There are only a few business houses established in this city. The trip is rather expensive, and from a commercial stand- point this town is not of great importance. JINOTEGA, Department of Jinotega; population, about 4,000; 136 miles (220 km.) from Managua; 14 miles (22 km.) from Mata- galpa. Altitude* 4,000 feet; climate, semitropical. Principal prod- ucts: Coffee, cacao, sugar, manilla, rubber, tobacco, and tropical produce. Harvesting of the coffee crop usually begins in Decem- ber, and it is almost entirely shipped by the following June. How Reached.— From Matagalpa by trail. Note. — This is a small town without rail or water connection. It acts as a distributing center for merchandise to the region north- east. Canvassed almost exclusively by the wholesale houses of Nicaragua. LEON. — Department of Leon; population, 30,000; on the Pacific Railway; 35 miles (57 km.) from Corinto; 52 miles (84 km.) from Managua. Products: Cotton, sugar, cocoa. Manufactures: Cotton and woolen fabrics, cigars, boots and shoes, etc.; there are some important tanneries. How Reached.— From Corinto, by Pacific Railway ; from Mata- galpa, by automobile or oxcart road, passable during dry season, December to April ; by mule back during rainy season. Customhouse brokers : Jose D. Guerrero, Benj. Gallo, Jose Leon Leiva, and P. A. Blandon. , t Hotels, — Metropolitano,* Espana, ROma. Banks.— Banco Nacional de Nicaragua, affiliated with the Mer- cantile Bank of the Americas ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (agency) ; Fernando Sanchez* Salvador Reyes y Francisco Icaza. Note. — Leon is one of the most important centers of the Republic and is located in a rich agricultural center. It is the principal distributing point for the Departments of Nueva Segovia, Estell, Jinotega, and Matagalpa. A number of important wholesale houses are located here. There are also some retail concerns that import direct. Leon should be visited by practically all salesmen. It is sometimes chosen as a place for an agency, although preference is given to Managua. LOS PUEBLOS, Department of Carazo; population, 32,059; 27 miles (44 km.) from Masaya. Chief products : Coffee, corn, sugar. How Reached. — From Masaya, by railroad. 188 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note.— Los Pueblos consists of eight towns, San Marcos, Santa Teresa* Paz de Oriente, El Rosario, Dolores, La Oonquisti, DiTiamba, Jinotepe. Canvassed by the wholesale importers of Leon, Managua, etc. MANAGUA, Department of Managua; population, 40,000-; on southern shore of Lake Managua; 87 miles (139 km.) from Ooraito; 187 miles (300 km.) from Blueflelds; 52 miles (84 km.) from Leon. Principal products : Coffee, cattle, cacao, sugar, corn, beans, cabinet woods, and dyewoods. Industry : Shoe factory. American minister. How Reached. — From Corinto, Leon, or Granada, by Pacific Rail- way. Hotels. — Lupone,* Italia, America, Estrella, Central, Aster, Has- lam, Veleo. Banks. — National Bank of Nicaragua ; Anglo Central American ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (affiliated with Anglo-South American Bank.) MTote.-^-Thissis the capital of the Republic and a very important distributing place for points on or near the east shore of Lake Managua. Here are located a number of important wholesale firms In various lines. These houses send travelers periodically to other points in the country and take care of the demands of the smaller dealers. Managua also has a number of retail houses that are in a position to make direct importations,, i Managua is sometimes chosen as a place in which to establish an agency, i It should receive the attention of all commercial travelers. MASAYA,, Department of Masaya- population, 20,000; 106 miles (170 km;) from CoriBto>; 13 miles (21km.) from Granada. Prod- ucts: Beans, tobacco, corn, rice* sugar, coffee, vegetables, tropical fruits, hides, skins, rubber, and dairy products. Industries : Manu- facture of leather, shoes, boots, cigars, starch, soap, and straw hats. How Reached. — By -the Pacific Railway from Managua, Leon, Chinandega, Corinto, Granada, San Marcos, Jinotega, and Diriamba. Telephone connection with Managua and Granada. :, ,Hotel.-%-Central.v <•• •■•••. Banks. — Commercial Bank of Spanish America (affiliated with Anglo-South American Bank). '<■• • - .■i.arotei-^-BTom this point there is a short railway lime of 27 miles to. the<- coffee district known as " Los Ptoeblos." A rich district surrounds Masaya, devoted principally to agriculture. A number of concerns here import direct and do both a wholesale and a retail business. Masaya deserves a visit: from those commercial travelers, who canvass closely., There is a large Indian population. MATAGALEA, Department, of Matagalpa? population, 12,000; 103 miles (165 km.) from Managua; 120 miles (192 km.) from Leon. Products : Coffee, gold, hides, rice, tobacco, cocoa, mahogany, cedar, walnut, «orn, beans, sugar cane. American consular agent. - How Reached. — From Managua, by motor car during dry season (December to April), time about siK hours; by mule back or horse- back during rainy season (May to November), two to three days- from Leon, all year around, either by automobile, 10 hours during NICARAGUA. 189 dry season, or by horse or mule back during the rainy season; three and one-half days from Leon or La Paz. From about July 15 to August 15 there is generally a "canicula" (Indian summer) ; during this period the roads are good for horseback but too rough for motors. The best rainy-season route is across the Lake of Managua in a sailing boat,, taking the saddle and pack mules aboard, cost about $1 a head, landing at Port San Francisco, whence there is a fairly hard, dry road to Matagalpa which can be ridden intone and one-half days, Banks. — Agencies of Banco Nacional de Nicaragua, Anglo-Cen- tral American Commercial Bank (Ltd.), Commercial Bank of Span- ish America (Ltd.). Hotel. — Casino. Note. — Matagalpa is a small city, but the whole widely scattered Department is served by it. Timbermen and gold miners who work on the Choco River, Bio Grande, and other rivers make this their headquarters and base of supply. Matagalpa produces the 1 finest quality of washed coffee of the country ; before the war this was exported to Europe, but. lately most of it has been shipped to San Francisco, Calif. Matagalpa has no water or rail connection. PEARL LAGOON, Department of Zelaya; population, 800;' 25 miles (40 km.) north of Bluefields; 30 miles (48 km.) from Zelaya: Principal product : Sugar. . ,: How Reached. — From Bluefields by gasoline launches via sea and also via river. Note. — From a commercial standpoint this place is not of great importance. PRINZAPOLKA, Department of Prinzapolka; population, 600; 90 miles (144 km.) north of Bluefields; 103 miles (165 km.) from Zelaya, How Reached. — The Nicaragua Commercial & Logging Co. runs a regular line of gasoline schooners between Bluefields, Rio Grande, Prinzapolka, Wawa sawmill, and Cape Gracias. Note.— This place lies at the mouth of the Prinzapolka River and is the entrep6t for the mining district in the northeastern part of the Republic. Several important houses here do considerable busi- ness as outfitters for those who cut timber and work the mines. The Pis Pis mining district is reached from Prinzapolka by boats and mule back., ,(, >- ■;..: ■ RIVAS, Department of Rivas; population, 10,000; 52 miles (83 km.) from Managua; 21 miles (34 km.) from San Juan del Sur. Products : Cacao, sugar, rice, etc. • Industry : Tannery. Custom- house broker,; Carlos Holman, Hijo. How reached. — From Managua, by cart road ; from San Juan del Sur, by cart road. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Nicaragua (agency) ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (agency). Hotels,— Central, Rivas. Note. — This is the center of an important agricultural region, cacao being the chief product. Cattle are also raised, while hides, wood, and rubber are exported. Rivas is connected with San Juan del Sur, the shipping point, by cart road. Rivas is also connected 190 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. by tramway and steamer with San Jorge, 4 miles distant on Lake Nicaragua. Because of the filling up of the narbor of San Juan del Sur and the infrequency of > vessels, it may be necessary to travel overland by mule to Puntarenas, Costa Rica. SAN JUAN DEL SUR, Department of Rivas; Pacific port; 21 miles (34 km.) from Rivas ; 58 miles (94 km.) from Granada. Tem- perature averages 82° ,F..; wet season, May to October; dry season, November to April. Principal products : Cattle, cocoa, coffee, sugar, rice. . , " ; - ■ - ' << ':"■ Customhouse broker: Chas. Holman. How Reached. — From Granada, via lake steamer to Rivas, then overland. Trip on lake takes about four hours. Banks. — Commercial Bank Of Spanish America (Ltd.). Hotels.: — One only; accommodations poor. Note. — This place is not important commercially. It is a cable station. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge (approximately) their value or importance. Acoyopa, Department of Chontales ; population of district, 5,006 (city 724) ; 27 miles (44 km.) from Juigalpa. Automobile road to . Port San Ubaldo. Products: Corn, beans, silver, and gold. Boaco, Department of Chontales; population, 1,407 (city), 14,342 (municipality) ; 34 miles (55 km.) from Juigalpa; 105 miles (170 km.), from Sabana Grande (nearest railway station). Products: Cereals, cattle-, gold, and silver. Ciudad Dario (formerly Metapa), Department of Metagalpa; population, 32,271. Reached by carretera from Managua (nearest station). Products: Cereals, sugar, coffee, dyewoods. Gold, silver, and lead mines unexploited. Diriamba, Department of Carazo; population, 4,500; on Ferro- carrll del Sur to Jinotepe and San Marcos; 132 miles (214 km.) from Corinto, reached by rail. Located in center of rich coffee and agricultural district . Esteli, capital of Department of Esteli ; population, 10,583 ; 93 miles (150 km.) from Managua ; carretera to Leon. Products : Anil and corn. Mines of gold, silver, and copper unexploited. A rich and growing center. Great Corn Island, Department of Bluefields; population, 1,000; an island off the coast; 40 miles (64 km.) northeast of Bluefields. Products: Coconuts. Jinotepe, Department of Carazo; population, 7,542; 29 miles (48 km.) from Managua; 130 miles (210 km.) from Corinto; on Ferro- carril del Sur from piriamba to San Marcos. Products: Coffee, sugar, rice, beans, and maize. Hotel, Carazo NICARAGUA. 191 Juigalpa, Department of Chontales ; population, 12,113 ; 24 miles (40 km.) from station of San Ubaldo; 124 miles (200 km.) from Managua ; on carretera to Granada. Hotel, Tablada. Products : Corn, balsam, coffee, cacao, and sugar ; gold and silver mines ; cattle. La Iiibertad, Department of Jerez ; population, 741. In this vicin- ity are a number of gold mines. Metapa. See Ciudad Dario. Rio Grande, Department of Blueflelds ; population, 2,940 ; 60 miles (97 km.) from Blueflelds. Reached from latter point. San Marcos, Department of Oarazo; population, 4,967; 3 miles (5 km.) from Jinotepe; Ferrocarril del Sur, Jinotepe to San Marcos. Products: Coffee, rubber, sugar cane. Santo Domingo, Department of Jerez. In this vicinity are a num- ber of gold mines. Wawa River, Department of Blueflelds; population, 3,499; 120 mUes (192 km.) north of Blueflelds. Products: Corn, yucca, tim- ber, bananas, etc. Gold mines. COSTA RICA. Location. — Bounded on the north by Nicaragua ; ort the northeast by the Caribbean Sea; on the south and southeast by Panama; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Area and Population. — Area estimated at 18,691 square miles. Population about 450,000, or about 23.4 per square mile. Coast line on the Atlantic or Caribbean sid6 ; is about 181 miles (291 km.) ; on the Pacific side (greatly broken) about 360 miles (580 km.) in length. Physical Features. — The country is traversed by a chain of moun- tains (cordilleras), running from northwest to southeast. There are numerous valleys which are extremely fertile; there are several high peaks, including the volcanoes of Poas, Irazu (11,500 feet), and Turrialba (11,350 feet). Climate. — In the main the climate is very healthful. On the coast and up to the foothills to a height of 3,000 feet the. heat is torrid, the temperature averaging 72° to 82° P. In the mountain regions, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, the mean temperature ranges from 57° to 68° F. The extreme heights, 7,500 feet and above, are cool, and frosts are frequent. Seasons. — There are two seasons — the winter or rainy season and the summer or dry season. The dry season extends from Decem- ber to April and the wet season from May to November or Decem- ber, or during the prevalence of the southwest monsoon. There is a fortnight of dry weather during the month of June. The coldest months are December, January, and February. In ■ Cartago and San Jose the climate is very delightful. While it is warm near the coast, it is not unhealthful, and the rainfall is frequent throughout the year. Products and Industries. — The wealth of Costa Rica is chiefly dependent upon agriculture. The most important is the banana in- dustry, which has been chiefly developed by American interests in the Atlantic coast region. Coffee ranks second and sugar third. Cacao, rubber, corn, beans, and a few other products are grown. There is also considerable business in rosewood, cedar, mahogany, and. hides and skins. Chief Exports.— Coffee, bananas, gold, sugar, cacao, lumber, and hides. Manufactures. — Manufacturing has not reached a high stage of development. Numerous small plants supply local requirements. Shoe factories, some electric power plants, and a cotton mill are operated. 192 COSTA RIGA. . 193 Mining.— In. several very .rich districts gold mining is carried on; these are the Abangares, Barranca, and Aguacate. Coal and oil deposits have recently been discovered and are now being ex- ploited. Inhabitants, — Most of the inhabitants, except in the case of the Limon district, are of European descent. The pure Spanish type is marked, many of the people or their antecedants having come from Galicia and Andalusia. The Limon district has quite a number of blacks, mostly of the West Indian origin. The United Fruit Co. employs over 5,100 laborers. Language. — Spanish. English and French are spoken by many of the educated classes. Currency. — Costa Rica has a gold standard, the unit being the colon, with a value of $0,465 in United States currency. Gold coins in denominations of 2, 5, 10, and 20 colones, copper and silver alloy coins of 5 and 10 centavos, and silver coins of 25 and 50 centavos have been minted. Paper currency is issued by four of the local banks under Government supervision. The gold rate of exchange is 215, that is, $1 equals 2.15 Costa Rican colones and 1 colon equals $0,465. However, owing to adverse economic and political condi- tions, large issues of paper money, including fractional paper cur- rency, have been made, which have driven the Costa Rican gold and silver out of circulation. Exchange at the time of going, to press ranges around 450, that is, $1 equals 4.50 paper colones and 1 colon equals $0.22. United States gold coins, bank notes^ and silver coins are in circulation to an extent and accepted by all tradesmen. In the collection of import duties the Government does not recog- nize the depreciation of its currency, and all custom charges are collected in -terms of the gold colon, each colon being considered as equal to 46.5 cents in American currency or its equivalent in the depreciated currency. Weights and Measures. — The metric is the official system, and is in general use for commercial purposes. Postage. — Costa Rica belongs to the Postal Union. Rate from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Parcel post is widely used'. Cable. — Rate from New York to Costa Rica, 49 cents rjer word. "Wireless Telegraph Service. —Radio messages are sent to and received from all parts of the world via the United Fruit Co.'s radio station at Port Limon. Rates and routing instructions on application to the United Fruit Co. at Port Limon, or 131 State Street, Boston, Mass. Wireless messages from the United States, European, and Asiatic points intended for points in Costa Rica via Port Limon, in Nicaragua via Bluefields, and in Panama via Almirante, should be routed "via Tropical Radio, New Orleans," which routing should be shown in parenthesis after the address of the message. Telephone. — There is an efficient public telephone service in San Jose and between that city and Puntarenas, and a private telephone service iii Limon and between that, city and San Jose, owned by the United Fruit Company. 194 • GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Southern Pacific Co. (Morgan Line). — Office, 165 Broadway. Sails from Piers 48-49, North River (Eleventh Street). Departures about twice a week to New Orleans; thence by steamer to Port Limon, Costa Rica. Time, 10 days ; distance, 2,020 nautical miles. Panama Railroad Steamship Co.— Office, 24 State Street. Sails from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). De- partures weekly for Cristobal, Panama; thence by Pacific Mall steamer (semimonthly service to Puntarenas, Costa Rica). United Fruit Co. . Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 9, North River (Rector Street). Departures weekly for Port Limon, Costa Rica via Habana. Time, 12 days, in- eluding stops. Fare, $170 (meals and minimum stateroom accom- dations . included ) . LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans, La. Sailings weekly for Cristobal and Bocas del Toro, Panama, connecting at Cristobal with steamers from New York. Time via Cristobal, including stops, 8 days. Fare, $127 (meals and minimum stateroom accommodations included). Dis- tance, 1,380 nautical miles. LINE FROM BOSTON. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 75 State Street, Boston, Mass. Sailings weekly for Port Limon via Habana. Time, 12 days, including stops. Fare, $123, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. Departures semimonthly for Puntarena^ Costa Rica. Time, 21 days; approximate fare, $188, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. (See* also p. 35.) OTHER LINES VISITING COSTA RICAN PORTS. Royal Netherlands West India Mail Steamship Co. — Sailings twice every month frpm Amsterdam via Hamburg, Plymouth, Trinidad, Curacao, Puerto Colombia, Cartagena, to Limon. Re- turning ' calls at Cristobal, Puerto Colombia, Curacao, Trinidad, Plymouth, Havre. Hamburg to Amsterdam. ' LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Empresa de Transportes Maritimos del Golfo de Nicoya. — Touches points in the Gulf of Nicoya. Inquire at San Jose, Puntarenas, and Nicoya. COSTA EfCA. 195 Quarantine.-*-No quarantine for passengers from United States. In case of suspicious illness passengers may be detained. TREATY REGARDING COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.— A treaty providing' for a single license fee for commercial travelers and for customs treatment of samples is under negotiation between the United States and Costa Rica. It is similar to the treaties con- cluded with other Central and South American countries. (See P. 11.) Salesmen's Samples. — Samples of no commercial value are dutiable at 5 centavos per kilo gross weight ($1.05 per 100 pounds). Samples of value intended to be reexported are subject to the pay- ment of duty. This will be returned if the following conditions are complied with : The traveling salesman or his agent shall enter the samples in exactly the same manner as would be followed in the case of any other merchandise, and shall make a deposit to cover the full amount of duty. The customs official designated to make the customs inspection shall make a very careful examination of the packages. The collector of customs shall give the salesman or his agent a certified copy of the entry (p61iza), which must accompany the application for a permit to reexport the samples (pedimento de reembarque) . Reexportation of Samples. — Samples may be reexported through the customhouses of San Jose, Limon, or Puntarenas, and in the case of applications made' at the central customhouse at San Jose (aduana central), the packages will be sealed, marked, and shipped with bill of lading to the collector of customs at port of departure. If on comparing the samples with the entry at the customhouses it is found that there is a discrepancy or that any of the samples are missing, the interested party shall forfeit the entire amount of duty paid. Sale of Samples, — The commercial traveler, however, can dispose of all or part of his samples with permission of the collector of customs concerned and upon the previous payment of the corre- sponding duty. ' Time Limit. — A period of 90 days is allowed to traveling sales- men to avail themselves of the privilege of the reexportation, and if at the end of this period the samples have not been reexported the duties paid will not be refunded. When the commercial traveler applies for the permit to reexport his samples, the amount deposited by him on entry will be refunded, less a charge of 5 centavos per kilo gross weight ($1.05 per 100 pounds), provided the contents of the packages are the same as shown at the time of making entry. Jewelry Samples. — The provisions in the foregoing do not apply to samples of jewelry and articles manufactured of gold and silver. Such samples can not be taken out of the customhouse, and accord- ing to the law should be left in charge of the collector of customs and shown to merchants in presence of an official of the customs. In case they are shipped to the Aduana Principal (main custom- house) at San Jose, the same rule will apply. Samples of gilded and plated jewelry, that is, imitation jewelry, are subject to the same provisions as above. Duty is as follows: Gold or plated jew- elry, 10 per cent ad valorem; silver jewelry, 6.60 colones per kilo 196 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ($1.70 per pound) ; silver plated jewelry, 2 cplones per, kilo ($0.42 per pound). Repacking' Samples. — It is desirable, wherever possible, to repack trunks exactly as at the time of entry. This facilitates the clear- ance through customhouse at time of reexportation. The suggestion applies with equal force to all other countries. Time Required for Clearing Samples.— This, as a rule, consumes only a few hours. It is dependent largely upon the ability of the salesman to give a satisfactory memorandum of the contents of his trunks. DUTY ON ADVERTISING MATTER.— The rates of duty on advertising matter are as follows, the first figures in each instance being in colones per gross kilo, and those in parentheses represent- ing dollars per pound: Printed or lithographed advertisements un- framed, and common calendars, 0.05 ($0.01) ; framed advertise- ments on paper or cardboard, 1 i($0.21) ; advertisements without commercial value, on glass, 0.05 ($0.01) ; advertisements on iron plate, 0.04 ($0,008). There is a surtax of 5 per cent of the duty on imports intended for the Province of Limon and of 2 per cent on those destined for otheir parts of the country. EXCESS BAGGAGE RATES. — There is no differentiation be- tween samples and other baggage. Freight rates from Port Limon to San Jose, 2 colones ($0.93) per 100 pounds. The rate for excess baggage (44 pounds allowed free> with each ticket) is 4 colones ($1.86 per 100 pounds. COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' TAX.— No Government tax or license is required. In order to do business within the limits of the municipalities, separate licenses must be obtained. These are as follows: San Jose; 50 colones ($23.26) for six months; Port Limon, 2 colones (93 cents) per day, or 8 colones ($3.72) per week. Other towns requiring travelers' licenses are the following, the rates given being those charged for each visit: Puntarenas, $6; San Ramon, $2; PuriscaL $2; Gcecia, $2; Turrialfea, $3. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC— There are three places which practically all commercial travelers visit. These are Port Limon, on the Atlantic coast; San Jose, the capital, in the interior; and Puntarenas, a Pacific port. The most important business point is San Jose, where there are numerous wholesale houses, but it is also possible to obtain good orders in Port Limon, where there are a num- ber of important firms. Here the United Fruit Co. maintains a commissary and buying office. In Puntarenas are also a number of good-sized commercial houses. Salesmen in certain lines find it necessary to visit the smaller places. Method of Working. — The majority of travelers enter by way of Port Limon, which they may " make " from Cristobal or from New Orleans via Cristobal and Bocas del Toro, or direct from New York or Boston. Port Lvmon.— This city must be canvassed, particularly the offices of the UnitOd Fruit Co. The traveler leaves Port Limon at 940 a. m. on the Costa Rica Railway for San Jose, 103 miles (165 km ) west, the journey requiring about six hours. COSTA KICA. 197 San Jose. — This- is the capital of the Republic, and lies in a rich agricultural region. Here the majority of wholesale houses are located, as well as many retailers who are able to make direct importations. Ordinarily, San Jose is a very good place in which to transact business, Puntarenas. — A train runs daily from San Jose to Puntarenas, 69 miles (111 km.) on the Pacific Railway. This is an important distributing center. A number of good houses are located here. Importing Retailers. — In Costa Rica are dealers who are accus- tomed to import direct from the United States. They do not depend upon the wholesale houses of Port Limon or San Jose, and, there- fore, their business must be solicited by representatives of American houses. Best Visiting Time. — This is governed almost invariably by the conditions prevailing in the different lines of trade. The most de- lightful period is the dry season, extending from November to April. The period of greatest prosperity is April, when coffee comes into bearing. Merchants in general prefer to have their goods arrive somewhat in advance of the two principal holidays, Christ- mas and Easter. Agencies. — The headquarters of agents, almost without excep- tion, is San Jose. From this place periodical trips are made to other trade centers. Credit Information. — Information regarding credit of local mer- chants may be obtained from any of the San Jose banks. Suggested Route. — Arrival via Port Limon, Atlantic coast : From Port Limon, by Costa Rica Railway to Cartago ; thence to San Jose ; to Heredia ; to Alajuela ; thence by Pacific Railway to Puntarenas. From Puntarenas to Gulf of Nicoya or by road to Liberia, capital of Guanacaste, the largest cattle raising district of the Republic. Note. — Salesmen should not fail to obtain from their customers full instructions for the packing of goods. Nothing should be left to the imagination. : RAILROADS. — Costa Rica has in operation, including branches and sidings, about 430 miles (693 km.) of railway. Of this the Government owns 83 miles (134 km.) ; the Northern Railway, 135 miles (217 km.), and the Costa Rica Railway, 190 miles (306 km). The Costa Rica Railway is leased by the Northern Railway. The principal lines are: Costa Rica Railway Co., Port Limon to San Jose, 103 miles (166 km.)-; and San Jose to Alejuela, 14 miles (23 km.) ; Pacific Railway, Puntarenas to San Jose,; 69 miles (111 km.). WATER TRANSPORTATION. — The San Juan, River is the most important river of the Republic. It flows along the northern boundary and connects with Lake Nicaragua, in the Republic of Nicaragua, which is navigable by large vessels. Several small steamers ply regularly between the Inland ports and the coast. There is steamship service between Puntarenas and other local ports on the Gulf of Nicoya. These points can also be reached overland from the southwestern portion of Nicaragua via carretera, over which the two countries maintain postal service. 90821° — 22 14 198 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Points of Interest.— Road from Port Limon to San Jose: The scenery is very beautiful, being compared to Switzerland. The road to the Pacific coast is less beautiful, but nevertheless attractive. San Jose: This city is one of the most charming of Latin America. The theater here is noted throughout the world for its beauty. Numerous points of scenic charm are easily accessible from the capital. Among these are the volcanoes of Poas and Irazu, both being in constant eruption. HOTEL BATES. — In San Jose the best hotels charge from $4 to $6 per day on the American plan, and somewhat less for the European plan. Those of the second class charge from $2 to $3'per day, American plan. In the smaller communities the rates for first- class accommodations are somewhat less, running from $1.50 to $2 per day, American. The American plan is used in almost all the hotels in Costa Rica. POPULATION OP PROVINCES AND CAPITAL CITIES. (Latest estimates.) Provinces. Population. Capital. Population. San Jose... Alajuela. . . Cartago Heredia Guanacaste Limon Puntarenas 134,283 106,763 65,840 47,100 41,381 22,342 23,632 San Jose... Alajuela Cartago Heredia Liberia Limon Puntarenas 45,000 7,000 8,249 5,000 2,600 7,845 5,000 Distances from San Jose. — Alajuela, 14 miles (23 km.) ; Oartago, 13 miles (21 km.) ; Heredia, 5 J miles (9 km.) ; Limon, 103 miles (166 km.); Puntarenas, 69 miles (111 km.). Holidays.^-The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized. The following are legal holidays : January 1, New Year's Day ; March 19, St. Joseph's Day; May 1, Surrender of Gen. Walker; July 14, Fall of the Bastile; September 15, anniversary of Central American independence; October 12, Discovery of America; No- vember 11, Armistice Day; December 25, Christmas Day; Decem- ber 29, 30, 31, bank holidays. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Costa Rica which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips COSTA RICA. 199 200 GT7IDE Tp LATIN AMERICA. ALAJUELA, Province Of Alajuela; population, 7,000. " On the Costa Rica Railway, at base of Poas Volcano; 14 miles (23 km.) we&t of San Jose. Climate, semitropical. Principal products: Coffee, sugar:, rubber, and fruits. Industries: Cattle raising, tim- ber, etc." -„-, How Reached.— -From San Jose by the Costa Rica Railway and Pacific Railway ; from Puntarenas by the Pacific Railway. Hotel.— America. Mote. — This enterprising; beautiful little city is easily reached from San Jose. It is ttie center of the sugar trade, and is visited by salesmen who canvass closely. Places Visited from Alajuela. — Greeia (2,500) is only 7 miles (11 km.) from Alajuela and easily reached; San Ramon (3,400) ; San Pedro (1,300) ; Naran jo (2,800) ; Arenas (1,500); Palmares (1,400) ; San Mateo (1,300).; Orotlna (1,800). The gold mines of Aguacat© are a little north of Atenas. CAKTAGO,- Province of Cartago; altitude, 4,930 feet ; population, 8,240. On Costa Rica Railway at-southern base of~Volca»6 Irazu (11,200 feet) ; 13 miles (21 km.) east of San Jose; 92 miles (147 km.) west of Limon» Climate, subtropical (cool) ; temperature averages 68° F. Principal products: Coffee, cattle, fibers, vegetables, fruits. , How Reached. — From. San Jose and from Port Limon via Costa Rica Railway, or by automobile, passing, through several villages and some of the richest coffee estates in the country. Banks. — Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica (agency). ! Hotels. — Canal, Frances, Beck's. Bote. — This is a point of some importance, the center of one of the richest agricultural districts of Costa Rica,, It has a number of suburbs, which makes its population about 17,000. A fair volume of business is done. There are hot springs at Aguas Cal- iente, 3 miles distant. EEREDIA, capital of the Province of Heredia ; population, 5,000. On! the Pacific Railway* 6 miles (9 km.) west of San Jose; . Climate, very delightful; average temperature, 72° F. Principal products: Cattle, coffee, and fruits. Industries: Cattle raising, power plant. iEow Reached. — From San Jose by the Costa Rica Railway ; from PuiJtarenas by Pacific Railway. A good automobile road also con- nects Heredia witn San Jose. Hotels. — Europa] Central, Italian©. Other Towns Heap-By. — San Joaquin (2,900) ;' San Antonio de Belen (1,900) ; Barba (1,400) ; Santa Barbara (1,200) ; Santo Do- mingo (2,900) ; San Rafael (2,200). Kfote. — This enterprising little city is located so- near to San Jose that it is largely dependent upon it for supplies. Salesmen who canvass the small places will find it convenient to visit. LIMON, Atlantic port, Province of Limon ; population, 7,845. On the Costa Rica Railway, 103 miles (166 km.) east of San Jose; 1,380 nautical miles from New Orleans. Landing, direct from ship to £ier. Very active shipping point. Products: Bananas, coconuts, cocoa,.EUhhex, pineaBples,. .cattle. COSTA RICA. 201 American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: Felipe J. Alvarado & Co., R. B. Smith & Co., Alberto Aragon. Information obtainable from United Fruit Co. or consul. How Reached. — From New York and Boston direct ; from New Orleans via Cristobal or Bocas del Toro, by United Fruit Co. steam- ship service; from San Jose, by Costa Rica Railway, 6-hour trip. Hotels.— The Lodge* (owned by United Fruit Co.), Park, Londfes, Caribe, America. Banks. — Banco de Costa Rica, Banco Mercantil, Lindo Bros., F. J. Alvarado & Co., Royal Bank of Canada, John M. Keith. Steamship Service. — Steamers leave Cristobal, Paliama, usually in the afternoon, arriving at Limon early the next mornitag'. • Regular weekly service by launches to Cahuita, Puerto Viejo, and Gandoca. Hote. — This is the chief port of Costa Rica, owing its importance largely to the banana industry. Almost all of the coffee exports of Costa Rica go through Limon. It is splendidly equipped with docks and wharves. There are ample facilities for loading frequent cargoes of bananas and large shipments of coffee. The lively nature of the town draws to it the laborers from the neighboring planta- tions-. The United Fruit Co. maintains a large commissary here. There are also a number 'of important commercial firms, many of whom do direct importing, and others specialise in exporting. Limon is but an overnight sail from Colon, and many tourists to the Canal Zone include it in their itinerary. Adjacent Towns.— ^Siquirres (2,700) ; grbwing rapidly; owes its wealth to the banana industry; is 38 miles (61 km.) west of Limon ; reached by the Costa Rica Railway. Also GtiapileS ( 2,000 ) ; 64 miles ( 105 km. ) west of Port Limon On the Costa Rica Railway. PUNTARENAS, Province of Puntarenas; Pacific port on Gulf of Nieoya and terminus of Pacific ' Railway ; population;' 3,000 Steamers lie offshore; small boats carry passengers to iron pi«*. On Pacific Railway 69 miles (111 km.) west of San Jose; abotft 460 miles (740 km.) from Panama City. • Temperature averages 80° F.' Products: Sugar, cattle, coconuts, mother-of-pearl, timber, dyewoods, American consular agent. ■ How Reached. — From San Jose via Pacific Railroad; 1 trains, daily ; journey requires sis hours ; from, Panama by Pacific Steam Navigation Co. ; from San Francisco by Pacific Mail Steamship Co.. Steamship Agents. — Felipe J. Alvarado & Co.. Bank. — F. J. Alvarado & Co. . , Hotels. — Imperial, $3 per day ; Hotel Europa, $2 to $3 per day, Victoria, §2 per day. Hote.— This is the only Pacific port of Costa Rica, and therefore quite important. All who arrive by way of the Pacific must pass through it. A very fair volume of business is done, fhefe being some excellent houses located here. The wholesale houses of San Jose canvass it frequently. The southwestern part of Costa Rica is canvassed from this point. Adjacent Town.— Esparta, population about 2,000; can easily be reached from Puntarenas by railroad. ■ SAM" JOSE, Province of San Jose ; capital of the Republic ; popu- lation, 45,000; altitude, 3,850 feet; average temperature, 70° F. 202 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Located on Pacific Railway and Costa Rica Railway ; 103 miles (166 km.) west of Limon, and 69 miles (111 km.) east of Puntarenas. Products: Agricultural; coffee is chief source of wealth, followed -by bananas, cocoa, coconuts, and sugar cane. Industries: Small shoe, furniture, and soap factories, also textile mill. American consul and vice consul, Lloyd's agent, W. L. Lyon. Customhouse Brokers.— E\ J. Alvarado & Co., R. B. Smyth & Co., Alberto Aragon. How Reached. — From Puntarenas via Pacific Railway; from Limon via Costa Rica Railway ; from Heredia, Cartago, and Alajuela by automobile or railroad. Hotels.-^Washington,* Frances,* Europa, Continental, and Cen- tral. Banks. — Anglo-Costarricense ; International de Costa Rica; Mer- cantil de Costa Rica, affiliated with Mercantile Bank of the Americas, New Xork ; Banco de Costa Rica ; Royal Bank of Canada. Some of these banks have agencies in the chief cities. Private bankers : John M. Keith ; Sasso & Pirie, Sues. Note. — San Jose is situated in the midst of a broad fertile valley. It is a delightful city with excellent climate and congenial at- mosphere, has well-developed streets and parks, and its public build- ings make it one of the most attractive capitals of Latin America. San Jose is the center of the commerce of the Republic, and a con- siderable number of wholesale houses established here canvass the Republic thoroughly. These firms all make direct importations as do a large number of retail firms who are in a position to establish direct relations abroad. The traveler should give San Jose par- ticular attention. Agencies are almost without exception established here. While in San Jose the traveler can obtain information regarding vessels calling at either Puntarenas on the Pacific, or Port Limon on the Atlantic. This information is supplied by the agents of the steamship lines, many of whom have offices in this city. Adjacent Towns. — Villa de Desamparados (2,150), Escazu, Guadalupe, San Juan, Santa Domingo de Heredia, Tres Rios, Cur- tfdabat, San Pedro. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge (approximately) thejr value or importanca l£ the traveler desires further informa- tion, it can be obtained in San Jose or Port Limon. Abangares, Hinas De, Province of Guanacaste ; population, 800. Here are the famous Abangares gold mines. Esparta, Province of Puntarenas; population, 2,000; 13 miles (22 km.) from Puntarenas, on Pacific Railway. Products: Corn, rice, tobacco, gold, silver, copper. Grecia, Province of Alajuela; population, 2,500; 7 miles (11 km.) from Alajuela. Products: Coffee, sugar, beans, etc. COSTA KICA. 203 Liberia, capital of the Province of Guanacaste ; population, 2,600 ; climate, temperate. Reached from Puntarenas via steamer to El Bebedero ; thence by carretera. Products : Cacao, sugar, beans, rice, cattle, rubber, cotton, coconuts. Nicoya, Province of Guanacaste; population, 1,900. Beached from Puntarenas via Golfo de Nicoya, local steamship service. Products: Indigo, cacao, cattle, manganese. Paraiso, Province of Cartago; population, 3,500; 4 miles (6i km.) from Cartago, on Northern Bailway. ' Products : Coffee, corn, beans, woods, tobacco, potatoes, fibers. Santo Domingo, Province of Heredla ; population, 2,900. Reached by Costa Rica Railway from Port Limon and San Jose. Products: Coffee, corn, beans. This is an important coffee center. San Ramon, Department of Alajuela ; population, 3,400 ; reached from Alajuela by a Very good road. Products; Tropical products, gold, silver, and lead. This is an important commercial center. Turrialba, Province, of Cartago ; population, 1,800 ; reached from Port Limon and San Jose by Costa Rica Railway; also by road from San Jose. Products : Coffee, tropical produce. Cattle* raising is an important industry in this district. PANAMA. Location. — Generally considered a country of Central America. Bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea; on the east by Co- lombia ; on the south by the Pacific Ocean ; and on the west by Costa Rica. It contains the .Panama Canal Zone, the property of the United States. , Area and Population.— Area, 32,380 square miles. Population, 441,482— about 12 inhabitants per square mile. Coast line, Atlantic side, 477 miles (768 km.) ; Pacific side, 767 miles (1,234 km.). The greatest length of Panama is 420 miles (676 km.) ; greatest width, 118 miles (190 km.). Physical Features. — The chief characteristics are two mountain ranges, which traverse the Republic. They inclose a number of valleys and plains, which, being very fertile, afford excellent pas- turage for cattle. All the products of the Tropical Zone can be raised in this country. The slopes of the mountains are covered with extensive forests. Along the Atlantic coast are numerous banana plantations. Climate. — Tropical, with very heavy rainfall, which is heavier on the east coast than on the west. In the interior, where the al- titudes are higher, the climate is far more agreeable, the average temperature being about 66° F. The mean temperature on the At- lantic and Pacific coasts is about 80° F ; the variation is very slight from season to season. The humidity is very high in the wet season, averaging about 90 per cent. Seasons. — The summer or dry season extends from January to April, the winter or rainy season during the greater part of the year. Heaviest rains occur during October and November. Average annual rainfall on the Atlantic coast is about 140 inches; on the Pacific coast, 60 inches ; and in the interior, 93 inches. The hottest months are January, February, and March ; they are, however, tem- pered somewhat by ocean breezes. During the dry season the winds are continuously from the northeast. The sun shines most of the day during the dry season, while the days are usually cloudy during the wet season. The nights are cool. Products. — Bananas, rubber, coconuts, cacao, ivory nuts, cocobola wood, hides and skins, mother-of-pearl, tortoise shell, hardwoods (in- cluding mahogany), dyewoods, cattle, ipecac. Minerals. — There is said to be considerable gold, copper, coal, oil, and salt deposits. There are British gold mining interests at Darien, near the Colombian boundary, and extensive explorations are being made by American interests for oil. 204 PANAMA. 205 Industries. — These are of a very minor character and significance, and are confined to articles for local consumption in the cities of Panama and Colon. Principal Exports. — Bananas, rubber, coconuts, manganese, ivory nuts, cocobola wood, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl, hides and skins. Inhabitants. — The people are chiefly of a mixed race, including elements of Spanish, Indian, and Negro blood; There are also many Negroes of British nationality, who have come from the West In- dies. The number of pure whites is comparatively small — between 10 and 15 per cent. Language. — Spanish and English, the latter being understood commercially by the majority of business men in Panama City and Colon. Currency.— The monetary unit is the gold balboa, whose par value is $1 United States currency, but no balboas are actually coined and hi circulation. The following silver coins have been minted : Peso, or half balboa ($0.50) ; 50-centavo, 12-centavo, 10-centavo, 5-centavo, and 2J-centavo pieces, but when silver was abnormally high a few years ago, the silver coins were collected and exported, so that now United States currency is the principal medium of exchange. The silver half balboa, or peso, represents exactly the same value as 50 cents in American money. In all other countries the peso consists of 100 cents, whether they are called " centavos," " cen- timos," or " centesimos." For this reason the misnamed Panama " peso " is divided into 100 imaginary cents, 2 of which must make up the value of 1 cent in gold. All legal prices are quoted in terms of the American gold dollar; these include railway tickets, hotel rates, postage stamps, etc. Most commercial prices are quoted in the terms of the fictitious local dollar or peso. The legal charge for a carriage is 15 cents in the first zone. The price stated by the "cocherO" (driver) is always 30 cents. Sometimes he may add the word " plata " (silver) for the understanding of the stranger. Weights and Measures. — The metric is the official system. Postage. — Panama belongs to- the Postal Union, and the domestic rates apply on mail matter from the United States. Parcels are subject to the eighth-zone rate, United States parcel post. Cable. — The cable rate from New York City to Panama . is 40 cents per word. There is cable service to North and South American ports. Wireless. — The United States Government has wireless stations at Balboa, Darien, Colon, and Coco Solo, which are open to commer- cial traffic. ■ ■ -' Population. — The population of Panama, by Provinces, accord- ing to the census of 1920, was as follows: Panama, 106,247; Code, 50,091; Herrera, 28,737; Los Santos, 34,944; Veragua, 64,430; Chiriqui (West), 45,226; Chiriqui (East), 26,630; Bocas del Toro, 27,257; Colon, 57,930; total, 441,492. 206 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVEL ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures twice weekly for Colon (Cristo- bal). Connects for all points on the Panama Railroad. Time, 8 days; distance, 2,040 nautical miles; fare, $145, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. Panama Railroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street). Departures weekly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City. Reaches all points on the Panama Railroad. Fare from New York to Cristobal, $100. Time, 7 days. Grace Line.^-Office, 104 Pearl Street. Departures monthly for Colon (Cristobal) and Panama City (Balboa). Fare from New York to Cristobal, $145. . Time, 6 days. . Pacific Steam Navigation Co.--Office, 26 Broadway, New York, Sailings monthly from Pier 42, North River, Fare, $145.. : Average time of trip, 6 days. LINE FROM NEW ORLEANS. Many travelers prefer to make the trip to New Orleans by rail and embark there. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service.— Office, 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans, La. Sailings every Wednesday for Colon (Cristobal) and Bocas del Toro, Panama; every Saturday for Habana, Colon (Cristobal), and Bocas del Toro. Connects for all points on the Panama Railroad. Distance, 1,350 nautical miles; approximate fare, $110, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations ; time to Colon, 5 days ; to Bocas del Toro, 8 days, including stops. LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. — Office, 508 California Street. De- partures semimonthly for Panama City (Balboa). Distance to Bal- boa, 3,245 nautical miles ; time, 24 days ; fare, $188, including meals and minimum stateroom accommodations. See page 35 for rates of fare between Balboa and Central American ports. OTHER STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Compagnie Transatlantique. — Sailings the 9th and 25th of each month from Europe; and 24th and 8th to Europe. One service from St. Nazaire, France, to Guadeloupe, Martinique, West Indies; La Guaira and Puerto Cabello,. Venezuela; Puerto Colombia and Cartagena, Colombia; and Colon, Panama; and return. Compania Trasatlantica. — Sailings approximately once a month, calling at Puerto Colombia, Curacao, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Porto Rico, Cadiz, Barcelona, Havre, and Amsterdam. PANAMA. 207 Royal Netherlands West India Mail. — Fortnightly service from Cristobal to Puerto Colombia, Curacao, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Trinidad, Plymouth, Havre, and Amsterdam. Italian line. — Sailings about every two months from Cristobal, calling at Cartagena (optional), Puerto Colombia (optional), Cura- cao, Puerto Cabello (optional), La Guaira, Trinidad, Barbados, Teneriffe, Barcelona, Marseille, and Genoa. Typical Itineraries of United Fruit Co. Steamers. — Leave Cris- tobal Thursday, arrive Cartagena Wednesday; Leave Cartagena Thursday, arrive Puerto Colombia Friday ; leave Puerto Colombia Sunday, arrive Santa Marta Monday ; leave Santa Marta Tuesday, arrive Cristobal Thursday ; leave Cristobal Thursday, arrive Kings- ton Saturday ; leave Kingston Saturday, arrive New York Thursday ; leave Cristobal Wednesday, arrive Port Limon Thursday; leave Port Limon Sunday, arrive Habana Wednesday; leave Habana Thursday, arrive New York Sunday ; leave Cristobal Thursday, arrive Bocas del Toro Friday ; leave Bocas del Toro Saturday, arrive Habana Wednesday ; leave Habana Wednesday, arrive New Orleans Friday. . Handling 1 of Bag-gage. — After the quarantine inspection comes the customs examination by Government officials. This usually takes place on the dock. All that Is necessary is to notify the customs officials that the baggage is ready for examination, and the inspection will be made at once. The next step is to have the baggage transferred to hotel or railroad station. The Panama Railroad Transfer Co. will transfer baggage to any point in Colon, Cristobal, Panama, Ancon, or Balboa. TREATT REGARDING COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.— A treaty providing for a single license fee for commercial travelers and for customs treatment of samples has been concluded between the United States and Panama. It is similar to the treaties made with other Central and South American countries. The treaty will be put into effect as soon as the necessary regulations are formu- lated. (Seep. 11.) Salesmen's Samples. — Samples that possess no commercial value are admitted free of duty. Others are admitted under bond or upon deposit of the amount of duty to which they would be subject. Bond is canceled or deposit refunded upon presentation of proof of reexportation. The traveler should not dispose of samples subject to duty without furnishing an exact record to the customs authorities at the port of entry, else he may incur a fine. Reexportation. — Samples must be reexported through the original port of entry unless notification is given to the collector of customs. The traveler may enter at Bocas del Toro and reexport his samples from Panama. Time Required for Clearance. — When samples accompany the traveler and are plainly unsalable, very little time is required — usually five or six hours. If samples are subject to duty, more time may be needed to clear them. Procedure at Ports. — The procedure is very simple, but the aid of customs brokers may be desirable, particularly in case of difficulties and when bond is necessary! United States customs officers are in 208 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. charge at the dock; officials of the Panama Government act with them, i - Duty on Advertising- Matter. — Advertising matter carried by commercial travelers may be entered' free of duty. It is necessity, however, to indicate in the clearance documents that it is of nominal value. Excess Baggage. — Bach adult passenger on the Panama Railroad is allowed 150 pounds, of baggage. The charge for excess baggage between Colon and Panama is at the rate of 2 cents per pound. There is a special allowance to commercial travelers. Best Visiting Time. — The most pleasant time to visit Panama is during the dry season, between December and March. The tem- perature is the most agreeable at this time. The days are quite hot, but the evenings and nights are cool. Commercial Traveler's Tax.— It is necessary for travelers to ob- tain a municipal license in the district in which they desire to do business. Following are the fees: Panama, 30 days, $25; Colon; 6 months, $25 ; Bocas del Toro, 6 months, $10. CANVASSING PANAMA. — The only important commercial centers in Panama are Bocas del Toro, Colon, and Panama City. David is a point which is growing in importance. Many commercial travelers confine their efforts to Colon and Panama. The chief wholesale houses are located in the latter city and serve the smaller local merchants as well as those at points adjacent. A great deal of importing is also done by the better class of retail stores in Colon as well as Panama. This is due to the fact that most travelers on their way to and from South America, east and west coast, stop at the Isthmus. If the traveler comes from the east he may as well stop at Colon, although not infrequently salesmen go through to Panama and return to Colon to solicit business. The cost of trans- portation is not heavy and some travelers prefer to stay at Panama. Bocas del Toro is usually made in connection with Colon, the traveler either visiting it on his way to Port Limon, Costa Rica, or on his journey to Colon from Costa Rica. Bocas del Toro is a thriving city and the headquarters of the United Fruit Co., where a large commissary is maintained. There are also a number of other important business establishments, including' wholesalers who serve the dealers in the surrounding country. Bocas del Toro is can- vassed regularly by the houses of New Orleans, St. Louis, Chicago, etc. Some of the retailers import direct. If the traveler wishes to reach David, the following is the route taken : National Naviga- tion Go. from Panama to Pedregal; thence overland by rail. Places for Agencies. — Panama is usually selected as the head- quarters for an agency in this Republic. However, a number of agents are located in Colon. Sometimes offices are maintained in both towns. Classes of Buyers. — In addition to the commissaries in the Canal Zone, there are important wholesale and retail firms both in Colon and Panama. There is also a considerable number of Chinese mer- chants. „ Suggested Routes. — From Colon, by United Fruit Co. steamer or gasoline launch to Bocas del Toro. (From Colon one can also go by United Fruit Co. steamer to Port Limon, Costa Rica.) From •PANAMA. 209 Colon, by steamer or railroad to Panama City ; by National Naviga- tion Co. steamer to Puerto Mutis ; by carretera or camino de herra- dura to Santiago. From Panama City by National Navigation Co. steamer to Pedregal ; by railroad to David. Roads. — In the interior the roads are mostly impassable during the rainy season. Before undertaking a journey the traveler should ascertain theconditions that may confront him. Places of Interest.— In addition to the canal, which is, of course, of great interest, the following may be specified : Government and municipal buildings, Panama City: Very impos- ing structures. Cathedral at Panama City : On the Plaza Indepen- dencia; completed in 1760; one of the historical landmarks in the city. Ruins of tower of old Panama: About 6 miles southeast of Panama City. Ruins of Porto Bello : Here may be seen the ruins of the fortifications which were destroyed, by Morgan, the bucca- neer, in 1668. Island of Taboga : Reached by launch, running daily ; at Taboga is the "Aspinwall Hall," operated iby ther United States Government. Administration Building, at Balboa Heights ; the town of Balboa and the docks ; also docks at Cristobal, which cost $1,500,000 jeach to construct and are considered the finest in the world. The drive to the forts at Amador (the guardian of the Pacific) is very interesting. Gatun Lock, on the Atlantic side, is the principal place of interest to tourists. Army and naval bases are at France Field and Coco Solo. Hotel Bates. — The best hotels in Colon and Panama charge from $5 to $8 per day, American plan, and somewhat less for European plan. Those of the second category range from $3 to $4 per day, American plan. In the smaller places the accommodations are re- stricted to about one class, somewhat inferior, averaging in cost from $2 to $3 per day on the American plan. Telegraph Rates. — For.: the interior, first 10 words, 20 cents; every additional 10 words,. 12 cents ; no charge for address and sig- nature. From Panama , to Cplon, 5 cents, per word is charged, in- cluding address and signature. PREBTCIFAX RAEURQ£jpS.T-fPanama l Railroad, from Colon to Panama, 48 miles (77 km.) ; branch line from ; Panama to Balboa, 3 miles (5 km.). A private line radiates from Aimirante (United Fruit Co. territory) , carrying both freight and passengers, 151 miles (243 km.), and another from Colon to Fort Randolph, 10 miles (16 km.). There is a narrow-gauge railroad from Pedregal through David to Boquete, about 25 miles (40 km.). , ^Distances. — Bocas del Toro to Colon, 140 nautical miles; David to Panama City, ,310 miles (500 km.) ;, Panama City tQ, Colon, 48 miles (77 km.) ; Santiago to Panama City, ^55 miles (250 knt). Holidays.— rThe State-religion being Roman Catholic, the chief feast days of the churchafe generally ., observed. Generally speak- ing, business is suspended op the holidays which are officially recog- nized. In the smaller towns, however, the ■ merchants frequently take advantage of these, occasions to selt their wares. In addition to the church festivals, the following are legal holidays : January 1, New Year's Day; July 4,, American Independence Day; July 24, birthday of Gen. Bolivar; October 12, Columbus Day; November 3, 210 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. anniversary of separation from Colombia ; November 27, Thanks- giving Day; November 28, Independence of Panama from Spain; December 25, Christmas Day. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Panama which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. BOCAS DEL TORO, Province of Bocas del Toro; altitude, sea level ; population, 10,797. Located on an island of same name in one of the entrances to Chiriqui Lagoon; 60 nautical miles froml Limon, Costa Rica, and 140 nautical' miles from Colon. Principal products: Bananas, cacao, coffee, coconuts, hides, rubber, tobacco. How Reached.— From Colon by United Fruit Co. steamers and gasoline launches. Baggage allowance, 200 pounds ; excess, 1| cents per pound. Information obtainable from resident American consular agent. Steamship company agents, United Fruit Co. Hotels. — Washington, Central. Note. — This city depends almost exclusively on the banana in- dustry, controlled by the United Fruit Co., which maintains a com- missary here. In addition, there are a number of general mer- chandise stores, some of which do both a wholesale and retail business. A place of considerable importance. As it is so easily reached from Colon and from Port Limon, Costa Rica, it is included in the itineraries of most salesmen. CHITRE, Province of Herrera ; population, 6,622. Seaport, 160 miles (255 km.) from Panama. Products: Sugar, rice, rum, coffee, skins, rubber, cattle, fruit, corn, vegetables. Industries: Brick, tile, and earthenware works. ' 'How Reached. — From Panama by steamers of National Naviga- tion Co., also by sailing vessels. Banks. — Agency of Banco Nacional de Panama. Hotels. — Espafiol (proprietor, Ramon Sallares). Note. — Chitre is of fair commercial importance, being the port for the districts of Parita, Pese, Ocu, Las Minas, Los Pozos, Maca- racas, and Los Santos. A, fair volume of general business is trans- acted. Principal means of transportation, horse and coach (the latter during the dry season). Daily rates: Horse, $1 to $3 Ameri- can gold ; coach, $3 to $6. COLON, Province of Colon; population, 33,148. Landing: Vessels lie alongside docks. Located on Panama Railroad, 190 nautical miles from Port Limon, Costa Rica, and 48 miles (77 km.) from Panama City. Principal products: Bananas, pineapples, coconuts, balata, hardwoods, dyewoods, and ivory nuts. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, D. S. Webster. Customhouse brokers : I. L. Toledano, Colman Sasso. How Reached.— From Port Limon, Costa Rica, by United Fruit Co. steamers ; from Panama City by Panama Railroad or steamers. PANAMA. 211 212 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — International Banking Corporation; Panama Banking Co. (branch of Panama Banking- Co., Panama) ; American Foreiga Banking Corporation. Hotels. — Washington* (United States Government hotel) ; Grand^ Hotel Imperial*, Royal, Astor House. 1 Note. — Colon is chiefly' important as a port, steamships from the; United States, Europe, and South America calling here. There is also a large coaling and fuel-oil station, and cold-storage plants supply ships of all countries. There are some wholesale houses in Colon, but the principal business is retail, most of the mer- chants importing direct. Cristobal (Canal Zone) is practically a part of Colon* Certain American manufacturers are establishing warehouses here to enable them to make quick deliveries to points south. Normally, Colon is a thriving place which should be well canvassed. The Panama Railroad maintains a commissary in Cristobal. DAVID, Province of Chiriqui ; population, 15,239. Distant 310 miles (500 km.) from, Panama City. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, rubber, sugar-cane, rice, bananas, corn, cattle. Exports: Hides, deerskins, tortoise shell, mother-of-pearl, pearis, etc. In- dustries: Tannery, shoemaking, etc. How Beached.— There is communication by steamers with all ports of the Pacific as far as Panama City. The trip between Panama and David takes three or four days, depending upon the number of stops made. There is a special fast service, the scheduled time being about 30 hours. There is communication -by_ means of railroad to Concepcion (Distrito de Bugaba), Pedregal on the west, and Dolega, Potrerlllps, and Boquete on the northeast. Bank. — Enrique Halphen & Co. (inc.). Hotel. — Santiago Lombardi, $1.50 per day. Ho.te. — This is the capital and principal city of the Province of Chiriqui, one of the largest and richest of the Republic. It is lo- cated on the David River, about 5 miles from Pedregal, its port. A considerable volume of business is done here, both importing and exporting. PANAMA CITY, capital of the Republic"; population, about 66,851. Situated in Province of Panama, near Pacific mouth of Canal, on Panama Railroad, 48 miles (77 km.) from Colon, 460 miles (740 Ion.) from Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Landing, Balboa, alongside docks. Products: Pineapples, bananas, and oth^r trop- ical produce. Industries: Button factory, brewery,' and mineral- waiter works. American minister and consul general in residence. Steamship company jigents : United Fruit Co., Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., Pacific Mail Steamship Co., Panama Railroad Steamship CoT, Pan- ama Agencies Co. Lloyd's agent: E. S. Humber. Customhouse broilers : Jasso, Fuhring & Co., Gilberto Brid. How Reached. — From Colon via Panama Railroad ; from Punta- renas, Costa Rica, via coastwise steamers ;. from San Francisco by Pacific Mail steamers. Banks. — Banco Nacional, International Banking Corporation, Panama Banking Co., American Foreign Banking Corporation. PANAMA. 213 Taxi Fare. — Motor cars or " jitneys " now play the most impor- tant part in commercial traffic. The fare in one city zone is 15 cents gold for one passenger and 25 cents for two, the same as the present coach fare. Hotels. — Tivoli* (at Ancon, 1 mile from Panama, operated by United States Government), Central*, International, Metropole, American, Corco. At Taboga Island is the Aspinwall,* also oper- ated by the United States Government. Balboa. — In the Canal J^one, 3 miles, vest of Panama City, Pa- cific terminus of canal s excellent wharves. aJarge transit trade. Note. — A large wholesale as well as retail business is carried on in Panama City. Most of the retailers are able to import direct. Panama City is also the distributing point for the interior of the Republic, ass wefl> as for the Pacific ports of Cokimbig, an,d Cental American countries. Panama City has no land communication with tjhe interior of Panama, pearly alt of the, principal steamship companies have agencies in this city. A. full list is, published in the Panama Canal Telephone Directory. Agencies are usually established here. , SANTIAGO, Province of Veragua ; population, 13,500 ;, 155 miles (250 km. ). from Panama City. Products I Tropical produce. JEow Reached. — By craft of the National Navigation Co. from Panama, via Puerto Mu,tis and Aguadulc$; thence by cart road; for 27 mjles (44 tan.) . Note. — Although difficult of access, Santiago is. visited by tho^e who " make " the smaller towns. The section, tributary to it is considered one of the richest of Panama. PLACES QF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less, interest, to. the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to tljie com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the trailer have, inquiries from these points he will be able, to gauge (approximately) their value or importance. Aguadulce, Province ,of Cocie; population,, 6,927,; seaport, situ- ated 28, miles (,4$. km.) from Penonome and 113 miles (182 km.) ; from Panama. Beached by steamers of the- National Navigation Qp. Products,: Sugar, cattle, salt,, etc. las Tabias, capital o4 the Province of Los Santos; population, 10,197; 171 miles (280 km.) from, Manama City. Products: Corn, rice, beans, tobacco, sugar cane, fruits, cattle. Peaonome, capital of the Province of, Cocle. Population, 13,043. Distant, 106, miles (170 km.) from Panama and 15 miles (25 km.) fijom Puerto Gago. Products: Coffee, caoutchouc, cotton, woods, cattle. Industries : Mjamifacture of straw, hats,; Reached by steam- ers of National Navigation Co., via, Aguadulce;, thence by carretera, Sona.— Province or Veragua; population, 10,438; 186 miles (300 km.), from Panama, 22; miles. (35 km.) from Santiago. Carretera to Puerto Barranco Colorado. Products: "Vyhejit, rice, beans, cacap, coffee, caoutchouc,^ mediGinal plants. 90821° — 22 15 WEST INDIES. CUBA. Location. — Cuba is the largest and most important of all the West Indian islands. Its length is about 780 miles (1,255 km.); average width, 50 to 60 miles (80 to 96 km.) ; greatest width, 100 miles (161 km.) ; narrowest width, 35 miles (56 km.). At the point nearest the United States, Cuba is about 90 nautical miles from Key West, Fla. The island is 50 nautical miles west of Haiti and 85 miles from Jamaica. 1 Area and Population. — Area, about 45,881 square miles; popula- tion, 2,889,004, or about 63 inhabitants per square mile. Cuba is a trifle larger than the State' of Pennsylvania. Coast Line. — The coast line of Cuba is approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km.) long. Cuba has more deep water harbors than any other country in the Western Hemisphere. Physical Features. — Cuba is traversed by several irregular moun- tain chains that run in various directions, forming between them a number of fertile and healthful valleys and plateaus. Pico Turquino, in the Sierra Maestra Range, 8,320 feet above sea level, is the highest point on the island. Rivers. — While Cuba has numerous rivers, most of them are too short or too swift for navigation. The largest river, the Cauto, is navigable for about 50 miles (80 km.), and the Sagua la Grande is navigable for about 20 miles (32 km.). Climate. 1 — Cuba is rated as the most healthful country in the world. The climate is tropical and insular; it varies materially, the tropical heat of the coast being modified by the altitude of the inte- rior mountainous sections and plateaus, as well as by healthful seat breezes. Nights are always cool and pleasant. Temperature aver- ages 70° in January and 82° in July. Seasons. — The hotter, or rainy, season begins in the middle of May and continues until the end of October, but even during this period the mornings are bright and clear. The average annual rainfall is 52 inches; the heaviest rains occur in June and the lightest in March. In the northeastern section of the island the average, rainfall is about 100 inches; in Habana the average is about 50 inches. In the coast cities the summer temperature is often very high, although as a rule it does not exceed 90° F. In the mountain regions the temperature sometimes falls to 50° or less. 214 CUBA. 215 Agricultural Products. — The chief dependence of Cuba is upon sugar and tobacco. For 1919-20 the crop of the former was valued at $750,000,000 and of the latter at $50,000,000. Other agricultural products are pineapples, coconuts, limes, and many other kinds of tropical fruits. Pastoral Wealth. — There is a considerable and growing interest in the cattle industry, and hides and skins are exported in in- creasing Quantities. Mineral Wealth. — The most important mining operations are for the production of iron. Other mineral deposits are gold, copper, asphalt, mercury, zinc, antimony, coal, asbestos, petroleum, man- ganese, and marble. Industries. — While Cuba is not a manufacturing country, the number of small factories is rapidly increasing. There are several important plants devoted to the manufacture of cigars, cigarettes, underwear, shoes, clothing, furniture, etc. There are also foundries, machine shops, automobile plants, soap and perfume factories, etc. Other works are devoted to stone and marble. Inhabitants.— -The native whites are the most important element of the population. Foreign-born whites are chiefly Spanish. There is also a large admixture of Negro blood. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 Americans in business in Cuba. Language. — Spanish. Currency. — The unit of value is the gold peso, of the same weight and fineness as the American dollar. The coins are in denomina-^ tions of $5, $10, and $20 gold ; 10, 20, 40 cents, and $1 silver ; and 1, 2, and 5 cents nickel. United States money is received at par throughout the island. Weights and Measures. — The metric system prevails in this coun- try. Postage. — Letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. A money-order system has been. established between the United States and Cuba. Telegraphs and Telephones. — The island is well covered by pri- vately owned telegraph and telephone systems. The Government also operates some lines, chiefly for communication between its own offices. Telephone communication by cable has recently been established between the United States and Cuba, and a concession for the in- stallation of a wireless system has been asked from the Government. The telegraph system is owned by the Government, and the rates for telegraph messages are 2 to 5 cents a word, according to the dis- tance. «i Cable. — The International Cable Co. operates a cable between Habana and Punta Rassa, Fla. The Postal or Commercial Cable Co. has a direct line to New York. The Western Union also has con- nection with the mainland. A French company has a cable from Santiago to Haiti, Santo Domingo, and other important points in the West Indies. The rate per word to Habana from points in the United States east of the Mississippi River is 15 cents, and from points west of the river 20 cents. Address and signature are 216 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEKICA. counted. To, other ppjnts in, Cuba, «#!, rates ^ar^SO * D &'%bana> 601; Cristobal to Habana, 986; New York. to Santiago, 1,346 ; New Orleans to Santiago, 1,102 ; . New York to Matanzas, 1,136; New York to Manzanillo, 1,490; New Orleans to Matanzas, 629 ; N ew Orleans to Manzanillo, 1,040 ; Kingston (Jamaica) to Habana, 724'; New York to Ciehfuegos, 1,646 •; New Orleans to Cienfuegos^ 845. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Isle of Pines Steapiship Co. — Sailings from Batabanto to Isle of Pines (Jucara and Nueva Gerona). First-class fare, exclusive of meals and berth, $6. Service triweekly. Empresa Naviera de Cuba. — Schedule irregular, depending upon amount of cargo offered. Passenger service from Santiago to Habana, via north-coast route, calling, at Guantahamo, Baracoa, Mayari, Antilla, Preston, Felton, Nfpe, Banes, "vita, Gibara, Puerto Padre, Chaparra, Manati, iNuevitas and Caibarien. From Santiago to Habana via south-coast route, calling at Ensehada de ,Mora, Niquerb, Manzanillo, Guayabal, Santa Cruz del Sur, jucaro,, Tunas de Zaza, Casilda, arid Cienfuegos. This company also maintains k rhontnly passenger service from Habana to Santo £>oinrngo, Domini- can Republic, and to San Juan and POnce, Porto Rico, calling at Santiago each way. Cotnpanfa de TTavegacion ctel Comercio. — Bimonthly service to inost Cuban ports. ; Compafiia Nayiera de Cuba.— Regular service between Antilla, Puerto Padre, Gibara, Nipe, and Baracoa. . XaVier Rumeaii Steamship Line.— Sailings weekly between An- tilla, Cayo Mambi, and Baracoa. Einilio Navarro, S. eh C. — Sailings every three weeks between Cienfuegos and ^Trinidad (Casilda). Empresa Boullon y Compafiia, S. en C. — Regular Service between Cienfuegos and ports on the Damijui River. 218 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Jamaica-Haiti-Cuba Service. — J. S. Webster Co. Four trips weekly in each direction between Santiago and Kingston. G. Scott : Two steamers between Santiago and Kingston ; Santiago and Aux Cayes, Haiti, with occasional call at Port au Prince or some other Haitian port. Service weekly. Albert Gretzmer : Weekly service between Santiago and Kingston and Santiago and Aux Cayes, Haiti. Linsay, Swan & Hunter : Irregular service between Santiago and Kingston, and Santiago and Aux Cayes, Haiti. Cuba-Jamaica Steamship Co. : Service between Santiago and Kingston and any Haitian port. Service depends on time required for booking full load of passengers. T. P. Thompson, Bodden, Vandy Sandy, and Chapman : Irregular service between Santiago, Kingston, and other ports of West In- dies and the Bahamas.. Time of trip to Haiti, about 18 hours. BAGGAGE.-— Baggage consisting of wearing apparel, toilet neces- sities, etc., is not subject to duty. All baggage will be inspected on the dock. Bag-gage Transfer. — The Cuban and Pan American Express Co. handles all baggage arriving on steamers of the Ward Line from New York and the Southern Pacific Line from New Orleans. The pursers on the steamers of the lines mentioned act as agents for the express company and will check baggage from wharf to railway station, hotel, etc. Passengers may leave baggage at the office of the express company, 70 Lamparilla Street, for two weeks without charge. A representative of the express company is stationed at the Machina Wharf during the day. Passengers arriving from Florida by the Peninsular & Occidental Line will have their baggage checked on arrival at wharf. There are other express companies whose representatives are at the wharf to meet steamers and with whom arrangements may be made for transfer of baggage. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES.— .Travelers must present to the cus- tomhouse at the port of entry an invoice for samples and merchan- dise carried, certified by a Cuban consular officer in the port from which departure was made. This invoice must list and clearly identify all articles at their market price at the place of exportation. It is important that all possible explanation as to prices be made, as many difficulties arise in Cuban customhouses on account of dis- crepancies in the matter of valuing imports. Payment of Duty. — All samples of dutiable merchandise must pay full duty. The law provides, however, that when any lot of samples is valued at not more than $500, and when the samples are to be reexported, 75 per cent of the duty paid will he refunded, after proper identification of the samples, and provided that the reexportation occurs within 90 days from date of entry. In case any of the samples have been sold, the refund of 75 per cent will apply to the remainder. In order to entitle the traveling salesman to a refund of duty, samples must be imported as part of the bag- gage. They must not be shipped separately as freight, or by express or mail. CUBA. 219 Special Provision. — The following provisions are made by the customs tariff of Cuba for the free admission of certain samples: " Samples of felt, wall paper, and fabrics, under the following con- ditions: That they do not exceed 40 centimeters (15f inches) in length, measured in the warp or length of the piece, even when such samples take .up the entire width of the piece. The width shall, for fabrics, be determined by the list, and for felts and wall papers by the narrow border which has not passed through the press. Samples not having these indications shall be admitted free of duty only when they do not exceed 40 centimeters in any dimensions. In order to avoid abuse, the samples declared for free entry must have cuts 20 centimeters (8 inches) apart, in their width, so as to render them unfit for- any other purpose. When samples of fabrics are presented without cuts 20 centimeters apart, this requirement may be fulfilled at the time of entry, in order that they may be admitted , free of duty. Samples of hosiery must be rendered unfit for use by cuts 20 centimeters apart. Samples of trimmings in small pieces, of no commercial value or possible use otherwise than as samples, may be admitted free." Refund of Duties. — The 'law provides, that no other samples than those above mentioned are to be admitted free of duty. In order to obtain the refund of 75 per cent for reexportation within three months, it must be possible for the customs officials at port of re- exportation to easily recognize the samples upon which duty has been paid. , If the value of the samples exceeds $500, full duty must be paid and there is no refund whatever upon reexportation. The preparation of samples should be carefully studied by the sales- man before departure. Reexportation Through Other Ports.— When a traveling sales- man leaves Cuba from a port other than that by which he entered, taking with him the samples which he brought in, he must present to the customhouse where he is going to embark the receipt of the duties deposited and a request that the samples which he is taking with him be identified through comparison with the original bill of lading or a certified copy of same, in order that the collector of customs of the port of departure may note the importation, and he will return 75 per cent of the duties paid on the samples which are reexported to any person whom the traveler may designate to re- ceive such sum. Refund of Duties. — No duties paid on samples will be refunded unless the samples when brought into Cuba are specifically invoiced as such. Time Required for Clearance. — Practically the only time required for clearance is that necessary for the clerical work involved. The services of a customhouse broker will be found desirable and guard the traveler against difficulties. Duties on Advertising Matter.— Advertising matter without com- mercial value in small quantities and in the cheapest form is not subject to any duty. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — There is no tax of any kind im- posed on commercial travelers, either by the Federal Government or municipalities. 220 GUIDE TO Ii&'XiN AMERICA. Best Visiting Time.— The best time fofr selling goods in Cuba depends entirely on the circumstances surrounding each individual line. The most agreeable period for visiting Cuba is December to March. Excess Baggage.- — The Cuban railroads do not differentiate be- tween the baggage carried by traveling salesmen and other travelers. The amount carried free is 50 kilos (110 pounds). A charge of $2 per 100 kilos (220 pounds) is made on excess weight. CANVASSING THE ISLAND.— It is practically impossible to lay down definite rules regarding canvassing Cuba. The method and route followed depend upon the character of the line, class of mer- chants visited, etc. If only large wholesale houses or distributers are to be visifced, Habana, on the northern side of the island, and Santiago, on the southern side, and possibly Cienfuegds; are usually sufficient. In Habana are located the principal jobbing 'houses which supply the retail houses in the rest of the island. Santiago is the second city in importance, and here also will be found a numbe* o¥ large distributers, although the City is, naturally, secondary in im- portance to Habana. The custom of direct importation by many of the retail houses throughout the island has made it desirable to solicit orders from responsible retail merchants in the other cities. Agencies. — Except in cases of highly specialized articles which require particular subdivision, most of the agents are located in Habana. Subagents may toe named for Santiago and the other cities, but agencies in these two cities can pretty thoroughly look after the entire island. ROUTES.— Western Cuba : From Habana to Pinar del Rio and Guane. Central Cuba : Habana to Matanzas, Cardenas, Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, Caibarien, and Cainaguey. Eastern Cuba : From Caina- guey to Nuevitas, Bayamo, Mairaanillo, and Santiago; thence to Guantanamo, Antilla, Holguin; Gibara, and Puerto Padre. If the traveler enters by way of Antilla in eastern Cuba, he can easily canvass that portion of the island first and then proceed on the line of the United Railways, visiting successively the cities that have beeh mentioned before. BouteS Generally Followed.— Travelers Usually enter by way of Habana, which is the most important distributing point, and then decide Which 'places to visit first. The traveler can get a much better idea of the conditions at this point and govern himself accordingly. HOTEL RATES.— There is a wide difference in the prices charged in Cuban hotels. In Habana the rates for the best accommodations are comparatively high, but not excessive; averaging in the best hotels from $6 per Bay and up, American plan ; European plan nec- essarily lower. In the second-Class hotels the rates are not quite so high, averaging $5 per day and up, American plan, and somewhat less for European plan. In the smaller towns most of the hotels are run on the American plan, and the rates are from $3 to $3 per day. In the very small places the accommodations are in ac- cordance with the community^ and the rates run from $2 to $S per day; During the tourist season, November to April, the rates ih first-class hotels in Habana are unlimited, some hotels charging a minimum of $15.j>er day on the European plan. CDBA, 221 PRINCIPAL RAILWAYS OF CUBA. There are 2,600 miles of steam railways in Cuba and 250 miles of electric railways. The principal lines are as follows: United Railways of Habana.— This line forms the first section of the through route from Habana to Santiago. It extends as far as Santa Clara. It also has branch lines north and south, one of which funs to Batabano, where it connects with the regular steamship . service to the Isle of Pines. Other ports reached by this system are Matanzas and Cardenas. Cuba Railroad. — This line forms the eastern section of the Habana-Santiago routed running from Santa Clara to Santiago. It also has lines extending to Antilla and Manzanillo. Cuban CeatraL Bail way. — This line runs from the ports of Con- cha and Caibarien on the north coast and connects these two ports with Gienfuegos on the south coast. Western Railway;^-This line extends from Habana through Pinar del Rio to Guane. . Guantamanio & Western ^Railroad.: — Extends from Boqueron to San Justo, San Justo to La Maya, La Maya to San Luis* with branches. Total length, 83 miles (134 km.). Guantanamo Railroad. — 'From Guantanamo Bay (port of Cai- manera) to Jamaica, with branches from Jamaica to Guasco (5 miles), and from Cuatt© Caminos to Sampre (7 miles), also other short brancheSi. Gibara & Holg-uin Railway. — Runs from Gibara to Gantimplora, Auras, Aguas-'Claras, and Holguin,, connecting With the Cuba Rail- road. Puerto Principe & Nuevitas Railroad. — From Camaguey to Nue- vitas, a distance of 46 miles (74 km.)v passing through Dios Marias, Mmasi Aguada Josefina, and Lugareno. Connects with Cuba Rail- way at Camaguey. Jucaro & San Fernando Railroad. — From Jucaro to Ciego de Avila (connection with Cuba Railroad) and San Fernando; total length, 43 miles (69 km.). > Habana Central Railroad (Eleetric). — One-way fares from Ha- bana : Guinea line. — To ; San Francisco, 15 cents ; Cotorro, 20 cents ; San Jose, 45 cents; Guines, 80 cents. Guanajay line. — To Punta Braca, 20 cents ; Hoyo Colorado, 30 tents ; Caimito, 40 cents ; Guana jay y 55 cents. , Railroad Pares. — By a recent decree of the Railroad Commission, first-class rate, on the railroads is 5 cents per kilometer for first 100 kilometers, scaling downward to 3 J cents per kilometer for 1,000 kilometers. < Holidays in Guba. — The following are the chief holidays of Cuba: January Ay, New Year's Day; February 24, Revolution of Baire ; Good Friday ; May 20, Independence Day ; October 10, Revo- lution of Tara; December 7, DeathjOfMaceo; Deceraberf25, -Christ- mas Day. The population of Cuba is largely Catholic, and,, in addi- tion to the holidays mentioned, many people observe those of the churchi : • < 222 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Cuba which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ANTILLA, Province of Oriente ; population, 3,500 ; on Nipe Bay, north coast; landing, steamer direct to wharf; 517 miles (832 km.) from Habana; 80 miles (128 km.) from Santiago. Principal prod- ucts: Bananas, sugar. American consul. Lloyd's agent, W. L. MacDonald. Custom- house brokers: Portuondo & Enrich. How Beached. — From New York by Munson Line ; from Habana by United Railways to Santa Clara, thence by Cuba Railroad ; from Santiago by Cuba Railroad, five-hour trip. Hotels. — Antilla, Miramar, America, Ohio, Gallega, Venus, Europa. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — Antilla is the north-coast terminus of the Cuba Railroad in Oriente Province. Its principal export is sugar. Considerable wholesale and retail business is done, and many of, the dealers import direct. In the vicinity are the Bethlehem Cuba Iron mines, which operate a commissary at Felton. Other small places near by are Sagua de Tanamo, Omaja, Mayari, Banes, Preston, Cayo Mambi, and Alto Cedro. Worthy of the attention of all who canvass small places. ARTEMISA, Province of Pinar del Rio; population, 5,000; 44 miles (70 km.) from Habana; 8 miles (14 km.) from Guanajay; 61 miles (109 km.) from Pinar del Rio. Products: Pineapples, tobacco, sugar cane, cattle. Industries : Ice, soap, tobacco, and brick factories, manufacture of fruit extract, electric power plant. How Reached. — From Habana by Western Railway; automobile communication with near-by towns. Banks. — National City Bank of New York. HoteL^-Gampoamor. Note. — Artemisa is considered the most important city of the Province and considerable business is transacted. Visited by those salesmen who canvass the smaller places. BANES, Province of Oriente; population, 9,747; 25 miles (40 km.) from Antilla; 33 miles (52 km.) from Gibara. Products: Sugar cane, bananas. Customhouse broker: Armando Suarez. How Reached. — From Antilla by coastal steamers or Cuban Cen- tral Railway, and United Fruit Railway via Dumois; time, three- fourths of an hour. Bank. — Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Paris, Comercio. Note. — Banes is a port of some importance in a sugar-cane and banana district. The United Fruit Co. operates a large sugar cen- tral called the " Boston " and maintains a commissary here. There ottba. 223 are also several other stores which do a large business in dry goods, hardware, etc. Banes is usually canvassed by those who make the smaller towns. The turnover of some of the importers, especially the commissary, is quite large. Antilla (port Nipe) is about 24 miles by sea from Banes. BARACOA, Province of Oriente ; port on north coast, in extreme eastern part of island; population, 8,000; 707 miles (1,138 km.) from Habana; 17 miles (27 km.) from Port Maisi; 90 miles (145 km.) from Santiago. Principal products : Coconuts, coco beans, and coffee. Industries: Manufacture of coconut oil and cigars. How Beached. — From Habana or Santiago by steamers of Em- presa Naviera de Cuba; from Antilla by small steamers and sail- boats. Shipping agents, J. Simon & Co. Lloyd's agent, B. C. Arrue. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Cuba. Hotels. — Siglo XX,* Venus, Mascota, Pick Wick. Note. — Baracoa is a prosperous town of growing importance. There is some direct importing as there are a number of concerns iere who have a fair turnover. Baracoa is canvassed by those who visit the smaller places. BATABANO, Department of Habana; population, 7,000; branch of Habana customhouse; 80 miles (129 km.) from Isle of Pines; 36 miles (58 km.) from Habana. Products: Sponges, charcoal, sugar cane, fruits, woods for construction, railroad ties, etc. In- dustries : Sponge fishing, ice plant, electric power plant, etc. How Beached. — From Habana by United Railways. Steamer connection with Isle of Pines ; three trips weekly in each direction. Banks. — Banco Espaflol de la Isla de Cuba ; Carrillo y Moas, S. en C. ; Jose Fernandez y Hnos., S. en C. Customhouse broker; Bias Garcia. Hotels. — Dos Hermanos, Miramar. Note. — In this vicinity are many sponge fisheries. The business of the Isle of Pines passes through here. More than 3,000 workers are engaged in the sponge fishing industry. Batabano is usually canvassed by those who " make " the smaller towns. There are about 50 business houses here and 10 firms are engaged in the preparation of sponges. BAYAMO, Province of Oriente; population, 9,000; 81 miles (130 km.) from Santiago; climate, hot, but healthful; 25 miles (40 km.) from Manzanillo; 455 miles (735 km.) from Habana. Principal products: Cattle, sugar, tobacco, honey, 2-orses, hogs, copper, and manganese. Industries: Chiefly agricultural and mining, also to- bacco factories and tile factory. How Beached. — From Santiago by Cuba Railroad, four-hour trip ; from Manzanillo by Cuba Railroad; from Habana by United Rail- ways to Santa Clara, thence by Cuba Railroad. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada, National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Telegrafo,* Paris, New York, Plaza, Revolucion. Note. — Bayamo is on the road from Manzanillo to Santiago de Cuba and is situated in the largest cattle-raising district in the Province. Canvassed by those who make the smaller towns. It is surrounded by a prosperous agricultural district, and a brisk. retail business is done. 224 GUIDE TO EATtSr AMERICA. CAIBARIEN, Province of Santa Clara; populattonj 14,600; 35 miles (56 km.) east of Santa Clara; 226 miles (362 km.), from Habana. Industries : Sponge fisheries, sugar testing, etc. Prod- ucts : Sugar and tobacco. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, P. B. Anderson. Custom- house broker, Tomas del Castillo. How Reached.— From Habana via United BsilWayS* and Cuba Central Railway ; also by steamers of Empress. Naviera de Cuba. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada; National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Comercio,* Union. Note. — Oaibarien acts as a source of supply for a number 'of smaller towns in the vicinity which are tributary to it. A very large export business in sugar is carried on. There are quite a number of concerns here in various lines of business that can be advantageously visited by salesmen Who canvass the retail trade. CAMAGUEY, Province of Camaguey; population, 45,000; 338 miles (535 km.) from Habana; 200 miles (322 km.) from Santiago. Principal products : Cattle, sugar, molasses, honey, cedar wood, ma- hogany, licorice. Industries : Manufacture of sugar, perfumery, tobacco, soap, matches, etc. ■' How Reached. — From Habana 'By United Railways to Santa Clara, thence by Cuba Railroad, 15^hour trip; from Santiago by Cuba Railroad, 9^-hour trip. Hotela —Camaguey* (operated by Cuba Railway Co.), Plaza, Inglaterra, Norman, Grand, Habana. Banks.— Royal Bank of Canada ; Banco Agricola Puerto Principe ; Banco Industrial de Camaguey ; National City Bank of New fork. Customhouse brokers : BerhabS Sanchez 6 Hijo. Note. — This is a very important city in the center of a large cattle-raising and agricultural district. It acts as distributer "for towns tributary to it. There are many important firms located here, and a large business is transacted. This place should be visited by practically all salesmen. The importance of the place is increased by the fact that it is the headquarters for the Cuba Railroad Go. Considerable 'direct importing is done. CARDENAS, Province of Matanzas ; population, 32,753 ; port on Cardenas Bay; large steamers anchor in the Cayo Diana and Cayo Piedra; 41 miles (65 km.) from Matanzas; 109 miles (172 km.) from Habana; 70 miles (112 km.) 'from Sagua la Grande. Prin- cipal product: Sugar cane. Industries': Sugar refineries, tanneries, distilleries, tobacco factories. Lloyd's agent, Arthur Pitzgibbon. Customhouse brokers, Jacobo Pai-ravacini, Barroso & Co.i, Rafael Faz. How Reached. — From Matanzas by United Railways, 2i-hour trip, fare $4 ; from Habana by United Railways, farte $7. Banks. — Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba; Royal Bank of Canada; National City Bank of New York; D. Fernandez & Hho, S. en C. Hotels.— Europa, Louvre, Isla de Cuba, Marina^ Dominica, Ara- gonesa. OUBA. 225 Note. — Cardenas 'is easily reached by rail or steamer from Habana. It is a flourishing commercial port in the. midst of an im- portant sugar-growing district. A large trade is carried on by numer- ous concerns that are established here, some of whpm, supply the towns tributary to Cardenas. In 1920 over 2,600,000- bags of sugar were exported from Cardenas. Usually visited by most salesmen, being an excellent business, place under normal conditions. CIEGO DE AVILA, Province of Camaguey ; population, 16,400 ; 280 miles (450 km.) from Habana; 260 miles (420 km.) from Santiago Juntion on Cuba Railway and Jucaro and San, Fernando Railroad. Products : Sugar and cattle. Industries : Sawmills, brick- yards, etc. How; Beached.— From Santiago or Habana by railroad. Banks, — Banco MercaptU Americano,; National City Banlj; of New York ; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Rueda,* Plaza, Isla de Cuba, Delicias, Sevilla. Customhouse brokers: Clemehte, Perez e Hijos (at; Jucaro), Arthur Durbin (at Puerto Tarafa). Note. — This, is an important commercial center of Cuba, being halfway between Habana and Santiago. It is a railroad junction point in the midst of the greatest sugar-growing center of Cuba. There are numerous firms here who do a considerable business. Canvassed by salesmen, who make the smaller towns. CIENFUEGOS, Province of Santa Clara; on the south coast, on Bay of Jagua ; steamers lie about a mile offshore ; population, 48,178; 41 miles (65 km.), from Vill,a Clara ; 195 miles (313 km.) from Habana. Principal products: Sugar qane, coffee, cacao, tobacco, molasses. Industries: Sugar rejjneries q#A soap, candle, tobacco factories. America,n consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Emilio Her- nandez. Customhouse brokers, Pablo E. Alca,zar, Eduardo de Mazarredp, Alcazar 4c Pomares, Francisco Oms, Guillermo, Gatell, Andres Pagola. How Reached, — From Santiago and Camaguey by Cuba Rail- road ; from Habana by United Railways to Santa Clara, thence by Cuba Central Railway or sjteamers of- Empresa, Naviera de Cuba. Banks. — Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; Royal, Bank of Canada ; Bank of Nova, Scotia ; National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Union,* Continental,* La Surza, Ciervo de Quo.* N;ote. — Cienfuegos is a very important port, and sai(J tp be the most important sugar port in the world. In the vicinity are numer- ous, sugar refineries and centrals, distilleries, etc Tl^e cultivation of tobacco is also important. Other important products are lum- ber, coffee, honey, arid; wax. Cienfuegos has a number of, im- portant wholesale houses a#d many retail, establishments which make, direct importation. It should be visited by aU salesmen. CRTJCES, Province of Santa Clara; population, 13,478; on the. road foom Cienfuegos, to Sagua la Grande,, in the midst of a sugar district, and center of the railroad system of the Province ; 20 miles (31 km.) from CJ,enfueg9s,;! 23, m$es (37 km.), from S.anta Rosa). Products: Sugar, tobacco, fruit, and cattle. 226 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Beached. — From Cienfuegos or Habana by railroad. Hotels.— Llano, El Cosmopolita, Reina Victoria. Banks. — National City Bank of New York ; Banco Bspafiol de la Isla de Cuba; Royal Bank of Canada; Donato Artime. Note. — This town is situated on the main railway lines between Cienfuegos, Habana, and Sagua la Grande. A fair business is car- ried on. The town is usually canvassed by those who make the smaller places. GIBARA, Province of Ofiente, port on the north coast; popula- tion, 10,000; 80 miles (132 km.) from Santiago; 480 miles (792 km.) from Habana. Chief products : Sugar, beans, bananas. Cus- tomhouse brokers : Beola y Co., Jose M. Perez, Rey & Co. How Reached. — From Santiago and Camaguey by Cuba Railroad ; from Habana by railroad, also by steamers of Bmpresa Naviera de Cuba. Banks. — National Bank of Cuba, Rey & Co., Martinez & Co., Beola & Co. Hotels.— Continental, Plaza. Note. — Gibara is an excellent port with a considerable volume of business. There are shipped annually not less than 250,000 bags of sugar and 500,000 bunches of bananas from this place. There are narrow-gauge railroad lines from here to Holguin, Velasco, and Puerto Padre. It is canvassed by those who " make " the smaller towns. GUANABACAO, Province of Habana ; population, 16,352 ; 5 miles (7 km.) from Habana. Chief products: Sugar, coffee, etc. How Reached. — From Habana by United Railways. Bank. — National Bank of Cuba. Note. — This place is a suburban town with a fair volume of trade. Usually canvassed by those who make the smaller places or canvass very closely. GIT AN AJ AY, Province Of Pinar del Rio; population, 7,000; 35 miles (57 km.) from Habana. Products: Tobacco, sugar, fruits. How Reached. — By United Railways from Habana. Hotel. — Cuba. Banks. — National City Bank of New York; National Bank of Cuba. Note.— This place is a provincial town with a fair volume of trade. Usually canvassed by those who make the smaller places. GUANTANAMO, Province of Oriente; landing from steamer di- rect to wharf; population, 20,000 (including Guantanamo Valley, 60,000) ; on southeastern end of island ; 40 miles (64 km.) from San- tiago de Cuba; 20 miles (32 km.) from bay; 572 miles (915 km.) from Habana. Principal products: Sugar, wax, molasses, timber. How Reached. — From Santiago by Cuba Railroad ; from Habana by United Railways and Cuba Railway. Trip from Santiago and Habana may also be made by automobile to San Luis and thence by Guantanamo & Western Railroad. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada; National City Bank of New York. . Customhouse brokers : Brooks & Co., Juan Silva. Hotels. — Venus, Washington. cuba. 227 Note. — This is an important and growing port in southeastern Cuba. It is easily accessible from Santiago and from Guantanamo Bay. In the vicinity are important sugar plantations. A consider- able importing and e±porting business is done by the numerous houses established here. Guantanamo is visited by the majority of salesmen. GUTNES, Province of Habana; population, 13,679; 45 miles (79 km.) from Habana. Products: Tobacco, sugar, cattle. How Reached. — From Habana by Western Railroad. Bank. — National Bank of Cuba. Note.— This is a railroad junction point. In the vicinity are many sugar mills. Canvassed from Habana by those who " make " the smaller towns. HABANA, capital of the Republic; altitude, 10 feet; landing, steamer to wharf (sometimes by launch) ; population, 363,500; 54 miles (87 km.) from Matanzas; 535 miles (862 km.) from Santiago; 324 nautical miles from Tampa, Fla. ; 1,166 nautical miles from New York. Climate, good ; temperature averages 76° F. ; average rainfall, 43 inches; 106 rainy, days. Principal products: Sugar and tobacco. Industries : Cigar making, breweries, bottle factories, eemejit works, foundries and machine shops, soap and perfume fac- tories, marble and stone works, shoes, furniture, chocolate, and parasol factories. How Reached. — From New fork by Ward Line and United Fruit Co. Line; from Matanzas by United Railways, 2-hour trip, fare $4.60; from Santiago by Cuba Railroad and United Railways via Santa Clara, 30-hour trip, fare $38. Airplane service to Florida and various points in Cuba.. United States Legation.— Santa Catalina and Dominguez (Cerro) ; United States consulate, Room 505, National Bank of Cuba Building. American Chamber of Commerce, Obispo 7. Banks and Bankers. — National City Bank of New Tork, Cuba 72 and 74 ; American Foreign. Banking Corporation, Aguiar 86;; Royal Bank of Canada, Aguiar 75; Canadian Bank of Commerce, Cuba 31 ; Banco Mercantile Americano de Cuba, Cuba and Amar- gura Streets; Banco Nacional de Cuba, Cuba and Obispo Streets; Bolsa Priyada de la Habana, Obrapia 33; J. Bacells & Co., Amar- gura 34; J. A. Van'ces & Co., Obispo 21; Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba, Aguiar 81; Banco Territorial de Cuba, Aguiar 81; Bank of Nova Scotia, O'Reilly 30-A; Trust Co. of Cuba, Obispo 53; Zaldo & Ck>., Cuba 76; Banco de Fomento Agrario, Galiano 66; Alvarei: Valdes & Co., Ricla 7-A ; N. Gelats & Co., -Aguiar 106 ; Pedro Gomes Mena e Hijos,, Aguiar and Obispo; Banco Comercial de Cuba, Ricla 121 ; Banco, 'del Comercio, Mercadares 36 ; Banco Internacional de Cuba, Teniante Rey and Mercadares ; Banco Nacional de Comercio, O'Reilly and Cuba ; Demetrio Cordova & Co., Belascoain 641 ; Dig- nbn Hnos., San Pedro 24 ; Pedroso & Co., Aguiar 65 ; Penabad Areces & Co., Reina 8 ; H. Upmann & Co., Amargura 1. Customhouse Brokers. — Oscar Alsina, Inquisidor 21; Autran & Martin, Lonja deI"Comercia 515 ; Jas, W. Beck & Co., Obrapia 25 ; Carlos de la Torre, Lonja del Comercia 536 ; Juan Fortiz, San Pedro 28; Luis F. de Cardenas, National Bank of Cuba Building. 228 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. guba. 229 It. G. Dun & Co., Banco Nacional 307 ; Bradstfeet Co., Lonja 206. Lloyd's agent, Aquilino Ordonez. Automobile Fares. — The fares of taxicabs, usually Ford automobiles, are regulated according to zones. Minimum fare within zone 1, 30 cents for one or two persons, fare increasing whenever cab passes into another zone. Within first three zones of Habana fare is $1.60 per hour for one or two persons, $1.70 for three, and $1.80 for four. The rates for larger automobiles, while technically governed by the same tariff, are always a matter of special arrangement and care should be taken to bargain before taking one of these cars. The price asked is usually $5 per hour. Principal Hotels. — Sevilla, Trocadero 1 ; Inglaterra, Prado at Central Park ; Plaza, Zulueta and Neptuno ; Union, Cuba 43 ; Flor- ida, Obispo and Cuba ; La Fayette, O'Reilly and Aguiar. Note. — Habana is the capital of Cuba and its most important cen- ter. The port possesses an unusually fine harbor, admitting vessels of the deepest draft. The city is an attractive one with all modern improvements. Hotel accommodations are of the best. In Habana are located numerous wholesale jobbing houses specializing in dif- ferent lines and transacting an enormous volume of business. Here are also located large exporters of the island's products, sugar, tobacco, etc. Industrially, the city is growing in importance, but is particularly famous on account of its manufacture of cigars. Habana is the logical place for the establishment of a genera) agency for the whole island of Cuba. From this point the rest, of the Republic is canvassed. It is easily reached, and should be well canvassed by all salesmen. HOLGUIN, Province of Oriehte; population, 13,768; 88 miles .(141 km.) northwest of Santiago; 468 miles (754 km.) from Habana. Products: Tobacco, sugar, etc. Minerals: Manganese, gold, etc. How Reached. — By Cuba Railroad via Cacocum, a small junction point on through line from Habana to Santiago. ' Banks. — Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Telegrafo, Isla de Cuba, Holguin. Note. — Holguin is a town on the road from Gibara. A fair busi- ness is transacted. It is visited by those who canvass the smaller towns. ISLE OE PINES, Partido Judicial de; population, 4,228 ; 80 miles (129 km.) from Batabano. Climate, excellent; average tempera- ture, 75° F. ; nights cool and pleasant; rainy season, May 15 to October 15. Principal products : Grapefruit, limes, oranges, pine- apples, winter vegetables, pine, mahogany, cedar, sulphur, pitch, turpentine. Industries : Cigar factories, sawmills, marble quarry, cattle raising. How Reached. — From Batabano by Isle of Pines Steamship Co. Sailings from Batabano triweekly on arrival of trains leaving new central station, Habana, at 6.10 p. m. Fare, one way, exclusive. of meals and berth, $10. Automobiles to Columbia, McKinley, Santa Fe, and Santa Barbara. _. 90821"— 22- 16 230 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. . Hotels. — Santa Rita, at Santa Fe; Santa Barbara Inn, at Santa Barbara; Anderson's, at Nueva Gerona. Bank. — National Bank and Trust Co., Nueva Gerona. Nueva Gerona. — This is the capital and chief business place. Other settlements are MeKinley, Santa Fe, Santa Barbara, Los Indios, and Columbia. Note.— This is an island of some importance lying south of Pinar del Bio and Habana Provinces. It is particularly noted for its production of grapefruit, limes, oranges, pineapples, and winter vegetables. It is easily accessible and visited by the salesmen who canvass the smaller places. A brisk retail trade is carried on. M ANZANILLO, Province of Oriente ; population, 25,000 ; on west coast; 487 miles (783 km.) from Habana; 112 miles (180 km.) from Santiago; 25 miles (40 km.) from Bayamo; 157 miles (253 km.) from Oriente. Climate, hot and unhealthful. Principal products: Sugar and tobacco, honey, mahogany, cedar wood, palm leaf, hides, molasses. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Beattie & Co. Custom- houses brokers: Ricardo Muniz, Francisco Suris. How Readied. — From Santiago by Cuba Railroad (fare $8.44) or steamers of the Empresa Naviera de Cuba; from Bayamo by Cuba Railroad; from Habana by Cuba Railroad (fare $29) or steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba (fare $25). Banks. — National City Bank of New York, Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Casa Blanca, Inglaterra, Comercio. Note. — This is one of the most important cities of southeastern Cuba. The volume of business done is very large, the exports con- sisting principally of sugar, honey, mahogany, cedar wood, molasses,, hides, etc. Manzanillo is an important distributing point for the surrounding country. There are a number of firms here doing both a wholesale and retail business. There is much direct importing. Well worthy of a visit by the majority of salesmen. MATANZAS, capital of Province of Matanzas ; altitude, 100 feet ; population, 63,412; port on Matanzas Bay; landing, steamer to wharf; 54 miles (87 km.), from Habana; 472 miles (755 km.) from Santiago. Principal products : Sugar, molasses, coffee, honey, wax, fruit, copper. Industries : Sisal fiber and cordage, sugar mills, shoe factories tanneries, foundries, and brickworks. American vice consul : Lloyd's agent, Leoncio A. del Campo. How Reached. — From Habana by United Railways, 2-hour trip, fare $4.60. Banks and Bankers.— National City Bank of New York ; branch of Royal Bank of Canada. Customhouse Brokers. — Juan Carbo, Calle 24 de Febrero ; Pedro Canu, Calle Vera ; Armando Lopez, Ayllon ; Miguel G. Torres, Ma- tanzas; Ignacio Valdes; Francisco Diaz Garcillaga, Calle Contreras- Bmilip Seller, Calle Tirry. Hotels.— Louvre, Sevilla, Paris. Note. — Matanzas is the capital of the Province of the same name. It is easily reached from Habana by rail. Considerable business is done. Many of the firms who do both a wholesale and retail OTTBA. 231 business make direct importations. The chief source of wealth is sugar, there being many centrals and refineries in this Province. Matanzas is one of the most important sugar ports of the island. Tobacco and other tropical products are also exported. It is easily reached from Habana and is usually included in the itinerary of most travelers. Near Matanzas is the beautiful Yumuri Valley. NUEVITAS, port of Camaguey and capital of the Province of Camaguey; population, 11,000; 242 miles (387 km.) from Santiago; 54 miles (87 km.) from Puerto Principe; 46 miles (74 km.) north of Camaguey. Principal products : Sugar, molasses, henequen, cedar, mahogany, and citrus fruits. American consul. How Beached. — From Camaguey by Camaguey & Nuevitas Rail- way ; from Habana by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada; National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Miramar, Carreras. Note. — Nuevitas is fast becoming one of- the largest shipping points for sugar in Cuba. A large trade is carried on by numerous firms who make direct importations. It is worthy of the attention of most salesmen who canvass the smaller towns. Neuvitas really has two ports, one Pastelillo, 4 miles to the northeast, and Puerto Tarafa, 2$ miles to the north. • PIN All DEL BIO, capital of Province of Pinar del Rio ; popula- tion, 13,728; 111 miles (178 km.) from Habana. Principal products: Tobacco (famous Vuelta Abajo district). Industries are unim- portant. How Beached. — From Habana by United Railways of Habana ; 4-hour trip ; fare, $6.71. Banks. — Branch of Banco Nacional de Cuba ; branch of Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba; branch of Royal Bank of Canada; branch of National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Ricardo,* Marina, Globo. Note.— A town of considerable importance in the western part of Cuba ; easily accessible from Habana. A large business is done with the surrounding country. The chief wealth is tropical agri- cultural products, especially tobacco, the finest grade being grown in this district. Canvassed by salesmen who visit the smaller places. PUERTO PADBE, Province of Oriente ; population, 8,000 ; on the northwest coast (near Gibara). Chief products: Coffee, sugar, fruits, honey, tobacco; also copper, , iron, and manganese. Indus- tries: Sugar mills, tobacco factories, and brickyards. How Beached. — From Habana by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba; from Holquin by railroad, daily service. Also reached by automobile from many points. Hotel. — Garcia. Bank. — Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — This is a progressive town in which considerable business is done. Near by, at Chaparra, are large sugar mills which oper- ate commissaries and do a large business. Travelers who call at Gibara should also visit Puerto Padre and Chaparra, 7 miles (12 km.). 232 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. REMEDIOS, Province of Santa Clara; population, 10,000 (dis- trict, 25,000) ; 5 miles (8 km.)' from Caibarien; 32 miles (51 km.) from Santa Clara. Products: Tobacco, sugar. How Beached. — From Habana via United Railways and Cuba Central Railroad. Bank. — National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Comercio, Mascotte, America. Note. — Remedios is usually "made" by those who visit Caibarien. A' fair volume of business is carried on. , SAGI7A LA GRANDE, Province of Santa Clara; population, 32,000; on Sagua la Grande River, navigable for 20 miles (32 km.) ; 16 miles (25 km.) from Isabella (port) ; 30 miles (48 km.) north of Santa Clara; 175 miles (280 km.) from Habana. Principal product: Sugar. Industries: Alcohol distilleries, foundries, rail- road shops of Cuban Central Railway Co. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, J. F. Jova. Custom- house brokers : Ricardo Causo, C. M. Murphy. How Reached.— From Habana via United and Cuban Central Railways, time 6J hours, fare about $11. Banks and Bankers. — National City Bank of New York ; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Plaza, Telegrafo, Ezcurra. Note. — One of the chief ports of Cuba. In this vicinity are numer- ous important sugar plantations, also sugar centrals and refineries. There is frequent communication with Santa Clara, Cienfuegos, Caibarien, Cardenas, etc. Worthy of the attention of salesmen who canvass towns where a large retail trade is done. SANCTI SPIRITUS, Province of Santa Clara ; population of city, 23,572; district, 79,374; 240 miles (386 km.) from Habana; 50 miles (80. km.) from Santa Clara. Products: Sugar cane, tobacco, cattle. Industries : Cigar and cigarette factories, pottery works, fanning, and cattle raising. How Reached. — From Habana by United Railways and Cuba Railway via Santa Clara ; from Santa Clara by Cuba Railway. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada; National City Bank of New York ; Florencio Mehdez. Hotels. — Perla, Central, Correo, Inglaterra, Isla de Cuba. Note. — Sancti Spiritus has been growing in importance and is generally canvassed by those salesmen who visit smaller places. SANTA CLARA, capital of Province of Santa Clara ; population, 40,000; 179 miles (289 km.) from Habana; 41 miles (65 km.) from Cienfuegos.- Climate, healthful. Principal products: Sugar and tobacco. How Reached. — From Habana by United Railways, 7 to 7* hour trip, fare $12.08; from Cienfuegos by Cuban Central Railway. Banks and Bankers. — National City Bank of New York ■ Banco EspaSol de la Isla de Cuba ; National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels.— Santa Clara,* Plaza, Telegrafo, Las Palmas,* Suiza Note. — Santa Clara is situated in an important sugar and tohacco district. It is worthy of a visit by all salesmen who canvass the flourishing towns. Considerable direct importing business is done CUBA. 233 w o CO w 9° 7 ANTIC 8 Afst ) 8 V/»V t~ Off N fW s f--C~A A S s S, / ^S / "° Si A 1(SU><1"- • /"■•'•■ s / s 5 7 s 2 ; '-' 1 OB o o | ' © „ •. :Uv 3 /V rs ) \ y^ *. ■■"-■* o 00 S «< v.. ■ * y 10* If*"' m J %- / s o a */\ o y*a rt / ••■^-wio °NL/f Vsr " 3 < i /fe^^y-^L/lf 3 \ § s Qq @ ** ***** " Ik I. V; 234 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. SANTIAGO DE CUBA, capital of Province of Oriente ; on south : east coast ; landing, steamer to wharf ; population, 70,000 ; 535 milea (862 km.) from Habana; 40 miles (64 km.) from Guantanamo. Principal products: Sugar, iron, copper, manganese, rum, tobacco, cocoa, woods, honey, .wax. Industries: Mining, agriculture, brew- ing ; manufacture of bricks, ice, cigars, matches, candles, and soap ; foundries, planing mills, and machine shops. American consul and vice consul. Moyd's agent, Brooks & Co. Customhouse brokers, Desiderio Parreno, Bduardo Guernico, Buer- gues & Co., Federico Reiners, Funtanillas & Co., Jose B. Salcedo. How Beached. — From Habana by United Railways and Cuba Railway via Santa Clara (30-hour trip, fare about $38), or by steamers of Empresa Naviera de Cuba; from Batabano by steam- ers ; from Antilla by railway, 6-hour trip. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada ; Nationl City Bank of New York ; Banco Hispano Cubano de Oriente. Hotels.— Casa Grande,* Venus, Imperial, American, Camaguey, Washington. Public Vehicle Rates. — Within city limits, automobiles, one per- son, 40 cents; two persons, 55 cents. Hour's drive or more:. Con- stant driving $4 per hour ; business calls, $3 per hour. Rates double between 11 p. m. and 6 a. ni. Note. — Next to Habana* the most important commercial city of Cuba is Santiago de Cuba. It is the principal seaport of the east- ern section of the island and is also the center of a very rich min- ing district in which iron predominates. The exports are large, including sugar, honey, wax, cacao beans, iron ore, hides, cedar and mahogany logs. There are numerous wholesale houses here and also a considerable number of retailers who make direct im- portations. Santiago is often selected as a base for a local agency for this section of the island, particularly if it does not seem advis- able to depend upon the representative in Habana exclusively. Santiago should be visited by all salesmen who go to Cuba. At Daiquiri and Firmeza near by are the iron miles of the Bethle- hem Cuba Iron Mines Co. TRINIDAD, Province of Santa Clara; population, 12,000 (dis- trict, 35,000); 45 miles (73 km.) from Santa Clara. Products: Sugar, coffee, tobacco, cacao, wax, honey. How Reached. — From Santa Clara by Cuba Railway. Hotels. — Central, Union, Trinidad. Banks. — National Bank of Cuba ; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — Trinidad is in the south central part of Cuba. The sur- rounding district is very rich. Usually found worthy of the atten- tion of salesmen who canvass the smaller places. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge (approximately) their value or importance. Some of these towns are canvassed by American houses. CUBA. 235 236 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Bejucal, Province of Habana ;" population, 6,500";" 15 miles (26 km.) from Habana; reached by United Railways. Products: Tobacco, tropical fruits, etc. Bank: Banco National de Cuba. Hotel: El Noy. Bolondron, Province of .Matanzas ; population, about 5,000; 35 mites (53 km.) from Matanzas; reached by United Railways. Products: Sugar, cattle, etc. Bankers: Quenedo & Bacallao. Hotels : La Dominica, El Cosmopolita. Colon, Province of Matanzas; population, 8,500; 83 miles (135 km.) from Habana; 40 miles (64 km.) from Cardenas. Banks: National City Bank of New York ; Royal Bank of Canada ; Vallines, Garcia & Cia. This is a great sugar center ; chiefly dependent upon Habana. Reached from Habana by United Railways. Hotels: Continental, Piaza, Louvre. Consolation del Sur, Pinar del Rio ; population, 11,000 ; 12 miles (20 km.) from Pinar del Rio. Products: Tobacco, etc. Reached from Habana and Pinar del Rio by Western Railway. Bank: Na- tional Bank of Cuba. Hotels: Moderno, Jorre. In this vicinity (Vuelta Aba jo) tobacco is the principal product. Marianao, Province of Habana; population, 30J01; 10 miles (16 km. ) from Habana, reached by United Railways. This is a sub- urban residential district, not of commercial importance. Bank: Banco EspaHol de la Isla de Cuba. San Antonio de Los Baflos, Province of Habana ; population, 13,500; 20 miles (34 km.) from Habana, reached by rail. Products: The famous Tumbedero tobacco and tropical fruits. Hotels : Cuba, La Dominica. This is a health resort. JAMAICA. Location. — Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea, lying about 85 miles south of Cuba and 100 miles from Haiti. It is a British possession. Turks and Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Morant Cays, and Pedro Cays are dependencies of Jamaica. Area and Population. — The area is about 4,207 square miles; population, about 900,00(0, or approximately 214 inhabitants per square mile. The greatest length of Jamaica is 144 miles, the greatest width 50 miles. Population of Principal Towns. — Kingston, 59,674 ; Spanish Town, 8,000; Montego Bay, 6,600; Port Antonio, 8,000; Savanna la Mar, 3,500; St. Anns Bay, 2,500; Falmouth, 2,500. Topography.^Nearly all of Jamaica is mountainous and hilly. Some of the peats attain a height of 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The island is well watered by small streams. .There are abundant fertile valleys, some of which are very picturesque. The most important chain of mountains is the Blue Mountains. Climate. — At sea level the temperature ranges from 70° to 87° F. ; at 1,000 feet, 68° to 82° ; at 3,000 feet, 63° to 74° ; at 7,000 feet, 49° to 64°. Near the coast it is humid and warm. The higher regions are dry, mild, and equable. There are two rainy seasons, May and October, but there is more or less rain during all of the year. The average annual rainfall is 76 inches. Commercial Interests. — This island is essentially agricultural. The most important crop is sugar, followed by bananas, coffee, cacao, and coconuts. In the timber industry considerable advance has been made, especially in getting out logwood. Cattle raising is also carried on, but on a small scale. Principal Products. — Sugar cane, coffee, bananas, tobacco, log- wood extract, orange oil, fruit, oranges, grapefruit, limes, coconuts, hardwoods, honey, wax, pimento, Jamaica ginger, annatto, and cassava. Chief Exports. — Sugar, bananas, coffee, coconuts, logwood, cigars. Industries. — Agriculture, match factory, ice plant, brewery, bottling works, cigar and cigarette factories, planing mills, manu- facture of jippi-jappa hats, banana food products, and logwood extract. Language. — English. Currency. — Same as in England, but United States money is flPC6T)t6(l Weights and Measures.— Same as in England. 237 238 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Postage. — First-class letter rate from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Wireless and Cable. — Messages between ship and shore.cost $2.15 for not more than 10 words. Cable messages to points east of the Mississippi River, 36 cents per word ; west of the river, 41 cents per word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling slip), and Pier 1, North River (Battery Place). Departures for Kingston every Tuesday and Saturday, and for Port Antonio every Saturday and alternate Thursday. Connection can be made at Kingston and Port Antonio with the Jamaica Government Railroad for interior points. Fares : New York to Kingston and Port Antonio, $102; Cristobal (Panama) to Kingston, $50; Santiago (Cuba) to Kingston and Port Antonio, $20. Time of trip from New York, six to seven days. OTHER LINES VISITING JAMAICA. Plant Steamship Co. — Line from Jacksonville, Fla. Leyland and Harrison Lines. — From England to Kingston, Port Antonio, and Montego Bay, then going on to Mexican ports. Halifax & West India Steamship Co. — Fortnightly sailings from Halifax to Jamaica, calling at Bermuda and Turks Island. Elders & Fyffes Line. — Two steamers a month from England to Kingston, then continuing to Port Limon, Costa Rica, and returning in about five or six days, after having gone either to Santa Marta, Colombia, or Colon, Panama. Cuba-Jamaica Service. — Almost daily passenger service between Jamaica and Cuba. (Seep. 218.) Local Steamship Service.— A Government launch and other small vessels ply between Kingston and Port Royal. Fare, about 25 cents. Several yachts maintain regular service between Santiago de Cuba and Kingston, Jamaica. Time of trip, about 16 hours. There are several other steamers which make regular trips around the island. Inquire at steamship agencies in Kingston. JAMAICA GOVERNMENT RAILWAY. The railroad extends from Kingston to Spanish Town. At the latter point the line branches off in two directions — one to Montego Bay and the other to Port Antonio. Between Spanish Town and Port Antonio a line branches off to Ewarton. Pares from and to Kingston. — Spanish Town, $0.50; Port An- tonio, $3 ; Montpelier, $4.15 ; Montego Bay, $4.50 ; between Port An- tonio and Spanish Town s $2.70. ( Subject to change. ) DISTANCES. — New York to Kingston, 1,457 nautical miles ; New York to Port Antonio, 1,415 miles; Cristobal, Panama, to Kingston, 550 miles. Distances within Jamaica : Annotto Bay to Port Antonio, 32 miles (52 km.) ; Port Antonio to Kingston, 75 miles (120 km.) ; JAMAICA. 239 St Anns Bay to Kingston, 58 miles (93 km.) ; Spanish Town to Kingston, 12 miles (19 km.) ; Falmouth to Port Antonio, 106 miles (171 km.) Falmouth te Montego Bay, 22 miles, (35 km.). Mail Coaches. — There is a regular mail-coach service between Montego Bay and Lucea, distance 25 miles (40 km.), time about 4 hours, fare $2; between Savanna la Mar and Montpelier, 22 miles (35 km.), time about 4£ hours, fare $1.50. In addition to the above, there is mail-coach service to all principal places not reached by railroad. Baggage limited to 20 pounds per passenger. Automobiles. — In addition to the mail coaches, numerous auto- mobiles are available for reaching points not on the railroad. CANVASSING JAMAICA. Commercial Center. — There is only one city of real importance, the capital, Kingston. Here are located the chief Government offices. The most important firms (particularly the wholesale houses) are located in Kingston. These supply the small firms throughout the island. Importing Retailers. — It must be remembered that because of the accessibility of Jamaica, many retailers even in the smaller places import direct, especially from New York. There is also con- siderable business with Great Britain. Routes for Travelers. — Almost all travelers begin at Kingston, finding it more satisfactory to feel the pulse of the trade there and then canvass the rest of the island. There is good service between Kingston and the places of less importance. Port Antonio, on the north side of the island, is reached by rail. The chief towns, method of reaching them, and the approximate time required are given in the following pages. Agencies. — Agencies for Jamaica are almost always placed with firms in Kingston, who are expected to canvass the rest of the island. In the case of manufacturers who sell exclusively to whole- salers, the business is comparatively simple, because such houses are located exclusively in Kingston. Many wholesalers conduct a retail business in connection, and this makes differentiation between the two classes of trade less marked than elsewhere. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — Commercial travelers are not re- quired to pay any tax. Taxes on Goods Sold. — If the commercial traveler sells his sam- ples, or if stock is brought to the island to be sold, the traveler is required to take out a merchant's license, the cost of which is about $61 per year. Giving Bond. — Samples of value may be brought into Jamaica without the payment of duty, but an invoice must be deposited with the customs, the goods carefully checked, and a sufficient deposit left to cover duties thereon. When the traveler leaves the island the goods are again checked and the deposit returned. Suggestions to Salesmen. — American exporters should bear in mind that English — not Spanish — is the language of Jamaica ; that the average transit period is 5 to 6 days; that American currency may be used in price quotations ; that the regular domestic postage 240 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEHIOA. rates prevail and parcel-post facilities are available ; and that the climate of Jamaica is subtropical. Credit information may be obtained from the Bank of Nova bcotia, the Canadian Bank of Commerce, or the Royal Bank of Canada. Credit terms are 30 to 90 days with 2 per cent to 3 per cent off for cash, the average being 60 days or 2i per cent off for cash. The general trade of Jamaica demands cheap merchandise — ■■ quantity rather than quality. The ordinary black Jamaican plans his purchases In pennies — not shillings. Holidays in Jamaica.— The following are the chief holidays ob- served in Jamaica: January 1, New Year's Day; Ash Wednesday; Good Friday ; Easter Monday ; May 24, Empire Day ; June 3, birth- day of the King; August 1, abolition day of slavery in the British colonies ; November 9, King Edward's Day ; December 25, Christ- mas; December 26, Boxing Day. '■"< CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the towns in Jamaica which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In tftis group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are important from the strategic or geographical standpoint. ' Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ANNOTTO, on right bank of Wag Water River; 32 miles (52 km.) from Port Antonio; 29 miles (47 km.) from Kingston. Products: Bananas, cocoanuts, cacao, coffee, kola, dyewoods, sugar cane. Industries: Sugar factories. How Reached. — By rail from Kingston, Port Antonio, or Montego Bay. : Hotels.-^Savoy, Halfway Inn. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada ; Colonial Bank. Note. — Annotto is the headquarters of the Atlantic Fruit Co., which owns thousands of acres in bananas and cocoanuts. FALMOUTH, capital of Trelawney; population, 2,500; 106 miles (171 km.) from Port Antonio; 22 miles (35 km^) from Montego Bay. Principal products : Sugar, rum, coffee, ginger, bananas, dyewoods, honey, etc. Lloyd's agent, Walter Coke Kerr. Customhouse bro- kers, J. E. Keer & Co. How Reached.— rFrom St. Anns Bay by steamer or motor car; from Montego Bay by steamer (3-hour journey)' or motor car (1-hour journey). Good roads. Bank. — Colonial Bank. Note. — This is a port of entry for the north. A fair retail trade is carried on. Visited by those who canvass the smaller places-. The nearest hotel is at Montego Bay. KINGSTON, the capital of the island; population, 59,674; 29 miles (47 km.) from Annotto Bay ; 75 miles (120 km.) from Port An- tonio; 1,457 nautical miles from New York. Landing: From steamer to wharf. Temperature averages 78° F. Industries: JAMAICA. 241 Match, biscuit, sugar, and ice factories, breweries, cigar and ciga- rette factories. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, R. S. Gamble & Son. Customhouse brokers, H. R. C. Garcia & Sanchez. How Reached. — From New York, by United Fruit Co., steamers ; from Port Antonio, by rail, time 4 to 5' hours, fare $3; from An- notta Bay, by rail. Conveyances. — Cab (locally called bus") within city limits, 12 cents per person, 75 cents per hour; outside of city, $1.10 per hour. Electric cars give good service at regular intervals to various parts of city and suburbs. Hotels. — Myrtle Bank,* Montague House, St. Andrew's Hotel, Greenville, South Camp Road, Constant Spring Hotel. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia; Colonial Bank; Royal Bank of Canada; Canadian Bank of Commerce. Note. — Kingston is a port of call for many steamship lines trad- ing with the West Indies, South America, and many travelers stop off here for a visit between steamers, while others remain and devote sufficient time to canvass the place thoroughly. A considerable vol- ume of trade, both wholesale and retail, is done in foodstuffs, hardware, estate stores, etc. In the vicinity are many sugar, coffee, coconut, and banana plantations. Kingston is considered generally worthy of a visit by all salesmen. MONTEGO BAY, Parish of St. James; on northwest end of island; population, 6,600; 22 miles (35 km.) from Falmouth; 10 miles (16 km.) from Montpelier; 113 miles (183 km.) from King- ston. Principal products : Sugar, coffee, bananas, ginger, goatskins, dyewoods, rum. Industries: Ice factory, aerated- water works, manufacture of native wines and cordials. Customhouse brokers, J. B. Kerr & Co. Lloyd's agent, Walter Coke Kerr. How Reached. — From Savanna la Mar, by automobile, 2$ hours ; from Kingston by rail, fare $6.50, 7J hours; from Falmouth by automobile, 1-hour trip, or by steamer (3-hour trip) ; from St. Anns Bay by motor car (every Friday), fare $6.50; from Port Antonio by motor cars, about 8 hours. There is also a daily motor bus service to Bwarton, St. Anns Bay, and Falmouth. Principal Hotel. — Mrs. Jarvis. Banks.— -Bank of Nova Scotia; Colonial Bank; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — This is the most important town of the parish and a very fair trade is carried on. Visited by those who canvass the smaller places. PORT ANTONIO, Parish of Portland ; population, 8,000 ; 75 miles (120 km.) from Kingston; 590 nautical miles from Cristobal, Pan- ama. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore. Products: Bananas and other fruits. Industries : Ice factory, bottling works, tannery, cigar factory. ■ Lloyd's agent, S. W. Sharp. How Reached. — From Kingston, by rail, time 4 to 5 hours, fare $3; from Montego Bay, by auto or rail; from Cristobal, by United Fruit Co. steamers. 242 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. Principal Hotels. — Waverly, Titchfield* (open only during Janu- ary, February, and March.) Note. — The most important town of the parish. There is an ex- cellent harbor with accommodations for all vessels. A very large retail trade is carried on. The United Fruit Co. has done much to develop the surrounding district. During the winter many tourists from the United States use this place as a port of call. PORT MARIA, chief town of Parish of Port Maria ; population, 3,500; 8 miles (13 km.) from Highgate. Products: Logwood, coffee, coconuts, oranges, bananas, pimento. How Reached. — By railroad from any port on island; also by coasting vessels from Port Antonio. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. Note. — Port Maria is. one of the chief banana ports of the island. It is canvassed by the wholesale houses in Kingston. ST. ANNS BAY, Parish of St. Ann ; population, 2,500 ; 58 miles (93 km.) from Kingston. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore. Prin- cipal products: Fruits, pimento, coffee, dyewoods, coconuts. Indus- tries : Manufacture of essential oils. Lloyd's agent, A. B. Berrie. How Reached. — From Falmouth by steamer, 20-hour journey; from Annotto Bay by steamer ; from Kingston by railroad to Ewar- ton, thence by motor. Principal Hotels.— Seville, Osborne, Richmond. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia ; Colonial Bank. Note. — A small town, but the most important one in the parish. A good retail business is carried on in general merchandise and estate stores. St. Anns Bay is a favorite winter resort for tourists. It has excellent surf bathing, fishing, tennis, etc. SAVANNA LA MAR, Westmoreland Parish, on Cabritta River ; population, 3,500; 22 miles (35 km.) from Montpelier. Landing: Steamers lie alongside wharf. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, dyewoods, rum, ginger. Industries: Aerated water bottling works. Lloyd's agent, B. H. Segre. How Reached. — From Kingston by coastal steamers ; or by train via Montego Bay line, 7 hours. Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia, Colonial Bank. Hotels. — Renville, Central. Note. — A fairly important commercial town with a good retail business in ordinary lines, estate stores, etc. One of the more important towns of Jamaica. SPANISH TOWN, Parish of St. Catherine, on the Rio Cobre; population, 8,000; 12 miles (19 km.) from Kingston. Industries: Dyewood extract and sugar factories and banana cultivation. How Reached. — From Kingston by rail, 35 minutes, fare 50 cents ; from Port Antonio by rail ; from Annotto Bay by rail, time 3 hours Banks. — Bank of Nova Scotia, Royal Bank of Canada. Principal Hotels. — Marble Hall, Trinity, Ville. Note. — This was formerly the capital of Jamaica. A fair volume of business is carried on in dry goods, estate stores, etc. Visited by those who canvass the smaller towns. JAMAICA. 243 TOWNS OF LESS COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. Below is a list of the less important places in Jamaica. Some of these, however, are of interest to travelers who canvass their terri- tory closely. It is suggested that inquiry regarding the business available in these places be made in Kingston. Black Biver, Parish of St. Elizabeth ; population, 1,300 ; situated at the mouth of tke Black River. Chief exports are coffee, ginger, citrus fruits, sugar, etc. Bank : Bank of Nova Scotia. Brownstown, Parish of St. Ann ; population, 1,100. Retail trade in general merchandise and estate stores. Ewarton, altitude, 760 feet; 17. miles (27 km.) from Spanish Town, 29 miles (47 km.) from Kingston. Terminus of branch line from Port Antonio and Kingston. Hotels: Hollymount and Mone- ague. Highgate, Parish of St. Mary; 8 miles (13 km.) from Port Maria. Products : Bananas, cocoa, coffee, dyewoods, oranges, coconuts. Reached by rail from Kingston and Port Antonio. Lucea, chief town of Hanover Parish ; population, 1,600 ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Montego Bay ; 4 hours by stagecoach ; fare, $2. Prod- ucts : Sugar, bananas, coconuts, rum, pimento, ginger, yams, arrow- root, etc. Montpelier, situated in an agricultural district; 10 miles (16 km.) from Montego Bay; reached by rail. Railway connects also with Kingston and Port Antonio. Old Harbour, inland town about 2 miles (3 km.) from Old Har- bour Bay. Reached by rail from Kingston. Ora Cabessa, Parish of St. Mary. Shipping port for fruit trade. Products : Bananas and citrus fruits. Cayman Islands. — These islands form a part of the colony of Jamaica. Population, 5,570 (about half of population white). Grand Cayman lies 178 miles (286 km.) from Jamaica; popula- tion, over 1,000. Products : Dyewoods, coconuts, and tortoise shells. Towns: Georgetown (capital), West Bay, Prospect, East End, and Bodden Town. Lloyd's agent, W. M. Cochran. Little Cayman is 58 miles (93 km.) northeast of Grand Cayman. Products: Coconuts. Lloyd's agent, William Hunter. Cayman Brae is 58 miles (83 km.) northeast of Grand Cayman. Products: Coconuts. The business of the islands is handled through Jamaica, and is comparatively small. Reached by small sailing vessels. HAITI. Location. — The Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic occupy an island southeast of Cuba, lying between Cuba and Porto Rico. Cape St. Nicholas, Haiti, is about 130 miles distant from Point de Maisi, Cuba, via the Windward Passage. Area and Population. — The area of Haiti is estimated at 10,204 square miles. The population is estimated at about 2,000,000, or about 195 inhabitants per square mile. This makes it one of the most populous of the American Republics. Inhabitants. — The inhabitants are Negroes, fully 90 per cent being black. There are also a considerable number of mulattoes, descendants of former French settlers, and about 5,000 foreigners, of whom about 10 per cent are white. Topography. — Haiti is a land of forested mountains and fertile valleys, shaped like an immense U, the arms including the Gulf of Gonaives. It has the highest mountain in the West Indies, Loma Tina, over 10,000 feet. The average altitude of the Sierra del Cibao is 7,000 feet. Rivers and Lakes. — Although Haiti has numerous rivers, the only navigable one is the Artibonite. It is the largest stream on the island and is navigable for about 100 miles downstream, but there are no means of transportation against the. cur rent. It is used for floating lumber and other commodities downstream on rafts. Other important rivers are the Grand Anse and the Trois Rivieres. The largest lake is Btang Sammantre, 22 miles broad and 60 miles long. It is navigable. Climate. — Owing to the diversity of its topographical formation, there is a wide range of climate. This is influenced by the constant sea breezes. Because of the mountainous character of the country, the climate in many places is pleasant and healthful. Seasons. — The seasons vary according to the section of the island and the altitude. In the mountains there is always a considerable amount of moisture, which forms mists and dew. The rainy sea- son, generally speaking, lasts from the middle of April to the middle of October. During that time the temperature averages 94° F. The dry season, generally speaking, lasts from the middle of October to the middle of April ; average temperature, 84°. The rainfall varies considerably. It is heaviest during the months of May and June, and ranges from 24 inches in some places to 144 inches in others. Port au Prince is one of the hottest points on the island. The average summer temperature there is 80" to 95° • winter temperature, 70° to 80". 244 HAITI. 245 Agricultural Wealth. — Haiti is essentially an agricultural coun- try. The most important crop is coffee. Next in importance are cotton, cacao, sugar cane, and tobacco. Forest Wealth. — The timber resources of Haiti are as yet not fully developed, due to lack of rail transportation from inaccessible parts of the interior. The chief timber exported is logwood, fol- lowed by lignum-vitse and mahogany. Other lumber is imported from the United States. Cattle Industry. — The cattle-raising industry is poorly developed, although there is a very considerable acreage suitable for grazing. Goatskins and hides in general are exported. Mineral Wealth. — Haiti has considerable wealth in mineral re- sources, but they are yet undeveloped. Chief Exports. — Coffee, logwood, hides, and skins, cacao, lignum- vitffi, cotton, orange peel, etc. Manufacturing. — There are no industries of importance. There are a few sugar mills, a large one being at Port au Prince. A cot- tonseed oil factory is in operation at St. Marc. There are one large and a number of small factories which supply local require- ments for cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco. Leather is also produced. Language. — French is the commercial language and is used in the coast towns. Most of the people speak a patois known as Creole French. English is spoken to a considerable extent since the Amer- ican occupation. Spanish is almost unknown, and letters in Span- ish should never be sent to Haiti. Currency. — The money of Haiti is based upon the gourde, which has a gold value of $0.20 American and all new issues are now guar- anteed by the Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti. Frac- tional currency is of nickel and copper. American money circu- lates freely in all parts of the island, but the country inhabitants still prefer the Haitian money. The bank mentioned above is calling in all the old paper and issuing new guaranteed bills in- stead, redeeming the old money at its face value. It is required that export duties be paid in gold and at times the bank requires a part of the import duties in gold. This has a tendency to keep the exchange rate unsettled, as the guaranteed gourde is not exchangeable at the bank at all times for its value of $0.20 gold or vice versa. 'Weights and Measures. — The metric system is now official. For- merly Haiti claimed to use the metric system, and it was to some extent observed, but the customs authorities persistently refused to accept it and based their weights on the ancient French pound of 489.50 grams. The commercial interests of Haiti strongly urged the American customs officials to enforce the metric system, and the Haitian Government passed a law, effective September 1, 1921, adopting the metric system in all of Haiti. Postage. — Letters from the United States require 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof On mail matter bearing insufficient postage, twice the amount of the short is collected. There is a parcel post, but no money-order exchange between Haiti and the United States. 90821°— 22 17 246 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Telegraph. — The principal towns art> connected by a Government £g162X3.d1i svstsm. Cable. — There are cable connections with Cuba, the Dominican Republic, the United States, and South America. Cable rates be- tween Cape Haitien, Mole St. Nicholas, and Port Au Prince, 20 cents gold per word; points in the United States east of the Mis- sissippi, 60 cents gold per word ; west of the river, 65 cents gold per word. There is also an American wireless station in Port au Prince, to which the public has access. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Royal Netherlands West India Mail Line. — Funch, Edye & Co., agents, 25 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 8, Bush Termi- nal, Thirty-ninth Street, Brooklyn. Departures for Haiti about every two weeks. Fares from New York: To Cape Haitien, $80; Port au Prince, $90 ; Aux Cayes, $100. Time to Cape Haitien, about 6 days ; Port au Prince, about 7 days ; Aux Cayes, 9 days. Panama Railroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street, New York. Sailings from Pier 67, West Twenty-seventh Street. De- partures semimonthly for Port au Prince, Haiti, and Colon, Pan- ama. Fares : New York to Port au Prince, $75 ; Cristobal to Port au Prince, $45. Time from New York to Port au Prince, about five days. OTHER LINES VISITING HAITIAN FORTS. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. — Monthly service from Porto Rico and Martinique. Coastal Service.— There is no regular service at present; there are, however, occasional sailing vessels which call at the different Haitian ports. RAILROADS IN HAITI. Central Railroad of Haiti (also known as Cul de Sac Rail- road). — From Port au Prince to the Dominican frontier, 35 miles (56 km.) ; from Port au Prince to Leoganes, 20 miles (32 km.). National Railroad. — This road, when completed, will traverse al- most the entire country from north to south. The following sec- t !ions are now in operation : Cape Haitien to Bahon, 25 miles (40 km.) ; Gonaives to Ennery, 20 miles (32 km.) ; Port au Prince to St. Marc, 64 miles (103 km.). CANVASSING HAITI. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples possessing no commercial value are admitted free of duty. Giving Bond. — If samples have a commercial value, and it is de- sired to reexport them later, bond may be given. The details can be arranged through a customhouse broker. Exportation of Samples Through Another Port. — Samples may be entered through one port and reexported from another. The HAITI. 247 traveler should obtain from the port of entry a document which will certify that bond has been given. If this is carefully pre- served and presented at the port of reexportation there is no dif- ficulty, provided no samples have been sold and that the contents of the trunks agree with the memorandum of importation. Duties on Advertising Matter.— The laws of Haiti place no re- strictions on advertising matter. Travelers' Taxes. — There are no taxes of any kind assessed by either the National Government or municipalities. No license is required for commercial travelers. Best Visiting Time. — The most agreeable time to visit the island is from October to May, as the weather is cooler at that time. From May to October is known as the " dead season " and there is little business activity. Merchants purchase their stock or place their orders during the " dead season," in order that they may be stocked up for the coffee season, which' starts in October. The holiday seasons have little effect on business, and there is little observance of them except by the churches. Obtaining Delivery of Goods. — Do not forget that Haiti is one of the countries in which the direct consignee of merchandise is en- titled to delivery without the need of export documents. Explain this to your house. In the case of " documents to order," parties proving interest therein have been known to obtain delivery by depositing in trust the value of the goods. Exchange. — For the purpose of saving your house the cost of exchange, drafts should read as follows : " Payable to Bank, selling rate for Haiti, check on New York." This makes it possible for the bank to collect from the drawees at the selling rate, plus stamps, the remitting charges and collection fee being borne by the remitters. Credit Conditions. — It is well to exercise extreme caution Jn granting credit, and very careful investigation should be made, and where there is any doubt at all cash should be insisted upon. A number of medium-sized houses, most of the small ones, and occasionally a large firm are working entirely on borrowed capital or credits. Among the former the risk is great, and a number of exporters have lost heavily through dealings with them. Important Centers.— The two most important cities are Port au Prince, the capital, and Cape Haitien. While it is customary for commercial travelers to visit the former town first, they should invariably include Cape Haitien in their itinerary. The travel is difficult and expensive, but the two towns have very little in common, and the houses in Port au Prince have no bearing on those in Cape Haitien. There are several reasons for this, not the least of which is the difficulty of transporting the goods to Cape Haitien and the almost prohibitive freight and lighterage rates on coastwise freight. There is no possibility of competing with houses that import direct if the coastwise freight must be added to the goods. The business of the island is not large enough to support branch houses, so the best method is to place representation in the hands of reliable commercial houses of unquestioned reputation, and there are some houses of this class in Haiti. Cape Haitien imports 248 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. everything .direct and has practically no commercial relations with Port aui Prince. Agencies. — As stated in the preceding paragraph, communication between the two most important towns is difficult and expensive. The sailings of vessels are irregular, and the overland route is often closed by bad roads and swollen streams for months at a time. Motor cars can always get through, but it is a terrible trip during the rainy season. The cost of hiring a Ford car is $150 for the trip one way, but if the person is to return the following day the round trip can sometimes be arranged for this sum. Due to the expense and the difficulties of making the trip there is seldom a visit from Port au Prince firms. This is also due to the fact that Cape Haitien imports its supplies direct. Several exclusive agencies for the island have been placed in Port au Prince, but due to the lack of representation in the northern part of the island, the goods have not been pushed, and competing articles have a good chance. Documents Required. — Foreign passports are not required for traveling in Haiti, but it is essential to have a Haitian passport from the consul general or minister accredited to the country from which traveler sails. A passport is required from each person de- siring to leave Haiti, and a charge of about $4 is made for this document. The steamship company is also required to collect the sum of $5 for " droit de passeport " and pay it to the Haitian Government as soon as the vessel sails. A copy of the passenger list must, be furnished to the Administrator of Finances in order that he may have control of the fee. Persons other than Americans sailing for ; the United States must pay a head tax of $8 to the steamship company, which gives a receipt, and this tax may be re- funded after complying with certain requirements in the United States. The American consul has nothing whatever to do with the Haitian passport or in, securing it. ., Hotel Bates.— There is a vast difference in the hotel accommo- dations in Haiti. In Port au Prince the best hotels are fairly good, the rates averaging from $3.50 to $5 per day on the; American plan. In the smaller towns the rates are somewhat lower and the service is inferior. Roads. — Haiti is lacking in means of transportation. Most of the towns are connected by roads which are hardly better than trails. A national highway has been completed from Aux Cayes, the most southwestern point, to Cape Haitien and Ouanaminthe, on the northeastern border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The road from Aux Cayes to Port au Prince is passable only during the dry season, but from Port au Prince to Cape Haitien through St. Marc and Gonaives the road is fairly good at all seasons, ex- cept directly after a heavy rain, when the rivers are likely to be impassable. At Ouanaminthe the road connects with a road lead- ing to the Dominican towns of Santo Domingo and Da Vega via Monte Cristi, Santiago, and Moca. From Port au Prince to Santo Domingo. — One way is around the southern coast of the island by steamer and another is by auto- mobile to Monte Cristi, D. R., and from there by steamer The steamer from Monte Cristi runs three times each month HAITI. 249 Holidays in Haiti.— The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Other days observed are New Year's Day, Agriculture Day (May 1), and Christmas Day. Points of Interest. — Citadel of Christophe (Le Ferrier). This contains the ruins of a wonderful fortress built between 1812 and 1821. It is reached by National Railway to Kilometer 17, where horses can be had, thence to Milot, the palace of Sans Souci, and on to the citadel. The trip is very interesting. Visitors can leave the steamer at Cape Haitien, visit the citadel, and then go over- land to Port au Prince, where they very often can catch the same steamer. The captain of steamer should be consulted to see if there is sufficient time to visit the citadel. The overland trip can be made by automobile in 12 hours and is well worth while. Th$ route crosses the beautiful interior mountains three times on ,th6 trip. Trains leave Cape Haitien each morning at 7 o'clock and re- turn at 4 o'clock in.; the afternoon. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Haiti which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are import tant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are f ronr tier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ATJX CAYES, capital of Department of the South; on southeast- ern coast of Peninsula Tiburon ; population, 25,000. Landing! Steamers lie about one-half mile from shore. Distant 1,487 nauti- cal miles from New York; 92 miles (148 km.) southwest of Port au Prince. Products: Coffee, sugar, dyewoods, hides, cotton. In- dustries : Distilleries. Lloyd's agents ; Roberts, Dutton & Co. How Reached; — From New York by Royal Netherlands West India Mail steamers ; from Jacmelby steamer and automobile road ; from Port au Prince by automobile; from Santiago de Cuba, by steamers engaged in emigration traffic. Banks — Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti; Royal Bank of Canada ; Roberts, Dutton & Co. Hotels. — International,* Haiti, Mountain, French, Bellevue. Note. — Aux Cayes is located on the south side of the Tiburon Peninsula, and on the Bay of Aux Cayes. It is one of the two most important ports on the south coast of Haiti. It acts as a source of supply for the villages which are scattered along the coast for miles in both directions. This town is of considerable commercial importance, and a number of the important houses have direct relations with American manufacturers and exporters. Most of the travelers who canvass Haiti will find it worth visiting. Caution is advised in the matter of granting credit, and careful inquiry should be made regarding the commercial standing of the various firms. CAPE HAITIEN, capital of Department of the North ; popula- tion, 25,000. Landing: Steamers anchor about one-half mile from 250 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. HAITI. 251 town ; small boats transport passengers to shore, 20 cents each way during daylight, double rates after dark. Distant 34 nautical miles from Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic ; 40 nautical miles from Port de Paix, Haiti ; 180 nautical miles from Port au Prince. Climate, pleasant and healthful; temperature averages 86° F., cool ocean breezes. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, honey, logwood (or " bahon," of which 50,000 tons were exported in 1920). American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Jules Deve. Customhouse brokers: F. M. Altieri, C. C. Woolard, Chas. Javaux. How Beached. — From Monte Cristi and Port de Paix by steamer and automobile; from Dominican Republic by steamer and auto- mobile ; also linked with other cities of the Republic by automobile road. Steamship Service. — Royal Netherlands West India Mail from New York about every two weeks ; Clyde and Royal Mail Steam Packet Lines occasionally; Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, monthly. Railroad. — The National Railroad runs from here to Grande Reviere, 14 miles (23 km.), and from Grande Reviere to Bahon, 10 miles (16 km.) Highway. — A national highway (fairly good automobile high- way) extends from Capt Haitien to Port au Prince, 180 miles (273 km.), and thence to Santiago (Dominican Republic) via Monte Cristi. Gonaives and St. Marc are also reached by automobile. Banks. — Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti ; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — New York, Mother's Home. Club. — Union. Note. — This is the chief city of the northern part of the Republic and second in importance only to Port au Prince. It has a good harbor and a very considerable trade is done. Cape Haitien sup- plies a vast agricultural territory and is the principal port for the export of logwood. As the first port of call for steamers from New York, it is usually canvassed by the American travelers who visit Haiti. Agencies for the northern part of the country should be considered as apart from Port au Prince. A number of firms have appointed an agent for this section resident in Capt Haitien. GONAIVES, capital of Department of ArtiboDite; population, 14,000. Landing : Vessels anchor about one-fourth mile from shore ; well protected in bad weather. Climate, good. Principal products : Coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, mahogany, logwood, wax, hides, and skins. In the vicinity are salt mines. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, James Muir McGuffie; also New York Board of Underwriters. Customhouse brokers, Lancelet & Co. ^ . How Reached.— From Cape Haitien and Port au Prince, by auto- mobile or steamer. ' „„ ., ,„„ , Railroad.— National Railroad to Enery, 20 miles (32 km.). Banks.— Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti; Simmonds Bros. ; Royal Bank of Canada, Hotel. — St. Michel. Kr t e This town is on the west coast of Haiti and is a place of growing importance. A considerable volume of business is done by 252 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. a number of houses of very fair size. Under normal conditions, the territory tributary to Gonaives absorbs considerable quantities of merchandise. There is some direct importing and a good deal of exporting. Gonaives is connected by automobile roads with St. Michel, Hinche, Cape Haitien, St. Marc, and Port au Prince. JACMEL, on southern coast of Haiti, at mouth of the Rio Grande; population, 12,000. Vessels anchor about one-half mile from shore. Distant, 30 miles <48 km.) from Port au Prince; 1,489 nautical miles from New York. Products : Coffee, logwood, cotton, cotton seed, beeswax, honey, turtle shells, dried orange peeL Lloyd's agent, Jerome Poggi. Customhouse broker, Jerome Poggi. How Beached. — From New York by Royal Netherlands West India Mail steamers; from Port au Prince by steamer or automo- bile to Cronin, thence by horseback (2 or 3 hours' ride) ; from Aux Cayes by steamer. Travelers can come from Aux Cayes by steam- ers of the Royal Netherlands Line, leave Aux Cayes at 10 p. m., and arrive at Jacmel at 6 a. m. They can then obtain horses and ride through the woods along the embankment of the Rio Grande del Sur, which they will cross 45 times. Port au Prince is. reached in the afternoon. During the rainy season (May to September) the trip is not advisable, as the river is* too high. Bank. — Banque Nationale de la Republlque d'Haiti. Note. — In the territory tributary to Jaemel is a large popula- tion, there being possibly 50,000 inhabitants in the commune of which Jacmel is the center. A considerable amount of products are shipped from this point, and there is also direct importing. Many of the houses have agencies in New York City. As condi- tions improve, Jacmel will be more and more important a& a busi- ness point and will justify the visits of the traveling agent. JEREMIE, open port, on northern tip of Tiburon Peninsula : vessels anchor short distance from shore ; 100 nautical miles from Port au Prince. Population, 10,000. Principal products : Coffee, sugar cane, cotton, honey; cocoa, logwood, hides, mahogany. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers and Lloyd's agent, Roberts, Dutton & Go. How Reached. — From New York by Royal Netherlands West India Mail steamers ; from Port au Prince by steamers. Hotels. — Cafe des Fleurs. Banks. — Banque Nationale de, la Republique d'Haiti ; Roberts, Dutton & Co., agents for Royal Bank of Canada. Note.-— A city of growing commercial importance with a consid- erable export trade. The territory dependent upon Jeremie has a population of approximately 30,000. Jeremie is the source of sup- plies for the many small towns and villages adjacent to it. The prospects for the increasing of exports are bright and this place is worthy of the attention of most representatives. As there is often a period of one to two weeks between steamers, It is recommended that travelers continue their voyage on same steamer. Overland travel in this district can only be recommended to experienced horsemen, as there are no roads, only tracks. The region is very mountainous. Traveling overland to Aux Cayes takes four days and to Port au Prince four to five days. HAITI. 253 , MIRAGOANE, Department of the South ; port ; small pier with about 6 feet of water ; lighters not necessary. Climate, pleasant and healthful. Population, 7,500; with neighboring communities, about 15,000. Distant, 70 miles (114 km.) from Port au Prince. Prod- ucts: Coffee, logwood, dyewoods, cotton. United States consular agent. How Reached. — By steamers of Royal Netherlands Mail and French line. Note. — This is a place of growing commercial importance. A good volume of exporting is carried on in logwood, coffee, goatskins, etc. There is also a fair volume of imports. As the country de- velops, this section should reflect the general conditions. Miragoane is often visited by representatives of American houses. MOLE ST. NICHOLAS, Department of the Northwest; popula- tion, 4,500 ; good port. Products : Timber, etc. Note. — Of no great commercial importance. The neighboring country is rather poor and unproductive. Because of its remoteness, it is not of great interest from a business standpoint. PETIT GOAVE, District of Leogane; port west of Port au Prince; population, about 5,000; 43 miles (69 km.) from Port au Prince. Wharf and customhouse. Climate: Cool from October to April, warm from May to September. Products: Coffee, sweet potatoes, coconuts, oranges, lemons, mangos, bananas, grapefruit. Industries : Coffee-cleaning establishments. Lloyd's subagent, M. Ricardi. How Reached. — From Port au Prince by steamer or by automo- bile ; the latter takes about two hours. Bank. — Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti. Note. — Considerable quantities of coffee are shipped through this port; logwood is also exported. A fair business is done and the town is growing in importance. Easily reached from Port au Prince. Travelers may visit Petit Goave and return same day to Port au Prince. PORT ATT PRINCE, capital of the Republic ; in the Department of the West; on Port au Prince Bay; good harbor, pier; population, 100,000; 1,053 nautical miles from Trinidad, 1,372 miles from New York, 180 miles (273 km.) from Cape Haitien, 186 nautical miles from'Guahtanamo Bay, Cuba. Climate, pleasant and healthful. ■ American minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, G. A. Payne. How Reached. — From New York, by Royal Netherlands West India Mail steamers and Panama Railroad Steamship Line. Can be reached from all parts of the Republic by automobile; from Santo Domingo by steamer; also by steamer to Monte Cristi or Cape Haitien and thence by automobile. Steamship Service. — Royal Netherlands West India Mail, about semimonthly; Compagnie Generate Transatlantique, monthly; Pan- ama Railroad Steamship Line, semimonthly. Railroads.— National Railway to St. Marc, 64 miles (103 km.) ; Central Railway to the Dominican frontier, 35 miles (56 km.), and to Leoganes, 20 miles (32 km) National Highway. — A national highway extends from here to Aux Cayes also to Cape Haitien, distance 180 miles (273 km.). 254 GUIDE TO IiATIN AMERICA. Automobile fares (in V. S. currency) from Port au Prince to: St. Marc, $40; Gonaives, $70; Cape Haitien, $125; Petit Goaves, $30; Miragoane, $60 ; Aux Cayes, $125. The automobile can take up to five passengers. The prices vary and depend upon the weather. Banks and Bankers. — Royal Bank of Canada; Bahque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti ; Roberts, Dutton & Co. ; Richardson & Co. Hotels. — American,* Montague,* Bellevue, France. Private hotel: Pension Rouzier, Mrs. Morin. Note. — This is the chief commercial city of Haiti and its capital. It is the logical place in which to establish an agency, as most places -in Haiti can be visited with comparative ease from this point. There is a local coastal service and railways to a number of the towns. Salesmen who visit Haiti should pay particular attention to Port au Prince and may use it as their headquarters. There are a number of concerns here, both wholesale and retail, that make direct im- portations. There is also a considerable export trade. PORT DE PAIX, capital of Department of the Northwest ; port on a point on the north side of the Department of the Northwest ; popu- lation, 10,000 ; 40 nautical miles from Cape Haitien ; 140 nautical miles from Port au Prince. Climate, pleasant and healthful. Prod- ucts: Coffee, cacao, tobacco, limes, cedar, cotton, manioc, sisal, hides and skins, ebony, sugar cane, and tropical fruits. Industries: Cigarette factories and coffee-cleaning establishments, tanning. How Reached.— From Cape Haitien by steamer; from New York by Royal Netherlands West India Mail steamers. Banks. — Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti; Royal Bank of Canada. Note.- — Port de Paix is a business point that is growing in impor- tance. There is a considerable population in the back country and the prospects for the Department are bright. Heretofore it has not usually been canvassed by foreign salesmen, but it is worthy of a visit as there are a number of houses which can make direct impor- tations. ST. MARC, situated at the head of St. Marc Bay; vessels lie one-fourth mile offshore; population, 8,000. Distant 64 miles (103 km.) from Port au Prince. Products: Logwood, coffee, cotton. In- dustries: Cottonseed-oil mill. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers, Lucas & Co. How Reached. — From New York by Royal Netherlands West India Mail Line ; from Port au Prince by National Railroad or auto- mobile. Bank. — Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti. Note. — The port of St. Marc is situated on the bay of the same name on the western side of the Republic and midway between the north and south coasts. A few miles from the town is the mouth of the Artibonite River, which empties into St. Marc Bay. The sur- rounding country has great potentialities, particularly from the sugar-producing standpoint. The town of Verettes, with about 12,000 inhabitants, lies back of St. Marc. There is a considerable export business, especially in logwood, fustic, and coffee. This is a rather important place for general business and worthy of the visits of traveling agents. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Location. — The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern and larger part of the island of Haiti. Area and Population. — The area is about 18,045 square miles, twice the size of the Republic of Haiti, and more than five times the area of Porto Rico. The population is estimated at 755,000, or about 42 inhabitants per square mile. Inhabitants. — The people are a mixed race, chiefly of European and Indian blood. There has also been some mixing with the de- scendants of the Negroes who were brought to the Republic in earlier clays. A fact worthy of note is that there are many Syrians and Turks in this Republic, the dry goods trade being practically domi- nated by these nationals. Merchants of other nationalities' are also established throughout the island. Topography. — The country is traversed by four nearly parallel mountain ranges. There are numerous fertile valleys, and the dif- ferences in altitude produce various climates. Some of the peaks are quite high. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Yaqui del Norte, about 250 miles (400 km.) long, navigable at certain seasons for flat-bottom boats for about 40 miles (64 km.) ; the Yaqui del Sur, about 130 miles (208 km.) long, navigable at certain times for light-draft hoats for about 15 miles (24 km.) ; the Tuna, navigable for about 40 miles (64 km.) ; the Ozama, navigable for about 16 miles (25 km.) . Climate. — While the climate is tropical, it is pleasant and salu- brious. Although it is very warm during the middle of the day, the temperature even in summer seldom reaches 90° F. The nights at all seasons are cool and pleasant. The climate is tempered by trade winds, which blow almo*st continuously during the day, and at night the land breeze is very refreshing. The. average annual temperature of the coast towns is about 79° F. It is cooler inland, the temperature varying with the altitudes. Seasons.— In the southern part of the island there is a marked distinction between the dry and rainy seasons. The dry season is during the months of September to March, while the rainy sea- son extends from April to August. From early December until June there is very little rain. In the northern half of the island it rains more or less all the year, although the heaviest rainfall occurs from November to April. Chief Exports. — Sugar, cacao, tobacco, coffee, beeswax, bananas, cotton, hides, goatskins, fustic, lignum-vitse, mahogany, etc. The 1919-20 sugar crop amounted to 180,000 tons. Agricultural Products. — The chief crop is sugar. New mills are constantly being built and the production is increasing. Second in importance is cacao, which is rapidly developing into a large indus- 255 256 GtJIDE TO LATIN AMEEICA. try. Another important crop is tobacco. Other products are ba- nanas, beeswax, coffee, coconuts, honey, vegetable fibers, etc. Cattle Industry. — The raising of cattle is making steady progress. The export of hides, goatskins, etc., is also increasing. Mineral Wealth— The Republic is very rich in minerals, but up to the present they have not been exploited. There has been some shipment of copper. Forest Wealth. — The forests are exceedingly important, and the outlook for the exploitation of these is promising. The chief woods are lignum-vitae and mahogany. Industries. — The Dominican Republic is not an industrial coun- try, but the number of small plants for providing local requirements is increasing. These include cigar and cigarette factories, candle factories, planing mills, watch factories, stocking factories, and many more. Language.— Spanish. Currency. — The standard is the gold dollar, equivalent to the dol- lar of the United States. The Dominican peso is one-fifth of the gold dollar. ;. This peso and its subdivisions are relatively stable at this rate of exchange. United States money circulates freely at its face value. Weights and Measures. — The metrie system prevails here. Postages— The first-class letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents for each ounce or fractional part thereof. There is also a parcel post, but no money orders are issued or redeemed. Telegraph. — There is telegraph service between Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, and Santiago, and from Santiago to Monte Oristi; also along the railway from Sanchez to Da Vega. Cable. — There is cable communication between Puerto Plata and New York and between Santo Domingo and Porto Rico and Curacao. The rate for points in the United States east of the Mississippi River is $1 per word, and for points west of the Mississippi $1.05 per word. Wireless. — Wireless stations are in operation at Santo Domingo and La Romana, having a communicating radius to Porto Rico. The Dominican Government controls the Servieio Radiogr&fico del Estado. It has a wireless station at Santo Domingo that works with one at San Pedro de Macoris ; this station relays messages to the station at La Romana, owned by the Central Romana. Prom this point messages are relayed to Guaniea, Porto Rico; from there to Ponce; thence to San Juan, from which point messages are sent to the United States. The rate is 80 cents per word for points east of the Mississippi and 85 cents for points west of the Mississippi. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. Clyde Steamship Co. (Santo Domingo Line). — Office, 11 Broad- way, New Tork. Sailings from Pier 34. Atlantic Basin, Brooklyn. Departures, semimonthly for Turks Island, Puerto Plata, Samana Sanchez, Monte Cristi, San Pedro de Macoris, and Santo Domingo DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 257 City Monthly for Romana and Azua. Fares from New York: To Monte Cristi, $60; Puerto Plata, $65; Samana and Sanchez, $77.50; San Pedro de Macoris and La Romana, $90; Santo Domingo, $95; Azua, $100; Barahona, $100. Itinerary: Leave New York, first day ; arrive Turks Island, fifth day ; Monte Cristi, sixth day ; Puerto Plata, seventh day; Sanchez, ninth day; San Pedro de Maeoris, tenth day; Santo Domingo, eleventh day. OTHER LINES VISITING DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Bull Insular Line. — Steamer Marina, weekly trips between San Juan, Mayaguez, San Pedro de Macoris,. and Santo Domingo. CUBA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, AND PORTO RICO SERVICE. Companla Trasatlantica. — Monthly service from Spain to Porto Rico; Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic; Habana, Cuba; Port Limon, Costa Rica; Colon, Panama; Puerto Colombia, Colombia; Curacao; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela. Compagnie General Transatlantique. — Steamer from Marti- nique and Guadeloupe every 21 days ; calls at Dominican, Haitian, and Porto Rican ports and at' St. Thomas. Another steamer (from France) touches at Puerto Plata, and, returning, touches at Sanchez, and thence continues to Porto Rico and St. Thomas. . Herrera Line of Habana (Empresa Naviera). — Steamer from Habana and Santiago de Cuba about every 21 days, calling at Santo Domingo, San Pedro de Macoris, and Porto Rican ports; returning in about 10 days. Fares : Habana to Santo Domingo, $100; Habana to San Pedro de Macoris, $102; Santiago de Cuba to Santo Domingo $65 ; Santiago to San Pedro de Macoris, $66 ; Santo Domingo to San Pedro de Macoris, $10; San Pedro de Macoris to San Juan, $25; Mayaguez to San Pedro de Macoris, $30. French Steamers " San Raphael " and " Guantanamo." — Sail- ings, about every three weeks for Porto Rico. From January to June, during the sugar-grinding season, daily service is maintained between La Romana and Guanica, Porto Rico. Coastwise Service. — Coastwise service is maintained by several small vessels. Steamer RwnamMa, of the Dominion Steamship Co., leaves on Mondays from Santo Domingo for San Pedro de Macoris and La Romana, returning on Wednesdays ; leaves Thursdays fbr Azua. RAILROADS IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Dominican Central Railway. — From Puerto Plata to Santiago, with an extension to Moea; total length, 60 miles (96 km.). Train leaves Puerto Plata daily except Sundays and holidays at 8 a. m. ; arrives at Santiago at 1.30 p. m. ; leaves Santiago at 2 p. m. ; arrives at Moca at 3.55 p. m. Returning, train leaves Moca at 6.45 a. m. ; arrives at Santiago at 8.20 a. m. ; leaves Santiago at 8.45 a. m. ; arrives at Puerto Plata at 2.10 p. m. Fares : Between Puerto Plata and Santiago, $3.85 ; between Santiago and Moca, $1.10. Free bag- gage allowance, 55 pounds (25 Kilos) ; excess, 35 cents per 220 pounds (100 kilos), plus 25 per cent ad valorem. 258 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Samana & Santiago Railway. — From Sanchez to La Vega and San Francisco de Macoris, with a branch to Salcedo and another branch from Salcedo to Moca, connecting with the Dominican Cen- tral; total length, 80 miles (130 km.). Train leaves Sanchez daily except Sunday at 6.20 a. m. ; arrives at Macoris at 9.48 a. m. ; La Vega at 10.37 a. m. ; Salcedo at 11 a. m. ; Moca at 11.35 a. m. Return- ing, train leaves Moca at 12»15 p. m. ; arrives, at Sanchez at 5.30 p. m. Fares from Sanchez: To Macoris, $3.50; La Vega, $3.50; Salcedo, $4.80. CANVASSING THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Traveler's License. — Annual license for doing business costs $10. There are no other taxes or restrictions. Samples. — Under the laws of the Dominican Republic, commercial travelers can bring in, free of duty, unsalable samples or those having no commercial value. Samples not exceeding $2,000 in value, imported by bona fide commercial travelers, may be admitted free of duty under bond, provided that they do not remain in the Republic for more than four months, although this period is some- times extended. The privileges of temporary importation still hold good, even if some of the samples have been disposed of. Clearance of Samples. — Samples can usually be cleared without difficulty or delay. Advertising Matter.— Under the Dominican tariff law, there is free admission of chromos, cards, almanacs, and similar advertis- ing matter without commercial value, if intended for free dis- tribution. Best Visiting Time. — This depends largely upon the particular line of goods it is sought to sell. Purchases are usually made in accordance with the requirements and conditions of the trade. As in most Latin-American countries, it is usually desirable to have good stocks on hand for the Christmas and Easter holidays. The coolest time of the year is November to March, which happens to come between two important crops of the island — cacao and tobacco. Chief Distributing Centers. — Santo Domingo has two important cities — the capital, Santo Domingo, in the southern portion of the island, and Santiago in the north. The most important place of business is Santo Domingo, to which most travelers go first. Here they will find the principal wholesale houses which supply the small cities. Santiago is another important distributing center, which should have the attention of the visiting salesman. It may be stated that in the smaller places, such as Samana, Puerto Plata, San Pedro de Macoris, and Monte Cristi, are dealers who import direct, and those who canvass the island will find merchants in each of these places who are worthy of a visit. Agencies. — Agencies for the Dominican Republic are usually es- tablished in Santo Domingo, from which place the whole country may be canvassed. However, it is frequently considered advisable to divide the Republic into two parts and appoint subagents with head- quarters in Santiago de los Caballeros. Agents often have their main office in Santo Domingo and retain a branch office in Santiago. DOMINICAN REPUBUCv 259 Sugar Centrals.— Many of the sugar centrals, particularly the larger ones, operate commissaries in connection with their plants. These are a very important factor in the business, as they are heavy purchasers of many lines of goods, including foodstuffs wear- ing apparel, etc. Agents should make inquiry concerning the loca- tion of these centrals and canvass them as they would the mer- chants. Routes to Follow. — As a general rule, salesmen begin in Santo Domingo and then visit in order San Pedro de Macoris, Moca, San- chez, Samana, and then Puerto Plata. From Puerto Plata they can easily reach Santiago by rail. They can also go from Puerto Plata to Monte Cristi. Some travelers who can arrange proper connec- tions go from Cape Haitien, in Haiti, to Monte Cristi, thence to Puerto Plata and Santiago, and continue to Sanchez and the south- ern part of the Island, including Santo Domingo. It is necessary for travelers to inform themselves regarding sailing of vessels and the possible connections to be made. Roads. — During the dry season most of the roads, which are hardly more than bridle paths or trails, are passable. In the wet season, however, it is practically impossible to use them, and for that reason they should be avoided. Around Santiago good roads are being constructed, and automobiles are becoming popular. Automobile Road from Santo Domingo City to Haiti. — From Santo Domingo City to La Vega a macadam road is being con- structed, to be completed by June 1, 1922. Other roads are: From La Vega to Moca, macadam road ; Moca to Santiago, fair road ; Santiago to Monte Cristi, new macadam road ; Monte Cristi to Dajabon (at Haitien border), fair road In dry weather; Dajabon to Ouanaminthe to Cape Haitien, very good road in dry weather; Cape Haiten through Gonaives and St. Marc to Port au Prince, good road. Automobile Road in the South.— Another road is being built through or along the south side of the island by way of Barahona, but is not practical at the present time. Trip can be made in from two and one-half to three days by automobile (with good luck). Precautions. — During the hot season, July to October, the traveler should be careful to avoid contracting one of the fevers of the coun- try. The danger from infection is greatest during that period. Traveling Overland. — When traveling overland, provision should be made for the necessary supplies. The inns to be found en route are, as a rule, of the poorest character. Hotel Rates. — The rates of the hotels in the Dominican Republic vary considerably. In Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, and Santi- ago the usual custom is to engage rooms on the American plan. The rates in the best hotels range from $3 to $5 gold. Those of the second class are somewhat less. In the smaller towns, generally speaking, the hotel accommodations are poor. The charges run from $1.50 to $3.50 per day. Bill of Lading Mot Necessary to Obtain Goods. — Under the Do- minican law it is not necessary for the importer to present the bill of lading at the customhouse in order to obtain the goods. The es- sential thing is a copy of the consular invoice. The law also pro- vides that if the importer's copy of the consular invoice has been 260 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. lost or delayed, he may, on proof that he has ordered the goods and is the real consignee, have a copy made from the one received at the customhouse, and on this copy he may clear the shipment. There is no real protection for the shipper and he should ascertain in advance that he is dealing with a reliable firm. Credit Information.— Credit information may be obtained from the International Banking Corporation, the Royal Bank of Canada, or the American Foreign Banking Corporation, which have branches in various towns of the Republic. Standards of Living. — The standards of life vary. The unskilled laborers and peon farmers, whose incomes are very small, can afford only the barest necessities of life, and necessities in this climate are very few and simple; aftei these, we have the higher paid skilled laborers, the clerical classes, the small merchants, and the many independent farmers who have sufficient money to command a comfortable living and some luxuries; then finally there is the small number of merchants, professional men, etc., who have suffi- cient income to satisfy a rather expensive style of living, and these classes, as a rule, indulge themselves in imported luxuries of many kinds, and likewise make frequent trips to New Tork and Europe. Dominican Tariff.- — The Dominican tariff is for revenue. The few industries here are given ample protection, but no efforts are made to create industries by tariff legislation. Duties are generally specific and are assessed on quantity or weight. In giving weights care must be exercised to include in net weights all wrappers and boxes in which goods are exposed for sale, or else heavy fines are imposed by the customs authorities. General Directory. — Anuario Oomercial Industrial y Profesional de la Republica Dominicana. Published by J. P. Perello & Cia., Santiago de los.Caballeros, Dominican Republic. POPULATION OF PROVINCES AND CAPITAL CITIES. Province. Santo Domingo rieyT>o Az'ua... Santiago Espaillat La Vega San Pedro Macoris . Barahona Samana. Pacificador Puerta Plata Monte Cristi Population 127,976 68, 135 59,783 123,972 64,108 105,000 28,000 17,891 12,675 90,569 41,459 Capital. Santo Domingo Santa Cruz del Seybo Azua,. Santiago de los Caballeros Mora La Vega San Pedro Macoris Barahonav Santa Barbara de Samana San Francisco de Macoris San Felipe de Puerto Plata San Fernando de Monte Cristi. Population. 40,000 3,000 7,000 25,000 6,000 10,000 17,000 2,500 5,000 6,000 9,200 3,820 Holidays in the Dominican Republic. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are observed. Other holidays are : January 1, New Year's Day ; February 27, founding of the Republic; July 7, Memorial Day; August Id, war for independence ; September 24, Las Mercedes ; October 12, dis- covery of America; and December 25, Christmas Day. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 261 CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the towns in the Dominican Republic which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places. which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and pjaces about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. AZTJA, capital of the Province of Azua, 3 miles (5 km.) from the south coast.; population, 7,000;, 86 miles (140 km.) from Santo Domingo City. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, potatoes, hene- quen, honey, rice, beans, corn, resin, timber, medicinal plants. Industry: Ice plant Lloyd's agent, Gustavo Hernandez. Custom- house broker, Freites Hnos. How Reached. — From Santo Domingo by local steamer or Clyde Line; also reached overland by automobiles. Plantation railway connects city with wharf. Note,— This is the most . important town in the southwestern part of the Republic. Azua is growing in importance in conse- quence of the development of the country. Quite a number of merchants here do a direct importing business. The International Banking Corporation lias an agency here. Azua, generally speak- ing, is worthy of a visit by most agents. About 4 kilometers dis- tant are the Higuerto oil fields. BARAHONA, Province of Barahona, on Neyba Bay at. base of mountain range running to Haiti ; population, 2,500 ; 109 miles (175 km.) from- Port au Prince, Haiti; 62 miles (100 km.) from Santo Domingo by water, 118 miles (190 km.) by land. Temperature averages between 65° and 90° F. ; days are hot but nights are cool. Two rainy seasons : April, May, and June, and September and October. Products : . Sugar cane, coffee, lignum- vitse, and fruits ; abundance of fish. Salt mining and tobacco raising on small scale. How Reached. — From Port; au Prince by rail or automobile to Manville, thence launch across Lake Saumgre to Jimini, thence horse or mule over mountain trails past Lake Enriquillo to Duverge, thence three-hour journey- by automobile over rough roads to Bara- hona; from Santo Domingo, by automobile via Azua, where it is necessary to spend the night; from Santo. Domingo to Azua the road is very good. Also reached from Santo Domingo by steamer, a regular service ; Clyde Line steamers call at Barahona twice a month, stopping a few hours only. Banks. — International Banking Corporation. Hotels. — Venecia, Central. Uote. — Barahona's chief commerce, is due to the sugar industry. The population is steadily growing, making an increasing demand for food and clothing. Coffee is second in importance to sugar. The town is located in a fertile valley of the River Yaque del Sur, whose waters are now used to irrigate thousands of acres of hitherto undeveloped land. There are a number of merchants here who 90821°— 22 -18 262 GUIDE TO I>ATIN AMERICA. make direct importations. In the neighborhood ' is a large sugar central, which maintains a commissary. ' LA ROMANA, Province of Seybo; population, 4,000; with, vil- lages in district, between 8,000 and 9,000; 23 miles (37 km.) east of San Pedro de Macoris; 115 miles (175 km.) from La Vega; 133 miles (214 km.) from Santiago; 60 miles (100 km.) from Santo Domingo. Climate, tropical,- but pleasant. ' American consular agent. Principal products : Sugar, cotton, coffee, cacao, wax, hides, tobacco. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada. How Reached. — From New York by the Clyde Steamship Co.; monthly service. The Clyde Steamship Co. also operates a' fort- nightly service from New York to San Pedro de Macoris and Santo Domingo, and La Romana may easily be reached from those points. Reached from Santo Domingo and Macoris daily by small coast boats; from Santiago de Cuba via San Pedro de Macoris monthly. Hotels. — Alta Gracia, Grand. Note. — This is the only port of importance in the Province of Seybo. There is considerable business in agriculture, particularly sugar, the Central Romana, the largest sugar mill in the Republic, being located here. There is some direct importing. This place may be visited by those who canvass the small towns. LA VEGA, capital of the Province of La Vega ; population, 10,000; 115 miles (175 km.) from La Romana; 62 miles (100 km.) from Sanchez; 95 miles (152 km.) from Santo Domingo. Products: Cattle, tobacco, coffee, cocoa. How Reached. — From Sanchez, by Samana & Santiago Railway ; from Monte Cristi, via Moca and Santiago, about 100 miles (162 km.), regular auto service. Hotel. — Italia. Banks. — American Foreign Banking Corporation, Royal Bank of Canada, and International Banking Corporation. Note. — This is a most important distributing point, being the ter- minus of the Sanchez & Santiago Railway. La Vega is surrounded by a very large agricultural district, where large amounts of coffee and cocoa are produced. It can easily be reached from Santiago and Sanchez. There are some merchants here who import direct. MOCA, capital of the Province of ,Espaillat, midway between San Francisco de Macoris and Santiago; population, 6,000; 50 miles (80 km.) from Puerto Plata ; 17 miles (28 km.) from San- tiago; 12 miles (19 km.) from La Vega. Climate, tropical, but pleasant. Center of cacao-raising region. Other products : Coffee, tobacco, hides, wax. Industries : Cigar, ice, and mineral water factories. How Reached. — From Puerto Plata by Dominican Central Rail- way, 74 hours; from Santiago by Dominican Central Railway, 2 hours, or by automobile, J-hour trip; from La Vega by automobile or Samona & Santiago Railway. Bank. — Lara & Co. Hotels. — Central, Las Delicias. Note. — Moca is a distributing point of growing importance. It is easily reached from Puerto Plata. There are several houses here DOMINICAN REPTJBLJC. 263 that make direct importations. Moca exports considerable quanti- ties or cacaa, the surrounding country being known as the most productive of the Cibao region. - MONTE CRISTI, capital of the Province of Monte Cristi; popu- lation, 3,820. Landing : Vessels lie about a mile offshore. Distant 196 miles (318 km.) northwest of Santo Domingo City ; 34 nautical miles from Cape Haitien, Haiti. Climate, tropical, but pleasant. Principal products : Logwood, mahogany, satinwood, goatskins, hides, cotton, wax, honey. Lloyd's agents and customhouse brokers, Petit & Co. How Beached. — From New York by steamer; from Santo Do- mingo City and Puerto Plata by steamer ;> from La "Vega by regular automobile service; from Santiago by automobile, 4 to 5 hours; from Port au Prince by, automobile. Principal Hotels.— American,' Noroeste. Note. — This is an important seaport with a fair volume of im- ports. There is considerable export of hides, skins, cotton, etc. As there are a number of houses that have a good annual turnover, the place is deserving of the attention of most salesmen. It is easily reached from Santiago, 1 Santo Domingo City, and La Vega. Travelers desiring to go to Haiti can go by automobile from here to Port au.. Prince over a fairly good road, passing through all the towns of the seacoast. PUERTO PLATA, capital of the Province of Puerto Plata •' popula- tion, 9,200 ; principal seaport on northern coast ; vessels drawing less than 20 feet lie alongside customhouse ; larger ships 400 yards off- shore; 150 miles (240 km.) from Samana ; 60 miles (100 km.) from Santiago; 50 miles (80 km.} from Moca; 1,255 nautical miles from New York ; 710 nautical miles from Habana. Principal products,: Tobacco; sugar, hides, coffee, cacao, cotton, mahogany, and other hardwoods. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent John Poloney. Customhouse brokers : J. M. Battle & Co., C. H. Loinaz & Co., Julio Siiiion.&Ca, J. J. Calderon & Co. How Reached. — From Santiago by Dominican Central Railways 5 to 6 hours. m. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada, International Banking Corpora- tion (Sues, to S. Michelena). Principal Hotels. — Europa,* Espafia, Mercedes. : Note. — Puerto Plata is the capital of the Province and the port of entry for Santiago and Moca. It is the second port in impor- tance in the Dominican Republiolt is also the terminus and head- quarters of the Dominican Central Railway, which serves the inte- rior towns of Santiago and Moca, There are a number of firms who carry on a large business, and there is also ^considerable import- ing. This place, like Santo Domingo City, Santiago, and San Pedro de Marcoris, is particularly worthy of the attention of travelers. It is a very enterprising, well-built, clean, modern city. SANCHEZ, Province of Samana ; on Bay, of Samana ; vessels lie about 500 yards from shore; population, '2,000 ; 24 miles (40 knv) from Samana ; 62 miles (100 km.) from La Vega ;. 90 miles (155 km.) from Santiago. Principal products : Cacao, coffee, rice, honey, 264 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. tobacco, beeswax, and lumber. Industries: Gattle raising and rice growing, railroad shops, sawmills, soda-water factories. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, M. de Moya Hijo &' Co. Customhouse brokers-. M.de Moya Hijo & Co., Loekie, Pemberton & Co., Gineste & ChaneL How Reached. — From Puerto Plata hy steamer .(9 hours) or .by railway (12 hours) via Santiago and Moca; from San Pedro de Macoris by steamer ; from. La Vega by Samana & Santiago Rail' way (4 hours), also by various steamship lines. Banks. — American Foreign Banking Corporation ; Eoyal Bank of Canada; International Banking Corporation. -■■>--.'. Principal Hotels. — Aleman,* Borinquen. Mote.— Sanchez is the port of entry for La Vega, Salcedo, San Francisco de Macoris, Pimentel, and Moca as well as other places on the Samana & Santiago Railway. The terminus and ©ffioes of the: railway are located here: There are several large exporting and importing houses who buy from and sell to firms in.: the inte- rior. This place should be canvassed by most salesmen. Sanchez is an important cacao shipping port for the Cibao district. SAN FRANCISCO DE MACORIS, capital of the Province of Paciificada; population, 6,000; 58 miles (95 km.) fromMoca; 85 miles (133 km.) from' Santo Domingo City. Products: Coffee, cacao, fruits, leather, wax, coal, brandy. How Reached. — From Sanchez and La "Vega, by Samana: & Santi- ago Railway. Hotels.— Hispaflo,* Ingiaterra, San Francisco, Macarizano. Bank. — American Foreign Banking Corporation. Note.— This town is in the midst of a very rich agricultural dis- trict, the chief product of which is cacao. Much of the cacao which arrives in New York comes from this district. A number of houses do a direct importing business. Generally speaking, it is of inter- est to those who canvass the Dominican Republic. SAN PEDRO DE MACORIS, capital of the Province of the same name ; population, 17,000. Landing ; From steamer to wharf. Dis- tant 45 miles (72 km.) from Santo Domingo. Climate, tropical, but pleasant; temperature averages 82° in daytime, 55° at night. Principal products : Sugar, molasses, wax, timber, cattle, and cacao. Industries : Sugar mills, tannery, distillery, soap' factory, foundry. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, J. W. Tatem. Custom- house brokers: A. Dahnau, J. Bstott, J. Armenteros, Gaetan Bucher. How Reached. — From Santo Domingo by steamer or carretera. There is a wagon road under construction from this point to Santo Domingo. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada ; International Banking Corpora- tion ; Bank of Nova Scotia. Principal Hotels. — Grand, Las dos Americas,* IngLaterra*. Note. — This is the country's principal sugar port. A considerable volume of importing is done and there are several very good firms, besides sugar " ingenios," etc. The commercial importance of San Pedro de Macoris is steadily increasing. A considerable import- export business is transacted. The town is worthy of the atten- tion of travelers who visit the island. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 265 SANTA BARBARA DE SAMANA, capital of the Province of Samana; population, 5,000; on Samana Bay; vessels anchor in bay; 80 miles (128 km.) from Santo Domingo; ISO miles (240 km.) from Puerto Plata. Climate, tropical, but pleasant ; summer temperature averages 82°, winter temperature, 55° F. Chief products: Cacao, coconuts, honey, wax. Customhouse broker: Z. Paiewonsky. How Beached. — Prom Santiago by road, but by water is prefer- able ; from Puerto Plata by the Dominican Central Railway to Moca, from Moca to Sanchez by the Scotch Railway, and thence to Samana. There are two motor boats plying in the bay between Sa- mana and Sanchez. Travelers from Santo Domingo travel by steamer ; from Puerto Plata by steamer or by railroad to Moca, and from Moca by the Scotch Railway. Principal Hotel.— Bequi. Note. — A considerable volume of exporting is carried on here, par- ticularly in cacao, coconuts, and copra. There is considerable agri- cultural activity and a > very fair volume of business is transacted. There are some excellent houses that import direct. Worthy of a visit from most salesmen. SANTA CRUZ BEL SEYBO, capital of the Province of same name; population, 3,000; with surrounding district, 10,000; 144 miles (236 Km.) from San Domingo. Products: Cacao, coffee, wax, sugar, medicinal plants. How Reached.— Prom La Romana by carretera. Note. — This 'town has a port to the south and another good one on the River Soco, to the west. Although this place is rather remote, it has a promising future. It is not generally visited by the foreign traveler, the merchants depending on the importers in the larger towns. SANTIAGO, capital of the Province of Santiago ; on a high bluff of Yaque River; population, 25,000; 60 miles (100 km.) from Puerto Plata; 20 miles (32 km.) from La Vega ; 114 miles (184 km.) from Santo Domingo. Principal products: Tobacco, coffee, cacao, wax, hides. Industries : Cigar and cigarette making. How Reached. — From Puerto Plata by Dominican Central Rail- way, about 6 hours ; from Monte Cristi by automobile, 3 to 4 hours. Banks. — International Banking Corporation (Sues, to S. Michel- ena) ; Bank of Nova Scotia; Royal Bank of Canada. Hotels. — Grand Hotel Sevilla,* Garibaldi, Frances, Italian, San- tiago. Note. — This is the largest town in the northern part of the Re- public and its chief commercial center. Here are many wholesale firms who canvass the surrounding country. There are also a i! umber of retail firms, some of whom make direct importations. In the vicinity tobacco cultivation is carried on very extensively. Santiago is of such importance and occupies such a strategic posi- tion that many firms find it advantageous to divide the territory into two parts, establishing one agency in Santo Domingo City and the other in Santia0>, Santiago should be visited by all sales- men. 266 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. SANTO DOMINGO, capital of, the Republic; population, 40,000; at the mouth of Ozaina River ; landing, steamer to wharf ; 86 miles (140 km.) from Azua, 95 miles (152 km.) from La Vega, 231 nauti- cal miles from San Juan, Porto Rico. Climate, tropical, but pleas- ant; maximum temperature 92°, minimum 66° F. ; showers are frequent; nights decidedly cool; most pleasant months, December to February. Principal products : Sugar, cotton, cacao, wax, hides, woods, skins, coffee. Industries : Sugar-cane cultivation and dis- tilleries. , American minister and consul. Lloyd's agent, H. H. Gosling. Customhouse brokers: Enrique Narchena, T. Colon-Morales, H. H. Goslin. How Beached. — From San Pedro de Macoris by steamer or, carre- tera ; from New York by Clyde Line ; from San Juan and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, by steamer; from Santiago de Cuba by steamer at intervals of one month. A wagon road to San Pedro de Macoris is in course of construction, also a road to connect Santo Domingo with La Vega and the northern part of the. Republic. ■,..,. Hotels.— -Colon,* Frances,* Lafayette, Plaza, Inglaterra, America. Banks. — International Banking Corporation (Sues. tOiS. Miche- lena) ; Royal Bank of Canada; Bank of Nova Scotia; branch of Banco Territorial y Agricola of San Juan. Note. — Hug is the most important city of the Republic and its capital. A large volume of importing and exporting is carried on. Here are a number of important wholesale houses and many retail- ers. Business is done in direct importing. The wholesale houses here canvass practically the entire country, but particularly the region in the south and southeast. Agencies are usually estab- lished in Santo Domingo and occasionally a subagency in Santiago. PORTO RICO. Location. — Porto Rico is the, most easterly of the four Greater Antilles, which include Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico. Jt is about 70 nautical miles east of Haiti and 40 west of St. Thomas (Virgin Islands). It is a United States Territory. Area and Population. — Porto Rico is about 100 miles (160 km.) long and approximately 40 miles (62 km.) wide. Its area is about 3,606 square miles ; population, about 1,118,000. There are approxi- mately 310 inhabitants per square mile. Some small islands lie off the coast. The inhabitants are chiefly descendants of the Spaniards. There is a considerable Negro element. Topography. — The island is traversed by a mountain range from east to west, the highest point of which (El Yuque) is about 3,700 feet above sea level. Bivers. — There are over 1,200 streams, about 50 of which may be classified, as rivers. The principal ones are Rio Loiza, Rio de la Plata, Rio Manati, and Rio Arecibo. Climate.— The temperature of Porto Rico, on an average, is lower than that of any other island in the Tropics. The annual average temperature is 76° F. ; average during the winter months, 73° ; and .during the summer, 79 V In the towns on the coastal plain the, tem- perature runs from 75° in January to 81° in August. The tempera- ture ranges between 67 and 76 in the higher altitudes. The.nights are always pleasant and cool. There is constant high humidity. Seasons. — There are no defined wet and dry seasons. February is the driest month. The rainfall increases from, February to May. From May to November the difference in rainfall is small. The maximum rainfall along the' east coast occurs in September, along the south coast in October, and along the north coast in November, while in the interior it occurs during one of the summer months and sometimes as early as May. Cool weather usually begins in No- vember and lasts until early in March, and this is the best time to visit Porto Rico. The annual precipitation is about 60 inches. Principal- Products. — The chief products are tobacco, sugar, coffee, rice, corn, oranges, pineapples; bananas, cotton, cattle, coco- nuts, cacao, beans 'and peas, potatoes, ginger, divi-divi, patchouli, sansevieria, sisai, malva blahca, annatto, tumeric, hides and skins. Mineral Deposits. — Gold, silver, copper, iron, lignite, salt, pe- troleum, marble, and limestone are found in small quantities. Industries. — Coaling stations, shipyards, cigar and cigarette fac- tories, ice plants, bdttling works',' breweries, machine shops, manu- facture of hats, laces, embroidery, dTawn work, etc. Chief Exports.— Sugar, coffee, tobacco, fruits. ••■■• ' "'' '267 268 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Commercial Growth. — Porto Rico has had a remarkable develop- ment since 1896. The sugar industry has grown greatly, the- exports of raw sugar for 1917 having reached a total of 448,689 tons, with a value of approximately $54,000,000. The output of tobacco has likewise increased, the crops now being around 15,000,000 pounds. In 1917 the exports of raw tobacco reached almost $4,000,000. The finished product in the form of cigars and cigarettes also has a large monetary value, being a little less than $8,000,000 in 1917. Coffee, the raising of tropical fruit, including pineapples, grapefruit, oranges, etc., has had an amazing development. Shipments of these products total about $3,000,000 annually. Language. — Spanish in general. English is taught in the public schools. Currency. — Same as in the United States. Weights and Measures. — The metric system is official; English weights and measures are also' used. Postage. — The first-class letter rate to and from the United States is 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable. — There is direct cable communication with the Dominican Republic, Curaeao, Venezuela, and other South American countries via lines of the All America Cables and West India & Panama Tele- graph Co. The French Telegraph-Cable Co. operates via Cape Haitien from San Juan to New York. The rate to New York City and points east of the Mississippi is 50 cents per word, while for points west of the Mississippi the rate is 55 cents per word. Telegraphs and Telephones. — There is good telegraph and tele- phone service. Wireless. — There is a wireless station at San Juan, owned by the United States Government, which can transmit messages within a radius of 300 miles in daytime and 1,000 miles at night. Messages can be relayed to points in Porto Rico or by cable to other -countries. Inbound messages are charged at the rate of 6 cents per word, with a 10-word minimum ; to this must be added the insular telegraph tariff of 20 cents for 10 Words and 2 cents for each additional word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co. — Offices, 11 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 35, Brooklyn. Departures for San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez every Saturday; for Areclbo, Aguadillo, and Arroyo about every two weeks. For Humacao, Fajardo, Jobos, Vieques (Puerto Mulas), and Guanica about once a month.. Fare from New York to San Juan, $75 and up, according to location of stateroom. Time of trip: Leave New York, first day; arrive San Juan, fifth day; leave San Juan, seventh day; arrive Ponce, seventh day; ar- rive Mayaguez, eighth day. Red D Line. — Offices, 82 Wall Street. Sailings from Pier 11, Brooklyn, foot of Montague Street, for San Juan and Mayaguez on alternate Wednesdays. Fares : New York to San Juan, $50-$70 ; New York to Mayaguez, $65 ; San Juan to Curacao and La Gnaira PORTO RICO. 269 foE' ^ aU Juan t0 Pu6 rto Cabello, $30; Puerto Gabello to San Juan, *25; Mayaguez to La Guaira and- Curacao, $25; Mayaguez to Maracaibo, $40. Time of trip: Leave New York, first day; arrive San Juan, fifth day; leave New York, first day; arrive Mayaguez, seventh day. OTHER LINES VISITING PORTO RICO. Steamer " Marina," Interisland Service (Bull Insular Line). — Weekly sailings from San Juan for Dominican ports of Santo Domingo and San Pedro de Macoris.: Monthly., calls at the north ports of Sanchez and Puerto Plata. Fare, San Juan to southern Dominican ports, $30 and $35. ' Weekly service to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. • Compaiiia Trasatlantica. — Monthly service from Spain to Porto Rico; Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic; Habana, Cuba; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; Colon, Panama ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Curacao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela, Compag-nie Generate Transatlantique.— Semimonthly service from France, calling at Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, Ponce, Mayaguez, Santo Domingo, Jacmel, Port au Prince; thence return- ing to Martinique via Petit Goave, Jeremie, Santiago de Cuba, Jacmel, St- Thomas, and Guadeloupe. Fare: St. Thomas to San Juan, $20; time, seven to eight hours. Empresa Naviera de Cuba. — Monthly service between principal ports of Porto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Fares: Ha- bana to San Juan, $55; Santiago de Cuba to' San Juan, $50; Santo Domingo to San Juan, $25: Fares from San Juan; San Pedro de Macoris, $26 ; Santo Domingo, $27 ; Santiago de Cuba, $50 ; Habana, $60. Fares from Mayaguez : . San Pedro de Macoris, $25; Santo Domingo, $26; Santiago de Cuba, $49; Habana, $58. Fares from Ponce : San Pedro de Macoris, $22 ; Santo Domingo, $23 ; Santiago de Cuba, $56. Motor Boats "Mystery " and " Virginia." — Two round trips per week between St. Thomas and Fajardo ; automobile service between Fajardo and San Juan. Time from St. Thomas to Fajardo, one night. RAILROADS IN PORTO RICO. American Railroad Co. — San Juan to Ponce, 167 miles (270 km.). Two trains daily, leaving San Juan at 7.20 a J . m. and 8.45 p, m. First-class fare, 3, cents per kilometer. Free baggage allowance, 100 pounds; excess, 20 per cent of each first-class ticket for each 100 pounds excess. San Juan to Carolina, 13 miles (22 km..) : Trains leave San Juan at 5.30 p. m., Carolina at 7 a. m. Ponce to Guayama: Trains leave Ponce at .3.52 p, m. ; arrive Guayama at 6,14 p. m. ; leave Guayama at 7.30 a. m. ; arrive Ponce Linea Ferrea del Oeste. — Catano to Bayamon (ferryboat service between Catano and San Juan). Railroad service on half-hourly schedule- fare, 10 cents per trip. Ferryboat service every eight 270 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. minutes; fare, 3 cents per trip. Passengers may carry two or three handbags free of charge. Porto Rico Railway, Light & Power Co. — Bio Piedras to Caguas, 18 miles (29 km.). Trains leave Caguas at 8 a. m. and 4 p. m.; leave Rio Piedras at 9.30 a. m. and 6 p. m. ; time of trip, one hour. Fare, 3 cents per kilometer. Electric Car Service. — San Juan to Rio Piedras, 7 miles (11 km.) ; San Juan to Borinquen Park, via Park line, 5 miles (8 km.) ; via Condado line, 4 miles (6 km.). Fare, San Juan to Rio Piedras, 10 cents. Operated by the Porto Rico Railway, Light & Power Co. AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORTATION. Atlas Line. — Office, San Juan, Allen 28; Ponce, Comerclo 2. Touring car, Ponce to San Juan, via Aibonito, leaves daily at 7.30 a. m., both directions. Stops at Rio Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Aibonito, Coamo and Juana Diaz. Fare, Ponce to San Juan, $6.50. Omnibus, Ponce to San Juan, via Aibonito, leaves daily at 12.30 p. m., both directions. Fare, $4.50. Touring car, Ponce to San Juan, via Guayama. Stops at Rio Piedras, Caguas, Cayey, Guayama, Salinas, and Santa Isabel. Fare, Ponce to San Juan, $6.50. Omnibus, Ponce to San Juan, via Guayamas, leaves daily at 7.30 a. m., both directions. Fare, $4.50. Porto Rico Transportation Co. — Daily passenger service between San Juan and Ponce, touching en route Caguas, Cayey, Guayama, and intermediate points. Autos leave San Juan plaza at 8 a. m. and 3.30 p. m. ; leave Ponce at 7.30 a. m. and 3 p. m. This cbmpany also maintains auto service between San Juan and Humacao. . CANVASSING PORTO RICO. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples of any character carried from the United States to Porto Rico are admitted without any difficulties. It is not necessary "to give bond or to take any of the steps which are obligatory in other Latin- American countries. Advertising Matter. — There are no duties on advertising matter from the United States into Porto Rico. Salesmen who carry American-made goods' and arrive from Cuba, Santo Domingo, Haiti, etc., are subject to no other regulations than those coming direct from the United States. -' > r/ra , Taxes.— No taxes of any nature are levied either by the Territo- rial government of Porto Rico or by the municipalities. Important Centers. — There are two important towns in Porto Rico, San Juan and Ponce. In both of these are located the chief im- porting firms, including those who do a wholesale business and act as jobbers and distributers to the smaller merchants. General Character of the Trade. — It must' be remembered that 'Porto Rico is a possession of the United States. The conditions are quite different from those prevailing in other Latin-American coun- tries. Many of the retailers in Porto Rico import direct and do not depend upon the local wholesalers. This applies even to retailers m smaller places, such as Arecibo, Mayaguez, etc. Porto Rico, in pro- PORTO RICO. 271 P°^ tI '? n t° its population, used perhaps a greater quantity of so- called cheap goods than almost any other tropical country. While better grades of merchandise are imported, the volume of business is done in the cheaper lines. This is particularly true of wearing apparel. Almost anything that is low in price will find a sale, pro- vided that the color and shape are such as to suit the local fancy. Retailers who import direct are scattered through the island. Sugar Centrals. — Many of the sugar centrals, particularly the larger ones operate commissaries in connection with their plants. These are a very Important factor in the business, as they are heavy purchasers of many lines of goods, including foodstuffs, wear- ing apparel, etc. Agents should make inquiry concerning the loca- tion of these centrals and canvass them as they would the mer- chants. Agencies.' — Agents in Porto Rico are usually established in San Juan, where a number of business firms are located. Occasionally agents are appointed in Ponce. The general agent usually attends to the entire island, making periodical trips to the various places where there are prospects for. business. Roads. — In the matter of roads, Porto Rico is more fortunate, than the other West Indies. Road making has made a remarkable de- velopment, and to-day there are over 1,100 miles of roads, besides 300 miles of railways. The most, important railroad system is that of the American Railroad Co., which operates a line from San Juan to Ponce, also from San Juan to Carolina. The other im- portant roads are outlined elsewhere. Many extensions to existing lines are contemplated, and a new line is also projected. , The auto- mobile is an important factor in transportation. Routes to Follow. — It is practically impossible and unnecessary to lay out a definite route for the traveler to follow. Most commer- cial men arrive by way of San Juan, which they thoroughly canvass, and then go to Ponce, which is easily reached. The smaller places of importance are also easily reached, and the traveler can deter- mine while on the ground the best manner in which to visit them. Special Note. — Trips to Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Virgin Islands can be planned in connection with visits to Porto Rico. Island of Vieques. — This island lies about 13 miles east of Porto Rico. It is about 21 miles long and 6 miles broad. Inhabitants number about 6,000. The chief industries are the grpwing of sugar cane, the raising of cattle, tropical fruits, etc. This island is yery fertile and there is a brisk trade in a small, way. Hotel Rates. — The best, hotel accommodations in, Porto Rico are to be found in San Juan and Ponce. Here, for the leading estab- lishments, the rates are from $3 to $6 for the American plan. The hotels of the second grade charge somewhat lower rates. Accom- modations may also be had upon the European plan, as there are some good restaurants in both these places. For hotels in. the smaller towns the rates range from $2 to $4 per day on the Ameri- can plan, depending upon the character of the place. As a rule, the accommodations are much inferior. to those in the larger towns, but occasionally there is an exception. 272 GUIDE TO IATIN AMERICA. Holidays in Porto Rico. — The population being largely Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the Church are observed. Other days observed are New Year's Day, Lincoln's birthday, Washing* ton's birthday, Emancipation Day (Mar. 13), Decoration Day, Inde- pendence Day (July 4), Occupation Day (July 25), Labor Day, Columbus Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas. General Directory. — Directorio General de Puerto Rico t published by Real Hermanos, San Juan, P. R. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Porto Rico which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been" included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier statipns, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. AGUADILLA, Department of Aguadilla; population of town, 6,500, municipality, 23,000; port on northwestern coast; steamers anchor cable length from shore; 36 miles (58 km.) from Arecibo, 29 miles (47 km.) from Mayaguez, and 87 miles (139 km.) from San Juan (by rail). Climate, excellent. Principal products: Sugar, oranges, coffee, cacao, tobacco, pineapples. Industries : Manufacture of straw hats. Lloyd's agent, Guillermo Frontera. Customhouse brokers : P. Alcover & Hno., Jorge Silva. How Reached. — From Arecibo by railroad, time about 2$ hours ; from Mayaguez by railroad, time about 1£ hours, or by automobile, | hour. Bank. — Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico. Hotel. — Borinquen. Note. — This is a flourishing and growing city ; chief dependence upon tropical agriculture. It deserves the attention of almost all salesmen who visit Porto Rico. ANASCO, Department of Mayaguez, in western part of island; population of municipality, 15,400; town, 3,000; 23 miles <37 km:) from Aguadilla, 6 miles (10 km.) from Mayaguez, and 3 miles (5 km.) from the sea. Principal products: Sugar, tobacco, coffee, co- conuts. Industries: Manufacture of hats, coffee drying. Banks.— See Mayaguez. Hotels.^-Travelers usually stop at Mayaguez. How Reached. — From Aguadilla by American Railroad, time 1 hour and 10 minutes; from Mayaguez by American Railroad, time about 15 minutes. Note.— A small city of some commercial importance. Those who canvass small places will find it advantageous to visit Anasco. Easily reached from Mayaguez. ARECIBO, Department of Arecibo; population of municipality, 45,500; town, 10,000; at mouth of Arecibo River; vessels anchor about' a mile from shore ; 53 miles (86 km. ) from San Juan by rail ; 36 miles (58 km.) from Aguadilla. Principal products: Sugar', PORTO KICO. 273 coffee, tobacco. Industries : Tobacco ana sugar factories, distillery. Lloyd s agents, Roses & Co., Sues. k *^ ^ leached -— From San Juan by American Railroad, time about S hours; from Aguadilla by American Railroad, time about 2J hours, also by automobile; from' Ponce by automobile. Banks.— American Colonial Bank, Roses & Co., Sues., Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico, Banco Territorial y Agricola. Hotels. — Los Balearis,* Covadonga,* Victoria, Puerto Rico, Bos- ton, Comercio. Note. — Arecibo is a nourishing and growing commercial center in the northern part of the island. There are two large sugar fac- tories and important distilleries. Considerable coffee is raised. Arecibo deserves the attention of all salesmen who canvass thq re- tail trade. ARROYO, Department of Guayama; population of municipality, 8,000; town, 3,500; seaport fpr Guayama district; vessels anchor about one-fourth mile from shore. Distant 4 miles (6 km.), from Guayama. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco. Industry : Soap factory. Lloyd's agent, Juan Calafat Covas. Customhouse broker, Miguel A. Rivera. How Reached. — From Guayama and Fajardq by carretera ; from Humacao via Ponce-Humacao road. , Hotel. — Bernard. Banks.— Sues, de C. & J. Fantavzzi. Note. — Arroyo is the, port for Guayama. There are a number of firms here who make direct importations. Visited especially by salesmen who canvass the smaller places. BAYAMON, Department of "San Juan; population of. municipal- ity, 20,328 ; town, 1Q,411; distant 12 miles (20 km.) from San Juan. Principal products : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, fruits.. Industries: Cigar and sugar factories ; Porto Rican-American Tobacco Co, How Reached. — From San Juan! by American Railroad, two trains daily, J hour trip ; also by automobile oyer direct road, i-hour trip ; from Catano by railroad, Linea Ferrea del Oeste and ferryboats. Bank. — Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico. Hotel. — Europa. Note. — Owing to its proximity to San Juan, this place is visited by many salesmen who work the smaller places. A fair volume of retail trade is carried on. Good automobile service to near-by cities and towns. CAG-TJAS, Department of Humacao; population of municipality, 29,150; town, 11,500; 20 miles (36 km.) from San Juan; 60 miles (98 km.) from Ponce. Principal products: Tobacco, sugar cane, fruits. Industries:, Tobacco-stripping plant, cigar and cigarette factories, raw r sugar factories, embroidery. How Reached. --From San Juan by automobile ; fare, $1.75, or by trolley to Rio Piedras and thence by train ; from Ponce by automo- bile, fare $4,75. Autos leave daily at 7.30 a. m. and 12.30 p. m. from San Juan and Ponce. , Banks. — American Colonial Bank of Puerto Rico; Banco Terri- torial Agricola. Hotels.— Filo. Palmer. 274 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This town is located in one of- the greatest tobacco-grow- ing sections of Porto Rico. It is the terminus of the railway line from Rio Piedras. A good retail business is carried on, due to the wealth of the surrounding country. The small towns of Gurabo, Juncos, San Lorenzo, Aguas Buenas, and Cidra are near by. The traveler can put up at Oaguas and " make " these towns from there. CAROLINA, Department of San Juan ; population of municipal- ity, 16,451, town, 3,600; 13 miles (23 km.) from San Juan. Principal products : Sugar cane, coffee, coconuts, tobacco. Industries ; Agri- culture, cattle raising. How Reached. — From San Juan, by branch of American Rail- road, li-hour trip. Hotel. — America. Note. — This is the terminus of the brauch railway from San Juan. Although a small place, a good retail business is done. Usually visited- by those who canvass the smaller places. CAYEY, Department of Guayama; altitude, 2,300 feet; popula- tion of municipality, 19,000, town, 5,200 ; 37 miles (59 km.) from San Juan; 14 miles (23 km.) from Guayama. Products: Coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, and fruits. Rainfall averages about 68 inches annually. Industries : Cigar factories. How Reached. — Prom San Juan by, autobus; 3-hour trip; fare, $2 ; from Ponce by autobus ; 4-hour trip ; fare, $2.50. Autobusses leave San Juan and oPnce daily at 7.30 a. m. Hotels.— Inglaterra, Prances, Vega. Banks. — El Credito y Ahorro Ponceno (branch), Banco Comercial de Puerto Rico (branch). Mote. — Cayey produces 15,000 to 20,000 sacks of sugar and, under normal conditions, 30,000 to 40,000 hundredweights of tobacco. In addition, there is the product of the Porto Rican Leaf Tobacco Co. The business done is in proportion to the population. Usually can- vassed by those who visit the smaller towns. FAJARDO, Department of Humacao, a seaport on extreme north- eastern coast ; population of municipality, 19,300, town, 6,600 ; situ- ated 14 miles (2 km.) from northern coast; 31 miles (50 km.) from Rio Piedras (by carretera) ; 21 miles (35 km.) from Humacao (by carretera). Average annual rainfall, 70 inches. Products: Sugar and cattle. How Reached. — Prom San Juan, by automobile service ; from St. Thomas (Virgiir Islands) by motor boats. Banks. — Bird Leon e Hijos, Banco de Nova Scotia. Hotels.— Pajardo, San Rafael. Note. — This town is in the center of a sugar district of consider- able importance.. There is considerable direct importing. Easily reached from San Juan. Canvassed by most agents. GUAYAMA, Department of Guayama, on southeastern coast; altitude, 200 feet ; population of municipality, 18,300, town, 9,100 ; on Ponce-Humacao road, 37 miles (59 km.) east of Ponce; 14 miles (23 km.) from Cayey. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, tobacco, coconuts, and fruits. PORTO EICO. 275 Customhouse brokers : Emilio D. Gely, Juan Tomas Paz, Fernando Beiro. How Reached. — From Humacao by carretera ; from Cayey by car- retera, automobile service, fare $0.75; from Ponce by carretera, automobile service, fare $1.75; from San Juan by carretera, auto- mobile service, fare $2.75. Automobiles leave daily at 7.30 a. m. from San Juan and Ponce. Banks. — Credito Ahorro Ponceno (branch), Banco Territorial y Agricola de Puerto Rico. ! Hotels. — Paris,* Union, Borinquen, Derkes. ' Note. — Guayama is a place of growing importance and surrounded by a very rich agricultural district. A fair volume of business is carried on. Deserves the attention of practically all salesmen. HUMACAO, Department of Humacao ; seaport on eastern coast ; vessels anchor about 2 miles from shore; population of municipality, 19,000; town, 6,400; 3 miles (5 km.) 'from eastern coast of island; 21 miles (35 km.) from Fajardo by carretera. Principal products: Sugar cane, tobacco, honey, coconuts, and fruits./ Industries : Bay rum, slioe, and hat factories. • How Beached. — From San Juan and Ponce by carretera; from Caguas by -autobus; time, 1% hours. From Caguas there is autobus connection to San Juan, time If hours, fare $1.50. Travelers, in- stead of going from San Juan to Ponce by the Central Railroad, may go to Caguas and then continue through Gurabo, Juncos, Las Piedras, \Humacao, Yabucoa, Maunabo, F Patillas, Arroyo, and Guay-. ama, and from there to Cayey to again take the Central Railroad. The sights are worth seeing. Automobiles can be hired at $25 per day. Banker. — Antonio Roig. Hotels. — Maxim, Venus, Oriente, Paris. Mote. — A place of growing importance in the eastern part of the island. Worthy of attention and should De canvassed. MAYAGUEZ, Department of Majrflguez, on extreme western coast of island; vessels anchor in bay; population of municipality, 41,612; town, 19,069; 29 miles (47 km.) from Aguadilla; 11 miles (18 km.) from San German; 117 miles (189 km.) from San Juan. Temperature rarely exceeds 80° Fi in summer ; rainfall about 80 inches annually. Climate delightful. Principal products : Sugar, coffee, pineapples, oranges, coconuts, cacao, wax, hides; etc. In- dustries : Shoe, cotton, underwear, hat, tobacco, and soap factories., Customhouse brokers : Andres Montero, Pelegrino Lopez,' Avelino' Ferreiro. Lloyd's agent, Moral & Co. How Beached. — From Aguadilla, 1* hours by rail; from San German, 45 minutes by rail ; from San Juan, by American Railroad, 6*-hour trip ; from Ponce, 'by American Railroad, 3-hour trip. Hotels.— La Palma,* Palmer, Imperial, America. " uote. This is one of the most important cities of Porto Rico. It has an excellent port With good anchorage. There is a large im- port and export business, and a number of excellent firms are es- tablished here. Should be visited by all salesmen. Easy of access by rail and automobile. Splendid highways run in all directions. 276 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. PONCE, Department of Ponce ; second important port ; vessels anchor 6 cable lengths from shore; population of municipality, 72,000; town, 45,000. Distant 22 miles (35 km.) from Yauco;~81 miles (130 km.) from San Juan via military road ; 37 miles (59 km.) from Guayama; 1,462 nautical miles from New" York. Rainfall averages about 41 inches per year. Principal products: Sugar, molasses, honey, coffee, tobacco, oranges, hides, cattle. Industries : Carriage, cigar, cigarette, hat, and lace factories, needlework, em- broidery, ice plant, rum distilleries, and soda-bottling works. Lloydjs agent, F. M. Toro. Customhouse brokers : Ernesto Moringlane, Jose Hostas, B. Parodi. How Beached. — From Yauco by railroad; time,. 1 hour; from Guayama by railroad, time 2 hours ; also by automobile ; from San Juan by steamer, or by railroad (fare $10.50), time about 9J hours; by automobile, 4 J hours (fare $6.50), via Guayama or Aibonito, time about 9J hours; from New York by New York & Porto Rico Line. .Hotels. — Frances,* Malia,* Inglaterra, Leon-Qro, Hogar, Belgicav Habana, La Florida. Coaches, $1 per hour ; automobiles, $4 to $5 pqr hour. Banks. — Banco de Ponce, National City Bank,' of New York (branch), Banco Comercial de Puerto Rjeo,, Credito y Ahorro Pon- ceno, Royal Bank of Canada, Bank of Nova Scotia, Ramon Cortado & Co. Note. — Ponce is the second city in. importance in Porto Rico. It is easily accessible, being reached by rail and automobile from all parts of the island. Here are located many important wholesale firms, exporters and retailers. Nearby are some important sugar "centrals," which maintain commissaries, whose business is- of; a large volume. Direct importing is principally carried on, therefore it should be visited by all traveling salesmen. Near Ponce are some well-known watering places and thermal springs. RJO PIEDRAS, Department of San Juan ; population of munici- pality, 16,968; town, .3,200; 7 miles (11 km.) from San Juan; 18 miles (29 km.) from Caguas. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, pine- apples, and other fruits. How Reached. — From San Juan by trolley car every seven min- utes; also by automobile (fare $0.25) ; from Caguas by Porto Rico Railway, two trains daily; also by automobile (fare $1.25) ; from Ponce, by automobile service (fare $4.25). Automobiles leave San Juan and Ponce daily at 7.30 a. m. and 12.30 p. m. Hotel. — San Juan. Bank.; — Banco Territorial y Agricola. Note. — This place is the terminus of the Cagjias-Rio Piedras Rail- way and of the trolley line from San Juan. It is worthy of a visit by those who canvass the smaller places. SAN GERMAN,. Department of Mayaguez ; population of munici- pality, 23,767; town, 5,400; 37 miles (61 km.) fFom Ponce; 130 miles (209 km.) from San Juan. Principal products: Sugar cane, tobacco, cattle, corn, coffee, and fruits. How Reached.:— From San Juan by American Railroad, 64-hpur trip ; from Ponce by American Railroad, 2J-hour trip. PORTO REDO; 2S?E B&nks. — Caja de Economias y Prestainos; Banco >de San German. fiotels.— Central, Frances. ■ . . _ Note.— -This town is (located 1 in a rich sugar-cane and ooffee-grow- i 11 ^.? 1 - * Ct " Tnere is considerable prosperity and a brisk retail % & ™ 't?? ? sacted - Deserving of attention from most salesmen. • * n JUAN > Department of San Juan, on northern coast ; popula-: tion, 60,000. Landing, steamer to pier. Distant 1,399 nautical- miles from New York; 36 miles (58 km.) from Manati; 7 miles (11 km.) from Rio Piedras; 81 miles (130 km.) from Ponce by: military toad; 117 miles <189 km.) from Mayaguez. Climate, healthful; rainfall, &i inches; temperature averages 79° F., high- est (noon), 92°. Principal products: Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, pineapple, grapefruit. Industries: Shipyards* coaling stations, cigar and icigarette factories, brewery, machine shops, ice plants, soda bottling works. Lloyd's agent, T. G. T. Waymouth. Custom- house broker, H. V. Groscb. How Reached.— From Mayaguez by railroad, 61-hour trip ; from Ponce by railroad, fare $10.50, time about 9J hours ; by auto, 4J hours, fare $6;50 ; also by steamer. Banks. — National City Bank of New York (branch), American Colonial Bank of Porto Rico, Banco Popular de Economias y Presta-: mos, Banco Territorial y Agricola de Porto Rico, Banco Comercial de Porto Rico, Bank of NoTa Scotia, Royal Bank of Canada, Banco de San r Juan, Banco' Masonico de Puerto Rico, Behn Bros., Sobrinos de Esquiaga, Sobrinos de Izquierdo & Co., Sues, de L. Yillamil Marina, J. T. Silva & Co. Hotels. — Condado Vanderbilt,* Palace,* Roma, Caribe, National, Central; ' .. Note.— iSan Juan is the most important city of Porto Rico. It is the logical place in which to establish an agency, as the , chief commercial houses of the island are established- at T this point. A very large trade, both import and export, is transacted. There are many important wholesale Arms here who carry, large stocks. These houses make direct importations, "as do also itiany retail establishments. San Juan can be used as the headquarters from which the balance of the island may be canvassed. yiEQTTBS, ISLAND OF, ; short distance from eastern coast; population, 12,000; 13 miles (21 km.) east of Humacao. Princi- pal products : Sugar cane, tobacco, tropical fruits. Industries: Cattle raising; and agriculture, bottling of aerated water, ice. plant, shoe factory. '-';.' How Reached." — From Humacao and San Juan hy local steamer; frornJFajardo by launches, daily service, time about 2 hours. Trav- elers can go from San Juan by automobile to Fajardo ($1,50) and then take launch ($1) ; time from San Juan to Vieques, 4 hours. Banks. — Banco Comercial de Porto Rico, .,.''' Hotels— Union,* Central, Feria. Note. — There are a number of houses here which import direct. A good-sized business is done. The island' is about 18 miles long; from east to west, and about 4 miles wide from . north to south. There are two ports,. Mulas in the east, which, is, about ,2^. miles 90821°— 22 19 278 GTJIDE TO IiATIN AMERICA. (34 km.) from Fajardo, and Punta Arenas in the west, which is about 18 miles (30 km.) from Humacao. The sugar centrals use considerable machinery and make direct importations ' from the United States. YABTJCOA, Department of Humacao; in extreme southeastern part of island; population of municipality, 18,608; town, 3,000; 10 miles (16 km.) from Humacao. Products: Sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, coconuts, fruits, cattle. Industries: Manufacture of sugar and cattle breeding. How Beached. — By carretera from Guayamas and Humacao. Banks. — Banco de Yabueoa. Hotels. — J. Borrego, Juana Fontanez, Roman Ortiz. Note. — This town contains the third largest sugar central on the island. There are six wholesale establishments and a number of retail stores. TATTOO, Department of Ponce; on southern coast of island; on road from Ponce to San German ; population of municipality, 26,900, town, 7,500; 131 miles (212 km.) front San Juan; 21 miles (34 km.) from San German; 22 miles (35 km.) from Ponce; 7 miles (11 km.) from Guanica. Principal products: Sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, fruit. Industries: Ice and soap factories, coffee cleaning establishments. How Beached. — From San German, by. railroad; time 1J hours; from Guanica by carretera ; from Ponce by railroad, time 1 hour. Bank. — Credito y Ahorro Popular, de Yauco ; Credito y Ahorro PonceSo. Hotels. — Maria, Victoria, Auristela. Note. — A place of growing importance and worthy of attention. Most salesmen who visit small places find it pays to canvass this place also. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the commercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will he able to gauge (approxi- mately) their value or importance. Some of these towns are can- vassed by American houses. Ad juntas, Department of Ponce ; population of municipality, 18,197; town, 1,600; 18 miles (29 km.) from Ponce by carretera; 31 miles (50 km.) from Arecibo by carretera. Products: Sugar cane, Coffee, fruits. Hotel: Ibero Americano. Aguada, Department/of Aguadilla, on northwestern coast ; popu- lation of municipality^ 12,437; town, 1,200; 94 miles (157 km.) from San Juan. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, coconuts. Reached from San Juan and Ponce by American Railroad. Ag-uas Buenas, Department of Humacao; population of munici- pality, 11,808; town, 1,300; 2 miles (3 km.) from western coast; 27 miles (44 km.) from San Juan; 9 miles (15 km.) from Oayey. Products: Sugar'cane, coffee, tobacco. Industry: Cigar factory. Carreteras to Caguas and to the military road between San Juan and Ponce. Hotels : Tomas Lopez, Rosado, B. Rivieras. PORTO RIOO. 279 Aibonito, Department of Guayama ; highest point on the military road from San Juan to Ponce; population of municipality, 11,608; town, 2,250; 30 miles (47 km.) from Guayama by carretera. Prod- ucts : Coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Hotel : Diego Becerra. Tobacco- growing center. Keached from Ponce by autobus service (fare $1.75) and from San Juan (fare $2.75). Barceloneta, Department of Arecibo ; population of municipality, 12,500; town, 800; 4 miles (6 km.) from Manati; 40 miles (65 km.) from San Juan. Products: Cane, coffee, pineapples, and other fruits. Industry : Cigar factories. Reached from San Juan, Ponce, and Manati by the American Railroad. Hotels: Jose Guerrero, J. Martinez & Co. Barranquitas, in Department of Guayama, near center of the island; 10 miles (16 km.) from Barros; population of municipality, 11,273 ; town, 900. Principal products : Coffee, tobacco, fruits. Barros, Department of Ponce, near center of island ; population of municipality, 16,000; town, 1,200; 31 miles (50 km.) from Ponce by carretera. Rainfall averages 77 inches annually. Products: Coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, cattle, beans, bananas, fruits. . Only means of communication are narrow trails. Cabo So jo, Department of Mayaguez; population of municipality, 20,996; town, 4,200; near western coast; 10 miles (16 km;) south of Mayaguez by carretera. Industry: Manufacture of straw hats. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples, coconuts. Banks: Banco de Economias y Prestamos. Hotel : Fenix. Camuy, Department of Arecibo, on northern coast ; population of municipality, 12,174; town, 1,250; 9 miles (15 km.) from Arecibo, reached by American Railroad; 62 miles (100 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotel : Turiano Rivera. Catano, Department bf San Juan ; across the bay from San Juan, 28 miles (46 km.). Carretera to Aibonito; ferryboat every eight minutes to San Juan ; fare, 3 cents. Reached from Bayamon by railroad. Ceiba, Department of Humacao, in extreme northeastern part of island; population of municipality, 4,739; town, 1,050; 35 miles (58 km.) from Rio Piedras, by carretera; 17 miles (27 km.) from Humacao, by carretera. Principal products : Sugar cane and fruits. Ciales, Department of Arecibo, in north central part of island; population of municipality, 19,747, town, 1,800; 19 miles -(33 km.) from Arecibo, by carretera; 8 miles (13 km.) from Manati, by carretera. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, fruits. Hotel : Maria. : Cidra, Department of Guayama; population of municipality, 11,372, town, 1,700; near the Military Road; 10 miles (16 km.) from Guayama; 10 miles (16 km.) from Caguas, by carretera. Products: Tobacco, fruits, coffee, sugar cane. Hotels: F. Gonzalez, Weriseslao Segarra. Coamo, Department of Ponce, in south central part of island; population bf municipality, 18,100; town* 4,000; 60 miles (98 km.) from San Juan, by autobus, fare, $3.25; 80 miles (130 km.) from Ponce, by autobus, fare, $4.25. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, to- bacco cattle. Industries: Shoe factory, ice plant. Hotels: Isabel 3SQ GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Pico, Porto Rico Hotels Cotfp; Near here are the famous Coamo Springs, where there is a good hotel. . Comerio, Department of San Juan.; population of municipality,. 12,000; town, 2,000-; 17 miles (27 km.) from Bayamon, by carretera. Products ; 'J'pbaccoj coffee, fruits. Connection with Las Cruces on Military Road; roads to Bayamon and Catano, where there is a ferry to San Juan. Hotels : Cirito Cruz, Levacadio Riviera. • Corozal, Department of San Juan; population of municipality, 15,400;; town, 1,400; 15 miles (25 km.) southwest of Bayamon, reached by carretera. Daily automobile service to and from San Juan. Products : Coffee, cane,, fruits. Culebra, small island off the east coast of Porto Rico ; population, 1,411. Products: Fruits* Reached by small steamers. Dorado, , Department of San Juan; population of municipality, E>,243; town, 1,100; 21 miles (33 km.) west of San Juan. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples, and other fruits. Reached from San Juan by American Railroad. . Guanica, Department of Mayaguez, on southwestern coast ; popu- lation of municipality, 6,909; town, 1,900-; 8 miles (13 km.) from Ponce, reached by automobile. One of the greatest sugar centers of the world. A large commissary. is conducted here. , Guayanillay Department of Ponce, in southwestern part of island : population of municipality, il,113; town, 1,250; 14 miles (22 km.) from Ponce, reached by American Railroad. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, and fruits. j.Guxabo, Department of Humacao, a. few miles east of Caguas, reached by carretera; 13 miles (22 km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera ; . population of municipality, J.1,956 ; town, 2,400. Rich tobacco section.. Hotels : Marcial Maldonado, Jose Ramon Quinonez, Antonio Vazquez. Hatillo, Department of Aguadilla, on north central coast ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Arecibo, reached by American Railroad; 53 miles (88 km.) ; from San Juan. HormigTieros, Department of Mayaguez, in southwestern part of island; population of municipality, 4,172; town, 1,000; 124 miles (198 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; 6 miles (•$> km.) from Mayaguez, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Isabel a, Department of Aguadilla, on extreme northwestern coast ; population of municipality, 18,088; town, 1,400; 11 miles (18 km.) from Aguadilla, reached by American Railroad ; 75 miles (122 km.) from San Juan, reached by Ajmerican Railroad ; 90 miles (147 km.) from Ponce, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, qoffee, fruits. Hotels : Parada, Estacion. : Jayuya, Department of Ponce; population of municipality, 11,033, town, 900; 12 miles (21 km.) from Coamo, reached by carretera. Products: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Juana Diaz, Department of Ponce, on the military road, a few miles northwest of Ponce; population of municipality, 31,295; town, 2,200i Products: Coffee, tobacco, sugar caue, and fruits. Hotel:- Italia. Reached from San Juan by automobile service ; fare, $4 ; PORTO RICO. 281 from PonCe by auto service; fare, $0.50. Automobiles leave San Juan and Ponce at 7.30 a. m. and 12.30 p. m. Juncos, Department of Humacao, midway between Caguas and Humacao; about 9 miles (14 km.) from each; 36 miles (80tm.) from Guayama; population of municipality, 12,549; town, 4;400. Products: Sugar cane, tobacco, fruits. Hotel: Estela Bohonis. Laj as, Department of Mayaguez; population •. of ; municipality, 11,883; town, 800; 6 miles (10 km.) from San German, reached by American Railroad; 136 miles (219 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products : Sugar cane, pineapples, tobacco, dairy products, cattle. Lares, Department of Aguadilla; 22 miles (37 km.), from Agua- dilla, reached by carretera; population of municipality,' 24,311; town, 3,900. Products: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Carretera to Arecibo and Mayaguez; automobile service to Mayaguez. Bank: Banco Territorial Agricola. Hotels : America, Central, Roma. I/as Marias, Department of Mayaguez; population of municipal- ity, 10,783; town, 400; 10 miles (16 km.) from Mayaguez> reached by carretera. *> • ■ Las Piedras, Department of Humacao; population of municipal- ity, 9,717; town, 500; near eastern coast; 14 miles (22 km.) from Caguas, reached by carretera; 4 miles (6 km.) from Humacao. Products : Sugar, tobacco, coffee, etc. Industries : Tobacco factory of Porto Rican American Tobacco Co. and other companies. ! Banco Commercial de Puerto Rico. Loiza, Department bf San Juan ; population of municipality, 14,293; town, 1,200; on the northeastern coast; 18 miles (31. km.) east of San Juan, reached by carretera; 11 miles (17 km.) from Rio Piedras, reached' by carretera, Products: Sugar cane, coca- nuts, etc. Luquillo, Department of Humacao, near northeastern coast, in the Fajardo district; population of municipality, 6,659; town, 1,250; 25 miles (40 km.) from Rio Piedras,' reached by carretera ; 28 miles (■45 r km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera. < < ■:!... Manati, Department of Arecibo, near northern coast ; population of municipality, 18,500; town, 4,600; -36 miles (58 kmi) from San Juan, two-hour trip by American Railroad; 17 miles (27 km.) from Arecibo, one-hour trip by American Railroad; 3 miles (5 km.) from ocean. Products: Sugar cane, rice; tobacco,' coffee, fruits. Market place for Ciales >an€ Morovisv Hotels: Central, Comercio, # Coney Island, Puerto Rico. ;i .:■->...... - ,>. .'■■:-■ Maricao, Department of Mayaguez, on carretera from Mayaguez to Las Marias'; population of municipality, 7,683 ; town, 900 ; 10 miles (16 km.) east of ; Mayaguez. Products : Coffee, sugar, ' tobaccso. Hotel: P. Gordero. '' . ■ ■ > - • ■' i Maanabo, Department of Humacao, in extreme southeastern cor- ner of island ; population of municipality, 7,627 ; town, 1,100 ; -55 miles (90 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera; 14 miles (25 •km.) ■from Arroyo, reached by carretera. i. Products; Coffee, sugar cane, coconuts. ' '' - ; • Moca, Department of Aguadilla.; population of municipality, 46,460; town, 1,650; 5 miles (8 km.) southeast of AguadHlai.reacbed 282 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. by carretera. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, and fruits. Hotels: Josefa Cotto Vida. de Perez ; Aurora Gonzalez de Miranda. Morovis, Department of Arecibo ; 15 miles (24 km.) from Manati, reached by carretera; 31 miles (50 km.) from Arecibo, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 13,359-; town, 1,200. Prod- ucts: Coffee, fruits, sugar cane. Naguabo, Department of Humacao, in central part of eastern coast ; population of municipality, 15,418 ; town, 4,000 ; 14 miles (25 km.) from Humacao, reached by carretera ; 18 miles (30 km.) from Fajardo, reached by carretera. Naranjito, Department of San Juan ; population of municipality, 9,527; town,, 900; 15 miles (24 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera. ; Products : Coffee, fruits. Patillas, Department of Guayama, near southeastern coast ; 10 miles (16 km.) from Guayama, xeached by carretera; 44 miles (72 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera. Population of municipality, 15,507; town, 2,400. Products: Sugar cane* coffee, fruits. Penuelas, Department of Ponce ; population of municipality, 12,870; town, 1,200; 10 miles (16 km.) west of Ponce, reached by carretera; 7 miles (12 km.) from Guayanilla, reached by carretera. Products: Coffee, fruits, sugar, cane, tobacco. Quebradillas, Department of Arecibo, on northwestern coast ; 68 miles, (111 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad; 98 miles (159 km.) from Ponce, reached by American Railroad; 18 miles (30 km.) from Aguadilla, reached by carretera or railroad. Population of municipality, 8,750'; town, 1,300. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Rincon, Department of Aguadilla, most westerly town of Porto Rico; population of -municipality, 7,808; town,, 1,700; .37 miles (62 km.) from Arecibo, reached by American Railroad; 101 miles (164 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Railroad. Products: Coconuts, sugar cane, coffee. Rio Grande, Department of San Juan, on northeastern coast; population of municipality* 12,394; town, 2,000; 9 miles (15 km.) from San Juan, by carretera. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, coco- nuts. Hotels: Adelina Quimonez, Saturino Reyes. Sabana Grande, Department of Mayaguez ; population of munici- pality, 12,369; town, 2,800; 15 miles (24 km.) southeast of Maya- guez, reached by carretera; 10 miles (16 km.) from Yauco, reached by carretera. Products: Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco. Hotels: Magdalena Acosta, Juana Rodriguez. Bank: Banco Masonico de Porto Rico. San Lorenzo, Department of Humacao, in the eastern section of the island, a few miles northwest of Humacao, reached by car- retera ; population of municipality, 15,325 ; town, 2,500. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotels: Teresa Machin, La Aurora. San Sebastian, Department of Aguadilla, 13 miles (23 km.) southeast of Aguadilla, reached by carretera ; population of munici- pality, 20,290; town, 2,100. Products: Coffee, sugar cane, fruits. Hotels : Julia, Patria. Santa Isabel, Department of Ponce, near the southern central coast; population of municipality, 7,469; town, 1,400; 3 miles (5 PORTO BIOO. 283 km.) from Coamo, reached by carretera; 13 miles (23 km.) from Ponce, reached by automobile service, fare $0.75. Beached by auto- mobile service from Guayama, fare $1. Santurce, Department of San Juan, a residential suburb of San Juan; 3 miles (5 km.) from San Juan, reached by electric railway. Hotels: Nava, Eureka Miramar. Toa Alta, Department of San Juan; 15 miles (25 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera ; 9 miles (14 km.) from Corozal, reached by carretera ; population of municipality, 9,796 ; town, 1,100. Prod- ucts : Sugar cane and citrus fruits. '• Beached via Bayamon. Toa Baja, Department of San Juan; 19 miles (32 km.) from San Juan, reached by American Bailroad ; population of municipality, 6,713 ; town, 1,900. "' Great sugar-cane district. Trujillo Alto,, Department of San Juan; 3 miles (5 km.) south- west of San Juan, reached by electric railway ; population of munic- ipality, 6,810; town, 800. Products: Sugar cane, pineapples and other fruits. TTtuado, Department of Arecibo, in central western part, south of Arecibo; 31 miles (50 km.) from Ponce, reached by carretera; 54 miles (90 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 33,032 ; town, 3,500. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, to- bacco, fruits. Banks : Artau & Casellas ; J. Ginard & Co. ; Mestres Hnos. ; Sues, de Boses & Co. Hotels : La Bruja, Juan Gilves, Hotel Universo. Vega Alta, Department of San Juan, in Bayamon district ; popu- lation of municipality, 8,730; town, 1,900; 21 miles (35 km.) from San Juan, reached by carretera ; 15 miles (25 km.) from Bayamon, reached by carretera. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, fruits. Hotel : Jose Escalera., Vega Baja, Department of San Juan, midway between San Juan and Arecibo; 29 miles (46 km.) from San Juan, reached by Ameri- can Bailroad; 25 miles (40 km.) from Catano, reached by carretera; population of municipality, 13,772; town, 3,400. Products: Sugar cane, pineappes and other fruits. Hotel, Canarias. VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. Location. — The Virgin Islands comprise a group of over 50 islands in the West Indies, 40 miles east of Porto Rico, These were for- merly known as the Danish W^st Indies. Only three islands in the group have any importance-^St. 1 Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. . Area and Population.— The area is 132 square miles ; population, about 27,000. Fully 93 per cent of the inhabitants are Negroes. The purchasing power is small/ '"' ' ' \~ Topography. — The islands' are of volcanic origiii. St. Thomas (28 square miles) has a range of hills running east and west, which slope down to the sea. St. Croix, (84 square mjles) likewise has a range of hills, Which are parallel to the coast at the western end. The highest point is Blue Mountain. St. John has 20 square miles. Climate.— r The climate is good and particularly enjoyable during the winter months.' ■ •■''■ Seasons. — There are no marked seasons, but August, September, and October are the hottest months, although the temperature sel- dom %oes over 91°. In January, February, 'and March the tempera- ture is occasionally as low as 65°. St. Croix is slightly warmer than either St". Thomas of Sti, John. The average rainfall is about '31 inches annually-. '■■ ' _ -■•'■'••■• : Prpaucts.— The products are chiefly^' agricultural. They include sstig&i, ttay rum, bay leaves, tropical f ruits, : limes, cotton, lime juice, molasses, etc. •-■.i- ... ^ , . . -- -• '*'. v.- . '. ; ' ■;, Industries.— There is raising of cattle and small animals such as goats, sheep, hogs, and donkeys. The export of hides and skins is increasing. There are some sugar factories, bay-rum distilleries, machine shops, shipyards, and a floating dock. Language. — Principally English. Currency. — Same as in the United States. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — St. Thomas is the headquarters of the West India & Panama Telegraph Co., which maintains serv- ice to all the West Indies and the west coast of South America, connecting at Jamaica with cables from Europe and the United States. The rate from New York to St. Thomas or St. Croix is 50 cents a word. Between St. Thomas and St. Croix the rate is 4 cents a word. St. Thomas and St. Croix have also good telephone service. 284 VIRGIN- ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 285 TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW, YORK. Quebec Mail Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 34 Whitehall Street,, New York. British steamers., Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street) . Departures for St Thomas, St. Croix, 'St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Mar- tinique, St. Lu,eia, Barbados,, and Demerara (British Guiana) every 10 days. , Time of trip: New York toi St, Thomas, 6 days; to St. Croix, 7 days. Minimum fare, $10Q. OTHER LINES VISITING ST. THOMAS. Motor Schooners " Mystery " and " Virginia. "-^-Two round trips per week from Charlotte Amalie (St. Thomas) to Ffederik- sted (St. Croix) and San Juan, Porto Rico. Local Service. — Local sailing vessels ply between the islands ; fare, one way, $3. Schooner Creole leaves J St. Thomas Tuesday and Friday afternoons for St. Croix; average time of trip, about six hours. Mail boat leaves St. Thomas for St. John on Tuesdays and Fridays. Motor boats and sloops make irregular trips between St. Thomas, St. John, and the neighboring islands of Porto Rico, Tor- tola, etc. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ST. CROIX, 40 nautical miles southeast of St. Thomas ; area, about '84 square miles; population, 15,500; comparatively' few whites. Climate: Healthful, somewhat warmer than St. Thomas; hottest period, latter part of August to middle of September ; coolest period, January; average annual rainfall,' about 31 inches; rainy season, August to December: • Principal products: Sugar, cattle, and trop- ical fruits. Industries: Agriculture, distilling of rum, soda-water %orks, 'ice jplant. Reached from New York by Quebec Steamship Co. { from Porto Rico by Bull-Insular Line ; from St. Thomas by motor schooner, semiweekly service. •'Principal Towns. — Christiansted, or Bassin, on the north shore; -population, 4,600; 16imiles (28 km.) from Frederiksted; reached by automobile from Frederiksted, fare $6. Bank: National Bank of the Danish West Indies. Customhouse brokers, R. L. Merwin & Co. Those who visit St. Thomas may find it desirable to make the short journey to this place and Frederiksted. The business is nec- essarily of a retail character. Frederiksted, or Westend, at western end of island. Landing: Open roadstead ; ships anchor about one-fourth mile offshore. Popu- lation, 3,000. There are about 100 miles of good roads. Automo- biles can be hired ; fare, 20 cents per mile. Bank : National Bank of the Danish West Indies. Customhouse brokers, R. L. Merwin & Co. Eighty per cent of the imports are handled through this port. Travelers who canvass St. Thomas may find it desirable to visit Frederiksted. There are some veiy good houses here doing both a wholesale and retail business. 286 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ST. JOH2T, about 4 miles east of St. Thomas ; area, about 21 square miles; population, 950. Climate, similar to St. Thomas. Principal products : Cattle, horses, bay leaves, bay rum, and limes. Industries : Cattle raising, bay cultivation, agriculture*, soda-water worts, and ice factory. Reached from St. Thomas by mail boats, semiweeHy service. Numerous motor boats, sloops, and sailing vessels make trips between St. Thomas and §t. John'; also to the neighboring islands. Principal Town. — Cruz Bay; population, 50. This has a very fine harbor, one of the best in the Lesser Antilles. It is located on Coral Bay. The principal industry is the growing of bay leaves and the distillation of bay oil, from which bay rum is made. ST. THOMAS, 80 nautical miles east of Porto Rico, 150 nautical miles northwest of St. Kitts, 1,400 nautical miles from New York, 1,020 nautical miles from Colon, 480 nautical miles from La Guaira. Area, ahout 13 miles long and 2 to 4 miles wide ; population, 10,700. Climate: Healthful; enjoyable in winter; August, September, and October are the hottest months, January, February, and March the coolest; maximum temperature, 91° F., minimum, 64° F. Principal products: Sugar, bay rum, tropical fruits. , Industries: Floating dock, shipyards, machine shops, bay-rum distilleries, soda-water works, and ice factory. Reached from New York by Quebec Steam- ship Line ; from Porto Rico by Bull-Insular Line and motor schooner Mystery; from St. Croix by sailing vessels. There are about 15 miles of good road ; carriages and automobiles are available. Principal Town. — Charlotte Amalie ; population, 8,250. Landing from steamer to pier. Lloyd's agent, Charles Bertram Stewart. Hotels: Grand, Italia. Bank, National Bank of Danish West In- dies. This is the most important town of the Virgin Islands and a place of growing importance. There is some wholesale business, but the principal trade is necessarily of a retail character. This place may be visited to advantage by those who sell machinery and other goods for the industries given above. From St. Thomas there is easy connection with the British Virgin Island (Tortola), with surrounding small islands, and with Anegada. The latter place is unexcelled for sport fishing. St. Thomas is important as an entrepot and distributing center. It is the most important island of the group, principally because of the very fine harbor at Charlotte Amalie. BAHAMA ISLANDS. Location. — The Bahamas are a group of islands belonging to Great Britain, lying east of Florida and northeast of Cuba. There are over 3,000 islets, cays, etc., but only a few are inhabited. Principal Islands. — New Providence, population, 13,554; Abaco, 4,463 ; Harbour Island, 1,031 ; Grand Bahama, 1,824 ; San Salvador, 5,072; Long Island, 4,150; Eleuthera, 6,533; Andros Island, 7,545; Caicos Islands, and Grand Turk Island. Area and Population. — The total area is approximately 4,400 square miles ; population of entire group, about 56,000. Climate. — Generally fine, but hurricanes and long droughts occur. Temperature, November to May, 60° to 75° F. ; balance of year 75° to 85° F. Rainfall averages 49 inches annually. During the, winter months there is little rain. Products. — Sponges, sisal, hemp, cotton, fruits, vegetables, hides and skins, lumber, . Language.— English.. Currency, Weights, and Measures. — English. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Parcel post : Rate, 12 cents per pound ; weight limit, 11 pounds. Telegraph and Telephone. — Nassau has telegraphic communica- tion with the outside world by means of wireless. There is a tele- phone system with 550 stations. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FEOM NEW YORK. New York & Cuba Mail Steamship Co. (Ward Line). — Offices foot- of Wall Street, East River, New York. Departures from Piers 13 and 14, Wall and Pine Streets. Sailings weekly for Nassau, Bahamas, during December, January, February, and March; fort- nightly during the other months of the year. Fares : New York to Nassau, $86; Habana to Nassau, $40. Time at trip, New York to Nassau, 3 days. Clyde Line (Santo Domingo Line). — Office, 11 Broadway, New York. Sailings from Pier 34, Atlantic Basin, Brooklyn, i Depar- tures, semimonthly for Turks Island and ports in Dominican Repub- lic. Fare, New York to Turks Island, $50; time of trip, 5 days. OTHER LINES VISITING THE BAHAMAS. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co. — From Miami, Fla., to Nassau Service about twice a week from middle of December to about middle of April. Steamer leaves Miami at 4 p. m., arriving at Nassau at 9 a. m. following day. 287 288 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Canadian Government Merchant Marine. — Monthly service from Montreal and Halifax. Outer islands are reached by schooners from Nassau. CANVASSING THE BAHAMAS. Comniercial Travelers' License. — Commercial travelers are not required to take out a license. Samples. — Samples having no value are admitted free of duty. Samples having 1 a commercial value must be covered by a deposit equal to the amount of duty thereon. This amount is refunded when samples are reexported. ; Trading in General.' — The chief exports of the Bahamas are lum- ber, sisal, and sponges. At ; Abaco there' is a great production; ot yellow pine. Fruits are also 1 grown, including grapefruit, pine- apples, tomatoes; etc. The requirements of the smaller places, such as Governors Harbor, Island of Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, Nicolls Town, etc., are usually supplied from Nassau. - Holidays in the Bahama Islands. — The following are the chief holidays of the Bahamas. It will be noticed that these are the holidays usually observed in Great Britain : January 1, New Year's Day; Good Friday; May 24, Empire Day; June 3, King's birthday; June 23, Prince of Wales'^ birthday ; August 4, bank holiday; De- cember 25, Christmas Day. .'■■■■■>"- CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. NASSAU, capital and chief town of the Bahamas ; altitude, 100 feet ; population, 12,554 ; on the -island of New Providence. Land- ing: Steamers lie alongside pier. Climate: Equable and healthy^ temperature averages 77° F. Distant 145 nautical miles from Mi- ami, Fla. ; 960 nautical miles fffom New York. Industry : Canning of pineapples. ■„. , , y , t ■ . x American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agents, R. H. Curry & Co;,' Customhouse brokers, Solomon Bros. .- r, a? - Y v.-'.'.i - How Reached.— From Miami, weekly steamer, one-night trip ; from New York, Ward Line, three^day trip. ■.!'■■ Principal Hotels.— Colonial, Royal , Victoria, Nassau, Lucerne, Allan. .<,..;. '._>.,,,' i Bank.T--Rt)yal Bank of Canada. ,'. --=;::. ■j.y.Sn 1 Note. — This place owes its chief importance to the fact that it is a great i pleasure nesart, with a .deKgh^Cul. clitnate. The chief sources o£- wealth are fibers,- sisal, hemp, sponges, pineapples, etc. . The business is chiefly retail and: the- volume is fair. ■ « : ■■• -iv> ABACO ISLAND.; population,. 4;463.; 116 nautical miles from Na& sau. Settlements consist of Ney^ Plymouth, Honetown, Cherokee Sound, Marsh "Harbor; Green Turtle 1 Cay,' and Wlison City. Port .of eptry, Green Turtle Cay, on .northeastern shore. Industries: Fishing, turtle catching, agriculture. ..-/•,. Hp.W Reached.— Bk schooner, from Nassau.: , .»„ 1. ,;, T ANDROS ISLAND; population. 7,545 ;i20 ftaufcical aijiles , from New p^qvidence. Reached by schooners from Nassau. Products: Coconuts aud sisal. BAHAMA ISLANDS. 289 ELEUTHERA ISLAND, east of New Providence. Products: Tomatoes and pineapples. Reached by schooners from Nassau. GRAND BAHAMA, off east coast of Florida ; population, 1,824. Products : Timber, fish, turtles, grapefruit, sugar cane, molasses. Reached by schooners from Nassau, SAN SALVADOR ISLAND; population, 5,072. Products : Sisal, cattle, horses, corn, sheep, pigs,:- poultry,! eggs. Monthly mail schooner from Nassau. Small schooners ply between Nassau and San Salvador. ' ■-'■ ~ •' - < INAGTJA ISLAND, one of the largest of the Bahama Islands,' about 560 square miles; 60 nautical miles north of Haiti; 50. nau- tical miles northeast of Cape Maisi, Cuba.- Products: Salt, coco- nuts, lignum-vitse, satinwood. Lloyd's agent, Arthur L. Symmonett. Chief settlement is Matthewtown. Reached from Nassau by schooners, ■ BERMUDA ISLANDS. Location.— This group of islands is not properly a part of the West Indies. The islands number about 360 and lie off the coast of the United States, about 518 miles east of Oape Hatteras and 668 miles from New York. Only 18 or 20 of the islands are inhab- ited, while only 5 are of any importance. These are Bermuda (chief island), Somerset, Ireland, St. Georges, and St. David. Population. — The population of the islands is about 21,000. Among the inhabitants there is a large proportion of negroes — about 73 per cent. Climate. — The climate is most delightful, and during the winter Hamilton is a Mecca of tourists. The temperature averages be- tween 60° and 70° F. The rainfall is between 55 and 60 inches annually. There are always very pleasant breezes. Chief Products. — Bermuda is justly famous for the onions bear- ing its name. Besides onions, Bermuda also produces potatoes, tomatoes, arrowroot, lily bulbs, etc. Much of the prosperity of Bermuda is dependent upon the hotel industry and the numerous tourists, who come here at all seasons, but especially during the winter. Language. — English. Currency. — English ; but American money is accepted. Weights and Measures. — Same as in England. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable Bates. — There are two cable companies — the Halifax & Bermuda Cable Co. and the Direct West India Cable Co. Bate to United States, about 35 cents per word. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York. Sailings from Pier 47, West Tenth Street, New York. Departures, semiweekly for Hamilton, Bermuda. First- class passenger fare, New York to Bermuda, round trip, $60. Time of trip, about 40 hours. Distance, 668 nautical miles. OTHER LINES VISITING BERMUDA. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. — Canada-West Indies steamers. Fortnightly service from St. John and Halifax to Bermuda and other British West Indies. Fares: St. John to Bermuda, $60; from Bermuda to St. Kitts, $98; Antigua, $98; Montserrat, $102; 290 BERMUDA ISLANDS. 291 Dominica, $110; St. Lucia, $110; Barbados, $118; St. Vincent, $125; Grenada, $125 ; Trinidad, $133 ; Demerara, $150. Local Service. — Service between the principal islands is main- tained by the Island Steam Service at low rates. There are also available numerous motor boats. CANVASSING BERMUDA. Commercial Traveler's License. — No license is required for com- mercial travelers. Samples. — Samples may be imported and cleared without diffi- culty. Samples without commercial value are admitted free ; other samples may, be covered by bond, which is canceled upon reex- portation. Samples may be reexported from either Hamilton or St. Georges. There is no time limit. Holidays in Bermuda. — The following are the holidays of Ber- muda. This being a British possession, the holidays are those usu- ally observed in Great Britain : January 1, New Tear's Day ; Good Friday ; May 24, Empire Day ; June 3, King's birthday ; August 5, bank holiday ; December 25, Christmas. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. HAMILTON, the capital and principal town of Bermuda ; popula- tkm, 3,000; located on the coast of the mainland. Landing: Steamer to wharf ; harbor is entered through a long passage. Dis- tant 668 nautical miles from New York. Industries : Negligible ; some manufacturing of soda water and ice. The island is largely dependent on the tourists, and there are many visitors, particularly during the winter. American consul and vice consul. How Beached. — From New York by Furness, Withy & Co. steam- ers (Quebec Steamship Line) ; time, 40 hours. Conveyances. — Carriages, $10 to $15 per day, or according to dis- tance traversed. Banks. — Bank of Bermuda; N. T. Butterfield & Son (Ltd.). Hotels. — Hamilton, Pension, Princess, American House, Belmont, Kenwood, Imperial, Point Pleasant, New Windsor, Frascati, Gras- mere, Inverurie. Customhouse Brokers.— John S. & James Darrell ; H. S. Conyers & Co. ; W. T. James & Co. ; Thompson, Eoberts & Co. ; Bermuda Transportation Co. Note. — This is largely a retail market, and the amount of busi- ness transacted, while of a very fair volume per capita, is not large in the aggregate. The merchants are practically all retailers, while one or two do a little wholesaling with' the islands of St. Georges, Somerset, etc. .-,-,,,.,. ST. GEORGES, a small town, about 12 miles (19 km.) from Ham- ilton. Coaling station. Considerable tourist traffic. , American con-,, sular agent. . • Principal Hotels. — St. George, Somer's, Inn. / SOMERSET, 9 miles (15 km.), from Hamilton. A sms^'town, chiefly a resort for tourists. Hotel : L. Curtis. LEEWARD ISLANDS. MONTSERRAT. Location.— A British possession in the Leeward Group, 27 nautical miles southwest of Antigua and about 35 from' Nevis. Area and Population.— Area, about 33 square miles ; population, 15,000, or about 455 inhabitants per square mile. Topography. — The island is of volcanic Origin and has three groups of mountains. Soufriere, 12,200 feet above sea level, is the highest point. The cultivated land is chiefly on the western and southeastern sides. There are numerous small streams. Climate. — The climate Js.^ comparatively cool and healthy. The southern part is rather dry, while the" north has an abundance of water. The annual temperature averages 78° F. The average an- nual rainfall is 40 to. 80 inches. Principal Products. — Cotton, sugar, lime juice, cattle, * cotton seed. Language. — English. Currency. — British. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. Postage.— First-class letter rate from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — Montserrat has no direct cable communication ; there is, however, a cable station at Antigua, to which point messages can be sent by flashlight. There is local tele- phone service. STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Fumess, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth, Street). Departures for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominicji,, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Barbados every 10 days. Transshipment by sloop at St. Kitts or Antigua. Minimum fare from New York tp St. Kitts or Antigua, $100. OTHER LINES VISITING MONTSERRAT. Koyal Hail' Steam. Packet Co. (Canadian Line). — Fortnightly »erviee from St. John (New Brunswick) and Halifax, for Bermuda, d JP!& S ' Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent Barbaav, Grenada, and Trinidad. Fares from Montserrat- To St 292\ LEEWA8D ISLANDS, 293 I ANE.GAOA 1. SOMBRERO ^? *~ £ *° -.VlRGlfi GORDA V C^lSl^SJOHN l J*P0©V-«S ^SCRUBI. ^VIEQUES '< J/ PNftaffr- MAR ™ S OCEAN or ->'.~* (CBABI.) s,a<1 TLS. CROIX ■ff- ;6'usUyiJ l to'- B * BTh0 " , "f w '• r :i 8ABAI.t$. *^, Sandy PointfxS. CHRISTO C|0ijringtpnj5)B TlUfi I ' 1: ^J iPHER BARBUDA fy Basse Terr?* reoonda \,% 1 ^^*l mouth J* MON3ERRAT I fr o Plymouth I GRANDE TERRE Caraibes^ ^ou'" Desh'aies^-^J^J^pDESEV ; - C JADELOUPE r. 1 J^CeSozier Basse Terra CM RIBS E AN SEA\ GALANTE - P^rtsmouthpxoOMINICA Josephjb r \ Cftarlottetownfer Af. Pe//ee(?vMari60t AHTIINIQUE ort de Franci Port Castries. nie v ST. LUCIA St ufriere, C MCULACHIQUE' gSPAGNOl PT. S^T.VINCENTfl Kingstoiiw SEQUIAI j. CO CANNOUAN. !g UNION l.y'o CARRIACOUfl S ' KONDE 1.4, ;i ~< CANVASSING ST. KITTS. ; •<•■ : .'!ui '<:<_.. • - " • •" Foreign Trade. — During the year 1915 the total imports of the presidency of St. Kitts-Nevis amounted to $814,477 and the total exports to $742,574. Sugar and cotton formed the principal articles of exportation, 8,246 tons of the former product being shipped abroad, while 736,471 pounds of cotton were sent to foreign-, coun- tries. In 1914, the imports totaled $973,183, and the exports $817,606. 296 GUIDE TO sliATIK AMERICA. s- Kind of Goods Bouglit. — The trade of St. Kitts may -b«i said, la general, to be about the same as that of the other West Indian islands. There are some modifications, however, such, for instance, as the fact that -flour is desired in sacks rather than barrels, while other goods should come in smaller packages adapted to -the piir- chases of a population that is not able to buy tni larger quantities ai one time;: ' JTlour, corn meal; potatoes, butter and cheese^ condensed milk, plain, and fancy biscuits, sugar, peas, beans, lentils, salt pork, salt beef, bacon, ham, lard,> tinned meats of -various kinds, fish, dry salted, smoked, and canned (such as salmon and cheap sardines), cooking 'Oil, apples,, dried fruity jams, jelliesy and preserves are the principal foodstuffs bought. ■- In textiles, cotton goods are, of course; the principal item; that is, aside from sacks for sugar and burlap for cotton bales;, most of which are brought from England- American prints and colored cot- tons are the favorites, as well as sheetings, drills, domestic, and the like, but in the finer grades of cottons, in white goods, the Eng- lish product is considered superior and given the preference; : Shoes were coming into more general use in St Kitts=>Nevis before war-time conditions put the prices beyond the reach of the average wage earner. The sizes generally bought are quite large, adapted to feet that have not previously been accustomed to confinement. Shoes are' still considered ah adjunct of festive occasions and mainly for Sunday wear. • : < • : With the wages of the average laborer ranging from 60' cents to $1.25 per day, it can be seen that his purchasing power is limited: But, on the other hand, his expenses are Slight. Much, of' his food consists of plantains, yucca, yams, bananas, and similar provisions. His house rent often costs nothing, a laborer being given space for his shack on the estate where he is employed.! -Fuel may be had for the picking up or charcoal be bought cheaply in the small quanti- ties needed for the. ordinary' culinary purposes of the : average fam- ily. Usually his clothes on week days consist of a pa5i of overalls, sometimes a shirt, and a denim Jacket, BASSE TEBRE, capital and principal town of the island, located at southwestern end; r population,. 3)0,000; 13 miles (21 km.) from Charlestown, Nevis Island ; about 59 nautical miles from Antigua ;: about 98 nautical miles from Montserrat. Landings Open road- stead; tenders are used. • ■■:.■,: . -ii, How Beached. — Prom New York by vessels! of Quebec Steamship Co. ; from Charlestown by schooners and motor boats. Banks. — Royal Bank- of .Canada; Colonial Bank. Conveyances. — Motor car, 2 passenger, $1 minimum per hour; phaeton, 4 passengers, $2 minimum per hour. J Hotel. — Seaside. .if-i ' Nbte.-*Basse Terre is the maim trading point for Nevis and An- guilla Islands. St. Kitts is one of the smaller Leeward Islands. The chief dependence is upon tropical products, especially sugar. The business is of a sniaH volume and principally of a retail na- ture, including foodstuffs and estate stores. Those who canvass the Leeward Islands may find this place worthy of a visit. M3EWAKD ISLANDS. 297 NEVIS ISLAND. Location. — An English possession in the Leeward group, 2 miles from St Kitts, with which it forms one presidency; 40 nautical miles west of Antigua. ., Area and Population. — Area about 50 square miles; population about 13,000, or about 260 inhabitants per square mile. Topography. — The island is of volcanic origin and nearly circu- lar in shape. It rises steadily fromthe sea edge toward tha center,, the highest point being Nevis Peak, 3,596 feet above sea' level. There are several other high peaks, ranging from 1,400 to 2,350 feet in height. Climate. — The climate is similar to St. Kitts, although the rain- fall is less, the average annual rainfall being 50 inches. The tem- perature averages between 70° and 85° F. the greater part of the year. " _ ■.••..,, Principal Products. —Sugar, sea-island cotton, coconuts, corn, -etc. Language! — English. Currency. — British. t Weights and Measures. — Same' as in England and the United States. Postage.— First-class letter rate from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. How Reached. — There is no dire.ct steamer communication w$th Nevis Island from the United States. The island is, reached from St. Kitts by sloop. CHABLESTOWlsr, principal town of the island; population, 1,500; 13 miles (21 km.) from Basse Terre (St. Kitts). Landing; By shore boat. How Beached. — Dally, from JJt. Kitts by sloops, schooners, and motor boats. Bank. — Royal Bank of Canada. Hotel. — Bath House. Note.— Neyis is noted for its mineral baths. ISLAND OF ANGrUTLLA, British possession; most northerly of the Leeward Islands, about 7D miles (113 km:) northwest of St. Kitts. Area, 35 square miles ; population, 4,400, or about 127 per square mile. Climate healthful. Industries : Cotton growing and raising «f live stock. How Beached. — From St. Kitts and United States Virgin Islands by sailing vessels. Crocus Bay, the principal town, has a few; hundred, inhabitants. Np foreign steamer® call, at this port. It is a small place with a correspondingly 'small" trade. BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. Location. — About 1 60 miles east of "Porto Rico and close to the United States Virgin ' Islands. The principal islands are Tortola v Virgin Gorda; Anegada, Jest van Dyfee, Peters; and Salt. ■ . A Area and PopulsWiioi»i.-^-Tota)l area, abmit 5S square miles.; popms la tion, 5,600, or about §6 inhabitants per square mile, <■■ • . .-,<; ' Topography.— Tortola Island is hilly, the highest point: being Mount Sage, 1,780 feet above «ea level. Jest van Dyke is i ragged 298 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. and mountainous. Virgin Gorda is almost square in shape, with two arms, one extending , to the northeast and the other to the southwest. The southwest is rather level, while the rest of the island is mountainous, Virgin Gorda peak being 1,370 feet above the level of the sea. Anegada is very low; in fact, so low that sometimes the sea breaks over it. Climate. — Tlie climate of the Virgin Islands is better than that of any other West Indian islands. The thermometer seldom goes above 90° F., and at night is often as low as 65°. The average rain- fall is about 55 inches. Hurricanes sometimes occur. Products. — Cotton, limes, sugar, coconuts, onions. Industries. — Aerated waters. Language. — English. Currency, Weights, and Measures. — British. Postage. — First-class letter rate from the United 'State's, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. How Beached. — From St. Thomas, United States Virgin, Islands, by motor boat. Banks. — Government Savings Bank,, Peasants' Agricultural Bank. Hotel.— J. Abbott. Commercial Travelers' License. — Commercial travelers are not subject to any license or other special requirements. Samples. — Samples may be admitted and reexported without diffi- culty. Samples of no value are admitted free. There are no special rules in force regarding other samples. Tortola Island, separated from Virgin Gorda by Sir Francis Drake Channel; about 18 miles long and 7 miles wide; population, 4,250. Principal town : Roadtown, seat of administration ; popula- tion, 410. Virgin Gorda Island, situated northeast of Tortola ; population, 420. Believed to be rich in mineral resources, including copper and gold. Reached by motor launch from Tortola Island. Anegada Island. — Population, 460. Said to be rich in mineral resources. Reached from Tortola Island by motor launch. Note. — The other islands are of no commercial importance. DOMINICA. Location. — A British possession in the Leeward group, about 30 nautical miles from Guadeloupe and the same distance from Mar- tinique. ' Area and Population. — Area, about 300 square miles ; population, 39.000 (about 1 per cent white) ; about 128 inhabitants per square mile. Topography. — The. island is of volcanic formation and rather mountainous. A range of hills runs north and south, with spurs branching off to the sea. Morne Diablo tin, the highest point, is over 5,000 feet above sea level. There are numerous small rivers. Climate. — The climate is healthful. From the end of October until the beginning of June is, the most pleasant period.- The tem- perature along the coast averages between 70" and 90° F. In the hills, however, it sometimes falls as low as 54° F. The rainfall varies in : different sections of the island from 80 to 250 inches an- LEEWARD ISLANDS. 299 nually. During the winter months there is a constant sea breeze and the nights are always cool. Principal Products. — Limes, cacao, oranges, spices, coconuts, hardwoods. Industries. — Manufacture of concentrated lime juice and citrate of lime. Language. — English. Currency. — British. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. Postage. — First-class letter rate from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — Dominica has cable connec- tions with the outside world via Antigua. The rate from points east of the Mississippi River is 36 cents per word and for points west of the river 41 cents per word. There is no communication by telegraph with either Montserrat or the British Virgin Islands. Messages, however, can be sent to Montserrat by flashlight via Antigua. There is telephone service with Montserrat and Antigua. STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NiEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York, British steamers. Sailings from Piei- 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures every 10 days for "St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Mar- tinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Demerara (British Guiana). Average time to Dominica, including stops, 9 days. Fare, first class, $100. OTHER LINES VISITING DOMINICA. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. — Intercolonial service be- tween Guadeloupe and Cayenne (French Guiana), touching at Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Barbados. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian line) . — Fortnightly sail- ings from St. John and Halifax for Bermuda, St. Kitts, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenada, and Trinidad. Fares from Dominica: To St. Kitts, $15; Antigua, $15; Montserrat, $15; St. Lucia, $10; Barbados, $10; St. Vincent, $29; Grenada, $29.50; Trinidad, $31.50. Direct Line of Steamers (T. & J. Harrison).— Monthly sailings from England for Antigua, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Dominica, St Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara. . Distances from Dominica. — Montserrat, 97 nautical miles ; St. Lucia, 82 miles; St. Kitts, 195 miles; Barbados, 202 miles; St. Vin- cent, 302 miles; Grenada, 377 miles; Trinidad, 473 miles; Deme- rara, 845 miles. CANVASSING DOMINICA. Commercial Traveler's License. — No license is required by com- mercial travelers, regardless, of number of firms represented. Samples. — Samples of no commercial value are admitted free. A deposit must be made to cover duty on samples which are salable. A list is made of the samples at time of importation. When sam- ples are reexported, they must be packed under the supervision of 300 GUIDE TO £ATIN AMERICA. the custom officials. If the samples check with the list made when goods were admitted, the deposit is refunded. If any of the samples have been disposed of, duty is charged thereon. Commercial trav- elers who dispose of samples are regarded as peddlers and must obtain a trade lieense. The cost of this license dependis upon the value of the goods. This fee seldom exceeds $5. Samples may be reexported any time within 12 months after importation, ROSEAU, capital of Dominica ; on southeast coast, at mouth' of River Roseau; population, 6,000. Landing: By shore boats' to jetties. > American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Charles Hilton Greir. How Reached. — From New York by Quebec Steamship Line; from Hailfax by Royal Mail steamers. Ranks. — Royal Bank of Canada ; Colonial Bank. Hotels and Boarding Houses.— -Mrs. Musgrave's boarding house, Miss Shew's boarding house, Miss JnHy's boarding house, Hotel de Paz. -...•■ M, ,- .. . Note. — Considering its population, a very fair volume of trade is carried on, chiefly of a retail nature. The main sources of wealth are limes, lime juice, citrons, oil, etc. Visited by those who make the smaller places. iff;,,..:. ■ '■; ■ ANTIGUA. '"' ' -■ + ? '-•'■ ' Location. — Antigua is the governmental headquarters of the Lee- ward Islands. It is located about 40 nautical miles east' of Nevis, 27 northeast of Montserrat, and, 40 north of C-uadeloupe. - .Area and Populaitiomi^Area, about 108 square miles ; population, about 30,000 (80 per cent Negroes) ; about 324 inhabitants per square mile. ■ -- •' Topography. — Antigua is comparatively level, with few hills,, no mountains, and few forests. It has no river of any importance. Climate.— -Dry and pleasant. Hurricanes sometimes occur dur- ing the summer. Annual rainfall averages 46 inches. Language^ — English; ; Currency.— British. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. ..,'.,'. Postage.— First-class letter rate from the United Statfes, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph,' and Telephone. — Antigua has cable communi- cation with Dominica arid the Qtitsjde World. The rate for points east of the Mississippi Ri^er is' 36 cents per word arid for points west of the river 41 cents per word. There is no telegraph communi- cation .\fith Montserrat or the British Virgin Islands. However. messages can be sent to Montserrat by flashlight. Principal Products.-pr&ugar, onions, molasses, cotton, pineapples 1 . Industries. — Sea-islam cotton ginning,' manufacture of earthen- ware household utensils. •■■-" Tj.tT ';.;■;. r, ;,3 STEAMSHIP LINE PROM NEW YORK. <•, Quebec Steamship Co.— Furness, Withy .&, Go., 34 , Whitehall -Steeefc, New Xiork British, stealers. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West -Tejuth Street). Departures for; St.. Tfcomas, -St. Croi% LEEWARD ISLANDS. 301 St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Demerara (British Guiana). Time to Antigua, in- cluding stops, about seven days. Minimum first-class fare, $100. OTHER LINES VISITING ANTIGUA. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian Line). — Fortnightly sailings from St. John and Halifax. Furnishes interisland service. Direct Line of Steamers (T. & J. Harrison). — Monthly sailings from England for Antigua, St. Kitts, Mpntserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Distances f-Eom Antigua. — St. Kitts, 59 nautical miles; Montser- rat, 27 miles ; Barbadoes, 338 miles ; St. Vincent, 438 miles, Grenada, 513 miles ; Trinidad, 609 miles. CANVASSING ANTIGUA. Commercial Traveler's License. — No license fee is required for commercial" travelers. Samples.— Samples are admitted free of duty, but a deposit suffi- cient to cover the duty on such samples is required. When sam- ples 1 are exported the deposit is returned. - Should -any of the sam- ples be sold duty is charged, only on such goods as are disposed of. - ST. JOHN, capital of the island ; population, 8,000; 39 nautical miles from Montserrat, 59 miles from St. Kitts, 338 miles from Barbados. Landing: Steamer to tender, tender to shore. Lloyd's agent, N. Scott Johnston. How Beached.— From New York, by Quebec" Steamship Co. ; from Barbuda, by small sailing sloops, 5 to 6 hours. Conveyances. — Motor cars, 25 cents per mile. Banks.— Royal Bank of Canada, Colonial Bank. Hotel. — Esperanza House. ' Note to Travelers.— Antigua is one of the smaller islands. Chief source of wealth is sugar and its by-products, of which 12,000 to 15,000 tons are made annually. A very high grade of cotton is ex- ported, while the raising of pineapples, limes,' Onions, etc., is in- creasing. Those who make the smaller towns will find it desirable to visit St. John, where a fair volume of retail trade is done. • BARBUDA ISLAND, 25 miles (40 km.) 1 north of : Antigua, of which 1 it is' a dependency. Area, 75 square miles. Landing: Open roadstead ; dangerous from November to May on account ■■ of high breakers. Industries: Sea cotton treated in local ginnery ; : broom and "basket making. Products: Corn, beans, potatoes, turtles, tur- tle shell, dried fish. Reached' from Antigua 'by small sailing sloops, five tp six hours. ''-' ' > Btolidays in the Leeward Islands. — The chief holidays dttserved in .the Leeward Islands are those usually observed in Great Brit- ain ;. January 1, New Tear's Day; Easter Monday;: Whit Monday; May 24, Victoria Day; June 3, birthday of the King; June 23, birth- day of Prince of Wales * August 4, bank holiday; December 25, ' Ohristtriak Day ; December 20, Boxing Day. '< GUADELOUPE. Location. — Guadeloupe is one of the Lesser Antilles, about 1 80 miles from Martinique. It lies between Montserrat and Dominica. It consists of two islands separated by a narrow channel. The one on the south, called Basse Terre is 46 miles long and 17 miles wide, and the one on the north, Grande Terre, is 30 miles long and 17 miles wide,, The stream dividing these islands is Riviere Salee. Area and Population. — The area of Guadeloupe is about 619 square miles; population, about 220,000, or about 355 inhabitants per square mile. Fully 75 per cent of the inhabitants are Negroes. There are some foreigners, of whom 35 per cent were born in France. . Climate. — The climate is insular and tropical, temperature rang- ing from 60° to 95° F. Rainy season, July to November ; cool sea- son, December to March j dry season, April to June. Topography. — The island is volcanic; the highest peak is La Soufriere, 4,900 feet above sea level. The eastern half (Grande Terre) is flat, while the western half (Basse Terre) is mountainous. Principal Products.— The most important product of Guadeloupe is sugar. The by-products, rum and molasses, especially the for- mer are very important. Other important crops are cacao, coffee, and vanilla beans. There is also a small growth of cotton, cassava, yams, potatoes, manioc, limes, and other fruits. Chief Exports. — Sugar, rum, coffee, cacao, vanilla beans, cotton. Industries. — The chief industry is sugar refining and the .distil- ling of the by-product, rum. There is also a chocolate factory and lace and pottery works. Language.— French and a patois. Currency. — Currency is issued by bank of Guadeloupe and is simi- lar to that of France. Weights and Measures. — Metric system. Postage. — First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 5 cents for the first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable. — Cable service is maintained by the French Cable Co, be- tween Grande Terre, Basse Terre, and the outlying dependencies. The West Indies and Panama Telegraph Co. also has an office. here. Messages may be sent cheaply between the islands of the French West Indies. The rate for points east of the Mississippi River is 80 cents per word, and for points west of the river 90 cents per word. 302 GUADELOUPE. 303 TRAVEL ROUTES. LINE FROM NEW TORE. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York, British steamers. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Demerara (British Guiana) about every 10 days. Minimum first-class fare to Guadeloupe, $100; time, 8 days. OTHER LINES VISITING GUADELOUPE Compagnie Generate Transatlantique. — Steamer every 28 days from St Nazaire, Havre, Bordeaux, and Santander. Intercolonial service between Guadeloupe and Cayenne (French Guiana), touch- ing at Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Barbados. Between the islands there is mail-boat service; schooner service between Guadeloupe and Martinique. CANVASSING GUADELOUPE. Character of Business. — Most of the business houses of Guade- loupe are either branches of French concerns or controlled by them. The goods are bought in France and shipped to the branch houses. There are very few jobbing firms such as one finds in the United States. The smaller firms purchase goods from the larger houses. The latter very often act as distributing agents. Latterly there has been a marked increase in business with the United States, and many of the more important firms have established relations with American exporters. Pointe a Pitre is usually the only point visited in Guadeloupe by commercial travelers with but a short time at their disposal. As the southbound Quebec Line steamers stop there all day, they are frequently enabled to transact their business and leave on same steamer. It should be remembered that this is a ( Jew-wage country and the standard of living is not high. The purchasing power is thus affected. • w - Holidays in French West Indies. — Following are the chief holi- days of the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique). In the French West Indies the holidays of the Catholic church are widely observed : January 1, New Year's Day ; Lundi Gras and Mardi Gras carnival; Good Friday; Holy Saturday; Easter Mon- day; The Ascension; Whit Monday; July 14, Fete Nationale (fall of the Bastile) ; August 15, Assumption ; November 1, All Saints' Day; December 25, Christmas Day. If a holiday i falls on Friday or Tuesday the banks are closed on Saturday or Monday, respectively. BASSE TERRE, capital and seat of government ;. on southwest side Of island; population, 8,000.. Landing: Ships. anchor in front of town; lighters are used. Distant 41 miles (65 km.) by road from Pointe a Pitre. American consul. 304 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Reached. — Prom Pointe a Pitrie by (diligence and ferryboat ; also by small coastal steamers. (See Pointe a Pitre for itinerary.) Hotels.— Nazaire, Dole* {a* Dole, 5 miles distant) . Banks. — Banque de la Guadeloupe, Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — This place owes its importance to the; fact that it- is the capital of the colony and a port of call for some of the large steam- ship lines. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, the prod- ucts including coffee, cacao, vanilla, bay oil, bay leaves, etc, A con- siderable volume of trade is carried on, principally of .a retail nature. .' Excursions can be made from here to Grande Terre, Dole, the bathing beaches, and to the volcano of Soufriere. POINTE A PITBB, the 'Chief town of Guadeloupe, near southern mouth of Riviere Salee; population, 23,000. Landing: Steamer to lighter. Distant 41 miles (65 Jim.) by road from Basse Terre; 65 miles (105 km.) by steamer from Basse Terre. How Reached. — From Martinique by mail boat From Basse Terre by auto diligence; leaves Basse Terre daily at 6 a. m., arriv- ing at Pointe a Pitre at 10 a. m. Can also be reached from Basse Terre by coasting steamer, leaving Basse Terre Fridays and Pointe a Pitre on Thursdays. Fare, either way, including dinner, $3. There is also a triweekly automobile service between Pointe a Pitre and Basse Terre. Daily service by mail bus. ' Banks.— Banque de la Guadeloupe, Royal Bank of Canada, Banque Auxiliare Coloniale. Principal Hotels.— Family House, Grand ; Hotel des Antilles, Paris, Moderne. Note.— The harbor of Pointe a Pitre is said to be the finest in, the West Indies. This is the chief commercial city of the colony. The chief wealth of the colony is tropical agriculture. The cultivation of sugar; -coStee, 1 and cacao is carried on. There are a number of sugar mills, with distilleries, which produce the famous rum of this region. Those who sell fertilizer, machinery, and agricultural implements will find it important. ■' MOTTLE, a port on the north coast; population, 15,000. Auto- mobile service to and from Pointe a Pitre; Bank: Banque de la Guadeloupe.^ >,:. , DEPENDENCIES OF GUADELOUPE. Desirade, 6 smiles (10 km.) off northeast coast of Grande Terre; population, 1,600. Products .- Sugar cane, vegetables. Industries : Stock raising on very small scale. Reached from mainland by mail boat and small sailboats.. Trade chiefly with Pointe a Pitre. lies des Saintes, a' few miles off Basse Terre; area, 6 square miles ; population, 1,900. Industries :, Fishing, agriculture, and stock raising. Trades Chiefly with Basse Terre. Communication, irregu- lar ; reached by sailboats only. Island of Marie Galante, 16 miles (26 km.) southeast of Basse Terre ; ' area, ' 65 square miles; population, 20,000 (few whites), Products: Chiefly agricultural. Industries- Distilling of rum and sugar refining. Mail boat from Guadeloupe calls weekly; sailboats make irregular calls. GUADELOUPE. 305 St. Barthelemy Island, 108 miles (177 km.) northwest of Guade- loupe; south of Anguilla; population, 2,600; area, 5 square miles. Products: Bananas, tamarinds, and cassia. Chief town, Gustavai. Reached by schooner. St. Martin Island (northern half), situated between Anguilla and St. Barthelemy; total area' -of figigjmfer 41 square miles; total population, 6,000. Southern half of islancT belongs to Netherlands. Capital of French section is Marigot. Pr.0du.9ts : Salt, cotton, cattle. Communication by sloops and schooners. "'. -j :'"'■, ,8> GUIDE TdlATITT AMERICA. Hotels.— Family" House",* De la Pais, Ivordy, ^etot, Grande, France.* Local Steamer Service. — Every Tuesday a boat goes north to Car- bet, St. Pierre, Precheur, Grand Riviere, Macouba. Vasse Pointe, Lorrain, Marigot,, Santa Marie, Trinite, Robert, Francois*! and^Vau- ciih'; fare, 4 francs: Slvery Wednesday a boat goes south to. Ahses d'Arlet, Diamant, St. Luce, Riviere Pilote, Santa Anne, and Marin ; fare, 4 francs., Boat for St. -Pierre makes two trips dally '■ fare, 3 francs. "' * ., Motor-car Service. — Motor cars leave daily at 2.30 p. m. Fare&, northbound-: St., Joseph, 2 francs; Gros-Morne, 4 francs; Trinite, 8 francs; Ste. Marie, 8 francs ; Marigot, 8 f rapes; Lorrain, 10 francs; Fares, southbound: Lamentin, 2 francs X Ducps, 2.50 francs; |"etit Bourg, 3.50 francs; St. Esprit, 4 francs; Francois, 6. francs; Riviere Pilote, 5 francs ; Vauclin, 6 francs ; Marin, 8 francs. Note to Travelers. — Practically a-ll of the import business is done through Fort de France: ' Although some of the dealers in the interior import, the shipments are usually handled by agents 'in Fort de France. The most convenient way to cover the island is by automobile, as there Is no difficulty in obtaining one. Automobiles may Be hired by the day or by the number of kilometers covered, with additional charge | for stopping. The average charge is about 100 francs a day, or '2 francs per kilometer, return included. There are no established rates for auto, hire, and it is best to make inquiries of a number of owners. It will be found difficult to make use of the local steamship lines jn. transacting business with outside points. Most Of these places can be reached by autobus lines, which carry the njail, hut the most satisfactory way is to engage an automobile by the day. Fort'de, France owes its importance to the fa<;t that it is a coaling station as well as the headquarters of the Compagnie General^ Trarisatlantique in the West Indies. It has one of the best harbors, with .a large dry dock and, other facilities. The chief sources of wealth are sugar, cacao,' and rum; there are also other important tropical lirodncts. Some very important sugar estates are here. Some wholesaling is clone, but in general the trade is retail. Mar- tihiqute is worthy of the attention of all who visi^ the West Indies, as some very good firms are located here. BARBADOS. Location. — 'The island of Barbados is a British possession lying to the east of the Windward Islands, about 9T miles east of St, Vincent. Area and Population. — The area is about 166 square miles ; popu- lation, about 200,000, or 1,200 per square mile. The inhabitants are chiefly blacks. There are some Europeans, most of them English. , Topography.— There is a deep valley which divides the island into two parts, the northern part being the larger. Near the center of the northern half is Mount Hillaby, 1,104 feet, which is the high-, est point. There are numerous valleys, some of which are pictur- esque and fertile. There are a number of small streams, none of which are navigable. . . • Climate. — Healthful. The temperature averages about 63° F. during the winter months; from 75° to 85° in summer. The island Is swept by cool northeast trade winds. The rainfall varies from 50 to 70 inches. The rainy season occurs from June to October. January to February are usually dry, while- March and April are the driest months. Tlje rainy season sometimes begins toward the end of. May, and the climate is rather oppressive until the middle of October, when the trade winds begin to freshen. The hurricane season is August and September. Products and Industries. — The chief products of Barbados are sugar and sea-island cotton. The sugar works number about 195 and the rum distilleries about 4. Other products are bananas, molasses, tropical fruits, etc. There is also some expOrt'of manjack and skins. Chief Exports, — Sugar, cotton, fruits, etc. Petroleum. — The British Union Oil Co. is now drilling oil wells in the northern district of the island, having their main office, in Bridgetown. Wells of great productive value are expected. Language.— English:. Currency.— British, but American and Canadian money are ac cepted, and there is consequently a mixed monetary system of dollars, shillings, and pence. The English penny is reckoned as 2 cents American, the shilling as 24 cents American, and the pound as $4.80. Canadian arid American notes are converted at current rate of exchange. Business statements are rendered in dollars and cents ; Government accounts in pounds, shillings, and pence. . , Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. '"' ,." Postage. — First-clafss letter rate to and from the United States) is 2 cents an ounce or fractional part' thereof . . „'."'" Cable. — The cable rate from points in the United States east of the Mississippi Biver is 36 cents per word, and from pqiilts west of the river 41 cents per word. . ' ' f , ; Telegraph, and Telephone.— There is ho telegraph in' the interior, but there is an adequate telephone system. ,\ .,';;■ '., 90821°— 22— — 2t 30'9 310 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York. British, steamers.- Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures about every 10 days for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts,. Antigua, Guadeloupe, Domjnjca, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, and Demerara (Brit- ish Guiana). Fare, New York to Barbados, $1 ■ ;•■ .: "Weights and Measures.— Same as; United: States and: England. • Postage. — First-class letter rate to and. from, the United' States, 2 icents 'per 'ounce or fractional part thereof. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. -r-Os&le service is i~maintained by the West India & Panama Cable Co., the rate for .points east of the Mississippi River being 36 cents per word, and for points west of the river. 141 cents per word.: The telegraph and" telephone systems are under Government control. ': ') ,'J 1 STEAMSHIP LINE FROM NEW YORK. ' Quebec Steamship Go.^-Fiirhess, Withy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York. -Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West'Tenth Street)-. Departures about every 10 days for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia; Barbados, and Demerara (British^ Guiana) . Transshipment from Barbados to St. Vincent. Minimum first-class fare to Barba- dos, $100. ,,••■• ■.-- OTHER LINES VISITING ST. VINCENT. Royal Mail Steam Packet Do. (Canadian Line).— Sailings every 14 days from St. John and Halifax^ touching at St. Vincent. ;; - Direct Line of Steamers (T. & J. Harrison).— Sailings about once in three months from England for St. Vincent, and fortnightly'' sailings for Barbados, where a smaller vessel can be taken to St. Vincent. WINDWARD ISLANDS. 315 CANVASSING ST. VINCENT. Commercial Traveler's License. — Commercial travelers are not subject to any: license or taxes. Samples. — Samples are admitted free of duty. If any part of the samples are disposed of, the regulars import duty is assessed on the portion sold. A deposit equal to the amount of duty must -be de- posited, which is returned upon reexportation of samples. As an alternative, the traveler may have the samples checked on his ar- rival in the presence of a customs officer, and checked and re- packed in the presence of a customs officer before he departs, duty to be paid if any of the samples have been disposed of. ■ Samples not required for local trade may be left in the custody of the cus- toms during the traveler's stay-in St. Vincent: -•' ■ '" Holidays in St. "Vincent.-^-Januaryland 2, New Year's holidays; Good Friday ; Easter Monday ; Whit Monday ; May 24, Victoria Day ; Corpus Christi ; June 3, birthday of the King ; first Monday in August^ bank , holiday ;. December 25 and 26; Christmas holidays. The day appointed as Thanksgiving Day is also a holiday. KINGSTOWMy the capital," locafed bri southwest coast; popula- tion, 5,000 ; about 1,876 nautical miles from New York ; 89 nautical miles from Fort de France, Martinique. Landing: By shore boat; ships anchor about one-fourth mile offshore. American consular agent. ■ Lloyd's agents, John H. Hazell's Sons & Co. How' Beached. — From New York by Quebec Steamship Line via Barbados or by Trinidad Line via Grenada. Principal Hotels. — Pembroke, Linley; Bank. — Colonial Bank. ... Note. — The chief wealth of St. Vincent is due to' cassava, arrow- root, cotton, cacao, sugar, etc. There is a fair volume of trade, and Kingston is visited by those salesmen" who canvass the smaller towns. Those who supply machines and implements for agricultural purposes will find it worthy of a visit. ST. LUCIA. Location.-r-The island of St. Lucia, .a British possession is the most northerly of the Windward Group; about 25 nautical miles south of Martinique and 30_ nautical miles northeast of -St. Vincent. Area and Population. — Area, about 238 square miles ; population, 54,600; about 230 inhabitants per square mile. :. ... Climate. — Mild and pleasant ^Temperature averages 80° to 90° F. Annual rainfall about 84 inches. The rainy season extends from. June, to. November. The, coolest month: is February and the hottest July. Nights are usually cool at elevations over 500 feet. Topography.— rThe, island is very mountainous.. The main range of mountains runs north and south,, the average height being- 1,500 feet, and gradually slopes down to the sea , on either > side. ;The Canaries .Mountain, 3,140 feet, near the center of the island, is the highest poin£. , , ,. > , Rivers. — St. Lucia has several rivers, the.principal ones being the Cul de Sac and the Roseau °h the leeward side, and the Dennery, Troumassee, and Canelles on the- windward, side. .:• 316 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Language. — English and French.' ■ , Currency.;— In the main, as in England. Five-dollar bills are issued by branches of the Colonial Bank of England and the Royal Bank of Canada. Weights and Measures* — Same as in England and the United States. Postage.— First-class letter rate to and from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional part thereof. Products*-— Sugar, lime juice, cacao, vanilla beans, nutmegs, bay seeds, cloves, logwood, and rum. Industries.-— Sugar refining, distilling of rum, and production of lime juice. Cable, Telegraph, and Telephone. — Cable service with the United States is maintained by the West India & Panama Cable Co., the rate from points east, of the Mississippi River being 36 cents per word, and from points west of "the fiver 41 cents per word. The telegraph and telephone systems are under Government control. STEAMSHIP LING FROM NEW TORE. Quebec Steamship Co. — Furness, Withy & Co., 32 Whitehall Street, New York. Sailings from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street). Departures for St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, Guade- loupe, Antigua, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbados-, and Trinidad about every 10 days. Minimum first-class fare, (100. Average time of trip to St. Lucia, 12 days. OTHER LINES VISITING ST. LUCIA. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. — Every month trom St. Lucia to Trinidad, Demerara (British Guiana), Paramaribo, and Cayenne, returning via same route. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. (Canadian Line). — Sailings from St. John and Halifax every 14 days to Bermuda, St. Kitts, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara (British Guiana), returning via same route. Direct Line of Steamers (T. & J. Harrison). — Fortnightly sail- ings from England to St. Lucia, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Montserrat, and Dominica. CANVASSING ST. LUCIA. Commercial Travelers' License. — Commercial travelers are not subject to any license or tares. Samples. — Samples of no commercial value are admitted free. In the case of samples having a commercial value the usual practice is to check the sample on arrival and departure of traveler. If any samples have been disposed of, duty is charged at the regular rates. Holidays in St. Lucia. — The chief holidays are the same as those of Grenada and St. Vincent. CASTRIES, chief town of the island; population, 8,000; 1,747 nautical miles from New Y6rk, 37 nautical miles from Fort de WINDWARD ISLANDS. 317 France, Martinique ; 110 nautical miles from Bridgetown, Barbados ; 57 nautical miles from Kingstown, St. Vincent. Landing : Steamers lie alongside dock and discharge passengers direct to wharf. Lloyd's agent, Minville & Chastanet. Customhouse brokers, Min- ville & Chastanet. How Reached. — From New York by Quebec Steamship Line ; from Fort de France, Martinique, by intercolonial steamer; from Trini- dad by steamer; fortnightly service between Martinique, Demerara (British Guiana), Cayenne, and Trinidad; steamer touches at St. Lucia. Hotels.^-Savoy, Mapleleaf, Cumbermere House, Marine Hotel. Banks. — Colonial Bank ; Royal Bank of Canada. Note. — St. Lucia is one of the more important islands in the West Indies, owing to the fact that there is an excellent harbor with splendid docking facilities. The cultivation of sugar, limes, and other tropical products is carried on. The trade is of a very fair extent. In planning a trip to the West Indies this port should be included in the itinerary. TRINIDAD. Location.— Trinidad is the most southerly of the British West In- dies., It is about 16 miles from the coast of Venezuela, immediately north qf the mouth of the Orinoco River. Area and Population. — Area, about 2,050 .square, miles, about the size of the State of, Delaware; population, 365,000 or about 180 per square mile. Topography. — The island is somewhat mountainous,, having, three ranges of hills running east and west. The "highest points are 1 Cerro de Aripo and El Tucuche, each about 3,000 feet high. There are numerous rivers, but none suitable for navigation. Inhabitants. — About one-third of the inhabitants are East In- dians and their descendants. The remaining two-thirds are mostly of mixed African and European blood, the oldest European element being French and Spanish. There are about 3,000 Chinese in Trini- dad, mostly small shopkeepers. Climate. — Humid and hot, but the nights are cool and the heat is modified by refreshing breezes. The temperature averages 79° F. The rainfall is about 62 inches annually. The rainy season usually lasts from May until December, with a break in September; dry season, the rest of the year. During January to March the tem- perature at night is sometimes as low as 65° F. Products. — Trinidad, in proportion to population, is one of the wealthiest of the West Indies. The chief agricultural export is cacao, next sugar. Other important crops are coconuts, copra, rice, rubber, and limes. There is great wealth in the island's timber. Asphalt and Petroleum Industries. — These are exceedingly im- portant. Oil refineries are conducted at various places, and the products are of a very high quality. The potential wealth in pe- troleum is exceedingly great. Language. — English. / Currency. — The official currency is in English terms. There are colonial $1, $2, and $5 bills, issued by three banks in Trinidad. The fractional currency is English. Business houses conduct trans- actions in dollars and cents. Weights and Measures. — Same as in the United States and Eng- land. Postage. — First-class letter rate from the United States, 2 cents an ounce or fractional part thereof. There is also a parcel-post service. Cable Bates. — From points east of the Mississippi River, 36 cents per word ; from points west of the river, 41 cents per word. 318 TRINIDAD. 319 TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK, Trinidad Line.— Furness, Witliy & Co., 34 Whitehall Street, New York. Departures from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn, every two weeks for St. George (Grenada),. Post of, .Spain (Trinidad), 'and Demerara (British. Guiana), connecting at Trinidad with steamer fpjr Tobago, Ciudad Bolivar, and ports on Upper Orinoco' River. Fare, New York to Port of Spain, $125. Time of trip, about/eight days. Royal Dutch West India Mail Line. — Funch, Bdye & Co., agents, 25 Broadway, Dutch steamers. Departures from Pier 8, Bush Terminal, Thirty-ninth Street, ^Brooklyn, for Port of Spain, Trini : dad, via Haitian ports, about every 'two Weeks. Time, including stops, about 19 days. Fare, $130. OTHER LINES VISITING TRINIDAD. Lamport &' Holt Line. — Steamers northbound from South Amer- ica call at Port of Spain. • ' ' Navig-azione Generale Italiana. — Monthly service via Barbados and Trinidad from Genoa through Panama Canal. Compagnie Generale "Transatlantique. — Intercolonial service (fortnightly) between Port of Spain and St. Lucia, Fort de France, Demerara,) Paramaribo, andr- Cayenne. ■:-. •■■. • "• . »• - Ley land and Harrison Lines. — Fortnightly sailings, from-, Eng- land for Trinidad, Barbados, Demerara (British Guiana)",' Curacao, and Venezuelan ports. -•- ■■, ■= '>.;, -. :• Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. ; (Canadian Line).^— Fortnightly sailings from St. John and Halifax for Trinidad, Barbados, St. Vin- cent, Grenada, and Demerara (British Guiana). -..■•> ■■■• Canadian Government Merchant. Marine. — Sailings from Mon- treal and Halifax for Trinidad and Dejaerara (British Guiana). •; La Veloce. — Monthly, from Europe to* Trinidad; Barbados, "La Giiaira, Curacao, Puerto Colombia, .Colon,' and South Pacific ports to ValDaraiso, returning via same ports to "Europe. : . . - > -' Royal Netherlands West India; Mail.-^-Colon Line. Biweekly, from Amsterdam, Dover, and Boulogne to Trinidad, La Guainti Curacao, Puerto Colombia/ Cartagena* Port Limon* . Colon, ; return- ing via same route. ' ■■ : .~ ■ ■ '■■ <■ '" Surinam Line. — Every four weeks from Hamburg and Amster- dam to Paramaribo, Barbados, Demerara (British Guiana), Trini- dad, Venezuela, Curacao, returning via same route. " Compania Anonima Venezolana de- Navegacion. — Steamer Delta, between Port of Spain -(Trinidad)' and: Ciudad Bolivar I Venezuela), leaves Port of Spain on alternate Thursdays, arriving at Oiudad Bolivar the following Monday; Leaves Ciudad; Bolivar on alternate Saturdays, arriving at Port of Spain following Monday. First-class passenger fates of Compafiiu An6nima Venezolana 1 de Navegacion between Ciudad Bolivar and Trinidad are as follows: From Ciudad Bolivar to San Felix, 20 Venezuelan bolivares ; Bar 320 GUIDE TO. LATIN AMERICA. rancas, 40 bolivares ; Tucupita, 50 bolivares ; Trinidad, 100 bolivares. From Trinidad to Tucupita, $14 Trinidad currency ; Barrancas, $14 ; San Felix, $21 ; Ciudad Bolivar, $28. Steamer Delta makes a round trip about every 10 days. Local Steairiship Service. — Steamers connect with trains at San Fernando, proceeding to Cedros and Icacos, four times a week, call- ing at La Brea, Brighton, Guapo, Cap de Ville, Irois, and Granville Bay: The Royal Mail Steard Packet Co.'s coastal steamers leave weekly, touching at ports around the island and connecting with Tobago Island. RAILROAD SERVICE. Trinidad Government Railway. — Extends from Port of Spain to San Fernando and Princes Town. From Cunupia, on the San Fer- nando line, there is a branch to Tabaquite and Rio Claro. From San Fernando there is also an extension to Sipara, passing through the principal sugar-raising districts. - Another branch serves the cacao-growing districts, running through Arima and Sangre Grande. Total length of road is about 123 miles (198 km.). First-class fares: Port of Spain to San Fernando, $1.86; Port of Spain to Princes Town, $2.15. CANVASSING TRINIDAD. Business Conditions. — A very fair business is done in Trinidad. The chief town is Port of Spain, having a population of about 75,000. Here are located the chief -importing houses, who supply the retail buyers as well as the country merchants. Many of the firms also do a considerable retail business. Most firms prefer to make smaller purchases at frequent intervals rather than incur obligations for large purchases. It may be found desirable, in case the representative speaks Spanish, to canvass that part of Vene- zuela which can not be easily reached from Caracas. This refers particularly to the eastern portion, including Ciudad Bolivar. Con- nection between Ciudad Bolivar and Port of Spain is frequent and not excessive in cost. Many merchants from Venezuela visit Port of Spain en route to or from their homes. This is a point for trans- shipment. The usual terms of business are cash in New York, or drafts, usually sight, collected through local banks before delivery of ship- ping papers to consignees, but 30 days' and 60 days' credit are often allowed to trusted customers. As American dollar currency has lately been at a considerable premium in Trinidad dollar cur- rency, it is advisable for American exporters drawing drafts for collection in Trinidad to note on the drafts, "Payable at the bank's selling rate for sight drafts on New York on date of pay- ment," as otherwise drafts might be collected in terms of Trinidad dollars with ldss of exchange to exporter. Information as to credit may be obtained from the Colonial Bank, the Royal Bank of Canada, or the Canadian Bank of Commerce, all of which have branches in Port of Spain. TRINIDAD. 321 Agencies.'*— An. agency for Trinidad should properly be estab- lished fai Port of Spain. From this place the agent may also can- vass Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia, and even Barbados. The distance from Port of Spaia to St. Lucia is 303 miles. Agents are frequently expected to canvass the Orinoco region of Venezuela also. Commercial Traveler's License,— Commercial travelers are not subject to any special regulations, license, or taxes. Samples. — Only samples having a commercial value are subject to duty. A deposit to cover the duty can be made, which is refunded if samples are reexported within two months. This period may be extended upon application. Samples may be reexported through a port other than that through which they were admitted. Importance of Market. — In proportion to its size and population, Trinidad is. undoubtedly by far the richest and most prosperous ot the Briitish West Indian Islands, and is an important market for imported goods, not only for local consumption, but for reexport or in transit to neighboring islands, the near-by Venezuelan coast towns, and also the valley of the Orinoco River, which is much easier to reach from Trinidad than from La Guaira, the chief port of Venezuela. There is an important trade between Trinidad and Ciudad Bolivar, the chief town on the Orinoco River and tlip cen- ter of the. llano cattle district of Venezuela, by weekly steamer service. Holidays in Trinidad. — The holidays are .those, usually observed in Great Britain ; January l r New Tear's Day; Good Friday; Eas- ter Monday;, May 24, Empire Day; Carpus- Christi; June 3^ birth- day of the King; December 25, Christmas Day. ;., ; CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. ■■>.;{;., ■ ■: .■'. . • t,..!|i ' ■ ., -ri. .'Hi '•■.'■ ,11 '[., i,-i;i;l PORT OF SPAIM", capital of the colony, on western side of island, on Gulf of Paria; population, 67,328 (including suburbs, about 100,- 000) ; 43 miles (69 km.) from .'Effaces Town, 35 miles (56 km.) from San Fernando, 38 miles (61 km.) from La Brea (Pitch Lake). Landing: Small boats and launches carry: passengers from steamer -to shora ■■■ ■ > . ■, , :,;,• ...-, ,. • American consul and vice consul. . Lloyd's agents, Geo. F. Hug- gins & Co. How Reached.— From New York, by Trinidad Line and. Royal .Netherlands West India Mail ; from San Fernando, by rail, fare $1.86; from Princes Town, by rail, fare $2.15; from Ciudad Bolivar, by: weekly steamer, making points on Orinoco Ri,yei. ,,,, , , ,. Conveyaja«es.7-rrCabs, one person, 25 cents per mile I half fare, for each-additional person; ox 3ft per hour. Trolleyr Santa Cruz; de la Palma, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo,. . Habana, Port Limon, , and' Colon. Steamers leave Colon 12th of each month for Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Curasao ; LaGuaira and Puerto Cabello, Vene- zuela ; Ponce and San Jtfah,' Porto Rico. Leyland and Harrison lines. — Weekly service from Liverpool. La Veloce.— Steamer leaves European ports monthly, arriving at Curasao about the 22d of thie month from Venezuelan and about the 1st from Colombian ports. Service to Venezuela. — Red D Line steamers Caracas and Phila- delphia give fortnightly service to Lai Guaira ; time,, about 12 , hours. Steamers MaracaAbo and ZuUa have fortnightly service to La Guaira and Maracaibo; time to Maracaibo, ahout 19 hours. Steamer Merida, regular service to Maricaibo. 90821°— 22 22 326 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Royal Netherlands West India Mail.— From Amsterdam to Curasao, Colon, and Colombian ports. Distances from. Curasao.^— New York, 1,769 nautical miles; Mara- caibo, Venezuela, 232 miles; Puerto CabelTo, Venezuela, 113 miles; La Guaira, Venezuela, 149 miles ; San Juan, Porto Rico, 482 miles ; Ponce, Porto Rico, 390 miles; Santo Domingo City, 395 miles^ Kings- tori,; Jamaica, 580 miles; Fort de France, Martinique, 496 miles; St. Thomas, 452 miles ; Port of Spain, Trinidad, 500 miles. CANVASSING CURACAO. Curasao is generally visited by 'travelers on their way to Mara- caibo or Puerto Cabello in Venezuela. Sometimes it is included on the return trip. The trade is limited and the wholesale "houses are found in the chief port, Willemstad. Some business is done With- Venezuela, and agents who are .appointed for Curasao frequently are authorized to make snies to the merchants who arrive at Cura- sao from Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello. During the course of a year the business done with "Venezuelan merchants reaches a sub- stantial sum. Other agents are definitely authorized to canvass northwestern Venezuela, including the departments of Falcon and • Maracaibo, which are more accessible to Curasao, by reason of the frequent steamship connections, than to Caracas. , The islands of Aruba and Bonaire are very small and are dependent upon Curasao. The average traveler will not find it worth while to visit them. This also applies to/the other small islands. Holidays in Curacao. — Following- are the chief holidays officially recognized in Curasao r January 1, New Tear's Day; Good Friday; Easter Monday ; The Ascension ; Whit Monday ; Pentecost ; Queen's birthday ; December 25 : and 26, Christmas holidays. ■ WHXEMSTAD, 113 nautical miles from Puerto Cabello, Venezue- la; 1,769 nautical miles from New York, situated on south side of Curasao; vessels lie alongside quays; population, 14,497 (about 2,000 whites). .. How Reached.— From New York by Red D Line and Royal Neth- erlands West India Mail Line ; from Puerto Cabello and La, Guaira, Venezuela, by Red D Line and other steamers. Banks' aiid Bankers. — Curasao' Trading Co.; Curasao Bank; Hol- landsche Bank voor West Indies ; Banco de la Mutualid&d ; Morris E. Curiel ; S. E. L. Maduro & Sons ; Curasao Mortgage Bank ; Spaareh Belieenbank van Curasao; Colonial Postal Savings Bank. Correspondent Board of Underwriters of New York, I. A. Correa. Lloyd's agents, J. & D. Jesurun. Principal Hotels. — Hotel Americano, west side of the channel, charges $3 to $4 per day, 40 rooms, best rooms face the channel to obtain benefit of the trade winds; Hotel Washington, east side of the, channel, noted especially for its food. Note. — Willeifistad is situated on the south side of the island, about 16 miles west of Point Canuin, The town lies on both sides of St. AnnVBay. In 'Willemstad' are located the wholesale houses, some of which transact a large business. The merchants are chiefly Jews of Portuguese and Spanish extraction. The business is largely CURASAO. 327 of a wholesale and retail character, and very extensive stocks, well assorted, are carried. The agencies of many foreign houses are established in Willemstad. From this point Venezuela and part of the Colombian coast are canvassed. Sometimes the Maracaibo region of Venezuela is canvassed from Willemstad, agents making periodical trips. BONAIRE AND ARUBA ISLANDS; population of Bonaire, 6,983; Aruba, 9,076. Distant 30 miles from Curasao. Products: Divi-divi, aloes, salt, goats, sheep, gold, wool. Reached from Cura- cao by Dutch intercolonial schooners, weekly service. Note. — These islands are very small. While there is considerable business with Willemstad, some of the firms make direct importa- tions. Travelers who canvass the small towns may find some busi- ness here. SABA ISLAND, about 500 nautical miles from Curasao ; popula- tion, 2,229 ; area, about 5 square miles. Chief products : Lime juiee, potatoes, sulphur. Industries : Cattle raising and agriculture iind lace work. Reached by small schooners from Willemstad, monthly service. ' ■ ST. ETTSTATITTS ISLAND, about 500 nautical miles from Curasao ; population, 1,368 ; area', • about 7 square miles. Chief products: Sea-island cotton, sweet potatoes. American whaling vessels are outfitted Here. Reached from Willemstad by schooners, monthly service. ST. MARTIN ISLAND (southern half), about 500 nautical miles from Curasao ; area, 21 .square miles ; population, 2,900. Products : Sea-island cotton, salt, cattle. The northern half of this island be- longs toi France. NORTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. COLOMBIA. Location..— Colombia is the most northerly of the South American Republics, adjacent to Panama, which was formerly one of its De- partments. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea ; on the east by Venezuela and Brazil; on the south by Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador ; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Pa nama . Coast Line. — Colombia is the only South American Republic with a coast line on both oceans. It has 641 miles. (1,036 km.) on the Caribbean side and 468 miles (753 km.) on the Pacific side. Topography. — Colombia is a country of great extremes. In the main it is: very mountainous. - The chief features are the three great mountain ranges — the northern .extremities of the Andes. These contain some famous passes, such as the Quindio, and numerous valleys of great fertility. Colombia is famous for its beautiful scenery. Hivers. — The chief river is the Magdalena, the commercial artery of the country, flowing from south to. North in the great valley lying between the ranges of the, Central Andes and the Eastern Andes in Colombia. It is 1,020 miles (1,642 km.) in length, and navigable for about 932 miles (1,500 km.) The Magdalena consists of two parts, the upper and the lower, divided by the rapids of Honda. The Lower Magdalena is navigable by large river steamers from Barranquilla to La Dorado, the lower terminus of the La Dorada Railway. The Upper Magdalena is navigable by small shallow-draft steamers from Beltran, the upper terminus of the La Dorada Railway, to Girardot, the terminus of the Girardot Railway (for Bogota), and on a good river as far up as Neiva. Through the Meta River Colombia is connected with the Orinoco in Venezuela, and through the Orinoco with the Rio Negro, and thence with the Amazon in Brazil. Of secondary importance are the Sinu and Atrato Rivers. The former empties into the Gulf of Morrosquillo and the latter into the Gulf of TJraba. The Sinu and Atrato serve regions which have a great future. Next in importance commercially is the Cauca River, which empties into the Magdalena and is navigable in two widely separated sections. Other important streams of Colombia, navigable to a greater or lesser extent, are the Patia, San Juan, Zulia, Guaviare, Mete, Arauca, Lebrija, Nechi, San Jorge, Putumayo, and the Caqueta. Topography. — Colombia may be roughly divided into four main zones: First, the coast zones, including both the Atlantic and the Pacific coast regions; second, the low foothills and valleys of the 328 COLOMBIA. 329 interior up to about 3,000 feet above sea level; third, the low hills and first ranges of the Andes up to elevations of about 6,000 feet (the coffee country) ; and fourth, the higher ranges and plateaus more than 6,000 feet above sea level. Climate. — Conditions of climate are very different in the four main zones. The difference between the Caribbean and the Pacific coasts is also very marked ; in the former region the seasons are well indicated — from December to May dry with the sun strong, and from June to December wet. On the Pacific coast, especially in the northern part above Buenaventura, it rains nearly every day and the precipitation is as heavy as anywhere in the Tropics. "Both coasts are hot and damp, the temperature registering as high as 95° F. Throughout the Magdalena Valley as lar up as Girardot conditions are the same in general as for the Caribbean coast, though the upper valley receives somewhat more rain, and the seasons become more erratic as the coast is approached. In the second zone, which includes the Cauca valley aind all of Antioquia, there are two wet and two dry seasons, alternating: January, February, and March, dry; April, May, and June, wet; July, August, and September, dry ; October, November, and Decem- ber, wet. The latter is the period of constant rain, especially in i .October and November ; during this season the mountain roads are often impassable. Average daily temperature varies between 64° and 84° F,, with an average of 76° F. The hottest part of the year is July, August, and September, though the climate all the year round may be called semitropical. In the third zone the, climate and divisions of wet and dry sea- son are about the same, though the precipitation is somewhat heavier. From 5,000 to 7/)00 feet the climate is ideal, with little variation in temperature the year round, the high and low averages being 72° and 58° F. In the fourth zone, from 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level, there are occasional frosts on the higher levels, average temperatures being 40° low and 64° high. The seasons are not well denned and rains are frequent with little variation in seasons. AREA AND POPULATION. Divisi0nS'(caixitatdJ6tes) . DEPARTMENTS Antioquia (Medellin) Atlanfleo (Barramquilla) Bolivar (Cartagena) Boyaca (Tunja) - • Cafdas(Msnfcales)...- Cauca (Pogayan). .;... -....„ Cundinamarca (Bogota).. ., Htnla(Neiva)...:.... Magdalena (Santa Marta) NariBo,(Easto) 7=,---^-; Santander del Norte (Cuetfta) ■Santander (©ucaramanga) ■ Tolima (Ibagae) Valle(Cali) Area. Population. Simre mites. 22,752 823,226 1,008 135, 729 22,320 483,165 16,460 342,567 7,380 '428,(137 20,403 239,806 8,046 809,452 8,100 182, 328 19,080 204,386 9,360 340,765 6,255 239,214 17i!865J 439,161 10,080, 328,811 3,897 271,640 330 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. AREA AND POPULATION— Continued, Divisions (capital cities). 1NTE1TDENCTES. Chooo(Quibdo) Meta ( villavicencio) San Andres y Providencia_ COMMISSARIES. Arauca (Arauca) Caqueta (FJorencia) Goajira (San Antonio) Futumayo (Mocoa) Vaupes (Caiamar) Vichada. ., « Total area of intendencies and commissaries - Total. Area. Population. Sqvare miles. 443,378 91,383 34,071 5,963 7,510 74,254 53,000 40,770 5,500 5,540 5,847,491 1 Chief Products.^-Coloinbia has great agricultural resources, although but a small portion of the country is how cutlivated. The differences in latitude make possible crops ranging from those of the Tropics to those of the Temperate Zone. The chief crop of Colombia is coffee, in which it is second Only to Brazil in the amount 'prodiiced. Other important products are cacao, tobacco, coconuts, bananas, rubber, sugar cane, vanilla, and ivory nuts. In the tem- perate regions vegetables, grains, castor beans, and wheat are raised. The timber industry is important \. dyewoods, medicinal plants, tolu balsam, quebracho, cedar-, ■ quina, chicle, and hard- ~ woods are important contributions to the wealth of the country. Many cattle are raised on the llanos of eastern Colombia and over the Sabanasde Bolivar, where a packing house will soon be erected. Chief Exports. — Coffee, emeralds, gold, cattle, hides, bananas, tagua (ivory nuts), Panama hats, rubber, etc. Minerals. — Colombia is especially rich in minerals. Gold has been found in practically all parts, of the country, the most impor- tant gold-producing Departments being Cauca, Antioquia, Narino, Tolima, and Bolivar. Copper, lead, cinnabar, mercury, manganese, and coal are also mined. The famous Muzo emerald mines produce almost, all the emeralds of the world. These mines are in the De- partment of Boyaca. Salt mining is carried on near Zipaquira and Nemocon. The principal silver and gold mines are in the Caldas, Antioqua, and Tolima regions. Platinum is also of great impor- tance, being usually mined in connection with gold in the Atrato, San Juan,., and other regions of the Choco. One of the richest platinum" deposits in the world exists here. Iron is found in the Department of Cundinamarca. Asphalt has been discovered in the .tipper Magdalena district, and in the Departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca. Petroleum. — Petroleum production is growing in importance, sev- eral foreign .companies having started work or the banks of the Magdalena. The Tropical Oil Co. has producing wells in the COUJMBIA. 331 neighborhood of Barranca Bermeja, on the Magdalena, where it has established a refinery from which the oil is carried in tank steamers for distribution. Other oil companies are opening up the country, and the import of well-drilling machinery, etc., for these companies forms one of the principal items at the port of Cartagena. Manufacturing Industries. — While these, are largely of a minor character, there are some important plants devoted to the manu- facture of, textiles, shoes, etc. There are also iron foundries, breweries, flour mills, cement factories, mineral-water works, cigar and cigarette factories. Other items of manufacture are Panama hats, glassware, drugs, and lace. There are 40 industrial plants in Bogota, 18 in Medellin, 12 in Cartagena. Sincerin (near Cartagena) has a large sugar central. The following list, while not complete, gives some idea of the number of manufacturing plants in the country : Textiles and thread, 21 ; sugar, 2 ; oil refining, 1 ; electric light and power, 5 ; flour, 6 ; matches, 5 ; chocplate, 8 ; cigars and cigarettes, 8; cement and artificial stone, 3; beer and. ice, 5; soap and candles, 18; shoes, 6; tanning " extract, 1 ; glass, 3; iron foundries, 3 ; carbonated beverages, 7 ; distilled liquors, 1 ; per- fumery, 1 ; all others,, 17 ; total, 121. Inhabitants. — About 66 per cent of the population is made up of pure whites and mestizos (half breeds), about 14 per cent are pure Indians, 4 per cent pure black, and 16 per cent mixtures. , Language. — Spanish. Many of the educated class ; understand English. > i. Currency .-f-The monetary standard is gold, the ., unit being the peso, equivalent to about $0,973. ,The multiple of the gold peso is the pound ($5). There are silver coins of 10, 20, and 50 eentavos iand nickel coins of .1, 2, and 5 centavoSi The ordinary medium of exchange is the paper peso, which at present has the same value as the gold peso. Weights and Measures. -^Although the metric system, has been adopted by law, everywhere ancient measures prevail, i. e., leagues for distance, cabuyas and varas for cloth measure, cantara for liquids, and quintal, and arroba for dry measure. Postage. — Colombia is a .member of the Postal Union. .FirstTfjass letter postage from the United States 2 cents per ounce or fraction. There is also a parcel-post 'system between the United States and Colombia, weight limit 10 kilos (22 lbs.). Cable Rates. — To United "States and Canada, 50^ to' 62 cents per word, depending 1 on destination. Wireless. — Colombia has several wireless stations, including Barranquilla, Puerto Colombia, Cucuta, Cartagena, Bogota, Me- dellin, also a' private station at Santa Marta. The Marconi Co. is establishing stations in various centers to cover the entire country and communicate with the exterior. Telegraph. — The country is fairly well served by telegraph lines which are owned and operated by the Government. Rates: Ordi- nary messages, 2 cents a word; urgent messages, 4 cents a word; extraordinary messages, '"& cents a word; foreign language (not Spanish), double rate; code messages, double rate. 332 GUIDE TO LATIN jAMERICA. TRAVEL BOUTES. LINES FttODt NEW YORK. Pacific Line (Pacific Steam Navigation Co.)— Sanderson <& Sons, agents, 26 Broadway. Sailings every three weeks from Pier 42, North River, for Cristobal, Balboa, Buenaventura, and ports in Ecuador. Fare, New York to Buenaventura, $160. Itinerary : Leave New Yort first day; arrive Cristobal ninth day, Balboa, eleventh day ; arrive Buenaventura thirteenth "mui. *are, LINE FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Pacific Mail Steamship Co.— Office, 508 California Street De- partures simimonthly for Balboa, Panama. Transshipment for Buenaventura and Tumaco. Fare, San Francisco to Buenaventura COLOMBIA. 3§3 or Turaaco, $223. Itinerary : Leave San Francisco first day, arrive isaiboa twenty-fifth day, BUenaventure twenty-seventh day, Tutnaeo twenty-eighth day. ■•■■'•" OTHER LINES VISITING COLOMBIA. Royal Netherlands West Indian Mail. — Sailings every month from Amsterdam to Trinidad, Curasao, and Venezuelan ports, touch- ing at Colombian ports on Caribbean and making two stops in Central America on way to Colon. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique.— ^Sailings on the 9th and 25th of each month from Europe, and 8th and 24th to Europe. One service from St Nazaire, France, to Guadeloupe, Martinique, West Indies ; La Guaira and Puerto Gabello, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia, and Cartagena, Colombia ; and Colon, Panama ; and return. Alter- nate service from Havre (Bordeaux), France, to Santander, Spain; Guadeloupe and Martinique; Trinidad; Oarupano and La Guaira, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; and return. Compafiia Trasatlantiea Barcelona. — One steamer per month : Barcelona, Spain; San Juan, Porto Rico; Habana, Cuba; Port Limon, Costa Rica ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia ; Curasao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela; thence back to San Juan, Teneriffe, and Spain. La Veloce. — Steamers bimonthly from Genoa, Italy. Caletefo Line.— Service between Balboa, Panama, and Guayaquil, Ecuador, stopping at Buenaventura, Tumaco, Esmeraldas, Bahia, Manta, Oayo, Machalilla, Manglar Alto, Ballenita, Puerto Bolivar. GOVERNMENT TAX. — Steamship tickets issued in Colombia for values from $50 to $100 are subject to a tax of $2 ; values over $100 pay a tax of $4. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Magdalena River. — In Colombia transportation is chiefly depend- ent upon river. Of greatest importance is the M-agdalena. Below are some of the more important steamship lines which operate on that waterway. It should be noted that at certain times of the year delays and difficulties may be expected on account of the un- certain stages of the water. Not infrequently both mail and freight are considerably delayed. Sinu and Atrato Rivers. — At Cartagena the traveler may ascer- tain about the service on these rivers. The Atrato is '350 miles (563 km.) in length and is navigable foT about 234 miles, or as far as Quibdo, an important trading place in the rich platinum and gold mining region. The Sinu leads to a rich cattle country. Mon- teria is the chief commercial point. Lorica is another district reached from Cartagena. Traffic between Cartagena and the Atrato and Sinu Rivers is held up during December, January, February, and March on account of lack of water over the bars of these rivers even for the small vessels of 60 tons or less employed in this trade. S34 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Cauca River. — This important river in the western part of Co- lombia is navigable from a point a little above Oali to La Virginia, about 186 miles (300 km.). Patia River. — Small vessels from Tumaco to Barbacoas. Zulia River. — Service operated" in~ connection with railroad to Cucuta. Miscellaneous Service. — Details of other service on less impor- tant rivers can be had by applying to the steamship agents in the , larger cities, such as Cartagena,. Barranquilla, Medellin, and /Bo- gota. LOCAL STEAMSHIP COMPANIES.— Empresa NacUmal de los Rios Sinu y Atrato. — Fortnightly service from Cartagena • to the Sinu and Atrato rivers. Also service from Cartagena to Monteria every other day by way of small gasoline craft on the Sinu River. Cia. de, Navegacidn del Rio Atrai.0. — rMonthly service between Cartagena and Quibdp. Cia de Navegacifrn, del Rio Cauca. — Service between Cali and Cartage Santa Marta Railway Co. — River service from Cienaga to Bar- ranquilla four times weekly ; day and night service; ' Colombia Railway & 'Navigation. Co,. — Express mail service be- tween Barranquilla, Cartagena, and La Dorada ; Beltran,) Girardot, and Bogota ; connecting with . Mompos, . Zaragoza, Buearamanga, Medellin, Manizales, etc. Intermediate service calling afr iflJl ports on the Magdalena River. ■ Empresas Aliadag. — Service between Barranquilla and La Dorada and up the Cauca River; also between Beltran and Girardot Cia. Antioquena de Traaporie*.— Barranquilla to La Dorada and Beltran to Girardot. -..,-■ , Lineal, Costanera Fluvial de yapores.^Buenaventura to Negria (San Juan River). : ;-, Empresa Hanseatica. — Barranquilla to La Dorada. Empresa de Navegdei&n F. A. SShwnberg.— Steamer service on Sinu and Atrato Rivers : Every 6 days between Cartagena and Monteria; every 12 days between Cartagena and Quibdof Service on Sinu and Santiago. Rivers by steamer Buffalo. HYDROPLANE SERVICE IN COLOMBIA. Company.— Spciedad Colombo-Alemana de Trasportes Aereos. Offices in Barranquilla, Medellin, El Banco, Girardot. Agent in New Tori, is Gonzalo Mejia, 44 Whitehall Street. (Note: Special aero postage stamps may be obtained from this firm.) Routes. -7-1- Barranquilla to Girardot, stopping at El Banco, Bar- ranca. BeVmeja, Puerto Berrio, Honda, Time required (including stops), about eight. hours from Barranquilla to Girardot. Hydro- piajoe^ leaves Barranquilla with mail and passengers every Tuesday morning. 2 % Girardot to Barranquilla, stopping at Honda, Puerto Berrio, Barranca Bermeja, El Banco. Time required (including stops), about eigbt hours. Rlane leaver Girardot r early every Saturday morning. COLOMBIA. 335 3. Barranquilla to Cartagena direct. Plane leaves Barranquilla every Monday morning, returning to Barranquilla in the afternoon. There is also under consideration a route from Barranquilla to Cali and also routes on the Cauca River. Rates. — Passenger service from Barranquilla to Girardot : The rate is 250 pesos for 65 kilos, which includes the weight of the pas- senger and any baggage he may have ; for every kilo over. 65 there is an extra charge' of 5 pesos. Postage Rates. — Letters mailed from New York cost 30 cents for each one-half ounce up to 5 ounces ; postal: cards, 15 cents each ; commercial papers, 15 cents per one-half ounce. MAGDALEN A RIVER SERVICE: FIRST-CLASS PASSENGER TARIFF. [Colombian currency.] Distance from Bar- rinquilla. I Fast service. Up. ,, Down. Ordinary serv- ice. ; Up. Down. Miles. 66 116 165 258 293 317 332 484 426 504 613 Km. 106 187 265 415 472 510 535 650 686 811 987 FROM BARRANQUILLA. Calamar i $6.60 $5.00 FROM BARRANQUILLA OR CARTAGENA. Zambrano... Magangue Banco 2 . Xs Gloriaj : . . . . . * . . . Gam»rjJ». ..,. '.- r Bodega Central 8 .... Puerto Wilches * — Barranca Bermej i '■ . Puerto Berrio « - La Dorado 1 .; 11.05 7.70 16. 45 10.85 25.75 17.00 29.30 19,35 31.65 , 20.90 33:20 21V90 40.30 26.65 42.55- .28.15 50. 30' 33.30 61.20 40.50 $4.8 8.45 11.90 18.65 21.25 22.95 24.05 29.25 30.90 36.50 44.50 $3.75 ' 6.55 9.30 14.55 16. 55 17.85 18.75 22.75 24.05 "28. 40 3l.'50 1 Rail joint for Cartagena to the Digue. ' 2 TraiTrbute to Ocana. ' : ' ' ■ ' ' ' ' • Rio Labrija to La Ceiba, en route to Buearaimahga. * Rail poini.for uncompleted.line.to Bucaramangft. 6 Tropical Oil Co. » Rail point for MedeUin. 1 Baiil pointfor Beltran. and Upper Magdalena to Bogota via Girardot. MAGDALENA RIVER SERVICE: STEAMSHIP COMPANIES. Colombia. Railway & Navigation Co.: 6 boats on upper river, 20 on lower; total, tonnage ( 5,589. . Cla, Antioquena de Trasportes : 2 boats on upper river, 5 pn lower; total tonnage, 1^875,- . F.Perez Rosa:. 4 boats on lower river; total, tonnage, 977. Manuel Betaoeourt : 2 boats on lower, river ; total tonnage, 370. Martin Vasquez:2 boats on lower river; total tonnage, 204.., Empresa " Palmer " (Pineda Lopez y Cia., managers) ; 1 boat on lower river ; tonnage, 300. 336 GUIDE TO JjATIN AMERICA. Id addition to the boats listed above, the Santa Marta Wharf Co. operates one 80-ton steamer between Barranquilla and Cienaga, and there are nine steamers of less than 100 tons capacity that handle freight on the lower river. Atrato Haver Service: First-class Passenger Bates.— From -Car- tagena to Turbo, $16 ; Sautata, $18 ; Biosueio, $20 ; Curbarado, $24 ; Murindo, $28; Cuayabal, $30; Arquia, $32; Quibdo, $36. BAILBOADS. — Colombia to-day has not more than 850 miles (1,375 kin.); of operated railways. Of the 16. lines in existence the longest is only 149 miles. There Is not a single trunk line in the Eepublic. The existing systems simply act as a means of commu- nication between various centers of population, to some river or sea port, or around river bars or Tapids. The principal lines, to- gether with their approximate mileage, are as follows : Cartagena Bailway, Cartagena to Calamar, 65 miles (105 km.) ; Sabana Bail- way, Bogota to Facatativa, 25 miles (40 km.) ; Northern Bailway, Bogota to Nemocon, 39 miles (62 km.) ; Southern Bailway, Bogota to Charquito, 18 miles (29 km.) ; Girardot Bailway, Girarddt to Facatativa, 82 miles (132 km.) ; Tolima Bailway, Flandes, opposite Girardot, to Ibague via Espinal, 45 miles (76 km.), now in oper- ation; Dora da Bailway, Dorada to Ambalema, 74 miles (119 km.) ; Antioquia Bailway, Medellin to Puerto Berrio, 122 miles (196 km.) ; Pacific Bailway, Buenaventura (through Cauca Valley) to Bnga, 170 miles (273 km.) ; Cucuta Bailway, Cucuta to Puerto Villamizar, 44 miles (71 km.) ; Santa Marta Bailway, Santa Marta to Funda- cion, 60 miles (96 km.) ; Barranquilla Bailway, Barranquilla to Puerto Colombia, 17 miles (27 km.) ; Great Northern Central Bail- way, Puerto Wilches toward Bucaramanga, 12 miles (20 km.) ; Amaga Bailway, Medellin to Angelopolis, 26 miles (42 km.) ; Caldas Bailway, from Calabazos (Puerto Caldas), to Manizales, 73 miles (120 km.). Bag-gage Bates. — Neither railroad nor steamship lines grant re- duced baggage rates to commercial travelers. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Travelers must be able to present to the customs officials at the port of arrival a consular invoice, writ- ten in Spanish, covering samples and fully describing them. This must be certified by the Colombian consul at the port of embarka- tion. The customs authorities at Colombian ports require the en- trant to have a manifest, made in quadruplicate, bearing stamps to the value of $0.40 for each sheet. This manifest must be filed at the customhouse with the consular invoice. When samples are cleared the customs officials return to the traveler one copy of the manifest. Samples of no commercial value may be imported free t>f duty, and no bond or security need be given. Samples which have a commercial value may be imported for temporary display upon payment of the full duty, with a refund of 75 per cent of the duty upon their reexportation. Instead of actually paying the duties the matter may be arranged by 'giving bond. The preparation of papers for the bond should be made by experienced customs brokers. This will save time and inconvenience. ^Reexportation of Samples. — Samples may be reexported through any port. The refund of the duties paid, however, can only be ob- COLOMBIA. 337 tained at the customhouse of the original port of entry upon pre- sentation of the manifest and due notification of the customhouse through which the samples were reexported. If the traveler enters by way of Barranquilla and departs by way of Buenaventura, he should send a copy of the manifest of reexportation, which he receives from the customhouse, to some agent or friend at the port of importation for the collection of the refund. In order to be en- titled to a refund of duty, the samples must be reexported within one year from date of entry. Time Required for Clearance. — There is no unusual delay in the, clearance of. traveler's baggage, particularly if he is alert. If samples have no value the matter is particularly easy. When sam- ples are dutiable the traveler may find it advantageous to arrange with, some reliable house to give a bond covering the payment of the duties, as the clearance might take several days. Travelers" must pay duty on tobacco and cigars. Special Eestriction on Samples. — There are certain definite re- strictions placed, on samples subject to free admission: Samples of cloth, felt, and colored papers must not exceed 40 centimeters, (about 16 inches) in length, measured in the direction of the warp,, although they may have the full width of the piece. Larger sam- ples of such material must be mutilated by cuts 20 centimeters (about 8 inches) apart. Samples of oilcloth must not exceed 30 centimeters (about 12 inches) in either .dimension. Samples of, rope, metal threads, or wooden moldings must not exceed 8 centi- meters (about 3 inches) in length. Samples of wines liquors, and similar beverages must come in containers of a capacity not ex- ceeding half a liter (0.52 quart). Jewelry and plate of any metal must be mutilated. Duties on Advertising Matter. — Advertising matter is subject to the following rates of duty per kilo (2.2046 pounds) gross weight: Advertisements on, paper or cardboard, with. or without oleographs, and with or without cardboard frames, 2 cents ; calendars in pamphlet form or for walls;. 1 cent ; calendars in sheets; 2 cents ; advertisements on tin plate, 17 cents ; on enameled iron, 20 cents \ on copper, bronze, brass, or similar metals, 51 cents. Catalogues are admitted free of duty. Commercial Traveler's Tax. — r While there is no Government tax, a municipal tax is. assessed in certain, cities. The following are some of the taxes : Cartagena and Medellin, $10 to $20 for the calendar year, payable into the municipal treasury. License is issued by the alcalde, or mayor, on presentation of the .treasurer's receipt. Bo- : gota^ Some time ago a tax of $25 per month was fixed for each house represented by a commercial traveler. The matter was con- tested. (Note: The municipal taxes are not often collected.) Passports. — No traveler should visit Colombia without a passport from the. United States Government. This should be taken to the consular representative of Colombia, at the port of departure for vis§, authorizing the traveler's entry into Colombia. For a traveler who is not an American citizen, application should be made to the Colombian consul for a, Colombian passport., A photograph of the ^■aveler should invariably appear on the passport. 338 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. Best Visiting Time. — The most agreeable time in general for a traveler in Colombia, particularly in the uplands, is from December to April or May. The rainy season begins the latter part of April or May and lasts until November. It should be noted, however, that the Magdalena is most readily navigable from May to. No- vember. As in most South American countries, merchants like to be prepared with 'good stocks for the Christmas holidays and for Easter. In addition, celebrations such as the Mardi Gras festival; Independence Day (July 20), and Independence Day of Oartegena (Nov.- 11); observed along the northern coast, are good times for business: For traveling in the interior, July and August are the most inclement months {but in 'the Departments of Cauca, Valle, and Narino from the middle of June to September is a good time). This'is the season of the "paramos.' 1 These are the gray fogs caused by the damp air from the plains being carried over the sierras. The effect of the " paramos " is extremely chilling and penetrating, often causing severe illness, including rheumatism and other com- plaints. The dry or summer season, beginning about November 20 and lasting until the middle of February, is the most pleasant time. The roads are then in the best condition, while during the rainy season, already described, they are practically impassable. TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULTIES.— The number of rail- roads in Colombia is limited. With the exception of steamship serv- ice on the Magdalena and a few other rivers, dependence must be placed on horses and mules. For the transportation of trunks, sam- ples, and baggage to many of the interior places pack mules are Utilized. Tambos. — Travelers who must go by horse or mule back will find it necessary to stop at " posadas." These are primitive so-called inns. The accommodations are, as a rule, very poop and the food scarce. They are, however, the best accommodations that can be obtained. It is under such conditions that the traveling outfit de- scribed on page 340 is inost needed. River Navigation.^-There is' a wide difference in the steamers which ply between the coast and La Dorada. When conditions are unfavorable, as in times of low water, the delays are many. Ordi- narily the time between Barranquilla and La Dorada, 613 miles (987 km.), is from 7 to 9 days'. As the river travel is usually heavy, travelers should arrange in advance for accommodations. It is always best to take the " express " boat rather than the ordinary. Before leaving Barranquilla the traveler should telegraph to La Dorada for reservation on the upper river steamer, using the " ex- traordinary " telegraph service, as the " ordinary " telegram may not arrive in time. (Note: The express steamers almost invariably make the train connection at La Dorada and the steamer connection at Beltran.) Caution. — When traveling by river it is desirable to take all the precautions outlined on page 340. Unless this is done great discom- fort may result. Pack Trains. — This is a method of transportation known in prac- tically all Latin American countries whereno railroads exist. The owners of pack trains usually cover a certain district which they COLOMBIA. 339 Ioigw thoroughly, > having definite starting points and places at which they stop. The traveler will find it advantageous to consult with merchants in the places from which the trip is to be made to ascertain the name of the most reliable owner of mules. The sizes of pack trains vary. There are usually not less than 6 or 7 mules, and sometimes as many as 20 to 24. Each pack train is' usually di- rected by the owner, who is assisted by one or two " arrieros," who are his helpers. Cost of Pack Trains. — The cost is determined by the distance to be covered, the number of animals that are needed to transport the baggage or merchandise, and the size of the loads. Generally the price at first fixed is subject to reduction by shrewd bargaining. Travelers who have to use pack trains will find it advantageous to telegraph ahead before undertaking a journey along roads over which there is not much trading', else they may not succeed in finding pack trains at all points. On the journey the pasturage, food, and shoeing are for the account of the traveler, who is also responsible for the mules. This responsibility also holds in case of sickness or death of a mule. Packing.^Pay strict attention to instructions of merchants and transmit them carefully to the home office. Take pains to explain why it is necessary to make small, strong packages, as light as pos- sible, consistent with, mule-back transportation, which obtains in so many places. If customers are located in Cartagena or Barran- quilla they may still wish the goods packed in bales; as they trans- act business with the interior. Goods should generally be packed in cases or bales, well protected, and about 50 to 60 kilos (110 to 130 lbs.), sometimes 70 to 90 kilos (150 to 200 pounds), in weight. Customers should always be asked as to how merchandise should he packed and for which point it is destined. Baggage. — Trunks, samples, arid baggage intended for trans- portation on mule back should not exceed 100 pounds each (two to the mule). On the river steamers (express 1 service) no large baggage is allowed in the cabins. The use of large and unwieldy sample cases 'is inadvisable, as their handling is extremely rough and no claims for damage are entertained by the steamship and rail- road companies. Importance of Coffee Crop. — Salesmen who anticipate visiting Colombia should make a careful study of the coffee crop and inform themselves in advance of the crop conditions. Such a study will greatly assist in gauging the- possibilities of sales. This is of much importance, because the ability of Colombian merchants to import foreign merchandise is in direct relation to the coffee crop of the country and its market price. If there is a large crop sold at high prices, foreign buying is brisk. If the crop is small or price is low, the reverse is generally the case. Selling Seasons. — The wholesale importers sell goods in the inte- rior on .the basis of six months' time. Payments are made after the first coffee-picking season in November and December. The main season, however, is in June, July, and August, when the largest crop is harvested. It is in the latter months that the buying season 340 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. of the country is aft-itsr height, when stocks of merchandise are put in for the entire season by the smaller dealers of the interior. Salesmen visiting the country duiairg the sparing months' will likely find-' business slow. This would also be- the ease after August and during the fall months. However, under normal conditions, the bulk of the trade ia , such a line as textiles is usually placed' six months, in advance,, except, of couarse, wherei certain lines have been exhausted. Information Regarding Cropa. — The Colombian Government maintains- a bureau of information in the Bush Terminal Building, New York City. This cooperates with the various Colombian con- suls scattered throughout the United States. Information is also obtainable from the district offices of the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, of the Department of Commerce. The Mercantile Bank of the Americas, New York, which maintains branches in Colombia, ia also in a position to- give such information. Equipment for Travelers in Colombia..— The travelers s&oulct siap4- ply himself with the following equipment : The usual travel outfit, toilet articles, etc. ; medium weight and heavy clothing such as is worn in the United States (this for Manizales and Bogota) ; light clothing, suits of duck, Palm Beach, etc., usually white in color ; white canvas shoes, etc. ; straw or Panama hat; towels, sheets, etc, including bath towels.; plenty of good soap, enough to last entire trip if possible ; folding camp cot (air mattress or other kind) or a hammock ; twoi woolen blankets for crossing the snow mountains ; a light cotton blanket or cover for use. on the river; mosquito bait; electric flashlight ; waterproof rubber poncho for cover when ridiOg in the rain ; riding saddle equipped with broad stirrups, pocket, etc. ;•• leggins, spurs, halter, bridle, etc. Medicine' outfit : Quinine in some form ; bismuth or Sun cholera mixture; boric acid for prickly heat; ammonia; alcohol; insect powder; oil of lavender t® avoid mosquitoes (some travelers use mosquito boots made of light canvas and also a head net). - Baggage should be packed' in small, military 'size trunks which cam be packed on a mule ; two trunks to the pack, each not exceeding 100 pounds in weight, if good time is t» be made in riding across the country., All packs should be covered with waterproof material when on the trail. A good pack is the rawhide valises made in the country for the purpose. These are just the right size for a mule pa«k, are cheap and waterproof, and stand all sorts of hard usage on the trail, A good supply of bottled water must be carried on the river steamers, and a supply of canned fruits and vegetables is also es- sential. Except in Bogota, the food on the river steamers and at the hotels is very poor. Health Precautiosis.— Travelers iu: Colombia, on the coast or hot lands of the interior where there is malaria, should secure living quarters on the second story i£ possible. Both doors and windows shouW be wire screened and their closing watched, since the servants have no idea what this means. A -mosquito net should always be used on the bed. In Santa Marta, Barranquilla, and Cartagena rooms should be selected facing the sea so as to get the benefit of CQLQMBIA. ,,-,., 341 the trade winds, which carry away insects such as mosquitoes and temper the heat at night and during the day. The matter of food is of primary importance and is a hard prob- lem to solve anywhere on the coast. Food is badly prepared ; too much grease and too much meat are used. Good cooking is an un- known art, except in the homes of the wealthy. Fresh vegetables are almost unknown. Milk must be watched carefully. Water must be boiled and filtered, as typhoid is always present in the cities of both coast and interior. Most foreign residents import tinned but- ter, vegetables, and fruits for their own table use. Even with all these precautions, it is impossible to escape malaria. In the evening when one is away from a screened interior one's hands, ankles, neck, and face are exposed to the bite of the mosquito, and quinine in some form .is, restorted to as a specific for prevention. In the interior cities, such as Medellin, Manizales, and Bogota, there is no malaria, and in these cities the traveler can live in comfort. The mountain streams, small and swift, allow no collec- tion of stagnant waters, and few mosquitoes breed at elevations above 5,000 feet. . Shipments to Order. — The Colombian customs law authorizes the clearance of merchandise from the customhouse on presentation of the certified consular invoice, together with four copies of the cus- tomhouse manifest, this latter to be made and signed by the im- porter or his agent ; but it does not require the presentation of the bill of lading for this purpose. The clearance must be effected with- in five days from receipt of the shipment at the customhouse. Should the importer fail to receive a copy of the invoice, he may ask the pustoms collector to issue an extra copy ;of the certified in- voice, for which a small fee is charged in stamped paper. Consignments " to order " are not recognized by Colombian fiscal laws, and the only manner in which such shipments could be made would be by consigning the shipment, under previous agreement with the bank or import agents and the importer, to a bank or im- port agent. This is done only on rare occasions. . The usual cus- tom among American ,iand European exporters is to ship the mer- chandise direct to the importer and, if a draft is to be presented for acceptance of payment on delivery at Barranquilla, this is sent through some bank. The house on which the draft is drawn must accept or pay the draft in accordance with its contract with the exporter or find its credit damaged by failure to do so. American exporters who are doing large business with Colombia find these regulations acceptable, if not entirely satisfactory, and continue doing profitable business with Colombian merchants on the basis mentioned. Terms. — There should be a clear understanding regarding terms. If goods are sold with documents attached to drafts which must be paid, or accepted before goods are released, the customer living in the interior will suffer, since it often takes from two to three weeks for the transmission of mail from the coast to the interior. In the meantime the goods may have arrived at the port. Hotel Bates. — In the larger cities, such as Barranquilla, Carta- gena, Medellin, Cali, and Bogota, the best hotels (American plan) 90821°— 22 23 342 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. charge from $4 to $6 per day, American gold. The rates at sec- ond-class hotels are somewhat less. In the smaller towns accom- modations can be had for $1^50 to $2.50 per day, American gold. They are necessarily inferior. In Bogota one can obtain rates on the European plan also, as there are good restaurants. Generally speaking, the American plan is most acceptable to the majority of travelers. Sales Agencies. — In order to cover Colombia properly, the terri- tory, which is of vast extent, should be subdivided. Agencies granted to firms in Bogota for the entire Republic are not generally successful. An agent may be appointed either in Cartagena or Barranquilla to work the territory from Rio Hacha to Cartagena, and up the Sinu and Atrato Rivers. Other agencies may be estab- lhised at Medellin, Bogota, Manizales, Cali, and Cucuta for the coun- try surrounding these towns. The Venezuelan Andes, sometimes worked from Maracaibo, Venezuela, may be included in the Cuqnta territory. General Remarks. — The difficulties of transportation make it im- possible for the average traveler to canvass the Republic as thor- oughly as he may wish. The majority of commercial travelers content themselves with visiting Cartagena, Barranquilla, and Santa Marta, on the Atlantic coast. They then continue the trip to Medellin, and go on to Bogota, the capital. The facilities for reach- ing the west coast are very limited, hence the majority of travelers return to the Atlantic coast. Some prefer to visit Baranquilla on their way into the interior, and depart from Colombia by way of Cartagena ; others do the reverse. However, many go from Bogota to southern Colombia. The important cities of Bucaramanga and Cucuta could be canvassed by the traveler for Venezuela. Pacific Coast. — On the Pacific coast travelers who are on their way to Ecuador and Chile sometimes find it desirable to stop off at Buenaventura and take the train for Cali ; they then return to the coast and proceed southward. The other cities are usually left to the local wholesalers to canvass. As a general rule, the best cities of Colombia are in the interior, and travelers should not be discouraged because the ports and some of the villages on the coast are very poor. PUBLIC HIGHWAYS. — The roads and trails of Colombia are divided into three groups — national, departmental, and municipal. The national highways are those uniting the capital with the fron- tier and strategical points. The principal highways are as follows : Central Northern Highway. — From Bogota to Cucuta, via Tunja, Tequia, Malaga, Chinacota, and Pamplona; about 170 miles (273 km.) in service. Highway from Cucuta to the Magdalena. — Partly under construc- tion and partly under survey. The Southwestern Road. — This will unite Bogota with the ex- treme southern part of the country, passing through Ibague, Ca- larca, Tulua, Popyan, and Pasto; some sections in service and some under construction. Road from Pasto to Puerto Asis. — Passes through San Francisco and Mocoa ; two-thirds constructed. COLOMBIA. 343 The Northeastern Road. — Prom Bogota to Gamarra, above the Magdalena River, passing through Chiquinquira, El Socorro, and Bucaramanga. Some parts are cart roads, which it is planned to improve. The Sarare Road. — Between Pamplona and Tame, destined to unite the northern part of the Department of Santander with the plains of Oasanare. Partly constructed and partly under survey. The Eastern Road. — This will unite Bogota with, Calamar on the TJnilla River,, passing by Villavicencio and San Martin. Road in service to Villavicencio, and in survey from there on. The Quibdo Road. — Along the Atrato in the Intendency of Choco to the city of Bolivar in the Department of Antioquia. The Guadalupe Road. — In the Department of Huila to a point on the Orteguasa River, via Florencia; all in service. The Tarumal Road. — From Yarumal, Department of Antioquia, to Monteria, Department of Bolivar (projected). Garretera de Cambao. — From Bogota to port of Oambao on Mag- dalena River. ROUTES USUALLY FOLLOWED. TRIP TO BOGOTA (with Side Trips). — From Cartagena by steamer to Puerto Colombia ; thence by rail to Barranquilla ; Mag- dalena River boat, calling at Calamar; Mompos; side trip, if de- sired, by mule back to Magangue, Since, and Lorica; return to Mompos and continue by river boat to El Banco ; Gamarra ; side trip, if desired, by mule back to Ocana ; return to Gamarra and continue by river boat to Puerto Wilches ; thence via Sogomoso River to Florida, and then road to Bucaramanga. Instead of re- turning from Ocana to Gamarra, one can go by mule trail from Ocana to Bucaramanga, three to four days' journey, and from Bucaramanga to Puerto Wilches via cart road to Florida and then by Sogomoso River. From Puerto Wilches the trip is continued by Magdalena River boat to Barranca Bermeja (petroleum district) ; thence to Puerto Berrio ; side trip, if desired, by Antioquia Railroad to Medellin, and by mule back to Sonson and Manizales; return to Puerto Berrio and continue by Magdalena River boat to La Dorado; thence by rail around rapids to Beltran (Ambalema), stopping on the way at Honda; Beltran by river boat to Girardot; side trip, if desired by rail to Ibague ; return to Girardot ; thence by rail to Facatativa. The pass being over 10,000 feet above sea level, trav- elers affected by altitude can stop at Esperanza to become ac- climated. From Facatativa by Sabana Railway to Bogota. Cost, Barranquilla to Bogota, about $103 by express ; about $73 by inter- mediate. From Barranquilla one can also go to Santa Marta by river boat to Cienaga and thence by rail. Other Routes. — From Buenaventura by Pacific Railroad to Cali; by Pacific Railroad to Palmira ; by Pacific Railroad to Buga ; thence by river boat up the Cauca to Cartago ; thence by mule back to Manizales, and continue as in trip outlined above ; or turn south at Girardot and go by mule trail to Neiva'. During rainy season Neiva may be reached from Girardot by boat via Magdalena River. From 344 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Nfiiva through. Guanaco Pass to Popayan, Pasto, Barbacoas, thence flown rivers 'Patia and Telembie to Tumaco (Pacific port). 'From Maracaibo, Venezuela, across Lake Maracaibo to Encon- trados; thence via Zulia River to Puerto Villamizar, and then by rail to Cucuta ; .from Cucuta by mule back to Pamplona and return ; or continue from Pamplona by mule back to Bucaramanga and con- tinue as outlined to trip to Bogota. ; Average Time of Trip.— Barranquilla to La Dorada, 613 miles (987 km.), about 6 or ,7 days; La Dorada to Beltran (railroad), 69- miles (ill km.), 4 hours; Beltran to Girardot, 95 miles (153 km.), 14 hours; Girardot to Facatativa, 82 miles (132 km.), 8 hours; Facatativa to Bogota, 25 miles (40 km.), about 3 hours. Average time from the Atlantic coast to Bogota, 9 days ; cost, about $125. . SOUTHWARD IN THE INTERIOR.— Bogota to Facatativa, Girardot, Neiva, Paramo de Guanacos, La Plata, Popayan, Alma- guer, Pasto, Tuquerres, Ipiales, Barbacoas, and Tumaco. Note. — A. hard, difficult trip is the one here outlined, but it per- mits the traveler to visit some places at which considerable busi- ness is done, including Popayan, Pasto, and Barbacoas. The trav- eler can leave by "way of Tumaco. NORTHWARD FROM BOGOTA. — Bogota to Zipaquira, Tunja, Yelez, Socorro, Bucaramanga, Pamplona, and Cucuta. Note.-TThese; towns north of Bogota are usually worked by sales- men who " make " the smaller- places. This trip also is a hard one. These places are generally left to the wholesale dealers of Bogota or Medellin to canvass. FROM CARTAGENA. — To Puerto Cesar ; thence via the Atrato to Quibdo. Also from Cartagena via the Sinu River, to Lorica, Mon- teria, and Cerete. Note. — These places are usually left to the houses of Cartagena and Barranquilla. Occasionally the traveler who works "very close " visits them. FROM THE PACIFIC SIDE. — 1. Tumaco (port) to Barbacoas, Pasto, Tuquerresv and Ipiales. Some steamers stop at Tumaco and permit the visiting of these towns, which are described elsewhere. The nature of the traveler's line should determine whether these towns should be visited. 2. Buenaventura (port) to Dagua and Cali; thence (a) northward to Palmira, Buga, and Oartago; side trip, if desired, to Manizales and Sonson; or (6) southward to Popayan. The traveler who is going down the west coast via the Pacific Steam Navigation Co; can stop at Buenaventura. Not all steamship lines visit this port. From Buenaventura, Dagua, Cali, and Cartago can easily be reached EXTREME WESTERN PART. — Enter from Venezuela, via Lake Maracaibo and Zulia River, to Puerto Villamizar; thence to Cucuta, Pamplona, Bucaramanga, and Puerto Wilches. Also Cucuta to Bodega Central. Note. — Cucuta, as a rule, is canvassed from Lake Maracaibo. It can only be reached with difficulty from the interior via Bucara- manga. DISTANCES FROM BOGOTA.— The following. distances are in miles, with kilometer equivalents in parentheses: Ambalema, 74 COLOMBIA. 348 (119 km.*) ; Antioquia, 355 (572 km.) ; Barbacoas, 624 (1,005 km.)'; Barranquilla, 745 (1,200 km.) ; Bucaramanga, 227 (365 km.) ; Buenaventura, 343 (552 km.) ; Buga, 252 (405 km:); Cali, 298 (480 km.) ; Cartagena, 714 (1,150 km.) ; Cartago, 196 (315 km:) ; Chi- quinquira, 82 (132 km.) ; Corozal, 612 (985 km.) ; Facatativa, 25 (40 km.) ; Girardot, 75 (122 km.) ; Honda, 81 (130 km.) ; Ibague, 112 (180 km.) ; La Dorada, 202 (326 km.) ; Manizales, 155 (250 km.) ; Medellin, 502 (807 km.) ; Mompos, 513 (825 km.) ; Neiva, 172 (277 km.) ; Ocana, 438 (705 km.) ; Palmira, 288 (465 km.) ; Pamplona, 211 (340 km.) ; Pasto, 510 (820 km.) ; Popayan, 354 (570 km.) ; Puerto Berrio, 208 (335 km.) ; Quibdo, 270 (435 km.) ; Bio Hacha, 891 (1,435 km.) ; Cucuta, 304 (490 km.) ; Socorro, 162 (260 km.) ; Sonaon, 149 (240 km.) ; Tumaco, 531 (855 km.) ; Tunja, 99 (160 km.) ; Zipaquira, 34 (55 km.). Time of Trips Into Interior. — From Bogota to Neiva, shortest route, 162 miles (261 km.), 5 days; Neiva to Popayan, 7 to 9 days; Popayan to Pasto; 6 to 9 days ; Popayan to the Pacific, via Cali, 4 days ; Pasto to Ipiales, 3 days ; Pasto to Barbacoas, 9 days ; Neiva to Ibague, 4 days ; Ibague to Manizales, 3 days ; Ibague to Cartago, 3 days ; Popayan to Buga, 4 days ; Buga to Manizales, via Cartago, 3 days ; Buga to Cali, 3 days ; Bogota to Ambalema, 2 days ; Bogota to Honda, 2 days ; Ambalema to Manizales, 4 days": Points of Interest. — Colombia offers the traveler wonderful sight- seeing opportunities, including glorious mountains, fertile valleys, ancient Spanish colonial architecture, and picturesque methods of transportation. Only a few of the chief items of interest are specified below. Cartagena : An extraordinary ancient walled city ; very pictur- esque type of Spanish colonial architecture; easily accessible. Santa Marta : Just outside is San Pedro Alejandrino, the house in which the patriot Bolivar passed away; his monument is also near by ; Santa Marta was founded in 1525. Banana plantations : Near Santa Marta are the great banana plantations of the United Fruit 06. ; also coffee plantations in the Sierra Nevada. Magdalena River: One of the three most important rivers of South America, with numerous methods of transportation. Emerald mines : Near. Muzo. Quindio Pass : One of the most wonderful passes through the entire Andes. Cauca Valley:. A very fertile and beautiful val- ley; this is the region made famous by Jorge Isaacs in his novel "Maria." Bogota: Impressive Government buildings; statues, and attractive mountainous environment. Popayan, Pamplona, anil Tuquerres: Picturesque, delightful cities which were founded b,y the Spanish in colonial times, Snow mountains: Santa Marta (Sierra Nevaida de Santa Marta), Huila, Tolima, and El Quindia Tequendema Falls : Near Bogota. Holidays.— -The State religion being Roman Catholic, the chief, feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays Which are officiaUy recognized. In addition to the church festivals, the following holi- days are' officially observed : January 1, New Year's Pay,; July 20, Independence Day; July 24, birthday of Bolivar (not universally 346 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. observed) ; August 6, founding of Bogota (at Bogota only) ; August 7, anniversary of the Battle. of Boyaca; October 12, discovery of America; November 11, independence of Cartagena (at Cartagena and Barranquilla only) ; December 25, Christmas Day. TRAVEL NOTES IN DETAIL.* For the guidance of commercial travelers or other Americans who may visit Colombia, there are presented below certain observations and directions, representing the result - of actual experience in traversing the waterways, railways, and mountain trails of the Republic. Since the .problems of travel in Colombia are unusually difficult and perplexing, it is believed that such a series of notes will serve a useful purpose by indicating to the traveler the conditions to be encountered, thp things to be avoided, and the measures that should be taken in order to. insure the greatest practicable degree of comi fort, safety, and expedition. The trips covered hy these "Travel notes" include the principal ones ordinarily taken by business men visiting the country. SANTA MARTA TO BARRANQUILLA. The Santa Marta Railway Co. maintains & steamer service- from Cienaga to Barranquilla, with sailings twice a week, on Tuesdays and Saturdays, the boats connecting with the train, from Santa Marta. The fare by rail to Cienaga, a distance of 22 miles, is $1.40 Colomr. bian ($1.36 TJ. S. currency),; and the boat fare to Barranquilla is $3 ($2.92TT, S. currency) first class and $i ($0.97 TJ. S. currency), second class. There are two staterooms, which must be reserved and for which an extra charge of $2 ($1.95 U. S. currency) is made. These are mere wooden inclosures on -deck,, equipped with nothingr but a folding canvas cot without bedding. First-class passengers are provided with canvas cots on deck at night, but are expected to furnish their own pillows, mats, and sheets, as well as soap, toweis, etc. Meals are served oh board, but the discriminating trav- eler will carry a hamper of lunch and also provide bottled water for drinking purposes. The route from Cienaga to Barranquilla is through swamps and channels formed by the delta of the Magdalena River. There is an open but very shallow body of water called " La Cienaga," which reaches as far as the ocean, and the steamers approach Cienaga through an artificial, dredged channel. About two-thirds of the distance of 50 miles to Barranquilla is through very narrow channels called " canaies," the draft being not over 2 feet 6 inches and im- possible of navigation by vessels any iarger than those employed. Progress is slow and very difficult, with many chances of running * These invaluable notes are taken from " Columbia : A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, by P. L. Bell, a trade commissioner of the Bureau of Foreign and Doinesmtic Commerce. It is Special Agents Series No. 206 in. the. Bureau's publications, and is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, for 70 cents, bound in cloth. COLOMBIA. 347 aground. The boat stops several times during the voyage to take on more wood for fuel, and this is a tedious process, so that the speed made is not more than 5 miles per hour. Only when privacy is necessary should the staterooms be taken, as they are too hot and unventilated to allow one to remain in them very long. The trip should not be made at night, if that is avoid- able, on account of the myriads of mosquitoes encountered in going through the swamps. When the boat stops (as it frequently does), passengers are covered with these pests, dangerous on account of malaria. Travelers should provide themselves with good close-mesh folding mosquito bars as part of their baggage, although such are not in use by the natives. The trip by daylight is not unattractive. The snow-capped peaks of the Sierra Nevada are seen to the east, and the swamp life and vegetation are interesting. Approaching Barranquilla one begins to see cattle pastures j on the higher ground, where the land has been cleared, fenced, and planted to para or guinea grass. Here the cow^ boys' means of locomotion is: a long, narrow dugout canoe. Many large alligators are seen and also flocks of the famous aigrette heron, or "garza." , It is said by people who have been over the ground that a fine automobile road could easily be made between Santa Marta , and Barranquilla by using the natural roadway of the Island of Sala- manca lying along the coast, where no road work wouljd have to be done for the greater part of the total distance; A short stretch of elevated road would have to be put in near Santa Marta and some piling used near the Barranquilla end, with a ferry across the Magdalena Biver at Barranquilla. Such a route could not at present be made commercially profitable, because motor traffic over it could not compete with the low prices charged by the natives for transport- ing freight in dugouts. . These are poled through the swamps at a very insignificant figure, CARIBBEAN COAST TO PUERTO BERRIO. Condition of Biver. — The Magdalena Biver, in its lower reaches, below Puerto Barrio, is very wide between its main banks — in some places reaching a total width of more than a mile, but this great area is not always covered with water. JDuring the dry season of the year the volume of water is very small compared with the width of the river ; the navigable channels are narrow and interrupted by large and small sand bars and mud banks which constantly change position. Biver pilots watch the current for deep water, since there are no aids to navigation, these latter being impracticable on account of the constant change in the channels. It is also impossible during the dry season to run at night; the boats are tied up to the' bank at some convenient woodpile, and the hours of darkness are used to load wood for fuel for the following day. There are also many islands, some of them inhabited and used for farming on a very small scale and as pastures, for cattle. Some of these islands are very large, the river passing on either side and 348 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in places forming; many channels, confusing to the river pilots. The islands are being constantly eroded by the river, with the conse- quent formation of new sand bars and banks, which gradually be- come new " islands." In other places the river has spread out into great " lakes " of very shallow water, sometimes a mile or more in width. In many places swamps have been formed by the overflow water during the rainy, or flood, seasons. These swamps cover enormous areas on both sides of the river and are impassable for any craft except the small dugouts of the natives., who know the narrow channels and the intricacies of the tropical water growth. The water of the river, even in the dry season, carries considerable silt and has a muddy appearance. During the rainy season steamers go up the river from Barran- quilla to La Dorada (the head of navigation on the Lower River), a distance of 987 kilometers (617 miles) in five days, running at night on the Lower River as far up as Gamarra. They come down in three days with the swift current This applies to express steamers, which stop only for wood fuel and for mail at such towns as Zambrano, Magangue, Banco, La Gloria, Gamarra, Bodega Cen- tral, Puerto Wilches, and Barranca Bermeja. Steamers and Service. — The river steamers are all of the stern- wheel type. The hulls are built of steel;- with light wooden upper works, and the models are all of the so-called " spoon-bow " type, this type having been found to be the best on account of the many encounters with sand bars, snags, and other obstructions in the river. Service is divided into three classes — (1) express passenger and freight service, (2) intermediate passenger and freight service, and (3) ordinary freight service. Express boats stop only at the more important towns and carry the mail to and from the interior. These steamers have the right of way over all other river traffic. " Intermediate " boats make more stops, carry more heavy freight, and usually take twice as long to make the run as the express boats. These boats are not as large or as well equipped as the , express steamers, which latter are furnished with ice-maMng machines, electric lights, shower baths, and electric fans in the staterooms. On express steamers an electric player piaho is also provided for the diversion of the passengers. During the dry season the trip from Barranquilla may consume anywhere from one to three weeks, according to the condition of the river and the luck with sand bars and other obstructions en- countered en route. In such times an entire day is often spent in seeking out a channel through the bars and islands with enough water to float the boat through. A common occurrence is for the boat to become so fast on a bar that plates are damaged and the boat rendered useless. Then the passengers have to wait' patiently for another boat to be sent out to transfer them and continue the trip up or down the river, as the case may be. Equipment for River Travel. — The staterooms on the express boats must be engaged in advance, a charge of 20 per cent in excess COLOMBIA. 349 of the regular first-class fare being made for this accommodation. If a room is wanted for one person only, a charge Of 40 per cent in excess of fare is made. It no stateroom is available, passengers are provided with, a folding canvas cot and sleep on deck. ; On the express boats, staterooms are furnished with' a canvas cot, a washbowl, and a water pitcher — nothing more. Passengers must provide their own outfit, consisting of mat, two sheets, a pillow, a mosquito net, towels, soap, etc., and a small traveling-case mirror will be found convenient. The better boats on the express service have electric fans in the staterooms and the dining room. As the heat is terrific at all seasons of the year (at night as well as in the daytime>, the traveler should inform himself, before engaging passage, whether the boat is equipped with fans or not. It is im- possible to stay in these rooms after 9 o'clock in thfe morning on account of the heat. 'About the only place on the boat where any degree of comfort may be obtained during the day is in the dining- room space, Which is open fore and aft, the after portion of the first deck being devoted to kitchen offices and the boilers being under the forward end on the main-hull deck, under the passenger deck, making this part of the craft too hot. The upper deck, or " texas," is exposed to the sun and can not be used except at night, when it becomes an unpleasant and possibly dangerous place on account of the mosquitoes and other insects. When the boat ties up to the bank for the night insects become so numerous that one has to take refuge in the stateroom under the mosquito net, with the fan in operation. The food is very poor and badly prepared and served. Meat is used to- excess, and the traveler will do well to provide himself with a few cans of fruits, vegetables, etc. ' Mineral water can he pur- chased on all express boats, and its use is recommended for drinking purposes. Every precaution should be taken to avoid infection, and fever specific should be used to prevent malaria. It will be found impossible to do any clerical work or writing on board, except early in the morning before 9 o'clock. After that hour the rooms become too heated for one to remain in them for any length 6f time, and the dining space becomes too crowded for work. Heading matter should be provided ; it will prove to be the traveler's best friend and will aid in overcoming the monotony of the river journey. When one goes ashore at the various stops the water there should not be taken nor should one purchase the confections offered for sale, as the conditions under which these latter are made are not sanitary and disease is very prevalent 1 Travelers going ashore should not endeavor to penetrate into the tropical growth, unless there is a wide clear path or road ; this precaution is to avoid the ticks, chiggers, and other insects, wliich will result in discomfort. An important item of equipment is a pair of large colored spec- tacles, since the' glare of the sun on the water is very trying on the eyes. A good cork sun helmet' of approved make is the best head covering out in the country; but this is too heavy to wear on board the steamers. A good wide-brimmed Panama hat will be found the 350 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. most comfortable headgear. Blankets are not necessary on the river, though a light covering, such as a bedspread, should be car- ried to avoid the chill of the tropical morning after a hot night. Palm Beach or white duck clothing is used, and a good grade of light khaki will be found very suitable for the river trip on account of the dirty condition of the boats, white cloths soiling too readily. DEPARTMENT OF ANTIOQUIA. Hotel Magdalena. — Upon leaving the. Magdalena River at Puerto Berrio, the traveler is favorably impressed with the Hotel Mag- dalena, situated on a hill within a few hundred yards of the river bank. This hotel was built by the government of the Department of Antioquia and is operated in connection with the railway service of the Antioquia Railway, the principal object being to provide a comfortable, modern, and hygienic stopping place for travelers bound in or out of the Department. This is one of the best hotels in the country, with the, exception of those in Bogota, the capital. Among its features are . the modern white-tiled baths — a great boon to the river passengers. The food served is good, and the time can be spent here very comfortably while one is waiting for a river steamer or for a train into the interior of the Department. The building was designed by an American architects, and is con- structed of reinforced concrete, with all interior fittings of hard- wood. All floors are of tile laid in cement, and all features are specially adapted to the tropical climate. . Town of Puerto Berrio. — The town of Puerto Berrio is the river port for the Department of Antioquia. Through this place pass all of the goods shipped into Medellin from the coast and for- eign markets ; Puerto Berrio also handles all the exports of, coffee from the Department of Antioquia, which produces 40 per cent of the coffee crop of Colombia. There is also a continuous commerce with the interior of the country in "panela " (brown-sugar cakes), of which Antioquia produces 22,000,000 annually and sells large quantities to the interior of the country. Considerable tobacco is also imported, principally from the Department of Santander, via Puerto Wilches, Gamarra, etc. Approximately 70,000 head of cattle are imported into Antioquia annually from the Department of Bolivar, and about one-half of these < are brought up the river on scows and shipped into Medellin via the Antioquia Railway. Antioquia Railway: Nus Division. — One train of mixed passen- ger and freight cars is run out of Puerto Berrio over the Nus Division to Linion each day, leaving at 6 a. m. First, second, and third class coaches are provided. The road winds in a series of many curves in a general westerly direction until the Nus River is reached at a point between Pavas and San Rafael. The maximum grade to this point of crossing the Nus River is 4.25 per cent and the average grade 2.733 per cent. AU tangents and curves are 90 meters in minimum radius. After crossing the Nus at Monos, the road strikes to the northwest, par- alleling the Nus River on the south bank until the headwaters are reached at Providencia. From there the road takes a general , COLOMBIA,., 351 westerly direction to Cisneros, the present terminal point of the ? Division. New work is in progress as far as El Limon — 7 kilo- meters from Cisneros proper — and reaching as far as the proposed tunnel site under the mountain of La Quiebra. The distance from Puerto Berrio to Cisneros is 109 kilometers (approximately 68 miles), the distance over the wagon road from Cisneros to Santiago is 14.7 kilometers (9 miles), and the distance from Santiago to Medellin by rail is 72 kilometers (45 miles). The railway from Puerto Berrio follows the grade along the hillsides, with many short curves and heavy grades. There are many places where the road could be shortened and straight pulls made possible by large fills and steel viaducts. The entire route is a mass of hills, with high mountains rising several thousands of feet out of the narrow valley through which the railway passes. At Puerto Berrio and for some distance toward Cisneros the country is tropical, like the Magdalena River valley, but, after one passes San Rafael at the Nus River, the country changes in appearance as the mining section is approached and greater elevation is attained. From here on onto Medellin one is reminded of the old gold country of California around Oroville and the Feather River region, though the vegetation is very different, there being no pine or oak here. The formation is red clay and iron-stained decomposed porphyry, interspersed with great granite bowlders. The streams and creeks, of which there are many, are swift and rocky. At La Quiebra there are several water- falls on the sides of the mountains, estimated; to produce sufficient electric horsepower for an electric traction railway over this moun- tain. All construction work has been accomplished by means of hand labor, and the only modern appliances used are the small Decauville portable hand cars with which fills are made and ballast taken out of rock cuts, etc. An enormous amount of work has been done in this manner all along this railway. Sides of cuts have to be faced with stone in many places to prevent erosion when heavy rains come during the two rainy seasons in this region, and there are many great dirt fills containing 200,000 cubic meters of earth. In this difficult country — a mass of hills and mountains, with all sorts of natural conditions to contend with — this railway stands out as a monument to industry and ingenuity in the face of odds. La Quiebra Pass. — Arriving at Cisneros, the traveler has the choice of two means of crossing the mountain to Santiago, the end of the Porce Division leading to Medellin., A carriage may be hired or the journey may be made by saddle animal. Leaving Puerto Berrio, the train arrives at Cisneros at 11 a. m., and the trip over the mountain can be made on horseback in about 1J hours, but as the train does not leave Santiago for Medellin until 4 p. m., travelers either take lunch at Cisneros before starting over the mountain or go to the top of La Quiebra for lunch at a rather good inn there. The stop at La Quiebra is very welcome, as it relieves the hard ride, rests the saddle or carriage animals, and gives one an op- portunity to enjoy the truly beautiful scenery and the mountain air after so many days spent on the tropical river. The elevation of La Quiebra at the highest point on the wagon road is 1,650 352 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. meters, or 5,080 feet, above sea level* Cisneros has an elevation of 1,055 meters or 3,380 feet. La Quiebra pass is 1,700 feet in the perpendicular above the town of Cisneros and 1,250 feet higher than Santiago. When one is not encumbered with small hand baggage, it is ad- visable to make the trip on horseback over the mountains. This method is more rapid than by carriage, as the animals provided in the latter case are small and in poor condition and can not make good time pulling a heavy vehicle up the grade. If the ride is made on horseback in the rainy season, the traveler would do well to have his poncho or other waterproof garment out and tied to the cantle of the saddle to avoid a wetting. If one is encumbered with small or valuable hand baggage, the trip is made by carriage, especially if it is raining. The charge for this service (which is not included in the railway fare or arrangements) is $1 for a saddle animal and $8 for a carriage for two persons, or $5 for one person, plus the charge for saddle animal, which is understood by custom to be included. (Note: During the dry season automobiles are available.) The La Quiebra wagon road 4s a well-built mountain road; the maximum curve radius is 70 meters ; the macadamized surface is 31 meters in width, with a total width of crowned surface of 5 meters. The average gradient is 6 per cent. Over this road pass all the im- ports and exports of Medellin and the interior of the Department of Antioquia. All freight is handled by means of small two-wheeled carts drawn by small native mules and loading from 6 to 8 sacks of coffee — that is, a total weight of from 850 to 1,140 pounds per cart cargo. Many pack mules are also used, the pack animals competing with the mule carts in this traffic, which is controlled and contracted for by the railway. There are also a few four-wheeled wagons which are used for heavy pieces moving over this route, and, in a heavy coffee- harvest season, these wagons are used to expedite the work of freighting coffee. This vehicle equipment is very poor and presents a somewhat dilapidated appearance. The harness of the mules consists of a collar and trace chains — nothing more — ropes being used for reins on the wheel animal. No real driving (as this term is properly understood) is done, the mules being practically "herded" along the road. This seems to be customary in all Latin American coun- tries where small native mules are used. It is also noted that little care is given the animals used. Crossing over La Quiebra Pass is an interesting experience to the traveler. A great contrast in the people is noted, as compared with the natives of the coast. Everywhere there are small houses, of one room and a " lean-to " kitchen arrangement These tiny houses are built of mud, molded into shape, or of cane " wattle " plastered with the prevalent red clay, and the roofs are most com- monly of thatch, but sometimes, in the better houses, of round tile, made on the ground or nearby. There is water everywhere along the road, and one rather large waterfall is passed. Bananas and sugar cane, and also yucca, a staple food article, are grown everywhere, even on the steep sides of COLOMBIA. 353 the mountain. Hardly a square yard of cultivable space is wasted by these industrious people. No large farms are seen, all agri- culture (on account of the broken - nature of the region) being in the hands of small farmers, Many small native cattle are raised, and these are pastured on the short grass of the mountainsides. Baggage. — All steamers arriving at Puerto Berrio are met by agents of baggage companies from Medellin who make a business of taking care of travelers' baggage from Puerto Berrio to. Medellin. Baggage is received on board the boat, taken ashore to the railway station for customs inspection, weighing, and checking, loaded on cars, and handled over La Quiebra Pass in time for the train at Santiago, being delivered to the passenger the following day at his lodgings in Medellin. A receipt is given for baggage received by the agent at Puerto Berrio, and the passenger, by availing himself of this service, is relieved of a great deal of trouble, annoyance, and danger of loss of baggage. Otherwise, there would be endless difficulty at Puerto Berrio, Cisneros, Santiago, and Medellin. The railway companies in Colombia do not maintain a baggage-checking system as in the United States, and no responsibility is acknowl- edged for transportation of baggage. All trunks and dunnage bags should be securely locked and valu- able hand baggage personally taken care of, since there is much pil- fering and loss. Antioquia Railway: Porce Division. — After one crosses La Quiebra Pass, the train leaves the station of Santiago at 4 p. m. for Medellin, a distance of 72 kilometers, or approximately 45 miles. It arrives at Medellin at 7 p. m. The track follows the Rio Porce, crossing it between Botero and Porcecito; stations and then taking a general southwesterly direction up the river to Medellin, which is on the headwaters of the Rio Porce. This is an enjoyable ride. The scenery is beautiful, there being high mountains along either side of the valley through which the railway runs, and everywhere small towns, villages, and tiny farms, of sugar cane, bananas and yucca. There is also considerable open ground on which cattle are pastured. The river is narrow and swift all along the route, and everywhere are seen evidences of old placer mining operations. The Rio Porce is the richest gold river in the country, but the upper reaches have been worked out long ago by the native gold washers. The roadbed on the Porce division is even better than that of the Nus division, and one is greatly impressed by the attractive railway stations all along this route. The buildings are all of concrete, with round tile roofs of attractive design, and all stations are surrounded with flower gardens and whitewashed stone borders, etc. Ample platforms of cement are also provided, and the entire system speaks very well for the Department of Antioquia. The passenger is again impressed by the truly beautiful railway station in Medellin. This building is of concrete throughout and is very modern, having an intercommunicating office telephone system, etc.,. among its features. Coal is used for fuel by thfr railway on the Porce Division. This coal comes from the Amaga fields and is brought in to Medellin by the Amaga Railway. This coal is highly volatile but can be de- livered at Santiago for less than $4 per ton. 354 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Steam brakes are used on all of the locomotives, hand brakes being used on the cars. A fairly good wagon road parallels the Force Division out of Medellin and down the river as far as Barbosa, passing through the towns of Copacabana, Girardota, and Goncepcion. While this road is not so good as the road at La Quiebra, it is passble for automobiles and wagon traffic and is well maintained. It is very little used, however, by wheeled vehicles except near Medellin and suburbs. Amaga Railway. — The Amaga Railway runs south from Medellin to the town of Amaga. This is also a narrow-gauge line, 36 inches in width, and of the same character and type as the Antioquia Railway, except that all equipment is much lighter and smaller, only 15-ton locomotives being used. The rails from Medellin as far as the watershed, also called La Quiebra, where the line leaves the headwaters of the Porce River, are of 40-pound steel, and from there on down the grade to the valley of Amaga the rails weigh 60 pounds per yard. The object of this road is to provide an outlet to the Cauca River from Medellin. With such connection, the Department of Antioquia will have an outlet on the Pacific coast through Cali to Buena- ventura. The line is constructed with a maximum curve radius of 80 meters and a 40-degree allowance. There are no tunnels or heavy bridges, the line following the grade along the hillsides ; an average of 166,000 cubic meters of dirt were moved for every kilometer of line after reaching the heavy work at La Quiebra, just south of the town of Caldas, where the road passes over the watershed after leaving the headwaters of the Porce River. There are 50 small steel bridges, the largest being over the Porce River (here called Medellin River), with a total length between abutments of 24 meters (78.7 feet). The gradients are as follows: Medellin to Sabaneta, kilometer 13, lA per cent ; Sabaneta to Caldas, kilometer 24, 2 per cent; Caldas to Primavera, kilometer 28, 2} per cent; Prima vera to Angelopolis, 3 per cent; Angelopolis to Amaga (that is, down into the small valley), 2i per cent. Medellin has an elevation of 1,480 meters (4,854 feet) above sea level. The highest point on the Amaga Railway, at La Quiebra, about 30 kilometers (19 miles) from Medellin, has an elevation of 1,900 meters (6,232 feet). The entire valley of the Porce as far as Caldas is under intensive cultivation, sugar cane being the principal crop. There are a num- ber of towns and villages, the most important being Envigado, where there is a large cotton factory, and Caldas, where there is a porce- lain factory where glass is also manufactured. As the train comes down into the valley from the station of La Primavera, the formation changes, a diorite and a so-called green " serpentine " being seen, and it is here that indications of coal deposits are observed. The principal freight handled on this line is coffee from the in- terior brought down to the railway on pack mules and pack oxen. The local passenger traffic is very heavy, and the road has been able to pay for new work out of proceeds. COLOMBIA. 355 As is the case with the Antioquia Railway from Puerto Berrio tp Medellin, the country is very mountainous and broken. The average cost per kilometer (0.62 mile) has been around $25,000, and some kilometers of heavy work have cost the country as high as $90,000. Maintenance cost is also high, as slides are frequent and entire hillsides have to be protected with riprap and retaining walls to prevent movement of dirt during the rainy season. The actual con- struction may be considered first-class work throughout for a nar- row-gauge line. The significant fact noted in passing over this line is the heavy curves and constant twisting of the road. As a trunk line for heavy traffic (as when connection is made with the Pacific coast), this line would have to be rebuilt and straightened out. Curves are so short and the grade is so heavy that, at the present time, only two cars of 10 tons each can be handled up the grade by one locomotive hauling coal from the Amaga fields. Even under these conditions, the road is to-day a paying undertaking for the owners, who are putting all revenue into the new construction work. Kinds of Clothing Needed. — While one is on the Magdalena River light clothing is worn, such as Palm Beach and light khaki, and this may be continued as far as Medellin, though it is a wise provision to have out and ready, upon reaching La Quiebra (between Cisneros and Santiago) a light woolen coat as a protection against a chill while one is passing over the mountain and coming in to Medellin in the evening. In Medellin either Palm Beach or light woolen suits may be worn, the climate being perpetual spring, with no sudden variations, even in the rainy season. Interior Travel. — The engineer or other traveler bound farther into the interior of Antioquia outfits at Medellin, making all ar- rangements for saddle and pack animals, etc. Good mules may be hired, with competent packers and guides. Mules are to be pre- ferred always, as the horses are small and not good and can not stand the long, hard mountain trails. Horses are also not so sure- footed as the mules. Pack mules for baggage can be hired for $1 per day with equip- ment, and saddle mules bring $1.50 to $2.50 per day, according to size, gait, etc. Guides are hired for the trip and receive $0.50 per day aud their food. When an outfit is hired from one town to an- other — say from Medellin to Manizales, with the mules to be re- turned to Medellin — the time consumed on the return journey is calculated and paid for, the traveler also paying for the railway transportation from Caldas into Medellin for animals and guide, with an allowance in money to the guide for expenses of food, fodder, etc., for the return trip. The saddle used should be light in weight, with short girths to fit the small mules of the country. Although much used in the country by natives, the small English-style saddle can not be recommended for heavy mountain riding. Something along the lines of the American McClellan saddle tree, "or Whitman tree, is to be recom- mended in preference, with higher cantle and horn or pommel. The small iron or metal English stirrup is also dangerous and uncom- fortable. There is no protection for the foot from heat or wet or 356 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. from brush hurting the foot, and there is always present the chance of getting the foot caught in a fall. The better stirrup is a wide wooden one, covered with a large " tapadera " of heavy leather into which the entire foot fits, with the exception of the heel. It is practically impossible to "hang" the foot in this sort of stirrup, and the feet are protected from wet, mud, heat of the sun, scraping against banks and rocks along the trail, trees, brush, etc. ; and the feet can be moved about and rested while one is in the saddle on a long ride. It was noted by the writer that the custom of the country is to use a piece of soft leather inside of saddle pads under the saddles. This is very poor practice and should not be followed by ", the dis- criminating traveler in this hot country, since the leather does not act as an absorbent of the sweat from the mule's back and the re- sult is a bad blister and a sore-backed animal in a day or two. A good woolen blanket is much better, folded lengthwise and in three ; this should be washed at least once a week during trail travel- Pack saddles are called " enjalmes," are- made of henequen fiber stuffed with grass. They are too small and are poorly made. No care is taken, of saddle blankets. Pack mules suffer and soon be- come a mass of sores. The crupper and breast straps are too often only a piece of rope, which soon cuts the skin of the mule. The traveler should select good mules and see to it that larger pack saddles ("enjalmes") are used and that good pads are provided. By watching details and taking a little care in these matters, much delay will be avoided while one is out on the trail. All trunks in which articles of clothing or samples, etc., are to be carried should be of the regulation army size and pattern ; that is, of light but strong fiber board, well reinforced with the usual metal fittings and carrying good locks, which should be kept well oiled. The size is approximately 30 by 16 by 14 inches, and two trunks of this dimension make a " carga." for one pack mule. Baggage mules can not be loaded with a full " carga," which is calculated at 280 pounds, if double stations are to be made each day on the trail; that is, a good day's ride of, say, 40 miles. Not more than 200 pounds should be put on each baggage mule if a saddle gait is to be maintained all day over these trails. During ( the rainy season waterproof material should be used to wrap all baggage, to prevent its being soaked with rain while one is out on the trail. The outfit should include a folding cot with attachable mosquito bar, saddle bags, and a waterproof poncho. The best poncho is a rubber-covered, strong fabric of large size which will cover the en- tire body as far down as the stirrups, as well as the back of the saddle, etc., when one is riding. The usual brand of pommel slicker, so common in the western part of the United States, can not be used, as it will stick together on account of the heat. A full supply of towels, soap, etc., as well as sheets, one light blanket, a small pillow, and a mat should also be carried, and the bed outfit should be put up in a waterproof canvas sack which can be purchased for this purpose. On account pf the necessity of obtaining food and fodder, it is necessary to stop over night at the numerous ranches and small COLOMBIA. 357 •villages along the trails. This is a rather unpleasant feature, as tne_ food is badly prepared and the tiny houses are usually in- sanitary. _ During the rainy seasons of the year, trails are often practically impassable in many places on account of mud holes; everything becomes wet and covered with mud, and animals soon become worn out on the rough trails. A mountain journey (and everywhere there are mountains) during the wet season takes nearly twice as long as during the dry season when trails are in better shape. Trails. — The main pack trails of the Antioquia region are men- tioned below. The Zaragoza trail leads from Medellin to Porcecito, thence through "La Clara" north to Segovia and then to Zaragoza In the mining country on the Nechi River. Another main trail, also to the north, passes through the important towns of Gomezplata and Amalfl, following the right bank of the Porce River to Zaragoza. The country becomes tropical farther north of Medellin, and the region of heavy jungle, swamps, and heat Is soon reached. The old Caceres trail leaves Medellin for San Pedro, leading thence to Santa Rosa and north to Tarumal toward the Cauca River, passing through "Valdivia. Caceres is on the Cauca River and is a placer-mining center of ancient fame. At San Pedro another important mule trail branches off to the west for Sopetran, crossing the Cauca River at Sucre and leading to the town of Antioquia on the west side of the Cauca River. From Antioquia (town) there is another important trail to the northwest, leading down to the headwaters of the Sucio River, the largest tributary of the Atrato River. This trail follows the river down to Canasgordas, thence to Dabeiba, and on down the river as far as the head of navigation on the Sucio River at the town of Pavarandocito. This route is much used by traders and miners going into the placer-mining country along the Atrato. This entire region is very tropical. To the south there are a number of trails touching large towns. The most important are (1) the road to Manizales, which leaves the Amaga Railway at Caldas and goes south through the towns of Santa Barbara, Aguadas, and Salamina to Manizales — a good four- day ride in bad weather — and (2) another old trail, formerly much used for trading with the interior and Bogota, which runs south from Medellin through La Caja to Sonson and then strikes to the southeast through the most sparsely populated section of the De- partment of Antioquia, coming out at the Magdalena River at Honda on the Dorada Extension Railway, between La Dorada and Beltran. Health Conditions. — In the northern part of the Department of Antioquia the entire country is very tropical, the region of Zara- goza being noted for its malignant malarial fevers. The people of Medellin will not go there even for higher wages or the returns from gold mining. The same is true of the region west of Cauca Valley and to the north along the Sucio River route. There is also considerable malaria along the entire Cauca Valley and in the lower lands between Medellin and Manizales. On ac- 90821°— 22 24 358 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. count of the lack of sanitation measures and the unhygienic life of the people of the country places, every precaution should be taken against infection ; the water should not be taken unless one has seen it boiled, and precautions should be taken against typhoid and dysentery, two diseases always rife in this region. There Is much sickness among the foreigners, even in Medellin, and out of hundreds of Europeans and Americans met by the writer, only two had been in the country for any length of time without having had malaria or other sickness, more or less severe. MEDELLIN TO BOGOTA. Distances and Time. — By rail from Medellin, Porce Division of Antioquia Railway to Santiago, 45 miles (72 km.), time 3} hours; by wagon road from Santiago over La Quiebra Mountain to Cis- neros, 9 miles (15 km.), time 1J hours; from Cisneros by Nus Divi- sion of Antioquia Railway to Puerto Berrio, 68 miles (109 km.), time 4§ hours ; from Puerto Berrio by river to La Dorada, 109 miles (176 km.), time 34 hours; from La Dorada to Beltran by Dorada Extension Railway, 69 miles (111 km.), 4 hours for handling bag- gage, 4 hours traveling time; from Beltran to Girardot by river, 95 miles (152 J km.), time 29 hours; from Girardot to Facatativa by Girardot Railway, 82 miles (132 km.), 12 hours delay, 9 hours travel; from Facatativa to Bogota by Sabana Railway, 25 miles (40 km.), time It hours; total, 502 miles (807J km.), time 103 hours, or about 4i to 5 days, under very best conditions of high water in the river. Distances to be Traversed. — The traveler who has visited Medel- lin in Antioquia and decides to go to Bogota must return over the Antioquia Railway to the Magdalena River at Puerto Berrio and take a river steamer there for La Dorada, at the head of navigation on the Lower River. The rail distance from Medellin to Puerto Berrio is 181 kilometers, or 113 miles, plus 14.7 kilometers, or 9 miles, of wagon road over La Quiebra Mountain, which separates the Porce Division of the rail- way from the Nus Division. The distance by river from Puerto Berrio (which is 811 J kilo- meters by river from Barranquilla) to La Dorada is 176 kilometers, or 109 miles. From La Dorada the rail distance to Beltran, the Upper River port, is 111 kilometers, or 69 miles, over the Dorada Extension Railway. From Beltran to Girardot, the head of navigation on the Upper River and the rail point for Bogota, the distance by river is 152.5 kilometers, or 95 miles. From Girardot the distance by rail to the terminal of the Girardot Railway at Facatativa is 132 kilometers, or 82 miles, and from Facatativa to Bogota over the Sabana Railway the distance is 40 kilometers, or 25 miles. The total distance covered in the trip from Medellin to Bogota is, therefore, 502 miles. COLOMBIA. 359 Time Necessary for Journey. — As in the case of all other jour- neys in Colombia, time is the main factor, and the trip from Medel- lin to Bogota is subject to many conditions and circumstances, all making for delay en route. Chief among the factors of delay is the condition of the Magdalena River and the amount of water in the river. If the rainy season has been on for at least one month prior to the trip, the Upper River will have plenty of water for the small steamers and the Lower River will be in good condition for navigation by the larger boats plying there. All these conditions affect the time necessary for the trip from Medellin to Bogota. In the following statement there is given the time consumed in each part of the trip under the best conditions of high water in the river. 1. By railway from Medellin to Puerto Berrio. Train leaves Medellin at 6.30 a. m. and arrives at Santiago at about 10 a. m. Time, 3$ hours. 2. By carriage or horseback from Santiago to Cisneros over La Quiebra wagon road. Time, 1$ hours. 3. By railway from Cisneros to Puerto Berrio, Nus Division. Train leaves Cisneros at 1.15 p. m. and arrives at Puerto Berrio at about 6 p. m. Time, 4| hours. 4. By steamer from Puerto Berrio to La Dorada (high water in river). Steamer leaves Puerto Berrio about 9 p. m. and arrives at La Dorado at daylight of the second day. Time, 34 hours. During high water, Lower River steamers make an average speed, while actually under way upstream, of 8 to 10 kilometers (5 to 6 miles) per hour, and downstream they run about 16 to 20 kilometers (10 to 12 miles) per hour. 5. By Dorada Extension Railway from La Dorada to Beltran. Delay in discharging freight and baggage and in loading baggage on train, 4 hours. Train leaves La Dorada at about 11 and arrives at Beltran at about 6 p. m. Time, 7 hours. 6. By steamer from Beltran to Girardot (high water in river). Steamer leaves Beltran at about 9 p. m., tying up to bank over night and running all the next day to reach Girardot. Time, 26 hours. 7. Delay in Girardot during, the night, because trains can not run on the Girardot Railway during the hours of darkness, 12 hours. 8. By Girardot Railway from Girardot to Facatativa. Train leaves Girardot at 8 a. m. and arrives at Facatativa at 5 p. m. Time, 9 hours. 9. By Sabana Railway from Facatativa to Bogota. Train leaves Facatativa at 5.15 p. m. and arrives at Bogota at 6.30 p. m. Time, 1£ hours. It thus appears that the total time for the trip from Medellin to Bogota is 103 hours, or four and one-half days (say five days in all), and this is under the very best conditions of high water in the river. On the river there is the ever-present danger of the boat hitting a rock or mud or sand bank and being stuck there indefinitely, or perhaps damaged beyond repair, when passengers would have to be transferred to another boat sent out for them. 360 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. . Landslides on the Girardot Railway are very frequent during the rajmy season, when the river is good, and they are a frequent source of delay between Girardot and Bogota. This delay, if it occurs high up on the mountains and near some of the small towns along the railway which serve as summer places for the wealthier class of people from Bogota, would not be so bad an accident, as the traveler could secure fair accommodations and much better food than anywhere along the river route, except at Puerto Berrio. Services of Baggage Agencies. — There is no adequate system of checking baggage on any of the Colombian railways. No receipts are given unless there is excess of weight, when a weight receipt is given if insisted upon and there is time at the station. As a usual thing travelers are encumbered with a saddle and riding outfit, a bed outfit,- ..and the usual outfit of tropical and temperate zone clothing, etc., and the best plan is to avail oneself of the services of one of the two baggage agencies with offices in Medellin, such as the Agencia Rendon. This agency takes charge of all heavy bag- gage, buys the tickets over the railway, transfers baggage from hotel to station the day before leaving, ships the baggage to Santi- ago, where another agent of the company receives it, rechecks it and transfers it over La Quiebra wagon road in a mule cart, and ships it from Cisneros to Puerto Berrio, where it is loaded on the river steamer. This agency also provides a conveyance for the traveler over the mountain at La Quiebra — either a carriage or a saddle animal — charging a fixed rate for this service and being reliable,. The experienced traveler will utilize this service, as there are crowds at every transfer point, with a great deal of confusion ; he. will thus avoid much loss of time, as well as unnec- essary trouble, and will insure a reasonable degree of safety for the baggage, which could not be guaranteed in any other way. Otherwise, the passenger would have to look out for every piece of baggage Mmselftmd, in the confusion, a loss of one or more pieces would probably result. In this connection it should be stated that there is a great deal of pilferage all along the river route, and the loss or plundering of baggage is a common occurrence. Bags and trunks should be stoutly constructed and have the very best sort of locks on them, together with marks of identification easily dis- cernible at a distance from all sides. When one arrives at the river and the baggage has been placed on board the boat by the Medellin agency, which has a resident agent to meet all trains and steamers at Puerto Berrio, one usually finds on board an express steamer another sort of free-lance baggage agent, or runner — men who follow that trade on the river and who ap- proach the traveler soliciting the handling of his baggage. These men generally carry cards of recommendation from other people and can be relied upon to a certain extent. They go right through with the boat to La Dorada, on the train to Beltran, and up the Upper River to Girardot, delivering the baggage on board the train for Bogota at Girardot Their duty also includes watching the heavy baggage, such as trunks, etc., which are not put in the stateroom but are placed on the lower cargo deck. COLOMBIA. 361 On arrival of the boat at La Dorada, these men engage, for their own account, porters at the river who carry the baggage up the bank to the railway station, see that it is weighed and checked, pay all excess charges, etc. They engage porters to load the baggage on the steamer at Beltran and, again, to take it ashore and through the departmental customhouse at Girardot and from there up to the railway station for the night, checking it out to Bogota in the morning when the train leaves. As a change of clothing is necessary for the trip up into the cold mountains of Bogota, any piece of baggage required may be ordered brought to the hotel in Girardot that night, so that certain clothing can be removed to be ready for the colder altitudes the next day. Interdepartmental Customs Inspection. — Each Department (State) of Colombia has a State monopoly of the liquor, tobacco, and slaughter taxes, arid baggage coming into one Department from an- other is searched for contraband liquor and tobacco, as these sources supply the chief revenue of the Departments. It is rather un- pleasant to stand for an hour or so waiting for this baggage in- spection, in a small, hot room, when one is in a hurry to get to a hotel ; but, obviously, this can not be avoided, though much trouble and confusion result. Precautions Against Pilferage. — Every precaution should be taken to prevent loss of contents of baggage in transit. The ordi- nary trunk lock of cheap standard make will not suffice, as it is sure to be tampered with en route, and, if not opened, the lock will be so damaged as to need repairs. In crowds at terminal points, hand baggage should not be intrusted to boys and porters asking to carry them. The best method is to contract with the baggage runner who presents recommendations. He knows men and conditions and is an expert at watching the baggage in his charge. Canvas bags containing saddle, bedding outfit, etc., should be provided with a long hasp lock running through eyelets at the opening, and a good practice is to have these bags lined with a flexible wire mesh so that the contents can not be got at by cut- ting the bag open with a knife. Details of the Trip: Medellin to Puerto Berrio. — As the train leaves Medellin early i!n the morning, }t is well to engage a reliable coachman the night before to call at the hotel for the traveler and his hand baggage; otherwise a carriage could not be obtained at that hour to convey one to the station, which is located at some distance from the business center of the city. As there is no fixed tariff for carriage hire in Medellin a contract should be made with the driver, in advance, for a stipulated price for this service — usually about 1.50 Colombian dollars for one or two passengers and hand baggage. The day one leaves Medellin, lunch can be had either at an inn on the top of La Quiebra Mountain, where the food is very fair and the rest breaks the long ride, or at Cisneros before the train leaves. It is better to take lunch on the mountain and so avoid the crowds always present at Cisneros. (Note: Some travelers advise taking along lunch from Medellin,) The Department of Antioquia, 362 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. which, owns the railway, has built and operates at Puerto Berrio a fine modern hotel — the Hotel Magdalena. Usually the train is taken in Medellln to connect with express steamer at Puerto Berrio the same day, but there is an even chance that the boat will be a day or two late, even in the season of high water in the river, and the hotel at Puerto Berrio will be found a very comfortable place to stop during the wait for the steamer. Magdalena River, Puerto Berrio to La Dorada. — The Magdalena River being the main highway of traffic in Colombia between the coast and the interior, everything depends upon the condition of the river, varying with the season of the year. The dry season starts in November, and the river has less and less water from that time until navigation is almost entirely sus- pended during part of February, all of March and April, and part of May, in which month the rains again start in the high mountains of the interior and the river begins to receive additional water in its upper reaches. During the dry season travel between Medellln and Bogota be- comes a thing of conjecture and is liable to great delays. The steamer companies make every effort to keep the boats running during the dry season, but when one Is once on board a steamer at Puerto Berrio he must depend on a good pilot, a light cargo, and luck to get to La Dorada in less than a week or 10 days. In March, 1919, for instance, boats that had come up as far as Puerto Berrio from Barranquilla, taking 15 days to make the trip that far, tried for days, without success, to navigate the river above Puerto Berrio, and finally had to return downstream to that point, tie up there, and wait for high water. The river naturally becomes narrower and more uneven the farther up one goes, and the stretch between Puerto Berrio and La Dorada is bad, being filled with many rocky benches, sand and mud bars, snags, rocks, and other obstructions to navigation. After one passes Barranca Bermeja below Puerto Berrio the foothills of the Eastern Range of the Andes are seen more and more, while at La Dorada, on a clear day, the first glimpse of the snow-capped peaks of Ruiz and Tolima may be obtained from the river. As has been said, the river trip during the dry season is a matter of pilotage and good luck, and the traveler faces a possible prospect of spending a few days, or even a week, stuck on a sand bar or mud bank and finally being forced to return downstream to Puerto Berrio, where there are good hotel accommodations, in a dugout canoe hired for the purpose. This account will deal with the trip under conditions of high water in the river. There is an agency of the Pineda-Lopez Co., managing agents of the Colombian Railway & Navigation Co., in Medellin, in the office of H. B. Maynham, where tickets are purchased and room reserva-- tions made for the Lower and Upper River journey on steamers. The other large river steamer company, the Compahta de Trasportes AntioQuefia, and a number of smaller companies, each owning one or two boats, are all in a combination or pool for the river traffic, and one' agency handles all the passenger traffic, including ticket COLOMBIA. 363 selling, reservations, etc. — transportation being good on all boats belonging to the "pool." After the prolonged dry season and the bad condition of the river, travel becomes very heavy up and down the river, as this is also the buying season of the year at the end of the coffee harvests. The best plan is not to trust to luck but to go to the ticket agency at least one week in advance, if that is possible, and insist that the agency telegraph (at the traveler's expense) for a room reserva- tion on the boat coming up the Lower River and also for room reservation on the Upper River, with a definite designation of each steamer to be taken. Private staterooms on these river boats are few in number and are necessary for comfort, being especially desirable if a good deal of valuable baggage is carried along. The cost is 20 per cent of the fare for a room shared with another person and 40 per cent of the fare for a room occupied alone. As the rooms are very small it is well to pay the extra rate and have a room alone. After reservations have been telegraphed for, the traveler should insist upon his tickets being given to him with a receipt showing the number of the room assigned to him on each steamer. Other- wise some one else with more influence may get the room and there is no redress. Very often rooms thus reserved have to be given up to ladies traveling, or to members of some prominent Colombian family for whom the captain must provide accommodations, or to members of the clergy. When a dispute occurs over reserved accommodations for rooms on steamers, not much can be expected from argument over the matter. Very often when passengers can not secure rooms the engineers or pilots who have their quarters on the upper deck sell their rooms by private arrangement and thereby add considerably to their incomes. There are two classes of steamers available for the travelers— (1) the express boats which carry the mail and are the larger and more modern, having electric-lighting equipment and ice-making machine, as well as electric fans in the rooms and the dining-room space on the cabin deck, and (2) the ordinary boats which carry heavy or ordinary freight and also passengers. The express boats have the right of way when loading and discharging in port, are supposed to be faster, and are most used by the traveling public. As there is only one express boat (or, at most, two) each week from Barranquilla to La Dorada, there is always a crowd on board ; this condition results in crowding in the train at La Dorada and makes the trip to Beltran very uncomfortable, while the same may be said of the night's stay at Girardot and the rail journey to Bogota. At Puerto Berrio it might be the better plan to take the ordinary steamer during the middle of the week and be less crowded and more comfortable, on the whole, since the river part of the journey to Bogota is not so long as that up to Puerto Berrio from the coast. The electric lights, ice machine, and fans on the express boats are, more often than not, entirely out of service anyway (broken down and out of repair from inexperienced and unskilled handling), 364 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. so these are not much of an added attraction to the experienced river traveler in Colombia. Bail Journey from La Dorada to Beltran. — Between La Dorada and Beltran there are a series of rapids up which steamers can not pass, even in times of high water, without great danger of being smashed up by the swift current and the many rocky obstructions. In former times this trip was made many times by steamers carry- ing cargo down the river, but several bad wrecks and the* changes in the river for the worse have made this trip impossible in more modern times even for small launches. The rail journey from La Dorada to Beltran is one of many dis- comforts and real hardship. The boat usually reaches the river bank at the town early in the morning, and its arrival means con- fusion. The company provides only one passenger train, with one first-class day coach, no matter how many steamers may be in from down river and no matter how many passengers they may have brought. This train is switched out on the main line and stands there in the sun until it is ready to start for Beltran, the cars be- coming like ovens. It takes the porters about four hours to dis- charge, carry to the station, weigh, and load on the train the baggage from the steamers. In the meantime the passenger has the choice of remaining on the hot boat or of standing around the railway buildings or of going into the struggle that is taking place in the baggage? room of the station, where it is just as well to take a look at one's things. The average traveler in Colombia does not seem to use a trunk when on a long journey (possibly because smaller pieces are more easily packed on mules over the mountains) and always carries a great deal of hand baggage and many bundles, packages, etc, all of which are packed into the 'day coach and deposited in the aisles.. In these crowds, to leave one's seat even for a moment is to lose it, and that means standing all the rest of the way. This is true also of the rail trip from Girardot to Bogota. Prom La Dorada, where there are no good stopping accommoda- tions (the town being very small, with a few small buildings and the freight sheds of the railway company), rooms should be reserved by telegraph in the only good hotel in Girardot, where the food is satisfactory and there are few rooms, always crowded to capacity on every express-boat day. The main town along the line of the Dorada Railway is Honda, where the stop is made for lunch en route to Beltran. In case of delay or accident, one can usually manage to get to Honda and stay tbere, as there is no other place along the line. Beltran has no hotel and is only a loading place for freight The principal town in that region is Ambalema, a few miles farther up the river, where trav- elers 1 could manage to stay if delayed in that vicinity for a few days. However, Ambalema has little importance commercially, ex- cept for its small cigar-making industry, and commercial travelers do not stop there. When the Upper River is low and there are no steamers running, passengers for Bogota stay at Honda and from there make arrangements for saddle and pack animals to take them up over the old Gamboa Road to Facatativa, a trail trip of about COLOMBIA. 365 four days, the time varying according to the class of animals secured, the amount of baggage carried, and the personal inclination or ability of the traveler to ride hard all day. There are said to be some good inns along this road (having the reputation, in fact, of being the best in the country) ; and, as this road rapidly leaves the low, hot country and climbs into the hills and plateaus where the climate is cool and refreshing, this trip is not so bad if one is used to riding and likes scenery. Magdalena River, Beltran to Girardot. — Between Beltran and Girardot the river runs between high banks and hills. The river itself is very narrow and the current swift and of uniform volume ; in appearance it is very unlike the Lower River, where the stream spreads itself out into shallows and sand bars for miles, with low lands along either bank covered with a dense tropical jungle. The hills of the Upper River have little heavy timber, but during the rainy season are covered with light growth. The river has eroded and cut down these rocky hills in making its channel into a series of rock " benches," like gigantic steps, and one sees many " cathe- dral" rocks and similar formations. The scenery of the Upper River almost compensates for the gen- eral discomfort of the trip — the heat, the crowds, the lack of good food, and the general insanitary condition of the steamer. The Upper River is not so hot as the Lower River; the current seems to make a draft of air downstream, and there is some relief from the dead, stifling atmosphere of the Lower River and the "monotony of flat country and everlasting jungle. The Upper River can not be navigated at night on account of the many sharp turns and dangers to navigation, pilots not being able to watch the current (which they steer by always) ; and, as the train from La Dorada always reaches Beltran just at sundown, and passengers are at once loaded on the steamer (there being no other place for them to stop), the boat usually runs upstream lor a few miles to some convenient woodpile and ties up there for the night at the bank. As a result, the lights of the boat attract myriads of insects, including the dreaded mosquitoes, and the only refuge is in one's room (if one has been fortunate enough to secure one) and under the mosquito netting until morning. On the Upper River the steamers are all of the same type as on the Lower River, only very much smaller, being of 60 to 120 tons burden, whereas the larger of the Lower River steamers carry as high as 400 tons of freight when the river has sufficient water to allow the loading of full cargoes. On account of the much swifter current "of the Upper River, steamers' engines are " geared " higher — that is, the wheels revolve faster in order to " take " the current If no room is secured by the traveler and he has to sleep out on deck, the cot should never be placed on the after end of the upper deck, or, as a matter of fact, anywhere on the upper deck or " texas," for the very good reason that great live sparks pour out of the two stacks while the boat is in motion and these sparks burn great holes in clothing and bedding and very often injure the traveler. Baggage should also be protected from this source of damage. 366 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Girardot is a large town of about 20,000 people, built on the high banks of the river. There are cement steps from the water up to the street of the town, but these are out of repair and rather dangerous at night for one not knowing the way. Steamers usually tie up at some distance below the main part of the town, and the traveler, after the baggage inspection at the customhouse, can either ask the way and walk up to the hotel or take a " jitney " autobus which makes this trip. The town is not modern and is very dusty and hot. However, the only good hotel has excellent food (at least it seems very good after that of the river boats), and there is a shower bath — always a great relief after the trip on the Magdalena. Bail Journey from Girardot to Bogota. — The night is spent at Girardot, as trains can not be run at night on the railway to Bogota 'on account of the steep grades and sharp curves of the line and the danger of landslides, etc. Clothing should be arranged so that a woolen coat or sweater, or a light overcoat, can be put on after the train has reached La Primavera — a little over halfway up the mountains to Facatativa — at an elevation of about 7,000 feet above sea level, where the chill of the mountains is felt after the heat of the river country. All outfits should include the regular woolen suits and clothing used in the temperate zones for the fall months, or even winter, since it is cold and damp all the time in Bogota and a good supply of woolen underclothing will be appreciated there. The Girardot Railway has the most modern and best equipment of any line in the country. Day coaches are large for a narrow-gauge line and are quite comfortable. There is also provided a buffet car, where lunch is served en route. The country for a considerable distance out from Girardot is composed of low, dry, and sterile hills and is uninteresting, hot, and dusty. However, as the line begins to climb into the mountains the country changes and becomes very beautiful. These mountains are not heavily wooded as are those of the coast, but are covered with short green grass, many out- croppings of multi-colored rocks, and high, broken cliffs. The rail- way winds and twists around curves with ever-changing scenery, and the entire trip is one to be remembered. There are many small villages in these mountains and along the railway, and coffee planta- tions are seen along the right of way. Vendors of all sorts of tropical and temperate-zone fruits meet the trains, and one sees apples and peaches for the first time since leaving the north. At San Javier and La Primavera there are summer colonies of people from Bogota who come down there to escape the cold of the high plateau during all times of the year. Palms and bananas grow at surprising elevation and are seen everywhere along the railway. Some cacao is also seen. A surprise awaits the traveler at Facatativa, where the change is made to the meter gauge of the Sabana Railway. Within 5 kilo- meters of Facatativa the train goes through a narrow pass in the hills and runs out on the great plain of the table-land of Bogota. Here is an expanse of level land, the atmosphere is cool and refresh- ing, and one can see for miles over fields of wheat and excellent cattle pastures; bordered with tall, eucalyptus trees and dotted with COLOMBIA. 367 a very fine breed of stock — a striking contrast to the dense, hot jungle and general monotony of the river and the jumble of moun- tains on the way up from Girardot and in Antioquia. Here may be truly_said to be a world of its own, unlike anything else in Colom- bia, 700 miles from the coast of the Caribbean but a rich country and a beautiful one, which facts explain the habitation of this region by the ancient Indians and its later colonization by the Spaniards. Bogota. — The capital of Colombia has a modern railway station of imposing proportions, which would be creditable to any. city of its size. The building is very attractive and is equipped with a modern intercommunicating telephone system, etc. The city itself is rather a disappointment. The streets are narrow and badly paved, when paved at all, and the entire effect is like that of all old Span- ish American cities— a combination of the old and the new. The larger buildings are of two and even three stories, built of red brick but plastered on the outside with stucco and tinted in various colors, making them look in general like old adobe buildings. There are a number of fairly modern edifices constructed of concrete (the style of architecture being more French than American), some of them even of four stores but Tiaving no elevators. There is one long avenue, the Calle Real, paved with asphalt and having an elec- tric street-car line. Bogota is situated on the edge of the table-land and at the begin- ning of the slope of the Eastern Cordillera, a low range of which runs just to the east of the city and forms two high mountains which overlook the capital. Bogota has several very good hotels, small but clean and well appointed, where the best of food is served. The unfortunate fea- ture of the hotels in Bogota is the inadequate bath arrangements. It is cold in Bogota and a hot bath is a great luxury and hard to procure, the bath usually being located in some out-of-the-way, dark, and drafty passageway in the back of the building. After staying h} Santa Marta, Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Medellin, the traveler appreciates Bogota. The people are better trained to service, more cleanly, and more accustomed to the better class of traveling public and its needs. In Bogota one can get good bread, cakes and pastry, excellent ham, bacon, and cheese, these local industries having been started by Europeans who have settled there. Rates vary, but, in general, first-class accommodations in Bogota in three of four of the best hotels cost 4.50 Colombian dollars per day for room with sitting room, with meals included. It may be noted that in Medellin hotel rates are about 3 dollars per day for a single room with meals, and the accommodations are much better than those of the coast (at either Cartagena or Barranquilla) for •which 4 and 4.50 dollars per day are charged. Travel Outfits. — Medellin is at an elevation of 4,854 feet above sea level, with an equable perpetual-spring climate. Light under- clothing is worn with light woolen suits, etc. On leaving Medellin it is a good plan to wear Palm Beach or ducks, carrying a light 368 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. woolen coat for the trip over the mountain, to avoid a chill, A waterproof of some kind should also be carried, ready to slip on, as it rains very often on La Quiebra Pass. After one passes Cisneros the climate becomes more tropical as the river is approached, and on the entire river trip nothing but Palm Beach or white duck or khaki is worn. Khaki or olive-drab Palm Beach seems to be the best cloth on such a journey. A good Panama hat purchased in the country adds much to one's comfort. Besides the tropical and heavier clothing, the usual river bed outfit is carried — that is, a mat, two sheets, a pillow, a mosquito net, towels for both face and bath, soap, and the usual assortment of toilet articles, etc. The steamer staterooms contain nothing more than a folding canvas cot and washbasin. Individual towels, soap, etc., should always be used, and care should be taken as to the laun- dering. MAGDALENA RIVER TO MANIZALES. Start -from Mariquita. — The traveler desiring to reach Manizales, either from Barranquilla or Bogota, leaves the Dorada Extension Railway at the station of Mariquita— -51 kilometers from La Dorada, where the river steamer is left if one is coming up the river, and 60 kilometers from Beltran, the point of debarkation if one is coming down from Bogota. . , At Mariquita is the beginning of the mountain trail for Manizales, and here mules must be secured for the journey over the famous " piramo " of Ruiz, "Ruiz " being the name of the high, snow-capped mountain seen on clear days from La Dorada. ■ Mariquita is a small town built around the railway shops of the Dorada Extension Rail- way, which are located at this point, as is also the end of the Cable- way Branch of this railway, which is being constructed toward Mani- zales by the English company. At Mariquita there is no hotel worthy of the name, and the wise traveler will do well to carry a folding camp cot, bedding, and all other necessities of travel. It is. also well to telegraph in advance for mules, from either Barranquilla or Bogota, since the animals are usually kept in pastures at some distance and it takes a day or more to have them brought down to Mariquita. It is also a very good plan to, obtain the services of some friend in Colombia who can. secure better saddle animals than the ones usually provided for gen- eral hire. It is best to start very early in the morning on account of the ter- rific heat encountered in the foothills as one is leaving Mariquita. The going is rather rough, though the trail is wide and has been worked to some extent to keep it in good condition. Mules should be carefully inspected and all worn shoes. replaced before one starts out, even though another day may be lost in this work. This is very necessary, because much rough ground and broken rock is found in many places and a lame mule may mean a night spent in the open with no food. Equipment. — The equipment should consist of small trunks for mule transport," as the usual large trunk can not be carried on a COLOMBIA. 369 mule pack, for which two packages must be made, one for each side-. Also, more than 150 pounds of baggage can not be packed on one animal if saddle time is to be made over the trail. All contents of baggage must be securely packed to prevent movement. The saddle should be a good light one (such as the McOlellan, Whitman, or English Army styles), carry very short girths, and be fitted with crupper. The best type of stirrup is the full-hooded, broad wooden stirrup. This keeps the sun from burning the foot while one is mounted and also keeps the boot dry in the mountain rains. This type of stirrup is also the safest, as the foot can not be caught in a fall. An item of equipment which is indispensable is a good waterproof " poncho " large enough to cover the body and the saddle when one is mounted, as "cold rains will be encountered up on the " paramo." The lightest possible clothing is worn until Prutillo is reached, about halfway to Manizales ; here the clothing must be changed for good woolens. The bed equipment should include at least two heavy woolen blankets. Some articles of food should also be carried in case of an emer- gency stop on the mountain. A great deal of trouble will be avoided if a man is obtained as " peon " (guide, mule driver) who knows the road well and where to stop and ljpw to divide the day's travel so that advantage can be taken of the best stopping places. The Trail. —The trail is wide, well worked, and much traveled, especially beyond the cable station at Frutillo. The entire ride is tip from an elevation of less than 3,000 feet at Mariquita to more than 14,000 feet on the " paramo," whence the descent is made toward Manizales, dropping down to about 7,000 feet above sea level. Between Fresno and Frutillo the Guali River is crossed, an hour and a half being required to make the climb on the western side toward Frutillo. The Guali River is a narrow, swift mountain stream here and passes down an enormous canyon over which the cableway passes at a height of more than 3,000 feet above the river. The scenery here is most wonderful and quite worth the discom- forts of the trip to see. The river plunges into a great pocket, almost a cave, just below the bridge across which one rides, and the mountains are wooded and green, with many great palms and with tiny ranchos here and there. All through this district some coffee is grown, but in a rather desultory manner. It is best to stop for the night at Fresno. The ride can not be made through to Frutillo unless the very best animals can be had, as well as very light packs for the baggage ; such a day's ride would be very hard and not much vigor would be left in the mules for the hard pull over the " paramo " after leaving Frutillo. From Fresno it is a short ride, of about five hours only, into Frutillo, where one can stop at the cable station. The next day is the hard one over the pass. This ride takes at least 10 hours with pack mules loaded with baggage, and by riding hard all day one can reach Manizales by night if the mules are good and the descent is accomplished before dark. After reaching Sancudo, down off the " paramo," the road is 370 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. very good into Manizales. A stop for the night can be made at Sancudo, where there is a good house — in fact, the best on the trail. Prom there it takes only two hours of smart riding to reach Mani- zales. The people of the country are unfamiliar with modern sanitary measures, and every precaution should be taken. The discriminat- ing traveler will carry his own bedding, knives, forks, etc. Care should be taken, after leaving Frutillo, not to try to push ahead of slowly moving ox pack trains when one is on a bad piece of the trail. Traffic is very heavy between Manizales and Frutillo (goods going out to Manizales and coffee coming in to the cableway from Manizales and way points), and these lumbering oxen are dangerous to the rider and to mules loaded with baggage when met on high points of the trail where there is steep ground on one or both sides. Many stretches of this trail have been corduroyed with rough timber in order to provide a firm footing for mules and oxen during the two rainy seasons when the trail becomes a series of mud holes into which the animals plunge up to the belly. This entire region is all volcanic in formation, and the top soil is a loose clay mixed with ash and pumice which soon becomes a sticky liquid mud when it is raining. The distance in an air line to Manizales from Mariquita is only 75 kilometers (the distance to Frutillo being, by the cableway, only 37 kilometers), but by the trail the distance is calculated at 25$ leagues, or approximately 102 miles. A saddle mule in the mountains is supposed to make an average of 1 league, or 4 miles, per hour. Cost of Trip. — A good saddle mule can be hired at 15 Colombian dollars for the round trip, and pack mules equipped with pack- saddles (sobre-enjalmes) at 12 dollars each. The "peon" earns 1 dollar per day, being paid for the return trip at the rate of three days if the traveler does not return via Mariquita. When more than three mules are used, it is customary to take along a boy to help the " peon " ; this boy receives 3 to 4 dollars for the round trip. All mule feed and the men's food and lodging are paid for by the traveler. With four mules and two people, not including the traveler, this expense amounts to approximately 5 dollars each way, and the expense for men and animals on the return journey back to Mariquita is paid for. A good man in Mariquita is Sr. Elias Rosas, who can be reached by telegraph. This man owns six good animals and goes out in person with travelers for Manizales, having worked on this road for 10 years and being well known to the better class of people making this journey — principally foreigners, English and American. Good animals can be secured also by telegraphing to Manizales and having mules sent down from there. Agents of business houses on the coast take care of this sort of work for their people. COLOMBIA. MANIZALES TO CALL 371 Distances Covered and Time Consumed. — Following is a table of distances and time consumed in actual travel on the trip from Manizales, the capital of the Department of Caldas, to Cali, the capital of El Valle: Distance. Means of travel. Actual time. Section of trip. Kilo- meters. Leagues. Miles. 58 40 68 29 122 26 9 6 9 4.5 19 36 24 36 18 76 16 Saddle ... do ...:.do Automobile... Railway Hours. 7 41 8 5 Pplrnirj^ to fTali 1 Total 333 47.5 206 281 Manizales to Pereira. — Manizales is located in the mountains on the western side of the Central Range of the Andes, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above sea level. The climate is cool and delightful all of the year. The well-traveled trail from Manizales to Pereira, a distance of 36 miles, is a well-worked and repaired mountain trail, having no very steep hills or grades and descending gradually to the valley at Pereira. Very good saddle time can be made over this trail when too heavy baggage is not carried on pack mules. About halfway down the mountains the type* of country changes very considerably. The entire formation is very evidently volcanic, and here and there tiny valleys are seen containing a few acres of good land on which sugar cane is grown. The climate is semi- tropical and becomes steadily warmer as the descent continues. Small groves of bananas are seen in increasing numbers, and there are great groves of the gigantic bamboo, the material most used for construction of houses and fences in this region by the natives ; even the roofs of the houses are of this wood, while large buildings are erected in frame of bamboo and then plastered with mud and whitewashed on the outside. This same description will apply to the entire route as far as Buga la Grande. Pereira is a small town located on a low mesa between two small rivers. In the surrounding country there are many large Para-grass cattle pastures, well cared for; 1 there is also con- siderable good agricultural land, though the principal industry is the raising of cattle. The town itself presents a rather unattractive appearance, as all bamboo and frame houses are daubed with mud stucco and look like the usual type of mud adobe house seen all over the country. There are no good stores; Commerce ig with Mani- 372 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. zales as the wholesaling center, and transportation of goods is by means of pack mules and pack oxen. In the hills between Manizales and Pereira lies the principal coffee-growing region of the Department of Caldas, and small groves of coffee trees, with their larger shade trees, are seen everywhere, though there do not appear to be many large plantations, property being held in small lots in this hilly country and there seldom being more than a few thousand trees to each individual owner. The country around Pereira may be generally described as rolling land, with here and there a steep and broken range of hills— off- shoots of the Central Eange of the Andes. There are two small rivers, the larger of which is La Vieja, up which the new railway from Puerto Caldas on the Cauca River is now being built toward Manizales by the departmental government. When about halfway down the range from Manizales one is struck by the great change in the type of native people seen along the road. Negroes are seen in increasing numbers, while the others are very dark skinned and show every evidence of the semitropical climate, including symptoms of acute malaria. The coffee regions under 6,000 feet are noted among the natives for being very un- healthful places, and the people living there show the effects very markedly. As in Guatemala, the heavy impregnation of volcanic ash in the soil of this region makes it very good for coffee production. Between Manizales and Pereira one crosses two mountain streams called Campo Alegre and Chinchina, both very swift and furnishing abundant water power for generating electricity. Pereira to Cartago.— After one leaves Pereira the character of the country changes. The land becomes more level in surface character, but the soil is very thin and there are many outcroppings of a white, chalky substance which shows in many layers and is undoubtedly volcanic in origin. There are also banks of broken shale and many gravel banks, indicating an old alluvial erosion. Just before one teaches Cartago a range of dry and stony hills is crossed along the north bank of the River La Vieja, which passes by Cartago and flows into the Cauca River a few miles from the city. , Fewer people are seen in this region, and there is little or no cul- tivation except along the small rivers — and that in very small patches. The town of Cartago is situated in the midst of this sort of coun- try. There is little agriculture in its vicinity, and it can not be called a thriving place. The only thing that gives it life, economi- cally, is the Cauca River traffic, the town being formerly a sort of river port for the distribution into the interior of goods imported through .Buenaventura. However, Cartago is not situated on the liver, but is about Smiles from it, and the river port will be Puerto Caldas, where the Caldas Railway leaves the Cauca River for Pere- ira and Manizales. As this new railway does not touch Cartago, but passes some miles to the northwest of the town, Cartago will be left without means of support in the near future. Of course, the trail travel between Manizales and Buga la Grande will remain during the seasons of the year when the river is too dry for steamer navi- COLOMBIA. 373 gation, but this traffic will be small because the low-water stages of the river occur at times after the coffee harvest, when traffic is Very light Cartago is an old Spanish town. It has few good buildings, and commercial life there is at a low ebb. There is not even an agency for any national or foreign bank. Commercially Cartago is tribu- tary to Manizales and, to some extent, to Cali, from which latter town goods are shipped down the Cauca River. Cartago to Buga La Grande. — From Cartago to Buga la Grande (which is the present end of the new wagon road from Palmira), a distance of about 14 leagues, or 56 miles, the country is very poor. There is a series of low hills to the east, which continue in a broken line on the east side of the road all the way to Buga. The formation is chalk, with a very light top soil — a heavy -' adobe " clay, which, during the two rainy seasons, becomes a sticky mass of mud, mak- ing mule traffic almost impossible. Several small streams are crossed, but these, during July, August, and September, and also from December to March, are dry, and stock has to be held along the Cauca River *>n account of the lack of water. Little effort has been made to bore wells for water. There are few ranches, and they are poor, uninviting places at the best. The cattle, mules, and other animals seen are small and of poor breed. In the early part of September the ride has to be made from Car- tago through to Buga la Grande, a distance of 9 leagues, or at least 7J hours in the saddle, as there is no water between these places for man or beast. Ride by Automobile to Pal#iira.— Throughout the region from Cartago to Buga the Cauca Valley has the appearance of being Darrow, as the high hills on the western side of the river are very plainly seen, and the good level, fertile lands of the river must be limited in extent if one may judge from the character of the -land on the eastern side, over which the trail passes. However, after one leaves Buga and js passing over the automobile road toward Palmira the valley opens out and .large areas of level ,and apparently very good soil are seeu. The best lands are undoubtedly those around Palmira and the sugar lands of Manuelita. After one leaves the small town of Zarzal the River La Paila is crossed. This is a stream of fairly good size and wag not dry in September - Hotels. — Bogota, Central,* Bolivar, Continental,* America, Diaz, Girardot, Londres. Note. — Bucaramanga is an important commercial center in the midst of a very rich district, from which the production of coffee reaches 100,000 bags annually. It is connected by a good auto- mobile road with Florida, Piedecuesta, and. Giron, and will shortly be connected with Rio Negro, San Gil, and Socorro, 75 miles (120 km.). The export and import commerce is done by way of the Lebrija and Sogamoso Rivers and by way of Puerto Wilches on the Magdalena. A railroad of 16 miles (25 km.) is now under construc- tion to Puerto Wilches. There are 8 or 10 leading merchants in Bucaramanga whose aggregate capital is about $500,000. Many of the houses have established connections with small towns of their district, from which they purchase coffee, cacao, and hides for sale to the large trading and exporting houses of Barranquilla. They gen- erally make one trip each year to the coast to settle old accounts and buy new stock. Many of the Syrian traders of Barranquilla and Cartagena have strong commercial connections in Bucara- manga. Bucaramanga is the most important cigarette center of the Republic. There are 10 large cigar factories and 2 cigarette facto- ries. BUEN A VENTURA, Department of Valle; altitude, 26 feet; population, 8,850; on an island in Buenaventura Bay near mouth of Dagua River; also on Pacific Railway; 348 miles (560 km.) from Panama City, Panama; 343 miles (552 km.) from Bogota; 108 miles (174 km.) from Cali. Climate unhealthful; temperature averages 80" F ; heavy rainfall in the vicinity. Principal products : Coffee, cacao, lumber, rubber, hides, gold, platinum. Lloyd's agent, A. Pagnamenta & Co. American consular agent in residence. Custom- house brokers: Decio Bergonzali; Llano & Co.; A. Pagnamenta & Co. ; Herederos de Francisco Menuth ; Union Comercial del Pacifico. How Reached.— From Balboa by Pacific Mail Steamship Co. ; from Cali or Dagua by Pacific Railway. Hotels. — Valle, Europa, Boston. Bankers. — B. Lopez & Co., Pagnamenta & Co. COLOMBIA. 383 Note. — Buenaventura is the most important Colombian port on the Pacific and the entrepSt for the rich Cauca Valley. This port is easily reached from Panama. It is a port of call for steamers from many lines. The town itself is situated on a small low island, originally a swamp, and is separated from the solid mainland by great mangle swamps, through which the Dagua River flows Into the bay. Of the population, about 90 per cent are Negroes. The town has no water supply other than the rain water caught in barrels from the roofs of the wooden houses. There is constant danger of disease. Ships anchor about one-half mile from the shore. A new pier is being built almost 393 feet from shore, where the water is 18 to 20 feet deep at lowest tide. The accommodations here are poor and travelers usually leave promptly for Cali, which is the most important business center in southwestern Colombia. There are considerable exports of coffee, platinum, gold dust, cattle hides, sugar, and balata. BUGA, Department of Valle; altitude, 3,280 feet; population, 13,500; on the north bank of the Guadalajara, an affluent of the Cauca River; 252 miles (405 km.) from Bogota and 76 miles (123 km.) from Palmira; temperature averages 80° F. Principal prod- ucts : Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, and cattle. How Reached. — From Bogota by rail to Cartago, thence steamer by Cauca River or automobile to Buga ; from Cali by Pacific Rail- road via Palmira. Bank. — Banco Hipotecario del Pacifico. Hotels. — Hotel de Cauca, Hotel Pozo. Note. — This town is located in the famous Cauca Valley. It is growing in importance. There is an automobile line which follows the eastern side of the Cauca River north from Palmira. Buga is canvassed by those who work closely. CALI, Department of Valle; altitude, 3,400 feet; population, 45,- 500 ; on the west bank of Cali River, near its junction with the Cauca, and on the Pacific Railway. Distant 198 miles (318 km.) from Medellin; 16 miles (26 km.) from Palmira; 84 miles (135 km.) from Popayan; 298 miles (480 km.) from Bogota; 108 miles (174 km.) from Buenaventura; 208 miles (335 km.) from Cartago. Climate, semitropical ; temperature averages 98° F. for summer months. Products: Sugar, cacao, coffee, bananas, oranges, peas, beans, vegetables, platinum, gold, coal, timber, cattle, hogs, etc. Industries: Brick yards, furniture factories, electric and power plants, brewery, fiber bag and mat factory. How Reached.— From Buenaventura and Palmira by Pacific Rail- way; from Cartago by steamers, via Cauca River (discontinued in dry season) ; from Bogota by rail to Ibague, then mule back through Quindio trail to Cartago, thence by boat to Cali; from Popayan by mule trail to Aganche, thence railroad. Route from Cali to Bogota. — From Cali by Cauca River to La Fresneda, the port of Cartago and 3 miles (5 km.) distant from it; from Cartago to Ibague, 75 miles (120 km.), three to four days' journey, via the Quindio trail ; towns en route, La Balsa, Finlandia, Salento ; from Ibague by rail to Bogota, passing through Girardot. The seasons of the Cordillera del Quindio are as follows : Rain 384 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. during April, May, and June; short summer in July; rain during August, September, and October; long summer (dry weather), November to March. The best time to cross the Quindio trail is during January and February. July is also a very good time. Banks.— Banco Hipotecario del Pacifico; Banco Lopez; Banco Comercial; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia; American Foreign Banking Corporation. Hotels. — Majestic,* Cali, Francia, Paris, Imperial, Europa, Inter- national. . • i; Note, — Call is located in the heart of the CaHca Valley and is the chief distributing point for the foreign commerce of this territory. The trade of Cali takes in all of the Cauca Valley, including Popayan to the south. The completion of the Pacific Railway will eventually make Cali the second city of the country in com- mercial importance. There are in Cali a number of large, well- reputed firms who carry on a very considerable business in im- porting and exporting. These firms send salesmen to many places twice a year, including Popayan, Tumace, Barbaeoas, and Pasto. All are purchasers and liandlers of coffee, hides, and other Colom- bian products. Consequently, this arrangement is the most ad- vantageous one. Cali presents a rather Spanish-colonial appear- ance, although modern buildings are going; up in the business district. Business, on the whole, is on a smaller and more re- stricted scale than in Manizales or Medellin. Owing to the growing importance of this place, an agency may be properly established here. CARMEN; Department of Bolivar ; population, 17,149; altitude, 910 feet; on a small tributary of Magdalena River; 155 miles (258 km.) from Barranquilla; 59 miles (96Jbm.) from Cartagena: 123 miles (205 km.) from Calamar. Principal products: Tobacco, corn, coffee, rice, plantains, yucca, sugar. Industries: Cigar and cigarette factories. How Beached.— By Magdalena River from Barranquilla via Jesus del Rio, 28 miles (45 km.), from Carmen. Bankers.— Volpe & Matera, Salvador Frieri, Leopoldo Angulo Pareja. Hotels.— La Castellana, Central. Note. — This is the principal tobacco region of Colombia. Coffee of a very high quality is grown. Carmen is also the center of a rich oil district which is being exploited by various companies — some American, English, and Dutch. CARTAGENA, capital of Department of Bolivar; population, 51,382 ; seaport' on northwest coast Landing : Vessels lie alongside wharf. Distant 55 miles (89 km.) southwest from delta of Magda- lena River; 62 miles (99 km.) from Barranquilla ; 1.021 miles (1,643 km.) from Port of Spain, Trinidad ;i 714 miles (1.150 km.) from Bogota; 65 miles (105 km.) from Calamar. Climate r There are two seasons, wet or rainy season from April to October, dry season from November to March. The temperature ranges from 80° to 94° with high humidity. It is somewhat cooler during the winter months. Principal products : Ivory nuts, sugar, coffee, balsam, cacao, cedar and other woods, tobacco, ipecac, resin, leather, cotton. COLOMBIA. 385 Industries; Manufacture of clothing, soap, perfume, hosiery, furni- ture, shoes, and sandals ; sugar refining ; petroleum refining. American consul and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Carlos Stevenson. How Beached. — From Calamar by Ferrocarril de Cartagena, daily trains time, four hours; baggage allowance, 33 pounds; from Bar- ranquilla by steamers on Caribbean or river steamer to Calamar, and thence by rail; from Bogota, combined rail and water route (see p. 343). Passenger airplane service is maintained between Cartagena and Barranquilla. Local Steamship Service. — Steamers of Empresa Nacional de los Rios Sinn y Atrato : Fortnightly service to Rivers Sinu and Atrato ; weekly service to River Sinu by launches. Steamers of Cia. de NavegaeiSn del Rio Atrato : Monthly service between Cartagena and Quibdo, at head of Atrato River. Railroad Service. — Special trains are run to connect with the up- and-down river express of the Colombia Railway & Navigation Co. Particulars can be obtained at the railroad station. Customhouse Brokers. — Enrique Mendez, Jose Maria Lozano, Fernando Benedeti. Banks. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia (Mercantile Bank of the Americas); Banco de Bolivar; Pombo Hermanos; Rafael del Castillo & Co. ; Pineda Lopez & Co. ; Banco Industrial ; Banco Dugand : Commercial Bank of Spanish America ; Royal Bank of Canada ; Banco Cartagena. Hotels. — Americano,* Washington,* Europa, Jimioez, Botes, Vic- toria, Velez, Imperial. Good meals can he had at Club Cartagena. Note. — Cartagena is one of the very important markets and his- torically one of the most interesting places in all Latin America. Although only 62 miles from Barranquilla, there is a great rivalry for trade. Cartagena's territory consists principally of the Rio Sinu country and the Choco Intendency, with which it has com- munication by steamer along the Coast, and then up the Rio Atrato, including the Quibdo region. At one time this was the principal seaport of Spanish America, but to-day it is considered inferior to Barranquilla. Although this is a very ancient town, modern build- ings are being erected and modern offices are being installed. The business men generally are of a high type and capable. Practically all the commercial business is handled fey six large houses, which are importing wholesalers and exporters of products. They buy export materials for their own account in the interior through well-established agencies and branches. Several of these large firms are also private bankers! In this connection attention must -be given to the Syrian merchants, who are now strong competitors of the old established Colombian firms. The Syrians, by means of intense industry, economy, and their own peculiar system of agencies, branches, and traders in the interior, more especially in the Rio Atrato platinum region, have been able to win a large share of the business of this territory. There is hardly a town in the interior where a Syrian merchant can not be found. They specialize in cotton piece goods. The larger Syrian firms also import general merchandise. The principal houses of this nationality do a very 386 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. fair wholesale trade with towns up the Magdalena River and as far east as Ocana, Bucaramanga, and Santander. They are shrewd buyers and traders, and in transactions with them the details should be clearly understood. Taking it as a whole, a very con- siderable business is done in Cartagena, and this town should re- ceive . the attention of all travelers. Nearby at Sincerin is the largest sugar mill in Colombia, locally known as the Ingenio Cen- tral. CARTAGO, Department of Valle ; altitude, 3,165 feet ; population, 21,500; on west bank of Vieja River (affluent of the Cauca) ; 99 miles (160 km.) southeast of Medellin; 196. miles (315 km.). from Bogota; 208 miles (335 km.) from Cali. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco, cattle. How Reached. — From Tolima by horseback via Quindio trail; from Cali and Buga by steamers on Cauca River (Compania de NavegaciSn del Rio Cauca ; going up, 38J hours ; going down, 22 hours; navigation discontinued during dry season) ; from Pereira by railway. River Service. — The actual river distance served on the Cauca River is about 300 kilometers or 187 miles. This extends from tlie river port of Mallarino, 64 kilometers below Cali, to the port of La Virginia, about 10 kilometers below Cartage. Cartago is not on the Cauca River, but on the Rio La Vieja. The river port for Cartago is La Fresneda, about 2 kilometers from Cartago proper. Note. — This is a city of growing commercial importance. There is a considerable steamer traffic on the Cauca from Cali. Bogota is accessible by way of the Quindio Pass, Ibague, and Girardot This is a meeting place for roads to Caldas, Antioquia, Tolima, the Choco, and Buenaventura. CHIQUINQUIRA, Department of Boyaca; altitude, 8,365 feet; population, 22,500 ; temperature averages 60° F. ; climate good ; on west bank of Suarez River; 20 miles (32 km.) from Tunja; 82 miles (132 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Cacao, coffee, sugar, copper, and emeralds. Industries: Brick and tile works, distilleries, breweries, sheep and cattle raising. How Reached. — From Bogota by rail to Nemocon ; thence by automobile or horseback via Ubate;.good road. There is also a good direct highway for automobiles from Bogota to Chiquinquira. Chiquinquira will soon be connected with Bogota by the Ferrocarril del Norte. There is a very large commercial movement during the months of August, October, and December. Hotels.- — Escobar, Colon, Tellez. Note. — This is an important commercial center and the headquar- ters of an important cattle country. In the neighborhood are also mines of various kinds, among them the famous " Muzo " emerald mines. Chiquinquira is a distributing center for the Departments of Boyaca, Santander, and Cundinamarca. Weekly markets of con- siderable importance are held. There is a religious sanctuary here visited by many pilgrims. In the vicinity of Chiquinquira there is much beautiful scenery. COROZAL, Department of Bolivar ; altitude, 510 feet ; population, 11,907; 77 miles (125 km.) from Cartagena and 612 miles (985 COLOMBIA. 387 km.) from Bogota. Principal products : Corn, tobacco, yucca (cas- sava), rice. Industries: Agricultural; grazing; textiles; cotton embroideries; hammock weaving. How Beached. — From Magangue by camino de herradura ; also from Sincelejo. Note. — Corozal is the center of an important agricultural district and is visited by those who canvass closely. CTTCTJTA, capital of Department of Santander del Norte; popu- lation, 24.000; altitude, 1,050 feet; mean annual temperature, 84° F. ; climate hot and unhealthful. Situated between the Zulia and Pam- plonita Rivers; 34 miles (55 km.) from Puerto Villamizar; 10 miles (16 km.) from San Antonio (Venezuelan frontier) ; 304 miles (490 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, tobacco, hides. How Reached. — From Venezuela via Lake Maracaibo and Zulia River to Puerto Villamizar. thence by railroad ; from Bucaramanga, via mule trail, five days' trip, very hard journey ; from Bogota via Central Northern Highway. Cucuta is somewhat difficult of access. The voyage from the city of Maracaibo to Puerto Villamizar by way of Lake Maracaibo and the River Catatumbo and the River Zulia takes about three days. Passengers and freight have to be trans- ferred at the junction of the two rivers by small steamers. Puerto Villamizar is 35 miles from the city of Cucuta by the old road. Hotels. — Central,* International, Continental, Colombia, Filadel- fia, Victoria. Banks. — Banco de la Mutualidad, Banco de Pamplona, Banco Dugand; Banco de Cucuta; Banco Mercantil Americano de Colom- bia. Note.— This is a very important commercial community. Politi- cally a part of Colombia, Cucuta is actually dependent upon Vene- zuela for access to foreign markets, being shut off from the rest of Colombia by the barrier of the eastern Cordillera and the distance to the Magdalena River. The city itself is situated on a level plain surrounded by low hills. It is the capital of the Colombian De- partment of Santander del Norte. A very considerable business is done in Cucuta, the larger houses transacting business direct with firms in New York. A number of firms in Maracaibo have branch stores in Cucuta, and among them German houses are important. FACATATIVA, Department of Cundinamarca ; altitude, 8,275 feet ; population, 10,607 ; climate, cool ; temperature averages 52° F. ; on the Cambao cart road, 25 miles (40 km.) from Bogota; 82 miles (132 km.) from Girardot. Principal products : Lumber, wheat, corn, barley. Industry: Iron foundry. How Reached. — From Bogota by Sabana Railway and also by carretera; from Girardot by Girardot Railway. Hotels. — Central, Bolivar, America. Note. — This place is of some importance, being on the road be- tween Girardot and Bogota. As a trading center it is of secondary interest GIRARDOT, Department of Cundinamarca; altitude, 993 feet; population, 20,000; heavy rainfall; temperature averages 88° F. ; on east bank of Magdalena River, near mouth of Bogota River ; 95 388 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. miles (153 km.) from Beltran by river steamer; 82 miles (132 km.) from Facatativa by rail; 75 miles (122 Jan.) from Bogota. Principal products : Coffee and tropical produce. Industries : Tanning and coffee and rubber cultivation. How Reached.— From Facatativa and Bogota by rail ; from Neiva by river steamer; from Cali via Central Cordillera to the Quindio Pass and the Cauca Valley ; from Ibague by rail via Espinal. Railways. — Ferrocarril del Tolima to Ibague, 45 miles (76 km.) ; FerrocarrH de Girardot (Colombia National Railway) to Facata- tiva, 82 miles (132 km.). Banks. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia, Banco Dugand, Banco Lopez. Hotels. — San German, Suiza. Note. — Girardot owes its importance to the fact that it is the ter- minus of the railroad and an entrepot to the famous Quindio Pass, through which travelers go to the Cauca Valley via Ibague. It is one of the principal centers for the purchase and shipment of coffee and hides. Semiannual fairs are held here June 5-10 and Decem- ber 5-10. During these fairs the transactions in cattle and horses amount to hundred of thousands of dollars. A large business is also done in dry goods and all kinds of commodities. Travelers who stop here on the way to or from Bogota are obliged to star overnight HONDA, Department of Tolima ; altitude, 672 feet ; population, 7,800; temperature averages 90° F. ; on Guali River, at its junction with Magdalena River; 21' miles (33 km.) from La Dorada; 34 miles (55 km.) from Beltran; 81 miles (130km.) from Bogota. Prin- cipal products: Coffee, cacao, gold, silver, hides and skins. Indus- tries : Breweries, distilleries, and soap factories. Lloyd's sub- agent. How Reached.— From La Dorada by rail, lj& hours. Honda is the principal station on the La Dorado-Beltran Railway. Hotels. — America, Edison, Milton. Banks. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia ; Palacio & Martinez Aparicio; Anglo-Oolombiano de Comisiones. Note. — This is an important transshipping place for trade between Barranquilla, Bogota, and the interior of Colombia, due to its loca- tion at the head of the navigation of the Lower Magdalena. It is a large export center for the products of the district and the dis- tributing eenter for the towns of the cordillera. Speeial Note. — At Honda are the rapids which separate the Upper Magdalena and the Lower Magdalena, this part not being navigable. The rapids cover a distance of about 2J miles, with a difference in level of 46 feet (14 meters). Caracoli, the terminus of the Lower Magdalena, and Arrancaplumas, the terminus of the Upper Mag- dalena, are not now used, except by a few small freight boats. All passengers and practically all freight are transshipped by rail "from La Dorada to Beltran arid thence by boat to Girardot. IBAGUE, capital of Department of Tolima ; altitude, 4,280 feet ; population, 30,250. Situated in the valley of the Combeima, 37 miles (59 km.) from Girardot, 112 miles (180 km.) from Bogota; 75 miles (120 km.) from Cartago. Climate, cool ; temperature aver- COLOMBIA. 389 ages 60° F. Principal products : Coffee, rubber, tobacco, hides, vege- tables, sugar. Industries: Cattle raising, chocolate and straw hat manufacture. How Beached. — From Port of Fiandes, opposite Glrardot, by Tolima Railroad via Espinal; from Cartago via the Quindio Pass, 11,000 feet high; from Bogota by way of Girardot. Ibague to Cartago, 3 days' journey; Ibague to Manlzales, 3 days' journey; Neiva to Ibague, 4 days' journey. Bank. — Banco Social del Tolima. Hotels. — Europa,* Colombia, Zea. Note. — This is an active commercial center. Ibague acts as a distributing point for the valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers. Visited by travelers who canvass Cartago. IPTALES, Department of Narino ; population, 17,005 ; altitude, 3,081 feet; on left bank of Carchi River; 551 miles (905 kin.) from Bogota; 53 miles (85 km.) from Pasto; about 1J miles (2J km.) from frontier of Ecuador. Industries : Tanning, cabinetmaking, cattle raising, agriculture. Products : Corn, wheat, sugar, potatoes, beans, coffee, rubber, hides, gold, straw hats. How Reached. — By carretera from Barbacoas or Pasto. HoteL-^Internacional. Note. — Ipiales is the center of an industrial district ; there is con- siderable commerce with Ecuador; customhouse located here. Ipiales has good roads and trails to neighboring places. LA DO RAD A, on Magdalena River; 477 miles (768 km.) above Calamar; 613 miles (987 km.) from Barranquilla ; 109 miles (176 km.) from Puerto Berrio by river ; 69 miles (111 km.) from Bel trail by rail; 202 miles (326 km.) from Bogota. How Reached. — From Ambalema by Dorada Railway ; from Bar- ranquilla by steamers of Colombia Railway & Navigation Co. ; time of trip, about 8 days ; return trip, about 5 days ; baggage allowance, 150 kilos. Note. — This is the northern terminus of the Dorada Railway, which runs from La Dorada to Ambalema, 70 miles (113 km.). This line was built to get around the rapids of the Magdalena. Any importance the town possesses is due to its railway connections. LORICA, Department of Bolivar; population, 20,000; 84 miles (135 km.) from Cartagena, on Sinu River,, about 20 miles from its mouth. Products : Rice, cacao, bananas, corn, sugar cane, cattle, horses, hogs, fish. It is situated in a mining and agricultural district, and is also an oil center. How Reached. — From Cartagena by Sinu River. Banks. — Diego Martinez & Co.; Vicente Arteaga; Jatttn Her- manos. Hotel. — Bremen. Note. — Lorica owes its importance to the fact that it is the dis- tributing point for the neighboring district and the Sinu Valley. It is canvassed from Cartagena,, The development of the country around it is rapidly progressing. Oil wells have been started at En Covenas, 6 miles (10 kin*) distant. There is extensive cattle raising in this vicinity, particularly in the Sabanas de Bolivar. A 90821°— 22 26 390 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. packing house will be established shortly for the exportation of meat products. SffAGANGTJE, Department of Bolivar ; on the Magdalena River, at the junction of the River San Jorge; 165 miles (265 km.) from Barranquilla. Population, 14,000. Products: Cheese, butter, rice, fruits, coffee, etc. Industries: Textile mills, shoe factories, cigar factories. How Reached. — By Magdalena River steamers to Mompos, thence by mule back; carretera to Since, Sincelejo, and Lorica. The steamers of all the river lines stop at this port, making connections with the Cauca, Nechi, and San Jorge Rivers. Banks. — Banco Central, Banco Dugand. Hotels. — Vega, Juan Diaz, Pension Delgado. Note. — Fairs are held here in February, June, and September. Trade is conducted with Cartagena and Barranquilla. Not usually canvassed by foreign travelers. MANIZALES, capital of Department of Caldas; altitude, 7,000 feet; population, 43,000. At junction of two well-traveled routes over Central Cordillera; 155 miles (250 km.) from Bogota; 60 miles (96 km.) from Cartago; 206 miles (333 km.) from Cali. The city of Manizales possesses one of the best climates in Colombia. The temperature varies very little and the nights are always cool. Woolen suits with light underclothing are worn with comfort, and at times a light overcoat may be desirable in the evening. Seasons are variable, but may be said to be four in number — two rainy seasons called "ihvierno" (winter), and two dry seasons called "verano" (summer). September, October, and November are wet months, while December, January, and February are dry months. Rains occur during' March, April, and May, while June, July, and August are dry months. There were 141 inches of rainfall in the Manizales district during 1918. Principal products : Coffee, gold, silver. Industries: Chiefly agriculture; also match, soap, and cotton cloth factories. How Reached. — From Bogota, one day by rail, one day by steamer on the Magdalena to Ambalema or Mariquita, and thence three days by mule trail; from Bogota via Ibague, 2 days by rail and four days by mule trail. Two roads start here for the Department of Tolima, one to the northern and one to the southern part of the Department. Probably the best way to enter Manizales is by the port of Buenaventura. A special train leaves that port every morning for Cali, where it connects with Cauca River steamers that reach Puerto Caldas in two days ; from Puerto Caldas it is one day by mule trail to Manizales. Eventually the Caldas Railway will cover this route* Another route from Cali is by rail to Palmira, then by automobile to Buga, and thence mule back to Manizales, total traveling time about 28 hours. Hotels. — Europa, Caldas, Colombia. Banks. — Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia, Banco de Cal- das, Banco Lopez. Note. — The Departments of Antioquia and Caldas are in the coffee center, and therefore Manizales is a very important place. Although somewhat difficult of access, it is visited by many travel- COLOMBIA. 391 ing salesmen, and often with great success. Generally speaking, when conditions are normal it may be canvassed with good results^ There are about 75 firms here, many of whom are in a position to import direct. The trade is exceedingly well organized, and on ac- count of the capital and foreign connections of its merchants Mani- zales is able to sell at wholesale to Armenia and even to Cali. The Manizales business men are branching out toward the Cauca Valley. Many of them have established farms and agricultural lands in the valley. The city itself is rather old-fashioned, things being still conducted on a scale fitted to mule-pack transportation. However, the business houses, as a rule, enjoy an excellent reputation for prompt meeting of all obligations. Manizales is the wholesale center for the territory as far south and west as Cartago, Buga, Tulua, Palmira, and even Cali. The houses here, having large capital, are able to give long-term credits, and as compared with the merchants of the Cauca district, of which Cali is the headquarters, offer certain advantages. Manizales may well be selected as the headquarters of a resident agent. If well equipped with samples, such a man, under normal conditions, can obtain many orders. Not infrequently the agent in Manizales can- vasses the Cauca Valley. An aerial cableway for freight from Mariquita to Manizales will probably be completed by the end of 1921. At present it is in op- eration from Mariquita to Papal, which is about two hours by mule from Manizales. MEDELLIN, capital of Department of Antioquia ; altitude, 4,854 feet; population, 79,240; on east bank of Porce River, 122 miles (196 km.) from Puerto Berrio; 502 miles (807 km.) northwest of Bogota. The climate in Medellin is very good, it being temperate (perpetual spring). Seasons of dry and wet weather alternate practically every two mouths. Cold weather is unknown in Medellin, although in the hills the temperature gets lower as one ascends. The temperature averages 70° F. Principal products : Coffee, hides, gold, leather, tobacco, rubber, silver, platinum, emeralds, cotton, etc. The exports of coffee in 1920 totaled 347,050 bags. Principal indus- tries: Manufacture of cotton goods, Panama hats, shirts, collars, crackers, candy, tobacco and cigarettes, chemicals, pottery works, breweries, iron foundries. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, William Gordon, who is also correspondent for New York Board of Underwriters. How Beached.— From Barranquilla and Calamar by steamers to Puerto Berrio, thence Antioquia Bailway to Medellin ; time from Barranquilla, 6 days; baggage allowance, 110 pounds on steamers, 80 pounds on railroad; from Cartagena by rail to Calamar, thence steamer to Puerto Berrio, thence Antioquia & Puerto Berrio Rail- way to Medellin ; from Manizales by mule trail, 4 days' journey to Caldas, thence Amaga Railroad to Medellin; from Puerto Berrio by Antioquia & Puerto Berrio Railway; time, 1 day; cost, about S10 ; from Amaga by Amaga Railway. Hotels. — Europa,* Palatino, Internacional,* Berlin, Medellin, Vic- toria, America. Automobiles, $4 per hour ; horse-drawn cabs, $1 per hour. 392 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — Banco Republicano, Avacucho 106 ; Banco de Sucre, Plaza de Berrio; Yasquez Correas- & Co.; Commercial Bank of Spanish America (Ltd.) ; National City Bank of New York; Banc* Mercan- til Americano de Colombia (Mercantile Bank of the Americas) ; Banco Prendario Municipal ; Banco Dugand ; Banco Aleman Antio- queSo ; Banco Hipotecario. .Note. — Medellin is the second city of Colombia in population and one of the most prosperous cities in the Republic. It is a very im- portant distributing center and a wealthy community. It is note- worthy that the people of Antioqnta are the descendants of Spanish Jews who emigrated to Colombia during colonial times. The parity of the race has been preserved. Medellin is a thriving eity •which displays modern tendencies. Numerous new offices and store build- ings are being erected and there is a distinct movement toward infe provements of all sorts. There are a number of very important houses and some strong banks. Medellin is a good location for a resident agent, being 'the center of commercial activity for the entire Department of Antioquia. From this point is also reached the mining country of the northern part of the Department, and the territory of the Cauca River Valley as far south as Cartago. To a certain extent the Department of Caldas, with Manizales as its center, is commercially tributary to Medellin, but the bulk of the business with Manizales is handled directly with foreign markets. The Department of Antioquia con- tains 35 towns of 10,000 people or more, and the commercial terri- tory of Medellin, which has over 2,000,000 people, goes even as far west as the Rio Atrato: MOMFOS, Department -of Bolivar; altitude, 128 feet; population, 15,435; on west bank of Magdalena River; 110 miles (176 km.) southeast of Cartagena ; 513 miles (825 km.) from Bogota. Prin- cipal products: Cattle, iflobaeeo. Industries: Soap and candle fac- tories; foundries. •' ■ How Reached. — From Cartagena by Cartagena Railway to Cala- mar, and thence by river steamer ;- from Barranquilla by river steamer. Wote.— This is a distributing point in the Department of Bolivar. It is the center of a rich agricultural and cattle-raising district, and also a depot for such river products as tagua nuts, etc. A con- siderable trade is carried on with the neighborhood. Travelers who canvass closely may find it advantageous to call here. Owing to closing of river arm, Mompos is decreasing in importance. MOHTERIA, Department of Bolivar; population, town, 8,000; district, 30,(fo0; on the Sinn River, near Cienaga of Betanei, which is navigable; 40 miles (64 km.) from Lorica. Products: Tagua nuts, lumber, cattle, gold; coal, iron, rice, petroleum, quinine, cacao. Industries : Soap and candle factories, mineral waters. How Reached. — Via Sinu River by steamboat and gasoline craft from Cartagena during the rainy season. During the dry season boats can go only as far as Lorica, from which point Monteria is reached by earretera. Banks. — Banco del Sinu ; O. & L. Dereix. COLOMBIA. 393 Note. — There are a number of important commercial firms located here; the town is growing in importance. It is usually canvassed by Cartagena firms. NEIVA, capital of Department of Huila; altitude, 1,515 feet; population, 24,889 ; temperature averages S3". Located on right shore of the Magdalena at its confluence with the Neiva River ; 162 miles (261 km.) from Bogota; 76 miles (123 km.) from Girardot. Principal products: Cocoa, cattle. Industries: Panama hats; fiber hammocks, etc How Beached. — From Bogota : Sabana Railway to Facatativa ; thence Girardot Railway to Girardot; thence (5 days' journey) by mule trail to Neiva. During the rainy season the journey from Girardot is made by river steamer. Bank. — Banco de- Neiva. Hotels. — Calderon, Reyes, Trujillo. Note. — There is an important trade route from Neiva to Popayan through Guanacos Pass. The city is increasing in prominence. OC ANA, Department of Santander del Norte ; altitude, 3,820 feet ; population, 17,289 ; temperature averages 70° F. ; on the Tavia River, an affluent of the Catatumbo; 219 miles (352. km.) south- east from Cartagena; 41 miles (66 km,) from Magdalena River; 438 miles (705 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Coffee, sugar, wheat, cereals, cacao, tagua nuts, indigo, vanilla, corn. Industries: Soap and candle factories, distilleries. How Beached. — From Magdalena River by mule trail from Gamarra or Loma de Corredor; from Bodega Central by- mule trail. .;■ ■ ...:■"' Banks. — Jacome Niz & Co. ; Banco Dugand.. Hotels. — Santander, Ocana. Note. — This place is fairly important, being in the heart of the coffee and cacao growing district. It is located farther to the north and nearer the Magdalena River than Cucuta. Travelers often stop at Gamarra or Bodega Central and go overland to Ocana by mule back. The level portions of the roads have auto- mobile service. Generally speaking the district is commercially tributary to Barranquilla, although some merchandise is pur- chased at wholesale in Cartagena. PALMIRA, Department of ^alle; altitude, 3,053 feet; popula- tion, 27,000 ; temperature averages 80° F. Situated on a plain called Llanos de Malajana; 144 miles (233 km.) from Buenaventura; 16 miles (26 km.)- from Cali; 288 miles (465 km.) from Bogota; and 85 miles (136 km.) northeast of Popayan (Cauca River Valley). Principal products: Tobacco, for which it is famous; also coffee, cacao, rice, sugar cane, grain. Industries: Sugar refineries, cigar making. How Beached. — From Bogota by rail to Ibague via Girardot, then mule back through Quindio trail to Cartago, thence steamer x from Cali or Buenaventura by Pacific Railway. The trip to Bogota can be made in five days with only two days on mule back. Principal Hotels. — Americano, Oasis, Cauca, Club Cauca. Bank. — Banco Hipotecario del Pacifico. 394 GTTCDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This place is located in the center of the rich Canca Valley. Those who are not afraid of hard journeys will probably find it advantageous to visit Palmira. Near by is the sugar-cane plantation " La Manuelita," belonging to an American citizen. A very good wagon road runs from here to Ovedo, 80 miles (120 km.) distant, in the direction of Cartago. PAMPLONA, Department of Santander del Norte; altitude, 7200 feet; population, 16,500. Situated on west bank of Pamplonita River, 79 miles (127 km.) from Bucaramanga, 211 miles (340 km.) northeast of Bogota. Climate, cool; temperature average 60° V. Principal products : Dyewoods, resin, gums, coal, gold, mica, coffee, cacao, bananas, wheat. Industries: Distilleries and breweries, flour mills, textile plants. tHow Beached. — From Bucaramanga by mule trail; from Bogota or Cucuta by Central Northern Highway. Bank.— Banco de Pamplona. Hotel. — Santander, Central. Note. — This is an important interior city which is connected with Cucuta by a wagon road not yet completed. In the neighborhood are many coffee plantations, also some cacao plantations. Trade in general goes to Cucuta, where the merchants buy at wholesale. PASTO, capital of the Department of Narino ; altitude, 8,442 feet ; population, 29,035 ; climate, very cool ; temperature averages 65° F. Situated at the foot of Galeras Volcano: 220 miles (354 km.) from Tumaco (nearest port) ; 510 miles (820 km.) from Bogota; 37 miles (60 km.) from Tuquerres. Principal products: Coffee, vanilla, cacao, rice, and fruits. Industries : Brewery, power plants, tannery, and Panama-hat factory. How Beached. — From Tumaco by local steamers to Barbaeoas (40 hours), thence road; time of journey, 5 days; from Tuquefires by highway and mule trail; from Popayan, 6 days? journey; diflV cult trip. Banks. — Banco del Sur ; Caja de Ahorros ; Hermogenes Zarama & Cia. ; Noval, Rojas & Cia. Hotels. — Central,* Solis, Colombia. Note. — This city is located on a high plateau, with a cold climate. It is the most important commercial center of the Department, anil is the distributing point for the j-ich oil fields on the Pan Miguel and Putumayo Rivers. Its population consists chiefly of Indians. Many home industries are conducted here. A considerable volume of business is transacted, much merchandise being brought in from Quito, Ecuador, via Tulcan. In this vicinity are two gold mines, the Concordia and Canada mine and the El Socorro mine. In making the trip from Barbaeoas to Pasto or to Popayan it is necessary for the traveler to carry his own bedding and food, as there are no hotels along the road. PEBEIBA, Department of Caldas; population, 24,750; altitude, 4,765 feet; on Otun River; 24 miles (40 km.) from Cartago. Prod- ucts : Cattle, coffee, sugar cane, tobacco. How Beached. — From Cartago and Puerto Caldas by rail and also by Cauca River. Carretera to Santa Rosa de Cabal, Cartago, Mar- sella, and El Quindio. COLOMBIA. 395 Banks. — Branch of Banco del Ruiz, J. Castro e Hijos, Jesus Cano M. Hotels. — Paris, Colon. Note. — Pereira is the center of the cattle-raising industry of the Department of Caldas; weekly fairs of cattle and horses are held. Principal market of the Department for coffee. A number of houses import directly ; others supply themselves in Cali, Manizales, or Medellin. Pereira is four or five days distant from Buenaven- tura by railway and steamboat ; one day from Manizales and four or five days from Medellin by horseback; four or five days from Bogota, first two on horseback and the rest by railway. Pereira is increasing in commercial importance. PINELLOS, Department of Bolivar ; population, 15,000. Situated on east side of the. Magdalena River, on the Island of Mompos; temperature averages 80° F. ; 40 miles (65 km.) from Magangue; 130 miles (210 km.) from Calamar; 198 miles (321 km.) from Barranquilla. Products: Rice, sugar cane, coffee, corn, beans, potatoes, fish, hardwoods, dyewoods, sarsaparilla, ipecac, rubber, tagua nuts, cattle, hogs. Industries. Chiefly agricultural ; packing house. How Beached. — Via Magdalena River ; also overland. Hotels.— Colon, Corona. Bankers. — Yictoriano Diaz del I., Manuel de la R. Perez. Note. — Pinillos being a transit point, is growing in importance. It is canvassed by those who make the small towns. POP AY AN, capital of Department of Cauca ; population, 20,235 ; altitude, 5,740 feet Situated on a tributary of the Cauca River; 84 miles (135 km.) from Cali; 354 miles (570 km.) from Bogota; has no railroad connection. Climate, cool ; temperature averages 65° P. Principal products: Gold,. silver, platinum, copper, and other minerals ; coffee, cattle, timber, potatoes, and other agricultural products. Industries :■ Brick works, tanneries, fiber bag and mat factory, shoe factories, flour mills. Lloyd's subagent, Pardo & Hurtado. How Beached. — From Pasto by mule trail, a difficult trip of a week's duration ; from Call by mule trail to Aganche, thence by rail, 2 days' journey. Hotels. — Espana, Popayan. Banks. — Banco del Estado ; Banco de Popayan ; Credito Caucano. Note. — An old-fashioned community with numerous traditions. Frequent local storms, sometimes very severe, occur in this vicinity. Some business is transacted here, but it is not as good a point as Tuquerres or Pasto. Most of the trading here is done with Cali. There is not much intercourse with Pasto, which is between seven and eight days distant. There are a number of important houses in Popayan who do both an exporting and importing business. The principal exports are coffee, dried meats, balata, and rubber. PUERTO BEBBIO, Department of Antioquia ; altitude, 542 feet : population, 6,667. Situated on west bank of the Magdalena River ; 503 miles (811 km.) from Barranquilla; 122 miles (196 km.) from Medellin; 208 miles (335 km.) from Bogota. 396 GUIDE TO I/ATIU AMERICA. How Beached. — From Barranquilla by steamers, 4 days' jour- ney ; from Calamar by steamers ; from Medellin by rail to Santiago, thence by road over crest of hill, 9 miles (15 km.)* and thence again by rail to Puerto Berrio; time of trip, one day. Hotel.— ^Magdalena. Note. : — This place owes its importance to the fact that most of the trade of Medellin passes through it. It is the river port of the Department of Antioquia. Travelers will find the Hotel Magdalena very comfortable and the time spent waiting for connections is easily passed. QUIBDO, Intendency of Choco; altitude, 140 feet; population, 6,000; district, 24,700. Situated on the east bank of the Atrato River, 220 miles (354 km.) above its mouth; 270 miles (435 fern.) from Bogota ; 90 miles (145 km.) from Medellin. Temperature aver- ages 82° to 88° ; annual rainfall, about 200 inches ; wet season, March to December. Principal products: Gold, rubber, vegetables, vegetable ivory, coconuts, lumber. Industries: Platinum and gold placer mining. How Beached. — Steamers for Atrato River points leave Carta- gena about once every three weeks, Quibdo being the terminus of the service. (See Cartagena.) Quibdo Road. — This road leads to Bolivar, Department of Antio- quia. Hotel. — Metropolitano. Character of Merchants. — The merchants are chiefly of Syrian nationality, although there are also some Colombian houses. Note. — This place is usually worked from Cartagena. It is an important point for outfitting. Much barter is carried on. The Atrato River is rich in placers. Platinum is abundant. Quibdo is somewhat difficult of access, owing to the time required to reach it. The rains in this region are incessant. RIOHACHA, Department of Magdalena; population, 10,000. Situated at the mouth of the Riohacha; 96 miles (160 km.) from Santa Marta; 891 miles (1,435 km.) from Bogota. Landing: Ves- sels lie offshore. Temperature averages 85° F. ; evenings cool and pleasant. Principal products: Cattle, horses, rubber, vegetables, gold dust, hides, timber, divi-divi, henequen, petroleum. How Reached. — From Barranquilla by local steamers and small trading schooners. No regular service. Hotels. — There is an tan, and at the Club Riohacha good meals may be obtained. Note. — This is a busy trading center for the part of Colombia in which it is located. Considerable pearl fishing is done in the neighborhood. It is the principal mart of the Goajira Indians. It also has trade connections with Curacao, Dutch West Indies, from which it receives most of its supplies, the trade being carried on by small schooners. There is a customhouse here, and the mer- chandise cleared through it is distributed into the interior of the Goajira Peninsula and the Valle de Upar region. The towns being supplied through Riohacha are as follows: Moreno and Valencia, population 1,500 each; Soldado, population 1,000; Fonseca, 3,500; San Juan, 5,500 (including 20 ranchos) ; Villa Nueva, 3 500- Valle de Upar, 7,000. COLOMBIA. 397 BIOSTTGIO, Department of CaKlas; population, 19,031; altitude, 5,942 feet; nights are cold; 32 miles (52 km.) from Manizales. Principal products ; Coffee, rice, sugar cane, tobacco* cacao, potatoes, beans, yucca. Industries : Mining of gold, silver, and coal. How Reacted. — From Cartagena by.Atrato River service. Bank. — Sociedad Cooperativa de Riosueio. Hotels. — Paiz, Leon de Oro, Morenos. Note. — Riosueio is one of the principal towns of the Department of Caldas; chief .trade conducted with Medellin and Manizales. Canvassed by wholesale importers of Medellin. SAIiAMINA, Department of Caldas; population, 20,320; altitude, 1.812 feet; 31 miles (50 km.) from Manizales. Climate, cool; tem- perature averages 50° F. Principal products: Coffee, cattte. In- dustries : Flour mill, candle and soap factories. How Reached. — From Manizales by carretera ; also carretera from Pacora and Arazanzu. Also reached via Cauca River to Puerto Caldas, thence two days by mule trail ; from Ambalema or Mariouita four days by mule trail. Hotel. — Sa lamina. Wanks. — Banco de Salamina, Banco de Ahorros. Mote. — Salamina is hi the cattle and agricultural district and the fourth city of the Department of Caldas. It is tributary to Manizales, by whose merchants it is canvassed. SAN ANDRES DE PROVIDENCIA, population, 6,000; 51 miles (83 km.) from Provideneia (Old Providence Island) ; 485 miles (781 km.) from Cartagena. Principal products: Coconuts, oranges, and other fruits. How Readied. — -From Cartagena by schooners, monthly trips ; from Colon by sloops, weekly service. Note. — The natives of San Andres de Provideneia speak English only. There is a Government wireless station communicating with Cartagena and Santa Mart« - SAN GIL, Department of Santander; population, 11,100 ; altitude, 3,628 feet; on San Gil River; 290 miles (466 km.) from Bogota. Products: Tobacco, cotton, sugar cane, beans, cereals, cattle, etc. Industries: Manufacture of cotton sheeting, blankets, and straw hats. How Reached. — By carretera from Zapatoca and Barichara. Hotels. — Fonce, Santander. Bank. — Banco de San GiL Note. — This is a thriving town in the Department of Santander. A considerable business is done with the surrounding country. It is not usually visited by foreign salesmen. SANTA MART A, capital of the Department of Magdalena ; popu- lation, 18.000; Caribbean port, at mouth of Manzanares Riser; landing, from steamer to wharf; 48 miles (77 km.) east of mouth of Magdalena: 110 miles (176 km.) northeast of Cartagena; on the Santa Marta Railway. Temperature averages 86° F. ; average annual rainfall 18 inches. Principal products: Bananas, coffee, hides and skins, alligator pears, mangoes. Industries : Brick und tile works. ice plants, electric light and power plant, distilleries. 398 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. American consul in residence. Samples cleared by American consul. Lloyd's agent, Francis G. Maidment. Customhouse brokers: Zuniga & Guerrero, M. D. Abello & Co., Luis Carlos Riveira. How Beached. — From Cartagena by regular steamer service (principally United Fruit Co.), touching at Puerto Colombia, the seaport of Barranquilla ; also by train to Calamar on the Magdalena River, thence by steamer to Barranquilla, thence by steamer, through the estuaries of the Magdalena to Cienega, and thence by rail to Santa Marta. Banks. — B an co Dugand (agency), Commercial Bank of Spanish America. Hotels. — International, Restaurant Frances,* Club de Santa Marta, Cap Martin. Note. — Santa Marta is the capital of the Department of Magda- lena, a seaport on the northwest coast. The place has a well- protected harbor, with channel having a depth of 36 feet at mean low water. The railway extends to the quay. Santa Marta has been growing in importance because of the development of the surround- ing country, chiefly by the United Fruit Co. This company operates a commissary here. Considerable business is done and the mer- chants are progressive. The United Fruit Co. owns a total of 80,000 acres of banana land in the Santa Marta district, of whieh 16,000 acres are under cultivation. There are also 300 private growers with a total acreage of about 14,000 in bananas, which is the principal industry. This place is worthy of the attention of most agents. Near by is the famous hacienda of San Pedro Ale- jandrino, where the liberator, Bolivar, died. The river port on the Magdalena for Santa Marta is Cienaga. SINCELE JO, Department of Bolivar ; population, 14,722 ; altitude, 722 feet; on tributary of San Jorge" River; 15 miles (25 km.) from Corozal; 261 miles (420 km.) from Cartagena. Products: Sugar, honey, cattle, tobacco, petroleum. Industries: Distilleries, mineral water, and power plants. How Reached. — By launches from Cartagena to Tolu, on Bahia de Sispata, 8 hours; thence by automobile (4 hours) to Sineelejo in dry season; in rainy season by muleback (8 hours) ; also via port of Covenas over road which the South American Gulf Oil Co. is building to connect with San Andres ; from Magangue by carretera. Bank. — Banco Nacional de Sabana& Hotel. — Mendez y Hernandez. Note. — The South American Gulf Oil Co. is operating in this vicinity. Near by at Covenas a packing plant is beinng constructed. Sineelejo is canvassed by the wholesale importers of Cartagena. SOCORRO, Department of Santander-; population, 12,606; alti- tude, 4,120 feet; on the Suarez River; 162 miles (260 km.) from Bogota. Temperature averages 83° F. Principal products : Coffee, cacao, rice, cotton, indigo, and hides. Industries: Sugar mills, candle and soap factories, breweries, weaving of coarse cloth, and manufacture of straw hats. How Reached.-T-From Bucaramanga by mule trail ; from Bogota, by mule trail (hard trip). COLOMBIA. 399 Bank. — Banco de San Gil ; Caja de Ahorros. Hotels. — Barrera, Plata, Socorro. Note. — Socorro is growing in prominence. A considerable volume of business is done in the neighborhood. Salesmen who canvass closely may visit this place with advantage. SONSON, Department of Antioquia; altitude, 8,258 feet; popula- tion, 27,632; climate, cool; temperature averages 57° F. ; on east bank of Sonson River; 52 miles (85 km.) from Medellin; 149 miles (240 km.) from Bogota. Principal products: Coffee, corn, beans, cereals, wheat. Industries: Flour mills; weaving mills (horse cloths) ; cattle raising ; gold, silver, and salt mining. How Beached. — From La Dorada, Medellin, or Manizales by mule Bank. — Banco de Sonson. Note. — Sonson isvisited by those who canvass the smaller towns. It is tributary to Medellin and dependent chiefly upon the importers of that place. TTJTfflACO, Department of Narino ; population, 14,000 ; on an is- land ; ships anchor immediately in front of town ; 201 miles (324 km.) from Buenaventura: 531 miles (855 km.) from Bogota. Cli- mate, unhealthful; temperature averages 78° F. Principal prod- ucts : Coffee, cacao, tobacco, and vegetables. Lloyd's subagent, Wil- liam Jarvis. Customhouse Brokers. — F. J. Marquez; Escruceria Hermanos; Wm. Jarvis, successor to Gamira & Leeder; Payan & Cia. Bankers. — Payan & Cia. Steamship Connections. — With Buenaventura and Panama to the north and with Guayaquil, Ecuador, and Chilean and Peruvian ports to the south. Launch service via the Patia and Telembie Rivers to Barbacoas ; thence mule trail to the interior. Hotels.— -Central, Club Tumaco. Note. — Tumaeo is the most southerly port of Colombia on the Pacific. It is the port of entry for the district south of Popayan in the Department of Cauca and for the Department of Narino, except for a little commerce that is carried on through Ipiales on the Ecuadorian border. From Tumaco a line of boats operates up the coast and up the Patia River, and by its tributary, the Telembi, to Barbacoas. Merchants in this district carry- general stocks, and a considerable business is done, with New York houses. The prin- cipal buying season extends from March until the end of May. A fair business is done, and Tumaco might be visited to advantage by travelers. TTJNJA, capital of the Department of Boyaca; altitude, 9,200 feet; population, 10,680. Distant 99 miles (160 km.) from Bogota. Climate, cool ; temperature averages 58° F. The principal products are agricultural and pastoral; coal mining is one of the chief in- dustries; there are also woolen and cotton mills, soap factories, and a silk mill. How reached. — From ' Zipaquira on road to Santa Rosa ; from Bogota by automobile, 6 hours ; from Cucuta via Central Northern Hignway. Bank. — Banco Boyaca. Hotels. — Boyaca, Republicans Metropolitano, Central, and Pen- sion Boyacense. 400 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This is the center of a very extensive agricultural- and commercial district. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Certainjim- portant fairs axe held here, which are largely attended. The place Is easily reached from Bogota, Travelers should be careful to bring sufficient clothing and not expose themselves to sudden climatic changes. • • - TUftUERRES, Department of Narino; population. 17,091; alti- tude, !>0jO75 feet; climate cold; 120 miles (194 km.) from Tumaco; 350 miles (562 km.) from Bogota^, 37 miles (60 km.) from Pasto. Products: Gold, cattle, and agricultural products. Industries : Manufacture of Panama hats. , How Reached. — By carretera from Pasto or Barbacoas. ,i ; ; Note. — This is one of the most important towns in the Depart- ment of Narino. It is located in the mountains at an altitude of 10,000 feet. There is some business with Ecuador. Travelers who make the trip overland from that Republic pass through Tuquerres. Travelers are advised to bring cots and bed clothing as there are no hotels on the road from Pasto. Y ARTJMAL, Department of Antioqiria ; population, 19,707 ; alti- tude, 7,372 feet; 75 miles (120 km.) from Medellin; 28 miles (48 km.). from Valdivia, port on Oauca River. Products: Coffee, corn, beans, rice, rubber, tobacco, tagua, cattle, gold, silver. Industries: Cotton mill, cigar factory, mineral-water works. "■" * How Reached. — From- Medellin, one-third by rail and two-thirds by muleback ; via Cauca River to Valdivia and thence by mule trail. Note. — This is a commercial and mining center ; the surrounding country is very rich and fertile. A fair volume of business is done, principally with the importers of Medellin, to which Yarumal is tributary. ZIPAQUIRA, Department of Cundinamarca ; altitude, 8,410 feet; population, 10,513 ; distant 34 miles (55 km.) from Bogota. Climate, cold.; temperature averages 55°. Principal products: Salt, coal, iron, sulphur, lead. Mining is the ehtef industry. How Beached.— Prom Bogota, by Ferrocarril del Norte. Hotels. — Pedraza, Villareal. Note. — This place is famous for its salt mines. Goal is also mined. It is visited by salesmen who canvass the smaller towns. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts and interior. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. Abejorral, DepartnaemVof Antioquia; population, 19,700; altitude, about 7,000 feet. Situated near a tributary of Cauca River; 62 miles (100 km.) from Manizales; 88 miles (144 km.) from Puerto Berrio, on Magdalena River. Reached from Medellin, 41 miles (67 km.), nearest station, by camino de herradura. Products: Salt, agricultural produce, gold, sugar, coffee, fruits, and cattle. COLOMBIA. 401 Aguadas, Department of Caldas ; population, 27,750 ; altitude, 7,255 feet; reached from Medellin and Manizales by camino de herradura. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, gold, silver. Industrv : Manufacture of Panama hats. Aipe, Department of Huila ; population, 7,765 ; altitude, 1,214 feet ; on Magdalena River, between Purificacion and Neiva. This is a cattle-raising and agricultural center. AlmaguerV Department of Cauca; population, 10,788 ; altitude, 7,434 ieet ; reached from Popayan and Pasto by camino de herra- dura. Agricultural and mining center. Amalfi, Department of Antioquia ; population, 10,251 ; altitude, about 6,000 feet? distant 75 miles (120 km.) from Medellin and 22 miles (35 km.) from Sofia (nearest station). Reached from Bar- ranquilla by boat to Puerto Berrio; thence train to Estacioh Sofia; then mule train. 1 Climate, pleasant. Agricultural and gold-mining district. Andes, Department of Antioquia ; population, 22,400 ; on San Juan River; reached from Medellin by rail to Amaga, thence by camino de herradura. Chief industries: Cattle breeding, gold and salt mining. Angostura, Department of Antioquia ; population, 8,363 ; altitude, 5,313 feet ; on west bank of Nechi River ; reached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Anolaima, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 15,650 ; alti- tude, 4,650 feet; on railroad from Girardot to Pacatativa and Bo- gota. Products : Sugar, lead, limestone, agriculture, cattle. Hotels : Central, Rosivon. Apia, Department of Caldas ; population, 11,129 ; altitude, 6,100 feet ; near earretera to Riosucio. Products : Coffee and tobacco. Aranzazu, Department of Caldas ; population, 8,709 ; altitude, 5,165 feet. Reached from Manizales by earretera. Products : Coffee, cattle, etc. Arauca. Territorio Nacional del Meta ; population, 3.889 ; altitude, 640 feet; on Arauca River, opposite Venezuelan town Ampafo; 12 miles (20 km.) from Guadualito, Venezuela (reached by camino de herradura)-. Products: Corn, cocoa, sugar, rice, and cattle. Arbelaez, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 7,243. Reached from Bogota via Sibate. Situated in an agricultural dis- trict. Coffee and corn are the chief products. Arboledas, Department of Santander del Norte; population, 10,794; altitude; 2,994 feet; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cucnta. Prod- ucts : Coffee, cocoa, corn, rice, sugar. Arjona, Department of Bolivar ; population, 10.778 ; altitude, 344 feet; on railroad from Cartagena to Calamar. Situated in an ag- ricultural and cattle-breeding district. Banco, El, Department of Magdalena ; population, 7,667 ; port on Magdalena River; 257 miles (415 km.) from Barranqullla ; reached by river steamers. This is a commercial and agricultural center. Products : Rum, dried fish, mangrove, and the mats called " esteros de Chingale" or " petates." From this point a trail leads to Ocana. 402 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Baranoa, Department of Atlantico; population, 5,470; reached from Barranquilla. Products : Cotton and yucca. Industry : Cotton weaving. Barbosa, Department of Antioquia ; population, 11,322 ; altitude, 4,247 feet; 2 J miles (4 km.) from Medellin, on railroad between Medellin and Puerto Berrio. Products: Gold, sugar, and salt. In- dustries: Cattle breeding and mining. Barichara, Department of Santander ; population, 12,701 ; altitude, 5,200 feet; reach from Bucaramanga by camino de berradura. Products: Tobacco, cotton, henequen. Industry: Manufacture of straw hats. Baudo, Intendency of Cboco; population, 6,961; on the Baudo River, a short distance from Pizarro (at its mouth), and 124 miles (200 km.) southeast of Medellin. Alluvial gold industry. Sugar, tobacco, and corn are the chief products. Baudo is four hours' travel from the coast. Belen, Department of Boyaca ; population, 5,319 ; altitude, 8,860 feet ; reached from Bogota via camino de herradura. Cattle-breed- ing district. Beltran, Department of Tolima ; on the Dorado Railway, a few miles from Ambalema. It is the terminus of navigation on the Upper Magdalena, where passengers and freight are transferred to and from the Dorada Railway. There is no hotel here, and the place has little commercial importance. Bituima, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 5,265; alti- tude, 3,756 feet. Agricultural and mining center. Bolivar, Department of Santander; population, 15,750; altitude, 6,435 feet; distant 7 miles (12 km.) from Velez; reached from Bucaramanga by camino de herradura. Products : Coffee, preserves, amethysts. Center of agricultural region. Caceres, Department of Antioquia ; population, 6,021 ; altitude, about 650 feet ; on left bank of the Cauca River, 403 miles (650 km.) from Bogota. Camino de herradura to Yarumal. Reached from Barranquilla via Cauca and Nechi Rivers to Zaragosa ; thence mule trail. Industries: Gold dredging, coal mining. Calamar, Department of Bolivar; population, 9,550; situated on west bank of the Magdalena ; 66 miles (106 km.) from Barran- quilla. This is the terminus of the Cartagena Railway, and is also connected by canal with Cartagena. Products: Cotton, tobacco, balsam, divi-divi, lumber. Campo Alegre, Department of Huila ; population, 10,915 ; altitude, 1,800 feet; carretera to Neiva. Products: Sugar cane, maize, bananas, cocoa. Industry: Gold mining. Canasgordas, Department of Antioquia; population, 8,100; near headwaters of Sucre River ; reached by camino de herradura from Antioquia or Medellin (122 km.). Candelaria, Department of Valle ; population, 10,258 ; altitude, 3,152 feet. Camino de herradura from Buga. Products : Maize, ba- nanas, sugar cane, cocoa. Caqueza, Department of Cundinamarca; population. 15,000; alti- tude, 5,785 feet; located midway between Sabana de Bogota and Llanos of Meta; carretera to Fomeque; distant 25 miles (40 km.) from Bogota (nearest station). This is a commercial and agricul- COLOMBIA. 403 tural center. Coffee, corn, honey, was, and textiles are its chief products. Carmen, IntenUency of Choco; population, 8,315; altitude, 6,916 feet. Beached from Medellin by camino de herradura. Agricultural center. Carmen de Caxupa, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 8,694; altitude, 9,745 feet; located 60 miles (98 km.) from Bogota, in a coal-mining and agricultural district. Cerete, Department of Bolivar; population, 9,750; situated 180 miles (290 km.) from Cartagena, at a point where Sinu Biver sepa- rates in two branches. Carretera to Lorica and Sincelejo. This is a commercial district. Products: Cattle, hides, and balsam. Cerrito, Department of Valle ; population, 7,162 ; altitude, 3,063 feet; on Cerrito Biver. Bail to Buga and Palmira; carreteras to Candelaria. Agricultural center; sugar cane and cattle are chief products. Chaparral, Department of Tolima ; population, 16,350 ; situated on Magdalena Biver, 43 miles (70 km.) from El Guamo (nearest sta- tion). Carretera to Ataco, which is on Saldana Biver. Products: Coffee, cereals, rice, caoutchouc. Mines of gold, silver, and copper ; asphalt deposits. Charala, Department of Santander ; population, 8,672 ; altitude, 4,751 feet ; on a tributary of Suarez Biver. Carretera to Bucara- manga and Zapatoca. Products: Cacao, sugar, cotton, and cattle. Industries: Tanneries, blanket manufacturing. Chinacota, Department of Santander del Norte ; population, 9,697 ; altitude, 6,320 feet ; situated on east bank of Tachira Biver, 10 miles (16 km.) southeast of Bochalenia, which is on carretera to Cucuta; 22 miles (35 km.) from Cucuta; 84 miles (135 km.) from Bucara- manga. It is also on Central Northern Highway from Bogota to Cucuta. Agricultural center. Hotels : Bolivar, Central, Santander. Chinu, Department of Bolivar; population, 12,551; reached from Mangangue via Sincelejo ; also by camino de herradura from Lorica ; 22 miles (35 km.) from Corozal. Products : Cattle, yucca, corn, and rice. Chiriguana, Department of Magdalena; population, 9,055; situ- ated near Cesar Biver, 25 miles (40 km.) east of Cartagena. Beached from El Banco (65 miles distant), on Magdalena, by cam- ino de herradura via Chiquinquira and Boyaca ; from Bogota via Zipaquira, by camino de herradura from latter place. Products: Cattle, cocoa. Choconta, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 10,085 ; alti- tude, 8,732 feet; 48 miles (78 km.) from Zipaquira and 62 miles (100 km.) from Bogota. Boads to Tunja, Suesca, Nemocon, and Bogota. Products : Cereals, asphalt. Industry : Harness making. Cienaga, Department of Magdalena: population, 6,000; situated on east shore of Cienaga de Santa Marta; 22 miles (35 km.) from Santa Marta; 56 miles (90 km.) from Barranquilla . Beached from Santa Marta by railroad ; from Puerto Viejo by steamers ; coasting trade. Products: Cotton, tobacco, bananas, cocoa. Many banana workers live here. 404 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Cienaga de Oro, Department of Bolivar ; population, 10,234 ; situ- ated on Martinez River; 93 miles (150 km.) from Bogota; reached from Monterla, on Sinu River, by camino de herradura. Resources : Agricultural products, alluvial gold mines, cattle. Hotels: Florenz, Italiano. Concordia, Department of Antioquia ; population, 11,108 ; altitude, 3,000 feet; situated on Oauca River. Reached from Medellin, 47 miles (77 km.), by rail to Amaga, thence camino de herradura. Products: Corn, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cattle. Convencion. Department of Santander del Norte; population, 12,018; distant 429 miles (690 km.) from Bogota and 22 miles (36 km.) from Ocana. Carretera de Ocana to Puerto de la Gloria, on Magdalena River. Products : Coffee, cacao, caoutchouc, com. Coyaima, Department of Toiiina ; population, 9,425 ; altitude, about 1,100 feet; on right bank of Saldana River, near Guamo. Products: Cattle, yucca, and plantains. •' Cumbal, Department of iNaxino.; population, 7,937; altitude, 12,297 feet; halfway between Ipiales and Tulcan, Ecuador, in an agri- cultural region. Duitama, Department of Boyaca ; population, 9,615 ; altitude. 8,239 feet; carreteras to Belen and to Ramiquiri, via Tunja; 124 miles (200 km.) from Bogota. Resources: Orchards; manufacture of esparto matting.. Ebejico. Department of Antioquia ; 22 miles (35 km.) from Medel- lin ; population, 9,772 ; altitude, about 2,200 feet ; located near Sopetran. Products: Sugar, tobacco, yucca, etc. Envig ado. Department of Antioquia ; population, 9,642 ; on Amaga Railway; 6 miles (10 km.) from Medellin by carretera. Products: Sugar, corn, cattle, etc. Espinal, Department of Tolima ; population, 15,989 ; altitude, 1,085 feet; on Espinal Railroad to Girardot; 3 miles (5 km.) from west bank of Magdalena River. Reached from Girardot and Ibague by rail. Chief product: Tobacco. Industries: Pottery works and railroad shops. Fomeque, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 13,078 ; alti- tude, 6>*67 feet; on the road to the Territorio de Meta, 21 miles (35 km.) from Bogota; agricultural center. Fruits and vegetables are among the products of the region. Fredonia, Department of Antioquia; population, 20,341; altitude, 6,060 feet; 28 miles (45 km.) from Medellin by rail and camino de herradura. Products: Sugar, coffee, coal. Bank: Banco de Fre- donia. Frontino, Department of Antioquia ; population, 12,000 ; altitude, 5,100 feet. Located on an affluent of Sucio River, not far from the carretera to Antioquia. Products: Ivory nuts, rubber, woods, gold, coffee, sugar, and cattle. This is an important commercial center. . Reached from Puerto Rerrio by camino de herradura or from Turbo, on Gulf of Darien, by mule back. Gacheta, Department of CuBdinamarca ; population, 13,600; alti- tude, 5,643 feet. Distant 31 miles (50 km.) from Zipaquira and 37 miles (60 km.) from Bogota. Carretera to Bogota via Guasca. Products: Agricultural, cattle, sulphur, and salt. COLOMBIA. 405 Garagoa, Department of Boyaea ; population, 9,612 ; altitude, 5,200 feet. Products : Cacao, cattle, asphalt. Industry : Blanket weaving. Garzon, Department of Huila ; population, 11,729 ; on east bank of Magdalena River. Carretera to Gigante, Campo Alegre, and Neiva. Products: Cacao, caoutchouc, etc. Girardota, Department of Antioquia ; population, 8,194 ; altitude, 4,590 feet; on railway, 16 miles (25 km.) from Medellin. This is a port on Medellin River. Products : Sugar, bananas, and gold. Guaca, Department of SantanUer ; population, 7,391 ; altitude, 8,400 feet; southeast of Bucaramanga, 10 miles (16 km.) from San Andres, which is reached by carretera. Industry: Manufacture of woolen fabrics . Guaduas, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 12,978 ; alti- tude, 3,368 feet; near the Magdalena River, on the route from Bo- gota to Honda. Carretera to Facatativa. Products: Coal, coffee, sugar cane, petroleum, tobacco, indigo, cotton, asphalt. Industries : Sugar mills and cigar factories; cattle raising. Hotels: Alvarez, De Valle. Guamo, Department of Tolima ; population, 15,968 ; altitude, 1,094 feet; near junction of Magdalena and Saldana Rivers, 11 miles (18 km.) from Ibague; accessible by railway via Bspinal. Products: Yucca, corn, rice, and aniseed. Industry : Manufacture of aguar- diente < brandy). Istmina, Intendency of Choco; population, 11,222; reached from Buenaventura or Quibdo. This is one of the chief markets for platinum from Rivers Condoto, Iro, and others. Ituango, Department of Antioquia ; population, 13,558 ; northwest of Xarumal and west of Cauca River ; on carretera. Agricultural center. Jamundi, Department of Valle ; population, 6,838 ; altitude, 3,365 feet. Railroad to Cali, 12 miles (20 km.) north. Products: Maize, bananas, cocoa. Jardin, Department of Antioquia ; population, 9,440. Carretera north to Jerieo. Products : Gold, silver, coffee, bananas, and sugar. Jenezano, Department of Boyaea ; population, 6,774 ; altitude, 7,107 feet; 16 miles (25 km.) from Tunja; situated on Jenezano River, 3 miles (5 km.) from Ramiriqui, with which it communi- cates by carretera. Reached from Bogota via Nemocon. Fruit- growing, agricultural, and cattle-raising district. Jerieo, Department of Antioquia; population, 18,949; altitude, 6,790 feet. Distant 43 miles (69 km.) from Medellin by camino de herradura and railway; 100 miles (160 km.) from Pavas (nearest station). Products: Coffee, cattle. Industries: "Weaving mills, breweries. Bank: Banco de Jerieo. Jesus Maria, Department of Santander; population, 15,294; alti- tude, 6,326 feet; 15 miles (24 km.) from Velez. Located in an agri- cultural and cattle-raising district, near Puente Nacional, which is on carretera to Chiquinq'uira. Junin, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 12,329 ; altitude, 5,975 feet. Carretera to Chipaque and Bogota. Agricultural dis- trict. 90821°— 22 27 406 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. La Ceja, Department of Antioquia; population, 6,848; altitude, 2,200 feet; 22 miles (35 km.) from Medellin. Carreteras to Sonson. La Cruz, Department of Santander; population, 9,312; altitude, 1,405 feet; 19 miles (30 km.) southeast of Ocana. Camino de herra- dura to Ocana, San Pedro, and Buearamanga, via Cachira. La Cruz, Department of Narino; population, 11,107; altitude, 7,889 feet. Carreteras to La Union and to Almaguer, via Bolivar de Cauca. Products: Agricultural. La Cumbre, Department of Valle; population, 2,000; altitude, 5,000 feet; on Pacific Railway between Buenaventura and Oali, where railroad crosses continental divide. Summer homes of many people of Cali are located here. Climate delightful. Has well- equipped hospital in charge of an American citizen. La Mesa, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 11,000 ; alti- tude, 4,205 feet; on north bank of Bogota River, 34 miles (55 km.) from Bogota. This town is reached from Bogota via Facatativa by railway, and is on road from Bogota to upper Magdalena. Prod- ucts: Cereals, coffee, corn, salt. Distributing center for agricul- tural produce, straw hats, etc. Hotels : America, Bolivar, Sucre. La Palma, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 10,802 ; alti- tude, 4,781 feet Carretera to Pacho and Facatativa. Agricultural district. Malaga, Department of Santander; population, 8,516; altitude, 7,262 feet; distant 62 miles (100 km.) from Buearamanga and 93 miles (150 km.) from Puerto Yillamizar; on Central Northern high- way running from Bogota to Cucuta. Products : Corn, wheat, cop- per, lead, mercury. Hotels : Central, Elisa, Sucre. Manta, Department of Cundinamarca; population, 12,813; alti- tude, 1,870 feet; located 53 miles (85 km.) from Bogota, near Ma- chenta and Choconta. Manzanaxes, Department of Caldas; population, 14,031; mining and agricultural center; on railway to Honda; carretera to Mari- quita. Maramato, Department of Caldas; population, 5,376; altitude, about 4,000 feet; reached from Puerto Berrio by rail to Amaga, thence by mule train. This is a rich gold-mining center ; mines are leased to Colombian Mining & Exploration Co. of London. Miraflores, Department of Boyaca; population, 11,293; altitude, 4,340 feet; reached from Bogota; camino de herradura to Zipa- quira. Mogotes, Department of Santander; population, 8,543; altitude. 5,582 feet; 61 miles (99 km.) from Cucuta. Carreteras to Charala and Soata, and to Buearamanga via Zapatoca, Products: Cattle, sugar, coffee, etc. Moniquira, Department of Boyaca; population, 12,906; altitude, 5,797 feet; on bank of Moniquira River; 40 miles (65 km.) from Tunja; 112 miles (180 km) from Bogota. Products: Sugar cane, cotton, fruits, copper. Industries : Fruit preserving. Fairs in De- cember. Hotels : Central, Imperial, Popular, Sucre. Natagaima, Department of Tolima ; population, 13,610 ; altitude, about 1,650 feet. Products : Bananas, yucca, rice, sugar, gold, and copper. Industries : Manufacture of hammocks and blankets. ' COLOMBIA. 407 Neira, Department of Caldas ; population, 13.22S ; altitude, about 5,200 feet. Carreteras to Manizales in the south and to Salamina in the north. This is a cattle-raising center. Onzaga, Department of Santander; population, 7,702; distant 87 miles (140 km.) from Bucaramanga. Products: Cotton, cacao, wheat, bananas, sugar, timber. Sulphurous springs are here. Ortega, Department of Tolima ; population, 14,157 ; located 17 miles (28 km.) west of Guamo and 20 miles (32 km.) southwest of Espinal. Resources: Cattle raising, yucca. Pacho, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 16,607; altitude, 6,076 feet; near the source of Rio Negro, 15 miles (25 km.) from Zipaquira. Carretera to Facatativa. Sources of wealth: Iron and coal mining, iron foundries ; also agricultural products. Pacora, Department of Caldas ; population, 13,714 ; altitude, 5,475 feet Carretera to Aguadas and to Salamina. Products: Cattle, gold, and silver. Paez, Department of Cauca ; population, 9,375. Distant 261 miles (420 km.) from Bogota; 62 miles (100 km.) from Popayan. Cattle, tobacco, cereals, and minerals are the principal products. Paipa, Department of Boyaca ; population, 10,665 ; altitude, 7,869 feet; near Suarez River; 31 miles (50 km.) from Santa Rosa. Nearest station, Zipaquira ; thence by camino de herradura to Paipa. Carretera to Sotaquira and. Tunja. Cotton and woolen weaving are the chief industries. Pensilvania, Department of Caldas ; population, 13,622 ; on La Miel River, over 30 miles (48 km.) southeast of Sonson. Agri- cultural and mining center. Pesca, Department of Boyaca; population, 10,681; altitude, 8,735 feet ; on Pesca River. Carreteras to Tola and Miraflores. Pesca is a market for wool and cereals. Piedecuesta, Department of Santander ; population, 9,656 ; alti- tude, 3,312 feet; on Rio de Oro, 12 miles (20 km.) from Bucara- manga, which is reached by carretera ; also reached from Zapatoca by carretera, via Lebrija. Products: Cocoa, coffee, cotton, tobacco, fruit. Industries: Straw hats, cigars, preserves, leather. Pitalito, Department of Huila ; population, 14,813 ; altitude, about 4,100 feet; on an affluent of the Magdalena. Carreteras to Garzon and to Ceja and San Augustin. Piiebloviejo, Department of Boyaca ; population, 11,089. Carre- teras to Tota and Pesca, and to Miraflores via Chameza. Agricul- tural district. Puerto Colombia, Department of Atlantico ; population, 2,809 ; near mouth of Magdalena River ; seaport of Barranquilla, 17 miles (27 km.) up the river. Railway to Barranquilla, two trains daily except Sunday. Landing: Steamers lie alongside pier. Puerto Villamizar, Department of Santander del Norte ; on Zulia River, near Venezuelan boundary; on Cucuta Railway; 34 miles (55 km.) from Cucuta. It is a transfer point for passengers and freight entering and leaving Colombia via Lake Maracaibo and the Rivers Catatumbo and Zulia. Puerto Wilches, Department of Santander; population, 3,424; a port on Magdalena River; 400 miles (650 km.) from Barranquilla; terminus of Puerto Wilches Railway toward Bucaramanga. 408 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Purification, Department of Tolima ; population, 17,018 ; altitude, 2,650 feet Situated on Magdalena River, about 10 milea (16 km.) southeast of Guamo; 31 miles (50 km.) from Girardot; 74 miles (120 km.) from Neiva, reached by launches. Bamiriqui, Department of Boyaca; population, 7,963; altitude, 2,270 feet; distant 87 miles (140 km.) from Bogota. Carre teras to Tunja (22 km.) and to Jenezano. Industries: Goal mining, manu- facture of blankets and cloaks, cattle raising, etc. Ricaurte, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 6,008 ; alti- tude, 1,093 feet; distant 3 miles (5 km.) from Girardot (nearest station). On left bank of Magdalena River. Products: Tobacco, cattle. Industry : Cigar manufacturing. Rionegro, Department of Antioquia ; population, 15,672 ; altitude, 6,950 feet; on west bank of Rio Negro. Carretera to Medellin (northwest). Industry: Tanning. Rionegro, Department of Santander ; population, 15,874 ; altitude, 3,175 feet ; on Lebrija River, which is navigable; 12 miles (20 km.) from Bucaramanga. Products: Coffee, caoutchouc, gold, and as- phalt. Bank: Banco de Oriente. Roldanillo, Department of Valle ; population, 9,197 ; altitude, 3,152 feet ; distant 155 miles (250 km.) from Cordoba (nearest station) . Carretera to Buga via Tulua. Products : Cacao, sugar, hides, fiber cloth. Sabanalarga, Department of Atlantico; population, 15,979; alti- tude, about 350 feet. Carretera to Barranquilla. Products: Cattle, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, corn, beans. Saboya, Department of Boyaca; population, 12,181; altitude, 9,194 feet; near Suarez River. Carretera to Puerto National and Bolivar de Santander ; also to Chiquinquira and Facatativa. Agri- cultural district. Sahagun, Department of Bolivar; population, 10,604; altitude, 1,812 feet; 3 miles (5 km.) from Oorozal. Reached by camino de herradura from Magangue via Sincelejo; also by camino de her- radura from Monteria via Rio Sinu. Agricultural and cattle-raising district. Salazar, Department of Santander del Norte ; population, 10,745 ; altitude, 2,797 feet; on Salazar River, 28 miles (45 km.) southwest of Cucuta. Products: Coal, coffee. An annual fair is held. Samaniego, Department of Narino; population, 8,503; altitude, 4,560 feet. Carretera to Tuquerres. Gold and quartz are mined; agricultural products. San Andres, Department of Santander ; population, 14,172 ; alti- tude, 6,808 feet; on Guaca River, near Lago Ortices. Carretera to Guaca. Agricultural center. Coconuts constitute an important product. Sandona, Department of Narino; population, 9,109; near Pasto. San Francisco, Department of Caldas ; population, 6,983 ; distant 6 miles (10 km.) from Manizales, from which it is reached by mule- back. Agricultural and cattle-breeding district. San Juan, Department of- Bolivar ; population, 13,099. Carretera to Calamar (railway station) and to Carmen. Agricultural district. COLOMBIA. 409 San Onofre, Department of Bolivar; population, 11,864; near Tolu, on Gulf of Morrosqulllo (Tolu is reached from Cartagena). San Pablo, Department of Narino ; population, 1,591 ; altitude, about 3,500 feet Carretera to Barbacoas (on the northwest). San Koque, Department of Antioquia ; population, 10,055 ; distant 53 miles (85 km.) from Medellin. Carretera to Medellin via Mari- nilla. Route : Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence by railroad to Sofia; thence mule train. Santa Ana, Department of Tolima ; population, 7,775 ; altitude, 3,000 feet; near Honda. Santander, Department of Cauca; population, 11,693; altitude, about 3,500 feet; distant 50 miles (80 km.) from Popayan and 77 miles (125 km.) from Buenaventura. Products: Cacao, coffee, hides, gold, wheat, quinine. Industries: Straw hat and macaroni factories; cattle raising. Distributing center. Santa Barbara, Department of Antioquia ; population, 12,577 ; alti- tude, about 4,950 feet; east of Abejorral and Sonson; 27 miles (50 km.) from. Medillin. Products: Tobacco, coffee, coal, salt, lime- stone. Santa Rosa de Cabal, Department of Caldas ; population, 21,018 ; altitude, 5,576 feet; Camina de herradura to Manizales; rail to Pereira. and Cartago. Mines of iron, silver, and cinnabar are found here. Industries: Weaving of blankets and manufacture of Panama hats. Santa Rosa de Osos, Department of Antioquia ; population, 16,201 ; altitude, 5,800 feet; between Medellin and Puerto Berrio, 40 miles from Nechi River ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Medellin ; 6 miles (9 km.) from Valdivia (port on Cauca River). Resources: Alluvial gold, copper, iron, precious stones. Best reached by steamers from Bar- ranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence train to Porceito ; thence mule train to Santa Rosa. Santo Domingo, Department of Antioquia ; population, 12,015 ; altitude, 5,800 feet; between Medellin and Puerto Berrio, 40 miles (65 km.) from Medellin; carretera and railway to Medellin. Min- ing and agricultural center. Route : Steamers from Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence railroad to Bstacion Limon ; then mule train. Santuario, Department of Caldas ; population, 11,844 ; altitude, 6,894 feet ; near Marmato. Agricultural and cattle-raising district. San Vicente, Department of Antioquia ; population, 8,633 ; alti- tude, 2,123 feet. Carreteras to Santo Domingo and to Marinilla and Medellin via Rionegro. San Vicente, Department of Santander ; population, 9,956 ; alti- tude, about 1,550 feet. Distant 10 miles (16 km.) west of Zapatoca, in an agricultural district. Silvia, Department of Cauca; population, 11,183; altitude, 8,275 feet; distant 22 miles (35 km.) from Popayan; carreteras to Quili- chao and to Popayan. Products : Cattle, cereals, etc. Since, Department of Bolivar; population, 17,078; reached from Magangue by camino de herradura. Products: Coffee, sugar, rice, corn, cereals, and fiber manufactures. This is a center of trade. Soacha, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 9,273 ; altitude, 8,436 feet; distant 10 miles (16 km.) from Bogota, on Southern Railway. . 410 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. Soata, Department of Boyaca ; population, 13,358 ; altitude, 6,710 feet Carretera to Pamplona and Mogotes via San Andres. Prod- ucts: Sugar, dates, etc. This is a commercial town. Sog-omoso, Department of Boyaca ; population, 16,539 ; altitude, 8,320 feet ; commercial town on Sogomoso River. Products : Hides, cereals, copper, silver, mercury, coaL Carretera to Pesca and Miraflores. Bank: Banco del Centenario. Sopetran, Department of Antioquia ; population, 10,092 ; altitude, about 2,250 feet ; located near Cauca River. Carretera to Antioquia and Medellin. Products: Gold, coal, and agricultural produce. Industry: Manufacture of straw hats. This is the trade center of an agricultural and grazing district. Sucre, Department of Bolivar ; population, 8,461 ; on Mogana River ; reached from Magangue. Tambo, Department of Cauca ; population, 14,172 ; altitude, about 5,560 feet. Mining and agricultural district Carreteras to Popa- yan, and to Cali via Jamundi. Tamesis, Department of Antioquia ; population, 13,648 ; altitude, 4,820 feet; southeast of Jerico, near Valparaiso. Camilla de herradura to Santa Barbara and la Ceja. Products: Gold, silver, coffee, cattle. Tibana, Department of Boyaca ; population, 10,759 ; altitude, 8,256 feet; near Jenezano. Carretera to Ramiriqui and Tunja. Manu- facturing and agricultural district Timbio, Department of Cauca ; population, 13,916 ; altitude, about 5,400 feet Carretera to Popayan, about 10 miles (16 km.) north- east. Agricultural and mining district Timbiqui, Department of Cauca; population, 4,366; altitude, about 20 feet; on Timbiqui River (near the Pacific Ocean). Gold mines are located here. Titiribi, Department of Antioquia; population, 13,523; altitude, 5,187 feet; reached from Medellin by rail to Amaga, thence by carretera. Industries: Gold, silver, coal, and iron mines with good output ; also iron foundries. Tocaima, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 11,955 ; alti- tude, 1,416 feet; northwest of Girardot, on railway, 56 miles (90 km.) from Bogota ; near the road to Rieaurte, Agua de Dios, and Viota. Sulphur springs are found here. Tulua, Department of Valle; population, 15,274; altitude, 3,320 feet ; on Tulua River. Carretera to Buga and to Cali, via Palmira. Products: Cocoa and cattle. Turbo, Department of Antioquia; population, 4,635; near west coast of Uraba Gulf; carretera to Antioquia via Canasgordas. Platinum is found here. TJbate, Department of Cundinamarca ; population, 10,333 ; altitude, 8,469 feet;. carretera to Zipaquira; agricultural and cattle-raising district TTrrao, Department of Antioquia; population, 14,650; altitude, 6,326 feet; on Penderisco River, 20 miles (32 km.) from Antioquia. Valle de TTpar, Department of Magdalena ; population, 5,312 ; alti- tude, 436 feet; on Guatapuri River. Products: Silver, copper, lead. COLOMBIA. 411 Velez, Department of Santander; population, 8,381; altitude, 7,190 feet ; carretera to Bolivar de Santander and Puerto Nacional. Products: Coffee and guava preserves. Weekly ferias (bazaars) are held. "VUlavicencio, Intendency del Meta; temperature averages 85° P.; 66 miles (110 km.) from Bogota; 19 miles (31 km.) from De Barrigan, port on Meta River. Reached via mule back and river. Products: Rubber, cattle, balata, skins, rice. Bank: San Jose de los Padres Maristas. Yolombo, Department of Antioquia ; population, 17,599 ; altitude, 4,823 feet. Carretera to Santo Domingo, Marinilla, and Medellin. Route : Steamers from Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio ; thence rail- road to Estacion Sofia ; then mule train. Zapatoca, Department of Santander ; population, 10,691 ; altitude, 8,700 feet; on west bank of Sogomoso River, 217 miles (350 km.) from Bogota. Products : Coffee, sugar cane, caoutchouc, indigo, rice, tobacco, corn, lead. Industry : Manufacture of Jipijapa hats. Camino de herradura to Puerto de Barranca Bermeja on Magdalena River ; carretera to Piedecuesta and to Socorro. About 50 miles (80 km.) distant are several oil wells operated by the Tropical Oil Co. VENEZUELA. Location. — Venezuela is a Republic of northern South America. It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, on the east by British Guiana and Brazil, on the south by Brazil, and on the west by Colombia. Area and Population. — The area is officially estimated at 394,000 square miles. The coast line is about 2,000 miles in length. The population, according to the census of 1920, is 2,411,952, or about 6 inhabitants per square mile. Detailed statistics are as follows : State. Population. Capital. Population. Federal District . . Anzoategui Apure Aragua Bolivar Carabobo Cojedes Falcon Guarico iara Merida Mirandft Monagas NuevaEsparta... Portuguesa Sucre Tachira Trnjillo Yaracuy Zamora Zulia Territorio Federal Delta Amacuro... Total 140,132 103,573 39,187 95,902 65,582 125,514 81,850 128,255 122,190 219,816 123,232 174,266 62,421 56,035 52,549 150,211 147,076 178,942 108,022 55,055 119,458 48,940 13,474 Caracas Barcelona San Fernando Haracay Ciudad Bolivar Valencia San Carlos Coro Calabozo Barquisimeto Merida Ocumare Maturin Asuncion Guanare Cumana. San Cristobal Trujfllo San Felipe Barillas Maracaibo San Fernando de Atabapo. Tucupita 92,212 10,883 9,770 9,311 19,712 29,466 8,189 15,533 7,123 23,943 14,082 10,018 15,465 4,580 7,003 16,312 21,385 12,415 15,506 3,165 ' 46,708 1,206 9,676 2,411,952 Inhabitants. — The racial elements are completely intermixed. There are a few pure whites, and a very large percentage of the population is mestizo — mixed Spanish and Indian. There is also a considerable amount of Negro blood. Topography. — The country may be roughly divided into four sec- tions : First, the Guiana highlands, covering the territory south and east of the Orinoco River ; second, the great central plains and river valleys of the Orinoco Basin, known as the llanos ; third, the north- eastern chain of the great Andean Cordillera, forming the north- 412 VENEZUELA. 413 western portion of the Republic and bounding the llanos on the northwest ; fourth, the dry, healthful table-lands or plateaus of the north and northwest, bordering on Lake Maracaibo. The llanos of the Orinoco cover about 108,000 square miles. The population other than Indian tribes is very sparse, and much of the territory is almost unknown. The northwestern Andean section covers about 42,000 square miles. Here are many high peaks, including La Columna (16,423 feet) and six other peaks whose altitude exceeds 13,600 feet. Maracaibo Basin. — The great basin of Lake Maracaibo extends inland from the Gulf of Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea for a dis- tance of approximately 135 miles and is 60 miles wide in the widest place. The lake is, in reality, a large, shallow, inland gulf or bay, connected with the sea by a fairly wide channel about 40 miles in length, also of shallow depth, permitting only vessels of 11-foot draft, and therefore preventing Maracaibo, which is the principal city, from being a port of call for ocean vessels. The Lake Mara- caibo region covers about 28,000 square miles. Rivers and Lakes. — The chief river ia the Orinoco, which, with its affluents, provides a great system of waterways. The length of the Orinoco is 1,600 miles. Other important rivers are the Aro, Tocuyo, Zulia, Escalante, Motatan, Chama, Catatumbo, Palmar, Mitare, Unare, Apure, Portuguesa, Yaracuy, Meta, Guayiare, Ca- roni, Cuyuni, Essequibo, Negro, Caura, Guarico, and Neyeri. The principal lake is Maracaibo, which covers an area of about 8,000 square miles and is navigable in its entirety by vessels drawing from 6 to 10 feet of water. There is a bar across the mouth of the lake which can be crossed only by vessels drawing not more than 11 feet. It is connected with the gulf of Venezuela and the Caribbean Sea by a strait 34 miles (59 km.) in length and 5 to 9 miles (8 to 15 km.) in width. Lake Valencia is between Valencia and Caracas and is navigable by small steamers. Climate. — The climate varies from the tropical heat of the low- lands and llanos to the mild temperatures of the plateaus and moun- tain section. There are in reality three zones : The coast, or warm lands, up to 2,000 feet, which is the altitude limit of cacao and coco- nuts; second, the temperate zone, ranging from 2,500 to 6,500 feet above sea level; third, the tierra fria, or cold region, above 6,500 feet. Seasons. — The rainy or winter season on the llanos lasts from April to October; the dry or summer season from November to March. In the temperate regions the climate is exceedingly de- lightful and healthful. The seasons here are rainy and dry, as in the lowlands, but not so definitely marked. The temperature aver- ages between 50° and 77° F. Principal Products. — Venezuela is very important from an agri- cultural standpoint. The chief crops are coffee, cacao, and sugar; others are tobacco, cotton, maize, and rubber. Stock Raising 1 . — The cattle and meat industries are of the utmost importance. The national herd numbers about 3,500,000 head. Hides, goatskins, refrigerated beef, etc., are important items of commerce. 414 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Forest Resources. — Venezuela has forest resources which are practically unlimited. Probably 50 per cent of the entire area of Venezuela is under timber. Hardwoods of many varieties abound. Manufacturing. — Much of the manufacturing, with the exception of the cotton textile industry, is of a minor character. There are tanning plants, shoe factories, breweries, sugar refineries, soap and candle factories, cigar and cigarette factories, glass, cement, and mosaic works. Mineral Wealth. — Copper, gold, and magnesite are mined. Salt is now mined by the Government in various places. The copper mines at Area are important. There are large deposits of asphalt in the Maracaibo region, but the largest are at Guanoco, in the ex- treme eastern part of the country. Talc is mined in the district of Bocono. There also are deposits of carbonate of soda and sulphur. Coal is mined in various places. Oil.— The production of oil is growing in importance. The Car- ibbean Petroleum Co., with offices in Caracas, Curacao, Maracaibo, and San Lorenzo operates two refineries. Other companies en- gaged in development work include the Perija Exploration Co., New England Co., British Controlled Oil Fields (Ltd.), all of which have offices in Maracaibo. Postage. — The first-class letter rate from the United States to Venezuela is 5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each addi- tional ounce or fractional part thereof. Language. — Spanish. Weights and Measures. — Metric. Currency. — The bolivar of 100 centimos is the unit of value. The bolivar has a nominal value of $0,193. There are gold coins of 100, 25, and 20 bolivares ; silver coins of 5, 2J, 2 and 1 bolivar, and 50 and 25 centimos ; nickel coins of 12i and 5 centimos. In financial transactions and commercial language of the larger cities, the bolivar is generally used, but among the people a distinction is made between a peso, so-called, of 4 bolivares and a "fuerte," merely a traditional unit of account, which has a value of 5 bolivares. The term " centavo " is also heard, which is supposed to be one one- hundredth of a peso " fuerte." A " real," also commonly used, equals 10 centavos. Telegraph Bates. — Messages from 1 to 10 words in length, 1 bolivar ($0,193) ; 11 to 15 words, 1.25 bolivares ($054) ; 16 to 20 words, 1.50 bolivares ($0.29) ; 21 to 25 words, 1.75 bolivares ($0.34) ; every additional five words, 055 bolivar ($0.05). These rates are doubled on messages sent from 7 p. m. to 6 a. m., and on Sundays and holidays. Messages sent in code or in any language other than Spanish pay double rate. "Urgent" messages are charged double rate. All messages should be sent " urgent," as otherwise they may be sub- ject to delays, sometimes amounting to weeks. Wireless. — The Government owns and operates wireless stations at Maracaibo and La Guaira. Cable Bates. — Compagnie Francaise des Cables Telegraphiques : To United States, east of Mississippi River, 5 bolivares ($0,965) per word; west of Mississippi River, 555 ($1.01) ; Habana, Cuba, 5.70 VENEZUELA. 415 ($1.10) ; Curacao, 1.20 ($053) ; Colon, Panama, 7.50 ($1.45) ; Porto Rico (San Juan or Ponce), 825 ($1.59). Quarantine Regulations. — There are no quarantine regulations in Venezuela against passengers from the United States. If a pas- senger shows signs of suspicious illness, he may be detained. Vac- cination against smallpox is obligatory. Documents. — A passport and a vaccination certificate, both visaed by the consul of Venezuela at port of departure, is exacted of all travelers. Salesmen should also carry letters which accredit them to the merchants in various places. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Red D Line.— Bliss, Dallett & Co., agents, 82 Wall Street. Sail- ings from Pier 11, Montague Street, Brooklyn. Departures for La Guaira and Maracaibo- weekly ; for Puerto Cabello fortnightly. Fare from New York to La Guaira, $75-$85 ; New York to Puerto Cabello, $80-$100 ; La Guaira to New York, $85-$105 ; Puerto Cabello to New York, $75-$95 ; Curacao to La Guaira, $16. Trinidad Line. — Trinidad Shipping & Trading Co., 29 Broadway. Sailings from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn. Departures fort- nightly for Trinidad, Windward Islands, thence by connecting steamer for Ciudad Bolivar (Angostura). AVERAGE TIME OF TRIPS.— New York to La Guaira, 9 days ; New York to Puerto Cabello, 11 days ; Curacao to La Guaira, 1 day ; Curacao to Maracaibo, 1 day ; San Juan, Porto Rico, to La Guaira, 4 days ; San Juan, Porto Rico, to Puerto Cabello, 6 days ; La Guaira to Maracaibo, 3 days ; La Guaira to Puerto Cabello, 1 day ; Port of Spain, Trinidad, to Ciudad Bolivar, 2 days. Royal Netherlands West India Mail. — Office, 25 Broadway. Monthly sailings from Pier 8, Bush Terminal, foot of Thirty-ninth Street, Brooklyn, for Cape Haitien, Port au Prince, and Aux Cayes, Haiti ; Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, and Carupano, Venezuela ; Trini- dad ; and Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Fare, New York to Puerto Cabello, $95 ; La Guaira, $95 ; Carupano, $120. Average time : New York to La Guaira. 15 days; Puerto Cabello, 17 days; Carupano, 17 days. OTHER LINES VISITING VENEZUELAN PORTS. Frederick Ley land & Co. Lines. — Monthly service from Liverpool. Steamers leave Liverpool for Barbados, Trinidad, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Curacao, and Cartagena; thence to a United States Gulf port, and return to Europe. Compania Trasatlantica Espanola.- — One steamer per month from Habana, Cuba, for Colon, Panama; Puerto Colombia, Colombia; Curacao ; Puerto Cabello and La Guaira, Venezuela ; thence to San Juan, Porto Rico. Compagnie Generate Transatlantique. — Monthly sailings from St. Nazaire, France, to Guadeloupe, and Martinique, West Indies; La 416 GUIDE TO LATEST AMERICA. Guaira and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia and Carta- gena, Colombia ; Colon, Panama ; and return. Also monthly sail- ings from Havre (Bordeaux), France, to Santander, Spain; Guade- loupe ; Martinique ; Trinidad ; Carupano and La Guaira, Venezuela ; Puerto Colombia, Colombia; Port Limon, Costa Rica; and return. These services alternate fortnightly. La Veloce. — Monthly steamers from La Guaira to Valparaiso, Chile, via Port Limon (Costa Rica), Colon (Panama), and to Italy via Trinidad and Barbados. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.— Fortnightly service from Halifax to British West Indies and Demerara, British Guiana. Connecting steamers at Port of Spain, Trinidad, for Carupano, La Guaira, and Puerto Cabello. Royal Netherlands West India Mail.— One steamer monthly from Europe to Colon (Panama) via Trinidad, La Guaira, Curacao, Puerto Colombia and Cartagena (Colombia), and Port Limon (Costa Rica). Two steamers monthly from Colon (Panama) to Amster- dam via Curacao, La Guaira, Trinidad, Plymouth, and Havre. Transatlantica Italiana. — Monthly sailings from Genoa (Italy)' to Valparaiso (Chile) via Marseille (France), Barcelona and Cadiz (Spain), Teneriffe (Canary Islands), Trinidad, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Curacao, Puerto Colombia (Colombia), Colon (Pan- ama), Guayaquil (Ecuador), and Callao and Mollendo (Peru), Arica, Iquique, and Antofagasta (Chile), and return. Note. — Travelers should make careful Inquiry of steamship agents regarding prospective arrivals and departures of European and American vessels. By being alert it is often possible to take ad- vantage of an unscheduled sailing and thereby gain a day or two. COASTWISE SERVICE. Red D Line. — Steamers Caracas and Philadelphia alternately leave La Guaira every fortnight on Saturday at 6 p. m., arriving at Puerto Cabello the following day at 6 a. m. Here they stay two days and leave for Curacao Tuesday at 6 a. m., arriving at Curacao Wednesday at 6 a. m. To go thence to Maracaibo it is necessary to transfer to the steamers Zulia and Maracaibo that sail three days after the arrival of the big steamers Caracas and Philadelphia. The steamers Zulia and Maracaibo alternately leave La Guaira for Curcao each fortnight (without calling at Puerto Cabello), arrive at Curacao the following day and proceed thence to Maracaibo the same day, arriving at that port two days after their departure from La Guaira. They stay in Maracaibo three days, then return to Curacao, and proceed thence to New Tork. The steamer If erf do leaves La Guaira fortnightly for Curacao and Maracaibo and re- turn. Compania An6nima Venezolana de Navegacifin — Service be- tween Maracaibo and Ciudad Bolivar: Steamers Manzanares and Guarico, touching en route at La Vela, Cumarebo, Tucacas, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Higuerote, Piritu, Guanta, Cumana, Porlamar, Carupano, Rio Caribe, Cristobal Colon, Tucupita, Barrancas, and San Felix. These steamers alternate fortnightly. Fares: From VENTIZUEIiA. 417 Maracaibo to La Vela, $12 ; to Gumarebo, $14 ; to Tucacas, $16 ; to Puerto CabeUo, $18; to La Guaira, $22; to Higuerote, $24; to Piritu, $26; to Guanta, $28; to Cumana, Porlamar, Oarupano, Rio Caribe, Cristobal Colon, $30, $32, $34, $36, and $38, respectively ; to Tucupita, $42; to Barrancas, $44; to San Felix, $48; to Ciudad Bolivar, $52. Return fares are the same. Baggage allowance: First class, 50 kilos (110 lbs.) ; excess baggage at the rate of $2 per 100 kilos (220 lbs.). Steamer Delta leaves Ciudad Bolivar on alternate Saturdays, ar- riving at Port of Spain, Trinidad, the following Monday ; leaves Port of Spain alternate Thursday, arriving at Ciudad Bolivar the follow- ing Saturday. Compania Anonima de Mavegacion de Carenero. — Sailings four times a month from La Guaira to Cumana via Carenero and Guanta and return. Agents for these steamers, H. L. Boulton & Co., La Guaira. Average Time of Trips. — Maracaibo to La Vela, 2 days ; La Vela to Cumarebo, a few hours ; Cumarebo to Tucacas, 1 day ; Tucacas to Puerto Cabello, a few hours ; Puerto CabeUo to La Guaira, 1 day ; La Guaira to Higuerote, 1 day; Higuerote to Piritu, a few hours; Piritu to Guanta, a few hours ; Guanta to Cumana, 1 day ; Cumana to Porlamar, 1 day ; Porlamar to Oarupano, 4 hours ; Carupano to Rio Caribe, 2 hours ; Rio Caribe to Cristobal Colon, 1 day ; Cristobal Colon to Tucupita, 1 day; Tucupita to Barrancas, 3 hours; Bar- rancas to San Felix, a few hours; San Felix to Ciudad Bolivar, a few hours. LAKE SERVICE. Compania Anonima Venezolana de ETavegacion. — Service be- tween Maracaibo and the States of Trujillo and Merida. Steamer leaves Maracaibo Wednesday afternoon; arrives at La Ceiba (State of Trujillo) Thursday morning; leaves La Ceiba the same morning, arriving at Bobures (State of Zulia) in the afternoon; leaves for Santa Barbara the same afternoon and arrives there Friday morn- ing; returning from Santa Barbara the following day to Bobures, leaves Bobures Sunday morning for Ceiba, arriving a few hours afterwards, and proceeding thence to Maracaibo, where it arrives Monday morning. The service with the State of Tachira is as fol- lows: Steamers leave Maracaibo Thursday and Saturday after- noons, arriving at Encontrados the following night; sail from Encontrados Saturday and Monday nights and arrive at Maracaibo on the morning of Mondays and Wednesdays, respectively. Pas- senger fares from Maracaibo to La Ceiba, about $8; to Santa Barbara, about $10 ; to Encontrados, $14 ; from mouth of Escalante to Santa Barbara or La Ceiba, $5. Baggage allowance, 50 kilos (110 lbs.) ; excess baggage, $2 per 100 kilos (220 lbs.). TREATY REGARDING COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS.— A treaty providing for a single license fee for commercial travelers and for customs treatment of samples has been concluded between the United States and Venezuela. It is similar to the treaties made with other South and Central American countries. The treaty will be put into effect as soon as the necessary regulations have been formulated. (See p. 11.) 418 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Salesmen's Samples. — Samples of no commercial value, such as small pieces of fabrics and wall paper not exceeding 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) in length are admitted free of duty to an amount of 25 kilos (55 pounds). Samples of fabrics in excess of that amount are dutiable at $3.41 per 100 pounds, gross weight. Samples may be introduced by having them specified in a consular invoice as current merchandise, or with the traveler's baggage. In either case, besides the requisite documents, a statement in triplicate giving a detailed specification of each item is required. Bond. — On samples admitted free of duty a bond is required guaranteeing their reexportation within one year. If duties have actually been paid they can not be refunded. Duties are collected upon any portion of samples not reexported within the time specified. Reexporting Samples. — Samples may be reexported through any port of the Republic, but the traveler must present the bill of lading of the coasting steamer (poliza de cabotaje) on which the samples have been sent to the customhouse where exportation is to be made, and the items must agree exactly with the samples pre- sented by the traveler and with the list of samples as made out upon their entry. The " poliza de cabotaje " must be obtained when the traveler gives the original bond. It should be carefully preserved. Time Required for Clearance. — As a rule, when samples are brought as baggage they can be cleared within a few hours. Sam- ples having no commercial value can be cleared without difficulty, but a customs broker will be able to expedite the clearance of sam- ples having a definite value. Duties on Advertising Matter. — Catalogues, as such, are free of duty. Printed matter used for advertising purposes, such as pam- phlets, etc., must pay a duty of $1.37 per 100 pounds gross weight Advertising matter with lithographed or printed designs bearing no advertisements (printed matter) pays a duty of $16.57 per 100 pounds gross weight. Advertising matter in the form of pam- phlets with calendars must pay a duty of 68 cents per 100 pounds gross weight. Prohibited Articles. — The following articles may not be im- ported: Coin-making devices, war implements, silver, nickel, and copper coins, cigarette paper, saccharin and • its derivatives, salt, and matches. Baggage Rates. — To avoid excess baggage charges, it is desirable to send baggage from La Guaira to Caracas by freight, which costs 67 cents per 100 kilos ($0.30 per 100 pounds). If carried as excess baggage it costs $1.93 per 100 kilos ($0,875 per 100 pounds). Travelers' Baggage.— Traveler's baggage is admitted free of duty, with the exception of articles which have not previously been used. On such articles, in addition to current duties, an extra charge of 20 per cent is made. All kinds of furniture,'whether new or used, shall pay the current duties less a proportionate allowance for the time they have been used. Travelers' Taxes. — In certain districts traveling agents are charged a tax, running from 50 to 100 bolivares. However, gen- erally speaking, there are no travelers' taxes in Venezuela. Travel- VENEZUELA. 419. ers in most places may proceed to do business unhampered by any rules or regulations. Best Visiting Time. — While there. is no very great difference in the seasons, it is found desirable to visit Venezuela in the months from November to March. In most lines the salesman must arrange his visit in accordance with his particular business. As in other Latin American countries, dealers generally (especially in the in- terior) desire to be provided with good stocks of merchandise for Christmas, Easter, and the national holidays. INTERIOR TRANSPORTATION. Railways. — Communication on the whole is not highly developed. There are no important railway lines, and the most extensive line in operation is 112 miles (180 km.) long. The total mileage of oper- ated track in Venezuela is only 645. This is due largely to the sparseness of the population and its distribution in a long, narrow strip of territory. PRINCIPAL RAILROADS OF VENEZUELA. Ferrocarril de La Guaira a Caracas: La Guaira to Caracas, 23 ' miles (37 km.). Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela: Caracas to Valencia, 112 miles (180 km.). Ferrocarril de Puerto Cabello a Valencia: Valencia to Puerto Cabello, 34 miles (54 km.). Ferrocarril Bolivar: Tucacas to Barquisimeto, 102 miles (163 km.) ; branch, El Hacha to Minas de Aroa, 9 miles (14 km.) ; branch, Palmasola to San Felipe, 26 miles (42 km.). Gran Ferrocarril del Tachira : Encontrados to Estacion Tachira, 744 miles (120 km.). Gran Ferrocarril de La Ceiba: La Ceiba to Motatan, 50 miles (81 km.). Ferrocarril Central de Venezuela : Caracas to San Francisco de Tare, 43 miles (73 km.). Ferrocarril de Carenero: Carenero to La Espanola del Guapo, 34 miles (54 km.). Ferrocarril de Guanta a Barcelona y Naricual : Guanta to Naricual, 22 miles (36 km.). Ferrocarril de Santa Barbara a El Vigia : Santa Barbara to El Vigia, 37 miles (60 km.). Ferrocarril de La Vela a Coro: La Vela to Coro, 8 miles (13 km.). Ferrocarril de Maiquetia a Macuto (electric) : Maiquetia to Macuto, 4 miles (7 km.). RAILWAYS IN MARACAIBO DISTRICT. There are three railways in the district of Maracaibo, leading from lake or river points to the foot of the mountains in the direc- tion of the capitals of the States of Trujillo, Merida, and Tachira. These three lines have not as yet been connected with the capitals, 420 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. owing to the increasing difficulty and cost of construction as the higher levels and more broken ground is reached. The Ferrocarril de La Ceiba, already mentioned, has about 60 miles of track, ending at Motatan, 20 miles from the capital, Tru- jillo. It is owned by a private corporation. A cart road runs from Motatan to Trujillo, with a branch to Valera, which is only 6 miles by trail from the rail terminus at Motatan. There are no other wagon roads in the State. The Ferrocarril de Santa Barbara, owned by the Venezuelan Government, runs from the river port of Santa Barbara to El Vigia, 60 kilometers (37.2 miles). Pack trains take five days from there for the trip over the trail to the capital, Merida, but travelers can make the trip in two hard days' ride on mule back. Distances in the mountains can not be measured by actual milage, but are calculated by the number of hours or days of riding, which is according to the nature of the country covered. The roughest country in the entire route is traversed between El Vigia and Merida, via Lagunillas. Some travelers prefer the route to Merida from Maracaibo via Valera, from where it takes also three days of hard riding to make Merida, but the route is higher and less subject to interruptions by swollen rivers and gorges, and is therefore preferred in the rainy season. The new wagon (cart) road has been recently completed from Merida as far as Lagunillas by the State Government, as part of the new and energetic road-building program of the entire coun- try. This road will be completed as far as the end of the railway in about two years more, according to present estimates, which in- clude the purchase and installation of a number of large steel bridges. The Ferrocarril de Tachira, owned by a private corporation, runs from Encontrados, the river steamer port of the Rio Catatumbo, to Estacion Tachira, 120 kilometers (74.5 miles). There is a cart road from Estacion Tachira to San Cristobal, via Colon and Tariba, with a branch to the Colombian frontier at TTrena. Just across the boundary from Urena in Colombia is the railway station of Escobal, about 30 minutes by train from Cucuta. This is the route usually taken by travelers between Maracaibo and Cucuta. The cart road has recently been repaired and automobile service can be obtained by telegraphing ahead from Cucuta, the run taking about seven hours. HIGHWAYS. Roads. — The character of the roads has improved greatly in re- cent years, and there are now good roads for vehicles from Caracas to La Guaira and Macuto; from Caracas to Valencia (to be con- tinued to San Cristobal) ; from Caracas to Guatire (construction to be continued to Ciudad Bolivar). In the more remote sections of the country the chief method of transportation is still by means of mule carts, pack animals, etc. The Great Western Highway is now under construction from Caracas to San Cristobal, via Valencia, San Carlos, Guanare, Bar- inas, and San Miguel, through the pass of the Uribante River and across the southern watershed. The Caracas- Valencia section (an VENEZUELA. 421 old road) has been repaired and put into better shape, as has also that from Valencia to San Carlos on the plains. From here the work is actively progressing in sections, construction having been started from San Cristobal in 1918, when 10 miles were built. This road has now reached kilometer 27 from San Antonio to Caparo in the State of Tachira, and work is being carried forward at differ- ent points where heavy fills or banks have to be made and bridges installed. TRAVEL ROUTES TO THE INTERIOR. The main travel routes for the interior — to Trujillo, Merida, San Cristobal, and Cucuta — all begin with lake steamer transportation at the port of Maracaibo. For Trujillo: To Ceiba, on the south- eastern shore of the lake, about 90 miles by water from Maracaibo, and thence over the La Ceiba Railway to Motatan. For Merida : To Santa Barbara on the Rio Escalante, about 120 miles south of Maracaibo by steamer, thence over the Santa Barbara-El Vigia rail- way. For San Cristobal: To Encontrados, on the Rio Catatumbo, about 140 miles south and west of Maracaibo, thence over the Tachira Railway to La Uraca ; and thence overland to Cucuta ; or on up the Zulia to Puerto Villamizar and by railway into Cucuta. From La Ceiba the running time over the railway to Motatan is four hours, but from there it takes seven hours of hard riding to reach Trujillo via Valera or over the upper trail. Pack trains loaded with coffee going down to the railhead at Motatan are three and four days making the same distance. From Trujillo the trip can be made on mule back through the length of the Andine region, via Merida and San Cristobal, crossing over to Cucuta. Over the shortest possible road the trip from Trujillo to Cucuta can be made on mule back in about 10 days, without stopping for a day in any of the towns, when equipped with the best saddle and pack animal stock to be procured in the region. It is often necessary to travel from 10 to 12 hours on account of the lack of accommodations in which to pass the night. The small inns, called " posadas," are not made for comfort, and the traveler by this mountain route will do well to carry his own camp bed and items of food. Food along the way is wholesome and plentiful, but of the plainest sort and poorly prepared. Salesman's Routes. — The usual practice has been for salesmen from abroad to transfer at Curacao from ocean steamer, either east or west along the Caribbean coast, to the smaller steamers which run to Maracaibo, which is the center of the district and where most of the goods and supplies of the interior centers are purchased from the importing wholesalers established there. However, there are a few firms which import direct, principally through export commission houses, and most salesmen visit Cucuta, either coming back to Maracaibo for ocean transportation east or west, via Cura- cao, or continuing on overland into Colombia for upper Magdalena River points. The route would depend entirely upon the nature of the business, that is, whether export commission house, introductory work for manufacturers direct, or some special line such as drugs and medicines. 90821°— 22 28 422 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Steamship Lines.— 'The chief dependence is still upon steamers which skirt the coasts and connect Lake Maracaibo with points on the Orinoco River. Orinoco Eiver Points. — The distance from Caracas or La Guaira to Ciudad Bolivar, on the Orinoco, is very great. As a result, the trade of the latter with Port of Spain, Trinidad, is considerable. Vessels from the United States touch at Port of Spain and many travelers transfer there to the light-draft steamers which maintain service to Ciudad Bolivar. Caracas Reg-ion. — The chief city of Venezuela and its most im- portant commercial point is Caracas, about an hour's ride from La Guaira. In Caracas are located many of the important business houses of Venezuela, and a number of these maintain branches in some of the more distant cities of the Republic, which serve as dis- tributing centers for their respective regions. Maracaibo Region.— Maracaibo, on Lake Maracaibo, is also lo- cated at a considerable distance from Caracas. From this region the nourishing city of Cucuta, in Colombia, is reached by way of Villamizar. Trujillo and Merida, in this section, are also important commercially. Routes to Follow. — Many commercial travelers go directly from the United States to La Guiara and thence to Caracas, where they can best decide which way to continue their trips. In any event, the important commercial regions can be reached either by steamer or train. These include places on the coast, in the Orinoco region, and the Maracaibo district. Other Suggestions. — Travelers who wish to work the eastern re- gion of Venezuela first can leave New York for Port of Spain, Trini- dad, and transship there for Ciudad Bolivar, which is reached by the steamers of the Compafila Anonima Venezolana de Navegacion. If the traveler wishes to canvass this section he can go by other steamers along the coast, reaching eventually La Guaira. If it is desired to canvass thoroughly the western region before making Caracas and La Guiara, the traveler can sail from New York to Curacao and take steamer there to Maracaibo. Various other combinations are possible, as can be seen by reference to the steam- ship routes outlined on previous pages. SUGGESTED ITINERARIES. Maracaibo Region. — New York to Curacao ; local steamer to Maracaibo ; lake steamer to Santa Barbara ; from Santa Barbara to El Vigia by railway ; by cart road to Merida. From Maracaibo by lake steamer to Encontrados ; by sailing boats to Puerto Villamizar; thence by Cucuta railway to Cucuta (Colom- bia) or by rail from Encontrados to Estacion Tachira (San Felix) ; thence automobile to Cucuta (Colombia). From Maracaibo by lake steamer , to La Ceiba; by Gran Ferro- carril de La Ceiba to Motatan ; by: cart road to Valera and Trujillo. From Maracaibo by local steamer to La Vela ; thence by railway to Coro. VENEZUELA. 423 From Maracaibo by local steamer to Tucacas ; thence by railway to Barquisimeto ; or from Tucacas by railway to Palmasola ; thence branch line of same railway to San Felipe (State of Yaracuy). Caracas Region.— From Tucacas by steamer to Puerto Oabello; Puerto Gabello & Valencia Railway to Valencia; Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela to Caracas; La Guaira & Caracas Railway to La Guaira. From Caracas by Central Railway to San Francisco de Yare; thence by cart road to Ocumare. From La Guaira, by steamer to Guanta; Ferrocarril de Guanta a Naricual to Barcelona. From Guanta by steamer to Cumana ; thence to Carupano. Region of Ciiidad Bolivar. — From New York by the Trinidad Line to Port of Spain, Trinidad ; steamer to Ciudad Bolivar ; steamer from Ciiidad Bolivar, if desired, to Carupano, Cumana, Guanta, and La Guaira. Travelers coining to Ciudad Bolivar from New York may reverse the itineraries suggested above. DISTANCES. — From Caracas to: Barcelona (in miles), 155 (250 km.) ; Barquisimeto, 164 (264 km.) ; Coro, 248 (400 km.) ; Cumana, 248 (400 km.) ; La Guaira, 23 (37 km.) ; Maracaibo, 572 (920 km.) ; Merida, 466 (750 km.) ; Valencia, 112 (180 km.). From Puerto Ca- bello to: La Guaira, 65 (104 km.) : Tucacas, 40 (64 km.) ; Valencia, 34 (54 km.). Health Conditions. — Malaria is very prevalent in and around Maracaibo, and epidemics follow heavy rainy seasons in the fall of the year, with attendant diseases peculiar to the Tropics. There appears to have been no cases of yellow fever in Maracaibo for the last five or six years, but this disease was formerly epidemic from time to time and occurred also in Cucuta, across the Colombian border. Certain spots have a local reputation for malaria, such as the sugar estates on the southern shore of the lake and in the Catatumbo River Valley. Residents coming from the north nearly always suffer from " climatic fever " within a few months after arrival, few escaping some form of malaria. Careful screening and sanitation do much to avoid the disease. The principal residence section of Maracaibo city is the suburb of " Bellavista," 15 minutes by electric car line from the city proper and at an elevation of 140 feet above sea level, where the benefit of the breeze from the water is felt to a greater extent than in the city. Clothing should be as light as possible, Palm Beach cloth, white duck, drills, etc., being the most used for dress. Agencies. — Agencies for Venezuela are usually established in Caracas. From this point other sections are canvassed, the repre- sentative or his travelers making periodical trips. It is, however, usually considered the wiser policy to establish a separate agency for the Maracaibo territory, unless the agent in Caracas does a sufficiently important business to maintain a branch office in Mara- caibo. • From the latter place the surrounding country is canvassed, including the Cucuta district of Colombia. Some large Venezuelan firms with headquarters in Caracas maintain offices in Maracaibo. Consignments. — When merchandise is consigned by American ex- porters to Venezuelan importers, the latter can obtain possession 424 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. of the merchandise without the presentation of any documents. Therefore, the fact that the shippers may nave sent all of the documents to the collecting bank does- not protect them. The mere fact that the merchandise bears the name of the importer is suffi- cient to enable him to obtain it from the customs authorities by the payment of a small fine, about $5, for not presenting the consular invoice. In this way some merchants of bad standing or of no commercial standing at all have obtained much, merchandise from American exporters without paying for it. The only way American merchants can - protect themselves is to consign the merchandise to some reliable bank (or commission house), instructing them to turn over the documents releasing the merchandise only upon ac- ceptance or payment of the draft, as the case may be. American merchants should also be advised to make use of the American banks' credit departments in order to learn something of the credit standing of the Venezuelan house before shipping, and in that way many losses can be avoided. Hotel Bates. — In the larger cities the rates for the best hotels (American plan) range from $2 to $3.50 American gold. Hotels of secondary importance and those im the smaller towns charge less, from $1.50 to $2.50 per day. Travelers should patroniae the best grade of hotels for the sake of business prestige. Holidays. — The State religion being Roman Catholic, many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized, except in the smaller towns. The following are legal holidays: January 1, New Tear's Day ; April 19, first movement for independ- ence ; June 24, Battle of Carabobo ; July 5, Independence Day ; October 28, Bolivar Day ; December 19, national holiday ; December 25, Christmas Day. General Directory.— Indicator de Caracas y de la Bepublica, published by Litografia del Comercio, Caracas, Venezuela. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Venezuela which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips, ARAGTTA DE BARCELONA, State of Anzoategui; population, 16,000; 38 miles (60 km.) from Zaraza; 50 miles (80 km.) from Puerto Piritu; 73 miles (118 km.) from Guanta; 62 miles (100 km.) from Barcelona. Altitude, 363 feet. Temperature averages 82° F. Products : Cattle, wood, cotton, corn, tobacco, sugar, fruits, lumber. Industries: Manufacture of aguardiente, hammocks, man- tas, and shawls. How Beached. — From Puerto Piritu or Barcelona. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Hotels. — Venezuela, Sirio. VENEZUELA. 42-5 Note. — This is the second city of the State. There is considerable cattle trade with the coast and the Orinoco region. During the rainy season travelers are advised to take precaution against fevers. BARCELONA, capital of the State of Anzoategui ; altitude, 40 feet; population, 10,883. Situated on west bank of Nevert River, 3 miles (5 km.) from ocean; 12 miles (19 km.) from Guanta; 155 miles (250 km.) from Caracas; 62 miles (100 km.) from Cuinana. Mean annual temperature, 80° F. Principal products: Cattle, cot- ton, cacao, sugar, tobacco, hides, and skins. Industries : Jerked beef, cattle raising, shoe factory. Near by are coal and salt mines. Lloyd's agent, J. Marcano Raffetti. Customhouse brokers : Eduardo Mayo & Co,, Carlos H. Campos, J. J. Tovar Ortega de Guanta. How Beached. — From Guanta by Ferrocarril de Guanta a Nari- cual ; from La Guaira by steamers calling at Guanta. Banks. — Banco Caracas (agency), Royal Bank of Canada, Banco de Venezuela (agency). Hotels, — Central,* National.* Mote. — Barcelona is the capital of the State of Anzoategui. It is a trading center with a few importing wholesalers. There are also some Tetailers who make direct importations. A fairly good busi- ness is transacted with the neighboring cities. Barcelona is not generally canvassed by foreign agents. Guanta, the port of Barce- lona, is about 175 miles by sea east of La Guaira. BARQUISIMETO, capital of the State of Lara; population, 23,943; altitude, 1,868 feet; on the Barquisimeto River. Climate temperate (region of valleys). Temperature averages 78° F. Dis- tant 164 miles (264 km.) from Caracas; 90 miles (145 km.) from Puerto Cabello; 102 miles (163 Ian.) from Tucacas. Principal prod- ucts: Coffee, cacao, sugar, goatskins, copper, and rum. Industries: Manufacture of fiber hammocks, bags, etc. ; stock raising. How Reached. — From Puerto Cabello by railroad by way of Hacha and Tucacas. (Bolivar Railway de Tucacas to Barquisi- meto.) From Tucacas by Bolivar Railway ; time 9 hours ; fare, 30.60 bolivares (about $6). Roads start from Barquisimeto to Tocuyo, Gpjedes, Portugnesa, San Felipe, Arao, Carora. Banks. — Banco de Venezuela. Principal Hotels. — Sucre, Vesubio, Venezuela. Note.— This is the capital of the State and the center for the commerce of the State of Lara as well as for the region of the northern Andes. The town is a very old one. There are 8 or 10 commercial houses of importance, all of which make direct im- portations. Shipments are sent via Tucacas on the Bolivar Rail- way. There is a launch service from Tucacas to Puerto Cabello twice a week. There is also a wagon road to the port of Valencia via Yaritagua. Carora and Tocuyo are both tributary to Barqui- simeto. CARACAS, capital of the Republic ; altitude, 3,036 feet ; popula- tion, 92,212. Distant 23 miles (37 km.) from La Guaira (principal port) ; 112 miles (180 km.) from Valencia ; 150 nautical miles from Curacao, and 350 nautical miles from Trinidad. Climate : Although it is in the tropical section, Caracas, enjoys springtime weather, due to its situation and altitude. Temperature averages 68° F. 426 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. VENEZUELA. 427 December to April are the driest months, and July, September, and October are the wettest. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, hides, tobacco, rubber, lumber, medicinal plants, sugar, pearls, feathers. Industries : Textile mills, Portland cement factory, breweries, glass factory, tanneries, shoe factories, cigar, cigarette, soap and candle factories, match and paper factories, etc. American minister and American consular agent in residence. American chamber of commerce. How Beached. — From Valencia by El Gran Ferrocarril de Vene- zuela ; time, about 7 hours ; fare, 44.75 bolivars ($8.64) ; also by automobile; time, about 8 hours. From La Guaira .{the route used almost invariably) by the Caracas-La Guaira Eailway, 23 miles (37 km.) ; time, 2 hours; fare, 12.50 bolivars ($2.42) ; or by auto- mobile; time, 1J hours. Puerto Cabello is also reached by auto- mobile. Banks. — The National City Bank of New York and the Mercantile Bank of the Americas maintain branches here; Royal Bank of Canada ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America ; Banco de Caracas ; Banco de Venezuela ; H. L. Boulton & Co. ; Hollandsche Bank Voor West Indie; Bank Deschanel International Corporation. Hotels. — Gran Hotel,* Gran Hotel Continental, America,* Bar- celones, Filadelfia, New, Universal, de Familia, Italia, Cosmos, Pension Ibarra, Pension Dominguez, Palace.* Hotel Accommodations. — The Palace Hotel, lately completed, is the most modern hotel in Venezuela. It has hot baths and hot and cold water in every room. Another large hotel is the Hotel America, distant one block from the Plaza Bolivar and containing about 20 rooms, one of which is equipped with private bath. Charges are from 16 to 20 bolivars per day ($2.08 to $3.86 at par). There are quite a number of small hotels scattered about the city and patron- ized mainly by Venezuelans from the interior. The most important of these are the Hotel Caracas, Hotel Comercio, Hotel Union. Many foreigners prefer the numerous and well kept " pensions " (large private houses managed as boarding places), of which there are a great number in Caracas. The largest pension, occupying three houses, is the Pension Ibarra, where charges run from 20 to 40 bolivares ($3.86 to $7.72) per day for room and table board, according to the location of the room, etc. The best rooms are those located in the upper story of the house, as these have much more light and ventilation than those situated on the ground floor with often only a door leading out on to the " patio." Among the pensions patronized by foreigners are the Pension Dominguez, Pension Myerston, and Pension Vicentini. Persons intending to stay in Caracas for some time nsually find comfortable quarters in the house of some private family. Many foreigners spend week- ends at Macuto, on the beach, 4 kilometers from La Guaira. Customhouse Brokers. — H. L. Boulton & Co.; Perret & Co.; F. Eraso; J. Bocarrdo; Edo. Marturet & Co., Sues.; E. Aranaga Hijo, Sues. ; E. Krogh, Cesobar G. & Co. ; L. Perez. Note. — Caracas is the capital of the Republic and a very attrac- tive, picturesque city. It is the most important commercial center in Venezuela, and the most important financial center as well. In 428 GUIDE TOLATTN AMERICA. VENEZtTEIiA. 429 this city are located the chief wholesale importers and other com- mercial houses, some of which maintain branches in other cities of the Republic. From Caracas practically the entire country is covered by the traveling representatives, and business is done in even such distant places as Trujillo, Merida, and San Cristobal, which are really tributary to Maracaibo. There is a considerable number of foreigners who are particularly important in business, including Germans, Syrians, Frenchmen, Englishmen, Italians, and Spaniards. An agency for Venezuela can best be located in Caracas, which is the strategic center, although the Maraeaibo district is usually treated as a separate territory, and another agent is ap- pointed there. Sometimes this region is covered by a subageut of the Caracas agency. The city is in easy touch by road, sea, and river transportation with every point of the Republic. CARTJPASTO, State of Sucre: altitude, 26 feet; on Caribbean Sea ; landing, open roadstead ; population, 13,000 ; temperature averages 81° F. Distant 12 miles (19 km.) from Rio Caribe; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cumana. Principal products : Cacao, coffee, sugar, cotton, woods, minerals. Industries: Manufacture of straw hats, fiber weaving, rum distilleries. Lloyd's agent, Santos Ermini. How Reached. — From La Guaira and Maracaibo, by steamers Manzanares and Guarico; also by French and Dutch steamers. Hotels. — Victoria,* Strocchia. Banks. — Banco de Venezuela (A. Lucca e Hijos, agents). Customhouse Brokers. — Santos Ermini, J. Orsine e Hijos. Note.— -This is a thriving city in the eastern part of the Republic. It is not difficult of access, and is visited by an increasing number of salesmen. A number of firms here are in a position to make direct importations. The chief trade is with La Guaira and Europe. A good highway extends from Carupano to Cariaco and El Pilar. CITJDAD BOLIVAR, capital of the State of Bolivar; population, 19,712 ; altitude, 125 feet. Situated on right bank of Orinoco River, 270 miles (435 km.) from its mouth. Landing: Vessels lie alongside quays. Climate, tropical (region of plains) ; temperature averages 86.5° F. Distant 590 miles (950 km.) from Caracas: 300 "miles (483 km.) from Port of Spain, Trinidad. Industries: Manufacture of cigars; cattle raising. Principal products: Balata, tonka beans, heron plumes, gold, woods, hides, cattle. American consular agent in residence. Lloyd's agent, Robert Henderson, jr. Customhouse broker, J. Carranza. How Reached. — From Puerto Cabello and La Guaira by local steamers Manzanares and Guarico; from Port of Spain by weekly steamer, making points on Orinoco River. Steamship Service. — During the wet season, May to December, the Welcome Steamship Co. (Ltd.) operates a monthly service to Demerara, Paramaribo, Cayenne, and Trinidad. The Cia, Anohinia Venezolana de Navegacion maintains service to Trinidad; the Scardella Line also calls during wet season. Connections are made with the Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., the Trinidad Line, Royal Netherlands West India Mail, and Compagnie Generate Transatlantique. The Steamship Delta, running between Ciudad 430 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Bolivar and Port of Spain, Trinidad, furnishes the connecting link between the city and the outside world. The running time is two days each way, and one. round trip is made each week. The Delta is the best boat in the service of the present company, so far as comfort and accommodations are concerned. Passengers to and from Ciudad Bolivar usually plan to make connections at Port of Spain and use the foreign steamship lines which run along the Caribbean between Trinidad and Colon (Canal Zone), Panama. Frequent sailings of foreign steamers are available from Curacao, Puerto Cabello, or La Guaira (Caracas) to Port of Spain or return. Biver Transportation. — From June to November the larger river steamers operate regularly between Ciudad Bolivar and San Fer- nando de Apure. Time upstream, about 10 days; downstream, about 6 days. Two small launches operate as far up as San Fer- nando de Apure during almost the entire year. Banks; — Banco de Venezuela, Royal Bank of Canada, National City Bank of New York. Hotels. — Bolivar,* Gran, Maloni, Venezuela, iyAnnello, Chiarelli, Union, Central. Note. — Ciudad Bolivar is the capital of the State of Bolivar, and the trading and financial center for that State and the entire river system of the Amazonas Territory and the upper Apure and Arauca territory. It is located on the right bank of the Orinoco, and is de- pendent upon the great wealth of the lower Orinoco Valley and delta region. The commercial movement of Ciudad Bolivar becomes par- ticularly active during the period just prior to the rainy season (April and May). When navigation opens on the upper Orinoco, steamers leave Ciudad Bolivar for the Falls of Maipures, the upper Arauca, etc. Overland wagon routes also become active. There is a large floating population, 6,000 men being engaged in the gather- ing of rubber and forest products. The season of work is during the wet season, April to October. Many nationalities are repre- sented among the merchants, especially Germans, Syrians, Italians, etc. Ciudad Bolivar is important because many coastwise lines include calls at Curacao and Port of Spain, which, by reason of its proximity, is the point of transshipment for the commerce of Ciudad Bolivar. There are a number of firms here who are in a position to make direct importations. Much business is carried on with the surrounding country, which is tributary to it, and there is a con- siderable retail turnover. Ciudad Bolivar may well be included in the itineraries of foreign salesmen. Special ITote. — Ciudad Bolivar is often worked from Port of Spain, Trinidad. It is sometimes included in the itineraries of sales- men covering the Carribean district. CORO, capital of the State of Falcon ; altitude, 53 feet ; popula- tion, 15,533; temperature averages 82°. Situated at the head of the Gulf of Coro, which affords good anchorage. La Vela de Coro, which is the port, is 8 miles (13 km.) distant on the other side of a neck of land. Distant 248 miles (400 km.) from Caracas; 56 miles (90 km.) from Curacao. Principal products: Coffee, corn, lumber, construction wood, minerals, and hides. Industries: Cattle raising; VENEZUELA. 431 manufacture of aguardiente. Customhouse brokers, I. A. Senior e Hijo. How Reached.— From Lu Vela by La Tela-Goro Railway (8 miles) ; fare, $1.25 bolivares ; from Maracaibo and La Guaira by Na- tional steamers ; from Curacao by schooner to La Vela, thence .by rail. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela (I. A. Senior e Hijo, agents). Hotels. — Occidental, Coriano. Note, — This is a rather important city in the northern part of Venezuela. It is accessible from its port, La Vela, and from ilara- caibo and Caracas. Quite a fair distributing business is done with the surrounding country. A number of merchants here make direct importations. Coro is not always included in the itineraries of for- eign agents, but may sometimes be worked to advantage. The chief exports from Coro are goatskins, the principal industry of the re- gion being goat raising, and animals are bred for their skins. The region is especially suitable, there being an arid plateau very hot and dry. In the vicinity are salt deposits and coal mines operated by the Government. CTJMANA, capital of the State of Sucre; population, 16,342. Altitude 23 ft. Landing: Vessels lie alongside wharf. Located on both banks of Manzanares River, 1 mile above its mouth, 62 miles (100 km.) from Barcelona, 248 miles (400 km.) from Caracas; and 2 miles (3 km.) from the sea. Temperature averages 80°. Prinr cipal products: Coffee and tobacco; beans, sugar, hides, papelon (brown sugar), cacao, rum, coconut oil, corn, divi-divi, fish, salt, lumber, etc. Industry : Manufacture of cotton goods. Customhouse broker, Jose Gabriel Munoz. How Reached. — From La Guaira and Carupano by steamers Maiisanares and Gvarico. Bank.— Banco de Venezuela. Note. — This is the capital of the State of Sucre. It is a growing town with a very good general distributing business. There are a number of concerns here, in both the wholesale and retail lines, who make direct importations. The Cumana & Carupano Pier & Tramway Co. operates a pier 830 feet long. Cumana is famous for its fruits. LA G-tTAIRA, Department of Vargas, Federal District; popula- tion, 14,000; on Caribbean Sea. Landing: Good piers; vessels lie alongside. Distant 65 miles (104 km.) from Puerto Cabello; 23 miles (37 km.) from Caracas by rail (but less than 3 miles by air line). Temperature averages 85° F. Principal products: Coffee, cacao, hides, and skins. Industries: Manufacture of shoes; small sugar and flour mills, brewery, soap and candle factories, sawmills. American consul and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent. La Guaira Harbor Corporation. - How Beached. — From Caracas by Caracas & La Guaira Railway, time 2 hours, fare 12.50 bolivares, or by automobile, li hours ; from Puerto Cabello by steamers Manzanares and Guarico and several other steamers; from Maracaibo and Cnracao by steamers of the Red " D " Line ; from Macuto and Maiqustia by tramway. 432 GUIDE TO LATIST AMERICA. Customhouse Brokers. — E. Aranaga & Son; J. Boccardo & Co.; Fred Eraso; R. Escobar, Hijo & Co.; Ernest Krog; B. Marturet & Co. ; Peret y Cia. ; Edo. Franchi ; Banco Mercantil Americano ; A. Wallis (also correspondent of New York Board of Underwriters). Banks. — Banco Mercantil Americano ; Banco de Venezuela ; H. L. Boulton & Co. Hotels. — Neptuno, Alemania* (at Macuto) on the beach (4 km. to the cast), Pension La Mejor. Port and Baggage Pees. — The Corporation of the Port of La Guaira (office opposite station of railroad, Maiquetia to Macuto) makes the following charges ; Ship's passengers arriving or depart- ing, 2 bolivares ($0.39) each; passengers conducted to or from steamer in boat, each person, 3 bolivares ($0.58) ; baggage to or from abroad, per 100 kilos (220 pounds), 2 bolivares ; baggage to or from other ports in the Republic, per 100 kilos (220 pounds) or fraction thereof, 1 bolivar ($0,193) ; these rates include transporta- tion of baggage to customhouse. The corporation has no authorized agents, and payments should be made direct and receipt obtained. Mote. — La Guaira is the chief port of entry of Venezuela. Prac- tically all of the business of the central part of the Republic passes through this port. This applies both to exports and to imports. 'To most salesmen it is of interest merely as the entrepot to Caracas. MARACAIBO, capital of State of Zulia ; altitude, 20 feet ; popu- lation, 46,706. Landing, from steamer to wharf. Distant 572 miles (920 km.) from Caracas; about 240 nautical miles from WiUemstad, Curasao. Climate: Maracaibo is the hottest large city in Venezuela, with the possible exception of Ciudad Bolivar. The average high temperature is 95° ; average low, 68° ; mean temper- ature, 82°. The average mean humidity is 97. Malaria is very prevalent. Warmest months are July, August, and September; generally a sea breeze from 3 p. m. till following morning. Prin- cipal products: Coffee, cacao, sugar, petroleum, salt, maize, hides. and skins, cotton, etc. Industries : Fine rum, sugar, flour, chocolate, tile, brick, and furniture factories. Lloyd's agent, John Robertson (acting). How reached. — From Curasao. by Red "D" steamers; from La Guaira by coastwise steamer service (La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Tucacas, La Vela, and Maracaibo) ; from Merida by cart road to El Vigia, rail to Santa Barbara, thence steamer to Maracaibo ; from Cucuta- (Colombia) by rail to Puerto Villamizar, thence sailboat to Encontrados, thence steamer to Maracaibo, or from Cucuta by auto- mobile to Estacion Tachira (San Felix), rail to Encontrados, and thence steamer to Maracaibo ; from Trujillo by mule and railway to La Ceiba, thence steamer to Maracaibo. Customhouse Brokers. — H. L. Boulton & Co., Oliva Riboli & Co., J. Pinedo, Juan E. Paris & Co., Curasao Trading Co. Steamship Service. — To Encontrados. on Catatumbo River: to La Ceiba, Bobures, and Santa Barbara by way of Lake Maracaibo. Hotels. — Venecia,* Zulia.* Grand,* Americano, Los Lagos. Clubs. — There are three clubs : Comercio, Alianza, and Cosmos. Chamber of Commerce, Calle Obispo Lazo 14.' VENEZUELA. 433 Banks. — The Mercantile Bank of the Americas (branch) ; Banco de Caracas; Royal Bank of Canada; Banco de Maracaibo; Banco Comercial de Maracaibo ; Banco de Venezuela ; H. L. Boulton & Co. Note. — Maracaibo is the second city of the Republic. An active trade is carried on by steamers which ply between Maracaibo, La Ceiba, and Eneontrados. Maracaibo is often chosen as a place in which to establish an agency or subagency, with the principal office located in Caracas. Here are located many large wholesale import- ing and exporting firms. A considerable trade is carried on with the surrounding country, and even into eastern Colombia via the Zulia River. The exports of coffee amount to between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000 annually. Some cotton is also raised (several thousand bales) across the lake. Maracaibo ranks high as a commercial cen- ter, and is the chief distributing point for the States of Merida, Tachira, Trujillo, Zulia, and the Department of Santander in Co- lombia. The wholesale houses here canvass the territory tributary to it by means of salesmen, who visit the buyers at regular inter vals. The production of petroleum is daily becoming more impor tant. Maracaibo is occasionally canvassed by an agent established in Curacao. MARACAY, capital of State of Aragua; population, 9,311; alti- tude, 1,510 feet; 19 miles (31 km.) from La Victoria; 77 miles (127 km.) from Caracas. Products: Coffee, sugar cane, cattle, timber. Industries : Agriculture, cattle raising, timber cutting ; also two important national factories, paper and creamery. How Reached. — From Caracas or Valencia by railroad. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Note. — This town is in a rich agricultural region, the chief prod- ucts being coffee and sugar cane. The merchants are chiefly de- pendent upon Caracas. MARGARITA ISLAND, situated off the north coast ; area, 444 square miles ; 45 miles long, 5 to 20 miles wide ; population, 60,000. Products: Hides, goatskins, divi-divi, dates, fruits, beans, coconuts, tobacco, yucca, and famous handmade hammocks and straw hats. Magnesite is produced by an American company. How Reached. — The island is visited by steamers of the Com- pafifa Anohima Venezolana de Navegacion calling at Porlamar ; also by sailing vessels from Carupano, Cumana, Guanta, and Trinidad. Bank. — Agency of Banco de Venezuela in Porlamar. Hotels (in Porlamar). — Porlamar, Nuevo. Customhouse Brokers (in Pampatar). — Louis Fermin, J. J. Gar- cia, M. Verde, C. J. Mata, Medarde Larez. Note. — This place is noted for its good climate. The chief port is Porlamar, which is the principal commercial center. The latter has a population of 5,000. The chief industry is pearl fishing, and there is a large export of pearls to Europe. At times as many as 6,000 men are engaged in the industry. There are several houses in Porlamar which make direct importations from the United States. MATDRIN, capital of the State of Monagas ; population, 15,465 ; altitude, 244 feet; 28 miles (45 km.) from Aragua; 32 miles (51 Ian.) from Caicara. Temperature averages 80.5°. Products: To- 434 GUIDE TO LATIX AMERICA. bacco, cotton, cacao, coffee, rice, cereals, maize, cattle, starch, and aguardiente. How Beached. — By schooner up Cano San Juan to Guarapiche River ; thence by flatboat (3 days) to Maturin. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Hotel. — Maturines. Note. — Maturin is a fairly important commercial center, and the capital of the State of Monagas. There is some direct importing, but the houses are principally dependent upon firms of other places. MERIDA, capital of the State of Merida; population, 14,082; altitude, 5,415 feet ; located in the heart of Sierra Merida, 466 miles (750 km.) from Caracas. Climate, cool and moist (region of valleys and mountains) ; temperature averages 64.5°. Principal products: Coffee, wheat Industries : Manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. How Reached.— From Maracaibo by steamer to Santa Barbara on Rio Escalante ; thence railway to El Vigia, from which point Merida is reached by mule back, two days of hard Tiding. Also from Mara- caibo by steamer to La Ceiba ; thence rail to Motatan, cart road to Valera, and then three days of hard riding by mule back. This latter route is preferred during the rainy season, being less subject to interruption from swollen rivers and gorges. Banks. — Agency of Banco de Venezuela, agency of Banco de Caracas. Hotels. — Los Andes, Briceno, Merida. Note. — This is a very important town in western Venezuela. Most of the business is done through Maracaibo, to which it is tributary. There are some houses here who make direct importations, but as a rule foreign salesmen restrict themselves to Maracaibo. PUERTO CABELLO, State of Carabobo; population, 20,000; landing, vessels lie alongside quays. Situated on the shores of Mar de las Antillas, 65 miles (104 km.) west from La Guaira, about 186 miles (300 km.) from Caracas; 34 miles (54 km.) from Valencia; 40 miles (64 km.) from Tucacas; 27 miles (44 km.) from TJrama. Temperature averages 81°. Principal products : Coffee, cacao, copra, woods, hides and skins, vanilla, fruits, rubber. Industries: Dry dock, corn-grinding mills, meat preserving, soap, chocolate, furni- ture and perfume factories, sawmills, marble works, and cigarette factories. This is also a dry dock shipyard. American consul and vice consul in residence. Lloyd's agent, Ramirez Tirado (acting). How Reached. — From Valencia by Ferrocarril de Puerto Cabello and Valencia (2$ hours), fare 14 bolivares; from La Guaira by steamers Manaanares and Guarieo, also foreign steamers ; from Bar- ciuisimeto by rail and steamer; from Caracas, by rail (12 hours), fare 45 bolivares. The Puerto Cabello-Valencia Railway runs two trains daily between the city and the port, leaving Valencia at 8.30 a. m. and 3.30 p. m., the latter train making through connec- tions for Puerto Cabello with the express train over the German railway from Caracas. The running time is 2i hours. Trains leave the port for Valencia at the same hours, passing en route. The Great Railway of Venezuela (called the German railway) operates a fast train to and from Valencia and Caracas daily, the running time being 7} hours". Connections are made at Caracas for La VENEZUELA. 435 Guaira, the time between Caracas and Puerto Cabello and between Valencia and La Guaira being the same, viz, 10 hours of actual rail travel. Customhouse Brokers. — H. L. Boulton & Co., Rivas, Hermanos & Co.; E. Berrizbeitia & Co.; Pedro Ramirez Tirado & Co., Capriles y Torres Guerra. Hotels. — Banos,* Universal,* Venezuela, America, Central. Banks. — Banco de Venezuela, Commercial Bank of Spanish Amer- ica ; Banco Mercantil Americano. Note. — Puerto Cabello owes its importance to its excellent harbor. It is visited by a number of steamship lines, and there is good communication with the rest of Venezuela. Some of the principal houses of Caracas have branches here. There are a number of wholesale firms, also some retailers, who are in a position to make purchases abroad. Puerto Cabello is often visited by foreign sales- men in connection with their trip to Valencia. There are good highway connections with Valencia, Maracay, Caracas, and La Guaira, also with San Felipe, in the State of Yaracuy, all of which towns can be reached by auto. In the vicinity are the famous Ganange marble quarries, producing marble like that of Carrara, Italy. SAN CRISTOBAL, capital of State of Tachira; population, 21,385; altitude, 2,722 feet; 108 miles (174 km.) from Encontrados; 31 miles (50 km.) from Uraca; 21 miles (35 km.) from San An- tonio, which is near the .railroad from Cucuta to Puerto Villa- mizar; 42 miles (67 km.) from Tachira River. Temperature av- erages 70.5°. Products: Coffee, sugar, vegetables, coal, iron, pe- troleum. How Reached. — By automobile (about 4-hour joiirney) from San Felix, which is on the railroad from Encontrados. Banks. — Banco de Venezuela, Banco Coniercial de Caracas (agency). Hotels. — Central, Paez, Victoria. Note. — This is a town of some importance. About ten firms here make direct importations. The town is particularly well situated in respect to traffic from the western llanos to Zulia or Colombia. There are roads leading to San Antonio- and to the llanos down the Turbas and Quaramain Valleys, and to Uraca. SAN FELIPE, State of Yaracuy ; population, 15,506 ; northeast of Lara, on east bank of Yaracuy River ; altitude 808 feet ; temperature averages 80° ; 28 miles (44 km.) from Aroa (via El Cerro) ; 32 miles (51 km.) from Guama: 4 miles (7 km.) from Alvarico; 26 miles (42 km.) from Palmasola. Products: Coffee, cacao, cot- ton, sugar, rice, corn, fruits, lumber, hides, copper. How Readied. — From Puerto Cabello by automobile ; from Tuca- cas by Bolivar Railway; also a good road to Barquisimeto. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Hate. — This is the capital of the State and connected with the port of Tucacas by a branch of the Bolivar Railway via Palmasola. There is also a highway to Puerto Cabello over which a great deal of the present day traffic passes. The town and district are tributary commercially to Puerto Cabello. 436 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. SAN FERNANDO, capital of the State of A pare; population, 9,770 ; altitude, 240 feet ; on south bank of Apure River, near mouth of Portuguesa River; port of call for steamers on Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Temperature averages 91°. Products: Cattle, hides, feathers. , How Reached. — By steamers via Orinoco and Apure Rivers; regular service with Ciudad Bolivar. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Note. — This is the capital of the State and in a cattle-raising country. There are six or eight firms doing a general business, some with fair capital. The San Fernando houses are dependent upon the importers of Caracas and Valencia. TRTJJTLIiO, capital of State of Trujillo; population, 12,415; alti- tude, 2,640 feet. Climate, semitropical ; temperature averages 72°. Distant 25 miles (40 km.) from Motatan (railroad station). Prod- ucts: Cacao, coffee, tobacco, sugar, corn, petroleum. Industries: Flour mills, ice plants. How Reached. — From Maracaibo by lake steamer to La Ceiba, thence rail to Motatan, thence carretera; from Motatan (nearest railroad station) by carretera. Carreteras to La Ceiba, San Lazaro, Guanare, and Timotes. Bank. — Banco de Venezuela. Hotel.- — El Cruz Verde, Toscana. Note. — This is the capital of the State of Trujillo and is dependent for its prosperity on the coffee and sugar plantations in the valley in which Trujillo lies. There is a road to Valera, an important town on the road to Merida. TTTCAC AS, State of Falcon ; population, 2,000 ; on the shore of the Caribbean Sea,- north of the mouth of the Aroa River. Landing : Steamers lie alongside quays. Distant 45 miles (72 km.) from the Aroa mines; 102 miles (163 km.) from Barquisimeto ; 40 miles (64 km. ) from Puerto Cabello. Products : Coffee, cattle, sugar, etc. How Reached. — From Puerto Cabello by local steamers Manza- naxres and Guarico; from Barquisimeto by Bolivar Railway, fare 30.60 bolivares. Note. — Tucacas owes whatever importance it possesses to the fact that it is the port from where the Bolivar Railroad runs to the copper mines at Aroa and Barquisimeto, the copper mines at Aroa belonging to the South American Copper Syndicate having long been famous. This company maintains an ore breaker here. Many of the products of the Bolivar region — coffee, cacao, hides, and skins — pass out through Tucacas to Puerto Cabello. Tucacas is of no importance commercially, and is not usually canvassed by foreign salesmen. VALENCIA, capital of the State of Carabobo; altitude, 1,581 feet; population, 29,466. Situated on west bank of Cabriales, 3 miles from its mouth, near Lake Valencia ; distant 56 miles (90 km.) from Tucacas, 34 miles (54 km.) from Puerto Cabello, and 112 miles (180 km.) from Caracas. Temperature averages 80° F. Principal products : Coffee, cacao, sugar, hides, tobacco, beans, etc. Industries: Hat factories, tanneries, electric plants, cotton mills, sawmills, foundries; cattle raising. VEMBZTTELA. 437 How Reached.— The Puerto CabeUo-Valencla Railway rang two trains daily between the city and the port, leaving 1 Valencia at 8.30 a. m. and 3.30 p. m., the latter train- making through connections for Puerto Cabello with the express train over the German railway from Caracas. The running time is 2J hours. Trains leave the port tor Valencia at the same hours, passing en route. The Great Railway of Venezuela (called the German railway) operates a fast train to and from Valencia and Caracas daily; the running time being 7J hours. Connections are made at Caracas for La Guaira, the time between Caracas and Puerto Cabello and between Valencia and La Guaira being the same, viz, 10 hours of actual rail travel. Principal Hotels. — Universal,* San Rafael, Lourdes, Ottolina. Banks. — Banco de Caracas (Th. Gosewisch, agent), Banco de Venezuela (Berrizbeita & Co., agents) ; Banco Mercantil Americano. Mote.-'— Valencia is the capital of the State of Carabobo and the second city in population of the Republic of Venezuela. Here are located some large cotton mills, and in the vicinity there is a highly developed agricultural region. Valencia is considered as commercially tributary to Caracas and Puerto Cabello, but there are a number of wholesale and retail firms that are in a position to make direct importations. Valencia is often visited by foreign sales- men who go by way of Puerto Cabello. The sugar central " Taca- rlgua," the largest in the district, is located at this point. VALERA, State of Trujillo ; population, 10,000; 60 miles (99 km.) from La Ceiba ; 24 miles (39 km.) from Trujillo ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Motatan (nearest railway station). Products.— Coffee, cacao, sugar, fruits. How Reached. — From La Ceiba by cart road and railway ; from Motatan by cart road. Rote. — Due to its advantageous location, Valera is of more im- portance commercially than Trujillo, the capital of the State. A very important trade is carried on. The products of the interior pass through the hands of the merchants on their way to Maracaibo for export. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should thp traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. AltagT&cia, State of Zulia ; population, 7,000 ; opposite Maracaibo, on Lake Maracaibo; reaehed by sailboat from Maracaibo (one hours' sail). Agriculture and fishing are the chief industries. The town has a considerable commerce. Asuncion, capital of the State of Nueva Bsparta, on Margarita Island ; population, 4,580; situated oh Copey River, 6 miles (10 km.) northwest of Pampatar. Altitude, 356 feet; temperature averages 79°. Bailadores, State of Merida; population. 4,300; altitude, 5,500 feet: 19 miles (30 km.) from Guaraque, and 63 miles (101 km.) fiOS21° — 22 29 4'88 GUIDE TO iATIN AMERICA. from Merida; Carretera to Merida. Products: Peast sugar, tfsta toes, tobacco, coffee, corn. Barinas, capital" of Zaniora ; population, 3,165; on south bank of Santo Domingo River. Steamer communication with Ciudad Boli- var. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco. Distant 30 miles (48 km.-> to San Silvestre, 91 miles (146 km.) to Nutrias (on the Apure). Reached by pack train from Trugillo and Merida. Betijoque, State of Trujillo; population, 10,000; altitude, 2,480 feet; distant 8 miles (14 km.) from Sabana de Hendoza (earretera), 9 miles (15 km.) from Esque -(earretera), and 17 miles (27 km.) from Valera. Products : Coffee, cacao, sugar, and fruits. Bocono, State of TrujUlo ; population, 15,000 ; altitude, about 4,336 feet; climate, temperate; temperature averages 65°. Reached, by earretera from Trujillo, 27 miles (44 km.) ; also from Guanare, 68 miles (109 km.). Products: Coffee, wheat, sugar, fruits, Salt, and coal. ■ • - Cagua, State of Aragua ; population, 4,000 ; in the midst of a rich agricultural region, on the railroad from Caracas to Valencia. Some timber is cut in this vicinity. Calabozo, capital of State of Guarico; population, 7423; on the left bank of the Guarico River, in a cattle-raising district. Alti- tude, 330 feet; temperature averages 88.5° F. Reached- from Caracas by earretera connecting with Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela. Two roads lead to San Fernando, the shorter being 74 miles (119 km.) in length.- There is also a earretera to Ortiz, Pa© de Oojedes. and El Sombrero. Banco de Venezuela, i. »-. .n Callao, El, State of Bolivar; population, 3,000; 217 miles (350 km.) from- Valencia; 16 miles <25 knii). from Guasipati. Carretera to Tumeremo. .. Camaguan, State of Guarico; on Rio Portuguesa, near San Fer- nando de Apure ; reached from the latter place by camino de herra- dura; also by boats; distance, 12 miles (19 km.). Calabozo is 67 miles (108 km.) distant. Camatag-ua, State of Aragua; population, 6,000; distant 61 miles (99 km.) from Garacas. -Chief industries: Cattle and horse rais- ing. Products; agricultural. Carache, State of TrujillQ.; population, 9,000; altitude, about 3,650 feet; on west bank of "Carache River. Carreteras to Trujillo, 32 miles (51 km), and Tocuyo, 48 miles (78 km.). Products: Goats, cattle, coffee, cotton, sugar, .wheat, and fruits. • Carora, State of Xara; 'population, 9,000; altitude, about 1,050 feet. Distances: To Guarico, 3% miles (125 km.) ; to Barquisimeto, 7'6 miles (122 km.). Products: Coffee, fruits.. Industries: Stock raising and, tanning. This is a distributing center for a large district. .-•-., Carjaco, State of Sucre ; on Car icuao River. Its export trade is conducted through the ports of Cumana and Carupano. Churuguara, State of Falcon ; population, 2,500 ; altitude, about 3,i60 feet. Distance to San Luis, 31 miles (50 km.). Carretera to Coro. Products: Coffee, sugar, woods, fruits. : Cura, Villa de, State of Aragua ; population, 12,000; altitude, 1,600 feet; on carretera Guarico to San Juan and San Sebastian, VENEZUELA. 439 near Lake Valencia. Products :. Coffees cacao, indigo, sugar, cotton. Distance to La Victoria, 25 miles (40 km.) ; to Cagua (nearest station), 7 miles (12 km.). Duaca,_ State of Lara, located 2T miles (44 km.) from Lar-a, on railway from Barquisimeto to Tucacas. Products: Coffee, cacao, cotton, cereals. Hotel Duaca. Encontrados, State of Zulia, on Catatumbo River; 140 miles south- west of Maracaibo. Reached by steamer. Railway to Estacion Tachira (La tJraca), 74 miles (120 km.), thence cart road to San Cristobal via Colon and Tariba. There is also a branch road to Ureua on Colombian frontier. Across frontier at Escobal is railroad station 30 minutes from Cucuta. This is the route usually taken by travel- ers between Maracaibo and Cucuta; or from Encontrados up the Zulia to Puerto. Villamizar and thence to Cucuta. Grita, La, State of Tachira ; population, 3,500 ; altitude, 6,000 feet. Products: "Wheat, wool, tobacco, cotton. This is a market center for the surrounding country. Otoe of the most healthful places in Venezuela. Guanare, capital of Portnguesa; population, 7,003; altitude, 636 feet; located 21 miles (4 km.) from Guanare River, communicating with Ciudad Bolivar and towns on the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Temperature averages 83°. Products: Coffee, cacao, cattle, iron. Ospino and Chabasquen are each 32 miles (52 km.) distant, and Bocono de Barinas 22 miles (35 km.). Reached from Trujillo by pack train via Bocono. This is the principal town in the State of Portuguesa, and a considerable business isf carried on, principally in live stock, coffee, and cacao. During 1 the rainy season com- munication is down the Santo Domingo River, connecting with navigation on the upper Apure at Puerto Nutrias. In the dry sea- son traffic crosses the range to Merida. Guasipati, State of Bolivar; population; 2,400; 50 miles (80 km.) from Tumeremo. Products: Tobacco, coffee, sugar, etc. Juan Griego, Port of State of Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island ; north of Santa Ana ; northwest of Pampatar. This is an important town of Margarita Island and trades with the continent. Ship- building is its chief industry. La Ceiba, State of Trujillo, on southeast shore of Lake Mara- caibo; 90 miles by water from Maracaibo; railway to Motatan, 4 hours ; Motatan toTrujillo by mule back, 7 hours hard riding. Lagirnillas, State of Merida; population, 4,500; altitude, 3,175 feet. Located 22 miles (35 km.) southwest of Merida and 14 miles (23 km.) from Estangues. Los Teques, State of Aragua. Situated in an agricultural region, on railroad from Caracas to Valencia. Altitude, 3,864 feet; tem- perature averages 68°. This is a health resort, noted for its health^ ful climate. Montalban, State of Carabobo ; population, 9,000 ; 23 miles (47 km. ) from Valencia. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco. Mon- talban is on the highway from Valencia to Barquisimeto and San Felipe via Nirgua. Mucuchies, State of Merida; population, 5,000; altitude, 7,250 feet^ near Charuas River, 21 miles (35 km.) from Merida; 7 miles 440 GTJTDE TO LATIN AMERICA. (12 km.) from Mucuruba; 26 miles (41 km.) from TimoteS; all of which towns are reached by carretera. Products: Wheat, oats, potatoes, peas, cattle. Nirgua, State of Yaracuy; population, 4,000>; altltnde, 2,250 feet; on the Nirgua River, 43 miles (70 km.) from San Felipe via Cerro Santa Maria; 56 miles (90 km.) from Valencia, "which is reached by automobile service. Nirgua is commercially tributary to Valencia and Puerto Cabello. Products : Coffee, tobacco, cacao, sugar, cotton, aguardiente, cattle, copper, iron, salt, coal, sulphur. Obispos, State of Zamora ; population, 4,000 ; on Santo Domingo River, which is navigable at all seasons by small craft ; distant 10 miles (16 km.) from Barinas. Products: Coffee, cacao, indigo, cotton, sugar, "and medicinal plants. Ocumare del Tuy, capital of State of Miranda ; population, 10,048 ; altitude, 693 feet ; tetopieratufe averages 79° ; near Tuy River, 30 miles (49 km.) from Caracas, reached by rail to Yare, thence by carretera. Products: Coffee, cacao, sugar, cereals. Banco de Venezuela. "Onoto, State of Anzoategtti; population of district, 11,000; situ- ated on tlnare River, whicfe is navigable 1 in winter season; distant 87 miles (140 km*) from Barcelona, via Piritu, and 77 miles (125 km.) via Caiguas. Products: Corn, cotton, sugar, yucca, beans, rice, woods, hides. Ortiz, 151, State of Gnarico; population, 5,000; altitude, about 400 feet; on Paya River (affluent of Guarico) ; 60 miles (96 km.) from Calabozo, 22 miles (35 km.) from Mesa de Pay a, and 66 miles (106 km.) from Pao de Cojedes. Products: Cattle, cheese, hides, coffee, tobacco. Palmar, El, State of Bolivar ; population, 5,000. Distant 50 miles (80 km.) from Orinoco River. Carfetera to San Felix and to Caruachi on Caroni River. Palmasola, on the boundary of States of Falcon and Yaracuy ; 26 miles (42 km.) from San Felipe; 24 miles (37 km.) from Tucacas; reached by Bolivar Railway branch line. Pampanito, State of Trujillo; population, 3,000; altitude, about 1,900 feet ; on river formed by the Castan and Niocoy ; 11 miles (17 km,.) from Trujillo, and 9 mfles (14 km.) from Motatan (railroad station). Products: Cacao, sugar. Pampatar, State of Nueva Esparta; population, 1,000; on south- eastern part of Margarita Island, near Pun ta Ballena; 6 miles (10 km.) from Asuncio; 58 miles (94 km.) from Cumana; 86 miles (139 km.) from Barcelona; 161 miles (260 km.) from Trinidad; 46 miles (75 km;) from Carupano. Customhouse brokers : Luis Fermin, M. Verde, C. J. Mata, J. J. Garcia, Medarde Larez. Banco de Vene- zuela (agency). See also Margarita Island. Petare, State of Miranda; population, 2,000; situated about 6 miles (10 km.) east-southeast of Caracas; reached from Caracas by Central Railway. Products: Coffee, woods, honey, and wax. In- dustries: Paper factories, sugar central." Piritu (de Barcelona), State of Anzoategui ; population, 1,400 ; on shore of Caribbean Sea. Port open to domestic commerce. Agri- culture and fishing are the chief industries. Distant from Barcelona 30 miles (48 km.). VENEZUELA. 441 Porlamar. See Margarita Island, page 433. Rio Caribe, State of Suae; population, 7,000; altitude, 20 feet; 4 mile* <6 km.) from Puerto Santo, 14 miles (22 km.) from Caru- pano by sea, and 20 miles (32 km.) from Twjapui. This is a port of call for Government steamers, Manzwnares and Gwvnoo, plying between Maracaibo and Ciudad Bolivar. , Rio Chico, San Jose de. State of Miranda ; population, 4,000 s port fop general coasting trade; near mouth of Tuy. River, on railway from Port Carenero to El Guapo; 93 miles (150 km.) from Caracas, and 19 miles (31 km.) from Carenero, at which port calls the steamer Colon of the CH* AnOnima Navigation de Carenero. Hotel Providenda. . Rubio, State of Tachira ; population, 12,000. Principal products ; Coffee, agriculture, etc. This town is reached from Maracaibo. Some of the largest coffee plantations of the country are located here. Coal and .silver mines in. vicinity. San Carlos, capital of State of Cojedes ; population, 8,189 ; altitude, 495 feet ; temperature averages 83° ; on east bank of Madrina River, 65 miles (105 km.) from Valencia by highway; 12 miles (20 km,) from Tinaco, 65 miles (105 km.) from Barquisiineto ; 21 miles (33 km.) from Cojedes. San Felix, State of Bolivar ; population, 3,000 ; on the carjetera to Tumeremo, Products : Coffee, corn* sugar cane, etc. San. Sebastian, State of Aragua; 50 miles (81 km.) southwest of Caracas, Products : Coffee, etc, Santa Barbara, State of Zulia, on Bio Escalante; 120 miles south of Maracaibo; reached by steamer. Railway to El Vigia, from which point Merida is reached by mule back, two days' hard riding, Santo Lucia, State of Aragua; population, 4,000; 25 miles (40 km.) from Caracas, on railway from Valencia to Caracas. Prod- ucts: Coffee, sugar jcane, etc. Santa Rita, State of Zulia ; south of Maracaibo, on lake shore in the midst of fine goat-raising district; also some large coconut plan- tations. Sombrero, El, State of Guarieo; altitude, about 520. feet; on Guarico River; 28 miles (45 km.) from El Calvario, 67 miles (108 km.) from Chaguaramas, 51 miles (82 km.) from Calabozo; and connected with these towns by carreteras. Products : Cattle, hides, sugar, fruit Industry : Manufacture of hats. Tariba, State of Tachira ; population, 9,000 ; altitude, 2,650 feet ; distant 3 miles (5 km.) from San Cristobal, and 34 miles (55 km.) from TJraca. Products : Sugar, coffee, tobacco, coal, sulphur. Tinaquillo, State of Cojedes; population, 3,400; distant 29 miles (48 km.) from Pao; Carretas to Valencia, 34 miles (55 km.), and to San Carlos, 34 miles (55 km.). Products: Cattle and coffee. Tocuyo, State of Lara; population, 7,100; altitude, about 1,950 feet; on right bank of Tocuyo River, 44 miles (72 km.) from Bar- quisimeto (railroad station), and 65 miles (106 km.) from San Felipe (via Guama). Banco de Venezuela. Hotels: Central, Prin- cipal, Nuevo. Products: Coffee, cacao, etc. Industries: Henequen bag factories. This is a town of fair importance. Usually can- vassed by Caracas houses. 442 GUIDE TGH-ATIN AMERICA. Tovar, El, State of Merida; population, 2.000. This is a local market center for the coffee -plantations in the valley. Nearly all banks and business -houses of MaracaSbo have branches here. Tucupido, State of Guarieo; population, 3,000; located a short dis- tance from Zaraza, to an agricultural and cattle district; reached by steamers Manzanarea and thtarico from Maracaiboi Tumeremo, State of Bolivar; population, 4,000; 186 miles (300 km.) from Valencia ; 5© miles (80 km.) from Guasipati. Carreteras to Ciudad Bolivar, San Felix, and El Dorado. Products: Sugar cane, corn, wheat, rice, cattle. Union, La, State of Zamora ; on right bank of Portuguesa River ; reached from Ciudad Bolivar via Portuguesa and Orinoco Rivers; in summer it has communication with Caracas and Valencia. Products: Cattle, hides, cheese, feathers. Upata, State of Bolivar; population, 5,000; situated at confluence of Caroni and Orinoco Rivers.' Carretera to Puerto Tablas. Gold is mined here. - Vela, La, State of Faleon; population^ 2,500; 8 miles (13 kin.) distant from Coro and connected with it by La Vela & Coro Rail- way ; reached from Maracaibo by" National steamers. Victoria, La, State of Aragua ; population, 7,800 ; altitude, 1,500 feet; on east bank of Aragua River; 62 miles (99 km.)' southwest of Caracas, 19 miles (31 km.) -from Maracay (railway), 25 miles (40 km.) from Villa de Cura, 31 miles (50 km.) from San Sebastian, and 59 miles (96 km.) from Camatagua. It is connected with Valencia and Caracas by railway. Products: Cereals, vegetables, copper, iron, coffee, sugar, -etc. Industries: Cigars, soap, hemp. Hotels: Inglesias, Otolimo, Suarez. Banco de- Venezuela. -Taritag-ua, State of Lara; population, 5,000. Chief products: Coffee, tobacco. This town is on the road to Barquisimeto. It is tributary to Barquisimeto. Depends on the wholesalers of Puerto Oabello. Zaraza, State of Guarico; population, 2,900; on Unare River, which is navigable to this point. Products : Cattle, tobacco, fruits. Distant 72 miles (117 km.> from Chaguaramas by carretera. . BRITISH GUIANA. Location.— The only British colony in South America. Located in the northeastern part of the continent* bounded on the north by the Allan tic Ocean, on the eSst by "Dutch .Guiana, on the south and soiithwest by Brazil, and on the west by Venezuela. Area and Population!,— Area, 90,277 square miles, exceeding ths(t of: England, Scotland, and Wales, combined. The coast line is 270 miles long. The population is estimated at abont 300,000,. or : about 3.5 inhabitants per square mile. JTojrography. — The colony can be divided roughly into three belts. The coast lands from 10 to 40 miles wide are flat and swampy. The second belt "is chiefly undulating land slightly higher, traversed by sand dunes and heavily timbered: The third belt, containing hjr far the largest and most elevated portion, lies to the south pf tbte above regions and has several mountain ranges and extensiwe savannahs. Portions of this area are also heavily wooded and contain various minerals. Its resources have never been fully ex- plored and are largely undeveloped. The altitude of the last- named area averages about 3,200 feet. There is one very high peak, known as Mount Roraima. "" Stivers, — The principal rivers are: The Demerara, navigable for about 80 miles (128 km.) ; the Berbice, navigable v for about 87 miles (140 km.) ; the Essequibo, with certain tributaries, and the Courantyne. There are some other rivers also, but, generally speak- ing, numerous rapids and falls render them unnavigable. Climate. — Tropical. The mornings and evenings are sometimes chilly in the interior, but there is never any really cold weather. The rainfall averages about 90 inches annually. Seasons. — The year is supposed taJiave two seasons. From April orjMay to July or August the precipitation is very heavy. A further rainy season extends from JJovember to February. These two seasons, however, are by no* means, clearly defined. The, hottest months are August, September, and October, and should 'be avoided. The coolest months, are December to March, and are~pleasarit, ; Innabitants-^-The population is composed of about 3.000 northern Europeans, 9,000 Portugese, 123,000 East Indians, 117 fiQO- Nqgroes, 2,000 Chinese, 14,000 aborigines and about 27,000 of mixed blood. Products. — The chief -crop of British Guiana is sugar, there being a large export of jtbis, and of rum, a by-product; There- is also a considerable amount of. rice cultivated. .Other products are fcacao, coeonuter copra, -oeeoout oil r eitrate -of lime, coffee, small grains, 443 444 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. BRITISH GUIANA. 445 timber. The forests of British Guiana contain a good deal of dye- wood, hardwoods of various kinds, etc. An important product is balata, the export of which has increased materially. The chief mineral export is diamonds, and of second importance, gold, with bauxite third. There is considerable placer mining. Industries. — Chiefly agriculture, mining, and timber cutting. There are a few small tobacco t shoe, and chocolate factories, saw- mills, foundries, and machine shops. Live Stock.— -Grazing is carried on in the interior, and the out- look is promising. Various kinds of cattle, including goats, sheep, etc., are raised, Language. — English exclusively. (Jurreney. — Prices are usually quoted in dollars and cents. The current coins are English silver, together with silver 4-penny pieces, known locally as "bitts," and English coppers. Every coin has the same nominal value as in England. Therefore, a simple decimal system of calculation is combined with the use of English money. ($l=4s. 2d.=100 cents. One cent=*d.) Weights and Measures. — English. Postage. — Letters from the United States, 2 cents per ounce or fractional •part thereof, to the United States, 2 cents per ounce, and 2 cents war tax additional. Parcel post to United States, 12 cents per pound. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Trinidad Line. — Furaess, Withy & Co., 38 Whitehall Street. Sail- ings from Pier 24, Robinson Stores, Brooklyn. Departures every two weeks for Grenada, Trinidad, and Demerara (Georgetown). Distance to Demerara, 2,210 nautical miles; time, about 12 days, including stops; approximate fare, $140. Distance from Port of Spain, Trinidad, to Demerara, 365 nautical miles ; time, 36 hours. Quebec Steamship Line. — Furness, Withy & Co., agents, 38 White- hall Street. Departures from Pier 47, North River (West Tenth Street) . Sailings about every two weeks for Martinique, Barbados, and Demerara (Georgetown). Time, including stops, about 16 days; fare, about $140. OTHER LINES VISITING BRITISH GUIANA. Compagiiie Generals Transatlantique.— Service every 28 days; connects with Martinique, Trinidad, Paramaribo, and Cayenne. Royal Mail Steam Packet C©,— Fortnightly service from Halifax to British West Indies and Demerara. Fare between Port of Spain, Trinidad, and Demerara, $29.50. Harrison Direct Line of Steamers. — Fortnightly sailings from London and Glasgow to Grenada, Trinidadi and Demerara. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES.— Samples are admitted free of duty under bond for subsequent exportation. Baggage illlow»»iie.-^Commercial travelers' samples are charged' at the rate of 12 cents per 100 pounds on the railroad from George- 446 GUIDE TO LATIX AMERICA. town \to Amsterdam. The allowance lor personal baggage on first- class ticket is 110 pounds. Commercial Travelers? License. — No license fee is charged com- mercial, travelers. CANVASSING THE COLONY.— Only one city is generally visited by traveling salesmen. This is the capital — Georgetown. Here are, located the* principal wholeseale- houses which distribute to the interior and supply the small dealers. There are also a' number of retailers wh© are accustomed to import direct, both from the United States and Europe. .If it is found necessary, the traveler can visit Berbice (New Amsterdam), which is but a short distance from Georgetown and easily covered by railroad. Agencies. — If it is desirable to establish an agency, GeeFgetown is a satisfactory location. From Georgetown the traveler can also ar- range to visit Dutch Guiana by local or Dutch Government steam- ers. Occasionally French Guiana is included 'in the territory of the agent in Georgetown. ■,.;■.. . . - Terms of Selling. — Usual terms of credit ,are 30 to 60 days. Credit information can be secured from the -Royal Bank of Canada or the Colonial Bank, both of Georgetown. Transportation Facilities.— British Guiana ihas two railway lines. The most, important is the Demerara Railway, operating 79 miles (lines from Georgetown to Rosignal and from Vreed-en-Beop "%) Parika). Another line is operated by; Sproston's Ltd.), from Wis- mar to Rockstone, about 19' miles. The' total mileage in the colony is a little less than 100. The. navigable -length pf rivers is about 450 milesj canals about 40 miles. The good roads mileage is about 322. Local Transportation Sendee. — Georgetown ito Mount Everard, via Morawhanna ; weekly service ; leave Georgetown Tuesdays and return on Saturdays. .Georgetown to New Amsterdam, semi weekly. night service ; steamer leaves Mondays and Thursdays and returns on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Up the Berbice' River, 125 miles (200, km.); semiweekly service; steamer leaves New Amsterdam Mondays and Thursdays and returns on Wednesdays and Fridays. Combined steamer, rail, and launch service to interior. Steamer leaves: Georgetown for Wismar, up. the Demerara River, on Tues-< days, Thursdays, and Saturdays, returning on Mondays, Wednes- days, and Fridays ; from Wismar, by railroad across country to Rockstone, on the Essequibo River, distance 19 miles (31 km.) ; from Rockstone, - launch service, to Tumatumari) ' en the Potaro River (a tributary of the Essequibo), distance 81 miles (131 km.) ; at Tumatumari, owing to rapids with a drop of 60 -feet, a portage has to be made across the river to above the falls, after which the journey is continued by another launch for 15 miles (25 km.) to Potaro Landing, the starting place for the gold fields. From Wis^ mar there is another launch service np the Upper Demerara River to the foot of the Mallali Falls, distance 45 miles (72 km.). Note. — Because of the tropical conditions whieh'prevail, v -it is im- portant to conserve one's energy during the great heat oi the. day. Particular care should be taken in this respect *'• 5 --' 1 Chief Items of Interest. — Tfce- museum- and botanical gardens at Georgetown; Tumatumari Falls, on the Essequibo River; Etaballi BRITISH GTEHANA. 447 Falls, reached from Rockstone; Mount Roraima ; Kaieteur Fall (800 feet high, 400 feet wide), on upper branch of the Potaro River, a tributary of the Essequibo. (This is said to be a very imposing and beautiful fall. It is reached by way of Wismar, Rockstone, Tumatumari, and Kangaruma). .'•'•■ Holidays. — The following are the chief holidays of British Guiana, which are generally observed : January 1, New Year's Day ; May 24, Empire Day; August 5, bank holiday; November 8, King Edward's birthday; December 25, Christmas Day; December 26, boxing day ; also Good Friday, Easter Monday, and Whit Monday.- CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. GEORGETOWN", capital of the colony; population, 55,000; situ- ated just within mouth of Demerara River. Landing: Alongside wharf. Distances: From Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 214 miles (344 km.) ; from New Amsterdam, 70 miles (116 km.) ; from Port of Spain, Trinidad, 363 miles (584 km.) ; from Cayenne, French Guiana, 395 miles (636 km.) ; from Barbados, 385 nautical miles. Principal products : Agricultural, sugar, rice, balata, greenbeart- and other timber, coconuts, bauxite, gold, diamonds. Industries : Mining, tropical agriculture. American consul in residence. - Lloyd's agents, Booker Bros.. McDonnell & Co. (Ltd.). How Reached. — From Paramaribo by steamers; from Port of Spain by steamers, 36 hours' sail ; from New York by steamers bf Quebec Steamship Co. and Trinidad Line. Tramcars. — There is electric tramcar service to various parts of the city. Principal Hotels. — Park,* Tower,* Victoria, Ice House; rates ?3.50 ! to $5. Banks. — Royal Bank of Canada, Colonial Bank. Note. — This is the principal city of British Guiana, and agencies may properly be established here. There are a number of very im- portant commercial firms doing both a wholesale and importing business of a general character. The surrounding territory is can- vassed by the representatives of these firms. Considerable mining is carried on and a number of mining companies have their offices in Georgetown. This city is often canvassed in connection with Trinidad. NEW AMSTERDAM, population, 8,000"; situated 3 miles (5 km.) up the Berbice River, 70 miles (116 km.) from Georgetown. Land- ing: Small steamers lie alongside wharf. Products: Sugar, rum, rice, balata, cattle. ■•■ ■ to?-) from Sicuani, and about 596 miles (960 km.) from Lima; climate, cool. Principal products: Wool, hides, cacao, rum, rubber, sugar, and gold. Industries : Manu- facture of cigars and cigarettes, soap, cocaine, and woolens How Beached.--.From Mollendo by Southern Railroad; 3 days' journey; fare, $1720. From Sicuani by Southern Railway From peru. 485 Juliaca by Southern Railway (Saturdays and Wednesdays) ; time about 10 hours; fare, $8.10. Hotels. — Pullman,* Colon. Bank. — Banco del Peru y Londres. Note. — Although Cuzco is on a railroad, it is not easy of access. It is, however, growing in importance and is visited by salesmen who work closely. The principal houses are branches of those located in Lima. Some of the larger houses of Arequipa have branches here. There is a strong demand for goods which can be sold to the Indians, who form the greater part of the population. Cuzco is canvassed by the houses of Arequipa and is also occa- sionally visited by foreign travelers, as there is a growing tendency to make direct importations. A new railroad is being constructed to a point beyond Santa Ana, about 100 miles (161 km.) from Cuzco. This road will provide transportation facilities to a navigable point on the TJrubamba River. ETEN, Department of Lambayeque; population, 3,000; port on the Pacific; landing, open roadstead; vessels anchor one-half mile from shore; 19 miles (31 km.) from Lambayeque; 161 miles (260 km.) south of Paita; 12 miles (20 km.) from Chiclayo; 8 miles (13 km.) from Ferrenafe. Principal products: Rice, tobacco, sugar, cotton, hides, honey, cacao, coffee, etc. Industry : Manufacture of Panama hats. Lloyd's agent, E. Aranja. Customhouse brokers, Empresa Ferrocarril y Muelle de Eten. How Reached. — From Lambayeque, Ferrenafe, and Chiclayo, by railroad, Empresa Ferrocarril y Muelle de Eten; from Paita, by steamer. Hotels. — Marina, Central. Note. — This is a very important port, with a good pier. The railroad runs through the towns of Eten, Chiclayo, Lambayeque, and Ferrenafe. A branch line also operates to some of the large estates, including Patapo, Pomalea, etc. The business of this place is rapidly growing, due to the agricultural wealth. HTTANCAVELICA, capital of Department of Huancavelica ; alti- tude, 12,530 feet ; population, 8,000; 74 miles (120 km.) from Huan- cayo; 186 miles (300 km.) from lea; 290 miles (467 km.) from Pisco ; climate, cool. Principal products : Cinnabar, mercury, silver, salt, wool, wolfram. Industry: Cotton mills. How Reached. — From Callao by Central Railroad to Huancayo ; carretera to Huancavelica; from Pisco by Pisco & lea Railroad to lea; thence carretera to Huancavelica. Banks. — Banco del Peru y Londres (agency) ; Banco Italiano (agency). Hotels. — Manrique, Alarcon, Europa, Gran. Note. — Huancavelica is famous for its production of cinnabar, wolfram, gold. Usually canvassed only by merchants of Lima. There are, however, a number of dealers who make direct importa- tions. The mining operations are exceedingly important. This place is also famous for its mineral water, said to have special curative properties for certain diseases. 90821"— 22 32 486 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. HUANCAYO, Department of Junin; altitude, 10,830 feet; popu- lation, 8,000 ; climate, cool ; on the Mantaro River ; 165 miles f 265 km.) from Cerro de Pasco; 215 miles (346 km.) from Callao; 162 miles (260 km.) from Ayacucho; 77 niiles (125 km.) from Oroya. Products: Silver, copperj lead, coal, wool, grain, live stock. In- dustries : Flour mill, sawmill. How Reached. — Prom Callao by Central Railroad (via Oroya) ; fare, $11. From Ayacucho by camino de herradura. From Lima by Central Railway; fare, about $10.70. Hotels. — Royal, Colon, Internacional, Genova. Banks. — Banco Italiano ; Banco del Peru y Londres ; Banco Inter- nacional del Peru ; Banco Mercantil Americano ; Banco Aleman Transatlantic. Note. — Huancayo is at the junction of two railroads, one to Lima, the other to Ayacucho. There are also roads in several directions suitable for automobiles. Huancayo is generally can- vassed by the importing houses of Lima. Being the chief commercial city of its Province, considerable business is transacted in the neighborhood. The mines in the immediate vicinity are prosperous, with a constantly increasing output. As a rule, Huancayo is not included in the itinerary of foreign salesmen. HT7ANTJCO, capital of Department of Huanuco ; altitude, 5.945 feet; population, 9,000; climate, cool; on the Upper Huallaga, 256 miles (412 km.) northeast of Lima; 68 miles (110 km.) from Cerro de Pasco. Principal products : Gold, silver, coffee, cacao, coca, and cotton. Industries: Sugar mills. How Reached. — From Cerro de Pasco by carretera ; from Callao by Central Railroad to Oroya; thence Cerro de Pasco Railway to Cerro de Pasco, then carretera. Hotel. — El Ucayali. Note. — This place is generally canvassed by the houses of Lima. It is growing in importance, owing to the rapid development of the mines in this vicinity. There is also considerable agricultural wealth. Canvassed by those who work closely. HTJARAZ, capital of Department of Ancachs ; altitude, 9,932 feet ; population, 12,000; near Huaraz River; 216 miles (348 km.) from Lima; 64 miles (103 km.) from Casma (port) ; temperature aver- ages 59° F. Principal products: Silver, cinnabar, coal, cereals, wheat, potatoes, cotton, sugar. Industries : Agriculture and mining, ordinary woolen textiles. How Reached. — From Casma, the port, on horseback, three days' trip ; travelers stop overnight in Yautan or Chacchan, and arrive at Huaraz on the third day ; there are hotels in Yautan and Chacchan. From Chimbote by railroad to Huaylas, thence carretera. Banks.— Banco Aleman Transatlantic, Banco del Peru y Londres. Hotels.— Sud-America, Costa. Note.— This is. an important mining center, generally visited only by those who canvass closely. It is rather difficult of access. There are a number of important commercial houses who do both import- ing and exporting. The output at the mines in the neighborhood is increasing and, as a consequence, a considerable business is done. pertj. 487 ICA, capital of Department of lea; altitude, 1,310 feet; popula- tion, 10,000; on the lea River, 92 miles (147 km.) from Lima, 46 miles (74 km. ) from Pisco. Principal products : Wool, cotton, cacao, goatskins, silver, copper. Industries: Distilleries, textile mills. How Beached. — From Pisco by Pisco & lea Railway ; from Aya- cucho by carretera via Castrovirreina or Pilpichaca. Hotels. — El Ferrocarril, El Imperial, Italia. Bank. — Banco del Peru y Londres. Note. — lea is a very important center for distributing to such places as Ayacucho, Huancavelica, etc. Among the neighboring valleys are Pisco, lea, Ohincha, Nazca, Palpa, and others, where cotton, sugar cane, etc., are grown. The agricultural methods are modern, and the growers are progressing. Near by are three water- ing places, Huacachina, La Guega^ and La Victoria, which attract many people during the summer season. Ica, as a rule is not canvassed by foreign agents. IQUITOS, capital of Department of Loreto; altitude, 350 feet; population, 12,000; a port on the left bank of the Upper Amazon, 2,300 miles (3,700 km.) from its mouth, and 1,268 miles (2,040 km.) from Lima (via Pichis) ; vessels anchor alongside floating mole. Principal products : Agricultural rubber, ivory nuts, cotton, timber, balata, chicle, rice, cottonseed, cattle, corn, hides. Industries : Saw milling, manufacture of straw hats, soap making, cotton gin- ning, distilleries. Customhouse brokers : Mauricio Moses ; J. Abel Vargas ; Moises I. Arteaga ; Adolfo Venegas, jr. Steamship Service. — Regular steamship connections with Para, Brazil, via Manaos, connecting with steamers for United States and Europe. Frequent sailings for all tributaries to the Amazon. For Lima, small launches to Puerto Bermudez (Ucayali River), via Chachapoyas up to Yurimaguas. Overland Routes. — Westward across the Andes via Yurimaguas, Chachapoyas, Cajamarca, to Pacasmayo (very little used). Also via Ucayali, Pachitea, and Pichis Rivers ; mule road to Oroya ; rail- way to Lima and Callao (distance 1,300 miles). Time varies between 17 and 25 days, according to season. Hotels.— Malecon Palaee* (lodging only), Cosmopolita. Banks. — Banco del Peru y Londres ; Commercial Bank of Spanish America. Note. — Iquitos lies east of the Andes on the left bank of the upper Amazon River. As the overland trip from the west requires 17 to 25 days, according to season, the journey is almost invariably made via the Amazon by way of Para, Brazil. The town exports con- siderable quantities of rubber, tobacco, cotton, timber, ivory nuts, balata, and other products. There are a number of important firms located here who make direct importations. A good business can be done under normal conditions, and Iquitos is frequently made by travelers in connection with Para, Brazil, as a base, via Manaos. There is a travelers' tax of 30 Peruvian pounds. JULIACA, Department of Puno; altitude, 12,550 feet; popula- tion, 2,500; on the Southern Railroad; 215 miles (346 km.) from Cuzco; 289 miles (467 km.) from Mollendo; 29 miles (47 km.) from 488 GUIDE TO LATECT AMERICA. Pnno; climate, cool. Products: Cattle, agriculture, wool, skins. Industries: Textiles, salt meat, dairy products. How Reached. — From Areonipa by Southern Railroad ; train leaves Sundays, Tuesdays, and Fridays; from Cuzco by Southern Railroad ; train leaves Mondays and Fridays ; time, 10 hours ; fare, $8.10; from Mollendo by Southern Railroad; fare, $9.10. Trains from Cuzco connect here with trains from Areonipa and Puno. Banks. — Banco del Peru y Londres (agency) ; Banco Aleman Transatlantico (agency) ; Banco Italiano (agency). Hotels. — Hotel Ratti, Francia. Note.— Juliaca is canvassed, by the import firms of Arequipa. It is on the road to La Paz. The exploitation of oil wells has been started by the Peruvian Corporation and " La Espana *' de Pirin. LAMB A YE QUE, Depaitment of Lambayeque; population, 5,000; 368 miles (592 km.) from Lima; 19 miles (31 km.) from Eten; 15 miles (24 km.) from Pimentel; 6 miles (10 km.) from Chiclayo. Principal products: Rice, sugar, cereals, cattle, silver, wool, cotton. Industries : Rice mills. How Reached. —From Eten by railroad (Ferrocarril Muelle de Eten) ; from Pimentel by railroad (Ferrocarril de Chiclayo) ; from Chiclayo by Ferrocarril de Chiclayo, 15 minutes. Hotel. — Dos de Mayo. Note. — In this vicinity are numerous sugar and rice estates, both of these crops being important The commercial trade is not of large volume. LIMA, capital of the Republic, in the Department of Lima; alti- tude, 501 feet; population, 223,000; on the Rimac River; 8 miles (13 km.) from Callao; 23 miles (37 km.) from Ancon; 110 miles (176 km.) fromCerrp de Pasco; climate, cool; temperature aver- ages 66° F. Principal products: Sugar, coffee, fruits, vegetables, and grain. Industries: Soap, tobacco, and shoe factories; cotton spinning and weaving. American Embassy, consul general, and commercial attache; American Chamber of Commerce, American Society of Peru; Lloyd's agent, Beausire & Co. How Reached. — From Callao by Central Railroad and electric cars, one-half hour; from Cerro de Pasco *y Oerao de Pasco and Central Railways, via Oroya. Hotels.— Maury,* Francia-Inglaterra,* Gran. Americano, Central, Cardinal, Europa. Banks.— Banco Mercantil Americano del Peru (Baquijano 733) ; Banco del Peru y Londres (Melchormalo 150) ; Banco Popular del Peru (Villalta 245) ; Banco Internaeional del Peru (Espaiados 554) • National City Bank of New York (Jesus Nazareno 169) • Anglo- South American Bank (Aldabas 251) ; Banco Aleman Transatlantic© (Coca 108). Conveyances.— Electric cars to all parts of city, first-class fare 10 cents; cabs for short journeys within city limits, 40 cents- by the hour, 2 soles ; public automobiles, 50 cents Peruvian monev or 3 soles by the hour. J ' 1 ^? t f -_ 3 his is the most im Portant city of the Republic and its capital. Here are located the chief importing and exporting firms of the Republic, and most of the head offices of the manufacturing PERU. 489 490 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. plants is located in the neighborhood. Lima is the leading com- mercial center of the country. From this point the wholesale job* bing firms send their representatives to canvass the interior, and 4:0 solicit business both to the north and the south, going as far 'as the region around Lake Titicaca. There are also a considerable num- ber of retail firms, some of whom make direct importations. Agencies are generally established in Lima, and when other cities in the country are to be canvassed, the agents usually make one or two trips annually, dividing the country into various territories. Lima is very interesting from a historical standpoint, and is the site of the oldest university in South America. It is worthy the attention of all salesmen, who can make their headquarters here even when canvassing the other sections. MOLLENDO, Department of Arequipa ; population, 10,000 ; port on the Pacific with open roadstead ; laBding by shore boat, about 1 sol per passenger ; distant about 480 miles (770 km.) from Callao, 53 miles (85 km.) from Ilo, and 107 miles (172 km.) from Arequipa; located ; on Southern Railway. : Principal products : Rice, £ugar, garlic, alcohol, wheat, cotton. Industries r Agricultural and mining, planing mills, textile mills, soap and candle- factories, distillery. American consular agerit. Lloyd's agent, William J. Donnelly. How Reached, — From Callao by steamer ; from Arequipa by Southern Railroad ; train leaves every day except Tuesday and Sunday ; fare, 7.50 soles ; from Arica, Chile, by steamer. Customhouse Brokers. — Donnelly Co. ; G. Elias ; Dauelsberg Co. ; E. F. Prado Co.-; Golding & Co. ; G. Delgado Hnos. ; Rodolfo Valdes; Mendez & Ramirez; E. & W. Hardt ; E. F. del Prado & Co. ; MacCord & Salazar. Banks. — Banco Italiano, Banco del Peru y Londres. Hotels. — Ferrocarril, Gran. Note. — Mollendo is the second port of Peru in importance and the entrepot for goods shipped into southern Peru and Bolivia. It is also an important export point Considerable improvements have been made in the last few years, and the work is still going onj. The docks are equipped with modern hoisting cranes, and other facilities are provided for the loading and unloading of cargo. From a standpoint of sales, Mollendo offers no prospects to the average foreign representative. MOQTJEGTTA, capital of littoral Province of Moquegua ; altitude, 4,475 feet; population, 5,000; 62 miles (100 km.) from Ho; climate cool. Principal products : Copper, silver, borax, tin, coal, salt, wines, figs, and olives. Industries : Chiefly mining. How Reached. — From Ilo, by railroad, irregular service. Bank.< — Sucesion de Malatesta Hnos. Hotels. — Central, Union. Note.— Moquegua is generally visited only by those who canvass closely. In the vicinity considerable wine is made, and there is an export of this as well as mining products. It is connected with Ho, its port, by railway. PACASMAYO, Department of Lambayeque; population, 5,000; port on the Pacific; landing, steamer to wharf; distant 328 miles (528 km.) from Callao; 34 miles (54 km.) from Eten; 65 miles PERU. 491 (104 km.) north from Salaverry. Principal products: Rice, cotton, cattle, sugar, cacao, hides, petroleum. Industries: Sugar, rice, and cotton mills. Customhouse brokers : Pacasmayo Agencies Co. ; C. G. Salas & Salinas Co. Lloyd's agent, C. G. Salas & Salinas Co. How Reached.— From Callao by steamers (Vapores NacionalesK From Guadalupe by Pacasmayo Railroad; train leaves Guadalupe on Sundays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays ; time of trip, 2 hours 40 minutes. The train leaves Pacasmayo at 7.50 a. m. and arrives at Guadalupe at 12 m. five times weekly, Mondays, Wed- nesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, and on Tuesdays and Fridays the trip to the sierra is made by mule, which goes up to Chilete; return on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Principal Hotel. — Ferrocarril. Banks. — Banco del Peru y Londres ; Banco Inteniacional del Peru; Banco Italiano (agency) ; Banco Popular del Peru (agency) ; Anglo-South American Bank; National City Bank of New York; Banco Aleman Transatlantico ; Banco Mercantil Americano. Mote.— This is one of the chief points of northern Peru. There is a large steel wharf with good equipment. The chief exports are cotton, cattle, and hides. In the neighborhood are large sugar, rice, and cotton mills, sugar being one of the chief products. The railway for Guadalupe and Chilete begins here. There are im- portant firms who make direct importations. Some foreign sales T men find it advisable to include Pacasmayo in their itinerary. Other towns in the vicinity are : San Pedro, capital of the Prov- ince (3,500 inhabitants), San Jose (2,500), Chepen (9,000), Guada- lupe (3,000), Pueblo Nuevo (2,500), Pacanga (4,500). PAITA, Department of Piura ; population, 3,000 to 4,000 ; at the head of the Bay of Paita; vessels anchor two cable lengths, from shore; 508 miles (814 km.) from Lima; 60 miles (97 km.) from Piura ; 500 miles (S00 km.) from Callao. Principal products : Cotton, oil, coal, salt, bricks, fruits, straw hats, coffee, tobacco. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, C. B. G. Wilson. How Beached. — From Callao by steamer; from Piura by fail- ■ road; train leaves Piura Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, returning Mondays, fare, $1.50. Customhouse Brokers. — Artadi & Co ; R. Guidino ; Ricardo Ray- gada ; T. Ginnocchio & Co. ; Milne & Co. ; Arturo Pallette ; Romero & Higginson. Hotel. — Pacifico. Mote. — This port has a small population, but is important as the entrepot for the interior, and especially for Piura. Many of the merchants of Piura have branches at Paita. There is an excellent harbor. Catacaos, where Panama hats are made, is located hear by. PISCO, capital, of Province of Pisco, Department of lea; popula- tion, 4,000 ; a port on Pisco Bay ; landing, alongside pier 2,250 feet long; distant 46 miles (74 km.) from lea, 186 miles (300 km.) from Huancavelica, and 130 miles (208 km.) from Callao. Principal products: Cotton, vicuna wool, beeswax, cochineal, alpaca, lima beans, etc. Industries : Cotton ginning, oil refineries, and soap fac- tories. Lloyd's agent, Divizia & Quinones. 492 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Customhouse Brokers. — Barber, Vargas & Co.; Divizia & Qui- nones; Tomas Bull & Co.; Pisco Agencies; C. Cabrera & Co.; A. Tiravanti & Co. ; Gottardo Badaracco ; Viuda de Pronetti. How Reached.— From lea by Pisco & lea Railway; from Callao and Mollendo by steamer. Bankers. — Barber, Vargas y Cia., agents for Banco del Peru y Londres. Hotels. — Americano, Gran. Mote. — Pisco is important as a distributing point for the sur- rounding country, although not of sufficient importance to Justify a special visit. Can be made en route to the capital. Exports large quantities of agricultural products. There are three cotton-ginning and cotton-oil factories here. Wine is also produced. PIURA, capital of Province of Piura ; altitude, 167 feet ; popula- tion, 12,000 to 13,000 ; on the left bank of the Piura River ; also on the Paita & Piura Railway, 60 miles (97 km.) by rail from Paita. Temperature averages 78° F. Principal products : Cotton, cotton seed, cattle, hides, goatskins, corn, and beans. Industries: Manu- facture of Panama fiats, textile mills, soap and candle factories. How Reached. — From Paita by railroad; 3i-hour trip; fare, $1.50 ; from Catacaos by Ferrocarril Catacaos. Train Service. — Trains from Paita to Piura leave daily at 2.30 p. m., except on Mondays, when a train leaves at 8 a. m. ; also one extra train leaves every Sunday morning at 8 a.m. Trains leave Piura for Paita daily at 8 a. m., except on Mondays, when a train leaves at 2.30 p. m. Fare, $1.50 (TF. S. gold) or equivalent. Principal HoteL-^Colon. Banks. — Banco del Peru y Londres ; Banco Mercantil Americano del Peru. Note. — In the neighborhood are the Lobitos oil fields. In the vicinity are some large plantations, and a number of cotton presses are maintained. Among the towns nearby are Catacaos, Huanca- bamba, Sullano, Morropon, and Ayabaea. PUNO, capital of Department of Puno; altitude, 12,648 feet; population, 11,000 ; on northwest shore of Lake Titicaca and on the Southern Railway; about 218 miles (351 km.) from Arequipa; 825 miles (1,320 km.) from Lima; 324 miles (521 km.) from Mollendo; 171 miles (277 km.) from La Paz, Bolivia; climate, cool. Prin- cipal products: Vicuna, alpaca, and sheep's wool, cereals, cacao, India rubber, coffee, gold, silver, petroleum. Industries : Chiefly agricultural. How Reached. — From Arequipa by Southern Railway; trains leave Sunday and Friday; fare, 17.50 soles; time, 11 hours. From La Paz, Bolivia, Southern Railway to Guaqui ; thence steamer to Puno. From Mollendo by Southern Railway via Juliaca ; fare, $10. Train leaving Puno on Mondays at 7 a. m. connects with fast train leaving Arequipa for Mollendo the same day at 4.20 p. m., making connections with direct steamers to Callao and Panama sailing from Mollendo Tuesday. Principal Hotel. — Comercio. Lake Steamers. — Direct steamers leave Puno Friday night; ar- rive Guaqui Saturday morning. Daylight steamers leave Puno Sun- Peru. 493 day night ; arrive Guaqui Tuesday night. Lake steamers make con- nections at Guaqui with trajn to La Paz and at Puno with trains to Arequipa, Cuzco, and Mollendo. Note.v-This town is important only because it is the terminus of the Southern Railway of Peru and the lake port for the steamers which go to Guaqui. SALAVERRY, Department of La Libertad; population, 3,000; Pacific port ; vessels anchor one-half mile from shore ; on the Sala- verry & Trujillo Railway, 9 miles (14 km.) from Trujillo, 65 miles (104 km.) from Pacasmayo, and 196 miles (316 km.) north of Callao. Principal products : Sugar, cacao, coffee, rice, coal. American con- sular agent. Lloyd's agent, A. J. Salazar. How Reached. 1 — From Trujillo by Ferrocarril de Trujillo, three, trains daily; time, 35 minutes; fare, 20 cents. From Chimbote by local steamer. Customhouse Brokers. — J. Dalmau ; Gonzales, Larrafiaga Hnos. ; The Salaverry Agencies Op. Bank. — Banco del Peru y Londres. Hotels. — America, Central, Cosmos, Italia. Note. — This is the port for Trujillo, and through it a consider- able volume of agricultural products is exported. It is also the entrepSt for a famous sugar district in the Valley Chicama. SAN" PEDRO DE LLOC, capital of Province of Pacasmayo, De- partment of La Libertad ; altitude, 131 feet ; population, 3,500 J 5 miles (8 km.) from Pacasmayo and 86 miles (138 km.) northwest of Trujillo. Principal products : Rice, sugar cane, gold, and copper ; also coal, industries : Tanneries, cotton mills. How Reached. — From Pacasmayo, Guadalupe, Yonan, and ChHete, by railroad. Hotel. — Roma. Note. — San Pedro is usually canvassed by the importers of Lima and rarely visited by foreign salesmen. In the neighborhood are important coal mines. TRtTJUiLO, capital of Department of La Libertad; altitude, 202 feet ; population, 22,000 ; on the Moche River and on the Salaverry 6 Trujillo Railway; about 300 miles (485 km.) from Lima and miles (14 km.) from Salaverry. Principal products: Sugar, rice, coffee, cereals, cacao, cotton, hides, minerals. Industries : Tobacco, soap and candle factories, and tanneries. Customhouse brokers: Salaverry Agencies Co. ; Juan Dalmau ; Gonzales, Larrafiaga Hnos. How Reached. — From Salaverry by railroad; three trains daily; time, 35 minutes ; fare, 20 cents. Hotels. — America, Gran Hotel, Verdad, Nueva. Bank. — Banco Mercantil Americano del Peru ; Banco del Peru y Londres. Note. — A good distributing business is carried on here. Some large sugar plantations are in the vicinity. There are dealers here who are in a position to import direct. Some of the houses of Lima have branches at Trujillo. Some foreign travelers visit Trujillo, although the business houses generally are dependent upon the im- porters of Lima. Near by are the ruins of the Inca town of Ohan- chan. 494 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. PLACES OF MINOK IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points, he Will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. Abancay, capital of Department of Apurimac; population; 6,500; 130 miles (209 km.) from Cuzco; road to Chala. Chief products : Copper, sugar, and agricultural produce. Aconiayo, Department of Cuzco ; distant 44 miles (72 km.) from Cuzco and 35 miles (56 km.) from Sicuani; southwest of Urcos, which is on the railroad from Cuzco to Puno. Products: Wheat, 'corn, potatoes. Industry: Weaving.. Anta, Department of Cuzco; 10 miles (16 km.) from Cuzco. Products: Cereals, corn, sugar, potatoes, copper. Reached by camino de herradura. Cailloma, Department of Arequipa; population, 14,000 (mostly Indians) ; 137 miles (220 km.) from Sumbay (nearest station, on railroad from Arequipa to Juliaca) ; on Apurimac River. Products: Alpaca and vicuna wool, silver, gold, copper, salt. Cajabamba, Department of Cajamarca; population, 6,500; 66 miles (110 km.) from Cajamarca, from which it is reached by camino de herradura. Chief industries: Agriculture and mining, flour mills, soap factories, cattle raising. Reached also from Menor cucho by camino de herradura. Calca, Department of Cuzco; population, 13,000; 27 miles (44 km.) north of Cuzco. Products: Sugar, coffee, tobacco, cereals, cacao. Camana, Department of Arequipa ; population, 7,300 ; a Pacific port, 136 miles (220 km.) from Arequipa, 27 miles (44 km.) from Vitor (on Mollendo-Arequipa Railroad). Canete, San Vicente de, Department of Lima ; population, 16,000 ; 6 miles (10 km.) from Cerro Azul (port) ; 162 miles (260 km.) from Lima. Chief products: Agricultural, especially sugar and cotton. Gold, copper, and iron are mined and hats are manufactured. Large irrigation project under construction by Government. Hotel: Cen- tral. Carhuas, Department of Ancachs; population, 6,000; 20 miles (32 km.) from Huaraz, 93 miles (151 km.) from Chimbote. Reached from Chimbote by railroad to Yuramarca, thence carretera. Products: Cereals, fruits, alfalfa, copper, lead, gold, silver. Casapalca, Department of Junin ; altitude, 12.500 ; on Central Railroad, 95 miles (153 km.) from Callao and 86 miles (140 km.) from Lima ; fare to Lima, $4.61. Here are located the mines of the Backus & Johnson Mining Co. and a smelting plant. There is a short private railway line to the mines of El Carmen. The town is worthy of the attention of salesmen. Casma, Department of Ancachs ; population, 6,000 ; 64 miles (103 km.) from Huaraz; south of Chimbote and 5 miles (8 km.) from Bahia de Casma. Carreteras to Huaraz and Huarmey (port) Products: Gold, silver, sugar, rice, cotton, cereals, and salt! Hotels: Americano, Marina, Maury, Royal. peru. 495 Catacaos, Department of Piura; 6 miles (10 km.) from Piura: reached by railroad. Chief industry : Manufacture of Panama hats. Customs agents, F. Hilbck & Co. Cerro Azul, Department of Lima ; a port ; vessels anchor three- fourths mile from shore; located 74 miles (118 km.) from Callao; reached by railway from Canete, 6 miles (10 km.) distant. Prod- ucts: Sugar and cattle. Industry: Mining. Chaohapoyas, capital of Department of Amazonas; population, 4,500; 261 miles (420 km.) from Yonan. Products: Gold, silver, copper, coal, marble, woods, cereals. Carretera to Cajamarca via Celendin to Chilete, which is on railroad to Pacasmayo. Chala, Department of Arequipa; population, 3,500; seaport at mouth of Yauca River ; reached by steamer ; 197 miles from Pisco and 127 miles from Quilca. Copper is an important product. Chepen, Department of Da Libertad; population, 9,000. Chief products: Rice, sugar cane, etc. Reached by railway from Pacas- mayo to Guadalupe. In this vicinity are numerous sugar estates. Pacasmayo is the port. Chimbote, Department of Ancacbs ; population, 1,600 ; a port ; vessels anchor 3 cable lengths from shore; on Chimbote Railway to Huaraz and Tablones; 35 miles (57 km.) from Tablones (fare, $1.75; time, 4 hours) ; 61 miles (99 km.) from Salaverry ; 164 miles (264 km.) from Huaraz. Chief products: Sugar, corn, wheat, gold, «opper, coal, beans, cotton, liquors, and silver. Industries: Soap and candle factories. Chimbote has one of the best harbors on the Pacific coast. Chorrillos, Department of Lima ; population, 5,250 ; a port, 7 miles (12 km.) from Lima by railroad. Products: Sugar and rum. Chosica, Department of Lima; altitude, 2,800 feet; 25 miles (40 km.) from Lima by Central Railway (fare, $0.49). Train is taken here for Oroya. Hotel, Gran de Bstacion. This is a famous winter Tesort Guadalupe, Department of La Libertad; population, 3,000; 26 miles (40 km.) from Pacasmayo, by Pacasmayo & Guadalupe Rail- -way. Products: Rice, cacao, sugar cane, coffee. Huacho, Department of Lima; population, 10,000; a port, 113 miles (180 km.) from Lima and 70 miles (115 km.) from Callao. Reached from Lima by railway via Ancon ; also railway to Huaura and Sayan. Products: Salt, sugar, cotton, rum, cereals, and cattle. Hualgayoc, Department of Cajamarca; population, 3,000; 41 miles (66 km.) from Cajamarca and 52 miles (83 km.) from Yourma ; on Pacasmayo Railway ; important mining center ; the output of ore is large. Here is located the famous Socavon mine, as well as many other mines of copper, silver, antimony, etc. A brisk supply trade is carried on. Huancabamba, Department of Piura ; population, 10,000 ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Piura. Products: Cereals, wheat, corn, pota- toes, cattle, etc. Reached by way of Piura. Huanta, Department of Ayacucho ; population, 2,500 ; near Enca- lada River; 10 miles (16 km.) from Ayacucho by camino de her- radura. Products : Cereals, coffee, cacao, potatoes, sugar, gold, and silver. 496 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Ilo, Department of Moquegua; population, 2,000; port; 53 miles (85 km.) south of Mollendo; 62 miles (100 km.) from Moquegua, Products : Figs, olives, wines, brandies. Beached from Moquegua by Ilo-Moquegua Railway. Hotels: Central, Italia. Jauja, Department of Junin; population, 8.000; on railroad to Huancayo, Oroya, and Lima. Products: Cereals and live stock. Lampa, Department of Puno ; population, 5,200; 56 miles (90 km.) from Puno. Products: Potatoes, wheat, alfalfa, cattle, wool, gold. Nearest railroad station Nicoso, 10 miles (16 km.) distant. Morococha, Department of Junin ; altitude, 14,814 feet ; 106 miles from Lima; reached from Callao, Lima, Oroya, and Huancayo by Central Railway, via Ticlio, 10 miles (15 km.) distant. This is a very famous coppeiMnining district with a large output; deserves the attention of most salesmen. A great supply and outfitting business is done. Moyobamba, Department of San Martin; population, 5,000; alti- tude, 2,900 feet; reached from Chachapoyas, 105 miles (169 km.) distant; also from Yurimaguas, on Huallaga River, 103 miles (168 km.) distant. Chief products: Bananas, cacao, and coconuts. Mines : Gold, iron, and sulphur. Negritos, Department of Piura ; 7 miles (11 km.) south of Talara. Important petroleum field. Oroya, Department of Junin; population, 500; altitude, 12,180 feet; on Mantaro River; 82 miles (132 km.) from Cerro de Pasco; 77 miles (125 km.) from Huancayo; 140 miles (225 km.) from Callao; 138 miles (222 km.) from Lima. Products: Copper bul- lion. Industries : Mining and smelting. This is the junction point of the Central Railway and the Cerro de Pasco Railway. Hotels: Junin; Oroya. Otuzco, Department of La Libertad; population, 10,000; 50 miles (80 km.) from Trujillo by railroad; east of Menocucho. Products: Lead, coal, silver, gold, cattle, corn, wheat, and oats. Palpa, Department of lea; population, 8,000; 43 miles (70 km.) from lea by camino de herradura. Products: Cotton, cereals, wines. Paucartambo, Department of Cuzco ; population, 27,000 ; 40 miles (65 km.) from Cuzco and 62 miles (100 km.) from Sicuani. Prod- ucts : Cattle, coca, cacao, coffee, potatoes, wheat, and corn. Pimentel, Department of Lambayeque; port on Pacific; 8 miles (13 km.) from Chiclayo ; reached by Ferrocarril y Muelle de Pimen- tol, and weekly steamers. Customhouse brokers: Ferrocarril y Muelle. Puerto Bermudez, on Pichis River. This is the extreme point to which steamers ascend on the Pichis River; time required for launches to Iquitos, 10 days down and 12 days up. On the road from Iquitos to Oroya. There is a commissary here. Puerto Maldonado, capital of Department of Madre de Dios; population, 3,000; steamship service, via Madre de Dios River, to the Amazon. Also reached via Mollendo to Tirapata. thence by road to Astillero, and from that point by canoe ; time of trip, 20 t» 22 days. Chief products : Rubber, coffee, gold, and silver. Hotels: Manuel Useglio and David Schiafinno. PEBTJ. 497 Santa, Department of Ancachs; population, 5,500; on Santa River; 93 miles (150 km.) from Huaraz. Products: Salt, rice, etc. Railway communication with Recuay. Santa Ana, Department of Ouzco; population, 19,870; 97 miles (156 km.) northwest of Cuzco. Products: Sugar coca, cacao, coffee, tobacco, rice, and caoutchouc. Railway from Cuzco under construction. San Vicente de Canete, Department of Lima; population, 14,000; 121 miles (195 km.) from Lima. Products: Sugar, corn, rice, beans, fruits, cotton, and wines. Railway to neighboring haciendas. Hotel: Central. Santo Tomas d« Chumbivilcas, Department of Ouzco ; population, 33,940; 70 miles (112 km.) from Santa Rosa; on Santo Tomas River. Products: Cereals, gold, silver, iron, and lead. Sicuani, Department of Cuzco ; population, 15,000 ; altitude, 11,650 feet; on Vilcanota River; on Southern Railway; 87 miles (140 km.) from Cuzco, 6J hours' trip; 123 miles (197 km.) from Juliaca, 7i hours' trip. Products: Wheat, corn, potatoes, and wool. Sullana, Department of Piura ; population, 5,000; 12 miles (21 km.) from Piura. Products: Cotton, corn. Custom agents, Arens & Leisel. Snpe, Department of Lima ; population, 6,310 ; a port, 140 miles (226 km.) from Lima and 21 miles (34 km.) from Huacho. Rail- road to Pativilca and to Alpas. Products: Sugar, cereals, cotton, and cattle. Connected by public highway with Huacho, San Nico- las, and Barranca. Talara, Department of Piura ; population, 4,000 ; a port 40 miles (60 km.) north of Paita; 90 miles (130 km.) south of Tumbes. Chief petroleum center of Peru, having a large refinery. Tambo de MCora, Department of lea ; population, 2,000 ; a pert 12 miles (18 km.) north of Pisco. Products: Cotton, cottonseed oil and cake, beans. Terminus of Tambo de Mora-Chincha Alta Rail- way. Tarma, Department of Junin; altitude, 10,000 feet; population, 10,500; 56 miles (90 km), from Cerro de Pasco and 20 miles (33 km.) from Oroya. Reached by road. Chief products: Silver, cop- per, and other minerals; coffee, sugar, etc." Cattle raising is car- ried on to some extent ; also some manufacturing. Tumbes, capital of the littoral Province of Tumbes; population, 3,000; port on Tumbes River; 85 miles (137 km.) from Paita, reached by boat Chief products, tropical produce. Hotel: El Orients. TJrubamba, Department of Cuzco; population, 25,600; 17 miles (28 km.) from Cuzco. Products: Sugar, coffee, cereals, potatoes, silver, and copper. Hotels : TJmberto and Roma. TTrcos, Department of Cnzea; population, 38,325; altitude, 10,236 feet ; on Vilcaconga River ; 20 miles (32 km.) from Cuzco ; on South- ern Railway. Products : Gold, silver, copper, corn, wheat, potatoes, and cattle. Tungay, Department of Ancachs; 242 miles (390 km.) from Lima. Products : Sugar cane, corn, wheat, wool, cattle, gold, silver, etc. Reached from Recuay by camino de herradura ; also from Huaraz. BOLIVIA. Location. — The third largest country of South America ; bounded on the north and east by Brazil, on the south by Paraguay and Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Area and Population. — The area of Bolivia is variously estimated at 473,560 to 704,195 square miles. The latter figure, if correct, would give Bolivia a surface 14 times the size of New York and two and two-third times the size of Texas. The population is esti- mated at from 2,500,000 to 2,889,970, or approximately 5.6 inhabit- ants per square mile. The following table gives the estimated area and population by Departments and Territories: Departments and Territories (capitals). Area, square miles. Population, 1915. Population per square mile. La Paz (La Paz) Cochabamba (Cochabamba) Potosi(Potosi) Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz) Chuquisaca (Sucre) TartjB(Tarija)..:..:. OrurofOruro) Beni (Trinidad) El Chaco (Yacuiba) Colonial Territory (Cobija) . Total 40,686 25,288 45,031 144,941 36,132 41,567 20,657 95,354 46,561 27,938 734,021 512,590 515,458 327,382 319,325 160.709 137,336 50,265 13,272 49,761 514,155 2,820,119 18.0 20.3 11.7 2.2 8.9 5.2 6.8 .5 .3 1.8 5.5 Topography. — The chief physical feature of Bolivia is the vast central plateau, over 500 miles (800 km.) in length, at an average altitude of 12,000 feet. This plateau lies between two great chains of the Andes which traverse the country from north to south. It is in this region that the principal cities are located. From the two main ranges numerous smaller ones branch in all directions. Three of the highest peaks of the Western Hemisphere, Illampu, or Sorata (21,490 feet), IUimani (21,204 feet),, and Sajama (21,047 feet), are found in Bolivia. In the northern part of Bolivia the table-land falls toward the Tungas, the fertile valleys of the Beni River Basin; in the east there is a precipitous slope toward the Tierra Caliente, or hot lands, of Santa Cruz and the Chaco. Rivers. — Bolivia has a network of navigable rivers. The Para- guay is navigable for about 1,050 miles (1,680 km.) for steamers of 498 BOLIVIA. 499 8 to 10 foot draft; the Itenez for 1,000 miles (1,600 km.) ; the Beni 1,000 miles (1,600 km.) for steamers of 6-foot draft; while the Pilcomayo, Mamore, Madre de Dios, Itonama, Sara, Orton, Baures, Inambari, Pirai, Chapare, Paragua, Abuna, Yacuma, and Desaguadero Rivers are navigable for light-draft vessels for dis- tances from 200 to 1,000 miles (300 to 1,600 km.). The total length of navigable rivers in Bolivia is 5,600 miles (9,020 km.), all excepting the Desaguadero flowing in the direction of the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Amazon or the Paraguay, a tributary of the Plate River. Lakes. — The principal lake of Bolivia is Titicaca, having an area of 4,000 square miles (over 10,000 sq. km.), situated at a height of 12,500 feet. It is the highest steam-navigated lake in the world where steamboats regularly ply and one of the largest on the Ameri- can Continents. Lake Poopo is connected with Lake Titicaca by the Desaguadero River. The chief ports on Lake Titicaca are Guaqui, Puerto Perez, Huata, Ancoraimes, Carabuco, and Escoina. Climate. — Owing to the difference in altitude between the low- lands of the Amazon and the central plateau region, the climate varies greatly. The extreme difference from the Amazon level to the summit of Illampu is about 23,600 feet. To appreciate the climatic conditions of Bolivia, it is best to apply the same terms as used in Mexico, viz, " tierra caliente," " tierra templada," and " tierra fria," or hot, temperate, and cold regions. The mean aver- age temperature of the American region up to an altitude of 2,000 feet is about 74° F.; between 5,000 and 8,000 feet, about 63°; on the " altiplano," between 11,000 and 14,000 feet, the temperature ranges from 50° to 54°. Seasons. — The wet or rainy season extends from December to May and the dry season from June to November. The summer months are November, December, and January, and the winter months June, July, and August. There is a great variation in rain- fall, which is influenced by altitude. Chief Exports. — Tin ores, antimony, rubber, wolframite, bismuth, copper ores, silver ores, lead ores, lime, animals, hides, coca leaves, and wool. Products. — Agriculture is in a comparatively undeveloped state ; the chief products are sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, coca, rice, wheat, barley, and potatoes. From the eastern section come increasing quantities of rubber, cinchona bark, dyewoods, and mahogany. Some cattle are raised and there is a considerable export of wool, and of the hides and skins of goats, sheep, alpacas, and llamas. Industries. — Manufacturing is of a very minor character and the chief plants are devoted to supplying small local requirements. Coarse cloth is woven by the Indians. There are shoe, soap, and cigarette factories, sugar refineries, and breweries. Mineral Wealth. — The chief dependence of Bolivia is upon its mineral wealth. Bolivia is one of the world's greatest sources of tin. Other important mineral products are copper, antimony, silver, wolfram, bismuth, and lead. The Bolivian tin mines are famous throughout the world. 500 GUIDE TO IATIN AMERICA. Petroleum. — Drilling operations for petroleum have been started in Lagunillas, near Sucre, and small quantities of oil have already been found. Inliabitants.^-C%o7o«. — These are the mestizos or those of mixed blood, and they constitute an important element of the Bolivian population. In the Department ©f La Paz they average over 8 per cent, and in Oochabamba almost 52 per cent. The cholo is the product of the mixture of the Spaniard and the Indian. The cholos have a peculiar and very picturesque dress, favoring very bright colors. The women are exceedingly shrewd and contribute greatly to the small shopkeeper class. The cholos also are important industrially, contributing to skilled labor, acting as superintendents of estates, etc. Indians. — A large percentage of the population, say between 40 and 50 per cent, is composed of Indians. These are of two races, the Aymara and the Quechua. The Aymara is the principally agricultural laborer on the altiplano. The Quechua is also an agriculturist, but his habits and customs differ greatly from that of the former. Language. — Spanish is the official language of the Repuhlic. Currency. — Bolivia has a gold standard. The boliviano is the unit of value, being equivalent to $0,389 in United States currency ; 124 bolivianos are equivalent to £1 sterling. English and Peruvian pounds circulate freely and are legal tender. At present there are no coins in circulation, with the exception of nickel 5 and 10 centavo pieces. Paper notes in circulaton are 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivianos. Weights and Measures. — The metric system is official. In the interior, however, old Spanish weights are still used. Telegraph. — Although the telegraph service is largely controlled by the Government, there are also some private lines. Wireless. — There are wireless stations at La Paz, Riberalta, Cobija, Trinidad, Viacha, Caehuela, Esperanza, Yillabella, Yacuibia, D'Orbigny, Ballirian, and Esteros, communicating with the capitals of adjoining countries. Postage. — The first-class letter rate from the United States is 2 cents per ounce. There is also a parcel-post arrangement with the United States. ROUTES FROM UNITED STATES TO BOLIVIA. STEAMSHIP LINES AVAILABLE.— Bolivia can be reached from the Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States by several different lanes, though, as it is an inland country, travelers must disembark at either a Peruvian or a Chilean port. There are fort- nightly sailings from New York by the four steamers of the Grace Line. These steamers do not stop at Mollendo on the way out, but put in at Arica and Antofagasta. and call at Antofagasta and Callao only on the return voyage. The time from New York to Arica is 15 days and to Antofagasta two days longer. The fare to Arica and Antofagasta is, respectively, $315 and $350. Service is also offered by the two steamers Ebro and Essequibo, of the Pacific Steam Navi- BOLIVIA. 501 gation Co. During 1920 through service between Valparaiso and New York via Habana was initiated by the Compafiia Sud-Americana de Yapores, or Chilean Line. A former Japanese steamer, now called the Renaico, is used in this service. Calls are made at Mollendo, Arica, and Antofagasta. Persons taking the vessels of the United Fruit Co. from New Xork or New Orleans can transfer at Colon to steamers of the Chilean or the Peruvian Lines, of which there are frequent sailings to the principal west-coast ports. CHOICE OF BAIL ROUTE. — There is a choice of three routes between the Pacific coast and La Paz and other points in Bolivia. These start, respectively, from Mollendo, in Peru, and from Arica and Antofagasta, in Chile. Each of these lines has certain ad- vantages. By taking the Mollendo Line those who fear " soroche," or moun- tain sickness can stop off at Arequipa (7,500 feet) long enough to accustom themselves to the higher altitude before going up to the plateau. Arequipa is itself an important market for most standard lines of goods. At Puno, above Arequipa, passengers are trans- ferred across Lake Titicaca by comfortable steamers to Guaqui in Bolivia. See map on page 489. The chief advantage of the Arica Line is the short time required to reach La Paz by that route, the ascent being especially rapid on the rack-rail section between Central and Puquios. The line from Antofagasta crosses the barren nitrate pampa and then climbs onto the plateau in the vicinity of the frontier at Ollague. Thence the route lies across the salt plains of Uyuni and north by Oruro to La Paz. The great copper mining camp of Chuquicamata lies a few miles from Calama, Chile, on a spur of the railway. The international express between Antofagasta and La Paz is one of the best trains in South America, the quality of the service being excellent in every respect. All three lines from the coast offer fine scenic attractions to the traveler. From Argentina via La Quiaca-Atocha- Route. — The Bolivian plateau can be reached from Buenos Aires by way of La Quiaca, between which two points there are through rail connections, though involving a change of trains at Tucuman because of the different gauges prevailing north and south of that city. Between La Quiaca, at the frontier, and Atocha, the present Bolivian railroad, there is a gap of 200 kilometers (125 miles), which must be covered by automobile or mule, depending on the season of the year. Be- tween Atocha and La Paz, there is a regular train service, though with a change of trains at Uyuni. From about the middle of May to about the middle of November a regular automobile service is maintained for the transportation of passengers and their baggage. The company that operates this service owns 10 cars (most of them of German make), with a capacity of 60 passengers. The fare for the entire trip is 70 bolivianos, and the charge for excess baggage above the very small maximum allowed each passenger is 1.75 bolivianos per 5 kilos. The cars leave Villazon, on the Bolivian side of the border, at 1 p. m. on Tuesdays and Fridays and reach Atocha at 12.30 p. m. on the following day, the passengers spending 90821° — 22 33 502 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. the night in Tupiza, about midway between the two terminals of the route. Buenos Aires to La Quiaca by Central Argentine Boute. — La Qniaea can be reached from Buenos Aires by two different routes. The shortest and most rapid route is over the Central Argentine Railway. A train leaves the Retiro station in Buenos Aires at 6 p. m. on Tuesdays and arrives at Tucuman at 7 p. m. the next day. At Tucuman change is made to the narrow-gauge line of the Central Norte, a State railway; by which passengers reach La Quiaca on Thursday evening at 7.20. Thus the distance of 1,107 miles from Buenos Aires is made in a little over two days. The fare from Buenos Aires to La Quiaca is 97.70 Argentine pesos, and the charge for baggage in excess of the 50 kilos allowed each passenger is 4.51 pesos for each 10 kilos. Buenos Aires to La Quiaca by Central Cordoba Boute. — The other route out of Buenos Aires is over the Central Cordoba Rail- way, a train leaving Buenos Aires at 9.30 p. m. on Wednesdays and reaching La Quiaca at 7.30 p. m. on Saturdays. As in the case of the other route, passengers are forced to change at Tucuman to the Central Norte. The distance over the Central Cordoba is 1,185 miles. Travelers going from Bolivia into Argentina can leave La Quiaca over the Central Argentine at 8.30 a. m. on Tuesday, reaching Buenos Aires at 12.45 p. m. on Thursday. The train leaving La Quiaca at the same hour on Sunday makes connections at Tucuman with a Central Cordoba train, which arrives in. Buenos Aires at 720 a. m. on Wednesday. Railroad Service Between Atocha and Uyuni — For passengers from Buenos Aires to points in Bolivia there are two trains a week from Atocha to Uyuni, a distance of 56 miles (90 km.) These trains leave Atocha at 1.30 p. m. on Wednesdays and Sundays and reach Uyuni at 5.35 p. m. At Uyuni connections are made for La Paz, trains leaving for the north at 8.10 p. m. on the same days and ar- riving in La Paz at 225 p. m. the following day. Trains leave La Paz for the south at 3.30 p. m. on Tuesdays and Fridays, arriving at Uyuni at 7.48 the next morning. Trains leave Uyuni for Atocha at 9. a. m. on Wednesdays and Saturdays, reaching Atocha at 12.40 p. m. The fare between Atocha and La Paz is 38.90 bolivianos. Thus the total fare between Buenos Aires and La Paz is about $80 for a distance of about 1,637 miles. Passengers traveling to Bolivia from Buenos Aires can make complete arrangements for the trip through the Expreso Villalonga or the Expreso Internacional, both of which have offices in the Argentine capital. Expreso Villalonga sells a through ticket, including railway and automobile fare, hotel charges, and berths on train, with meals, for 300 pesos, or about $130. Time Between Buenos Aires and La Paz. — The total time be- tween Buenos Aires and La Paz for passengers using the Central Argentine connection is 140J hours. From La Paz to Buenos Aires it is 141J hours. Atocha Hotel Accommodations. — There are two small hotels at Atocha, where poor accommodations are provided for travelers who BOLIVIA. 503 are forced to pass the night in this village. However, it is generally possible to secure a night's lodging in a building that belongs to the railway company or in the sleeping car that lies here overnight be- fore returning to TJyunL During the rainy season persons who at- tempt to cross between La Quiaca and Atocha are forced to engage mules and a muleteer at either terminal. From Buenos Aires to Bolivia via Valparaiso. — Bolivia can also be reached from Buenos Aires by way of Valparaiso. This requires a trip by train over the Transandine Railway and an ocean voyage from Valparaiso to Antofagasta. Arrangements for passage can be made through either of the Buenos Aires express companies named above. Amazon River Route.— Persons desiring to reach eastern Bolivia by way of the Amtuoo must transship at Para to the steamers of the Amazon River Steam Navigation Co. The only passenger steamers from the United States that touch at Para are those of the Lloyd Brasileiro, though vessels of the Booth Line from England regularly make Para on their outward voyage and some of them ascend the river as far as Manaos. The usual destination of the up-river boats on the Amazon is Manaos, though some of them ply to Porto Velho, which is on the direct route into Bolivia. In the former case travelers are compelled to reembark at Manaos on a steamer bound up the Madeira for Porto Velho. At San Antonio, near Porto Velho, is the terminus of the Madeira-Mamore Railway, which ex- tends 186 miles to Guayaramerin. Passengers bound for Riberalta cross the river at this point and take mules for their destination on the Beni, about 70 miles to the west. Those bound for Trinidad or Santa Cruz take launches for the trip up the Mamore, and if their destination is Santa Cruz they leave the steamer at Puerto Velardo or Cuatro Ojos, from which point they reach Santa Cruz by mule. Railway Connection via Brazil to Santa Cruz Region. — The Santa Cruz region can also be reachea by the railway connection across Brazil from Santos to the Paraguay River, or directly from Buenos Aires by way of the Parana and Paraguay. The former route entails transfers at Sao Paulo and Bauru from one train to another and at Porto Esperanca from the train to the steamer for Corumba. From Corumba there is a daily launch service to Puerto Suarez on the Bolivian side of the Laguna de Caceres. At Puerto Suarez persons desiring to travel into the interior of Bolivia must engage mules, which are usually difficult to obtain at any price. There are direct steamers between Buenos Aires and Corumba by the Mihanovich Line, with a weekly schedule of sailing. These boats are comfortable, though the fare is high and the trip consumes about 10 days. Those bound for the Santa Cruz region of Bolivia from Buenos Aires must leave the main line of the Central Norte at Perico for the railhead of the branch line to the northeast at Embarcacion, At this point it is necessary to engage pack animals for the trip north by Yacuiba to Santa Cruz. PRINCIPAL RAILWAYS.— The Guaqui-La Paz Railway : Gua- qui to El Alto, 56 miles (91 km.) ; El Alto to La Paz, 6 miles (10 km.). 504 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Arica & La Paz Railway: Arica, Chile, to Viacha, Bolivia, 144 miles (233 km.). Bolivia Railways: Viacha to Oruro, 125 miles (200 km.) ; Oruro to Cochabamba, 131 miles (211 km.) ; Rio Mulato to Potosi, 108 miles (174 km.). Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway : Antofagasta, Chile, to Oruro, Bolivia, 578 miles (930 km.). Private railroad: Uyuiii to Pulacayo, 21 miles (33 km.). Baggage Rates. — No differentiation is made by the railroads be- tween ordinary baggage and travelers' samples. The rates for ex- cess baggage are very high. Character of Railway Service. — The service from Antofagasta, Chile, to La Paz is very satisfactory, and^includes sleeping cars and dining service. As in all Latin-American countries, it is important to make arrangements as far in advance of departure as possible in order to secure the best accommodations. Distances in Bolivia. — Prom La Paz to: Cochabamba, 283 miles (455 km.) ; Corocoro, 68 miles (109 km.) ; Guaqui, 61 miles (99 km.) ; Oruro, 145 miles (232 km.) ; Potosi. 375 miles (603 km.) ; Riberalta, 964 miles (1,550 km.) ; Santa Cruz, 730 miles (1,164 km.) ; Sucre, 316 miles (508 km.) ; Tarija, 604 miles (972 km.) ; Tupiza. 436 miles (702 km.) ; Uyuni, 342 miles (550 km.). From Cochabamba to Oruro, 131 miles (211 km.) ; Potosi to Oruro, 236 miles (380 km.) ; Potosi to TJyuni, 125 miles (200 km.) ; Santa Cruz to Puerto Suarez, 391 miles (630 km.) ; Sucre to Potosi, 106 miles (171 km.) ; Potosi to Rio Mulato, 109 miles (176 km.) ; Cochabamba to Santa Cruz, 276 miles (447 km.). DOCTJMElirTS REQUIRED. — Foreigners entering Bolivia must be able to show a passport for the purpose of establishing their identity and nationality. Such passports must be viseed by the Bolivian consul in the country of departure and also by the Bolivian consular representative at Arica, Antofagasta, Puno, La Quiaca, or Corumba, depending on the route by which the traveler enters Bolivia. Bolivian consuls in foreign countries can require the presentation of passports by foreigners 10 days before their de- parture for Bolivia, though this is seldom required in practice. Foreigners entering Bolivia are further required to present their passports to the police when they arrive at their destination and to explain their reasons for being in the Republic (as is also required by the law in Peru). All these restrictions, provided for in a Presidential decree of March 26, 1920, constitute a very radical departure from Bolivia's previous policy of permitting almost un- interrupted entrance and egress to foreigners. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples having no commercial value may be imported duty free. It is the custom of the officials to mutilate samples in such a manner that they may be unsalable but not destroyed. This applies to shoes, as outlined for Chile on page 529. If samples have a commercial value, it is necessary to give a bond, furnished either by a customs broker or signed by a reliable merchant. This bond is canceled upon reexportation of the samples Within 90 days, with a possible extension of 30 davs. BOLIVIA. 505 Reexportation. — Samples may be reexported through another office than that by which they were entered. Time Required for Clearance.— This depends upon the character of the samples carried, number of trunks, etc. When samples are plainly of no value, the procedure is simple and easily adjusted. When the matter is more complicated, from one to three days may be required. Duties on Advertising Matter. — Printed circulars, cards, pam- phlets, calendars, catalogues, etc., carried by travelers for com- plimentary distribution, are dutiable as follows: Advertising mat- ter made of pasteboard, tin plate, or brass is subject to a rate of $0,015 per pound. For advertisements made of paper, loose or in pamphlets or books, bound or not, and uncolored, the rate is $0.03 per pound, and these with colored cuts are dutiable at $0,046 per pound. On advertisements in frames of wood or pasteboard, of any finish, the duty charged is $0,076 per pound. Gross weight is the basis for duty on all advertising matter. Best Visiting Time.— The most agreeable time to visit Bolivia is during the dry season. This lasts from June to November. How- ver, as in the case of all Latin American countries, the traveler must govern the time of his visit by the conditions which affect his special line of business. Latin American dealers desire to have good stocks of novelties, etc., for the Christmas and Easter seasons and for the national holidays. Seasonable merchandise, particu- larly in the Temperate Zones, is required in reverse time order to that which prevails in the United States. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. Central Plateau Region. — The chief development of Bolivia has been on its great central plateau. Here are located almost all of the important mines and the cities of greatest prominence. These are now practically all reached by rail. The chief lines are from Antofagasta, Chile, to La Paz, and from Mollendo, Peru, to La Paz. La Paz can also be reached by rail from Arica, Chile, and from Argentina by way of La Quiaca. Other cities accessible by rail are Coehabamba, Oruro, Potosi, and Uyuni. Among the places that can be reached only from the west by pack animal are Sucre, the nominal capital of Bolivia ; Santa Cruz, in the Beni River district ; Suarez, Villabella, and Riberalta. Business Districts.-^Bolivia falls naturally into two business regions : First, that of the Andes, and, second, the Amazon or Beni River district. The latter is growing in importance and includes Puerto Suarez, Villabella, Riberalta, Trinidad, and Santa Cruz. Although the relations between Coehabamba and the Beni district have become more intimate, a great deal of the business heretofore has been done direct by way of the Amazon River. The communi- cation overland by means of pack train from Coehabamba to the Santa Cruz country is obviously difficult, being approximately 400 miles (645 km.). The district is, however, one of great promise. Travelers' Taxes. — Bolivia offers considerable difficulty to travel- ing salesmen because of the very high local taxes. There are fre- 506 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. quent attempts at evasion and many difficulties with municipal au- thorities have resulted. The system generally followed by the vari- ous municipalities is to auction off to the highest bidder the collection of the tax. In this manner the municipality obtains a fixed sum and avoids the trouble of making collections, although the municipal police is compelled to lend every possible assistance. Auction of the right to the collection of taxes takes place annually'," 1 and the price paid for the preceding year is taken as the basis for the lowest bid. Sometimes, however, the municipality itself takes charge of these collections. License Fees. — The license fees levied in various municipalities of Bolivia are given below. Licenses are good for one year and the fees are levied regardless of the number of firms represented or the line of goods carried: Potosi, Tarija, Tupiza, 200 bolivianos (ap- proximately $80) ; La Paz, Oruro, Uyuni, 250 bolivianos (approxi- mately $100) ; Sucre, 300 bolivianos (approximately $120) ; Co- chabamba, 1,000 bolivianos ($400) ; Santa Cruz, 400 to 800 bo- livianos ($160 to $320). Before visiting Bolivia the traveler should consult business houses at other points, as well as fellow travelers, to obtain the benefit of their experience. Travelers sometimes ar- range with local firms to act as their representatives. Seasons for Traveling. — Those who intend to visit the eastern part of Bolivia, in the Beni River district, should select the dry season (June to November). Even at the the best the climatic condi- tions are not pleasant. During the wet season many of the rivers of Bolivia are crossed by a wire cable. This is stretched from one side to the other, and on it runs an "aroyo" (pulley), suspended from which is a basket. The traveler must use this primitive means to cross. The rainy season presents particular difficulties and it is unwise to travel at that time. Diligence Service. — The diligencias, as a rule, are operated only during the months of July to December. The distance covered averages about 45 miles per day, the mules being changed about every 18 miles on certain routes. On some roads the diligencias are run every fourth day ; on others every eighth day. The baggage is generally carried by a vehicle which follows the diligencia. Outfit. — For those who are compelled to travel under the difficult conditions outlined, it is important to provide the outfit described on page 355. Cost of Traveling. — This is in relation to the journey and the equipment. In any event it is indispensable to strike a bargain with the " arriero," or muleteer, so that there may be no question in regard to any item. In most instances a portion of the cost must be paid in advance. Experienced travelers recommend that details of such payment and agreements be arranged in the presence of a police magistrate. The legal tariff in Bolivia on the more im- portant roads is 2 reals, or 20 centavos per league per mule, and 1 real for the Indian. The mules are obtained at the "postas" or relay stations. It is not always possible to obtain these animals, and it is therefore advisable to hire mules from private companies. BOUVIA. 507 Arriero's Outfit.— The " arriero " generally has an assistant and six mules. He usually pays for his own food and that of his as- sistant, and must also look after the feeding of the animals. Loading. — A pack mule can generally carry about 250 pounds of freight, 125 pounds on each side. Overloading is inadvisable, since an overloaded mule can not keep pace with the rest of the com- pany. Distance Covered. — A tenderfoot who is not accustomed to travel- ing in this manner can not cover more than 25 to 30 miles. One who has done a great deal of such traveling can make 40 to 45 miles a day. Accommodations.— The accommodations on almost all the Boliv- ian roads are very limited. Inasmuch as there is a marked differ- ence in the temperature between night and day— the diurnal variation ranging from 82° F. to below freezing— sufficient warm bedding- must be carried. The houses are not heated, and the trav- eler should be provided with overcoats and wraps. Holiday Travel. — On the fete days of Bolivia traveling is out of the question. These days are the 24th of June and the 24th of December. On such days it is highly important not to make any effort to travel. Holidays. — January 1, New Tear's Day ; February 3, birthday of General Sucre ; July 16, intention of independence declared ; August 6, Independence Day ; October 12, discovery of America ; December 25, Christmas Day. Health Precautions. — Some travelers suffer from mountain sick- ness on account of the great heights. This is sometimes avoided by making a stop en route. On the way to Bolivia from Anto- fagasta the town usually selected is Calama, Chile, which has an altitude of 6,825 feet. Arequipa, Peru, is sometimes selected. Per- sons visiting Bolivia should be inoculated against both smallpox and typhoid. Food. — In making trips overland it is important to be well sup- plied with provisions. Often it is impossible to obtain these from the natives, who, while they may have them, are frequently unwill- ing to supply them. Business Hours. — The retail shops are generally open from 8 a. m. to 5.30 p. m. in La Paz. In the smaller towns, however, they often do not close before 9 or 10 p. m. Luncheon hours are between 11.30 and 1.30, during which time many stores are closed. Funds. — The traveler should make certain in advance that the money carried by him will be acceptable in the interior. In some places there is a hesitancy to accept bills of certain banks. This can be determined at the outset of a journey by a conference with those who know. Hotel Bates. — In the larger cities of Bolivia the rate is from $3 to $6 per day. This includes two regular meals and the usual morning bread and coffee. Special rates for the week are generally obtainable. In the smaller towns the accommodations are not quite so good as in the best hotels of La Paz. The rates are also , somewhat lower, ranging from $2 to $3.50 per day. 508 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. SUGGESTED ROUTES. From La Paz Southward. — By Bolivia Railway to Viacha, Oruro, and Cochabaniba ; by trail to Santa Cruz and Puerto Suarez. From Oruro. — By Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Uyuni; by private railroad to Pulacayo. By Bolivia Railway to Potosi ; by automobile service to Sucre. By Bolivia Railway to Challapata ; thence camino de herradura to Colquechaca, Sucre, and Potosi. From Uyuni. — By Bolivia Railway to Atocha; thence by auto- mobile to Tupiza, by cart road to Tarija. Thence (a) by cart road to La Quiaca, and by railroad to Jujuy, Argentina; or (6) from Tarija return to Uyuni, and thence by Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail- way to Calama and Antofagasta, Chile. From La Paz. — Northward by mule back to Coroica and Puerto Pando ; thence to Rurenabaque by trail or launch ; thence by launch to Riberalta. Points of Interest. — La Paz, the capital: Very picturesque and ancient city ; old Spanish architecture ; numerous Government build- ings. The markets : Of absorbing interest, particularly on the feast days. Lake Titicaca : One of the highest fresh water lakes in the world; the boats, called balsas and callapos, used by the Indians on the lake, are also very interesting. Mountains: Illimani and Sorato are among the highest in the world ; Illimani is a snow moun- tain of great beauty. Pre-Incaic ruins : Those of Tiahuanaco, a short distance from La Paz, are world famous. Sucre : Famous as the former capital. Cochabamba: Very picturesque town. Boliv- ian mines: The most famous are those of Potosi, from which fabulous amounts of ore have been removed; others are those of Huanchaca, Corocoro. Oruro. and Chuquisaca. Lake Poopo: This is a large salt lake, on the route from Chile to Oruro. General Directory- — Guia General de Bolivia. Published by Ro- sendo y Gregorio, Viscarra Heredia " Imprenta Artistica," La Paz, Bolivia. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Bolivia which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are impor- tant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, or places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ATOCHA, Department of Potosi; population, 250; 56 miles (90 km.) from Uyuni; 125 miles (200 km.) from La Quiaca, Argentina. via Tupiza. How Reached. — From Uyuni by railroad, 4rhour trip; from La Quiaca by motor car in dry season (June to December), two trips per week ; balance of year by mule back. , Note. — This place is of some importance, being the railhead of the Bolivian line from Uyuni. Eventually rail connection will be made with La Quiaca via Tupiza, thus providing continuous rail BOLIVIA. 509 service from Buenos Aires to La Paz. The Aramayo-Francke Mines (Ltd.) are located about 25 miles (40 km.) northeast of Atocha. Travelers who anticipate making the overland trip to La Quiaca by automobile are cautioned to make reservation for the trip by telegraphing ahead from La Paz to Atocha. Inquiry may be made of the portier at the hotel. For more details see page 502. COCHABAMBA capital of Department of Cochabamba ; altitude, 8,435 feet; population, 30,818; 131 miles (211 km.) from Oruro (several routes) ; 170 miles (272 km.) to 18S miles (303 km.) from Sucre; 283 miles (455 km.) from La Paz; 56 miles (90 km.) from Chimore; 276 miles (447 km.) from Santa Cruz. Climate, mild; no extremes ; temperature averages 66° F. ; frequent rains, Novem- ber to April ; coolest weather, June to August ; warmest in January. Principal products : Com, barley, wheat, wines, tin, and silver. In- dustries : Chiefly agricultural ; woolen goods, leather, soap, and earthenware are manufactured to some extent; breweries, flour mills. How Beached. — Cochabamba is reached from Oruro over the 211- kilometer (131-mile) branch of the Bolivia Railway, which was opened to traffic in 1917. On the descent from Oruro to Cochabamba the trains cover the distance in 10 hours and in the opposite direc- tion in 12 hours. Passengers coming from either Antofagasta or La Paz formerly had to spend a night in Oruro, leaving for Cocha- bamba the following morning at 8.30 a. m., but in May, 1920, a biweekly night train from La Paz was put on, which enables pas- sengers to change directly at Oruro to the train for Cochabamba. Also, whereas there were formerly only two trains a week into Cochabamba, there are now four. The one-way fare from Oruro is 17.40 bolivianos. The cars on this line are comfortable. The route offers one of the best scenic attractions in South America. Branch. Railway. — There are two branch railway lines running from Cochabamba. One leads through the Punata Valley by way of a number of towns to Arani, 38 miles (62 km.) distant ; the other and shorter line goes by way of Quillacollo to Vinto. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviana; Banco Hipotecario Na- tional ; Banco Mercantil ; Banco National de Bolivia ; La Caja de Ahorros. Hotels. — Majestic,* Union,* Hispano-Americano, Francia. The best hotel in Cochabamba is the Majestic, which is, in fact, one of the two best hotels in Bolivia. Rates are from 10 to 12 bolivianos a day. The Union is the hotel formerly most frequented by foreign travelers. Automobiles. — Public automobiles are available for hire, as in all the larger towns of Bolivia. Side Trips.— The following side trips can be made from Cocha- bamba : To Quillacollo by electric train ; to Sacaba, by automobile (during dry season) ; to Punata, Cliza, and Arani, by train of the C. L. & F. E. C. ; to Totora, by automobile (during dry season) ; to Sucre, by automobile (during dry season) ; to Santa Cruz, by train, automobile, and mule. 510 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — Cochabamba is the second city in Bolivia and consequently of much importance. It is situated on a plain in the midst of a rich agricultural district. It has a considerable number of tributary towns within a short radius. This city is the distributing center for eastern Bolivia. Here are located some excellent houses that do a very considerable trade, and many of the firms import directly from the United States. The climate of Cochabamba, on account of its low altitude, is very agreeable, consequently there is a demand for different articles than would be salable in La Paz, where it is much colder. A large trade is conducted with El Beni and Santa Cruz districts. This is one of the most promising places in Bolivia and well worth the attention of traveling salesmen. A number of im- portant German firms are established here. Among the towns tribu- tary to Cochabamba may be mentioned Punata, Tarata, and Cliza. COROCORO, Department of La Paz; altitude, 13,119 feet; near the Desaguadero River; population, about 4,500; climate, cold; distant 68 miles (109 km.) from La Paz. Principal products: Copper, barley, and potatoes. Industries : Mining. How Beached. — From La Paz by Arica & La Paz Railway. Hotels-Grand Hotel Corocoro. Note.— This is the most important copperrinining field in Bolivia. Nearby are the mines of the Corocoro United Copper Mines (Ltd.), an Anglo-French company; also the mines of the Compania Coro- coro de Bolivia, a Chilean concern. Large shipments of ore are made. A considerable business is done in outfitting. COROICO, Department of La Paz; population, 1,580; altitude, 6,500 feet; 80 miles (130 km.) northeast of La Paz; 186 miles (300 km. ) from Oruro. Products : Coffee, coca, rice, sugar, bananas, oranges, gold. How Reached. — By camino de h'erradura via Ooripata. Banks. — Banco Nacional de Bolivia; Saliz Hnos. Hotels. — La Florida, El Norte, La Persa. Note. — This town is situated in a very fertile region. The rail- road now under, construction from La Paz toward the Yungas region will pass through here, thereby giving a modern outlet for the products now being transported to the capital by primitive methods. GUAQUI, Department of La Paz; altitude, 12,510 feet; situated on Lake Titicaca, near mouth of Desaguadero River ; 61 miles (99 km.) from La Paz, and 350 miles (563 km.) from Mollendo, Peru. How Reached.— From La Paz: By Guaqui & La Paz Railroad; trains leave La Paz Mondays and Thursdays ; time, 4 hours. Trains leave Guaqui for La Paz on Saturdays and Thursdays; time, 4 hours. Trains connect with steamers on Lake Titicaca. From Puno, Peru: By steamers across Lake Titicaca, leaving Puno Friday night, arriving at Guaqui Saturday morning; also Monday night, arriving at Guaqui Wednesday night. Steamers leave Guaqui for Puno Monday night and Thursday night, arriving at Puno on Tuesday morning and Saturday morning, respectively Hotel. — Guaqui. Note.— Such importance as Guaqui possesses is due to the fact that it is the headquarters for the Guaqui & La Paz Railwav The volume of business done is not lars^. BOLIVIA. 511 LA PAZ, Department of La Paz ; population about 107,000 ; alti- tude about 12,000 feet; 61 miles (99 km.) from Guaqui; 529 miles (846 km.) from Mollendo, Peru; 279 miles (446 km.) from Arica, Chile; 727 miles (1,163 km.) from Antofagasta, Chile; 145 miles (233 km.) from Oruro. Climate, temperate; temperature averages 50° F., with extreme diurnal variations. Snow during June and July. Principal products: Tin, wheat, barley, potatoes, coca. United States Minister, consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Arthur G. Thompson. American Chamber of Commerce. Seasons. — The dry season or wintertime, of shortest days and lowest temperatures, begins in May and continues through August. Spring: September to November or December. Rainy season: No- vember to April, sometimes May. How Beached. — From Mollendo, Peru, by railway to Puno ; steamer across Lake Titicaca to Guaqui ; thence Guaqui & La Paz Railway to La Paz ; 46i hours' Journey. Trains leave Mollendo on Thursdays and Saturdays. Baggage allowance, 155 pounds. From Arica, Chile, by railroad, 22 hours' journey ; return trip, 20$ hours. From Antofagasta, Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway; 43 hours' journey ; trains leave Tuesdays and Saturdays. From Buenos Aires by railway to La Quiaca; thence stage (auto service in dry season) to Atocha, and thence railroad to La Paz (6 days). Hotels. — Paris,* Central, Reonia. The La Paz hotel most fre- quented by foreigners is the Paris, which is situated on the central plaza. The rates are from 12 to 15 bolivianos a day, American plan. The rooms are attractive, though none have private baths in connec- tion. The food is ample in quantity, though not always most ap- petizing to fastidious travelers. Electric stoves can be secured at night until 10 o'clock for an additional charge. Rooms can be en- gaged in advance. from the coast by wire. The Central is being in- creasingly patronized by foreigners. Automobile Service.— There are automobiles at the railway sta- tion to meet the trains. The fare from the station is 1 boliviano, though an additional charge is made for the passenger's baggage. Money can be changed at the banks or at the shops of the money ex- changes on Calle Comercio. Side Trips. — Among the trips that can be made from La Paz are the following : To Corocoro copper mines by Arica-La Paz Railway ; to Sorata by automobile ; to Yungas district by Yungas Railway and mules. Banks. — Banco Mercantil ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviana ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia; W. R. Grace & Co.; Credito Hipotecario de Bolivia. Brokers and Forwarders. — W. R. Grace & Co. ; Cazorla Hnos ; E. Romecin ; Dauelsberg & Co. Hote. — Although Sucre is the legal capital, the seat of the Gov- ernment is located in La Paz because of its accessibility. This is the most important business city of Bolivia, and should be visited by all salesmen. Here are located some very large wholesale importing firms as well as a number of retail establishments that make direct 512 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. importations. La Paz is connected by railroad and other roads with practically all towns in Bolivia. It was formerly the place at which all of the firms in the interior supplied themselves, but now direct importing is done in various other centers, such as Cochabamba, Uyuni, etc. La Paz is the logical place in which to establish an agency for Bolivia. From this point the rest of the country can be canvassed. La Paz itself lies in a huge basin about 2 miles across and about 1,400 feet below the " alto " above. It is one of the highest cities in the world. From the " alto " near La Paz may be seen the great peaks of Illimani, Huayna Potosi, and Mururata. ORURO, capital of Department of Oruro; population, 31,360; altitude, 12,122 feet; near the Desaguadero River; 145 miles (233 km.) from La Paz, 131 miles (211 km.) from Cochabamba, and 578 miles (930 km.) from Antofagasta, Chile ; climate, cool ; temperature averages 50° F. ; wet season, December to March ; most pleasant time, May to September. Principal products: Silver, tin, copper, antimony, wolfram, bismuth, sulphur, wool, skins. Industries: Mining; the famous Socavon mine is nearby; shoe factory, brew- eries. Lloyd's agent, L. L. Ellis. How Beached. — From La Paz by Bolivia Railway, 7 hours ; from Antofagasta, Chile, -by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway, 36 hours ; from Cochabamba by Bolivia Railway, 12 hours. The distance from La Paz to Oruro, which is 233 kilometers (145 miles) , is covered by the international train in less than seven hours. There are seven trains a week between the two cities, five of which are local, the other two running between La Paz and Antofagasta. Two night trains, carrying very comfortable sleeping cars, were put on the Oruro-La Paz run during 1920. The total distance between Oruro and Antofagasta is 930 kilometers (578 miles). The fare from La Paz to Oruro. is 17.20 bolivianos and from Oruro to Anto- fagasta 66.05 bolivianos. Hotels. — The principal hotels in Oruro are the Eden,* the Union, and the Quintanal, all of which are situated on the principal plaza and at some distance from the station, from which there is a regular taxi service. Rates are from 10 to 12 bolivianos per day, American plan. The rooms in these hotels are quite satisfactory, according to west-coast standards, though bathroom accommodations are not the most modern. Banks. — Banco Mercantil; Banco Nacional de Bolivia; Banco Aleman Transatlantico ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviana. Customhouse Brokers and Forwarders. — W. R. Grace & Co.; E. Romecin; Oscar M. Barrios; Jorge Larrieu; Cia. Despachadora de Aduana ; Dauelsberg, Ewel & Co. ; P. Gunther & Co. Note. — This is the commercial center of the great tin-mining dis- trict. It is the junction point for railroads running north and south, and also eastward to Cochabamba. The completion of these railroads makes it easily accessible. Oruro was formerly entirely dependent upon La Paz, but now a number of firms make direct importations. In the immediate vicinity are numerous mines of silver, tin, wolfram, copper, etc. The famous properties of Simon I. Patino and others are in the neighborhood. The houses located BOLIVIA. 513 4 "• i \\ / ' j Achilla,, Sa Jlcha 1 \ ^^L\ JRio Grande ^ punian 9 POiO°CBV8dO ^oropat "V\ Cdlcha I S Tumuslaf J 1 \ i mJJA .CotagaitS^j* j VoCamargo Tarrvtfcsde Totora*. > - ,^s Atula .' Po.tugaTOe /),««„ 1 ' V SUni *^f Talasi V' \ S.Pablo ' N / _ . .vvimonao I S'Antomo s \ * ^ JJIarM Giande Susques \ Safe*— a /R e Tt i j ■ f>rctiaittnuina *S - I n l)r.._k.i. tog \^V$**aS J -/ C^!W 1 » <; J^Abr.k4a ) H guera /RosarfS 1 \ V^ Cue\a« ^ S_C t-inao / S iCasa ■i J «a„ ''"*.. a S.Antomdo -s.. Siberia de los Cbbre^ Moreno Voicari'T" RiO Negro ae i os uobres\ » ^ Rip nt V GiNegro\ "~"r\ Leo'rAN. Vegas de Qu.rdno „ I , \pCapitla Corral o ••^ ^ Pastos Granaes 1 V. \. Q fi.D.CQ «.» .^>^v Perico, ■ Porta ? \i - f ^ 6l6' l «^ , Va|Mercea ^ "^ Map 28. — Bolivia (southern section) and Argentina (northern section). 514 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in Oruro supply* the mining camps for a wide. radius, being in direct competition with the firms of La Paz. Caution. — The nights in Oruro are very cold, and persons visiting this city should be supplied •with especially warm clothing. Side. Trips.— The following side trips can be made from Oruro: To Uncia and Llallagua via Machacamarca, two trains a week from Machacamarca to mines ; to Cochabamba by railway, four trains a week each way. POTOSI, capital of Department of Potosi; population, 30,000; altitude 13,600 feet; on affluent of Pilcomayo River; 375 miles (603 km.) from La Paz, 106 miles (171 km.) from Sucre, 125 miles (200 km.) from Uyuni, and 236 miles (380 km.) from Oruro; cli- mate, cold; temperature averages 48° F. and israrely above 59° F. Principal products: Silver, tin, wolfram, copper, lead. Industries: Mining and refining of minerals. Brokers and forwarders, Vargas & Ramos. How Beached. — From Sucre by cart road ; from Oruro by Anto- fagasta & Bolivia Railway to Rio Mulato, thence Bolivia Railway (21 hours) ; from Antofagasta, . Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway. Potosi is connected with the main railway system of Bolivia by a branch which leaves the line of the Antofagasta & Bolivia at Rio Mulato-— a place that consists only of a railway station and a small hotel where passengers may spend the night. It lies 105 kilometers (65 miles) north of Uyuni and 441 kilometers (274 miles) south of La Paz. The branch line to Potosi passes through some very rough country and crosses the divide at over 15,800 feet. There are two trains a week between Rio Mulato and Potosi, making the trip in a little less than 9} hours. Banks. — Banco Mereantil; Banco' de la Nacion Boliviano; Banco Nacional de Bolivia. Hotels.— Splendid, Espafia, Paris. Note. — This important mining center has long enjoyed world fame, the Cerro de Potosi having been famous for hundreds of years. The trade of this community is fought for by firms in Antofagasta as well as in Oruro and La. Paz. There is, however, a desire on the part of the larger merchants to make direct im- portations, and some are already doing -so. The region tributary to Potosi does not offer great possibilities from the standpoint of trade. Among the towns included in this territory are those of Puna and Betanzps. - Special Note.— -Owing to the high altitude, it is uncomfortably cold almost all the time temperature ranging from 60° above to 8° below zero. Persons with weak hearts should consult a doctor before coming here. PUERTO STTAREZ, Department of Santa Cruz; situated on a small bay; 1,000 miles (1,610 km.) from La Paz (overland) ; 391 miles (630 km.) from Santa Cruz ; 11 miles (17 km.) above CoruSaba (Brazilian port) ; 1,733 miles (2,790 km.) from Buenos Aires via La Plata, Parana, and Paraguay Rivers. Climate hot in daytime, nights cool. Products: Rubber, cacao, etc. BOLIVIA. 515 How Beached.— From Santa Cruz, by cart road; from La Paz, by pack animals; from Corumba, Brazil, by steam launch, (two hours journey). Note. — Puerto Suarez is the port of departure for the rubber and coffee district of the Santa Cruz Department. Imports are not very large, as the district is rather sparsely inhabited. Chiefly in- habited by Indians. Puerto Suarez is often canvassed from Co- rumba in Brazil. The trip overland from Santa Cruz, 391 miles, is very arduous, being by pack- train which takes a number of weeks. PULCAYO, Department of Potosi; altitude, 13,400 feet; popu- lation, about 4,000; 20 miles (32 km.) from Uyuni and 191 miles (308 km.) from Oruro. Principal products: Silver, lead, and zinc. Industry: Mining. How Reached. J-From Antofagasta, Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Uyuni, thence by privately owned and operated railroad; from La Paz by Bolivian Railway to Uyuni, thence by privately owned railway. Note. — One of the greatest silver mines of the world, that owned by the Gompanla Huanchaca de Bolivia, is located here. Under the management of C. Leonard Ball, this company has established the first real cooperative store in Bolivia. At present the company is planning the treatment of its dumps containing approximately 1,500,000 tons of low-grade ore. This company has played a promi- nent part in the industrial development of Bolivia, having origi- nally built the railroad from Antofagasta and from Uyuni to Oruro. It promises to be for many years the largest silver producer of Bolivia. RIBEBALTA, Department of Beni; population, 4,000; situated on the Beni River at the confluence with the Madre de Dios; 964 miles (1,550 km.) from La Paz and 125 miles (200 km.) from Villa Bella; Bolivian customhouse, 100 miles (162 km.) from Cachuela Esperanza. Temperature averages 75° F. Principal products : Rubber, Brazil nuts, sugar. How Beached. — From Para (Belem), Brazil, by steamer on Ama- zon and Madeira Rivers to Porto Velho, 1.719 miles (2,773 km.), thence to Villa Murtinho by Madeira-Mamore Railway, 194 miles (313 km.), and then by river steamer on Beni River, 125 miles (200 km.). From La Paz: To Cnroico and Puerto Pando by mule back (203 miles) ; thence to Rurenabaque (150 miles by river and 60 by land) ; thence by steamer to Riberalta (575 miles). Banks. — Suarez Hnos. ; Banco de la Xacion Boliviana ; Seiler & Cia. Note. — This is a very important trading center of the Beni River district. It is situated about 30 meters above the ordinary level of the rivers, at the confluence of the Madre de Dios and the Beni Rivers. There are a number of important houses here that do a general import and export business. Chief sources of wealth are rubber and Brazil nuts. Since the building of the Madeira-Mamore Railroad from Porto Velho (Brazil) to Villa Murtinho, access to this town is less difficult. SANTA CBUZ. capital of Province of Santa Crnz ; altitude, 1.500 feet; population, 30,000; 730 miles (1,164 km.) from La Paz; about 516 GUIDE TO IjATIN AMERICA. 276 miles (447 km.) from Cochabamba; 390 miles (630 km.) from Puerto Suarez; 290 miles (462 km.) from Sucre; 390 miles (624 km.) from Potosi. Climate, warm; temperature averages 80° F. Principal products: Sugar, alcohol, petroleum. Industries: Cigar and chocolate factories, tanneries, and sugar refineries. How Beached. — The most practicable route is that from Cocha- bamba by way of Totora and Samaipata, though this route also requires some primitive traveling through very mountainous country. From Sucre by mule back; from Puerto. Suarez by cart road. Seasons. — The dry season, period of lowest temperatures, June to November; rainy season, highest temperatures, December to May. In the dry season the weather is quite agreeable, the nights being comfortable but the days are hot. July to November, little rainfall ; November to March, heavy rainfall. Rain may also fall in May and June. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviana; Banco Nacional de Bo- livia. Hotel. — The best hotel in Santa Cruz is the Comercio. Note. — This is the center of a rich agricultural district, but owing to the lack of traveling facilities, little business is .done in proportion to its natural resources. The town trades with Argentina via Yacuiba by means of the Central Northern Railway of Argen- tina. In the past the business here has been conducted chiefly by Germans, who worked the field from Cochabamba, Puerto Suarez, Yacuiba, etc. Lately other interests have entered the field. Santa Cruz is destined to become one of the most important inland cities^ as the resources are extraordinary. SUCRE, Department of Chuquisaca ; altitude, 8,500 feet ; popula- tion, 29,500; about 188 miles (303 km.) from Cochabamba; 316 miles (508 km.) from La Paz; 106 miles (171 km.) from Potosi; 211 miles (339 km.) from Challapata. Principal products, agricultural. How Reached. — During the dry season communication between Sucre and the outside world is by means of a regular automobile service from Potosi or from railhead at Betanzos, about 55 kilo- meters (34 miles) out of Potosi. During the rainy season the trip must be made by mule. The total distance between Potosi and Sucre is about 171 kilometers (106 miles). During the dry season. May to December, when the automobile service is maintained, the road is one of the best in Bolivia. The automobiles belong to the Empresa de Automoviles J. Moscoso, which receives a subsidy from the Bolivian Government. Large American cars, carrying 10 pas- sengers in addition to the driver, are used. The cars cover the distance between the two places in about 9J hours. The fare be- tween Potosi and Sucre is 60 bolivianos, and there is a high charge for baggage. When the cars operate from Betanzos in connection with the passenger train from Potosi, the charges are about a third less. The trip is made twice a week each way. From La Paz by railway to Challapata, thence diligence to Sucre; about 5 days' journey ; fare, $18 to $25 ; baggage allowance, 24 pounds ; excess baggage, $8 to $10 per 100 pounds. By mule back, trip takes about 8 days. From Antofagasta by Antofagasta Railway to Rio Mulato ; thence Bolivia Railway to Potosi ; then by automobile. BOUVIA. 517 Seasons. — Climate mild and pleasant. Average annual tempera- ture 61° F. ; in November and December it sometimes reaches 70° or 80° ; in June it may fall to 45°. The rainfall is between De- cember and April (about 23 inches). Hotels. — The best hotel in Sucre is the Colon, which is situated on the main plaza. Another hotel is the Hispano-Ainericano. Rates are very cheap at both these places, but the accommodations leave something to be desired. Automobile Service. — From about the middle of May to the mid- dle of November there is a biweekly automobile service from Sucre to Cochabamba. Note. — This is the official capital of Bolivia, although the seat of Government is in La Paz. A fair volume of business is carried on. Most of the houses here do business with firms in La Paz or Potosi, although some direct trading is done with the United States. Sucre is regularly canvassed by the importers of La Paz. Among the towns that are tributary to Sucre are those of Padilla and Colquechaca. Sucre is not now so difficult of access as formerly. TARIJA, capital of Department of Tarija; altitude, 6,312 feet; on the Tarija River, affluent of the Bermejo River; population, 11,644; climate, mild, healthful; temperature averages 64° F. Distant 604 miles (972 km.) from La Paz; 85 miles (136 km.) from Tupiza; 85 miles (136 km.) from La Quiaca, Argentina; 250 miles (401 km.) from Sucre. Principal products: Corn, wheat, potatoes, cattle, hides, tobacco. Industries: Stock raising and agri- culture. How Beached. — From Tupiza, by mule back, 3 days; from La Quiaca, Argentina, by mule back, 3 days. When making the trip to Tupiza it is necessary to provide food for 3 days. There are no hotels en route. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviana ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia. Hotels. — Social, Plaza. Note. — This city is located in the heart of a rich agricultural re- gion. A fair volume of business is carried on, owing to the im- mense natural wealth in the immediate vicinity. There is espe- cially a large trade in hides and cattle. Tarija is tributary to the Argentine railhead at Embarcacion on the Bermejo. The territory tributary to Tarija is not considerable. The town is more accessible from Argentina than from Bolivia. TRINIDAD, capital of Department of Beni ; population, 6,000 ; on River Mamore; 520 miles (837 km.) from La Paz; 445 miles (716 km.) from Villabella; 266 miles (425 km.) from Cochabamba (via Chimore). Products: Sugar, cattle, rice, cotton, bananas, cacao, alcohol. Industries: Cattle raising, chocolate factory, distillery, and ice plant. Climate, hot ; temperature averages 82° F. How Reached. — From Cochabamba by horseback to port of Todos Santos (8 days), and thence by launch; from Brazil by river. Bank. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviana. Hotels. — Fabrica de Hielo, La Paz. 90821°— 22 34 518 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — Because of the great wealth of the surrounding country, this place, like Villabella, is assuming larger commercial impor- tance. It lies only about 6 miles from the Maniore River, but with the proposed canal that will be. built it is likely that later the town will be accessible by launches. When the road by way of Cocha- bamba to the port of.Todos Santos is finished this region will have a great commercial future. The cattle are very prolific, the num- ber increasing about 50 per cent annually. There is little danger of fever, but it is advisable to take quinine along by way of pre- caution. Mosquitoes are plentiful and mosquito netting should be carried. TTJPIZA, Department of Potosi ; population, 1,500; altitude, 9,859 feet; 436 miles (702 km.) from La Paz; 288 miles (464 km.) from Jujuy, Argentina; 65 miles (105 km.) from La Qudaca, Argentina; 85 miles (136 km.) from Tarija; 210 miles (337 km.) from Sucre. Climate, mild, very delightful; July and August, cold. Principal products: Silver, tin, bismuth, lead, wheat, barley, corn, alfalfa. Industries; Agriculture and mining; flour mills. How Beached. — From Jujuy, Argentina, by railroad to La Quiaca, thence by horseback in winter and part of spring ; balance of year by coaches and automobiles ; from Tarija by mule back ; from Sucre, mule back. Hotels. — Europa, Americanos. Banks. — Banco Mercantil ; Banco Nacional de Bolivia ; Banco de la Nacion Boliviana. Note. — This town is located in a rich agricultural section; will soon have railroad connection with La Paz and also with Jujuy, Argentina; a place of growing importance and destined to have a very bright future. Some rich mines are located in the immediate vicinity. The production of bismuth, silver, tin, and lead is increas- ing. A number of important houses are established here. UYTJNI, Department of Potosi ; population, 4,063 ; altitude, 12,008 feet; 124 miles (199 km.) from Tupiza, 125 miles (200 km.) from Potosi, 191 miles (308 km.) from Oruro, 379 miles (609 km.) from Antofagasta, Chile, and 342 miles (550 km.) from La Paz. Prin- cipal products : Tin, silver, bismuth, skins of vicuna and chinchilla. How Beached. — From Oruro by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway (8$ hours) ; from Antofagasta, Chile, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway (12 hours) ; from Potosi by Bolivia Railway to Rio Mu- lato, thence Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway (13 hours). Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Boliviana ; Banco Nacional de Bo- livia. Hotels. — Uyuni, La Bolsa. Climate. — Coldest climate in South America, due to its unpro- tected situation on a wide plain and the extensive salt marshes to the northwest of the town. Note. — This is the most easterly station on the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway. There is a customhouse located here. The im- portance of the place is due to the fact that American passengers must be transshipped from the Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to the Bolivia Railway Co., and vice versa. This is an important trading center, and a number of excellent houses are located here. The BOLIVIA. 519 mines of the Compafiia Huanchaca de Bolivia, the Aramayo Francke Mines (Ltd.), and the Compafiia Minera y Agricola Oploca de Bo- livia are in the vicinity. The town is tributary to Antofagasta, the exports and imports moving chiefly by that route. Traveling agents who visit Uyuni are obliged to pay a small municipal tax. VTLLABELLA, Department of Beni; population, 2,500; climate, damp and hot; situated at the confluence of the Beni and Mamore Rivers ; 125 miles (200 km.) from Riberalta ; 1,010 miles (1,626 km.) from La Paz; 445 miles (716 km.) from Trinidad via River Ma- more; 2,152 miles (3,463 km.) from Para. Products: Cacao, chicle, rubber, etc. Climate. — Average temperature about 86° F. During Sep- tember and October are experienced the " surazos," or south winds, which cause violent variations in a short time. From December to May there are almost daily falls of rain. Banks. — Braillard & Co. ; Suarez Hnos. ; B. Arnold & Co. Hotel. — Canton. Note. — The surrounding country is extremely rich, and with its development Viilabella will assume still greater importance. The trade already being done is of a considerable volume. Some of the houses of Cochabamba have branches here. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the commercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approxi- mately their value or importance. Achacaehi, Department of La Paz; population, 8,600; near Lake Titicaca; 50 miles (80 km.) from La Paz. Auto stage to Sorata and La Paz in dry season. Arani, Department of Cochabamba; population, about 5,000; at end of narrow-gauge railway from Cochabamba to Santa Cruz. Baures, Department of Beni ; on the River Baures, in the Prov- ince of Itenez ; population, 2,000. Chief products : Rice, corn, sugar, alcohol, cattle. Cachuela Esperanza, Department of Beni; population, 600; on Beni River, 100 miles (162 km.) from Riberalta and 25 miles (40 km.) from Viilabella (Bolivian customhouse). Important transit place with railway line to pass the celebrated Esperanza Fails, property of the firm of Suarez Hermanos, principal exporters of Bolivian rubber and Brazil nuts. There is a good hotel here. Camarg-o, Department Of Cochabamba ; population, 2,500 ; between Sucre and Tarija, in an agricultural and wine-producing district; gold mines near by. The chief firms here are branches of houses in Sucre and Tarija. Capinota, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 3,500 ; 28 miles (45 km.) from Cochabamba; 9 miles (15 km.) northwest of Arque, which is on railroad to Oruro. Products : Cereals, cotton, grapes, timber, woods, marble. Industries : Wines and liquors. 520 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEEICA. Challapata, Department of Oruro; on the railroad from Uyuni to Oruro, 69 miles (111 km.) from Oruro. Industries: Candle and macaroni factories. In the neighborhood are numerous mines, to which shipments are made from this station. Chulumani, Department of La Paz ; population, 2,500 ; altitude, 5,440 feet; 90 miles (145 km.) east of La Paz; carretera to La Paz via Goripata. Products: Quinine, coca, coffee, and cacao. Cliza, Department of Gochabamba ; population about 5,000. Im- portant local trading town on Gochabamba Aroni Line. Cobija, capital of Territory of Colonias ; on Rio Acre opposite Brazilian territory; population, 3,000. Chief industry: Rubber. The importance of this place has increased on account of the trade in rubber. Colquechaca, Department of Potosi ; population, 8,000 ; 124 miles (200 km.) from Potosi; carreteras to Sucre, to Challapata (on the railroad to Oruro), and to Potosi. Silver and tin mines. Hotel, De Europa. Banco de Potosi. Cotagaita, Department of Potosi ; population, 1,796 ; on Cotagaita River; 106 miles (170 km.) from Potosi and 109 miles (175 km.) from tTyuni; carreteras to Sucre and Potosi. Products: Cereals, silver, lead, and antimony. Inquisivi, Department of La Paz ; population, 2,000 ; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz; carreteras to La Paz via Chulumani, and to Cochabamba via Palca. Products : Cacao, coffee, coca, gold, lead, and tin. Lagunillas, Department of Santa Cruz ; population, 2,000 ; 217 miles (350 km.) from Santa Cruz and 402 miles (750 km.) from Uyuni. Products: Cereals and cattle. Carreteras tq Sauces and to Charagua via Choretio ; also to tTyuni. Llallagua, Department of Potosi. Largest tin mines in the world ; owned by a Chilean company, near Uncia mines, and reached by mule from end of Macbacamarca-Uncia railway. Mining popula- tion uses large quantity of supplies. Those desiring to visit mines must make arrangements beforehand with the general manager. Luribay, Department of La Paz ; population, 3,000 ; climate, va- ried, dry; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz and 93 miles (150 km.) from Oruro ; west of Ayoayo, which is on the railroad from Oruro to La Paz. Products: Cereals, vegetables, wines, alcohol, and gold. Magdalena, Department of Beni ; on the Rio Itonama ; population, 2,000; 255 miles (410 km.) from Trinidad. Chief products: Rubber, rice, corn, alcohol, cattle. Monteag-udo, Department of Chuquisaca; 199 miles (320 km.) from Sucre by carretera ; population, 4,637. Products : Sugar cane, rice, tobacco, corn, coffee, wood, cereals, etc. Hotel, Union. Padilla, Department of Chuquisaca ; population, 3 500 ; 123 miles (198 km.) from Sucre; carreteras to Sauces and Lagunillas, via San Pedro, and to Vallegrande. Products: Cereals, tobacco, sugar, and woods. Puerto Perez, Department of La Paz ; population, 1,200 ; on Lake Titicaca, 43 miles (70 km.) northeast of La Paz; mineral products; carretera to La Paz. Hotel, Gran. Customhouse brokers : Luis Ernest y Cia. and Aramayo & Co. BOLJVIA. 521 Puna, Department of Potosi; 30 miles (48 km.) southwest of Potosi; on carretera from Sucre to Cotagaita. Silver is mined here. Although Puna is only 30 miles from Potosi, in order to reach it from the latter point one has to go to Yotala, south of Sucre, and then turn south again, a total distance of about 124 miles (200 km.). Punata, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 8,000 ; 25 miles (40 km.) from Cochabamba by rail. Products: Cereals, coca, gold, lead, and iron. Quillacollo, Department of Cochabamba. Important market town of about 10,000. Good agricultural district near Cochabamba reached by rail from Cochabamba. Sorata, Department of La Paz; population, 2,000; altitude, 9,000 feet; climate, damp; 93 miles (150 km.) from La Paz; automobile road to La Paz via Achacachi. Products : Cereals, coffee, cacao, gold, silver, and rubber. Pacific coast is reached via Lake Titicaca and railroad to Mollendo, Peru. Hotels : B. Rodrigo, Colon. Tapacari, Department of Cochabamba ; population, 2,500 ; 32 miles (52 km.) from Cochabamba, on Tapacari River; carretera to Co- chabamba and Oruro. Tarata, Department of Cochabamba; population, 3,500; commer- cial town on a plain southeast of Cochabamba; railway to Cocha- bamba. TJncia, Department of Potosi. Here are located important tin mines of Simon Patino. Large mining camp. Reached by Antofa- gasta. & Bolivia Railway from Oruro to Machacamarca, thence by private railroad. "Vallegrande, Department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra ; population, 6,000; 93 miles (150 km.) from Santa Cruz. Products: Rice,, sugar, wheat, tobacco, quinine, woods, and cattle. Carreteras to Taperas, San Isidoro, and Pampagrande. Banks: Banco Hipotecario Na- cionaL Banco Hipotecario Garantizador de Valores. Hotels: La Juventud, La Libertad. Viacha, Department of La Paz ; pogalation, 2,000 ; altitude, 13,700 feet; 18 miles (30 km.) from La Paa. Junction point of the dif- ferent railroad lines to La Paz, Oruro, and Lake Titicaca. Prod- ucts : Potatoes, barley, and live stock. Hotel, Arica. Yacuiba, Department jof Tarija. Port of entry for southeastern Bolivia. Reached by mule from Argentine Railroad at Embarcaicion. Road leads north by Puerto Alontes to Santa Cruz. Small town, but some important trading houses located here. Exporting point for cattle. Quebracho ports. — Puerto Pinasco; population, 2,500; large- American quebracho extracting plant located here ; Puerto Casado ; Puerto Guarani; Puerto Sastre. All these can be- reached by up- river steamers from Asuncion. CHILE. Location. — Chile is a Republic on the western coast of South America, famous for its length. It is bounded on the north by Peru, on the east by Bolivia and Argentina, and on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The coast line is about 2,700 miles. Area and Population. — Area, 292,419 square miles. The width of the country varies from 65 miles (104 km.) to nearly 250 miles (402 km.) ; average width, 87 miles (139 km.) ; widest at Antofa- gasta. Population, census of 1920, 3,754,723; approximately 13 in- habitants per square mile. Inhabitants.— The population is principally white, descendents of Spaniards and other Europeans. There are about 80,000 Indians of the Araucanian race, on reservations and under the protection of the central Government. There is some Indian blood mixture among the lower classes. As is the case with Indians in the United States, the Chilean Indians are rapidly disappearing. Topography. — The crest of the Andes marks the eastern bound- ary and the Pacific Ocean the western boundary of Chile. The Re- public is traversed by two mountain chains, the Cordillera de la Costa and the Andes. Between these two chains lies the central valley, the great agricultural section. The country may be divided into four zones : 1. Desert, from 18° to 27° south latitude. Here are found the only nitrate deposits in the world. This zone extends from the northern border to about Copiapo, and includes the ports of Iquique, Taltal, Antofagasta, and others. It is rainless and sterile. 2. Mineral zone, from 27° to 33° south latitude. In this region the Andes reach their highest point. Gold, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, etc., are found here. This zone is generally arid ; there is a fair amount of cultivation in the central valley. 3. Agricultural zone, from 33° to 42° south latitude, known as the central zone. The Andes gradually diminish in height until they reach one-third the height of the second zone. Between the coast mountain range and the Andes there is an exceedingly fertile val- ley, known as the central valley of Chile, watered by numerous rivers and canals. It is about 60 miles (98 km.) in length. This zone also contains coal, other minerals, and considerable timber. 4. Southern or island zone, south of Puerto Montt, from 42° to 56° latitude, where the central valley falls away and the coast range is transformed into a large archipelago, extending along the coast as far as Cape Horn and including the island of Tierra del Fuego and the Territory of Magallanes. It is but thinly populated, although there is an enormous area suitable for sheep grazing. 522 ohujE. 523 Rivers. — While numerous rivers flow from the mountains to the coast, but few are navigable. Among these are the Maullin, naviga- ble for small vessels for about 30 miles; the Bueno, navigable for about 50 miles ; the Calle-Calle, or Kio Valdivia ; the Cautin, navi- gable for about 30 miles ; the Bio-Bio, about 100 miles long, naviga- ble by flat-bottomed boats; and the Maule, navigable for about 75 miles by email vessels. Climate. — The climate of the coast may be said in general to resemble that of the Californian coast; it varies, however, accord- ing to the latitude and natural conditions. In the first zone there is scarcely any rain; in the second there is more, but it is not abundant ; in the third zone the rains are frequent ; and in the fourth zone the precipitation is very heavy, in some places as much as 130 inches per year. The climate is also influenced by the Hum- boldt Current, by the high mountains, etc. The average tempera- ture at Santiago is 56° F. ; the highest in the north is 91° and the lowest in the south is 17° F. In the north the weather is hot and dry, but cool at night. In the mountains there is considerable dif- ference between day and night temperatures. Here snowstorms are frequent, especially during the winter, when they sometimes reach the central valley. Seasons. — The seasons are chiefly distinguished by frequency or lack of rain. In the north there is no rain in any month. Between latitudes 30° and 40° the winter is the rainy season, while the summer is the dry season. South of 40° latitude the weather is rainy and during the summer there is heavy precipitation. Around Santiago there is a long dry season, and in southern Chile a long rainy season. Because of its position south of the Equator, the seasons are the opposite of those of the United States: Spring, September 21 to . December 21 ; summer, December 21 to March 21 ; autumn, March 21 to June 21 ; winter, June 21 to September 21. Mining. — The chief source of Chilean wealth is mining. This includes almost every variety of mineral, but certain kinds are of outstanding importance. Nitrate Industry. — The most important industry of Chile is that of nitrate. Owing to the demand for this mineral during the European war, the Republic enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. The export tax from this source alone amounted to over $30,000,000 in 1916. One hundred and seventy-two companies are conducting oper- ations. The nitrate deposits lie chiefly between Pisagua and Taltal, a distance of about 450 miles (725 km.), between the coast range and the higher Andes. Copper. — This industry is very important, being mostly developed by capital from the United States. The mines include those of the Chile Copper Co., at Chuquicamata, and the Braden Copper Co., in the neighborhood of Sewell, Province of O'Higgins. Other copper mines are those of the Naltagua Copper Co. (French). Another group of mines in the Province of Coquimbo, between Ovalle and Tongoy, is about to be developed. Coal. — The production of coal in Chile was 1,539,314 metric tons in 1917. In 1918 the four large mines located in the Province of 524 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Ooncepcion produced 1,003,249 metric tons, divided as follows: Compafiia de Lota y Coronel, 541,335 tons; Compafiia Carbonifera y de Fundicion Sehwager, 403,714 tons ; Compafiia Minera " El Rosal," 14,000 tons ; Compafiia Carbonifera de Lirquen, 54,000 tons. In the Province of Arauco the principal mines produced during the same year 445,360 metric tons, distributed among " Los Rios de Curanila- hue," with a production of 249,175 tons; "Arauco Limitada," with 187,185 tons ; and the Compafiia Carbonifera " Victoria de LebU," with 9,000 tons. The mines of the Province of Valdivia and the Territory of Magallanes were of less importance; in the former, the " Sociedad Carbonifera de Mafil " produced 36,415 tons, and in the latter a privately owned mine produced 21,500 tons. Other Minerals.— -Gold, silver, and salt mines are important Gypsum is also exploited. Agricultural Products. — Agriculture has been highly developed in the rich central valley, where the products of the Temperate Zone, including grains, fruits, and vegetables, are grown. There has been some export. Grape culture is very important and there are numer- ous vineyards as far south as Concepcion. Wine making is a prominent industry in the Provinces of Santiago, O'Higgins, and Colchagua. Other products are barley, beans, peas, lentils, pota- toes, and rice. Dairy farming is increasing in importance. Industries. — Manufacturing has been growing in importance and numerous manufacturing enterprises have been developed. The fol- lowing table indicates the relative importance of the different plants : Class of establishments. Number. Capital in- Breweries. Glass man uf act v; r c . Food industries Gas and electricity. Shipyards Clothing Lumber Building materials. Textiles.. Metals- Furniture Paper and printing Leather Chemical products- Tobacco Transportation Various-.... Chilean peSM. 40,188,647 4,539,183 156,412,696 116, 223, 60S 6,301,184 34,932,270 25,703,581 8,977,571 22.868,400 31. 325,147 4,902. 414 39,735.030 55,S60,!5S 23,545,542 12,21S,838 2, 831,927 7,518,274 Forest Products. — In the forest regions of Chile several thousand sawmills have been established and there is considerable business in many kinds of woods; among these are oak, mahogany, ash, pine, laurel, etc. chujb. 525 Live Stock. — The statistics of exports show a large production of wool in Chile. A good deal of this is sent to Peru and other coun- tries. The raising of cattle is important, and the " estancias " of southern Chile have aided greatly in increasing the number of sheep. Sheep raising and wool growing is most important in the region of Punta Arenas. Many hides are also exported. Language. — Spanish is the language of Chile and is the only lan- guage generally used in business. Gurrency. — Chilean currency is on a gold basis, but gold is rarely used in commercial transactions. The gold peso is the unit of value, equivalent to $0,365 in United States money. The currency of the country is the paper peso, which fluctuates widely in value. The paper peso is divided into 100 centavos. Gold pieces of 20, 10, and 5 pesos are coined but rarely seen. There are notes in multiples of the paper peso, a silver peso, silver coins of 40, 20, 10, and 5 centavos, and nickel coins of 20, 10, and 5 centavos. Weights and Measures. — The metric system of weights and measures is the legal one, although other standards are sometimes used, such as the Spanish quintal of 46 kilos (101J2 pounds), which may easily be confused with the metric quintal of 100 kilos (220 pounds). Postage.' — Letter rate from the United States to Chile is 5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or frac- tional part thereof; from Chile to United States, 40 centavos for the first 20 metric grams, and 10 centavos for each additional 20 grams. Telegraph Kates. — The Government telegraph system communi- cates with all parts of the coxmtry. The rates are as follows: Ordinary telegrams, Spanish, 7 centavos (paper) per word, with a minimum charge of 70 Centavos ; for urgent telegrams the rate is three times as much. Messages in foreign languages are double the ordinary rate. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Grace Line. — Sailings about monthly for Cristobal, Panama : Callao and Mollendo, Peru ; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Coquimbo, and Valparaiso, Chile. Fares from New York : To Balboa, $150 ; Arica, $315; IquiqUe, $325; Antofagasta, $350; Coquimbo, $360; Valparaiso, $368. Distances: New York to Colon, 1.972 nautical miles ; Balboa to Arica, 2,177 miles ; Balboa to Iquique, 2,247 miles ; Balboa to Antofagasta, 2,513 miles; Balboa to Valparaiso, 3,106 miles. Average time of trip from New York : To Cristobal, 6 days ; Arica, 13-16 days; Iquique, 14-17 days; Antofagasta, 15-18 days; Coquimbo, 17-20 days; Valparaiso, 18-21 days. Panama Railroad Steamship Line. — Office, 24 State Street. Sail- ings from Pier 67, North River (West Twenty-seventh Street.) De- partures every week for Colon (Cristobal), Panama; thence by steamers of Pacific Steam Navigation Co., or Companfa Sudameri- cana de Vapores. Fare: New York to Cristobal, $100; through Panama Canal (Cristobal to Balboa), $6. 526 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service.— Office, 17 Battery Place. Sailings from Pier 16, East River (Burling Slip), and Pier 1, North Kiver. Departures every Wednesday and Saturday for Colon (Cris- tobal), Panama ; thence by steamer of Pacific Steam Navigation Co., or Compafila Sudamericana de Vapores. Fare, New York to Cris- tobal, $145. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. — Sailings monthly from Pier 42, North River, for Cristobal, Balboa, Callao, Mollendo, Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, and Valparaiso. Minimum first-class fare: Cristobal, $145; Callao, $285; Mollendo, $310; Arica, $315; Iquique, $325; Antofagasta, $350; Valparaiso, $365. Itinerary: Leave New York first day, arrive Cristobal seventh day, leave eighth day ; arrive Balboa eighth day; arrive Callao twelfth day, leave fourteenth; arrive and leave Mollendo sixteenth day; arrive and leave Arica seventeenth day; arrive and leave Iquique eighteenth day; arrive and leave Antofagasta nineteenth day; arrive Valparaiso twenty- first day. SAILINGS FROM NEW ORLEANS. United Fruit Co. Steamship Service. — Office, 321 St. Charles Street, New Orleans. Departures every Wednesday for Cristobal, Canal Zone ; thence by steamer of Pacific Steam Navigation Co., or Companfa Sudamericana de Vapores. Fare, New Orleans to Cris- tobal (Atlantic side), $110. SAILINGS FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental Steamship Co.). — Sailings about bimonthly for west coast ports. Fare: Iquique, $273; Valparaiso, $305. Average time to Iquique, 32 days ; to Valparaiso, 36 days. Pacific Mail Steamship Co.— Office, 508 California Street, San Francisco. Sailings semimonthly for Balboa, Panama; thence, by steamers of Pacific Steam Navigation Co., or Companla Sudameri- cana de Vapores. Fares from San Francisco to points in Chile: Arica, $353 ; Pisagua, $358 ; Junin, $358 ; Caleta Buena, $363 ; Iqui- que, $363 ; Tocopilla, $378 ; Gatico, $378 ; Antofagasta, $388 ; Taltal, $393 ; Chanaral, $393 ; Caldera, 398 ; Huasco, $398 ; Coquimbo, $398 ; Valparaiso, $403; Taleahuano, $418; Coionel, $418. OTHER LINES VISITING CHILE. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. — Occasional sailings from England, calling at Brazilian ports; Montevideo, Uruguay; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Port Stanley, Punta Arenas, Coronel, Taleahuano, and Valparaiso, Chile. For rates of fare to west-coast ports, see page 35. Compaiiia Importadora y Exportadora de la Patagonia. — Fort- nightly sailings from Buenos Aires to Punta Arenas, calling at intermediate ports. Braun & Blanchard Line. — Steamer about every three weeks from Buenos Aires for Punta Arenas, Taleahuano, and intermediate ports. Fares from Valparaiso, in United States currency: Tal- CHILE. 527 cahuano and Tome, $18.25 ; Coronel, $23.75 ; Corral, $36.50 ; Ancud, $42 ; Puerto Montt, $45.65 ; Punta Arenas, $91.25. Baggage allow- ance, 24 cubic feet. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Wiegan & Cia. — National steamers Caupolican, Cedra, Tarapaca, and General Freire. Weekly sailings from Valparaiso, calling at Los Vilos, Puerto Oscuro, Coquimbo, Huasco, Taltal, Antofagasta, Mejillones, Tocopilla, and Iquique. Gonzales, Soffia & Cia. — Steamers Taltal, Iquique, and Chorrillos. ■Weekly service between Valparaiso and Arica, stopping at Coquimbo, Huasco, Caldera, Taltal, Antofagasta, Tocopilla, and Iquique. Fare, Valparaiso to Arica, $75. Baggage allowance, 20 cubic feet free; excess, $18 per ton. Barquez & Cia. — Steamers Pisagua and Lobos. Local service be- tween Talcahuana & Arica. Sociedad Anonima Ganadera y Comercial " Menendez Be- hety." — Regular service between southern ports of Chile and ports of Patagonia. Compafiia Sudamericana de Vapores (Chilean Line). — Regular service between northern and southern ports of Chile. Compafiia Hacional de "Vapores. — Irregular service between Val- paraiso and Arica. Other Lines. — O. Pinta y Cia., irregular service between Valpa- raiso and Arica ; R. W. James & Cia., irregular service between Valparaiso and Iquique; Antigas, Riofrio & Cia., irregular service between Valparaiso and Arica. CANVASSING CHILE. Chief Routes. — It is manifestly impossible to lay out definite routes for individual salesmen to follow. Conditions vary as much as do the direction from which the country may be approached, so that any suggestions can only be tentative. The following outlines indicate but a few routes that may be followed : 1. From Argentina by way of Mendoza to Santiago and Valparaiso. 2. From Bolivia by way of La Paz to Arica or La Paz to Anto- fagasta. 3. From Peru by way of Mollendo to Arica and Iquique. 4. From Bolivia by way of Potosi and Uyuni to Antofagasta. 5. From Argentina by steamship around the Horn to Punta Arenas and thence northward to Puerto Montt. Places between ports may be reached in most instances by steam- ers, either local or direct, and in the interior by the Longitudinal Railway, which has short branches to the chief ports. Suggested Route from the North. — Arica (port) ; to Tacna by Arica & Tacna Railway; to La Paz, Bolivia, by Arica & La Paz Railway, touching en route Calacota and Corocoro. Pisagua (port) ; connected with Iquique and other places en route by nitrate railways. Junin (port) ; Junin Railway to small places near by. 528 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Caleta Buena (port) ; to Tarapaca via Huasco. Iduique (port) ; nitrate railway to Pintados; from this point Chilean Northern Longitudinal Railway to the south. Tocopilla (port) ; Anglo-Chilean Railway (nitrate road) to near- by points ; connection with Chilean Northern Longitudinal Railway at Toco. Cobija (port). Mejillones (port) ; branch of Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway to Antofagasta ; also connections with main line of same road to the interior, touching Calama, OUague, etc. From Calama a branch leads to Chuquicamata. Antofagasta (port) ; Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway; connection* with Chilean Northern Railway at Baquedano. This road also to near-by places. Taltal (port) ; Taltal Railway to nitrate district and small places ; connection with Longitudinal Railway at Santa Catalina. Chanaral (port) ; Chilean National Railway to Pueblo Hundido. Caldera (port) ; Chilean National Railway to Copiapo and Valle- nar. Puerto de Carrizal (port). Puerto Coquimbo (port) ; Chilean National Railway to La Serena and south to Valparaiso. Los Vilos (port) ; branch to Chilean National Railway. Valparaiso (port) ; (o) railway to Mendoza, Argentina, via Qnil- lata, La Galera, San Felipe, Los Andes, and Juncal; (6) railway to Santiago and south via La Galera. Santiago ; railway to port of San Antonio ; Chilean National Rail- way to south, via Rancagua, San Fernando, Curico, Talca ; at Talca, branch to Constitucion. Talca ; Chilean National Railway to Linares, Parral, Chilian, and Tome. Concepcion; branch of Chilean National Railway to Talcahuano (port) ; railway to Coronet (port) and Lota (port) ; Chilean Na- tional Railway south to Temuco; thence Chilean National Railway to Valdivia. Valdivia (port) ; thence Chilean National Railway to La Union and Osorno. Puerto Montt (port) ; thence Braun & Blanchard Line to Ancud and Punta Arenas. Salesmen's Samples.— Salable samples of any kind of merchan- dise may be introduced into Chile for a period of six months if a bond is given to guarantee their removal or the payment of duty. Such a bond may be supplied by an reputable merchant, or, if pre- ferred, a cash deposit may be left with the customhouse. Reexportation, — When samples are reexported within six months the cash is refunded or the-bond is canceled. Samples may be im- ported through one port and exported through another, but it is necessary to present a new memorandum of the samples or make a deposit of the amount of duty assessable on the samples. Deposit is refunded or bond canceled on presentation at the customhouse at the port of exportation of a special certificate viseed by the consul of Chile in the port of destination of the samples, stating that the CHILE. 529 full number of packages, etc., has been landed In the country of destination. If samples which can be admitted under bond are sold, the amount of the duty that can be levied against them is taken from the deposit, or is collected on the bond which has been given. Samples of No Value. — When samples are of no commercial value, or if samples of commercial value are mutilated, so as to render them entirely unsalable, they are admitted free of duty, and there is no restriction as to reexportation. Samples of shoes con- sisting entirely of shoes for one foot only must be mutilated to ren- der them unsalable. This is done to prevent the importation of the mates through some other port. The same system is followed with all articles of a similar nature. Customhouse Declaration. — This document must show definitely the number of cases and samples carried by the salesman. It is required to be made on Chilean stamped paper, costing 40 centavos (approximately 8 cents United States currency). If the commercial traveler leaves one customs port to go to another in Chile, a certifi- cate on stamped paper of 20 centavos is added by the second cus- tomhouse, stating that the samples agree with the declaration made at the first port of entry. At each successive port of entry at which the traveler may arrive a similar certificate is added to his declaration. The original declaration may be made at a Chilean consulate before embarking for Chile, but the customs authorities in all Chilean ports require the commercial traveler to open his baggage so that it may be examined and the proper duties assessed. Time Required to Clear. — When samples arrive as baggage they can ordinarily be cleared within one or two days. If the samples have no commercial value they can be quickly examined and not much time is required. When samples are shipped by freight they have to take their course through the clearing house, and the time required may be from two weeks to a month. In any event, when samples have a commercial value the services of a customhouse broker will help to get them cleared quickly. Duties on Advertising Matter. — Commercial travelers may im- port advertising matter for complimentary distribution, but they are required to pay duty, except in the case of catalogues, which are specifically exempted. As is the case in most countries of Latin America, if a limited number of souvenirs or souvenir calendars are carried, there probably will be no charge, particularly if the traveler is discreet and tactful in his relations with the customs agents. Following are the duties (in United States currency) on articles usually carried: Cards, printed or lithographed, with names or advertisements, but without illustrations, including weight of inner packing, 33 cents per pound ; cards, post cards, bookmarks, etc., with advertisements, illustrations, or ornaments, including weight of inner packing, 82.8 cents per pound ; commercial advertisements on post cards or paper, including those illustrated or framed, almanacs, and other books for advertising purposes, gross weight, 16.6 cents per pound ; commercial catalogues, free. 530 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. Best Visiting Time. — The seasons in Chile are the reverse of those in the United States. The time for visiting is dependent upon the conditions that regulate the business in the respective lines. Traffic from Chile to Argentina. — On account of the heavy snow- falls during June, July, August, and September, interruptions of travel on the Andean Railway are frequent. This should be borne in mind. Special Baggage Sates. — No special baggage rates are allowed. On the contrary, the rates are generally quite high. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — The principal cities have regula- tions imposing taxes on foreign commercial travelers, but they have not been generally enforced. Passports. — Passports, duly viseed and bearing photograph of traveler, are required in Chile. Advance Information. — The traveler should inform himself of the extent and possibilities of the Chilean market before leaving New York. This can be done, particularly in many special lines of manufacture, by carefully reading the publications of the United States Government containing Teports made by special agents of the Department of Commerce. These publications are listed on page 708. They will aid the traveler in deciding which places to visit. Valuable information may also be obtained by consulting the Chilean Bureau of Information, 280 Broadway, New York City. This bureau is maintained by the Chilean Government. Transportation. — Chile is one of the countries of South America best supplied with railroads. The Longitudinal Railroad (under different names in various sections), with connections, runs from Puerto Montt, in the middle south, to Iquique, in the north. There are connections at Santiago with Argentina, by way of Los Andes, Mendoza, and Buenos Aires. In the north connection with Bolivia is had from Antofagasta With Uyuni or Potosi, Bolivia, and from Arica with La Paz, Bolivia. Methods of Transportation. — It will be found by consulting the preceding and following pages that most of the important places in Chile, especially in the north, may be reached by steamers. This is the most pleasant method of traveling, and when service is avail- able it should be taken. On the other hand, if no steamer is to be had, it may he advisable, from the standpoint of economy and time, to make use of the train service. Particularly is this desirable when visiting cities south of Valparaiso. The best route then is by rail to Santiago, thence south by rail to Concepcion and thence to Temuco and Valdivia. In this way such cities as Talca, Chilian, Talcahuano, Osorno, Puerto Montt, etc., can best be reached. Buyers in Chile. — As is the case in other large countries, the character of the buyers differs greatly. They include mining com- panies, manufacturing establishments, wholesale merchants, retail stores, large individual buyers, etc. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the methods to employ in canvassing the different classes of trade, but attention is drawn to the fact that the mer- chants are very keen traders with a thorough knowledge of world conditions. CHILE. 531 Methods of Canvassing. — These are determined almost entirely by the class of dealers canvassed, agency arrangements, and the pros- perity of the country. A number of very large institutions have their main offices in Valparaiso and Santiago, with branch houses in such places as Iquique, Antofagasta, Concepciou, and Valdivia. They frequently do their buying in the main house and supply the other stocks from the main office. On the other hand, there are important distributing houses, as well as large retailers (some of whom do a jobbing and distributing business in connection), who import directly from the United States, European, and Asiatic countries. In order to obtain that trade, it is necessary to thoroughly canvass places such as Iquique, Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Concepcion, and Valdivia, as well as Santiago and Valparaiso. Many nitrate and copper mining companies operate commissaries and general stores, and ther purchases are of large volume. Business in Nitrate and Copper Districts. — Many of the mining companies operate commissaries or stores in which their employees can supply themselves. A list of such stores is easily obtainable. The volume of business transacted by these stores is considerable. Hotel Bates.— There is considerable variation in the hotel accom- modations in this country. In the larger cities, such as Valparaiso, Santiago, and Concepcion, the rates in the better hotels average from $3 to $7 per day, American plan; European plan correspond- ingly lower. In the second-class hotels in these cities the rates are from $2 to §3.50 per day. In the nitrate ports of the north the rates are comparatively high, and in the best hotels range from §3.50 to $6 per day, American plan. In the second-class hotels the rates are somewhat lower. In the southern part and interior of Chile the accommodations are rather inferior and range in price from $1.50 to $3.50 per day, American plan ; European plan somewhat lower. Exclusive Agencies. — It is well to take into account the length of Chile. This is especially important in considering agencies for the west coast. It is practically impossible for one agency to cover the Republics of Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru from one point. Selling Seasons. — As in many Latin-American countries, the chief business periods are just before the Christmas holidays, the few weeks preceding Easter, and before the national holiday. In Chile the chief fete day is September 18. Business Hours. — As a rule, business hours in Chile, as in many other Latin-American countries, are somewhat longer than those in the United States. The retail stoxes in general open at 8 a. m. and close at 7 p. m. In the small towns it is customary to keep the stores open even later, sometimes until 9 o'clock. In the larger cities, such as Santiago, Valparaiso, etc., many stores close completely for an hour to an hour and a half in the middle of the day, usually beginning at noon. Packing. — Chile's ports are, with few exceptions, upon open road- steads, and steamers must discharge their cargo into lighters. This necessitates several rough and sometimes careless handlings of the goods, and it is imperative that the packing be carefully 532 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBIOA. done and that the containers be of extra good quality but not unduly heavy. Packing directions given by the local importer should be carefully followed. Different classes of goods should not be packed in the same containers; if this is done, a penalty is incurred and all are dutiable at the rate of the highest duty chargeable for any article in the parcel. Extraordinary attention should be given to packing to prevent breaking into the packages and stealing the contents. Robberies are a very vexatious problem for the importers of many kinds of goods. Care should be taken to insure fully against theft. Salesmen should make this clear to their principals. Usual Terms of Credit.— Terms of credit to importers differ widely, although 60 to 90 days is the most common to reputable houses. The tendency is to get away from the long terms of credit formerly given by some European exporters. Credit reports can be had from American banks specializing in foreign business, such as the National City Bank of New York, which has branches in Santiago and Valparaiso, or from commercial reporting agencies such as Dun or Bradstreet, the former having a branch in Santiago. Owing to the present commercial crisis, all credit reports should be very frequently revised and confirmed. The constant and great fluctuations in Chilean exchange affect the credit situation and the attitude of local merchants toward credit. General Directories. — Anuario Sucesos, Guia General de Chile; published by E. Gomez & Cia., Serrano 238, Valparaiso, Chile. Anuario General de Chile; published by R. Benavides & Hno, Estrada 63, Santiago, Chile. Railway Guide. — Upon arrival in Santiago travelers are recom- mended to buy a copy of the Guia de Los Ferrocarriles, published monthly by Daniel Yague, at Santiago. This • guide contains the time-tables and also gives the fares to different points. Price, 80 centavos. Arica & La. Paz Railway. — One passenger train weekly between La Paz and Arica. Train leaves Arica on Monday at 4 p. m. and arrives at La Paz Tuesday at 2.20 p. m. Train leaves La Paz on Thursday at 4 p. m. and arrives at Arica Friday at 1 p. m. Both trains make connections with the steamers of Compania Sudameri- cana de Vapores, which call at Arica on Mondays from Valparaiso to Panama, and on Fridays from Panama to Valparaiso. No other steamship lines maintain regular service. The free baggage allow- ance between Arica and La Paz is 50 kilos (110 pounds) ; excess baggage is charged at the rate of $3 per 25 kilos (55 pounds) . Insurance of Baggage for Trans- Andean Railway Journey. — Travelers should invariably insure their baggage against all risks, including those of fire, pilferage, etc. It is inadvisable to make the trip without adequate insurance for baggage. If not otherwise ob- tainable, arrangements may be made for a policy with Lloyd's of London. Lloyd's agents may be found in all the principal cities. Examination of Baggage. — When coming from Buenos Aires hand baggage is examined by Chilean officials after leaving last Argentine station (Juncal). The large baggage is examined at Los Andes. CHILE. 533 Holidays in Chile.— Following are listed tlie chief holidays of this Republic. The State religion being Roman Catholic* many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed. ;Generally speaking, business is suspended: on the holidays officially recognized, wKJi;the exception that in the small interior towns these days aire taken advantage of by the merchants for the transacton of business with the natives, who visit the communities in large numbers i: January 1, New Tear's Day; Good Friday; Holy Saturday; The Asoensfon;: May 21, anniversary of Battle of Iquique; Corpus Christi i June 29, Sts, Peter and Paul^. The. Assumption; September 18, celebration of national independence; September 19, celebration of victories of 'army and navy ; ..November 1,' All Saints*. Day; December 8 t Immaculate Conception ; December 25, Christmas JSay. The day of each presidential election is a holiday. . All Saturdays after 2 p. in. are legal holidays. ' .'.--.:* AREA AND POPULATION. Provinces. Ajeain Square miles. Tacna ; 8, 999 Tarapaca 16,689 Antofagasta ." ; 46,408 Atacama...'. .- '..I - ■' 30,711 Aconcagua ; 5, 406 Coqulmbo ..! . ;,14,088 Valparaiso ". '....'.' ' 1, 775 Santiago I 5, 893 O'Higgins .-.;];. , a,«i8 Colchagua., ...,..; 3,851 Curieo-.-l. ::':.'' . 3,045 Talc* -.- '. :>.?..?-' 3/884 Manla..^.^,', ,1 2,812 Linares I 3,969 Nnble.^ ,.., i 3,498 Ctmcepoion; 'A._i..._~. -jA 3,313 Arsaeor.^-.-: l.'.i.t.ii:i..:;: ,. r .! 2-,18», BioJBio... t .;..-. , 5,353 Malleco.'.i •..-:.:.. ..•...'. J if • 3,303 Caiitin... .;.:. ...... .^ ._-.; 6,381 ,Valdivia. , jj. • 8,991: Llanquihue. ". 34, 778 Chiloe 6,979 Magallanes Territory. | - 65, 355 Total. 2S9.829 Population in 1917. 38/428 132iS§l 205,662 ''■esjtei 131,354 189,507 340/347 616,316 32Q,750 162,966 114, 671 431,058 110, 283 125,821 195,302 265, 362" 73,260 105,620 133,212 161,477 ,178,589 148, 214 97, 941 30,623 3,870,1002 Popula f ion per square mile,,.. -■ 4.24 •7-:94 "4.'43 2.88 24.39 13.44 .191.74 104.58 55.69 42.31 37.65 33.91 39.30 2S.98 55.83 S0.09 33.47 19.73 ■40.33 25.30 19.86 4.17 14.03 .47 13.35 CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Chile which are thought to 'be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are import tant from the strategic or geographic standpoint. , Some are fron- 90821°— 22 35 534 GUIDE TO LATTN AMERICA. tier stations, railioad Junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information lw order to plan his trips. ANCUD, Province of Chiloe; port on northern part of Chiloe Island ; vessels fcncaor offshore ; population, 5,000. Distant 766 miles (1,232 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild; very rainy; rain falls in 170 to lift-days a year ; temperature averages 51? E. Prin- cipal products: Timber, wheat, potatoes, and other agricultural produce of Temperate Zone. Industries : Brewery. How Beached.— From Talcahuano and Punta Arenas by Braun & Blanchard Line and by Pacific Steam Navigation Co. stjtamers; from Santiago by Longitudinal Railway. . Banks. — Banco de Chile ; Caja National de Ahorros. - Customhouse Brokers.— Rirarbto Koinpataki, ■ Dario Achiardi. Hotels.— Royal, Central, Ancud, Chile, j - Note. — There is a good deal of agricultural and timber wealth in the vicinity. Good connection with Puerto Montt. Not gener- ally canvassed by. foreign salesmen, the houses here being supplied by the wholesale houses of the north. ANGELES (LOS), capital of Province of Bio-Bio; population, 15,000; altitude, 479 feet; 339 miles (547 km.) from Santiago; 453 miles (728 km.) from Valparaiso; 12 miles (19 km.) from Santa Fe. Products: Timber, potatoes, beans, wheat, fruits. Industries: Tan- neries. How Beached. — From Sante Fe by Sante Fe and Los Angeles Railroad, which connects with the trunk line-; from Santiago by railroad via Sante Fe (fare, 28.60 Chilean pesos; baggage, 8.99 pesos per 100 kilos). Banks.— Banco de Chile ; Banco Espafiol de Chile; Caja National de Ahorros. , H , Hotels. — IMeta, Bassaletti, Martelli. Note. — This, town is located in a wheat-growing region and is growing in importance. As soon as the Canal del Laja is finished there will, be a larger volume of trade, as this canal will irrigate over 55,000 hectares. ANGOL,. Province of Malleco;. population, 7,400; altitude, 236 feet; 356 miles (572 km.) from Santiago; 470 miles (754 km.) from Valparaiso; 43 miles (69 km.) from Traiguen; 89 miles (146 km.) from Conception. Products : Wheat, barley, cattle, fruit, timber, potatoes. Industries: Flour mills, tanneries, soap factories, breweries. How Reached.— From Santiago by railroad (fare, 29.60 Chilean pesos ;" baggage; 9.19 pesos per 100 kilos; time, 14 hours); from Traiguen by branch line (2 hours). Banks. — Banco Espafiol de Chile ; Caja National de Ahorros. Hotels. — Daza, Garcia, Comerqio. Note. — Angol is located in an agricultural and fruit-growing re- gion. A fair volume of trade is done. The merchants are chiefly dependent upon the importers dt Valparaiso and Santiago. This place is not^geperally canvassed by foreign salesmen. ANTOEAGASTA, capital of Province of Antofagasta ; port; ves- sels apchor l.to 1$ ( miles offshore; landing by shore boat; charge, 2 pesos per passeiiger. Population, 757000. Distant 234 miles" (376 km.) south of Iquique; 597 miles (964 km.) from Santiago; 578 CHILE. 535 miles (930 km.) t from Oruro, Bolivia; 575 miles (925 km.) from Valparaiso. Principal products: Silver, nitrate, borax, copper, iodine. Industries : Nitrate works, breweries. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: Osear Barrios ; Evans & Co. ; G. Letcher ; B. Barahona Perez ; E. Azocar ; E. A. Lazaeta-; Granada & Co. ; Dauelsberg, Ewel & Co. ; V. Porta s & Co. Lloyd's agent: Barnett & Co. How Beached. — From Iquique by; Chilean Longitudinal Railway or by steamer ; from. La Paz, Bolivia, by Antofagasta & Bolivia Rail- way,, time .38 hours. Steamship service north and south weekly by Pacific Steam Navigation Co., Compafiia Sudamericana de Vapores, and Grace Line. Mejillones is 2i hours distant by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railroad. * ' -■ J •'"" '• Hotels.— Londres,* Grand,* Belmont, Buenos Aires. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile ; Banco Ale- man Transatlantic© ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata ; Banco -Yugoslavo de Chile; Banco Espanol de Chile; Banco Mercantil de Bolivia ; Caja National de Ahorros. Note. — The most important port in northern Chile. Many im- portant exporters and importers are established at this place. It is the entrepdt for the mining center and the principal towns of Bolivia! A Bolivian customhouse is located here. There is good steamship service to the north and south. The business -of Anto- fagasta has increased considerably during the last few years. May be visited advantageously by almost all salesmen on their way to Bolivia from the south or on their departure from Bolivia to the south. For houses which require subagents in northern Chile, this is the strategic point, as the Provinces of Tacna, Tarapaca, and Atacama can easily be canvassed from here. When Antofagasta is selected as the place in which to establish an agency for the northv ern part of the Republic, the territory tributary thereto includes the towns of Arica, Tacna, Iquique, etc. Some cities in Bolivia may also be " made " from this place. ARICA, Province of Tacna; port; vessels-lie about one-half mile from shore ; cost of landing, 1.50 pesos per passenger, and for bag- gage according to agreement Population, 9,000. Distant 885 nautical miles north of Valparaiso; 40 miles (64 km.) from Tacna; 108 nautical miles from Iquique; 132 nautical miles from Mollendo ; 1,491 miles (2,311 km.) from Santiago, 277 miles (446 km.) from La Paz, Bolivia. Products : Copper, sulphur, nitrate, silver, tin. wolfram, molybdenum, gold r wool, cotton, sugar cane, olives. Indus- tries : Shipping, mining, smelting, sugar refining, export of Bolivian products. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers : Arica Agencies (Ltd.) ; J. Bergelund; C. G. Barahona j Thomas Bradley; J. Arthur Quiros ; Jorge Finlayson ; L. Barber & Go. ; R. Valanzuela & Co. ; O. Gruenberg. Lloyd's agent, G. de M. MacKirby. How Reached. — From La Paz, Bolivia, by Arica & La Paz Rail- way, time 22 hours; from Tacna by automobile or Arica & Tacna Railway, 6 Chilean pesos currency, time li hours; from any port on coast by steamer, two steamers weekly north and south. >; 536 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ,. Steanjsliipi'Servtee.-^Pacific Steam • Navigation .Cm; CompaSfa Sudamericana de Vapores; Toyo Kisen Kaisha* once a month; Gonzales, Soffia & Cia~, weekly to Valparaiso ; Grace lane from New STork twice a month, t ' Hotels.'- 5 — yergara,*j Palace, Valentie. Baaks.---B8n£o i de Chile"; Banco .de Tacna; Caja National de Aliorros; Arica Agencies (subsidiary of Grace & Co.). .'. Mote.— rThis port <»re»its importance J*) the railway extending to LaJPaz, Bolivia; It is the entrepot for Tacna. A good volume of freight is handled for the interior of Bolivia and for the' Province of Tacna. Canvassed by those who make the smaller places. ; Tacna is easily reached by the Arica & Tacna Railway- It has a cable and wireless station. Three miles (5 km.) distant is the fertile valley of Azapa, where olives and various fruits and vegetables are produced. CAT/DEB A, Province of Atacama j population, 2,800 ;- port ; . Ves- sels lie about one-half mile from shaft. Distant 47 miles (75 km.) from Chanarai by sea ; ."50. miles (81 ten.)- from Copiapo ;. 643 miles (1,036 km.) from Santiago. Temperature averages 60" F. Prin- cipal iproducts:: Copper, -gold, ' silver. • Industries : Smelting .and :re- fining companies, copper smelting works. Government railway shops. American consular agent. Lloyd's .agent; Dunean 3. McKenaie. Customhouse brokers: Beazley; MaeKenzie; Juan Gioyanestti ; Tomas Siggelkow. • .-.— '■ .,._.;■ How Beached. — From Chanarai by steamer -or by railroad -^ia Copiapo; from Coiapo by rail. Trains leave for Copiapo and con- nect with Longitudinal Railway as follows : Sundays, passenger train leaves for Copiapo at 7 a. m., returning, same : dag at 5.30 p.m.; Mondays, passenger train ieaveafor Copiapo at 9 a. nu, . returning Tuesdays at 5.3ft pVm.'} Tuesdays, mixed train leaves.Jor Copiapo at 7.30 a. int., returning Wednesdays at 5 p. m.; Thursdays, mixed train leaves for Copiapo at 7.30 a. m., returning Fridays at 5 p. m. Every, alternate Saturday miied; train; leaves foriCqjpiapo at 7-30, returning on Monday at 5 p. m. e : :,-■; i •-■ Some Hotels; — Central,* Amesrica,* . Pension Gatica. Note- — Caldera is ithe-, chief port of the Province of Atacama. It is located on a well-protected bay , and is the, port. for Copiape, its importance being due 'chiefly to the copper, mines iothejyieinity of Copiapo, where are located Jthe smelting works of the American Smelting & "Jtefinihg: Co. Caldera is : generally yisj ted ^ by those salesmen who canvass closely; : - ■ CATJQtXENES, capital of: Province- «fiMaule; population, 12,000; on branch line. of Central Railroad, starting at Parral ; 356 miles (573 km.) from Santiago; 470 miles (756 km.) from Valparaiso.- How Beached.-^From SahtiagO::by railroad (fare, '21,80 Chilean pesos; fcaggage; 7.61 pesos per ,100 kilos; tina, 7i hoursl. , Banks.— Banco de Chile; Banco de Talca; Banco EspaSol de Chile ; Caja Nacional .de Ahorras. : . Hotels.— *Urautia, •. Alarcon. . ' Note.— Gauftuenes is an .important distributing center. A brisk trade is carried on, -and there is some direct importing. CHAN ARAL, PMrvince of Atacama; population^. 3,000;. Pacific port; vessels anchor about three-fourths mile offshore. Distant 47 CHILE. 537 miles (75 km.) from Caldera, 40 miles (65 km.) from Pueblo Hun- dido, and 753 miles (1,212 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild. In- dustries:: Copper smelting is most important; very rich mining district — c.opper, gold, coal, etc. • •HQwJgeftched.— Prom Caldera, by steamer, or by railroad via Copiapo and Pueblo Hundido ; from Taltal, by steamer; from the north, by .Chilean, Longitudinal Railway. Regular weekly steam- ship service by the Pacific Steam. Navigation Cp- and Compania Spdamericana de Vapores. . _ . ; ! * Customhouse broker, Jorge Canturrios. Lloyd's agent, Jr. "G., Sheriff. r Hotels, — Central, Chanaral, Royal. Note.— This is now an important major port in, the Province of Ajacama. In the vicinity are numerous mines and important smell- ing works, principally for copper, which is shipped" through thijs port. Not generally canvassed by foreign salesmen, the. merchants largely depending upon the principal importers of Antofagasta. Here is, located "' the plant of the SocietS des Mines et Usines de Cjui yre d e Chanaral. , : ' ' CHTLTiAtf, Province of Nuble; altitude, 375 feet; population, 40,000; on Nublo River; 247 miles (397 km.) from Santiago by railroad, and 92 miles (148 km.) fr«>m Talca. Principal products: Wine, wheat, and cattle. , Industries: Tanneries, canning plants, wineries, flour mills, and breweries. , How Reached. — From Talca by jailfoad (Chileah National),; 33 hours i from Concepcion by railroad ; from Santiago by railroad ; fare, 48' Chilean pesos; baggage, 15 pesos per 100 kilos; itime, 8i hours."" ". , ,_„ -.. _• '■■•--— "*■-- , Banks.— BancQ. Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile ;;. Banco EJspafibl de Chile ', Caja Nacional de Ahoi-ros. Hotels.— Central, France, ; .. < Note. — -This pjace pwes its Importance to the fact that there js considerable agricultural-wealth in the vicinity. A large volume of business is carried on in fruits, cereals,- wines, eta Good concep- tion by railroad ivith Concepcion to the southwest, with Talea and Valparaiso to the "nor tilt and with Valdivia to the south,. Chilian is situated between the.-Nuble- andi Chilian Rivers. This place is canvassed "by salesmen who work closely. , .. '. CHUQUICAMATAy Province- of Antofagasta ; on branch line of Antofagasta & 'Bolivia Railway; 14 miles (23 km.) from'Calama and 162 miles (261 km.) from Antofagasta. Products: Chiefly'-'cop- per. •.-..■ :■:, hi - . •■ -•' ' :-.- \Ho# Reached.^From Antofagasta by Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway ;/from Calama by Afltof agasta ', & Bolivia Railway, lj-hour tyip, tw6. trains daily. . Note.-^-Here are the great copper mines of the Chile Exploration Co. This is .an exceedingly important mining town, having an out- put of q-ver 7,0QQ,Q0l) pounds of copper monthly. 1 , The population in normal times is Jjetween 12,6dO and 15,000. The copper company, which is an -American ^corporation, has « commissary -here. . ^QONCKPCION, capital of Province' of ' Concepcion; altitude, 50 feet ; population", f^'OW,; on Bio BioTRIver; "6"" miles '•(TOTSttKT'frBm 538 GUIDE TO .LATIN AMERICA. Map S.— Chile : Condepcion-Valdiviii section. CHILE. 539 its mouth » 9 miles (15 km.) from Taleahuano, its port; 10 miles (16 km.) from Penco; 354 miles (571 km.) from Santiago. Cli- mate, mild ; temperature averages 56° F. Principal products : Wine, wheat, oats, barley, peas, beans, lentils, fruits, leather, wool, and hides. Industries: Breweries; tanneries, flour and textile mills, woodworking plants, coal mining, and sugar refining. American consul. Customhouse brokers, Franklin & Co. and Tal- cahuano Agencies Co. Lloyd's agent, Gibbs & Co. How Beached. — From Taleahuano by railroad or electric car, half-hour trip ;, from Santiago by railroad, 14 hours (47 Chilean pesos; baggage, 9.17 pesos per 100 kilos) ; from Coronel by rail- road, 1 hour; from Valparaiso by sea via Taleahuano. Banks.— -Banco Anglo-Sudamericano * Banco Espanol de Chile; Banco de Concepcion; Banco de Chile; Banco Hipotecario 'Agri- cola ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros ; Banco Aleman-Transatlantico ; Banco de Chile y Alemania. Hotels.— Waehter,* Franee,* Comercial, Medici.* IIota.T-r ,1.1 i.-< CONSTITTTCION, Province of Maule; population, 8,875; port; about 1 mile from mouth. of Maule River (navigable by small craft) J 52 miles (83 km.) from Talca; 210 miles (339 km.) from Santiago. Products : Wheat, wine, lentils, potatoes;, corn, woods, etc. Industries: Shipyards. r How Beached. — From Talca by branch' of Longitudinal Railway, time 3 hours; from Santiago by- railroad (fare 19.50 Chilean pesos, baggage^.lG pesos per 100 kilos; time 9 hours). Hotels. — Gran, Royal, International, Victoria, Italia, Central, Santiago. Banks. — Banco de Constitucion. Customhouse Broker. — Horano Valdes. Note. — Constitucion is a watering place ; season, December to March. Much frequented as a port of call. The principal shipping trade is in timber and grain. Canvassed by those who " make " the smaller places. COPIAPO, .; capital of Province of Ataeama ; altitude, about 1.000 feet; on the Copiapo River; population, 11,000; 50 miles (81 km.) from Caldera. 617 miles (990 km.) from Santiago. Temperature 540 GUIDE TO LAlffN AMERICA. averages ©1>'P* Principal products :' Copper; gold.T silver, wheat, barleys hay, etc. > - ■ How Reached.^-FromSCaMera by railway; time about 2 honrs. Some Leading Hotels. — Ingles,* Grand. ; Bankii— Banco Anglo-Sudamerican© ; Banco de Cbflei*Ca3a de Ahorros. - • T '' f--v ■ \ Noteu-^-A" town midway between Antofagasta and Coquimbo, noted chiefly as a mining town. There-are some very important copper mines' in the vicinity, includingi those of the AineiiciM*- Smelting & Refining Co. and «opper mines "of Copiapo (Ltd.) '* Cbpfapb is con- nected by rail with, its .port, Caldera. A considerable business is carried on. Not generally visited by American travelers, except those who canvass the smaller places, dependence being chiefly -on the -importers' of Valparaiso, Santiago, and Antofagasta. COQUIMBO, Province of Cwiuimbo'; altitudes 90 feet ; population, 18,000. Pacific port ; vessels anchor about ' one-fourth mile from shore. Distant 9 miles (15 km.) from La Serena, capital of Co- quimbo: 198. miles (320 km.) from Valparaiso ; 32 miles (51 km.) north of Ovalle; 357 miles (575 km.) from Santiago. <■ Climate, mild; moderate, rainfall ;- temperature averages 60° T. ' Principal products: Copper, - toon, i$ilver, manganese, :goatS ; chinchilla skins, fruits^! vegetaWEs, : alfalfa, and wool. »■ Industries : Copper mining and smelting-.'^annig" milte, furniture breweries, tanneries, soap and candle factories. '■'<" '•:--_, American consular agent. 1 i Customhouse brokers: Ernesto Alva- rez; J. Hi Alvarez; Euperio Alvarez y Cia.; Coquimbo Agencies; Eduardwi Araya ; Alfredo Chellewj Lloyd's agent, Huth & Co. How ■ Beached.— From Valparaiso and Caldera by steame* or rail- road (Chilean National):; from La Serena by ' railroad, one-half hour. I.. V,--: ' '-.. - .— ,■ -,.. .. -'- ' .-.. : .• I'Steamshigi Seuvice;^-^Port of call for all coast steamers, •'as Well as - for Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Cia. Sudamericana' fle Vapores. " " •.■ ■. '■<."■] -•'" - r ■' '■■!.■• '■' - '-":"■ 'AC- j Same Hotels.— Palace,* Ingles,* Apelo. Banks. — Banco rAmgloM3udamericano '; Banco "de> Chile; Banco Espafiol de. Chile : Ca ja National de Ahorros. -i' Note. — A port midway between Antofagasta and Valparaiso. Owes its importance chiefly to the copper .and iron mines in the vicinity -and to' the" smelting works of large American and other companies. There is considerable export of native products, in- cluding' wool,' ■hides,? skins, etc. Growing in importance,^ antt a large business, is done. Easily reached from Valparaiso by railroad or local steamers. The Bay of Coquimboiis completely sheltered, and loading and unloading operations are carried*? on throughout the year. Coquimbo deserves, the attention of traveling salesmen. t .CORONEL, Province of Conception; popuiation, 14,000. Prin- citfcl coaling port on the coast ; vessels lie close to shore. Distant 372 miles (599 km.) from Santiago by rail; 5 miles (8 km.) from Lota; 17 miles (28 km.) from/Concepcion ;«41 miles (6&km.) from Taloahuano. Products : Coal, cereals, cotton, wine; timberj Indus^ tries: Mining, soap 'factory, and flour mill. ■ ""' Customhouse brokers : Franklin & Co. ; Luis Jacobsen. Lloyd's agent, Franklin & Co. CHILE. . 541 How 'Beached. — From Concepcion and Santiago fcy railroad. Pacific Steam Navigation Co. furnishes fortnightly service. Hotel. — La Boisa. (Travelers usually stay at Concepcion.) Bank. — Banco de Ahorros. " '-,' .. Note.-— Coronel is the chief town in the Province qflautaro. It is also the principal coaling station on the coast. It is in direct touch with Concepcion, there being Sequent, trains to that place. In the vicinity are very important coal mines, including those of Arauco & Co. and Schwager'& Co.~ The iiort is. well sheltered froni northerly gales. There is a good anchorage in- 8 fathoms about :-l mile from shore.. Coronel is generally canvassed from Concepcion. CRUZ GRANDE, situated on a small .giilf of the same name; 30 miles (48 km.) north, of Coquimba; 138 miles (208 km.) north of Valparaiso. - American, consular agent. r How Reached.— Bycoasting steamers. ^Note. — This is the shipping point for- Tofoy near which lie the iron deposits of! the Bethlehem Steel, Go. The mines are about 15 miles (25 km.) from the dock, connected by electric railway. This promises i fb be one of the most important ports of-Chile, because -of the enormous quantity of ore alftea'dy^ in sight-' s CURICO, Province of. Curico; altitude, ^.690 feet; population, 18,000; 115 miles (185 km.) south of Santiago. Products: Grapes, cereals, fruits, | beans, and timber. Industries '; Tanneries, flour mills, breweries,, soap and candle factories, furniture factory. How Reached.— Froni Santiago by. Central Railway; time, ,34 to 4 i hours. Some Hotels.— Comercio,* Gran Hotel Central, Estacian. . ' Banks. — Banco de Curico; Banco Comercial de Curico; Banco de C|iile; Banco Espanol de Chite; Caja Nacianal de Ahorros. Note. — Located in the center of a, rich agricultural district. Little direcf'iinportiSgv depending chiefly upon Santiago. Not gen- erally canvassed by foreign salesmen. ■ ; . HUASCO, Province of Atacama4. population, .3,0QQ; Pacific, jort; vessels Ee 1 about one-half mile offshore. Distant 537 miles (866 km.) from Santiago, 93 miles- (149 km.) south from Carrizal Bajo, and 30 miles! (48:kin.) from Vallenar. Principal products : Com- pressed hay, cattle, copper, silver, and gold; also wine. Industries: Cfopper smelting works ; mining districts of Huasco and Sapta Rosa. ? Customhouse- brokers: Craig, Vance & Co., Torres & Co., and Wie- gan & Cia. Lloyd's agents, Craig, Vance & Co. How Rgached,^-From Caldera-by steainer; from Coquimbo by steamer 'or railfoad via Vallenar ; train leaves Vallenar at 8.30 a. m. and 2;45 p. m. ; arrives at Huasco 11.45 a. m. and 5.25 p. m. ' Steamship i servi-ce.^Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and.Cia..Sufl- americana de Vapores, Joint weekly service/,. Puerto Montt-Iquique LJne, three times a month ; Wiegan & Cia., weekly service north and south.-" - . » ; Nate.— This port'te midway between Copiapo and Cotprimbo. Can- vassed generally by the houses of Santiago and- Valparaiso. This place is not ,as.& rule'-canvassed by foreign salesmen. 542 GUIDE TO IATOD AMERICA. Map 30. — Chile: Iquique-Antofagasta section. CHILE. 543 IQUIQUE, capital of Province of Tarapaca>; population, 48,000 ; port; vessels lie about half a mile offshore; landing by small boat, charge $10 paper pesos per person. . Distant 784 nautical miles from Valparaiso; 108 nautical miles from Arica ; 225 nautical miles from Aatofagasta ; 1,327 miles (l,974.km.) from Santiago. -Climate, mild 7 never, rains (as in all nitrate countries) ; temperature aver- ages 66° F. Principal products : Nitrates, iodine, and salt. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers : J., de Aguirre, A. Anthony,, J. M. Bravo, Hector jCanevaro,. Vallejo & Cia., Luis Urzua. Lloyd's agents, Gibbs &Co, _■_..- How Reached. — From .Valparaiso and practically all west-coast ports. by steamer j two trips weekly; .from the north by nitrate rail- roads; from New York by Grace Line (fortnightly) and Pacific Steam Navigation rCo. (monthly). .,., . , Banks.— Banco, ^A#|$©-Sudamericano; : , Banco de. Chile; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros ; Banco Aleman Trans- atlantieo. : Some Hotels. — Chalet Suisse,* Ingles.,* Europa, Genova. JKrate.-^This is the chief port of. Chile north of Antqfagasta. It owes, its importance to the nitrate industry. In this vicinity are located numerous- oficinas, or works, and under normal conditions there is great activity. In Iquique are located a number of .firms, who make direct importations in the wholesale importing and job- bing husjness. .There .are also a number of retail : concerns who import direct Iquique is sometimes included in the territory of a loeal agent when one is appointed .at Antofagasta. This place 3s worthy ql.the attention of all foreign salesmen. LA SERENA, capital of Province, f\i Coquimbo -; population, 17,000; 9 miles; (.15 km.) L from .Coquimbo; 62. miles (.100 km.) from Ovalle; 35 miles (56 km.) from Vicuna; 364 miles (5S6 km.) from Santiago. ; Temperature averages 60° P. Products.: Gold, silyer, copper, potatoes, wheat, corn, cattle, wine, manganese, etc. In- dustries: OUve-oil factories, soap making,, tanneries, ininmg.-metal work, breweries, shoe factory, cigarette factory. ; How Reached. — Fronr Coquimbo by railroad; from :points -north and sputh by Longitudinal Railway. • ..,. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamerieano ; Banco de Chile ; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. .Some Hotels.— iGran,* Serena.. ..Note. — This is" the capital of the Province of Coquimbo. There is a very heavy export of copper, gold, silver, manganese, sulphur, cobalt, etc. In the neighborhood is considerable agricultural wealth ; cattle raising is also an, important industry. The houses here are dependent chiefly upon Santiago and Valparaiso, and the business may be said to be principally retail. \-: LEBTJ, .Province of Arauco; population, 9,000; on southern, bank of Lebu River; near its mouth; 45 nautical miles south of Lota; 462 miles (746 km.) from Santiago. Products: Coal, timber, and agricultural produce. Industries : Agriculture and coal mining. How Reached.-rBy coasting steamers from Coronel and Talca- huano. Hfttels.— Central, Aleman. 544 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Bank. — Banco de Chile; " •'■ ' ■■' ' '- Note. — There is a rattier important coal mine here. >.ot usually canvassed by foreign agents. 1 ; Dependent upon the importers of the larger cities. - ' LINARES, Province of Linares ; altitnde, 475. f«et? population, 14,700; 186 miles (301 km.) from Santiago and 31 miles (51 "km.) from Talca;- .-."■■:.■: --.yt'.. How Reached.— From Talca- and Parral by Longitudinal Rail- way; from 'Santiago, by Longitudinal Rkilway; 6 hours; fare; 17.50 pesos ; baggage, 6.70 pesos per 100 kilos/ J •■■'•—. ! . : Some Hotels. — Panimavida.* Lazari, Mardones, Prahcia. Banksi^Banco Espafiol de Chile; Banco de Talca -.Oaja-Nacionat de Ahorros. .„_.., Note. — This is a town of growing: importance, wita a fair -volume of business. This place, as a rule, is not included in the Itinerary of foreign salesmen. ■ •>. - -^ ■<> "* LOS ANDES, Province of Aconcagua ; altitude, 2,675 feet ; popula- tion, 10,474; terminus of Transandine Railway; 87- miles {'14$ -Km.) from Santiago; 83 miles (132 km:) *om Valparaiso; 26 miles <41 km;) from Llai-Llai; 10 miles ■( 16 km.) •-• from Sani-Felijpef de Acon- cagua. .Temperature averages 61° P.- Products: Cereals, wine, cattle, copper, fibers. Industries: Woodworking, "fruit preserving, tanneries. ■■ '■ ■ ■ ' - ''••>■■' • •■ :• / i Customhouse brokers: Jose' : Muggtt;' Or€St6 Pirazzol*;^ Bmilio Ahumada. ■ '■•■-' ' • ■"" ' How Reached.— Prom MendozaV Argentina, by Transandine Rail- way, time about 12 hours; fBom Valparaiso -by^ railroad, time 4 hours ; from Santiago by railroad; 4 hours'. Some Hotels. — Sudamericano;* Central, Pranca, Balneario de Rio Blanco. -- > - • , ;l "•■ ;i '■■'-' •.'Banks. — Banco de Chile; Banco Espafiol d©'- Chile; Caja ■■•. -i--..' i», - : :• Note.— This is not a very important "commei-cial -center, but on ac- count of the railway connection between Chile and Argentina it is -growing. 'It is-here that travelers from Santiago to Buenos-Aires remain overnight, taking the Transandine train the following morn- ifigrj:...' - >j ,;:■ -,',> .-":. :r.'I ;..-.'. ->J . _ ' ; LOTA, Province of Conception:; population, 12,000. - Port on Bay of Arauco ; vessels lie offshore ; landing by shore boats, "36 cents. Distant 5 miles (8 km.) from Cordael; 2Vmiles (37 km k ) fronvOon- cepcioh; 377 miles 1 608 km.) from- Santiago. "Principal products:' Coal, copper, hides, torteks. How Reached. — Prom Corbnel by railroad, one-half- hour ; from Concepcion by railroad; 1} nours. • Some Hotels. — Gran Maury, Comercio,* Ingles. -■: '•■ Note. — This place is in the vicinity of important Coal mineS, aid much coal is exported by the Lota Co. There are also brick works. Lota is not generally canvassed by foreign salesmen, but is in easy reach of Concepcion. '' '■■';;■■-' -. . MEJILLONES, Province of Antofagasta; population. 4,CIS0. Port ; vessels lie one-fourth mile offshore. On a branch of the Anto- fagasta Railway to Bolivia, 57 miles (91- km.) from Antofagasta; cauJE. 545 1,003 miles (1,610, km,) from Santiago; Principal products : Nitrate, borate, copper, tin, , How Readied. — From Aatofagasta by, Antofagasta .& Bolivia Railway daily; time, 2}. .hours. Steamship, service to the north f ortnightlyj by Pacific Steam Navigation Go. . >■■.., .Customhouse brokers: Nitrate Agencies (Ltd) ; M. Bakdos. Lloyd's agent, Barnett & Co. „ ■ .. , Some Hotels. — Colon, Francia, Ingles. -No,te.— A port which owes its chief ^importance to shipments of nitrate, and copper. The merchants 'are chiefly branch houses pf %ms, located in Valparaiso- and Antofagasta. Canvassed by those who " work " small places, ]\iejillones lies on a well-protected bay. r . MELIPIIiLA, Province of Santiago; population, 6,265; altitude, 554 feet. On San Antonio Railway; 38 miles ;(-61 km.) from San- tiago; 151 miles (241 km.) from Valparaiso. Products: Principally wine. ',.,,... -'■' - r f f, ..How Reached.^- -From Santiago by railroad (fare,- 8.9&Chi]tean "pesos; baggage, 2.70 pesos per 100 kilos; time, li hours) ; from Valparaiso by. railroad. Carreteras to -Santiago, Valparaiso, and Alhue. .. , , : . .-- , ... ---'.^ '_,,' , r , Banks.— Banco Espaiiol de Chile; Caja. Nacional d§ ■' Ahorros ; Banco Nacional. . , , . , -,_. Hotels.^-Central, ,21 de Mayo, j • ,, _. , ■•,.... , ; .Note. — Melipilla is located in a rich wine-growing , district. • The merchants are dependent upon the importers of Santiago and Val- paraiso. .,..-.,;. ' - - - ■ ^, NUEVA IMPERIAL, capital of Department of Imperial, Prov- ince of Cautih; population, 10,000; situated on bank of Cholehol River, 1 mile ( 1 J km. ) from its confluence with .the Gautin. Climate, temperate.-. Distant IS miles (30 km.) west of Temuco, on railroad 'from Temuco to Carabine, 450 miles (726 km.) from Santiago (fare, 35 Chilean pesos'; baggage, 10.41 pesos per 100, kilos •)_ Products: Timber, potatoes, oats, beans, cattle;. Industries: Sawmill, tannery, power plants, flour mills. ",.■-.'.. Hotels. — Central -and DuhaMe.r, ;!r , ; . , ., , Banks.^^Caja Nacional de Ahorros; Banco de Chile, ,, frcte.— This place, is of growing importance and' a fair trade is carried on. Among the cities tributary -to Nueva Imperial are the following : Puerto , Saavedra, 2,500 inhabitants; Nehuentue, 800 in- habitants; Carahue, 5,000 inhabitants rCholcho}, 1,500 inhabitants. VTwp trains daily connect with main line. The roads are good and can be used by automobiles. \ ., OSORNO, Province of Llanquihue; population, 14,000; on the Rahue River, tributary of Rio Bueno; 57 miles (92-kmO from Valdivia; 592 miles (945 km.) from Santiago. Products: Wheat, oats, apples, sweet potatoes, cider, sheep, .cattle, and timber for building, purposes and railroad ties. Industries: Flour mills, tan- nery, preserving of fruit, furniture factory, breweries, distilleries, mineral water works. . , How Reached. — From Valdivia by Longitudinal Railway; from Santiago by Longitudinal Railway (fare, 87.30 Chilean pesos ; bag- gage, 16 pesos). 546 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Hotels.— Grand Hotel Osorno,* Espanol, Central. ncmmw , Banks.— Banco de Chile; Banco Espanol de Chile; Banco Osorno y La Union ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. ' Note This is a town of some commercial importance, being the center of a rich agricultural, grazing, and lumber district As there is considerable rain, travelers are cautioned to eom& provided With raincoats. This neighborhood is chiefly colonized by Germans, and many of the business men are of that nationality. PARRAL, Province of Linares ; population, 11,150; altitude, 500 feet; on Central Railway; 211 miles (340 km.) from Santiago; 29 miles (48 km.) from Cauquenes. Products: Wines and cereals. Industries : Flour mills, tanneries, foundry. How Reached. — From Santiago by railroad (fare, 19.50 Chilean pesos ; baggage, 7.18 Chilean pesos per 100 Mlos ; time, 7 hours) ; from' Cauquenes by railroad. Hotels. — Comercio, Union Comercial. Banks. — Banco de Talca ; Banco Espafiol de Chile; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note. — A provincial city transacting a fair volume of sales. The merchants generally are dependent upon the importers of Santiago. PISAGTFA, Province of Tara'paca; population, 2,800. Port; ves- sels lie about one-half mile offshore; shore boats used, charge 2 pesos per passenger. Distant 39 miles (64 "km.) from Iquique; 1,292 miles (2,083 km.) from Santiago; 74 nautical miles from Arica. Products: Nitrate, iodine. Climate, temperate. How Reached. — From Iquique by steamers and by. nitrate rail- road (Ferrocarril Salitrero) ; from Arica by- steamer and motor boat. Banks. — Banco de Chile ; Caja de Ahorros. Customhouse brokers: Cfa. Comercial y Salitrero "La Aguada"; Francisco Terrazas. Lloyd's agent, J. B. Howden. Hotels.— Cavancha,* Medina. Note. — The most northerly nitrate port of the Republic. Owes its entire importance to the nitrate industry, there being many oficinas in the vicinity. Canvassed usually by those who visit the smaller towns. Easily reached" by steamers plying along the coast and by the nitrate railway from Iquique. 'When conditions are good, Pisagua is a place of great activity. PUERTO MONTT, capital of Province of Llanquihue ; on Gulf of Reloncavi; population, 8,000. Landing: Vessels anchor offshore. Distant 671 miles (l;G80 km.) from Santiago; 12 miles (20 km.) from Lake Llanquihue. Principal products : Potatoes, timber. In- dustries: Fishing, stock raising, breweries, shoe factories, sash and door factories, flour mills. How Reached. — From Concepcipn by railway ; from Punta Arenas and from Talcahuano by Braun & Blanchard steamers; from San- tiago by Longitudinal Railway; fare, 44 pesos Chilean currency; baggage, 13.25 pesos per 100 kilos. "' Customhouse brokers : Braun & Blanchard ; Puerto Montt Agen- cies CO. ; Jose Ignacio Maldonado. Banks. — Banco de Chile; Banco Llanquihue; Cfcja Nacional de Ahorros ; Banco Aleman Transatlantico. ; : ' CHILE. 547 Some Hotels.— Bella Vista, Llanquihue. Note. — An important port of middle southern Chile. It is easily reached from the south by steamers and from the north by railroad. A good business is carried on with Yaldivia. As a rule, canvassed only by those who visit the smaller towns ; dependence chiefly on the importers of Valparaiso and Concepcion. In this vicinity are a great many German colonists, and most of the business is in the hands of German firms. PT7NTA ARENAS, Territory of Magallanes ;- population, 25,000. Port on the Strait of Magellan ; vessels anchor about three-fourths mile offshore; launches are used; cost, $1.50 per person, $1 per package. Distant 1,300 miles (2,093 km.) from Santiago; 1,445 nautical miles from Valparaiso ; 1,355 nautical miles from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Climate, cool; rain about 150 days a year; temperature averages 43° F. Principal products: Sheep, fur, skins, wool, whale produqts,, and . coal. Industries : Refrigeration and preservation of meat, sheep growing, and timber cutting. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers : Emilio Blaya ; F. Valevde ; Diaz, Contardi y Cia. ; Jose Miguel Alvarez ; Molinares & Galdames; Walter Dixon. Lloyd's agents. Townsend & Co. How Reached. — From Rio Gallegos, Argentina, by steamers ; from Ancud and Buenos Aires by steamers. There is- a railroad to the coal fields of Loreta. Steamship Service. — Pacific Steam Navigation Co., fortnightly sailings; Braun & Blanchard Line, steamer every two weeks be- tween Punta Arenas and Valparaiso. Sociedad An6nima> Importa- dora y Exportadora de la Patagonia, fortnightly sailings for Buenos Aires and ports en route. Banks. — Banco Anglo-Sudamericano ; Banco de Punta Arenas ; Banco Vugoslavo de Chile ; Banco BspaSol de Chile. Hotels. — Royal,* Cosmos, France, El Comercio, Imperial, Pro- gress Note. — The southernmost town of Chile. Has had a very rapid growth in the last few years. Owes its wealth largely to the cattle, wool, and fur industries. Somewhat difficult of access, but there are numerous important houses here that make heavy direct im- portations. Ten towns can be reached from here by automobile or coast steamers. Travel by automobile is rather difficult during the winter months, April to September. A separate agency is often established for this section of the Republic, as the distance from Valparaiso is so great. As a rule, Punta Arenas is not canvassed by foreign salesmen because of its being out of the way and so much time is required. However, it sometimes pays to devote the time required for a visit in order to establish connections for the future. A very considerable business is done here. RANCAGTJA, capital of Province of O'Bjggins; altitude, 1,575 .feet; population, 15,500; on Central Railway; 165 miles (269 km ; ) from Valparaiso and 52 miles (83 km.) from Santiago. Products: Cereals, potatoes, alfalfa, and cattle. Industries: Flour mills, fruit and vegetable preserving ; also copper, silver, and gold mining. In this Province are the mines of the Braden Copper Co. 548 GTJIDE TO LATIN - AMERICA. How Beached. — From Santiago by Central RaHroad, 2 hours; fare, 5.30 pesos Chilean currency ; baggage, 3.20 pesos per 100 kilos. Hotels.-^Perata (railway station restaurant ); Santiago.* Banks. — Banco de Chile; Banco Espafiol de Chile ; Oaja Nacional de Ahorros. ; ' "*= ' ' Note.— In the vicinity of Raneagua are some Very important mines; including that of the Braden' Copper Co. There is T «lso considerable agriculture and cattle raising. Rancagua'is not gen- erally canvassed by foreign salesmen.' : ~'>X i> '. T »'-Z SAW FEtlBE, capital of -Province of Aconcagua-^ sluttude, 2#80 feet; popnlation,'~14,000 ; 78 miles (125 km.) from Santiago and Val- paraiso. Principal products: Silver, copper, gdldJiHSereiils, and to- bacco. Industries : Tanneries, fruit-packing houses! ■> -> r Eow Eeaehedi^From Santiago by railroad; 'from Valparaiso by railroad. - ,..;■■• .. , , ■ . ■ Bank&.^-Baneo de Chile; Banco > Naeionafc; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. ! l ;■ >< • ■ <■■>. >:>■■■ Some Hotels. — Europa,* Ttobles. "■ Note. — This town is located in the center of a rich agricultural district.' The business is principally retail, the merchants depend- ing upon the importers of Valparaiso and Santiago. SAW FERNANDO, capital of Province of Colcnagua ; altitude, 1,075 feet; population/ 10;700; 83 miles (133 km.) from Santiago and 197 miles (319 km.) from Valparaiso. Products : Copper, gold, silver,- sulphur, cereals; and wine. How' Re'ached.^From Santiago by Chilean Railway; 5 hours; fare, 8.40 Chilean pesos; baggage* 4.26 pesos per 100 kilos. From Valparaiso by Chilean Railway. ' Hotels. — Colon and Colchagua. Banks. — Banco' de Chile; Caja' Nacional de Ahorros; Banco EspaEol de Chiles v ^ ■"'■". • .... • ■;.;;- 'Note. — In the vicinity" there is considerable' agricultural activity and there are a number of flour mills. Usually dependent upon the wholesale importers of Santiago and Valparaiso and not generally canvassed by foreign agents. SANTIAGO, Province of Santiago ; capital of the Republic; alti- tude, 1,821 feet; population, 508,000. On the Mapocha River; 116 miles (187 km.) from Valparaiso; 73 miles (117 km.) from San Antonio; nearest seaport; 155 miles (250 km.) from Talca; 901 miles (1,451 km.) from- Buenos Aires, "Argentina. Climate, excel- lent; average temperature, 60° F. Principal- products : Copper, sil- ver, fruits,- honey, hides. Industries : Agriculture and mining, flour mills,'' foundries, machine shops, woodworking plants, tanneries, carriage' factories, breweries, shoe and soap factories. United States' Ambassador and Commercial Attache. '•->■','-' How Reached:— From Valparaiso by railroad; time, 3 J hours; fare, 11:80 Chilean pesos; haggage, 6.24 pesos per 100 kilos;- from Talca, by railroad, 6} hours ; from Buenos Aires, by railroad ; trains leave' Buenos Aires' Sundays and Wednesdays at 8.30 a. m. ; arrive in Santiago Mondays' and Thursdays at 11.S& pV m. ; the Wednesday train stops overnight in Mendoza. Fare from Buenos Aires, $89 CHILE. 549 (U. S. currency) ; free baggage allowance, 50 kilos (110 pounds) ; excess baggage, 27 cents per kilo. Conveyances. — Electric tramcars throughout the city. Taxicabs, 6 pesos per hour, or 1.20 pesos per kilometer ; Victorias, 3.50 pesos per hour. Banks. — W. R. Grace & Co.'s Bank; Banco Anglo-Sudamericano (Ltd.), Huerfanos 858; Banco de Chile, Huerfanos 930; Banco Chileno Garantizador de Valores, Huerfanos 840; Banco Espafiol de Chile, Estado 198 ; Banco Hipotecario de Chile, Huerfanos 837 ; Banco Nacional, Huerfanos 1102; Banco de la Republica, Huerfanos 1072 ; Banco Popular, Avenue de las Delicias esq. Ahumada ; Banco Santiago, Ahumada 198; Banco Union Comercial, Bandera 98, esq. Moneda ; Caja de Credito Hipotecario, Huerfanos 1210 ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros, Huerfanos 1264; Caja de Ahorrds de San- tiago, Augustinas esq. Morande; Banco Italiano, Augustinas 956; London & River Plate Bank, Huerfanos 1126; A. Edwards & Co., Huerfanos 1096 ; Banco Frances de Chile, Huerfanos 1072 ; National City Bank of New York, Bandera 249 ; Banco de la Industria y del Comercio, corner Bandera and Moneda; Banco Aleman Transatlan- tico, Bandera 250. Some Hotels. — Savoy,* Oddo,* Grand,* Plaza, La Marne, Splen- did, Palace, Milan, Colon, Imperial. Cable Offices. — West Coast (via Eastern), Huerfanos 851; South & Central American Telegraph Co. (via Galveston), Huerfanos 2941. Note. — This is the capital of the Republic of Chile and, after Valparaiso, the most important market. It is one of the most beautiful cities in South America, possessing all the characteristics of a modern capital, with amazing public buildings, magnificent resi- dences, wide and beautiful avenues, and modern conveniences of every sort. It is a very important commercial and literary center. Almost every kind of business is transacted, there being many im- portant wholesale importing firms and numerous retail establish- ments. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in the vicinity. A large business is also done in agricultural products, cattle, hides, etc. This place should be visited by every salesman, as it is so easily accessible from almost any part of Chile. The houses of Santiago canvass practically the whole Republic. An agency is often established in Santiago, although Valparaiso is frequently chosen. Sometimes the agents have offices in both places. Santiago deserves the particular attention of all travelers. TACNA, Province of Tacna; altitude, 1,865 feet; population, 11,500; 40 miles (64 km.) from Arica. Principal products: Agri- cultural, cotton and tropical fruits, copper and sulphur. Industries : Mining, tanneries, and foundries. How Reached. — From Arica by Arica & Tacna Railroad, time 2 Tionrs Banks. Banco de Chile ; Banco de Tacna ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. . Some Hotels. — Raiteri, Americano, Albim, Milos. 90821°— 22 36 550 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This place is located in the midst of a fertile valley in northern Chile. There is considerable agricultural wealth. Can- vassed by those who find it desirable to visit the smaller places, although the volume of business is not very great. TAiCA, Province of Talea; altitude, 351 feet; population, 40,000; 155 miles (250 km.) from Santiago; 52 miles (83 km.) from Cbn- cepcion. Temperature averages 56.5° P. Principal products : Cattle and agricultural produce. Industries: Agriculture, wine growing, flour mills, planing mills, breweries, match and cracker factories. How Beached. — From Santiago by Longitudinal Railroad; fare, 14.90 pesos Chilean currency ; time, 5 hours ; baggage, 6.10 pesos per 100 kilos ; from Concepcion by Longitudinal Railroad. Banks,— Banco de Chile; Banco de Talca; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Some Hotels. — Central, Comercio. Note, — A progressive city in a rich agricultural and wine-growing district. Here are Important flour and grain mills, and a large busi- ness is done in cereals of all sorts. There is some manufacturing, and important commerce is conducted with the north, including Santiago, Valparaiso, etc., and to the south with Concepcion, Val- divia, eta May be visited by most salesmen to some advantage. TALCAHTTAN'O, Province of Concepion; port on Talcahuano Bay; vessels lie offshore; population, 30,000; 9 miles (15 km.) from Concepcion; 363 miles (585 km.) from Santiago by railroad; 240 nautical miles from Valparaiso. Principal products : Flour, wheat, oats, beans, lentils, peas, wool, nuts, timber, etc. American consular agent. Customhouse brokers: Fr anklin & Co. ; Talcahuano Agencies Co. ; J. Pimental ; M. Osben ; E. Delpin ; Williamson & Co. ; Duncan Fox & Co. ; Weir Scott & Co. Lloyd's agents, Gibbs & Co. How Reached. — From Santiago by railroad; fare, $46 Chilean pesos ; baggage, 15 pesos per 100 kilos ; time, 14 hours. From Val- paraiso by steamer. From Concepcion by electric car or train, 3 to 4 hour trip. Weekly steamship service to the north and south. Banks. — Banco Anglp-Sudamericano ; Banco de Chile; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Some Hotels. — France,* Royal,* Gran. (Travelers usually stop at hotels in Concepcion.) Note. — Talcahuano may be regarded commercially as almost purely a shipping port. It is the port for Concepcion, and ships the products mentioned above, which come mostly from the interior, comparatively little being produced in the immediate surroundings. It also receives all classes of imported goods for distribution to the Concepcion district and the towns in the Central Valley. The zone for which Talcahuano is the natural outlet is unquestionably rich in agricultural products and is susceptible of much greater develop- ment. It is the most important naval station in the Republic, the Admiralty having dry docks, repair shops, arsenal, and an engi- neering school. Industries in the district are flour milling at Tal- cahuano, Concepcion, Tome, and Penco; sugar refining, at Penco; coal mining at Lirquen ; cotton manufacture at Chiguayante ; wine at Tome ; and in Concepcion are found most of the domestic indus- tries for local supply. Not generally canvassed by foreign agents. CHILE. 551 TAXTAL, Province of Antofagasta ; population, 16,000; Pacific port; vessels anchor about one-half mile from shore. Distant 111 miles (178 km.) south of Antofagasta; 93 miles (149 km.) from Cachinal (nitrate offices) ; 883 miles (1,421 km.) from Santiago. Climate, mild; temperature averages 63° F. Products: Borax, alum, gypsum, borate of lime, copper, and nitrate. How Beached. — From Antofagasta by steamer ; from points north and south by Longitudinal Railway in connection with Taltal Rail- way. Customhouse brokers: Nitrate Agencies (Ltd.), J. de Alfaro, Carlos Aranciba, Cordero Hnos., J. Antonio Guerra. Lloyd's agents, Williamson, Balfour & Go. * Steamship Service. — Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Cia. Sud Americana de Vapores jointly have weekly service, northbound on Wednesdays, southbound on Saturdays. Some Hotels. — Central, Cosmopolita. Banks. — Banco de Chile ; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note. — This port owes its chief importance to the production of nitrate. Business in general is carried on with Antofagasta and Val- paraiso. Traveling salesmen, as a rule, do not visit Taltal. Under normal conditions there is a very fair business and considerable activity. TEMtTCO, capital of the Province of Cautin ; altitude, 350 feet ; population, 31,650; located on the Cautin River; 430 miles (692 km.) from Santiago and 108 miles (174 km.) from Valdivia. In- dustries: Agriculture, sheep raising, tanneries, sawmills, and flour mills. How Reached. — From Santiago by Longitudinal Railway; fare, 33.9 Chilean pesos ; baggage, 10.14 pesos per 100 kilos. Some Hotels. — Central,* De France. Banks. — Banco de Chile ; Banco Espanol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note. — This is the most important place between Goncepion and Valdivia, doing considerable business with the surrounding coun- try. Its prosperity is due to its agriculture and lumber. There is some direct importing, although most of the merchants are depend- ent upon the importers of Santiago and Goncepcion. This place is not generally canvassed by foreign agents. TOCOPIIXA, Province of Antofagasta ; population, 13,500 ; Pacific port on Algodon Bay; vessels anchor about one-third mile from shore. Distant 117 miles (188 km.) south of Iquigue; 1,116 miles (1,797 km.) from Santiago; 109 miles (175 km.) from Antofagasta; 55 miles (89 km.) from El Toco. Principal products: Nitrate, cop- per, borate, iodine, gold. Customhouse brokers : Roberto Troncoso. Lloyd's agent, Charles Wesley Nicholls. How Reached. — From Iguique and Antofagasta by steamer; from El Toco by railroad (Anglo-Chilean) ; time, 3f hours; fare, $1.55. Steamship service by Pacific Steam Navigation Co. and Cia. Suda- mericana de Vapores, northbound on Fridays, southbound on Thurs- days; Wiegan & Cia., weekly service north and south. 552 GUIDE TO LATIK AMERICA. Some Hotels. — America, Central. Banks. — Banco de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note. — A free port and one of the chief shipping points for nitrate and copper. Easily reached but not generally canvassed except by those who " make " the smaller places. Eleven nitrate oflcinas are located here, with a production of a half million tons monthly. When the nitrate situation is favorable a considerable business is done. VAXBTVXA, capital of Province of Valdivia; altitude, 75 feet; population, 25,000. On Calle Calle River, 9 miles (15 km.) from its mouth; 447 nautical miles from Valparaiso; 57 miles (92 km.) from Osorno; 535 miles (863 km.) from Santiago; 12 miles (19 km.) from Puerto Corral, its port. Climate, mild; rain about 160 days per year ; temperature averages 52° F. Principal products : Hides, wheat, timber. Industries: Breweries, distilleries, candle factories, flour mills, iron foundries, shoe factories, etc. Customhouse brokers, Mally & Reccius. Lloyd's agent, Charles Prochelle. How Reached. — From Osorno, Talcahuano, and Temuco, by rail- road; connection at Rosendo with Central Railway; time to Santi- ago, about ili hours; fare, 41.30 Chilean pesos; baggage, 12.25 pesos per 100 kilos. Some Hotels. — Bussenius, France, Haussmann, Palace, Schuster. Banks. — Banco Aleman Transatlantic© ; Banco Chile i Alemania ; Banco de Chile ; Banco Espafiol de Chile ; Caja Nacional de Ahorros. Note.— This is the most important city south of Conception. It developed from an industrious German colony which was estab- lished there in 1850. Its port is CorraL The district is largely agricultural, while timber also is cut. These are the sources of its very considerable prosperity. Most of the business houses here are of German nationality. It is a place well worth the visit of most traveling salesmen, and considerable importing is done, there being several important wholesale distributing firms, some of whom canvass the territory tributary to Valdivia. VALPARAISO, Province of Valparaiso; population, 280,000. Chief port of Chile; vessels anchor about one-half mile offshore; landing by small boats. Passengers should make terms with boat- men before handing over baggage, otherwise charges may be exces- sive ; charges, 40 cents to $1 per passenger or package. Distant 575 miles (925 km.) from Antofagasta, 116 miles (187 km.) from San- tiago. Climate good ; temperature averages 60° F. Principal prod- ucts : Agricultural. Industries : Foundries, machine shops, shoe, soap, candle, and furniture factories. American consul general, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Huth & Co. American Chamber of Commerce, Calle Prat 271. How Reached. — From New York by Grace Line (fortnightly) and Pacific Steam Navigation Co. (monthly). From Santiago by rail- road; time, about 3} hours; fare, 11.80 Chilean pesos; baggage, 5.24 pesos per 100 kilos. From Buenos Aires by Transandine Railway ; leave Buenos Aires Sundays and Wednesdays at 8.30 p. m. ; arrive in Santiago Mondays and Thursdays at 11.25 p. m. ; Wednesday trains stop over night at Mendoza; first-class fare, with sleeping CHILE. 553 BJe Tongoi \ \on fi o.cto Vieuft £oloradovL ^#t VTb Condonaco / r^ T • XaSfcrcna^^.S-Aniomo 2 — i*Sy an i» 1 I 3(fCo — Tran*qTS[ija^ BlancqL ^iVidel ^V^uandacoi*^ i|J -*K. ;> WV KG ENT'lNA Puchuzun*^ Junjt Calinga^ttf^* ) ? b S-Martyi" »fo,,.,..,fc r &'rtcepcio^ StuiJuai \ Poc.i / } i ZapallaT\^^.D"!n5»pi^^-«to«rJrt j. / I L*t~— —^ Puchuna Acequionjd Canao a/Honda (La Liiuay /^O/ ; / CS/^^V^ *Jr /* c^RajfcsTCtafendo^, f V — Ks*"; K>K.l58 Sala B asFS 0/ 'J IS JJaiHa'. ^uillota) Los Afii Curat a vi LujanT- \^ Agrel o V L'ganchei^ Riv^dav" p. toko rC^z^IP . erc3qo I ANTP.G1P fc>-^^zJpHa J j Sjjlfnitfdo r\^\U V^rM E. Z A 34° Mata £s^CJuillayi \Jjsl|ipa n bres Glut: Centinelai S.Anl.- CHASCOMTXS, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 9,000 (district^ 25,000) ; on Southern Railway; 395 miles (636 km.) from Bahia Blanca : 70 miles (114 km. ) from Buenos Aires. Products : ■ ARGENTINA. 581'. Cattle, wheat, corn, alfalfa, tobacco, wines. Industries : Cattle rais- ing; fishing, extracting sand; vermicelli, soap, and candle factories, and mosaic works. . How Beached. — From Buenos Aires, by railroad (Constitucion) ; fare, 7.20 pesos; time, 2J hours. ' Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Comercial de Ohascomus. Hotels.— Americano, Colon. Rote. — This place is easily reached from Buenos Aires ; a prosper- ous community, owing its wealth to the surrounding agricultural and cattle country. Most of the merchants here make their purchases from the wholesale houses of Buenos Aires, whose salesmen canvass Chascomus regularly. Usually canvassed by those who work the small towns. ■<• COMODORO RIVADAVIA, Department of Sarmiento, Territory of Chubut ; population 2,500 ; on Fetrocarril Patagonicos, Comodoro Rivadavia-Colonia Sarmiento branch; 60 i miles (97 km.) from Colonia Sarmiento. Products : Hides, woods, wool, petroleum. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by steamers of the Cia.'Tm- portadora & Exportadora; also by steamers of Cia. Nacional de NavegaciOn and Government petroleum steamers. . Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Anglo South American Bank (Ltd.). Hotels. — Miramar, Colon. Customhouse Brokers.- — E. Aguero, Figueroa y Freyre. Note. — This place owes its importance to the petroleum fields which produce 1,000 tons of crude petroleum daily. Another great source of wealth is wool, of which Comodoro Rivadavia exports 4,000,000 kilos annually. Some large companies operate stores here. These include the Cia. Chubut and the Cia. Importadora & Ex- portadora de Patagonia. CONCEPCD3N DEL URUGUAY, Province of Entre Rios; popu- lation, 25,000; on Uruguay River, 269 miles (435 km.) from Buenos' Aires and 198 miles (320 km.) from Parana. Principal products: Wheat, cattle, wool, hides, timber, wine; Industries : Beef-salting factories, ice plant. Steamer connection with river towns and coast ports. On Entre Rios Railway, which branches from here to Parana, Colon, and Concordia. Customhouse Brokers. — Juan B. Briozzo; Mariano N. Sero, Juan A. Proenza, Rodolfo Miloslavich. Hotels. — Paris, Concordia, Central. Banks. — Banco Agricola Comercial e Inmobiliario del Uruguay ; Banco Hipotecario Nacional ; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Note. — This town is in close proximity to the Republic of Uru- guay. A considerable business is carried on with the contiguous territory. The place has developed quite rapidly and is often canvassed by salesmen in going to the interior. The most con- venient and economical means of reaching this town is by steamer. CONCORDIA, Province of Entre Rios; population, 31,462; on Uruguay River, opposite Salto (Uruguay) ; 338 miles (544 km.) 90821°— 22 38 582 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. from Buenos Aires; 330 miles (531 km.) from Corrientes; 240 miles (388 km.) from Parana. Industries: Flour mills, preserved meat, vineyards, etc. Products; Wheat, beans, alfalfa, cattle, wool, hides, mate, and quebracho. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires by Entre Kios Railway or Mihanovich Line steamers; from Corrientes by Northeastern Ar- gentine Railway. Time from Buenos Aires by rail, 18! hours. Banks. — Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco Popular de Concordia ; Banco Robinson Hnos & Cia. Hotels.— Continental, Imperial, Colon, Victoria, Londres, Argen- tino, Paris, Comercio. Note. — Concordia is a nourishing city and important distributing point, the center of a rich agricultural and cattle district ; excellent connections by rail and river. Direct importing is carried on and there is considerable trade with Uruguay through Salto, across the river. CORDOBA, Province of Cordoba ; altitude, 1,440 feet ; population, 140,000; on right bank of Primero River; 274 miles (434 km.) from Rosario and 432 miles (695 km.) from Buenos Aires; climate, dry temperate. Principal products : Wheat, , maize, timber, wood, linseed, fruits, hay, flour, cattle, hides, and marble. Industries: Manufacture of shoes, soap, candles, carriages, and furniture ;: flour mills, foundries, marble works, tanneries, and paper mills. How Beached. — From Rosario by Central Argentine Railway; from Buenos Aires by Central Argentine or Central Cordoba ; time, 14 to 21 hours. Bailroads.— Central Argentine^ Central Cordoba, Argentino del Norte. The city has electric cars ; cabs may be hired at 1 peso per hour. Hotels. — Plaza,* San Jeronimo 101; Victoria-Grand,* Calle 25 fle Mayo 240; Italia, San Jeronimo; Roma, Calle Dean Funes 76: Splendid, Avenida Yelessarsfield 14 ; Casteltrento, San Jeronimo 475. Banks. — Espanol del Rio de la Plata; Banco Hipotecario Na- tional ; Banco Popular La Plata ; Banco Londres y Rio de la Plata ; Banco El Hogar Argentino ; Banco de Gordoba ; Caja International Mutua de Pensiones; Banco de la Nation Argentina; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco Aleman Transatlantico ; Banco Edificador de Cordoba; Banco Popular de Protection Mutua al Obrero. Note.— This is one of the most important cities of Argentina and ranks third in population. About 1,000,000 kilos of flour are pro- duced and shipped annually to Europe and elsewhere. The pro- duction of lime is also of some importance. There are a number of industrial concerns in such lines as foodstuffs, breweries, liquors, etc. Cordoba is widely recognized as a center of intellectual culture, the second oldest university in South America being located here. Because of good railroad facilities, it is easily reached from Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Tucuinan. It is well worthy of a visit and is frequently canvassed by salesmen. The surroundings of Cordoba ARGEHTINA. 583 are very beautiful and the neighboring mountains are known as the Argentine Switzerland. CORONEL STJAREZ, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 10,000 ; on Southern Railway, branch to Bahia Blanca via General La Madrid; 304 miles (490 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Wheat, corn, cattle, etc. Industries: Flour mill, meat preserving factory, tannery, furniture factory, etc. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires, by railroad (Oonstitucion) ; fare, 26.60 paper pesos; time, 12 hours. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Credito Argen- tina ; Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco dela Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels. — Roma, Espafia, Helveeia. Note. — This town is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is growing in importance. There is a Russian colony here. Considerable trade is done with the surrounding country. Can- vassed by the wholesale houses of Buenos Aires. CORRIENTES, capital of Province of Corrientes: population, 31,600; on left bank of Parana River, 25 miles (40 km.) below its confluence with Alto Parana and Paraguay Rivers ; 330 miles (531 km.) from Concordia; 664 miles (1,072 km.) from Buenos Aires. Principal products : Fruit, sugar, cochineal, timber, ostrich feathers, tobacco, cotton. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Northeastern Argentine Railway, fare 58.50 pesos, time of trip 35 hours ; from Concordia by Northeastern Argentine Railway. Steamer communication with other river ports. Bank's. — Banco del Comercio ; Banco Hipotecario de la Provincia ; Banco Hipotecario Nacional ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Popular Corrientes. Hotels. — Buenos Aires, Frances, Parana. Note. — Corrientes is a growing city in the midst of a rich agricul- tural and cattle district. There is some direct importing, but the dependence is chiefly upon Buenos Aires. Corrientes is not usually canvassed by foreign salesmen. CURUZTJ CUATIA, Province of Corrientes ; population, 13,000; 462 miles (761 km.) from Buenos Aires; 192 miles (311 km.) from Corrientes; 46 miles (75 km.) from Mercedes. Products: Fruits, cattle, wool, coal. Industries : Cattle raising and agriculture. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires and Corrientes by Monte Caseros-Corrientes branch of Northeastern Argentine Railway. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels. — Argentine Italio-Argentino. Note. — A considerable trade is carried on through Concordia and Rio Uruguay. The principal dependence is upon cattle raising. The houses here depend upon the importers of Buenos Aires and other jobbing centers. FORMOSA capital of Territory of Formosa ; population, 10,000 ; port on right bank of Rio Paraguay ; terminus of branch of North- ern Railway from Encarnacion ; 1,379 miles (2,220 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products : Sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rubber, corn, oranges, timber, hides. Industries: Sugar refinery, tannery. 584 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Beached.— By steamers of the Cia. Argentina de Navegacion Ltaa, Marina Mercante Argentina, and Domingo Barthe. Customhouse Brokers.— ^Giacopello & Goteri* Nissen & Espinola. Hotels.— Formosa Hotel,* Hotel Anchea, Hotel Brum, Jose Dollo. Bank. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Mote. — Formosa is an important and growing community in .north- eastern Argentina. In the surrounding country there is much wealth Much business is done with the importers of Buenos Aires. Some travelers make this place in connection with Asuncion, Paraguay. GOYA, Province of Corrientes; population, 14,300; port on Pa- rana. River; on Central, Entre Rios, and Northeastern Railways; 618 miles (994 km.) from Buenos Aires; 147 miles (237 km.) from Corrientes; 276 miles (445 km.) from Concordia. Products: Leather, cattle, wool, cheese, cereals, timber. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by railroad ; fare, 59.75 pesos; time, 34 hours. Daily mail and passenger : service to La Reconquista in connection with Santa Fe and Rosario Railway. Parana steamers call three times a week. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels. — Goya, Espana, Sportsman. Note. — This is a provincial city located on the Parana River. It is in easy touch with other river ports, including Buenos Aires. A considerable business is done in supplying the surrounding country, but the merchants generally are dependent upon the importers of Buenos Aires. It is not usually included in the itinerary of foreign salesmen. GUALEGUAY, Province of Entre Rios; population, 14,300; on the Gualeguay River. • Products : Flour, leather, wool, ; linseed, wheat, corn. Industries: Shoe factories, tanneries, soap factories, flour mills, chilled meat. Distant from Buenos Aires 174 miles (280 km.) ; time, 12 hours. Also by boat via Parana and Gualeguay Rivers. Customhouse broker, Romulo Quintana. Banks.--Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de Italia y Rio de la Plata. Hotels.^Londres, Ferrecio, Maipu. Note. — A considerable business is carried on; also cattle and sheep ranching. The chief dependence is upon the wholesale houses of Buenos Aires. Puerto Ruiz is the port, located 5 miles (9 km.) from Gualeguay. GUALEGUAYCHU, Province of Entre Rios; population, 20,400; on Entre Rios Railway, branch to Concordia: 11 miles (18 km.) from confluence of Gualeguaychu and Uruguay Rivers; 231 miles (373 km.) from Buenos Aires. Industries: Tanneries, shoe facto- ries, meat extract and refrigerating works. How Reached, — From Buenos Aires by railroad; fare, 22.80 pesos, time 14f hours; from Concordia by Entre Rios Railway. There is also river stoamer communication. Banks. — Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Ar- gentina. Hotels. — Paris, Comercio. ARGENTINA. 585 Note. — Some direct importing is done, but chief dependence is upon Buenos Aires. A considerable trade is carried on in hides. Gualeguaychu is, as a rule, not visited by foreign salesmen. JXJJUY, Province of Jujuy ; altitude, 4,016 feet ; population, 9,000 ; on the right bank of Rio Grande ; also on Central Northern Argentine Railway, 1,002 miles (1,618 km.) from Buenos Aires, and 176 miles (284 km.) from La Quiaca; rainy season, November to March. Principal products : Gorn, wheat, rice, sugar, grain, coffee, tobacco, cattle, horses, sheep, mules, llamas, gold, silver, copper, borax. Industries: Agriculture and mining. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Rail- way ; fare 81.10 pesos ; time 36 hours ; from Tucuman by Central Northern Argentine Railway. Banks. — Banco Hipotecario Nacional ; Banco de la Nacion Argen- tina ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata. Hotels. — Bristol, Nuevo Paris, Plaza, Turin. Note. — Jujuy is a prosperous and growing city. There is a large trade in cattle, agricultural products, etc. Mineral deposits of vari- ous kinds are worked, and timber is a source of great wealth. The town is on the direct line between Buenos Aires and Bolivia via La Quiaca, easily reached from Salta; worthy of the attention of those who make this trip. JUNIN, Province of Buenos Aires; altitude, 250 feet; popula- tion, 36,000 ; on "Central Argentine Railway and Buenos Aires Pa- cific Railway; 158 miles (255 km.) from Buenos Aires and 270 miles (435 km.) from Mercedes. Mail-coach service to Los.Toldos, 5 pesos. Products : Corn, wheat, alfalfa, cattle, wool, etc. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires, by railroad; fare, 16.80 pesos ; time, 5 hours. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels. — Britania, Buenos Aires, La Paz, Roma. . Note.: — This town, located in the midst of a rich agricultural sec- tion, is one of the important cities of the Province of Buenos Aires. Some travelers find it advantageous to stop here on their way to or from Chile. There is some direct importing; most of the houses,, however, depend upon the wholesale firms of Buenos Aires. LA PLATA, capital of Province of Buenos Aires ; population", 125,000; situated at the mouth of the Plata River; landing at Bn- senada, steamer to wharf; 34 miles (55 km.) from Buenos Aires; 433 miles (697 km.) from Bahia Blanca; 5 miles (8 km.) from Ensenada. Principal products : Cattle and cereals. Center of meat-packing trade. Industries: Meat-freezing plant, flour mills, metallurgical establishments. Electric cars to all parts of city. Cabs, single journey inside of town, 50 centavos ; outside, 1 paper peso ; per hour, within city, 1 peso ; outside, 1.50 pesos. Taxicabs, 5 pesos per hour. Lloyd's agent, Puelston, Boas & Go. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway ; time, 1J hours. From Ensenada by rail ; fare, 40 centavos. (There are 60 daily trains between the capital and La Plata.) Principal Hotels. — Argentino,* Sportsman,* Comercio, Espafia, Francais, La Republica. 586 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks.— Banco de la Nacioa Argentina; Banco Espanol del Eio de la. Plata; Caja Popular de Ahorros; Banco de la Pro- vincia de Buenos Aires ; Banco Hipoteeario Nacional ; Credito Pro- vincial ; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco Defensa del Hogar ; Banco Popular La Plata. Note. — La Plata is situated about 34 mites down the River Plate from Buenos Aires. The city is a modern flourishing one and has grown substantially; It is equipped with modern hydraulic installa- tions for handling freight, and through it there is a very important movement of grain, hides, meat,- etc. It is a very constructive city with modern improvements of all -sorts. The business center has some handsome blocks. The volume of trade in proportion to that of Buenos Aires is naturally small, but being so close to Buenos Aires, its possibilities can easily be investigated by- any foreign salesman. LA QTXIACA, Province of Jujuy ; altitude, 10,250 feet;. 1,184 miles (1,907 km.), from Buenos Aires; 176 miles (284 km.) from Jujuy; 130 miles (20&km.) from Atocha (Bolivia). Climate, good; minimum temperature in winter 6° F., maximum 50° F. ; summer maximum 57° F., minimum 37° F. Products c Bismuth, gold, anti- mony, lead, fruits, hides, skins, wooL Industry: Smelting. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by. Central Argentine Rail- way or Cordoba Central. Trains leave via Central Argentine on Tuesdays and arrive at La Quiaca on Thursdays; time, 2 days and 2 hours. Trains leave via Cordoba Central on Wednesdays and arrive at La Quiaca on Mondays; time, 4 days and 21 hours; fare, 97.80 pesos. From La Paz (Bolivia) by Bolivia Railway, to Atocha by way of Uyuni, Rio Mulato,- and OruroJ from Atocha to La Quiaca by automobile stage during dry season (June to October) ; service semiweekly; fare "70 pesos; by mule back during rainy season (No- vember to May). Customhouse Brokers. — Bach Hnos. ; Francisco Thiel ; Fruetuoso Ibarra; Augusto Lui Bertolini; Manuel Conde; J. G. Gonzalez Diez & Co. ; Manuel Diaz. Banks. — Banco de- la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco iNacional de Bolivia (agency). Hotels. — International, Plaza* (one-half block from station), Reuter. Note. — La Quiaca is an important place, being on the boundary between Bolivia and Argentina. It is a distributing center for the southern part of Bolivia, particularly of sugar, wheat, grain, hardware, etc. It will become" increasingly important upon the completion ;of the railroad which is now under construction between this point and Atocha in Bolivia. Although La Quiaca is in the tropical zone, on account of its high altitude it is usually cold, and overcoats should invariably be brought by the traveler even dur- ing the summer time. It is at this place that automobiles can be taken during the dry season (June to October) for connection with the Bolivia Railway at Atocha. LA RIOJA, Province of La Rioja ; altitude, 1,650 feet ; population, 10,000 Ton "Northern Railway (branch from Dean Fumes ^o Chile- cito) ; temperature averages 67° F. ; average rainfall, 12 inches. ARGENTINA. 5S7 Products: Oranges and other fruits. Industries: Gold and copper mining. Distant 208 miles (334 km.) from Tucuman; 95 miles (153 km.) from Catamarca; 567 miles (915 km.) from Kosario; 732 miles (1,180 km.) from Buenos Aires. Time by rail from Buenos Aires, 36 hours. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Hipotecarlo Na- tional; Banco Popular La Plata. Hotel. — Rodolfo Lonmague.* Note. — La Rioja can be easily canvassed by those who make northwestern Argentina; can be reached from Cordoba or Cata- marca. It is in the center of a rich agricultural and fruit-growing district MAR DEL PLATA, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 30,000 ; on the Atlantic coast ; on Southern Railway ; 248 miles (400 km.) from Buenos Aires. Mail-coach service to Balcarce and .Necochea. Products: Cereals, potatoes, cattle. Industries: Cattle raising and fishing. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by fast train ; 6J hours ; fare, 23.75 pesos. Banks. — Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata; Banco dela Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Hotels. — Espana, Faniilia, Cribelli, Universal y Manetti (open in winter). Summer hotels : Bristol, Regina, Royal, Victoria Grand, Solis, Fenix, Amistad, Romano. Note. — This is the most famous seaside resort of South America. Work is now in progress which will make it also one of the best commercial ports of Argentina. The merchants here are chiefly dependent upon th& wholesale houses of Buenos Aires, but a few do some direct importing. Orders are usually placed in winter so that goods arrive for summer season when trade is at its best. MENDOZA capital of Province of Mendoza ; altitude, 2,465 feet ; population, 66,500; on the Mendoza River; also on Transandine Railway; 651 miles (1,048 km.) from Buenos Aires and 252 miles (407 km.) from Santiago, Chile; climate, dry; temperature averages 62° F. Principal products: Wine, corn, maize, leather, fruits, wooL Industries: Stock raising, agriculture, viticulture, fruit drying. Customhouse Brokers. — V. S. Zelada, Pedro J. Rodriquez, Albino Fernandez. How Reached. — From Santiago, Chile, by Transandine Railway ; from Buenos Aires by Buenos Aires-Pacific Railway; fare, 70 pesos ; time, 24 hours. Hotels. — Grand,* Nacional.* Central, Savoia, Galieo. Furnished rooms can also be had at the " Sportsman," San Martin 1456. ;It has no restaurant, but meals can be obtained in a restaurant near,.by, " El Progreso," San Martin 1530, one of the best in Mendoza. Banks. — Anglo Sudamericano ; Espanol del Rio de la Plata; Hipotecario Nacional ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Aleman Transatlantic ; Banco Provincial de Mendoza ; Banco Prestamos y Ahorros. Note. — Mendoza is an important city and distributing point for western Argentina. It lies at the base of the great western Cor- dillera. It is an important point on the International Railway be- 588 GUIDE TO LATEN' 1 AMERICA. tween the Republics of Chile and Argentina. Mendoza enjoys the reputation of being alive commercially, its streets presenting an at- tractive appearance. A fair volume 'of business is transacted. The commercial firms enjoy a good reputation. In this region viticulture is a great industry, and much wine is produced. Mendoza has not heretofore received much attention from foreign salesmen, depend- ing chiefly upon the great importing cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, etc. It is easily visited on the way to Valparaiso from Buenos Aires, or vice versa. MERCEDES, Province of Buenos Aires; on left bank of Rio Qninto; population, 32,000; on Western Railway, 60 miles (98 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Wheat, fruits, linseed, oats, cattle, cereals. Industries: Manufacture of woolen cloth, soap, candles, and cheese; flour milling, tanning, etc. Hourly train service from Once, Buenos Aires; time, 2 hours 7 minutes; fare, 6.20 pesos. " Mensajerias " (stage) service to Victoria and intermediate points. Banks. — Banco de la Xacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata. Hotels. — Nogues, De Paris, Bruno, Dagnino. Note.' — This town may be easily worked from Buenos Aires. Its chief commercial dependence is upon the importers of the capital. There is a large volume of business, which accounts for the rapid growth in population. Occasionally, foreign salesmen find it ad- visable to make the trip. PARATTA, capital of Province of Entre Rios ; population, 50,000 ; on Parana River; also on Entre Rios Railway; 198 miles (320 km.) from Concepcion del Uruguay; 364 miles (588 km.) from Buenos Aires. Principal products : Wheat, maize, linseed, barley, castor oil, peanuts, and grapes. Industries: Match and shoe factories, flour mills, tanneries, mosaic, cigar, and cigarette factories. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires by Entre Rios Railway in conjunction with Central Buenos Aires Railway ; or by Mihanovich Line steamers ; or via Santa Pe by Central Argentine Railway and steamer of Sarsotti Line; train time from Buenos Aires, 22 hours; fare, 29.95 pesos. From Santa Fe by Mihanovich Line steamers. Banks. — Banco de Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco Hipotecario Nacional; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Popular la Plata; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata. Hotels. — Espafia, Gransac, San Martin, Sanguinettl. Note. — Parana is a city with a rapidly growing population ; in close proximity to Santa Fe, and easily reached by rail and steamer. It is an important cereal center and there is some direct importing. POSADAS, capital of Territory of Misiones; a port on the Alto Parana ; population 12,250 ; on Central Northeastern Railway — con- nected with the Entre Rios and Central Buenos Aires railways by ferryboat; 170 miles (273 km.) from Corrientes and 708 miles (1,142 km.) from Buenos Aires. Industries: Terba mate mill, saw- mills, etc. Products : Tobacco, yerba mate, wheat, fruits, etc. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by railway or steamer, Mi- hanovich Line and Domingo Barthe Co. Line; from Corrientes by Mihanovich Line of steamers, 36 hours. Time by rail from Buenos Aires, 34 hours ; fare, 62.40 pesos. ARGENTINA. 589 Banks. — Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels. — Argentine, ' Paris, Iguazu. Note.— At this point the railroad cars are ferried across the Alto Parana. A fair local business is carried on. PTJENTE DEL INCA, Province of Mendoza ; altitude, 9,000 feet ; on Cordillera de los Andes; 751 miles (1,208 km.) from Buenos Aires; 101 miles 163 km.) from Mendoza; 8 miles (13 km.) from Las Cuevas (Chilean frontier). How Beached. — From Buenos Aires or Mendoza by Pacific and Transandine Railways ; time from Buenos Aires; 30 hours ; fare, 110 pesos. Hotels. — Puente del Inca and Gran Hotel Sud Americano. Note. — Tbis place is noted for its hot springs; also for the famous natural bridge- across the Mendoza River. Mountain climbers often make this their base of operations. The season of Puente del Inca extends from November to April. The town is of slight commercial importance. PUERTO GALLEGOS, capital of Province of Santa Cruz; population, 2,500; on right bank of Gallegos River; 8 miles (13 km.) from Atlantic Ocean and 1,635 miles (2,630 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products : Sheep, wool, skins, etc. Industry : Manufacture of tallow. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires, or Punta Arenas, Chile, by steamers of Sociedad An6nima Importadora y Exportadora: de la Patagonia; fortnightly service from Buenos Aires. Bank. — Banco Anglo Sudamericano ; Banco de la Nacion Argen- tina. Note. — This place has grown in importance during the last few years, being chiefly dependent upon the great sheep industry. Cattle raising is also, carried on, and there is a " f rigoriiico " or meat-freezing plant of the Patagonia Meat & Cold Storage Co. Several large companies operate stores here, but purchases are usually made at their headquarters in Buenos Aires or Punta Arenas, Chile. As a rule, Puerto Gallegos is not canvassed by foreign travelers. PUERTO MADRYN, Territory of Chubut; situated on Golfo Nuevo ; best and most important port of Patagonia ; on Ferrocarril Central de Chubut (Puerto Madryn-Valle-Superior branch) ; 44 miles (70 km.) from Trelew. Chief products: Wool, wheat, sugar, corn. How Reached. — From Trelew by railroad ; also by steamers of Braun & Blanchard Line and the Sociedad An6nima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia. Hotels. — Espanol, Paris, Britania. Uote. — The Cfa. Mereantil de Chubut and the Sociedad Andnima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia have wholesale houses here. There are also other stores, but the merchants are dependent upon the importers of the jobbing centers. RAWSON, capital of Territory of Chubut; population about 5,000; on left bank of Rio Chubut; 7$ miles (12 km.) from its mouth; 10i miles (17 km.) from Trelew. Principal industries: Sheep and cattle raising. 590 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. How Beached. — By coasting steamers of Soeiedad Andnima Im- portadora & Exportadora la Patagonia. Hotels. — Paris, Luiz Marzulo, Rinaldo Jlottino. Note.— This is one of the chief ports of Patagonia. A large sup- ply and outfitting business is done. There are several large houses, including the Cia. Mercantil de Chubut; also a number of small firms. Chiefly dependent upon Buenos Aires. RESISTENCIA, capital of Territory of Chaco; population, 10,000; port on Parana River; 345 miles (557 km.) from Sante Fe; 737 miles (1,027 km.) from Buenos Aires. Agricultural and cattle- raising district; also produces timber. How Reached.— Prom Buenos Aires by steamers of Cia. General de Navegadfin via Barranqueras, which is 4 miles (7 km.) from Resistencia ; from Santa Fe by Santa Fe Railway. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Espafiol de la Rio de la Plata ; Banco Italio y Rio de la Plata. Hotels. — Legrand; Laquayo. Note. — Resistancia is located in the great Chaco region. River transportation plays a large part in the economic life of this sec- tion. The timber business is very important. Cattle; raising is also carried on.. The territory tributary to Resistencia is of vast extent but thinly populated. ,. : RIO CtTARTO, Province of Cordoba ; altitude, 1,424 feet ; popu- lation, 20,400; on Rio Cuarto; 141 miles (228 km, y from Cordoba; 380 miles (613 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products : Cattle, fruits, cereals^ wool, timber, etc. • Industries: Tanneries, flour mills, breweries,' etc. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Railway ; time of trip, 18 hours; fare, 34.20. pesos. From Mendoza by direct rail communication via. Mackena. Hotels. — Universal, Moderno, Gran. Banks. —Banco del Cordoba; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco .Hipotecario Nacional- Note. — Rio Cuarto is not generally canvassed -by foreign sales- men, its chief dependence being upon Buenos Aires. It is a place of residence of many estahcieros. As a number of railways con- verge here a fair volume of business is transacted with the sur- rounding; country. ROSARIO, Province of Santa Fe ^population. 250,000 ; on western bank of Parana River; landing, steamer to wharf; 188 miles (303 km.) from Buenos Aires by rail, 244 miles (394 km.) by river; 270 miles (434 km.) from Cordoba ; 530 miles (853 km.) from Tucu- man. Temperature averages 62° F. Best visiting time, March to May and September and October. Principal products : Agricultural ; corn, wheat, linseed, hay, alfalfa, hides, quejbracho, wool. Indus- tries: Sugar refineries, distilleries, breweries, brickyards, lumber mills,, macaroni factories, flour mills, tobacco factories, hag fac- tories, tanneries, glass factories, shoe factories, cement works, chem- ical plants. American consul and vice consul. Lloyd's agents, Bar- nett & Co. and National Board of Marine Underwriters of New York. Electric cars run to all parts of, the city. Cabs may be ARGENTINA. 591 hired for 50 centavos to points in city; 1 peso to points beyond limits; by the hour, 1 peso within the city, 1.50 pesos outside. How Reached. ^From Buenos Aires by Central Argentina, Cen- tral Cordoba, or Province of Buenos Aires General Railway; or Mihanovich Lane of river steamers. Time by express train from Buenos Aires, 4} hours ; by night trains, 8 to 11 hours. Steamers leave Buenos Aires Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 7 a. m.. and arrive same days at 5.15 p. m. Some Leading Hotels. — Italia,* Calle Maipu ; Savoy,* Calle San Martin 560-600; Central, Calle Urquiza 1264; Mayo,* San Lorenzo 1102-1136; Britannia, Calle Urquiza; Royal, CaUe Libertad; Uni- versal ; De la Pair, Calle Libertad and Urquiza ; Frascati ; Bristol ; Espafia, Sarmiento 856; Roma, Corrientes 721; Comercia, San Lorenzo 969. < Banks. — Banco Anglo Sudamericano ; Banco Britanico de la Amer- ica del Sur; Banco El Hogar: Argentino ; Banco Aleman Transat- lantico ; Banco Frances e Italiano ; Banco Nuevo Italiano ; Banco Espanol- del Rio de la Plata ; Banco del Ria de la Plata ; Banco Hipotecario Nacional; Banco Internacional Anonima (Ltd.) ; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de Londres y Brazil ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Popular de Rosario; Banco Provincial de Santa Fe; National City Bank of New York. Customhouse Brokers. — F. Vilapino, Urquiza- 915 ; Eugenio Art- saga, San Martin 559 ; Domingo Bosch, Santae 940. - Note. — Rosario is the second city of Argentina. It is located in the center of a great stock-raising country, in addition to which sugar refining and flour milling are important industries. -There are a number of factories of wearing apparel and other kinds of manufacturing establishments. Rosario is a prominent commercial center and the doorway to a great interior district.- Numerous railroads make it a center of considerable importance from the transportation standpoint and Sjme of the large companies have their railway repair shops here. There are quite, a number of wholesale jobbing houses, some of which belong to the larger Buenos Aires firms, others being operated with local capital. The business houses here canvass the trade of a very rich district. Rosario has a splendid system of docks and wharves. In addition to the daily river service to Buenos Aires and other points,, there is a fast express all-rail service connecting it with the capital which makes the trip in less -than five hours. Salesmen in practi- cally every line will find it advisable to visit Rosario and establish connections there. SALTA, capital of Province of Salta ; altitude, 3,839 feet ; popula- tion, 31,600 ; on Central Northern Argentine Railway, 992 miles 1,599 km.) from Buenos Aires; climate, temperate; average annual rainfall, 23 inches. Principal products : Corn, tobacco, wood, sugar, cereals; rice, vegetables, cotton, sheep, hides, wool. Industries^ Agriculture, cattle raising, timber cutting, sugar mills, sawmills, cigarette factories, rice cleaning,' weaving mills, and mining. ,How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine or Cen- tral Cordoba Railway; fare, 80.10 pesos ;; time of trip, 32 to 48 hours. From Tucuman, by Central Northern Argentine via Guenies. 592 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Hotels. — National, Colon, Bristol, Salteno, Plaza,* Oriental. Banks. — Banco Provincial de Salta; Banco de la Nation Argen- tina ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco Hipotecario Na- tional ; Banco Constructor de Salta. Note. — Salta is on the great trade route connecting Jujuy and Tucuman with Chile and Bolivia. It can be easily canvassed by those travelers who make northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia. There is some direct importing, but the chief dependence is upon the importers of Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario, etc. Salta is a very picturesque place. SAW JUAN, capital of Province of San Juan ; population, 18,400 ; on the San Juan River and Western Railway; 750 miles (1,205 km.) from Buenos Aires; temperature averages 65° F. Products: Cat 1 tie, wine, agriculture, etc. Industries: Cattle raising, grape cul- ture, and mining. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Buenos Aires & Pacific Railroad, average time 30f hours. Banks. — Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata; Banco de la Na- tion Argentina; Banco Popular de San Juan; Banco Provincial de San Juan ; Banco del Obrero y Caja de Ahorros ; Banco Hipote- cario National; Banco Comercial de San Juan; Banco Italo Argen- tine Hotels. — Las Provincias,* Gran, Italia, Castellana. ; Note. — San Juan is easily reached from Mendoza. being only a short distance therefrom. Considerable commerce is carried on with Chile. Much of its wealth is due to agriculture, but the prin- cipal industry is viticulture, and the sums realized from the product are great. Some travelers visit San Juan on their way to or from Chile. Most of the business houses, however, are dependent upon the wholesale importers of other commercial centers of Argentina. SAN LUIS, Province of San Luis ; population, 14,029 ; altitude, 2,513 feet; on Chorrillos River; on Buenos Aires Pacific Railway; 161 miles (260 km.) from Mendoza; 60 miles (98 km.) from Mer^ cedes; 488 miles (788 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Cereals, cattle, grapes and other fruits, minerals, timber. Industries: Cat- tle raising, mining, agriculture, timber cutting. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires by Buenos Aires Pacific Rail- way; fare, 46.50 pesos; time, 184 hours, Automobile service to Belgrano, Ayacucho, and Villa Dolores. Banks.' — Banco de la Nation Argentina; Banco Hipotecario Na- tional. Hotels. — Espana, Royal, Grand, Pringles. Note. — San Luis is in the midst of a cattle and cereal producing region. Viticulture is also carried on. A considerable business is done in proportion to the population. Not usually included in the itineraries of foreign salesmen. SAN NICOLAS, Province of Buenos Aires ; population of district, 21,400; a port on Parana River; 40 miles (65 km.) from Rosario (by rail) ; 148 miles (238 km.) from Buenos Aires (by rail) ; 45 miles (73 km.) from Pergamino. Products: Cattle, flour, and agri- cultural produce. Industries: Paper and flour mills, woolen cloth weaving, tanneries, shoe factories, iron and bronze foundries, etc. , ARGENTINA. 593 Lloyd's agent, Morteo $ Toulet. Customhouse brokers,. Morteo & Toulet. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de la Provinciaide Buenos Aires; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco Caja Economica. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Rail- way; fare, 14.30 pesos; time, 4 to 5 hours. Hotels.— Espanol,: Italia, Marconi, La Paz, Colon, and Casaza. Note. — This town is very important because of its location ; ex- cellent service between Buenos Aires and Rosario ; some direct im- porting; considerable export business. San Nicolas has a natural port with sufficient room to load 11 steamers simultaneously. There is also a wharf where two steamers can discharge at the same time. - ; SAN PEDRO, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 25,000; a port on Parana River; also on Central Argentine Railway (from Buenos Aires to Rosario) ; 82 miles (132 km.) from Rosario and 106 miles (171 km.) from Buenos Aires ; products, agricultural and pastoral, timber. Industries : For local needs only. Customhouse brokers : Santiago V. Garayo ; J. Felipe Ardaiz. ; How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Rail- way; fare, 1055 pesos; time of trip, 4 hours. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco Industrial Argentino. Hotels. — Viscaya, Comercio, XX de Septiembre. Mote. — A large business is done with the surrounding country. The merchants here are chiefly dependent upon the wholesale houses of Buenos Aires. San Pedro has good transportation facilities. SANTA ROSA, Territory of Pampa ; population, 7,000 ; on West- ern Railway, 376 miles (606 km.) from Buenos Aires. Indus- tries : Cattle raising, agriculture, etc. Products : Wheat, corn, wool. How Reached.— From Buenos Aires by Western Railway; time, 15i hours. Bank. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Hipotecario Na- cional. Hotels. — Central, Apollo. Note. — This is a typical pampa town, owing its wealth to the surrounding cattle and agricultural district. Merchants make most of their purchases in Buenos Aires. SANTA FE, capital of Province of Santa Fe ; population, 84,000 ; on left bank of Parana River, near its junction with the Salado; 298 miles (480 km.) from Buenos Aires by rail, 378 nautical miles by Parana River; 104 miles (168 km.) from Rosario. Center of vast grain-growing and cattle district and quebracho wood forests. Industries: Cloth, shoe, soap, furniture, bagging, and quebracho wood factories ; flour mills, potteries, creameries, .tanneries, brewer- ies, distilleries, agricultural implement works, ehemical plants, sugar mills. Lloyd's agent, Norman Bros. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires, either by Central Argentine or Sante Fe Railway; .fare, 27.85 pesos; time, 14 hours. From Rosario by rail, time 5 hours. 594 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Customhouse Brokers. — Norman Bros. ; Benito E. Cassani ; Ernesto Herzog; Ranea y Guzman. Banks. — Credito Comercial; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Hipotecario National; Banco Municipal de Prestamos ; Banco Italiano; Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco Popular de Santa Fe; Banco Territorial de Santa Fe; Nuevo Banco Italiano; Banco Provincial de Santa Fe. Hotels.— Italiano,* Espafia*, Mayo, Alta Italia, Hispania. Note. — The town of Santa Fe is the capital of the Province of the same name. It is located about 104 miles up the Parana River from Rosario. It is the center of a vast grain-growing, cattle, and quebracho district. What importance the city possesses is due chiefly to its position as the transfer point for quebracho, grain, and meat shipments from the interior. Its business is in proportion to its population, and there is some direct importing, but the relations of the merchants are chiefly: with those of Buenos Aires and Rosario. Some trade ;is carried on with Paraguay, with which' it has connec- tions by rail. - The old port (Colastine) was definitely closed in 1911 and the modern port of Sante Fe opened. This port has two large docks with capacity for about 25 ocean-going vessels, also moles outside the docks where vessels can operate. Good work is done loading or discharging any kind of cargo, as the port has all the necessary electric cranes, which, can lift from 1 to 25 tons, also electric belt for loading grain. SANTIAGO DEL ESTEBO, Province of Santiago del Estero; population, 34,739 ; on Rio Dulce ; climate, dry, warm, and healthful ; temperature average 70° F. ; minimum 37° F, ; maximum 103° F. ; 630 miles (1,014 km.) from Buenos Aires; 124 miles (200 km.) from Tucuman. Products: Timber, cattle, cereals, rice, wheat, grain, oats, beans, alfalfa. Industries: Agriculture, timber cutting, char- coal burning, weaving (on small scale), sugar refining,* quarrying, lime making. How Beached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Rail- way; fare, 56 pesos; average time, 20 hours. From Tucuman by Central Cordoba and Central Argentine Railway. Also automobile service from various towns. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco Hipotecaria Naeional; Banco Commercial y Edificador de Santiago del Estero. Hotels. — El Globo, Royal, Victoria, Central, Ambos Mundo. Note. — Some important houses are located here. In the Depart- ment of Rio Hondo there are famous springs. The season for the baths is July, August, and September, when more than 8,000 people come here. There is some direct importing done, but the merchants are chiefly dependent upon the importers of Buenos Aires, etc. There is an active trade in cattle with the other Provinces of northern Argentina and Bolivia. There is good automobile service to the interior of the Province.. TANDIL, Province of Buenos Aires; altitude, 584 feet; popula- tion, town 18,400, district 37,430 ; on Southern Railway ; 205 miles (331 km.) from Buenos Aires ; 205 miles (331 km.) from Temperley ; ARGENTINA. 595 220 miles (354 km.)* from Bahia Blanca. Products: Chiefly cattle and agricultural produce. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by railroad, time 8J hours; from Bahia Blanca by railroad. Carretera to Azul. Banks. — Banco Comercial del Tandil ; Banco de la Nacion ; Argen- tina; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; (Banco Hipotecario Xacional. Hotels. — Palace, Frances, Maritorena, Roma. Note. — This is a very important center. Great cattle fairs are held here. A very picturesque city, there being mountains to the south, southeast, and southwest. TRELEW, Territory of Chubut ; population, 3,500 ; on left bank of Rio Chubut; on Ferrocarril de Chubut, Madryn-Valle-Superior branch; 44 miles (70 km.) from Puerto Madryn; 104 miles (17 km.) from Rawson. Products: Sheep, cattle, wool, hides. Indus- tries : Agriculture, sheep, and cattle raising. How Recalled.— From Puerto Madryn by Ferrocarril de Chubut. Also reached by steamers of Sociedad Andnima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia; Cfa. Fortuna and. Braun & Blanchard Line ; and Cfa. Mihanovich del Pacifico. Ranks. — Anglo South American Bank (Ltd.) ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina, .-• Hotels, — Argentine Rodriguez, Luis. Note.— There are some wholesale importers here, including stores of the Sociedad An6nima Importadora & .Exportadora la Pata- gonia and Cfa. Mercantil de Chubut . Trelew is in the midst of a great sheep-raising country. There is also much agricultural wealth. A fair business is done, but the merchants are chiefly dependent upon the importers of Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca, etc. TRENQTTE LAUQUEN, Province of Buenos Aires; population 13,000 ; on Western Railway, 274 miles (444 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products : Wheat, alfalfa, cereals, cattle, corn, etc. Mail coach service to San Mauricio and America. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by railroad; fare, 25.20 pesos; time, 11 hours. Banks. — Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels.— Royal, NuSez. Frances, Parodi. Note. — This place does a fair business. The merchants depend chiefly upon the houses of Buenos Aires. Not usually canvassed by foreign salesmen. TTJCTTMAN, Province of Tucuman; altitude, 1,500 feet; popular tion, 100,000; on a head stream of the Rio Dulce; on Central Ar- gentine and Central Cordoba Railways; 320 miles (515 km.) from Cordoba; 124 miles (200 km.) from Santiago del Estero; 718 miles (1,156 km.) from Buenos Aires. Temperature averages 67° F. Principal products :' Sugar, tobacco, rice, building lumber. Indus- tries : Sugar refining, distilleries. Near by are gold, silver, and cop- per mines; also marble quarries. How Reached. — From Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Rail- way, fare 60.30 pesos, time of trip 23£ hours; from Cordoba by 596 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Map 34. — Argentina : Tncuman-Cordoba section. ARGENTINA . 597 Central Cordoba Railway, average time 14 hours ; from La Quiaca, by Central Northern Argentine Railway. Hotels. — Savoy,* Paris,* Central, Espana, National; Enropa. Plaza, Victoria, Italia, Metropole, Roma, RoyaL Banks.— Credito General del Norte Argentino ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Londres y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de Credito In- niobiliario ; Banco de la Nation Argentina; Hipotecario National; Constructor de Tucuman; Provincia de Tucuman; Municipal del Prestamos. : _• :> Note.— Tueuman ranks fourth in population in the Republic and is the capital of the Province of Tucuman. It has a very pleasant climate and is easily, reached by four railway systems, the Central Cordoba, the Central Northern, the Northwest Argentine, and the Central Argentine. Tucuman is chiefly important by reason of its position in the center of the sugar-growing district. Over 30 out of the 42 refineries in the country, are located in the Province of Tucuman. There are a number of small factories, but agriculture is. highly important, especially in the lines; of vegetables, fruits, and grain. Tobacco is an important crop, and lumbering is alsor carried on. Tucuman is. often referred to as the "garden spot " of the Republic. It is easily canvassed by those who visit north- westt-Argentina and southern Bolivia. Although the relations of the. merchants are principally with the importers of Buenos Aires and Rosario, considerable direct importing is done. Tucuman on the whole may be said to offer good prospects for many foreign: sales- men;- The wholesale- houses established herte supply the surround- ing country, and their turnover reaches a substantial figure. VICTORIA, Province of Entre Rios; population, 25,000; on Entre Rios Railway; 34 miles (54 km.) east of Rosario ? 150 miles < 241 km.) west of Conception del Uruguay; 100 miles, (161 ksa)J south of Parana; 308 miles (497 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: lime, cereals, cattle, wool, hides. Industries:, Gigar and cigarette factories, ceramic works. •...':.■:." How Reached.: — From Buenos Aires via Entre Rios Railway; fare, 2T.65 pesos ; time of trip, 21J hours. Banks. — Banco de Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco de' la Nation Argentina. Hotels. — Amistad, Trueco, Vinda de Reggiardo. Note. — The town of Victoria is easily reached fronv Santa Fe or Rosario,, its chief business being- done with the latter place and with Buenos Aires. . There are also good connections with Con- cordia^ ' , PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the" smaller towns 'and places of' less interest to the average traveler, , This ljst will serve, as an index to the cojh- niercial geography, of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. ....... . ■ Acebal, Province of Santa Fe;, altitude, 213 feet ;.populatipn, over 4)000 ; 192 miles (309 km.) from Buenos Aires, reached by Central 90821° — 22 39 598~ GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Argentine Railway.; 135 miles (218 km.) from Sania Fe. Products: Cereals, linseed, and cattle. Hotels : Geremias and Biestro. Adolf o Alsina CCarhue), Province of Buenos Aires, population, 7,500; altitude, 368 feet; on Southern Railway; 331 miles (518 km.) from Buenos Aires;, time; 13 hours; fare, 27.66 pesos. ' Products: Wheat corn, oats, alfalfa; hides, and wool. Banks :' Banco Espafiol del- Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels : Roma, Americano, and Espana. There is considerable cattle raising^ and a large production of sulphate. In the neighborhood" there "J 8 ' Lake Epeeuen, said to have curative properties for various illnesses. During the summer it is visited by many who come fbr» the waters. Almirante Brown (or Androg-ue); (province- of Buenos Aires ; population, 10,000 ; on Southern Railway and Plata River ; 11; mires ' (19 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Corn, alfalfa, wheat, oats, and cattle. Hotel: La Delicia.- Altagracia. Province of Cordoba; population, 5,000; altitude, 1,675 feet ? '52 miles (86 km.) from- Santa Maria and '441 miles (710 km.)' from Buenos Aires, which is reached by Central- Argentine 'Rail- way fvia Cordoba) ; 'fare, 1 39 pesos; time, '14} hours. Hdtels: Sierras, Sportsinan t and Suizo'.' Commercial and industrial center; qu&Eries^near by. i Altandrano, ' Province' of Buenos Aires; population, -district 18,000; 54 miles (87 tan.) from Buenos Aires by Southern Railway 1 fare, 5.50 pesos ; time, 2 hours. Products: Wheat and maize. Agri- cultural and breeding center. Banfield, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 16,350; on South- ern Railway ; 8 miles- (i3 • km.) from Buenos Aires;; '14 minutes by rail. . ■.,,:"<■■ ,.;.. - ... ■ '' ._--.. . Bartolome Mitre (Arrtecifes), Province -of' Buenos Aires; popula-' tion, 7,5001 112 miles (180 kin;) from Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Railway; fare, 10.80 pesos; time, 4J hours. Products: Cattle and wool. --Hotels : Gomercio, Moderno. Bella Vista, Province of Corrientes; population, 7,000; port on Parana Rivera 124jmiles (200 km.) from Corrientes; reached by steamers. Products : Sugar,- tobacco,- and timber. Center of com- merce for Goacati.TSan Roque,' and Coneepclbn, with which it ^s connected by " mensajerias " (stage service). Bank: Banco de la Nacion. Hotels : Olivieri, Parkj and Del Prado. -...-.:\^ BelFVille, Province of Cordoba; population, 10,000; altitude; 4§0 feet; on OCercero' River , 308 miles (496 km.)from Buenos Aires;' reached by Central Argentine Railway; fare, 2S.<50 pesos; time of trip, 10 hours; 118 miles (190 km.) from Cordoba. Banks: Banco Comercial Agricqla ; Banco ,de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels : Chichizola, Ghisigiierf, Rossi, San Martin, and Bell Yille. Im- portant agricultural district. Products:, Wool, Hjiseed, com, wheat, hides."'' •'. I ' 1 ' "" '"'*" Bolivar, Province bf Buenos Aires; population, 10,000; 205 miles (331 km.) from 7 Buenos Aires \ reached by Southern Railway; fare, 20.75 pesos ;- time of trip, 8" hours. Products : Wheat, corn, and oats. Industries : Corjj. mill, qheese . and" patent-food factories. Banks : "Banco ide la Nacion Argentina; Bancq de la Provlncia de ARGENTINA. 599 Buenos Aires. Hotels: Balear r Colon, and.- La 'Vizcaina: Mail-: coach service to Olavarria, Bella Vista, and Carlos Casares. ' '"• Cacheuta, Province of Mendoza; altitude, 3;750^feet; 675 miless (1,088 km.) from Buenos Aires, ; t)y Buenos Aires Pacific Railway; fare, 63.65 pesos; time of trip, 23 hours. Hotel: Balnearlo. Me- dicinal springs; ■ > v ' ■ .. i Campana; Province .of Buenos Aires; population, 11,000; port on Parana River, 50 miles (80 km.) from Buenos Aires; 137 miles"(222 km;)' from Rosario. Products: Cattle 'and agricultural 'producer Industries: Tanneries, soap < factories,! paper factories, meat. pack*, ing. Reached by Central Argentine Railway, branch to Tucuman J, fare from Buenos -Aires, 440 pesos. Hotels: Campana, Verdier. Bank: Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. ■ :.-' '■-"-■ Canada de Gomat, Province 'of-. Santa Be; population, 11,000; ;50 miles (70 km.) from Rosario and 231 miles (372 km.) from Buenos Aires by Central 'Argentine Railway; fare from Rosario, 4.40 pesos; time, 2 hours. Baiik : Banco Nacioh Argentina. Hotels: Universali' Mayo. . Agricultural- and cattle breedings district. .. : ~ : ' .- Canuelas, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 2,500 ; 40 miles (64 kin.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway ; fare, ^.65 pesos; time,. 1| houTSk.L Products: Cattle," hides, tobacco. Bank: Banco de la Provincia. Hotel: La Union. Carlos Casares; '.province of Buenos -Aires; population,' 8,000; 192 miles (310 km.) irbm Buenos' Aires; 50 miles- (80 km:) from San Mauricio; 83 miles (134 km.) from Tren^ue; Lauquen. On Western Railway ; fare from Buenos! Aires, 19.65 pesos ; time, 8 hours. Products: Cattle and sheep. Industries : Stock raising, flour mills, creameries. Banks ; r Banco data Provineia/de Buenos Aires. Hotels, Espafio, Pension Gayg.'Lflt Vizcaina. Mail-coach service to 25 de Mayo. - . r ■ Carmen de Areeo; Province of Buenos Aires ;- population, 6i,000 ; 81 miles (132 km.) from -Buenos Aires; time of trip, 4 hours; fare, 7.80 pesos. Products : Cattle, sheep, wheat, linseed. Reached by Central Railway, branch- line to Rojas. Banks : Banco de° la Pro- vincia ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata. Hotel : Espanol. Carmen de Patagoies,: Province of Buenos Aires; on left bank of Rio . Negro, in front of Viedma; 171- miles (275 km.), from Bahia Blanca. Connected. with Buenos Aires 1 by following lines: Linea Nacional del 1 Sud, Sud 1 Atlantica, Marina Mercante -Argentina (Mihanovich Line). Automobile service' 'to 'Stfoeder (station on the Paulista. Railway), 2 hours' trip, 55'. miles (88' km/) 1 ;' from Stroeder to Bahia Blanca, 116 miles (187 km:) ; fare, 12.20 pesos; time (not including stopover night at Pedro Luro),i4:hours -30 minutes, Bank: Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels: A. Lar- ranaga, Italo, Lamburtt Casilda, Province of Santa Fe; population, 11,000; on Central Argentine Railway; 210 miles (339 km.) from Buenos Aires by rail; time, 10 hours; 36 miles- (58 km.) from Rosario by= rail. Bank : Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels : Italia, Bspafia. Chilecito, Province of La Rioja; altitude, 3.500 feet; population, 2,500; on Northern Railway; 124 miles (199 km.) from Rioja; 317 miles (511 ikm.) from Cordoba. Products: Agricultural, mine, 600 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. fruits. Reached from Cordoba by rail ; from Patquia by rail ; time, 18 hours ; highway .connections to Atacama,- Chile. Bank: Banco de laiNacion Argentina. The merchants of this place depend upon the importers of the large cities. Hotels : Sudamericano, El Fenix. Colon, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 8,000; on the Uru- guay Biver. Distant 173 miles (280) km.) from Buenos" Aires ; reached by Central Argentine Railway; fare, 16.80 pesos; time, 9 hours. Chief products:; Meat extracts, leather,; tallow, and other, animal products.. The Liebig Meat Extract Works are located here and give the town what; importance it possesses. Banks : Banco de- la Provincial; Banco de la Nation Argentina. Dolores, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 20,000; climate, mild. Products : Cereals and fruits, cattle. On Southern Railway ; 126 miles (203 km.) from Buenos Aires, 4$ hours' journey; fare, 12.85 pesos ; five trains daily. Hotels : Frantiay Libertad, Roma. Banks: Banco de la Nation 1 Argentina; Banco Espanol del Rio de;la. Plata; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Mail-coach service to Lavalle; and to . Hino jales. Hotels: Amistad, Apollo,' Roma, Gran. :". . . .- Ensenada, Province of: Buenos Aires ; population, 15,300 ; suburb of La Plata; on Southern Railway.; 35 miles (67 km.) from Buenos Aires. Esperanza, Province of Santa Fe ; population; 5,000; on the Salado River;; 303 miles (489 km.) icom Buenos Aires :by Santa Fe ana Central Argentine Railway ; fare, 28.85 pesos ; time; of trip, 13 hours. Products : Cereals,- cattle, timber. Bank, Banco de la Nation Argen- tina. Hotel, Pisano y Blantou. i .._>-.. General La Madrid, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, .3,500 ;; 263 milesi(424 km.) fromkBuenos Aires by Southern Railway; faret 24.50 pesos ; time of trip, 10 hours. Banks : Banco de la Provincia. de Buenos Aires; Banco de la Nation Argentina. Hotels: Argen- tina, Espafia, Comertio. Products: Cattle, goats, sheep, horses,, wheat, maize, alfalfa. General Pinto, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 3,000; 208 miles (336 km.) from Buenos Aires by Western Railway; fare, 2150 pesos; .time of trip.,. 7$. hours. Products: Wheat maize, linseed, cattle. Bank, Banco de la Provincia.de Bnenos Aires.; Mail-coach service to Germania ,$3. Hotels; Victoria, Roma. Godoy Cruz, Province of Mendoza ; .population, 11,000 ; on Buenos Aires & Pacific Railway; 646 miles (1,043 km.) from Buenos Aires; rail time, 25} hours. Products: Wool,: Wieaijj timber, etc. Bank, Banco de la Nation Argentina. . .; Gramini, Province ,©£ Buenos Aires ; popnlation t . 3,000; 300 miles (482 km.) from Buenos Aires.j< by Southern. Railway; fare* 26.40 pesos; time, 12 hours. Industries: Agriculture;. cattle raising, flour mills, creameries, . and,<«heese.factoriegL. JBaak, .Banco ;de ,1a Pro- vincia de Buenos Aires.; Hotels :,La Union, ^Paris^La Aragonesa- ■ .:Jose. C. Eaa,. Province of Buenos- Aires; population, 2,500; :25: miles (40- km.) from Buenos Aires, by /Buenos Aires Pacific Rail-' way; fare, 1.65,pesos; time of tripjlj. hours. . Cattle raising. '.: -Juarez, Province of Buenos Airesr population, 5,500; 178 miles (288 km.) from Baaia Blanca: 260' miles (416 km.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway; fare, 24.30 pesos; time, 12} hours. ARGENTINA. 601 Products:- Corn and other agricultural produce. Banks : Banco de la Nacion. Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos • Aires. Hotels: Americano, El Central, Eslava, El Espafiol, National. La Banda, Province of Santiago del Estero; population, 6,500; 624 miles (1,007 km), from Buenos' Aires, by Central Argentine Railway; fare, 53.15 pesos; time of trip, 20 hours. Alsa reached by combination train from Santiago del Esterro. Products : Fruits, sugar, cattle, grain, timber. Agency of Banco de la Nacion. Hotels : Vargas, Hachuca, Los Andes. Lanus, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 37,800 ; practically a part of Buenos Aires, 6 miles (9 km.) distant. Beached by Southern Railway. Las Tlores, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 11,000; alti- tude, 140 feet; temperature,: minimum 41° F., maximum 109° F. ; 119 miles (191 km.) from Buenos Aires; 298 miles- (480 km.) from Bahia Blanca. Beached by Southern Railway. . Products : Wool,' cattle, hides and skins, wheat, and corn. Banks : Banc© de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. -': Hotels : Mayo, National. Lincoln, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 9,000; 186 miles (300 km.) from Buenos Aires, by-Western Railway; fare, 18.95 pesos ; time of trip; 6J hours-. Mall-eoach service to Valdivia, 5 pesos. Banks : Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Banco Hlpotecario National. Hotels: Central, Argentino. . ~ Products: Wheat, oats, cattle. Industries: Ice plant, mosaic works, creamery, power plant. ."_ :>■-- Lobos, Province of Buenos Aires ; population/ 9,000 ; 63- miles (102 km.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway or Western Railway ; time of trip, 2% hours by Southern, 3 hours by Western; fare, 6.25 pesos. Banks : Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata. Hotels: Jose Muniz, Jardin. Industries : Agriculture and cattle raising, corn mills, tnnlieries^ soap and patent-food factories, creameries. - ' Lomas de Zamora, Province of Buenos Aires ;, population, 25,500 ; 9 miles (15 km.)- from Buenos Aires ji fare, 0.85 peso; 387 miles (625 km.) from Bahia Blanca; on Southern Railway (line to Tem- perley). Products; Alfalfa, wheat,, corn, tobacco, fruits, sugar, wine. Industries :. Tanneries, sawmills. Banks: Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Banco Espanol ;del Rio de la Plata; Banco de Galicia y Buenos Aires. Hotels: B. Vivaldo e Hijb, Jockey Club, La Paz. ...-., Lujan, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 11,000 ; on Western Railway, branch to Vagues; 41 miles- (66 km.) from Buenos Aires; 100 miles (162: km.) from Pergamino; 51 miles (82- km.) from Sarmiento. Products: Wheat, linseed, corn, cattle. Hourly train service from Buenos -. Aires ; time, 11 hours;, fare, 3.35 pesos. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Popular Espafiol; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Provincia de Men- doza. , Hotels : La Paz, Central, Peregrrmos, Paris. Maipu, Province of Buenos Aires ;i 'population; 4,000; 168 miles (270 km.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway; fare, 17.10 602 GUIDE T0 LATIN AMEBICA. pesos; time, 6£ hours. Products : Cattle and cereals. Bank, Banco de la Provincia de Mendoza. Hotels: Vasconaa; Berini. Mario, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 4,000; 19 miles (30 fcm.)< from. Buenos Aires; reached by Western- Kailwayj; fare, 1.40 pesos. Prodncts: Wheat, oats, and cattle. Hotels: L. Gonzalez, P. Salas. Moron, Province of Buenos- Aires ; population, 12,250; suburb of Buenos Aires, 12 miles (20 km.) distant. Beached by Western Bail- way. Banks : Banco de la Nacioh Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos.Aires. r» . :. ■ ■ Navarro, Province of Buenos Aires ;■ population, 4,500; on Salado River; 74 miles (121 km.) from Buenos Aires, reached by Southern Railway^ Western: Railway,- and OompaSfa General ; fare, 5E.45 pesos ; time of trip, 4J hours.: Industries: Agriculture, cattle raising, etc. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Popular Espafiol ;. Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Platsu Hotels : G. Lespada, E. Melazzi. ■ , u ■ ;.,, Necochea, Province of Buenos Airesl; -population, 10,000; 310 miles (498 km.) from Buenos Aires, reached by Southern Railway,' fare 26.90 pesos, time of trip 12J- hours. ' Products : Cattle and agri- cultural. Banks: Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ;.Baneo el Hogar Argentino. Hotels: Santiago, Progreso, Liverpool, Necoehea* La Perla, Vaseonia,- Gran. This is a well-known bathing resort. .> :,.■.->■>, Neuquen, capital of Territory of- Neuquen ; population, 2,500; T40 miles (1,194< km.) from Buenos Aires,' '*Sa Bahia Blanca by Southern Railway ; fare, 49.45 pesos ; time of trip, 27 hours. Bank, Banco de la Nacion Argentina. ' Hotels : Neuquen, Confluencia, Espaiia. _-,■-. Nogoya, Province of Entre Rios ; population, 7,000 ; 290 miles ,(468ikm.) from Buenos Aires, on Entre Rios Railway; time from Buenos Aires* 5J hours ; fare, 26.05 pesos. Products : Cereals, cattle,, hides, o Active- commercial center. Bank, Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotels : Arienti Hnos., Ana Giger. Mueve de Julio, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 11,000 ; 161 miles (261 km. ) from Buenos Aires, which is reached by West- ern. Railway and Compafila General; fare, 16.55 pesos; time of trip via Western 64 hours, .-via Cia. General 6i hours. Products: Wheat, corn, «attlfe' Industries : Flour mills, macaroni factory, creamery, power plant, etc. Banks: Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels: Central, Grandona, Universal Mail-coach service to MaseonL Olavarria, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 9,000 ; altitude, 528 feet; on Tapulqne River; 206 miles (332 km.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway ; fare, 21 pesos ; time, 7 hours. Prod- ucts: Wheat, -corn, cattle, etc. Granite quarries near byv Banks: Banco- de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de Olavarria; Banco de la Provincia de. Buenos Aires. Hotels: Avinon. B. Gonzalez, A. Presa, Usabiaga y Crouzat, Grand, Argentino, National, Universal, De Mayo, Hispano Argentine; Mail-coach service to Bolivar. akgehtina; 603 Pehuajo, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 9,563 ; district, 32,000; 224 miles (363 km.) from BuenOs Aires* ibyi Western Rail- way,; time 9 hours; fare, 22.65 pesos. Products: Wheat, corn, flax, cattle,, sheep, wool, hides. Industries: Aerated water, works, creameries, flour mills, etc. Banks a Banco Espafioi del Bio de la Plata; Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco dejia ;P;rbvincia ,de Bueuos Aires. Hotels : PiecoMni* Espafia, Valfellina. Tie chief industry is cattle raising. There is also considerable agriculture. Pergamino, -Province of Buenos Aires ; population, . 30^)00 j 141 miles (229 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Wheat, corn, linseed, oats, wool, cattle. Industries^ Flour mills, brewery,! tanneries,' car- riage and: wagon works. On. Central, Western,.and Central Buenos Aires Railways; time by rail from Buenos Aires (Retiro Station), 6 hours ; fare, 13.30 pesos. Banks : Banco de la Nacion ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; British ^ Bank of South America; Banco 'Espafioi del Rio de la Platai .: Hotels: Roma, Sarin ion to. Important railway center. : < .._ n; Pringles (Coronel), Province of Buenos Aires; population, 9,000; 304 miles (490 km.) from Buenos Aires, by Southern Railway ; fare, 26.65 pesos ; time, 10 hours. Products: Wheat*, corn, potatoes, cattle. Industry: Mosaic works. Banks: Banco Comereio.de Azul, Banco de la Nacion -Argentina, Banco de i la Pwrttinciar de Buenos Aires. Hotels : Los Pirihos, Central; Comercio, Espil. Agricultural and cattle-breeding center. ..-•-■• .? Puerto Deseado, Territory of: Santa Cruz; population, 1,500; situ- ated on left bank of Rio Deseado; good port; Start of railway to 16' de- Octebre; 176 miles 'X283 km.) from COlonia Xas. Hteras, reached < by Patagonian Railway. Also reached by steamships of Cla. Braun & Blanchard, Cia. Fortuna, and Sociedad Ah6nima Im portadora & Exportadora la Patagonia. Products : Cattle, sheep, wool. Industries : Agricultural, sheep < iand cattle)- raising. Bank, Ahglo-Sbuth [American Bank. (Ltd.). Hotels: La Per la, Kosmos, Royal Argentine, Internacional. I'-The- SOciedad. Andnima Importa- dora &? Exportadora la' Patagonia has a store here; . The wealth of the surrounding country is wool; This place -is > not usually can- vassed by foreign salesmen. •' '•'■ Quilmes, Province of. Buenos Aires; suburb of Buenos Aires; population, 21,400; on Southern Railway; 1 10}- miles (17 km.) from Buenos Aires ; rail time 21 minutes. Bank, Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Rafaela, Province of Santa Fe; population, 11,000; on Central Argentine, Central Cordoba, and Sante Fe Railways; 317 miles (511 km.) from Buenos Aires; time, 14 hours; fare, 29.35 pesos. Prod- ucts: Cattle, wool, wheat. Hotels: Espafioi, Tuscano, Roma. Banks : Banco Espafioi del Rio de la Plata ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco Italia y Rio de la Plata ; Banco Provincial de Santa Fe. This town is served directly by a number of railroads, and on account of its advantageous situation it supplies a consid- erable region.* Between here and Santiago del Esterro there is- no other town to compare with it. ■ Rauch, Province of Buenos Aires; "population, 3,500; 167 miles '(269 km.) from Buenos Aires; by Southern Railway; fare, 17 pesos; 604 GUIDE TO LATENT AMERICA. timer 6J hours.. Products: Wheat, corn, oats, cattle, etc. Batik, Banco de la Provlncia de-Buenos Aires. Bivadavia, j Province of Buenos Aires; population. 5,000; 279 miles (250 km.) from Buenos Aires, reached by Western Railroad; fare, 25.40 pesos ; time, 10£ hours. Products:' Cereals. Industries-: Flour mills,' areated waters, mosaic works, etc Bank, Espafiol del Rio de la Plata/ Hotels: Espafiol, America, Pagan o. Rojas, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 10,000 ; 167 miles (269 km.) from: Buenos Aires, by Central Argentine Railway and Buenos Aires Central Railway; fare, 12.80 pesos; time, 8 hours. Products: Wheat, cattle, etc. Industries :■ Agriculture and cattle raising. Bank, Banco -de la Nacion Argentina,' Hotels: Espafiol, Espafia. Saladillo, Province Of Buenos Aires; population, 9,000; on South- ern Railway, 114 miles < 184 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Cereals and cattle. . Train time from Buenos Aires, 4J hours ; fare; 11.55 pesos. Banks: Banco de la Nacion, Argentina; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Banco Espafiol del Rio de la Plata; Banco de Galicia y Buenos Aires. Hotels: EL Porvenir, Progreso. ' San Francisco de Cordoba, Province of Cordoba; 127 miles (205 tude, 11,000 feet; population, 1,500; 1,056 miles (1,699 km.) from Buenos Aires ; fare, 101.80 pesos. Industries : Cattle raising and agriculture. Reached overland Jrom station of Rosario de Lerma by auto. This is a very small town, chiefly dependent upon the merchants of the larger: places, and [difficult .of access. -•-: San Fernando, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 16,350 ; port on Plata River, 15 mites! (25 km.) _from Buenos Aires; fare, 120 pesos; time^ 1 hour. Products: Fruit and timber. On Central Argentine Railway. Banks :> Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de'lft Provincia de Buenos Aires? Banco Galicia y Buenos Aires. San Francisco de Cordoba, Province^ of Cordoba; 124 miles ; (205 km.) from Cordoba ; 139 jniles (224 Jon.) from Rosario:; 319 miles (515 km.) from Buenos Aires. Products: Wheat, linseed, kindling, coal, i cotton^ Industries: Flour mills, vermicelli factory, : tannery. Reached from Buenos 'Aires by Central Cordoba and; Central Argentine Railways. Banks : Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Banco de Italia y Rio deMa Plata; Banco de Cordoba. Hotels-: Italia, Victoria, Las Colonias, 10 de Mayo; This is an agricultural center and acts as a source of supply.- It; serves as.fi strategic point for canvassing the surrounding country, as within a distance of 93 miles (150km.) there are stations of the' Central Argentine Railway, Cen- tral Cordoba Railway, and the Santa Fe Railway. San Isidro, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 10,000 ; on Plata River; 12 miles (20 km.) from Buenos Aires and 5 miles (9 km.) from Tigre; on Central Electric Railway; average rail time from Buenos Aires; 28 minutes, trains hourly, fare 1 peso. Bank, Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hotel, San Isidro, Prod- ucts: Fruits and kindling wood. Industries: Willow- ware manu- facture. There are two aviation schools here, one English, one French. San Julian, Province of Santa Cruz; population, 900; .good port on bay.-' Reached by steamers of Braun & Blanchard- and Sociedad i ' ARGENTINA. 605 An6nima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia. Industries : Meat-freezing plant (Swift, of La Plata), cattle raising. Banks: Anglo South American Bank (Ltd.) ; Banco de ChDe & Argentina. Hotels: Miramar, Royal, Aguila. The Sociedad Andnima Im- portadora & Exportadora maintains a house here: : The chief de- pendence is on cattle raising. There is also a meat-freezing plant. The merchants are dependent upon Buenos Aires, Bahia Bianca, etc. San Martin, Province of Buenos Aires ; suburb of Buenos Aires; population, 13,250; 10 miles (16 km.) from. Buenos Aires by Central Argentine Railway; rail time 26 minutes. Banks: Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires ; Banco Oomercial San Martin. - San Rafael, Province of Mendoza ; population 8,000 ; 601 miles (970 km.), from Buenos Aires; 554 miles (894 kin.) front Bahia Bianca; 517 miles (834 km.) from Rosario; 172 miles (274 km.) from Mendoza. Reached from Buenos Aires by Pacific Railway; time, 25 hours. Products: Cattle, hides, wool, fruit, corn, timber, iron. Industries: Cattle raising, viticulture. Banks: Banco Anglo Sudamericano ; Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires ; Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotel, Americano.' This is a mining and cattle-raising district. The surrounding country is rich, especially from the standpoint of viticulture, and much wine is shipped. Santa; Cruz, Province of Santa Cruz; population, 1,100; short dis- tance from Atlantic Ocean; one of finest ports in Patagonia. Readied by steamers of Braun & Blanchard and the Socledad An6nima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia. Chief prod- uct: Wool. -Banks: Anglo South American Bank (Ltd.) ; Banco de Punta. Arenas. The Sociedad Anflnima Importadora & Exportadora la Patagonia maintains a store here. A considerable business is done, but the merchants here are dependent upon those of Buenos Aires, Bahia Bianca, etc. Santa Rosa de Tpay, Territory of Pampa; on Buenos Aires West- ern Railway; 376 miles (606 km.) from Buenos Aires; 239 miles (386 km.) from Bahia Bianca. Reached from Buenos Aires or Bahia Bianca byr railroad, .Products: Cattle, wheat, corn, wool. Industries : Agriculture and cattle raising. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Hipotecario Nacional. The chief wealth of the country is agriculture, and the surrounding district is agri- cultural. The district is thinly populated. The merchants are de- pendent upon the importers in other places. Talleres, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 15,300; 6 J miles (11~ km.) from Buenos Aires; on Southern Railway; rail time 14 minutes.. Temperley, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 10,000; 10i miles (17 km.) from Buenos Aires; on Southern Railway;, rail time 18 minutes. " - Tigre, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 9;000; on Central Argentina Railway; 18 miles (29 km.) from Buenos Aires; rail time 31 minutes. Bank : Banco de la Nacion Argentina. Hotel, Tigre. Boating and summer outing resort. Tres Arroyos, Province of Buenos Aires; population, 19,400 (dis- trict 35,000) ; on Southern Railway; 314 miles (507 km.) from Buenos Aires; rail time, 13J hours; fare, 27.25 pesos. Products: 606 GUIDE TO XATIN AMERICA. Cereals. 1 Industries:- tanneries, flour mills. Banks: Banco • de la Nacion; Banco Comereial des Tres Arroyos; Banco; EspafiQl de.Sio de la Plata; Banco de lat Proyincia de Buenos Aires. Hotels: 4 Naciones, Puchiilui Paris. r ' ;«: \ TJshtiaia^ capital of Territory of Tierra del FuegD it popiAatton, 1,500 ; 1J610 miles (2.598 km.) from Buenos Aires. 'Products ; Cattl§ and timber. Reached by steamers of Gia. Argeattna =de Navegati6"n and Soeiedad Impartadora- & lExportadora ia ! /Patagonia.: - Hotel, M. Preirei This town is; canvassed i by the jneitiiaats ■ of Punta Arenas and the larger towns of southern Argentina. The , Soeiedad Anonima . Jmportadora & Exportadora te, Patagonia maintains a store here. ' ■ . . ii >i Yeintieinco de Mayo, Province, of .Buenos Aires; population, 11,000; on Southern Railway, branch ;toiSaavedra: and Cobos; 128 miles (205 km.) from Buenos Aires^ Products ;-, Com, wheat*, lin:- seed, alfalfa, and cattle. Industries!; Furniture rtfnd soap factories. Center of cereal belt. Rail time from Buenos Aires, 5 hours; fare, 12.75 pesos. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina ; Bane© Ital- iano; Banco de la Erovincia.de Buenos Aires. Hotels: Espana, Hispano-Argentino,, Galileo^ Roma,- Colman. Mail-coach service to Bragado, 5 pesos, vk ; . .,..: u V > : , ' ;; -> .j , _ Viedaia, capital «SE theiTerritary of Rh*NegE9; population, 3,500 ; on the right bask of the Rio Negro; s>77 miles (929 km.) from Buenos Aires and 18 miles (30 km:) from> Atiantie Oceaai.- ; Prod- ucts : Agricultural and pastoral. Reached from Buenos Aires by steamers of XJIa. Sud Atlantica; sailings three- times per month. Banks: Banco; de la Nacion Argentina; Banco Hypotecario: Na- tional. Hotels: Greloni, Malpeii and Casaday, Manuel Perez. This is a small town, chiefly dependent upon the houses of Buenos Aires. Villa Maria, Province of Cordoba; population, 17^)00^ on RioTer- cero; 343 miles (554 km.) from Buenos 1 Aires, by Central Argentine or Buenos Aires Pacific Railway; fare, 31.40 pesos; time, 11 hours. Products: Wheat, linseed, corn, alfalfa* timber, and dairy products. Industries: Flour and saw mills. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de Cordoba. Hotels: Colony International. Im- portant railway center. •.. V, Villeglas, General, Province otf Buenos Aires; population, district, 19,240; town, 3,500} 285 miles (458 km.) from Buenos Aires. Reached by Western Railway and Compania General de Navegaciftn; train time* 10 hours ; fare, 25.25 pesos. Mail-coach service to Pled- ritas, 4 pesos. Hotels : Americano, Mairii, La . Estrella > de Oro. Banks: Banco de la Nacion Argentina; Banco de la ProvhwSa de Buenos Aires. Cattle-breeding and agricultural district r also pro- duces dairy products. ■>' i- . . • Zarate, Province of Buenos Aires ; population, 12,500 ; on the Parana River; 56 miles (92 km.) from Buenos Aires, via Central Argentine Railroad ; train time, 1J hours ; fare. 5.05 pesos. Perry^ boats of Entre Rios -Railway to Entre Rios and Corrientes. Hotels: El Globo, Italia, San Martin. Industries : Paper mills; meat pack- ing, etc. Bank ; Banco de la Nation Argentina. URUGUAY. ' ; Location. — This is one of the smaller but one of the most progres- sive South American Republics. It is bounded on the north by Brazil, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by River Plata and Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by Argentina. .. Topography. — The most notable feature of Uruguay is its extent of rolling plains. The land slopes gently toward the west, south, and east, and forms the natural watersheds of the Plata River; the Uruguay, etc. The valleys thus formed are well suited for Taising sheep and cattle, the principal industry of the Republic. Climate.— The climate is temperate along the coast and ranges to subtropical in the north. It is at all times healthful, bracing, and pleasing. The mean temperature for the summer is about 72° F., and for the winter about 55° F. The maximum in the summer is 86°', the minimum in the winter, 36°. The annual rainfall is about 43 inches, providing a fairly abundant water supply. In August frosts are common in the uplands. Rain falls generally throughout the year, but the heaviest rains are in Hay and October. During winter there are " pamperos," or cold storms, which blow from the southwest. Seasons are approximately as follows: Spring, September, Octo- ber, November ; summer, December, January, February ; autumn, March, April, May;' winter, June, July, August. Rivers and Lakes. — Uruguay has over 700 miles (1,127 km.)- of navigable rivers, the principal ones being the Plata and Uruguay Rivers, which together furnish over 500 miles (800 km:)- There are 10 ports' on the Uruguay River which are open to interoceanic trade, namely: Carmelo, Nueva Palmira, Soriano, Fray Bentos, Nuevo Berlin, Casa Blanca, Paysandii, Nuevo Paysandu, Salto, and Santa Rosa. The Uruguay River is navigable by vessels of 14-foot draft as far as Paysandu, and above that for vessels of 9-foot draft. The Rio Negro is navigable by small steamers as far as Mercedes, and above that for light-draft vessels. Other rivers, all of which are navigable by ocean-going vessels for short distances, and for small craft into the interior, are the San Salvador, Cuareim, Yi, Tacuar- embo; Queguay, Arapey, Cebollati, Santa Lucia, San Jose, Yaguarbti, Olimar, Tacuari, Dayman, and San Luis. The only lake of importance is Lake Merim, on the border of Brazil. A regular line of steamers maintains communication be- tween the different towns along its shores. Inhabitants.— About 25 per cent' of the people are foreign born, the Italians and Spanish predominating; French, British, Swiss, German, and other nationalities are also represented. A consider- 607 608 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. able proportion of the remainder are " criollos," or descendants of the Spanish and other foreign immigrants. Area and Population. — The area exceeds that of New England. The population is estimated at about 1,450,000, or approximately 20 per square mile. The statistics of population by Departments, given in the table below — which also gives the areas of the Depart- ments — are for December, 1916: > T 'J Departments'. Topnla-, ' ' tian, 1916. Population per square. mile. Artigas Canelones Cerro Largo — Colonia Durazno Flores Florida Maldonado Minas Montevideo Paysandu RioNegro Bivera Rocha Salto. San Jose Soriano Tacuarembo... Treintay Tres. Total. Square miles. 4,394 1,834 5.763 2:193 5,525 U« 4,673 1,587 4,819 256 5,115 3,269 3,793 4,280 4,855 ■ 2,688 3,560 8,112 " 3,682 ,37,350 - 112,092 56,272 SO, 275 53,785 59,916 38,955 65,893 373,961 65,915 35,714 44,824 45,369 ■ 74; 415 ; 59,53* 54,018 58,708 39 y 180 72,152. 1,378,808 : 8.5 61.1 9,7 36.6 -9.7 T3.0 12.8 24.5 J3.7 1,460.8 12.9 . 10.J9 1LS 10.* '. 1&.8 22.2 J5.1 7.'2 • 10.6 19.1 Industries.— Uruguay is primarily a pastoral country and stock raising is by far the principal industry. Agriculture is,, however, growing ; in, importance,, the leading products bejjng wheat, corn, iand oats, While. Jiie country has numerous deposits of various minerals, mining is little developed. Uruguay has numerous quarries with abundant supplies pt building and paving- stonej the development of which is limited by high cost of extraction ;ancl transportation. .The,' leading , manufacturing industries are such as are derived from stock, raising and agriculture. Foremost among them stand meat packing, represented by three large freezing establishments, an important extract factory, and smaller concerns engaged in. can- ning and salting. Other industries derived from, stock raising are tanning, manufacturing of .'shoes, leather goods, apd, woolen textiles. ^Jrugiiay also has flour mills, a sugar refinery, a cement pjant, brick arid tile factories, cotton-weaving mills, breweries, match factories, a paper mill, furniture factories, glass factories, cigarette factories, machine stops, efx., most of these being, merely -minor industries depending largely on ijnports for their raw materials. , Mineral Wealth. — There is a considerable amount of mineral wealth, but at present chiefly stone and sand are being exported. TJRUGTJAY. 609 Gold, copper, manganese, and petroleum have been found. The out- look for mineral development is promising. Agricultural Wealth.-^Live stock constitutes the most important source of Uruguay's national income. Cattle raising and sheep herding are particularly profitable. Wool, hides, skins, jerked beef, refrigerated beef, beef extract, etc., are exported. Several of the large American meat, packers haye packing houses here. The chief crops are wheat, corn, flax, oats, and barley. Other products of the soil are tobacco* Unseed^: alfalfa, and potatoes. Foreign Trade. — Uruguay is dependent upon imports for manu- factured goods of almost every description — iron andsteel products, other metals, all kinds of textiles, industrial chemicals, drugs, build- ing material, lumber, fuel and a considerable variety of food prod- ucts. The following general headings occupy first rank in import statistics: Food products and beverages, industrial raw materials and machinery (including coal), dry goods, hardware (including paper and naval stores), building materials. Over 90 per cent of Uruguayan exports are furnished Thy Stock-raising and derived' in- dustries, the principal items being wool, meat products, hides, fats, and live animals.' Grain' has been exported in years of abundant crops. Minor exports are stone, sand, ostrich feathers, sealskins, and limited quantities of manufactured articles, which find a' market in neighboring countries. Tariff Systems and 'Customs 'Policy.— The' fariff system of Uru- guay is nominally ad valorem, although the rates of duty are in most instances based on 'fixed official valuations instead of on the commercial or invoice, value. The general rate, of duty is 31 per cent, to which must be 1 added' vaTioiis 'surtaxes, amounting in all to 14 per cent, the whole duty of 45 per Cent being assessed as a rule on fixed official valuations. 'These valuations have not received general revision since lOl^ arid were estimated to be on an average ao'out 80 per cent below the Actual c. i. f. Montevideo value of imports^ in 1917. Many of the rates on finished articles are much higher than on the same goods lacking the final process, arid the tendency of recent legislation is to protect Uruguayan industries. Exemption from nort duties has heen accorded to raw "materials required by a considerable number of industries, as well as certain agricultural implements and supplies. There are no preferential or conventional duties dffectirigthe products of American exporters and their European competitors. Language. — Spanish. "' / ^ ; *" Currency. — Uruguay has a gold standard, but has never coined any gold pieces. The gold coins which cireulate ; 'iri the Republic come from foreign: nations,. These have.a value established by law. The unit of value is a "peso, of 100* ceritesltnos, valued in United States gold at $1,034. The silver coins are 1 peso, 50 a.nd 20 cen- tesimos. Minor coins are, the 5, %, and 1 centesimo pieces. Weights and.Measures. — The metric system oifweight,? and meas : ures is. tdie official one and no other system is permitted. Pqstag^— First-claqs letter postage to and -from ;the United States is 5 cents for first ounce and 3 cents for each additional ounce ,pr ; fractional part thereof. 610 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Telegraph Bates.^-Ordinary telegrams may toe seat at the rate of 30 cents for the first 10 words and 2 cents for each additional word ; urgent telegrams at double rates ; address- and signature axe not taken into consideration. • > .... - Cable Sates. — To New York, 50 cents per word. - TRAVEL ROUTES: LINES FROM NEW TORE. Lamport & Holt Line. — British steamers ; Pier 8* Brooklyn, Wall Street Ferry. Departures for Barbados ; Trinidad; Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Santos, Brazil ; Montevideo; Uruguay,; and Buenos Aires, Argentina.- Sailings semimonthly. Average time to Monte- video, 20 days ', fare, ,$305. Distance, 6,109 nautical miles;. . i, Munson Line. — Office, 67 Wall Street. Sailings from Pier:.3,j Hoboken, for Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. Sailings semimonthly. . Fare to Montevideo, $345; average time, 16 days. Norton Line;— ^Norton, Lilly & Oo^ agents, Produce Exchange Building. Sailings from Pier "67, North River (West Twenty- seventh Street), every three months. Fare to Montevideo, $225. COAST AND RIVER SERVICE. -'.-,--, ., The tompahia. Argentina de Navegaeion (Mihanovich Line/ main- lainsrservfce as follows: , Uruguay River Line. — 'Departures from Montevideo and Buenos Aires for Nueva Palmira, Soriano, Mercedes, Gualegaaychu, Fray Bentos, Concepcion del Uruguay, Paysandn,. Colon, Concordia, and Salto, and return; transshipment at Buenos Aires. Steamers Washington and Triton p Paris'. Departures from Buenos Aires Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays at 3 p. m. ; returning from. Salto Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 850 a. m. Farejfrom Buenos Aires to Salto, one way, 28 Argentine pesos; round; trip 50.40 pesos. Buenos Aires-Montevideo Line. — Steamers Ciudad de Buenos and Ciudad de Montevideo* Departures every night from each place a£. 10 o'clock. Fare, 25 to 40 Aigehtine, pesos. Distance, 120 nauti- cal miles. .,'•;, Buenos Aires to Carmelo. — Leave Buenos Aires Wednesdays and Sundays at 8 a. m.; leave Carmelo Mondays and Thursdays at. 8 a. m. Stops at intermediate points. OTKER LINES VISITING MONTEVIDEO. The traveler may. frequently take advantage of the sailings of various European litfes that makes Montevideo a port of call. In- formation concerning these lines should he sought locally. Among the lines that have more or less frequent sailings are the following: Italian Lines. — La Veloce, Lloyd Italiano, Lloyd Sabaudo, Lloyd Bfasileiro. tJKUGUAY. 611 British Lines. — Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., White Star Line, $tc. French Lines.^-Chargeur Reunis, Compagnie deNav^gaeioa Sud Atlantique, etc. ' ,.-,',, .,-., ,. v Spanish Lines. — Transatlantica de Barcelona Pinillos, Iaquierdo y Cla., etc. <•■ -.:-..-■■:'. .- ,. .. : . .•,,->; . ; ■ ,, Dutch Line.— Royal Holland Lloyd* , , ; CANVASSING URUGUAY. s SALESMEN'S ; SAMPLES.— Samples which are plainly of no value, or which have been rendered unsalable through iiuutilatjQnp riiay enter without bond; Samples which: have a value. may be entered upon giving a bond providing for their 1 reexports ti on within 90 days. If samples are declared as such upon importation and -duty is paid, the sum is refunded upon reexportation, With a deduction of 10 or 15 per cent. 1 Reexportation through,' other than port of entry fs- definitely prohibited. Practically all entries and departures are mad# through the port of Montevideo. -.■ \ ■■■_ TRAVELERS? T A XES.— The law of Uruguay, compels traveling representatives, before beginning business; to 1 obtain a license. This is issued by the Direocidn de Impuestos yDerechbs. It is valid for one year 1 tend' : costs 200 pesos' ($206.80) in the Department of. Montevideo and 100 pesos ' ■<•- • . -i ■. CANVASSING' THE REPUBLIC;— The chief city of Uruguay is- the capital, Montevideo, which is generally:! chosen for the: estab- lishment of an agency. Some travelers who prefer, to work Uruguay from Bue'fios Aires make the? trip bverBigBt by comfortable steamers. The cities of Paysandu and Salto are sometimes included in the itinerary of travelers wishing to do 'business with certain firms located in ! these places who' are accustomed to- making direct im- portations. *" As a rule, h6wever, the chief distributing houses in Montevideo may be depended 'Upon : to ! thoroughly canvass the smaller places, and the traveler should' make a thorough jnvestiga-: tion bef of e? •undertaking trips. < -i ..,.." 612 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEBICA. Methods of Working. — When distribution is, done through whole- sale dealers, it is the custom to sell only to the large houses in Montevideo. The wholesale importers of Montevideo regularly visit -the dealers in the interior or " camp i"-< from "campo," meaning country). It is impossible to sell wholesale importers, and- expect to do business with their customers." r j — .,_;k* a-,j , Numerous houses of Buenos Aires also canvass the small towns of Uruguay. .//'-.': '" '* '■ -"' : • -" '•, ^ ; Duty on Advertising Matter. — A reasonable quantity of advertis- ing matter is admitted free. The duty on ^advertising matter, ac- cording to the tariff, ranges from $0.96 to $1.46 per pound. It is dependent upon the number of colors used in printing and whether or not calendars are included. Best Visiting Time. — Uruguay generally- has a very pleasant cli- mate. The sale of goods depends upon the. seasons and conditions which prevail in the individual lines of merchandise; Agencies.-?— It is desirable to consider Montevideo and Uruguay as distinct from the Argentine territory. Agencies exclusive for Uruguay should be established in Montevideo. There.: are many advantages, but one of the most important is the fact,. that the agent in Montevideo is' constantly in touch with the trade. The market is important enough to warrant separate arrangements. Hotels. — In Montevideo the better hotels- charge, from $3 to $5 per day (American' plan) ; others $2 to $3 per day. In; the smaller towns the rates vary, but the average rate is from $2 to $3. per day. As in all Latin-American countries, in most of the small. places the accommodations are inferior. In Montevideo European plan may be obtained. There are good restaurants. On the beach at Monte- video are a number of hotels which are open during the summer months only, • There are also several shore hotels open throughout the whole year, but their rates during the summer months are higher. Eailroads. — The total mileage in Uruguay in 1917 approximated 1,647 (about 2,650 km.).' The starting point is Montevideo, and the Central Uruguay Eailway has numerous branches; covering the entire country very thoroughly. A study of the map will show how well- Uruguay has already been developed, and. other necessary lines are in prospect.' - ...-,. Highways:— In addition to the railroad development, considerable attention has been paid to the ordinary roads, rand those places which are not accessible by railroads eahigRgily* fcgr reached -by vehicular transportation. Practically all *>f.the towns which, are «£ interest 'to the majority of the salesmen can be reached by, rail. The total of national roads is 2*240. miles. Of departmental roads 3;lfK) milest 200 beingrlnacadamized. There is also a very extensive system of river ^transportation. ,,, . -, •, Rail-way Guide.— The ExpresoVillalonga, having its main office in Buenos Aires, and branch offices^ in . Montevideo and Asuncion, can render the traveler milch: assistance. It publishes a monthly raflroadguid6'andtime-table.:!i ...- Baggage. — When salesmen become members, of an association en- titling them to special baggage rates, this privilege is extended to them. The fee is $10. URUGUAY. 613 Companii Expreso Internacional. — Travelers will find the serv- ice of the Companfa Expreso Internacional very useful. This com- pany maintains relations with all the railroads and the best hotels in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It issues hotel coupons and travel orders for anything from a straight journey to the most extended tour. The rates charged are not more than the ordinary current rates and in some cases they are lower. The company has offices in Rio de Janeiro (Avenida Rio Branco 184), Buenos Aires (Pasaje Guemes), and Montevideo. RAILROADS. Central Uruguay Railroad. — Montevideo to the Rio Negro, 169 miles (273 km.); Sayago to Manga, 8 miles .(13 km.) ; 25 de Agosto to San Jose, 20 miles (33 km.). Western Extension: San Jose to Mai Abrigo, 22 miles (36 km.) ; Mai Abrigo to Mercedes, 104 miles (168 km.) ; Mai Abrigo to Rosario, 29 miles (48 km.) ; Rosario to Colonia, 41 miles (66 km.) ; Rosario to Sauce, 13 miles (21 km.). Northern Railroad: Rio Negro to Rivera, 185 miles (297 km.). Uruguay East Coast Railroad. — :01mos to Maldonado, 70 miles (114 km.). Northern Railway of Montevideo. — Montevideo to Barra de Santa Lucia, 14 miles (23 km.). Midland Uruguay Railroad.-r-Rio Negro to Paysandu and Salto, 198 miles (318 km.) ; Algorta to Fray Bentos, 85 miles (138 km.) ; Tres Arboles to Piedra Sola, 31 miles (51 km.). Northwestern Uruguay Railroad. — Salto to Santa Rosa and Cuareim, 112 miles (181 km.). Uruguay Northern Railway. — Isla de Cabellos to Artigas, 71 miles (114 km.). Distances. — Prom Montevideo to: Artigas, 508 miles (812 km.) ; Canelones, 27 miles (43 km.) ; Cerro Largo, 310 miles (500 km.) ; Colonia del Sacramento, 153 miles (245 km.) ; Durazno, 127 miles (203 km.) ; Florida, 64 miles (103 km.) ; Fray Bentos, 244 miles (392 km.) ; Maldonado,. 109 miles ;(175 km.) ; Mercedes, 186 miles (300 km.) ; Minas, 78 miles (124 km.) ; Paysandu, 298 miles (479 km.) ; Riveria, 352 miles (567 km.) ; Rocha, 150 miles (240 km.) ; Salto, 366 miles (590 km.) ; San Fructuoso, 277 miles (446 km.) ; San Jose de Mayo, 60 miles (96 km.) ; Treinta y Tres, 192 miles (309 km.) ; Trinidad, 136 miles (220 km.). From Paysandu to: Fray Bentos, 62 miles (100 km.) ; Salto, 90 miles (144 km.). All-Rail Route, Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro. — Trains leave Montevideo on Saturday at 18.35 o'clock, arrive at. Sao Paulo on Thursday at 7.30 and Rio de Janeiro same day at 1852. (Uruguay and Brazil use the 24-hour clock.) Fares : Montevideo to Santa Anna, 14.34 Uruguayan pesos ; Santa Anna to Marcellino Ramos, 29$200 (Brazilian currency) ; Marcel- lino Ramos to Unaio do Victoria, 10$300; Unaio do Victoria to Ponta Grossa, 12$800; Ponta Grossa to Itarare, 19$700; Itarare to Sao Paulo, 25$100 ; ;Sao Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, 32$100. The dis- tance from Montevideo to Rio de Janeiro is 1,993 miles (3,215 km.). 90821° — 22 40 614 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ITINERARIES. If the traveler uses Montevideo as a base, the outline suggested below will, probably be the most satisfactory. The towns can, of course, be visited in a different order than the one given. By con- sulting the time tables it will be found that in a number of instances some towns, such as Fray Bentos, Paysandu, and Salto, can also be reached by river steamers. The route outlined is only for the purpose of suggestion. From Montevideo, by Central Uruguay Railway, to Canelones, Florida, "Durazno, Rivera, Minas, Colonia, Cerro Largo. From Durazno, by Midland Railway, to Fray Bentos, Paysandu, and Salto. From Montevideo, by East Coast Railway, to Rocha and Mal- donado. From Montevideo to Rio de- Janeiro by railroad, via Rio Negro, Rivera, Santa Maria. Passo Fundo, Marcelliho Ramos, Unaio de Victoria, Ponta Grossa, Itarare, and Sao Paula Holidays.— The population is largely Roman Catholic, and many of the feast days of the church are scrupulously observed^ The fol- lowing paragraph gives the list of holidays officially recognized, on which days business is suspended, except in the smaller towns: January 1, New Year's Day ; February 3, Battle of Monte Caseros ; February 28, Proclamation of Independence; May 18, Battle of Las Piedras; May 25, Independence of Plate River Provinces; July 4, American Independence Day; July 14, Fall of the Bastile; July 18, Constitution Day ; August 25, Independence of Uruguay ; Sep- tember 20, Italian Liberty Dayj October 12, Columbus Day; De- cember 25, Christmas Day. In addition to these, April 18, : 19, and 20 are celebrated every four years (coincident with leap year), in memory of the Landing of Uruguayan Patriots. General Directory. — Almanaque : Gula " El Siglo." Published by Castells & Cfa., Juan Carlos Gomez 1386, Montevideo, Uruguay.' CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Uruguay which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ARTIGAS, capital of Department of Artigas ; population, 10,000 ; situated on west bank of Cuareim River; 508 miles (812 km.) from Montevideo and 110 miles (176 km.) from Salto. Principal prod- ucts : Cattle and agricultural produce. Customhouse agents : Vic- tor Madrazo, Domingo Ornetti. How Reached. — From Montevideo by Northern Uruguayan Rail- way. Customhouse Brokers. — Horacio Berdon, Ambrosio Vellozas. Hotels. — Concordia, Oronoz. URUGUAY, 615 iT Zunjzu^Cu&tia :una ^ Bofoland^ Jrujfuayana r \ Tres CrWes| H uarijnim ^Jiv. _^c pQuatahv ZanialHonde P\/ S.Eu!rOnio\- \ Cuit6l ' N A R\ T l7G A S J\, "^Jsta Cateiios .Quebra/ IP a/y S. A^N P 0/ S ' fBehaco', ropesM enen Hg2& / ^ Cardoso J f: >C--/— S.lsibell /aS ^S ,* 9 Pansli\ D U R A 2 N ,/MollesT Co 1 "^ ^'WuiffR^Uillas SoasA £n / ~ «v>* Dnrazii' Nico Pere Hlesys T? ota < D / I ^ rguak >l'edoi.„. WJ< S.Uu'S. izuela| nia. >*S.Jos5 &■ Buixog* 4? ^ ■«& tfaldratado MONTEVIDEO -p*,^ Ulan . "< l6t»CH»l aPAfTIKG CO.IKC.H.Y.slfi* ?t.DE FLORE6 ^/•^ "VI.DE LOB LGBOS '•* Map 35. — Uruguay. 616 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. "Bank.— -Banco de la Republica. gNbte. — This is one of the smaller towns, but a busy commercial place ; rather a large trade with Brazil ; not generally canvassed by foreign salesmen because of its distance from Montevideo ; might pay to work in certain lines. CANELONES (OR GUADALUPE), capital of Department of Canelones; population, 10,000; 27 miles (43 km.) from Montevideo. Principal product, cereals. Industries: Flour mills and agricul- ture. How Beached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguayan Rail- way. Banks. — Sucursal (branch) del Banco de.la Republica Oriental del Uruguay; Banco de Seguros del Bstado (agency). Note. — Because of its dose proximity to Montevideo, the mer- chants here depend largely upon the importers of the capital, and the town is worked usually only by those who canvass closely. CERRO LARGO (MELO), Department of Cerro Largo; popula- tion,, 15,000; on an affluent of the. Tacuary River;. 310 miles (500 km.) from Montevideo. Principal products: Grain, wool, hides, coal,* copper, lead, granite. Industry, cattle raising. There are three flour mills. How. Reached. — From Montevideo or Florida .by Central Uru- guayan Railroad. Banks. — Banco de la Republica; Banco Hipotecario del Uruguay. Hotels.— Espafiol, Internacional. ._ _ Note. — This place is of considerable importance owing to the rich agricultural district which surrounds it. The volume of business is fairly large. Its chief dependence is on the importers of Monte- video, and it is usually worked only by those who canvass small towns. COLONIA DEL SACRAMENTO, capital of -Department of Co- lonia; situated on a peninsula on Plata River, opposite Buenos Aires (15 miles distant), below island of Martin Garcia; 153 miles (245 km.) from Montevideo ; population, 15,000. Principal products : Leather, : wodl, meat, meat extract, live stock. Lloyd's subagent, A. H. Coaker. Customhouse brokers : Manuel Caballero ; Suarez y Cia. How Reached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguay Railway ; also by coastal steamers. Bank. — Banco de la Republica. Hotels. — Del Ruso, Esperanza, Garden, Brighton, Casino. Note. — This place is located in the center of a rich agricultural and cattle country ; chiefly depends on the importers of Montevideo ; canvassed usually only by those who visit small towns. DURAZNO, capital of Department of Durazno; population, 17,000; on the south- bank of the Yi River; 127 miles (203 km.) from Montevideo. Products, cattle, grain, wheat Industries: Soap and candle factories. How Reached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguay Railway ; 5-hour journey. Hotels.— Ferrocarril, Iberico, Oriental, Naciones, Continental, Coinercio. TJRTTGTXAY. 61-7 Banks. — Banco de la Kepublica ; Banco de Seguros del Estado (G. R Nogueira, agent). Note. — Durazno is canvassed usually by those who work the small towns. Considerable volume of business is done with Montevideo. This is an important distributing center for the surrounding country. FLORIDA, capital of Department of Florida ; population, 10,000 ; on junction of Pintado and Santa Lucia Ohico Rivers ;• 64 miles (103 km.) from Montevideo. Principal product, cereals. Industry, cattle raising. « How Reached. — From Montevideo, by Central Uruguayan Rail- way, 3 hours; from Durazno, by Central Uruguayan Railway, 2 hours. Bank.— r-Banco de la Republica. Hotels. — Pastorizo, Fernandez, Anchustequi. Mote.— -Florida is chiefly dependent on the grain trade. The wealth of the surrounding country is great. Merchants usually make their purchases in Montevideo, which is not far distant Can- vassed as a rule only by those who work very closely. '. FRAY BENTOS, capital of Department of Rio Negro; popula- tion, 12,000 ; situated on east bank of Uruguay River, about 50 miles (80 km.) above its mouth; 62 miles (100 km.) south of Pay- sandu and 244 miles (392 km.) from Montevideo. Principal prod- ucts: Fruit, cereals, hides, wool, preserved meat, lumber. Indus- tries : Manufacture of meat extracts and meat preserving. Lloyd's agent, Mariano Suarez. Customhouse, brokers, Balestrino Hnos. How Reached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguay Railway via Mercedes, thence by automobile ; from Buenos Aires by Mihano- vich Line steamers. Hotel. — San Martin. Bank. — Banco de la Republica; Note. — This place is famous for the large plant of Liebig's Ex- tract of Meat Co. It is easily accessible from Montevideo. Some direct importing is done, but in the main the business is with Monte- video. • i MALDONADO, capital of Department of Maldonado ; population^ 4,000; situated at the mouth of the River Plate; 109 miles (175- km.) east of Montevideo. Principal products: Copper, limestone, corn, wheat, wine, hides, meats, leather, butter, and cheese. Lloyd's agent, H. W. Burnett. How Reached. — From Montevideo, by Central and East Coast Railways; 54-hour journey; fare, $5.30; also by steamers. Auto- mobile service to near-by towns. Bank. — Banco de la Republica. Note. — This is the port for the mining district of Minas; not important from a commercial standpoint; dependent chiefly upon Montevideo; not visited, as a rule, by foreign salesmen, except those who canvass closely. I MERCEDES, Department of Soriano; population, 25,000; on Rio Negro (south bank)-, 30 miles (48. km.) above its confluence with the Uruguay River; 186 miles (300 km.) from Montevideo; 22 miles 618 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. (35 km.) from Fray Bentos. Principal products: Cattle, wool, agri- culture. * i . How Beached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguayan Bail- way, western extension; fare, $10.28. Auto service to Dolores and Fray Bentos. There is also a small steamer on the Bio Negro to Rio Uruguay, where passengers change to the large vessels which ply between Salto and Montevideo. Customhouse Agents. — Francisco Casta, Eleuterlo Horetti. Banks. — Banco de la Republica ; Banco Italiano ; Banco Britanico de la America del Sud. Hotels. — Comercio, Paris, Universal. Note. — This place is a well-known health resort. An important trade in cattle and wool is carried on. The merchants do most of their purchasing in Montevideo. KIN AS, capital of Department of Minas; population, 15,000; 78 miles (124 km.) from Montevideo. Principal products: Gold, sil- ver, lead, antimony, marble, and granite. How Beached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguayan Rail- way. ■ Banks. — Banco de la Republica; Banco Nacional (agency). Hotels. — Garibaldi, Oriental. Note.TT-Tbis is the center of a very rich district, which possesses great mineral wealth, but very little exploited. Business is usually done with Montevideo. As a rule, Minas is canvassed only by those who work closely. MONTEVIDEO, capital of the Republic; population, about 500,000 ; on left bank of River Plate ; steamers lie alongside wharf ; climate; temperate; 125 miles (200 km.) east of Buenos Aires, Argentina: 298 miles (479 km.) from Paysandu; 1,993 miles (3,215 km.) from Rio de Janeiro by rail. Principal products: live stock, hides and skins, wool, and packing-house products. Industries: Packing houses, flour and paper mills, tanneries, cigar, cigarette, soap, candle, shoe, textile, and knit goods factories, sugar refinery, breweries. American minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Edward Cooper- & Son. Electric cars to all parts of eity. Automobiles, first hour, $3.50; each succeeding . quarter hour, 65 cents ; minimum fare, $2, There are also several grades of taxicabs, each with a different tariff. Cabs, $1 per hour. ,. . How Beached.— From Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Mihanovich Line, Cia Alemana de Vapores, nightly service. From Salto and Paysandu by railroad or steamers. Through train service between Montevideo and Sao Paulo, Brazil; trains leave Montevideo on Saturdays and Sao Paulo on Wednesdays; fare, $47, plus $14 for lower berth. Banks.— National City Bank of New York, Zabala 1451 ; Royal Rank of Canada, Gerrlto 410 ; Aleman Transatlantic, Zabala, 1463 ; rAnglo Sudamericano (Ltd.), Zabala, corner Piedras; Britanico de la America del Sud, Zabala 1480; Comercial, Cerrito 400; Caja Na- cional de Ahorros y Descuentos, Colonia 751 ; Cobranzas, Locacion y Anticipos, Sarandi 402; Credito, Misiones 1423; Espanol del Jtio de la Plata, 25 de Mayo 401 ; Frances-Snpervielle y Cia. t 25 de Mayo 327; Hipotecario del Uruguay, Misiones 1435; Italiano del TJKTJGTTAY. 619 Uruguay, Cerrito 428; Italo Belga, Zabala 1412; Londres y Brazil, Zabala 1477 ; Londres y Rio de la Plata, Cerrito 418 ; Popular del Uruguay, 25 de Mayo 402; Banco de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay, Cerrito 399. Principal Hotels. — Gran Hotel Lanata,* Sarandi 325 ; Alhambra,* Sarandi and Bartolome Mitre; Hotel Colon, Rincon and Bartolome Mitre ; Oriental, Solis 1536. Suburban Hotels. — Pocitos,* at Pocitos (closed April to Decem- ber) ; Carrasco,* at Carrasco (12 miles from city) ; Parque,* at Parque Rodo; Palace,*' at Pocitos (open in summer only). The suburban hotels are located on the beach and during the summer season are most attractive. Although about one-half hour's ride from the business community, they offer a delightful change from the work of the day. Customhouse Brokers. — Gilberto Corradi & Gia. Misienes 157S ; Delfino Hnos., Cerrito 444 ; Aquiles I. Favaro, Piedras 412 ; Rodolfo Favaro, Juan C. Gomez 1463; Alberto Lalanne, Zabala 1475^ Juan J. Prada, Piedras 419 ; Vecino y Cia., Piedras 359. ■ Note. — This is the capital and chief city of Uruguay. It is gen- erally visited from Buenos Aires, from which it is easily accessible. All steamers plying between the River Plate and Europe and North America call at Montevideo. In Montevideo! there are numerous wholesale importing houses who canvass the Whole of the Republic of Uruguay. Some business Is also done with the State of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil. Monte- video is a progressive city with modern facilities and conditions similar to those of Buenos Aires. The interior is more closely popu- lated than is the case in Argentina. Houses here canvass the mer- chants of the interior regularly, and with the exception of a few concerns in Cerro Largo, Paysandu, and Salto, most of the houses in the interior are dependent upon the importers of Montevideo. The merchants of Montevideo as a class enjoy a very high reputa- tion for sound business methods. When conditions are normal, very large purchases are made. Practically all kinds of goods are sold. Agencies may be advantageously established in Uruguay, it^ being generally found desirable to divide the territory and operate inde- pendently of Argentina. Practically all salesmen find it advan- tageous la devote sufficient time to Montevideo. PAYSANDU, Department of Paysandu ; population, 30,000 ; situ- ated on east bank of Uruguay River j: 90 miles (144 km.) from Salto; 298 miles (479 km.) from Montevideo < by rail). Principal products : Cattle, maize, wheat, alfalfa, wine, fruit. Industries : Meat preserving, soap factories, tanneries, shoe factories. ". Lloyd's agent, Martin Majo (Hijo). Customs agents: Martin Majo (Hijo) ; Lorenzo Marcenaro ; Florentino Arreseigos. > ■ How Beached. — From Salto by Midland Railway, 3J hours ; also by Mihanovitch Line; from Montevideo by railroad ; fare, $15 ; also by Mihanovitch Line ; from Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Mihanovitch Line. Hotels. — Concordia, Paris, Central, Bayonne, Del. Vapor. ■? ; Banks. — Banco de la Republica; Banco I taliano del -Uruguay ; Banco de Seguros del Estado (Julio E. Riero, agent) ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata. 620 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This is a very important commercial center, worthy, of a visit. A great business is carried on in agricultural products, cattle, hides, wool, wine, etc. There is some direct importing, but the majority of dealers depend upon the houses of Montevideo. RIVERA, Department of Rivera ; population, 10,000 ; opposite Santa Ana on the frontier of Brazil; northern terminus of: Central Uruguay Railway; 352 miles (567 km.) from Montevideo. Prod- ucts: Cattle, rice, -farina, tobacco, wood, yerba mats. Industries: Rice mill, sawmill, yerba mate factory. How Reached. — Montevideo by railroad ; trains leave Montevideo and Rivera on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. From Santa Ana de Livramento trains leave dally' except. Sundays for the interior of Brazil, i Trains from Brazil also- arrive daily, except Sundays. Hotels. — Oomercio, Central, Nuevo.* Customhouse Brokers. — Ramon Hurtado, Elvaro E. Arzeno, Luis F. Garcia, Antonio F. Mariante, Miguel Bartolome, and Juan Catum- bert. * • . Banks. — Banco de la Republica ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata. -■•"'-"■ Note.— Considering the size of the town,, a very considerable busi- ness is carried on. There are a number of firms who carry well- assorted stocks and whose annual sales reach considerable figures. Daily train service to the interior of Brazil with the exception of Sundays. ROCHA, capital of Department of Rocha; population, 12,000; 9 miles (14 km.) from Lake Rocha, 150 miles (240 km.) from Monte- video, and 12 miles (19 km.) from La Paloma. Principal products: Agricultural produce and cattle. How Reached. — From Montevideo,- by East Coast Railway. Bank.— Banco de la Republica. t Hotels.— Auarte, Roma. Note.— Rocha is not generally visited by foreign salesmen. . Mer- chants here are mostly supplied by importers of Montevideo. SALTO, Department of Salto; population, 30,000; a port on east- ern bank of Uruguay River, 12 miles (19 km.) below rapids, which mark the limit for steam navigation; 366 miles (590 km;), from Montevideo by land ; 90 miles (144 km.) from Paysandu ; 221 miles (356 km.) from Buenos Aires by water. Principal "products: Oranges, agricultural produce, etc. Industries: Cattle raising, wine making, abattoirs. Customhouse brokers: Argante-Preve,^ Federico de Ids Santos, Juan O. Irigoyen.. How Reached.- — From Montevideo by Central Railway to Paso'de los Toros, thence Midland Railway (17 hours) ; fare, $20.39; also by water via Mihanovitch Line. From Buenos Aires by Mihanovitch Line. From Paysandu by Mihanovitch Line ; also by " railroad. Auto service to near-by towns. Banks.— -Banco de la Republica ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata. Hotels. — Salto, Espafiol, Concordia; Note. — Salto is the center of an important and prosperous cattle district, noted for the quantity and quality of its stock. A consider- TJRT7GTMY. .621 able volume of trade Is transacted with the surrounding country, including Brazil. There is some direct importing, but the mer- chants chiefly depend upon the- dealers of Montevideo. Salto has intimate relations with the Argentine city of Concordia, across the river. It is well worth a visit. SAN FBUCTUOSO. See Tacuarembo.: H0< T \ TACUAREMBO, capital of Department of Tacuarembo ; popula- tion, 9,000 ; situated on right bank of Tacuarembo River ; 277 miles (446 km.) from Montevideo and 72 miles (115 km.) from Brazilian boundary. Principal products : Tobacco, lumber, white marble, rock crystal. Industry : Gattle raising. Considerable trading in wool, hides, and skins. How Beached. — From Montevideo by Central Kailway of Uru- guay. Hotels. — Central, Espanol, -International, Oriental. Bank. — Banco de la Republica. Note. — Tacuarembo does a fair volume of business, there being considerable wealth in the surrounding territory ; it is generally dependent upon the importers of Montevideo ; usually canvassed only by those who " make " the smaller towns. SAN JOSE DE MAYO, capital of Department of San Jose ; popu- lation, 13,000; on San Jose River, 60 miles (96 km.) from Monte- video. Principal products : Agricultural produce and cattle. In- dustries: Flour mills. How Beached. — From Montevideo, by Central Railway. Principal Hotels.— Lacava, Mauri, Ferreras. Bank. — Banco de la Republica ; Caja Popular. ^ Note.— This is an important and growing town with some direct importing but merchants are chiefly : supplied byr the dealers of Montevideo; as a rule, canvassed only by those who' visit the smaller places. TBEINTA Y TBES, capital of Department of Treinta y Tres; population, 7,709 ; on east bank of Arroyo del Yerbal ; 192 miles (309 km.) from Montevideo. Products: Cattle, cereals, fruits, wool, timber. How Beached. — From Montevideo by Central Uruguay Railroad. Banks. — Banco de la Republica. Note. — This town is located in an agricultural district, the products of which are cereals, fruits, etc. Cattle raising is also important. There is considerable business with Brazil, particularly in cattle, wool, woods, etc. Treinta y Tres is not far from the Brazilian border. Usually canvassed by the houses of Montevideo, but occasionally visited by foreign travelers. TRINIDAD, Department of Flores ; population, 10,000 ; 136 miles (220 km.) from Montevideo. Products: Cattle, cheese, butter; wool, etc. Industries : Agriculture, cattle raising, vermicelli, brick, and mosaic factories, vineyards, etc. How Beached. — From Durazo by automobile or railroad; three trains weekly from Montevideo via Durazno. Hotels. — Trinidad, Comercio, Restaurant Central, El Uruguayo. Banks. — Banco de la Republica ; Caja Popular. 622 GUIDE TO IATIKT AMERICA. Note.— A fair volume of business is done in this place. There are a number of important firms. Not generally! canvassed by foreign travelers, as most of : the merchants depend upon the importers of Montevideo. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge (approximately) their value or importance. Aguas Buenas, Department of Durazno; population, 5,000; 186 miles (300 km.) from Montevideo and 62 moles (100 km.) from Durazno. Nearest railway station Js Molles, on Central Railway. Carreteras to Durazno, Polonco, Sarandi del Yi, and Carmen. Bellaco, • Department of Baft Negro ; population, 2,000; 310- miles (500 km.) from Montevideo and 43 miles (70 km.) from Fray Ben- tos.) Railway from Algorta to 'Fray Bentos. Carreteras to Ou- chilla, Haedo, and Paysandu. Products: Linseed, wheat, corn, and cattle. '" Cannelo (Las Vacas), Department of Colonia; population, 9,350; on east bank of Uruguay River; 56 miles (90 km.?) from Monte- video and 61 miles (100 km.) from Colonia del Sacramento. Prod- ucts : Cereals, vegetables, and cattle. Industry, stone -quarries, Reached from Montevideo by Mihanovich Line. Hotels: Amorena, Rattaro. Dolores (Salvador), Department of Soriano; population, 7,900 l, port on the San Salvador, 19 miles (30 km.) from point where it empties into Uruguay. River; 31 miles (50 km.) from Mercedes, 245 miles (395 km.) from Montevideo, and 3J miles (6 km.) from General Fernandez (nearest railroad station). Products : Cereals, gold, silver, copper, coal, mercury. ,.-. Nueva Palmira, Department of Colonia; population, 6,000; 60 miles (99 km.) from Colonia del Sacramento and 20 miles (32 km.) above mouth of Uruguay River, at its confluence with the Parana. Products: Cereals and cattle. Reached by Mihanovich Line of steamers. - . Pando, Department of Oanelones ; population, 7,927 ; on La Plata River, 34 miles (55 km.) from Canelones (Guadalupe), and 22 miles (36 km.) from Montevideo ; on Central Uruguay Railway. Piedxas, Department of Oanelones; population, 8,100; 15 miles (25 km.) from Guadalupe (Canelones) and 12 miles (20 km.) from Montevldo; on Central Uruguay Railway. Ostrich feathers are produced here. Bosario, Department of Colonia ; population, 10,685 : 31 miles (50 km.) from Colonia del Sacramento and 112 miles (180 km.) from Montevideo 5. on Central Uruguay Railway ; branches from here to Colonia and to Sauce; active "port with import and export trade. Industries : Paper mills, woolen cloth factory, flour mills, distilleries. Products : Wheat, corn, cattle, hides, and skins. For a small eity this place is of considerable importance. A fair trade is carried URUGUAY. 623 on with the surrounding country. Merchants of Rosario supply themselves in Montevideo. Hotel, Etcheverry. Bank, Banco de la Republica. San Carlos, Department of Maldonado ; population, 5,200 ; 9 miles (15 km.) from Maldonado and 102 miles (165 km.) from Monte- video. Bank, Banco de la Republica. Merchants depend chiefly upon the importers of Montevideo. San Ramon, Department of Canelones; population, 5,955; on Santa Lucia River; 51 miles ,(82 km.) from Montevideo and 31 miles (50 km.) from Canelones (Guadalupe) ; on Central Uruguay Railway. Santa Lucia (San Juan Bautista), Department of Canelones ; pop- ulation, 4,000; on Santa Lucia River; 8 miles (13 km.) from Cane- lones (Guadaltipe)- and 37 miles (59 km.) from Montevideo; on Central Uruguay Railway; agricultural district. Bank, Banco de la Republica. Santa Rosa, Department of Artigas; population, 4,900; on left bank of Uruguay River; 15 miles (25 km.) from San Eugenio and 52 miles (84 km.) north of Salto. Products: Cereals, vegetables, grapes, oranges. On Northwestern Railway to Salto and to Uru- guayana in Brazil. Sauce, Department of Canelones; population, 7,200; on north bank of River Plate; 15 miles (25 km.) from Canelones and 23 miles (37 km.) from Montevideo; on Central Uruguay Railway. Prod- iicts : Com, wheat, and alfalfa. Industry : Flour mills.- PARAGUAY. Location. — Southwest of Brazil and northeast of Argentina. Bounded on the north and east By Brazil, on the southeast, south, and west by Argentina, and on the northwest by Bolivia. Area and Population. — Paraguay has an area estimated at 196,000 square miles. The population is probably in excess of 800,000 (about 5 per square mile). The estimate .in 1917 was over 1,000,000. Inhabitants. — The people are largely of. Guarani (Indian) and European blood. The Guarani predominates and the European element is chiefly Spanish. Physical Features. — Paraguay is one of the two inland countries of South America. It consists of a plain surmounted by low mountain ranges lying to the eastward. There is a considerable amount of forest area.. The extensive plain of the Gran Chaco in the western section affords excellent pasturage for cattle, and the mountain slopes are covered with forests. The Paraguay River di- vides the country into two sections, the eastern of which is the more important. Climate. — The climate is hot, but in the main healthful. The lower two-thirds of the Republic is within the Temperate Zone, and the upper one-third within the Tropics. Atmospheric conditions are modified by the numerous rivers and by several mountain chains. There are refreshing breezes from the south. The mean summer temperature is 81° P. ; winter, 63° F. The climate is subject to sudden changes of temperature. Thus, after several days of hot winds from the north, with increasing humidity to the point of saturation, there may ensue, after a short interval of calm, an abrupt shifting of the wind to the south. This change of wind brings rain, often torrential downpour, amounting to perhaps 5 or 6 inches in a few hours, and is quickly followed by a considerable drop in the temperature. It may fall 10° or even 30° within four or five hours. Seasons. — There is no special rainy season, although during Au- gust, September, and October the rains are heaviest, and most frequent. Roughly, the seasons are as follows : Summer, October to March ; winter, April to September. Rivers and Lakes. — Paraguay lies between the Paraguay and Parana Rivers, which connect at Curupaiti, in the extreme southern end of the Republic, and together with the Uruguay River form the great estuary of the Plata, one of the largest bodies of water in the world. The Parana River has a total length of 2,043 miles (3,288 km.) from its source in the Goyaz Mountains, Brazil, to its junction 624 PARAGTJAT. 625 with the Paraguay. It is navigable as far as the city of Cor- rientes, a distance of 676 miles (1,090 km.), by vessels of 12-foot draft. From that point to the Guayra Falls, about 676 miles (1,090 km.), it is navigable for small vessels. The Paraguay is the most important river of the Republic. It is navigable by vessels of 6 to 8 foot draft as far asthe cities of Asuncion and Villa Concep- cion, and beyond that for smaller' vessels for its entire length of 1,800 miles (2,896 km.). Cprumba, Brazil, and Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, are reached by this route. Other rivers, navigable for short distances, are the Jejuy, and Tebicuary, both affluents of the Paraguay River. The principal lakes' are Ipoa and Ipacaray. The former is over 100 square miles (259 sq. km.) in area. Both are navigable for small craft. Pastoral Products. — The country is well adapted, through its great extent of grazing land, to the raising of cattle. The frozen- meat industry is of considerable importance. There are millions of cattle, horses, mules, etc. Agricultural Wealth. — Tobacco growing is becoming more im- portant; orange groves are also adding to the wealth.' Coffee, rice, cotton, corn, and sugar are cultivated. Forest 'Wealth. — The most important product is yerba mat6, or Paraguay tea, which comes from the virgin forests, and of which many million pounds are annually produced. Quebracho wood and other timbers are shipped. Manufacturing Industries. — There are not many large factories in Paraguay, but numerous plants are devoted to the manufacture of small local needs. These include tanneries, breweries, furniture, shoe, and match factories. Mineral Wealth. — This has but slightly developed, and the pro- duction is as yet unimportant. language;- — Spanish ; of the mass of people, Guarani. Currency. — The unit of value is the gold peso, based on the Ar- gentine peso, valued at 50.965 United 'States gold. The currency is depreciated paper whose, conversion rate fluctuates widely. During 1921 the Paraguayan paper peso was worth about $0.05 United States currency. The gold unit is generally employed in reports of financial transactions, while the paper peso is the commercial currency. Weights and Measures.— The metric system prevails. Postage. — First-class rate from the United States is 5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fractional part thereof. There is also a parcel-post arrangement between the United States and Paraguay. TRAVEL ROUTES. Paraguay has no ocean port. The chief means of communication are the Parana and Paraguay Rivers. Asuncion, the capital, is now accessible by rail from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Following are the chief routes. 626 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. FROM BUENOS AIRES BT RAIL. Train leaves Lacroze (F. C. C. B. A.) twice a week for Asuncion. Time, one way, 53 hours ; rail, distance, 938 miles (1,514 km.). Fares. --The first-class fare between Buenos Aires and Asuncion is 71.15 Argentine paper pesos, or about $30.15. The second-class fare is 48.45 pesos. Round-trip tickets cost, respectively, 106.75 and 72.60 pesos. The train carries a , sleeper, the berth costing 14 pesos ($6) for the entire trip. A dining car is also carried, the meals being served on the table d'hote plan. The baggage allowance for each ticket is 40 kilos. Excess over that amount is paid for as follows: For the first 10 kilos at the rate of, 79 centavos per 5 kilos {about 3 cents per pound), and at the rate of 67 centavos per 5 kilos (about 2 J cents per pound) for all excess over 10 kilos. Time Required. — The schedule time for the " International " train is about two days and four hours. Leaving Asuncion at 7 a. m., the train reaches Encarnacion at 8 p. m. At this point it is ferried across to Posadas on the Argentine side, where it makes connections with the Argentine Northeastern Railway for Concordia. From Concordia it follows the line, of the Entre Rios Railway to Ibicuy on the Lower Parana^ .where it is ferried over to Zarate, From this point the train continues over the tracks of the Central of Buenos Aires, arriving in the Lacroze station at 11.10 a. m. on the third day out from Asuncion. Central Paraguay Railroad Passenger Service. — The company runs several local trains daily to points near Asuncion, one as far as Paraguari. Besides the " International," there is one train a week between Asuncion and Encarnacion, which makes the 230 miles in 15 hours. During the five months, May to September, which cover the tourist season in Paraguay, the company operates two trains a week between Asuncion and Buenos Aires. During the remainder of the year this is reduced to one through train. MIHANOVICH STEAMSHIP PASSENGER SERVICE. Places Reached. — The Mihanovich Co. maintains five passenger lines on the Paraguay, as follows: Buenos Aires to Asuncion, bi- weekly ; Asuncion to Corumba, bimonthly ; Asuncion to Bahia Negra, bimonthly ; Asuncion to Concepcibn to Puerto Max, weekly ; Asuncion to Pilar to Humaita, biweekly. There are two sailings per. week be- tween Posadas and Corrientes^ at which point connection is made with the boats from Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires-Asuncion Service. — The steamers in the Buenos Aires-Asuhcioh service leave Buenos Aires on Sundays and Thurs- days and Asuncion on the same days. Four steamers are employed on this run. The upriver trip requires a little over four days and the return about three days. The fares for passage between the two cities are as follows: First class, one way, 110 Argentine pesos ($46.75) ; round trip, 192.50 pesos ($81.75) ; second class, one way, 55 pesos ($23.35) ; round trip, 96.25 pesos ($40.90). The round-trip tickets are valid for three months. The baggage allowance is 50 kilos (110 pounds), but this maximum is liberally interpreted. Ac- PARAGUAY. 627 commodations are very comfortable, and in general the trip is one of the most pleasant that can be made in South America. Pares, North of Asuncion. — On the lines north of Asuncion, fares are higher and accommodations for travelers are poorer. Between Asuncion and Buenos- Aires the Mihanovich steamers are forced to compete with the " International " train, but in the Alto Paraguay there is no competition whatever. Stops are more frequent, as the steamers heave to at any estancia house on the banks where a signal gun is fired or for which there happens to be cargo or passengers. Moreover, the steamers tie up at the shore for two or three hours each day while enough firewood is taken on to stoke the boilers until another woodpile is reached the next day. This wood costs the com- pany at the rate of 3 centavos gold per stick. Time Required. — Although the service is much inferior to that on the larger Buenos Aires- Asuncion steamers, the boats themselves are comfortable and the scenery is more picturesque than in the more low-lying country through which the river flows to the south. The time ordinarily required for the trip between Asuncion and some of the more important points on the upper river is as follows : To Goneepcion, 40 hours upstream, 27 hours ; downstream ; Puerto Pinasco, 54 and 33 hours ; Bahia Negra, 84 and 77 hours ; Porto- Esperanca, 90 and 81 hours ; Corumba, 96 and 85 hours. The fare to Corumba is 90 gold pesos, or at the rate of over 11 cents per mile. A ticket purchased in Corumba for Asuncion costs 495 milreis (Brazilian), which is equivalent to approximately $125, or nearly 17 cents per mile. Distances Between Asuncion and Principal Points.— Approxi- mate distances (in miles) between Asuncion and the principal points on the upper and the lower river are as follows : Upper Kiver (Alto Paraguay): Concepcion, 250; San Salvador, 279 ; Puerto Pinasco, 328 ; Puerto Sastre, 400 ; Puerto Guarani, 476 ; Fuerte QHmpo, 504 ; Bahia Negra, 607; Porto Esperanca, 685; Corumba* 765. ; Lower Kiver (Paraguay-Parana-Plata) : Pilcomayo, Argentina, 16; San Antonio, 20; Villeta, 29; Formosa, Argentina, 120; Pilar, 194; Humaita, 219; Tres Bocas, 232; Corrientes, Argentina, 270; Santa Fe, 650 ; Rosario, 760 ; Buenos Aires, 1,023. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Samples without commercial value may be brought into Paraguay duty free. "Without commercial value" is interpreted to mean samples which can not be sold or used ; for instance, a single sock or shoe, a hat which has a hole punched in it or is in some other way rendered useless or unsalable, or pieces of cloth too small to be salable. Bond. — Samples which have value may bp imported upon payment of the duty specified in the customs tariff on the classification rep- resented by the sample. This amount *>f duty will be refunded upon the reexportation of the samples. Instead of making cash payment, bond can sometimes be arranged. 628 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Charges. — There are certain charges which are not refunded. These include wharfage and lighterage charges ($2.90 per 100 kilos or $1.32 per 100 pounds), statistical charge (one-twentieth of 1 per cent of value of goods imported), and a small sum for stamped paper in connection with the clearance of the goods through the cus- tomhouse. These charges are levied on all goods entering Paraguay. Reexportation. — Samples must be exported through original port of entry. The time limit for reexportation is two months. A reason- able extension may be obtained if the traveler is unavoidably de- tained, and if he makes the request for extension several days be- fore "the expiration of the two-month period. Application for re- fund in case of reexportation should be made several days before departure is contemplated. Refund of Duties. — If the traveler finds it necessary to dispose of a part of his samples, he may obtain a refund of the duties paid on that portion not reexported. Time Required for Clearance. — From two days to a week is re- quired for clearance of samples through the customhouse. A good customs broker may be able to clear the average lot of samples car- ried by a commercial traveler in two or three days. If samples have no value there is no delay. Duties on Advertising Matter.— No duty is collected in Paraguay on bona fide advertising matter, such as printed circulars, cards, pamphlets, calendars, catalogues, when carried by commercial travelers. Best Visiting Time. — The most desirable time from the stand- point of comfort is May to October. During that period the heat is not as intense as during the rest of the year. Visits to Paraguay, however, must conform to the conditions which govern each line of business. Commercial Travelers' Tax. — There is no national license, but a commercial traveler who represents a foreign firm must have a municipal license, which is obtained upon application to the in- tendente municipal (mayo*). Application must be made on a sheet of stamped paper with a value of 2 pesos (approximately $0.08, United States currency), and must be accompanied by an- other sheet of stamped paper of the same value. These licenses are issued for a term of six months, the semesters beginning January 1 and July 1. A discount is allowed for the months which have already passed, when a license is secured in the middle of a semester. These licenses are valid only in the municipalities in which they are issued. A special license is required for each municipality in which the traveler transacts business. The following are the fees per semester in the five principal municipalities of Paraguay: Asuncion, 1,200 pesos; Conception, 1,200 pesos ; Villa Encarnacion, 300 pesos ; Pilar, 200 pesos ; Villa Rica, 800 pesos. In Asuncion, in addition to the license, a munici- pal tax of 360 pesos per annum is levied on all commercial travelers taking out licenses, this tax being assigned to public lighting, street cleaning, etc. In the municipality of Villa Rica a license may be taken out for as short a time as one month. These licenses are the same for all lines of goods. A commercial traveler may represent as many firms as he desires and may do PARAGUAY. 629 business with any firms he wishes, provided always that they are located in the municipality from which he has a license. Avoiding License. — Very few commercial travelers representing foreign firms obtain licenses. Most frequently the traveler makes an arrangement with any firm licensed as an importer to act as agent during his stay. For this he pays a small fee or a percentage of the sales. If the traveler represents a firm which already has a local agent licensed as an importer, this agent either accompanies the commercial traveler or sends an employee to do so, the local agent making the sales. Special Documents. — In Paraguay, as in other Latin-American countries, if the salesman is required to collect money, a power of attorney is necessary; and this is also required for any other special settlements requiring the exercise of authority from the firm represented. In Paraguay the power of attorney should have the signatures legalized by a consul of the Republic of Paraguay in the United States. For use in Paraguay the document should be pre- sented to the Ministerio de Eelaciones Exteriores (Minister of For- eign Affairs) for registration. This registration costs 5 pesos. Business Conditions. — Up to the present time much of the busi- ness of Paraguay has been done through the importers of Buenos Aires. However, there are numerous houses in Asuncion, and some in the smaller towns, who are well able to import direct. Dealers generally expect to buy on credit against drafts of 60 to 90 days' sight. Bnsiness hours are from 7 to 11 a. m., and 2 to ~6 p. m. During the hottest months, December, January, and February, business houses in Asuncion close for three hours during the middle of the day. General Directory.— Gufa General del Paraguay. Published by Francisco Grawel & Cfa., Casilla de Correo 603, Asuncion, Paraguay. Railroad Guide. — The Expreso Villalonga, having its main office in Buenos Aires and branch offices in Montevideo and Asuncion, can render the traveler much assistance. It publishes a monthly railroad guide and time-table. Hotels. — The hotels in the larger places, such as Asuncion, Villa Encarnacion, and Villa Rica, charge $3 to $5 per day (American plan). The second-class hotels charge somewhat less. In the smaller towns the cost ranges from $2 to $3 per day, and the accom- modations, necessarily, are inferior. In Asuncion the European plan may be obtained in some hotels. There are a number of ex- cellent restaurants. Agencies. — The most important city of Paraguay is Asuncion, the capital, with 90,000 inhabitants. The important wholesale houses are all located here, although there are some direct importers in Villa Rica, Concepcion, and Villa Encarnacion. If a special agency for Paraguay is desired, it should be established in Asuncion. Cer- tain merchants find it preferable to locate their agencies in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and canvass Uruguay, as well as Paraguay, from that point. As a general rule, this can not be recommended for maximum results. 90821° — 22 41 630 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Map 36. — Paraguay. PARAGUAY. 631 American Commercial Travelers in Paraguay. — Comparatively few representatives of American houses ever visit Paraguay. The fact that the Republic lies off the beaten track of South American travel usually causes it to be avoided by salesmen from the United States who are making the circuit of the continent. A side trip to Asuncion from Buenos Aires means a deviation of 2,000 miles from a salesman's itinerary. Such a trip requires about 10 days' time at least, and entails a cost of about $100 fare for the round trip, besides hotel expenses, which will run about $6 to $8 a day. But, for those selling standard lines, such as hardware, a visit to Asuncion should repay the extra expenditure of time and money. In this connection it must be calculated that the purchasing power for many articles salable in Paraguay does not exceed that of a population of 200,000 people. RAILWAYS. — The chief method of transportation in Paraguay is by steamer. The country roads, as a rule, are suitable only for oxcarts, and travel over them is very difficult and costly. There is one important railway line, the Paraguay Central, which extends from Asuncion to Villa Encarnacion, a distance of some 230 miles. The total mileage in Paraguay is about 290. A train ferry operates between Villa Bncarnacion and the Argentine town of Posadas, from which point trains run direct to Buenos Aires. Baggage- — No special rates are allowed for baggage of foreign commercial -travelers! If the traveler arranges to represent a Paraguayan firm, he may secure a reduction of 50 per cent from the usual rates. ITINERARY.— The majority of travelers find it convenient to use Buenos Aires as a base. The trip to Asuncion is made by the Argentine Northeast Railway and Paraguay Central Railway, or by the steamships of the Companfa Argentina de Navegacion (Mihano- vich Line). The traveler may come by rail and return by steamer, or vice versa. By steamers via the Parana and Paraguay Rivers, the principal towns in the order of departure from Buenos Aires are as follows : Rosario, Parana, and Corrientes, Argentina; Pilar, Paraguay; For- mosa, Argentina; Asuncion and Concepcion, Paraguay. By railroad from Buenos Aires the traveler can make the follow- ing principal towns : Concordia and Posadas, Argentina ; Villa En- carnacion, Villa Rica, and Asuncion, Paraguay. ;] Holidays. — The State celigion being Roman Catholie, many of the feast days of the Church are scrupulously observed. Generally speaking, business is suspended on the holidays officially recognized. The following iegal holidays are observed, in addition to the church feast days : January 1, New Tear's Day ; February 3, San Bias Day ; Carnival, two days before Lent; May 14 and 15, Independence Days; Octo- ber 12, Columbus Day; November 25, Adoption of Constitution; December 25, Christmas Day. August 15 is also celebrated at Asun- cion as the date of the founding of the city in 1536. i ..; ■ *?&* 632 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Paraguay which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been in- cluded a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are important from the strategic or geographical standpoint. Some are frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need information in order to plan his trips. ASUNCION, capital of the Republic; population, 90,000 to 100,000; on east bank of Paraguay River; 250 miles (400 km.) from Concepcion; 93 miles (149 km.) from Villa Rica; 935 miles (1,514 km.) from Buenos Aires, Argentina (by railroad) ; 1,200 miles (1,932 km.) from the ocean. Temperature averages 72° P. Industries: Sugar refineries, tanneries, distilleries. American minister, consul, and vice consul. Lloyd's agent, Walter R. Hay- wood. Customhouse brokers : Frescura & Campos ; Antonio Semidei ; Cesar Franco ; Ramon Vega ; Hipolito Sanchez ; Augusto Otalu. How Reached. — From Villa Rica or Villa Encarnacion, by Para- guay Central Railway; from Buenos Aires by Paraguay Central Railway (2J days) or the Mihanovich Line of river steamers. Banks. — Banco de Espafia y Paraguay, Alberdi and Villa Rica ; Banco Mercantil del Paraguay, Estrella 101 ; Banco de la Republica, Palma 249 ; Banco de Londres y Rio de la Plata, Calle Palmas. Hotels.— Cosmos,* Hispano-Amerieano,* St. Pierre,* Gran Hotel del Paraguay,* Parque, Victory. Note. — Asuncion is* located on the Paraguay River almost oppo- site the mouth of the Pilcomayo and about 1,000 miles north of Buenos Aires, from which it is easily accessible. The trip can be made in about two and a half days by a biweekly international train, or in about four days by river steamer. The city includes within its precincts about 10 per cent of the total population of the Republic, but this proportion represents about 25 per cent of the total buying capacity of the country. The most important elements in the for- eign population of the -city, exclusive of Argentinians, are the Span- iards and Italians. In Asuncion are located numerous important wholesale dealers and certain retail firms who can make direct importations. Heretofore the merchants in Asuncion have de- pended largely on Buenos Aires importers, especially for American merchandise, but direct connections are sought. The interior points are usually supplied from Asuncion. If an agency is to be estab- lished in Paraguay, it should be located in Asuncion. CONCEPCION, Department of Concepcion; population, city proper, 5,000 to 6,000 ; with suburbs, 25,000 ; situated on east bank of Paraguay River, 250 miles (400 km.) from Asuncion. Principal products : Agricultural produce. Industries : Cattle raising and verba 'mate growing. Lloyd's agent, T. Herrero. Customhouse brokers: Peluffo & Otano; Amelia Troche y Cia. How Reached.^-Prom Asuncion by steamers, If days' journey; from Villa Rica by rail to Asuncion, thence by steamer to Concep- cion; from Corumba, weekly steamer service. Banks. — Banco Mercantil del Paraguay ; Banco Industrial. PARAGUAY. 633 Hotels. — Central, Frances, Victoria. Note. — The city is located on the east bank of the Paraguay River about one and a half days' ride by steamer above Asuncion. There is a biweekly boat service between these two places. The popula- tion within the city proper can scarcely exceed 5,000 or 6,000. Con- cepcion owes its importance to its position as the commercial center of the northern part of the Republic. It is the distributing center for the towns along both sides of the Paraguayan-Brazilian border, for the yerba country that lies within its hinterland, for a number of large cattle estancias, and for some of the quebracho ports along the river. The town in general presents a very neat appearance. Some, strong independent business interests are located here. Among the towns outside of Asuncion which might be of interest to foreign travelers this is the most important. ENCARNACION. Department of Encarnacion; population, city 2,000; with suburbs, about 16,000; on Alto Parana River, opposite Argentine town of Posadas; 136 miles (220 km.) from Villa Rica; 230 miles (368 km ; ) from Asuncion. Principal products: Yerba mats, timber, tobacco, hides. Industries: Sawmill and ice plant. Center of a rich agricultural and grazing district. Customhouse brokers : B. Fernandez ; E. Zabala ; Agenda Oliva. How Reached. — From Asuncion by Paraguay Central Railway, 13 to 15 hours ; from Villa Rica by Paraguay Central Railway ; from Buenos Aires via Posadas and Argentine Northeastern Rail- road. Banks. — Banco Mercantil del Paraguay ; Banco de la Republica ; Banco de Credito Comercial. Hotels. — Universal,* Central,* A la Ciudad de Trieste, Kaiser Hof . Note. — This is an important commercial city, being the terminus of the Paraguay Central Railway. A ferry connects with the Argen- tine Northeastern Railroad at Posadas, directly opposite, whence railway communication with Buenos Aires is obtained. This place is easily reached. The dependence of its merchants heretofore has been on the importers of Buenos Aires and Asuncion, but there are some firms who are in a position to make direct importations. The town owes its importance to its position at the crossing of the two trade routes and to the circumstance of its being the port of entry for the rail traffic between Paraguay and Argentina. PARAGUARI, capital of Department of Paraguari ; population, 2,000; 45 miles (72 km.) from Asuncion; 48 miles (76 km.) from Villa Rica. Products : Tobacco, cotton, cattle. Industries : Pot- teries, distilleries, tanneries. How Reached. — From Asuncion by railroad ; from Villa Rica by railroad. Hotels.— Abadie, Finestra, Garcete, Pallares. Banks.^— Banco Mercantil del Uruguay; Banco Constructor del Paraguay; Banco Agricola. Note. — Paraguari is an important distributing center; depends chiefly on the houses located in Asuncion. A branch line of the railroad extends from Paraguari to Carapegua. PILAR, port on left bank of the Paraguay River, opposite mouth of Bermejo River; population, about 8,000; 165 miles (267 km.) ■634 GUIDE T6 LATIN AMERICA. from Asuncion. Principal products : Hides, timber, tobacco, or- anges, yerba mats, cotton. Industry : Macaroni factory. ' How Reached. — From Asuncion or Buenos Aires by steamer. Route for travelers : From Asuncion to Paraguari by rail ; from Paraguari to Villa Florida by bus ; and from Villa Florida to Pilar by coach or on horseback. Can also be reached by monthly steamer on the River Tebicuari, up to Villa Florida. Hotels. — Paris, Del Puerto. Customhouse Brokers. — Manuel Dos Santos, Manuel Romero, Prospero Azzarini. Banks. — Banco Agricola ; Banco Mercantil del Paraguay. Note. — Pilar depends chiefly on the importers of Asuncion. Among the smaller towns, Pilar is one of the most important. It is not often canvassed by foreign agents. VILLA RICA, Department of Guaira; population, city, 7,000; with suburbs, 34,500; 93 miles (150 km.) from Asuncion and 136 miles (220 km.) from Villa Bncarnacion. Principal products: Yerba mat6, tobacco, corn, sugar cane, fruits, timber, hides, essences. Industries : Brick and tile work, sawmills, distilleries. How Reached. — From Asuncion (7i hours) or Villa Encarnacion, by Paraguay Central Railroad, there being three trains a week in each direction. Banks. — Banco Agricola ; Banco Mercantil del Paraguay. Hotels.^-Central, Espanol, Franco Snizo, Lombardi. Note. — Villa Rica is the third city in Paraguay. It is located in a rolling country where the foothills of the serraina, which lie to the east and southeast, merge into a wide plain. The surrounding districts form one of the richest agricultural regions in Paraguay. The business houses of Villa Rica are of the general-store type and carry the mixed stocks characteristic of such establishments. Only a few lines, such as hardware and drugs, have been specialized. The business done is both of a wholesale and retail nature, the de- mand being principally for low and medium priced goods, and most of the purchases are made in Asuncion. There is a considerable number of Syrians and Armenians who do a cheap retail trade. Villa Rica is not usually canvassed by foreign salesmen. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. Acahay, Department of Quindi ; population, 13,000 ; on south bank of Canabe River; 51 miles (81 km.) from Asuncion and 45 miles (71 km.) from Villa Rica. Products: Tobacco, oranges, sugar cane. Ajos, population, 14,000; 27 miles (45 km.) from Villa Rica and 93 miles (150 km.) from Asuncion. Industries: Cattle raising and agriculture. Bank, Banco Agricola. Altos, Department of Caraguatay ; population, 9,715 ; 23 miles (38 km.) from Asuncion, 9 miles (15 km.) from Aregua (nearest rail- PAKAGTJAY. 635 way station), and 70 miles (112 km.) from Villa Rica. Products: Coffee, sugar, bananas, and grapes. Best reached by train from Kendall, thence steamer to San Bernardino, thence to Altos by coach or horseback. Aregua, Department of Villeta; population, 7,620; 18 miles (28 km.) from Asuncion and 75 miles (120 km.) from Villa Rica. Products: Tobacco, sugar, coffee. Industries: Woolen clothes, liquors, bricks, and tile. Connected with Asuncion and Villa En- carnacion by railway. Hotel, Aregua. Barrero Grande, Department of Caraguatay ; population, 10,650 ; 27 miles (45 km.) from Ipacarai (nearest railway station). Car- reteras to Tobaty and to Piribebuy, Valenzuela, and Altos. Agri- cultural and cattle district. Bank, Banco Agricola. Bella Vista, Department of Concepcion ; population, 5,500 ; on Apa River. Projects : Corn, rice, beans, tobacco, oranges, cattle, iron, manganese. Carretera to Concepcion. On Northern Paraguay Railway from Concepcion to Sanguina. Caazapa, Department of Caazapa; population, 17,000; 131 miles (211 km.) from Asuncion by railroad. Agricultural and cattle dis- trict. Bank, Banco Agricola. Caacupe, Department of Caraguatay ; population, 7,080 ; 31 miles (50 km.) from Asuncion. Products: Cereals, fruits, timber, cattle. Reached by train to Ipacarai or Pirayu, thence by road. Hotel, Avenida, 14 de Mayo. Bank, Banco Agricola. Caraguatay, Department of Caraguatay; population, 14,000; 68 miles (108 km.) from Asuncion and 44 miles (70 km.) from Tacua- ral (nearest railroad station). Products: Oranges, sugar cane, cotton, coffee, tobacco, corn. Bank, Banco Agricola. Dealers here depend on the importers of Asuncion. Horqueta, Department of Concepcion; population, 8,500; 36 miles (57 km.) from Concepcion. Products: Cattle and yerba mate. Bank, Banco Agricola. Humaita, Department of Pilar; population, 6,820; on east bank of Paraguay River ; steamer communication with Asuncion, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo; 219 miles (353 km.) from Asuncion. Carre- teras to Pilar and Itapiru. Products : Cattle, sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, fruits, woods. Bank, Banco Agricola. Customhouse brok- ers, Acosta & Co. Ita, Department of Villata ; population, 14,250; 31 miles (50 km.) from Asuncion: 55 miles (88 km.) northwest of Villa Rica. Prod- ucts: Alfalfa, rice, corn, sugar, vegetables, cattle. Industry: Pot- tery making. Hotel, Progreso. Bank, Banco Agricola. Itagua, population, 10,000; 2J miles (4 km.) from Patino-cue (railway station). Famous for production of nanduti lace. Pirayu, population, 10,000; 34 miles (55 km.) from Asuncion, on the Paraguay Central Railway. Products, agricultural. Indus- tries : Nanduti lace and hammock making. Piribebuy, Department of Caraguatay ; population, 12,000 ; north- west of Paraguari; 44 miles (72 km.) from Asuncion and 21 miles (35 km.) from Caraguatay. Products: Rice, tobacco, beans, corn, cattle. Industry, blanket weaving. Good carreteras. Hotels: Giui, Spaini. Bank, Banco Agricola. 636 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Qnyindy, capital of Department of Quindi; population, 12,250; 77 miles (125 km.) from Asuncion. Agricultural products and cattle. Bank, Banco Agricola. San Bernardino, Department of Caraguatay; on Lake Ipacarai; a pleasure resort, easily reached from Asuncion by railroad and launch; 2 hours' journey. San Jose, Department of Caraguatay ; population, 9,120 ; 84 miles (137 km.) from Asuncion and 22 miles (37 km.) from CabaUero (nearest railroad station). Products: Tobacco, sugar, corn, cot- ton. On carretera to Piribebuy and Valenzuela. Bank, Banco Agricola. San Juan Bautista, Department of San Ignacio; population, 8,500; 82 miles (134 kin.) from Asuncion; on carretera from Para- guari to Villa Florida (in carriage), thence by horseback. Prod- ucts: Cattle, gold, and silver. Bank, Banco Agricola. San Estanislao, Department of San Pedro; population, 13,600; 193 miles (312 km.) from Asuncion and 61 miles (99 km.) from Rosario. Products: Corn, sugar, coffee, rice, tobacco, woods. Car- retera to Villa Rica, via Ihu, and to San Jose and Piribebuy, via La Union and Ajos. Bank, Banco Agricola. Santiago, Department of San Ignacio; population, 7300; 190 miles (305 km.) from Asuncion ; 97 miles (155 km.) from Villa Rica. Reached from Asuncion by railway to Carapegua, thence carretera via Caapucu and Villa Florida. Agricultural and cattle district. Bank, Banco Agricola. Villa San Pedro, Department of San Pedro; population, 15,000; on Jejuy River, affluent of Paraguay River; reached via Puerto Antequera. Carreteras to Poroto, Lima, Rosario, and Concepclon. Products : Tobacco, rice, yerba mats, sugar, corn, and alfalfa. Bank, Banco Agricola. BRAZIL. Location. — This Republic includes the central and eastern por- tions of South America, lying in longitudes which correspond to those of the mid-Atlantic. New York is nearer to Rio de Janeiro than any of the European ports, with the exception of Cadiz, Spain. Boundaries. — Brazil is bounded on the north by Colombia, Vene- zuela, and the Guianas ; on the northeast and east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay ; and on the west by Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. Inhabitants. — While there is a great admixture of Negro and Indian blood, the whites predominate. It is estimated that there are about 8,000,000 of mixed white and Negro blood, 4,000,000 Negroes, and 2,250,000 Indians. Many of the people are whites of European nationalities, the Portuguese, Italians, and Spaniards being most numerous. Area and Population. — Brazil is the largest Republic of South America. It occupies 45 per cent of the South American Continent, and its area is equal to that of the United States (without Alaska), England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Portugal combined. Its coast line is over 4,000 miles in length. There are approximately 9 inhabitants to the square mile. The table which follows gives the estimated area and population of the various States, and also the population of the respective State capitals : State. Alagoas Amazonas Bahla Ceara Federal District E spirit o Santo Goyaz ...... Maranhao itatto Grosso. Manas Geraes Para Parana Parahyba Pernambuco Piauhy Biode Janeiro Eio Grande do Norte.. Rio Grande do Sul: . . . Santa Catharina Sao Paulo Sergipe Tefritorio do Acre Total. Popula- tion. Area. Capital. - 990,278 435,448 3,372,901 1,436,309 1, 130, 080 479, 188 528, 879 853,050 274,138 5,788,837 992,290 674, 113 785,344 1,975,441 548, 250 1, 501, 969 552,071 2, 138, 831 633,462 4,823,100 535, 094 104, 436 Sa. miles. 22, 577 731,363 164, 601 40,241 431 17,308 288,462 177,515 532,210 221, 894 443,789 93,269 28,846 49, 560 116, 494 26,627 22,189 91,310 20,785 112,278 15, 089 58,672 30,553,509 3,275,510 Maeeio Manaos Bahia Fortaleza Eio de Janeiro,. Victoria Goyaz SaoLuiz Cuyaba Bello Horizonte. Para(Belem) Curityba Parahyba Pernambuco Therezina : . . Nictheroy Natal Porto Alegre Florianopolis Sao Paulo Aracaju EioBranco Popula- tion. 40,000 60,000 325,000 60,000 1,130,080 20,000 16,000 65,000 20,000 60,000 200,000 90,000 25,000 250,000 45,500 65,000 30,000 200,000 25,000 565,000 50,000 5,000 C37 638 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Two-thirds of the population dwells on the cool eastern plateau that extends from Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Sul. Twenty- two and one-half per cent of the population is concentrated in the States of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and the Federal District, an area only 4 per cent of the extent of the country. A second center of population is the narrow coastal plain extending from Rio Grande on the south to Natal on the north. Geographical Divisions. — The various sections of Brazil differ from each other as widely as New England and southern California. Amazon River Section. — The Amazon is -a tropical valley basin, over twice the size of the great Middle Western section of the United States. This valley is divided into the huge States of Ama- zonaSj Para, Maranhao, arid Piauhy, the two first named being two and three times as large, respectively, as the State of Texas. In this valley are over 30,000 miles of navigable waterways. Rubber is the chief commercial product of this section, which produces about 95 per cent of the rubber exported from Brazil. Northeastern Section. — This includes the States of Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Parahyba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia. This section may be likened to the States which comprise the cotton region of the South. It may also be compared to the West Indian and Central American sugar and banana-raising coun- tries. It is as large as all the Atlantic seaboard States with Ohio added. Cotton, tobacco, sugar, cacao, rice, and manioc are the chief products. About 96 per cent of the tobacco exported from Brazil is produced in this region and practically all of the sugar. Bio de Janeiro Section. — This region has characteristics similar to those of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. It includes the States of Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul, and the Federal Dis- trict, and is as large as all our Atlantic States plus Ohio and -IHinois. The chief product of this section is coffee, over 60 per cent of the world's supply being produced here. Among the other agri- cultural products are corn, cotton, rice, herva matte, and tropical fruits. Cattle raising is an important industry. Nearly all of the paper mills of Brazil are located in this section. There are also textile mills and wool-working plants. Matto Grosso Section. — This includes Matto Grosso and Goyaz. The former alone is twice as large as Texas. This great hinterland of Brazil may be likened to the cattle-raising district of our Middle West, or to a similar region of Australia. Climate. — The climate of Brazil is much diversified, due to the country's vast area and to numerous local influences. In the most heavily populated districts of the south the climate is very agree- able. Although Brazil lies almost wholly within the Torrid Zone, a considerable area is modified by high table-lands and mountains, as well as by the country's extensive waterways. Seasons. — In a general way these may be described as wet and dry. Winter, as in all Latin-American countries, is the wet season and summer the dry — that is, with but moderate rainfall. These seasons are just the reverse of those in the United States. In the far northern portion the rainy season lasts throughout the winter BRAZIL. 639 months, changing greatly as one proceeds southward. The pre- cipitation is very heavy along the coast, but becomes lighter and lighter as one proceeds westward. In the upper Amazon region heavy rains occur from February to June, light rains from July to October. The dry season extends from January to February. The period of great flood is from March to June, when the rise is 45 feet. Another period of flood is November to December. In northern Brazil, in the region of Para, the temperature is always very high, while in the vicinity of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro and in the extreme southern part of the Republic it is usually pleasant. Dur- ing the height of the summer the heat is great. Rivers. — The length of the Amazon River (3,850 miles) is three- fourths that of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combined ; and it is navigable for almost its entire extent. So far as width is con- cerned there -is no comparison at all, one island in the mouth of the Amazon being in itself as large as the State of Massachusetts. The Atlantic Ocean is discolored by this vast stream for over- 200 miles out. The section drained by the Parana, Uruguay, and Paraguay Rivers, which all combine to form the Plata, covers the same amount of territory as is drained by the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers together. Other important rivers are the Negro, Purus_, Madeira, Parna- hyba, Jurua, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins, Javari, Para, and Ara- guaya. Many are navigable, with regular steamboat service. The total navigable length of rivers exceeds 27,000 miles. Lakes. — The most important lakes are the Lagoa dos Patos, navi- gable for vessels drawing 9 feet or less, and the Lagoa Mirim. These two lakes form a considerable body of navigable water. The former is about 140 miles long and 40 miles wide. At its northern end is the important city of Porto Alegre, and at the southern point is Rio Grande do Sul. Lagoa Mirim forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay. Agricultural Wealth. —The chief crop of Brazil is coffee. Second in importance is rubber. Tobacco rates third. Cacao is an exceed- ingly important product, and sugar, beans, cotton, rice, nuts, herva matte, carnauba wax, and numerous other products are adding con- stantly to the wealth of the country. Live-Stock Industry. — This is another important and rapidly de- veloping resource. Numerous companies have been formed for raising cattle, operating packing houses, etc. The export of meats, both refrigerated and preserved, and of hides, wool, etc., is con- stantly growing. Minerals.— Although Brazil is highly mineralized, the actual de- velopment has not yet been large. The diamond districts of Dia- mantina, however, have become very famous. Gold, manganese, and copper are all found. Blanganese and monazite sand within the last two years have assumed particular importance. There are large deposits of iron ore. Coal is also being mined. Manufacturing. — The following statement gives the number of factories in Brazil in 1919: Textiles, 1,040; tobacco, 1,454; bever- ages, 17,796; matches, 22; salt, 1,115; boots and shoes, 7,613; per- 640 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. fumery, 669; pharmaceutical products, 1,291; preserves, 778; vine- gar, 506; candles, 193; walking sticks, 39; corsets, 68; wall paper, 5; hats, 812; phonograph records, 2; crockery and glass, 36; hard- ware, 4; coffee roasting and grinding, 1,300; butter, 1,727; total, 36,470. Language. — Portuguese is the language of Brazil. Brazilians are proud of their language and dislike the use of Spanish, either in conversation or printed matter. Weights and measures. — The metric system is official. Clock Time. — Time in Brazil is measured (officially) by the 24- hour clock instead of by two divisions of 12 hours each. Postage. — The rate on letters from the United States is 2 cents per ounce or fraction thereof ; on letters from Brazil to the United States, 400 reis per 20 grams (about 10 cents per three-fourths ounce). The domestic postal service has grown rapidly and is de- pendable. Currency. — The milreis (1$000) is the unit, of value. The gold milreis (1,000 reis) is equivalent to $0,546 in United States currency. While gold coins of 1, 5, 10, and 20 milreis are issued, they are seldom seen in circulation. Paper milreis is the ordinary currency of the country, having a nominal value of $0.3244, which fluctuates from time to time, the normal exchange rate being $0.25 to the milreis. Silver milreis, and multiples and fractions thereof, are also in circulation. Minor coins of nickel and bronze are minted, the values of which correspond to the reis equivalent in paper cur- rency. A conto is 1,000 milreis (written 1:000$000). To exchange American funds for Brazilian currency, application should be made to banks, express companies, etc. It is advisable to consult several banks in order to obtain the most favorable rate. Wireless Telegraph. — Wireless stations are located at the follow- ing points : Abrolhos, Amaralina, Anhatomirim, Babylonia, Cruzeiro do Sul, Fernando de Noronha, Ilha das Cobras, Uha do Governador, Una Baza, Junccao, Ladario, Lagoa, Manaos, Monte Serrat, Olinda, Para, Porto Velho, Rio Branco, Santarem, Sao Thome, Senna Madureira, Tarauaca. The rate for coastal messages not exceeding 10 words is $1.80 ; each additional word, 12 cents ; for messages to ships, 85 cents for 10 words; each additional word, 6 cents. For rates from ship to points in Brazil, application should be made to wireless operator. Cable. — The rate per word for messages from the United States is 90 cents. Urgent messages, triple rate. TRAVEL ROUTES. LINES FROM NEW YORK. Lamport & Holt Line. — Office, 42 Broadway (British steamers). Sailings from Pier 8, Brooklyn (Wall Street Ferry). Departures for Bio de Janeiro monthly. For other ports at irregular intervals, or by transshipment at most convenient port. Time to Rio de Janeiro, 13 days. Fare to Rio de Janeiro, $270. Lloyd Brasileiro (Brazilian Steamship Line). — Office, 44 White- hall Street. Sailings from Pier 5, Bush Terminal, Forty-third BRAZIL. 641 Street, Brooklyn. Departures about twice a month for Pemambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro. Fare to Rio de Janeiro, $180 ; distance, 4,748 nautical miles. Fare to Pernambuco, $260 ; Bahia, $290. Time to Pernambuco, 13 days; Bahia, 15 days; Rio de Janeiro, 18 days. Booth Steamship Co. — Messrs. Booth & Co. (Inc.), 17 Battery Place, agents. Sailings from Pier 6, foot of Forty-third Street, Brooklyn. Regular sailings for Para, Manaos, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Santos. Fares: New York to Para, $160; Manaos, $200 ; Pernambuco, $250 ; Bahia, $275 ; Rio de Janeiro, $300 ; Santos, $310. Munson Steamship Line. — Office, 67 Wall Street, New York. Sailings monthly from Pier 3, Hoboken, N. J., for Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. Fares : New York to Rio de Janeiro, $295; Santos, $305. Average time to Rio de Janeiro, 11 days. COASTWISE DISTANCES AND FARES.— From Rio de Janeiro to : Pernambuco, 1,120 nautical miles, $67 ; Santos, 110 nautical miles, $17; Bahia, 738 nautical miles, $62. These fares are for steamers of Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. and Pacific Steam Navi-. gation Co. Fares of the Lamport & Holt Line from Rio de Janeiro are : To Santos, $15 ; to Bahia, $48.60 ; to Montevideo, Uruguay (1,100 nautical miles), $48.60; to Buenos Aires, Argentina (1,210 nautical miles), $48.60. LOCAL STEAMSHIP SERVICE. Below are given the principal steamship lines of Brazil and an outline of the .service they render. Much of the transportation in this country is by waterway, both on interior streams and by coast- ing vessels. The accuracy of the statements can not be guaranteed, but the information is reasonably correct. AMAZON RIVER STEAM NAVIGATION CO.— (See table on next page.) LLOYD BRASILEIRO. — All service originates at Rio de Janeiro, and the figures in parentheses give distances in miles from this point. North Line. — Weekly departures on Fridays at 10 o'clock. Stops : Victoria (265), Bahia (740), Maceio (1,010), Pernambuco (1,130), Cabedelo (1,202), Natal (1,282), Fortaleza (1,552), Maranhao (1,962), Para (2,322), Santarem (2,839), Obidos (2,907), Itacoa- tiara (3,139), and Manaos (3,249). South Line. — Weekly departures on Thursdays. Stops: Santos (210), Paranagua (380), Antonina (392), Sao Francisco (469), Ita- jahy (529), Florianopolis (574), Rio Grande (934), and Monte- video (1,244). These steamers take on cargoes destined to ports in the State of Matto Grosso, for transshipment to Montevideo, in ac- cordance with a mutual traffic arrangement existing between Lloyd Brasileiro and the Companhia Minas & Viacao of Matto Grosso. Line of Lag-una. — Stops: Dois Rios (65), Santos (216), Cananea (340), Iguape (375), Paranagua (465), Sao Francisco (530), Ita- jahy (590), Florianopolis (635), and Laguna (695). 642 GUIDE TO LATIN" AMERICA. o w z o 3- ■< a- < 63 BS 63 > O N a < 63 S H O a it Pi &3 -a ft a" ^•3 Jf 32 §1 §1 s 1 a, ■ o =3 o m -I O „ -fa &h § BS 63 in i i *?'**' Pi •§s a 1*3 BO.'*. -^ fl "3" - 3a *° 3 »>-*■■* So Jm JjS I I 5 ■s? 9- i>> o 1 Oil BRAZIL. 643 Line of Parana. — Stops: Angra dos Eeis (70), Paraty (95), Uba- tuba (143), Caraguatatuba (173), VUla Bella (183), Sao Sebastiao (187), Santos (252), Cananea (377), Iguape (412), Paranagua (502), and Guaratuba (552). lane of Sergipe. — Stops: Victoria (275), Caravellas (465), Ponta d'Areia (468), Ilheos (653), Bahia (768), Aracaju (933), Villa Nova (998), and Penedo (1,001). Line of Caravellas. — Stops: Cabo Frio (75), Itapemirim (225), Piuma (233), Benevente (237), Guarapary (291), Victoria, Ponta d'Areia (478), and Caravellas (481). Line of Amarracao. — Stops : Victoria, Bahia, Maceio, Pernani- buco, Cabedello, Natal, Macao, Mossoro, Aracaty, Fortaleza, Canio- cim, and Amarracao. American Line. — Stops from Rio de Janeiro northward: Bahia, Pernambuco, Para, Barbados, and New York. Stops from Rio de Janeiro southward : Santos, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. Return Trip and Baggage. — Return-trip tickets are allowed a discount of 10 per cent. All first-class passengers are allowed a baggage space of 300 cubic decimeters (10.6 cubic feet) free. OTHER, LOCAL SERVICE. — Companhia de Navegacao de Ma- ranhao. — North, Maranhao to Para, calling at intermediate ports; Centra], Maranhao to Sao Bento; south, Maranhao to Pernambuco calling ot Camocin, Fortaleza, Natal, Cabedello. Companhia Nacional de Navegacao Costeiro. — Departures from Rio de Janeiro: Saturday, to the south, calling at Santos (Sunday), Paranagua (Monday), Florianopolis (Tuesday), Rio Grande (Wed- nesday), Pelotas (Thursday), Porto Alegre (Friday) ; Wednesday, to the south, arriving at Porto Alegre Saturday, calling at Antonina, Sao Francisco, etc. ; Thursday, to the north, for Pernambuco, calling at Victoria (Friday), Bahia (Sunday), Maceio (Monday), arriving at Pernambuco on Tuesday ; also, departures three times per month to the north for Ilheos (3 days) Bahia (4 days), Aracaju (5 days). Companhia Pernambucana de Navegacao. — From Pernambuco : North to Maranhao, calling at Natal, Fortaleza, and other ports en Stops are made at Villa Conception, uarani, and other points en en route ; east to Rocco, calling at Fernando Noronha. Companhia Commercio e Navegacao. — From Rio de Janeiro to Manaos, via Victoria, Bahia, etc. Empresa Brasiliera de Navegacao. — From Rio de Janeiro north- erly to Itapemirim, Benevente, Victoria, Ponta d'Areia, Caravellas, Ilheos. etc. Companhia de Navegacao S. Joao da Barra e Campos. — Miguel A. Luz, agent, Sigma 234-240, Rio de Janeiro. Service on Parahyba River, calling at ports in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo. Compania Argentina de Navegacion (Mihanovich Line). — Buenos Aires to Corumba: Departures, Sundays and Wednesdays from Buenos Aires; transshipment at Asuncion to steamer Asuncion or Corumba, which leaves every Wednesday and returns from Corumba every Thursday. The stay in Asuncion is for the expense of the traveler until the day of departure of continuing steamer. 644 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Stops are made at Villa Goncepcion, Guarani, and other points en route. Companhia Navegacao Bahiana. — From Bahia north to Sergipe,' Alagoas, and Pernambuco. Empresa Esperanca Maritima. — From Bio de Janeiro north to Aracaju. Companhia Maranhense. — From Mar'anhao northwest to Para, calling at intermediate ports. EUROPEAN STEAMSHIP SERVICE. The steamers of the lines specified below may be found of some convenience to travelers. Inquiries regarding arrivals and depar- tures should be made at the various ports of call. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.— Bio Branco 53, Bio de Janeiro. From England to Pernambuco, Bahia, Bio de Janeiro, Santos, Monte- videp, etc. Pacific Steam. Navigation Co. — Bio Branco 53, Bio de Janeiro. From England to Pernambuco, Bahia, Bio de Janeiro, Santos, Monte- video, etc. Harrison Line. — From England to Bio de Janeiro, etc. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique. — From France to Bio de Janeiro and other ports. Transportes Maritimes. — From France to Santos, etc. Compagnie Sud Atlantique. — Agent, D. Orey & Co., Bio Branco 14 and 16, Bio de Janeiro. From France to Bio de Janeiro; from Spain to Bahia (or Pernambuco), Bio de Janeiro, and Santos. Lloyd Italian Line; La Veloce; Navigazione Generale Italiana. — Agents, Sociedad Anonyma Martinelli, Bio Branco 106, Bio de Janeiro. Sailings from Italy to Bio de Janeiro, Santos, etc. Pinillos, Izquierdo & Co. — Agents, Zenha, Bamos & Co., 1 de Marco 73, Bio de Janeiro. From Spain to Santos, etc. Compafiia Trasatlantica Espafiola. — Agents, Zenha, Bamos & Co., 1 de Marco 73, Bio de Janeiro. From Spain to Santos, etc. . Lloyd Sabaudo. — Agents, Carlo Pareto & Co., 1 de Marco. 35, Bio de Janeiro. From Italy to ,Bip de Janeiro, etc. TransatMntica Italiana.-- Agents Carlo Pareto & Co., 1 de Marco 35, Bio de Janeiro. From Italy to Bio de Janeiro, etc. White Star Line. — Agents, Wilson & Co. (Ltd.), Alfandega 32, Bio de Janeiro. From England to Bio de Janeiro, etc. Royal Holland Lloyd. — Sailings direct from Holland to Pernam- bucoj Bahia, Bio de Janeiro, and Santos. FORT FORMALITIES. Quarantine Regulations.T^There are the usual quarantine regu- lations. Passengers who are suspiciously ill are subject to deten- tion. Cost while in quarantine is for the account of the traveler. All passengers must be vaccinated or show a certificate of recent vaccination .before they can enter Brazil. Clearing* Baggage.— Getting one's baggage through the customs in Brazil often requires more patience than in the other Latin BRAZIL. 645 American countries. Many travelers have found it advantageous, in order to obtain an expeditious clearance, to give personal at- tention to this matter. Passengers' Personal Baggage. — Passengers arriving in a Brazil- ian port can immediately take ashore with them their light bags and valises containing articles for their personal use. The rest of the baggage is subject to an inspection made later in the custom- house. Only when baggage contains articles which, are not for personal use of passenger is it sent to the customhouse for regular clearance. When articles which are not for the personal use of the passenger are only of a minor value no consular invoice is required and the duties are charged ad valorem. Commercial Merchandise. — Packages containing commercial mer- chandise are not subject to clearance as " baggage," regardless of the nature of the container, but must be deposited in regular cus- toms warehouses and cleared in the same manner as ordinary commercial shipments. Furthermore, for such articles a consular invoice will be required, and unless it is presented a "termo de responsibilidade " must be given to guarantee its production within three months, which time can be increased to one year. The exemption from import duties for personal effects is held not to ex- tend to unused clothing and utensils, even if for the personal use of the passenger. Duties on Advertising Matter. — The Brazilian customs duties are payable 55 per cent gold and 45 per cent paper at the current rate of exchange. Surtaxes must also be taken into consideration. The actual duty on printed matter in one color is 6$764 per kilo ($1.67 per pound) ; in two or more colors, 11$837 per kilo ($2.88 per pound). The law, however, provides special tariffs for catalogues, circulars, and other advertising matter, and the budget law of 1916 granted a 50 per cent reduction from the scheduled rates for such matter. The actual tariff, as given below, is computed on the basis of this reduction and with the addition of surtaxes : Prints, drawings, and photographs for posters, advertisements, etc., including illustrated catalogues; actual tariff in gold, 1$500 per kilo ($0.37 per pound). Printed books, stitched, bound with cardboard, covered with paper or cloth, including prospectuses, catalogues, posters, and similar articles exclusively intended to advertise industrial prod- ucts and imported for free distribution, whatever be the color in which printed; actual tariff in gold, 0$578 per kilo ($0,143 per pound). SALESMEN'S SAMPLES. — Declarations as to the contents of baggage are usually required aboard the steamers which enter Rio de Janeiro and other ports. Salesmen who carry samples are cau- tioned not to strive to make concealments, as much delay and perhaps a heavy customhouse fine may result if they have not been frank in their statements. Consular Invoice. — A consular invoice is required for all goods sent to Brazil with the exception of goods shipped by parcel post and commercial samples whose value does not exceed the amount 90821°— 22 42 646 GUIDE TO LATIN AMEKICA. of $48.65. In the absence of consular invoice the consignee must pay double the amount of duties assessed on the merchandise. Important Caution. —Consular invoices can not be certified by Brazilian consuls after shipment of the goods, and (as stated) merchandise arriving without these documents pays double duty. Regulations regarding the preparation of consular invoices for Brazil are given in " Consular Regulations of Foreign Countries," Tariff Series No. 24, and supplement, copies of which may be obtained for 10 cents from the Superintendent of Documents, Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Other Documents.^-In addition to consular invoice, duly legal- ized by the Brazilian consulate at port of shipment, the commercial traveler must also provide himself with a certificate (also duly legalized) stating the name of the traveler, his position as traveler for his company, the name of the boat on which he is going to Brazil, and the date of sailing. This declaration must head a list of all samples, showing the marks appearing on the trunks. The list must be signed by the president or treasurer of the company for which he travels. The traveler is also advised to have with him a power of attorney authorizing him to transact business in Brazil for the concern he represents. In drawing such power of attorney, one must bear in mind that the Brazilian law requires specifica- tion of the powers on it, as a power of attorney giving general powers only authorizes the representative to do general acts of administration. American travelers who go to Brazil are urgently advised to provide themselves with a duly legalized consular invoice and certificate of origin from the Brazilian consular agent at New York, regardless of the value of their samples and even though this be less than the minimum stated. Customs Duties. — Brazilian custom duties present a complicated problem, and, fortunately, concern only the importer in Brazil who asks for f. o. b. New York prices, or e. i. f . if possible. The Ameri- can exporter desiring detailed information on this subject is re- ferred to "Tariff Systems in South American Countries," Tariff Series No. 34j copies of which may be obtained from the Superin- tendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, for 25 cents. Metric System.— Ail documents should have dimensions, weights, etc., carefully converted to the metric system. Bond. — Samples having no value are permitted to enter without bond. Those of value may be entered under bond. However, to obtain advantage of this provision, the samples must be accom- panied' by consular invoice and a memorandum in addition thereto, stating in detail the articles contained in the various packages. This document must be certified by the Brazilian consul in the United States. Bond is generally given by arranging with an agent or customer of the firm represented. Where such a connection is impossible, the firm represented should authorize the salesman to deposit the amount of the bond with some reliable customs broker. The Ameri- can consul will gladly lend his assistance in the selection of such a broker. BRAZIL. 647 Taxes on Samples. — Brazilian law No. 3070, of December 31, 1915, article 3, and law No. 3446, of December 31, 1917, article 74, extended to commercial samples the exemption of import duties. Those samples are only subject to the payment of the " expedi- ente" tax, which is 5 per cent on the official value of the mer- chandise. That official value comprises the price of the goods with all accrued expenses since the purchase until the port of des- tination. The 5 per cent tax is collected 55 per cent in gold at the rate of 55 American cents per milreis and 45 per cent in paper at the rate of exchange. The samples are also subject to the payment of the port tax, which is 2 per cent in gold on the value of the merchandise. Both "the " expediente " and the port tax are paid on the occasion the traveler releases the bond given for the samples by reexporting themj For the clearance of the samples in the customhouse the traveler must either deposit the duty assessed on the samples as if they had to be consumed in the country, or a well-known firm must sign a guaranty for the payment of the duties on the samples in case they are sold in Brazil. The cus- tomhouse officials also set the time within which the samples must be reexported, giving to the traveler a certificate of nationalization of the samples. The traveler is cautioned to carry with him that certificate of nationalization and present it in any customhouse other than the one of original entry of the samples in order to enable him ta reembark the samples. After the reembarkment of the samples a certificate is given by the customhouse that handles the reembarkment, which certificate, when presented to the custom- house of entry, entitles the traveler to receive the amount he depos- ited or to release the guaranty given. Reexportation of Samples. — Samples need not be exported through the original port of entry. All Brazilian customhouses are prepared to recognize the bond given upon the reexportation of the goods and to issue a certificate affirming the reexportation of the samples. Upon presentation of this certificate at the port of origi- nal entry, the amount deposited will be immediately refunded. The period within which samples may be reexported and the bond canceled is determined by the Customs officials. It may be extended for a reasonable time if the customs authorities find it desirable to do so. If the traveling representative is supplied with the proper consular certificate and list of samples, furnishing of bond is the only point of difficulty. Mailing' Printed Matter. — For the information of traveling sales- men whose firms wish to mail catalogues to Brazilian dealers, the following paragraphs are inserted : If catalogues are sent to Brazil by parcel post considerable delay will result before they are delivered to' the addressee. It is highly desirable that catalogues and other advertising matter be sent as " registered printed matter," the maximum weight allowed under this classification being 4 pounds for each 'package. Firms desiring to send catalogues in quantity should forward separate packages, not exceeding 4 pounds each, the total weight of a number of parcels mailed at one time not exceeding 12 pounds. If printed matter ffom a single sender to the same addressee arrives in one lot weigh-" 648 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. ing altogether 6 kilos (approximately 13 pounds) or more, the Bra- zilian postal authorities send it to the parcel-post section of Bra- zilian customs, where it is treated as imported merchandise and consequently delayed by inspection, checking, and several other routine steps of customs administration. Besides the delay caused when catalogues are sent by parcel post the following delivery charges are incurred and collected from the addressee : 400 reis for each 460 grams or fraction thereof up to the limit of 5 kilos (10 cents approximately for each ponnd or fraction thereof up to the limit of 11 pounds), also a registry charge of 300 reis (7i cents) for each parcel. The clearance of parcel-post packages through customs in Brazil is a complicated and dilatory process, and merchants often refuse to bother with advertising matter sent by parcel post. Brazilian postal officials have pointed out the advisability of sending cata- logues, etc., as " registered printed matter," which method is quite safe and eliminates trouble and delay for all concerned. CANVASSING THE REPUBLIC. Licenses and Taxes. — No licenses for commercial travelers are exacted by the Federal Government. Taxes on travelers with samples are levied, however, by some of the States, and by the prin- cipal cities of Brazil, with the exception of Rio de Janeiro, unless one is represented in those cities by fixed agents who pay annual taxes. In the States of Minas Geraes, Ceara, and Sao Paulo, no fees are charged. The charge for license varies in different cities, and the rates are changed from time to time. This tax may be avoided by the means suggested for Argentina, on page 568. Diffi- culties resulting are not frequent. The following rates current in some of the cities and States are payable in paper milreis unless otherwise specified: States: Goyaz, 200$ Matto Grosso, 600$ to 1,000$, according to the number of houses represented ; Para, 300$ gold ; Amazon as, 16$ ; Bahia, 100$ ; Rio Grande, 100$. Cities : Corumba, 150$ ; Manaos, 500$ ; Maranhao, 150$ ; Nictheroy, 100$ ; Nova Friburgo, 100$ to 300$ ; Para, 345$ ; Petropolis, 300$ ; Victoria, 500$ ; Rio Grande, 48$ ; Pelotas, 150$. Licenses are issued for the current year, payable in full, regard- less of the date of issue. Resident agents pay a uniform tax, varying according to the class of business transacted, and amounting to 200$ to 1,000$ annually, paper currency. The Time Element. — It should be particularly noted that the time required to travel from one section of Brazil to another is very great. The journey from Rio de Janeiro to Para by certain steam- ers is as long as from Rio to London. From Manaos to Rio Grande do Sul sometimes requires as much as three weeks. Only in the southern part are there adequate transportation facilities. The railroads by no means connect all the important points in Brazil. AGENCIES. — The matter of appointing agents is one of particu- lar importance. Most sections of South America, and particularly BRAZIL. 649 the different regions of Brazil, are isolated in peculiar fashion one from the other. They are separated by natural obstacles, such as mountains, plains, and rivers, by vast distances, and, most of all, by the lack of railroads. Even where railroads exist, trains may run only once or twice a week, making some towns difficult to "work." Such a lack of communication has a tremendous bearing on agencies and should be carefully studied both by the exporter in the United States and the commercial traveler who visits Brazil. American firms often place their representation in the hands of an agent in Rio de Janeiro and expect results from Pernambuco, Para, or Manaos. The futility of this course is evidenced by the fact that Manaos is about three weeks distant from Rio de Janeiro. If it is desired to place local agencies, it is suggested that the terri- tory be divided somewhat as follows: Rio de Janeiro and the surrounding districts of Espirito Santo, Minas Geraes, and Sao Paulo. Some firms find it satisfactory to work the entire southern part of Brazil from Rio dv. Janeiro, in- cluding the States of Parana, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul. In some cases it is advisable to grant an agency only for Rio de Janeiro and make separate appointments for Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre. This is essential unless the agent in Rio has an adequate staff to cover the other places. In the north, Pernambuco, with the surrounding territory to the south, including Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia; also Rio Grande do Norte, Parahyba, and Ceara. The extreme north: Para, including the State of Maranhao. Certain firms choose Bahia as headquar- ters in preference to Pernambuco, if they have a traveling repre- sentative who makes periodical stops. For Amazonas, the great interior of Brazil, Manaos is the logical point. This region also is often left to the agent at Pernambuco. ROUTES TO FOLLOW. — The route to be followed in canvassing Brazil depends entirely upon the time at the traveler's disposal and whether he comes from the north or the south. If coming from the north, it will pay him to stop off at some points and take succeeding steamers, which in ordinary times ply at sufficiently short intervals not to make necessary a stay in any one place for too long a period. The first point visited will be Para, the second perhaps Portaleza; Pernambuco is also decidedly important and should invariably be in- cluded. Bahia is the next place of importance before reaching Rio de Janeiro. From this point the traveler can easily make side trips to the near-by places of Ouro Preto, Bello Horizonte, and Sao Paulo. From Sao Paulo he can go to Santos, thence by rail to Curitiba, or by steamer from Santos to Itapacoroy, with short trips to Blumenau, Florianopolis, Porto Alegre, and Rio Grande. The routes taken will vary as circumstances require. Towns which some travelers may well ignore should be included by others. For these reasons a detailed itinerary is not attempted, but the larger centers are grouped below by sections so that their relative positions and importance may be studied by the help of the descrip- tions given on later pages : . Northeastern Group. — Para, Maranhao, Parnahyba, Therezina, Fortaleza (Ceara), Natal, Parahyba, Pernambuco (Recife), Maceio. 650 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Manaos, in the Amazonas region, may also be visited in connection with Para. East Central Group. — Aracaju, Bahia (Sao Salvador), Victoria, Caravellas. Southeastern Group. — Kio de Janeiro, Parahyba do Sul, Campos, Santos, Sao Paulo, Campinas, Curitiba, Paranagua, Florianopolis, Blumenau, Joinville, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas, Uruguayana. Central Group. — Bello Horizonte, Biamantina, Ouro Preto. RAILROADS.— In October, 1918, Brazil had only 26,646 kilome- ters of railroad in operation, 4,134 kilometers under construction, and 7,509 kilometers projected. A little over half of this mileage is Government owned, but less than one-fifth is operated by the Gov- ernment. Short lines extend inland from various ports north of Rio de Janeiro; longer lines radiate from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo; the most important southern ports are connected with the main line from Sao Paulo into Uruguay ; and railways in the interior connect isolated centers with river ports. The following are the principal lines: Brazilian Railway Co. — Main line from Sao Paulo to Uruguayana and Santa Anna do Livramento; branches to the ports of Para- nagua, Sao Francisco, Porto Alegre, and Rio Grande do Sul. This company also operates the Parana Railway, extending across the Serra do Mar from Paranagua and Antonina to Curitiba ; the The- reza-Christiana Railway (State of Santa Catharina) ; and the sys- tem known as the Compagnie Auxiliare de Chemins de Fer au Brazil, which includes most of the lines operating in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. (Note: This system has been entirely dis- integrated and receivers appointed for its various branches. The State Government of Sao Paulo now controls all lines formerly operated by the company as far south as Itarare on the border of the State of Parana. This includes the Sorocabana Railway and small branch system. All of the other lines of the Farquhar in- terests have been taken over and are now being operated with com- parative success.) Sao Paulo Railway Co. — Main line runs from Santos to Sao Paulo and on to Jundiahy (double tracked). This is one of the best- equipped lines in Brazil. Paulista Co. of Brazil. — Lines from Jundiahy to Campinas ; and from Campinas north into the coffee country. - Mogyana Railway. — Runs along eastern frontier of Sao Paulo, from Campinas to Araguary, in the State of Minas Geraes. Araraquara Railway. — From Araraquara, on Paulista Co.'s sys- tem, to Sao Jose de Rio Preto, with extension projected to Cuyaba. . Leopoldina Railway Co.— Lines from the Rio de Janeiro to Petropolis and on into Minas Geraes ; from Nictheroy northeast to Campos and Victoria; and from Nictheroy to NovaFriburgo. Nu- merous small branches. Central Railway of Brazil — Main line runs from Rio de Janeiro to.. Barra • de Pirahy, with, branches from this point south to Sao Paulo, and ■north' into the manganese region of Minas Geraes. : These lines are operated by the Government. BRAZIL. 651 South Minas Railway. — Hue runs north and west from Santa Anna and Cruzeiro, connecting with the Mogyana Railway at Mogy Mirim and Muzambinho. Western of Minas. — Main line runs from Sitio, on the Central Railway of Brazil, to Paraopeba, on the Paraopeba River; branch from Angra dos Reis to Formiga. Operated by Federal Govern- ment. Victoria & Minas Railway. — From the port of Victoria to Cacho- eira Escura, in the State of Minas Geraes. An extension is pro- jected, which will connect with the Central Railway of Brazil. State of Bahia Railway System. — Lines from Bahia to Joazeiro, on the Sao Francisco River ; from Sao Felix inland to Bandeira de Mello and Machado Portella; from Nazareth to Jecquie; and from Caravellas to Aymores. State of Bahia Southwestern Railway Co. — From the port of Ilheos to Conquista ; 23 miles completed, the remainder under con- struction. Santo Amaro. — Runs north from Santo Amaro for over 330 miles, tapping a rich sugar section. Owned by the State of Bahia. Great 'Western of Brazil. — Lines from Pernambuco to Pilar, Lambeiro, Natal, and Maceio; also a number of branches. The total mileage operated by this company is over 1,000. Ceara Railway System. — Lines in the State of Ceara, from tho port of Camocin to Cratheus, and from Fortaleza southward through Igatu nearly to the boundary of Pernambuco. Madeira Mamore Railway. — From Porto Velho, on the Madeira River, to Guajara Mirim, on the Mamore River, and around the rapids of the Madeira. Northwestern Railway of Brazil. — From Bauru westward across the State of Matto Grosso to the Paraguay River. Brazil Great Southern. — Line from Quarahim. on the Uruguayan border, to Itaqui, on the Argentine border. An extension from Itaqui to Sao Borja is operated by the Brazil Great Southern Rail- way Extensions (Ltd.). Santa Catharina Railway. — This road runs for 44 miles along the right bank of the Itejahy River. Caxias and Terezina Railway. — Connects Caxias, on Itapicuru River, which is .navigable from the ocean to this point, with Caja- zeiras, on the Parahyba River. Braganca Railway. — Main line runs from Para to Braganca, and has several branches ; owned and operated by the State of Para. Sao Paulo Northern Railway. — From Rio de Janeiro to the north of the State of Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo Southern Railway. — From Santos to Iguape, in south- ern part of State. RAILROAD GUIDES. — There are several excellent monthly pub- lications which contain the time-tables of Brazil. These differ, some- what from each other in treatment. Among the more important are the Horario Official, published by G. Castaglione, Sao Paulo, and Guia Levi, published at Rua S. Bento 27, Sao Paulo. Directories. — The traveler will usually find it advantageous be- fore canvassing a city to look over the list of merchants and dealers 652 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. in Ms particular line of trade. By doing this he may discover some important house whose name does not appear on the list supplied him by his home office. Nearly all the large cities of Brazil have their own directories, but there is an excellent compendium, called Laemmert's Almanak do Brazil, in three volumes, which may be found' very useful. This almanac is published by Manoel Jose da Silva Limitada, Avenida Rio Branco 131, Kio de Janeiro. Distances. — The distances below are given in miles with kilometer equivalents in parentheses. From Rio de'Janerio to: Bahia, 738 (nautical) ; Bello Horizonte, 376 (605 km.) ; Caravellas, 447 (720 km.) ; Curitiba, 460 (740 km.) ; Diamantina, 559 (900 km.) ; Maceio, 1,093 (nautical) ; Manaos, 3,204 (5,158 km.) ; Para, 2,142 (3,499 km.) ; Paranagua, 306 (492 km.) ; Pelotas, 829 (1,334 km.) ; Pernam- buco, 1,120 (nautical) ; Porto Alegre, 935 (1,510 km.) ; Rio Grande do Sul, 730 (1,175 km.) ; Santos, 20© (322 km.) ; Sao Paulo, 304 (490 km,) ; Victoria, 398 (640 km.). From Pernambuco to Bahia, 382 nautical miles; to Maceio, 120 miles (by sea). From Santos to Florianopolis, 255 (410 km.) ; to Rio Grande do Sul, 600 (966 km.) ; to Sao Paulo, 50 (80 km.). From Porto Alegre to Florianopolis, 240 (384 km.) ; to Pelotas, 106 (170 km.) ; to Rio Grande do Sul, 135 (217 km.). From Fortaleza to Natal, 260 (417 km.) ; to SaoLiiiz, 360 (578 km.). From Para to Manaos. 925 (1,489 km.) ; from Therezina to PairnaJ hyba, 270 (432 km.). HOTEL RATES. — In the city of Rio de Janeiro the rates at the best hotels are about on a par with those for accommodations of the same class in the United States. They range from §4 to $8 per day for American plan and somewhat less for European plan. In the second-class hotels the rates are from $2.50 to $4 per day for European plan. In Santos, Sao Paulo, and Pernambuco the prices charged depend upon the character of the accommodations. In the best hotels in these places the rates range from $3 to $8 per day on the American plan and somewhat less for the European plan. Those of the second class run from $2.50 to $3.50. In the smaller towns the rates are lower — from $2 to $4 per day^and, generally speaking, in accordance with the accommodations to be had. Not only in Brazil, but in all countries of Latin America, the American plan, almost without exception, is the best. At hotels which make a separate charge for rooms and meals usually the traveler pays about 50 per cent more for these items separately than he would if he took the straigl-t American plan, including meals. Compania Expreso Internacional. — Travelers will find the serv- ice of the Compafila Expreso Internacional very useful. This com- pany maintains relations with all the railroads and the best hotels in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It issues hotel coupons and travel orders for anything from a straight journey to the most ex- tended tour. The rates charged are not more than the ordinary cur- rent rates, and in some cases they are lower. This company has BRAZIL. 653 offices at Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Rio Braneo 184 ; and at Buenos Aires, Argentina, Pasaje Guemes. Companhia Expresso Federal. — This company is the Brazilian agent for the American Express Co. and also has local delivery serv- ice. The company office is located at Rua da Alfandega 48, Rio de Janeiro. Holidays. — The national holidays for all Brazil are as follows: January 1, New Year's Day ; February 24, promulgation of Constitu- tion; April 21, Tiradentes Day; May 3, discovery of Brazil; May 13, abolition of slavery ; July 14, Liberty Day ; September 7, Inde- pendence Day; October 12, discovery of America; November 2, Memorial Day ; November 15, proclamation of the Republic ; Novem- ber 19, Flag Day. Since a large proportion of the population is Roman Catholic, the chief holidays of the church are also generally celebrated throughout the Republic. Local holidays commemorating notable events in State or munici- pal history are observed on the following dates: City of Rio de Janeiro, January 20, September 20; State of Alagoas, June 11, September 16 ; State of Amazonas, June 10, July 1, August 17, September 5, November 21 ; State of Bahia, July 2, November 7 ; State of Ceara, March 25, July 12, November 16, November 24; State of Espirito Santo, May 2, May 23, June 12, August 25, Sep- tember 2, December 26 ; State of Goyaz, June 1, December 16 ; State of Maranhao, July 28, November 18 ; State of Matto Grosso, January 22, June 13, August 15, December 9 ; State of Minas Geraes, June 15 ; State of Para, June 22, August 15 ; State of Parahyba, July 20, August 5 ; State of Parana, April 7, December 19 ; State of Pernam- buco, January 27, March 6, June 17, July 24, November 10; State of Piauhy, January 24, June 13, November 16 ; State of Rio Grande de Norte, March 19, April 17, June 12 ; State of Rio Grande do Sul, September 20; State of Rio de Janeiro, April 9, September 18; State of Santa Catharina, June 11, November 17; State of Sao Paulo, January 25, July 8, December 15 ; State of Sergipe, May 18, October 11, October 24. CHIEF COMMERCIAL CENTERS. In the following paragraphs are listed and discussed the cities and towns in Brazil which are thought to be of most interest to American commercial travelers. In this group have been included a few places which are not always canvassed, but which are im- portant from the strategic or geographic standpoint. Some are ports, frontier stations, railroad junction points, and places about which the traveler may need Information in order to plan his trips. ALEGRETE, State of Rio Grande do Sul ; population, 8,000 ; on Ibirapuytan River; 89 miles (145 km.) from Uruguay ana; 144 miles (232 km.) from Santa Maria; 390 miles (621 km.) from Porto Alegre. Products : Corn, cattle, wheat. How Reached. — From Uruguayana or Porto Alegre by railroad. Hotels. — Amenca, Europa, Brazil Central, Alegretense. Banks. — Filial do Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul; Filial do Banco do Pelotense ; Banco Nacional do Commercio. 654 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Note. — This Is an enterprising city in an agricultural district, and the volume of business done reaches considerable proportions. It is in easy communication with Uruguay and there is some transit trade. The merchants of Alegrete are chiefly dependent upon the importers of the more important places, including Porto Alegre. ANGRA DOS B.EIS, State of Rio de Janeiro ; population of dis- trict, 34,000; seacoast town on Central Railway to Rio de Janeiro (Mangaratiba branch) and Western of Minas line, now in con- struction. Products: Aguardiente, coffee, cereals, fruits, fish. In- dustries: Fishing, fish canneries. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Central Railway, 3 hours ; also steamer connection with Rio de Janeiro and other ports. Hotels. — Da Silva, Simas, Commercio. Note. — The fishing industry here is of considerable importance, about 3 -to 5 tons of fresh fish being shipped daily to Rio de Janeiro. This is a port and a railway terminus. The business done is of a fair volume. ARACAJTT, capital of the State of Sergipe; altitude, 15 feet; population, about 50,000; on the right bank of the Cotinguiba River, near Atlantic coast; maximum temperature, 88°, minimum, 67°; average annual rainfall, 40 inches; 267 miles (431 km.) from Bahia and 904 miles (1,455 km.) from Rio de Janeiro. Prod- ucts : Sugar, cotton, rice, tapioca, coffee* timber, coconut oil, cotton- seed oil, minerals of various kinds, hides, cacao, and salt. In- dustries: Cotton mills; tanneries; sugar, soap, and cigar factories. Lloyd's agent, L. P. Monteiro. How Reached. — From Maceio by steamer; from Bahia by steamer or by Bahia, Alagoinhas & Aracaju Railway, fare 33$800; from Penedo by railway or steamer. Hotels. — Internacional,* Grande, Estados,* Pensao S. Jose, Pen- sao, Rio Branco. Customhouse Brokers. — Abelardo Santos, Jocelyn Meneses, Con- stancia Vieirah, Torquato Fontes, Antonio Cabral. Banks. — Banco do Sergipe; Banco do Brasil (agency); corre- spondents of National City Bank of New York; Banco do Recife; British Bank of South America; London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd.) ; London & River Plate Bank ; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul. Note. — This is an enterprising town with an excellent port in eastern Brazil, between Bahia and Maceio. The business done is principally with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and the importing houses of Bahia, although a number of concerns here are in a position to make direct importations. ARACATY, State of Ceara; population of city, 15,000; district, 35,000 f near mouth of Jaguaribe River (11 miles, 8 km.) ; 66 miles (106 km.) from Fortaleza. Products: Cotton, wax, sugar, hides, cereals, mandioca. Industries: Fiber and straw weaving; textiles. How Reached. — From Praia Formoza by railroad; also reached by steamers of the Lloyd Brasileiro, the Linha de Amarracao, and other Brazilian companies. During the rainy season connected' *y water with Giquy, Uniao, Russas, Limoeiro, and other localities of the lower Jaguaribe. During the rest of the year localities in the BRAZIL. 655 y* Cabocio NO o 1 Barra" - j oS5>brado" v 10°^' jy^ J^^*CSbrobQ Ploresta Arnipoo ^y*ywStfSS :aplm(Grt>s: » Patamote, afVo Vermt ho ArnipSe ~' s ^^J^^Lp Espinto RodellasSg^^UVjS.Pedft) Chorocho ^S^^^Jatoba) v " J?\Quixab I, Curral dc Pedraa Ji \ ^^*" ^ OX 'to Varzea da Ema Sinimbi S ™"> tt V\B«r.cas *™Vj« S \cumk\ .LtcoL'no. "c^o Vp'de ' \ simablDia: PombaTfe Barra^..,,»Jo.°s* J *H° S CippI °Ampai (."M) r*^ 1 * \JCampos, Soun^r^' . Tpedri. tSti.Lucia - (tf o\°ltap>c«J|u A Pass/geiro: V\ *Aracy > fi a W _^ VoSalgada > # C Barraca< u B \ NhambyX . Se Rfl£ 0>t < - . Coit* V Serrinha S. **>'**£«''• \ \ Inhambupe^ — ^jT'inbo, / ^""*V Entre Rioj S Olhos d'AguacX ivrsao tt / Ala^oinhaaVlv^Mr Coraeao daS.Maria- Ve-a-'W " v, oVi c . atu iEneenhp.Cepfral \ BornJJardim \ _ e |\ y V ^aci Cam'rsab ..Qoitwia £ e,ra de S - An ' ,a J °ao An <*. jf>" # IBuranhe i i«cA„ (.S\Ami Castro Alves« ^"j,«V«/Afl.Pciitiao v _i» A>„ %, oPjIjr e a __^-~- ^v~ #ao3°\ "~"J "de Jesus ■^SP-garcon ^Zft ^ 5 Pojad VPitan: >.Joao dnte Gordo Jtfa Cojnprida /Abraijtes fUTAPUAlJ ahia JjWa^, . '■'f,;*»o °"f»-k» Santos, Toe da Oncab" BSpo-^^SSeB-oggtayru 4 TL^NTIC ■^""KjaAS^I.BOIPEBA J Alto da Sera Sarrgjlo Sincora SanUremo Vt-^MSTEuwiios Jfrapima, (p.p.-. POGO UfsBiAJSI m. Map 37. — Brazil : Bahia section. 656 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. interior of the State are reached by automobiles or by animal- drawn vehicles. Hotels. — Avenida, America. Banks. — Agencies of Banco do Brasil, Banco do Recife, London & Brazilian Bank. Mote. — This is a city of some commercial importance, although the direct transactions with the foreign countries are few. There is considerable export. Passengers and freight reach Aracaty through the port of Fortim, which is 15 kilometers from the city. This place is reached by launches, also sometimes by automobiles. B AGE, State of Rio Grande do Sul ; population of city, 18,000 ; of district, 38,000; on Quebracho River; 198 miles (320 km.) from Santa Maria; 174 miles (280 km.) from Rio Grande; 142 miles (228 km.) from Pelotas. Products : Cattle, preserved meat, maize, alfalfa, potatoes, wine. How Reached. — Prom Santa Maria by Santa Maria-Bage branch railroad, time 11J hours; from Rio Grande by Rio Grande-Bage railroad. Hotels. — Brazil, Comercio, Paris, Estacao, Tres Nacoes, Central, Lando. Banks. — Banco Pelotense; Banco do Brasil; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul ; Banco Nacional do Commercia. Note. — This city is the center of the dried-meat (xarque) dis- trict. There are a number of commercial firms who do a good business. The town is tributary to Rio Grande and there is not much direct importing. Visited by those who canvass the smaller towns and sometimes by others. B AHIA. capital of State of Bahia ; altitude, 150 feet ; population, 325,000 ; situated on eastern shore of Bahia Todos os Santos ; land- ing, steamer to wharf; 382 nautical miles from Pernambuco; 358 miles (576 km.) from Joazeiro; 738 nautical miles from Rio de Janeiro; 267 miles (431 km.) from Aracaju; temperature averages 78° ; rainfall, 52 inches. Industries. — There are approximately 100 industrial establish- ments of different kinds in the city of Bahia, with a combined capital of about $20,000,000. The principal ones are engaged in the manufacture of tobacco, cotton, and jute, and the refining- of sugar. Other factories produce shoes, furniture, soap, and candles. The leading agricultural pursuits are the cultivation of cacao, tobacco, coffee, and sugar cane. The raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is also one of the principal occupations. Other products: Hides, manazite, rubber, wood, carnauba wax. How Reached. — From Pernambuco by steamer, 30-hour trip; from Joazeiro by rail, 33-hour trip ; from Rio de Janeiro by steamer, 3-day trip. Coastwise Steamship Service. — Two round trips per month be- tween Bahia and Pernambuco, with stops at Estamcia, Aracaju, Villa Nova, Penedo, and Maceio ; one round trip per month between Bahia and Belmonte, stopping at Maranhu, Ilheos, and Cannavieiras ; two round trips per month between Bahia and Mucury, stopping at Iflieos, Cannavieiras, Porto Seguro, and other small ports. Hotels. — Grande,* Sul America,* Merldonial, Jensens, Tannar, Central,* Schleier. Rates about 15$000 (.$3.50 V. S. currency) BRAZIL. 657 Banks. — Banco Commercio da Bahia; Banco do Brasil; British Bank of South America ; London & Brazilian Bank ; London & River Plate Bank ; British Bank of South America ; Brazilianische Bank fuer Deutschland; Banco Nacional Ultramarino. Customhouse Brokers. — A. da Silva Lopes; Mendes, Olimpio de Castro ; Oliveira, Adelino Ribeiro de ; also, Despachante Adiho and Despachante Cabral. ; Alfredo da Costa Dorea; Julio Goncalves Pereira; Manoel Placido Pires; Joao Cypriano Martins; Evaristo Jose Martins ; Orlando Mattos. The despatchantes' rate is $2.50 for each piece of baggage. Note. — Bahia is the third largest city of Brazil. It is situated on the Bay of Todos os Santos, which is more than 100 miles in circumference and one of the best harbors in South America. Bahia can accommodate ocean liners drawing up to 28 feet. Bahia is the third largest cacao-producing center in the world and also produces almost as much tobacco as Cuba. It is the only place in the world where " carbonadas " (black diamonds) are found. Bahia is a very important industrial center for the State and a large trade is done with the interior as well as with the ports to the north and south. Vessels to and from the United States and Europe make it a port of call. When it is necessary to establish an agency for this dis- trict of the Republic, Bahia offers good possibilities and may be used as a base of operations. There are numerous railroads and steamship lines, both foreign and local. BELEM. — See Para. BELLO HORIZONTE, capital of State of Minas Geraes ; altitude, 2,500 feet; population, 60,000; on the Rio Arrudas; 376 miles (605 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 12 miles (19 km.) from General Carneiro Station; 97 miles (156 km.) from Divinopolis. Principal products : Gold, manganese, iron. Industry : Cotton textile mills. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Central of Brazil Rail- way, 16 hours' journey ; fare, 48$000 ; from Divinopolis by railway (Bello-Horizonte-Para branch) ; fare, 15$600; 5$ hours' trip; from Los Carlo by rail via Ribeirao Preto. Railroads. — Bello Horizonte branch of western of Minas Rail- way ; Central of Brazil Railway. Banks. — Banco de Credito Real de Minas Geraes; Banco Pelo- tense; Banco Hypothecario e Agricola do Estado de Minas; Banco do Brasil. Hotels. — Avenida, Grande, Palace, Central, Democrata, Norte, Uniao, Oeste, Da Paz. Note. — This is a very picturesque city and important commer- cially because of the great agricultural resources of the vicinity. Much cotton is raised. Mining also is carried on very extensively. Coffee is raised on a large scale. Many of the merchants depend upon the importers of Rio de Janeiro, but some import directly. It is a place deserving of the attention of salesmen in many lines. The mineral waters in the southern part of the State are said to be unsurpassed by those of either Europe or North America. The health resorts of Pocos de Caldas, Caxambu, and Lambary are fre- quented bv Brazilians and foreigners. BLTJMBNAXT, State of Santa Catharina ; altitude, 92 feet ; popu- lation, 10,000; on the Itajahy River, 43 miles (700 km.) from Hansa, 658 GUIDE TO LATIX AMERICA. and equidistant from Florianopolis and Joinville. Maximum tem- perature, 95° F. ; minimum, 38° F. ; average annual rainfall, 65 inches. Products: Cereals, maize, sugar, fruit, vegetables, tobacco, mandioca, etc. Exports : Butter, cigars, and herva matte. How Beached. — From Hansa by Santa Catharina Railway (Hansa branch), 3f hours' journey; from Joinville by wagon road, also by steamers of Companhia Fluvial and Richard Paul. Banks. — Banco Nacional do Commercio ; Banco Sul do Brasil. Note. — This is a center of some commercial importance, depend- ing chiefly upon the agricultural resources of the surrounding dis- trict, considerable rice being raised in this State. There are also many parts of fine pasture and farming lands. A large number of German immigrants have settled here, and most of the business is in the hands of German firms. Blumenau is usually canvassed by those who visit the smaller towns. CACHOEIRA, State of Bahia; population of city, 9,000; of dis- trict, 30,000; situated on Paraguassu River; 40 miles (64 km.) from its mouth; on Feire de Santa Ana branch of Federeaux de l'Est Brazilian Railway; 48 miles (78 km.) from Bahia. Products: Rice and cereals. Industries: Meat-preserving plant, ceramics, cigar factories. How Reached. — From Bahia by steamers. Banks. — Banco do Brasil (branch), Banco Ultramarino (branch). Hotels. — Juvenal, Nacoes, Eugenlo. Note. — Many salesmen pass through here on their way to and from the capital of the State. The business in general is of a retail nature. Cachoeira is canvassed by those who " make " small towns. CAMPINAS, State of Sao Paulo ; altitude, 2,220 feet ; population, 80,000; 65 miles (105 km.) from Sao Paulo and 90 miles (144 km.) from Santos ; maximum temperature, 98° F. ; minimum, 32° F. ; average annual rainfall, 56 inches. Products : Coffee, cotton, cereals, sugar. Industries: Foundries, sugar refineries, and soap works. How Reached. — From Sao Paulo by Paulista Railway : fare, 10$100; 2 hours' journey. Banks. — Banco Italo-Belge; Banco Campineiro; Banco do Com- mercio e Industria de Sao Paulo; Banco Luzitano de Campinas; Banco Commercial de Estado de Sao Paulo. Hotels. — Paulista,* Pinheiro,* Villela, Victoria, Do Theattro, Brasil, d'Oeste, Suisso. Note. — A considerable volume of • business is transacted here owing to the importance of the coffee industry. Campinas is the principal place for the receipt of coffee coming from the interior by the Paulista and Mogyana Railways and a number of other rail- ways. The coffee is redispatched via Sao Paulo to Santos for export. There are a number of sugar mills, coffee-cleaning estab- lishments, etc., which give the place industrial prominence. Usually canvassed by those who visit the smaller towns. CAMPOS, State of Rio de Janeiro; population, 40,000; on the Parahyba River, 34 miles (54 km.) from its mouth; 25 miles (40 km.) from Sao Joao do Barras; 60 miles (96 km.) from Macahe; J68 miles (275 km.) from Nictheroy; 150 miles (242 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 104 miles (168 km.) from San Antonio. Industries: BRAZIL. 659 Sugar refining, fruit preserving, foundries, and ice plants. Prod- ucts: Tobacco, coffee, cacao, fruits, cotton. How Beached. — From Nictheroy, via Macahe, by Leopoldina Rail- way, 7 hours' trip; from Rio de Janeiro by Leopoldina Railway (littoral branch) ; from San Antonio by Carangola Railway. Banks. — Banco do Brasil (agency) ; Banco Commercial Hypothe- cary de Campos ; Banco Commercial do Porto ( Sampaio Ferreira & Cia., agents) ; Banco Nacional Ultramarino. Hotels. — Campos,* Palace,*, Central, Amazonas, Gasper. Note. — This is the center of the sugar-refining and fruit-preserv- ing industries. A very fair volume of business is done. From an industrial standpoint the sugar mills and distilleries are quite, im- portant. Campos is usually canvassed by those who visit the small towns. CANNAVTEIRAS, State of Bahia ; population or district, 20,000 ; at mouth of Pardo River; port of call for coasting steamers. Products : Cacao, coffee, gold, diamonds, iron, mica, mandioca. How Reached.— From Bahia by steamers of Cia. de Navegacao Bahiana. Note. — This is a small town tributary to Bahia ; not usually canvassed by foreign salesmen. CARAVELLAS, situated in southeastern part of State of Bahia, on the left bank of Caravellas River, about 4 miles from its mouth ; population, 8,000; distant 447 miles (720 km.) from Rio de Janeiro (by steamer) and 235 miles (378 km.) from Theophilo Ottoni. Principal products: Coffee, fish, farina, and lumber. Industry: Fishing. Lloyd's agent, G. Costa & Co. How Reached. — From Bahia by regular steamer service; from Rio de Janeiro by steamer ; from Theophilo Ottoni by branch of the Bahia & Minas Railway to Ponta da Areia. Hotels. — Argentina and Metzber. Note. — Caravellas is dependent chiefly upon the merchants of Bahia. It is not usually canvassed, except by those who visit the smaller towns. CEARA. See Fortaleza. CORtTMBA, State of Matto Grosso; population of city, 10,000; of district, 16,000 ; situated on the right bank of the Paraguay ; 11 miles (17 km.) from Puerto Suarez, Boliva. Altitude 360 feet. Products: Sugar, etc. How Reached. — Via Mihanovich Line steamers from Buenos Aires, Asuncion, etc. (see p. 566) ; also by rail from Sao Paulo to Porto Esperanca, thence by steamer. Banks. — Banco do Brasil; Banco Nacional do Commercio. Note. — This is an important distributing point for a large area. It is canvassed in connection with Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, from which it is only two hours distant by steam launch. It is, as a rule, not visited by foreign salesmen, although there are a number of excellent houses here with whom valuable connections may be made. CTJRITYBA, capital of State of Parana ; situated on a plateau of the Cubatao, near the Iguassu River; altitude, 3,125 feet; popula- tion, 90,000; 06 miles (110 km.) from Paranagua ; 460 miles (740 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 113 miles (183 km.) from Ponta Grossa ; 26 miles (43 km.) from Rio Branco. Temperature averages 65° F. ; 660 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. average rainfall, 58 Inches. Principal products: Coffee, sugar cane, bananas, and herva matte. Industries : Woolen and paper mills, sugar refineries, tobacco factories, breweries, distilleries, and dairying. How Beached. — From Paranagua by Parana Railway; time, 4 hours ; from Rio de Janeiro by railway ; from Sao Paulo by rail- way; from Ponta Grossa by Parana Railway (Gurityba-Ponta Grossa branch), ©J-hour trip; from Rio Branco by Parana Railway, 2J-hour journey. Banks. — Banco de Curityba; London & Brazilian Bank; London & River Plate Bank ; Banque Francaise et Italienne pour l'Amerique du Sud; Banco do Brasil ; Banco National do Commercio. Hotels. — Stumbo, Branco, Estrada, Grande, Roma, Bella Vista, Guarany. Note. — This is the principal center for the preparation of herva matte (Paraguay tea), there being over 75 mills in this vicinity. Due to the importance of this industry, a large volume of business is transacted. There is also considerable wealth on account of the great timber resources of the interior, many of the trees growing to great heights. Curityba is well worthy of a visit. It is easily reached from Sao Paulo. CUYABA, capital of State of Matto Grosso; altitude, 771 feet; on Cuyaba River; population of city, 20,000; of district, 32,000. Maximum temperature, 106° F. ; minimum, 39° F. ; average annual rainfall, 63 inches; distant 324 miles (522 km.) from Matto Grosso. Products: Cattle, gold, and diamonds. How Beached. — By Northwestern Railway of Brazil and steamers from Corumba. Note. — This is an important distributing center and rapidly de- veloping; visited by those who use the Mihanovich Lone service; often canvassed in connection with Corumba. DIAMANTINA, State of Minas Geraes; altitude, 3,672 feet; population of district, 58,000; of city alone, 15,000; 559 miles (900 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 91 miles (148 km.) from Curralinho. Maximum temperature, 77° ; minimum, 48° ; average annual rain- fall, 65 inches. Industries: Center of the diamond industry of Brazil; also cotton weaving, tanning; boot, shoe, and cheese fac- tories. How Beached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Central Railway via Curralinho; from Ouro Preto by railway; from Curralinho by branch of Vietoria-Minas Railway ; 7 hours' journey. Note. — This is a place of growing importance a short distance north of Bello Horizonte. Because of the important diamond indus- try and cotton weaving, its commercial prospects have been rapidly developed. The chief dependence for imports is on Rio de Janeiro. Canvassed by those who work very closely. The prospects of this r.egion are very bright on account of its enormous latent wealth, many of the resources of the State of Minas Geraes being still unexplored. FLOBIANOPOLIS (DESTEBBO), capital of State of Santa Catharina; population, 25,000; temperature averages 65° F. ; situ- ated on the west coast of Santa Catharina Island, facing the main- BRAZIL. 661 land, on Caraha River; 255 miles (410 km.) from Santos; 347 miles (558 km.) from Rio Grande; 453 miles (730 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 240 miles (384 km.) from Porto Alegre; 102 miles (165 km.) from. Sao Francisco; and 200 miles (323 km.) from Sitio. Principal products : Coffee, manioc, tobacco, corn, beans, pork, lard. Customhouse brokers: Joao Oliveira, Joa Vieira de Freitas, Julio Voigt. Lloyd's agent, W. B. Chaplin. How Reached. — From Santos, Porto Alegre, and Rio de Janeiro, by steamer. Banks. — Andre Wendlhansen & Co. ; Banco de Commercio de Porto Alegre ; Carl Hoepke & Co. ; Banco do Brasil ; Banco Nacional de Commercio ; Banco Sul do Brasil. Hotels. — Macedo,* Metropol, Taranto, Paraiso, Matto Grosso. Mote. — This is a flourishing commercial center, the principal port of the State of Santa Catharina. It is of considerable importance as a distributing point, and a large volume of business is transacted. Florianopolis is connected with Rio de Janeiro by a number of steamship lines and is thus easily reached. Although not always visited by foreign agents, it is occasionally included in their itiner- aries. EORTALEZA (CEARA), capital of State of Ceara ; a seaport ; landing, by shore boat, 2$000 to 4$0000 round trip ; sometimes direct to wharf, with small fee for porters ; population, 60,000 ; distant 360 miles (578 km.) from Sao Luiz; 1,542 miles (2,480 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 260 miles (417 km.) from Natal; 257 miles (414 km.) from Iguatu; 63 miles (101 km.) from Baturite. Temperature averages 80° ; average annual rainfall, 39 inches. Principal prod- ucts: Cotton, hides, rubber, coffee, sugar, wax, tallow, and skins. Industries: Cotton mills, sugar refineries, soap factories. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Salgado Filho & Co. Two chambers of commerce. How Reached. — From Parnahyba and Natal by steamer; from Iguatu and Baturite by railway (E. F. de Baturite). Banks. — Banco do Brasil; London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd.); Salgado, Filho & Co. ; Frota & Gentil. Customhouse Brokers. — Jose Nogueira, Jose Oriano Menescal, Antonio Machado, Octavio Chilomeno, Antonio Alves, Cordeiro & Co. Hotels. — De France,* Avenida, Central, Bitu, Familiar, Rendal. Note. — Fortaleza is the capital and chief port of the State of Ceara. It is connected witn other ports of the Republic by various steamship lines. Fortaleza offers possibilities, as there is consid- erable direct importation. The hinterland is very rich. There is a large trade with Pernambuco and with other centers. Occasionally, agencies are established here for this part of Brazil. The exports are heavy, including cotton, coffee, wax, sheep skins, goat skins, and sugar to Europe and the United States. ITACOATIARA (SERPA), State of Amazonas; population, 12,000; on Amazon River ; 110 miles (174 km.) from Manaos. Prod- ucts: Cacao, rubber, tobacco, Brazil nuts, fish, copaiba, woods. How Reached. — By steamers of Lloyd Brasileiro, Booth Line, and Amazon River Steam Navigation Co. 90821°— 2 2 1 3 662 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Banks. — Agencies of Banco Nacional Ulsttamarino, London & Bra- zilian .Bank, American Mercantile Bank of Brazil. Hotels. — None. Note. — After Manaos this is the most important city in the State of Amazonas. There is considerable export trade and the importa- tions reach a fair volume. 'Goods come by way of Manaos. JAHU, State of Sao Paulo; population of district, 25,000; on Jahu. branch of- the Pauiista Railway; climate, dry and temperate; 226 miles (364 km.) from Sao Paulo. Products : Coffee, sugar, pota- toes, rice, cotton, cattle. Industries : -Ice plants, breweries, distil- leries. How Reached. — From Sao Paulo by Pauiista Railway ; time of trip, 10i hours. Hotels. — Toscano, Grande Hotel Ovidio, Piemonte, Aurora, Cen- tral, Pauiista, Ferrari. , ; Banks.. — Banco de Jahu; Banco do Brasil (agency) ; Banque Franeaise et Italienne pour l'Amerique du Sud,_ Note. — This place is surrounded by an agricultural district. The chief product, is coffee. A provincial town tributary to Sao Paulo. Canvassed by those who work closely. ITAJAHY, State of Santa Catharina; population, 8,000; situ- ated at mouth of Itajahy River; 1,750 miles (2,818 km.) fEom;Per-< nambuco. Products: Cedar wood, rosewood, mahogany, sugar, rice, coffee, manganese, iron, mercury. How Reached. — By steamer. Hotels. — Central, Brasil. Note. — This place is located at the mouth of the River Itajahy, six hours by steamer north of Florianopolis. It is a flourishing community and the principal port of the German colonies of Blu- menau, .Brusque, and Luis Alves.. There is considerable exporting of timber, etc. JOINVILLE, State of Santa Catharina ; population, 8,000 ; on margin of Cachoelra River; 140 miles (225 km.) northwest of Flor- ianopolis; 25 miles (41 km.) from Sao Francisco; 106 miles (172 km.) from Rio Negro; climate, subtropical ; temperature averages 65° F. , Principal products l Rice, sugar, herva matte, arrowroot, tapioca, maize, butter, and tobacco. Industries : Breweries and dis- tilleries, furniture factories, and shipbuilding. How Reached. — From Sao Francisco do Sul (its port) by Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway ; 13 hours' journey from Florianopolis by Banks. — Banco do Commercio de Porto Alegre; Banco do Brasil; Banco Nacional do Commercio.. Hotels. — Grande, Commercial,* Adriano Schoondermark, Muller. Note. — This is a place of some importance. A considerable vol- ume of business is transacted. The trade is chiefly in the hands of German firms, as many settlers. of that nationality have established themselves in this state. Canvassed by those who work closely. JtlTZ DE FORA, State of Minas Geraes; population, 50,000; alti- tude, 2,170 feet; on the Parnahyba River; climate, excellent; 172 miles (276 km.) from Rio de Janeiro via Central Railway. Prod- ucts; Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cereals, woods, oil, medicinal brazh,. 663 plants, cattle. Industries: Sugar refinery, breweries, sawmills, tex- ture mills. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Central Railway via Juiz de Fora branch; time of trip, 8 hours. Banks. — Banco, do Brasil (agency) ; Banco Hypothecario e Agri- cola do E. JMinas Geraes (agency) ; Banco Pelotense; Banco Creditb Real de Minas Geraes. ' Hotels. — Rio de Janeiro, Renaissance, Avenida, Central, Da Es- tacao, Familiar, Grande Hotel, Palace. Note. — This is one of the most enterprising cities of the State of Minas Geraes. A very considerable trade is done and there are a number of houses here who carry good-sized stocks. The place is a progressive one, with an excellent situation and easily accessible. JTTNDIAHTT, State of Sao Paulo; population, 15,000; on Sao Paulo Railway ; also on Sorocabana-Jundiahy branch .of Brasil Railway; 37 miles (60 km.) from Sao Paulo.- Products: Coffee, cereals, grapes. Industries; Weaving, metallurgy, match factories, potteries, etc. How Reached, — From Sao Paulo by Sao Paulo Railway, time 11 hours. There is also excellent automobile and railroad service coming and going from Sao Paulo into interior of State. Bankers. — Rappa & Cia. Hotels. — Borgonovi, Pettronio. Note.— In this place are located a number of textile mills and' other industrial establishments. The town is tributary to Sao Paulo, from which it is easily accessible. Canvassed by those who visit small places. UVBATWENTO, State of Rio Grande do Sul ; population, 12,000 ; on Ibibuhy do Armado River ; on border between Uruguay and Bra- zil ; southern terminus of the Viacao Ferrea do Rio Grande do Sul ;■ climate, temperate; 372 miles (600 km.) from Porto Alegre; 352 miles (568 km.) from Pelotas; 162 miles (261 km.) from Alegrete; 251 miles (404 km.) from TJruguayana. Industries: Sheep, hog, and cattle raising, agriculture, Jfruit growing. How Reached. — From Porto Alegre by branch of Uruguayana railway via Cacequy. Hotels. — Pinto, Correa, Antonio Joaquim Gomes, Alfredo Antonio Alves, Ernesto Labarthe, Pedro Giannetti. Banks.— Filial do Banco do Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul; Filial do Banco Pelotense. Note. — This is a town with a rather important trade. A consid- erable business is done in cattle and agricultural products. The transit trade reaches a large figure. There is also a plant here for the manufacture of dried meat (xarque). MACEIO, capital of State of Alagoas; a port; landing, boat to shore, 3$000. round trip, baggage extra; population, 40,000; tempera- ture averages 80° F. ; 120 miles fr»m Pernambuco by sea, 220 miles bv rail; 82 miles (133 km.) from Glycerio; 1:093 miles from Rio de Janeiro' by sea; 270 miles (435 km.) from Bahia. Principal prod- ' ucts: Sugar, cotton, maize, beans, rubber, castor beans, hides, and skins. Industries : Foundries, cigar and cigarette, soap, and candle factories ; distilleries, sawmills, cotton mills, and sugar factories and refineries'. TJoyd's agent, Kenneth C. Macray. 664 GUIDE TO LATH* AMERICA. How Beached. — From Pernambuco by Great Western Railway of Brazil or by steamers ; from Parahyba and Natal by Great Western Railway of Brazil ; from Bahia by steamer ; from Jaraguga by Great Western Railway (Glycerio-Jaragua branch); from TJnaio and Vicosa by Central Railway of Alagoas; from Glycerio by Great Western Railway (Glycerio-Jaragua branch) ; from southern ports by sea only. Banks. — Banco de Alagoas; Banco do Brasil; London & River Plate Bank. Hotels. — Nova Cintra,* Petropolis,* Luzo-Brasileiro, Pimenta. Note. — A very large trade is transacted in this place, both export and import. There is a heavy export of sugar, cotton, castor.beans, maize, oil cake, rum, and alcohol. There are a number oi large cotton mills. Maceio is usually visited by those who canvass closely and has a number of importers. That part of Maceio which is the port of Jaragua, Is connected by electric railway with the city proper. MAUAOS, capital of State of Amazonas ; population, 60,000 ; situ- ated on northern bank of Rio Negro, about 7 miles (12 km.) from, confluence with the Amazon; 4,150 miles from New York; 3,204 miles (5,158 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 925 miles (1,489 km.) from Para. Rainy season, December to June, inclusive; temperature averages 79° F. Principal products : India rubber, cacao, aromatic and medicinal fruits and plants, sarsaparilla, and Brazil nuts. In- dustries: Rubber gathering, breweries, soap factories. American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Booth & Co. (London) Ltd., Cham- ber of commerce. How Reached.— From Para by steamer (4 days' journey up- stream) ; from Obidos by steamer; from New York by Booth Steam- ship Line via Para. Banks. — Banco do Brasil; London & Brazilian Bank; London & River Plate Bank (Ltd); Banco Nacional Ultramarino ; Tancredo, Porto & Go. ; Ventilari, Canavarro & Co. Customhouse Brokers. — Benj. Farias, Manoel Frazao, Joao Bap- tista, Cordeiro de Mello, Carlos Goncalves Filho. Hotels. — Casino, Grande. Note. — This is the most important inland port on the Amazon. Its population has recently decreased, due to the falling off in the rubber trade of Brazil. There are a number of concerns here who do direct importing, and agencies are frequently established here for the upper Amazon. Iquitos, Peru, can be easily reached from this place. Manaos is a distributing and collecting center for the Rivers Madeira, Negro, Purus, Jurua, Acre, etc. MARANHAO. See Sao Luiz. NATAL, capital of State of Rio Grande do Norte; population, 30,000; situated on the right bank of the Potengy River, about 1 mile from the coast; 78 miles (125 km.) from Parahyba; 260 miles (417 km.) from Fortaleza; 74 miles (120 km.) from Pedra Preta; climate, temperate. Principal products: Sugar, cotton, cattle, rub- ber, salt, carnauba wax, and hides. Industries : Cotton spinning and weaving; cattle raising; salt refineries. Lloyd's agent, O. de Garcia. BRAZIL. 665 Map 38. — Brazil : Natal-Fernambuco-Macio section. 666 GUIDE TO LATIX- AMERICA. ~How Reached. — From Pernaiibueo by rail or steamer; from Fortaleza by steamer; from Parahyba by Cabedello-Natal Railway, time, 7J hours; from Maceip by railroad or steamer; from Pedra Preta by Central do Rio Grande do Norte Railway, -time, 5 hours. Banks.— Banco do Bi'asil; Banco do NataL ' : Hotels.— Internaeional, Avenida. Note. — Natal is the capital of .the State of Rio Grande do Norte, situated about 1 mile from the' coast. , It is the port nearest to Europe, and one of the best in northern Brazil. It is used _by the Brazilian Government as a sort^-of' naval depot NataJ is a flourish- ing center, being greatly aided by the -marine harbor^ improvement^. A very large import and export business is carried on. . Natal is often included in the itinerary of -foreign agents. NAZARETH, State of Bahia; population^ 15,000 ; on jaguaripe River; 61 miles (99_km.)' from Amargosa. Products": Tobaccp, coffee, sugar, manioc, timber; manganese, hides. Industries: Sugar refineries, distilleries, flour mills, cigar and vegetable-oil' factories. How Reached.— From Bahia by steamer; service three times per week, 6-hour trip; from Ainargosa by Nazareth Railroad, time 5i hourg. -'*•■ " . - — " ' Banks.— Agencies of Banco do Brasil, London & River Plate Bank (Ltd.), British Bank of South America,. Banco TJltramarinQ, Hotels.— Familiar, Commercial. ■,,..". ".."''. Note. — Nazareth is located in the heart of a" coffee-growing re- gion. The territory adjacent produces about four-fifths of the coffee grown in the State. Nazareth also exports cacao on a large scale. A considerable business is transacted. _ Nazareth is tributary to Bahia, but -is canvassed by those who make the smaller towns. NICTHEROY, capital of the State of Rio de. Janeiro ; population, 65,000; on the eastern side" of the bay of Guanabara, opposite the 667 Hotels.— Erigert, Leuenroth, "R75 ' Branco, Salus.se,- Central, "Sao Paulo. -" • Note. — This place enjoys a considerable popularity on account of its climate, and the title the; "Brazilian Switzerland" is applied to it. The chief product is potatoes, and large shipments are niade to Rio de Janeiro and Calffpos: Nova Friburgo is a rnuCh frequented summer resort. The season is from November to -March. OT7RO PRETO, State of Minas Geraes; altitude, * 3,900 feet? population, 15,000; situated on the Funil jRiver and on Oiiro Preto branch of Central of Brazil Railway; 335 miles (5^0 km.) from Rib de Janeiro. Principal products : Gold, iron, fruits, and manganese. Industries : Textile mills .and shoe factories. How Reached, — From.*Rio de Janeiro by Central of Brazil Rail- way to Burnier„ thence Ourp. Preto branch. Hotels. — Grande, International. Mote.— This place is chiefly dependent for its importations on Rip de Janeiro. In the vicinity is considerable agricultural v wealth. It, is not usually included in the itinerary of foreign salesmen. PARA, (or Belem), capital of State of Para ; population, 200,000;; situated on Guajara Bay (Para River), at the mouth of the Ama- zon River; landing, steamer to wharf, and sometimes by shore boat; 90 miles (145 km.) from the ocean (one day journey) ; 2,142 miles (3,449 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 925 miles (1,489 km.) from Manaos. Climate,: warm ; temperature averages 80° F. ; most agreeable season, June 1 to October 15 ; rainy season, November to June. Principal products : Rubber, coconuts, rice, sugar, cotton, tobacco, nuts, timber,' corn, cacao, and fruits. Industries : Saw- mills, machine shops, shipyards ; brick, tile, biscuit, soap, and candle factories. American consul and vice consuls. Lloyd's agent, Booth & Co. (Ltd.). How Reached. — From PPriiambuco, Rio. de Janeiro, and Manaos by steamer; railroad to seacost town of Braganca, 160 miles (268 km.). ^Customhouse Brokers. — Carlos Pinto de Lemos, Joao A. Damas- ceno, Manoel Coelho de Souza, Odon A. da Silya, Raymundo Ponte e Souza, Vicente C. Saboia, Raul da Cunha Coimbra, Joao Climaco da Silveira. Banks. — Banco do Brasil ; Banco Commercial do Para ; Banco do Credito Popular; Banco do Para; London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd.) ; London & River Plate Bank; Casa Bancaria Berringer & Co.; American Mercantil Bank of Braz.il ; Banco Nacional Cltramarino ; Cortez, Coelho & Co. ; Moreira, Gomes & Co. Hotels. — Grand,* Paz,* Eden, Central, America. Steamship Service. — Comphania Commercio e Navegacao; Lloyd Brasileiro; Booth Line; Lamport & Holt Line. JjTote. — Para is the most important city in northern Brazil. It is s^uated on the south bank of the. Para River, about 90 miles from the ocean. It is the receiving and distributing center of the whole Amazon River country, which includes northern and eastern Bo- livia and a section of Peru. The States of Amazonas and Para are chiefly dependent upon it. Para was formerly entirely dependent on the rubber industry, but in recent years there has Tjeen a greater 668 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. BRAZIL. 669 diversity of products. The city proper has been greatly improved and compares favorably -with cities of similar size in other South American countries. It is the first port of call for ships from the United States, and very often vessels remain long enough for the traveler to make a few visits before the steamer's departure. A large trade is carried on, as there are numerous important firms here who do a direct importing business. Naturally, there is con- siderable export as well. Agencies may be advantageously estab- lished at this point for northern Brazil, and the places tributary thereto may be canvassed from Para as a base. Para offers possi- bilities for almost every line of trade and is generally included in the itinerary of salesmen who visit the Republic. There is water communication with almost all parts of the State, affording cheap transportation for the chief exports, including Brazil nuts, cacao, rubber, etc. PARAHYBA, capital of State of Parahyba ; population, 25,000 ; on Parahyba Biver, 12 miles (20 km.) from its mouth (sea) ; land- ing, by shore boat, 2?000 to 4.$000 round trip; 11 miles (18 km.) from Oabedello (port) ; 133 miles (215 km.) from Pernambuco; 78 miles (125 km.) from Natal. Products : Cotton, fruits, mandioca. How Beached. — From Cabedello and Pernambuco by Great West- ern Railway (Cabedello-Natal branch). Steamship Service. — Companhia Commercio e Navegacao Bio de Janeiro ; Companhia Pemambucana de Navegacao Costeira a Vapor ; Lloyd Brasileiro. Banks. — American Mercantile Bank of Brazil; Banco do Brasil; Banco Nacional Ultramarine Hotels. — Central d'Europa, Do Norte, Pensao AUema. Note. — This is the capital of the State of Parahyba, located on the river of the same name about 12 miles from the sea. Its port is Cabedello. A very fair volume of business is transacted. The merchants, however, are chiefly dependent upon Pernambuco, which is not far distant. Parahyba is usually visited by those who can- vass closely, but not generally included in the itineraries of foreign agents. PARAHYBA DO SUL, State of Bio de Janeiro; altitude, 950 feet; population, 30,000: on the Parahyba do Sul River; 117 miles (188 km.) from Rio de Janeiro and 102 miles (165 km.) from Alfredo Maia. Products: Coffee, sugar, cereals. Lloyd's agent, George H. Wilcox. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Central of Brazil Bail- way (Linha do Centro) ; time, 5$ hours; from Alfredo Maia by Central of Brazil (Linha Auxiliar) ; time, 10 hours. Note. — This is an enterprising community which is not generally visited by foreign salesmen. It is usually canvassed from Rio de Janeiro, to which it is tributary. PARANAGUA, State of Parana ; population, 15,000 ; situated at the mouth of the Itubere River (Bay of Paranagua) ; on Parana- Paranagua-Curityba branch of Parana Railway; 66 miles (110 km.) from Curityba; 306 miles (492 km.) from Rio de Janeiro. Prin- cipal products : Woods, sugar, bananas, herva matte. Industries : Herva matte, macaroni, and match factories. Customhouse brokers : 670 GUIDE TO. LATIN AMERICA. Cesar Fagundes, Jose Thomas do Nascimento^ Jorge ;Marcondes, Joaquim Neves, Jose Carvalho, Alvaro Lobo, Clinio Vianna, Oscar Bockmann. Lloyd's agent, Euripides Branco; ••■ •■■.'. How Beached. — From Curityba by Sao Paulo-Bio Grande Bail- way ;-:faife, ,11$900; time, 4:hours; from Bio de Janeiro by railroad or steamer. Hotels.— Winz, Silverio, Grande Hotel Paranagua, Miramar, Ibt tere, MiddeHorp. Banks. — Banco Prancez e Italiano para America do Sul; Banco National do Commercio; Guimaraes & Co. Note.^— This is the principal city of the State of Parana, and is Connected by railway with- Curityba, the capital. The road to Cusrityba includes beautiful mountain scenery. In the vicinity there is much rich timber -and agricultural 'land. Paranagua is the lk>rt of entry for this district, and a fair volume of business is done. It i s usu ally canvassed by those who work closely. PABNAHYBA, State of Piauny ; population, 21,000 r situated on the Iguassu .Biver, about 9 miles (15 km.) from the ocean; 270 miles (432 km.) from Therezina ; 9 miles (15 km.) from Amarracao (port). Principal produces: Coffee* sugar, cotton, wax, salt,'cattle. Industries: Soap and oil factories! Lloyd's agent, Booth &Co.: How Beached. — From Fortaleza, Para, -Natal, Pernambuco, and Maranhao by steamer. Lines of the Compaahia . :Perhambucano, Companhist de Navegasao Bahiana, Oompanhia Marahense de Nave- gagao, Lloyd Brasileiro, and Booth Steamship Co. make this a port of call. ■■.■!■:': ': •-:'-. : ■-•'.:£ - Customhouse Brokers. — Raimundo L. H. da Silva, Octavio Pas- sos, Jose de Castro Bebello, Manoel Basto do Silva. Bank.: — Banco tin Bntsil. Hotel. — Central. Note. — This is a fairly important commercial port with a bright future. It is easily accessible from Maranhao and Fortaleza. There is some direct importing and a considerable volume of exports. Usually canvassed -by those who work closely. •• PELOTAS, State of Bio Grande do Sul; population, 55,000; port on left bank of San Gonzalo Biver, about" 33 miles (53 km.) from coast ; 29 miles (46 km.) from Bio Grande; 829 miles {1,334 km.) from Bio de Janeiro; 142 miles (228 km.) from Bage; temperature averages 72i°: Principal products: Bice, hides, canned and frozen meats. Industries : Tanneries, meats, preserving,, flour mills ; shoe, furniture, soap, and candle factories. Chamber of commerce. How Beached. — From: Bio Grande do Sul and Bage by Bio Grande-Bage Bailway ; from Porto Alegre by steamer. Customhouse Brokers,— ^Pedro Espellet, Urbano Martno Garcia. Banks. — Banco do Brasil; Banco Commercial Franco Brasileiro ; Banco do Commercio de Porto Alegre; Banco da Provincia do Bio Grande do Sul; London & Biver Plate Bank (Ltd.) ; British Bank of South America (F. Nunes de Souza) ; Banco Pelotense; London & Brazilian Bank ; Banco Nacional do Commercio. Hotel. — Allianca.* Note. — This is the center of the dried-meat (xarque) industry of Brazil. Pelotas is a convenient distributing point for the lower BRAZIL. 671 part of the State, consequently a considerable volume of trade is transacted here. A number of firms make direct importations. However, this place is generally dependent iipon the houses of Rio Graade do Sul, Porto Alegre, and Rio de Janeiro. Many rich ranch owners live in P«lotas. This is a port of call for steamers plying betweenPorto Alegre anil Rio de Janeiro. PERftAMBTTCO (RECIFE), capital of State of Pernambucp; population, 250,000 ; a port ; landing, by motor launch or alongside wharf ; on the Great Western Railway of Brazil ; 1,120 nautical miles from 'Rio _de Janeiro; 120 nautical miles from Maceio; 382 nautical miles from Bahia; 89 miles (143 km.) f rorci- -Jtabayana ; 144 miles (23& km.), from Cabedello. Temperature averages 82? . Principal products : Sugar, , cotton, . tobacco* Industries : Gottoh mills, machinery, sugar refining, brewing, distilling, and tanning. Lloyd's ageflt, J. A. Thorn. American consul and vice consul. American Chamber of Commerce. How Reached. — From Natal by railway Or steamer ; from Bahia by steamer (about 28 hours) ; from Maceio by, railway or steamer; fsom Cabedello by Great Western Railway, time 10 hours. Customhouse Brokers. — A. Ommundsen ; Griffith, Williams & Johnson (Ltd.). Hotels. — Commercial, Bunn, Recife,* Franceza, Parque,* Conti- nental, Brazil. Banks. — Banco do Brasil; Banco de Poveo ; Banco do Credito Real de Pernambnco; Bansoi-de Binisor de Pernambuco; .London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd.) ; London & River Plate Bank (Ltd:) ; Banco de Pernambuco ; Banco do Recife ; American "Mercantile Bank of Brazil ; National City Bank of New York ; British Bank of South America; Banco Nacional Gltramarino; Banco Auxiliar do Com- riiercio; Banco Francaise efc Italienne. ' Note. — Pernambuco is one of the largest cities of Brazil and a very important port on the Atlantic. It is the most easterly port of South America,- the terminus of four railway lines. A consid- erable territory is tributary to it, consequently its strategic location gives it great advantages from a business standpoint A very large trade is transacted in sugar and cotton. Pernambuco has many important commercial firms, including houses which make direct importations, and numerous 1 corcerns who do only exporting. It is worthy of the attention of practically all foreign agents. ' PETROPOLIS, State of Rio de Janeiro ; altitude, 2,760 feet ; population, 30,000; 8 miles (13 km.) from Entroncamento and 38 miles (62 km.) from Praia Formoza. Products: Coffee, potatoes, woods, industries: Shoe, hat, hosiery, cotton, silk, and tobacco factories. Automobile service, 10$000 per hour. How Reached. 1 — From Entroncamento and Praia Formoza by Leopoldina Railway ; time, 2 hours. Bank. — Banco de Petropolis. Hotels. — Do Europa, Rio de Janeiro, Commercio, Orleans, Mayer, Petropolis, Majestic, Palace. Uote. — This is a suburb, chiefly residential, of Rio. de Janeiro. The homes of many diplomats and 1 wealthy citizens of Rio are located here., There is a frequent service to and from Rio. The 672 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. M K3ljnori . Prudeotopolis T5TS Conchas Imbltuva S|5unB5 , "TT Tfeifoi . Victr- <%. P,udafeopo.i S 'p^r^-T^ffrnS"" R«U&. .Campin. I& (A*»pu -%. e 1 Entre R'OS^JS~k Tamandartff Colombo. Riodoweio ts ^ < v{ /"*f v ' \ — *~s^Arancaria ,/ WO Triumphg/ i**£ 8 5eO ^ V"" 1 ■S?*W- EuphroSin.. \9§rMatheuJ/-AvaP i J---«S c^^rriKps.os" s -?GMr»( u ba 1 'v wpP Earanagua oCampcpLargo r Freila, /> TEEM! - , iA \ Xlwuini x "».».A ftCalmon (Pre?, Penna V cPasso' ,. _ l (Perdizes. Encmzilhada Rio dos Antasl J o Rio^das Pedras/ y^coHectoriaS Rio Bonito S'A Eferval Curytibanos Campos Novos y Vacearia e SjAaojjim JBIfurta^ao .aguna Mlrtlir „ > v Palmeira -«j jgangS Tubar«r i Jagnanmaij D E I T £ Vi J, Vanu*/^*" 1 Wl"*"*" •4 *V Vftrarangua 3[Giorie do'Sul Domingo das Tcrres Colonla Ires r'orquilhaa io do Arroyo Bprra de Tramardahy ATLANTIC] OCEAN | 30° jjgJ^^^H^BJMJMmHG^^MCjJy^ Map 40.— Brazil : Porto Aiegre-Curityba section BRAZIL. 673 climate is cooler than that of the capital and more pleasant. There is considerable manufacturing; particularly in the textile lines. PONTA GROSSA, State of Parana ; population, 13,000 ; altitude, 2,9o5 feet; 12 miles (20 km.) from Tibagy River; 113 miles (183 km.) from Curityba. Its port is Paranagua. Products: Timber. beef, tobacco, bananas, rice, cereals, herva matte, cattle, jerked beef, etc. Industries : Breweries, herva matte factories, sawmills. How Reached. — From Curityba by Parana Railway ; time of trip, 6 hours. Banks. — Banco Pelotense ; Banco do Brasil ; Banque Francaise et Italienne de l'Amerique du Sud. Hotels. — Mario, Palermo, Santos, Grande Hotel de Demario, Pontagrossense. Note. — Ponta Grossa is a railroad junction point; several roads converge here. There is considerable traffic in agricultural prod- ucts ; there are also heavy shipments of timber, herva matte, etc. It is chiefly dependent upon Curityba, to which it is tributary. PORTO ALEGRE, capital of Stateiof Rio Grande do Sul ; popula- tion 200,000 ; situated at the head of Lagoa dos Patos, the confluence of five rivers navigable for river steamers of light draft ; 935 miles (1,510 km.) from Rio de Janeiro (by water) ; 73 miles (118 km.) from Caxias; 240 miles (384 km.) from Florianopolis ; 135 miles (217 km.) from Rio Grande; and 243 miles (389 km.) from Santa Maria. Climate, temperate; temperature averages 65" F. Prin- cipal products : Cattle, jerked beef, maize, hides, lard, tobacco, rice, beans, and wool. Industries : Lard refineries, sawmills, foundries, breweries, jerked-beef plants, tanneries, and woolen mills. Lloyd's agent, Thomas Cantrel Dillon, M. D. American consul and vice consul. Customhouse brokers: Joaquin P. S. Lessa; Harmodio Franco. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by rail and water; from Rio Grande by steamer ; from Caxias by Rio Grande do Sul Railway (time 9 hours) ; from Florianopolis by steamer; from Uruguayana by railroad; from Santa Maria by railway (time 12$ hours). Rail connections with Buenoa Aires and Montevideo. Steamer Service. — Biweekly passenger steamer service between Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, calling at intermediate ports. Regular service in small river steamers to the various cities and towns situated on the five rivers joining at Porto Alegre and vicinity. Hotels.— Metropole,* Lagache Moderno, Grande,* Paris, Familiar, Jung, Central. , «, , , Banks. — Banco Commercial Franco Brasileiro; Banco Nacional do Commercio Alegre Pelotense; Banco do Brasil (agency) ; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul; London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd)' Banco Pelotense; London & River Plate Bank; British Bank of South America ; Banque Francaise et Italienne de l'Amer- ique du Sul; Brazilianisehe Bank fuer Deutschland; Banco Popular; Banco Porto Alegrense; Jorge Pfeiffer & Cia; Banco Allemao. jr t e This is the most important commercial center of southern Brazil ' Its industrial activity is constantly increasing. Its great Drosbe'rity is due largely to the agricultural wealth of the surround- ing districts A considerable volume of business is done in direct 674 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. importing. It should be canvassed by practically all foreign- travel- ers, as many merchants prefer to deal direct with the United States, both as regards representations and shipments. There is a certain reluctance to work through subagents of Kio de Janeiro houses. The State M Rio Grande do Sul has over 10,000,000 head of cattle, the leading industry of this district being cattle raising for the export of beef and by-products. The import houses of Porto Alegre distribute merchandise into the smaller places in the in- terior. Branch agencies are often established here. PORTO VELHO, State of Amazonas; population, 1,500; on Ma- deira River, 266 miles (364 km.) front Guajara Mirim; 2,580 miles (4,154 km.) from Para, reached by Amazon River steamers. Prod- ucts: Tropical, chiefly rubber. How Reached. — From Para by steamer (seven sailings >|per month), via Amazon and Madeira Rivers; from Guajara Mirim by Madeira-Mamore Railway, Note. — This is the terminus of the Madeira-Mamore Railway. Not otherwise commercially important. RIBEIRAO PRETO, State of Sao Paulo; population, city, 25,000; municipality 50,000 ; altitude, 1,837 feet ; on trunk line of Mogyana Railway; 262 miles (423 km.) from Sao Paulo. Products: Coffee^ cereals, cotton, sugar, alfalfa. Industries : Brewery, etc. Banks. — Banco do Brasil, Banco do Commercio e Industria de Sao Paulo, Banco de Sao Pauio, Banque Francaise et Italienne, Banco Italiana di Sconto, Bancaria de Jorge Lobato. Hotels. — Fonseca, Simaes, Central,* Commercio, De Martino, Modelo, Paulo Bicci, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Viajantes. Note. — This towrt is in the center of a rich coffee-growing district and, is the distributing point for the interior of the State of Sao Paulo and part of the States of Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and Minas Geraes. The town is growing rapidly. A large steel plant is being erected. The soil of the surrounding district is the famous "terra roxa," which is peculiarly adapted to the production of coffee. Ribeirao Preto is visited by some foreign salesmen. RIO GRANDE (known abroad as Rio Grande do Sul), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul; population, 50,000; a port, situated 5 miles inland, on Lagoa dos Patos ; landing alongside of quays ; 730 miles (1,175 km.) from Rio de Janeiro (by water) ; 174 miles (280 km.) from Bage; 135 miles (217 km.) from Porto Alegre; 85 miles (137 km.) from Nictheroy; 600 miles (966 km.) from Santos: 29 miles (46 km.) from Pelotas. Temperature averages 65° ]?. Principal products : Cattle, wool, rice, cereals, fish. Industries : To- bacco factories, meat preserving, woolen, jute, and cotton mills, shoe factory, breweries. Lloyd's agent, B. J. Wiggs & Son. American consular agent. Chamber of commerce. How Reached.— From Rio de Janeiro by rail or steamer ; from Porto Alegre by steamer ; from Bage by Rio Grande-Bage Railway (time 9 J hours) ; from Pelotas, Sao Paulo, and Uruguayana by Rio Grande-Bage Railway. Hotels. — Paris,* Brazil, Grande. Banks.— Banco Francesca & Italiana per 1' America del Sud; Banco do Brasil; London & River Plate Bank; British Bank of BRAZIL. 675 676 GTJIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. South America; Banco do Commercio do Porto Alegre; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul; London & Brazilian Bank (Ltd.); Banco Pelotense. Customhouse Brokers. — Agenda Marti, Silva & Irmao; Raul Silva ; Eugenio Araujo ; Jose da Boja Martins ; Octavio Araujo. Note. — Hio Grande is the chief port of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. It is. a city of considerable importance as a distributing point and one of the most flourishing in the southern part of Brazil. Swift & Co. has a large refrigerating plant here. Rio Grande is often visited by foreign travelers. BIO DE JANEIRO, capital of Brazil; population, 1,130,080; on west shore of Guanabara Bay ; landing, by-motor launch (fare, ?1 gold), or from steamer to wharf; distant 4,748 nautical miles from New York; 304 miles (490 km.) from Sao Paulo; 738 nautical miles from Bahia ; 1 210 nautical miles from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Dry season lasts from May to November; wet season, Decem- ber to April, inclusive. Industries : Textile, jute, and flour mills ; sugar refineries; furniture, boot, and shoe factories; shipbuild- ing yard; cattle raising; slaughter and packing plants. Ameri- can ambassador, consul general, and vice consul. American com- mercial attache. Lloyd's agent, Ernest Laurence Harrison. Cham- bers of commerce : Centro Industrial do Brazil ; American Chamber of Commerce ; Avenida Rio Branco, 110 ; Camara de Commercio In- ternacional do Brazil. Mercantile agencies, R. G. Dun & Co, Rio Branco 110; Sociedade Anonyma Monitor Mercantil, Rua 1 de Marco 96. How Reached. — From Sao Paulo by Central do Brasil Railway; 12 hours ; fare, 40$800 ; from Bahia by steamer ; from Therezopolis by Therezopolis Railway ; 3 hours ; fare, 9$000. Railway Connections. — Rio de Janeiro has four railways; Cen- tral do Brasil, Leopoldina, Rio da Oruro, Corcovado, which op- erate to different points in the States of Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and the Federal District Customhouse Brokers. — Companhia Espresso Federal, Rua da Alf andega 48 ; Raul Macedo, Rua General Camara 1 ; Candido Jose Caetano da Silva, Rua 1 de Marco ; Annibal Medina & Irmao, Rua 1 de Marco 123;- A- Leal V. da Costa, Rua 1 de Marco. Hotels.— ^Palace Hotel,* Avenida Rio Branco, esq. Barao de S. Goncalo ; Hotel Internacional,* Rua do Aqueducto 976 ; Hotel Dos Estrangeiros,* Praga Jose de Alencar 1; Hotel Central,* Praia do Flamengo ; Hotel Avenida, Avenida Rio Branco 152-162 ; Hotel Bello H6rizonte. Rua Marinho 1 ; Hotel Bristol, Avenida Rio Branco 247 ; Hotel Cruzeiro do Sul, Rna Senador Euzebio 2; Hotel dos Estados, Rua Visconde de Maranguape 15 ; Hotel Globo, Rna dos Andradas 19 ; Hotel Guanabara, Rua da Lapa 103 ; Hotel Metropole, Rua das La- ran jeiras 519 ; Hotel Majestic, Rua das Laranjeiras 314 ; Hotel Parque, Praca da Republica 211-sob. ; Hotel Select, Praia do Fla- mengo 164-168; Hotel Tijuca, Rua Conde de Bomfim 1053; Hotel Victoria, Rua do Cattete 274 ; Splendid Hotel, Praia do Flamengo 202-208; Rio Palace Hotel, Rua dos Andrada* 10; Phenix Hotel, Largo do Machadp 229-233 ; Nice Hotel, .Ay£Rida Menu de SS. 107— 109; Grande Hotel, Rua Visconde de Maranguape 1; Henry's Hotel, BRAZIL. 677 Rua do Cattete 196-; Fluminense Hotel, Praga da Republica 207- 209 ; English Hotel, Rua do Cattete 176 ; London House, Avenida Atlantica 668. Banks-wNational City Bank of New York, Avenida Rio Branco 83-85; American Foreign Banking Corporation, Rua da Quitanda 129; Royal Bank of Canada, Avenida Rio Branco 66-68; Canadian Bank' of Commerce; Banco Allemao Transatlantic©, Avenida Rio Branco 79-81 ; Banco Auxiliar do Commercio, Rua Uruguayana 107 ; Banca Italiana di Sconto, Rua da Alfandega 21 ; Banco do Brazil, Rua da Alfandega 17 ; Brasilianisch Bank fuer Deutschland, Rua da Quitanda 131; British Bank of South America (Ltd.), Rua Buenos Aires 7 ; Banco Commercial do Rio de Janeiro, Rua General Camara 20 ; Banco do Commercio, Rua General Camara 8 ; Credit Foncier du Bresil et de l'Ameriqae du Sud, Avenida Rio Branco 44 ; Banco Commercial do Porto, "'Avenida Rio Branco 91 ; Banco de Credito Geral, Rua Buenos Aires 47 ; Banco de Credito Popular, Rua Sachet 25 ; Banco do Credito Real e Internacional, Rua da Alfandega 7; Banco do Credito Real de Minas Geraes, Rua 1 de Marco 127 ; Banco -do Districto Federal, Rua Buenos Aires 21; Banco Escandinavo Bra- zileiro, Rua da Alfandega 32 ; Banco Espanol del Rio de la Plata, Rua da Alfandega 9; Banco Financeiro do Brazil, Rua D. Manoel 28; Banque Francaise et Italienne Pour l'Amerique du Sud, Rua da Alfandega 41; Banco Auxiliar, Rua General Camara 26; Banco dos Funccionarios Publicos, Rua da Coristituicao 61-63 ; Banco Ger- manico da America do Sul, Rua 1 de Marco 57; Banco Hollandez da America do Sul, Rua da Candelaria 21 ; Banco Hypothecario e Agricola do Estadb de Minas Geraes, Rua Vise, de Inhauma 76; Banco Hypothecario do Brazil, Avenida Rio Branco 48; Banco Italo-Belga, Rua da Quintanda 125 ; Banco da Lavoura e Commer- cio do Brazil, Rua 1 de Marco 85; London & Brazilian Bank, Rua da Candelaria 19; London & River Plate Bank (Ltd.), Rua da Alfandega 29 ; Banco ' Mercantil do Rio de Janeiro, Rua 1 de Marco 67; Banco Nacional Brazileiro, Rua da Alfandega 28; Banco Nacional Ultramarino, Rua da Alfandega 120 ; Banco Pelotense, Rua da Quitanda 113; Banco Popular do Brazil, Rua do Ouvidor 73; Banco Popular de Minas Geraes, Rua Municipal 8; Banco Portu- gu£s do Brazil, Rua da Candelaria 24; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua da Alfandega 8 ; Banco do Rio de Janeiro, Rua da Quitanda 127; Banco Vitalicid do Brazil, Rua de Sao Pedro 33; Yokohama Specie Bank, Rua de Candelaria 23 ; Banco do Minho, Rua de Sao Pedro 58-64; Banco Loterico, Rua do Rosario 74. U te. — Rio is the seat of the Federal Government of Brazil. It is one of the most beautiful ports in the -world. From the commercial standpoint it is highly Important, being the distributing center for the States of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes, and other States in southern and eastern Brazil. There are numerous jobbing houses here whose representatives canvass practically the whole country. Here are also established the offices of manufacturing concerns whose factories are located in other places throughout Brazil. The chief exporters likewise maintain offices or branches in Rio. It is an ideal place in which to establish an agency, at least for this sec- 90821°— 22 44 678 GUIDE TO LATOSi. AMERICA. tion of L fcbe Republic, asj steamship lines and railroads place it in direct, .communication with, all. important places. It is suggested that American houses entering this field through traveling salesmen or, local agents: consult, the, banks before making engagements, .in order to avoid serious losses of both time and money. SANTA MAMA, State of Rio GrandehtoSul]; population, 15,000; on VaiccacahyTMirim, River; 331 miles (535 km.) from Marcelino Ramos; 243 miles (389 km.) from PortajAlegre ; 340 miles (548 km.) from Pelptas; 153 miles (320 km.) -ivom Bage; 382, miles (601km.) from Rio Grande^ Products.; Rice, alfalfa, wine, timber, coal, fruit, herva matte. Industries:; Tannery, breweriies, hat manufacturing. How. Beached.TT-jFrom Marcelino Ramos by fiitf Grande do Sul Railway, time 20 hourstifrom Porta Alegre by Rio. Grande do Sul Railway; rfrom PelotastbEiRio Gjande do Sul Railway. ■ ■ Bank&^-Banco do'Commercio de Porto Alegre>;> Banco da Provin- cia do Rio Grande; Banco Pelotense. ■;'-': ■<■,■.:■ , , ' Hotels. — Leon, Hamburg, Central, Muller, Kroeff. JTote. — This is a prosperous little city with a considerable trade. ■Usually canvassed from ; Porto Alegre by salesmen who work their territory closely. : .,., .;-. j- . -■;.,, ,... SANTOS, State of SaO;Pauft>; population* 80,000 ; situated in f*b* eastern part otthe State, separated from: the mainland by a narrow channel; landing, steamer to wharf ; 50 miles- (80 km.) fromiSao Paulo-, (by rail) and 2Q0'jmiles N . (322. km.),; from Rio de Janeiro. Climate, subtropical; temperature, averages 72°. ; Fj, .« Chief; prod^ ucts: Cotton, coffee, cereals, bananas, ora;ngesi,(ii Principal export, coffee. : Industries unimportant. ■; Lloyd's agent,. Ej. Johnston & Cia. J. G. Cramer, correspondent National -Boand of Underwriters of New York, Amerioag. iChamber of Commerce^ v an .,; .;_■•, r How BSaqhed.TT-rffrom Sao Paulo Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo; Banco do Gommercio _e Industria de. Sao, Paulo; Banco de Credito Hypothecario.de Estado de Sao Paulo; Banque Francaise et Italienne pour 1'Amerig.ue du Sud ;• British Bank of South Amerr ica : (Ltd.) ; Lpndon and River Plate Bank; National City Bank of New ; Stork; Banco Italo-Belga; Banco Hollander do America .do Sul; BrazjlianigcheBank fuer Deutschland ; Banco AllemaoTransatlan- tica ; JPanea Naoional Ultramarino ; Royal ; Bank of Canada ; Banco Portugues do Brazil ; Banco Italiana di Sconto. Public Automobiles'. — 10$1Q0 per hour in city proper; 15$100 to beaches and suburbs. BHAZIL. 679 680 GUIDE TO EATIN AMERICA. Hotels. — Grand Hotel de la Plage,* at Guaruja, about 45 min- utes by rail from Santos (probably finest hotel in Brazil)*; Palace, Avenida Presidente Wilson, 143; Hotel Rotisserie Sportsman, Rua 15 de Novembro,. 138 ; Bristol, Rua Jose Ricardoj 49 ; Washington Hotel, Praca da Republica ; America Hotel, Rua Senador Feijb, 84 ; Hotel Parque Balneaiio,* Avenida Anna Costa, 555 ; Hotel Interna- cional, Avenida Presidente Wilson, 195; Hotel Belvedere, Avenida Presidente Wilson, 7; Hotel Espana, Praca da Republica 77; Hotel Bodega, Rua Sao Leopoldo, 13. Note.— Santos is the greatest coffee shipping port in the world. Through it millions of bags of coffee are exported annually; Through Santos also all merchandise for the State of Sao Eaulo, the greatest commercial State of Brazil, is handled. Santos" pre^ sents a busy aspect. A large volume of imports and exports passes through Santos. Santos can generally be canvassed with profit by salesmen in many lines. SAO CARLOS DE PINHAIi, State of Sao Paulo ; population; 25,000; altitude, 2,762 feet;, on Monjollnho River; 169 miles (272 km.) from Sao Paulo. Products : Coffee, sugar, potatoes, tobacco, cereals, cattle, cotton. Industries: Breweries, distilleries, textile mills. How Reached. — From Sao Paulo by Jundlahy branch of Cia. Paulista de Estrados de Ferro ; time of trip 5| hours. . Banks. — Banco de Credito International ; Banca Francese e ItaU- ana; Banco de Sao Paulo; Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo. Hotels. — Henrique, Acaccio. Note. — This is a place of considerable activity; a large trade is carried on. It is tributary to and chiefly canvassed by the firms of Sao Paulo. SAO FRANCISCO, State of Santa Catharina ; population, 10,000; port on Sao Francisco Island; 203 miles (327 km.) from Canoinhas ; 102 miles (165 km.) from Florianopolis. Products: Rice, herva matte, manioc, flour, aguardiente, woods, farina. Industries: Flour and saw mills, rice-cleaning plant. How Beached. — From Canoinhas by Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Rail- way; time, 14 hours. Port of call for Navegacao Costeira, Lloyd Brasileiro, and Companhia de Navegacao steamers. Customhouse Brokers.— Jose Wanderly Navarro Lins, Leonidas Branco, Sergio Augusto Nobrega, Joao Silveira. Banks. — Banco do Brasil (agency). Hotel. — Ma tana. Note.— This place is of some importance on account of the rail- road from this point which crosses the entire State. The trade is not important, but the town is the entrepot of a very rich section in the interior. SAO JOAO DA BOA VISTA, State of Sao Paulo; population, 9,000; climate, very agreeable, almost no variation; 180 miles (258 km.) from Sao Paulo; 205 miles (330 km.) from Santos. Prod- ucts: Coffee, cotton, sugar cane, etc. Industries: Refrigerating plant, sawmill, hat factory, distilleries. BRAZIL. 681 How Reached. — From Sao Paulo to Campinas by Paulista Rail- way; from Campinas by Mogyana Railway. Banks. — Casa Bancaria, Christiano Osoro. Hotels. — Central,* Gommercio. Note. — This place is an important snipping point for coffee, pota- toes, rice, . cattle, hogs, alcohol, etc. The volume of business is growing. ; Chiefly dependent upon the importers of Sao Paulo, San- tos, and Rio de Janeiro. SAO JOAO D'EL REY, State of Minas Geraes; population, 20,000; altitude 2,800 feet; on left bank of Mortes River; on West- ern of Minas Railway, Central Branch; 161 miles (260 kin.) from Bello Horizonte: 287 miles (463 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; 62 miles (10ft km.) from.Sitio. Products: Coffee, sugar, tobacco, ce- reals, cattle, dairy products. Industries : Tanning, textile, and other factories. . . ,~ How Reached. — From Bello Horizonte by railroad, 10-hour trip; from Rio de Janeiro by railroad, 12-hour trip ; from Sitio By rail- road, 3J-hour trip. Banks. — Banco de Credito Real de Minas Geraes ; agency of Banco Hypothecario e Agricola do Estado de Minas Geraes. Hotels. — Brasil, Das Familias, Macedo, Central, Oeste, Pensao S. Benedicto, Pensao Donato. Note. — This town is of some importance commercially ; there are a large number of houses dealing in the products of the country which cover almost all of western Minas. It is usually canvassed from Rio de Janeiro or Bello Horizonte by those who make the sm&llGr towns. SAO LUIZ (MARANHAO), capital of the State of Maranhao ; population, 65,000; a port; landing, by shore boat, 2$000 to 4$000 round trip; 360 miles (578 km.) from Fortaleza and 250 miles (404 km.) from Para. Principal-products : Cotton, sugar, balsam, rubber, hides and skins, grains. Industries : Cotton spinning and weaving, hammock making, sugar refineries, distilleries, and fruit preserv- ing. . American consular agent. Lloyd's agent, Oliveira & Co. How Reached. — From Fortaleza by steamer; from Para and Pernambuco by steamers of Cia. Navegacao a Vapor do Maranhao ; also Companhia Fluvial Maranhense, and Lloyd Brasileiro. Banks. — Banco Commercial; Banco do Maranhao; Banco Hypo- tecario e Commercial do Maranhao; London and Brazilian Bank (Ltd.). Hotel. — Central.* Bote. — Sao Luiz is an excellent port, being well sheltered, A very large trade iscarried on, both import and export. In this city con- siderable cotton spinning and weaving is done, there being a group of important mills. Sao Luiz is well connected by railways with towns in the interior, and the territory tributary to this plaee pro- duces considerable business. There are numerous importers, many of whom work direetly with foreign countries, and consequently offer good prospects:' ! <3an be visited to advantage by salesmen in many lines SAO PAULO, capital of State of Sao Paulo; altitude, 2,500 feet} population, 565,000; on Sao Paulot Railway ; 304 miles (490 km.) JBS2 GUDDE TO.-liATIX AMEBIGA. from Rio ' de Janeiro ; 37 miles (60 km.) fromTjunttiahy; j: 50 i mHes (80 km.) from Santos; 144 miles (233 km.) ftom Gachoeifa; 270 miles (434 km.) from Karaite.. Climate*, agreeable all year-round. Principal products: Coffee, beans, rice cattle, frozen meat, sugar. Industries: Cotton spinning and -weaving, foundries, furniture, shoe, and mateh factories; flour mills, jute mills, glass factory; hosiery mills. .American consul and .rice .consul. American Chamber of Commerce, Rua 15 de Novembro 27. ■ ;• - *■ '" How Beached. — From Rio de-JarieiroCby Central of Brazil Rail- way (10 hoUjESTtrip) ; from Santos by Sao Paulo Railway (2 hours' trio) ; from Jundiahy by Sao Paolo Railway XI are 5$100, 1 hour's trip) ; from Itarare by Sorocabana Railway (4J hours* trip). Railroads.— In -addition to the line to Rio de Janeiro, liiere is railway serviee to .the interior of Minas Geraesibyway of Uberaba, Araguary; also to Bello Horizonte. Southward a series. -of lines extend through the States of .Parana;! Santa "CatharinK; r ahd° Rio Grande* connecting at the border town: «£ Santa Anna wifita line running south to Montevideo. 1 jHotels. — Sportsman,* Suisso,* Grande, -Carlton, D'Oeste^'Savoy Central^jFraccareli, Victoria, New Hotel, Palace, Da Paz, Bristol ' Banks.— Ageneia ■, Financial Paulista; Banco Agricola -de Sao Paulo; Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo; Banco Com- mercio e Industrial de Sao Paulo; Banco de Construccoes e Re- servas; Banco Constructor e Agricola; Banco de Credito Hypothe- cario ; Banco Espanol del Rio de.la Plata? Banco de-Minho; Banco di Napoli i ; , Banco/ de. Sao Paulo;. Banco .XFnai© de Sao Paulo; Banco Halo-Beige; Banco Borges e Irmao; Credit Foncier du Bresil-pour l'Amerique du Sud; British Bank of South 'America (Ltd.) ; Gior- dano & Co.; London & Brazilian Bank; National City Bank of New York ; Sociedade Anonyma Commercial e Bancaria Leonidas More- ira; Banco Alliance, do Porto (Zerrener & Co., agents) ; Banco Com- mercial /do Porto; London & River Plate Bank; Royal Bank of Canada,; Banco do Brasil ; -Banco Portuguez. do Brasil; Brazilian- ische Bank fuer Deutschland; Banco Allemao Transatlantico ; Banco Hollandez da America dp Sul; Banco Nacional lUltfamarino, Banco Italianp di Sconto. . . . - ... --. •; Customhouse Brokers.-^Soc. Anonyma MartineHi; G. TomaseUi &>Co.; Bareifbuajrte & Co. ; Carrarsi &Co.; L. Pizarro & Co.; Pas- cual >& Co. j JLara Mattps: 4 Co. ... am,,,: ,Ai h:c>: .-■- ifote. — -Sao Paulo is the second city in population in Brazil and possibly the chief industrial center of the Republic..' !Pb)e-State^)f Sao Paulo, itself lyields 65 per cent of. the revenue, ceded -yearly ly the Brazilian tfnion to -the Federal Government. Farty-:.>,,. N^tei— rThis is. a prosperous .and enterprising city in a cotton- growing region. In addition there. is much agriculture. •-; There are a number of manufacturing. establishments which produce' textiles, tile, plants being- operated by electricity." The eattte fairs, held here are "important. It is canvassed usually, from Sao Paulo, to which it is tsibufery. , ;,,.-, ' ,, .v • , , , '■--,?. THEREEENA, capital .pf .State of Piauhy;; population, 45,500? situated on;;the Parnahyfea.- River ; 270 miles. (432 km.) from'Par- cahyba and 223 miles (360 km.) from Amarracao (port). Tempera- ture .averages. 80°; F. Principal products: Cotton, sugar, rice, rub- ber, cattle and cereals, industries : Cattle raising, cottpn njiUs, soap making, sugar refining, and distilling. -:,-;•>. . ,. " How Reached. — From Parnshyba^by river steamer. There is, a railway from Caxias to Senado Furtoda ( across. Parnahyba River). Steamship; .lines.— £ia. de : Vapores do Rio Barnahyba-;. Empresu Fluvial Parnahyba. . . • > ...••: •■{'.,.' ■ •- Bank.— Banco do Brasil (agency). Hotels..-— Hotel 15 de Novembro,* Hotpl do Norte, Mo.u.ra, Grande. Note.— This is a, flourishing, -city easily reached from ,jts: port, Parnahyba. In the vicinity} much, cotton,, is raised,! and there are also numerous other agricultural products. Several cotton mills are operated. This place ; is usually visited by fchos&who canvass. closely. TJBERABA, State of Minas Geraes ; population, 20,000 ; altitude, 2,300 feet; on RJo dorPrata ; ,444 miles 0715 km.) from Sao Paulo. Industries : Sugar mills, lime plants. How Reached— From Saq Paula by:iMogyana Railway. ,:i Banks.— Banco deGreditodeMina; Baseo do Brasil. -.i-,.J; Hptels.^-Qaryalho,- Jose David & Co., Rosa de Moraes, Do Com- Mote —This is a distributing center for the.State of Minas Geraes. It is ia themidst ofaeattle-iaising district. The houses here are dependent upon the importers t of Sao jPaato. und. other importing frnTrGtrAYAWA,- State of Rio, Grande ido Sul.;(r 'population* 14008' on Uruguay River; 62 miles, (100 fcm.);,from.rItaqui^232 mileV (374 km.) from Santa Maria ;,, and 488 .railed (77S.ltfn.) from Porto llesre Products : Jerked beef, soap, candles, etc. Industries : Tanneries perfumery factory, soap and candle factories. 684 GUIDE TO kATIN AMERICA. How Reached— From Itaqui.*y Itaqui & Uruguayana Railway, 4 hours' journey; from Porto Alegre by Uruguayana Railway ; from Santa Maria by Uruguayana Railway, 12 hours' journey. Banks.— Banco Pelotense; Banco da Provineia do Rio Grande do Sul; Banco Nacional do Commercio. Customhouse Brokers. — Athos CarvaBm;' Luist Armando de .Souza, Aristides Pedroso de Alhuquerque, Heraclito Soares Leaes, -.HotelB.-T-sViotbria,*'Moderno,* De Rosa, Grande. Note. — Uruguayana is a frontier city and' the residence of many rich cattle ranchers. It is ahusy point of entry and departure for commerce with Argentina. The surrounding ^district is very im- portant agriculturally. - VICTORIA; capital' of State of Espirrfco Santo; population, 20,0000; on the southwest shore of island on Bspirito Santo Bay; 680 miles (1095 km.) from Sao Paulo ; 398 miles (640 km.) from Rio de Janeiro ; 77 miles (124 km.Jtifrom Itapemirim. Principal prod- ucts r Coffee, cacao, tobacco,- tiafcer, sugar, rice, manioc, flour, beans, com, hides, and skins. Industries : Sugar refining, cotton weaving, boot and shoe making, bottling of mineral water, etc. Lloyd's agent, Brian Barry. American consular agent. How Reached. — From Rio de Janeiro by Leopoldina Railway or by steamer. From Sao Paulo by Central Railway to Rio; steamer to Nictheroy ; Leopoldina Railway tfr Victoria ; average time of trip, 36 hours. Also reached by steamers. Banks. — London & River Plate Bank (agency) ; Banco do Brasil; Banco do Bspirito Santo. Customhouse Brokers. — Joao l Luiz de Albuquerque Tovar, Joaquim Correa de" Lyrio, Jose Ribeiro Coelho, Alfredo Lima, Calixto Ribeiro Coelho. ' '"•>' ' Hotels. — Palace, Continental* Victdria, Internacional, Commercio, Luzo-Brasileiro, Porto Rico. Note. — This is a port in southeastern Brazil. It Is chiefly depend- ent upon Rio de Janeiro for its imports. Victoria may soon be the center of Brazil's manganese trade. Plans are now on foot for the developments its po*t in order to handle the exports of ore from the States of Minas Geraes and Bspirito Santo. A considerable distributing business-is carried on With the surrounding country. PLACES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE. Below are listed the smaller towns and places of less interest to the average traveler. This list will serve as an index to the com- mercial geography of the rural districts. Should - the traveler have inquiries from these points he will be able to gauge approximately their value or importance. ■ • * Alagoas, State of Alagoas; on Utinga River; 6 miles (10 km.) from its mouth (Lago Manguabo), near Maceio; : population of dis- trict, 18,000. Products: Cotton, sugar, cereals. Daily communica- tion with Pilar by Companhia deNavegacao dos Lagos. Alcantara, State of Maranhao; population of district 16,000; port on Bay of Sao Marcos ; on Des Etats Unis du Bresil Railway ; BRAZIL. 685 exports cattle, hides, rubber, and gum; distant 12 miles (20 km) from Sao Luiz. Amarante, State of Piauhy ; population of district, 10,000; port on Parnahyba River; reached from Parnahyba by steamers of Com- panhia de Navegacao do Rio Parnahyba. Products: Sugar, cotton, cereals, hides, aguardiente, silver, copper, iron. Amargosa, State of Bahia; population of district, 25,000; alti- tude,; 1,225 feet ; on Jequerica-Mirim River ; 61 miles (99 km.) from Nazareth. Reached by Amargosa branch of Nazareth Railway ; time of trip, 54 hours. Products :_ Cotton, cereals, cattle. Amparo, State of Sao Paulo, population of district, 50,000 ; alti- tude, 2,150 feet; on Oamanducala River, 105 miles (169 km.) from Sao Paulo. Reached by Mogyana Railway (Amparo, Serra Negra & Socorio branch); fare, 15$90O; time of trip, 5 hours. Hotels: Grande Hotel Zucchi and Grande Hotel Berardo. Coffee-growing section. Antonina, State of Parana; population of district, 12,000; good port on west shore of Cachoeiia Bay ; on Parana Railway, Antonina branch, 11 miles (17 km.) from Curityba and Morretes. Products: Rice, sugar, iron, timber, manganese. Carretera to Graciosa, 52 miles (86 km.) distant. Bank :_ Marcallo & Co. Araguary, State of Hinas Geraes ; population, 6,000 ; on Aragu- ary branch of Mogyana Railway; climate, temperate. Products: Cereals, rice, cattle, horses. Distant 555 miles (894 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Baldecao and Moygana Railway, Hotels : Brazil and Plavio. Bank:, Banco Hypothecario e Agricola. Araraquara, State of Sao Paulo ; population^ 12,000 (district, 40,000) ; on D'Ouro River. Products : Coffee, sugar, cereals, cattle. Reached .from Sao Paulo, 200 miles (322 km.), by Paulista & Arara- quara Railway (Rio Claro branch). Hotels: Mozza and Oeste.. BankiBanque Francaise pour 1'Amerique.i This is the center of an important coffee and agricultural district. Araras, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 8,000 ; on Paulista Rail- way (JundiahytbDescalvado line) ; 120 miles (195 km.) from Sao Paulo; time of trip, 4; hours. Products: Coffee, sugar, cereals. In- dustry: Meat packing. Hotels: Central, D'Oeste; and Mantovana. The Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. has a plant here. Araxa, State of Minas Geraes ; population, 13,000; 32 miles (52 km.) from Sacramento. Products; Rice, cereals, sheep. Areias, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 6,000 ; on Vermeilho River, 8 miles (12 km.) from Queluz, which is on Central Railroad. Good carretera to Queluz. Products: Coffee, aguardientes >eereals. Assu, State of Rio Grande do Norte; population, 5,000; on left bank of Piranhas River, 186 miles (300 km.) from the capital. Products : Salt, coal, iron, lead, cotton, cereals, hides. Hotel : Assu. Atalaia, State of Alagoas; population of city, 8,000; of district, 50,000; on Parahyba River, and on railway from Vicosa to Maceio (branch of Great Western of Brazil Railway), 25 miles (40 km.) from Maceio. Sugar is an important product. Avare, State of Sao Paulo; population, 6,000; altitude, 2,450 feet. Products* Cereals, sugar, cotton; On Sorocabana-Tibagy branch of Brazil Railway; 241 miles (387 km.) from Sao Paulo; (time, Hi 686 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. hours). Hotel : Guarany • Bella Vista. Bank; Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo. , Bananeiras. State of Parahybs; population of' district, 27,000; on Great .Western .Railway; 1 262 miles (421 km.) from. Nictheroy; (,Ume, JL2 Jjonrafc: • Products^: Coffee; cotton, cereals, fruits, sugar, tobacco, granite, chalk. Hotels; Anisio do Silva Barbosa) Luiz Bajjretettde' Almeida ; D: Maria Veronica. -"- . Barbacena, = State, of Minas ' Geraes ; population,' 10=000 ; : altitude, 3,250 feet; 112 miles (181 km.) fromOuro Preto; 206 miles (320 km.) from Belio. Horizonte ; and '235 miles (378 km.) from Rio de Janeiro iT.ia Central Railway (8} hours). Industries-; Tahhing, -cot- ton mills,, boot making,- cheese factories. Hotels : AUianca; Mar- tinelli, Central.,!, . ■ , ;:■ • '.. i- Barra do. Pirahy, State of Rio de Janeiro ;■ population, 10,000. industries 5 Distilleries? dairies, agricultural machinery. Products: Tobacco and agricultural products. Distant 242 miles (390 km.f from Sao Paulo,- via. .Central Railway -(25$600 fare/'JO hours' jour- ney) ; 68 miles (109;km.)''frQm Rio dei Janeiro', by Central Railway (time, 3 hours).. Hotels : Universal; Central-. _ Barra do Rio Grande, State of Bafeia; at confluence of Sao Fran- cisco and Grande Rivers. • Products* ' Wine}-' eta Center of river tra.dg ,few States of Minas/Goyaz, and Piautiy. : " : 3arra Mansa, State of .Rio de Janeiro ^population Of district, 28,000;; an rigfctibank ofParahyba River; 33 miles (52 km:) from Cedro; time,: 2$. hours; 95 smiles (153 Sm.) from'^Rio de Janeiro; 214 miles (345 km.) from -8a» Paulo, on Sao Pat3o-"Rio- branch of Central Railway (time from Sao Paulo, 8 hours).' Products: Cof- fee-,, cereals*- sugar, coal, .iron, manganese. Hotel: Universal. This town is also on CarrancaBT&ngra dos Reis branch of Western Minas Railway.. ■■'>■-*■'.! . Barreiras, State of Bahia; population, 5,000; pdit "for large 'and small steamers on the Rio Grande. Products: Cattle, rubber, timber. . i ■ •-■ ^ ■ ■ " ' ' '*•- ' , -Baturite, State of Ceara; population of city, 30,000; of district, 4§.000, Distant 63 miles (101 km.i) from Fortaleza, via Brazil Northeastern Railway; time of *trip? 4J hours. Products: Sugar, rubber, manioc, coffee: Hotel : ff rancisco M. ua Silveira. Bauru, State of Sao Pauld ; papulation, 8,000 ; altitude, 1 1,700 feet ; . 268 miles (432 km.)>from Sao Paulo (time, 12$ hours) ; on Soroca- bana trunk line of the Brazil Railway Co. Products : Cofflfe/cereals^ sugar, fruitej: cotton, timber.-i cattle. Industries: Cigarj salt," soap, and candle - ia<*ories. ; Banks: Agencies t* Banco do Brasil and Bairco Sao^Petuo-MattoGrosso. /Hotels : Central, Viajante, Brazil, Pautista, Zulianv;: .: • " ' ' " J - BeimonteVi State «f ^Bahia; . population, 6,000; on right bank' of Je^Unhonha River, 26, miles (42' km»>< from CannavieirasfMa. motor* boat across, the Qanal de- Peso. Products: Cacao, timtter, coffee, sugar, cattle. «-. ' '" -v- Bomfim, State of Babiai; population, 10,000; 277-miles'P446 km.) fiomi Bahia,- via Bahia-Sao Prancteco-Joazeiro Railway • time, ^33 1 hours, : Products : Coffee, tobacco, cigars, rice, cotton, copper, iron. ' HoteWtobo. i r T> ■"-•-: ■-■ : '> BRAZIL. ' 687 Bomfim, State of Goya*; population, 2,000; altitude,' 2,740 feet; 3 miles (5 km.) from Goyaz Railroad* 150 miles (240: km.) from Goyaz; climate, excellent Products: Minerals, . cattle* sugar, tobacco. ' ' ■ ' f . -■ > •-■...'" Bom Successo, State of Minas Geraes ; population of city, 7,000; of district, $28,000. Products: Agricultural produce, starch, gold, platinum, iron. Reached from Rio -de Janeiro by West Minas Rail- way. Distant 134 miles (216 km.) from Sitio via West Minas Rail- way; time, 8i hours. Hotel, Dos Viajantes. w "BcHJBcitu, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 10,000 ; altitude, 'g£50 feet; 192 miles (309 km.) from Sao Paulo; time, 9| hours; on Sorocabana trunk line of the Brazil Railway Co. Banks: Banque Francaise et Italienne; Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo. Products: Coffee, sugar, cereals, tobacco, cattle, hides. ,; Hotel, Rabello-Areii-osL ■; • . . ' . .' , "".~• BragaD.ca, ! State of Para; population, 18,000; 144 miles (233 km.) from Paras via Para-Braganca branch of Braganca Railway ^Prod- ucts : Cotton,- sugar, maize, rice, tobacco. ■ Hotels : Bianchi, Bragarica, Central,' Sportsman, Carvalhd. ■'■" Banco Commercial: do Estado de Sao Paulo. '■'•''' ; ' T •■'•'".';, ..... Brusque, State of Santa Catharina ; population, 1,200; on Itaj&liy- merim River; chiefly dependent 6n~ steamship service; distant3<53 miles (102 km.), from Florianopolis, from which it is reached by carretera. Products: Maize, rice, coffee, sugar, tobacco, lime. Hotel/ Joso Schaefer. ' ..'-^ -vj Cabo, State' of -Pernambuco; population of district, r 26*000 ; on Pirapaima .'River. Products : Rice, coffee, eotten, sugar, maize, beans. Reached from Nazareth (State of Pernambuco) or Pernam- buco, via Great Western ^Railway of Brazil; 20 miles (32 T km.) from Cinoft: Pontas (Perhambuco) via Great Western Railway; time of trip,. 44- minutes. Hotels : Benecio, Brasil. : Cabo. Frio, State of Rio de' Janeiro; population of district r 8,000: on Araruama Lake. Prodnds i"Sugar, fruHsi coffee, salt "A.sea- port. Reached by. Cia. Sao Joa da Barra" e Campos Empresa Bra- sileira deNavegagao •> -... . Cacapava,, State: of Rio Grande do Sul ; population of district, 18,000; 37 miles (60 km.) from Porto Alegre. Products: Wheat, maize* -'tobacao,-«opper, gold, iron. Hotels: Viajantes, Tasso de Bern, Alves & Co., Pedr© dos Santos/ Oliviera. Banco Nacional do Commercio. - ■•>.->,. ■. ; r :. •^■■•\ ■ ■ ■• : •" - Cachoeira, State of Rio Grande doiSut; 170 miles (274 km. 1 from 'Porto Alegre, 10 hours Journey? population*' with district, 45,000. In riee-gro wing districts > Products:- Tobacco, "cereals, maa- kMoea, -Iruit -etc. Banks: 'Banco dp Brasil; Banco^Beifltefiseq Banco Nacional > do Commercio, (Banco do Provincia do Rio ! 'Grande do Sal; Hotels: Alliance, Oommereio, Keib a' ., - ■•; j„ k >.;.. ■■,., -_.,, Cactoeiro de Itapemirua*- State of Espiritai Santo ;jpopwlation, t6,0d0; ;! on Itiapemtrifflf River, 26 miles (42, km;) from its riiopjihi; and 100 miles (160 km.) from Victoria (3 hours' journeymen Jieo- pbldfna Railwa^'WiRSd de' Janeiro. Hotels: MacHda^KeJlm. -Prod- ucts': ©affee,.sugaT,i«)iton,:cereals. ; ' •: .or-I • -.;; .n 688 GUIDE TO. LATIN AMERICA. Caetite*. State of Bahia; altitude, 2,550 feet; climate, jcold from May to August, temperate rest of year ; distant 388 miles (625 km.) from Bahia. ~ Products : Woodsy etc. Caldas, State of Minas Geraes; population, 7,000; altitude, 3,725 feet,; on Capipary River ; 8 miles^ (14 km.) from Santa Rita das Caldas; 192 miles (310 km.) from Sao Paulo, viaMogyana Railway, Caldas .branch-; time of trip»'9£ hours; 26 miles (42 km.) from Campestre; 362 miles (582 km.) from Rio;de Janeiro. .Hotels: Globo, Sul. Products : Wines and coffee- - it- Cameta, State of Para; population of city, 20,000; of district, 32,000; on Tocantins- River; steamship service,. by Linha Fluvial do Tocantins, 3 trips monthly j 93 miles (150 km.) southwest of Para. Products: Cacao, tobacco, woodsy manioc. Campos Novqs, State of Santa Catharinait population of district, 15,500; altitude, 1,375 feet; on Sorocabana Railway to Sao Paulo and Santos. Products: Sugar, alcohol, coffee, rice, tobacco. Cantagallo, State of Rio.de Janeiro; population, 3,000;- altitude, 1,200 feet; 103 miles (167 km.)? ftom ; Nictheroy ; time, 7 hours: 31 miles (50 km.) from Nova Friburgo; on Cantagallo branch of Leopoldina Railway. Products : Coffee, sugar, salted meat, etc. Caruaru, State of Per-nambuco 1 ; population, 9,000; altitude,. 1,040 feet; on the Ipojuca River; 87 miles (140 km.) from Pemambuco, via Pernambuco branch of Great Western Railway ; time, 7 hours. Products :. Sugar cane, cotton, coffee. •-.:- . -. -ji Casa Branca, State of Sao Paulo; population iOf district, 17,000; on trunk line of MogyanaRailway; 171 miles- <277 km.) northwest of Sao Paulo; time, 74: hours.- i 'Products:-. Sugar, rice, manioc. Hotel, Commercio.- • < - Catalao, State of Goyaz; population,. 8,000; on Araguary section of Goyaz Railway; 72 miles (.116. km.) from Araguary; time of trip, 5 hours. Products : Cereals, rice, cattle, sugar, coffee, dia- monds. Hotels : Barbosa, Jorge Elias. Caxias, State of Maranhao; population of district, 42^000; on right- bank of Itapicuru River, 298 miles (480 km.) from Maranhao. Hotel, Pellizarri. Products : Sugar, cotton, tobacco, wax, cereals, rubber. Industries: Textile- mills, pottery works* sugar refineries. Terminus of river navigation and beginning of railway to Flores. Railroads: -Caxias Cajaseiras Railway; San Luis-Caxias Railway. Caxias, State of Rio- Grande do Sul; population, 6,000; 73 miles (118 km.) from Porto Alegre. Products: Wine (chief source of wealth), cereals, wheat, .Reached by Montenegro-Gaxia branch of Rio Grande do Sul Railway. Banks : • Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul; Banco Nacional do. Gommercio ; Banco Pelo tense; Bant}ue Francaise et Italienne pour, l'Amerique du Sul. Hotels: Globo, :Bella Vista, ;Firenze. .Thisjisi-a .small-town whose chief dependence is on the wine t making industry. There is also agri- culture,- -It is tributary to Porto. Alegre, on which place it depends for supplies.. Considerable quantities of wine are shipped from this part, (.;.■ Jaboticabal. State of Sao Paulo; population of district,, 25,000; 259 miles (418 km.) from Sao Paulo. Readied by steamers ^of Companhia Paulista de Vias Ferre&s & Fluviales ;.-also by Paulista Railway; average rail time from Sao Paulo, 14 hours, Products: Coffee, sugar, cereals, maniop. Hotels : Central, Migliori, Commercio. BRAZII* 691 Jacobina, State of Bahia; population of district, 36,000; on Rio do Ouro. Products : Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, .maize, gold; timber. Industry, fruit preserving. , -n S> v Jaguarao, State of Bio Grande do.Sul; population of .district, 18,000; ft miles (15 km.) above moutb of Jaguaro River; ©n Lago Mirim, opposite Artigas, Uruguay; 18 miles (30 km.) from Pelotas and 235 miles (380 km.) from Porto Alegre; cattle and wool dis- trict. Hotels ; Frances, Central. Banks :. Banco da Provlncia de Bio Grande do Sul; Banco Pelotense; Banco Nacional do Commercio. Januaria, State of Minas Geraes ; population, 12^000 ; climate temperate; on Sao Francisco River ; reached by small vessels from Joazeiro and Pdrapora, terminals of the Bahia and Central Rail- ways. Products : Gold, rice, sugar._ . ■ - u : Jardim do Serido, State of Bio Grande do Norte ; population of district, 15,000; on Serido River, an affluent of the Piranhas, 34. miles (54 km.) from Caicos,205 miles (330 km.) from Natal, and 19 miles (30 km.) from Acary. Products: Cattle».hides, rice, sugar. Carreteras to Caico and Acary. .„ ■ ,, Joazeiro, State of Bahia ; population, 6,000; altitude, 1,150 feet; on Sao Francisco River, ^opposite Petrolina. On Sad Francisco Railway (Federaux de TEst Brazil) to Bahia and Alagoinhas, 280 miles (452 km.) from Alagoinhas, and 358 miles (576 km.) from Bahia ; time, 9i hours) . Products : Salt, soda, sugar, cotton, manioc, wax, rubber, cacao. Hotel, Paris. Labrea, State of Amazonas; on Purus River, 778 miles (1,252 km.) from Manaos. Products: Coal, iron. Reached from Manaos, by steamers of Companhia do Amazonas, 5 days' journey ; to Manos, 3 days' journey. Hotels : Abraham Litajfe, . Galdino.. de Moura, Bra sil, Joao Jose de lima. .■>..•>■* Lages, State, of Santa Catharina ;. population of district, 26,000; altitude, 2,450 feefc.' Products : Wheat, feuits, eereals,; cattle. Dis- tant 110 miles (179 km.) west of Florianopolis. Hotels: Josepha Lenzi, Jose Sonto Negro^ Bank, Banco Nacional do Commercio. Lagoa Vermellia, State of Rio Grande Jo Sul ; population, 16,000; 197 miles (316 km.) from Porto Allegre. Reached from Passo Fun do by caTretera. Products : Alfalfa, rice, sugar, cereals, fruits, vege- tables. Bank, Banco Nacional do Commercio., Laguna, State of SantaCatharina ; population of district, 33,800 ; on Theresa-Christina bsanch of the Brazil Railway; 21 miles. (34 km.), from Imbitumba (port). Products: Corn, sugar, alcohol, rice. Reached from Imbitumba via Imbitumba branch of railroad, time li hours; from Rio de Janeiro, -by coasting steamers. Hotels: Augusto Westphol, Egvdio Taranto, Ernesto Wilke, Monteclaro. Banks; Banco do Commercio. This is a small town tributary to Florianopolis ; usually canvassed by those who make the smaller towns. .h. ■ • /• Lavras, State of Minas Geraes; population, 8^000 j,. altitude, 2,950 feet; 222 miles (357. km.) from Bello Horizon te,; 6 miles (10 km.) from Ribeirao Vermelho. Railroad: Oeste de Minas, Bom Jardim branch. Products : Goldy coal, iron, woods, cattle, pigs, 692 GUIDE TO XATIN ' AMERICA. cheese. Hotels: Gentral, Moreira. Bank: Agencia do- Banco 'de Gre&ito Real de Minas Geraes. ' ' Leopoldina, State of Minas Geraes; population, 3,000; reached from Rio de Janeiro by Leopoldina Railway ; 183 miles (295 km. ) from Praia Formoza, via; Leopoldina Railway. Products : Sugar; tobacco, coffee, cereals, cattle. ' '■■ limeira, State of. Sao Paulo; population,' 10,000; altitude,- 1,620 feet ; on- railroad (Pauliata:) from Campinas to Sao do Rio Claro. Products : Coffee, sugar, cereals. Hotels :* Dos Viajantes, Grande Hotel Central. Macahe, State of Rio de Janeiro ; population, 8,000 ; seaport ; reached by Companhia de Navegacao de Sao Joao do Barra e Cam- pos; 112 miles (181 km.) from Nictheroy via Leopoldina Railway; time, 4| hours; climate, healthful. Products : Coffee, alcohol, sugar, textiles. >• .'■■>; Macapa, State of Para; population, -9,000 ; on Amazon River; reached by. steamers. ' Products ; Rubber, cattle.' Macau, State of' Rio Grande do Norte ; population, 7,000 ; at mouth' of Piranhas River, 150 miles (241 km.) from Natal; climate, temperate, healthful. Products: Salt, cotton, cereals, fish. Reached by sea and by river: Hotels : Europa; Pensao Macau. Port of call* for Companhia Commercio e Navegacao, Companhia Maran- hense, and Lloyd Brasileiro. • • . , Mage, State of Rio de Janeiro ; population of district/ ^26j300 ; on Theresopolis & Leopoldina Railway; reached from Rio de Janeiro, time, li hours ; climate, variable. < ■* Mamanguape, State of Parahyba; population, 10,000; on Maman- guape River. Products:' Cotton, sugar, cereals, rubber, manioc, woods, coffee, cacao, ipecac. Banks : Banco do Brasil and Banco Ultramarino (correspondents) . Hotel, Commercial. Reached by Great Western Railway to Sape, thence by automobile. Maman- guape has two portsj with which it is connected by canals. Manicore, State of Amazonas ; population of district, 17,000 ; on right' bank of Mader-ia River, short distance from mouth of Manicore River ; river communication with Humaita and Itacoatiara ; • 290 miles (469 km.) from Manaos. Products: Rubber, tobacco, "hides, manioc, cacao, skins, fish,: oil. Port of call for river steamers. Maragogipe, State of Bahia; population, 7,000; district, 25,000; 35 miles (56 km.) from Bahia; on Maragogipe River, where it en- ters Lake ParaguSsso ; reached from Cachoeira by steamers. Prod- ucts: Tobacco, cacaO; cereal's, rice, sugar, maize, arrowroot, in- dustries : Cigar and soap making ; distilleries. Hotels : Uhiao, Pen- sao Rocha. Maranguape." State of Ceara; population, 18,000; 16 miles (27 km.) from Fortaleza, via Baturite Railway; time, 70 minutes. Products : Cotton, bananas, rubber, sugar. • Marianna, State of Minas Geraes; population, 5,000; 8 miles (12 km.) northeast of Oufo Preto by Old Highway. Products. Cereals, sugar, cattle, gold. Railroad ; Ouro PretO branch of Central of Brazil Railway. Ouro Preto Gold Mine Co. operates here. Maroim, State of Sergipe; population, 9,000; on Ganhamoraba River 25 miles (42 km.) north of Aracaju; on Alagoinhas-Propria BEAZIL. 693 Railway. Products: Sugar, cotton, alcohol, cereals. Industries •' Textile Mill and distillery. Hotels: S. Joao, Commercial. Beached both by water and by rail. Bankers : Cruz, Irmao & Co. ; Sabino Bi- beiro & Co. Matto Grosso, State of Matto Grossa; population, 5,000; on right Bank of Guapore Biver, 342 miles (552 km.) from Cuyaba. Prod- ucts : Bubber, medicinal plants, sugar, minerals. Government military station. This town is located near the extreme western border of Brazil, near the Bolivian line, and the nearest railroad station is approximately 400 miles (640 km.) southeast, at Porto Esperanga, on the Paraguay Biver. Aside from canoe and Small launches on the upper Kid Guapore, this town has no outside communication except by pack trail. Moooca, State of Sao Paulo; population of district, 19,000; 212 miles (342 km.) from Sao Paulo and 26 miles (42 km.) from Caconde. Products: Coffee, cereals, cattle. Bailroad: Mococa branch of Mogyana Bailway ; time of trip from Sao Paulo 9J hours. Hotels : Dos Viajantes, Central, Terraco. Bank, Banco Francaise pour 1'Amerique du Sud. Mogy Mirim, State of Sao Paulo; population, 10,000; 112 miles (181 km.) from Sao Paulo ; time, 4f hours. Products : Sugar, fruits, coffee, cottOEi, aguardiente. On trunk line of Mogyana Bailway. Hotel, Bras'il. Bank, Banco Commercial do Estado de Sao Paulo. . Morretes, State of Parana; population, 8,000; on Parana-Para- nagua-Curityba branch of Brazil Bailway; 42 miles (69 km.) from Curityba ; time, 3 hours. Products, tropical fruits. Mossoro, State of Bio Grande do Norte ; population- of district, 13,000; on left bank of Mossoro Biver, 175 miles (281 km.) from Natal ; climate, dry. Products : Alabaster, iron, salt, wax, cattle, cotton, wax, rubber. Hotel, Dos Viajantes. Bank, Banco do Brasil. "■ ' ••..-. Nazareth, State of Pernambuco; population of district, 70,000; on left bank of Tracunhaem Biver; 45 miles (73 km.) from Pernam- buco, by Becife-Cabedello Bailway ; 3 hours' journey. Products: Sugar, cotton, coffee, cereals. This place is noted for its fairs. Nova Cni2, -State of Bio Grande do Norte; population, 8,000. Products : Cotton, coffee, rice, hides. Distant 75 miles (120 km.) from Natal, via Natal-Pernambueo branch of Great Western Bail- way; time of trip, 6J hours. Also reached from Pernambuco, 187 miles (301 km.) distant, by Natal-Pernambuco branch- of Great Western Bailway. Garreteras to Campestre and Sao Bento. Hotel, Eneas Bocha. Obidas, State of Para; population of district, 30,000; on Amazon Biver, 595 miles (959 km.) from Para; port of call for river steam- ers. Products: Cacao, rubber, Brazil-nuts. Industries: Chocolate making, fruit preserving. .,-.*■.., ,:.,•■ Oeiras, State of Piauhy ; population of district, 35,000. Products : Cattle/ hides, butter, rubber, cheese, wax.' Important trading ■center. Olinda, State of Pernambuco; population, 10,000; 27 miles (45 km.) from Pernambuco, by Great Western Railway; time of trip 1J 90821° — 22^-^-45 694 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. hours. Industries: Sugar, refineries, tobacco and cotton factories. Products: Sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton. Ouro lino, State of Minas Geraes; population, 8,000; altitude, 2,550 feet; reached from Cruzeiro (195 miles) by Sapucaby branch of Federaes Brasileiras Railway. Products : Coffee, cereals, sugar, woods, wines. Hotels: Palva, S&, Silva, Grande Hotel Pinheira. Bank, Agenda do Banco de C. Real de Minas. Palmyra, State of Minas Geraes; population of district, 11,000; 200 miles (324 km.) from Rio de Janeiro, via Central Railway ; time, 7J hours. Products: Cattle, cereals, cheese. Hotels: Barbosa, Central, Mineiro, Palmyra. Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul; district population, 40,000; 221 miles (356 km.) from Santa Maria; 523 miles (243 km.) from Porto Alegre. Principal products: Timber, herva matte, aguardiente, tobacco; cereals, rice. Reached from Porto Alegre and Santa Maria by Rio Grande do Sul Railway. Banks: Banco Pelotense; Banco National do Commercio; Banco da Provincia do Rio Grande do Sul. Hotels : International, Familiar, Viajantes. This place is in the heart of an agricultural district, depending chiefly upon the houses in ports for supplies. Canvassed as a rule by those who make the smaller towns. Fenedo, Slate of Alagoas ; population of district, 20,000 ; of city, 16,000; on Sao Francisco River, 34 miles (55 km.) from its mouth. Products : Sugar, cotton, cereals, pottery. Reached from Bahia fcy regular steamship service of Companhia Fluvial and Companhia Navegacao Pernambucana. Hotels : Alagoano, Vicencia, Rio Branco. Pesqueira, State of Pernambuco; population of district, 16,000; on Panema River; 142 miles (230 km.) from Pernambuco, via Great Western Railway ; time, 11 hours. Products : Cotton, sugar, cereals, hides, guava jelly. Hotels: Clotario Duque dp Silva, Pernambuco. Picos, State of Piauhy ; population of district, 20,000 ; on Guari- bas River (navigable) ; 291 miles (470 km.) from Therezina. Prod- ucts: Cattle, hides, skins, etc. Pindamonhangaba, State of Sao Paulo ; population of district, 14,000; on Parahyba River; 105 miles (171 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Central Railway ; time, 4J hours. Products : Coffee, sugar, maize. Manufacturing town. Hotels: Central, Commercio, Mello, Cosmopolitano. " Piracicaba, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 20,000 ; on Piracicaba River; 122 miles (196 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Sorocabana Rail- way -i- timet 6i hours. Products: Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, manioc. Industries: Cotton mills, sugar refineries. Near by is Rio Claro, reached by electric railway. Hotels: Giardiniera, Cen- tral. Piracuruoa, State of Piauhy; population of district, 18,000; on Guaribas River (navigable). Products: Cattle, cotton, hides, skins, wax. Pirahy, State of Parana; population, 7,000; 97 miles (157 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway; time of trip, $$ hours. Products : Cattle, sugar, coffee, iron. Pirahy, State of Rio de Janeiro ; population, 2,500 ; on right bank of Pirahy River. Products: Coffee, cereals, sugar, cattle. Rail- BRAZIL. 695 road: Barra do Pirahy branch of Federaes Brasileiras Railway. Distant 15 miles (25 km.) from Barra do Pirahy; time, 1J hours. Pirapora, State of Minas Geraes; population, 7,000; on Sao Fran- cisco River; terminus of Central Railway, connecting it with Bello Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro; 625 miles (1,006 km.) from Rio de Janeiro. Agricultural district ; also cotton mills. Porto da Folha, State of Sergipe; population of district, 12,000; 2 J miles (4 km.) from Sao Francisco River; climate, tropical, ex-> cept June to August, which period is very cold. Products : Cattle, cereals, cotton, riee. t Pyrenopolis, State of Goyaz; population, 4,000; altitude, 2,210 feet; on Rio das Almas, 94 miles (152 km.) from Goyaz. Prod- ucts : Cattle, hides, tobacco, sugar, cotton, timber, rubber, precious stones, gold, silver.' Qoarahy, State of Rio Grande do Sul; population, 8,000; on Quarahy River; 324 miles (522 km.) from Porto Alegre by Great Southern and Uruguayana Railways. Products : Jerked beef, hides, horns, wool, cattle. Hotels: Central, Commercio. Quixada, State of Ceara ; population,. 6,000 ; near Titia River ; 115 miles (187 km.) from Fortaleza, via Baturite Railway;"?! hours' journey. Hotels : Gervasio Franco, Jose Rosendo Silveira. Sugar, cereals, and cotton are important products. Quixeramobim, State of Ceara ; population, 10,000 ; on Quixera- mobim River; 146 miles (236 km.) from Fortaleza, via Baturite Railway, 91 hours' journey. Products: Cotton, cereals, cattle. Health' resort Redempcao, State of Ceara; population of district, 26,000; 40 miles (66 >km.) from Fortaleza, via Baturite Railway, Fortaleza-i lea branch. Products: Cotton, coffee, sugar. Rezende, State of Rio de Janeiro ; ; population* 14,000; on Para- hyba River; 118 miles (190 km.) from Rio de Janeiro; by Sao Paulo-Rio Branch of Central Railway; 191 miles (308 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Central Railway ; time, 74 hours.. Products: Coffee, sugar, cattle, cereals, butter; cheese. Industries: Distillery. Hotels: Lino, Escobar, S. Jose; Lusitania, Central. Riachuelo, State of Sergipe ; population* 9,000 ; on Sergipe River ; reached by steamer or rail' from Aracaju, 18 miles (29 km.) distant; on Alagoinhas-Propria Railway. Products: Sugar, cotton, tobacco, rice, manoc. Bio Formoso, State of Pernambnco ; population of district, 39,000; on Formoso River. Products : Sugar, cotton, coffee, maize, manioc. Kio Negro, State of Parana; population of district, 17,000; on Rio Negro; port is Sao Francisco; reached from Parana and Curi- tyba by Parana Railway; steamer service to Uniao de Victoria. Products : Herva matte, maize, beans, timber. Distant 132 miles (213 fern.) from Sao Francisco, by Sao Paulo-Rio Grande Railway; fare,. 17$100 ; time of trip, 8} hours; 1 Bohr's journey ; 55 miles (89 km.) from Serrinha, by Parana Railway; 4 hours' journey. Bank, Banco do Commercio. • Santa Cruz, State of Espirito Santo; population of district, 12,000 ; on Piraguassu River. Products : Iron, copper, sugar, woods. Distant 30 miles (48 km.) from Victoria ; time, 1J hours 696 GUIDE TO JkATTN AMERICA. Santa Maria Magdalena. State of ,Rio de Janeiro; population, 1,500; 199 miles (321 km.) from Niteheroy, by Santa Maria Magda- lena branch of Leopoldiua Railway; time, llf hours. Products: Coffee, sugar, aguardiente, cattle, poultry, eggs. Hotels: Dareilio Lima, Joao A. daRocha. Santarem, State of Para; population, 7,000; on right bank of Tapajoz River, at confluence with Amazon ; climate, dry. Products : Cacao, cotton, caoutchouc, sugar, rubber, vanilla, fish. Port of- call for Lloyd Brasileiro, Companhia -de Commercio e Navegacao, and the Amazon River Co. Distant 310 miles (500 km'.) froni Para, by river. Important commercial center. Hotels: O. Castello (V. Bas- tes & Co.), Pensao Familiar. Santo Amaro, State of Bahia ; . population of district,. 28,000. Products: Sugar, spirits. Industries: Sugar refineries, distilleries, soap factories, foundries. - Reached from Jacu by Santo Amaro Rail- way, also hyCompanhia de-Nanegaco Bahiana. Sap Gnstovao, State of Sergipe; population of district, 14,000; on Alagoinhas-Propria . Railway, 12 miles (20 km.) from Araeaju. Prodncts z Sugar, fruits,- cereals, salt, coconut oil. Situated on Paramopana River. . Sao Felix, State of Bahia;' population, 8,000; seaport on Para- guassu River, opposite Cachoeira; on Central Railway, 160 miles (257: km.) from: Machada Portella (terminus). Proefucts: Tobacco, sugar, coffee, cereals. Industry, cigar making. Hotel, Frederico Dantas. Banks : Banco do Brasil ; Plinio Moseoso & Co. Sao Fidelis, State of Rio de Janeiro ; population, 4,500 ; on Para- hyba River ; bridge to Lucea, station on Leopoldina: Railway. Prod- ucts: Mica, timber, cattle, sugar. Distant 31 miles (5d km.) from Campos and 202 miles (325 km.)'from Nichtheroy, on the Campos Miracema branch of Leopoldiua Railway; time, 10 hours. Hotel, Brandao. ' : Sao Gabriel, State of Rio Grande do Sul; population, 8,000; on Vacoeohy- River ; on Auxiliares Linho Rio Uruguay (Uruguay River branch) of Brazil Railway; 117 miles (190 km.) from Santa Maria; 280 miles (452 km.) from Porto Alegre; 80 miles (130 km.) from Bage ; : 209 miles (337 km.) from Uruguay ana. Products : . Agri- cultural, cattle, rice, sweet potatoes, vegetables. Industries: Brew- ery, dried-meat plant. ■; Reached from Santa Maria via Santa Maria- Uruguayana Railway, 7-hour journey. Banks: Filial, do Banco Pelotense; Banco Rio Grande do SuL Hotels: Prado, Grande- This place is located in an agricultural and cattle-raising section; Although a small town,; a considerable business is done-' hi coffee, potatoes, rice, cattle, etc. Usually visited by those who canvass the smaller places. ; • . , Sao Joao da Barra, State of Rio de Janeiro; population, 6,000; on Parabyba River, '2J miles (4 km.) from its mouth; 25 miles (40 km.) from Campos; and 195 miles (315 km.) from Nictheroy, via Campista branch «f Leopoldina Railway. Port of call for Gom- panhia de Navegacao Sao Joao da Barra. Products : Sugar, coffee, rice, coal, manioc. Hotels: Julia Franco, Ludomiro Diaz, Pedro Henrique Garcia. BRAZIL. 697. Sao Jose de Utipibu, Rio Grande do Norte; population, 3,000; on left bank of Trahiry River. Products: Sugar, cotton, cattle, cereals^ Distant' 23 miles (38 km.) from Natal, via Independencia branch ;of Great Western Railway, 24 hours' journey ; 98 miles (158 km.) from Parahyba, by Cabedello & Natal Railway ; 54 hours' journey ? Car- retera to Caida. , Sao Jose do Rio Fardo, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 6,000 ; on Pardo River, Industries: Tannery, distillery.- Products: Coffee, rice, wheat, sugar, cotton, dairy products, woods; On Mococa branch of Mogyana Railway to Santos and Sao Paulo, 193 miles (312 km.) from Sao Paulo ; time, 84 hours. Banks : Banco Francesca e Ital- iana per 1' America del Sud ; Casa Bancaria F. Barretto. Hotels : Brasil, Paulista. This is a rich municipality and the commercial center for the surrounding district. Sao Leopoldd, State of Rio Grande do Sul; population, 7,500; 21 miles (33 km;) from Porto Alegre, via Brazil Railway 'Co. ; time, lj hours; 220 miles (356 km.) from Santa Maria, by Santa Maria- Porto Alegre Railway. Agricultural products ; also coal, jasper, chalcedony. - Hotel, Rock. ' Sao Luis de Gaceres, State of Matto Gross©; population, 5,000; on Paraguay River; 150 miles (241 km.) from Cuyaba; reached by steamers. Products : Rubber, medicinal plants,' cattle, hides. Hotel, Elite. Bank, Jose Dulce & Co. . • Sao Matheus, State of Espirito Santo ; population of district, 12,000; -on Sao Matheus River; river steamer service. Products: Coffee, sugar, cocoa, maize, rice, timber, gold, preeious : stones. -■<-■■ • :i Sao Miguel, State of Alagoas ; population, 5,000 ; on right bank of San MiguelRiver ; port for small vessels'; 16 miles (24 km.) from Sao r Francisco ; Smiles (12 km.) from Penedo. Products: Sugar, tobacco, cotton, rice, and cereals. ' Center of an agricultural ' dis- trict near the coast. Banks: Banco Alagoas; Banco do Brasil; River Plate Bank. Hotel, Commercial. There is a good road 'to Maceio. Sao Vicente, State of Sao Paulo ; population, 6,090; 5 miles (8 km. ) from Santos and 51 miles (82 km:> ■from Sao Paulo; 1 via South- ern Sao Paulo Railway. Products : Cereals, bananas, etc. Sapucaia, State of Rio de Janeiro; population of district, 12,000; 16 miles (26 km.) from Porto Novo, via Central Railway; time 1 hour. Products: Coffee, aguardiente, cereals, cattle, "coal. Serpa. See Itacoatiara. Serra, State of Espirito Santo; population, 6y000; altitude, 220 feet; 47 miles (76 Into.) from Rio de- Janeiro, by Central Railway; 1* hours' journey; 262 miles (423 km.) from Sao Paulo, by Sao Paulo Railway; 11 hours' journey. Products-; Coffee, sugar cane, cotton, fruits. Sertaosinho, State of Sao Paulo; p6pulation, 7,000; altitude, 1.750 feet. Products: Sugar, cotton,- ttfbacco, rice. Industries: Breweries, distilleries, sugar refinery. Distant 276 miles (445 km.) from Sao Paulo, on Sertaosinho branch of Mogyana Railway ; time, 14 hours. Sete Lagoas, State of Minas Geraes ; population, 6,000 ; on Rio dos Velhas; 56 miles (90 km.) from Bello Horizonte; 424 miles (684 698 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. km.) from Rio de Janeiro, via. Central Railway.,. :Pi?oducisi .Coffee, sugar, iron, gold. Hotels : Drummpnd, Quimquim, Gil. Sobral, State of Ceara ; population of district, 65,000; on Aracahu River; 53 miles (87 Ian.) from Ipu and 79 miles (128 km.) from Cat-i mocim, by Sobral Railway ; time, 6 hours." Products : Cattle^ cotton; wax, manioc, tobacco, timber. Hotels : P. Dante, Sinhasinha Saboya, Francisco Rufino. Bank, Banco do Sobral. .« .. i. ., r ; Souza, State of Parahyba; population, 2,000; on right bank of Peixe River ; climate, dry and. healthful. Products : Cotton, sugar, cereals, wax. Taquary, State of Rio Grande do Sul ; population, 2,000 ; steam- boat service to Jacuhy, Tacuhy, and Porto Alegrc' Products: Bacon, herva matte, tobacco, cereals. Bank, Banco Nacionai do Commerclo. Taubate, State of Sao Paulo; population, 18,000; 96 miles (154 km.) from Sao Paulo, by Central Railway; time of trip, ,34 hours. Products: Coffee, cotton, sugar, coal, etc. Hotels: Pereira^ Central, Lino, Torino. . Theresopolis, State of Rio de Janeiro; population, 5,000; reached from Rio by Theresopolis Railway ; time, 3 hours. Products; Wines and fruits. , Hotels : Anjthero Bessa, Hygino, Julio Magouron. Valenca, State of Bahia ; population of district, 30,000 ;-ai, mouth of Una River ; ■, reached from Bahia by steamer. Products: Rice, cacao, coffee, tobacco, sugar, spirits, Sour. Industries: Shipbuild- ing, textile mills, sugar refineries, iroa works. ,.- , ; , Valenca, State of Rio ;de Janeiro.; population, 4,000 ; 'altitude, 1,675 feet; 98 miles (157 km.^from Rio de Janeiro, by Central Rail- way; time of trip, 4J hours. Products : Coffee,, sugar, cereals,' cattle. Hotels: Central, Italia, Brasil. Vassouras, State of Rio de Janeiro; population, 12,000; near Parahyba River, 3. miles (5 km.) from railway station (Central Railroad); 80 miles (129 km.) from Rio de Janeiro, by Cential Railroad; time, 4J hours. Protjucts: Coffee, sugar, hemp. Hotels: A. Lelte de Souza, A. de Oliveira Rocha, Arthur Pereira da Silva^I). Corina Costa.-' ....._ , , - >-•>- *- —{-^^ ; Vicosa, State of Minas Geraes ; population of district, 47,000 ; alti- tude, 2,600 feet; 240 miles (386 km.) from Praia Formosa, by Leopoldina Railway ; time, 13 hours. Products : Cotton, hides, lice, coffee. , Victoria, State of Pernambuco; population of district, 12.000; on Tapacora River; 32 miles (51 km.) from Pernambuco, by Pernam- buco branch of Great Western Railway ; time, 2J hours. . Products : Cereals, flour, vegetables. Hotels: tyL Furtado da Silva, P. Jose Alvarez, P. Goncalvez. Ytu, State of Sao Paulo; population, 11,000; on south bank of Tiete River; 82 miles (131 km.) from Sao Paulo, via Sorocabana Railway (Ituana section) ; time, 3i hours. Products: Coffee, cot- ton, sugar. Industry, cotton-textile mills. Appendix I.— UNITED STATES CONSULAR OFFICERS IN LATIN AMERICA. [Corrected to August 15,: 1922.] Office. Officer. Bank. ARGENTINA. Consul general. Do Do TT^rnlri ft TO>t|.rs Do. Do Raymond H. Geist. Do. Do Louis A. Clausel. . „ Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do ..--- Do. BOLIVIA. Do WiiHam T5 Fslbrough BRAZIL. Bahla Do Do.... ■'". Edward C. Holden. . ... •&b. --: Do. Agent. Do. »hml R R"-V Maranhao Do. Do i; Samuel T. Lee,.. ^..... William 'P^'RMFmaTi EobertH. Floyd... . Do Agent. Consul general. Do Do Do, . . Do Do James A. Thomas Do. Do Do. D<* Hetudon TT. Goforth. Vice consul. Do Clarence H- Doughty Do, Ezra M. EaVtofi Consul. BRITISH GUIANA. Archie William Cbilds Chester W.DavJs... G80 ^ town - • ;:;;::;: wimsG. Harry.—- :. Vice consul. Agent. 699 700 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Office. Officer. Hank. BRITISH HONDURAS. *M WUBam^W, Early.. ,H \ 1^, John H. BHdle... BRITISH WEST INDIES. * ? Barbados Do :.... — Roseau, Dominica.. St. Lucia. Hamilton, Bermuda. . DoT!?. Do ........... \. St. George's Nassau, Bahamas Do Trinidad Do Do : Brighton Grenada.. John J. C. Watson. . - William T. Hunt, jr. Henry A. Frampton.-. ;::.... William Peter Albert W. Swalm Edwin Clay Merrell William H. Allen Frederick Joseph Robertson. . Lorin A. Lothrop Richard F. Bdyce ; Henry D.Baker Alexander W. MacKenzie Alfredo Lj Demoiest Marc de JTerteuil—: _ John McGHcilrist-C. Antolagasta Do.... Galdera Arica Do Concepcion Talcanuano.. Iquique Do'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Punt a Arenas-. Do Valparaiso ■dI'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Do Do Do Do Coquimbo-..-. Cruz Grande. Stewart E, McMillin Ben C. Matthews Martin N. Gaines Egmont C. von Tresckow. Samuel R." Thompson. . Edward Hyde Homer Brett William H.Vosholl- Austin C. Brady Garl F. Deichman. ._, . George A. Makinsori. Richard P. Butrick. . Edwin H. Livingstone. JohnT. Garvin. Camden L. MeLain. . . . Edwin Sail.. James C. Frederick Barranquilia Maurice L. Stafford . . Do I „ Buenaventura j Thomas McEnelly Medellin ' Harold B. Maynham. Cartagena Edgar C. Soule. Do „ Santa Marta | Lcroy R-Sawyer.. Do j Orlando L. Flj-c... COSTA RICA. San Jose HenryS. Waterman.. Do Roderick W. UncHes. Funtarenas Henry T. Purdv . . Consul, -g- • Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Do. Consul. Vice consul. Do. Agentr'- Consul. Vice consul. ConsuL Vice consul. Do. ' Agent. Do. Consul. : Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. . Do. Consul. Vice consul. Consul general. Consul. Vice consul. Do. Do. Do. Do. Agent. Consular agent. Consul. Vice consul. Do. " Agent, ,... Consul. Vice consul... Consul. -. \ ice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Consul.' Vice consul. . Agent. TT. S. CONSULAR OFFICERS IN LATIN AMERICA. 701 Office. Officer Rank. CUBA. Antilla Do Cienfuegos Do -.. Caibarien r . Saguala Grande- Habana Do Do Do Do Do Do Do^.... ...... Matahzas . Nueva Gerona Do Nuevitas. ~. — Do Santiago ^e Cuba... Do ,. Manzanillo .... Horace J. DiQkioson Joseph 'Wells:. Frank Bohr George B. Starbuckr. Milton S. Lankford : . . . JbhnF. Jova .-.. Carlton Bailey Hurst John R. Putnam..' GharlesB. Hosmer Fletcher Warren Theodore M. Fisher William A. Smale Hairy W. Hargis, jr Joseph A. Springer. James V. Whitfield Charles Forman George Bentley Tracy George G.Dulteo Clarence William McCormick. . Harold D.Clum Harry W. Pascoe E aoul A, Bertot DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Puerto Plata Do Sanchez Santo Domingo Do LaRomana...- San Pedro de Macoris. William A. Bickers. Morris A. Peters. . . : J. Enrique Leroui. . Theodore B.Hogg.. Joseph T . Moran . . . James W. Sheahan. . Cathey M, Berry DUTCH "WEST INDIES. Curacao. Do... Bradstrect S. Rairden.. ECUADOB. Guayaquil Do ... Bahia de Caraquez. Esmcraldas Frederic W. Goding. . William W. Morse... Alberto Santos George D. Hedian FRENCH "WEST INDIES. Guadeloupe.. DOh.^-- Martinique... Do Shelby F. Strother. . . Jj. St. George Lough. Thomas R. Wallace. . Maurice P. Genton. . . GUATEMALA. Guatemala Do.. Puerto Barrios San Jose de Guatemala. Arthur C. Frost Henry T. Dwyer Wallace C. Hutchinson. . Consul. Vice consul. Consul; • ' Vice consul. Agent. ' Do.' Consul general. Consul. Vice consul. Do; Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. • Consul. Vice consul. .' Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Do. Consul. Vice consul. Consul general. Vice consul. Agent. Do.. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Do. Agent.. 702 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Office. Officer. Rank. Cape Haitian... Do Gonaives PortdePaix. Port au Prince. Do... .:.... Do AuxCayes... Jeremie HONDURAS. Ceiba Do Tela Bonacca PuertoGortes Do Do...... San Pedro Sula.. Tegucigalpa Do :■£. Amapala Kingston,.. Doll"! "- MEXICO. Acapulco ,_...... Aguascalientes Do Chihuahua... _ Do-... ,'. ....... Parrat.'... Ciudad Juarez Do Do— ...,—.:. - Ensenada ....... Do .wjj Frontera...... Do Guadalajara. Do Guavmas..... DO....L Do Manzanillo Do Matamoros Do Mazatlan. .ji^.wi' DojLfci,cij.ii:>... Los Mocbis.1 ...... Mexicali is ±\ A . . Do Mexico City Do Do Do Do Puebla Damon C. "Woods . . . Clarence C . Woolard . J. Winiam Woel Charles Abegg. Robert Dudley Longyear. William H, Brown, Albert P. Gutzmer. St. Charles Villedrouin Alexander K. Sloan Derrill H. McCollough. . Robert C. Purdy Sandy KirkconiicU Knox Alexander . Ray H. Miller..... J. M.Mitchell, jr.. Robert L. Keiser. Philip A. Davis... Charles L. Latham.. William W. Heard. . George A. Bucklin Harry K. Pangbnm... . . LeeR.Blofcm Harold G. Bretherton. . . W. M . Parker Mitchell . Harry B. Ott JohnW.Dye Oscar C. Harper. LeiglitonHope. ..<-... Ralph C. Goldsberry . Rohert L. RanMn Andrew J. McConnico.. Anthony Sherman BartlflyJ". Yost. John A; McPhersbn HarblbVCWood. Stephen E. Aguirre Gilbert R. Wfllson Henry G. Krausse William E. Chapman.. Edwin Schroder. .. ' . .-. Harold Frederic Jones- Henry C. von Strove... Charles W. Doherty.... Claude I. Dawson Thomas D. Bowman . . Edward P. Lowry Cassius C. Shanks Laurence P. Sours William O. Jenkins Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Db„ Consul. . Vice consul. Do. Agent. Do. Consul. Vicecon3ul. Do. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Do. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Do. Vice consul. Consul. . Vice* consul. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Do. Vice consul. ' Consul, - - ■ Vice consul, Consul. 3-' ' Vice consul. Consul. - .-• Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Do.» Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul^ Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Consul general. Consul. Do. Vice consul. Do. Agent. TJ. S. CONSULAR OFFICERS IN LATIN AMERICA. 703 Office. Officer. It a ok. Mexico — continued. Paul H. Foster Do . Vice consul. do :.:.;..:::;:;:: Vice consul. Agent. " ' AguaPrieta. William W. Young. . . Do Harry L. Walsh Do Do William P Rlnritw Do i)o..:::::::::::::::::::::::: TRerman E. (rimler.. Do Saltfflo _j Do Do. Do Earl Wilbert Eaton. Walter F. Boyle* ». Do Eihar T . Anderson _ . 1 l5o Do Willard L. Beaulac Do. Do Do. Agent. Do. Albert J. Hoskins Do John Q . Wood : Do Willys A. Myers NICARAGUA. Do Thomas W. Waters Do William H. De Savigny. . . Agent. PANAMA. Do Agent. Consul general. Do Do PARAGUAY. Harry Campbell Vice consul. PERU. Consul. Claude E. Guyant Do. Marcel E. Malige Vice consul. WalterC.Hoer Do. Fred D.Waddell Do. Da 704 GUIDE TO LATTN AMERICA. Officer. Sank. pektj— continued . Callao-Lima — C cntinued. Arequipa..-. La Oroya ^ ...... Mollendo Paita. Salaverry SALVADOR. San Salvador URUGUAY. Montevideo. Do Do Do Do VENEZUELA. Do ::. ...... Ciudad Bolivar. LaGuaira ... Do Maracaibo Do Puerto Cabello.. Do Louis S. BlaisdeH. .-. . . Clyde A. Warne...;... Thomas Qrams -...-. Charles B. G. Wilson.. Thomas P. Carry Lynn W. Franklin. DavidJ. D.Myers Robert L. Jennison. .Edmund B . Montgomery . Howard C. Tinsley*. Sherwood JH. Avery Thomas W. Voetter Arthur R. Williams William Dalton Henderson . Samuel J. Fletcher., John O. Sanders,.'.. William A. Hickey.. William P, Garret y . George R. Phelari. . . Agent.— Do. Da Do. Do. Consul. Consul Viee consul. Da Do. Do. Consul. Vice consul. Agent. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Consul. Vice consul. Appendix II.— BIBLIOGRAPHY. WORKS ON LATIN AMERICA, BY COUNTRIES. ARGENTINA. Official : Anuario del Comercio Exterior de la Republica Argentina. Annual. El Comercio Exterior ArgentinoV' Annual and quarterly. Tercer Censo Nacional de la Eepublica, de Junto 1, 1914. Ten volumes. Buenos Aires. 1917. Northern Patagonia, by Bailey Willis. Ministry of Public Works, Buenos Aire* 1914. Illustrated with maps. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Advertising Methods in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by J. W. Sanger. Special Agents Series No. 190; 1920. Price, 30 cents. Argentine Market for Motor Vehicles, by David Beecroft. Miscella- neous Series No.. 62. 1917. Price, 5 cents. - Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, by E. N. Hprley. Special Agents Series No. 9j>. 1914. Price, 10 cents. Boots and Shoes, Leather and Supplies in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, by Herman G. Brock. Special Agents Series No. 177. 1919. Price, 25 cents. Construction Materials and Machinery in Argentina and Bolivia, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 188. 192Q. Price, 20 "cents. Economic Position of Argentina during the War, by L. B. Smith, H. T. Collings, and E. Murphcy. Miscellaneous Series No. 88. 1920. Price, 15 cents. . Electrical Goods in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents.,Series No. 184. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Furniture Markets, of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, by Harold E. Bverley. Special -Agents Series No. 183. 1919. Price, 20 cents. .,-..-.. h Import Duties on Textiles in South America : Part I — Argentina. -..-. Tariff Series No. ;32. 1916. Price, 5 cents. Markets for Agricultural Implements and Machinery in Argentina, by Frank H~Ton Motz.. Special, Agents Series No. 125. 1916., Price, 10 cents. . , Markets for American Hardware in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, by Albert Hale. Miscellaneous Series No. 43. 1916. Price, 10 cents. Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, by B. S. Barrett. Special Agents Series No. 163. 1917. Price, 20 cents. - . > ' Textile Markets of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, by L. S« Garry. Special Agents Series No. 194. 1920; Price, 20 cents. Wearing Apparel in Argentina, by Lew B. Clark. Miscellaneous Series No. 68. 1918. Price, 20 cents. Other publications : Amazing Argentina, by John P. Frazer. Funk & Wagnalls, New York. Anuario Kraft Published by G. Kraft, Florida 310, Buenos Aires. Argentina, by W; A. Hirst -London,; 1914. Argentina, by George A. Mills. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1915. Argentina in the Twentieth Century, by A. B. Martinez and M. Lewan- dowski. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 1915. Argentina and Uruguay, by G. Ross. Macmillan Co., New York. 1916. Argentine International Trade under Inconvertible Paper Money, 1880- 1900, by Jolt K. 'WflHains. Harvard economic studies,, iv, xxti. -■ "■•^s-'Hjtrysrd Cn&ersity Press, Cambridge. 1920. 1 Publications of the Burean of iForeign and Domestic Commerce can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Officey Washington, D. C. at the prices stated. 705 706 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA.. Other publications — Continued. , Argentine Yearbook. R. Grant & Co., Buenos Aires. Argentines of Twiiy^ by.Mtmam Belmont Parker. The Hispanic Society of AnB§St'N^ S»te7fx92(».i „ " " _„ Baedeker of the Argentine Republic, by A. B. Martinez. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1915. . Economic Development of the Argentine Republic in the Last Fifty Years, Ernesto Tornquist & Cia., Ltda., Buenos Aires. 1919. Guideto the Law and Legal Literature of ArgeBtiria, Brazil, and Chile, by E. M. Borchard. Government Printing Office. 1917. Real Argentina, by W. H. Hammerton. Dodd, Mead & Co. 1915. Standard Directory and Buyers' Guide. Standard Directory Co., La Valle 341, Buenos Aires. BOLIVIA. Official: Comercio Especial de Bolivia, published by the DirecciOn General de AdUahas. Annual. Can be obtained from Imprenta y Litografia Boliviana, Hugo Heitmann & Cia., La Paz, Bolivia. Anuario Geogr&fico y Estadlstico de la Republics, de Bolivia, published by the Direcei6n National de Eetadistica y Estndion Geogrfificos. Annual. Can be obtained from Imprenta " Artistica," Socabaya 22, La Paz, Bolivia. Publications ojt the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: Bolivia : A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, by W L. Schurz. Special Agents Series No. 208. 1921. Price, bound In cloth, 65 cents. Advertising Methods in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, by J. W. Sanger. Special Agents Series No. 185. 1919. Price, -10 cents. Construction Materials and Machinery in Argentina and Bolivia, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 188. 1920. Price, 20 cents. Electrical Goods in Bolivia and Chile, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 167. 1918. Price, 20 cents. Furniture Markets 1 of Chile, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by Harved E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 176. 1919. Price, 25 cents. Jewelry and Silverware in Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, tyj S. W. Rosenthal. Special Agents Series No. 187. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Markets for American Hardware in Chile and Bolivia, by Verne L Havens. Miscellaneous Series No. 41. 19-16. Price, 25 cents. Market for Boots and Shoes in CMle and Bolivia, by Herman G. Brock. Special Agents -Series No. 174. 1^18. Price", 25 cents. Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by R. S. Barrett Special Agents Series Nov 143. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Textile Markets of Bolivia. Ecuador, and Peru, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series NoJ*158. 1918. Price, 15 cents. Wearing Apparel in Bolivia, by William. B; Montavon. Miscellaneous Series No. 69. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Other Publications: Bolivia, by Paul Walle. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 1914. Bolivian Andes, by W. Martin Conway. Harper Bros., New York. Bolivians of To-day, by William B. Parker. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1920. Commercial Laws of the World, 1911, Volume V — Peru and Bolivia. Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass. Guia General de Bolivia, by Rosendo y Gregorio Viscarra Herodla. Can be obtained from Imprenta "Artistica," Socabaya 22, La Paz, Bolivia. BRAZIL. Official : Commercio Exterior' do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro. Annual. What Brazil Buys 'and Sells. Published by the Ministry of Agricul- ture, Industry and Commerce. Rio de Janeiro. 1918. Economical Notes on Brazil, by Dr. Hdefonso Simoes Lopes, Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. Issued by the Bureau of Information. ' Mensagem a Presentada ao Congresso Nacional na '■ Abertura da Pri- meira Sessao da Decima Prlmeira Legislature pelo Presidente da Republica, Epitacio Pessoa. 1921. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 707" Official — Continued. -,_,,' Directoria Geral de Estatistica Belatorlo a Presentado ao Dr. Ilde- lonso Simoes Lopes, Ministro da Agriculture Industrie e Comercio P e l? ,V r - Jose Luis S. de Bulhoes Carvalho, Director Geral de Es- tadlstica. 1921. r^ ^Fiscalizacao Bancaria, by Nuno Pinheiro, Inspector Geral dos Bancos Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: Advertising Methods In Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by J. W Sanger. Special Agents Series No. 190. 1920. Price, 30 cents. ■ Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, by B N Hurley. Special Agents Series No. '90. 1914. Price. 10 cents. Boots and Shoes, Leather and Supplies in Brazil, by Herman G. Brock Special Agents Series No. 179.: 1919. Price, 5 cents. Brazil : Economic Conditions Since 1913; by Arthur H. Bedfield Miscellaneous Series No. 86. 1919. Price, 15 cents. Brazilian Markets for American Hardware, by Lincoln Hutchinson. Miscellaneous Series No. 47. 1916. Price, 15 cents. Brazilian Markets for Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery, by K. S. Barrett. Special Agents Series No. 171. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Construction Materials and Machinery in Brazil, by W. W. Bwing. Special Agents Series No. 192-.- 1920. Price, 15 cents. Electrical Goods in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 184. 1919. Price, 2Q cents. Furniture Markets of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, by Harold E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. , 183. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Markets for Agricultural Implements and Machinery in Brazil, by Frank H. von Motz. Special Agents Series No. 140. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Wearing Apparel in Brazil, by William A. Downs. Miscellaneous Series No. 71. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Other publications : Almanach Commercial Brasileiro, 1918. Olegario Ribeiro & Co., Sao Paulo. Almanach Laemmert. Published by Manoel Jose da Silva, Caixa do Correio 1127, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, by Pierre Denis. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 1911. Brazil, by 'f. C. Oakenfull. Butler & Tanner, London. Brazil and Brazilians; by G. J. Bruce. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1914. Brazil: To-day and To-morrow, by L Elwyn Elliott, F. R. G. S. Macmillan & Co., New York. 1917. Guide to the Law and Legal Literature of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, by E. M; Borchard. Government Printing Office. 1917. North Brazil, by E. 'C.'Buley. D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1914. Sooth Brazil, by E. C Buley. D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1914. The Brazilians and Their Country, by Clayton Sedgwick Cooper. F. Stokes Co. 1917. The New Brazil, by Marie Wright G. Barrie & Sons, Philadelphia. idos The River Amazon, by Paul Fountain. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1914 The Sea and the Jungle, by H. M. Tqmlinson. E. P. Dutton & Co., United States of Brazil, by Charles W. Domville-FIfe. J. Pott & Co. 1911 Upper Reaches of the Amazon, by Joseph F. Wooaroffe. Macmillan Yearbook 6 ^ ^American 1 Chamber of Commerce for Brazil and American Business Directory. Rio de Janeiro. 1920. BRITISH HONDURAS. ■ Colonial Reports. London. Annual. 0the p«ket "ctaMe 8 to the West Indies,. British Guiana, British Honduras, tho Bermudas the Spanish Main, and the Panama Canal, by Alger- n- Other publications : ! All About Bermuda, by John J.- Bnshell. Bermuda. 1911. Barbados -■ Handbook, by ES. Goulbura Sinckler, Duckworth & Co., London. Annual. . - . . British West Indies, Their History, Resources, sind Progress, by A. B. Aspinall. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1912. Development of the" British West Indies, 1700-1763, by F. W. Pitman, Tale University Press. 1917. Guide to the West Indies, Bermuda, and Panama, by Frederick A. Ober, Dodd, Meade & Cd., New York. 1914. Handbook of St. Kitts-Nevis, by Katherine Janet Burdon. 1920. Handbook of-5Trlnidad and Tobago, by Lieut. J. H. Collens. Port of Spain. Government Printing Office. 1912. Pocket Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas; the Spanish Main, and the Panama Canal, by A E. Aspinall. Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago- and Few York. 1914. Trinidad and Tobago Yearbook, by J. Hi Collens. Port of Spain. Government Printing Office. Annual. See also list under " West Indies, General." . ' -r' CHILE. Official : Annuario Estadistico de la Republica de: Chile. Santiago. Annual. Estadlstica Comercial de la Republica de Chile. Valparaiso. Annual. Synopsis Estadlstica de Chile. Santiago. Annual. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Advertising Methods in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, by J. W, Sanger. Special; Agents Series No. 185. ,1919. Price, 10 cents. Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, by E. N. Hurley. , Special Agents Series No. 90.. 1914. Price, 10 cents- Chilean Market for Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery, by R, Si Barrett. Special Agents Series No. 153. 1917. Price, 15 cents. Construction Materials and Machinery in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 175. 1919. Price, 20 cents. . - - -v Customs Tariff of Chile. Tariff series No. 36. - 1917. Price, 15 cents. An article giving, changes in the tariff since 1917 was published in Commerce Reports for March 2, 1921. Electrical Goods is Bolivia and Chile, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 167. 1918. Price, 20 cents. Fomiteiire.- Markets of Chile t Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, :te. Harold E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 176. 1919. Price,_26 cents. JeweTry and Silverware in Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, by S. W. Rosen thai. Special Agents Series No. 187. 1919. Price, 20 cents. " '- Markets for* Agricultural Implements and Machinery in , Peru and Chile, by Frank H. von Motz. Special Agents Series Bo; f42. 1917. Price, 5 cents. : ■ Markets for American Hardware in Chile and Bolivia, by Verne L. Havens. Miscellaneous Series No. 41. 1916. Price, 25 cents. Market for Boots and Shoes in Chile and Bolivia, by Herman G. Brock. - Special Agents Series No. 174. 1918. Price, 25 cents. Textile Markets of Chile, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series No. 164. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Wearing Apparel in Chile, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series No. 168. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Other publications : Anuario Sucesos: Guia General de Chile. Published by E. Gomez A Cf a., -Serrano 238, Valparaiso, Chile. ^63 ari San«ago^,CWle hUe " I>nl,Usned b * a Benavides ft Hno., Estrada Chile, by George J. Mills. D Appleton & Co., New York. 1915. BD3LIOGBAPHT. 709 Other publications — Continued. Cmle and Her People of To-day, by Nevin O. Winter. Page & Co., Boston. 1912. Chile, Its History and Development, by G. F. Scott-Elliott. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Chile, Its Land and People, by F. J. G. Maitland. Francis Griffiths, London. 1914. Chileans of To-day, by Wllilam B. Parker. New York. 1920. Commercial Laws of the World, 1911 ; Vol, 6, Chile and Paraguay. Bos- ton Book Co., Boston, Mass. Bally Effects of the European War upon the Finance, Commerce, and Industry of Chile, by L. S. Rowa Preliminary Economic Studies of the War, No. 2. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1918. Guide to the Laws and Legal Literature of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, -by E. M. Borchard. Government Printing Office. 1917. Modern Chile, by W. H. Koebel. Macmillan Co., New York. 1913. Tie Chilean Nitrate Industry, Technology and Economics, by Alejandro Bertrand. Published by the Imprimerie de Vaugirard, 12-13 Impasse " ' * ' Konsin, Paris, France. Twentieth Century Impressions of Chile, by Reginald Lloyd. Lloyd's Great Britain Publishing Co., London. 1915. Visitors' Guide to Santiago. Mackenzie & Co., Santiago, Chile. COLOMBIA. Official : Informe del Jefe de la SeceiSn de Estadistica, Bogota. Annual. Informe del Ministro de Hacienda. Bogota. Annual, Puolications of the Bureau of Foreign and, DQmestie- Commerce : Colombia : A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, by P. L. Bell. Special Agents Series No. 206. 1921,. Price, bound in cloth, 70 cents. Colombian Markets for American Furniture, by Harold E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 162. 1918. Price, 5 cents. Markets tor Construction Materials and Machinery in Columbia, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No.' 160. 1918. Price, 15 cents. Other publications : _ J „„..„'„_ «. Colombia, by Phanor J. Eder. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 1913. ' Colombia, by V. Levine. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1914. COSTA RICA. Official : Anuario Estadfstieo. San Jose. Annual. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Central America as an Export Field, by Gerard Harris. Special Agents Series No. 113. 1916. Price, 30. cents. ,.„_:,. Investments in Latin America and the British West Indies, by Frederic M. Halsey. Special Agents Series No. 169. 1918. Price,. 50 cents. Central America, by W. H. Koebel. Charles Scribner's Sons, New Five Republics" of Central America, by Dana G. Munro. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York. 1918. CUBA. 0fflC Au'uario Estadlstico de Ja Republics de Cuba. Habana. Annual. Cubf? What She Has to Offer to the Investor or the Homeaeefcer. EstSdSt&a Genial: Comercio Exterior. Habana. Quarterly and Industria'Azucarera y Sus Derivados. Habana Annual. vw?nn!£ TUsnnal Sanitario y DemogrSflco. .Habana. «^^? nf J 2 rme TSfunrMn of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : ^"SvSSJm ta fcSSS; Sy '■ w - *»■•*•' Speci ^ 1 AseDts Seiies No - im Custom feofcuba^- Tariff Series No. 27. 1911. Price, 10 cents. AlsoT Supplement 27b. 1914. Price, 5 cents. 90821°— 22 46 710 GUIDE TO iATCN AMERICA. Je we!ry and%i&™ar 5 e ^ba, by S, W. Rosenthal. Special Agents Ma^Mo'tV a^^Sno^TA 1 ^ | y Herman G. Brock. Special MaXteatS ^ria^^Ma^ery in Cuba, by W. W. Ewtag. Special Agents Series No. 1M. 191T: Face, 10 cents. Teitties in Cuba, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series -No. 126. 1917. Price, 10 cents. 0tl,e Cuta *£? 'Porto Eico 4nd^ Other Islands of the West Indies, by B. T. Hill. Century Co., New York. 1909. „,. ■ Cuba, Old and New, by A. G. Robinson. New Tort 1915. Cuba, Past and Present, by A H. Verrjll. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. Revised edition, 1920. Cubans of To-day, by William B. Parker. G. Putnam s Sons, New York. 1919. „ T „ _ ,„ See also list under " West Indies, General.' CURACAO. C JaareUfers voor het Konin'krrjk der Nederlanden Eolonien (Annual Report for the Kingdom of the Netherlands Colonies). Annual Other publications : _ . „ See list under "West Indies, General." DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Dominican Customs Receivership. Bureau of Insular Affairs, Wash- ington. D. C. Annual report. Gaceta Oflcial : Official Bulletin of the United States Military Govern- Uhited States Senate Committee's Hearings on Haiti and Santo Do- mingo, Farts I, II, and III. 1931. . Other publications : „*.,*••.,,,. r».t Anuario Comerdal Industrial : X Porfesional de la BcpfibUca Dpmlni- cana. Published by J. P. Perello & Cla., Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. - • Porto Rico Past and Present, and Santo Dominjro of To-day, by A. Hyatt Verrill. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1914. Santo Domingo, by Otto Schoennch. Macmillan Co. 1918. Santo Domingo: Past and /Present, l>y S. Hazard. Harper Brothers, New York'. _ See also list under' " West Indies, General." ECUADOR. Official : Informe que el Ministro de Hacienda Presents a la Nacion, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920. Quito. ^^^^ Boletin Estadfstico Comercial y de la Hacienda Publica. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce;- Construction Materials and Machinery in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 175. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Furniture Markets of Chile, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by Harold E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 176. 1919. Price, 25 cents. Markets to* Electrical Goods in Ecuador and Peru, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 154. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by R. S. Barrett. Special Agents Series No. 143. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Textile Markets of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peipi, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series No. 158. 1918. Price, 15 cents. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 711 Other publications: Boletln de la Camera Oficial Espaflola del Comercio del Ecuador. Guayaquil. Monthly. HeuadiHV by C. Reginald Knock. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Memoria de la Camera de Comercia y Agricultura de Guayaquil, 1919* , Quito to Bogota, by Arthur Clifford Veatch. G. H. Doran & Co., New York. 1917. Kevista del Banco del Ecuador. Monthly review. Guayaquil. GUADELOUPE AND MARTINIQUE. Official : Annuaire de la Guadeloupe e Dependences. Basse-Terre. Annuaire de la Martinique. Fort de France. Other publications : Guide to the West Indies and Bermudas, by F. A. Ober. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1908. Our West Indian Neighbors, by F. A. Ober. James Pott & Co., New York. 1904. The American Mediterranean, by Stephen Bonsai. Moffat, Yard & Co., New York. 1912. See also list under " West Indies. General." GUATEMALA. Official : Informe de la Direction de Estadistica. Guatemala. Annual. Memoria- de Hacienda y Credito Publico. Guatemala. Annual. Movimiento de Poblacion , Habido en los Pueblos de la Kepublica ae Guatemala. , Guatemala. Annual. Publications of the Bureau of- Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Central America as an«- Export Field, by Garard Harris. Special Agents Series No. 113. 1916. Price, 30 cents. Investments in Latin America and the British West Indies, by Fred- eric M. Halsey. Special Agents Series No. 159. 1918. Price, 50 cents. Other publications : _ Central America, by W. H. Koebel. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 1917. Central America -and, Its Problems, by Frederick Palmer. Moffat, Yard & Co., New York. 1918. Directorio Oficial y Guta General de la Republica de Guatemala. Mar- roquin Hermanos, " Casa Oolorada," Sexta Avenida sur Guatemala, Republic of Guatemala. Five Republics of Central America, by Dana G. Monro. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York. 1918. Guatemala and tie States of Central America, by C. W. Domville-Fife. James Pott & Co., New York. 1913. GUIANAS. "^British Guiana : Blue Book of the Colony and Colonial Report Lon- Dutch Guiana : Jaarcijfers vbor • bet Koninkrijk der Nederianden Kokarten (Annual Report for the Kingdom of the Netherlands Col- onies). Annual series. . ..'.■_. French Guiana : Statistiques du Commerce des Colonies Francaises. Annual. ^ 0the Bri«sh C Guiana Handbook, by Alleyne Leechman. Bulau & Co., Lon- Guiana, British, Dutch, and French, by J. Rodway. Charles Scribner's Sons' New York. 1912. Pocket' Guide to the West Indies, British Guiana, British Honduras, the Bermudas the Spanish Main, and the Panama Canal, by Alger- non E Aspinall. Band, McNally & Co., Chicago and New -York. 1914. 712 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. HAITI. : 'j Official : ' „ _ , ' Le Moniteur. Official newspaper of the Government. «„_,.- -n- tJnited States Senate Committee's Hearings on Haifa, ana banto Do- mingo, Parts I, II, and III. 1921. 'Titt'Bl'ack Republic, by Sir Spencer St. John. . London. 1898._ Haiti. Descriptive Pamphlet of the Pan American Union. J»19t The Blue Book of Haiti. Printed in English and Spanish. -Klebold Press, New York. See also list und«5.*' West Indies, General. HONDURAS. Official: Gaceta Oficlal de Honduras. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign a«d Domestic Commerce,: Central America as an Export Field, by Gerard Harris. Special Agents Series No. 113, rl916. Price, 30 cents. Investments in Latin America and the British West Indies, by Frederic - -; M. Halsey. Special Agents Series No. 169. 1918. Price, 50 cents. Other publications : Five Republics of Central America, by Dana G. Munro. Oxford Uni- versity Press, New York. 1918. JAMAICA. Official : Jamaica. Gazette. Statistical Abstract for the. Colonies. London. Annual. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Market for Boots and Shoes jn Jamaica, by Herman G. Brock. Special _ Agents Series No. 145. 191T. Price, 5 cents. Textiles in Porto Rico and Jamaica, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series No. 137. 1917. Price, 5 cents. Other publications : Handbook of Jamaica. E. Stanford, London. Annual. History of Jamaica to 1872, by W. J. Gardner. D. Appleton & Co., . JNew York. 1909. Jamaica in 1912 — A Handbook of Information, by Frank Cuodall, F. S. A. S. Southern & Co., London. The British West Indies, by A. E. Aspinall. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1912. MEXICO. Miscellaneous publications : Anglo-South American Handbook for 1921 (incorporating Mexico and Central America). Federation of British Industries, London. 1921. Handbook of Mexico. British Admiralty, London. 1921. Hygiene in Mexico, by Alberto J. Pani. G. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1917. Industrial Mexico, by P. H. Middleton. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1919. Mexico, by C. Reginald Knock. T. Fisher Unwin, London. 1906. Mexico : A Handbook for Travelers, by T. Philip Terry. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York. 191T. Mexico and Her People of To-day, by Nevin O. Winter. Tho Page Co., , Boston. Rev. ed. 1918. Mexico and the Caribbean, by G. H. Blakeslee. G. E. Stecbert & Co., New York. 1920. ; Mexico: Its Educational Problem, by M. Barranco. 1915. Mexico: Its' Reconstruction, by Chester Lloyd Jones. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1921. Mexico on the Verge, bj Dr. J. M. Dillon. G. H. Doran & Co., New York. 1921. . Mexico To-jlay and To-morrow, by E. D. Trowbridge. The Macmillan , Co., New York. ,1919. Mexican Yearbook. McCorquodale * Co., London. Annual (no issues for 1915-1920, inclusive). Mexican Yearbook for 1920-21. Mexican Yearbook Publishing Co Los Angeles, Calif. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 713 Miscellaneous publications— Continued. t S»^ ssl D ed « B ^ s, ? es ^JS^ Commercial Directory of Mexico City and States. Revised to 1S21. Sold by Criterion Publishing Syndicate, 15 Park Row, New York, ^g^ent and Past Banking tn Mexico, by Walter P. McCaleb. Harper & Bros., New York. 1920. PuHic FSnaaces of Mexico, by Walter F. McCaleb. Harper & Bros., New York. 1920. Th TM* liC A2* B °' i ' ^ Wallace Thompson. Little, Brown & Co., New The People of Mexico, by Wallace Thompson. Harper & Bros., New York. 1921. Hie Railroads of Mexico, by iYed W. Powell 1921 * Th £ Real Mexico, by Hamilton Fyfe. McBride, Nast & Co., New York. - 1 1914. - Trading with Mexico, by Wallace Thompson. Harper & Bros., New York. 1921. Nora — The Bancroft Library of the University of California is said to contain the richest collection of Moxicana in the United State*, The material collected by the Doheny {foundation at Berkeley. UaHf.. is also an excellent source. NICARAGUA. Official : Boietin de Estadfstica de la Republica 1916., ■ - Ley Organica de Bnsenanza, 1920. Lima. Los Caracteres Agrologicos de las Tierras Cultivadas en la Costa del Peru. : ,'.j- ; Memoria que Presenta el Director del Cuerpo de Ingenieros Civiles. 11a Memoria del Directorio . Compafila Admtnistradora del Guano.' , (For fiscal year- April 1, 1919, taTMaYch 31, '19200" : ' - 12a Memoria del Directorio Compafila Administradora del Guano. ' (For fiscal year Aprfl 1, 1920, to March 31, 1921.), Presupuesto. General para 1919. Lima. Resena Historica de los Ferrocarrilles del Peru. Lima. 1908. Resumeues del Censo del Lima y. Callao; 1926. Statistical Abstract of Peru, 1919. Lima. - - ■ Tarifas de los Muelles de la RepfibMca. Lima. 1912.- Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Advertising Methods in Chile, Pern, and Bolivia, by T. W. Sanger. Special Agents Series No. 185. 1919. Priced lO cents. Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Peru, by JB. N. ' Hurley.' Special Agents Series No. 90. 1914. Price; 10 cents. Construction Materials and Machinery in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, by Wl" W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 175. 1919. ■ Price, 20 cents. Furniture Markets of" Chile, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by Harold E. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 176. 1919. Price, 25 cents. Jewelry and Silverware in Chile, .Bolivia, and Peru, by S. W. Rosen- thal. Special Agents Series No; -187. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Markets for Agricultural Implements and Machinery in Peru and Chile, *y Frank H. von Motz. Special Agents Series No. 142. 1917 Price, Scents. Market for Boots and Shoes: in- Pern, ,by Herman G. Brock. Special Agents Series No. 152. . 1917. Price, 15 cents. Markets for Electrical Goods in Ecuador, and Peru, by. Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 154. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, by B. S. Barrett, Special 'Agents No. 143. 1917. Price, ■ 10- cents. - ,~ . Peruvian Markets for American Hardware. " Miscellaneous Series No. 39. 1916. Price, 10 cents. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 7X5 Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce— Continued. , Textile Markets of. Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, by W A Tucker Special Agents Series No. 158., 1918. Price. 15 cental Wearing Apparel in Peru, by William F. Montavon. Miscellaneous «„_ Series No. 74. 1918, price, 10 cents. ■ : ; Other publications : •>..'■ Almanaque de "El Comercio," Calle de Ayacucho 304, Lima, Peru. Comercio Exterior del Peru, 1919. Callao. 1920 Boletin Postal y TelegrSfico. ■ Lima..; 1921. Early Effects of the War upon the Finance, Commerce, and Industry . of Peru, by L. S. Rowe. Preliminary Economic Studies of the War, No. 17. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1920. El Petroleo en el Peru, by. B. A. Deusta. Lima, El Petroleo en el Peru. Lima. 1921. Estadistica de la Industria Arrocera eh el Peru. 1915-16. Estadlstica de la Industria Azucarera en el Peru. 1912. History of Peru,. by C. E. Markham. Legislation de Minas. Lima. 1917. Pern, by E. C. Viyian. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1914. Peru -of the -Twentieth Century by P. F. Martin. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 1911. Peru ^Potentialities of Economic Development, by Alberto Salomon,. Peruvian Fabrics, by M. D. Crawford. American Museum of Natural History. 1918. , Peruvian Textiles, by M. D. Crawford. American Museum of Natural History. 1918. Peruvians of To-day, by W. B. Parker. Southwell Press, Lima. 1919. Peruvian Yearbook. West Coast Leader. Centennial number, 1921. PORTO RICO. Official : Annual Reports, Governor of Porto Rico. : Labor Conditions In Porto Rico, by Joseph Marcus. Department of Labor. 1919. Special studies, crop reports, and bulletins issued from time ,to time by Department of Agriculture. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : . , Electrical Goods in Porto Rico, by PhiHp S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 134. 1917 Price, 5 cents. - Markets for Boots and Shoes in Porto Rico, by Herman G, Brock. Special Agents Series No. 135. 1917. Price, & cents. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States. Washington, • . -^, •.« . ■ . ■ Textiles in Porto Rico and Jamaica, by W. A. Tucker. Special Agents Series No. 137. 1917. Price, 5 cents. Other publications : - Cuba and Porto Rico, by R. T. Hill. Century Co., New York. 1909.^ , . ' JDirettorio General de-^ Porto Rico. Published by Real Hermanos, San Porto Rico : Past and Present, and Santo Domingo of To-day, by A. Hyatt V«rrilL Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1914. Social Problems in Porto Rico, by F. K. Fleagle. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, 1917. See also list under " West Indies, General." SALVADOR. ° fflCi Inuario EstaflfoUco. San Salvador:' Annual. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: Central America as an Export Field, by Gerard Harris. Special Agents Series N* 113. 1916. Price; 30 cents, investments' in Latin America and the British West Indies, by Fred- erick l^Halsey, Special Agents Series No. 169. 1918. Price, 50 cents. ° thC Ce^Si 1 i e America bv W. H. Ko'ebel. Charles Scribner's Sons, New' York. 1917. 716 GUIDE TO LATIN ftMERICA. Otter gnbMcMions— ■ttmjfcinea. 'Five Republics of Central Amertca, by Dana G. Munro. Oxford Uni- versity Press. New York. 1918. Salvador Bine Book. Salvador of the Twentieth Centnry, by P. F. Martin, Longmans, Green & Ca, New York. 1911. URUGUAY. Official : Anuario Estadistica de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Monte- video. Annnal. . . Boletin Mensual del Ministerio de Hacienda. Monthly. Montevideo. Sintesis Estadfstica de-la Republica Oriental del Uruguay. lnJprenta Naeional. Animal. . . Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Advertising Methods in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by 3. W. Sanger. Special Agents Series No. 190. 1920. Price, 30 cents. Boots and Shoes,. Leather, and Supplies in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, by Herman G. Brock. Special Agents Series No. 177. 1919. Pries. 25 cents Constiruction Materials In Uruguay, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 189. 1920. Price, 15 cents. Electrical Goods in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil, by Philip S. Smith. Special Agents Series No. 184. 1919. Price, 20 cents. Furniture Markets of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and 'Brazil, by Harold. H. Everley. Special Agents Series No. 183. 193S. Price, 20 cents. •- Markets for American Hardware in Argentina, Uruguay, and Para- guay, by Albert Hale. Miscellaneous Series No. 43. 1916. Price, 10 cents. Paper, Paper Products, and Printing Machinery in Argentina, Uruguay, aiw Paraguay, 1 by R. S. Barrett. Special Agents Series No. 163. 1918. Price, r 20 cents. 1 Texttfe MarSeta of Argentina. Uruguay, and Paraguay, by I* S. Garry. Special Agents Series No. 194. 1920. Price, 20 cents. -ififenaSueTenfa "El SSglo." CasteUs A Cla., Juan Carlos Gomez 1386, Montevideo, Uruguay. Argentina and Uruguay, by. 6. Ross. Macmillan Co., New York. 1916. The Real Argentine, to W- H. Hanimerton. (Contains one chapter on " Uruguay.) Dodd, Meatf & Co., New York. 1915. Uruguay, by W. H. Koebel. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1911. VENEZUELA. Official: Boletin de Estadfstica de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela. Monthly. Anuario Estadfstico de Venezuela. Annual. Estodlstica Mercaffltfl y Maritima. Publications of tte Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : -Customs Tariff of Venezuela. Tariff Series No. 33. 1916. Price, 10 cents. Markets for Construction Materials and Machinery in Venezuela, by W. W. Ewing. Special Agents Series No. 144. 1917. Price, 10 cents. Venezuela : A Commercial and Industrial Handbook, with a Chapter en the Dutch West Indies, by P. L. Bell. Special Agents Series No. 212. 1922. Price, ?L, bound in buckram. Other- publications: - Indicator de Caracas y de la Republica. Published by Litografia del ■ CoMierci«, Caracas, Venezuela. TmS Colombian and Venezuelan Republics, by W. L, Scruggs. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. 1905. Venezuela, by L. V. Dalton. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. J.912. Venezuela: An Economic Report Presented by Students of the School of Foreign Service as an Aid to the Foreign Trade of the United States. Published by the Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. April BIBLIOGRAPHY. 717 VIRGIN ISLANDS. Official: Reports of Agriculture Experiment Station, Virgin Islands. Wash- ington. Kep i*iT° r **>,£, Chl . ef of tie Bureau of Insular Affairs to the Secretary of War. Washington. Annual. *>_..,■ 1 H ius of tbe Virgin Islands, 1917. Washington. Publications of theBureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : The Danish West Indies, by H. G. Brock. P. S. Smith, and W. A. ka. Tu ^S er - i , s Pe«al Agents Series No. 129. 1917. Price, 15 cents. Other publications : Da £?f£ w est Indies, by W. C. Westergaard. Macmillan Co- New York. 1917. Our New Colony in the Caribbean, by Edward Neville Vose. Commer- cial Monograph No. 7. Dun's International Review. 1917. Virgin Islands, by Theodore H. N. de Booy and John T. Farls. 3. B. - tippincott Co., Philadelphia. 1918. Virgin Islands of the United States of America, by L. K. Zabriskie. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1918. See also list tinder " West Indies, General." WEST INDIES; GENERAL PUBLICATIONS. Publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce : West Indies as an Export Field, by Garrard Harris and American con- sular officers. Special Agents Series No. 141. 1917. Price, 50 cents. Other publications: Caribbean Interests of the Uunited States, by Chester Lloyd Jones. Appleton & Co., New Yorfe'. 1916. . Cuba and Porto Rico, with the Other Islands of the West Indies, by Robert T. Hill. Century Co.. New York. 1909. Guide to the West Indies and Bermudas, by F. A. Oder. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. 1908. West Indies and Guiana, by Algernon E. Asplnall. 1914. WORKS ON LATIN AMERICA IN GENERAL. Publications of the Bureau of.Foreign and Domestic Commerce : Central America as an. Export Field, by -Garrard Harris. Special Agents Series No. 113. 1916. Price, 30 cents. Commercial Travelers in Latin America. Tariff Series No. 35. 1916. Price 10 cents. Consular Regulation's of Foreign Countries : Canada and Latin America (with supplements issued in 1916 and 1917). Tariff Series No. 24. 1915." Price, 10 cents. ■ Financial Developments in South American Countries, hy William H. Lou)*. Special Agents Series No. 103. 1915. Price, 5 cents. Foreign Credits, by Archibald J. Wolfe. Special Agents Series No. 62. 1912. JMtie, "80 cents. Foreign Markets for Cotton Linters, Batting, amd Waste. Special Consular Reports No. 80. 1918. Price, 10 cents. Foreign Trade in Buttons. Special Consular Reports No. 75. 1916. Foreign Trade in Musical Instruments. Special Consular Reports No. 55. 1912. Price, 10 cents. *,,,.„ Investments in Latin America and the British West Indies, by Fred- eric M. Hslsey. Special Agents Series No. 169. 1918. Price, 50 rnternatlonal Trade in Cement, by Edward Whitney. Miscellaneous Series No. 79. 1919. Price, 10 cents. International Tra 1916. "Price, 2» cents. "- •' Trade of the United States with the World. 1916 and 1917. Part I — Imports; Part II — Exports. Miscellaneous Series No. 63. 1918. .. .Price; Part, I, ip cents ; Part.H, 20 cents. , . * Trade of the United states- Tfith the World, 1917, -and 1918. Part I — Imports ; Part II — Exports. Miscellaneous Series No. 78. 1919. Price, Part 1, 10 cents ; Part II, 25 cents. Trade of the .United States with,. -the World. .1918 and 1919. Part I — Imports; Part II — ExportSj. -Miscellaneous Series No. 106. Price, Part 1, 10 cents ; Part II, 5ft cents. United States Official Postal Guide. Annual. Contains information re- garding postage rates for all classes of mail matter to and from Latin American countries, regulations governing the International parcel post, etc. Sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- ment Printing Office, for $1.50, including 11 monthly supplements. Other publications : Adams, Frederick V.i Conquest of the Tropics. DouMeday, Page ft Co.. New York. 1914. Akers, C E. : History of South America. E. P. Dutton & Co. 1908. Allen, N. B. : 'South America. Ginn &' Co., New. York. 1918. BabsOn,' Roger W. : The Future of South America. Little, Brown ft Co., Boston. 1915. "" Bard: Harry Irwin : South American Study Suggestions. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. 1916. Bingham 1 , Hiram : Across South America. Houghton, Mifflin ft Co., Boston. 1911. Bingham, Hiram : Latin America and the Monroe Doctrine. Yale Uni- versity.' Press. 1914. Bland, J no. O. P. : Men, Manners, and Morals in South America. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 1920. Bryce, James : South America, Observations and Impressions. Mac- miBan Co., New York. 1914. Calderon, F. Garcia : Latin America. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 1913. Coester, Alfred Lester : Literary History of Spanish America. Mao- miHart Co., New York. 191&. ..Collins, James H. : Straight Business in South America. D. Apple- ton ft Co., New York. ■ 1920. Cooper, Clayton S. : Understanding South America. G. H. Doran ft Co., .New York. 1918.. Dawson, T. C. : South American Republics. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1903. Domville-Fife : The States of South America. G. Bell ft Sons, London. .1920. Enock, C. Reginald : Spanish America. Two volumes. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 1920. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 719 Other publications — Continued. ESoofe'C.' 'Reginald: The Tropics. Chas. Scribner's Sons, NeW York. Enock, C. Reginald: The Republics of South and Central America, Their Resources, Industries. Sociology, and Future! Chas. Scrib- ner's Sons, New York.' 1913. Esqnivel Obregon, Toribio : Latin Americas Commercial Law. Banks Law Publishing Co., New York. 1921, Ford, I. N. : Tropical America. Chas. Scrihner/s Sons, New York.., Goldberg, Isaac : Studies in Spanish American Literature. Brentano's, New York. 1920. Goldsmith, Peter J. : Bibliography of Books in English, Spanish, and Portuguese Relating to the Latin American Republics. Macmillan Co., New York. 1916. Haring, C. H. : The Germans in South America. Preliminary, Economic Studies of the War, No. 21. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Jta press. -, . Harrison, E. : Below the Equator. A. C, MjcClurg & Co., Chicago. 1918. Inman, Samuel G\. : Problems in Pan-Americanism. G. H. Doran & Co., New York. 1921. Johnson. Willis Fletcher : America's Foreign Relations. Century Co., New Ybrki : 1916. : : Jones, Chester Lloyd : Caribbean Interests of the United States. D. Appleton & Co., . New York. 1916. Keane, A. H., and Markham, C. R. : Central and South America. E. •a- Stanford, London. 1901. ,, Keniston, Hayward : List of- Works for the Study of Hispanic' America. The Hispanic Society of America, New York. 1920. " Kirkpatrick, F. A. : South America and the War. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1918. „ . Koebel, W. H. : Anglo-South American Handbook for 1921. Macmillan Co- New York. . ' - >"-- Koebel, W. H. : British Exploits Jn South America. Century Co., New York. 1917. . „ „ „ ^ „ ., Koebel, W. H. : Great Southland, the River Plate, and Southern Brazil ■ «f To-day. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. ,1920. Koebel, W. H. : South America, Making of the Nations. A. & C. Black, London; 1918. , " . , Koebel W. H. : South America,, an Industrial and Commercial Field. Chas'. Scribner's Sons, New York. 1918., -..„„,, Koebel. TJT. H., and Forrest, A.S. : South America. A. & C. Black, Latane° J H • United States and Latin America. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. 1920. _ , „ . " . _. _ „ Martin F- H : South America from a Surgeon's Point of View. F. H. Me?r?nf nf R^^Ii^r^flpanish^EmpirS in the Old World and the New (4 vols.) Macmillan Co., New York. 1918. Miller, LeoE.: In. the; Wilds of South America. Chas. Scribner's Sons, Mmer and^Singewaid : Mineral Deposits of South America. McGraw- Hill Book Co., New York. 1919. M™™ S 'Da'na G^The* Five 'Republics of Central America, Their Polit- M ^?knd Economic Devellpment and Their Relations witlrthe United /States. Oxford University Press, American Branch, New York. O'MalfeJ, Frank: Our .South American Trade and Its Financing. Na- Peck, n i^r^S.^ a Co : mm^ciS >r and Industrial South America. E. P. Dut- Pepperf Ch°a"rle| 9 M*V Panama to Patagonia. A. C. McClurg & Co., New PetreV L : Simon Bolivar. John Lane Co., NewYork. 1910. ppst; Charles Johnson : Across the Andes. Onhng Publishing Co., ■o J£» eW w °A - Young Man's ChancesTin Sonth and Central America. - ;B ^uthe'rn Comniffcial Congress; Washington, DC ^14. - ■r^vm Gen Rafael: The Two Americas. F. A. Stokes & Co., New York. 1913. 720 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. Other publications — Continued. „ Robertson, William Spence: Rise of the Spanish-American Republics. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1918. _ m „ _ , _ . Boot, BIBiti : Latin America and the United States. Harvard ■ Uni- versity Press,- Cambridge, Mass. 1«17. Boss, IB. A : South of Panama. Century Co^ New York. 1915. Shepherd, W. S. : The Wispanie Nations of the New. World. Yale Uni- versity' Press, New Haven. 1919. SherUl C H.'J Modernizing the Monroe Doctrine. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston; 1916. „__ „ Sherwood, F. A. : Glimpses of South America. The Century Co., New Torts. ; J§29. Supple, E?W. : South American History Reader. Macmillan Co., New York. 1917. Sweet, W. W. : History of Latin America. Abingdon Press, New York. 1919. Verrill, A. H. : Central and South American Trade Conditions of To- day. Dodd, Mead &Ce., New York. S91S. ' f . Zairin, J. A. (H. J. Mozans) : Along the Andes and Down the Amazon. Zahm, J. A (H. J- Mozans) : Following the Canguistadores. D. Ap- pleton & Co., New York. 1910-1916. Zahm, J. A. (H. J. Mozans) : The Quest of El Dorado. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1B17. „ " Zahm, J. A (H. J. Mozans) : Through South America's Southland. D. Appfeton & Co., New York. i91ft. Zahm, J. A. (H. J. Mozans) : Up the Orinoco and Down the Magde- lena. D. Appleton & C«.,~ New York, 1911.: Encyclopedia of Latin America. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, New York. 1917. Geography of the World's Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture. ■-.-•-. Latin American Travel and Hotel Directory. Covers Southland Central America and some of the West Indies islands; contains maps and illustrations. Published by Harold W. Phillips, 1133 Broadway, New York. ' Latin American Yearbook for Investors and Merchants for 1920. Cri- terion Newspaper Syndicate, New York. Market Guide for Central and South America, Cuba, Mexico, and the West Indies. American Manufacturers' Foreign Credit Underwriters, Chamber of Commerce Building, Chicago. 1921. Report of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. London. «Mmi»i South American Yearbook. International Book Co;, New York. Statesman's Yearbook. Macmillan Co., New York. Annual. BOOKS ON LANGUAGES USED IN LATIN AMERICA. Portuguese-; Elwes, A. : Dictionary of the Portuguese Language. D. Appleton & <3o., New York... Berlitz, M. D. : Enslno dos Idiomos Modernos — Parte Portugueza. 1917. Branner, J. C. : A Brief Grammar of the Portuguese Language. Henry Holt & Co., New York. By, L.: Pirtogmese. Conversational Gsammar. G. E. Stechert & Co., New "York. IMS.' Michaelis, H. : New Dictionary of the Portuguese-English Languages. 6th ed. Brockhaus. .Leipzig. 1920. Pitman's International MercantHe Letters — English-Portuguese. I. Pit- man & Sons, New York, ' : "' Toledano, C. A., and Toledano, A. : Practical Grammar of the Portu- guese Language, I. Pitman & Sons, New York. Spanish : Appleton's New Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary. I>. Appleton & Co., New York. 1918. Blasco Ibanez, V. : Vistas 'Sudamettcanas ; edited by Carolina* Karcial Dorado. Ginn & Co„ Boston. 1920. Brnnsby, Carlos: Spanish Reader. D. C Heath & Co.. New York. WOT. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 721 Spanish— -Continued. ..--,.. . Coester, A. L:V A Spanistt Grammar. Glnn ft Co., Boston. 1917. Cortina, R. D. : Verbos Espanoles. R. D. Cortina Co., New York. ■P? YAPA M. , A. : Spanish Reader for Beginners. Allyn & Bacpn, Chi- cago. 1916. - ' •_■ D05W; C. A., and Elias, Alfredo : Lectaras Modernas. IX C. Heath ft Co., New York. 1914. Ewert, F. C. : Cuba y las Costumbres Cubanas. Ginn & Co., Boston: Garcia, Andres: Dictionary of "Railway Terms, English-Spanish and , Spanish-English, Van Nostrand Co.,-New Xiork. 1913. Giese, W. F. : ; First Spanish Book and Reader. D. Appleton & Co.. ■ New York, 1918l - Giese, W. F., and Cool, C. D. : Spanish Anecdotes. D. C. Heath ft Co.', New York. , . Harrison, E. S. : N^ocips con la America Espanola. Gregg Publishing Co., New York. . 1920. Hills, I. C, and JFo?d, J. D, M. : First Spanish Course. I>. C. Heath & Co., New York. Hills, I. C-, and Ford, J. D. M. : Spanish Grammar. D. C. Heath & Co.,. New York. 1904. Hills, T. C, and Eeinhardt, Louise : Spanish Short Stories. I>. C. Heath ft Co„ New York. Jackson, W. : Dictionary of English and Spanish Technical and Com- mercial Terms. E. & P. N. Sppn, London. 1911. Lucas, F: : Spanish-English Dictionary of Mining Terms. Technolog- ical Institute, London. 1905. Luguiens, F. B. : Elementary Spanish-American Reader. Macmillan Co., New York. 1917. MacDonald, G. R. : Manual of Spanish Correspondence. I. Pitman ft Sons, New York. MacDonald, G. R. : Pitman's Spanish Commercial Reader. I. Pitman ft Sons, New York. MacDonald, G. R. : Spanish-English and English-Spanish Commercial .-,■<. Dictionary. I. Pitman & Sous, New York. 1915. McHale, Carlos F. : Commercial Spanish. D. C. Heath & Co., New •t. York. 1918. McHale, Carlos F. : Spanish, and English Commercial Vocabulary. Ronald Press Co., New York* 1920., . , McQueen, Alexander : Hints on Export Translations (Spanish, -Portu- guese and French). Fifth-Third National Bank, Cincinnati, Mapes, E. K. and M. F. de Velasco : Cuba: y los CUbanos. Gregg Pub- lishing Co., New York, 1920. Nelson's Spaniah-Ameriean Reader. D. C. Heath ft Co., New York. Phipps Helen ; Paginas Sudamericanos. World Book Co., Yonkers, N. Y 1920 - Pitman's Spanish Business Conversations and Interviews. I. Pitman ft Sons,~New York. _, „ ._.. „ ■_ ^ T _ , Pitman's Spanish Commercial Phrases. I. Pitman &-Sons, New York. Remy, Alfred r^Spanish Composition./ D. C, Heath ft Co-, N ™ York, Terry, ' T. Philip: Short Cut to Spanisn.' "Houghton Mifflin Co., Toledanoi C. A. : Commercial Spanish Grammar. I. Pitman ft Sons, New Uribe, M. y Troncoso : Por Tierros Mejicanos. World Book Co., Yon- wKm^m ' A " F and Andrade, Manuel : Spanish Commercial Corre- OTonde'nce D C. Heath ft Co., New York. 1916. wfi?nx r de W - A Reader of Scientific Technical Spanish for Col- eges' Sturgisft Walton Co., New York. 1913. Valazauez de la Cadena, Mariano : New Pronouncing Dictionary of the English and Spanish Languages. D. Appleton ft Co., New York. Ybarra,' A. : Practical Method of Learning Spanish. D. C. Heath ft Co., New York. 722 GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA. BOOKS RELATING TO EXPORT IN GENERAL. A B C of Foreign Trade, by F. Hehias. Bobbs, Merrill & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 1920. - i_ ,- Advertising to the World, By D. L. Brown. - MeCann Co., New York. 1921. American Business in World Markets, by J. T. M. Moore. G-. H. Doran & " Co., New York. 1919. American Foreign Trade, by C. M. Pepper. The Century Co., New York. 1920. ' American Methods in Foreign Trade, by G. C. Tedder. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 1919. Bank and Public Holidays Throughout the World. Guaranty Trust Co., New York. Commercial Laws of the World. The Boston Book Co., Boston." Didot-Bottin Directory of World Trade. A French publication, but an- notated sufficiently to be understood by Americans. Issued annually. SOW by Simile Garden,- 150 Nassau Street, New York. Exporter's Encyclopedia. Exporter's Encyclopedia C&i, New York. Exporters' Gazetteer of Foreign Markets. American Exporter, New York. Exporter's Handbook, by F. M. Dudeney. I. Pitman & Sons, New York. 1916. Exporting to Latin America, by Ernst B. Filsinger. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 1919. Exporting to the Worlds by A. A. Preciado. MeCann Co., New York. 1919. Foreign. Trade, by H. C. Kidd. Prentice Hall (Inc.), New York. 1921. Foreign Trade Markets and Methods, by C. S. Cooper. D. Appleton & Co., New York. Foreign Trade of the United States, by T. Ford and L. C. Ford, Charles Scrlbner's Sons, New York. 1920. Foreign Trader's Correspondence Handbook, MacmSlan Co., New York. Foreign Trader's Dictionary of Terms and Phrases — English, Spanish, French, and German, by James Graham and G. A. S. Oliver. Macmillan Co., New York. 1906. > ; Import and Export Tirade: Or, Modern Commercial Practice, by James Graham. Macmillan Co., New York. 1912. Kelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers, and Shippers of the World. Kelly Publishing Co., NeW York..' Annual. ' Practical Exporting, by B. Olney "Hough. The American Exporter, New York. Principles of Foreign Trade, by W. L. Savay. Ronald Press, New York. 1919. Spanish Commercial Practice Connected with Export and Import Trade (also written, for Latin. America), by ; James Graham, G. A. S. Oliver, and F. Hooper. Two volumes. Macmillan Co., New York. Theory and Practice of .International Commerce, by A. J. Wolfe. Interna- tional Book Publishing Co., New York. Trading with Latin America, by Ernst. B. Filsinger. Irving NaSonal Bank New York. 1917. Training for Foreign Trade, by R. S. MacElwee and F. G. Nichols. Bu- reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Miscellaneous Series No. 97. Price, 15 cents. INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. Abancay, Peru, 484. Abangares, Costa Rica, 202. Abejorral, Colombia, 400. Acahay, Paraguay, 634. Acajutla, Salvador, 168. Acambaro, Mexico, 108. Acaponeta, Mexico,108. Acapulco, Mexico, 73. Acafian, Mexico, 108. Acebal, Argentina, 597. Achacachi JBolivia, 519. Acomayo.Peru, 494., Acoyopa, Nicaragua, 190. Adjuntas. Porto Rico, 278. Adolfo, Alsina (Carhue), Argentina, 59S. Agua Prieta, Mexico, 109. Aguada, Porto Rico, 278. Aguadas, Colombia, 401. AguadiUa, Porto Bico, 272. Aguadulce, Panama, 213. Aguas Buonas, Porto Bico, 278. Aguas Buenas, TJruguay,622. Aguascalientes, Mexico, 73. Ahome, Mexico, 109. Ahuachapan, Salvador, 168. Aibonito, Porto Bico, 279. Aipe, Colombia, 401. Ajos, Paraguay, 634. Alagoas, BrazQ.684. Alajuela, Costa Rica, 200. Alamos,Mexico, 109. Alausi, Ecuador, 469. Albina, Dutch Guiana, 451. Alcantara, Brasfl, 684. Alegrete, Brazil, 653. Allende, Mexico, 109. Almaguer, Colombia, 401. Alnurante Brown (or AndrogueV&igentina, 598 Altagracia, Argentina, 598. Altagracia, Venezuela, 4J7. Altamirano, Argentina, 598. Altar, Mexico, 109. Altos, Paraguay, 63t Alvarado, Mexico, 109. Amalfi. Colombia, 401. Amapala, Honduras ,.151. Amarante, Brazil, 685. Arrargosa, Brazil, 685. Amatitlan, Guatemala, 1Z8. Ambalema, Colomb&,376. Ambato, Ecuador, 462. Ameca, Mexico, 109. Amecameca, Mexico, 109. Amparo JBrazil, 685. Anasco, Porto Rico, 272. Aneud, Chile, 534. j£8g&ti&*» Brown), Argen- Una, 598. . • ' Angangueo, Mexico, 109. Anpes (Los), Chile, 534. Angol, Chile, 534. Angostura, Colombia l 4Cl. Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 654. Annotto, Jamaica, 240. Anolaima, Colombia, 401. Anta, Peru, 494. Antigua, Guatemala, 130. AntiSa, Cuba, 222. Antioquia, Colombia, 376. Antofagasta, Chile, 534. Antonina, Brazil, 685. Apaseo, Mexico, 109. Apastepeque, Salvador, 174. Apia, Colombia, 401. Apopa, Salvador, 174. Approuague, French Guiana, 454. Aracaju, Brazil, 654. Araeaty , Brazil, 654. Aragua de Barcelona, Venezuela, 424. Araguary, Brazil, 685. Aramecina, Honduras, 159. Arani, BoUvia, 519. Aranzazu, Colombia, 401. Araraquara, Brazil, 685. Araras, Brazil, 685. Arauca, Colombia, 401. Arauco^Cbile, 555. Araxa, Brazil, 685. Arbelaez, Colombia, 401. Arboledas, Colombia, 401. Arecibo, Porto Rico.272. Aregua,Paraeuay r 635. Areias, Brazil, 685. " Arequrpa, Peru, 480. Arica, Chile, 535. Arispe, Mexico, 109. Arjona, Colombia, 401.- , Armenia, Colombia, 376. , Armenia, Salvador, 174. Arreeues, Argentina, 598. Arroyo, Porto Rico, 273. Artemisa, Cuba, 222. Artigas, Uruguay, 614. Ascope, Peru, 481. Asientos, Mexico, 110. Assu, Brazil, 685. Asuncion, Paraguay, 632. Asuncion, Venezuela, 437. Ataco, Salvador, 174. Atalaia, Brazil, 685. Atiquizaya, Salvador, 174. Atocha, Bolivia, 508. Atlixco, Mexico, 110. Atzcapozaloo, Mexico, 110. Autlan, Mexico. U0. Aux Caves, Haifa, 249. Avare, Brazil, 685> Avellaneda, Argentina, 573. Ayacucho, Argentina, 574. Ayaeucho, Peru, 481. Ayutla, Guatemala, 130. Azogues, Ecuador.469. Azua, Dominican Republic, 261. Azul, Argentina, 574. 723 724 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWN'S. Babahoyo (Bodegas); Ecuador, 462-. Bage, Brazil, 656. - ~, i Bafiia .Brazil, 656. Bahia Blanca, Argentina, 574. Bahia de Caraquez, Ecuador, 462. BaUadores, Venezuela, 437. Balboa, CanalZone,213- Balcarce, Argentina, 576. _ Balzar, Ecuador, 469. Bananeiras, Brazil, 6S6. Banco, Colombia, 401. Banes, Cuba,222. Banfield, Argentina, 598. Baracoa, Cuba, 223. Barahona, Dominican Republic, 261. Baramanni, British Guiana, 448. Baranoa, Colombia, 401 . Barbacena, Brazil, 6S6. Barbacoas, Colombia, 376. Barbosa, Colombia, 402. Barbudalsland, Antigua, 301. Barcelona, Venezuela, 425. Barceloneta, Porto Rico, 279. Barichara , Colombia , 402. Barima , British Guiana, 448. Barinas, Venezuela , 438. Bart ica , British Guiana , 448. Barquisimeto, Venezuela, 425. Barra do Pirahy, Brazil, 686. Barra do Bio Grande, Brazil, 686. Barra Mansa, Brazil, 686. Baranquilla, Colombia, 377. Barranquitas, Porto Bico, 279. Barreiras, Brazil ,686. Barrero Grande, Paraguay, 635. Barros, Porto Rico, 279. Bartolome Mitre, Argentina, 598. Basso Terre, Guadeloupe, 303. Basse Terre, St. Kitts,296. Batabano, Cuba, 223. Batopilas, Mexico, 110. Baturite, Brazil, 686. Baudo, Colombia, 402. Baures, Bolivia, 519. Bauru, Brazil,686. Bayamo, Cuba, 223. Bayamon, Porto Rico, 273. - Bejucal, Cuba, 236. Belem, Brazil See Para. Belen, Colombia, 402. Belen, Honduras, 159. Belize, British Honduras, 143. Belle Ville, Argentma,598. Bella Vista, Argentina, 598. Bella Vista , Paraguay ; 635. Bellaco, Uruguay, 622. Bello Horizonte, Brazil, 657. Belmonte, Brazil,686. Beltran, Colombia , 402. Beterverwagting, British Guiana, 448. Betijoque, Venezuela , 438. Bituima, Colombia, 402. Black River, Jamaica, 243. Bluefields, Nicaragua, 182. Blumenau, Brazil, 657. Boaco, Nicaragua, 190. Bocas del Toro, Panama, 210. Bocono, Venezuela, 438. Bogota,Colombia,343, 367, 379. Bouvar, Argentina, 598. Bolivar, Colombia,402. Bolondron, Cuba, 236. Bom Successo, Brazil, 687. Bomfim (State of Bahia), Brazil, 686. Bomfim (State "* £•«&**)> Brazil, 687. Bonacca Island, BoMbibs; 159. Botucatu, Brazil, 687. .Bzagado, Argentina, 576. Braganca, Brazil, 687. Bridgetown, Barbados, 311. Brownstown, Jamaica, 243. Brusque, Brazil, 687. Buearamanga, Colombia, 381. Buenaventura, Colombia, 382. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 575. Buga La Grande, Colombia, 373, 333. Bain, Chile, 555. Burnside, Dutch Guiana, 451. Buxton, British 601808)448. - Caacupe, Paraguay, 635. Caazapa, Paraguay, 635. Cabo, Brazil, 687. Cabo Frio, Brazil, 687. Cabo Rejo, Porto Rico, 279. Cacapava, Brazil, 6S7. Caceres, Colombia, 402. Cacheuta, Argentina, 599. Cachoeira (State of Bahia), Brazil, 658. Cachoeira (State of Rio Grande do Sol), Brazil, 687. Cachoeira de Itap Cachuela Es Cadereyta, Mexico, 110. Caetite, Brazil, 688. Cagua, Venezuela, 438. Caguas, Porto Rico, 273. = Caibarien JCuba, 224. Cailloma, Peru, 494. Cajabamba, Pern, 494. Caiamarca, Peru, 481. Calabozo,Venezuela, 438. Calama, Chile, 555V CaJamar, Colombia, 402. Calbuco, Chile, 555. Calca, Peru, 494. Caldera. Chile, 536. CaHas,B«HU,68& CaletaBuena, Chile, 555. Caleta Coloso, Chile, 555. Cali, Colombia, 374/383. Callao, El, Venezuela, 438. Callao, Peru, 483. Camaguan, Venezuela, 438. Camaguey, Cuba, 224. Camana, Peru, 494. ,;;* Camargo, Bolivia,519. . Camargo, Mexico, 110. Camatagua, Venezuela, 438. Cameta, Brazil, 688. Campana , Argentina, 699. Campeche, Mexico, 73. Campinas, Brazil, 658. . Campo Alegre, Colombia, 402. Campos, Brazil, 658. Campos Novos, Brazil, .638. Camuy, Porto Rico, 279. : Canada de Gomez, Argentina, 599. Cunanca, Mexico, 74. ,, Canasgordas, Colombia, 402. Candelaria, Colombia. 402. Canelones (or Guadalupe), Uruguay, 616. Canete, Chile, 555. Canete, San Vicente de, Peru, 494. INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. 725 Cannavieirss, Brazil, 659. Cantagallo, Brazil, 688. Canuelas, Argentina, 699. Cape Gracias, Nicaragua, 183. Cape Haitien, Haiti, 249. Capinota, Bolivia, 519. Caqueza, Colombia, 402. Caracas, Venezuela, 425. Carache, Venezuela, 438. Caracoles, Chile, 555. Caraguatay, Paraguay, 635. Caraveilas, Brazil, 659. CardenaSjCuba, 224. Carhuas, Peru, 494. Cariaco, Venezuela, 43S. Carlos Casares, Argentina, 599. Cannelo (Las vacas), Uruguay, 622. Carmen, Colombia, 384, 403. Carmen de Areco, Argentina, 599. Carmen de Carupa, Colombia, 403. Cannen de Patagonas, Argentina, 099. Carolina, Porto Rico, 274. Carora, Venezuela, 438. CarrizaiBajo, Chile, 555. Cartagena, Colombia, 384. Cartago, Colombia, 3S6. Cartago, Costa Rica, 200. Caruaru, Brazil, 68S. Carupano, Venezuela, 429. Casa Branca, Brazil, 688. Casapalca, Peru, 494. Casas Grandes, Mexico, 110 Casilda, Argentina, 599. Casma, Peru, 494. Castries, St. Lucia, 316. Catacoas, Peru, 495. Catalao, Brazil, GSS. Catano, Porto Rico, 279. Catamarca, Argentina, 580. Catorce, Mexico, 110. Cauquenes, Chile, 536. Caux (Kaw), French Guiana, 454. Casias, Brazil, 6SS. Cayambe, Ecuador, 469. Cayenne, French Guiana, 454. Cayey, Porto Rico, 274. Cayman Islands, Jamaica, 243. Ceara-Mlrim, Brazil, 688. Cedral, Mexico, 110. CedroSjHonduras, 159. Ceiba, Honduras, 152. Ceiba, Forto Rico, 279. Celaya-Mexico, 76. Celica, Ecuador, 469. Cerete, Colombia, 403. Cerrito, Colombia, 403. CerroAzul, Peru, 495. Cerrode Pasco, Peru, 483. Cerro Largo (Melo), Uruguay* 616. Chacbuco, Argentina, 58K Chachapoyas, Peru, 495. Chala, Peru, 495. Chalatenango, Salvador, 174. Chalchicomula , Mexico, JfL Chalchuapa,Salvadoivl<4. ChaUapata,Bolivia,520. Chaloma , Honduras, lo9. Chamelicon, Honduras, 159. CUamperico; Guatemala, 130. Chanaral, Chile, 536. Chanco, Chile, 555. 90821°— 22 *? Chapala, Mexico, 111. Chaparral, Colombia, 403. Charala, Colombia, 403. Charlestown, Nevis Island, 297. Charlotte Amahe, Virgin Islands, 289. Chascomus, Argentina, 580. Chopen, Peru, 495. Chepica, Chile, 555. Chiclayo, Peru, 483. Chihuahua, Mexico, 76. Chilapa, Mexico, 111. Cbilecito, ArgenHna, 599. Chilian, Chile, 537. Chilpancingo, Mexico, ill. Chimaltenango, Guatemala, 136. Chimbarongo, Chile, 556. Chimbote, Peru, 495. Chinacota, Colombia, 403. Chinameca, Salvador, 174. Chinandega, Nicaragua, 183. Chincha Alca, Peru, 4S4. Chmioas, 1 : . xico, 111. CMnu, CoicEibia, 403. Chiqiuniula, Guateinala, 130. Chiquinquira, Colombia. 386. Chinguana, Colombia, 403. Chitre, Panama, 210. Chivilcoy, Argentina, 580. Choconta, Colombia, 4J3. Choluteca, Honduras, 152. Chone, Ecuador, 469. Chorillos, Peru, 490. Chosica, Peru, 495. Christiansted,VirginIslands,2S5. Chulumani. Bolivia, 520. Chuquicamata, Chile, 537. Churuguara,Venezuela,438. Ciales, Porto Rico, 279. Cidra, Porto Rico, 279. Ciego de Avila, Cuba, 225. Cienaga, Colombia, 403. Cienaga de Oro, Colombia, 404. Cienf uegos , Cuba , 225. CiudadBolivar, Venezuela, 129. Ciudad Dario, Nicaragua, 190. Ciudad Guerrero, Mexico, 111. Ciudad Guzman, Mexico 111. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, 77. Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, Mexico, 77. ClaxtonsBay, Trinidad, 322. Ciiza , B olivia , 520. Coamo, Porto Rico, 279. Coatepec, Mexico, 111. Coatepeque, Guatemalajl30. Coatepeque, Salvador, 1 / 4. Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, 77. Coban, Guatemala, 131. Cobija,BoliviB,520. Cochabamba,Bolivia,509. C iiutepeque,Salvador, 168. Colima, Mexico, 77. Collipulli, Chile, 556. Colon, Argentina,600. Colou,Cuba,236. Colon, Panama , 210. Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, 616. Colorado, Honduras, 159. Colquechaca .Bolivia, 520. Comayagua .Honduras, 152. Cornayaguela .Honduras, 159. Combarbala, Chile, 556. 726 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. Comerio, Porto Rico, 2S0. Comitan, Mexico, 111. Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina, 581. Conceicao doArroio, Brazil, 689. Concepcion, Chile, 537. Concepcion, Paraguay, 632. Concepcion del Uruguay, Argentina, 581. Concordia, Argentina, 581. Concordia , Colombia, 404. Consolation del Sur, Cuba, 236. Constitucion, CMle, 539. Convention, Colombia, 404. Copiapo, Chile, 539. Coquimbo, Chile, 540. Coracora, Peru, 484. Cordoba, Argentina, 5S2. Cordoba, Mexico, 77. Corinto, Nicaragua, 184. Coro, Venezuela , 430. Corocoro, Bolivia, 510. Coroico,Bolivia,510. Coronel, Chile, 540. CoronelSuarez, Argentina, 583. Corozal, Colombia, 386. Corozal, Porto Rico, 280. Corpus, Honduras, 160. Corrual, Chile, 556. Corrientes,Argentina, 583. Corumba, Brazil, 659. Coruripe, Brazil, 689. Cosomaloapan, Mexico, 111. Cotacachi, Ecuador, 469. Cotagaita, Bolivia, 520. Coyaima, Colombia, 404. Crocus Bay,Island of Anguilla, 297. Cruces, Cuba, 225. Cruz Alta, Brazil, 689. Cruz Bay, Virginlslands, 280. Cruz Grande, Chile, 541. Cuajiniquilapa, Guatemala, 136. CuatroCienagas, Mexico, 112. Cuautla, Mexico, 111. Cucuta, Colombia, 387. Cuenca, Ecuador, 463. Cuencame, Mexico, 112. Cuernavaca, Mexico, 78. Cuero, Honduras, 160. Culebra, Porto Rico, 280. Culiacan, Mexico, 78. Cumana, Venezuela, 431. Cumbal, Colombia, 404. Cunaco, Chile, 556. Cura, Villa de, Venezuela, 438. Curepto, Chile, 556. Curico, Chile, 541. Curityba .Brazil, 659. Curralinho, Brazil, 689. Curuzu Cuatia, Argentina, 583. Curvello, Brazil, 689. Cusihuarichic, Mexico, 112. Cuyaba, Brazil, 660. Cuyamel, Honduras, 154. Cuyotenango, Guatemala, 136. Cuzco, Peru, 484. D. Danli. Honduras, 154. Daule, Ecuador, 469. David, Panama, 212. Descalvado, Brazil, 689. Desirade, Guadeloupe, 304. Diamantina, Brazil, 660. Diriamba, Nicaragua, 190. Dolores, Argentina, 6WK - - Dolores Hidalgo, Mexico, 112. Dolores (Salvador)^ Uruguay, 622. Dorado, Porto Rico, 280. Duaca, Venezuela, 439. Duitama, Colombia, 404. Duran, Ecuador, 463. Durango, Mexico, 79. Durazno, Uruguay ,%16. E. El Carmen, Mexico, 74. El Fuerte, Mexico, 79. El Oro, Mexico, 112. El Ortfe, Venezuela, 440. El Palmar, Venezuela, 440. El Sombrero, Venezuela, 441. El Triunfo, Salvador, 174. Ebano, Mexico, 112. Ebejico, Colombia, 404. Empalme, Mexico. 112. Encarnacion, Mexico, 112. Encarnacion, Paraguay, 633. Encontradas, Venezuela, 439. Encruzilhada, Brazil, 689. Ensenada, Argentina, 600. Ensenada, Mexico, 81. Entre Rios, Brazil, 6f 0. Envigado, Colombia, 404. Erandique, Honduras, 160. Ercilla, Chile, 556. Escuintla, Guatemala, 131. Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 463. Esparta, Costa Rica, 202. Esperanza, Argentina, 600. Espinal, Colombia, 404. Estancia, Brazil, 689. EstellNicaragua, 190. Eten, Pern, 485. Ewarton, Jamaica, 243. Facatativa, Colcmbia,3S7. Faiardo, Porto Eico, 274. Falmouth, Jamaica, 240. Faxina, Brazil, 689. Feira de Santa Anna, Brazil, 689. Fellowship, British Guiana, 448. Flores, Guatemala, 131. Florianopolis (Desterro), Brazil, 060. Florida, Uruguay, 617. Fomeque, Colombia, 404. Formosa, Argentina, 583. Fort de France, Martinique, 307. Fortaleza (Ceara), Brazil, 661. Fray Bentos, Urugusry, 617. Frcderiksted, Virgin Islands, 285. Fredonia, Colombia, 404. Freirina, Chile, 556. Fresnillo, Mexico, 112. Frontera, Mexico, 79. Frontino, Colombia, 404. G. Gacheta, Colombia, !04. Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 470. Garagoa, Colombia, 405. Garzon, Colombia, 405. Gatico, Chile, 556. General La Madrid, Argentina, 600. General Pinto, Argentina, 600. INDEX TO CITIES ANT) TOWNS. 727 Georgetown, British Guiana, 447. Gibara, Cuba, 226. Girardot, Colombia, 306, 387. Girardota, Colombia, 405. Goascoran, Honduras, 160. Godoy Cruz, Argentina, 600. Gomez Palacio, Mexico, 81. Gonaives, Haiti, 251. Gonzales Junction, Mexico, 112. Good Intent, British Guiana, 448. Gorbea, Chile, 556. Gotara, Salvador, 17-1. Gcuyave, Grenada, 313. Gova, Argentina, 584. GoVana, Brazil, 680. Goyaz, Brazil, 690. Gracias, Honduras, 160. Grarnini, Argentina, 600. Granada, Nicaragua, 184. Graneros, Chile, 556. Crania, Brazil, 690. Great Corn Island, Nicaragua, 190. Grecia, Costa Rica, 202. Greenwich Park, British Guiana, 448. GrenvUle, Grenada, 313. Greytomi, Nicaragua, 187. Grita, La, Venezuela, 439. Guaca, Colombia, 405. Guadalajara, Mexico, 81. Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico, 112. Guadalupe, Mexico, 112: Guadalupe, Peru, 495. Guaduas, Colombia, 405. Gualaceo, Ecuador 470. Gualeguay, Argentina, 584. Gualeguaychu, Argentina, 584. Guamo. Colombia, 405. Guamote, Ecuador, 470. Guanabacao, Cuba, 226. Guanacevi, Mexico, 113. Guanaiay, Cuba, 226. Guanajuato, Mexico, 82. Guanare, Venezuela, 439. Guanica, Porto Rico, 280. Guano, Ecuador, 470. Guanujo, Ecuador, 470. Guantanamo, Cuba, 226. Guaqui, Bolivia, 510. Guaranda, Ecuador, 463. Guarapary, Brazil, 690. Guarapuava, Brazil, 690. Guarita, Honduras, 160. Guasipati, Venezuela, 439. Guatemala City, Guatemala, 131. Guayama, Porto Rico, 274. Guayanilla, Porto Rico, 280. Guayaquil, Ecuador, 464. Guaymas, Mexico, 82. Guazapares, Mexico, 113. Gaines, Cuba, 227. Guizanbourgne, French Guiana, 454. Gurabo, Porto Rico, 280. Gozacapan, Guatemala, 136. H. Habana, Cuba, 227. Hamilton, Bermuda, 291. Hatiilo, Porto Rico, 280. Heredia, Costa Rica, 200. Hermosillo, Mexico, 82. Highgate, Jamaica. 243. Holguin, Cuba, 229: - Honda, Colombia, 388. Hope Town, British Guiana, 448. Hormigueros, Porto Rico, 280. Horqueta, Paraguay, 635. Hospital, Chile, 556. Huacho, Peru, 495. i, Hualgayoc, Peru,-495. Huamantla, Mexico, 113. Huancabamba, Peru, 495. Huancavelica, Peru, 485. Huancayo, Peru, 486. Huanta, Peru, 495. Huanuco, Peru, 488. Huara, Chile, 556. Huaraz, Peru, 486. Huasco, Chile, 541. Huatusco, Mexico,- 113. Huehuetenango, Guatemala, 132. Huigra, Ecuaaor.470. Humacao, Porto Rico, 275. Humaita, Paraguay, 635. Ibague, Colombia, 388. Ibarra, Ecuador, 464. Ica, Peru, 487. Igaala, Mexico, 113. llama, Honduras, 160. lies des Saintes, Guadeloupe, 304. Hheos, Brazil, 690. Illapel, Chile. 557. Ilo, Peru, 49o. nobasco, Salvador, 168. Imuris, Mexico, 113. Inde, Mexico, 113. Inquisivi, Bolivia, 520. Ipala, Guatemala, 136. Ipiales, Colombia, 389. Ipu, Brazil, 690. Iquique, Chile, 543. Iquitos, Peru, 487. Iracoubo, French Guiana, 454. Irapuato, Mexico, 83.' Irionia, Honduras, 160: . - Isabela, Porto Rico,280. Island of Marie Galante, 304. Isle of Pines, Cuba, 229. Istmina, Colombia, 405. Ita, Paraguay, 635. Itabira de Matto Dentro, Brazil, « Itacoatiara, Brazil, 661. Itagua, Paraguay, 635. Itajahy, Brazil, 662. Itaquy, Brazil, 690. Ituango, Colombia, 405. Izabal, Guatemala, 136. Izalco, Salvador, 174. Izamal, Mexico, 113. Jaboticabal, Brazil; 690. Jacaltenango, Guatemala, 137. Jacmel, Haiti, 252. Jacobina, Brazil, 690. Jaguarao, Brazil, 691. Jahu, Brazil, 662. Jalapa, Guatemala, 137. Jalapa, Mexico, 83. Jamundi, Colombia, 405. Januaria, Brazil, 691. Jardim do Serido, Brazil, 691. 728 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. Jardin, Colombia, 405. Jauja, Peru, 496. Jayuya, Porto Hico, 280. Jenezano-Colombia, 406. Jeremie, Haiti, 252. Jerico, Colombia, 405. Jesus Maria, Colombia, 405. Jimenez, Mexico, 84. Jinotega, Nicaragua, 187. Jinotepe, Nicaragua, 190. Jipijapa, Ecuador, 466. Joazerio, Brazil, 691. Joinville, Brazil, 662. Jose C. Paz, Argentina, 600. Joyabaj, Guatemala, 137. Juan Griego, Venezuela, 439. Juana Diaz, Porto Hico, 2S0. Juarez, Argentina, 600. Juchitan, Mexico, 113. Jucuapa, Salvador, 174. Juigalpa, Nicaragua, 191. Juiz de Fora, Brazil, 662. Jujuy, Argentina, 585. Juliaca, Peru, 487. Juncos, Porto Kico, 281. Jundiahy, Brazil, 663. Junin, Argentina, 585. Junin, Chile, 557. Junin, Colombia, 405. Jutiapa, Guatemala, 137. Juticalpa, Honduras, 154. K. Kaw (Caux), French Guiana, 454. Kingston, Jamaica, 240. Kingstown, St. Vincent, 315. Kourou, French Guiana, 454. La Banda, Argentina, 001. La Barca-Mexico, 113. La Brea, Honduras, 160. La Calera, Chile, 557.. '. La Ceiba, Venezuela, 439. La Ceja, Colombia, 406. La Cruz, Colombia, 405". La Cumbre, Colombia, 406. La Dorada, Colombia, 3S8. La Esperanza, Honduras, 160. La Guaira, Venezuela, 431. La Libertad, Nicaragua, 191. La Libertad, Salvador, 170. La Lima, Honduras, 160. La Mesa, Colombia, 406. La Palma, Colombia, 406. La Paz, Bolivia, 511. La Paz, Honduras, 154. La Paz, Mexico, 84. La Piedad, Mexico, 84. La Plata, Argentina, 585. La Quiaca, Argentina, 586. La Quiebra, Colombia, 351. La Hioja, Argentina, 586. La Romana, Dominican Republic, 262. La Serena, Chile, 543. La Union, Salvador, 170. La Union, Venezuela,442, La Vega, Dorninican Republic, 2B2. La Vela, Venezuela, 443. La Victoria, Venezuela, 442. Labrea, Brazil, 691. Lages, BraziL 691.- - ' Lagoa Vermellia, Brazil, 691. Lagos de Moreno, Mexico ,114. Laguna, Brazil, 691. , ! * Lagunillas, Bolivia, 520. Lagunillas, Venezuela, 439. Lajas, Porto Kico, 281. Lambayeque, Peru, 4S8. - Lampa, Peru, 496. » Lampazos, Mexico, 114. Langue, Honduras, 160. Lanus, Argentina, 601. Lares, Porto Kico, 281. . Las Flares, Argentina, 601. Las Marias, Porto Kico, SSI. Las Piedras, Porto Rico, 281. Las Kamas, Ecuador. . See Salitrc. Las Tablas, Panama,'2lS; Latacunga, Ecuador, 466. Lautaro, Chile, 557. Lavras, Brazil, 691. Lebu, Chile, 543. Leon, Mexico, 84. Leon, Nicaraglia, 187; " Leopoldina, Brazil, 692. Lerdo, Mexico, 114. Liberia, Costa Rica, 203. Ligua, Chile, 557. Lima, Peru, 488. Limache, Chile, 557. - " i Limeira, Brazil, 692. Limon, Costa Rica, 200. Linares, Chile, 544. Linares, Mexico, 114. Lincoln, Argentina, 801. Livingston, Guatemala, 133. Livramentq, Brazil, 663. Llai-Llai, Chile, 557. Llallagua, Bolivia, 520. Lobos, Argentina, 601. Loiza^Porto Rico, 281. Loja, Ecuador, 466. Lbmas de Zamora, Argentina, 601. Lorica, Colombia, 389. Los Andes, Chile, 544. Los Pueblos, Nicaragua, 187. Los Teques, Venezuela, 439. Los VUos, Chile, 557. Lota, Chile, 544. Lucea, Jamaica, 243. Lujan, Argentina, 601. Luquillo, Porto Rica, 281. Luribay, Bolivia, 520. Macahe, Brazil, 692. Macapa, Brazil 692. Macau, Brazil, 692. Maceio, JirazU, 663. Machala, Ecuador, 466. MachalUla, Ecuador, 450. Magangue, Colombia, 390. Magdalena, Bolivia, 530. Magdalena, Mexico, l'A. Mage, Brazil, 692. Maipu, Argentina, 601. Malaga, Colombia, 408. Maldonado, Urugu%,"617. Mamanguape, Brazil, 692. Mana, French Guiana, 451. Managua, Nicaragua, 188. Manaos, Brazil, 664. INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. 729 Manati, Porto Rico, 281. Manglaralto, Ecuador, 467. Manicore, Brazil, G92. Manizales, Colombia, 390. Manta, Colombia, 406. Manta, Ecuador, 467. Manzanares, Colombia, 406. Manzanillo, Cuba, 230. Manzanillo, Mexico, 85. Mapimi, Mexico, 114. Mar del Plata, Argentina, 587. Maracaibo, Venezuela, 432. Maracay, Venezuela, 433. Maragogipe, Brazil, 692. Marale, Honduras 160. Maramato, Colombia, 406. Maranguape, Brazil, 992. Maranhao, Brazil, 664. Maravatio, Mexico, 114. Marcala, Honduras. iSf. Margarita Island, Venezuela, 433. Mananao, Cuba, 236. Marianna, Braiil, 692. Maricao, Porto Rico, 281. Mariquita, Colombia, 368. Marolm, Brazil, 692. Masaya, Nicaragua, 18S. Mascota, Mexico, 114. Matagalpa, Nicaragua, 188. Matamoros (State of Puebla), Mexico, 114. Matarrioros {State of Tamauhpas) , Mexico. 85. Matanzas, Cuba, 230. Hatehuala, Mexico, 114. Matto Grosso, Brazil, 693. Maturin, Venezuela, 433. Maunabo, Porto Rico, 281. Mayaguez, Porto Rico, 275. Mazapil, Mexico, 114. Mazatenango, Guatemala, 133. Mazatlan, Mexico, 87. Medellin, Colombia, 35$ . 391 . Mejicanos, Salvador, 175. Mejillones, Chile, S44. MelipiUa, Chile, 545. Mendoza, Argentina, 587. Mercedes, Argentina, 6S8. Mercedes, Uruguay, 617. Merida, Mexico, 87. Merida, Venezuela, 434. Merlo, Argentina, 602. Metapa(Ciudad Da/do), Nicaragua, 190. Metapan, Salvador, 175. Mexicali, Mexico, 88. Mexico City, Mexico, 88. Miahuatlan, Mexico, 115. Minaca, Mexico, 115. Minas, Uruguay, 618. Minatitian, Mexico, 91 . Miraflores, Colombia, 406. Miragoane, Haiti, 253. Mixco, Guatemala, 137. Mixcoac, Mexico, 115. Moca, Dominican Republic, 262. Moca, Porto Rico, 281. Mococa, Brazil, 3«3. Moctezuma, Mexico, 115. Mogotes, Colombia, 100. Mogy Mirim , Brazil, 693. Mole St. Nicholas, Haiti, 253. Molina, Chite, 558. Mollendo, Peru, 490. Momostenango, Guatomala, 137. Mompos, Colombia, 392. Monclova, Mexico, 91. Moniquira, Colombia, 406, > Montalban, Venezuela, 439. Monteagudo, Bolivia, 520. Monte Cristi-Dominican Republic, 263. Montecristi, Ecuador, 467. Montego Bay, Jamaica, 241. Montemorelos, Mexico, 91. Monterey, Mexico, 93. Monteria, Colombia, 392. Montevideo, Uruguay, 618. Montpelier, Jamaica, 243. Montsinery, French Guiana, 454. Hoquegua, Peru, 490. ilorawhanna, British Guiana, 448. Morelia, Mexico, 93. Morococha, Peru, 496. Moron, Argentina, 602. Morovis, Porto Rico, 282. Morretes, Brazil, 693. Mossoro, Brazil, 693, Motul, Mexico, 115. Moule, Guadeloupe, 304. Moyobamba, Peru, 496. Mucuchies, Venezuela, 439. Mulchen, Chile, 558. Muzquiz, Mexico, 94. N.- Nacaome, Honduras, 160. Nacozari, Mexico, 83. Naguabo, Porto Rico, 282. Nahuizaleo, Salvador, 175. Naranial, Ecuador, 470. Naranjito, Porto Rico, 282. Nassau, Bahamas, 288. Natagaima, Colombia, 406. Natal, Brazil, 664. Navarro, Argentina, 602. Nazareth (State of Bahia), Brazil, 666. Nazareth (State of Pernambuco), Brazil. 693. Necochea^Argentina, 602. Negritos, Peru, 496. Neira, Colombia, 407. Neiva, Colombia, 393. Neuquen, Argentina, 602. New Amsterdam. British Guiana, 447. Nickerie, Dutch Guiana, 451 Nicoya, Costa Rica, 203. Nictheroy, Brazil, 666. Nirgua, Venezuela, 440. Nogales, Mexico, 94. Nogoya, Argentina, 602, Nova Cruz, Brazil, 693. Nova Friburgo, Brazil, 666. Nueva Gerona, Cuba, 230. Nueva Imperial, Chile, 545, Nueva Palmira, Uruguay, 622. Nueve de Julio, Argentina, 602. Nuevitas, Cuba, 231. Nue^Laredo, Mexico, 94, Oaxaca, Mexico, 95. Obidos, Brazil, 693. Obispos, Venezuela, 440. Ocana, Colombia, 393. Ocos, Guatemala, 134. Oeotlan, Mexico, 115. 730 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. Ocotopeque, Honduras, 161 . Ocumare delTuy, Venezuela, 440. Oeiras, Brazil, 693. , Olabama, Argentina, 602. ' Old Harbour, Jamaiea, 243. Olinda, Brazil, 693. Ometepec, Mexico, 115. ■ Omoa, Honduras, 161. Onoto, Venezuela, 440. Onzaga, Colombia, 407 Opico, Salvador. 175. Ora Cabessa, Jamaica, 243. Orizaba, Mexico, 95. Oroya, Peru, 496. OrtegaXJolombia, 407. Oruro, Bolivia, 512. Osorno, Chile, 545. Otavalo, Ecuador, 470. Otumba, Mexico, 115. Otuzco, Peru, 496. Ouro lino, Brazil, 694. Ouro Preto, Brazil, 667. • Ovalle, Chile, 558. Pacasmayo, Peru, 490. Pacho, Colombia, 407. Pachuca, Mexico, 96. Pacora, Colombia, 407 Padilla, Bolivia, 520. Paez, Colombia, 407. Paipa, Colombia, 407. Paita, Peru, 491. Pakapita, Guatemala, 137. Falencia, Guatemala, 137. Palin, Guatemala, 137. Palmasola, Venezuela, 440. Palmira, Colombia, 393. Palmyra, Brazil, 694. Palpa, Peru, 496. Pampanito, Venezuela, 440. Pampatar, Venezuela, 440. Pamplona, Colombia, 391. Panama City, Panama, 212. Pancajche, Guatemala, 137. Pando, Uruguay, 622. Panzos, Guatemala, 137. Papantla, Mexico, 115. Para (or Belem) , Brazil, 667. Paraguari, Paraguay, €33. Parahyba, Brazil, 669. Parahyba do Sul, Brazil, 669. Paraiso, Costa Rica, 203. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 451. Parana, Argentina, 588. Paranagua, Brazil, 669. Pamahyba, Brazil, 670. Parral, Chile, 546. Parral, Mexico, 96. Parras, Mexico, "96. Pasaje, Ecuador, 470. Passo Fundo, Brazil, 694. Pasto, Colombia, 394. Patillas, Porto Rico, 282. Patulul, Guatemala, 137. Patzcuaro, Mexico, 115. Patzum, Guatemala, 137. Paucartambo, Peru, 496. Paysandu, Uruguay, 619. Pearl Lagoon, Nicaragua, 189. Pehuajo, Argentina, 608. Pclequen, Chile, 558. Pelotas, Brazil, 670. Penco, Chile, 55S. Penedo, Brazil, 694. Fenjamo, Mexico, 115. Penonome, Panama, 213. PensUvania, Colombia, 407. Penuelas, Porto Rico, 282. Pereira, Colombia, 394. Pergamino, Argentina, 603. Fernambuco (Recife), Brazil, 671. Pesca,Colombia, 407. Pespire, Honduras, 161. Pesqueira, Brazil, 694. Petare, Venezuela, 440. Petit Goave, Haiti, 253. Petropolis, Brazil, 671. Peumo, Chile, 558. Picos, Brazil, 694. Piedecuesta, Colombia, 407. Piedras Negras, Mexico, 97. Piedras, Uruguay. 622. Pilar, Paraguay, 633. Pimentel, Peru, 496. Pimienta, Honduras, 161. Pinar del Bio, Cuba.231, Pindamonhangaba, Brazil, 694. PiniDos, Colombia, 395. Firacicaba, Brazil, 694. Firacuruca, Brazil, 694. pirahy (State of Parana), Brazil, 694. Pirahy (State of Bio deJanciro), BrazD, 694. Pirapora, Brazil, 695. Pirayu, Paraguay, 635. Piribebuy, Paraguay, 635. Firitu (de Barcelona), Venezuela, 440. Pisagua, Chile, 546. Pisco, Peru, 491. PitahtOj Colombia, 407. Piura, Peru, 492. Plaisance, British Guiana, 448. Plymouth, Montserrat Island, Leeward Islands, 294. Point a Pitre, Guadeloupe, 304. Ponce, Porto Bico, 276. Ponta Grossa, Brazil, 673. Popayan, Colombia, 395. Porlamar, Venezuela, 441. port Antonio, Jamaica, 241. Port au Prince, Haiti, 253. Port de Paix, Haiti, 254. Port Maria, Jamaica, 242. Port of Spain, Trinidad, 321. Porto Alegrei Brazil, 673. Porto da Folha, Brazil, 685. . . ■ . Porto Velho, Brazil, 87*. . Portoviejo, Ecuador, 467. •' Posadas, Argentina, 588. Potosi, Bolivia, 514. Princes Town, Trinidad, 322. Fringles (Coronel), Argentina, 603. Prinzapolka, Nicaragua, 189. Progreso, Mexico.97. Puebla, Mexico, 97. . Puebloviejo, Colombia, 407. Fuente dellnca, Argentina, 589. Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, 134. Puerto Bermudez, Peru, 96. Puerto Berrio, Colombia, 395. Puerto Bolivar, Ecuador, 467. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 434. Puerto Casado, Bolivia, 521. Puerto Colombia, Colombia, 407. INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. 731 Puerto Cortes, Honduras, 155. Puerto Deseado, Argentina, 603. Puerto GaUegos, Argentina, 689. Puerto Guarani, Bouvia, 521.- Pu<>rto Madryn, Argentina, 589. Puerto Maldonado, Peru, 496. Puerto Mexico (Coatzacoalcos), Mexico, S Puerto Montt, Chile; 5*6. Puerto Padre, Cuba, 231. Puerto Perez, Bolivia, 520. Puerto Pinasco, Bolivia, 521. Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, 263. Puerto Sastre, Bolivia, 521. Puerto Suarez, Bolivia, 514. Puerto Villamizar, Colombia, 407. Puerto Wilcnes, Colombia, 407. Pujili, Ecuador, 470. Puna, Bolivia, 521. PulcayOjjBolivia, 515. Punata, Bolivia, 521. Puno, Peru, 492. Punta Arenas, Chile, 547. Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 201. Purificacion, Colombia, 408. Pumandiro, Mexico, 115. Putaendo, Chile, 558. Pyrenopolis, Brazil, 695. Q. Quarahy, Brazil, 695. Quebradillas, Porto Rico, 282. Queretaro, Mexico, 98. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, 134. Quezaltepeque, Guatemala, 137. Quezaltepeque, Salvador, 175. Quibdo, Colombia. 396. Quijano, Mexico, 116. Quillacollo, Bouvia, 521. Quillota, Chile, 558. Quilmes, Argentina, 603. Quilpue. Chile, 558. Quinhue, Chile, 558, Quito, Ecuador, 468. Quixada, Brazil Jt 695. Quixeramobim, Brazil, 695. Quyindy, Paraguay, 636. R. Rafaela, Argentina, 603. Ramiriqui, Colombia, 408. Rancagua, Chile, 547. Rauch, Argentina, 603. Rawson, Argentina", 589. Real de Monte, Mexico, 116. Redempcao, Brazil, 695. Remedios, Cuba, 232. Rengo, Chile, 559. Resistencia, Argentina, 590. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, 13a. Rezende, Brazil, ,695. Riachuelo Brazil, 695. Ribeirao Preto, Brazil, 674. Riberalta, Bolivia, 515. Bicaurte, Colombia, 403. Riucdn, Porto Rico, 282. _ Rio Caribe, Venezuela, 44i. Sio Chico, 'San Jose de, Venezuela, Ml. Rio Cuarto, Argentina, 590. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 07b. Rio Formoso. Brazil, 693. Rio Grande qo Bui, Brazil, 674. Rio Grande, Nicaragua, 191. Rio Grande, Porto Rico, 282. Rio Negro, Brazil, 695. Rio Fiedras, Porto Rico, 276. Riobamba, Ecuador, 468. Riohacha, Colombia, 396. Rionegro, Colombia, 408. Riosucio, Colombia, 397. Rioverde, Mexico, 116. Rivadavia, Argentina, 604. Rivas, Nicaragua, 189. Rivera, Uru§uay i 620. Roatan (Coxin's Hole), Honduras, 155. Rocafuerte, Ecuador, 470. Rocha, Uruguay, 620. Rockstone, British Guiana, 448. Roias, Argentina, 604. Roldanillo, Colombia, 408. Rosario, Argentina, 590. Rosario, Mexico, 116. Rosario, Uruguay, 622. Roseau, Dominica, 300. Rosignol, British Guiana, 448. Rubio, Venezuela, 441. Saba Island, Curacao, 327. Sabana Grande, Honduras, 161. Sabana Grande, Porto Rico, 282. Sabanalarga, Colombia, 408. Sabinas, MexicOj 116. Saboya, Colombia, 408. Sacapulas, Guatemala, 138. Sagua la Grande, Cuba, 232. Safiagun, Colombia, 408. Sahuaripa, Mexico, 116. St. Anns Bay, Jamaica, 242. St. Barthelemy Island, Guadeloupe, 305. St. Eustatias Island, Curacao, D. W. I., 327. St. George, Grenada, 313. St. Georges, Bermuda, 291. St. Georges, French Guiana, 454. St. John, Antigua, 301. St. Laurent duMaroni, French Guiana, 454. St. Marc, Haiti, 254. St. Martin Island, Curacao, D. W. I., 327. St. Martin Island, Guadeloupe, 305. Saladillo, Argentina, 604. Salama, Guatemala, 13?. Salamanca, Mexico, 116. . , Salamina, Colombia, 397. Salaverr-y, Peru, 493. ' , Salazar, Colombia, 408. , , Salina Cruz, Mexico, 9,8. Salinas, Ecuador. 470. ." Sahtre (formerly las Ramas), Ecuador, 471. Salta, Argentina, 591.' ; ~ Saltulq, Mexico, 99. - Salto, Uruguay, 62Q. Salratierra, Mexico, 116. Samaniego, Colombia, 408. San Andres, Colombia, 408. San Aridres de Providenjcia, Colombia, S97. San Andres Tuxtla, Mexico, 116. San Antonio, Chile, 559: San Antonio de Flores, Honduras, 161. San Antonio delos BanoS, Cuba, 236. San Bernardino, Paraguay, 636. San Bias, Mexico, 99. San Carlos, Chile, 559. San Carlos, Uruguay, 623. 732 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. San Carlos, Venezuela, «1. > San Cristobal, Guatemala, 133. San Cristobal las CasaS, Mexico, 116. San Cristobal, Venezuela, 435. San Estanislao, Paraguay, 636. San Felipe, Chile, 548. San Felipe, Guatemala, 138. San Felipe, Venezuela, 435. San Felix, Venezuela, 441. San Fernando, ATgenrlna,'604. San Fernando, Chile, 548. San Fernando, Trinidad, 322. San Fernando, Venezuela. 438.- San Francisco, Colombia, '408. San Francisco, Salvador, 175. San Francisco de Cordoba, Argentina, 684. San Francisco de Macoris, Dominican Re- public, 264. San Francisco del Rincon, Mexico, 116. San Fructuoso Uruguay, 621. San Gabriel, Ecuador, 471. San German, Porto Rico, 276. San Geronimo, Mexico, 117. San Gil, Colombia, 397. San Isidro, Argentina, 604. San Javier de Loncomilla, Chile, 559. San Jose, Costa Rica, 201 . San Jose, Guatemala, 135. San Jose, Honduras, 161. San Jose, Paraguay, 636. San Jose de Chimbo, Ecuador, 471. San Jose de Mayo, Uruguay, 621. San Jose del Cabo, Mexico, 101. San Juan, Argentina, 592. San Juan, Colombia, 408. San Juan Bautista, Mexico, 10L San Juan Bautista, Paraguay, 636. San Juan de Guadalupe, Mexico, 117. San Juan detNorte, Nicaragua, 187. San Juan del Rio, Mexico, 117. San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, 190. San Juan, Porto Rico, 277. San Juaneito, Honduras, 155. San Julian, Argentina, 604. San Lorenzo, Honduras, 156. San Lorenzo, Porto Rico, 282. San Luis, Argentina, 502. San Luisdela Paz, Mexico, 117. San Luis Jllotepeque, Mexico, 138. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 101. San Marcos, Guatemala, 138. San Marcos, Nicaragua, 191. San Martin, Argentina, 605/ San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, 117. San Miguel, Ecuador, 471. San Miguel, Salvador, 170. San Nicolas, Argentina, 582. San OnOfre, Colombia, 409. San Pablo, Colombia, 409. San Pedro, Argentina, 593. San Pedro do Lloc, Peru, 493. San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic, 264. San Pedro Perulapan, Salvador, 175. San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 156. San Rafael, Argentina, 605. San Ramon, Costa Rica, 203. San Ramon, Uruguay, 623. San Roque, Colombia, 409. San Rosendo, Chile, 559. San Salvador, Salvador, 171. San Sebastian, Porto Rico, 282. San Sebastian, VenezueevMl. San Vicente, Colombia, 469. San Vicente de Canete, Pem, 497. San Vicente, Salvador, 171. Sanarete, GuatemaUvias. Sanchez, Dominican Republic, 263. Sancti Spiritus, Cuba, 232. Sandona, Colombia, 408. Santa, Peru, 496. •» i Santa Ana, Colomhia, 409. Santa Ana, Pern, 497. Santa Ana, Salvador, 172. Santa Barbara, Colombia, 409. Santa Barbara de Semana, Dominican Re- public, 265. Santa Barbara, Honduras, 157. Santa Barbara, Venezuela, 441. Santa Clara, Cuba, 232. Santa Cruz, Argentina, 605. , Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 5L5^ Santa Cruz, Brazil, 695. Santa Cruz de Yojoa, Honduras, 161. Santa Cruz del Brave, Mexico, 117. Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala, 138. Santa Cruz del Seibo, Dominican Repub- lic, 265. Santa Elena, Ecuador, 471. Santa Fe, Argentina, 593. Santa Isabel, Porto Rico, 2S2. Santa Lucia (San Juan Bautista), Uruguay, 623. "":■ :_-<:'. Santa Lucia, Venezuela, 441. Santa Lucrecia, Mexico, 102. Santa Maria, Brazil, 678. Santa Maria Magdalena, Brazil,- OSS. Santa Marta, Colombia, 397. Santa Rita, Venezuela, 441. Santa Rosa, Argentina, 593. Santa Rosa de Cabal, Colombia, 409. Santa Rosa de Copan, Honduras, 157. Santa Rosa de Osos, Colombia, 40S. Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina, 60S. Santa Tecla, Salvador, 172. Santa Rosa, Ecuador, 488. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, 138. Santa Rosa, Salvador, 172i Santa Rosa, Uruguay, 622 . '• Santander, Colombia, 409 , Santarem, Brazil, S96. Santiago, Chile, 5-*&. Santiago, Dominican Republic, 265. Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, 234. Santiago de Maria, Salvador, 175. Santiago del Estero, Argentina, 594. Santiago, Mexico, 117. Santiago, Panama, 213. Santiago, Paraguay, 636. Santiago Papasquiaro, Mexico, 102. Santo Amaro, Brazil, 696. Santo Domingo, Colombia, 409. Santo Domingo, Costa Rica, 203. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 265. Santo Domingo, Nicaragua, 191. Santo Rosalia, Mexico, 117. Santo Tomas de Chumbivilcas, Peru, 497. Santos, Brazil, 678. Santuario, Colombia, 409. Santurce, Porto Rico, 283. Sao Carlos de Pinhal, Brazil, 680. Sao Cristovao, Brazil, 696. Sao Felix, Brazil, 696. Sao Fidelis, Brazil, 696. INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. 733 Sao Francisco. Brazil, 680\ San Gabriel, Brazil.696. Sao Joao da Barra, Brazil, 696. Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Brazil, 6*0. Sao Joao d'el Key, Brazil, 681. Sao Jose de Mipibu, Brazil, 697. Sao Jose do Rio Pardo, Brazil, 697. Sao Leopoldo, Brazil, 697. Sao Luis de Caceres, Brazil, 697. Sao Luus (Maranhao), Brazil, 681. Sao Matheus, Brazil, 697. Sao Miguel, Brazil, 697. Sao Paulo. Brazil, 681. Sao Vicente, Brazil, 697. Sapucaia, Brazil, 697. Sauce, Uruguay, 623. Savanna La Mar, Jamaica, 242. Sayula, Mexico, 117. Scarborough, Trinidad, 323. Sensuntopeque, Salvador, 173. Serpa, Brazil. See Itacostisra Serra, Brazil.697. Sertaosinlio, Brazil, 697. Sete Lagoas, Brazil, 697. Sicuani, Peru, 497. Sierra Mojara, Mexico, 102. Sigsig, Ecuador, 471. Siguatepeque, Honduras, 161. Silao, Mexico, 117. Silvia, Colombia, 409. Since, Colombia, 409. Sincelejo, Colombia, 398. Sinnamari, French Guiana, 454. Skeldon, British Guiana, 448. Soacha, Colombia, 409. Soata. Colombia, 410. Sobral, Brazil, 698. Socorro, Colombia, 398. Sogomoso, Colombia, 410. Solola, Guatemala, 138. Sombrerete, Mexico, US. Somerset, Bermuda, 291. Sona, Panama, 213. Sonson, Colombia, 399. Sonsonate, Salvador, 173. Sopetran, Colombia, 410. Sorata, Bolivia, oil. Sorocaba, Brazil, 683. Souza, Brazil, 69S. Spanish Town, Jamaica, "!2. Springiands, British Guiana, 448. Suchitoto, Salvador, 175. Sucre, Bolivia, 516. Sucre, Colombia. 410. SuUana, Peru, 197. Supe, Peru, 497. T. Tacambaro, Mexico, 118. Tacna, Chile, 549. Tacuarembo, Uruguay, 6 Tacuba, Salvador, 175. 2 Tacubaya, Mexico, IIS. 1. Talara, Peru, 497. Talca, Chile, 550. Talcahuano, Chile, 550. Talleres, Argentina, 605. Taltal, Chile, 551. Tambo, Colombia, 410. Tanibo de Mora Peru, 497. Tamesis, Colombia, 410. Tampico, Mexico, 102. Tandil, Argentina. 594. Tapacari, Bolivia, 521. Tapachula, Mexico, 103. Taquarv, Brazil, 698. Tarapaca, Chile, 559. Tarata, Bolivia, 521. Tariba, Venezuela, 441. Tarija, Bolivia, 517. Tarma, Peru, 497. Taubate, Brazil, 698. Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 157. Tehuacan, Mexico, 118. Tehuantepec, Mexico, 103. Tela, Honduras, 158. Temperley, Argentina, 605. Temuco, Chile, 551. Tenancingo, Mexico, 118. Teocaltiche, Mexico, 118. Tepic, Mexico, 104. Tequisquiapan, Mexico, 118 Texcoco, Mexico, 118. Teziutlan, Mexico, 118. Theresopolis, Brazil, 698. Therezina, Brazil, 683. Tibana, Colombia, 410. Ticul, Mexico, 118. Tigre, Argentma, 605. Timbio, Colombia, 410. Timbiqui, Colombia, 410. Tinaquulo, Venezuela, 441. Titirbi, Colombia, 410 Tlacolula, Mexico, 118. Tlacotalpan, Maxico, 118. Tlalpam, Mexico, 118. Tlaxcala, Mexico, 118. Toa Alta, Porto Rico, 283. Toa Baja, Porto Rico, 283. Toeaima, Colombia, 410. Toco, El, Chile, 559. Tocopilla, Chile, 551. Tocuyo, Venezuela, 44L Toluca, Mexico, 104. Tome, Chile, 559. Tonacatepeque, Salvador, 175. Tonala, Mexico, 104. Tonat, French Guiana, 454. Tongoy, Chile, 559. Topolobanipo, Mexico, 119. Torreon, Mexico, 105. Torres, Mexico, 119. Tortola Island, B . W. I., 297. Totonicapan, Guatemala, 135. Tovar, El, Venezuela, 442.; Traiguen, Chile, 559 Treinta y Tres, Uruguay, 621. Trelew, ATgaotfiiaj 595. Trenque Lauquen, Argentma, 595. Tres Arroyos, Argentina, 605. Trinidad, BoHvia, 517. Trinidad, Cuba, 234. Trinidad, Honduras, 161. r Trinidad-Uruguay, 621. . Triunfo, Honduras, 161 . Tru illo, Honduras, 158. Tru illo, Peru, 493. Truiillo, Venezuela, 436. Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico, 283. Tucacas, Venezuela, 436. Tucuman, Argentina, 595. Tucupido, Venezuela, 442. Tula, Mexico, 119. Tulancingo, Mexico, 119 Tulcan, Ecuador, 468. 734 INDEX TO CITIES AND TOWNS. 'xulua, Colombia, 410. Tumaco, Colombia, 399. Tumbes, Peru, 497. Tumeremo, Venezuela, 442. Tunja, Colombia, 399. Tupiza, Bolivia, 518. Tuquerres, Colombia,400. Turbo, Colombia, 410. Tunialba, Costa Rica, 203. Tuscoen, British Guiana) 44& Tuxpam, Mexico, 105. - Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico, 105. TJbate, Colombia, 410. TJberaba, Brazil, 683. TJncia, Bolivia, 521. Union, La, Chile, 560. Upata, Venezuela; 442. Urcos, Peru, -197. TJres, Mexico, 119. Urique, Mexico, 119. TJrrao, Colombia, 410. Urnapan, Mexico, 106. Urabamba, Peru, 497. Uruguayana, Brazil, 683. Ushuaia, Argentina, 606. Usulutan, Salvador, 173. UtiUa. Honduras, 161. Utuado, Porto Rico, 283. TJyuni, Bolivia, 51S. Valdivia, Chile, 552. Valenca (State of Bahia), Brazil, 698. Valenca (State of Bio de Janeiro), Brazil, 698. Valencia, Venezuela, 436. Valladolid, Mexico, 119^ Valle de Santiago, Mexico} 119. Valle de Upar, Colombia, 410. Vallegrande, Bolivia, 521. Vallenar, Chile, 560. Valparaiso, Chile, 552. Vassouras, Brazll,698. Vega Alta, Porto Rico, 283. Vega Baja, Porto Rico, 283. Veinticinco de Mayo, Argentina, 606. Velez, Colombia, 411. Vera Cruz, Mexico, 106. Vlacha, Bolivia, 521. Vicosa, Brazil, 698. Victoria, Argentina,597. Victoria (State of Pemambueo), Brazil, 698. Victoria, Chile, 560. Victoria, Mexico, 107. Victoria (State of Espirito Santo), Brazil, Vicuna , Chile, 560. Viedma, Argentina,606. Vieques, bland of, Porto Rico, 277. Viesca, Mexico, 119. Villa de la Union, Ecuador, 471. Villa Encarnacion, Paraguay, «33. ■ Villa Maria, Argentina, 606. Villa Rica, Paraguay, 634. Villa San Pedro, Pazaguav, 636. ViUabella, Bolivia, 519. Villahermosa, Mexico, 107. Villavicencio, Colombia . 411. Villegas, General, Argentina, 606. Vina del Mar, Chile, 554, 560. Vinces, Ecuador, 471. Vreed-en-Hoop, British Gniana, 443. W. Wawa River, Nicaragua, 191. WUlemstad, Curacao, 326. "Windsor Forest, British Guiana, 448. Wismar, British Guiana, 448. Xochimilco. Mexico, 119. Yabucoa, Porto Riod, 278. Yacuiba, Bolivia, 521. Yaguachi, Ecuador, 471. Yaritagua, Venezuela, 442. Yarumal, Colombia, 400. Yauco, Porto Rico, 278. Yolombo, Colombia, 41L Yoro, Honduras, 161. Ytu, Brazil, 69?. Yungay, Peru, 497. Yuscaran, Honduras, 139. Zacapa, Guatemala, 136. Zacapoaxtla, Mexico, 119. Zacatecas, Mexico, 107. Zacaiecoluca, Salvador, 173. Zacatlan, Mexico, 119; Zamora, Mexico, 108. Zapatoca, Colombia, 411. Zapotlan, Mexico, 119. Zarate, Argentina, 606. Zaruma, Ecuador, 471. Zipaquira, Colombia, 400. Zitacuaro, Mexico, 119. Zumpango, Mexico, U9. o 20 ^ MAP OF R0° CF< " / /iiu .&«*-*// 511 \ / / ii ii \\/ / ii ii W\ ILU mi IIH llll ,, , , V IUI «/«r\ «iii ■a^sj'^ * v *■■■ ch ? /? sS? ,>uj.\ tin II /A BAHAMA T I) AbAC0 4» \ >4-^','\ * i LEUTH£ >llll l/V,.S> N^^^V ^||| * I" 1 . CAT l\^ 1 1 IIS A.N ;an Salvador r/S ANDRO■; "" I ! I \ ) Manizalgio yy _o2ipaquira / i / \ ) CaVtago " rj " Fortde FrancetWftTlniQUE CaStri "0sT.L(jU . Z N .BARBADOS aO^ *ic;RENAc'» ex^s? .**. - X X>X*° ' * T0 r° OoMiraf lores Bogota rdq^. ir ^ \ San \j 6** ^-J -. ( y . ' " ; " ■ ' Eipirlta Santo yS /^Popayi o'Almague-" i C ' TumacoT' ' /XjE?^ ^ / Paste / C^smc-ralda v -- c Tijlcari ' * ( Ibarra, ,' "X'-C >Chone J +Vol.Cotopaxi X P Lata£1mga_ XITE li"^X r^e 1 U&A a i-< \^ X ly . axXi.^x^/ ^2S?. /( - i tt Jx FRE ^A \ n n\ ^A^T^SSpo ^V'K^^^'X ^ XGTO\ DUTCH XGUIAN4C ) \ \\ A \~f%'°j ^^ : X^P. f 1 X GUIANA/? \ / A 1 GUIANAy . , \ /•X-* ,, '-"""""*"'Xi Co ' J ° a '"\ .MiRACAI. \ rx vr / ' JX ' J 1 , S^w^ j£1 Mouflis of the s ^\ -4 m- \ •*) \ ""T^^bsx: 1 ; .^77 — —,. i X : ^^ — ^1^— s^" uty ^^>*y /^4',oX^X4x^ ) H 7 j /^^4»cX;C^ - THE B0CA3 [J Tvr^p^iiw^ 1 / , ARwaHoX Pto., Xs!c^? L8.Cn p^&--- , % ,, f . ^ v ., :^feX « 1 1 It wrsnr '"•"•A.d.w. c.v.M- uM / m /cKifcM CX T^ a. \Va..i ituyA >sr^f^" m "MYti^%, )X>LX^ ii sTiL ^xYy 6 — I / / / / ^w^^^e^i^w l/y / I °*»>» 10 80° MAP OF LATIN AMERICA TO ACCOMPANY COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS' GUIDE TO LATIN AMERICA ISSUED BY BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 40 SCALE OF NAUTICAL MILE5 50 100 700 300 400 500 STATUTE MILE5 50 100 200 300 400 I 1 I I I KILOMETERS 50 100 2O0 300 400 500 1—1—1 1 1 I I 90821°— 22 // / v t* ' / / BueinMiitiSft. / '"^^M ?m 'i x ' ' / X i '? Yt vV .TNcivaS ' ' iLt," v rol>aj ;" -o?\--~V / 7Vmon> Bot(CX rf s_ / /Almagu / Tumaed?^ „ A/ / -O" ^"ir* VX- V « Ipiales Esmeralda ^^tukah. Ibarra J* ,r -Os, /QuitoN — r Shone / +Vol.Cotopa*i \„San7 V 'CiiU'.caos iyovir .eventazon V-^i 1 Pt.Hwacjaj^i PLS\^ /vSS chllca "s^ss vTnmbof 1 ut /^i*^EJ« u / Cannot IgAbarTciyCiC he ccacV l\K s » V WoUhui -La Paz ■ - : v. )K*y$g?!anl ,Fto.yelar(le> %>]}o oSa'cabV \ \ Khabamba i i £>Aroni '• V i Santa Cniz^LCont, (defcSie \ IJfcJUa^ a PajW Au jj a £2 , q ^Tarab. PatlAbaPT U C«lia,oakl . - — r TpT ,< V„. J*i«i«E!: l, "'Wi. J * UzAJta) t/.i. CswflwMeuna X /' C P>2 Alia fCpr. ^\Cabt- CacL t»Bape CorotiVl^Mr^l CJli "V' 5 '' /"7i ^Si«'«-J ll/ f°f If I ' Telcn* Toayf^» ^eral Achai Carl fondill >4 J ' * Bariloche P1 »-SjiniSHSp OUA)fl/EC*SIS.-Si-c' • yarn hiA campLnU ! I ..V ~S i •edma/ ■San ^al.'„ gfy p «"jftula inaw-rfou *4j KAI.'pjvi OUEEN AOEUItJi ARCHIPEUQ^N 30" 13»wWt* eo°