"N. ^ jVXif «'*"' p^^^C ^"'^^iK. \)^^-^ J !^4^^ % •-^ ^ 11 ■^'"^-•■'.L y^ ^ I| •! 'iMfiuuiX Willi UCklTV. (^mmll Hmw^itg Jilrwg THE GIFT OF ^ H..-.J^srviA/fldl«^ 'Ld.....\h..k> „ 1^.2.../. A6 4534 Cornell University Library RC 244.S85 Trichinosis in Germany.Pt. I. Generai re 3 1924 000 281 224 1 Cornell University w Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000281224 BULL-ETIN No. 30. '' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDuisTRY. D. E., SAI By (!n. WardeLIj Stiles, Ph. D. Part III. EUROPEAN CASES OF TRICHINOSIS OF AL- LEGED AMERICAN ORIGIN. B}' Cir. W:AHDEbL Stiles, Ph. D. Part XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. ' ByALnpRT HAi3s.\LL, M; R. 0. V. S. ^ - WASHINGTON: CJOVjniNMKNT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. ' (,B, AJ. 16S,) ftiMi^r M»«Ui UMVatSITY. ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Chief: D. E. Salmon, D. V. M. Assistant chief: A. D. Melvin, D. V. S. Chief Clerk: S. E. Burch. Bioehemic division: E. A. de Schueinitz, Ph. D., M. T>., chief; Marion Dorset, M. D., assistant. Dairy division: Henry E. Alvord, C. E.', chief; R. A. Pearson, M. S., assistant chief. Inspection division: A. M. Earrington, B. S., B. V. S., chief; E. B. Jones, assist- ant chief. Miscellaneous division: E. W. Hickman, Ph. G., V. M. D., chief. Pathological division: Victor A. Noegaard, V. S. (Copenhagen), chief. ■Zoological laboratory: Ch. Wardell Stiles, M. S., A. M., Ph. D., zoologist. Experiment station: E. 0. Schroeder, M. D. V., superintendent; W. E. Cotton, assistant superintendent. Editorial clerk : George Fayette Thompson. Veterinary inspectors : Albert Hassall, M. E. C. V. S. ; John E. Mohler, A. B., V. M. D. LETTER OF TRANSMITFAE. U. S. Depariment of Ageicultuke, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, July 13, 1900. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on Trichinosis in Germany^ which has been prepared by Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles, zoologist of this Bureau, who was detailed by yourself as agricultural attach^ to the Embassy of the United States at Berlin during the years of 1898 and 1899, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 30 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The object of Dr. Stiles's investigations was threefold: (1) To ascer- tain so far as possible the value of the microscopic inspection of pork .products in Germanj'^, as shown by German health statistics for 1881 to 1898, inclusive; (2) to ascertain whether any cases of trichinosis have definitely been traced to American pork having upon it the inspection stamp of this Bureau; (3) to investigate the charges brought in Germany against American meats. The information contained in this report is from German sources, and to a large extent from official reports. It appears evident that a microscopic inspection is not the best method of securing immunity from trichinosis and that the outbreaks of this disease which have been charged to American pork have not been caused by pork from this country, or at the most ai'e of doubtful origin. Respectfully, D. E. Salmon. Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriciiltxire. CONTEXTS. Page. Summary of report 7 Pabt I. — General remarks on trichinosis in Germany 9 Historical summary of the discovery of trichinosis 9 Life history of the parasite 10 Preventive measures proposed 11 Objects of the present report 12 Trichinosis as an international question between Germany and America 14 Local regulations 23 Number of trichina inspectors in Germany 28 Expense of the trichina inspection in Germany 31 Amount of American pork imported into Germany 1892-1898 33 Pabt II. — A statistical review of trichinosis in Germany during the eighteen years 1881-1898 35 Summary 35 A. Kingdom of Prussia: Summary (1881-1898) 41 Summary by source of infection 41 Summary and details for 1881 43 Summary and details for 1882 49 Summary and details for 1883 52 Summary and details for 1884 56 Summary and details for 1885 60 Summary and details for 1886 64 Summary and details for 1887 , 67 Summary and details for 1888 70 Summary and details for 1889 73 Summary and details for 1890 77 Summary and details for 1891 79 Summary and details for 1892 81 Summary and details for 1893 — 84 Summary and details for 1894 85 Summary and details for 1895 87 Summary and details for 1896 90 Summary and details for 1897 92 Summary and details for 1898 95 Summary and details for 1899 97 Prussian cases (1881-1898) alphabetically arranged by Eegie- rungs-Bezirke 99 B. Kingdom of Saxony: Summary (1881-1898) 133 Summary and details for 1881 134 Summarv and details for 1882 134 5 6 CONTENTS. Part II.— A statistical review of trichinosis in Germany, etc.— Continued. Page. B. Kingdom of Saxony— Continued. Summary and details for 1888 135 Summary and details for 1884 135 Summary and details for 1885 135 Summary and details for 1886 136 Summary and details for 1887 l37 Summary and details for 1888 138 Summary and details for 1889 139 Summary and details for 1890 140 Summary and details for 1891 140 Summary and details for 1892 141 Summary and details for 1893 142 Summary and details for 1894 142 Summary and details for 1895 142 Summary and details for 1896 143 Summary and details for 1897 143 Summary and details for 1898 143 [Summary and details for 1899] 144 [Summary and details for 1900] 144 C. German states, exclusive of Prussia and Saxony: Summary 144 Kingdom of Bavaria 146 Brunswick 147 Bremen 149 Alsace-Lorraine 150 Hamburg 152 Liibeck 153 The rest of Germany : 153 Part III. — European cases of trichinosis of alleged American origin 156 American trichinae. By Rudolph Virchow 181 Report on importation of salted pork of American origin. By Bouley 186 Paet IV. — Bibliography of trichinosis in Germany 193 TRicnmosis m Germany. STTMMARY OF BEPOBT. Part I. — General Remarks on Trichinosis in Germany. Historical summary of the discovery of trichinosis. — When trichinae were first dis- covered, it was not suspected that they were of importance to medicine, still less to international politics. First described in man (1835) in England; then in hogs (1847) in America; recognized as cause of disease (1860) in Germany (p. 9). A knowledge of the life history of the parasite is necessary to understand the prob- lems which arise. The parasites are transmitted only by use of raw or rare meat, chiefly pork, and cause the disease known as trichinosis (p. 10). Various preventive measures have been proposed — public warnings, the cooking and curing of meat, and microscopic inspection (p. 11). Objects of present report. — To judge the value of the microscopic inspection, as shown by German health statistics for 1881-1898, in order to inquire whether this system gives a protection proportionate to its expense, hence whether we should introduce it into this country; also to see whether any cases of trichinosis have been definitely traced to American pork bearing the inspection stamp of this Bureau, thus inquiring whether the attacks upon American pork printed in the German agrarian press have any foundation in German health and mortuary statistics (p. 12). The German law prohibits the sale of trichinous pork, regardless of the condition of the parasites, whether dead or alive. International phase of subject. — American pork exported to Germany about thirty years ago. German decree of 1880 prohibited sausage and chopped meats (p. 15). Decree of 1883 prohibited all pork (p. 15). Decree of 1891 admitted American pork under certificate (p. 16), but did not provide that latter was a valid sanitary document. Prussian circular of 1892 calling for reinspection of American meats; this circular the beginning and source of trouble in Prussia (p. 17). Department of Agriculture changed its export inspection stamps (1893) and certificates (1896) (p. 19). Local restrictions. Position of two Governments summarized (p. 19). Further scientific discussion will'not change the present situation, as the meat ques- tion has passed its scientific stage and is now a political and economic question (p. 20). United States Department of Agriculture refused (1898) certificate for fresh pork (p. 21). Secret Prussian circular (1898) to prevent United States con- suls from obtaining information upon conditions of health and disease; its hygienic bearing (p. 21). Local regulations. — Examples and discussion. Number of trichina inspectors in Germany. — Divided into two classes, and variously estimated from 25,000 to 100,000. More than soldiers in the United States Army prior to Spanish-American war (p. 28). Expense of trichina inspection in Germany. — Exact estimate impossible, but approxi- mately at the rate of 1 mark (23.8 cents) per hog; annual kill, 14,000,000 hogs. At this rate would cost $3,275,000 in addition to materials, rent, loss of meat, etc. Thus 7 8 BUKEATJ OF ANIMAL INDTJSTBY. the expense of a general inspection for either Germany or America would cost more than the entire present appropriation for the United States Department of Agriculture. Over 200,000,000 pounds of American pork were exported to Germany during the fiscal years 1892-1898. Part II.— A Statistical Eevibw of Trichinosis in Germany during the Eighteen Years 1881-1898. Summary for the Empire (p. 35), giving general information and conclusions based upon the detailed statistics which follow. • The statistics given in this report are minimum figures, since, in common with all medical statistics, they represent cases reported, not cases diagnosed or undiagnosed. Prussia.— Summary (p. 41). Detailed statistics by years and outbreaks (p. 43). Summary by districts (p. 99). Saxony.— SMmmary (p. 133). Detailed statistics by years and outbreaks (p. 134). German States, exclusive of Prussia and Saxony.— Summnrj (p. 144). Detailed statistics by summary, years, and outbreaks for Bavaria (p. 146), Brunswick (p. 147), Bremen (p. 149), Alsace-Lorraine (p. 150), Hamburg (p. 152), Liibeck (p. 153), and the rest of Germany (p. 158). Part III. — European Cases Alleged to have been Due to American Pork. List of cases, with references to discussion. It is shown that no evidence has as yet been presented in Germany to prove that a single case of trichinosis has ever been traced to American certified pork; while the evidence thus far presented in support of the claims that cases of trichinosis in Europe before 1892 have been traced to American j-ork is in some cases absurd, in others incomplete (p. 156). Part IV. — Bibliography. Contains a list of the literature cited. Acknowledgments. —The author is indebted to several persons for aid in the present work. He especially wishes to express his obligations to the members of the staff of the Surgeon-General's Library, who have been exceedingly kind in obtaining for him books which were otherwise inaccessible. After all of the literature had been collected it was deemed advisable to have every reference verified, so far as possible, by some other person; and the author is indebted to Dr. Hassall, Mrs. Towne, Miss Tayler, and Miss Oberly. for this work. It is believed that errors in bibliographic citation are thereby practically eliminated. Acknowledgments are also due to Mr. Frank H. Hitchcock and Dr. A. M. Far- rington for tables of exports given on p. 33. Finally, but by no means least, the author wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesies extended to him in Berlin, Germany, by the Imperial health ofiice and by the Royal library in permitting him to consult several published reports which could not be obtained in Washington. Quotations. — It should be explained that where quotations are made they are usu- ally given in the original'German, with a translation or a short sumrnary in English. The German is quoted for the simple reason that, if given in English alone, with many persons the question would arise in numerous instances whether the state- ments in English were not exaggerated purposely in translating. To protect him- self, therefore, the author has felt it absolutely necessary to quote the original words of the authorities consulted. Date of MS., April, 1900. Part I.— GENERAL REMARKS ON TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY (Stiles). Historical summary of the discovery of trichinosis.' — In 1835 Prof. Richard Owen described as a new parasite of man, under the name Trichina spiralk,^ certain small worms which were found by Paget, then a medical student, in a cadaver in a London dissecting room. At that time little or no importance was attached to the dis- covery, for the organisms were looked upon as zoological curiosities rather than as the cause of disease, while the idea that these worms would ever play any r81e in national sanitary matters or in interna- tional commerce or diplomacy was not even mistrusted. Apparently the earliest cases observed in the United States of infec- tion hy this parasite were in the negro in 1841-42 \>y Professor Cha- zal, of Charleston, S. C, but the cases were not recorded until 1881 (Glazier, 1881, p. 173). The earliest published record for America seems to be the cases observed by Dr. Bowditch (1842, 1843, 1844), who found the parasites four times — twice in 1842, once each in 1843 and 1844 — in muscles of human cadavers in Boston; Mass. Since then about 900 cases of the disease have been collected for this countr^y. In 1847 Prof. Joseph Leidj'^ (1847), of Philadelphia, found the same species of worm in American pork. Herbst (1851-52), an experimental ph^'siologist in Gottingen, appears to be the first who experimented upon the life history of this parasite. In the summer of 1848 he found what he supposed to be trichinae in the muscles of a dog, and fed the infected meat to a badger; when the latter died, in 1850, its muscles contained encysted worms. The badger meat was then fed to three young dogs, and seven weeks later two of them were examined and found to be trichinous. Herbst's ideas regarding the parasite were rather confused, however, and his views and experiments have been more or less ignored or forgotten. Not until 1860 was the importance of the worm as a factor in pathol- ogy fully recognized, when Professor Zenker (1860, pp. 561, 562), of Dresden, showed it to be the cause of a disease which has since been named trichinosis, and which prior to Zenker's observations had been confounded with typhoid fever and other maladies. The brilliant observations and experiments of Zenker, Leuckart, Virchow, and others then placed the medical profession in possession of detailed 'See also Cobbold (1866, p. 3027), who summarizes the disputed points regarding the early history of the worm. * Now more properly known as THchinella spiralis. 9 10 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. d,ata concerning the life history of, and source of infection by, the parasites under discussion; also the symptoms, duration, and other clinical details of the disease, and the preventive measures to be adopted. Then followed the noted years of 1860-1866, when certain European States, more particularly Prussia and Saxony, experienced a number of outbreaks of trichinosis. The medical and la}^ press of those years were filled with articles upon the subject, some authors advancing the wildest kind of speculation and showing almost a panic for fear of the malady ; other authors went to the other extreme, claiming that the parasites were harmless, while the more thoughtful writers attempted to introduce safeguarding measures by which the public could be protected from infection. Life history of the parasite. — A general idea of the life history of the parasite is necessary to a proper understanding of the source of Infection, more particularly since certain erroneous ideas upon this subject have gained more or less credence. Brie% stated, the essen- tial points to be held in mind are as follows: Three stages of the para- site are to be distinguished, namely, the embryo, the encysted larva, and the adult. The encysted larval stage has been encountered in the meat (muscles) of about twenty-five different mammals; it occurs most frequently in omnivorous and carnivorous mammals (man, hogs, rats, mice, cats, bears, etc.), and is found in the noi-mally nonmeat-eating animals (cattle, hares, rabbits, gophers, etc.) only (a) when trichinous meat has been fed to them purposely, or (b) when from lack of other food these animals eat meat which happens to be trichinous, or (c) when they happen to eat a piece of trichinous meat accidentally. From present scientific data trichinee may live in practically any mammal, but only the meat-eating mammals are at all likely to be found infected. Trichinte do not occur in anj^ stage in any birds, reptiles, amphibia (frogs), fish, or invertebrates (insects, snails, etc.), except in isolated cases, where certain of these animals are subjected to infection under abnormal conditions in laboratories. ' Since the encysted larva is the infecting stage^ it will be seen that it is not necessary to take into consideration, fi'om a point of public hygiene, any animals except the omnivorous and carnivorous, and from a practical standpoint the onlj'^ ones, with isolated exceptions, which need be considered are man, hogs, rats, and dogs. When any one of these animals eats anj^ other one of them or one of its own kind (when a man eats pork, or a hog or dog eats a rat, for instance, or when a hog is fed on the offal of another hog) and the animal eaten happens to be trichinous, the conditions for infection, unless they have been guarded against, are present. If a hog eats a rat which is infected with live encysted larvee, the latter escape from TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 11 their capsule, become adults within a few days, and multiply in the intestinal tract of the hog. Numerous embryos, which are born of the adults, wander to the muscles of the hog, where they develop into larvjB and become encysted. If now the hog is slaughtered and the meat eaten by a man without proper precautious (cooking or curing), the man in turn becomes infected. This brief summary of the life cycle will suffice for the purposes of this report. Stress may, however, here be laid upon the following facts in order to correct popular errors: (1) Trichinae can not develop in an animal unless the latter has eaten live trichinae; (2) it is incon- ceivable that any animals maj' after death (as, for instance, after being slaughtered) become infected with trichinosis; (3) there is not the slightest danger of trichinosis from eating meat infected with trichinae in case the parasites have been killed by thorough cooking or by thorough curing; (4) the presence of ti'ichinse per se can not be con- sidered as a justification for destroying trichinous meat; it is only when the parasites are present in such enormous numbers that they have brought about extensive pathologic changes which in them- selves would lead to the destruction of the meat that a sanitary offi- cial would be justified in destroying trichinous meat not belonging to him; in this case, however, it is the extensive pathologic alteration, and not the trichinae, which should be considered; (5) the prejudice against eating trichinous pork which has been properly safeguarded (thorough cooking or thorough curing) is a pure sentimentality with no logical basis, for cooked or cui"ed trichinae are no worse than slaughtered hogs, broiled live lobsters, broiled oysters, or any other animal eaten in killed or semiliving (raw oysters) state; further- more, the person who is prejudiced against eating properly safe- guarded, slightly infected trichinous meat should, in order to be consistent, never- touch any meat at all, for from 30 to 90 per cent of all hogs, according to locality, and many sheep, cattle, and horses are infected with other muscle parasites (Sarcosporidia) which are fre- quently even larger than trichinae; (6) to eat raw pork at an}'^ time, or in anj^ country, alwa3's involves a risk of infection with trichinosis, no matter whether the meat has been inspected microscopically or not. Preventive measures proposed. — The measures proposed and adopted at various times and in various places looking to the preven- tion of trichinosis are essentially the following: (1) Notices have been issued by sanitary boards and by the police calling attention to the danger arising from eating raw pork, and the public has been warned to cook the meat thoroughly before eating it. (2) It has been shown that certain methods of curing pork kill the worms, and hence render the disease nontransmissible to man, and these methods have been adopted in some places. (3) A system of microscopic inspection of slaughtered hogs has been 12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. instituted. The diaphragm and other seats of predilection of the para- site are examined by persons especially trained in this work, and in case trichinae are found the hog is condemned and disposed of accord- ing to the specific regulations in force. The regulations of some local- ities provide for the burial of the hog; of others, for its rendering; in a few cases (Spain) the meat has been thrown into the sea; and in some places the meat is first cooked or salted, and then sold. This inspection S3'stem, which originated in German}^, has now become quite general in that country — more particularly' in Prussia and Saxony — and has extended in some degree to certain other parts of Europe — Austria, Denmark, and elsewhere; and scarcely a year passes that some American writer does not advocate its introduction into the United States, calling upon the Department of Agriculture to inspect microscopically all the pork placed on the American market. Objects of the present report. — The writer originally had several objects in view in preparing a report upon the trichinosis of Ger- many. The study was undertaken partly in connection with the demand that the trichina inspection should be introduced into the United States and partly in connection with the diplomatic correspondence between German}^ and America regarding the "American pork ques- tion." One of the chief points in connection with the subject was a study of the local regulations in Germany regarding the trichina inspection. In view of the pending legislation, however, it seems inadvisable to publish the report in the form first designed, for if, as is to be hoped, the Imperial meat-inspection bill is adopted in the near future a detailed discussion of the local regulations would be not only super- fluous but would engender bad feeling and lead to a more critical con- dition than exists at present. As the local regulations may be expected to be matters of the past upon the enforcement of the proposed new law, it appears better to bury the mass of complaints against these regulations with the regulations themselves and begin on a new basis with the new law. Should the bill fail to pass, the local regulations may then be discussed.' However, since the American claims regarding local regulations have been much misunderstood, it may be well to refer to them briefly, giving a few examples (see p. 25). Thus the original plan of the report has been somewhat changed, but there are certain grounds which lead to the present publication of a portion of the material collected : First. In view of the demand referred to— namely, that the United States Department of Agriculture shall inspect microscopically all American pork before it is placed on the markets-it is well to examT ine in detail the results of this system of inspection as carried on in Germany; and, taking into account its expense, to inquire whether it ' Note added in proof July, 1901: A compromise bill was finally adopted.— C. W. S. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 13 is a practical system in public hygiene, giving a protection propor- tionate to its cost, or whether we can better protect ourselves against trichinosis by other methods, and use to better advantage for some other purpose the money required for a general microscopic inspection. In order to decide the question properly, the outbreaks of the disease in Germany for the eighteen years 1881-1898 have been studied in detail; the German outbreaks earlier than 1881 have also been com- piled, but not with so much detail as the cases since that date. The American outbreaks thus far recorded have also been compiled and will be used in comparison. Second. The question naturally arises whether the microscopic inspection can be guaranteed, either from a theoretical or a practical standpoint. Although this subject has often been discussed before, it is believed that a systematic study of the German outbreaks of trichinosis may throw additional light upon this point (which is fre- quently of legal as well as of hygienic importance), since it was in Germany that the system of microscopic inspection was conceived and nourished. Third. There appears to be a systematic attack upon American meats carried on by certain German newspapers and individuals. It is repeatedly asserted that our pork is dangerous; that it is very likely to produce trichinosis; it has even been stated that trichinosis is the usual consequence of eating American pork; police and other local authorities publish warnings against our meats; in some localities persons selling American meats are compelled to display signs in their shops stating the origin of the goods; local regulations of alleged sani- tary nature, but of a most exasperating character, are promulgated; butcher associations turn into amateur sanitary societies, and after discoursing at length upon the great dangers of "Yankee" products and the unheard-of frauds practiced by men who are pictured as almost criminal, they, incidentally mention that American competition (while furnishing meat to the working classes) is injuring their own trade; American inspectors are accused of receiving bribes, etc. It is not the intention to enter upon a polemic with the German newspapers, but rather to examine the questions: What true sani- tary basis in German medical statistics can be found for these attacks ? and Why is it that it is the butchers and certain politicians who have become so concerned about the alleged sanitary dangers connected with American meats while the German medical profession remains so quiet "i ^ 'An appeal to the German physicians has recently been made in a circular signed by a Hamburg butcher. It is rumored that this sensational circular was written by a certain lawyer who is a member of the anti-American element in the Reichstag. 14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The proposition for studj^ may be expressed about as follows: How far do these newspaper polemics find support in the medical statistics ? or, in other words, How many cases of, and deaths from, trichinosis in Germany have been definitely traced to eating American porkj How do these figures compare with the cases and deaths due to meat microscopically inspected in Germany and declared to be free from trichinte? and How do the trichinosis statistics in Germany since the reintroduction of American pork (1892-1898) compare with the statis- tics for the years (1883-1891) when its importation was prohibited? The inquiry is purely objective, hence it should offend no one. It must necessarily be based upon scientific and medical reports originat- ing in Germany (for the most part official), and it is not clear how any- one in Germany can object to summarizing the subject upon German evidence. It pertains to the relations of an American product to the health of the German people, and it can not be expected that anyone in America will object to such a study if it is conducted in a proper spirit. It may here be pointed out that there are two distinct points involved in connection with American-cured pork, namely: (1) Are trichinae present in these goods ? (2) If so, have these trichinae proved dangerous from a standpoint of public hygiene? The first question will not be discussed at present, since it is somewhat foreign to the main issue. It is, in a certain sense, an important legal question from the German standpoint, for paragraph 367 of the German penal code provides that " Whoever sells or offers for sale adulterated or spoiled d/rinks w edihles, especially trichinous meat, shall hefinednot exceeding 150 marks, m' punished iy imprisonment.'''' This law, ^ be it noticed, does not take into account the question whether the trichinae are dead or alive — incapable or capable of reproduction — hence whether the trichinous pork is infectious or noninfectious. The law in question is not, therefore, entirely free from criticism when viewed from the standpoint of practical public hygiene. The present bulletin deals priniiarily with the practical hygienic side of the subject, viewed in the light of experience as presented by Ger- man evidence; hence it is not the question as to whether trichinae have been found which interests us at present, but whether experience has shown American pork in Germany to be an infectious and dangerous article of everyday food. Trichinosis as an international question between Germany and America. — A detailed review'' of this subject is not necessary for ^ The Saxon law, on the other hand, permits the sale, under certain conditions, of meat when the hog is but slightly infected with trichinse; the new draft of the Imperial law does the •same. ^ For some of the correspondence which has passed between the two Governments, see Foreign Relations of the United States for the years in question. TRICHINOSIS IN GEBMANY. 15 the purpose of this article. It will, however, be useful to the reader to bear certain dates in mind. Roughly speaking, the exportation of American pork to Germany began some thirty years ago. In 1880, Germany issued the following decree prohibiting our sausages and chopped meats: ^ "We, William, by the grace of God German Emperor, King of Prussia, etc., decree in the name of the Empire, the assent of the Bundesrath having been obtained, what follows: 1. The importation of chopped or similarly and otherwise prepared pork and of all kinds of sausages from America is prohibited until further notice. The importa- tion of entire hams and of sides of bacon is not included in this prohibition. 2. The Imperial Chancellor is empowered to permit exceptions to the prohibition and to provide for the measures of control thus rendered necessary. 3. This decree takes effect on the day of its promulgation. (L. S.) (Signed) WILLIAM. VON Bismarck. In March, 1883, all American pork was excluded by the following decree: Ordinance concerning the prohibition of the importation of pigs, pork, and sausages of American origin, of March 6, 1883. We, William, by the grace of God Emperor of Germany, King of Prussia, etc., decree in the name of the Empire, and with the consent of the Bundesrath, as follows: Section 1. The importation of pigs, pork (including bacon), and all kinds of sau- sages of American origin is prohibited until further notice. Sec. 2. The Imperial Chancellor is empowered, by applying the necessary precau- tionary measures, to permit exceptions to be made to this prohibition. Sec. 3. The ordinance of the 25th June, 1880, concerning the exclusion of American pork and sausages (Im. Law Gazette, p. 151) is abolished. Sec. 4. The present ordinance goes into force after the expiration of the thirtieth day after its publication. Given under our hand and the imperial seal. (Signed) WILLIAM. VON Bismarck. Berlin, March 6, 1883. ' Wir Wilhelm, von Gottes Gnaden Deutsoher Kaiser, Konig von Preussen u. s. w., verordnen in Namen des Eeichs, nach erfolgter Zustimmung des Bundesraths, was folgt: 1. Die Einfuhr von gehacktem oder auf ahnliche Weise zerkleinertem oder sonst zubereitetem Schweinefleisch und von Wiirsten aller art aus Amerika ist bis auf weiteres verboten. Auf die Einfuhr ganzer Schinken und Speckseiten bezieht sich das Verbot nicht. 2. Der Eeichskanzler ist ermachtigt Ausnahmen von dem Verbote zu gestatten und die deshalb erforderlichen Controlmassregeln zu treffen. 3. Gegenwartige Verordnung tritt mit dem Tage ihrer Verkiindung in Kraft. Urkundlich unter Unserer hochsteigenhiindigen Unterschrift und beigedrucktem KaiserUchen Insiegel. Gegeben Bad Ems, 25 Juni, 1880. (L. S.) WILHELM. VON Bismarck. 16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. By the decree of 1H91, following the Saratoga convention, American hog products were readmitted with the understanding that the United States Department of Agriculture should inspect them microscopically before shipment. The decree of 1891 reads :^ Decree repealing decree excluding American pork. AVe, William, by the grace of God German Emperor, King of Prussia, etc., decree in the name of the Empire, the assent of the Bundesrath having been obtained, what follows: Section 1. The decree respecting the prohibition of the importation of swine, swine flesh, and sausages of American origin, of March 6, 1883 (Imperial Law Gazette, p. 31), ceases to be of force for living swine, as well as for such products, as are provided with an official certificate stating the fiesh has in the land of origin been examined pursuant to the rules in force there, and has been found free from qualities injurious to health. Sec. 2. The Imperial Chancellor is empowered to adopt appropriate measures for the control of the character of the swine flesh imported from America. Sec. 3. This decree enters into force on the day of its publication. In testimony whereof our own proper signature and the imperial seal are hereto affixed. Done at Castle Schwareznau the 8d of September, 1891. (Signed) "WILLIAM. VON Caprivi. The United States Department of Agriculture instituted a micro- scopic inspection; boxes or tierces containing goods inspected for ti-ichinse were provided with white stamps consecutively numbered. For a given number of stamps (5 to 60 or more, according to circum- stances) a white "Certificate of inspection" was issued. These were ^[Eeichs-Gesetzelatt — No. 26.] Inhalt: Verordnung, betreffend die Einfuhr von Schweinen, Si-hweinefleisch und Wiirsten amerikanischen Ursprungs, S. 385. (Nr. 1975.) Verordnung, betreffend die Einfuhr von Schweinen, Schweinefleisch und Wiirsten amerikanischen Ursprungs, vom 3. September 1891. Wir, Wilhelm, von Gottes Gnaden Deutscher Kaiser, Konig von Preussen, 2c., verordnen im Namen des Eeichs, nach erfolgter Zustimmung des Bundesraths, was folgt: Section 1. Die Verordnung, betreffend das Verbot der Einfuhr von Schweinen, Schweinefleisch und Wiirsten amerikanischen Ursprungs, vom 6. Milrz 1883 (Reichs- GesetzbL, S. 31) tritt fiir lebende Schweine, sowie fiir solche Erzeugnisse ausser Kraft, welche mit einer amtlichen Bescheinigung dariiber versehen sind, class das Fleisch im Ursprungslande nach Massgabe der daselbst gelteuden Vorschriften untersucht und frei von gesundheitsschadlichen Eigenschaften befimden worden ist. Sec 2. Der Reichskanzler ist ermachtigt, zur Kontrole der Beschaffenheit des aus Amerika eingefiihrten Schweinefleisches geeignete Anordnungen zu treffen. ■ Sec. 3. Gegenwiirtige Verordnung tritt mit dem Tage ihrer Verkiindung in Kraft. Urkundlich unter unserer hochsteigenhiindigen Unterschrift und beigedrucktem kaiserlichen Insiegel. Gegeben Schloss Schwarzenau, den 3. September 1891. (L- ^0 WILHELM. VON Capkivi. TRICHINOSIS IN GUKMANY. 17 the same as the "Interstate certificates," except that they bore across their face in red ink the words "Microscopically examined in addition to tegular inspection." The numbers of the stamps were given on the left margin of the certificate, so that the German customs authori- ties might control the boxes shipped under a given certificate. It was thought that this ari'angement, made at great annual outlay by the United States Government and without any expense either to the exporter or the importer, would place the trade upon a firm foundation. It should, however, be noticed that while the Imperial Government recognized the American certificates «*■ valid doowments, on the hasis of which American pork should l)ej>eriHitted to pass the German customs (after the duty was paid) no agreem.ent was made hy which any king- dom or local authority in tlie German Empire was ohliged to recognize the American certificates of inspection as documents of sanitary vcdue.^ This important point having been overlooked, no little surprise was caused among American officials when the following Prussian minister- ial document appeared:" f 'Eusak, 1897, in his report for 1892-1894, R.-B. Stade calls attention to this fact. See p. 127 of the pretent report (italics). "Cirkular an siimmtliche konigl. Regierungs-Prasidenten und an den konigl. Polizei-Prasidium in Berlin vom 21. Mai 1892, betr. die Untersuchung auf Trichinen der aus Amerika importirten Schinken und Speckseiten. Durch die kaiserliche Verordnung vom 3. September 1891 (R.-G.-Bl., S. 385) ist das Verbot der Einfuhr von Schweinen, Schweinefleisch und Wiirsten amerika- nischen Ursprunges flirlebende Schweine unbedingt, fiir Schweinefleisch und AViirste insoweit ausser Kraft gesetzt worden, als dieae Erzeugniase mit einer amtlichen Bescheinigung dariiber versehen sind, dass man sie im Ursprungslande nach Mass- gabe der dort geltenden Bestimmungen untersucht und frei von gesundheitsschad- lichen Eigenschaften befunden hat. Bald nach dem Erlasae der Verordnung wurden von verschieden Seiten Zweifel aufgeworfen, ob sich nicht unter den aus Amerika eingehenden Sendungen von Schweinefleisch, wenn sie auch von vorschriftsmassigen Bescheinigungen begleitet seien, dennoch manche nicht untersuchte Stiicke beflnden mochten, und ob ausser- dem die amerikanischen Zeugnisse auf voile Zuverlassigkeit Anspruch machen konn- ten. Die in Folge dessen an manchen Orten ausgefiihrten Nachuntersuchungen haben diese Zweifel als begrundet erwiesen; in zahlreichen Fallen hat man hierbei amerikanische Speckseiten und Schinken mit Trichinen durchsetzt gefunden, die zum grossen Theil noch lebensfahig waren. Unter diesen Umstilnden haben wir im Interesse der Gesundheitspolizei Ermit- telungen fiber die Durchfiihrbarkeit einer Nachuntersuchung des aus Amerika eingefiihrten Schweinefleisch u. s. w. angeordnet und sind dadurch zu folgendem Ergebnisse gelangt. Von der Nachuntersuchung amerikanischer Wiirste wird abzusehen sein; sie istmitmancherlei Schwierigkeiten verkniipft, und hat iiber dies, selbst wenn sie mit grosster Sorgfalt erfolgt, nur geringen Werth zu beanapruchen. Ferner wird man von der Nachuntersuchung der etwa von den Seehiifen unmittelbar an die Konsumente vertriebenen amerikanischen Fleischwaaren, und zwar schon aus dem Gnmde Abstand zu uehmen haben, well hiermit eine zu grosse Beliistigung des Publikums verkniipft sein wiirde. Endlich konnte man allenfalls auch auf die Nachuntersuchung des aus Amerika der Eegel nach in Fiissern eingehenden Schweine- 23904^No. 30—01 2 18 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Circular to all royal district presidents and to the royal police president in Berlin, May 21, 1892, regarding the inspection for trichinae of hams and sides of bacon imported from America. By the imperial decree of September 3, 1891 (R.-G.-BL, p. 385), the prohibition of the importation of swine, pork, and sausages of American origin is rescinded: For living swine, unconditionally; for pork and sausages, conditionally, in so faras these products are provided with official certificates, stating that they have been inspected in the land of origin according to the regulations existing there and have been found free from qualities which are injurious to health. Shortly after the issuance of the decree doubts were raised from different sides whether there were not some uninspected pieces among the sendings of pork from America, although accompanied by proper certificates, and whether, further, the American certificates could lay claim to fuU trustworthiness. The reexaminations which were made upon this account in several places have proved these doubts to be well founded; in numerous instances American sides and hams have been found infested with trichinae, which were to a great extent viable. Under these conditions, in the interest of the sanitary police, we have instituted inquiry as to the possibility of carrying through a reinspection of imported American pork, etc., and have come to the following conclusion: Eeinspection of American sausages is to be omitted. It is accompanied with certain difficulties, and has, fur- ther, even when conducted with the greatest care, a claim to very little value. Further, the reinspection of the American meat wares which are delivered to the consumers directly from the seaports is to be omitted, since otherwise too great an inconvenience to the public would result. Finally, the reinspection of pickled pork imported from America, usually in tierces, and of pickled pig tongues, could be omitted, as these wares are eaten only when cooted. On the other hand, it appears generally feasible, and it is urgently recommended, to subject to reinspection before they are sold to consumers all American hams and pokelfleisches und der gepokelten Schweinezungen verzichten, da diese Waaren nur in abgekochtem Zustande verzehrt zu werden pflegen. Dagegen erscheint es allgemein durchfiihrbar und empfiehlt sich dringend, die in den einheimischen Gross- und Kleinhandel gelangenden amerikanischen Schinken und Speckseiten ohne Ausnahme der Nachuntersuchung zu unterwerfen, bevor sie an die Konsumenten verkauft werden. Zu diesem Zwecke werden dort, wo die Untersuchung des Schweinefleisches durch Polizeiverordnung geregelt ist, deren Bestimmungen aut die in Rede stehenden amerikanischen Erzeugnisse anzuwenden Oder deswegen in geeigneter Weise zu ergiinzen sein. In denjenigen Regierungs- bezirken, wo es an solchen Polizeiverordnungen fehlt wird man zu erwagen haben, ob es fiirangezeigt zu erachten ist, sie demnachst, vielleicht in der Beschrankung auf amerikanische Schinken und Speckseiten, zu erlassen, oder ob die Nachunter- suchung dieser Gegenstande auf anderem Wege gesichert werden kann. Ew. Hochwohlgeboren wollen das hiernach Erforderliche, wenn und soweit es noch nicht geschehen sein sollte, gefalligst veranlassen. Berlin, den 21. Mai 1892. Der Minister des Innern: Herrpurth. Der Minister fur Landwirthsohaft, Domiinen und Forsten: VON Heyden. Der Minister der geistlichen, Unterrichts- und Medizinal-Angelegenheiten: Im Auftrage: Baktsch. [Copied from: Ministerial-Blatt fiir die gesammte innere Verwaltung in dem konig- lich preussischen Staate, No. 7, Aug. 15, 1892, pp. 227-228.] TRlCHIHroSIS IN GERMANY. 19 sides, without exception, which come into the domestic wholesale and retail trade. For this purpose, where the inspection of pork is regulated by police ordinances, the rules are to be applied to the American products in question or are to be changed 80 as to apply to them. In those districts where such police regulations are lacking the question is to be considered whether it is deemed expedient to issue such regu- lations, perhaps confining them to American hams and sides, or whether the rein- spection of these articles can be insured in another way. You will please cause the necessary steps to be taken, when and in so far as this has not yet been done. Berlin, May 21, 1892. (Signed) The Minister of the Interior: Hekefurth. The Minister of Agriculture, Domains, and Forestry: VoN Heyden. The Minister of Religious, Educational, and Medical Affairs: Per order of — Baetsch. This ministerial circular practically notified local Prussian authori- ties that they could promulgate such local restrictions against Ameri- can meats as they saw fit, provided an alleged sanitary justification could be given, and it is not unreasonable to consider it the origin of the numerous local regulations which followed. In 1893 the Department of Agriculture changed the color and form of the stamps intended to accompany microscopically inspected meats, adopting a violet color; in 1896 a violet certificate of special form and wording was adopted. Since the Prussian circular of May 21, 1892, numerous local authori- ties, not only in Prussia but in other parts of Germany, have insisted upon reinspecting American meats imported under the American cer- tificate, and these inspections and reinspections have given rise to frequent protests on the part of exporters, importers, and dealers, as well as to extensive diplomatic discussions between Germany and America. Summed up in a few words, the positions of the two Gov- ernments have been as follows: The American Government has main- tained that these numerous local regulations were a serious restriction upon trade, a restriction which was not justified by sanitary arguments nor bj' Germany's sanitary experience with American meats. Ger- many's (imperial) position has been that the restrictions complained of were local, not imperial, regulations; that according to German law trichinous meat could not be sold; that trichinae are frequently found in American meats which are imported under American certificates. In 1897 the writer of the present report was detailed to visit Ger- many in order to investigate the alleged presence of trichinae in inspected American meats. He remained for nearly two years, study- ing the subject in German}- and surrounding countries. During this time the questions at issue were discussed in all their bearings with various German authorities, and finally having convinced himself that further scientific discussion on his part would not change the diplo- 20 BUEEAtr OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. matic situation he reported this fact to his Government, and in the summer of 1899 he was instructed to bring his work to an end and to return to America toward the close of the calendar year. Having now returned, he is still of the opinion that the further scientific discussion of the American pork question with Germany will not alter the situation. This is no longer a scientific question, but purely a political and an economic one. The imperial authorities have proposed an imperial meat-inspection law, in which the sanitary arguments advanced by the United States Government are fully recog- nized. The Reichstag has attacked the draft of this bill as not being sufficient to meet the problems involved. Thus we have this position: The Bundesrath has sanctioned the sanitary measures admitted ly the active and the advisory sanitarians of the German Oovernment, while the Reichstag attacks these sanitary measures as insufficient; while, in reply, a representative of the Imperial Government has intimated, in lan- guage^ which can not be misconstrued, that the position taken by certain members of the Reichstag appears to be actuated by motives which are not purely hygienic. The writer desires to express his conviction that the Imperial authorities have endeavored to act with perfect fairness in connection with this new law and with a due consideration of the hygienic necessi- ties in Germany. Newspaper attacks, to the contrary, are, in his judg- ment, prompted by other than purely sanitary motives. The draft of the bill, as adopted by the Bundesrath and presented to the Reichstag, is one of the ablest and most thorough sanitary documents ever pre- sented to a legislative body. If it were to become a law, and that law supported by equally fair regulations, administered in an unbiased manner, the present numerous complaints regarding the restrictions upon trade would become matters of past history. While it is not the intention of the writer to discuss the bill in detail at this time, ' "Now I must state — and I do this with regret- -reasons were in some instances brought forward which created the impression as though we were not speaking on a law for the protection of the German people, but on a part of the new duty tariff— the duty to be paid on meat and meat products. ['Very true.'] It has been especi- ally stated by one of the speakers that we can ourselves supply the meat demand in Germany and must try to rid ourselves of the inferior foreign meat. This law, it is true, is not the sedes materix for this. Differences in the cost of production of vari- ous countries can only be equalized by passing customs laws. If we were to place ourselves on the standpoint of trying to prohibit the introduction of goods which we manufacture in sufficient quality and quantity, this would certainly invite simi- lar measures on the part of other countries. In this manner we could totally exclude an exchange of goods with other people ['Very true,' on the left], and I believe that we should not then have to worry in regard to the future formation of our commercial relations, as we are now doing. [Hearty applause on the left. J Gen- tlemen, I believe that if prohibitions are placed on goods imported from otker States, it is necessary, in the first place, that we do not at such a time need those foreign goods, and it must furthermore plausibly be proven that these goods are dangerous to health." — Count Posadowsky-Wehner, Imperial Minister of the Interior. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 21 still, from the standpoint of a sanitarian interested in international hygienic matters, he can only express his regret that the draft in question does not contain a provision that all imported meats must he accompanied hy a certificate issued hy the central Government of tlie land in which said meats are slaughtered and dressed, and stating that oflcials of said exporting land had inspected the same hoth hefore and after slaughter, a/rid had not found them infected with any disease which would render them dangerous as food. Such a provision would greatly strengthen the bill, and would do away with many swindles which to-day tend to support a dishonest traffic. As justification for expressing this opinion, the writer advances the statements (1) that he is reporting to his own Govern- ment, not to Germany; (2) that he is reporting upon a subject which lies within his province; (3) that from the standpoint of the sanitarian it is an error to claim that the bill in question is strictly an internal German affair; it is, on the contrary, an important international hygienic matter, in regard to which every sanitarian may take a legit- mate interest and express an opinion. Two further official acts deserve a moment's notice. In the summer of 1898, the United States Department of Agriculture prevented the further exportation of fresh pork from this country to Germany. The sanitary reason for this action is apparent to anyone who has fol- lowed closely the history of trichinosis. Shortly before the return of the writer from the German capital to Washington an incident occurred which stands out in bold relief when compared with the straightforward action of the Imperial German authorities. Reference is made to the following order which acci- d entail}' became known beyond the circles for which it was intended. It appeared in substance in one of the American newspapers, but at that time attracted little attention; later it was read in the Reichstag by one of its members, and was afterwards printed in full in one of the German newspapers, and commented upon widely in the press of both countries:^ [The district president. C. B. 2323.] DussELDOEF, July 24, 1899. According to a circular of June 11, 1894 (Ministerial Journal for Internal Adminis- trations, 102), inquiries and requests which are directed to German administrative authorities by consuls of foreign States, stationed in Germany and provided with exe- quatur, so far as lies within their (the consuls') official duties and within their offi- cial district, may be answered by these (German officials) directly, in so far as the > [Der Regierungspraesident. C. B. 2323.] DiJssELDOEF, d. S4- Juli 1899. Nach einem Circulare vom 11. Juni 1894 (Ministerialblatt fuer innere Verwal- tungen, 102) koennen Anfragen und Ersuchen, welche seitens der in Deutschland bestellten und mit dem Exequatur versehenen Konsuln auswaertiger Staaten inner- halb der Grenzen ihrer amtlichen Aufgaben und ihrer Amtsbezirke an die diesseiti- gen Verwaltung.-behoerden gerifhtet werden, von dieaeri unmittelbar beantwortet 22 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDTJSTBY. questions are not matters of general policy (importance) . Toward the American con- suls, for whom the foregoing principles are also valid, all communications are, how- ever, to be avoided which are. likely to work against German interests, immaterially whether their desire' for information bears upon questions of general policy (impor- tance) or not. In cases of doubt an answer is at first not to be given, and report to be made to me. As information which under no circumstances is to be given to Amer- ican consuls, I designate, for instance, statistical data regarding violations of the Imperial food law (Nahrungsmittelgesetz) and its supplementary laws, especially regarding the manufacture of and trade in foods and edibles which are injurious to health, including toys, regarding adulteration (falsification) of and trade in such wares, and the trade with such adulterated (falsified) wares, regarding (the finding of) trichinscvand cysticerci in native meat, and regarding the status of diseases in man and animals. Whenever the questions for information touch the last-named points, there is, however, no objection (hesitation) for German officials to refer to the regular statistical reports in the " Veroeff entlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesund- heitsapites." No further material is, however, to be furnished. I request you to treat this matter as strictly confidential and to provide the officials under your charge with appropriate instructions, laying particular stress on the strictly confidential treatment. A communication of this order to the mayors through simple repetition of this in copy is not to take place. You are rather to act by giving special orders. (Signed) Fheiherr von Kheinbaben. To the Land Counciloes and Head Mayors. Favors to American consuls are to be avoided, and in all cases not free from doubt report is to be made to the district president. A. G. I. District President. werden, sofern es sich nicht um Fragen von allgemeiner Bedeutung handelt. Gegenueber den amerikanischen Konsuln, fuer welche die vorangesetzten Grund- saetze gleichfalls Geltung haben, ist indessen von alien zur Beeintraechtigung diesseitiger Interessen geeigneten Mitteilungen abzusehen, gleichgueltig ob deren auskunftbegehren Fragen von allgemeiner Bedeutung treffen oder nicht. In Zwei- felfaellen ist von einer Antwort zunaechst abzusehen und er an mich zu berichten. Als Mitteilungen, die unter keinen Umstaenden den amerikanischen Konsuln zu machen sind, bezeichne ich beispielsweise statistische Angaben ueber Zuwiderhand- lung gegen das Nahrungsmittelgesetz und seiner Nebengesetze, insbesondere ueber die Herstellung und den Vertrieb gesundheitsschaedlicher Nahrungs- und Genussmit. tel und Verfaelschung und den Vertrieb derartiger Waaren und den Vertrieb derartiger verfaelschter Waaren, ueber Trichinen und Finnenfmide, in einheim- ischem Pleisch und ueber den Stand von Menschen- und Tierkrankheiten. Es besteht jedoch kein Bedenken, wenn die Anfragen ueber die letztbezeichneten Punkte die um Auskunft ersuchten diesseitigen Behoerden auf die regelmaessigen statistischen Mitteilungen in den " Veroeff entlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesund- heitsamtes," verweisen; eine Beschaffung weiteren Materials hat indessen zu unterbleiben. Ich ersuche diese Angelegenheit als sireng vertraulich zu behandeln imd die nachgeordneten Behoerden mit entsprechenden Weisungen unter ausdruecklicher Betonung der streng vertraulichen Behandlung zu versehen. Eine Mitteilung dieser Verfuegung an den Buergermeister durch einfache Kennt- nissgabe derselben in Abschrift hat zu unterbleiben; es ist vielmehr im Wage besonderer dortseitiger Verfuegung su verfahren. (Gez.) Frhh. v. Kheinbaben. An die Landeaete und Obeebuerqeemeistee. Entgegenkommen gegen amerikanische Konsuln zu vermeiden und in alien nicht zweifelfreien Faellen an Eegierungspraesident zu berichten. A. G. I. Eeg. Pkaes. TKICHIN0SI8 IN GERMANY. 23 It is not the intention of the writer to discuss this order from a diplomatic standpoint, but it has been his unpleasant dut}' to call the attention of the Department of Agriculture to the following points in connection with it: (1) The discussion of any hygienic problem connected with Prussia is, in view of the existence of this document, attended with serious restrictions and difficulties. (2) Should an outbreak of trichinosis or other disease occur in Prussia and be attributed to American products, it would be impossi- ble for American consuls to make an objective investigation of the subject. (3) Only such sanitary information in Prussia is now accessible to us as has percolated through the Prussian officials, and we are there- fore reduced to accept (or reject) whatever statements they choose to make. (4) This document amounts to a Prussian governmental support, countenance, or protection of the manufacture of articles of food or of use which may be dangerous to health, provided those articles are intended for export to the United States. (5) It is practically impossible, with this order in existence, to carry out the conditions imposed in connection with the importation of animals from Germany to the United States. (6) The document in question prevents American officials, no mat- ter how friendly their feelings toward Germany may be, from admit- ting that action in Prussia toward American meats is governed by a purely objective consideration of sanitary data. (7) The reference to the " Veroff entlichung " of the Imperial health office can not be accepted as lessening the objectionable fea- tures of this order, since that publication contains statistics which are usually too brief and incomplete to supply the information we desire, and since these statistics appear from a week to several years after the cases of disease occur. Local regulations. — No one can attack the principle that govern- mental authorities not only have a right but a duty to take such steps as are necessary to prevent the spread of disease. Whether any given steps taken are "necessary" or justifiable from a purely theoretical or a practical hygienic standpoint, is a question which one can always legitimately discuss, and such discussion must be based both upon general principles and upon the special conditions existing in the dis- tricts to which the regulations apply. From a practical standpoint, we should start out with the view that any sanitary regulation which unnecessarily restricts trade is unjusti- fiable; not only is it calculated to work undeserved hardships to the parties concerned, but it has a decided tendency to bring public san- itary regulations into contempt; it makes enemies of the very men 24 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. whose cooperation and friendly feeling should be secured, and it has a decided tendency to force the trade out of the hands of honest mer- chants into the hands of men with a less regard for straightforward dealings; it furthermore sets a premium upon dishonest tl-ade. As a special condition which should be borne in mind in connection with the meat question in Germany, we must not lose sight of the fact that there exists in certain parts of that Empire the exceedingly dangerous custom of eating pork raw. Now, if it is impossible to change this custom, or if there is no disposition to do so, it can not be considered surprising that the authorities in the districts in question should feel themselves called upon to lessen the dangers involved by appropriate precautionary measures. Germany's right to compel a microscopic inspection of pork to be consumed by the people of a given district in order to prevent trichino- sis is, in the abstract, a matter which concerns Germany alone. When, however, the hygienic restrictions imposed appear unnecessarily severe, when they lead to continued protests from honest dealers, when they further appear to be unsupported by any practical experience, it can hardly be expected that interested parties will look upon them as resting upon purely sanitary motives. The local regulations in Germany would fill several good-sized books. They may all be summed up by desciibing them as consisting of every degree between such regulations as command the respect not only of sanitarians, but also of honest dealers, and regulations which are exasperating to the dealer and incomprehensible to the sanitarian. Since these regulations vary according to locality, and since the different localities frequently amend them, the wholesale dealer finds that not an inconsiderable portion of his time is occupied in trying to keep himself informed regarding the police requirements of various towns. One of the most interesting points in connection with this subject is the question of the frequent reinspections in Germany. If, for instance, a sending of meat has once been inspected in Germany, in addition to the inspection it has received in America, and if it then be shipped to another town, should it again be reinspected there? Take the following case, which came under my observation: A wholesale dealer (A) in Halle a. S. imported a sending of American pork and placed it in his warehouse; he later sold the goods to a smoker (B) in Gera-Keuss; B wished to smoke the meat and sell it to a retail dealer (C) in Dresden. Although these goods were only in storage in Halle, the police compelled their microscopic reinspection by a duly author- ized inspector before A was permitted to ship them to B. The police in Gera would not recognize the Halle inspection as valid because it was not performed in a slaughterhouse, although it was demanded and recognized by the-police in Halle. Gera regulations insisted that this TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 25 meat should be taken to the Gera slaughterhouse aad there rein- spected {at twice the fee charged foi^ the inspection of German meats). Now, it is not unreasonable to maintain that this meat, after thus being microscopically inspected three times, should at least stand on the same footing in Gera enjoyed by German meats which had been inspected but once. Such, however, is not the case. If the dealer wished to sell these goods in Gera he would be obliged to display a sign in his store stating that he was selling imported American meats, and this in the face of a warning issued iy the city coioncil (stadtrath) against eat- ing imported (i. e. , anything but German) pork unless it was thoroxiglily cooked. Whether it is this official warning or the Gera inspection (at double price) which is superfluous the writer will not attempt to argue. But to follow the case: The smoker B had no intention of selling the goods in Gera, but wished to ship them to C in Dresden. The Dres- den authorities, however, could not, according to their regulations, recognize either the American, the Halle, or the Gera ofiicial inspec- tions, so C could not sell his goods unless they were inspected in Dres- den _/or a fourth tvme. Upon more than one occasion the question of these repeated rein- spections has come before the courts. Two cases, passed upon by the same Ave judges in Berlin, have recently been brought to my atten- tion and will interest the reader. By reading the two regulations quoted in the footnotes, it will be seen that they are not identical in wording, although both are intended as hygienic measures to cover identically the same conditions. A comparison of the portions which are here italicized is instructive, and a comparison of these two cases with the case given above (Halle; Gera; Dresden), pages 24, 25, will give the reader a fair idea of the trade restrictions which have given rise to so many complaints. Cam I.^ — The defendant, a merchant, had sold on November 26, 1898, in Stettin, pickled pork of American origin, which had been oiBcially reinspected in Altona, ' Kammergerichtsurteil vom 3. Juli 1899. Im Namen des Konigs! In der Straf- sache wider den Kaufmann J K zu Stettin wegen Uebertretung der Polizeiverordnmig des Regierungsprasidenten zu Stettin vom 10. Februar 1894 hat auf Berufung der koniglichen Staatsanwaltschaft gegen das Urteil der Strafkammer V. des koniglichen Landgerichts zu- Stettin vom 15. April 1899 eingelegte Revision des Strafsenat des koniglichen Kammergerichts in Berlin, Lindenstr. 14 in der Sitzung vom 3. Juli 1899 an welcher Teil genommen haben: 1. Groschuff, geheimer Oberjustizrat, Senatspriisident als Vorsitzender. 2. Ziegler, geheimer Justiz- und Kammergerichtsrat. 3. von Uechtritz, Justiz und Kammergerichtsrat. 4. Thielmann, Kammergerichtsrat. 5. Dr. Kronecker, Kammergerichtsrat als beisitzende Richter. AVormann, Staatsanwaltschaftsrat als Beamter der Staatsanwaltschaft. Kron, Referendar als Gerichtsschreiber. Fi'ir Recht erkannt: Auf die Revision der koniglichen Staatsanwaltschaft wird das Urteill dtr Y. Straf- kammer des koniglichen. Landgerichts zu Stettin vom 15. April 1S99 aufgehoben 26 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. but not in Stettin. Thereby be had disregarded paragraphs 3 and 4 of the police regulations, for the latter provided that he could not, as merchant, sell this meat unless provided with an attest or stamp of a meat inspector who was authorized for the place of sale (" Verkaufsort")- The place of sale in sense of paragraph 4 is that place (Stettin) where the defendant as merchant sold the meat; the regulations gov- ern the slaughtering, offering for sale, and selling in the Stettin district. The oppo- site view, held by the judge of the lower court, is contrary to the clear wording and sense of the regulations, which do not provide for an inspection in Germany, as the und die Sache zur anderweiten Verhandlung und Entscheidung auch iiber die Kosten der Revisionsinstanz, an das Berufungsgericht zuriiruckgewiesen. VON EECHT WEGEN GHtJNDB. Die Revision der koniglichen Staatsanwaltschaft, welche Verletzung der §§ 3, 4, 14 der Polizeiverordnung des Regierungspriisidenten zu Stettin vom 10. Februar 1894 riigt, ist begrundet. Der Angeklagte, welcher Kaufmann ist, hat am 26. November 1898 gepokeltes aus Amerika stammendes Schweinefieisch in Stettin verkauft, welches zwar in Altona aber nicht in Stettin amtlich untersucht und dessen Freiheit von Trichinen und Finnen daher auch nur durch ein Attest des Altonaer, nicht durch ein solches des Stettiner Trichinenbeschaners nachgewiesen war. Damit hat er gegen die §§3, 4, der erwahnten Verordnung verstossen, denn der amtliche Nachweis, ohne den der Angeklagte als Kaufmann das Fleisch § 3 nicht verkaufen durfte, konnte nach § 4 nur durch ein amtliches Attest oder durch einen Stempel eines f iir den VerTcaufsort concessionirten Trichinenbeschaners gefiihrt werden. Verkaufsort im Sinne des § 4 ist derjenige Ort, an welchem der Angeklagte als Kaufmann das Fleisch verkauft ( § 3, Abs. 1) , also Stettin, die ganze Verordnung regelt auch lediglich des Schlachten, Feilhalten und den Verkauf innerhalb des Stettiner Bezirks; die entgegengesetzte Auffassung des Vorderrichters widerspricht dem klaren Wortlaut und Sinn der Verordnung, diese beabsichtigt nicht, wie das Berufungsurteil irrtiimlich annimt lediglich eine Untersuchung des Fleisches in Deutschland vorzuschreiben, sondern sie wollte anordnen, dass diese Untersuchung gerade an demjenigen Orte des Regierungsbezirks Stettin stattflnde, wo das Fleisch zum Verkauf gelangt, dass sich aus diescr Auslegung, wie das Schoffengericht unter Billigung der Strafkammer ausfiihrt, bedenkliche Folgen ergeben, kann nicht zugestanden werden. Eine Mehrheit voni Untersuchungen ist, wie die Revision zutreffend ausfiihrt dadurch zu vermeiden, dass das Fleisch von der Einfuhrstation, ohne dort untersucht zu werden, unter amtliches Verschluss an den im Regierungs- bezirk Stettin belegenen Verkaufsort gesandt wird. Die Sache war daher unter Aufhebung des angefochtenen Urteils zur anderweiten Verhandlung und Entschei- dung an das Berufungsgericht zuriick zuverweisen, welches auch iiber die Kosten der Revision instanz zu befinden haben wird. (Gez:) Geoschofp, ZlEGLEH, VON Uechtritz, Thielmann, Dr. Kronecker. An Herrn Rechtsanwalt L., zu Orahow. Paragraph 3. Kaufleute und Handler,- sowohl in den Stiidten, als auf dem platten Lande, welche Schweinefieisch oder daraus bereitete Fleischwaaren feilhalten, diirfen diese Gegen- stande erst dann zum Verkaufe auslegen, feilhalten oder verkaufen wenn sie der Ortspolizeibehorde einen amtlichen Nachweis daruber gefiihrt haben, dass die Gegen- TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 27 first decision erroneously assumes, but they are intended to provide that this inspec- tion shall be made in that part of the Stettin district where the meat is sold; that this- interpretation would result in serious consequences, as assumed by the lower court, can not be admitted. Repeated inspections^ may be avoided by sending the meat, uninspected, directly to the pkwe of sale. Case 11.^ — The appeal (of another case) is rejected. The lower court has correctly assumed that section 2, article 2, of the regulations (of Bromberg) provide only for a single inspection in the German Empire of meat imported from foreign countries; stiinde auf Trichinen und Finnen vorschriftsmassig untersucht und frei von Tri- chinen und Finnen befunden worden, sind. Ausgenommen von dieser Verpflichtung sind nur die Grosshandler (das sind die- jenigen, welche derartigd Waaren nicht unter einer vollen Kiste verkaufen), soweit es sich lediglich um die unter Steuerverschluss resp. im Transitverkehr durchgehen- den amerikanischen Schweinefleischwaaren handelt. Paragraph 4- Der im § 3 erforderte Nachweis wird gefiihrt, entweder: (a) Durch ein Attest der Polizeibehorde des TJRSPRUNGSortes der fraglichen Waaren DES Inhalts: dass dort die Untersuchung der geschlachteten Schweine auf Trichinen und Finnen obligatorisch ist, oder dass die Schweine, von denen die Waaren herhuhren, auf Trichinen und Finnen vorschriftsmassig untersucht und frei davon befunden worden sind, oder (6) Durch ein Attest der Polizeibehorde des ABSENDUNGSortes beziehungsweise- eines dortigen amtlichen Trichinenschauers dariiber dass die Fleischwaaren dort vorschriftsmassig untersucht und frei von Trichinen und Finnen befunden worden sind, oder (c) Durch ein amtliches Attest oder -> j^.^^^ j. ^ ^^^ VERKAUFSort kon- (d) Durch die deuthche Bezeichnung mit .essionirten Trichinschauers. dem Farljen-, Stich- oder Brennstempel. -' Schweinefleischwaaren, deren Ursprungsort ausserhalb des Deutschen Heichs liegt, bediXrfen stets entweder des sub c oder des sub d angefiihrten Nachweises. 'Compare above, p. 24. Halle. ' In Namen des Konigs. In der Strafsache gegen den Kaufmann W K zu Gnesen, wegen Uebertretung der Bromberger Regierungsverordung vom 1. Novem- ber 1897 hat auf die von der kimiglichen Staatsanwaltschaf t gegen das Urteil der Straf- kammer 3 des koniglichen Landgerich'ts zu Gnesen vom 10. Dezember 1898 eingelegte Revision der Strafsenat des koniglichen Kammergerichts zu Berlin in der Sitzung vom 23. Marz 1899, an welcher Tail genommen haben: 1. Groschoff, geheimer Justiz u. Kammergerichtsrat. 2. Ziegler, geheimer Justiz u. Kammergerichtsrat. 3. von Uechtritz. 4. Thielmann, Kammergerichtsrat. 5. Dr. Kronecker, Kammergerichtsrat als Richter. Richter, Staatsanwalt als Beamter der Staatsanwaltschaft. Dr. Werner, Referendar, als Gerichtsschreiber. Fur Recht erkannt: Die Revision der koniglichen Staatsanwaltschaft gegen das Urteil der 3, Straf- kammer des koniglichen Landgerichts zu Gnesen vom 10. Dezember 1898 wird zuruckgewiesen, die Kosten des Rechtsmittels werden der Staatskasse zur Last gelegt. VON EBCHTS WEQEN: GHiJNDE. Die Revision der koniglichen Staatsanwaltschaft, welche Verletzung der §§ 2 und a der Bromberger Regierungspolizeiverordnung vom 1. November 1897, riigt, konnte 28 BUREAU OF ANIMAL IWDUSTKY. this inspection is to take place at the place in which the meat enters the Empire. This interpretation corresponds to section 3, as, well as to the purpose of the regula. tions. The opinion of the appellant would, as is rightly contended in the judgment, lead to unjust {sachwiedrigen) and clearly unintended results, thai meat imported from foreign, countries should be subjected to a reinspection every time it is shipped from one place to another in the Bromberg district. Number of trichina inspectors in Germany. — The number of trichina inspectors in Germany is variouslj' estimated at from 25,000 to 100,000. In connection with the estimates, and also in connection -with the outbreaks, it is necessary first to understand that a sharp line should be drawn between two different classes of these workers. This point, which not a few persons have overlooked, is of considerable importance. First. We must distinguish those inspectors who are stationed at regular official inspection offices, such as in slaughterhouses, and who are under the constant supervision of a higher inspector. These per- sons give up practically their entire working time to this duty, and they work in the cities and larger towns. Second. We must distinguish those inspectors who follow some other line of work as a vocation (physicians, druggists, teachers, butchers, blacksmiths, etc.) and who take up the trichina inspection simply as an incidental source of income. For the most part, these men and women are scattered over the countrj' and country towns, but are not so numerous in cities. They work independently and are not subject to the daily control undergone by the first class. They are officially licensed (after an examination) to do the work, and, like all keinen Erfolg haben. Zutreffend hat der Vorderrichter angenommen, dass der § 2 Absatz 2 der Verordnung fiir das aus dem Auslande stammende Schweinefleisch nur ■eine einmalige Untersuchung vorschreibt, welche an demjenigen Orte vorzunehmen ist, an welchem das Fleisch vom Auslande in das Deutsche Reich eingefiihrt wird. Diese Auslegung entspricht sowohl dem § 3, nach welchem das Fleisch nach erfolgter Untersuchung verwendet und verkauft werden darf, als auch dem Zweck der Verordnung, welcher durch eine einmalige innerhalb des Deutschen Eeiches zu iDewirkenden Untersuchung erreicht wird. Die Auffassung der Revision wiXrde, wie das Berufungsurteil mit Becht ausfiXhrt, zu dem saehwidrigen und offenbar nicht gewoUten Ergebnts fiihren, dass das aus dem Auslande stammende Fleisch beijeder Ortsveranderung innerhalb des Regierungsbezirhs Bromberg einer neuen Untersuchung unterworfen werden musste. Die Revision war daher zuriickzuweisen. Die Kosten des Rechtsmittels fallen nach § 505 Str. P. 0. der Staatskasse zu Last. (Gez:) Groschoff, ZlEGLEE, V. Uechtbitz, Thielmann, Dr. Kronecker. AVer Schweinefleisch oder Schweinefleischwaren einfiihrt, deren Ursprung ausser- halb des Deutschen Reiches gelegen ist, ist verpflichtet die AVaren durch den von der Ortspolizeibehorde fiir den betreffenden Bezirk bestellten Trichinenschauer auf Trichineu und Finnen untersuchen zu lassen. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 29 other trichina inspectors, are subject to a triennial reexamination in the theory and practice of their duties. While naany of these persons are undoubtedly conscientious in their work and fully able to carry it on, it is but natural that many of them should be less expert and in some instances intellectually inferior to the trichina inspectors employed in regular inspection offices. It may be expected, there- fore, that more errors will occur in the inspection as conducted by this second class of workers than by the first, for sometimes days or weeks, perhaps months, pass between their inspections. From the published' statistics it can not be determined how many inspectors in Germany belong to the first and how many to the second class. According to the statistics the number of inspectors employed, the number of hogs examined, and the number of trichinous hogs found,, for the years 1886-1896, are for Prussia alone as follows: Number of inspectors, number of hogs inspected, and number of hogs found trichinous 1886-1896. Year. Number of in- spectors. Number of hogs inspected. Number of hogs found trichi- nous. Authority. 1886 22,939 23, 297 23,836 24,030 24,454 24,586 25,816 26,855 26,881 27,089 27, 602 4,834,898.5 5,486,416.5 6,051,249.5 5,500,678.5 5,590,510 6,550,182 6,234,569 6,251,766 6,895,222 7,752,171 8,759,496 2,114 2,776 3,111 3,026 1,756 2,187 2,085 1,422 1,393 1,531 1,877 1887 1888 lostertag, 1899, p. 504. 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 Veroff. kais. Gesundheitsamtes, 1895, No. 20, 1894 p. 347. iVeroff. kais. Gesundheitsamtes, 1896, No. 41, / p. 79ol 1895 1896 Veroff. kais.' Gesundheitsamtes, 1898, XXII, (5), p. 95. It is interesting to compare these Prussian statistics of the number of trichina inspectors with the statistics of the Regular Army of the United States. According to the Official Army Register for 1897 the total number of officers and enlisted men (exclusive of the retired list) of the United States Ai-my was 28,238. The number of enlisted men provided for by law was 25,000. Thus for Prussia alone the trichina inspection force in 1895 was almost as large (27,089) as the entire Regular Army of the United States, and during the years 1892— 1895 the number of Prussian trichina inspectors was greater than the number of enlisted men then authorized by law for the United States Army. Comparing the total population of Prussia (December 2, 1895), given at 31,855,123, with the number of inspected hogs and the number of trichina inspectors employed, we find an average per capita of nearly 30 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTBT. one-fourth of an inspected hog (0.3433); we also find that Prussia employed (1895) one trichina inspector for approximately every 1,176 inhabitants. Comparing the number of inspectors, the number of hogs inspected, and the number of trichinous hogs found, we note that each inspector examined on an average 286 hogs, and that it took on an average about 17.69 inspectors to find each trichinous hog. In this computation the best available (official) Prussian statistics have been taken as basis. The American pork is evidently not included in the above statistics of hogs. If we extend these statistics to the total number of inhabitants in the German Empire, given December 2, 1895, at 52,279,701, we find that on a basis of the Prussian inspection (1 inspector to 1,176 inhabitants), assuming the same conditions (which, by the way, do not actually exist), there would be about 44,455 trichina inspectors. As a matter of fact, the above computation does not prove that 44,455 would be the number of inspectors necessary to have examined the pork consumed in Germany in 1895, since it leaves out of consid- eration a number of important factors, viz: The number of hogs one inspector can examine in a year, hence the number of inspectors which ■would have been actually necessary for the inspection of the number of hogs given; the number of hogs slaughtered but not inspected; the amount of imported meat, etc. The above estimate would make the total number of hogs about 12,700,000. The Imperial health office in 1898 estimated the annual killing at 14,000,000 hogs. Accepting this latter estimate, and comparing the average number (286) of hogs examined in Prussia by each inspector, we obtain an estimate of 48,951 trichina inspectors for the Empire, calculating upon the Prussian basis. Still, this can not be looked upon as exact. If the work were central- ized, so that it could be systematized, 3,000 microscopists of class No. 1 (see p. 28) could easily examine all the hogs slaughtered in Ger- many, even upon the basis of a low number of examinations daily. Scattering the slaughtering over such a large area necessarily results in the licensing of a greater number of inspectors. Accordingly, respecting the number of microscopists required, the general principle may be laid down that this is more dependent upon the number of places at which slaughtering occurs than it is upon the number of hogs slaughtered, and that the fewer the places of slaughtering, the fewer inspectors will be required even by an increase in the number of animals slaughtered. This general principle is exceedingly important in considering the proposition that the United States Department of Agriculture should introduce an obligatory trichina inspection of all hogs slaughtered in America. For it is immediately evident that if all of the hog killing for the entire country could be concentrated at the registered abattoirs we should have to deal only with inspectors of class No. 1 (see TEICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 31 p. 28). The organization would therefore be comparatively easy, for a few thousand inspectors constantly employed could accomplish the work. This concentration, however, would be impossible. Hogs will continue to be killed on farms and in country towns; hence, when anyone proposes that the Department of Agriculture should introduce a universal inspection, he practically demands that a large army of trichina inspectors of class No. 2 should- be appointed and distributed over the immense area of the United States. Quite aside from the legal complications, it should first be inquired whether such a plan is practicable from a purely hygienic standpoint, and for this inquiry we must turn first of all to the German statistics. Expense of the trichina inspection in Germany. — It is impos- sible to present any official statistics of the expense of this system for the entire German Empire, although several comparative estimates may be cited. Wasserfuhr (1892) gives an interesting account of the expenses for Berlin, Prussia. Taking these estimates as basis, we may compute what the approximate expense of the system for the entire German Empire would be, assuming that the Berlin conditions applied to all places. The number of swine slaughtered and examined at the Central Slaughterhouse at Berlin during the year was estimated at 469,000. The microscopists received 55 pfennigs for the examination of each hog, making a total of 252,450 marks (Wasserfuhr gives it as 247,500 marks). The total amount of salaries paid to 6 chiefs, 12 deputy chiefs, and 50 sample takers is given at 95,850 marks. Upon this basis the salaries alone for inspecting 459,000 hogs amounted to 348,300 marks (182,895.40), or 0.7588 mark ($0.18) per hog. Extend- ing this estimate to the 14,000,000 annual kill for Germany, we find that the 55 pfennigs per head due the microscopists amounts to 7,700,000 marks (11,832,600), while the 0.2088 mark per head due to the other employees mentioned amounts to 2,923,200 marks (1695,721.60); total, 10,623,200 marks ($2,528,321.60). In this estimate no allowance is made for rent, heat, light, water tax, office expense, purchase and repair of instruments, stationery, etc., or the loss of condemned meats. For comparison with these figures we may notice an estimate made on the expenses in Regierungs-Bezirk Posen. Geronne (1894, p. 123) states that this bezirk expends "more than" 150,000 marks ($35,700) annually upon the trichina inspection (1889-1891). Accept- ing 150,000 marks as approximate, Posen slaughtered during 1889- 1891 an average of 152,478 hogs annually, making the cost of the trichina inspection 0.983 mark ($0,234) per head. Extending this estimate to the 14,000,000 annual kill for the Empire, we obtain a cost of 13,762,000 marks ($3,275,356). Still a third computation may be made upon basis of weight. According to the Government's argument in support of the meat-inspec- 32 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. tion bill, the Saxon estimates are 0.64: pfennig per kilogram for inspecting pork, and 0.42 pfennig per kilogram for inspecting beef. We shall not be very far out of the way if we attribute the difference of 0.22 pfennig (0.05236 cent) in great part to the trichina inspection. It is estimated that the annual consumption of meat in Germany is 4:5 kilograms per capita, but no estimate is accessible to me as to the consumption of pork. An estimate may, however, be made as follows: Saxony used, in 1897, 15.3 kilograms beef and 25.9 kilograms pork per capita. If the Saxon average were the average for Germany, the inspection for the entire Empire upon this basis would cost 0.0022 pfennig X 25.9 = 0.5698 mark (X 0.238 = 10.1356124:) per capita X 62,279,701 inhabitants (1895) = 29,788,953 marks (X 0.238 = $7,089,- 772) — a very high estimate. Again, according to the Deutsche Fleis- cher Zeitung, August 30, 1899, it cost the citj- of Leipzig, Saxony, in 1898, 90,000 marks ($21,420) to inspect 131,708 animals for trichinae, giving a rate of 0.68332 mark (about 16i cents) per animal. Extend- ing the computation to the 14,000,000 annual kill (hogs), the micro- scopic inspection, based upon the Leipzig figures, would cost the Empire 9,566,648 marks (12,276,862). To summarize: Upon the basis of the figures given, the microscopic inspection would cost Germany — Marks. Dollars. Taking the Saxon per kilogram figures 29, 788, 953 = 7, 089, 772 Taking the Posen per hog figures 13, 762, 000 = 3, 275, 356 Taking the Berlin per hog figures 10, 623, 200 = 2, 528, 321 Taking the Leipzig per hog figures 9, 566, 648 = 2, 276, 862 Average 15, 935, 201 = 3, 792, 577 It will be noticed that the highest estimate is based upon the food consumption, hence includes imported as well as German meat, while the other estimates include only the meat slaughtered in Gemiany. Further, it is doubtful whether the per capita pork consumption in Germany, including the vast agricultural areas, is as great as that of Saxony with all its factories. Accordingly, the highest estimate is undoubtedly too high, while the others are too low. While these figures therefore can not be looked upon as exact, they may be construed as meaning that the trichina inspection, if extended to entire Germany, would cost somewhere near 13,000,000 to 15,000,000 marks, or about $3,000,000 to $3,500,000, annually. The person who wishes the obligatory trichina inspection introduced into the United States may take these figures as a working basis, com- pare them with salaries paid in America, consider the few cases of trichinosis we have, examine the German statistics, and then ask him- self the question whether the Department of Agriculture would be justified in expending this sum of money for the purpose indicated, or whether it could accomplish more good with the same sum expended in other waj's. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 33 It is interesting in this connection to notice tliat the appropriation for the United States Department of Agriculture for the past tliree years has been: 1897, 12,448,532; 1898, $2,467,90:^; 1899, $2,829,702; average, $2,582,045.33. Thus it will be seen by comparison with the figures above, the tri- china inspection would cost Germany about $500,000 to $1,000,000 more than the entire annual appropriation for the United States Department of Agriculture. Amount of American pork imported into Germany, 1892-1898. — The author is indebted to Mr. Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief of the Sec- tion of Foreign Markets of this Department, for the following table, giving the total amount of American pork exported to Germany for the fiscal years 1892 to 1898, inclusive, compiled from the American export statistics. The table of statistics of pork imported into Ger- many during the calendar years 1897 and 1898 is taken from official German statistics: Quaniily of bacon, hams, and pork exported from the United States to Germany during the fiscal years ended June SO, 189S to 1898, inclusive. Fiscal year — Bacon. Hams. Pork, fresh. Pork, salted or pickled. Total. 1892 Pounds. 15,717,046 8,106,499 12,537,849 13,160,325 9,086,825 26,878,289 51,524,565 Pounds. 955,393 - 898,804 1,293,736 1,977,568 1,855,798 2,943,983 11,963,631 Pounds. Potinds. 5,077,360 709,900 2,431,325 2,149,850 1,261,000 1,902,637 8,995,122 Pounds. 21,749,799 9,715,203 16,262,909 17,287,743 12, 203, 623 31,724,909 73,105,235 1893 1894 1895 1896 1^ 1897 1898 621,917 Total Total tons ^ 137,011,398 61,166 21,888,912 9,772 621,917 277 22,627,194 10,057 182,049,421 81,272 ' Tons of 2,240 pounds. Quantity of bacon, hams, pork, and sausages importedinto Germany from the United States during the calendar years 1897 and 1898, according to German official statistics. Articles. 1897. 1898. 100 kilos. 26,353 18,688 14, .601 10,862 Pounds. 33,559,607 5,809,835 4,119,994 3,196,919 2, 394, 658 100 kilos. 261,014 43, 344 71,609 13,912 32,823 Pounds. 57,643,668 ' 9, 555, 705 16, 787, 063 Pork fresh 3,067,067 Sausages (all kinds) 7, 236, 224 Total 222, 628 49,081,013 21,911 422,702 93, 189, 727 41,603 23904— No. 30—01- 1 Tons of 2,240 poi — 3 nds. 34 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. . The above figures differ somewhat from the records of the Inspec- tion Division of this Bureau, a difference which is probably to be explained in several ways; some meats certified for Germany have been imported into that country indirectly, and it is a well-established fact that not inconsiderable quantities of American meats have been admitted by certain German custom-houses without requiring the proper certificate. It is therefore impossible to give the exact qiran- tity of American meat consumed in Germany. I am indebted to my colleague, Dr. A. M. Farrington, for the following table of quantities of pork certified for Germany by the Inspection Division: Microscopic pork exported to Germany during the fiscal years ended June SO, iS9S to 1898, inclusive. Pounds. 1892 19,678,726 1893 7,770,618 1894 16,752,858 1895 29,670,410 1896 17,483,468 Pounds. 1897 38,420,798 1898 107,224,109 Total 237,000,987 Part II.— A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY DIJRING THE EIGHTEEN YEARS 1881-1898 (Stiles). Summary. — In order to have complete j'ears for comparison the years 1881 and 1882 are accepted as representing a period before the exclusion of American meats, 1883-1891 as the period during the exclu- sion, and 1893-1898 as the period since -the readmission. To avoid the charge of misrepresentation attention is here espe- cially directed to the fact that this arrangement does not take into account the fact that the decree of exclusion was issued on March 6, and went into effect thirty days later, while the decree of readmission is dated September 3, 1891. Accordingly, during several months of 1883 and 1891, American pork was admitted, but the trade of those few months was not very extensive. Summarizing the outbreaks by years the following tables are obtained : 1860-1880: 8,491 cases, 613 deaths; average, 404^ cases, 24f deaths. 1881-1898: 6,329 cases, 318 deaths; average, 351H cases, 171 deaths. 1860-1898: 14,820 cases, 831 deaths; average, 380 cases, 21 deaths. Case-mortality.— 1860-1880, 6.04 per cent; 1881-1898, 5.02 per cent; 1860-1898, 5.6 per cent. Number of cases of trichinosis and deaths therefrom, 1881 to 1898, inclusive. Year. 1881. 1882. 1881-1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890., 1891., 1883-1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1892-1898. 1881-1898. i Prussia. Saxony. other States. Empire. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. 387 10 177 1 3 567 11 209 6 160 257 626 6 596 16 337 1 260 1,193 17 637 71 155 5 15 807 76 348 29 . 73 2 50 471 31 365 17 154 7 16 535 24 136 10 47 1 20 2 203 13 294 15 234 26 293 9 821 50 134 14 404 34 18 656 48 216 15 41 1 258 15 96 117 9 222 175 12 30 15 5 220 17 2,401 183 1,255 75 437 16 4,093 274 108 4 108 4 28 1 10 38 1 72 5 2 3 1 77 6 358 4 3 1 362 4 74 6 1 75 6 141 6 2 1 144 6 44 35 160 239 825 26 42 176 1 1,043 27 3,822 225 1,634 76 873 17 6,329 318 35 SQ BUREATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. From this it is clear that totals of 6,329 cases, 318 deaths, are reported during the eighteen years in question, giving an average of S51ii cases, 17f deaths, per year^ The case-mortality of the disease in Germany for eighteen years was about 5 per cent. The table also shows that there has been a general decrease in trichinosis in Germanj^ during recent years. This may be interpreted as beitig due to several causes, of which the following are the more important: 1. The general education of the public by warnings on the part of police and other authorities that the inspection should not be relied upon too implicitly, but that pork should be well cooked. 2. The microscopic inspection, by removing from market about 1,400 to 3,100 trichinous hogs per year, naturally reduces the chances of infection for those persons who do not heed the warnings by the authorities and the lessons taught by previous epidemics. The disease is still encouraged by the following circumstances: 1. The exceedingly dangerous custom of eating raw or rare pork. The sale of raw pork in public restaurants and railway- dining (Srs is not calculated to decrease this custom. 2. The trichina inspection, while diminishing the chances of infec- tion in one way, at the same time gives rise to a false feeling of security among many people, since the latter erroneously believe that if the pork has been inspected they may eat it raw without the slightest danger of infection. Even persons who have suffered from trichinosis are occa- sionally found who still have implicit faith in the inspection. It appears exceedingly doubtful to the writer whether German}' will ever be entirely free from this disease. A classification of the cases based upon the source of infection is exceedingly difficult, since a number of outbreaks are reported with details which are insufficient to permit a definite judgment, and since numerous German laws and regulations must be constantly held in mind. When the report says that the inspector was discharged or imprisoned, it may be assumed that the meat was inspected or its non- inspection was due to carelessness; when the report states that it could not be determined which of several inspectors examined the meat, this may be interpreted as meaning that the meat was examined. It must be admitted that if several persons examined the evidence independently some of the cases reported in a careless manner might be placed in different groups. All that can be demanded of the com- piler is that he shall use good faith in attempting to interpret the reports. If reports are equivocal, or if authorities disagree, any error of classification, if discovered, should be charged to the original reporter for not making his statements more intelligible. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 37 A classification of the cases and deaths arranged according to the source of infection is shown in the following table: Summary for German Empire, 1881 to 1898, inclusive. 1881-1882. 1883-1891. 1892-1898. Total. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. 1,193 17 4,093 274 1,043 27 6,329 318 314 89 272 i[675 4 1,262 42 641 [1,945 63 589 896 63 525 1 11 103 10 4 117] 466 11 291 [768 5 3 3 11] 2,042 142 1,204 [3,388 63 874 1,170 151 647 18 18 nll2 613 c7 (J 132] (e) /84 ff70 hb i23 J 3 i-1 4] 199 195 30 77 17 1 3 76 61 5 15 86 79 58 45 7 6 6 3 2 7 1 Totals divided as follows: a Due to meat which, it would appear, was inspected and passed as Iree from trichinaa. 6 Due to meat which was condemned, and usually buried, or was known to be triehinous, but was nevertheless used without proper safeguarding. cDue to other defects in the inspection system.* *As " other defects " in the Inspection system may be included: Meat was eaten before results of the Inspection were known; meat was inspected, but inspector suppressed the results of the examination; meat was stamped as free from trichinae before inspection was ended; meat was marked in the inspection book as free from triohinse; meat appears to have been smuggled around the inspection; inspector refused to examine meat; meat should have been inspected, but was not; buried hog (Inspected ?) was dug up and eaten, etc. d Total cases and deaths which may be attributed to errors In the inspection system. e Additional cases may or may not have been due to inspected meat. /Definitely stated that meat was nofc inspected, or that no inspection existed; source of infection apparently known. ff Source of infection known, but details regarding inspection not given, or insufficient to warrant conclusion. A Definitely stated that source of infection was not known or could not be traced. i No data given regarding meat, or data insufficient to classify. j Alleged to have been due to American meats. (See p. 156 B.) & Additional cases due to uninspected meat (of Russian origin). 1 See note, p. 43. In judging of the elBciency of the mid'oscopic inspection, it is important to note that, according to the information at hand, 3,388 cases, with 132 deaths, appear to have been due to faults of the German inspection; this represents over 53 per cent of the total (6,329) num- ber of cases and over 41 per cent of the total (318) number of deaths. "When this is compared with the (approximately) 900 cases recorded for America (where we do not microscopically inspect our pork for home consumption — cases extending over about twice as many years as cited for Germany) — it can not be admitted that the German micro- scopic inspection system is a hygienic measure which it would be well to introduce into this country. On the contrary, it would appear that it is much better for us to rely upon our methods of curing and cooking rather than to expend between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 annu- ally to introduce a system which has a decided tendency to give the 38 BTJKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. public a false sense of security, and, furthermore, a system which would unquestionably result in extending that exceedingly unhygienic Ger- man custom ( Unsitte) of eating raw or rare pork. In judging of the relations of certified American pork to the Ger- man statistics, it is essential to notice that — (1) During the exclusion of American pork (1883-1891), Germany reports a total of 4,093 cases, 274 deaths, giving an annual average of 453| cases, with 30f deaths. (2) Since its readmission (1892-1898), 1,043 cases, 27 deaths, have been reported, giving an annual average of 149 cases, 3f deaths. (3) Thus, as there has been an actual decrease of 304f cases, and 26f | deaths, per year, it can not possibly be maintained that American pork has caused any increase in trichinosis in Germany. (4) During the exclusion, the source of the infection appears not to have been established (or reported) in 688 cases, representing 14.3 per cent of the 4,093 cases reported. (6) Since the readmission the source appears (from present data) not to have been established (or reported) in 103 cases, representing 9.87+ per cent of the 1,043 cases reported. (6) This reduction in the percentage of cases of unestablished or- unpublished sources would seem to indicate that since American pork has been used in Germany the authorities have increased their efforts in tracing the origin of infection. (7) And if with this apparently increased vigilance, 940 cases, or 90.12+ per cent, have been traced, and not a single one of these has ever heen even alleged to ha/ue heen dme to American pork, it would not appear justifiable for anyone to advance the claim that the remaining 103 cases (average of 144 cases P^r year, or 9.87+ per cent) were due to American meat. (8) Especially is such claim not justifiable in view of the fact that during the exclusion of our products 588 cases (average of 65i cases per year, or 14.3 per cent) occurred, the source of which is not given. (9) It can not therefore be admitted that the systematic attacks upon American pork found in the German agrarian press find any support in the accessible German health statistics. (10) Of the 18 cases, 3 deaths, which are alleged to have been due to American pork during 1881-1883, it may be remarked that Virchow, the leading pathologist in Germany, and Frankel,^ one of Germany's leading sanitarians, have not admitted the evidence as valid, nor is the evidence accepted by Hertwig, Brouardel or Wasserfuhr. (See p. 168.) (11) Thus it must be submitted that the sanitary quality, with ref- erence to this disease, of American pork exported to Germany, is vindicated by a summary of German statistics, based upon German evidence. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 39 (12) And even the suggestion is not entirely unjustified that a total prohibition of the use of German pork in Germany and the com- pulsory use of American pork would probably do more to eradi- cate trichinosis than does their elaborate and expensive microscopic inspection. It can not justly be replied to this that the freedom from trichinosis due to American pork is accounted for by the German reinspection, for it may be conservatively estimated that not one-half of the Ameri- can pork consumed has been reinspected in Germany. Furthermore, the fact that over one-half of the cases of this disease which occur are directly traceable to faults in the German inspection does not support the view that the reinspection is a very important factor in the case. It is not the intention of the author to maintain that it would he absolutely invpossihle under any circumstances for a single case of trichinosis to arise in Germany from the use of American pork; his claim simply is that a compilation of the German evidence fails to show that a single case of the disease has been traced to the more than 200,000,000 of pounds of American pork exported to Germany during the fiscal years 1892-1898; and a study of the statistics does not sup- port the view that the microscopic inspection gives a greater protec- tion than the curing methods. He is therefore forced to the conclusion that, from the practical experience of the German people with immense quantities of American pork, there is no sanitary justification for the numerous systematic and, too often, rabid attacks upon this article of diet, which is so important to the thousands of German factory hands who live by the manufacture of articles exported to the United States, as well as to thousands of other Germans. It might here be remarked that for nearly two years past there has been a standing offer in Germany, issued by an association of importers of American meats, of a reward of 1,000 marks ($238) for the first person who can prove a case of trichinosis in man in Germany due to American cured meats or sausages imported under the American certificate since 1891. Recent information is to the effect that no one has claimed the reward. The outbreaks of trichinosis compiled in this report are arranged as follows: A. Prussia: (1) By years and outbreaks, p. 43; (2) By Regierungs- Bezirke,' p. 99. B. Saxony, by years, p. 184. C. Other German States: (1) Bavaria, p. 146; (2) Brunswick, p. 147; (3) Bremen, p. 149; (4) Alsace-Lorraine, p. 150; (5) Hamburg, p. 152; (6) Lubeck, p. 163; (7) The rest of Germany, p. 153. Minimum statistics. — The following statistics make no pretense of being complete, but they are by far the most complete statistics on •In the statistics to follow, this designation will, for sake of space, be abbreviated to "K.-B." 40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. the subject ever published. In considering them, however, we should take them as minimum figures, since they are open to the same seven ' chances of error which are common to statistics on all other diseases compiled from literature. Double arrangement of statistics. — In studying a disease statistic- ally it is well at the same time to consider it both geographically and chronologically. This is advisable for several reasons, of which only the following will here be mentioned: When considering the statistics geographically we are occasionally able to draw more or less general "conclusions regarding the habits of the country, which explain the frequency or inf requency of a given disease in certain districts. This arrangement of the statistics amounts in some cases to practically a geographical summary of the outbreaks we study chronologically. On the other hand, studying a disease chronologically frequently leads to more or less general conclusions regarding changes in the condi- tions which take place from time to time. Each arrangement is the complement of the other. 1 From the very nature of things, all medical statistics compiled from literature are open to at least seven chances of error; but, taking all these chances into consider- ation, the figures obtained by adding the cases and deaths published may confidently be looked upon as minimum statistics. These chances of error in the present com- pilation are: First. Many cases of disease which actually occur do not come to the knowledge of the authorities. The Prussian statistician, Eulenberg, has recognized this in con- nection with trichinosis in stating: "Leidergelangennicht alle Falle von Erkrankun- gen zur Anzeige; man kann vielmehr annehmen, dass eine weit grossere Menge d^rselben unbekannt bleibt. " If Eulenberg could not make his statistics for Prus- sia complete,- it can not be expected that I should be able to do so. Second. In the case of many outbreaks, the number of cases and deaths given by different recorders do not agree. It is, of course, often impossible for the compiler to decide which report is more exact, but I have endeavored to follow official statis- tics, except in those cases where I had reason to believe that unofiicial statistics were more exact. Third. Not infrequently authors record "several" cases, or "many" cases, or "a great number " of cases. In such outbreaks I have endeavored to come within the limits of probability; but I may naturally have counted too few or too many cases to the outbreak in some instances. For "several " cases I have usually followed former authors by adopting "3" as the approximate number. Nath (1885, p. 117) in his official report for Eegierungs-Bezirk Konigsberg, definitely states that he ' has omitted such cases from his statistics. Fourth. It is very probable that some published cases have escaped my attention. Fifth. Because of lack of details in some instances it is difficult or impossible to decide whether two publications refer to the same or to different outbreaks. Sixth. Some authorities give the name of the town, others the name of the district, in which the outbreak occurred; unless the number of cases agree it is diflTicult to determine whether the two references refer to the same or to different outbreaks. Seventh. Some authors give their statistics in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether their deaths are included among their cases or are additional to their cases. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 41 In the following studies the years 1881-1898 have been taken as a basis for more careful consideration, (1) because it is only since 1881 that most of the Prussian districts have issued local reports, and (2), on account of the official suppression of information by a secret order (see p. 21), the author, to his regret, finds it necessary to reject statistics issued after 1898. Explanation of bibliographic citations. — In order to avoid repeated citation of full titles, the author's name, with date and page, is given. Reference should be made to Part IV (Bibliography) for the full title of works consulted. A. KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA. 1860 to 1880: More than 5^575 cases, Ji.4S deaths. 1881 to 1898; More than 3,822 cases, 225 deaths. I860 to 1880. Summary, — The statistics for Prussia prior to 1881 are very incom- plete and greatly scattered. In many of the articles it is difficult to ascertain the exact number of cases or the exact location of the out- break. My summary for the twenty-one years in question, based upon outbreaks compiled about four years ago, shows a total of 5,575 cases, 448 deaths, or an annual average of 265^^ cases, 21^ deaths. There can scarcely be any doubt but that these figures fall below the actual statistics. 1881 to 1898. Summary by source of infection. — A summary of the cases with reference to the source of infection is rather unsatisfactory, since satisfactory details are lacking in numerous cases, and the accounts given of many cases may be interpreted in various ways by different authors. Furthermore, while judging a report, it is constantly neces- sary to hold in mind the numerous regulations existing in different parts of the Kingdom. Accordingly, probably no two authors would agree exactly upon a summary. The following table, however, can be taken as being an approximately fair statement. If anyone is inclined to disagree with it he should place the responsibility of error upon the careless and incomplete — often equivocal — manner in which many of the outbreaks were reported. 42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Summarizing these cases in a table giving the source of infection for the periods 1881 and 1882, 1883-1891, 1892-1898, 1881-1898, the following table is obtained: Summary of I'rassinn outbreaks, 1881-1898. 1881-1882. 1883-1891. 1892-1898. 1881-1898. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. 596 16 2,401 183 825 26 3,822 225 314 89 5 i[408 4 1,084 42 145 [1,271 38 293 265 62 461 98 10 3 111] 305 11 286 [602 5 3 3 11] 1,703 142 436 [2,281 38 406 362 140 561 16 18 alC7 613 c6 dl2S] (e) /40 11 iS /1 5 i22 J3 k1 i] 57 21 20 74 16 1 2 32 20 5 15 56 76 58 26 7 6 6 3 1 11 7 1 Totals divided as follows: a Due to meat which, it would appear, was inspected and passed as free from trichinae. b Due to meat which was condemned and would have been buried if the usual practice had been followed, or which was known to be trichinous, but nevertheless used without proper safeguarding. cDue to other defects in the inspection system.* * Meat was eaten before result of inspection was known; or meat was inspected, but the inspector suppressed the result of the inspection; or meat was stamped as free from trichinae before inspec- tion was ended; or meat was marked is book tis free from trichinae; or meat appears to have been smuggled around the inspection; or inspector refused to examine meat; or several hogs were slaughtered and only a part of them inspected; or meat should have been inspected, but was not. d Total cases and deaths which may be attributed to faults of inspection system. e Additional cases may or may not have been due to inspected meat. /Definitely stated that the meat was not inspected; hence source of infection known, g Source of infection known, but details regarding inspection not given or not sufficient to justify conclusion. ADeflnitely stated that source of infection was not known or could not be traced. i No data given regarding meat, or data insufficient to classify. j Alleged to have been due to American meat; evidence not accepted by Virchow and Frankel, but admitted by Ostertag. k Additional cases due to uninspacted meat of Russian origin. 1 See note, p. 43. From this it would appear that Prussia has had 3,823 cases, 225 deaths, during the eighteen years in question, or an average of 212^ cases, 12i deaths, per year. For the years of exclusion of American meats (1883-1891) 2,401 cases, 183 deaths, are reported, or an average of 266| cases, 20i deaths, per year. For the years (1892-1898) since the readmission, 825 cases, 26 deaths, have been collected, or an aver- age of ll7f cases, 3^ deaths, per year; thus showing not an increase, but an actual decrease of 149^ cases, 16^ deaths, per year, for the time when American meat was imported. Of the total 3,822 cases it would appear that 1,703, or 44.5 per cent TEICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 43 were due to meat which was inspected and passed as free from trichinse, while a total of 2,281 cases, or 59.6 percent, was due to this and other faults of the German inspection. For the exclusion period (1883-1891) the source of 523 cases, or 26.9 per cent (of the 2,401 cases) ^ was either not known or I have failed to find the source of infection; the possibility is, of course, not excluded that I have overlooked it. For the years (1892-1898) since the read- mission, the source of 84 cases, or 10.1 per cent (of the 826 cases), was either not known or not published or has been overlooked. Not a single case has been reported as due to certified American meats, but 16 cases, 3 deaths, have been attributed to uncertified meats in 1881. The author is therefore unable to find in the Prussian health statis- tics any practical experience of the consumers of American pork which could be taken as basis for the numerous press attacks which appear upon our goods in that Kingdom. 1. PRUSSIAN- CASES (1881-1898) ARRANGED BY YEARS ANI> OUTBREAKS. Note. — In the following statistics figures inclosed in brackets [ cases, deaths] are summaries, cross references, or repetitions, and are therefore not con- sidered in making up the totals for the years. The deaths are inchided in the cases, hence not additional to them; thus, 24 cases, 1 death, signifies 24 cases, 1 of which was fatal. 1881: 387 cases, 10 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 387 cases, 10 deaths, it ap- pears that 272 cases, 2 deaths, were due to meat which was inspected and passed as free from trichinas; it is not improbable that several other cases also were due to inspected meat, but there is some chance for doubt. Several cases were due to eating meat before the result of the inspection was known. Sixteen cases, 3 deaths (Dussel- dorf), were alleged to be due to American pork, but Virchow, Frankel, and Ostertag (1895, p. 418) admit that the case lacks proof. The Ger- man Government considers American pork as the source of infection. Later Ostertag (1899, p. 606) states that American meat formed the source of infection. (See p. 173.) No official or other sanitary reports for 1881 are accessible for the following Regle- rungs-Bezirke: Aachen, Aurich, Breslau, Coblenz, Danzig, Hannover, HildBsheim, Liegnitz, Magdeburg, Osnabriick. No cases of trichinosis in man have been found in the official or other health reports for 1881 for the following Regierungs-Bezirke; Bromberg (Strahler, 1883), Coeslin (Massenbach, 1883, p. 39), Liineburg (Alten, 1883, p. 22), Minden (Schultz- Hencke, 1883), Oppeln (Noack, 1883, p. 41), Schleswig-Holstein (Bockendahl, 1882, p. 19), Sigmaringen (Koch, 1883, p. 61), Stade (Bohde, 1883A, p. 26), Stralsund (Koehler, 1883), Trier (Schwartz, 1884, p. 48), Wiesbaden (Wagner [1882]). 44 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Angerburg (Kreis), R.-B.^ Gumbinnen 3 cases, death. Passauer, 1882, p. 104: The samples were sent to the inspector, who was not able at the time to make the inspection. He and his wife ate part of the samples, and both were taken sick with trichinosis. The meat was afterwards found to be trichinous. The Kreiswundarzt also observed another case of trichinosis, but details are not given. Accordingly, meat traced in two cases; details not given for the third. Arnsberg (R.-B.) [24 cases, 1 death]. See Hoerde 18 (1), Linden 6. Arnswalde, R.-B. Frankfurt 6 cases, death. Pistor, 1883, p. 44. Berlin ._ [21 cases, 2 deaths]. The statistics from different sources do not agree. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349, Wernich, 1883, pp. 117, 118, and Ostertag, 1899, p. 497, give a total of 15 cases, 2 deaths. — Veroff., 1881, V, apparently gives only 9 hospital cases, 1 death. — If the dates given by various parties are correct, there was apparently a total of about 21 cases, 2 deaths. Wernich adds to his report that it is not known to what extent American hams are examined in Berlin, but during "this year, also, no case of disease was known to the police in connection with which the suspicion arose that it was due to American hams." — Salmon, 1884, p. 486: 15 cases. — For details of statistics, see separate outbreaks below. Berlin, January 2-8 2 cases, death. VerSff., 1881, V (3), p. 11: Hospitals; details not given, except one patient between 6 and 15 years old, and one between 31 and 60 years. Berlin, February 1 case, death. Wernich, 1883, p. 117: Widow E. received a present of sausage from outside of the city; she had also bought some meat in Berlin; it is not determined in the report from which meat the infection arose.- Berlin, March 6-13 1 case, death. Veroff., 1881, V (12), p. 59: Reports 1 case at hospitals March 6-13; patient between 16 and 30 years old. Berlin, March 20-26 1 case, death. Veroff., 1881, V (14), p. 71: Case at hospital; patient between 16 and 30 years old.— Wernich, 1883, p. 117: Servant M. H., Charity Hospital, March 20; this case probably belongs here. Berlin, January 1-March 31 [5 cases, death]. Veroff., 1881, V (21), p. 115: Hospitals; one patient between 6 and 15 years; two between 16 and 30; two between 31 and 60 years old.— Veroff., 1882, VI (21), p. 115. Berlin, April 5 cases, death. Wernich, 1883, pp. 117, 118: "Several [5?] officers of the 1 Garde-Artillerie- Regirnent. The suspected source of infection was sausage purchased in Berlin. The butcher claimed that all of his pork was inspected, but that he bought con- siderable meat from the market ' which is also undoubtedly brought in from out- side of Berlin.' "—Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349: "Denn obgleich der Metzger sein Schweinefieisch regelmassig durch einen Sachverstiindigen untersuchen liisst so liefert dieser Fall doch den Beweis, wie wenig die Untersuchung einzelner Stiicke von ausgeschlach'tetem Fleisch Garantie dafur bietet, dass letzteres trichinenfrei . ist." According to Eulenberg, therefore, the meat was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. 'This abbreviation will be used in these statistics for "Regierungs-Bezirk." TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 45 Berlin, April 4 cases, 1 death. Wernich, 1883, p. 117: F. Becker, wife, and children, had eaten of a ham received as a present from Coritten bei Neu-Cummersdorf. Several persona in Coritten also were taken sick from eating meat from the same hog. Triithinfe were afterwards found in the pork. Berlin, May 15-21 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1881, V (22), p. 119: Hospitals; patients between 31 and 60 years old. Berlin, August 14-20 ___ 1 case, death. Veroff., 1881, V (35), p. 189: Hospitals; patient between 16 and 30 years old.— \'er6ff., 1881, V (46), p. 245: 1 case, death, in hospitals from July 3 to October 1. Berlin, Octobers [lease, 1 death]. Wernich, 1883, p. 117: Servant M., Krankenhaus Friedrichshain, October 3; died October 16. This is probably the same as the next entry, in which case there is an error in dates. Berlin, October 9-22 1 case, 1 death. Veroff., 1881, V (43), p. 225: Case in hospital, October 9-15; patient between 15 and 30 years old.— Veroff., 1881, V (44), p. 231: Death in hospital, October 16-22. Both references are here assumed to be the same case. See also foregoing entry. Berlin, October 12 1 case, death. Wernich, 1883, p. 117: Servant P.; until ten days previous to being taken sick she had been in Steglitz, and Wernich assumes that she was "therefore undoubt- edly infected outside of Berlin;" Bethanien Hospital. Berlin, December 12 . 2 cases, death. Wernich, 1883, p. 118: Meat was purchased in Berlin from a butcher, who stated that shortly before he had bought meat from Weissensee. It is, however, not shown that the Weissensee pork was the cause of the infection. Bleicherode, Kr.' Nordhausen, K.-B. Erfurt, October 39 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350. — Richter, 1888, p. 113: As the inspector was discharged, it would appear that the Iiog was inspected and pasited as free from trichinie. "Die gerichtliche Untersuchung ist eingeleitet und der Fleischbeschauer seitens der Ver- waltung seiner Stelle entsetzt worden." There occurred also, from same source of infection, 6 cases in Epschenrode, 2 in Grossbodungen, and 3 in Craga (q. v.). Calau (Kr.), R.-B. Frankfurt a. O 4 cases, 2 deaths. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 348.— Pistor, 1883, p. 44: 3 cases, 2 deaths. Cassel (R.-B.) [49 cases, death]. See Rotenburg, 26; Steinbach-Hallenberg, 15; and Wahlerhausen, 8. .Cologne [KfilnJ (R.-B.) [3 cases, death]. See Cologne (Stadt). Cologne, R.-B. Cologne 3 cases, death. Schwartz, 1882, p. 30: Ham came from Westphalia. Coritten bei Neu-Cunersdorf, Kr. Oststernberg, R.-B.Frankfurta.O. [3 cases, death]. Coritten bei Neu-Cummersdorf 3 cases, death. See Coritten. Wernich, 1883, p. 117: "Several cases." See also Berlin, April. > In this compilation this abbreviation will stand for "Kreis."' 46 BTTKBAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Craga, Kr. Nordhausen, R.-B. Erfurt 3 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350.— Eichter, 1888, p. 113: See also Bleicherode. As the inspector was discharged, it would appear that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinpe. Cruttinnen (Oberforsterei), Kr. Sensberg, R.-B. Gumbinnen.. 6 cases, death. Passauer, 1882, p. 104: Details not given. Dusseldorf (R.-B.) - -- [16 cases, 3 deaths]. See Diisseldorf (Stadt). Diisseldorf (Stadt), R.-B. Dusseldorf 16 cases, 3 deaths. This outbreak is attributed to American pork by the German Government. The evidtece is not accepted by Virchow, Hertwig, Brouardel, Frankel, Wasserfuhr, or Ostertag (1895); iu 1899 Ostertag accepts the evidence, but does not explain his change of opinion. See p. 000. Ellrich, Kr. Nordhausen, R.-B. Erfurt 8 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350. Epschenrode, Kr. Nordhausen, R.-B. Erfurt, October 6 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350.— Richter, 1888, p. 113: From same source as the Bleich- erode cases. As the inspector was discharged, it would appear that the hag was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Erfurt (R.-B.) - - [58 cases, death]. See Bleicherode 39, Craga 3, Ellrich S, Epschenrode 6, and Grossbodungen 2.— Salmon, 1884, p. 486; 58 cases. Fischhausen (Kr.), R.-B. KSnigsberg .- 8 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1885, p. 115. A family. Frankfurt (R.-B.) [21 cases, 2 deaths]. See Arnswalde, 6; Coritten, 3; Calau, 4 (2); Landsberg, 1; and Triebel, 7. — Sal- mon, 1884, p. 486; gives 10 cases. • , R.-B. Frankfurt [6 cases, death]. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349: Details not given. Possibly the same as Arnswalde. Grpssbodungen, Kr. Nordhausen, R.-B. Erfurt 2 cases, death. Richter, 1888, p. 113: See also Bleicherode. It would appear that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. — Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350. Gumbinnen (R.-B.) [11 cases, death]. See Angerburg, 3; Cruttinnen, 6; and Ragnit, 2. Hettstedt, Mansf elder Gebirgskreis, R.-B. Merseburg, February.. 22 cases, death. Wolff, 1882, p. 9: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. In 12 preparations afterwards made from this animal, the Kreisphysikus found oh an average only one parasite in each slide. Yet under these circumstances, the inspector, who was not present when the samples were taken, was imprisoned three months.— Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350. Hettstedt, Mansfelder Gebirgskreis, R.-B. Merseburg, June.. 120 cases, death. Wolff, 1882, p. 9: From two hogs which were inspected and passed as free from trichinse. In the later examination an incapsulated trichina was found on every TRICHINOSIS IN GpBMANY. 47 third to fifth preparation. The inspector, who was not present when the samples were taken, was imprisoned three months.— Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350: The hog was impeded and passed gk free from tricUnx.—ChaXm, 1883, p. 140, and E. Blanchard, 1887, p. 139: 150 cases cited, probably referring to both Hettstedt outbreaks. Hoerde, Landkreis Dortmund, E.-B. Arnsberg (1880-81) 18 cases, 1 death. Schonfeld, 1884, pp. 144, 145: The hog wan inspected and passed as free from tri- chinse. "In Hoerde, Landkreis Dortmund, erkrankten um Mitte Dezember 1880 8 [18?] Personen, welche rohes Fleisoh von einem Sehweine, das von einem Metz- ger Keichardt dortselbst am 11. Dezember geschlachtet worden war, genossen hat- ten, an Erscheinungen, die bald die Diagnose der Trichinose ergaben. Der Metzger hatte angeblich das Fleisch mit der dreifachen Menge Rindfleisch vermengt ' zum Besten gegeben,' nachdem dasselbe von einem Fleischbeschauer fiir trichinenfrei befunden worden ware. Letztere Angabe erwiess sich als unwahr, eine Unter- suchung von Schweinefleisch dieses Metzgers hatte um jene Zeit uberhaupt nicht stattgef unden ; Fleischreste des Sch weines waren nicht mehr beizubringen. Gleich- wohl stellte sich eine andere Quelle der Invasion. heraus. Bei der Revision der Fleischbestande des genannten Metzgers wurden Schinken und Speckseiten eines Schweines vorgefunden und als trichinenhaltig festgestellt, welches von einem Schumacher Rhode im October geschlachtet und von dem amtlichen Fldschheschauer Liessenhoff fiXr trichinenfrei erhldrt worden war. Rhode war am 2. Novbr. drei erwach- sene Kinder desselben waren am 16., 17. und 22. desselben Monats — nach der standesamtlichen Registrirung der Erstere an 'Schwindsucht,' die Letzteren an ' Nervenfieber ' — gestorben. Eine der Leichen wurde exhumirt und es wurde an derselben durch legale Obduction Trichinose als Todesursache festgestellt. Theile desselben Schweines waren dem 2c. Reichardt zum Rauchern iibergeben worden, letzterer hatte abgeschnittene Stiicke derselben in seinen Nutzen verwendet und dadurch die Dezember-ErkranTiungen verursaeht. Es waren deren 18, unter ihnen die des 2c. Reichardt selbst. Nur eine derselben endete lethal am 11. Januar 188i. Liessenhoff, der nach Feststellung der Schuld sofort seines Amtes als Fleischbe- schauer entsetzt worden, wurde durch Erkenntniss der Strafkammer des Konig- lichen Landgerichts zu Dortmund vom 19. October 1881 zu 6, 2c. Reichardt zu 3 Monaten Gefiingniss verurtheilt und wurde die seitens der Verurtheilten eingelegte Revision verworfen."— Ann. d. M. P., 1881, p. 377.— R. Blanchard, 1887, p. 139: 13 cases.— Chatin, 1883, p. 140. Kbnigsberg (R.-B.) [3 cases, 1 death]. See Fischhausen. Landsberg, R. -B. Frankfurt 1 case, death. Pistor, 1883, p. 44. Linden, Landkreis Bochum, R.-B. Arnsberg 6 cases, death. Schonfeld, 1884, p. 145: The hog was inspected and passed as free* from trichina; by "amtlichem Fleischbeschauer Wieg." Loberitz, Kr. Bitterfeld, R.-B. Merseburg, November. 4 cases, death. Wolff, 1882, p. 9: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. The inspector had examined 25 preparations without finding any worms..^Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [3 cases, death]. Official sanitary report not accessible. See, howe'-er, Stuhm, 3. Merseburg (R.-B.) [148 cases, 1 death]. See Hettstedt, 22, 120; Loberitz, 4; Schona, 2, Wolff, 1882, p. 9: States 151 cases occurred. I can find only 148 cases. ^Salmon, 1884, p. 486: 148 cases. 48 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Miinster (R.-B.) [1 case, death]. See Werne. Naugard, R.-B. Stettin 4 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349.— Weiss, 1883, p. 65: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichina:. "Dagegen wurde ein Fleischbeschauer zu Naugard durch rechtskraftig gewordenes Erkenntniss des Landgerichts zu Stargard vom 16. Juni V. J. wegen fahrliissiger Korperverletzung unter Vernachlassigung seiner Berufs- pflichten mit 1 Monat Gefiingniss nebst Kostenauflegung verurtheilt, weil er nach- weislich nicht, wie vorgeschrieben die Zwischenrippen-, Zungenwurzel-, Augenund Hals-Muskeln eines am 3. Dezbr. 1880, geschlachteten Schweines untersucht hatte, und in Folge des genossenen Fleisches 4 Personen etwa 3 Wochen an Trichinosis bettliigerig krank geworden waren." — Salmon, -1884, p. 486. Neu-Ruppih, R.-B. Potsdam 2 cases, death. Kanzow, 1884, p. 41: Kanzow states that the hog was " rechtzeitig" inspected and found to be trichinous, and adds that these two persojis probably ate the pork at the time the animal was slaughtered. Obernik (Kreis), R. -P. Posen 10 cases, death. Gemmel, 1883, p. 17: Several places were involved. The hogs were*slaughtered for home consumption and were evidently not examined; exact number of cases not given. Gemmel also intimates that cases- occur which do not come to thg knowledge of physicians. — Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349: Number not given. Posen (R.-B.) [20.cases, death]. See Obernik, 10; and Posen (Stadt), 10. Posen (Stadt), R.-B. Posen 10 cases, death. Gemmel, 1883 A, p. 17: The butcher" was imipi'json.ed. The exact number of cases in this epidemic is not given. Gemmel refers to it as a case of "Maasener- krankungen," but in "mtlssigem TJmfange." Potsdam (R.-B.) [6 cases, death]. See»Neu-Ruppin, 2; and Zehlendorf, 3. Ragnit (Kr.), R.-B. Gumbinnen . . 2 cases, death. Passauer, 1882, p. 104. Rotenburg, R. -B. Cassel, March 26 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 233: Tlie hog was inspected and passed as free from trichina:. The butcher slaughtered 7 hogs, all of which were passed. Afterwards the dis- ease broke out and was traced to a certain animal. The Kreisphysikus examined 200 preparations from what remained and found trichinte in only 5 of them. The inspector was acquitted. Schona, Kr. Schweinwitz, R. -B. Merseburg, December . 2 cases, 1 death. Wolff, 1882, p. 9: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. The Kreisphysikus afterwards examined the muscles of the eye and found 4 parasites in the first 5 preparations; in the next 15 slides none were found; in 20 other prepa- rations examined by another party none were found; in 100 preparations made from other parts of the body, 12 trichinre were found. The inspector had examined 15 preparations and found no parasites. Patient died January 3, 1882. The inspector was fined 30 marks and imprisoned six days. — Eulenberg, 1882, p. 350: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichina: Afterwards 12 trichinae were found in 100 preparations. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 49 Steinbach-Hallenberg, Kr. Schmalkalden, R.-B. Cassel, March 15 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 233: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Stettin, (R.-B.) [4 cases, death]. See Naugard. Stuhm, R.-B. Marienwerder 3 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1882, p. 349: Imported [from where?]. Cervelat sausage.— Salmon, 1884, p. 486. Triebel, R.-B. Frankfurt 7 cases, death. Pistor, 1883, p. 44. Wahlerhausen, Kr. Ca&'sel, R.-B. Cassel. 8 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, pp. 223-234: Source of meat not known. Werne, R.-B. Miinster . 1 case, death. Hoogeweg, 1882, p. 59: Contracted in Arasberg; details insufficient. Zehlendorf, R. -B. Potsdam 3 cases, death. Kanzow, 1884, p. 41: "Several" cases. Source of meat could not be traced. 1882: 209 casQS, 6 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 209 cases, 6 deaths, 42 cases, 2 deaths, appear to have been due to pork which was inspected and passed as free from trlchince; besides these, 8 cases, 1 death, may have been due to inspected pork, but there is some doubt regarding the facts; 89 cases were due to condemned meat; no cases are attributed to American pork. No ofiicial or other sanitary reports for 1882 are accessible for the following Regier- ungs-Bezirke: Aachen, Aurich, Coblenz, Danzig, Diisseldorf, Frankfurt, Hannover, Liegnitz, Magdeburg, Osnabriick. No cases of trichinosis in man for 1882 were found in the ofl&cial sanitary reports or from other sources for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Arnsberg (Schonfeld, 1884), Bromberg (Strahler, 1883), Coeslin (Massenbach, 1884), Liineburg (Alten, 1884, p. 52), Marienwerder (Pianka, 1884, p. 25), Minden (Schultz-Hencke, 1884, p. 58), Miinster (Hoogeweg, 1883), Oppeln (Noack, 1884), Potsdam (Kanzow, 1884, p. 76), Schleswig-Holstein (Bockendahl, 1883, p. 13), Sigmaringen (Koch, 1887), Stade (Bohde, 1883 B, p. 29), Stettin (Weiss, 1884), Trier (Schwartz, 1884, p. 48), Wiesbaden (Wagner [1883], p. 39). Berlin, June 3 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1883, p. 338: It was claimed that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse, but Eulenberg thinks this claim doubtful.— Pistor, 1884, p. 106: It was claimed that the hog was brought into the city from the outside and was pro- vided with an inspection stamp, but this could not be proven. "So far as known, in this year also no cases of trichinosis Occurred as a result of eating American ham."— Salmon, 1884, p. 486.— Ostertag, 1899, p. 497. Breslau (R.-B.) [Teases,! death]. See Eloriansdorf, 1 (1); and Karzen, 6. Cassel (R.-B.) [35 cases, death]. See Deissel, 4; Naumburg, 12; Meimbressen, 1; Rotenburg, 6; and Vaake, 12. 23904— No. 30—01 4 50 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Cologne (R.-B.) [89 cases, death]. See Cologne (Stadt), 89. Cologne, K.-B. Cologne, June 89 cases, death. Schwartz, 1883, pp. 33-35: 89 cases, death; among the troops; hog had been condemned, but was sold and eaten without proper precaittions.—Eulenherg, 1883, p. 338; 60 cases; Westph. Infanterie 16; hog was krioirn to be trichinous.—ChsXm, 1883, p. 140.— Salmon, 1884, p. 486: 60 cases.— R. Blanchard, 1887, p. 139. Deissel, Kr. Hofgeismar, R.-B. Cassel tt cases, death. Eockwitz, 1888, p. 234: Home-slaughtered hog. Not inspected. Erfurt (R.-B.) [15 cases, 1 death]. See [Freihagen, 10 (1)]; Heiligenstadt, 5; and Siegbergsmuhle, 10 (1). Floriansdorf, Kr. Schweidnitz, R.-B. Breslau 1 case, 1 death. Wolff, E., 1884, p. 19: The hog was inspected andpassed as free from trichinse. Freihagen, R. -B. Erfurt [10 cases, 1 death]. Eulenberg, 1883, p. 339: The hog ivas inspected and passed as free from trichinie. Probably the same as Siegbergsmuhle. Freiheit b. Osterode, R. -B. Hildesheim 7 cases, death. Wittichen, 1884, p. 30: Diagnosis from symptoms. Glandau bei Landsberg, Kr. Ejdau, R.-B. Konigsberg 5 cases, death. Nath, 1885, p. 115: Hog not inspected. It is not clear from the report whether this outbreak was in 1881, 1882, or 1883. Gumbinnen (R.-B.) [24 cases, 2 deaths]. See Lyck, 6; Oletzko, 15 (2); Eauben, 3. Heiligenstadt, R.-B. Erfurt, December 6 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1883, p. 338.— Salmon, 1884, p. 486: 4 cases.— Eichter, 1888, p. 114: The source of infection could not be definitely determined, it is stated, although it is also stated that all patients had eaten raw meat of a hog slaughtered on November 30. In the remaining meat no trichinse were found. Diagnosis made on symptoms. It is not stated whether the meat was inspected. Hildesheim (R.-B.) [7 cases, death]. See Freiheit, 7. Karzen, Kr. Nimptsch, R. -B. Breslau 6 cases, death. Wolff, E., 1884, pp. 19, 69: Hog had not been inspected. Konigsberg (R.-B.) _ _ [14 cases, death]. See Glandau, 5; Wehlau, 6; Wormditt, 3. Lyck (Kr.), R.-B. Gumbinnen 6 cases, death. Passauer, 1883, p. 101: "Several" cases in two families. Tijhe hog had not been inspected. Meimbressen, Kr. Hofgeismar, R.-B. Cassel 1 case, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 234: Hog slaughtered on Eittergut Hohenborn and not inspected. Merseburg (R.-B.) [7 cases, death]. See Wansleben, 7. Naumburg, Kr. Wolf hagen, R.-B. Cassel, November _ . 12 cases, death. Eockwitz, 1888, p. 234: The hog ^uas inspected and parsed as free from trichinx. Afterwards, the Kreisphysikus examined 72 preparations and found onlv 16 trichi- nse. Twenty-one preparations examined in succession failed to show the parasites. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 51 Oletzko (Kr.), R. -B. Gumbinnen 16 cases, 2 deaths. Passauer, 1883, p. 101: Details not given. Posen(R.-B.) [5 cases, 1 death]. See Posen (Stadt), 5(1). Posen, R.-B. Posen 5 cases, 1 death. Gemmel, 1883b, pp. 20, 21: Probably portions of more than 2 hogs were used in preparing the sausage. One of these hogs was evidently inspected and passed as free from trichinx. The second hog could not be definitely determined. Some other meat was also used which was sent into the city from the outside. The case there- fore remains unexplained. A family with boarders was taken sick. Exact num- ber of cases not given. One death. Posen, R.-B. Posen [3? cases, death]. Eulenberg, 1883, p. 338: "Several" cases. This reference may belong to the preceding outbreak. Prohn, R.-B. Stralsund 3 cases, 1 death. Koehler, 1884, pp. 38, 52: Patient had eaten raw meat while making sausage; taken to hospital in Stralsund. Hog had not been inspected. Trichinae found in woman on postmortem, Rauben, Kr. Insterburg, R.-B. Gumbinnen, March. . 3 cases, death. Passauer, 1883, p. 101: Sausage ( Ranch wurst). Rotenburg, R.-B. Cassel : 6 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 234: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. Same inspector had passed another trichinous hog in same town in 1881. The inspector was acquitted upon the opinion submitted by Professor Raabe, of Hannover, that even with the most expert (gewissenhaftesten) examination of the meat, trichinae may be overlooked. Siegbergsmiihle, Kr. Heiligen stadt, R.-B. Erfurt, December.. 10 cases, 1 death, i^ichter, 1888, pp. 113, 114: The hog luas inspected andpassed as free from trichinx. The Kreisphysikus afterwards found numerous trichinps present. Stettin (Stadt? or R.-B.?) [5 cases, death]. Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, II (8), May, p. 99: "Im Januar 1882 erkrankten in Stettin 5 Personen nach dem Genusse von Fleischbrodchen, welche aus Rind- und Schweinefleisch in ungepokeltem und ungeriiuchertem Zustande hergestellt waren. Bei sammtlichen Erkrankten tratt Genesung ein." It seems very probable that this reference is to the 1885 outbreak. Stralsund (R.-B.) [3 cases, 1 death]. See Prohn, 3 (1). Vaake, Kr. Hofgeismar, R.-B. Cassel 12 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 234: Homei-slaughtered hog; not inspected. Wansleben, Mansfelder See Kreis, R. B. Merseburg, December.. 7 cases, death. Wolff, 1883, p. 11: The hog was inspected in November and passed as free from trichinx. After two persons had been taken sick the meat was reexamined, and, though a large number of preparations was made, only a few trichinae were found. Eulenberg, 1883, p. 338: 4 cases, death. The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx.— Saimon, 1884, p. 486: 4 cases. 52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Wehlau, R. -B. Konigsberg 6 cases, death; Nath, 1885, p. 116: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Exact date not clear— 1881, 1882, or 1883. Wormditt, Kr. Braunsberg, R.-B. Konigsberg 3 cases, death. Nath, 1885, pp. 115, 116: Trichina inspection is obligatory here, but this out- break is not explained. ' ' Entire family ' ' taken sick. Exact date not clear— 1881, 1882, or 1883. 1883: 637 cases, 71 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 637 cases, 71, deaths, 478^ cases, 66 deaths, are stated to have been due to meat which was inspected and passed as free from trichinae. Besides these 478 cases, at least 43 cases may have been due to inspected meat. One case at Cologne, alleged to have been due to American pork, can not be traced, unless it refers to a cat in which trichinse were found. The Emersleben out- break is of historic interest. The 20 cases of Strelno were due to meat known to be trichinous, but used in making sausage without being properly safeguarded. In 18.83 the exclusion of American pork was decreed. Official sanitary or other reports for 1883 are not accessible to the author for the Regierungs-Bezirke Breslau and Hildesheim. No cases of trichinosis in man for this year were found in the official health reports or elsewhere for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1887, pp. 49, 56), Arnsberg (Katerbau, 1888, p. 121) , Aurich (Rapmund, 1887, p. 142), Cassel (Rockwitz, 1888, p. 35),Coblenz (Massenbach, 1887, p. 61), Danzig (Zeuschner, 1887), Diisseldorf (Weiss, 1888), Frankfurt a. 0. (Wiebecke, 1888, p. 36), Hannovor (Becker, 1887), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1886), Liineburg (Alten, 1887, p. 64), Minden (Schultz-Hencke, 1887, p. 73), Miinster (Holker, 1887, p. 51), Oppeln (Noack, 1887, p. 102), Osna- briick (Bitter, 1888), Posen (Gemmel, 1887, p. ,14), Schleswig-Holstein (Bockendahl, 1887, p. 153),Sigmaringen (Koch, 1887), Stade' (Bohde, 1887, p. 126), Stettin (Die- terich, 1887, p. 137), Stralsund (Koehler, 1887, p. 85), Trier (Schwartz, 1887), Wies- baden (Wagner, 1886). Barge bei Forst, R.-B. Frankfurt.- [lease, death], Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: See Forst sub 1884. Berlin [6 cases, 1 death]. See separate outbreaks. Berlin, January -_^ 1 case, 1 death. Veroff., 1883, VII (4), p. 15: Hospital; January 7-13; patient between 31 and 60 years old.— Veroft., 1883, VII (7), p. 29: Died January 28-February 3.— Eulen- berg, 1885, p. 134: Krankenhaus Friedrichshain. — Pistor, 1887, p. 240: Source of infection not traced. Death January 30. Berlin, April-June .-. 1 case, death. Veroff., 1883, VII (20), p. 103: Hospital; April 28-May 5; patient between 16 and 30 years old.— Veroff., 1883, VII (38), p. 213: April 1-June30. Berlin, November 7 2 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 134.— Pistor, 1887, pp. 240, 241 : Noncommissioned officer and his wife. Source of infection could not be traced. Berlin, November-December 1 case, death. Pistor, 1887, p. 241: Servant E. S. in Bethanien Hospital; November 23, 1883, to January 29, 1884. Meat could not be traced. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 53 Berlin 1 cagg^ death. Pistor, 1887, p. 241: A case was recorded in the daily papers, but it could not be traced by the authorities, as the person was not registered with the police. Berlin [-i cases, death]. Pistor, 1887, p. 240: Four doubtful cases, probably not trichinosis. Bromberg (R.-B.) [20 cases, 2 deaths]. See Strelno. Coeslin(R.-B.) [1 case, death]. See Rummelsburg. Cologne (R.-B.) [35 cases, death]. See Cologne (Stadt). Cologne, R.-B. Cologne, February 35 cases, death. Schwartz, 1884, p. 27.— Eulenberg, 1885, p. 135: The hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Cologne, R.-B. Cologne [lease, ? death]. See p. 173. Emersleben, Deesdorf, Nienhagen, R.-B. Magdeburg, September- December 403 cases, 66 deaths. Brouardel, 1883, p. 1504: Extensive account to French Academy of Medicine: "II aurait^t^ examine par le boucher et parl'inspecteurd'Emersleben, qui d&larSrent qu'il ne contenait pas de trichine. La bonne foi de ces deux personnes est hors de doute, car toutea deux mangerent de la viande de ce pore et toutes deux furent malade." — Wagner, 1884, pp. 5, 6: "Siimmtliche 4 Schweine sind angeb- lich von dem gleichfalls in Emersleben ansiissigen Fleischbeschauer unteraucht und flir trichinenfrei befunden worden. Abgesehen davon, dass in unserm Falle die Schweine gar nicht untersucht aein konnen, da sonst Trichinen hatten gefunden werden miissen' eine Ansicht, welche die in jener Gegend anaassigen Herren Aerzte theilten, liegt die Gefahr in zwei anderen Punkten: Ersten kann ein Fleischbeschauer wenn er die gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Priifung in der Aus- iibung seines Amtes bummeln. So consultierte ein Fleischbeschauer Herrn Dr. Philipp wegen seines Mikroskopes, welches seitlangerer Zeit nicht in Ordnungsei. Was fehlt dem Mikroskop? Die Objectivlinsen!"— Salmon, 1884, p. 486; 377 cases, 61 deaths. — Lesserhaft, 1885, p. 528: The hog xuas impeded and passed as free from trichinie. "Das betreftende Schwein, von dem die Infection ausging, war sowohl von dem Fleischer als auch von dem gesetzlich angestellten Fleischbeschauer fiir trichinenfrei erkliirt worden." — Von Madai, 1885, p. 528: 403 cases, 66 fatal; police statistics. — Voigt, 1887, p. 94: 270 cases, 53 deaths, in Emersleben; 133 cases, 13 deaths in surrounding places. ' ' Wie auch in dem Emerslebener Fall beim Beginn der gerichtlichen Untersuchung das Fleisch des trichinosen Schweines bereits lange vorher beseitigt und die Identitat desselben mit dem in dem Fleischbuche des Fleischbeschauers eingetragenen, nicht mit Sicherheit fest- gestellt war."— Veroff., 1889, p. 110: 403 cases, 66 deaths. "Kleine derartige Epidemien ohne Todesfall kamen an vier anderen Orten vor."— R. Blanchard, 1887, p. 137.— Hosier & Peiper, 1894, p. 305: "Als beklagenswerthe, aber immer- hin doch vereinzelte Vorkommnisae sind die Epidemien, welche im Jahre 1883 in '"DieKonigliche Staatsanwaltschaft zu Halberstadt theilt diese Meinung nicht. Der betreffende Fleischbeschauer * * * das eine war in der Voruntersuchung nachgewiesen und durch die Gestandnisse des Fleischers und Fleischbeschauers bestatigt, dass sie ihre Bucher nachtraglich vervoUstandigt haben, was jedenfalla eine Nachlassigkeit ihrerseits beweist." 54 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Emersleben und Nienhagen durch ein Schwein hervorgerufen wurden, welches von dem amtlichen Fleischschauern fiir trichinenfrei erklart worden war, anzu- sehen; 350 Personen erkrankten, 42 erlagen der Trichinosis. In Niederspier brach 1877 eine Epidemie aus, veranlasst durch ein Schwein, in welchem der Fleisch- beschauer keine, Dr. Nicolai erst in circa 200 Praparaten zwei Muskeltrichinen nachwies." Thus in connection with this outbreak accounts differ as to whether the hog was actually inspected for trichinse, ,i. e., as to whether portions of the meat were actually under the microscope. When we read the statements given above by Wagner and the account of the condition of the inspectors in R.-B. Magdeburg by Voigt (see p. 116), we must conclude that it is perfectly possible that the inspector examined the hog. Whether he was capable of making a proper examination or not is an entirely different question. Erfurt (R.-B.) [9 cases, death]. See Miihlhausen. Fischhausen (Kr.), R.-B. Konigsberg, October-November 15 cases, death. Nath, 1885, p. 115. Groitsch, Saalkreis, R.-B. Merseburg, December 25, 1882-January, 1883 - - , 3 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 88: Raw bratwurst. The hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinse. The same inspector passed a second trichinous hog about January 9, ISSS. —Eulenherg, 1885, p. 134. Gumbinnen (R.-B.) [10 cases, death]. See Tilsit. Guttstadt, Kr. Heilsberg, R. -B. Konigsberg, January-March. 8 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1885, pp. 115, 116: Two families, in one of which there were 5 persons; in the other, 3 patients; a home-fed hog, which was not inspected. Halle a. S. , R. -B. Merseburg, January 6 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 88: Hams came from Schafstedt. The hog (slaughtered December S9, 188S) had been inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Same hog caused 4 cases in Schafstedt. Inspector forced to resi'gn. — Eulenberg, 1885, p. 134. Halle a. S., R.-B. Merseburg, September 8 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 88: The butcher claimed that the hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinse, but the inspector advanced the claim that he could not have inspected the hog and missed the trichinfe, since he was always careful about his work. — Eulenberg, 1885, p. 134: "Bei der Vernehmung gab letzterer [the butcher] An, dass seine sammtlichen Schweine von Fleischbeschauer S. auf Trichinen untersucht wurden und bewies die Richtigkeit seiner Behauptung, durch Vorlegung des Schlachtbuches. Der Fleischbeschauer erkliirte seinerseits, dass er die Unter- suchungen stets mit der grossten Gewissenhaftigkeit vorgenommen habe. Das Fleisch, welches die Trichinen enthalten habe, sei daher jedenfalls nicht von ihm untersucht. * * * Bei der Gutartigkeit der Erkrankungen erschien es sogar wahrscheinlich, dass das betreffende Schwein so wenig mit Trichinen durchsetzt war, dass dieselben selbst bei einer gewissenhaften Untersuchung uhendeckt bleiben konnten." Konigsberg (R.-B.) - [28 cases, 1 death]. See Fischhausen, 15; and Guttstadt, 8 (1). Magdeburg (R.-B.) [426 cases, 66 deaths]. See Emersleben, 403 (66) ; and Wernigerode, 23. TRICHINOSIS IN GEBMANY. 55 Marienwerder (K.-B.) [59 cases, 1 death]. See Thorn. Reiche (1887, pp. 34, 35) gives no cases for this year under Zoono- sen, but Eulenberg (1885, p. 134) cites 59 cases, 1 death, in Thorn and vicinity. Merseburg (E.-B.) [40 cases, death]. Veroff., 1888, p. 229.— Eulenberg, 1885, p. 134.— See Groitsch, 3; Halle, 5, 8 [Saal- kreis] ; Scbafstedt, 4; and Walbeck, 20. Miihlhausen, R.-B. Erfurt 9 cases, death. Richter, 1888, p. 114: Meat was eaten before the hog was inspected. The inspector found trichinse present. Wife of the butcher was imprisoned for four weeks. Plauen a. H., R.-B. Potsdam 5 cases, death. ICanzow, 1887, p. 44: Hog slaughtered for home use and not inspected. After- wards trichinse were found in meat. Potsdam (R.-B.) [8 cases, death]. See Plauen a. H., 5; Templin, 3. Rummelsburg, R.-B. Coeslin 1 case, death. Wernich, 1887, p. 163: A woman tasted of meat while making sausage. The hog was afterwards found to be trichinous. Saalkreis, R.-B. Merseburg [3 cases, death]. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 133: The hog had been iiispected and passed as free from trichinie. The same inspector passed another hog as free from trichinx in which another inspector found the parasites. This is probably the same as Groitsch. Scbafstedt, R.-B. Merseburg, January 4? cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 88: Hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinie. See also Halle. Husband, wife, and ''children." — Eulenberg, 1885, p. 134. Strelno and vicinity, R.-B. Bromberg 20 cases, 2 deaths. Strahler, 1887, p. 56: The meat had been inspected and was known to contain tri- chinx, hut the butcher used it in sausage. Templin, R. -B. Potsdam 3 cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 44: Entire family (3?); early in the year. The hog Was slaughtered for home use and was not inspected. Afterwards trichinse were found. Thorn and vicinity, R.-B. Marienwerder 59 cases, 1 death. Eulenberg, 1885, pp. 133, 134: Stadt Thorn, 48 cases, 1 death; Kreis Thorn, 11 cases. Tilsit, R.-B. Gumbinnen, March 10 cases, death. Passauer, 1887, p. 142: In the garrison. It was suspected that the meat had been inspected and passed as free from trichinx, but this was not proved. Walbeck, near Hettstedt, R.-B. Merseburg, October 20 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 135: The hog had beeii inspected and passed as free from tri- chinx.— WolS, 1887, pp. 88, 89: In 50 preparations which were afterwards made, no trichinse were found. Wernigerode, R.-B. Magdeburg 23 cases, death. Voigt, 1887, p. 94: Evidently several epidemics; details not given. Identifica- tion of meat with inspected meat was not proved, as all the meat was gone. 56 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1884: 348 cases, 29 deaths. Summary for the year.— In a total of 348 cases, 29 deaths, 157 cases, 12 deaths, appear to have been due to pork which was inspected and2MSsed cis free from trichinw. One case, 1 death (Breslau), was due to meat which was condemned and sent to the rendering establish- ment, but was eaten. Ten cases (Kobylepole) were due to meat which should have been inspected but was not. Official or other reports for 1884 are not accessible for the Eegiermigs-Bezirk Hildes- heim. No cases of trichinosis in man for this year were found in the official health repoiia or elsewhere for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1887, pp. 49, 56), Arnsberg (Katerbau, 1888, p. 121), Aurich (Eapmund, 1887, p. 142), Coblenz (Mas- senbach, 1887, p. 61), Coeslin (Wernich, 1887, p. 163), Cologne (Schwartz, 1887), Danzig (Zeuschner, 1887), Dusseldorf (Weiss, 1888, p. 95), Erfurt (Richter, 1888, p. 114), Hannover (Becker, 1887), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1886), Liineburg (Alten, 1887, p. 64), Minden (Schultz-Hencke, 1887, p. 73), Miinster (Holker, 1887, p. 51), Osna- briick (Bitter, 1888), Schleswig-Holstein (Brickendahl, 1887, p. 153), Sigmaringen (Koch, 1887), Stade (Bohde, 1887, p. 126) , Stettin (Dieterich, 1887, p. 137), Stralsund (Koehler, 1887, p. 85), Trier (Schwartz, 1887), Wiesbaden (Wagner [1886]). Ahrensfelde, Kr. Niederbarnin, R.-B. Potsdam fi cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 62: Hog was slaughtered for home use and was not inspected. Later examination showed it to be trichinous. Barraginn, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. Konigsberg 5 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: Details not given. Bartenstein, Kr. Friedland, R.-B. Konigsberg 6 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: Meat was not inspected. Belleben and Alsleben, Mansfelder Gebirgskreis, Merseburg, May_. i cases, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 309: See also Strenz-Naundorf. The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichiiise. Belleben, Mansfelder Gebirgskreis, R.-B. Merseburg, December 2 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 309: The hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinx. Eulenberg also report-s 3 other cases from this district. See Leimbach. — Wolff, 1887, p. 89. Berlin [At least 10 cases, 1 death]. See separate entries. Berlin, Januarj' 2 cases, death. Pistor, 1887, p. 241: Widow K. R. and daughter. Probably due to meat sent from Potsdam, since the wife of the person who sent the meat was also taken sick with trichinosis. See Potsdam. ^ — Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310. December 25, 1883. Berlin [1 case, death]. Hstor, 1887, p. 241: Servant E. S.— Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: December 29, 1888. Krankenhaus Bethanien. See Berlin, 1883. Berlin, March 23-29 1 case, death. Veroff., 1884, VIII (14), p. 65: Hospital; patient between 16 and 30 years old. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 57 Berlin, April 20-26 4 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1884, VIII (18), p. 85: Hospital; one patient between 6 and 15 years old; one between 16 and 30 years old; two between 31 and 60 years old.— Veroff., 1884, VIII (22), p. 109: Death between May 18-24. Berlin, June S-U .. 1 case, death. Veroff., 1884, VIII (25), p. 123: Hospital; patient between 16 and 30 years old. Berlin, June 15-21 1 case, death. Veroff., 1884, VIII (26), p. 127: Hospital; patient between 16 and 30 years old. Berlin, November 2-8 . 1 case, death. Veroff., 1884, VIII (46), p. 227: Hospital; patient between 2 and 5 years old. Birnstein and Fischborn, Kr. Gelnhausen, E.-B. Cassel 5 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 235: The hog luas hisjjccted and passed as free from trichinx. Breslau (R.-B.) [4 cases, 1 death]. See Breslau, 1 (1); and Nicolaivorstadt, 3. Breslau, R.-B. Breslau 1 case, 1 death. Wolff, E., 1887, p. 56: The hog had been condemned and sent to the rendering estab- lishment. A part of it was eaten and resulted in one death. Bromberg (R.-B.) [11 cases, death]. See Gnesen, 3; and Wirzitz, 8. Burdungen, Kr. Neidenburg, R.-B. Konigsberg-_ 16 cases, 2 deaths. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: See also Ortelsburg; Rauchwurst, home-slaughtered. Cassel (R.-B.) . 51 cases, death. See Birnstein, 5; Grosswiden, 6; and Schmalkalden, 40. Fischborn, Gelnhausen;- R.-B. Cassel. See Birnstein. Forst, R. -B. Frankfurt a. O 1 case, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: Meat not inspected. End of 1883. Eulenberg adds that unfortunately not all cases of trichinosis are recorded, but that it may be assumed that a very large number remain unknown : ' ' Leider gelangen nicht alle FiiUe von Erkrankungen zur Anzeige; man kann viel mehr annehmen, dass eine weit grossere Menge derselben unbekannt bleibt." Frankfurt a. O. (R.-B.) [2 cases, death]. See Forst, 1 ; and Sorau, 1. Wiebecke, 1888, p. 36: Apparently mentions no cases in his official report for 1884. Gerdauen, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. KGnigsberg 1 case, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: Five others ate of same meat, but not taken sick; further details lacking. Gleichwitz (Kr.), R.-B. Oppeln 3? cases, death. Noack, 1887, p. 102: Details not given. Outbreaks in 1884 and 1885. Gnesen (Kr.), R.-B. Bromberg 3 cases, death. Strahler, 1887, p. 56: A peasant family. Meat had not been inspected. Graudenz (Kr.), R. -B. Marienwerder 7 cases, 3 deaths. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: Source of meat not known. 58 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKT. Gross- und Kleinwieden, Kr. Rinteln, R.-B. CasseL 6 cases, death, Rockwitz, 1888, p. 235: Hog was evidently impeded and passed as free from trichina', as the microscopist was imprisoned six months because he took only two samples. Gumbinnen(R.-B.) [13 cases, death]. See Insterburg, 1 ; and Sensburg, 12. Guttstadt, Kr. Heilsberg, R.-B. Konigsberg 2 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. In further microscopic examination 20 preparations were made and only two trichinae were found. Halberstadt, R.-B. Magdeburg 3 ? cases, death. Voigt, 1887, p. 94: Exact number of cases not given: "In einer Familie." The meat was evidently inspected and passed as free from trichina; as the inspector was fined: "der untersuchende Fleischbeschauer zu einer empflndlichen Geldbuse verurtheilt wurde." Havelberg, R.-B. Potsdam, November 20 cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 61: Kanzow says that the butcher's books were not found in good order. Lightly smoked "Schlachtwurst." Nothing stated to show whether the hog was inspected or not, but the inspectors in the city were reexamined and all passed the examination. Insterburg (Kr.), R.-B. Gumbinnen 1 case, death. Passauer, 1887, p. 142: Exact date (1883, 1884, or 1885) not given. No data known. Kobylepole, Landkr. Posen, R.-B. Posen 10 cases, death. Gemmel, 1887, pp. 14, 18: The hog should have been inspected, but it was not. The owner was imprisoned three days. Gemmel says that this is the only outbreak officially known. Konigsberg (R.-B.) [50 cases, 9 deaths]. See Barraginu, 5(1); Bartenstein, 6; Burdungen, 16 (2) ; Gerdauen, 1; Guttstadt, 2; Konigsberg, 18 (6); and Ortelsburg, 2. Konigsberg, R.-B. KOnigsberg, spring __ 18 cases, 6 deaths. Nath, 1887, pp. 50, 51: In the suburb Nassen Garten, at Easter. Hog killed in February. Patients died between April 19 and May 23. Leimbach, Mansfelder Gebirgskr. , "R. -B. Merseburg 3 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 89: Disease contracted in Andreasberg, R.-B. Hildesheim.— Eulenberg, 1885, p. 309. Luckenwalde, R.-B. Potsdam, May 6 cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 61: The hog uas inspected and passed as free from trichina: Dr. Giinther afterwards examined some of the meat, but found no parasites until the twenty-fourth preparation. Magdeburg (R.-B.) _ 10 cases, death. See Halberstadt, 3; and Wolmirsleben, 7. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [34 cases, 6 deaths]. See Graudenz, 7 (3); Niederzehren, 10 (1); and Melno, 17 (1). Melno, Kr. Graudenz, R.-B. Marienwerder 17 cases, 1 death. Reiche, 1887, p. 35: Investigation negative. Source of meat not discovered. TRICHIKOSIS m 'GERMANY. 59 Merseburg (R.-B.) [91 cases, 12 deaths]. See Belleben, 2; Belleben and Alsleben, 4; Leimbach, 3; and Strenz-Naundorf 82 (12). Mittenwalde, R.-B. Potsdam, November 12 cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, pp. 61, 62: It is not stated whether or not the hog was inspected. All meat from one shop. Niederzehren, Kr. Marienwerder, R.-B. Marienwerder 10 cases, 1 death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: Hog not inspected. Nikolaivorstadt bei Breslau, R.-B. Breslau 3 cases, death. Wolff, E., 1887, p. 56: "Imported [from where?] meat" gave rise to a small epidemic. As American meat was excluded, this outbreak was evidently due to meat "imported" from some other source. Oppeln (R.-B.) [3 cases, death]. See Gleichwitz. Ortelsburg, Kr. Ortelsburg, R.-B. Konigsberg 2 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 50,51: Two children were visiting at Burdungen and brought home some of the infected sausage. The mother and sister ate of it and were taken sick with trichinosis. Posen (R.-B.) [10 cases, death]. See Kobylepole. Potsdam (R.-B.) [59 cases, 1 death]. See Ahrensfelde, 6; Havelberg, 20; Luckenwalde, 5; Mittenwalde, 12; Potsdam, 1; Steglitz, 10 (1); Werneuchen, 5. Potsdam, R.-B. Potsdam, January 1 case, death. Pistor, 1887, p. 241: K. bei Potsdam.— Eulenberg, 1885, p. 310: December 25, 1883. Schmalkalden, R.-B. Cassel iO cases, death. Rockwitz, 1888, p. 235: Meat had passed through the municipal slaughter house, which provides inspectors. Rockwitz remarks that the guilty inspector could not be found, which is equivalent in this instance to admitting that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. Sensburg (Kr.), R.-B. Gumbinnen 12 cases, deatn. Passauer, 1887, p. 142: Details not given. Sorau (Kr.), R.-B. Frankfurt a. O 1 case, death. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 309: Hog not inspected; in Berge. Steglitz, R.-B. Potsdam more than 10 cases, 1 death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 61 : Early in the year. Probably caused by partially cooked Strenz-Naundorf, Mansfelder Gebirgskr., R.-B. Merseburg, May - 82 cases, 12 deaths. Eulenberg, 1885, p. 309: ^1 Iwg was inspected and passed as free from trichinie. Strenz-Naundorf 82 cases, 12 fatal; Belleben and Alsleben 4 cases q. v. — Wolff, 1887, p. 89: Inspector imprisoned a year and a half.— Veroff., 1888, p. 229: 83 cases, 12 deaths. These and 4 in neighboring villages due to hog slaughtered May 2, 1884; inspected and passed as free from trichinse. 60 BTJKEATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Werneuchen, Kr. Niederbarnin, E.-B. Potsdam..- 5 cases, death. Kanzow, 1887, p. 62: Hog slaughtered for home use and not inspected. A later examination showed it to be trichinous. Wirzitz (Kr.), R.-B. Bromberg 8 cases, death. Strahler, 1887, p. 56: The hog was inspected and passed as free from Irichinse. Wolmirsleben, Kr. Wanzleben, R.-B. Magdeburg.. 7 cases, death. Voigt, 1887, p. 94. 1885: 365 cases, 17 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 365 cases, 17 deaths, at least 42 cases, i deaths, 2vere due to meat loMch had heen inspected amd passed asfreefrmn trichhicB; at least 38 other cases may have been due to meat which was passed as free from trichinae; 5 cases (Stettin) were probably due to condemned meat; 90 cases (Wongrowitz) may have been due to dishonesty on the part of the butchers. No official or other sanitary reports are accessible to me for the E«gierungs-Bezirk Hildesheim. No cases of trichinosis for 1885 have been found in the official sanitary reports or in other sources for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1887, pp. 49, 56), Aurich (Rapmund, 1887, p. 142), Cassel (Rockwitz, 1888, p. 235), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1887, p. 61), Cologne (Schwartz, 1887), Danzig (Zeuschner, 1887), Erfurt (Riehter, 1888, p. 114), Gumbinnen (Passauer, 1887, p. 142), Hannover (Becker, 1887), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1886), Liineburg (Alten, 1887, p. 64), Minden (Schultz-Hencke, 1887, p. 73), Miinster (Holker, 1887, p. 51), Osnabriick (Bitter, 1888), Posen (Gemmel, 1887, pp. 14, 18), Potsdam (Kanzow, 1887, p. 76), Schleswig- Holstein (Bockendahl, 1887, p. 153), Sigmaringen (Koch, 1887), Stade (Bohde, 1887, p. 126), Stralsund (Koehler, 1887, p. 85), Trier (Schwartz, 1887), Wiesbaden (Wagner [1886?!). Albrechtsdorf, Kr. Pr. Eylau, R.-B. Konigsberg, February. __ 4 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51, 52: Smoked sausage. No further details. Arnsberg (R.-B.) [5 cases, death]. See Dortmund, 5. Baudach, Kr. Crossen, R.-B. Frankfurt 8 cases, 8 deaths. Wiebecke, 1888, p. 36: Two families. Meat had not been inspected. Bergel, Kr. Ohlau, R.-B. Breslau 3 cases, death. Wolff, E., 1887, pp. 56, 57: As the remains of the meat could not be found it could not be proven against the inspector that he had passed the hog as free from trichinae. The diagnosis evidently rested upon symptoms. "Several" cases. Ate the meat three months after the animal was slaughtered. Berlin [15 cases, 1 death]. Berlin, February 12 cases, 1 death. Lesserhaftt, 1885, p. 108.— Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387: About 10 cases, 1 death;— St. P. med. Wochnschr., 1886, p. 188.— Pistor, 1887, pp. 241, 242: Dentist's family. Meat came from outside the city. The hog was inspected in Reinickendorf and passed as free from trichinse. A friend of the family (Musikdirector F.) was treated in Bethanien Hospital. — Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, n (8), p. 99. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 61 Berlin, February 1-7 : [1 case, death]. Veroff., 1885, IX (7), p. 27: In hospital; patient between 31 and 60 years old. Possibly this case is included in the foregoing reference. Berlin [1 case, death]. Veroff., 1885, IX, ii (2), p. 13: No details. Berlin 3 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Four cases, death, in Berlin hospital from January 4, 1885, to January 2, 1886. One patient, between 16 and 30 years old; 3 between 31 and 60 years old. One of these probably refers to the February outbreak. See above. Breslau(R.-B) [23 cases, 4 deaths]. See Bergel, 3; Gaisbach, 4 (1); Gloschkau, 10; Schabitz, 6 (3). Bromberg(R.-B) [90 cases, death]. See Wongrowitz. Coeslin (R. -B) [3 cases, death]. See Colberg, 3. Colberg, R.-B. Coeslin, September 3 cases, death. Wernich, 1887, p. 163: Ate sausage before meat was inspected. Dietrichsdorf, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. KOnigsberg, February . . 6 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51,52: Meat (sausage) had not been inspected. Delitzsch, Mansfelder. See Kreis and Eisleben, R.-B. Merseburg.. [15 cases, death]. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387. — ^See other outbreaks — Klepzig, etc. Deutsch-Nettkow, Kr. Crossen, R.-B. Frankfurt. 10 cases, death. Wiebecke, 1888, p. 36: Source of meat not learned. Dortmund, R. -B. Arnsberg, February 5 cases, death. Katerbau, 1888, p. 121: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Afterwards trichinse were found in the twentieth preparation. Three cases so light as to be uncertain. Hog slaughtered in December. Drossen (Kr.), R.-B. Frankfurt 3 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387: The hog was probably inspected and passed as -free from trichinie. " Wahrscheinlich durch mangelhafte Untersuchung." — Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, II (8), p. 99. Diisseldorf (R.-B.) [3 cases, death]. See Elberfeld. Elberfeld, R.-B. Diisseldorf 3 cases, death. Weiss, 1888, p. 95: Light cases.— Weiss, 1890, p. 152: No details. Eisleben, R.-B. Merseburg, October 20 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 90: Meat was not definitely traced, but it was suspected that it came from a certain butcher in the Wiesenmarkt. — Veroff., 1888, p. 229. Frankfurt a. O. (R.-B.) [82 cases, 11 deaths]. See Baudach, 8 (8); Deutsch-Nettkow, 10; Drossen (Kr.), 3; Konigsberg (Kr. ), 1 (1); Ost-Sternberg (Kr.), 15; Sorau 40, 3; and Vorbruch, 2 (2). Gaisbach, Kr. Guhrau, R.-B. Breslau leases, 1 death. Wolff, E., 1887, p. 57: Hog was not inspected. 62 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Gerdauen, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. KOnigsberg, October 5 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51, 52: The meat seller was fined 15 marks for not having the meat inspected. Gleichwitz (Kr. ), R. -B. Oppeln 3 ? cases, death. Noack, 1887, p. 102: Details not given. Two outbreaks (1884^-1885). Number of cases not mentioned. Gloschkau, R. -B. Breslau, December 10 cases, death. Wolff, E., 1887, p. 56: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinm. An "entire family" and several other persons ate of the meat and were taken sick (exact number not stated). Hog had been cut up before inspector took samples. Later examination showed that the meat was heavily infected. The inspector waa imprisoned one year. Graudenz, R.-B. Marienwerder 12 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Between December 27, 1884, and December 26, 1885. Details not given. Heiligenthal, Mansfelder. See Kr., R.-B. Merseburg, February 3 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, pp. 89, 90: The hogs were inspected and passed as free from trichinse. On account of these cases the meat was again examined by another inspector and by the Kreisphysikus, but no parasites were found; finally the Kreiswimdarzt found one trichina. Hettstedt, R.-B. Merseburg, October 3 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 90: Source apparently determined. "Several" cases ia persons who had visited the Wiesenmarkt. — Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387. Klepzig, Kr. Delitsch, R. -B. Merseburg, January _ . 3 cases, death. Wolff, 1887, p. 89: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. In later examination of the rest of the pork no trichinse could be found. Konigsberg (R.-B.) [37 cases, 1 death]. See Albrechtsdorf, 4; Dietrichsdorf, 6; Gerdauen, 5; Labiau, 2; Eettauen, 7 (1); Rosenberg, 1; Sand, 3; and Schonfliess, 9. Konigsberg (Kr. ) , R. -B. Frankfurt a. O 1 case, 1 death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387.— Zeitschr. f. Eleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, II (8), p. 99. Konitz, R. -B. Marienwerder 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Details not given. Between December 27, 1884, and December 26, 1885. Labiau (Kr.), R. -B. Konigsberg 2 cases, death. Nath, 1887, p. 52: Two persons who were visiting in the neighboring Kreia and contracted the disease. Magdeburg (R.-B.) J| [26 cases, death]. See Wanaleben. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [32 cases, death]. Eeiche, 1887, pp. 34,35: I fail to find any cases recorded in this report. See, however, Graudenz, 12; Konitz, 2; Marienwerder, 10; Strassburg, 1; Stuhm, 5; and Thorn, 2.— Veroff., 1886, p. 135: 32 cases between December 27, 1884, and Decem- ber 26, 1885. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 63 Marienwerder (Kr.), R.-B. Marienwerder 10 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Details not given. Between December 27, 1884, and December 26, 1885. Merseburg (R.-B.)__ [29 cases, death]. Veroff., 1888, p. 229.— Review of Wolff.— See Delitzsch, [15] ; Eisleben, 20; Heili- gentball, 3; Hettstedt, 3; and Klepzig, 3. Oppeln (R.-B.) [16 cases, death]. See Gleichwitz, 3; and Zabrze, 13. Ost-Sternberg (Kr.), R.-B. Frankfurt 15 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387.— Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887,11 (8), p. 99. Rettauen, Kr. Friedland, R.-B. Konigsberg, February 7 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51, 52. Rosenberg, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. Konigsberg, FalL . 1 case, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51,52. Sand, Kr. Pr. Eylau, R.-B. Konigsberg, Februar_y 3 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51, 52: Smoked sausage. Schabitz, R.-B. Breslau, November-December 6 cases, 3 deaths. Wolff, E., 1887, p. 56: The hog was inspected and passed as free from irichinse. Family taken sick; 3 members died; the rest recovered. Subsequent examination of the meat showed that it was heavily infested. Inspector imprisoned two years. Schonfliess, Kr. AUerstein, R.-B. Konigsberg, Maj'. 9 cases, death. Nath, 1887, pp. 51, 52: Including two visitors from Gut Bamssau. Sorau (Kr.), R. -B. Fi'ankf urt 40 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387: Stadt Forst. Meat not inspected.— Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- beschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, II (8), p. 99. Sorau (Kr.), R.-B. Frankfurt. Second outbreak 3 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387: "Several" cases. Stettin (R.-B.) ■--- [5 cases, death.] See Stettin (Stadt). Stettin, R.-B. Stettin 5 cases, death. Eulenberg, 1886, p. 387. — Dieterich, 1887, p. 137: Infection probably came from, meat irliicli had been inspected, found to be trichinous, and condemned. A portion was then used by the butcher. Strassburg, R.-B. Marienwerder lease, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Details not given. December 27, 1881-December 26, 1885. Stuhm, R.-B. Marienwerder 5 cases. death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Details not given. December 27, 1884-December 26, 1885. Thorn, R.-B. Marienwerder 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, p. 135: Details not given. December 27, 18S4-December 26, 1885. Vorbruch, Kr. Friedeberg, R.-B. Frankfurt _ 2 cases, 2 deaths. AViebecke, 1888, p. 36: It is not stated whether or not the meat was inspected. Hog home slaughtered. Wanzleben (Stadt and Domaine), R.-B. Magdeburg, May 2.5 cases, death. Voigt, 1887, p. 94: Identity of meat with records in inspector's book could not be established, as meat was all gone. 6-4 BUKEATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. \A^ongrowitz, R.-B. Bromberg 90 cases, death. Strahler, 1887, p. 56: Two butchers concerned. It was proved that they had smuggled a number of hogs away from the inspection, but it is not stated that this particular outbreak was definitely traced, except to meat bought of these two men. Zabrze (Kr.), R.-B. Oppeln 13 cases, death. Xfiaek, 1887, p. 102: From eating so-called "Polish sausage." Details not given. 1886: 136 cases, 10 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 136 cases, 10 deaths, 37 cases, 3 deaths, are stated to be due to pork which was inspected and passed as free from trichinae; at least 5 other cases may have been due to inspected meat, but they were not definitely pi'oven; 5 cases were due to eating pork before the result of the examination was known. No cases of trichinosis in man for 1886 have been found in the official health reports or in other sources for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1891, p. 106), Arnsberg (Tenholt, 1891, p. 86), Aurich (Rapmund, 1890, p. 88), Berlin (Pistor, 1890), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1890, p. 68), Cologne (Schwartz, 1889, p. 32), Coeslin (Wernich, 1890, p. 99), Erfurt (Pippow, 1892, p. 114), Frankfurt a. O. (Frankfurt, 1890, p. 39), Gumbinnen (Paasauer, 1890, p. 106), Hannover (Becker, 1891, p. 94), Hildesheim (Grun, 1890, p. 45), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1899, p. 97), Lune- burg (Alten, 1890), Magdeburg (Voigt, 1891, p. 30), Minden (Rapmund, 1892, p. 106), Miinster (Kolker, 1890, p. 80), Oppeln (Schmidtmanii,1893, p. 56), Osnabruck (Bitter, 1891), Sigmaringen (Lauchert, 1890, p. 52), Stade (Bohde, 1890), Stettin (Katerbau), Stralsund (Haselberg, 1890, p. 68), Trier (Schwartz, 1890), Wiesbaden (Wagner [18—], p. 76). Baranow, Kr. Kempen, R. -B. Posen 4 cases, death. Dieterich, 1891, p. 139: The meat came from Pitschen, Schlesien. Breslau (R.-B.) [20 cases, 1 death]. See Breslau, 3, 10; Saarau, 7(1). Breslau (Stadt), R.-B. Breslau, March 3 cases, death. Wolff, E., 1890, pp. 38, 39: Ham came from Pfaffendorf near Reichenbach. Breslau (Stadt), R. -B. Breslau 10 cases, death. Veroff., 1887, p. 603: See Norddeutsche Allg. Zeitung, No. 453, September 29, 1886. Bromberg (R.-B.) [1 case, death]. See Wongrowitz. Cassel (R.-B.) [12 cases, 2 deaths]. See Lichtenau, 4; and Rodenberg, 8 (2). Cavern, Kr. Pr. Eylau, R.-B. Konigsberg 6 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54: Sausage insufficiently cooked. Jleat had not been inspected. Danzig (R.-B.) [2 cases, 2 deaths]. See Marienwerder. Dietrichsdorf, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. KOnigsberg 7 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54: The hog was impeded and passed as free from trichinse. Diisseldorf (R.-B.) [5 cases, death]. See HeUigenhaus. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 65 Gradken (Gut), Kr. AUenstein, R.-B. Konigsberg, February.. 14 cases, 3 deaths. Nath, 1891, pp. 53,54: "Erst nachtraglich wurden die Trichinen in den Resten der Fleischwaaren entdeckt," but Nath does not definitely state whether or not the hog had been inspected. Halle a. S., R.-B. Merseburg, August 10 cases, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1886, II (1), Oct., p. 8: 10 severe cases, and many light cases.— Wolff, 1890, p. 85: The butcher always had his meat inspected by a competent inspector: " von einem fahrlassigen Verfahren bei der ITntersuchung konnte nach dem milden Verlaufe der Erkrankungen auch in diesem Falle nicht die Rede sein," from which, in connection with the rest of the description, it may be concluded that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichirise. — Veroff., 1891, p. 245: Case not explained.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 416, and 1899, p. 505: Gives date as 1885. " Verschuldung unaufgeklart." Heiligenhaus, Kr. Mettmanm, R.-B. Diisseldorf, February 5? cases, death. Weiss, 1890, pp. 70, 152: Hog had probably not been inspected. In one place this is given as 3 cases; in another, 5 cases. Hettstedt, R.-B. Merseburg 6 cases, death. Wolff, 1890, p. 85: The hog was inspected by a very competent inspector and parsed as free from trichime. In the later examination of 150 preparations by the Kreis- physikus, 2 veterinarians, and 9 trichina inspectors, an average of 1 trichina was found in each preparation. " Several " persons were taken sick. Kathrinenhof, Kr. Pr. Eylau, R.-B. KOnigsberg... 2 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54: "Auch hier fand erst nachtraglich die mikroskopische Feststellung statt, ' ' but we are not told definitely whether the hog was first inspected and passed as free from trichinae. Konigsberg (R.-B.) [32 cases, 3 deaths]. See Cavern, 6; Dietrichsdorf, 7; Gradken, 14 (3); Kathrinenhof, 2; and Peiss- nick, 3. Lichtenau, Kr. Witzenhausen, R.-B. Cassel 1 cases, death. Rockwitz, 1891, p. 62: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichina "Die Infection war auf den Genuss des Fleisches von Schweinen zuriickzufuhren, die untersucht und fiir trichinenfrei erklart worden waren." Lobau, R. -B. Marienwerder, July 3 cases, death. Michelsen, 1890, p. 76: Infection was supposed to be from Wiener Wiirstchen eaten raw in Dt. Eylau. No cases were recorded in Eylau, and the microscopic inspection of the wares in the butcher's shop from which the sausage came was negative. Marienwerder (Kr.), R.-B. Danzig . _. . 2? cases, 2 deaths. Zeuschner, 1891, p. 48: From sausage. Cooked meat from same hog produced no ill effects. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [20 cases, 1 death]. See Lobau, 3; Marienwerder, 4, 4, 6; and Neumark, ^ (1). Marienwerder (R.-B.) 4 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, Feb. 9, p. 78: Details not given. Marienwerder (R.-B.) i cases, death. Xeroit., 1886, March 16, p. 145: Details not given. 2390'Jr— No. 30—01 5 66 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Marienwerder (E.-B.) 6 cases, death. Veroff., 1886, June 1, p. 323: Details not given. Merseburg (R.-P.) [15 cases, death]. See Halle, 10; and Hettstedt, 5.— Wolff, 1890, p. 85: 15 cases. Neumark, R.-B. Marienwerder, March 3 cases, 1 death. Michelsen, 1890, p. 76: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichime. "Dem Fleischbeschauer, welchem eine schwere "VernachUlssigung seiner Amts- pflicht nachgewiesen wurde, ist die Concession entzogenworden." Niederlehme, Kr. Beeskow-Storkow, R.-B. Potsdam 2 cases, death. Kanzow, 1890, p. 63: Source of infection not known. Early in year. A house butcher and his wife. Peissnick,' Kr. Gerdauen, R. -B. Konigsberg 3 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54. Posen (R.-B.) [i cases, death]. See Baranow. Potsdam (R. -B.) [5 cases, death]. See Niederlehme, 2; and Yelten, 8. Ratzeburg, Lauenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, December i cases, death. Bockendahl, 1889, p. 105: Meat used before inspector reported. Rodenberg, Kr. Rinteln, R.-B. Cassel . 8 cases, 2 deaths, Rockwitz, 1891, p. 62: The hog was inspected and passed as free from irichinse. "Die Infection war auf den Genuss des Fleisches von Schweinen zuriickzufiihren, die untersucht und f iir trichinenf rei erklart worden waren [p. 100] . Der Kreisphys- ikus in Einteln nimmt an, dass der Tricbinenbeschauer in Bodenberg, ein sehr befahigter und mit einem guten Mikroskope versehener Sachverstandiger, die ihm iibersandten Fleischproben garnicht untersucht habe; allerdings waren die Trichi- nen in dem Fleische sehr ungleicb vertheilt, so dass einzelne Praparate gar keine andere dagegen sehr zahlreiche Tricbinen enthieiten." Saarau, Kr. Schweidnitz, R.-B. Breslau 1 7 cases, 1 death. Wolff, E., 1890, p. 39: Hog had not been inspected. Schleswig-Holstein (R.-B.) __ [20 cases, 1 death]. See Ratzeburg, 4; Wansbeck, 16 (1). Velten, R.-B. Potsdam 3 cases, death. Kanzow, 1890, p. 63: Hog was slaughtered for home use. It is not stated whether or not it was inspected, but later examination showed it to contain trichinae. Wansbeck, R.-B. Schleswig-Holstein, March 16 cases, 1 death. Bockendahl, 1889, p. 105: 12 cases, 1 death, in Hamburg hospital; hog slaugh- tered February 12, from Hamburg market, and was not inspected. Butcher fined costs and given one month's imprisonment.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245; March 7-13: 12 cases in Wansbeck; afterwards 2 cases in "Hamburg-Gebiet," and 2 light cases in Wansbeck.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 416: Gives the date as 1885, March 7-13. Wongrowitz (Kr.), R.-B. Bromberg 1 case, death. Peters, 1890, p. 59: Butcher boy ate raw pork before the hog was inspected. Peters adds that the boy did not consult medical aid immediately, by which the outbreak in this case might have been prevented. TRICHINOSIS IN GEEMANY. 67 1887: 294 cases, 15 deaths. Summary for the year.— A total of 294 cases, 16 deaths. Of these, 142 cases, 4 deaths, are recorded as dnie to pork which was inspected and passed as free from trichinc&. Besides these, 8T cases, 1 death, were probably due to meat which was inspected and passed as free from trichi/nm. Forty-two of these 87 cases were due either to inspectsd pork or to meat which the butcher smuggled through the inspection. There are no good grounds for believing that the other 45 cases were not due to inspected pork. The Wildemann outbreak of 103 cases is especially interesting. The inspector was acquitted on the ground that even with very careful inspection the parasites may be overlooked. No cases of trichinosis in man have been found in the official or other health reporta for 1887 for the following Regierunga-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1891, p. 106), Arns- herg (Tenholt, 1891, p. 86), Aurich (Rapmund, 1890, p. 88), Cassel (Rockwitz, 1891, p. 62), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1890, p. 68), Cologne (Schwartz, 1889, p. 32), Diissel- dorf (Weiss, 1890, pp. 50, 1.'52), Frankfurt (Frankfurt, 1890, p. 39), Gumbinnen (Passauer, 1890, p. 106), Hannover (Becker, 1891, j). 94), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1890, p. 97), Liineburg (Alten, 1890), Magdeburg (Voigt, 1891, p. 30), Merseburg (Wolff, 1890, p. 85), Minden (Rapmund, 1892, p. 106), Miinster (Kolker, 1890, p. 80), Osnabriick (Bitter, 1891), Schleswig-HolsteiniBockendahl, 1889, p. 105), Sigmaringen (Lauchert, 1890, p. 52), Stade (Bohde, 1890), Stettin (Katerbau, 1890, p. 109), Trier (Schwartz, 1890), Wiesbaden (Wagner [18—], p. 76). Barth, Kr. Franzenburg, R.-B. Stralsund. _ 1 case, death. Haselberg, 1890, p. 68: No details given, except that the case was not investi- gated. It is not stated in which year (1886, 1887, or 1888) it occurred, but it ia stated that probably isolated cases occur now and then. Berlin [7 cases, 1 death]. See next two entries; also Neu-Kulm-See. Berlin 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1889, p. 157: In hospitals; 2 cases; patients between 16 and 80 years old. Berlin, December 5 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1891, p. 245: The meat was not inspected.— Ostertag, 189.5, p. 417: Patient died in 1888.— Pistor, 1890, p. 169: 5 cases, 1 death. Meat not inspected, came from Neu-Kulm-See, Kr. Thorn.— Michelsen, 1890, p. 77: 2 deaths.— Ostertag, 1899, p, 497: 5 cases, 1 death. Bieberswalde, Kr. Wehlau, R.-B. Konigsberg 10 cases, death. Nath. 1891, p. 54: Insufficiently cooked sausage. The hog had not been inspected.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245, and Ostertag, 1895, p. 417: Refer to an outbreak of 10 cases. Probably this is the Bieberswalde epidemic. Ostertag gives the date as February. Bortschenshine bei Trachenberg, R.-B. Breslau, April 14 cases, 1 death. Wolff, E., 1890, p. 39: The. hog was inspected and passed as free from irichinx: "welche durch Fahrlassigkeit eines Fleischbeschauers verschuldet war." Several cases in Breslau also from same source. Breslau (R.-B.) [19 cases, 1 death]. See Bortschenshine, 14 (1); Breslau. 3: and Trebnitz, 2. (58 BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Breslau, R.-B. Breslau, April 3 cases, deaths. Wolff, E., 1890, p. 39: Several cases. Same source of infection as the outbreak in Bortschenshine. The hog was injected and passed as free from trichinae. Breslau and Jauer, Prussia U cases, ? deaths]. Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1888, III (5), p. 50: In speaking of the Braunschweig-Holzminden outbreak, "und auchin Breslauund Jauer Erkran- kungen an Trichinose vorgekommen, welche auf den Genuss von Fleischwaaren bezogen wurden." Bromberg (R.-B.) [45 cases, 1 death]. See Inowrazlaw. Coeslin (R.-B.) [42 cases, death]. See Dramburg, 21; and Falkenburg, 21. Danzig (R.-B.) [10 cases, death]. See Schonwarling. Dramburg, R.-B. Coeslin 21 cases, death. Wernich, 1890, p. 99: It could not be proved whether the hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinae, or whether the butcher had smuggled the meat through the inspection. "Weil mit Bestimmtheit sich nicht festst«llen liess ober das Schwein der Fleischbeschau entzogen ^ oder obder Fleischbeschauer die Fleisch- schau oberflachhch ausgefiihrt hatte." A. few weeks later trichina inspector St. passed a hog as free from trichinae which another inspector found to be trichinous. Erfurt (R.-B.) -. [12 cases, death]. See Miihlhausen. Falkenburg, R. -B. Coeslin - 21 cases, death. Wernich, 1890, p. 99: About same number as in Dramburg; apparently from the same origin. It could not be proven whether the hog had been inspected or whether it had been smuggled ' through the inspection. Gerdauen-(Kr.), R.-B. Konigsberg, March 2 cases, death. Veroft., 1891, p. 245: Meat had not been inspected. Gilgenau, Kr. Ortelsburg, R.-B. Konigsberg 4 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1891, p. 54: The hog was not examined until part of it was eaten. It was afterwards found to be heavily infested.— Veroft., 1891, p. 245, and Ostertag, 1895, p. 416, and 1899, p. 505, cite 4 cases, 1 fatal, in Ortelsburg for May. Proba- bly the reference belongs here. Grund. See Wildemann. Hildesheim (R.-B.) , [103 cases, 3 deaths]? See Wildemann. Inowrazlaw, R.-B. Brotnberg, September-October. 45 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1887, p. 665: About 50 cases, 1 death. See Allg. Med.-Centr. Zeitung.— Veroft., 1888, p. 343: 45 cases, 1 death. About one-third were Jews, who bought the meat for beef. "It is possible that the pork was brought in from the country and not inspected." (But the town has an obligatory inspection.) — Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1888, III (5), Feb., p. 50.— Allg. Med. C. Z., 88 St., 2 November, p. 1582: About 50 cases, 1 death.— Peters, 1890, pp. 59, 60: 45 cases, 1 death. "Da siimmtliches Schlachtvieh in Inowrazlaw nur in ^ The German words "entziehen," "entzogen," are here translated "smuggled" in view of the circumstances. TKICHIN0SI8 IN GERMANY. 69 dem ofientlichen Schlachthause geschlachtet werden darf, wo es von geiibten Fleischbeschauern auf Trichinen untersucht wird, so ist der Medizinal-Beamte der Ansicht, 'dass dasjenige Fleisch, welches zur Infection gefuhrt hat, ^'on auswarts importirt und auf Trichinen gar nicht untersucht worden ist." The argument is exceedingly weak. How much better it would be for the health offi- cer frankly to acknowledge that a trichina inspection can not be guaranteed than to adopt this line of defense. However, as he prefers the above attempted expla- nation, this case will be given the benefit of the doubt and excluded from the outbreaks caused by meat which is inspected and declared to be free from trichinas. Juterborg (Kr.), R. -B. Potsdam 1 case, death. Kanzow, 1890, p. 63: Hog not inspected. Man ate raw meat. Later examina- tion showed numerous triehinse. Kinderhof, Kr. Gerdauen, R.-B. Konigsberg, March- .- [2 cases, death]. Nath, 1891, p. 54.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245: Meat had not been inspected.— Oster- tag, 1899, p. 505. Konigsberg (R.-B.) [36 cases, 2 deaths.] See Bieberswalde, 10; Gerdauen, 2; Gilgenau, 4 (1); Eollnau, 8; Wolfsdorf, 12(1'). Kreutzburg (Aratsgericht), Kr. Kreutzburg, Ober-Schlesien, K.-B. Oppeln 3 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, p. 64*: It is 7iot excluded that the hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx: "Es wurde nicht fiir ausgeschlossen gehalten, dass das Schwein von welchem der q. Schinken herriihrte, untersucht, dassaber derFleischbeschauer nicht mit der erf orderlichen Gewissenhaftigkeit verfahren habe." * * * "Da nicht erwiesen werden konnte, dass der Angeklagte dasjenige Schwein, von welchem der verkaufte Schinken herriihrte nicht hatte untersuchen lassen, oder bei dem Verkaufe des etwa auf andere Weise erworbenen Schinkens aus Fahrlassig- keit die trichinose Beschaffenheit des letzteren nicht gekannt habe, erfolgte die Freisprechung." iJrtheil, 25. April 1887, wider Fleischermeister P. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [6 cases, 2 deaths]. See Neu-Kulm-See. Minden. See Wildemann. Miihlhausen i. Th., R.-B. Erfurt, December 12 cases, death. Veroff., 1888, p. 344: Raw pork. The hog must have been inspected and parsed as free from triehinse, since the butcher's book agreed with that of the inspector. — Veroff., 1891, p. 245.— Pippow, 1892, pp. 114,143, 144: On p. 114 it is stated that the outbreak was in Nordhausen and that definite proof of the diagnosis was wanting, but on pp. 143, 144 it is stated that triehinse were found in a piece of deltoid muscle taken from one of the patients. From the statement made it is evident that the hog was inspected and passed as free from triehinse. Are two different outbreaks referred to? — Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 505: Immediately preceding the citation of this outbreak Ostertag emphasizes the fact that the other outbreaks were not due to inspected pork, but he omits to state that this one was. Neu-Kulm-See, R.-B. Marienwerder 6 cases, 2 deaths. Michelsen, 1890, pp. 76, 77: Two hogs slaughtered and not inspected; afterwards found to be trichinous. Three persons "and several" others were taken sick. Some of the meat was sent to Berlin, and 2 persons who ate of it died. The owner of the meat was imprisoned three months. 70 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Nordhausen. See Miihlhausen. Oppeln (R.-B.) [3 cases, death]. See Kreutzburg. Posen (R.-B.) [9 cases, 5 deaths]. See Euda, 6 (3); Zembowo, 3 (2). Potsdam (R.-B.) [1 case, death]. See Jiiterborg. Rollnau, Kr. Mohrungen, R.-B. Konigsberg 8 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245, and Ostertag, 1895, p. 416, cite 8 cases for Mohrungen in March, 1887, which probably belong here. Meat had not been inspected. Ruda, Kr. Krotoschin, R.-B. Posen 6 cases, 3 deaths. Dieterich, 1891, p. 139: The meat came from Kreis Kroben. Schonwarling, R.-B. Danzig 10 cases, death. Zeuschner, 1891, p. 49: The hog had been inspected by " Dr. A.," and had been passed as free from trichinx. Later examination showed trichinae. Exact number of cases not given. "Familie des Hofbesitzers G., nebst dem Hausgesinde und einigen im Hause verkehrenden Handwerkern und Arbeitern." Stralsund (R.-B.) - - - [1 case, death]. See Barth. Trebnitz (Kr.), R.-B. Breslau, August 2 cases, death, Wolff, E., 1890, p. 39: The meat was eaten raw before the hog was inspected. Inspector found trichinae. Wildemann and vicinity, Ki*. Zellerfeld, R.-B. Hildesheim, Octo- ber-November 103 cases, 3 deaths. Veroff., 1887, p. 665: 86 cases. — Zeitschr, f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleisfchprod., 1887, III (3), Dec, p. 34: "Nach den letzten Meldungen ist die Krankheit durch Versendung von Wiirsten nach Grund und Zellerfeld verschleppt worden. Eltern, die ihren beim Militar stehenden Sohnen Wiirste geschickt hatten, haben dadurch das Auftreten der Trichinosis in Minden und Vegesack veranlasst." Idem, 1888, III (8), p. 51.— Veroff., 1888, p. 344; 103 cases, 3 deaths, distributed as follows: Wildemann, 93; Grund, 4; Lautenthal, 3; Zellerfeld, 3. The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. — Grun, 1890, p. 45: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. The inspector was acquitted on the ground that even with very careful inspection the trichinse may escape detection. "Da die zuge- zogenen Sachverstandigen erklarten, dass selbst bei sorgfaltiger Untersuchung die Durchsetzung eines Schweines mit Trichinen moglich sei, ohne zur Beobachtung zu gelangen."— Veroff., 1891, p. 296.— [Nord. Allg. Zeit., No. 513, vom 3. November.] Wolfsdorf, Kr. Heilsberg, R.-B. Konigsberg 12 cases, 1 death. Nath, 1891, p. 54: The hog had not been inspected.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245, and Ostertag, 1895, p. 416, cite 12 cases, 1 death, for Heilsberg in January and Febru- ary, 1887, which are probably the same. Zembowo, Kr. Buk, R. -B. Posen 3 cases, 2 deaths. Dieterich, 1891, p. 139. 1888: 134 cases, 14 deaths. Summary for the year.— In a total of 134 cases, 14 deaths, at least 20 cases appear to have been due to meat which was inspected awi TRICHINOSIS IN GEKMANY. 71 passed as free from trichince; 2 cases, 1 death, were due to meat from a condemned hog; 4 cases were due to sausage made before meat was inspected. No cases of trichinosis in man were found in the official or other sanitary reports for the following Kegierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1891), Arnsberg (Tenholt, 1891, p. 86), Aurich (Rapmund, 1890, p. 88), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1890, p. 68), Coeslin (Wernich, 1890, p. 99), Cologne (Schwartz, 1889, p. 32), Danzig (Zeuschner, 1891, p. 50), Diisseldorf (Weiss, 1890, p. 152), Erfurt (Pippow, 1892, p. 114), Frank- furt (Frankfurt, 1890, p. 39), Hannover (Becker, 1891, p. 94), Liegnitz (Philipp, 1890, p. 97), Liineburg (Alten, 1890), Magdeburg (Voigt, 1891, p. 30), Minden (Rapmund, 1892, p. 106), Miinster (Kolker, 1890, p. 80), Oppeln (Schmidtmann, 1893, p. 56), Osnabriick (Bitter, 1891), Posen (Dieterich, 1891, p. 139), Sigmaringen (Lauchert, 1890, p. 52), Stade (Bohde, 1890), Stettin (Katerbau, 1890, p. 109), Stralsund (Haselberg, 1890, p. 68), Trier (Schwartz, 1890), Wiesbaden (Wagner [18-], p. 76). Berlin [5 cases, 3 deaths]. See separate cases. Berlin 1 case, death. Veroff., 1888, p. 1: Charit6. Berlin 1 case, 1 death. Veroff., 1888, p. 69: 1 death mentioned. Berlin 2 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1888, p. 157: In hospital; 1 patient between 16 and 30 years old; 1 between 31 and 60 years old. Berlin 1 case, 1 death. Veroff., 1888, p. 241: Moabit hospital; 1 death mentioned. Breslau (R. -B.) [4 cases, death], Wolff, 1890, p. 39: Says no cases were reported for 1888. See, however, Oels. Bromberg (R.-B.) [36 cases, 2 deaths]. See Bromberg, 3; Gnesen, 2 (1); Inowrazlaw,, 25; Swiniary, 6 (1). Bromberg, R.-B. Bromberg, July 3 cases, death. Peters, 1890; p. 60: "Einige Personen;" exact number not given. Source of infection remained undetermined. Diagnosis based on symptoms. Cassel (R.-B.) - - [3 cases, death]. See Soldorf. Fischhausen, Memel, and Mohrungen, R.-B. Konigsberg-. [11 cases, 2 deaths]. Veroff., 1888, p. 119: See Mohrungen, Rogehen, and Schmelz. Gnesen (Landgericht) , R. -B. Bromberg 2 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1891, p. 63*: Hog had been condemned, but a portion appears to have been eaten. Gumbinnen (R.-B.) [14 cases, 1 death]. See Krupinnen. Hildesheim (R.-B.) [2 cases, 1 death]. See Obergrasmiihle. 72 BUEEATT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Inowrazlaw, R.-B. Bromberg, September 25? cases, death. Peters, 1890, p. 60: Exact number of cases not given. Diagnosis based on symp- toms. Source of infection not traced. — Archiv f. aiiim. Nahrungsmittelk., 1888, IV (3), Dec, p. 40: "Aus Inowrazlaw werden wiederum 20-30 Falle von Trich- inosis gemeldet. Die Organisation der Pleischbeschau in Inowrazlaw scheint trotz der traurigen Erfahrungen, welche man daselbst im vergangenen Winter erst gemacht, noch sehr im Argen zu liegen. Man nimmt an, dass das schadliche Schweinefleisch wiederum wie im Vorjahre mit Umgehung der Kontrolle von aus- wiirts eingefiihrt iat, aber die Polizeibehorde konnte bisher einen Schuldigen noch nicht ermitteln." Konigsberg (R.-B.) [26 cases, 4 deaths]. See Kossen, 2 (2); Mohrungen, 15; Eogehen, 6 (2); and Schmelz, 3. Konigsberg (E. -B.) [7 cases, death]. Veroff., 1888, p. 135: Vier Ortscbaften. This probably belongs with the other outbreaks. Konigs-Wusterhausen, R.-B. Potsdam, October .. 7 cases, death. Kanzow, 1890, pp. 63, 64: It is not stated whether the meat was inspected. Members of 6 families ate sausage made of raw pork sold at the Jahresmarkt. — Arch. f. anim. Nahrungsmittelk., 1888, IV (3), Dec, p. 40. Kossen, Kr. Heilsberg, R.-B. Konigsberg 2 cases, 2 deaths. Nath, 1891, p. 54: Meat not inspected. Krupinnen, Kr. Oletzko, R.-B. Gumbinnen, January-February 14 cases, 1 death. Passauer, 1890, p. 106: Hog was slaughtered in December, 1887, and was not inspected, but trichinae were afterwards found. Mansfeld, R.-B. Merseburg, February 6 cases, death. WoKf, 1890, p. 85: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. On account of the outbreak the meat was reinspected and, during the examination of a large number of preparations, now and then a trichina was found. — Veroff., 1891, p. 245: "Das Fleisch war sehr sparlich mit Trichinen durchsetzt, der Fleisch- beschauer konnte einer Fahrlassigkeit nicht beschuldet werden." — Ostertag, 1895, p. 417. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [16 cases, 3 deaths]. Michelsen, 1890, pp. 76, 77: No cases given in official report. See, however, Marienwerder, 2; and Thorn, 14 (3). , R.-B. Marienwerder 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1888, p. 283: Details not given. Merseburg (R.-B.) [6 cases, death]. See Mansfeld. Mohrungen (Kr.), R.-B. Konigsberg, February .. 15 cases, death. Veroff., 1888, p. 149: 1 case.— Nath, 1891, p. 54; 2 uninspected hogs concerned.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245: 15 cases in 6 villages. Hog not inspected.— Ostertag, 1899, p. 505. Obergrasmiihle bei Ilfeld, R.-B. Hildesheim, March. 2 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1891, p. 296.— Grun, 1890, p. 46: Meat not inspected. Oels (Landgericht), R.-B. Breslau 4 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, Beilage, p. 64*: Some sausage made before the meat was inspected was sold. Trichinae found by two inspectors. Fleischer K., TJrtheil, February 8, 1888. P'xact date of outbreak not given (1887, 1888). TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 73 Potsdam (R.-B.) [18 cases, death]. See Konigs-WuBterhausen, 7; Templin, 11. Rogehen, Kr. Fischhausen,R.-B. Konigsberg 6 cases, 2 deaths. Nath, 1891, p. 54.— Veroff., 1888, p. 119: 2 deaths.— Veroff., 1891, p. 24,5: December 31, 1887-January, 1888: 6 cases, 2 deaths. Meat not inspected.— Oster- tag, 1895, p. 417: 6 cases, 2 deaths. Schleswig-Holstein (R.-B.) [leases, death]. See Stelling. Schmelz, Kr. Memel, R.-B. Konigsberg 3 cases, death. Nath, 1891, p. 54.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245, January: Meat not inspected.— Oster- tag, 1899, p. 505. Soldorf, Kr. Rinteln, R.-B. Cassel 3 cases, death. Eockwitz, 1891, p. 62: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichina:. "Die Infection war auf den Genuss des Fleisches von Schweinen zuriickzufuhren, die untersucht und fiir trichinenfrei erklart worden waren." Stelling, Kr. Pinneberg, R.-B. Schleswig-Holstein, . 4 cases, death. Bockendahl, 1889, p. 105: Hog had eaten a rat in the spring and had been sick a long time in the summer.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245: 4 cases, December, in Kr. Pinne- berg.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417. Swiniary bei Gnesen, R. -B. Bromberg 6 cases, 1 death. Peters, 1890, p. 60: The meat had not been inspected. Templin, R.-B. Potsdam: 11 cases, death. Kanzow, 1890, p. 63: The hogioas inspected and passed a» free from trichinx. The inspector was made to pay the value of the hog. Thorn, R. -B. Marienwerder 14 cases, 3 deaths. Veroff., 1891, Beilage, p. 63*: The owner of the hog thought inspection unnec- essary. ' ' Im Auftrage der Angeklagten hatte ein Fleischer zwei demselben gehorige Schweine geschlachtet und die Untersuchung auf Trichinen gefordert. Die Ange- klagten lehnten dies aber als unnotig ab." 1889: 216 cases, 15 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 216 cases, 15 deaths, at least 28 cases were due to meat which was insjoected and passed as free from trichinae. In at least 60 other cases "it could not be proved that the meat had not been inspected according to regulations." Numerous other cases remain "unexplained;" 14 cases, 6 deaths, were due to condemned meat which was known to be trichinous. The outbreak at Krotoschin is interesting. No oflScial or other sanitary reports for 1889 are accessible to me for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Danzig, Liegnitz, Magdeburg, Sigmaringen. No cases of trichinosis in man for 1889 were found in the oflBcial sanitary reports or other sources for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1893), Arns- berg (Tenholt, 1894, p. 97), Aurich (Quittel, 1894, p. 43), Bromberg (Peters, 1893, pp. 47-49), Cassel (Weiss, 1894, p. 99), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1893}, Coeslin (Roth, 1893, p. 88), Cologne (Schwartz, 1893, p. 35), Erfurt (Pippow, 1894, p. 64), Gum- binnen (Passauer, 1893, p. 115), Hannover (Becker, 1894, p. 81), Hildesheim (Grun, 1894, p. 59), Liineburg (Noller, 1897, p. 184), Minden (Rapmund, 1894, pp. 101, 133), Miinster (Kolker, 1894, p. 66), Oppeln (Schmidtmann. 1893, p. 56), Osnabriick (Bit- 74 BXTEEA.ir OF ANIMAL INDPSTRY. ter, 1894, p. 27), Potsdam (Kanzow, 1893), Schleswig-Holstein (Bockendahl, 1893, pp.' 92-93), Stade (Bohde, 1893), Stettin (Katerbau, 1893, p. 94), Stralsund (Hasel- berg, 1894), Trier (Schwartz, 1894, pp. 41, 54), Wiesbaden (Pfeifier, 1894, p. 36^. Alt-Wartenburg, Kr. Allenstein, R.-B. Konigsberg, January 6 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1891, p. 245: 6 cases, 1 death.— Nath, 1894, p. 55: 6 cases, death.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 505: 6 cases, 1 death. Ahlsdorf, Hergisdorf, etc., Kr. Mansfeld, R.-B. Merseburg [18 cases, death]. Veroff., 1891, p. 245.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417: Cases unexplained. See, how- ever, Eisleben. Berlin and Charlottenburg At least 8 cases, 1 death. Wernich and Wehmer, 1893, pp. 133, 246: In this official report I found no cases recorded for 1889, 1890, and 1891. See, however, the following entries. The official statistics for Prussia (Preussen, 1897, pp. 188, 189) omit the Berlin cases. Berlin [^ cases, death]. Barnick, 1897, p. 214: Tlie hog was inspected in Rosenberg and passed as free from tn'chinx. Four cases occurred in Rosenberg from eating the meat, and "several" (3?) relatives in Berlin ate of a smoked ham from this hog which was sent to them. They became sick with trichinosis. See Rosenberg. Berlin [8 cases, death]. Ostertag, 1895, p. 411: In 1889 there were 8 cases in Berlin. All of there cases were due to pork sent in from outside of Berlin. [These figures do not agree i:i all detail with the official statistics].— Ostertag, 1899, p. 497: 8 cases, death. Berlin [4 cases, death]. Veroff., 1889, p. 199: Stadt. Krankh. Freidrichshain and Bethanien. Berlin [3 cases, 1 death]. Veroff., 1889, p. 341: Moabit Krankenhaus. Berlin [1 ? case, 1 death]. Veroff., 1889, p. 483: Augusta Hospital, 1 death. Berlin J [1 case, death]. Veroff., 1889, p. 567: Augusta Hospital, 1 case. Breslau (R.-B.) 14 cases, 6 deaths. Wolff, E., 1893, p. 49: Uncooked pork, which was brought from Kr. Warten- berg, although the meat had been declared trichinous, caused an outbreak of 14 cases, 6 of which were fatal. The owner and the seller were imprisoned for fifteen years. The date and place of this outbreak are not given, but this may be the same epidemic to which Schilling refers (see Wartenberg, 1889-1891). — Prussia, 1897, p. 188: Date not given. Report for 1889-1891. Burgwenden, Kr. Eckartsberga, R.-B. Merseburg, February 6 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, p. 245.— Wolff, 1893, pp. 88, 89: The hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinse. "Dieser [Kreisphysikus] stellte am 16. Februar die Trichinenkrankheit fest und wies in den vorhandenen Vorrathen die Trichinen nach, aber in so geringer Zahl, dass von einem fahrlassigen Verfahren bei der Unter- suchu,ng nicht die Rede sein konnte." — Ostertag, 1895, p. 417. — ^Prussia, 1897, p. 489: " * * * lag ein entschuldbares Uebersehen von Trichinen seitensdes Fleischbeschauers vor; sie waren niimlich nur in so sparlicher Zahl vorhanden, dass sie selbst bei genauer Durchmusterung der Priiparate schwer entdeckt werden konnten." TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 75 Diisseldorf (R.-B.) 20 cases, ? deaths. Weiss, 1893, p. 137: This Regierungs-Bezirk averages 20 cases per year (" durch- schnittlich 20 Erkrankungen jahrlich im hiesigen Regierungs-Bezirk")', but unfortunately the details are not given. Report for 1889-1891. It appears possi- ble that "Weiss has here simply adopted for 1889-1891 the estimate he made in 1890 based upon the years 1877-1886. The author of "Prussia" (1897, p. 189) accepts Weiss' s estimate. The application of the average for 1877-1886 to the years 1889-1891 is, however, open to decided question. Unless cases were actually known for 1889-1891, there is no ground for recording 20 cases per year based upon an average of former years. — Prussia, 1897, p. 189. Eisleben, Wimmelberg, Ahlsdorf, Hergisdorf, etc., R.-B. Merseburg, September 50 cases, death. Wolff, 1893, p. 89: The meat came from a party in Eisleben, in whose house- hold 3 cases occurred. "It could not be proven that the suspected hog had not been inspected according to regulations." It seems, therefore, probable that the meat which gave rise to the disease was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. "Die Sache wurde an die Staatsanwaltschaft zur weiteren Verfolgung abgegeben, doch musste das Verfahren eingestellt werden, weilder Nachweissnicht gef iihrt werden konnte, dass das verdiichtige Schwein nicht vorschriftsmiissig untersucht worden ware." — Veroff., 1891, p. 245: 20 cases in Eisleben, 12 in Wimmelberg, 18 in Ahlsdorf, Hergisdorf, etc. — Prussia, 1897, p. 189: It was not possible to demonstrate the source of infection. "Die Infektionsquelle war bei dieser Epidemie * * * nicht mit Sicherheitnachzuweisen." Fischhausen, Kr. Fischhausen, R.-B. Konigsberg, February 7 cases, 1 death. Veroff., 1889, p. 135: 7 cases.— Veroff., 1891, p. 245: 7 cases, 1 death. Hog had not been examined.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 505. [Could this be the salne as Alt-Powayen, 1890 ?] Frankfurt (R.-B.) [8 cases, death]. See Gr. Gandern. Gr. Gandern, Kr. West-Sternberg, R.-B. Frankfurt _ 8 cases, death. Wiebecke, 1893, p. 70: 6 to 8 persons. Apparently tlie meat was inspected and passed as free from trichinse, for the meat inspector, who was the sickest of all, was discharged.— Prussia, 1897, p. 188: 8 cases, "wobei der Fleischbeschauer, dem das Amt entzogen wurde, selbst am schwersten erkrankte." Gr. Peterwitz, Kr. Rosenberg, R.-B. Marienwerder. 3 cases, death. Barnick, 1897, pp. 214, 215: Hog not inspected, on which account the owner was fined 10 marks. Halle a. S., R.-B. Merseburg, November 14 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, p. 245.— Wolff, 1893, p. 89: Source of meat not proved.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 505: 14 cases in 7 families. Source of infection undeter- mined ("Die Ursache blieb im letzten [i. e., this] -Fall unaufgeklart).— Prussia, 1897, p. 189. Hergisdorf. See Eisleben. Konigsberg (R.-B.) ......-, [24 cases, 6 deaths]. Prussia, 1897, p. 188: 5 epidemics in R.-B. Konigsberg, with 33 cases, 5 deaths, during the years 1889-1891. In one case the meat was inspected and passed as free from trichinse [."In einem Falle lag erhebliche Fahrlmsigkeit des [deshalh abgesetzten) Fleischbeschauers vor, er hatte das betreffende Fleisch fiir trichinenfrei erklart. Fiir die anderen Fiille ist es nicht ersichtlich ob das Fleisch iiberhaupt untersucht 76 BUREAU Oi^ ANIMAL INDUSTRY. worden war."] According to my statistics there were 7 outbreaks with 43 cases, 8 deaths, during 1889-1891. For" 1889, see Alt-Wartenburg, 6 (1); Konigsberg, 3 (1); Fischhausen, 7 (1); Kossen, 8 (3). Konigsberg [R.-B. Konigsberg?], December 3 cases, 1 death. Lewin, 1891: 1 case, 1 death, and "other cases." Trichinse found. Kossen (Gut), Kr. Heilsberg, R.-B. Konigsberg, January 8 cases, 3 deaths. Veroff., 1889, p. 93: 8 cases, 3 deaths.— Veroft., 1891, p. 245: 8 cases, 2 deaths. Hog not inspected. — Nath, 1894, pp. 54, 55: 8 cases, 3 deaths.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 505: Though they do not agree in all detail, probablj' all of these cases refer to the same outbreak. Krotoschin [R. -B. Posen ?] 3 ? cases, 2 deaths. Veroff., 1891, Beilage, p. 64*: Samples were sent to an inspector, who refused to make the examination because he was not appointed for the village in which the hog was slaughtered. Several cases, 2 deaths. Lobau, R. -B. Marienwerder 5 cases, death. Prussia, 1897, p. 188. Magdeburg (R. -B.) [50 cases, death]. See Rogatz. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [12 cases, death]. See Lobau, 5; Gr. Peterwitz, 3; and Rosenberg, 4. Prussia, 1897, p. 188. Merseburg (R.-B.) - [69 cases, death]. See Burgwenden, 5; Eisleben, 50; and Halle; 14. Opalenitza, Kr. Gratz, R.-B. Posen, September 8 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, p. 245: " Grobe Pflichtwidrigkeit eines FleiscKbeschauers." The hog was evidenily inspected and passed as free from irichinx. — Garonne, 1894, p. 121: "Als Ursache Tconnte grobe Pflichtwidrigkeit eines Fleischbeschauersfestgestellt werden." — Ostertag, 1899, p. 505. Posen (R.-B.) [11 cases, 2 deaths]. See Krotoschin, 3 (2); and Opalenitza, 8. Prussia, 1897, p. 188: "Im Regierungs-Bezirke Posen wurden 44 Falle (darunter vier Todesfalle) bekannt; in zwei Fallen wurden die Fleischbeschauer arger Fahrliissigkeit iiberfuhrt und gerichtlich verurtheilt." Rogatz, R. -B. Magdeburg, September-October 60 cases, death. Archiv f. anim. Nahrungsmittelk., 1889, V (2), p. 28: "Im Laufe des September und Oktober d. J. erkrai;ikten in Rogatz (Rgb. Magdeburg) ca. 50 personen an der Trichinosis. Bei 15 Patienten waren die Krankheitserscheinungen recht schwer, doch wurden Todesfalle nicht beobachtet." Rosenberg, R. -B. Marienwerder 4 cases, death. Barnick, 1897, p. 214: The hog, home-slaughtered, was inspected and passed as free from trlchinx. Several relatives in Berlin were also takeu sick as a result of eating of the meat. The inspector's license was annulled, and he was imprisoned for two months. — Veroff., 1889, p. 235: 5 cases for Kreis Rosenberg. — Prussia, 1897, p. 188: 7 cases in Kreis Rosenberg. See. also Gr. Peterwitz. Wartenberg (near), March-April _ _ [16 cases, 4 deaths]. Schilling, 1889, pp. 289-291: The hog, slaughtered February 26, had been con- ■ demned. It was insured, and the butcher received the insurance. Instead of destroying the carcass, he gave some of it to his relatives and sold the rest. Oases belonging to this outbreak occurred in "Stadten B. und O." See Breslau. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 77 Wimmelberg,R.-B. Merseburg, September [12 cases, deathj. See Eisleben. Veroft., 1891, p. 245.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417. 1890: 96 cases, death. Summary for the year.— In a total of 96 cases, death, 11 canes were due to pork which was inspected and passed as free from trichinm. Eleven cases were due to sausage imported from Russian Poland. The 8 cases in Johannisburg district and the subsequent trial shed a light on the German system. The outbreak of 3 cases in Kr. Witkowo is interesting as showing that a microscopic inspection can not be guaranteed. iSTo official-or other sanitary reports for 1890 are accessible to me for tiie. following Regierungs-Bezirke: Danzig, Liegnitz, Magdeburg, Sigmaringen. No cases of trichinosis in man for 1890 were found in the oflBcial sanitary reports or other sources for the following Eegierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1893), Arns- berg (Tenholt, 1894, p. 97), Aurich (Quittel, 1894, p. 43), Breslau (Wolff, E., 1893, p. 49), Cassel (Weiss, 1894, p. 94), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1893) , Cologne (Schwartz, 1893, p. 35), Coeslin (Roth, 1893, p. 88), Erfurt (Pippow, 1894, p. 64), Hannover (Becker, 1894, p. 81), Hildesheim (Grun, 1894, p. 59), ?K6mgsberg (Nath, 1894, p. 55), Liineburg (NoUer, 1897, p. 184), Merseburg (Wolff, 1893, p. 89), Minden (Rapmund, 1894, pp. 101, 133), Miinster (Kolker, 1894, p. 66), Oppeln (Schmidt- mann, 1893, p. 56), 'Osnabriick (Bitter, 1894, p. 27), Potsdam (Kanzow, 1893), Schleswig-Holstein (Bockendahl, 1893, pp. 92,93), Stade (Bohde, 1893), Stettin (Katerbau, 1893, p. 94), Stralsund (Haselberg, 1894), Trier (Schwartz, 1894, pp. 41, 54), Wiesbaden (Pfeiffer, 1894, p. 36). Alt-Powayen, Kr. Fischhausen, R.-B. Konigsberg [7 cases, 2 deaths]. Nath, 1894, p. 55: Rauchwurst. There is evidently a mistake somewhere. The date may be a misprint for 1889 or 1891, for on the same page Nath states: "Das Jahr 1890 blieb frei." Could this be the same as Fischhausen, 1889?' Berlin and Charlottenburg C [1 case, death]. Wernich and Wehmer, 1893, pp. 133, 246: No caaes recorded in official report for 1889-1891 . See, however, below. Berlin : ^_ [1 case, death]. Veroff., 1890, p. 49: Friedrichshain Hospital. Bromberg (R.-B.) [23 cases, death]. SeeBrombei^, 11; Witkowo, 3,7: Wongrowitz, 2. , R.-B. Bromberg __. - 11 cases, death. Peters, 1893, p. 48: Family and friends of a physician. Exact locality not given. Sausage was imported from Russian Poland ( " Die Wurst war aus Eussisch- Polen importirt")-— Prussia, 1897, p. 188: 1889-1891, 5 epidemics with 24 cases, death, in R.-B. Bromberg. "In einem Falle, wo elf Personen erkrankten, handelte es sich um ungeriiucherte, nur getrocknete und aus Russisch-Polen eingefuhrte Wurst. Angesichts dieses Vorkommnisses ist durch eine Polizei- Yerordnung vom 29. Miirz 1889 [1890?] die obligatorische Untersuchung des aus Russland eingefiihrteh Schweinefleisches angeordnet worden." Budzyn (Gut), Kr. Schrim, R.-B. Posen .-- 16 cases, death. Garonne, 1894, p. 121. Y8 BUREAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Culm (Kr.), R.-B. Marienwerder 4 cases, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg., 1891, I (4), January, p. 67: Several light cases.— Barnick, 1897, p. 215: Meat not inspected.— Prussia, 1897, p. 188. Deutsch Krone, E.-B. Marienwerder 1 case, death. Finger, 1894a: Young hog was sick; when killed not examined.— Finger, 1894b, pp. 376-381: An interesting case of locaUzed trichinosis.— Prussia, 1897, p. 188. Diisseldorf (R.-B.) 20 cases, 'i death. Weiss, 1893, p. 137: See remarks under 1889. Frankfurt (R.-B.) [20 cases, death]. See Reppen. Gumbinnen (R.-B.) [H cases, death]. See Johannisburg, 3, 8. Passauer, 1893, pp. 111-115, apparently does not mention any cases in his official report, but Esser and Schiitz record two outbreaks in Johannisburg Kreis. Johannisburg (Kr.), [R.-B. Gumbinnen] (1890-1891). - Scases, death. Esser and Schiitz, 1894, p. 57: Hog was not inspected. "Several" cases. One woman aborted. Johannisburg (Kr.), [R.-B. Gumbinnen] (1890-1891) _ . 8 cases, death. Esser and Schiitz, 1894, pp. 55-57: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichime. In the trial of the inspector it was proved that he knew nothing about his business. Esser and Schiitz do not state how many other hogs this inspector had examined, but District Veterinarian Kleinpaul says that the trichina inspec- tion of the Johannisburg district is very poor. With this statement by a Govern- ment official in hand, the Germans have, nevertheless, accepted the statistics furnished by men whom their own officials acknowledge as totally incompetent to furnish the data, and who even have no conception of the methods of inspection. Konigsberg (R.-B.) [7 cases, 2 deaths]. See Alt-Powayen. Omit from statistics; probably belongs to 1889. Marienwerder (R.-B.) [5 cases, death.] See Culm, 4; Deutsch Krone, 1. Opalenitza, Kr. Graetz, and in Kr. Schrim, R.-B. Posen [16 cases, death]. Veroff., 1894, p. 209.— Ostertag, 1895, p. 417, and 1899, p. 506: See Budzyn; probably the same. Posen (R.-B.) [16 cases, death]. See Budzyn, 16; and Opalenitza. Reppen, R.-B. Frankfurt 20 cases, death. Wiebecke, 1893, p. 70: About 20 persons taken sick. Details not given. Not stated whether the meat was inspected or not, although inspection is obligatory in 20 Kreisen.— Prussia, 1897, p. 188. Witkowo (Kr.), R.-B. Bromberg, January 3 cases, death. Peters, 1893, pp. 47,48: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinse. Afterwards trichinee were found, but not until a large number of preparations were made. It was admitted that even in a case of careful examination the trichinse could escape detection. "Bei der mikroskopischen Untersuchung des Rauch- fleisches fanden sich vereinzelte Trichinen, jedoch erst nach Anfertigung einer grosseren Zahl von Prtiparaten. Die erkrankten Personen hatten das in Rede stehende Fleisch in rohem Zustande genossen und waren nur leicht erkrankt; fiinf TRICHINOSIS IK GERMANY. 79 andere Personen der Familie, die von demselben rohen Fleisch gegessen hatten, zeigten gar keine Krankheitserscheinungen. Da hiernach und auf Grand des iirztlichen Befundes angenommen werden musste, dass auch bei genauer Unter- suchung durch den Fleischbeschauer, der das Fleisch fur trichinenfrei erklart hatte, die Trichinen hatten unendeckt bleiben konnen, so wurde von Seiten der Staats- anwaltschaft von der Erhebung einer Anklage gegen den als sehr gewissenhaft bekannten Fleischbeschauer, einen Lehrer, Abstand genommen." "Witkowo (Kr.), E.-B. Bromberg, May 7 cases, death. Peters, 1893, p. 48: The infection came from some sausage and pork eaten twelve days before, and obtained from butchers in Gnesen and Tremessen. jMicroscropic inspection of what remained was negative. Wongrowitz (neighborhood of), R.-B. BromlxM-g. August 2 cases, death. Peters, 1893, p. 48: Source of infection could not be determined. 1891: 175 cases, 12 deaths. Summary for the year. — In a total of 175 cases, 12 deaths, at least 116 cases, 10 deaths, were due to meat which vma inspected avd ]_)as%ed m free from trichinm. American pork began to be imported toward the end of this year, but not a single case of trichinosis is reported as due to such pork. No official sanitary reports for 1891 are accessible to me for the following Eegie- rungs-Bezirke: Danzig, Magdeburg, Sigmaringen. No cases of trichinosis in man have been found in the official sanitary reports or other sources for the following Regierungs-Bezirke: Aachen (Trost, 1893), Aurich (Quittel,. 1894, p. 43), Breslau (Wolff, E., 1893, p. 49), Cassel (Weiss, 1894, p. 99), Coblenz (Massenbach, 1893), Coeslin (Roth, 1893, p. 88), Cologne (Schwartz, 1893, p. 35), Erfurt (Pippow, 1894, p. 64), Frankfurt (Wiebecke, 1893, p. 70), Gumbin- nen (Passauer, 1893, pp. Ill, 115), Hannover (Becker, 1894, p. 81), Hildesheim (Grun, 1894, p. 59), Liineburg (Noller, 1897, p. 184), Marienwerder (Barnick, 1897, pp. 214,215), Minden (Rapmund, 1894, pp. 101, 133), Miinster (Kolker, 1894, p. 66), Oppeln (Schmidtmann, 1893, p. 61), Osnabriick (Bitter, 1894, p. 27), Schleswig-Hol- stein (Bockendahl, 1893, pp. 92, 93), Stade (Bohde, 1893), Stralsund (Haselberg, 1894), Trier (Schwartz, 1894, pp. 41, 54), Wiesbaden (Pfeiffer, 1894, p. 36). Altena, R.-B. Arnsberg, October 40 cases, death. Zeitschrift f. Fleisch- und Milchhygiene, 1891, II (3), December, pp. 60, 61: More than 30.— Tenholt, 1894, p. 97: There is some doubt as to whether the meat was inspected or not— Veroft., 1895, p. 118.— Prussia, 1897, p. 189. "Der Schlachthaus-Inspektor selbst, ein approbierter Tierarzt, hatte ein Schwein mit der amtlichen Beglaubigung, dass es untersucht und trichinenfrei sei, dem freien ^'er- kehre iiberlassen; erst etwa 14 Tage spater stellte es sich heraus dass das Fleisch dieses Schweines formlich mit Trichinen wie iibersiiet war. An dem Tage, als der That keine Trichinen gefunden haben, und da er dem Werner keine Mittheilung machte, wurde von diesem und seiner Familie das Schweinefleisch gegessen. Bald nach dem Genuss erkrankten sammtliche Fami- lienmitglieder, und der Tischlermeister Werner selbst starb in der Nacht zum 25. Januar d. J. Die Section nat ergeben, dass er an Trichinosis zu Grunde gegangen ist. Die Schuld an seinem Tode und der Erkrankung der iibrigen Familienmit- glieder triigt der -Angeklagte, welcher nachlassiger Weiae das Schweinefleisch ofienbar iiberhaupt nicht untersucht hat. Bald darauf wurde das Fleisch von einem anderen Fleischbeschauer und auch durch den Kreisthierarzt untersucht und Trichinen in grosser Menge gefunden, so dass der Angeklagte bei v^wendung auch nur der geringsten Aufmerksamkeit das Vorhandensein der Trichinen hatte erkennen miissen. Auch in den von der Leiche entnommenen Fleischtheilen haben arztliche Sachverstandige Trichinen gefunden und dadurch zweifellos fest- gestellt, dass die Trichinen durch den Genuss des Schweinefleisches auf den Werner ubertragen wurden. Der Angeklagte wurde zu einer Gefangnisstrafe von einem Jahr und drei Monaten verurtheilt.' " — Idem, June 21: " Die Strafkammer verur- theilte den Fleischbeschauer Lehwald aus Konigsdorf, der durch nachlassige Untersuchung des Schweinefleisches die Erkrankung der Tischlerfamilie Werner und den Tod des Tischlers Werner in Folge Trichinosis verursachte, wegen fahr- lassiger Todtung und Korperverletzung zu 1 Jahr 3 Monaten Gefangniss." — Der Fleischbeschauer, IV (7), July 1: "Uebersehens von Trichinen. Der Fleisch- beschauer Lehwald in Konigsdorf bei Braunsberg hatte einige Tage vor Weihnach- ten 1898 ein Schwein des Tischlers W. zu untersuchen, wobei er Trichinen nicht gefunden haben will. Er hat aber auch das Schwein nicht als trichinenfrei abgestempelt, vielmehr mit dem W. vereinbart wenn er nicht wiederkiime sei alles in Ordnung. Anfangs Januar brach in der Famihe W. nun Trichinoae aus, woran W. am 25. Januar starb. Sowohl die Leichensektion wie die Untersiichung des noch vorhandenen Fleisches ergab das Vorhandensein von Trichinen. Nach dem Gutachten des Kreisthierarztes hatte L. bei nur geringer Aufmerksam- keit die Trichinen flnden miissen, da das Schwein in bedeutendem Grade trichinos war. Der Gerichtshof verurtheilte ihn zu-einem Jahr drei Monaten Gefangniss." — Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg., 1899, IX (8), May, p. 159: 4 cases, 1 death, in Konigsberg. Home-slaughtered hog. Possibly this reference belongs here. Magdeburg (R.-B.) Magdeburg lease, death. Veroff., 1899, XXIII (24), June 14, p. 490: In hospital. No details. Magdeburg (R.-B.) Magdeburg 3 cases, death. Veroff., 1899, XXIII (39), September 27, p. 813: In Iwspital. No details. Marienwerder(R.-B.) 3 cases, death. Veroff., 1899, XXIII (32), August 9, p. 653: No details. Marienwerder (R.-B.) 2 cases, death, Veroff., 1899, XXIII (33), August 16, p. 681: No details. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 99 Melno, Kr. Graudenz [R.-B. Marienwerder ?] 1 case, death. Der Fleischbeschauer, 1899, IV (9), September 1, p. 116: "Der Sohn des Waldwarters D. aus Melno, der bei dem Fleischermeister P. in Podrzewie Prov. Posen das Fleischerhandwerk erlernt, besuchte semen Vater und erkrankte sogleich. * * * Der Arzt stellte Erkrankung an Trichinosis fest. Der Erkrankte erziihlt, er habe bei seinem Meister Bratwurst gemacht und dabei rohes Schweinefleisch gegessen." Mittenwalde [R.-B. Bromberg, or Potsdam, or Breslau ?] 11 cases, 1 death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg., 1899, X (3), p. 60: "In Mittenwalde in ScMesien ist eine Trichinenepidemie ausgebrochen, der bereita eine Person zum Opfer gef alien ist." Mittelwalde [11 cases, death]. Der Fleischbeschauer, 1899, IV (12), December 1, p. 150: "Keine Trichinosis in Mittelwalde. Wie uns von zustandiger Seite mitgeteilt wird, sind in Mittel- walde i. Schles. zwar 11 Personen an einer der Trichinose ahnlichen Krankheit erkrankt gewesen, doch haben bei den von der verstorbenen Fleischermeisters- Ehefrau Fichtner entnommenen Fleischstiickchen Trichinen nicht festgestellt werden konnen. Hiemach hat es sich wohl um eine der Trichinose ahnliche Krankheit gehandelt, aber nicht um Trichinose selbst." FBtrSSIAN CASES (1881-1898) ABBANGED BT BEGIEBT7NGS- BEZIBKE. In order to determine the geographic distribution of the outbreaks in Prussia, the cases are here arranged according to Regierungs-Bezirke, and in order to judge whether the entire absence of the disease in cer- tain districts or the absence in certain other districts during given years maj'^ be attributed exclusively to the microscopic inspection, quotations are made from official reports relative to the efficiency of the inspectors, condition of their instruments, etc. It should be borne in mind that the individual ideas of the present writer are not involved in these quotations. On the contrary, this is a compilation of European — chiefly German — evidence. It will be noticed that no cases have been gathered for the years in question for the following nine districts: Aachen, Aurich, Coblenz, Liineburg, Minden, Osnabriick, Sigmaringen, Stade, and Trier. The other districts may be arranged, with reference to their number of cases and deaths, as follows: Miinster (1), Hannover (3), Wiesbaden (3), Stralsund (4, 1), Stettin (18), Danzig (20, 3), Schleswig-Holstein (24,1), Oppeln (26), Coeslin (46), Liegnitz" (65, 8), Arnsberg (69, 1), Diissel- dorf (84, 3), Berlin (87, 10), Gumbinnen (103, 8), Breslau (108, 14), Hildesheim (112, 4), Erfurt (121, 1), Cologne (127), Frankfurt a. O. (137, 14), Cassel (150, 2), Potsdam (158, 1), Posen (219, 21), Bromberg (269, 5), Konigsberg (313, 33), Marienwerder (333, 15), Magdeburg (572, 16), Merseburg (651, 14). Aachen case, death. No official sanitary reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1882, 1895-1898, and no cases have been found recorded for the Bezirk for 100 BUEEATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTBT. the years 1880-1898. Trost (1883, pp. 42, 43; 1887, pp. 49, 56) states that no cases have ever been known in the district. This freedom from the disease can not, however, be attributed to the microscopic inspection; in fact, the consensus of opinion in this dis- trict has been against the introduction of the system, as seen from the following extracts from official sanitary reports: ' ' Die Einf iihrung der obligatorischen Trichinenschau ist wiederholt Gegenstand (ler eingehendsten Erorterungen der Koniglichen Eegierung gewesen. Im Jahre 1875 wurde die Frage der Einf iihrung der obligatorischen Untersuchung des Schweine- fleisches auf Trichinen sammtlichen Landrathen des Bezirks zur gutachtlichen Aeusserung vorgelegt und haben dieselben sich ohne Ausnahme dagegen erkliirt. Im Jahre 1879 war die allgemeine Fleischbeschau wiederum Gegenstand sorgfaltiger Berathung der Koniglichen Eegierung. Auch jetzt wurde von der obligatorischen Fleischuntersuchung Abstand genommen, well die Griinde welche friiher fiir die Nichteinf iihrung derselben massgebend waren, noch heute fortbestehen. Es ist im hiesigen Bezirke noch kein Fall von Trichinose vorgekommen. Geeignete Personen fiir die Untersuchung, namentlich in der Eifel wie iiberhaupt in den landlichen Ortschaften sind nicht vorhanden und wohl kaum zu bekommen. Eine mangelhaf te Untersuchung schadet mehr als sie nutzt. * * * Uas Schweinefleisch wird im hiesigen Bezirk fast ausschliesslich im gekochten Zustande genossen." — Trost, 1883, ■pp. 4^, 43. Four years later Trost (1887, pp. 49, 56) states that no cases of trich- inosis have ever been known in this Regierungs-Bezirk, and that the introduction of the obligatory inspection for hogs slaughtered here has not been found necessary. Referring to the subject again, after another four years, Trost (1891, p. 106) remarks as follows: ' ' Wie in den vorigen, so ist auch in diesen drei Berichtsjahren bei der Koniglichen Eegierung die Einfiihrung der obligatorischen mikroskopischen Untersuchung des Schweinefleisches auf das Vorhandensein von Trichinen wiederholt Gegenstand eingehendster Erorterungen gewesen, obgleich sich ein Bediirfiiiss fiir die Einfiih- rung derselben im diesseitigen Bezirke nie geltend gemacht hat. " Sammtliche Landrathe des Bezirks halten eine Nothwendigkeit der Einfiihrung jener Untersuchung nicht fiir vorhanden und bezweifeln, wenn auch nicht Zweck- massigkeit, so doch ihre Ausfiihrbarkeit. "Auf dem ilachen Lande und in der Eifel erfolgt namlich das Schlachten der Schweine hauptsachlich nur in den beiden Wintermonaten Januar und Februar, wahrend in den iibrigen Monaten des Jahres nur ganz ausnahmsweise stattfindet. Eine sorgfaltige mikroskopische Untersuchung, welche doch nur allein Schutz gegen Trichinose bieten wurde, ist, da es in Anbetracht des eben erwahnten Umstandes auf dem Lande an einer zur Vornahme solcher Untersuchung geniigenden Anzahl qualiflcirter Personlichkeiten mangelt, nicht ausfiihrbar. Miissten jedoch trotzdem die Untersuchung vorgenommen werden, so wiirde dies naturgemass nur in hochst oberflachlicher Weise geschehen konnen; eine solche Untersuchung bietet aber durchaus keine Sicherheit gegen die Gefahr der Trichinose. * * * Ausserdem wird, was unzweifelhaft die grosste Sicherheit gegen die Gefahr der Trichinose bil- det, im hiesigen Bezirke fast ohne Ausnahme das Schweinefleisch nur gekocht resp. stark gebraten verzehrt. Gegen robes und selbst gegen nicht ganz durchgebra- tenes also immerhin noch rohes Fleisch besteht in alien Schichten der Bevolkerung ein grosser Widerwillen." It would appear that the opposition to the introduction of the micro- scopic inspection has, in part at least, been overcome, for regulations TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 101 authorizing the inspection were issued on August 27, 1897, and Feb- ruary 25, 1898. Arnsberg 69 cases, 1 death. Official records for the years 1892-1898 are not accessible. No cases were found for the years 1882 (Schonfeld; 1884) 1883, 1884 (Katerbau, 1888, p. 121); 1886-1888 (Tenholt, 1891, p. 86); 1889, 1890 (Tenholt, 1894, p. 97); 1892-1898. The following records have been found: 1881, 24 cases, 1 death. All due to inspected meat. 1885, 5 cases, death. The hog had been inspected. 1891, 40 cases, death. The hog was certified as inspected, but doubts have been raised as to whether it was really examined. Of these 69 cases it will be noticed that at least 29 were caused by inspected meat, while 40 more were caused by meat which was officially certified as inspected. No cases have been attributed to American meats. " Altena erfreut sich eines ofientlichen Schlachthauses; gleichwohl lehrt der Fall, dass auch in solchen, in erster Linie fur die offentliche Sicherheit errichteten Anstalten die grobsten Versehen vorkommen konnen, wenn die Vorschriften zwar vorhanden sind, aber die Ausfiihrung derselben nicht gehorig iiberwacht wird. ' ' Der Schlachthaus-Inspector, ein approbirter Thierarzt, der zugleich die Unter- suchung der Schweine auf Trichinen und Finnen in ganz bestimmt vorgeschriebener Weise vorzunehmen hatte, hat das Schwein, von welchem die Infection nachweis- lich ausgegangen ist, hochst wahrscheinlich gar nicht untersucht. Es waren an dem betreffenden Tage ausserordentlich viele, etwa zwanzig Schweine im Schlachthause geschlachtet worden. Die hierdurch bedingte reichliche Arbeit in Verbindung mit dem Umstande, dass unter den westfalischen Schweinen nur ausserst selten bisher Trichinen entdeckt worden sind, mag den Fleischbeschauer zu der Unterla^sungs- siinde verleitet haben. "Die ersten Krankheitsfiille erkannte Herr Dr. vom Hofe; derselbe stellte die Diagnose durch den Nachweis der Trichinen in den von ihm aus der Muskulatur eines seiner Patienten entnommenen Fleischtheilchen fest. Zufolge dessen wurden noch an demselben Tage die noch vorhandenen trichinosen Speckseiten und Schinken, sowie weiterhin ermittelt, dass das betrefiende, etwa 14 Tage vorher im Schlachthause geschlachtete Schwein, unter der amthchen Beglaubigung, dass es untersucht und trichinenfrei befunden sei, dem Verkehr iiberlassen worden war. Es ist, wie gesagt, huchstwahrscheinlich gar nicht untersucht worden, denn bei der nachtraglichen Untersuchung fand sich das Fleisch der vorerwahnten Stiicke derartig iibersaet mit Trichinen, dass dieselben unmoglich hatten iibersehen werden konnen, zumal sich auch ergab, dass das Mikroskop und die sonstigen Gerathschaften des Fleisch- beschauers, wie auch seine persOnlichen Fertigkeiten nichts zu wiinschen iibrig liessen."— Tenholt, 1894, p. 97. Aurich case, death. Official sanitary reports for 1881, 1882, and 1895-1898 are not accessible; and no cases of trichinosis have been found for the years 1881-1898. Kapmund (1887, p. 142) states that no cases were observed during the years 1883, 1884, and 1885; or (1890, p. 8S) 1886, 1887, and 1888. Quittel (1894, p. 43) gives no eases under Zoonosen for 1889, 1890, and 1891; or (1896, p. 90) 1892, 1893, and 1894. A statement made by Quittel (1894, pp. 90, 91) is interesting and important. It leads one to suspect that Aurich does not owe its 102 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTET. immunity entirely to the trichina inspection. He says that of a total of 49,413 hogs inspected during the years 1889-1891, not a single animal was found to be trichinous. To many persons this statement mskj mean that none of the swine slaughtered in Aurich were infected, but other persons may find it difficult to accept this explanation. Berlin 87 cases, 10 deaths. No local official sanitary reports are accessible to me for the years 1895-1898. As is shown elsewhere, the reports for the years 1881-1894 do not agree in all details, but, as nearly as I have been able to gather, no cases are reported for the years 1886 (Pistor, 1890, p. 169); 1892, 1894, 1896-1898. The cases collected for the other years are: 1881, 21 cases, 2 deaths. Five cases due to inspected meat; 8 cases given without details; source not traced, 3 cases; source known, no details given regarding inspec- tion, 5 cases, 1 death. 1882, 3 cases, death. May have' been due to inspected meat, but this is doubtful. 1883, 6 cases, 1 death. Source of infection not given (4) or not known (2). 1884, 10 cases, 1 death. Source not given for 8 cases, 1 death; 2 cases due to meat from Potsdam; details regarding inspection not given. 1885, 15 cases, 1 death. Twelve cases, 1 death, due to inspected meats; no details, , 3 cases. 1887, 7 cases, 1 death. Five cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat from Neu- Kulm-See; details regarding other cases not given. 1888, 5 cases, 3 deaths. Details not given; possibly 1 case, 1 death, repeated from 1887. 1889, 8 cases, 1 death. Said to be due to meat sent in from outside; several (3 ?) cases due to inspected meat; details of other cases not given. 1890, 1 case, death. Source of infection not given. 1891, 1 case, death. Source of infection not given. 1893, 9 cases, death. Said to be due to meat sent in from outside; details regard- ing inspection not given. 1895, 1 case, death. Source of infection not stated. [1898, 2 cases, death; source known; other cases; reference obtained after manu- script was completed, hence these cases are not included in summaries.] [1899, 1 case, death. Source of infection not stated.] Omitting the year 1899 (see p. 97), it is thus seen that a total of 87 cases, 10 deaths, are reported. None of these appear to have been due to meat officially inspected in Berlin; 5 cases appear to have been due to meat unoffidally inspected in Berlin; and 16 cases, 1 death (pos- sibly 18 cases, 1 death), appear to have been due to meat inspected elsewhere. The details regarding a number of cases, both before 1892 and since that date, are incomplete. At any rate, not a single case has been attributed to American meats; in fact, 1 have found only 1 case (1895) recorded since 1893. It is interesting to note that probably the most. rabid attacks made upon American pork issue from a certain daily paper published in Berlin, yet 55 cases occurred in this city, or an average of 6^ cases per year, during the years (1883-1891) of the prohibition, while only 10 cases (an average of If cases per year) have been recorded for the TKICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 103 period 1892-1898, during which American pork has been imported under certificate. During the nine years when American pork waa excluded, 8 deaths occurred; during the seven years of importation under certificate, not a single death appears to have been reported. Thus it is difficult to see how American pork has been so dangerous as alleged for the Berlin public. It is interesting to note that the Berlin police authorities have felt it necessary to warn people against relying too implicitly upon the Ger- man inspection, as shown in the following: Prussia. — Berlin. — Warning against eating rarv pork.^ As experience has shown, the general public does not sufRciently take cognizance of the fact that even -when a well-organized and reliable local inspection of all slaughtered swine exists, nevertheless, pork which has not been examined at all or has been superficially examined comes on the market and is a source of great danger to life and health; this uninspected or poorly inspected pork comes in part from places in which inspection is carried on, yet is not required for all hogs, in part from places where no inspection is carried on, and in part is due to an evasion of the existing laws. Warning is therefore given against the use as food of all raw pork, and it is fur- ther brought to the nptice of the public that a thorough cooking of the meat, as well as of all pork products (meat, blood-liver sausages, dumplings, pickled pork, etc.), will kill any trichiriae which are present, and thus exclude all danger of infection. In order to bring about a thorough cooking of larger pieces, it is necessary to make deep incisions in the meat, about 8 cm. (4 inches) apart, so that the necessary degree of heat (lit. boiling heat) can penetrate to the deepest layers. (Signed) Freiherr v. Richthoven {President), Chief of Police. Berlin, March SO, 1889. '[Original.] Preussen. — Berlin. — Warnung vor dem Genuss von rohem Schweinefieisch. Wie die Erfahrung mehrfach erwiesen hat, beherzigt das Publikum die Thatsache immer noch nicht genugend, dass selbst dann, wenn eine gut organisirte und zuver- lassige Fleischschau am Wohnort fiir alle geschlachteten Schweine besteht, doch theils aus Orten, in welchen die Fleischschau zwar eingefiihrt aber nicht fiir alle geschlachteten Schweine vorgeschrieben ist, theils aus Orten ohne jede Fleischschau, theils endlich mit Umgehung der bestehenden Bestimmungen, gar nicht oder man- gelhaft untersuchtes Schweinefieisch in den Verkehr gelangen und grosse Gefahren fiir Leben und Gesundheit der Konsumenten herbeifiihren kann. Es wird daher vor dem Genuss jeglichen rohen Schweinefleisches ernstlich gewarnt und ferner darauf hingewiesen, dass lediglich ein vollkommenes Garkochen (Durchbraten) der Fleischstiicke, wie sammtlicher Zubereitungen aus Schweine- fieisch (Fleisch, Blut-Leberwiirste, Klosse, Siilzen, etc.) im Stande ist, die etwa vor- handenen Trichinen zu todten und dadurch jede Gefahr einer Gesundheitsschiidi- gung auszuschliessen. Um das Garkochen, Durchbraten grosserer, dicker Stiicke (Schinken, Genickbraten, etc.) zu ermogUchen, ist es nothwendig, tiefe, etwa 8 cm. von einander entfemte Einschnitte in die betreffenden Stucke zu maehen, damit auf diesem Wege die Siedhitze auch auf die tiefst gelegenen Fleischschichten hinreich- end einwirken vermag. Berlin, den 20. Miirz 1889. Der Polizei-Prasident. (Gez. ) Freiherr von Richthoven. 104 BUEEATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Breslau 108 cases, 14 deaths. No official reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1883, 1895-1898. No cases have been collected for the years 1881, 1883, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898. The following cases have been compiled: 1882, 7 cases, 1 death. One case, 1 death, due to inspected meat; 6 cases to unin- spected meat. 1884, 4 cases, 1 death. One case, 1 death, due to condemned meat; 3 cases to "imported [from where?] meat." 1885, 23 cases, 4 deaths. Sixteen cases, 3 deaths, due to inspected meat; 3 other cases may have been due to inspected meats; 4 cases, 1 death, to uninspected meat. 1886, 20 cases, 1 death. Seven cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat; details not complete for other 13 cases; source of 3 cases known. 1887, 19 cases, 1 death. Seventeen cases, 1 death, due to inspected meat; 2 cases due to meat eaten before inspection. 1888, 4 cases, death. Due to sausage made before meat was inspected. 1889, 14 cases, 6 deaths. Due to condemned meat. 1892, 3 cases, death. Apparently due to inspected meat. 1895, 5 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. 1897, 9 cases, death. All due to inspected meat. Thus, of 108 cases, 14 deaths, collected for 1881-1898, 84 cases, 13 deaths, are reported for the nine years when American pork was excluded; the 7 cases reported for 1882 are accounted for; of the remaining 17 cases, death (reported since 1891), 14 cases appear to have been due to inspected meats. The details of 3 cases are lacking, but no one seems to have ever suggested that they were due to Amei'i- can meat. In view of these statistics it is somewhat difficult to see that American pork has been responsible for any cases of trichinosis in this Regierungs-Bezirk. Wolflf (1890, p. 39), in discussing the inspection, remarks: Bei den periodischen, von den Kreismedicinalbeamten ausgefiihrten Eevisionen, der von den Fleischbeschauern bei Ausubung ihres Berufs gebrauchten Mikroskope ist die Erfahrung gemacht worden, dass in nicht seltenen Fallen die Mikroskope der Fleischbeschauer schadhaft und von schlechter Beschaffenheit waren. With this official testimony that a number of microscopes were out of order and of poor construction, we must either conclude that Bres- lau does not owe its comparative freedom from trichinosis entirely to the microscopic inspection, or that the Breslau inspectors are so keen sighted that they can easily detect trichina with poor microscopes. As to the probability of the latter explanation, the reader is referred to the above statistics. Even when meat is known to be trichinous there seems to be some fatality in Breslau about its not being safeguarded in such a way as not to cause trichinosis, for 14 cases, 6 deaths, were due to condemned meat, which, had it been properly cooked or cured, could have been safely eaten. Bromberg.,.. .._ £69 cases, 5 deaths. Official Bezirk sanitary reports are not accessible for the years 1896- 1897. No cases found recorded for the years 1873-1882 (Strahler, TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 105 1883); 1889 (Peters, 1893, pp. 47-49); 1893 (Siedamgrotzky, 1896, pp. 51, 52); 1896, 1898. The following cases have been collected: 1883, 20 cases, 2 deaths. Meat was inspected and known to be trichinous, but was made into sausage. 1884, 11 cases, death. Eight cases due to inspected meat; 3 cases to uninspected meat. 1885, 90 cases, death. Traced to two butchers who were in the habit of smug- gling meat away from the inspection. 1886, 1 case, death. Meat eaten before hog was inspected. 1887, 45 cases, 1 death. It is possible that the meat was not inspected; may have been smuggled. See p. 68. 1888, 36 cases, 2 deaths. Two cases, 1 death, due to condemned meat; 25 cases to meat which is supposed to have been smuggled away from the inspection; 6 cases, 1 death, to uninspected meat; source of 3 cases not determined. 1890, 23 cases, death. Three cases due to inspected meat; 11 cases to pork imported from Russia; source of 2 cases not traced; details regarding inspection for 7 cases not given. 1891, 1 case, death. Meat not inspected. 1892, 12 cases, death. All dueto inspected meats. 1894, 19 cases, death. Eighteen cases due to inspected meat; 1 case due to meat eaten before it was inspected. 1895, 8 cases, death. Traced to official rations, hence source determined; details regarding inspection not given. 1897, 3 cases, death. Source of infection not given. It will be seen that R.-B. Bromberg has not a very enviable history so far as its outbreaks of trichinosis are concerned. In a total of 269 cases, 5 deaths, 227 cases, 5 deaths, occurred during the years 1883- 1891, and 42 cases, death, during the years 1892-1898. Of the total 269 cases, 5 deaths, 41 cases were due to inspected meat; 70 cases, " 1 death, supposed to be due to meat which was smuggled away from the inspection; 90 cases due to meat sold by butcher's who were in the habit of smuggling meat away from the inspection; 22 cases, 3 deaths, due to inspected meat known to be trichinous; 3 cases due to meat eaten before it was inspected; 10 cases, 1 death, due to meat which was not inspected; 11 cases due to meat imported from Russia, details regarding inspection not given; source of 16 cases known, but details regarding inspection not given; source not traced in 5 cases; source not given in 3 cases. Thus all cases are accounted for except 8; 5 of these occurred during the exclusion of American meats. For the 3 casesin 1897 no details are given. Not a single one of the 40 cases during 1892-1898 has been alleged to be due to American meats. The trichina inspection was instituted by an order dated January 4, 1875. Strahler (1883, pp. 70, 71) calls attention to the higher percent- age of trichinosis among the hogs in the Kreisen Wongrowitz, Gnesen, Mogilno, and Inowrazlaw, and says that prior to the introduction of the microscopic inspection trichinosis in man was frequently observed in these places, especially in Wongrowitz. Peters (1890, p. 59) states 106 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTBY. that it has not been possible to introduce the inspection in all the countr}' places: "Im hiesigen Bezirk besteht bis jetzt noch nicht die uble Gewohnheit, Schweiiie- fleisch im rohen Zustande zu geniessen, daher ist trotz der ausserordentlichen Ver- beitung der Trichinen unter den Schweinen die Htiuflgkeit der Erkrankungen beiin Menschen keine sehr grosse, obwohl die obligatorische Untersuchung des Schweine- fleisches in den liindlichen Ortschaften noch nicht iiberall eingefuhrt werden konnte."— Peters, 1890, p. 69. From the aljove discussion it is not clear that the inspection alone has resulted in entirel}^ protecting this district from trichinosis. Cassel 150 cases, 2 deaths. No official health reports are accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases of trichinosis appear to be recorded for the years 1883, 1885 (Eockwitz, 1888, p. 35); 1887 (Rockwitz, 1892, p. 62); 1889-1894 (Weiss, 189i, p. 99; 1896, p. 108); 1895-1898. The following sta- tistics have been collected: 1881, 49 cases, death. Forty-one cases due to inspected meats; source of 8 cases not known. 1882, 35 cases, death. Eighteen cases due to inspected meats; 17 due to unin- spected meats. 1884, 51 cases, death. All apparently due to inspected meats. 1886, 12 cases, 2 deaths. All apparently due to inspected meats. 1888, 3 cases, death. All apparently due to inspected meats. Thus, of a total of 160 cases, 2 deaths, 84 cases occurred before American pork was excluded, 59 of which were due to inspected meat, 17 to uninspected meat^ while the source of infection in 8 cases is not stated. During the exclusion of American pork 66 cases, 2 deaths, occurred, all of which appear to have been due to inspected meats. Since the readmission of American pork no cases appear to have been reported. Rockwitz (1888, p. 236) refers to the "Mangel der Tri- chinenschau [und] Unzuverlassigkeit der Beschauer." -■ — ~ Coblenz case, death. Official sanitary reports for the years 1881, 1882, and 1895-1898, are not accessible, but no cases of trichinosis for these years were found in the official statistics of the Imperial health office. No cases were found in the official sanitary reports of the R.-B. Coblenz for the vears 1883-1894 (Massenbach, 1887, p. 61; 1890, p. 68; 1893; and Wehmer, 1897.) Under these circumstances it can hardly be alleged that the attacks on American pork by the German press find any support in the sanitary history of Coblenz. Wehmer (1897, p. 57) remarks: "Uebrigens schweben inzwischen Verhandlungen wegen Wieder-Einfiihrung einer allgemeinen Trichinen- und Finnenschau f iir den ganzen Regierungsbezirk." As no general and universal inspec- tion system has existed in the district, it can hardly be claimed that Coblenz owes its immunity from trichinosis to the microscopic inspec- tion; and, as no cases of trichinosis are reported, it can hardly be TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 107 maintained that American pork has spread this disease among the inhabitants of K.-B. Coblenz. Coeslin 46 cases, death. No local official sanitary reports are accessible for the years 1895- 1898. No cases appear to be reported for the years 1881 (Massenbach, 1883, p. 39); 1882 (Massenbach, 1884); 1884 (Wernich, 1887, p. 163); 1886, 1888 (Wernich, 1890, p. 99); 1889-1891 (Roth, 1893, p. 88); 1892- 1894 (Grisar, 1896, p. 116); 1895-1898. The only cases found were: 1883, 1 case, death. Meat apparently not inspected. 1885, 3 cases, death. Sausage eaten before meat was inspected. 1887, 42 cases, death. All apparently due to meat which had either been inspected, or had been smuggled away from the inspection. Thus 48 cases, death, are reported for the years 1888-1891, while no cases have been found for the years 1892-1898. Grisar (1896, p. 116) remarks: " Die mikroskopische Fleischbeschau ist nunmehr in sammtlichen 23 Stadten. wahrend der Berichtszeit (1892-94) eingefiihrt worden. Fiir das platte Land ist diese Massregel, von vereinzelten grosseren Ortschaften abgesehen, wo die mikro- skopische Fleischbeschau privatim ausgeiibt wird, bisher nicht gehandhabt wor- den." Grisar also states that some American pork is brought in through Russia, a statement I find it difficult to interpret, since Russia does not import American pork. Cologne [Koln] - 127 cases, death. No official district health reports are accessible for the years 1895- 1898. No cases appear to be reported for the years 1884, 1885 (Schwartz, 1887); 1886-1888 (Schwartz, 1893, p. 35); 1889-1891 (Schwartz, 1893, p. 35) ; 1892-1894 ( Weyhof er, 1897). The only cases found for the period 1881-1898 are: 1881, 3 cases, death. Ham from Westphalia; details regarding inspection not given. 1882, 89 cases, death. Due to condemned meat. 1883, 35 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. Besides these 127 cases, death, none of which have ever been alleged to be due to American meat, there is a reference to 1 case (by Bouley, 1884, p. 395) for 1883, which he attributes to American pork. As is shown on p. 173, this may possibly refer to a cat. (See also p. 178.) There are but few parts of Prussia where more severe attacks appear upon American pork than in the R.-B. Cologne. The Cologne statistics, however, would give rise to the suspicion that these attacks are not based entirely upon purely sanitary motives. Danzig ' 20 cases, 3 deaths. No official local health reports are accessible for the years 1881- 1882 1889-1891, 1895-1898. No cases appear to be recorded for the 108 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTET. years 1881-1882; 1883-1886 (Zeuschner, 1887); 1888 (Zeuschner, 1891, p. 50); 1889-1891; 1893-1894 (Borntraeger, 1897, p. 160); 1895-1898. The only cases found are: 1886, 2 cases, 2 deaths. From sausage; details regarding inspection not given. 1887, 10 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. 1892, 8 cases, 1 death. Source known; details regarding previous inspection not given. Thus, of the 20 cases, 3 deaths, collected, 12 cases, 2 deaths, occurred while American pork was excluded, and the 8 cases, 1 death, which have occurred since the readmission of American pork are known to have been due to German meat. The health statistics of E.-B. Danzig do not, therefore, appear to support the anti-American attacks of the agrarians. Diisse Idorf 84 cases, 3 deaths. Official reports are not accessible for the vears 1882, 1895-1898. No cases appear to be recorded for the years 1882-1883; 1884 (Weiss, 1888, p. 95); 1887-1888 (Weiss, 1890, pp. 70, 152); 1892-1894 (Michelsen, 1897); 1895-1898. The following statistics have been gathered: [1877-1880, 171 cases, ? deaths. Details not all accessible. See Weiss, 1890, p. 152.] 1881, 16 cases, 3 deaths. Alleged, by the German Government, to be due to Amer- ican pork, see p. — . 1885, 3 cases, death. Details not given. 1886, 5 cases, death. Hog probably not inspected. 1889, 20 cases, death. Details not given. (See remarks p. 75.) 1890, 20 cases, death. Details not given. (See remarks p. 75.) 1891, 20 cases, death. Details not given. (See remarks p. 75.) Thus in a total of 84 cases, 3 deaths, one outbreak (16 cases, 3 deaths) in 1881 is alleged, by the German Government, to have been due to American pork; 68 cases are reported for the period during which American pork was excluded, and no cases have been reported since its readmission. The entire cost (Weiss, 1890, p. 152), at the rate of 1 mark per hog, for a general inspection of pork for E.-B. Diisseldorf would be 396,000 marks; at the ratio of trichinous hogs found during the inspection (5 : 96,000), the finding of each hog would cost about 19,000 marks. If this estimate were extended to entire Germany, the cost of the inspection would be 13,000,000 marks per year. Erfurt 121 cases, 1 death. Official local health reports are not accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases appear to be recorded for the years 1884-1885 (Eichter, 1888, p. 114); 1886, 1888 (Pippow, 1892, p. 114); 1889-1891 (Pippow,' 1894' p. 64); 1892.-1894 (Pippow, 1897, p. 82); 1895; 1897-1898. The fol- lowing statistics have been gathered: 1881, 58 cases, death. Fifty cases due to inspected meat; details regarding 8 cases are lacking in my notes. • 1882, 15 cases, 1 death. Ten cases, 1 death, doe to inspected meat; source of 5 cases not definitely established. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 109 1883, 9 cases, death. Due to meat eaten before hog was inspected. 1887, 12 cases, death. Apparently due to inspected meats. I 1896, 27 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. Thus in a total of 121 cases, 1 death, 99 cases, 1 death, appear to have been due to inspected meat; 9 cases due to meat eaten before inspection; source of 5 cases is apparently not established; details are lacking in my notes regarding 8 cases. No cases are alleged to have been due to American meats. " Von den Fleischbeschauern gelangt jahrlich der 3. Theil zur Nachpriifung durch die Kreisphysiker; die Nichtbestandenen wurden zu einer Wiederholung derselben veranlasst, welcher sich einzelne durch Niederlegung des Amtes entzogen. Mit der Nachpriifung war eine Revision der Mikroskope verbunden. Der Erfolg sprach fiir die Zweckmassigkeit dieser Massregel. Wennschon die Mehrzahl der Berschauer auf einen guten Zustand ihres Mikroskopes hielt, so fiel es doch auf, wie gering die Anforderungen sind, welche einzelne derselben an die Leistungsfahigkeit ihrer Instrumenten stellten." — Pippow, 1894- Frankfurt a. O _ _ - 137 cases, 14 deaths. Official local health reports are not accessible for the years 1882, 1895-1898. No cases appear to be reported for the j^ears 1882-1883 (Wiebecke, 1888, p. 36); 1886-1888 (Frankfurt a. O., 1890, p. 39); 1891 (Wiebecke, 1893, p. 70); 1893-1894 (Frankfurt, 1896, p. 68); 1896- 1898. The following records have been collected: 1881, 21 cases, 2 deaths. Regarding 18 cases, 2 deaths, my notes contain no details; source of other cases known, but no details given regarding inspection. 1884, 2 cases, death. Possibly only 1 case; meat not inspected. 1885, 82 cases, 11 deaths. Three cases probably due to inspected meat; 48 cases, 8 deaths, to uninspected meats; no details in my notes regarding 19 cases, 1 death; for 2 cases, 2 deaths, it is not stated whether or not the meat was inspected; source of 10 cases not known. 1889, 8 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. 1890, 20 cases, death. Details not given. 1892, 4 cases, 1 death. Apparently due to inspected meat. Thus of 137 cases, 14 deaths, it would appear that 60 cases, 8 deaths, were due to uninspected meat; 5 cases, 2 deaths, due to infection, the source of which was known, but no detarils are given regarding the inspection; 15 cases, 1 death, due to inspected meats; source was not traced in 10 cases; regarding 67 cases, 3 deaths, my notes contain no data. The only cases which have been reported since the reintroduction of An:orican meats are accounted for as being due to inspected pork and it is not even alleged that this was of American origin. ' ' Der Kreistag des Kreises Ziillichau lies siimmtliche Fleischbeschauer seit dem Mai 1892 durch den Physikus nachprufen. Mangelhafte Beschaffenheit, selbst Unbrauch- barkeit der ]\likTOskope, der Praparations-Utensilien, Unkenntniss der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen, liickenhafte Kenntnisse und selbst mitunter mangelnde technische Fertigkeit haben mannigfache Abhelfe erfordert und die Zuverliissigkeit einzelner Fleischbeschauer in Frage gestellt. Die Nachpriifungen boten zugleich Gelegenheit zur Einfiihrung des Compressoriums an Stelle der bisher verwendeten Objectglaser. 110 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Die Inatrumente der Fleischbeschauer im Kreise Soldin wurden im Jahre 1892 einer Revision unterzogen; 30 von 49 Mikroskopen erwiesen sich als mangelhaft reap, schlecht, da sie theils triibe Linsen, theils kein Compressorium, einen zu kleinen Tisch, zu kleine Objectgliiaer, keine mikrometer Schraube u. s. w. batten, sowie zu ihrer Handhabung zu viel Zeit und Aufmerksamkeit beansprucbten. * * * Ebenso fand die Nachpriifung der Fleischbeschauer im Kreise Konigsberg statt, in Folge dessen einzelne ihr Amt niederlegten, andere die Priifung wiederholen mussten. Ansserdem mussten die Mikroskope theils reparirt, theils neu beschaft werden." — Firmkfurt a. M., 1896, p. 88. Gumbinnen 103 cases, 8 deaths. OiBcial district sanitary reports are not accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1885 (Passauer, 1887, p. 142); 1886, 1887(Passauer, 1890, p. 106); 1889, 1891 (Passauer, 1893, pp. Ill, 116); 1892, 1893, 1894 (Passauer, 1896, p. 149); 1896, 1897, 1898. The following cases have been collected: 1881, 11 cases, death. Three cases due to meat eaten before inspection; my notes :give no details regarding the other 8 cases. 1882, 24 cases, 2 deaths. Six cases due to uninspected meat; source of 3 cases known; details regarding inspection not given; no details regarding 15 cases, 2deaths. 1883, 10 cases, deaths. Suspected, but not proved, that meat was inspected; source known. 1884, 13 cases, death. No details given for 12 cases; no data known for 1 case. 1888, 14 cases, 1 death. Due to uninspected meat. 1890, ,11 cases, death. Eight cases from inspected meat; 3 cases due to unin- Bpected meat. 1896, 20 cases, 5 deaths. Sixteen cases, 4 deaths, due to uninspected meats; source of other outbreaks (4 cases, 1 death) apparently known, but details regarding inspec- tion not given. Thus, of 103 cases, 8 deaths, 3 cases were due to meat eaten before inspection; 39 cases, 6 deaths, were due to uninspected meat; the source of 7 cases, 1 death, was traced, but no details are given re- garding inspection;' 10 cases were due to meat which was suspected to have passed the inspection; 8 cases were due to inspected meat; my notes contain no details regarding 35 cases, 2 deaths; regarding 1 case nothing is known. All the cases since 1892 are accounted for and not one of them attributed to American meat. Passauer (1896, p. 191) gives the following details regarding the inspection m this district. {Cf. also remarks, p. 78, on Kr. Johannisburg, 1890): " Ferner ist festgestellt, dass vielfach Defraudationen bei der Trichinenschau inso- fern vorgekommen sind, als nicht auf Trichinen untersuchtes Fleisch auf Grund von Bescheinigungen, welche iiber untersuchtes Fleisch ausgestellt waren, in den Handel gebracht ist. Es ist deshalb in Frage gekommen, ob es sich empfiehlt, sammtliche auf Trichinen untersuchte Schweine mit einem Farbenstempel an verschiedenen Stellen versehen zu lassen. Endlich ist, thatsiichlich erwiesen, dass sine Menge von Fleischwaaren, welche in grosserer oder kleinerer Quantitat von Eussland her iiber die Grenze gebracht wird, bisher ganzlich ohne Kontrole bezijglich der Untersuchune auf Trichinen geblieben ist. Auch dieser Uebelstand harrt noch einer durchgrei fenden Abhilfe. Inzwischen ist die ganze Frage in ein weiteres Stadium dadurch getreten, dass von Neuem die allgemeine obligatorische Fleischbeschau auf TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. Ill Trichinen und gleichzeitig die allgemeine Fleischbeschau, d. h. die Untersuchung siimmtlicher Schlachtthiere, deren Fleisch zur menschlichen Nahrung bestimmt ist, vor und nach der Schlachtung angeregt worden ist. Das vorliegende Projekt iat «inereingehenden Erorterang unterzogen worden und sind umfangreiche Erhebungen liber die Durchfiihrbarkeit desselben im Gange. Ein weiterer Bericht iiber den Ausgang dieser Angelegenheit bleibt fiir den nachsten General-Medizinalbericht vorbehalten." With this official testimony before us, showing the fraudulent use of certificates for uninspected meats, it is difficult to assume that Gumbinnen owes its freedom from trichinosis in recent j^ears entirely to the microscopic inspection. It is also difficult to see in the Gumbinnen health statistics any support for anti- American attacks. Hannover 3 cases, death. No official health reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1882, and 1895-1898; but no cases of trichinosis for this Regierungs-Bezirk dur- ing these years (except 1898) were found in the official statistics of the Imperial health office. No cases of trichinosis were found in the offi- cial health reports for the years 1883-1894 (Becker, 1887, 1891, 1894, and 189T). The only cases found were: ' 1898, 3 cases, death. Details not given; the occurrence of these cases is ques- tioned in Hannover. [1899, cases, death. Details not given.] Hannover forms an excellent example of conditions which might at first sight be misinterpreted. The fact that no cases of trichinosis have occurred in this Regierungs-Bezirk for so many years has been quoted as "proof" of the efficiency of the inspection system, Out a glance at the following extracts from Becker's official reports will lead the reader to be somewhat reserved in regard to the " proof." It will be noticed that Becker states in 1891, 1894, and again in 1897, that a number of trichinae inspectors in the country were found to be unfit for this work, and that many of the microscopes were so dirty that they were practically useless. "Die regelmassigen Nachpriif ungen derFlfeischbeschauer durch die Kreisphysiker haben auch in den Berichtajahren die Nothwendigkeit einer solchen Massregel deutlich erkennen lassen; sowohl das theoretische Wiasen iiber die Entwickelungs- geschichte, 2c., der Trichinen als auch das practische Auffinden derselben erwies sich in manchen Fallen als mangelhaft, und in recht vielen Fallen waren die Mikroskope so verstaubt und verschmutzt, dass deutliche Bilder mit denselben iiberhaupt nicht zu [p. 113] gewinnen waren. Wo Wissen und K5nnen sich als vollig unzureichend erwies, wurden die Betreffenden aus ihrem Amte en'tfernt, in andern Fallen ihnen aufgegeben, durch Theilnahme an einem neuen Unterrichtskurse die verloren gegangenen Kenntnisse sich wieder zu erwerben und sich nach einigen Wochen einer abermaligen Priifung vor dem Kreisphysicus zu unterziehen, von deren Be- stehen ihr weiteres Verbleiben im Amte abhiingig gemacht wurde. "Manche legten darauf ihr Amt f reiwillig nieder, die Mehrzahl erwies sichbei den Nachpriifungen als jetzt ausreicbend unterrichtet. Bei dem Materials, aus welchem namentlich auf dem Lande die Fleischbeschauer sich recrutiren, Hauslinge, kleine Handwerker, Hausschliichter und dergl. ist eine strenge ControUe derselben absolut 112 BUREATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. erforderlich, soil nicht das ganze Institut der mikroskopischen Fleischschau mit Eecht in Misscredit gerathen. Fur Unterjjchts- und Priifungszwecke stehen den Krei.'-physikern jederzeit ausreichende Mengen trichinenhaltigen Fleisches im hie- sigen Schlachthause zur Verfiigung." — Becker, 1891, pp. 11'2, IIS." " Es geht nicht nur das theoretische Wissen iiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte, 2c., der Trichinen verloren, auch das praktische Auffinden derselben ist in manchen Fallen ausserst mangelhaft und erklart sich zum Theil aus dem mangelhaf ten Zustande, in welchem die Mikroskope in manchen Fallen vorgefunden wurden. Sie waren in nicht wenigen Fallen so verstaubt und verschmutzt, dass deutliche Bilder mit den- selben iiberhaupt nicht gewonnen werden konnten. Wo Wissen und Konnen sich als durchaus unzureichend erwies, wurden die Betreffenden aus ihrem Amte entfernt, bei geringeren Mangeln ihnen aufgegeben, durch Theilnahme an einem neuen Unterrichtskurse die verloren gegangenen Kenntnisse zu ersetzen und sich naeh einigen Wochen einer erneuten Prufung vor dem Kreisphysikus zu unter- ziehen, von deren Bestehen das weitere verbleiben im Amte abhangig gemacht wurde. Fine Anzahl legte dann das Amt freiwillig nieder, andere erwiesen sich bei den Nachpriifungen als jetzt ausreichend unterrichtet. " Da die Fleischbeschauer auf dem Lande sich meistens aus Hauslingen, kleinen Handwerkern und dergleichen rekrutiren, so ist strenge Controle derselben eine absolute Nothwendigkeit, soil nicht die ganze mikroskopische Fleischschau mit Eecht in Misscredit gerathen." — Becker, 1894, p- 95. ' ' Daraus erklart es sich, dass das Ergebniss der Nachpriifungen der Fleischbeschauer lurch die Kreisphysiker auf dem Lande wesentlich schlechter ausfallt als in der Stadt Hannover, und dass alljahrlich eine Anzahl Fleischbeschauer wegen mangeln- den theoretischen Wissens und Mangel an Fertigkeit in dem Auffinden von Trichi- nen aus ihrem Amte entweder entfernt werden oder sich nach erneuter Betheiligung an einem Unterrichtscurse einer wiederholten Priifung unterziehen miissen. Auch erweisen sich bei der Nachpriifung die Mikroscope oft in einem so verschmutzten Zustande, dass klare Bilder mit denselben iiberall nicht gewonnen werden k6nnen, kurz, ohne regelmassige Beaufsichtigung und Nachpriifung von Seiten der Kreisphy- siker dlirfte die Zuverlassigkeit der Untersuchungen in vielen Fallen schweren Bedenken unterliegen." — Becker, 1891, p. 90. Hildesheim.. 112 cases, tt deaths. Official local health reports are not accessible for the years 1881, 1883-1885, 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1881, 1883-1885; 1886 (Griin, 1890, p. 46); 1889-1891 (Griin, 1894, p. 59); 1892-1894 (Griin, 1897); 1895-1898. The following cases have been collected: 1882, 7 cases, death. No details regarding source. 1887, 103 cases, 3 deaths. Due to inspected meat. 1888, 2 cases, 1 death. Meat not inspected. Thus, of 112 cases, 4 deaths, 108 cases, 3 deaths, were due to inspected meat; 2 cases, 1 death, to uninspected meat. My notes contain no data regarding 7 cases. No cases have been attributed to American meats and no cases have been found recorded for the years since the readmis- sion of American pork. Grun (1897, p. 63) inveighs against the American inspection, and says that at least the hams and sides ought to be reinspected in Ger- many, although he believes that the reinspection of sausage can not be carried out. (" Die Untersuchung einer Wurst sei indessen unthun- TBICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 113 lich,") He fails, however, to show the danger connected with eating American meats. Konigsberg 313 cases, 33 deaths. No official health reports for this district are accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases have been collected for 1890. The fol- lowing records have been compiled: [1876-1879, 273 cases, 21 deaths. Details not all accessible. See Nath, 1885, p. 116.] [1880, 29 cases, death. Details not all accessible. See Nath, 1885, pp. 116, 117.] 1881, 3 cases, 1 death. Details not given in my notes. 1882, 14 cases, death. Six cases due to inspected meat; 5 cases to uninspected meat; details regarding 3 cases lacking. 1883, 23 cases, 1 death. Eight cases, 1 death, due to -uninspected meat; details regarding 15 cases are lacking. 1884, 50 cases, 9 deaths. Two cases due to inspected meat; 6 cases to uninspected meats; details lacking in 5 cases, 1 death; source known in remaining 37 cases, 8 deaths, but details regarding inspection not given. 1885, 37 cases, 1 death. Eleven cases due to uninspected meats; source of 7 cases known, but no details obtained regarding inspection ; data lacking for 19 cases, 1 death. 1886, 32 cases, 3 deaths. Seven cases due to inspected meat, 6 cases to uninspected meat; source of 16 cases, 3 deaths, known, but details regarding inspection are not given; no data collected regarding 3 cases. 1887, 36 cases, 2 deaths. Thirty-two eases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat; 4 cases, 1 death, due to meat eaten before it was inspected. 1888, 26 cases, 4 deaths. All due to uninspected meat. 1889, 24 cases, 6 deaths. Fifteen cases, 4 deaths, due to uninspected meats; data regarding 9 cases, 2 deaths, not given in my notes. [1890, 7 cases, death. Omit from statistics, probably belong to 1889.] 1891, 16 cases, death. Nine cases due to inspected meats; 7 cases due to meat eaten before inspection. ' 1892, 10 cases, death. Source of 5 cases known, but no details given regarding inspection; data of 5 cases lacking. 1893, 10 cases, 1 death. Four cases due to inspected meat; 3 cases to uninspected meat; 3 cases, 1 death, due to meat eaten before inspection. 1894, 2 cases, death. Due to uninspected meat. 1895, 3 cases, 1 death. Source known, details regarding inspection not given. 1896, 3 cases, death. Due to uninspected meat. 1897, 20 cases, 4 deaths. Fifteen cases, 2 deaths, due to uninspected meat; source of 5 cases, 2 deaths, known, but details regarding inspection not given. 1898, 4 cases, death. Said to have been due to inspected meat. [1899, 4 cases, 1 death. Due to inspected meat.] Thus, of a total (1881-1898) of 313 cases, 33 deaths, 32 cases were due to inspected meats; 132 cases, 12 deaths, to uninspected meats; 14 cases, 2 deaths, to meat eaten before it was inspected; the source of 73 cases, 14 deaths, was known, but data regarding inspection are not given; and no data regarding source of infection are collected for 62 cases, 5 deaths. Chronologically, of the 313 cases, 33 deaths, 17 cases, 1 death, occurred prior to the 1883 decree; 244 cases, 26 deaths, occurred during the years of the exclusion of American pork (1883-1891), giving an aver- 23904— No. 30—01 8 114 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. age of 27i cases, 2f deaths, per j'ear; 52 cases, 6 deaths (average of 74 cases, f death), occurred since the readmission of American meat; of these 52 cases, 6 deaths, details regarding the source of infection are lacking in 5 cases. Not a single case has been found which has been attributed to American meats, although some of the most rabid attacks printed in Germany against American pork appear in an extreme partisan newspaper in Konigsberg. Liegnitz 65 cases, 8 deaths. No local official sanitary reports accessible for the years 1881-1882, 1889-1891, 1895-1898. No cases were found for the years 1881, 1882; 1883-1888 (Philipp, 1886; 1890, p. 97); 1889-1890; 1S92-1894 (Philipp, 1896, p. 110); 1895, 1898. The following cases have been collected: 1891, 61 cases, 8 deaths. All due to inspected meat. 1896, 3 cases, death. Due to uninspected meat. 1897, 1 case, death. Apparently due to inspected meat. It would thus appear that nearly all of the cases collected for this district were due to inspected meat. That Liegnitz does not owe its comparative freedom from trichinosis for so many years entirely to the trichina inspection will probably be admitted in view of the two following quotations from official reports. Philipp (1890, pp. 96, 97) in discussing the trichina inspection says: "Diese Angabe [the percentage of trichinosis in hogs reported by the inspectors] sowie die in der vorstehenden Uebersicht angegebenen Befunde kann man leider nur als anniihernd richtig ansehen, nachdem sich bei der von dem Herrn Regierungs- Priisidenten im Jahre 1888 in alien Kreisen angeordneten Nachpriifung der Fleisch- beschauer und ihrer Mikroskope herausgestellt hat, dass ein Theil der Pleischbeschauer die bei ihnen vorausgesetzte Fahigheit zu den fraglichen Untersuchungen nicht besitzt, und dass auch eine grosse Anzahl der gepruften Mikroskope durch Verun- reinigung oder andre Mangel unbrauchbar geworden war. "Die periodische Nachpriifung der Fleiachbeschauer und ihrer Mikroskope war bereits bald nach der Einfiihrung der obligatorischen Untersuchung des Schweine- fleischesauf Trichinenim diesaeitigen Regierungs Bezirkeangeordnetworden, jedoch, wie Referent bei Gelegenheit seiner Dienstreisen ermittelte, in keinem Kreise, ausge- nommen theilweise im Kreise Griinberg, zur Ausfiihrung gekommen. Der Herr Regierunga-Prtlsident ordnete daher an, dass im Laufe des Jahres 1888 in sammtlichen Kreisen die fraglichen Nachpriifungen durch den Kreis-Physikus auf Kosten der betreffenden Amtaverbande stattfinden sollten. "Das Ergebniss dieser Priifungen war ein iiberraschendes, denn in der uberwiegen- den Mehrzahl der Kreise wurden zahlreiche grobe Mangel entdeckt. Ein und zwanzig Fleiachbeschauer legten unmittelbar nach der Priifung ihr Amt nieder oder wurden desselbenenthoben; mehr als 80 bestanden in der Prufung nicht und mussten theils einer Nachpriifung unterworfen, theils nochmals unterrichtet werden. Von den untersuchkn Mikroskopen wurden gegen 90 stark verunreinigt oder sonst unbrauch- bar gefunden. "Diese Erfahrungen sind einerseita eine dringende Mahnung, die Priifung der Fleiachbeschauer und ihrer Mikroakope periodisch [p. 97] (etwa von 3 zu 3 Jahren) zu wiederholen, anderseita aber zeigen sie wie unzu verlilssig der Schutz iat, den das Pub- Ucum durch die obUgatorisch vorgeschriebene Untersuchung des Schweinefleisches zu TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 115 haben meint. Aus der Thatsache, dasB Fiille von Trichinose bei Menschen im dies- seitigen Regierungs bezirke bisher iiicht in grosser Anzahl beobachtet worden sind, diirfte nur zu schliessen sein, dass die Unsitte, Schweinefleiscb rob oder halbroh zu geniessen in Niederschlesien nicht sehr verbreitet ist; denn alle Polizei-Verordnun- gen, welche die Untersuchung des Schweinefleisches obligatorisch vorschreiben, konnen den beabsichtigten Sohutz gegen die Uebertragung von Trichinen nur unvoll- kommen gewiihren, wiihrend das Publicum durcb solcbe Verordnungen tich leicbt in Gleichgiltigkeit oder gar Sicherheit wiegen liisst. "Im Kreise Bunzlau wurde ein Fleischbeschauer bestraft, weil er die zu unter- suchenden Fleischproben eines Schweines, welches sich als Trichinos erwies, nicht selbst entnommen hatte, und der Fleischer wurde bestraft, weil er Theile des betreff en- den Schweines vor der Untersuchung verkauft hatte. Ein Schaden entstand gluck- licherweise nicht, weil das verkaufte Fleisoh nur gekocht genossen worden war." In connection with this report from Dr. Philipp, compare the out- breaks in 1891 at Wiirchand, p. 81, and Miihlradlitz, p. 80. Philipp (1896, p. Ill) in his last report again pays his respects to the inspection by stating that as a result of the reexamination of the microscopists in 1892, 40 of them resigned, part of them voluntarily, part of them because they were compelled to do so, and a large number had to sub- mit to another examination. Of the microscopes, 26 were absolutely useless, and many were found dirty. Philipp warns people not to eat raw pot-k, since "the obligatory trichina inspection can not give a safe protection (sicheren Schutz) against trichinosis." "Die im dieaseitigen Regierungsbezirke eingefiihrte periodische Nachpriifung der Fleischbeschauer und ihrer Mikroskope durch die zustiindigen Kreisphysiker hat sich bewahrt und in der Mehrzahl der Kreise uberraschende Thatsachen zu Tage gefordert. In Folge der im Jahre 1892 abgehaltenen Priifung legten 40 Fleischbe- schauer ihr Amt theils freiwillig nieder, theilswurden sie hierzu veranlasst, und eine grosse Anzahl musste sich einer Nachpriifung unterwerfen. "Von den untersuchten Mikroskopen warden 26 fiir ganzlich unbrauchbar und viele stark verunreinigt befunden. "Die Erfahrungenbei den in den Jahren 1888 und 1892 abgehaltenen Nachpriifungen fordern dringend zur Fortsetzung dieser Kontrole au£. Dane ben aber darf nicht versaumt werden, das Publikum wiederholt vor dem Genusse rohen oder nicht gehorig durchgekochten und nicht durchgebratenen Schweinefleisches zu warnen und darauf hinzuweisen, dass die obligatorisch eingefuhrte Untersuchung einen sicheren Schutz gegen die Uebertragung von Trichinen nicht gewahren konne. " — Philipp, 1896, p. 111. Liineburg case, death. No official district sanitary reports are accessible for the years 1895-1897, but no cases were found for these years in the statistics of the Imperial health office. No cases have been found in the official sanitary reports for the years 1881-1894 (Alten, 1883, 1887, and 1890, and Noller, 1897). Noller (1897, p. 239) states that the obligatory inspection was instituted in this Bezirk in 1877. During the years 1889-1894, 978,174 hogs were examined by 1,168 inspectors and only 22 were found trichinous, or 1:44,461. Such a percentage is diffi- cult to accept as correct. It is, however, interesting to note that, assuming each hog to have been found by a separate inspector, 1,146 116 BOKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. microscopists did not find any trichinae in the hogs slaughtered in the district during the six years. Noller (1897, p. 239) states: ' ' Nach den bei den Nachpriifungen gemachten Wahrnehmungen glauben die Kreis- physiker im AUgemeinen zu der Annahme berechtigt zu sein, dass die Fleschbes- chauer vorkommenden Falls im Stande sind Trichinen mit Sicherheit aufzufinden, da sie bei oft theoretisch grosse Unwissenheit durchschnittlich ein gutes Beobach- tungstalent erkennen liessen. Freilich mussteA bin und wieder eimge unfahige Oder durch Alter und aus anderen Ursachen unfahig gewordene Fleischbeschauer, namentlich Potatoren entfernt werden. "DieMikroskope, obgleich meistena gut gehalten, waren hiiuflg fiir den Zweck wenig geeignet, mit kleinem Tisch und engem Gesichtsfeld. * * * pp. 240-241. Der Kreisphysikus des Kreises Winsen * * * fand, dass sie bei ihren Untersu- ehungenoftJahrehindurchniemalseineTrichinefanden * * * Der Kreisphysi- kus des Kreises Fallingsbostel [veranlasste] die Versendung von Fleischproben von einem trichinos befundenen Schwein an siimmtliche Fleischbeschauer seines Kreises mit der Aufforderung, iiber den Befund zu berichtigen. Alle berichteten, dass sie Trichinen gefunden hiitten bis auf f iinf, unter denen 2 Apotheker und 1 Thierarzt waren." Magdeburg 573 cases, 66 deaths. No official local sanitary reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1882, 1889-1897. No cases have been found for the years 1881, 1882, 1886-1888 (Voigt, 1891, p. 30); 1890-1892, 1894, 1896, 1898. The fol- lowing statistics have been collected: 1883, 426 cases, 66 deaths. Four hundred and three cases, 66 deaths, apparently due to inspected meat; source of other 23 cases apparently not established. 1884, 10 cases, death. Three cases due to inspected meats; details of 7 cases are lacking. 1885, 25 cases, death. May have been due to inspected meats, but source of infection' apparently not established. 1889, 50 cases, death. Details lacking. 1893, 3 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. 1895, 55 cases, death. Due to inspected ineat. 1897, 3 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. [1899, 3 cases, death. Details not given.] Thus, of 672 cases, 66 deaths (1881-1898), 511 cases, 66 deaths, occurred during the years of exclusion of American meats, and 61 cases (all accounted for as due to inspected meat) occurred during 1892-1898 (after the readmission). In connection with 7 cases no data are given. All of the others maj' have been due to inspected meat, although in three outbreaks some of the reports state that the identit}'' of the meat with that of the inspectors' books could not be established. Voigt (1890, pp. 86-88), in his official report for 1886-1888, makes one of the most scathing attacks upon the German inspection which has ever appeared in print. He says that almost without exception the mieroscopos in use were absolutely useless. A large number of inspectors had never seen a trichina heiore the reexamination here described. The preparations made by some of the inspectors showed that a considerable number of the microscopists had no idea of the use of the microscope. Some of the men did not even recognize the tri- TBICHIN0SI8 IN GERMANY. 117 chinse when preparations were made for them and placed under the microscope. The eyesight was so poor in some cases that the inspect- ors "voluntarily" resigned. Of 1,397 inspectors, only 850 were able to stand their reexamination. But these statements can scarcely be believed unless the original words are quoted. The original is as follows: P. 45. " Wenngleich angenommen werden diirfte, dass die Durchf iihrung der neuen Polizei-Verordnung bei den bereits auf Grund der Polizei-Verordnung vom 12. Dezember 1865 concesaionirten Fleischbeschauern auf neimenswerthe Schwierig- keiten nicht stossen wiirde, so liessen doch die ersten Priifungen achon erkennen, daas die bisherigen Fleischbeschauer ihrer Aufgabe im AUgemeinen nicht gewachsen waren und dass thatsiichlich Mangel bestanden, welche die Wiederkehr ahnlicher Katastrophen wie in Hedersleben, Haraleben und jiingst in Emeraleben zu ford en geeignet waren. Dahin gehorten vor alien Dingen die fast ausnahmslos absolut ungeniigenden Mikroskope, die entweder ihrer Form nach Spielzeugen glichen oder iiusserst primitive Construction zeigten, oder aber durch ihren liingeren (lebrauch und durch ihre nachlassige, hochst unsaubere Behandlung liingst schon eines voU- stilndigen Ersatzes bedurften. "Fiir diese Mangel konnten jedoch nicht nur die allerdings nothwendigen Spar- samkeitsriicksichten der in den meisten Fallen in nur diirftigen Verhiiltnissen leben- den Fleischbeschauer verantwortlich gemach werden, es hat vielmehr in verschie- denen Fallen Schwierigkeiten bereitet die betrefienden Fleischbeschauer von der Unzuianglichkeit und abaoluten Unbrauchbarkeit ihrer Mikroskope zu iiberzeugen, weil ein grosser Anzahl Fleischbeschauer Trichinen thatsarhlich zum ersten Male bei der hier in Rede atehenden Nachpriifung kennen gelernt liat. ' ' Im Weiteren wurden von einem nicht geringen Theil dieser alten Fleischbeschauer Quetschpriiparate geliefert, welche keinen Zweifel dariiber liessen, dass diese Priif- linge auch keine Ahnung vom Mikroskopiren batten. Es erregte deshalb auch kein Aufsehen mehr, als verschiedene der alten Fleischbeschauer keine Trichinen erkann- ten, obwohl diese in dem anderweit angefertigten und orrtnungsmaasig unter das Mikroskop gebrachten Praparat unzweideutig hervortraten und auch von Laien ohne Miihe geaehen wurden. Ein alter, in der Nachpriifung durchgefallener Fleischbe- schauer hat im Priifungstermin sogar erklart, das Vorhandensein von Trichinen noch bezweifeln zu miisaen. "Bei einigen Priiflingen wurde wahrend der Priifung eine so hochgradige Ein- schrankung des Sehvermogens wahrgenommen, dass die betreffenden Personen auf Vorhalt erkliirten, die Functionen eines Fleischbeschauers freiwillig niederlegen zu wollen und ist ea nur in einem Falle zur formlichen Einleitung des Concesaions- Entziehungs- Verf ahrena gekommen. ' ' Page 46: " Von den 1,397 alten Fleischbeschauern, welche zur Ablegung der Nach- priifung aufgefordert worden sind haben nur 850 die Priifung bestanden, wahrend die iibrigen theils schon vor der Prufung, theils nach wiederholter erfblgloser Nach- priifung, die ihnen auf Grund der Polizei-Verordnung vom 12. Dezember 1865 ertheilte Concession, mit Ausnahme einiger Fiille, freiwillig zuriickgetreten haben. Aber auch von den in der Nachpriifung bestandenen Personen haben mehr als die Halfte erst nach erfolgreicher Wiederholung der Priifung in den Beaitz dea Fahig- keitszeugniaaes fiir die Fortsetzung des Gewerbetriebes als Fleischbeschauer gelangen konnen. Im-Wesentlichen war die vorgeschriebene Nachpriifung der hier in Eede stehenden Fleischbeschauer im October 1888 beendet. Bis dahin haben auch 232, zur AusLibung des Gewerbebetriebes als Fleischbeschauer iiberhaupt noch nicht berechtigte Personen die Priifung bestanden, zu deren Ablegung dieselben sich behufs Neubestellung als Fleischbeschauer freiwillig gemeldet batten. Auch die 118 BTJBEAtr OP ANIMAL INDU8TBY. Mehrzahl dieser Personen konnte erst nach einer einmaligen Wiederholung der Prijfung das Fiihigkeitszeugniss ertheilt werden, wahrend noch andere Priifurags- kandidaten sich auch einer wiederholten Priifung erfolglos unterzogen haben. * * * Beziiglich der Zulassung von Frauen zur Ansiibung des Gewerbebetriebes als Fleischbeschauer sind bisher im AUgemeinen nur gute Erfahrimgen gemacht; namentlich sind die Frauen zum Priifungstermin mit seltenen Ausnahmen besser vorbereitet erschienen als die mannlichen Priiflinge." With an official report like this before us, it can scarcely be main- tained that the infrequency of outbreaks (5) up to October, 1888, was due to the microscopic inspection. Marienwerder 333 cases, 15 deaths. No local official health reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1882 (Pianka, 1884, p. 25); 1891-1894 (Barnick, 1897, pp. 214, 215); 1895. 1881, 3 cases, death. Source known, details regarding inspection not given. 1883, 59 cases, 1 death. Details not in my notes. 1884, 34 cases, 5 deaths. Ten cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat; source of 24 cases, 4 deaths not traced. 1885, 32 cases, death. No details published. 1886, 20 cases, 1 death. Three cases, 1 death, due to inspected meat; source of 3 cases probably traced, details regarding inspection not known; data regarding 14 cases not found. 1887, 6 cases, 2 deaths. Due to uninspected meat. 1888, 16 cases, 3 deaths. Fourteen cases, 3 deaths, due to uninspected meat; details regarding 2 cases not found. 1889, 12 cases, death. Four cases due to inspected meat; 3 cases to uninspected meat; details of 5 cases not collected. 1890, 5 cases, death. Due to uninspected meat. 1896, 14 cases, 1 death. Source of infection known in 11 cases; details of 3 cases, 1 death, not given. 1897, 98 cases, 2 deaths. Eighty-eight cases, 2 deaths, due to inspected meat; 10 cases to uninspected meats. 1898, 34 cases, death. Due to inspected meat. [1899, 6 cases, death. Details incomplete or not given.] Thus of the 833 cases, 15 deaths (1881-1898), 3 cases (of known source) occurred before the year 1883; 184 cases, 12 deaths, during 1883-1891; 146 cases, 3 deaths, during 1892-1898. Of the latter 146 cases, 3 deaths, 122 cases, 2 deaths, were due to inspected meat; 10 cases, to uninspected meat; 11 cases were of known origin, but details regarding inspection are incomplete. The origin of 3 cases, 1 death, is not given. Of the total 187 cases, 12 deaths, during 1881-1891, 38 cases, 6 deaths, were due to uninspected meats; 24 cases, 4 deaths, were not traced; source was known for 6 cases, but details regarding inspection are not given; the details of 112 cases, 1 death, are lacking* Not a single case has been alleged to be due to American pork. Merseburg 651 cases, 14 deaths. ^o official reports are accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1887 (Wolff, 1890, p. 85); 1890, 1892, TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 119 1894 (Wolff & Penkert, 1896, p. 131) ; 1896-1898. The following statis- tics have been gathered: 1881, 148 cases, 1 death. All due to inspected meat. 1882, 7 cases, death. All due to inspected meat. 1883, 40 caseg, death. At least 32 cases, probably all, due to inspected meat 1884, 91 cases, 12 deaths. Eighty-eight cases, 12 deaths, due to inspected meat; details insufficient regarding other 3 cases. 1885,. 29 cases, death. Six cases due to inspected meat; 23 cases not definitely traced. 1886, 15 cases, death. All apparently due to inspected meat. 1888, 6 cases, death. All due to inspected meat. 1889, 69 cases, death. Fifty-five cases apparently due to inspected meat; source of 14 cases could not be traced. 1891, 3 cases, death. Details insufficient. 1893, 1 case, death. Statements indefinite, but source apparently traced. 1895, 242 cases, 1 death. Source traced; meat may or may not have been inspected. Important details are lacking. Of the 651 cases, li deaths, 155 cases, 1 death, occurred prior to the 1883 exclusion decree, but are all accounted for as being due to inspected meat; hence .the source was known; 253 cases, 12 deaths, occurred during the years of exclusion (1883-1891); of these, it appears that 210 cases, 12 deaths, were appar- ently due to inspected meat; 14 cases could not be traced to the source of infection; details regarding 29 cases are insufScient. Since the decree of readmission (1892-1898) 243 cases, 1 death, are recorded; 242 cases, 1 death, were traced to a lot of several hogs, only one of which was inspected; 1 case was apparently traced, but the statements are somewhat indefinite. Not a single case has been attributed to American pork. Minden case, death. No Bezirk health reports are accessible for the years 1895-1897. No cases of trichinosis have been found for the years 1881-1885 (Schultz-Hencke, 1883, 1884, p. 58; 1887, p. 73); 1886-1897 (Rapmund, 1892, p. 106; 1894, pp. 101, 138; 1897, pp. 95, 103). During 1889- 1891, 16 microscopists, and during 1892-1894, 19 microscopists were found so deficient in their work and showed such ignorance in their reexamination that their authorizations were revoked. Miinster 1 case, death. No official district sanitary reports are accessible for the years 1,892-1897. No cases of trichinosis have been found for the years 1882-1897; for 1882, see Hoogeweg, 1883; for 1883-1885, see Holker, 1887, p. 51; 1886-1888, see Kolker, 1890, p. 80; 1889-1891, seeKolker, 1894, p. 66. The only case found is one recorded for 1881 ; the disease was contracted in R. -B. Arnsberg. Oppeln - -- 25 cases, death. Official Bezirk sanitary reports for the years 1895-1898 are not accessible. Up to 1876' no cases of trichinosis were known in this 120 BUEEATT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. district (Pistor, 1882, p. 32); 3 cases in 1876; several in 1878. No cases have been found for the years 1877, 1879, 1880 (Pistor, 18bA p 32); 1881-1883 (Noack, 1883, 1884, 1887, p. 102); 1886, 1888-1891 (Schmidtmann, 1893, p. 56); 1892-1894 (Roth, 1896, p. 108); 1895-1896, 1S98. The only .statistics gathered are: 1884, 3 cases, death. Details not given. 1885, 16 cases, death. Thirteen cases from " Polish sausage;" details regarding inspection not given. 1887, 3 cases, death. Due to meat which was probably inspected. 1897, 3 cases, death. Details not given. Thus of 25 cases, death, 22 cases are reported for the years of exclusion (1883-1891) of American meats. One outbreak (?3 cases) is reported since 1891, but no details are accessible. Of the 25 cases, 13 were due to " Polish sausage," but no details are given regarding inspection; 3 cases were apparently due to inspected meats; details for 6 cases are lacking. That Oppeln does not owe its comparative freedom from trichinosis entirely to its trichina inspection may be concluded from the official criticisms. Compare, for instance, the following extracts: "Auch das Ergebnias der Fleischbeschau vom Jahre. 1881 liefert den Beweis, dass sich die obligatorische Schweinefleischschau im hiesigen Bezirk bewiihrt hat; sie 'Wi'irde jedenfalls noch giinstiger sein, wenn die Untersuchungen durch die Fleisch- beschauer in zuverlassigerer Weise vorgenommen wiirden, was leider bisher nicht der Fall gewesen ist. Es lasst sich mit Bestimmtheit erwarten, dass die mit Tri- chinen und Finnen durchsetzten Schweine in noch viel grosserer Zahl aufgefunden werden wiirden, wenn die Fleischschau in den Hiinden zuverlassigerer Person- lichkeiten lags, wenn dieselben sorgfaltiger unterauchten und ihre Mikroskope mit Unisicht zu handhabenverstiinden. Wie saumselig manche Fleischbeschauer bei den Untersuchungen verfahren, lasst sich aus dem einen Beispiel erkennen, dass in einem Orte des hiesigen Bezirkea ein von 2 Fleischern gemeinschaftlich geschlach- tetes Schwein von 2 Fleischbeschauern untersucht wurde: der eine derselben hatte in der ihm iibergebenen Halfte des geachlachteten Schweines reichlich Trichinen gefunden, der andere erklarte seine Halfte fiir vollig trichinenfrei; die Nachrevision ergab aber, dass das qu. Schwein in der That reichlich mit Trichinen durchsetzt war."— iVbacA, 1883, p. 4i. Veroff., 1894, p. 64, mentions an instance where a hog was passed as free from trichinae. Later examination showed it to be trichinous. "Die Wahrnehmung, dass die Trichinenschau nicht durch weg in geeigneter Weise ausgefiihrt wurde und dass sich im Laufe der Jahre erhebliche Misstande ausgebildet hatten, gaben dem Herrn Regierungs-Priisidenten Veranlassung, Erhebungen iiber die Trichinenschau im Regierungsbezirk anzustellen und auf Grund der eingegange- nen Berichte durch die anliegende Verfiigung vom 16. Februar 1891 die regelmassige Nachpriifung der Fleischbeschauer anzuordnen und die Beaufsichtigung derselben zu regeln. "Der Ausfall der von den Kreisphysikern vorgenommenen ersten Nachprufungen war em so ungiinstiger, dass es im dffentlichen Gesundheitsinteresse geboten erschien die Nachprufungen im ersten Jahre nicht bloss auf J, sondern alsbald auf sammtliche Fleischbeschauer zu entTeck.en."—Schmldhnann, 1893, p. 95. "Wahrend den beiden folgenden Jahren (1893, 1894) vorschriftsmassig jedes mal TKICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 121 ie ein Drittel der sammtlichen Beschauer zur Nachprufung gelangte im Allge- memen hat die Trichinenschau in dem abgelaufenen dreijahrigen Zeitraum zu erheb- hchen Ennnerungen nicht Anlass gegeben. Von den Nachgepriiften durchschnittlich 3% den an dieselben in praktischen Beziehung zu stellenden Forderungen nicht- in diesen Fallen wurde die Prufung alsbald wiederholt. In Fallen, wo auch die zweite Nachprufung nicht geniigte, wurde die Entlassung des betreffenden Fleischbe- achauers m die Wege geleitet. Beanstandungeri der Instrumente, die in jedem Falle alsbald beseitigt wurden, kamen nur in geringer Zahl xor." —Both, 1896, p. 108. Osnabriick case, death. No local health reports are accessible for the years 1881, 1882, 1892- 1898. No cases have been found for this district in any reports for 1883-1894. (Bitter, 1888; 1891; 1893; 1894, p. 27); 1895-1898. P°^^|^:-- 219 cases, 21 deaths. Official local health- reports are lacking for the years 1896-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1883, 1885 (Gemmel, 1887, p. 14); 1888 (Dieterich, 1891, p. 139). The following statistics have been gathered: 1881, 20 cases, death. Apparently all due to inspected meat. 1882, 5 cases, 1 death. May have been due to inspected meat; not certain; case not definitely explained. 1884, 10 cases, death. Hog not inspected. 1886, 4 cases, death. Source traced ;»details regarding inspection not given. 1887, 9 cases, 5 deaths. Source of 6 cases, 3 deaths, traced; details regarding inspection not given; details lacking for 3 cases, 2 deaths. 1889, 11 cases, 2 deaths. Eight cases due to inspected meat; 3 cases, 2 deaths, to uninspected meat. 1890, 16 cases, death. Details lacking. 1891, 24 cases, 4 deaths. Six cases, 1 death, due to inspected meat; source of 2 cases not traced; details of 16 cases, 3 deaths, lacking. 1892, 31 cases, 2 deaths. Four cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat; source of 27 cases, 1 death, apparently traced, but details regarding inspection are lacking. 1893, 3 cases, death. Details not given. 1894, 51 cases, 5 deaths. At least 22 cases, 1 death, due to inspected meat; 7 cases, 1 death, due to uninspected Russian meat; 3 cases, 1 death, due to condemned meat; 3 cases, 2 deaths, due to meat known to be trichinous; source of 3 cases known; no details given regarding inspection; source of 13 cases not traced. 1895, 23 cases, 2 deaths. Eight cases, 1 death, due to inspected meat; 11 cases, 1 death, due to meat smuggled away from the inspection; details of 4 cases lacking. 1896, 7 cases, death. Five cases due to inspected meat; 2 cases due to con- demned meat. 1897, 3 cases, death. Due to condemned meat. 1898, 2 cases, death. No details given. Thus, of a total of 219 cases, 21 deaths, 25 cases, 1 death, occurred before the 1883 decree, but none of them were attributed to American meats; 20 cases were apparently due to uninspected meat; 5 cases, 1 death, not definitely established, although source of meat was known. During the exclusion of American pork, 74 cases, 11 deaths, are reported. Of these, details are lacking for 35 case.s, 5 deaths; 14 cases, 3 deaths, were due to 'inspected meat; 13 cases, 2 deaths, were 122 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. due to uninspected meat; the source of 10 cases, 3 deaths, was known, but details regarding inspection are not in my notes; 2 cases were not traced. Since the readmission of American pork (1892-1898), 120 cases, 9 deaths, have occurred, but not one of them has been attributed to American meat; 35 cases, 2 deaths, were due to -inspected meat; 8 cases, 1 death, to condemned meat; 3 cases, 2 deaths, to meat known to be trichinous; 11 cases, 1 death, to meat smuggled away from the inspection; 7 cases, 1 death, to uninspected Eussian meat; source of 30 cases, 1 death, known, but details regarding inspection lacking in my notes; 9 cases given without details; 13 cases not traced to source of infection; 4 cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat. The following extracts from official reports are instructive: "Diese Angaben beweisen indess, dass eine absolute Zuverlassigkeit durch das Fleischauwesen nicht vorhanden ist. Einerseits erscheint es geboten, die Beauf- sichtigung der Fleischbeschauer zu verecharfen, wie bereits in dem vorigen Sani- tatsbericht betont worden ist. " Die Regelung der Angelegenheit fallt in die nachste Berichtsperiode. Anderer- seits erscheint die Frage gereclitfertigt, ob nicht die Gefahr der Trichinenerkrankung der Menschen wesentlich herabgemindert werden kann, wenn die Herstellung von Wurst aus ungekochtem Schweinefleisch beziehentlich die Zubereitungen aus Schweinefleisch zum Rohessen (Hackfleisch) bezw. der Genuss des rohen Schweine- fleisches durch Polizei-Reglement untersagt wiirden. Diese Volksunsitte des Genusses roher Wurst und rohen Schweinefleisches wird trotz aller Bemiihungen der Trichinenschau noch viele Erkrankungen und Todesfalle der Menschen an der Trichinose verursachen. — Von einer thierarztlichen Bekampfung der Ursachen der Verbreitung der Trichinose der Schweine hat sich bis jetzt nichts verlauten lassen. AUerdings konnen an eine bessere Haltung der Schweine, in Bezug auf Emahrung und Unterbringung, unter hiesigen Verhiiltnissen um so weniger grossere Anforde- rungen gestellt werden, als die Besitzer dieser niitzlichen, Fleisch und Fett liefernden Thierklasse, soweit sie nicht dem Stande der Grossbesitzer angehoren, mit den Sorgen fiir die eigene Unterbringung und Emahrung hart genug geplagt sind. Angesichts der Thatsache, dass der Bezirk jiihrlich eine Summe von mehr als 150,000 Mark fiir die in ihren Resultaten immer noch einen unsicheren Schutz gewahrende Trichinenschau opfern muss, ist vom nationalokonomischen Stand- punkte gerechtfertigt, Wege und Mittel zu ersinnen und einzuleiten, um das TJebel wirksamer an der Wurzel anzufassen und auszurotten. (Belehrungen, Verbesse- rung der Schweinezucht, Pramiirung musterhafter Zucht- und Mastanstalten des kleinbiluerlichen Betriebes. ) "Eine allgemeine obligatorische Fleischschau ist im Regierungs-Bezirk noch nicht eingef iihrt. Die mikroskopische Fleischschau ist am vollkommensten in denjenigen Gemeinden durchgefiihrt, welche offentliche Schlachthaus-Einrichtungen besit- zen." — Gironne, 1894, p- ISS. Potsdam 158 cases, 1 death. Official local health reports are not accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1882 (Kanzow, 1884); 1885 (Kanzow, 1887, p. 76); 1889-1890 (Kanzow, 1893); 1893-1894 '(Kan- zow, 1897); 1896-1898. The following cases have been collected: 1881, 5 cases, death. Two cases due to eating meat before result of inspection was known ; in 3 cases the meat could net be traced. TEICHINOSIS TW GERMANY. 123 1883, 8 cases, death. All due to uninspected meats. 1884 59 cases, 1 death. Five cases due to inspected pork; 11 cases due to unin- spected meat; source of 42 cases, 1 death, apparently known, but no details given regarding inspection; details lacking in 1 case. 1886, 5 cases, death. Source of 3 cases known, but details regarding inspection not given; details regarding meat in 2 cases not known. 1887, 1 case, death. Due to uninspected meat. 1888, 18 cases, death. Eleven cases due to inspected meat; source of 7 cases known, but details regarding inspection not given. 1891, 1 case, death. Source known; details regarding inspection not given. 1892, 40 cases; death. Details not^iven. 1895, 21 cases, death. Source known; it is not determined whether the hog was smuggled away from the inspection or not. Thus, of 168 cases, 1 death, 5 cases occurred before the 1883 decree. In 3 of these cases the meat could not be traced; 2 cases were due to meat eaten before results of the inspection were known. During the years of exclusion, 92 cases, 1 death, were reported. Twenty of these were due to uninspected meat; 16 to inspected meat; source was known for 53 cases, 1 death, but details regarding inspection lacking; details unknown in 2 cases and lacking in 1 case. Since the readmission of American pork, 61 cases have been reported. Details of 40 cases are not given; 21 cases were traced to source of infection, but it is not established whether or not the hog was smuggled away from the inspection. No cases have been traced to American meat. The following extract from official reports may be noted: " Zu diesen Untersuchungen waren in den 3 Berichtsjahren bezw. 1672, 1709, 1721 Fleischbeschauer bestellt und im Jahre 1894 nur in 3 Forstrevieren des Kreises Oberbarnim, einem Gutsbezirk und einer Oberforsterei des Kreises Ostprignitz, 3 Amtsbezirken des Kreises Ruppin und 4 Gutsbezirken ira Kreiae Templin keine Fleischbeschauer vorhanden. In letzterem Kreise mussten sich im Jahre 1894 auf Anordnung des Landraths sammtliche Fleischbeschauer einer Nachpriifung durch den Kreisphysikus unterziehen und wie nothwendig dieses war, ergab sich daraus, dass mehrere Fleischbeschauer das Amt sofort niederlegten, mehrere die Nachprii- fung nicht bestanden und einige Mikroskope sich als schadhaft [p. 134] und unbrauch- bar erwiesen. Demnach durfte die hsiufigere Wiederholung solcher Nachpriifungen dringend nOthig sein, um die Trichinenschau (einigermassen) vertrauenswiirdig zu erhalten."— .fiTanzow, 1897, pp. 13S, 134- Schleswig-Holstein 24 cases, 1 death. Local official sanitary reports are not accessible for the years 1895- 1898. No cases have been found for the years 1881-1885 (Bockendahl, 1882, p. 19; 1883, p. 13; 1887, p. 153); 1887-1894 (Bockendahl, 1889, p. 105; 1893); 1895-1898. The following cases have been collected: 1886, 20 cases, 1 death. Four cases due to meat used before inspector reported; 16 cases, 1 death, due to uninspected meat. 1888, 4 cases, death. Source known; details regarding inspection not given. Thus the only cases collected for 1881-1898 occurred during the exclusion of American meats; source known in all cases. See also p. 42. 124 BTJREATT OF ANIMAL INDUSTKT. Bockendahl (1893, p. 114) remarks upon the objection to the general trichina inspection as follows: "Gegen die zwangsweise Trichinenschau straubt sich die Provinz durchaus, weil sie, wie nach den Volksgewohnheiten erklarlich, das Leiden einer Trichinener- krankung bei Massen noch nicht kennen gelernt hat." Sigmaringen - case, death. The official district health reports are not accessible for the years 1889-1891, 1895-1898. According to Koch (1883, p. 61) no cases were known in 1881 or earlier. No cases were found for the years 1882-1886 (Koch, 1887); lss6-lcS88 (Lauchert, 1890, p. 52); 1889-1891, 1892- 1894 (Schmidt, 1897, p. 71); 1895-1898. Koch (1883, p. 61) remarks: "Was nun speciell die Trichinenfrage betrifft, so ist in den HohenzoUernschen Landen nie ein Fall von derartiger Erkrankungen vorgekommen und scheint uns in der That die Gefahr fiir die hiesige Bevolkerung nicht vorhandenzuseinsolange die Gewohnheit, das Schweinefleisch, frisch wie gerauchert, nur ingekochtem Zustande zu geniessen, fortbesteht. Sollte aber in den Stadten, wie dies fiir die beiden grosseren: Sigmaringen und Hechingen, den Anschein hat, die Sitte, rohen (raeist westpha- lischen) von aussen bezogenen Schinken im Ausschnitt zu verkaufen, urn sich greifen, so ware dadurch wenigstens die Moglichkeit des Ausbruches dieser Krankheit auch hier gegeben." Stade 1 case, death. Official district sanitary reports are not accessible for the years 1895-1898. No gases of trichinosis have been found for the years 1881-1898. That the freedom of Stade from trichinosis has not been entirely due to the trichina inspection will be gathered from the following extracts from the official reports. It will be noticed that the inspec- tion was ordered in 1877, and that its introduction met with consider- able opposition from the people; that twenty years later (1897) it had not been possible to carry it out in all places. "Zwei trichinos befundene amerikanische Speckseiten resp. Schinken waren von Hamburger Trichinenuntersuchern fiir trichinafrei erklart worden, obgleich bei den Nachrevisionen die Parasiten zahlreich genug angetroffen wurden, um sie bei auf- merksamer Untersuchung nicht iibersehen zu konnen." — Bohde, 1883a, p. ^. "Der Durchfiihrung der durch eine Polizeiverordnung vom 12. December 1877 angeordneten Fleischbeschau in alien Gemeinden stehen noch immer erhebliche Schwierigkeiten dadurch entgegen, dass die Landbevolkerung die Fleischbeschau fiir vollkommen iiberflussig halt und den mit derselben verbundenen Weiterungen und Kosten sich zu entziehen sucht, indem sie diejenigen Personen, welche geneigt sind, als Fleischbeschauer sich ausbilden und anstellen zu lassen, hiervon zuriick- hiilt, sowie den Angestellten den Dienst moglichst verleidet. "Im Amte Verden z. B., wo bislang noch iiberall keine Fleischbeschau stattfindet, war es den Bemvihungen des Kreishauptmanns gelungen, in 6 Gemeinden Personen zur Ausbildung als Fleischbeschauer zu veranlassen, indessen zogen alle, um nicht in Feindschaft mit ihren Gemeindegenossen zu gerathen, ihre Antrage auf Anstellung wieder zuriick, oder liessen wiederholte Aufforderungen zur Vorlage ihrer Qualiflcar tionszeugnisse unbeachtet. "Die auf Anregung der Landdrostei seitens der Obrigkeit^n, in deren Bezirken die allgemeine Fleischbeschau noch nicht obligatorisch geworden war, im Berichtsjahre TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 125 erneuten Versuche, zu Fleischbeschauern geeignete Personen ausfinding zu machen, 8ind in den Amtern Himmelpforten und Bremervorde von bestem Erfolge gewesen und haben die Einfiihrung der Fleischbeschau in der Mehrzahl der Gemeinden zur Folge gehabt. Im erstem Amte sind nur noch 11, im zweiten noch 9, im Arate Neu- haus noch 7 Gemeinden riicksttindig geblieben. Im Stader Marschkreise wird die Fleischbeschau bereits im ganzen Bezirke ausgeiibt. Auch in den Amtern Lehe und Zeven sind im Berichtsjahre 18 bezw. 17 Fleischbeschauer neu angestellt worden. Die im Stadtbezirke Buxtehude bislang nur rucksichtlich der von Gewerbetreibenden geschlachteten Schweine in Anwendung gebrachte Fleischbeschau wurde auf sammt- liche geschlachtete Schweine ausgedehnt. ' ' Es darf daher gehoff t werden, dass, wenn die Obrigkeiten sich der Sache annehmen und die gegen die Fleischbeschau in Scene gesetzten Agitationen und Beschwerden sich als erfolglos erwiesen haben, die volli-tandige Durchfuhrung der JIassregel fur den ganzen Landdrosteibezirk in nicht zu langer Zeit zu erreichen sein yvird."—Bohde, 1883h, p. S8. P. 120: " Die Durchfuhrung der obligatorischen Fleischbeschau auf Trichinen und Finnen hat in den Bizirken, in welchen dieselbe bislang nicht ausgeiibt wurde, wie- derum erfreuliche Fortschritte gemacht; seit dem Jahre 1880 hat die Zahl der Fleisch- beschauer sich um 125 [p. 121] vergrossert. Auf dem platten Lande wird der Nutzen der Fleischbeschau aber noch immer verkannt und die Massregel als eine das Schweinefieisch vertheuernde Belastigung angesehen. " In einigen Amtsbezirken halt es daher schwer, zu Fleischbeschauern geeignete Personen zu finden; die Bevolkerung sucht solche auf jede Weise davon zuriickzu- halten. Im Dorfe Scheessel legte z. B. nach dem Berichte des Kreisphysikus ein sehr tiichtiger Fleischbeschauer das Amt nieder, well die aufgeregten Bauem ihm ■wiederholt die Fenster einwarfen. Im Amte Verden ist erst nach jahrelangen Bemiihungen in einer einzigen Gemeinde die Anstellung eines Fleischbeschauers moglich geworden. Gegen die obligatorische Fleischbeschau beschwerte sich alsbald die Gemeinde unter Hinweisung auf den Umstand, dass auch in der Stadt Verden die Fleischau'nur facultativ geiibt wiirde. Ein Grmid, der Beschwerde stattzugeben, lag um so weniger vor, als ein in einer Nachbargemeinde geziichtetes Schwein tri- chinos befunden worden war. Dagegen wurde der Magistrat in Verden veranlasst, die Polizei-Verordnung vom 12. December 1877 iiber die Untersuchung des Schweine- fleisches auf Trichinen in Kraft zu setzen. " Um die Untersuchungsgebiihren f iir die Fleischbeschauer zu ermilssigen, schlossen mehrere Gemeinden Contracte, wonach jene statt der amtlich auf 75 Pf. fiir die Untersuchung eines Schweines festgesetzten Taxe nur 30 bis 40 Pf. erhalten sollten. In der Voraussetzung, dass diese unzureichende Entschiidigung die ordnungsmiissigen Untersuchungen beeintrachtigen wiirde, beabsichtigte im Jahre 1883 ein Kreis- hauptmann die taxmiissigen Gebiihren von den Besitzern der Schweine im Zwangs- verfahren beitreiben zu lassen. Die zustandigen Herren Minister, welchen die Angelegenheit vorgetragen wurde, entschieden dahin, dass die Einziehung der amtlich festgesetzten Gebiihr im Wege der adniinistrativen Zwangsvollstreckung unzulassig sei und der Ermassigung der Taxe seitens der Fleischbeschauer, welche nicht als Beamte der Polizei, sondern als Gewerbetreibende anzusehen seien, im Wege des Privatabkommens Nichts entgegenstehe. "Im Amte Zeven wird nicht unerhebliche Schweinezucht betrieben. Finnen gehoren nicht zu den Seltenheiten; ein im Bezirke geborenes Schwein war hochgradig trichinos befunden, man beabsichtigte daher, da die Versuche, Fleischbeschauer anzustellen, in 7 Gemeinden an dem Widerstande der Bewohner gescheitert waren, jene Gemeinden benachbarten 4 bis 8 km entfernten Fleischschau-Bezirken anzu- schliessen. Gelegentlich einer dadurch veranlassten Beschwerde bestimmte der Herr Minister, dass die Ausdehnung der obligatorischen [p. 122] Fleisi h>eFchau hinsichtlich der zum Privatgebrauche geschlachteten Schweine nur auf s-olche 126 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Gemeinden in Aussicht zu nehmen sei, in denen der bestellte Fleischbeschauer den Betheiligten ohne allzugrosse Belastigung zuganglich ware. "In der Stadt Bremervorde beantragtefn die vorhandenen 9 Schlachter, um die auf 1 M. f estgesetzten Geblihren herabzudriicken, , die Anstellung eines besonderen Fleisch- beschauers, welcher jedes von den Schlachtern geschlachtete Schwein Mr eine Gebiihr von 50 Pf . untersuchen sollte. Da die vorhandenen 3 Beschauer dem Bediirf- nisse schon reichlich geniigten, iibrigens die in Aussicht genommene Person lichkeit fiir das Amt durchaus ungeeignet war, so wurde der bereits vom Magistrate abge- wiesene Antrag auch von der Landdrostei abgelehnt und die Entscheidung in der Ministerialinstanz bestiitigt."— JSo/ide, 1887, ■pp. 120-lS^. ' ' Wegen ungeniigender Kenntnisse mussten 20 Fleischbeschauer die Nachpriif ungen wiederholen, 9 wurden wegen Unbrauchbarkeit oder grober Pflichtverletzung aus dem Amte entlassen. Wegen Ueberschreitung der zuliissigen Zahl von 6 an einem Tage untersuchten Schweine, unordentlicher Listenfiihrung und dergl. wurden mehrfach Bestrafungen erforderlich. "Allgemein sprechen die Physiker sich fiir die Nothwendigkeit der Nachpriifungen aus, besonders auch mit Riicksicht auf die Beschaffenheit der Mikroskope, mehrfach bot sich Gelegenheit, die Fleischbeschauer vor der Uebernahme des Amts von dem Ankauf billiger und schlechter Instrumente zuriickzuhalten. Der Physikus des Kreises Jerk hat die empfehlenswerthe Einrichtung getroften, dass Personen, die sich als Fleischbeschauer ausbilden lassen wollen, vorher stets seinen JJath wegen Beschaffung eines Mikroskops in Anspruch zu nehmen haben. Er empfiehlt die von Leitz in Wetzlar zum Preise von 45 Mark beztjgenen Instrumente als vorzugsweise fiir den Zweck brauchbar. "Unter Hinweisung auf die Beliistigungen und Kosten, welche fiir die Fleisch- beschauer und das Publikum dadurch entstehen, dass die Nachpriifungen der Fleischbeschauer am Wohnsitze des Kreisphysikus abgehalten werden und hier- durch einzelne Fleischbeschauer zu mehrtagigen Reisen genothigt werden, beantragte ein Physikus die Erlaubniss, die Nachpriifungen ausser an seinem Wohnsitze auch an bestimmten anderen Orten des Kreises abhalten zu durfen. Von dem Herrn Minister wurde das Gesuch abschliigig beschieden, well eine Behinderung der Fleischbeschau nicht zu befiirchten sei, wenn die Nachpriifungen nicht wilhrend der Schlachtperiode vorgenommen wiirden und well zu einer Ausnahme von der Kegel, dass der zu Priifende den Kreisphysikus aufzusuchen habe, Veranlassung nicht vorliege. ' ' Wahrend des Berichtszeitsraums sind f iinf Schweine trichinos befunden, zwei der- selben waren in Verden von Ackerbiirgern in Stallen aufgezogen worden, aus denen auch im Jahre 1885 drei trichinose Schweine hervorgegangen waren. Ein in Otters- berg. Kreis Achim, geschlachtetes Schwein, welches krankhafte Erscheihungen gezeigt hatte, war in einem benachbarten Moordorfe aufgezogen worden, trotz sorg- faltiger Untersuchung wurden bei den iibrigen Thieren, welche mit dem kranken dieselben Stalle bewohnt hatten, Trichinen nicht gefunden. "Die Befunde der Fleischbeschauer wurden von dem zustandigen Kreisphysikus bestatigt, in einem Falle lag eine \'erwechselung von [p. 129] lebhaft sich bewegen- den Nematoden mit Trichinen vor; auf welche Weise die Wiirmer in das Fleisch gelangt waren, liess sich nicht feststellen." — Bohde, 1890, pp. 1^8-189. "Die Ergebnisse der Nachpriifungen, deren vortheilhafter Einfluss auf die Zuver- lassigkeit der Untersuchungen besonders anerkannt wird, sind im AUgemeinen befriedigend ausgefallen. Wegen ungeniigender Kenntnisse mussten in jedem Jahre 3 bis 7 Fleischbeschauer die Priifung wiederholen, 6 wurden wegen Unbrauch- barkeit entlassen, oder legten das Amt freiwillig nieder. Wegen unordentlicher Fiihrung der Listen iiber ihre Thatigkeit und wegen Ueberschreitung der zulas- eigen Zahl von 6 an einem Tage untersuchten Schweine erfolgten einige Bestrafun- gen. Gegen einen Fleischbeschauer in Geestenmiinde wurde eine Pohzeistrafe von TRIOHIJMOSIS IN GERMANY. 127 30 M. festgesetzt, well er J Jahr lang die Fuhrung der Listen unterlassen hatte. Die hiergegen angerufene Entscheidung des Schoffengericlits fiel gegen ihn aus, wiihrend die Strafkammer des Landgerichts in Verden ihn freisprach. " Die Beschaffenheit der Mikroskope der FleischbeKchauer gab mehrfach zu Aus- stellungen Anlasa, sowohldie Instandhaltung an ^ich Ijrauchbarer, als auch die Benut- zung billiger und schlecht [p. 145] eingerichteter Instrumente. Bei der geringen Vergiitung, die manche Fleischbeschauer trotz der aintlich festgesetzten, angemes- senen Taxen fiir die Untersuchungen erhalten, erkliirten sich dieselben mehrfach ausser Stande, bessere Mikroskope aus eigenen Mitteln anzuschaffen. Nur aus- nahmsweise Itisst die Gemeinde sich zu eine Beihulfe fiir solchen Zweck herbei, es wird daher erklarlich, wenn manchmal die Anforderungen an die Brauchbarkeit der Mikroskope bei den Nachpriifungen niedrig gestellt werden."— So/ide, 1893, pp. ■lU, 145. "Ungeachtet der fortwiihrend darauf gerichteten Bemlihungen ist es noch immer nicht gelungen die Polizeiverordnung vom 12. December 1877 (vergl. 4. Generalbe- richt) betreffend die Untersuchung des Schweinefieisches auf Trichinen und Finnen, in alien Gemeinden zur Durchfiihrung zu bringen. Im Geestkreise Bremervurde, besonders aber im Nachbarkreise [p. 129] Zeven wussten sich einzelue Gemeinden bisher der Massregel zu entziehen. Im Kreise Zeven haben die fortgetzten Bemiih- ungen des Kreisphysikus und des Landraths endlich den Erfolg gehabt, dass bis zum Ende des Jahres 1894 im Kreise 18 Fleischbeschauer angestellt waren. Mehr- fach wurden Gemeinden, in denen fiir das Arat geeignete Personen angeblioh nicht zu linden waren, benachbarten Schaubezirken angeschlossen. In manchen Orten wird der Mangel an geeigneten Fleischbeschauern anscheinend durch die geringen Gebiihren verursacht, die den Beschauern zugebilhgt sind. In der That muss das immerhin verantwortungsvolle Amt wenig verlockend erscheinen, wenn der Fleisch- beschauer fiir die Untersuchung eines Schweines 50 Pfg. erhiilt und dafiir auch noch Entfernungen bis zu mehreren Kilometern zuriickzulegen hat. ' ' Im Jahre 1 892 wurden unter amerikanischen Speckseiten, die mit der in der Kaiser- lichen Verordnung vom 3. September 1891 vorgeschriebenen amtlichen Bescheini- gung iiber die stattgehabte Untersuchung versehen waren, in 3 Fallen Trichinen gefunden. Der Umstand gab Veranlassung, die Bestimmung im § 2 der oben genann- ten Polizeiverordnung in Erinnerung zu bringen mii Himoeisung darauf, dass der amtUche Nachweln der amerikanischen Belidrdenuher die Unschddlichkeitder Fleischwaaren nur die Erlaubnias zur Einfuhr derselheii. hedinge.^ * * * ' ' Eine Fleischbeschauerin in Verden fand lebende Wiirmer, welche sie fiir Trichinen hielt, in den Augenmuskeln eines Schweines, aber nicht in anderen Muskeln des- selben ThiereS. Der Kreisphysikus hielt die Wiirmer nicht fiir Trichinen, obwohl sie mit solchen grosse Aehnlichkeit hatten, und veranlasste eine Nachprufung in der Koniglichen thierarztlichen Hoehschule in Hannover. Hier stellte Professor Butcher fest, dass es sich um Rhabditiden handelte, von der sehr schwierigen Bestimmung der Species sah derselbe ab. Aus der Literatur war ihm kein Fall bekannt, dass Rabditiden'' in den Augenmuskeln des Schweines beobachtet &eien." —Rusalc, 1S91, pp. 128, 129. That a district which appears never to have reported a case of trichinosis in man should be subjected to all the trouble and worry mentioned in these extracts can hardly fail to give rise to serious reflections among hygienists as to the justification of compelling the expenditure of so much money and effort in enforcing upon the 1 Italics not in the original. See above, p. 17. 2 These worms were probably introduced into the preparation by the water used. Several such cases are known.— 0. W. S. 128 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. unwilling inhabitants a hygienic measure which is admittedly an uncer- tain protection against the disease it is intended to prevent. g^g^^. jjj 18 cases, death. No district reports are accessible for the years 1895-1898. ISIo cases have been found for the years 1882 (Weiss, 1884); 1883-1884 (Dieterich, 1887, p. 137); 1886-1890, 1892-1894 (Katerbau, 1890, p. 109; 1893, p. 94; 1896, p. 108). The following cases have been collected: 1881, 4 cases, death. Apparently due to inspected meat. 1885, 5 cases, death. Probably due tp condemned meat. 1891, 8 cases, death. Source known. Details regarding inspection not given. 1898, 1 case, death. Details not given. Thus 13 cases were recorded for the nine years of exclusion, and 1 case for the seven years since the readmission of American pork. Stralsund 4 cases, 1 death. No Bezirk health reports are accessible for the years 1895-1898. No cases have been found for the years 1881 (Koehler, 1883); 1883-1885 (Koehler, 1887, p. 85); 1889-1891 (Haselberg, 1894); 1892-1894 (Hasel- berg, 1898). The only statistics found are: 1882, 3 cases, 1 death. Due to uninspected meat. 1886-1888, 1 case, death. Details lacking. Trier case, death. Official Bezirk reports for 1895-1898 are not accessible. No cases of trichinosis have been found for the years 1881-1898. Trichina inspection was required for American and other imported wares by a police order of February 26, 1879, but this order was aft- erwards repealed. On April 23, 1891, a new decree was issued pro- viding for a general trichina inspection, but this was not received with any amount of enthusiam. It was modified October 8, 1881, freeing house slaughtering, when the meat was intended for use in one's own family, from the inspection. Schwartz (1887, p. 68) refers to the con- tinued opposition raised against the trichina inspection, and states that the Government thought it necessary upon repeated occasions to warn the public against eating raw pork, even when it had been microscopic- ally inspected. In 1894 (pp. 41, 54) Schwartz sta;tes that no reexami- nation of the microscopists and no inspection of the instruments take place because of the expense connected with such revision. Large quantities of American meats have been consumed in this Bezirk, and Schwartz (1882, pp. 85, 86) admits the claim of the importers in Saarbriicken that the mountain inhabitants and factory hands were able to procure their necessary meat only when American pork was imported. The following quotations from official sanitary- reports will be found interesting: ' ' Angeregt durch die Circular-Erlasse des Koniglichen Ministeriums zur Einf uhrung der TTntersuchune des Schweinefleischea aul Trichinen war von der Koniglichen TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 129 Regierung zu Trier am 26. Februar 1879 fiir den Umfang des Bezirks eine Polizei- ^ erordnung erlassen wordei, welche die [p. 86] ITntersuchung des amerikanischen Oder des sonst vom Auslande importirten Schweinefleischesund Speckes auf Trichinen und Finnen anordnete, von der des inlandischen aber ganz absah. In den meii^ten StJidten kam dieselbe zur Ausfiihrung und wurden im Regierungsbezirke im Jahrc^ 1879-4741 Schweine und Theile Von Fleischtheilen untersucht. Es ergab die Unter- suchung im Kreise Daun ein trichinoses geschlachtetes Schwein, in den iibrigen Kreisen 132 trichinSse amerikanische Schinken und Speckseiten. Sieben Schweine hatten Finnen. Fiir das Jahr 1880 fehlt eine zuverliissige Angabe. "In den Stadten St. Johann und Saarbriicken stiess dagegen die Einfuhrung der mikroskopischen Untersuchung auf Schwierigkeiten. Mehrere dort ansiissige Gross- handler, welche bisher in grosseren Quantitaten amerikanisches Fleisch eiugefiihrt hatteu, fanden sich in ihrem Handel durch diese Polizeiverordnung geschiidigt und protestirten gegen dieselbe. Ihre Beschwerde wnrde von der Handelskammer zu Saarbriicken untertiitzt. Siebehaupteten wohl nicht mit Unrecht, dass die Bergleute, Hiitten- und Fabrikarbeiter, fiir welche Fleischnahrung ein unabweisbares Bediirf- niss sei, erst durch die Einfiihrung des amerikanischen Schweinefleiscbes und vor- ziiglich des Speckes wieder in die Lage gekommen seien, eine solche sich verschaffen zu konnen. Sie fiihrten weiter aus, dass es fiir sie als Grosshiindler ganz unmoglich sei, bei einem Importe von rund 30,000 Centner Schweinefleisch, welcherin ungefiihr 142,000 Stiicken meist in der Zeit vom Miirz bis September ankomme, jedes Stiick untersuchen und mit dem Brennstempel des Fleischbeschauers vor dem Verkaute versehen zu lassen. Diese Unmoglichkeit verlange aber die angezogene Polizei- Verordnung. Durch dieselbe, behaupteten sie ferner, wurde in kurzer Zeit ihr Handel mit amerikanischen Sohweinefleische vernichtet werden, weil sie die weitere Con- currenz dann nicht mehr aushalten konnten. In Folge dieser Vorstellung ordnete der Herr Minister denn auch die Aufhebung jener Eegierungs-Verordnung, soweit sie die Grosshiindler betraf, an uiid empfahl die Einfiihrung der Untersuchung des sammtlichen Schweinefleiscbes fiir den Detailhandel. Die obige Polizei-Verordnung wurde deshalb von der koniglichen Regierung unter dem 26. Februar 1880 zuriick- gezogen und gleichzeitig das Publikum vor dem Genusse des nicht vollkommen gar gekochten, des nicht gut gepokelten und geriiucherten Schweinefleiscbes gewarnt." — Schwartz, 188S, pp. 85, 86. "Von einschneidender Wirkung auf den Fleischhandel war die unter dem 23. April 1881 von der KonigUchen Regierung angeordnete, obligatorische Untersuchung aller im Bezirke, auch fiir den Hausbedarf geschlachteten Schweine, wie des von auswarts importirten Schweinefleiscbes und der daraus verfertigten Fleischwaaren, soweit diese nicht den Beweis der vorhergegangenen amtlichen Untersuchungen beibringen konnten, auf Trichinen und Finnen. Die bezugliche Polizeiverordnung wurde mit der Massgabe erlassen, dass sie in jedem Orte dann in Kraft treten solle, wenn fur denselben eine dem Bediirfnisse entsprechende Zahl von Fleischbeschauern vorhan- den, bekannt gemacht und verpflichtet sei. Im Uebrigen enthielt sie die gewohn- lichen Bestimmungen und verordnete in der hierzu erlassenen Instruktion noch, dass der Fleischbeschauer, welcher fiir jede Untersuchung eine ]Mark zu fordern habe, an einem Tage nicht mehr als 10 Schweine untersuchen solle. Die Aussicht auf einen immerhin ganz lohnenden Verdienst bewog alsbald viele Personen in den Stadten und auf dem Lande sich als Fleischbeschauer ausbilden und examiniren zu lassen Dass auch Lehrer als Fleischbeschauer angestellt wurden, gab die Konig- liche Regierung desshalb nicht zu, weil jene durch dieses Nebenamt ihren Berufs- geschiiften entzogen und mit der Bevolkerung in Konflikt gesetzt werden konnten. Auf sie [p. 33] zuriickzugreifen war auch nicht nothig, da bald in dem grSsseren Theile aller Kreise eine geniigende Zahl anderweitiger Personen als Fleischbeschauer bestellt werden, und die Fleischbeschau zur Ausfuhrung kommen konnte. Die Konkurrenz wurde sogar schon nach einiger Zeit so gross, dass die einzelnen Fleischbeschauer 2390i— No. 30—01 9 130 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. in ihren Fordemngen unter die Taxe gingen, und mehrere Gemeinden sich versucht fiihlten deni Mindestfordernden die Fleischbeschau, welche sie m offenthcher ^ er- steigeru'ng ausboten, zuzuschlagen. Hiergegen legte jedoch die Konigliche Regierung Protest ein und untersagte diese Art von Versteigerung. ' ' Nirgends im Bezirke wurde die obligatorische Fleischbeschau von vornherein mit grossenTEnthusiasmus aufgenommen, und bald erh6b sich eine weit verbreitete Agita- tion gegen dieselbe, welche zuniichst die Bestimmung, dass auch jedes f iir den Haus- bedarf geschlachtete Schwein untersucht werden musste, zum Gegenstand des Angriffs'^machte. Von alien Seiten, vorziiglich aber von dem Lande aus, beschwerte man sich iiber das Driickende dieser ^''erordnung sowohl bei der Koniglichen Regie-, rung als bei dem Herrn Minister und legte Nachdruck darauf, dass bei der auf dem Lande oft nicht zu umgehenden grosseren Entfernung des Wohnsitzes des Fleisch- beschauers das Schlachten der Schweine iiberhaupt erschwert, sogar in der allge- meinen Schlachtzeit unmoglich gemacht werde, und dass die Zahlung von einer Mark fiir die Fleischbeschau das Schweinefleisch unverhaltnissmassig vertheuere. Man fiihrte ferner an, dass unter dieser Vertheuerung naturlich zumeist der arme Mann, welchem es oft sehr schwer falle das zum Einsalzen nuthige Salz zu beschaffen, leide und der Preis von 1 Mark fiir die ortsiiblicherweise gesohlachteten Spanferkel, welche durchschnittlich nur einen Werth von zwei bis drei Mark hiitten, ein so unverhaltnissmassig hoher sei, dass diese von dem Handelsmarkte ganz ausgeschlos- sen wiirden. Als Beispiel fiir die Hohe und das Driickende dieser unfreiwilligen Abgabe wurde der Kreis Saarburg augefiihrt. In diesem werden jiihrlich annahernd 2,500 Schweine geschlachtet,- so dass die Fleischbeschaukosten 2,500 Mark betragen, eine Summe, welche der Haltte der Klassensteuer gleichkommt. Endlich wurde behauptet, dass die Untersuchung, wenigstens auf dem Lande, wo niemals rohes Schweinefleisch gegessen werde, ganz unnothig sei, keineswegs einen absoluten Schutz gewahre und die Schweinezucht, einen bisher bliiheijden Zweig der Landwirthschaft, ausserst gefahrde. Alle Eingaben gingen zuniichst darauf hinaus, dass wenigstens das Schlachten fiir das eigene Haus und den eigenen Gebrauch frei gegeben werde. " In Folge der vielfachen Gesuche und Vorstellungen wurde unter dem 8. October 1881, den Ortspolizeibehorden seitens der Koniglichen Kegierung die Ermachugung ertheilt, von der Fleischbeschau der zum eigenen Bedarfe geschlachteten Schweine abzusehen, dieselbe aber unbedingt fiir alles zum Yerkaufegestellte Schweinefleisch festzuhalten. Mit diesem Freigeben eines grossen Theils aller geschlachteten Schweine war nun wiederden schon angestellten Fleischbeschauern gar nicht gedient und am allerwenigsten denen auf dem Lande, wo durchgiingig nur fiir den Hausbedarf geschlachtet wird. Sie erlitten einen sehr grossen Ausfall in ihren Einnahmen und einselne [p. 34] Beschauer in den Dorfern hatteniiberhaupt keine Untersuchung mehr zu machen. In ihrer Noth wandten sie sich an die Konigliche Regierung und baten diese sie fur den entstandenen Ausfall schadlos zu halten, ihnen die Kosten des Unter- richts, des Examens, des Mikroskops, 2c. , zu ersetzen, da sie in gutem Glauben auf das Weiterbestehen der ersten Polizeiverordung sich die vielen Kosten und Miihen gemacht hiitten. H ierzu sah sich die Regierung um so weniger veranlasst, als sie keine Garantie der Einkiinfte iibernommen hatte, das Grundprinzip der Fleischbeschau bestehen blieb, und auch den fur den eigenen Bedarf Schlachtenden die Gelegenheit zur Untersuchung gegeben sein sollte. Auch die weiterhin an den Herrn Ressort- minister gerichteten Besch werden wurden hiernach zuriickgewiesen." — Schwartz 1884, pp. 33-34- Wiesbaden 3 cases, death. Official district health reports are not accessible for the years 1895- 1898. No cases have been found for the j^ears 1881-1888 (Warner 1882; 1883, p. 39; 1886; 18—, p. 76); 1889-1891 (Pfeiffer, 1894, p. 36); 'TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 131 ' 1892-1894 (Pfeiffer, 1897, p. 24); 1895-1896, 1898. The only cases collected are: •' 1893, 2 cases, death. No details. 1897, 1 case, death. In hospital. No details. B. KINGDOM OF SAXONY. 1860 to 1880: %,610 cases, 62 deaths. Annual average, m. 28 eases, 2.95 deaths. 1881 to 1898: 1,631^ cases, 76 deaths. An nual average, 86 cases, ^ deaths. The statistics for Saxony are much more complete than those for any other State in Germany, owing to the careful preparation of the annual health report (Jahresbericht) since 18—. Ostertag (1899,- p. 488) quotes Johns as authority for the statement that Saxony experienced 3,402 cases, 79 deaths, of trichinosis during the 30 years 1860 to 1889, giving an annual average of 79.6 cases, 1.18 deaths, per year. A summary for the 21 years, 1860-1880, which I made several years ago showed 2,610 cases, 52 deaths, an average of 127.28 cases, 2. 95 deaths, per year. These figures do not agree exactly with the official statistics. The following extracts from reports for years prior to 1881 are both interesting and instructive: ' ' In andern dagegen, welche in Gittersee nur 8 Personen betraf , starben, wie gesagt, 4 derselben. Hier war es ein im Hause gemastetes und geschlachtetes Schwein, von welchem diese Personen am Schlachttage selbst (9. April) Wellfleisch und frische Wurst gegessen hatten. Der Vater und drei erwachsene Kinder starben. Alsbald nach dem Bekanntwerden dieser Krankungen hatte der Bezirksarzt Dr. Lehmann sammtliches noch vorhandene Fleisch mit Beschlag belegen lassen, spater aber auf Bitten der Wittwe in der Hoffnung, dass letztere durch die gemachten traurigen Erfahrungen hinreichend belehrt sein wiirde, unter der Bedingung wieder freige- geben, dass nichts davon an dritte Personen abgegeben und alles nurgehorig gekocht genossen werde. Trotzdem ergab sich spater, dass diese Frau einen Schinken des Schweines an einen Fleischer in Dresden verkauft hatte, da derselbe, bei der mi- kroskopischen Untersuchung trichinos gefunden, zu weitern Erorterungen Anlass gegeben hatte. Ein unnachsichtliches Vorgehen in iihnlichen Fallen hat sich der Bezirksarzt natiirlich nach dieser Eriahrung zum Gesetz gemacht." — Reinhardt, 1878, VIII, Jahresbericht {for 1876), p. 47. "In Leipzig herrschte im October und November eine sehr verbreitete Epidemie. Es wurden etwa 184 Erkrankungen gezahlt, von denen 2_t6dtlich endeten. Letztere betrafen einen Professor und einen Kaufmann. Die Ursache wurde in aus Braun- schweig bezogenen Mettwurst gefunden. Die in dieser Stadt seit lange bestehende Trichinenschau hatte somit die Erkrankungen nicht verhiiten konnen. Zu gleicher Zeit waren auch an andern Orten durch aus derselben Quelle bezogene Wurst Trichinenerkrankungen in Mehrzahl aufgetreten, so namentlich in Hoxter in Westfalen. "—iJeinfeard, 1879, IX. Jahresbericht {1877), p. 36. ^ "As proof of the small amount of confidence to be attached to the microscopic ' "Als Beleg fiir die geringe Zuverlassigkeit der mikroskopischen Trichinenschau haben wiederum mehre Bezirksarzte von Fallen zu berichten wo sie oder andre geubte Mikroskopiker erst nach dem Durchsuchen von 30 oder 40 Praparaten eine 132 BTTEEAXJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. examination for trichinre, several Bezirk physicians have again reported cases where they or other practiced microscopists have not been able to find the parasites until they had examined thirty or forty preparations, when the first inspector found numerous trichin* present. This irregular distribution of the worms which fre- quently occurs and which renders it possible to overlook them, lessens the value of the microscopic inspection, and shows that thorough cooking of the meat, which is happily very common, is a better guarantee of its wholesomeness. 1 * * * ' 'Among these cases it again occurred that in one hog only one trichina was found by several examiners, in spite of all care * * *."—Reinhard, 1881, p. 44. In Glauchau most of the butchers agreed to the trichina inspection, and displayed signs to this effect in their shops. An investigation showed, however, that not an inconsiderable number of hogs were not inspected. In Leipzig one trichina was found in a slaughtered hog; 600 further preparations from the same animal failed to reveal a second specimen.^ Trichine finden konnten in einem Fleische, wo vorher der erste TJntersucher zahl- reiche gefunden hatte. Eben die haufig so ungleichmassige, nesterweise [p. 49] Vertheilung der Trichinen, die so leicht ein Uebersehen derselben ermoglicht, schmalert die Vertrauenswiirdigkeit der Besultate der mikroskopischen Untersu- chung und giebt das gliicklicher Weise noch sehr verbreitete Garkochen des Fleisches eine bessere Garantie fiir die Unschadlichkeit desselben." — Ednhard, 1880, X. Jahresbericht {1878), pp. 4S, 49. ^"Nach den bezirksarztlichen Berichten sind im Ganzen durch die Trichinen- schauer 54 Schweine als trichinig ermittelt worden, darunter kam es wieder einmal vor, dass in einem Schweine von mehreren.Untersuchem nur eine einzige Trichine trotz aller Sorgfalt gefunden wurde. Besonders bemerkenswerth ist die in Dresden gemachte Beobachtung, wo zum ersten Male lebende Schweine aus Amerika dem Schlachthofe zugefiihrt wurden. Von den 88 Stiick wurden nicht weniger als 14, _das sind 16 per cent trichinig gefunden!" — Reinhard, 188S, XII. Jahresbericht (1880), p. 44. '"'In Glauchau hatten sich die meisten Fleischer zurTrichinenschau vereinigt, und beziigliche Zettel an ihren Verkaufsladen aufgehangt. Eine vorgenommene Revision ergab aber, dass ein nicht [p. 55] unbedeutender Theil der Schweine nicht unter- sucht worden war und hatte der Stadtrath dagegen einschreiten miissen. " Demungeachtet sind vielfach Trichinen in Schlachtthieren gefunden und die betreffenden Schweine vor dem Verkaufe unschadlich gemacht worden. So wurden in Bemstadt und in Lobau je zweimal, in Herwigsdorf einmal, in Freiberg ebenfalls zweimal und in Dresden bei einer grossern Anzahl geschlachteter Schweine Tri- chinen gefunden, hier auch in amerikanischen Schinken und unter diesen elfmal in solchen, welche bereits in Hamburg von den dortigen Trichinenschauem untersucht und amtlich als trichinenfrei bezeichnet worden waren. In Leipzig wurde von geschlachteten Schweinen nur in einen eine unzweifelhafte lebende Muskeltrichine gefunden und vom Bezirksarzte und dem Prof. Ziirn als solche controllirt in 600 weiteren Praparaten aus deirselben Thiere war es nicht moglich eine zweite zu ent- decken. Trotzdem wurde nur das ausgeschmolzene Fett, nicht aber das Fleiscb freigegeben. Ausserdem wurden hier 3 amerikanische Schinken und 3 solche Speck- seiten, femer in Chemnitz eine, in Zwickau 3 Speckseiten und 4 geschlachtete Schweine, 6 solche auch im Medicinalbezirke Plauen trichinenhaltig gefunden." Reinhard, 1881, XL Jahresbericht (1879) , pp. 64, S6. XKICHINOSIS IN aEKMANY. 133 1881 to 1898. Passing now to the years 1881-1898, the foUowing statistics have been gathered. No cases have been found for the years 1892 1893 1896. ' ' _ The outbreaks collected give a total of 1,634 cases, 76 deaths, of which It has been alleged that one case in Chemnitz (p. 134) was due to Ameri- can bacon eaten on a voyage from America to Europe. The average for the 19 years is 86 cases, 4 deaths, a decrease of 41.28 cases and an increase of 1.05 deaths, when compared with the average for 1860- 1880. During the exclusion of American pork (1883-1891) 1,255 cases, 76 deaths, occurred, giving an annual average of 139.4 cases, 8.3 deaths. Since its readmission (1892-1898) under certiiicate, 42 cases, death, have occurred, an annual average of 6 cases, death, thus showing a decrease of 133.4 cases, 8 deaths, per year. Under these circumstances it can not be claimed that American pork has incrmsed the number of cases. Arranging the cases according to the source of infection, the following table is obtained: Summary of Saxon outbreaks, 1881-1898. 1881-1882. 1883-1891. 1892-1898. 1881-1898. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. 337 1 1,255 178 288 [466 25 286 471 1 6 75 6 1 6] 42 1 5 [6 1,634 179 304 [483 25 458 647 11 9 1 a 76 65 cl de\ e /39 S31 (A) (i) U) 11 [11 ] 1 142 173 10 39 30 30 3 1 3 1 a Totals, divided as follows: b Due to meat which, it would appear, was inspected and passed as free from trichinae. c Due to other defects in the inspection system.* * Meat was eaten before result of inspection was known; or meat was inspected but inspector suppressed the results of inspection; or meat stamped as free from trichinae before inspection was ended; or buried hog (inspected?) was dug up and eaten; or meat was marked in the book as free from trichinae; or meat appears to have been smuggled away from the inspection. d Total cases and deaths which may be attributed to faults of the inspection. e Additional cases due to meat which may or may not have been inspected. /Definitely stated that the meat was not inspected, hence source known. g Source of infection known, but details regarding inspection not given. h Definitely stated that source of infection was not known or could not be traced. i No data given regarding meat or data insufiicient to classify. j Alleged to have been due to American meat eaten on voyage from America to Germany, but data incomplete. With the record shown in the above table before us, it is difficult to see any sanitary justification in the Saxon health statisiics for the attacks make by Saxon papers upon our goods. 134 BUREAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTRY. 1881: 177 cases, 1 death. Summary for the year. — Total of 177 cases, 1 death. Of these, 11 I cases occurred from eating pork before it was inspected; 1 case is alleged to have resulted from eating American pork during the passage from America to Germany, but 'complete evidence is lacking; 102 cases arose from uninspected pork. Chemnitz 1 case, death. Reinhard, 1883, p. 48: It is alleged that the patient ate American pork on board ship from America to Germany, and became sick in Chemnitz. See p. 167 of present report. Dresden 11 cases, death. Reinhard, 1883, p. 28: Raw ham eaten before inspection was reported. Lindenau bei Leipzig, September 60 cases,' death. Reinhard, 1883, p. 48: Hog was not inspected. "Der betreffende Fleischer hatte zwar be^annt gemacht, dass bei ihm alle Schweine auf Trichinen untersucht wurdon, doch auf erfolgte Anzeige lehnte der Staatsanwalt dieUntersuchung ab." One death, but not due to trichinosis. Neukirchen a-nd vicinity bei Chemnitz 63 cases, 1 death, Reinhard, 1883, pp. 48, 49: Source of hog known. No details regarding inspection. Oberloschwitz bei Dresden 2 cases, death. Reinhard, 1883, pp. 47, 48: Same source as Spitzkunnersdorf. Spitzkunnersdorf bei Zittau 40 cases, death,, Reinhard, 1883, pp. 47, 48: Trichinse found. Hog had not been inspected. 1882: 160 cases, death. Summary for the year. — Total of 160 cases, death. None of these cases were alleged to be due to American pork. It is not defi- nitely stated whether any cases were due to inspected meat. ' ' Von dem Vereine amtlich verpflichteter Trichinenschauer in Dresden wurde beim Landes-Medicinal-CoUegium die Einfiihrung der obligatorischen Trichinenschau beantragt tmd dies hauptsachlich durch ihre misslichen Erwerbsverhaltnisse be- griindet. Da sie indess u. A. angaben, dass hier in Dresden oft 60-80, ja 100 Schweine in einem TJage von einem Trichinenschauer untersucht wiirden und dies unmoglich in gewissenhafter Weise geschehen konne, setzte das Collegium das kgl. Ministerium unter Bezugnahme auf das von ihm bearbeitete Normalregulativ hiervon in Kennt- niss und sind auch die Verwaltungsbehorden hierauf angewiesen worden.'' — Rein- hard, 1884, XIV Jahresbericht {188S), p. 66. Carlsfeld (Schwarzenberg), March 50 cases, death. Reinhard, 1884, p. 52: Not stated whether the hog was inspected or not. Source known. Dresden, June and December 20 cases, death. Reinhard, 1884, pp. 51, 52: First outbreak caused by a ham brought from the country. Source of infection in second outbreak not determined. Scheibenberg and vicinity, May 50 cases, death. Reinhard, 1884, p. 52: Trichinaj found. Not stated whether hog was inspected. Source known. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 135 Thum (Annaberg), January , _ 40 cases, death. • "•^'■"^'^^d' 18*^4, p. 52; ileal not inspected, although an inspecto.- was stationed in rhum. 1883: 155, cases, 5 deaths. Summary for the year.— Total of 155 cases, 5 deaths. Of these, 105 cases, 5 deaths, were due to pork which had been inspected and passed as free from trichinae. No cases were alleged to have been due to American pork. The decree excluding American pork was issued March 6, 1883. Kirschberg, Med.-Bez. Zwickau, April 106 cases, 5 deaths. Reinhard, 1885, pp. 50, 51: Hog had been inspected and passed as free from trichinx. Reichenau, Med. -Bez. Zittau, Februar}^ 50 cases, death. Reinhard, 1885, pp. 50, 51 : Infection probably from a meat shop in Reichenau, from which all had purchased meat. 1884: 73 cases, 2 deaths. Summary for the year. — More than 73 cases, 2 deaths. Of these, 32 cases were due to pork which had been inspected and passed as free from trichinae; about 3 cases, 1 death, were due to pork which the trichina inspector had smuggled away from the inspection. Chem,nitz 1 case, death. Reinhard, 1886, p. 42: Source of infection not known. Grossedlitz bei Pirma 3 cases, 1 death. Reinhard, 1886, p. 42: "* * * eines wahrscheinlich der Untersuchung durch den Trichinenschauer entzogenen Schweines * * *." Probably the trichina inspector had smuggled the hog away from the inspection. "Several" cases. Plauen i. V. , August About 30 cases, death. Reinhard, 1886, pp. 42, 43: Probable source of infection known; nothing said regarding inspection. Rodewisch bei Auerbach More than 32 cases, death. Reinhard, 1886, p. 43: The hog was inspected and passed as free from trichinx. "Die Infection war von einem stark trichinigen Schweine ausgegangen, das zwar einem Trichinenschauer zur Untersuchung vorgelegen hatte, in welchem er aher keine Trichinen gesehen hatte, da er bei der Untersuchung mit grosser Unkennt- niss und Nachlassigkeit verfahren war." Volkmarsdorf bei Leipzig 7 cases, 1 death. Reinhardj 1886, pp. 42, 43: Patient died in Leipzig at Jacob Hospital. Source of meat known. Nothing said regarding inspection. 1885: 154 cases, 7 deaths. Summary for the year.— About 154 cases, 7 deaths. Of these, 11 cases resulted from meat which was smuggled through the inspection. One case due to eating meat before the results of the inspection were known. "Die Trichinenschau ist zwar in vielen Orten theils obligatorisch fur alle im Orte geschlachteten Schweine oder nur facultativ eiugefiihrt, doch hatten mehrfache 136 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Erfahrungen gezeigt, dasa diese Untersuchungen keineswegs iiberall mit der den Zwet'ke entsprechenden Sorgfalt ausgefiihrt werden. So ergab es sich theils, da* die angestellten Trichinenschauer entweder die erforderliche Vertrautheit mit de:- Untersuchungsmethode oder mit den Eigenschaften der Trichinen nlcht oder nicht mehr beaassen, oder ihre Mikroskope schlecht gehalten und unbrauchbar geworden waren, theils batten die Gemeinden selbst unter Vernachlassigung der in dera vom k. Ministerium herausgegebenen Normalregulativ empfohlenen Vorschriften Regular tiv aufgeatellt, welche den Werth der Trichinenschau vollig illuaorisch machten. Im Auftrage des Ministeriums hat daher das Landes-Medicinal-Collegium das friihere Normalregulativ Umgearbeitet und ist dabei zugleich empfohlen worden, eine regel- massige Beaufsichtigung der Trichinenschauer anzuordnen, wobei namentlich der gute Zuatand der zu den Untersuchungen bestimmten Mikroskope zu ermitteln und festzustellen ist, ob die Trichinenschauer die fiir ihre Function nothwendigen Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten noch besitzen. Daa k. Ministerium hat auch durch die Verordnung vom 9. November 1885 dem entsprechend verfugt und zugleich die Bezirksthierilrzte ermiichtigt, auf Ansuchen der Gemeindebehorden, die Beaufsich- tigung der Trichinenschauer zu ubernehmen. Zugleich ist den Gemeindebehorden die moglichst unveranderte Annahme des Normalregulativs, namentlich in seinen wesentlichen Bestimmungen, nicht minder auch die Vemehmung mit dem Bezirks- arzte iiber die zu unterlassenden Vorschriften empfohlen worden." — Rdnhard, 1887, XVIIJahresbericht {1885), p. 49. Beiesdorf and Neulaube, August 10 ? cases, death. Reinhard, 1887, pp. 44, 45: A small epidemic. Source known. Nothing said regarding inspection. Cunewalde More than 60 cases, death. - Reinhard, 1887, . pp. 44, 45: Med.-Bez. Lobau; from "Raucherwiirrtcatn." Source known. Nothing said regarding inspection. Ehreiifriedensdorf _ ... 22 cases, death. -Reinhard, 1887, pp. 44, 45: Trichinae found in a piece of meat. Source traced to meat from a certain butcher shop. Nothing said regarding inspection. Med.- Bez. Annaberg. Leipzig 1 case, death. Reinhard, 1887, pp. 44, 45: Meat eaten before inspector reported. Rest of meat destroyed. Lobau bei Dresden, November . . . : 44 cases, 5 deaths. Reinhard, 1887, p. 44: Hog was not inspected. Raw ham. Two of these cases were in Dresden. Trichinae found. — Veroff., 1887, p. 579. Markneukirchen 3 cases, death. Reinhard, 1887, pp. 44, 45: Epidemic. Source known. Nothing said regarding inspection. Med.-Bez. CElsnitz. Pausa 11 cases, death. Reinhard, 1887, pp. 44, 45: Hog was secretly smuggled away from the inspection. "x * * ^ar (jag Schwein der Untersuchung heimlicher Weise entzogen wor- den * * *." Med.-Bez. Plauen. Zittau, December More than 3 cases, 2 deaths. Reinhard, 1887, p. 44: Sausage from Pommern. Several other cases. Trichinae afterwards found. Nothing said regarding inspection. 1886: 47 cases, 1 death. Summary for the year.— At least 47 cases, 1 death. Of these, 25 cases resulted from eating pork which should have been inspected, but TRICHINOSIS IN QERMANY. 137 was evidently not inspected.— Verotf., 1898, XXII (33), August 17, p. 688: Twent3^-fivc cases of trichinosis in hospitals between 1886-1896. Alteibau, September More than 25 cases, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1886, 11 (1), October p 9- "In Eibau und dessen niichster Umgebung erkrankten ca. 40 Personen an'der Trichi- nosis, doch hat die Krankheit bisher noch einen verhaltnissmassig giinstigen Verlauf genommen."-Eeinhard, 1888, p. 38: One and one-half hogs were used The hog was inspected, but the half was not. Inspection exists here. Alt-Waldenburg, October-November 19 cases, death. Remhard, 1888, p. 38: Med.-Bez. Glauchau. Source of infection known. Noth- ing said regarding inspection, but probably not inspected, as host was imprisoned. Buckersdorf 1 case, death. Reinhard, 1888, p. 38: Details not given. Number of cases not given. Ottendorf 1 case, death. JReinhard, 1888, p. 38: Details not given. Number of cases notgiven. Ringenhain 1 case, 1 death. Reinhard, 1888, p. 38: Ate sausage at Neustadt bei St. At least one fatal case. "'ied.-Bez. Bautzen. Source apparently known. Nothing said about inspection. Zwickau (Landgericht) _ [19 cases, death]. Veroff., 1891, p. 64*: 19 cases. Hog not inspected. Landgericht Zwickau. Schankwirth K., imprisoned fourteen days. Probably this is the same outbreak as Alt-Waldenburg, 1886. 1887 : 234 cases, 26 deaths. Summary for the year. — About 234 cases, more than 26 deaths. Brandis bei Grimma i cases, death. Roth, 1889, p. 65: Details not clear. Source known (?) [mention of "der Hausschlachter] , Nothing said regarding inspection. Grimma 8 cases, death. Roth, 1889, p. 65: Source of infection traced. Nothing said regarding inspection. Leipzig, see Unterhainsdorf [3 cases, death]. Unterhainsdorf i. V. and vicinity, October 198 cases, 26 deaths. Roth, 1889, p. 65: 170 cases, 26 deaths. Cervelat sausage. Hog came from Ham- burg. Nothing said regarding inspection. — Veroff., 1887, p. 668: 100 cases, 14 deaths. — Veroff., 1888, p. 227: 198 cases, 22 deaths. All from sausage of one restau- rant in Unterhainsdorf. German hog from Hamburg. First cases diagnosed as "cholera nostras." Cases distributed as follows: Unterhainsdorf, 65 cases, 12 deaths; Reichenbach, 49 cases; Hauptmannsgriin, 14 cases, 2 deaths; Infersgriin, 14 cases, 5 deaths; Oberhainsdorf, 13 cases, 1 death; Oberreichenbach, 8 cases; Neumarkt, 2 cases, 1 death; Schneidenbach, 1 case, 1 death; Schonbach, 1 case; Mylau, 1 case; Lauter, 1 case; in all, 169 cases, 22 deaths. Besides these, 3 cases in Leipzig (patients had been in "Haiiisdorf) and 26 cases in Dobeln (soldiers who had eaten sausage from Hainsdorf).— Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1887, III (3), December, p. 34: 100 cases, 19 deaths.— Idem, 1888, III (5), Febru- ary, p. 51: 150 cases, 28 deaths. Vielau bei Zwickau 23 cases, death. Roth, 1889, p. 65: Med.-Bez. 2'xickau. Source of infection traced. Nothing- said regarding inspection. 138 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1888: 404 cases, 34 deaths. Summary for the year.— Total of 404 cases, 34 deaths. SeveiiJt other doubtful cases. Geyer bei Annaberg, July 8 cases, death. Giinther, 1890, p. 9: Meat eaten before result of the inspection was known. "In Geyer bei Annaberg batten Anfang Juli zwei Fleischer gemeinschaftlich ein Schwein geschlachtet und einen Theil des Fleisches vor der Untersuchung verkauft. Ala die Untersuchung das Vorhandensein von Trichinen in reichlicher Menge ergeben hatte, haben diejenigen, welche bereits von dem Fleische genossen, an demselben oder am folgonden Tage Brechmittel und Abfiihrmittel erhalten. Ihre Zahl betrug etwa 40. Gegen drei Wochen spater sind 8 Personen erkrankt. Ein todtlicher Ausgang ist nicht vorgekommen." — Veroff., 1891, p. 64*: Inspection required, but part of the hog was sold before examination; 7 cases, death. Possibly this reference belongs here. Leipzig, March 3 cases, death. Giinther, 1890, p. 99: Hog slaughtered March 4. It is not definitely stated whether the hog was inspected. "In Leipzig erkrankten ein Fleischergeselle und dessen zwei Briider, Schulknaben im Alter vom 11 und 13 Jahren, an Trichinose. Sie hatten von einem am 4. Marz geschlachteten Thiere rohes Fleisch gegessen. Die Erkrankung begann nach 7-9 Tagen, die Genesung erfolgte nach 4-5 wochent- licher Krankheitsdauer. Im noch vorgefundenen Schinken und Pokelfleische wurdeii sehr zahlreiche Trichinen gefunden. Der Trichinenschauer hatte ganz nachlassig Buch gefiihrt." Neudorfel, Oberhohndorf, Planitz, and Schedewitz, April 118 cases, death. Giinther, 1890, p. 99: Bez. Zwickau. Meat from Neudorfel. "In dem Monat April fallt eine Massenerkrankung in der Umgegend von Zwickau. Es erkrankten in den Vororten Neudorfel, Oberhohndorf, Planitz, und Schedewitz 118 Personen an leichter Trichinose. Insbesondere waren Bergleute und deren FamilieB erkrankt, welche halbgeraucherte Bratwurst oder gepokeltes Schweinefleisch roh verzehrt hatten. Das Fleisch stammte vom Fleischer in Neudorfel, welcher dei Lieferant fiir den Consumverein in Schedewitz war. Es war nicht mehr zu ermitteln, welches von den am 6. und am 10. April geschlachteten beiden Thieren das trichinenhaltige gewesen war. Nur wurde nachgewiesen, dass der Schlachter die Stiicke selbst ausgeschnitten und den Eintrag in das Schaubuch 'trichinenfrei eigenhandig gemacht ha,'be."—Zeitschr. f. FUischheschau u. Fleischprod., Ill (8), May, 1888, p. 96. Obercunewalde, etc. , January 235 cases, 34 deaths. Obercunewalde, 169 cases; Cunewalde, 22; T.auba, 9; Kleindesha, 8; Loblau, 7; Beyersdorf, 7; Lawalde, 3; Spremberg, 3; Oppach, 2; Altlobau, 1; Cottmarsdorf, 1; Durrhennersdorf, 1; Neuschoneberg, 1; Grossdehsa, 1. All these cases came from sausage which a butcher had sent out to his patrons as Christmas presents. He claimed that the hog had been examined and passed as free from trichina, but was unable to produce the certificate. Five hogs slaughtered; 1, 3, and 5 were exam- ined. The trichinous hog was probably the second. Veroff. , 1888, p. 227.— Deutsch. M. Z., 1889, p. 84 (after Riedel) .—Veroff . , 1889, p. 465.— Giinther, 1890, pp. 97,98: Meat was not inspected.— Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1888, III (5), February, p. 51: Inspector not at fault. Obersachenfeld, January 33 eases, death. Giinther, 1890, pp. 98-100: Bz. Schwarzenberg, 33 cases. Source of infection known. Nothing said regarding inspection.— Veroff., 1888, p. 228. About 30 cases, January.— Zeitschr. f. Fleischbeschau u. Fleischprod., 1888, III (5) , February TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 139 1889: 41 cases, death. Summary for the year .^Only one outbreak found. This consisted of il cases, which were due to meat which had been inspected and passed as free from trichinae. The annual sanitary report ^ mentions two cases of inspection which are not without interest. In one case the inspector took specimens for examination, immediately stamped the animal as free from trichinse, as was his custom, and then went home to make the examination! He left word with the butcher to wait an hour before using the meat, and if any ti'ichinse were found he would return. Upon finding trichinfe he ran from one inspector to another instead of returning to the butcher. The latter finally heard from another inspector that the meat was trichinous. In the meantime 33 persons had eaten of it. In the second case, an inspector claimed to have found trichinae in a hog, part of which had already been eaten. Later examination of the prepara- tion showed no trichinae, but a structure which appeared like a curled muscle fiber. ^ " In Glauchau hatte ein Trichinenschauer, nachdem er die Proben entnommen, vor der mikroskopischen Untersuchung das Schwein gestempelt und war dann fortge- gangen, una die mikroskopische Untersuchung zu Hause vorzunehmen. Er hatte dies stets so gemacht, auch bei dem Schlachter hinterlassen, sie sollten wegen des Fleischverkaufes eine Stundewarten; wenn eretwas [p. 100] fande, wiirde erwieder- kom men. Im vorHegenden Falle fand er nun auch Trichinen; statt aber nun sofort fiir die Beschlagnahme des Schweines zu sorggn, lief er von einem Trichinenschauer zum anderen und von einem dieser Trichinenschauer erfuhr es der Verkiiufer, der sich an den Bezirksthierarzt wendete, worauf sofort Anzeige bei dem Stadtrathe erfolgte. Von dem Schweine, das abgekapselte Trichinen zeigte, batten 33 Personen WelMeisch gegessen. Der Trichinenschauer wurde nach dem Regulativ fiir Trichi- nenschau bestraft und ihm sein Approbationsschein abgefordert. Da Niemand erkrankte, so war wegen fahrlassiger Korperverletzung nicbt gegen denselben vorzugehen. * * * "In Bernbruch (Medicinalbezirk Grimma) wollte ein Trichinenschauer in einem geschlachteten Schweine, von welchem bereits mehrere Menschen gegessen batten, eingekapselte und freihegende Trichinen gefunden haben. Das Schwein wurde mit Beschlag belegt, und der Bezirksarzt aufgefordert, sich wegen der zu treffenden Anordnungen umgehend gutachtlich zu aussern. Obschon die nach Punkt 5 der Vor- schriften vom 21. Juli 1888 fiir die Untersuchung des Schweinefieisches auf Trichi- nen vorgeschriebenen Dauerpraparate nicht beigegeben waren, beantragte derselbe, dass der Eigenthiimer sich vorlaufig jeglicher Vertiigung dariiber zu Genusszwecken zu enthalten babe und das trichinos befundene Schwein unter polizeilicher Controle zu zerhacken, mit Petroleum reichlich zu iibergiessen und tief zu vergraben sei, well eine Nutzbarmachung des Fettes zu technischen Zwecken u. s. w. in landlichen Verhaltnissen kaum angangig sei. Zur Verhutung von Trichinoseerkrankungen bei denen, die bereits von dem Fleische genossen batten, sei umgehend arztlicbe Hiilfe herbeizuziehen: gleichzeitig wurde nachtragliche Einsendung der Dauerpraparate verlangt. In diesen fand der Bezirksarat in der That keine Trichinen, sondern nur ein Gebilde, das derselbe als ein zusammengerolltes Muskelbiindel ansah. Zur weiteren Feststellung sollten von dem vergrabenen Schweine noch Fleischproben entnommen und dem Bezirksarzte zugestellt werden, was aber nicht geschehen ist." — Qunther, 1891, XXIJahresbericht {1889), pp. 99, 100. 140 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Bernsbach bei Grunharn, March il cases, death. Giinther 1891 p. 91: Hog had been inspected and passed as free from tnchma:. Med.-Bez. Schwarzenberg.-Veroff., 1891, p. 699: Hog had been impeded andpassed as free from trichinm. 1890: 117 cases, death. Summary for the year.— One outbreak with 117 cases. Source of infection not definitely traced. In Amtshauptmannschaften Oschatz and Floha, the reexamination of all the tri- china inspectors was given into the hands of the district veterinarian. In Floha the result of the examination was on the whole satisfactory, but several of the inspectors who had been trained 10 or 12 years previously had to be "plucked" as incapable of making the inspection. _ _ In Oschatz, of 70 microscopists reexamined the work of 14 was beyond criticism, of 16 it was good, of 32 fair, of 8 unsatisfactory, so that a reexamination was here necessary. Most of the microscopes of this district were in good condition. Here and there some were dirty. In one case the adjustment screw was so rusty, the mirror so Winded, the lens so clouded with dirt and fat, that it could not be used. ^ Ernsthal, ) (74 cases, death. Hohenstein, j- July and August -< 25 cases, death. Oberlungwitz, j ( 18 cases, death. Gunther, 1891, pp. 115, 116: 117 cases, death. Source not definitely traced.— Giinther, 1892, p. 77: "To the report of the Emstthal epidemic last year should be added that the most probable supposition is that the trichina inspector had taken samples from a trichinous hog in the evening, but had not examined them until the following morning. Taking into consideration the small number of par- asites found, he had failed to report the case because the butcher had, in the meantime, chopped and mixed the meat with meat from a second hog."— "Zu der im vorjahrigen Berichte Seite 115 erwahnten Trichinenepidemie in Emstthal ist noch nachzutragen, dass der wahrscheinlichsten Annahme nach der Trichinen- schauer Abends von einem trichinosen Schweine Proben entnommen hatte, ale aber erst am nachsten Morgen untersuchte. Mit Rucksicht auf die geringe Menge der vorgef undenen Trichinen hatte er die Anzeige unterlassen, well der Fleischer inzwischen das Fleisch mit dem eines zweiten Schlachtschweines zusammengehaokt und verarbeitet hatte." 1891: 30 cases, death. Summary for the year. — One outbreak of 30 cases. This may have been due to meat which was inspected and passed as free from trichinse, or to a hog which was buried and afterwards dug up and made into sausage. The decree permitting the importation of Ameri- ^"In den Amtshauptmannschaften Oschatz und Floha ist die Beaufsichtigung sammtlicher Trichinenschauer dem Bezirksthierarzte iibertragen. In letztgedachtem Bezirke war das Ergebniss der Priifungen im Allgemeinen ein zufriedenstellendes, nur unter den alteren, vor 10-12 Jahren ausgebildeten mussten mehrere als unfahig zur Ausiibung der Trichinenschau zuriickgewiesen werden. Im erstgenannten Bezirke arbeiteten von 70 nachgepriiften Trichinenschauern nur 14 ganz tadellos, 16 gut, 32 geniigend, 8 ungeniigend, so dass sich eine Nachpriifung nothwendig machte. Die Mikroskope befanden sich in diesem Bezirke meist in gutem Zustande; verein- zelt waren sie verschmutzt: bei einem waren die Schrauben derart eingerostet, die Spiegel erblindet, die Linsen durch Schmutz und Fett undurchsichtig, dass dasselbe gar nicht benutzt werden konnte." — Giinther, 1891, XXIIJahresbericht {1890), p. 1S7. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 141 can pork was issued September 3, 1891. No cases are alleged to have been due to American products. In Amtshauptmannschaft Dresden a microscopist had to be discharged because he did not find a single trichina in a preparation containing twelve parasites, because his microscope was so dirty that crust's could be scraped off with a knife, the lenses were smeared, and his records were found very loosely kept. In Amtshauptmann- schaft Grossenhain 37 of the 40 microscopists were found "good" or "sufficient;" one had to be discharged as ' ' entirely deficient. " Of 23 microscopists in Amtshaupt- mannschaft Lobau 2 failed to pass the inspection as "totally deficient." In Amtshauptmannschaft Kamenz one microscopist had to be discharged because of carelessness in his work. In Amtshauptmannschaft Freiberg the examination was satisfactory throughout.^ Alt-Gersdorf, Neu-Gersdorf, Amtsh. Lobau, July . 30 cases, death. Veroff., 1891, p. 630: Hog apparently inspected and passed. " In den Ortschaf- ten Alt- und Neu-Gersdorf der Amtshauptmannschaft Lobau erkrankten Mitte Juli etwa 30 Personen, darunter 15 Mitglieder einer Fabrikkrankenkasse, an Trichi- nose. Bei den Nachforschungen nach der Ursache der durcliaus milde verlauf- enen Erkrankungen wurde vom Bezirksarzte mit den behandelnden Aerzten nur festgestellt, dass die Erkrankten ungefiihr 8 Tage vorher sogen. Raucherwiirste von einem Fleischer in Alt-Gersdorf gegessen hatten. Das zur Bereitung dieser Wiirste verwendete halbe Schwein war von dem Fleischer und Trichinenschauer eines benachbarten Ortes gekauft, welcher das Fleisch bei der Untersuchung tri- chinenfrei befunden haben wollte. Besondere Sicherheitsmassregeln wurden in -Folge des Vorfalles nicht fiir erforderlich erachtet; das gegen den Fleischer in Alt- Gersdorf Anfangs eingeleitete Strafverfahren wurde eingestellt."— Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 1891, I (11), August, p. 202: 40 cases.— Giiuther, 1892, p. 76: AnTrichinose sind in Alt- und Neugersdorf bei Lobau im Sommer mehrere Personen erkrankt, aber in so leichter Form, dass Niemand bettlagerig geworden ist. Der Genuss von Riiucherwurstchen soil die Ursache zur Erkrankung abgege- - ben haben. Von einem trichinosen Schweine ist aber damals dort nichts bekannt geworden; tnan ham deshcdb auf die Vermutlmnr/, dass ein umgestandenes Schwein, Welches verscharrt tvorden, heimlich ausgegraben und zur Wurstfabrikation venmidet warden sei, weil dieses Thier sich in der Erde nickt mehr vorfand." From this it would appear that the outbreak was caused by meat from a hog which had been buried but was afterward dug up and eaten. 1892: case, death. ' ' Von den Nachpruf ungen der Trichinenschauer wird im Allgemeinen ein zuf rieden- st«llendes Ergebniss berichtet, Amtsentsetzungen wurden bei 3 Trichinenschauern 1 "Ueber die Revision der Trichinenschauer wird 1. c. Folgendes Berichtet: In der Amtshauptmannschaft Dresden musste ein Schauer seiner Function enthoben werden, weil er in einem Praparate mit 12 Trichinen nicht eine fand, weil sein Mikroskop so verschmutzt war, dass man mit dem Messer die Krusten abschaben konnte, die Linsen ganz verschmiert und die Buchfuhrung ganz hederlich gefunden wurden. In der Amtshauptmannschaft Grossenhain erwiesen sich von 40 Schauern 37 gut, bez genugend, einer musste als ganz ungeniigend entsetzt werden. Von 23 Schau- ern in der Amtshauptmannschaft Lobau mussten 2 als vollig ungenugend zuruckge- wiesen werden. In der Amtshauptmannschaft Kamenz musste em Schauer wegen Xachlassigkeit in der Ausiibung seines Berufes abgesetzt werden. In der Amtshaupt- mannschaft Freiberg war die Revision durchweg zufriedenstellend."— (?«n«/!.cr, 189^, XXIII. Jahresberichl {1891), p. 91. 142 BUREAU OF ANIMAL IMDUSThf. angeordnet, wahrend bei 4 derselben eine Wiederholung der Nachpruf ung vorzuneh- men war. Wegen mangelhafter Beschafienheit einzelner Bestandtheile des Mikro- skopes mussten letztere mehrfach beanstandet und nach erfolgter Ausbesserung revidirt weTden."—Gunther, 189S, p. 88. 1893: case, death. The official report (p. 79) states that no oases were registered. See, however, Leipzig. No cases alleged to be due to American pork. "Bei den Nachpriifungen der Trichinenschauer warden 7 der letzteren dauernd ihres Axntes entsetzt; bei mehreren waren Nachpriifungen erforderlich. Im Allge- meinen lauten jedoch die Berichte der Bezirksthierarzte iiber diese Angelegenheit zufriedenstellend."— GiiniAer, 1894, p- 8S. Leipzig (1893 or 1894) [1 case, death]. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg., 1896, VI (12), p. 245: One case each in Leipzig and Munich in hospitals. From Veroff. ; possibly belongs to 1894. 1894: 2 cases, death. Summary for the year. — One outbreak of 2 cases reported, due to meat eaten before the inspector reported. No cases alleged to be due to American meats. " Bei den Nachpriifungen der Trichinenschauer erwiesen sich die meiaten derselben als geniigend, eine grossere Anzahl jedoch erst bei wiederholter Nachpriifung. Be einzelnen waren Unregelmassigkeiten in der Buchfiihrung oder kleinere Mangel an den Mikroskopen zu beanstanden, die achiiell abgestellt wurden. In einigen Fallen wurden Schauer wegen nachlassiger Buchfiihrung der Amtshauptmannschaft ange- zeigt. Dauernd ihres Amtes entsetzt wurden vier Schauer, und zwar je einer wegen ungeniigender Leistungen, Brandstiftung, Unterschlagung und Meineid. In einem grossen Trichinenschauamte erwiesen sich 11 Schauer als unsicher in der Unter- euchung und wurden angehalten, erneut ihre Befahigung zur Ausiibung der Tri- chinenschau gemass § 13 der revidirten Verordnung vom 10. Marz 1893 beizu- bringen." — Ounther, 1896, p. 106. Leutzsch bei Leipzig 3 cases, death. Giinther, 1895, p. 101: "An Trichinose sind nur 2 Personen erkrankt, und zwar 2 Frauen im Dorfe Leutzsch bei Leipzig, welche nach dem Schlachten eines von ihnen selbst aufgef utterten Schweines schon mit der Zubereitung des Brat- wurstfieisches sich beschaftigt und bereits von dem rohen Fleische gekostet hatten, als ihnen vom Trichinenschauer das starke Durchsetztsein des Schweines mit ein- gekapselten Trichinen mitgetheilt wurde. Ein am Tage nach dem Genuss des Fleisches auf arztliches Anrathen gebrauchtes Abfiihrmittel (Calomel) konnte das Auftreten der Krankheit, das 3 Wochen spater erfolgte, nicht verhindern; doch verlief die K.rankheit bei beiden Personen leicht." 1895: 3 cases, death. Summary for the year.— Giinther (1896, p. 91) says that no cases were known. See, however, Dresden, 3 cases. No cases are alleged to have been caused by American meats. " In 10 Bezirken wurden insgesammt nach dem ungiinstigen Ausf all der Pruf ung 20 Trichinenschauer und ein Probeentnehmer ihres Amtes enthoben. "Von diesen TKIUHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 143 gaben acht ihre Thiitigkeit als Triuhinenschauer freiwillig fiir immer auf, vier bestanden bei einer nuchmaligen Priifung an der thierilrztlichen Hochschule in Dresden nacli Absolvirung eines Cnrsus daselbst, wfihrend bei einem Schauer es die znstiindige Amtshauptinannschaft mit einer Verwarnung liewenden lifss^, und vier anderen dauernd das Fiihigkeitszeugniss entzogen wurde. Ueber vier suspendirte Schauer fehlt der weitere Ausgang der Angelegenheit in der Berichterstattuug. In einem weiteren Bezirke erwiesen sich bei der ersten Priifung 6 Schauer als unge- niigend. Von diesen bestanden fiinf bei einer Naclipriifung, der sechste nahm an einem Wiederholungscursus an der thieriirztlichen Hochschule thieil und erlangte emeut die Qualification als Trichinenscliauer. Bei einem Schauer machte sich die Anschaffung eines neuen Mikroskopes nothwendig."— C/wn(/(er, 1896, p. 97. Dresden 3 ea.ses, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisih- und Milchhyg., 1895, V (5), p. 101: Ham came from Frankfurt a. M. Nothing said regarding inspection. A "family." 1896: case, death. Giinther (1897, p. 89) «ay,s no cases became known. No cases attrib- uted to American meat. " Ueber die Nachpriifungen der Trichinenschauer sprechen sich die Bezirksthier- iirzte im Grossen und Ganzen befriedigt aus. Immerhin erwiesen sich verschiedene Schauer als unzuverlassig, so dass sieben ihres Amtes enthoben werden mussten. Von letzteren konnten jedoch drei Schauer nach Erfiillung der ministeriellen Vor- schriften wieder angestellt werden. Fiinf Schauer wurden wegen verschiedener Regelwidrigkeiten mit Geldstrafen belegt." — G'unther, 1897, p. 95. 1897: 2 cases, death. According to Giinther, 1898, no cases occurred. See, however, Dresden, 1 case, due to inspected meat, and Leipzig, 1 case, no details. No cases attributed to American meats. Dresden 1 case, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg., 1897, VII (11), p. 225: Sausage made from hog slaughtered in Mocker.— Idem (7), p. 145: Mmt was evidently impeded and passed. ' ' Dem Vernehmen nach soil grobe Fahrlassigkeit des Trichinenschauers die Schuld an dem bedauernswerten Vorfall tragen; " 40 cases, 2 deaths. See Mocker, 1897.— Veroft., 1897, p. 587. Leipzig 1 case, death. Veroff., 1897, XXI (47), November 24, p. 958: Hospital. No details. 1898: 35 cases, death.. Summary for the year. — Official report not accessible. Three outbreaks occurred with a total of 35(f) cases, death. One other outbreak— diagnosis disputed— was officially stated as not due to American pork. No case traced to American meats. Chemnitz 2 cases, death. Veroff., 1898, XXII (46), November 16, p. 1005: 1 case in hospital. No details.— Veroff., 1898, XXII (49), December7,p. 1070: 1 casein hospital. No details.— Dei Fleischbeschauer, 1899, IV (1), January, p. 7. 144 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Hohenstein-Ernsthal 3 cases, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 1898, VIII (10), July,4b 198: Meat stamped as free from trichinie before inspection was ended. Inspector imprisoned six months. "Der Trichinenschauer Oe. 7ai Hohenstein-Ernsthal ist zu 6 Monaten Gefiingnis verurtheilt worden, Weil er das Fleisch eines Schweines vor beendigter Untersu- chung fiir trichinenfrei erklart hatte. Das Fleisch erwies sich nachtraglich als trichinos. Der Genuss desselben hat die Erkrankung mehrerer Menschen an ■ Trichinosis verursacht."— Verofi., 1899, p. 321: Probably belongs here. Hog killed December 4, 1897, physician called January 18, 1898. Neugersdorf [Saxony or Prussia?] 30(?) cases, death. Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 1898,- VIII (9), June, p. 178: Meat imported from Bohemia and not inspected. "Numerous cases.'' "In Neugersdorf erk- rankten zahlreiche [=30 ? ] Personen an Trichinosis, wie verlautet nach dem Genusse von ununtersuchtem Schweinefleisch, welches aus Bohmen eingefiihrt war." Oberplanitz [38 cases, 2 deaths]. See p. 181. [1899: 3 cases, death.] Official report for the Kingdom not accessible. See Chemnitz, 3 cases. No cases attributed to American meats. Chemnitz 3 cases, death. Veroff., 1899, XXIII (6), February 8, p. 82: In hospital. No details. [1900: 50 cases, 1 death.] Official reports not act'cssible. See Gross-Schonau, 50 cases. No cases attributed to American pork. Gross-Schonau [50 cases, 1 death]. Meat sold by a trichinae inspector; it appears doubtful whether he had inspected the pork. Deutsche thierarztliche "Wochnschr., VIII (9), March 3, 1900, p. 80: "In Gross-Schonau (Sachsen) sind liber 50 Personen an Trichinose erkraukt und eine daran gestorben. TJrsache der Epidemie ist das Fleisch eines Schweines, welches der Fleischer, der zugleich Trichinenschauer ist, nicht untersucht hatte. In den noch vorhandenen Schinken des Schweines wurden Trichinen nachgewiesen. Der gewissenlose Trichinenschauer istverhaftet und sieht seiner Verurtheilung entge- gen. . Die kranken Personen befinden sich auf dem Wege der Besserung, sodass weitere Todesfalle kaum noch vorkommen diirften." Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- und Milchhyg.-, 1900, X (6), March, p. 118: " Die Trichinosis in Gross-Schonau i. Sachsen, bei welcher 50 Personen erkrankt sind, hat ein Opler gefordert. Die iibrigen Erkrankten befinden sich auf dem Wege der Besserung. Der Trichinenschauer hatte seines Amtes in liberaus leichtfertiger Weise gewaltet. Die Untersuchung eines Restes des schadlichen Schweinefleisches ergab, dass dasselbe stark mit Trichinen durchsetzt war." C. GERMAN STATES, EXCLUSIVE OF PRUSSIA AND SAXONY. Summary.— For a number of States no local reports, or only incomplete series, could be obtained, and in these instances the compiler was obliged to rely upon scattered sources of information. It may, TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 145 therefore, be assumed that some cases of the disease occurred which are not included in this list. For instance, one outbreak of about 10 cages is known to him, but he can not obtain any printed statements regarding it; hence he is unable to give a published reference as authority, and since this report is a summary of the printed evidence, almost entirely German, this outbreak is intentionally omitted. It might be added that one Prussian outbreak has been omitted for the same reason. For the States in question, 873 cases, 17 deaths, have been collected, which may be divided, with reference to years, source of infection, etc., approximately as follows: Summary for Oermany, exclusive of Prussia and Sa-xony, 1881-1898. 1881-1882. lsMa-iS9l. 1892-1898. 1881-1898. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. 260 437 16 176 1 873 a 17 160 160 464 [624 10 161 77 1 (6) (c) (> Ostertag, 1899, p. 506: "In Bremen, according to Boeper [see above] 40 [see above, 20] persons were taken sick with trichinosis who had eaten only [see above] American hams." '' Ostertag apparently does not refer to Eoeper, 1874, p. 282, since Roeper does not state "40," but "more than 20," nor does he say that they had eaten "only" American meat. In connection with this outbreak, see also Virchow's remarks quoted on p. 182. ' "Es hat sich nun gezeigt, dass in denjenigen Liindem, in welchen niemals ein Einfuhrverbot fiir amerikanisches Schweinefleisch bestanden hat, auch eine beson- dere Untersuchung der eingebrachten Waaren nicht stattfindet und alljiihrlich sehr erhebliche Mengen dieses Nahrungsmittels verzehrt werden, z. B. in England, Bel- gien, Holland u. s. w., die menschliche Trichinose entweder zu den grossten Selten- heiten gehort oder iiberhaupt nicht vorkommt. Und ebenso ist es eine Thatsache, dass in denjenigen Liindern, welche ein Einfuhrverbot besitzen bezw. bis vor kur- zem besassen, vor Erlass desselben Fiille von Trichinenerkrankung beim Menschen, die mit Sicherheit dem Genuss von amerikanischem Schweinefleisch zur Last gelegt werden konnten, unter die sehr grossen Ausnahmen zu rechnen sind. " Es ergiebt sich das letztere mit vollstiihdiger Deutlichkeit namentlich aus der iiberaus sorgfaltigen und gewissenhaften Priifung, welche R. Virchow den angeblich auf amerikanischen Ursprung zuri'ickzufiihrenden Fiillen von Trichinose hat ange- deihen lasscn, und fiber welche er im Bd. 95 seines Archivs eingehend berichtet. Er ermittelte, dass die grosse Mehrzahl der betreffenden Angaben sich bei niiherem Zusehen in nichts aufloste, und dass nur zwei derselben eine etwas greifbarere Ge- stalt behielten. Die eine betraf eine von G. W. Focke (Berl. klin. Wochenschrift 1873, p. 191) beschriebene Epidemie aus Bremen; 12 oder 9 Personen sollten nach dem Genusa eines amerikanischen, in einer Auction erstandenen geraucherten Vor- derschinkens erkrankt, niemand der Infection zum Opfer gefallen sein. Zu gleicher Zelt seien in der Praxis des Dr. Goring zwei weitere Erkrankungsfiille vorgekommen, ui.d zwar nach dem Genuss eines gesalzenen, nachtriiglich in Bremen geraucherten Schinkens. Diese Mittheilungen sind in Wahrheit so unbestimmt wie moglich und geben Virchow Veranlassungzu der Bemerkung: 'Obwohl mir Dr. Focke personlich als ein wissenschaftlich gebildeter Arzt bekannt war, i-overmagichdoch meinErstau- nen nicht dariiber zu unterdriicken, dass er.der einzige geblieben ist, der nicht nur lebende Trichinen in amerikanischen Schinken, sondern sogar' immer hiiufiger, massenhaftes Vorkommen 'derselben constatirt ha,t.' "—Deutsche med. Wchmchr., 1891, XVII {61), Dec. 17, p. 1S88. 2 "In Bremen sind nach Roper 40 Personen, welche nur von amerikanischen Schinken genossen hatten, an Trichinose erkrankt." 160 BtJEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKT. Altona, R.-B. Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, 1874.. 4 cases, death. In connection with this Regierungs-Bezirk (see p. 123), it may be well to refer to a small outbreak in 1874 which was alleged to be due to American pork. Bockendahl (1875, p. 10) records it as follows: "Several members of a family (three adults and a 4-year-old child) were taken sick as the result of eating a ham which a sailor had brought with him from New York and given to his fiancee. The sailor himself was on board and underway when the disease broke out. Symptoms appeared twelve days after the meat was eaten. All patients recovered. The rest of the ham, which had been cooked, con- tained numerous encapsuled trichinse." ^ Regarding this outbreak, the following points are to be noticed: First. These patients ate some ham, evidently raw, and were taken sick twelve days later. It is not stated whether, during or preceding these twelve days, any other pork was eaten. Hence the evidence that the patients became sick as a result of eating from a particular ham' twelve days before the symptoms appeared is by no means dem- onstrated, although it mus^, be admitted that it might easily have been that particular ham which gave rise to the infection. Second. Numerous encapsuled trichinte were found "in the rest of the ham, which had been cooked." Here it is necessary to admit the possibility that the trichinse in that particular ham might have been alive before the ham was cooked, but no such fact was demonstrated. Third. This ham is said to have been brought by a sailor from New York. Even if this statement is correct, no case is demonstrated against American pork, for, as stated above, no record exists eliminating other pork. Summarizing the Altona cases, it is necessary to admit that, from the data at hand, it looks as if these four cases of trichinosis might possibly have been due to eating American pork, but it may be main- tained that at present the data at hand point only to suspicion, and that it is not demonstrated that American pork was the cause of this small and light epidemic, which occurred years before the certification of American meats. London, England, 1874 1 case, death. A case in London, 1874, was reported by Sydney Coupland. A patient who died in Middlesex Hospital showed an enormous infection of trichinosis. One grain of the muscle of the thigh was found to contain 180 of the cysts, "so that (roughly speaking) the man must /'"Durch einen von einem Seemann aus New York mitgebrachten Schinken, welchen er seiner Braut in Altona schenkte, erkrankten mehrere Familienmitglieder, 3 Erwachsene und ein 4jahr. Kind. Der Seemann selber war, als die Krankheit ausbrach, bereits wieder an Bord und unterwega: 12 Tage nach dem Genuss Krank- heitserschneinungen; allegenesen; der Rest des Schinkens, welchergekochtgewesen war, enthielt maasenhaft eingekapselte Trichinen." TBICHINOSIS IN GERMANT. 161 have been the host of about 75,000,000 of these parasites." The last paragraph of Coupland's article reads as follows: "It is highly probable thatthe patient contracted the disease nine years ago in New York, where he stayed eighteen months, for during that time he had an attack of 'enteric fever,' which was said to have nearly 'lost him his life.' He was left in a very prostrate condition for more than twelve months, and his health had never been fully restored."— Owtpfand, 1814-, pp. S6S,S63. From this quotation of Coupland, who originally reported the case, it will be seen that this case has no bearing whatever upon the impor- tation of American pork into Europe. The case should be counted among the American, not the European, outbreaks. Diedenhofeh, Germany, 1877 109 cases, 9 deaths. Quite an extensive outbreak occurred in 1877, of which Ziindel (1879, p. 24) gives the following account in his official report (italics not in the original): ' ' Trichinosis was recognized in May among the troops at Diedenhofen. More than a hundred of them were taken sick. The infection seems to have been caused by two local hogs, the meat of which' was bought by the soldiers and eaten raw. Their sickness was, however, rather mild, and of the 102 military patients only 7 died ; of 7 civil- ians who became sick at the same time, 2 died. The swine of both pens from which the infected animals came were examined for trichinosis. Part oi them were exam- ined alive, part dead, but no trichinse were found. It should be remarked that last year some soldiers of the garrison were taken sick with trichinosis as a result of eating sausage which was sent from Brandenburg." ^ In a footnote evidently added during proof reading, Ziindel says:^ "More recent inquiry shows that besides the fresh pork there was also some American ham in the meat salad which caused the infection." In his next report Zundel (1880, p. 39) makes the following state- ments: "Trichinse also have not yet been found in local hogs, nor in living hogs which have been imported into this region. This is for the most part to be accounted for by the • ' ' Die Trichinose wurde zu Diedenhofen im Mai unter den Soldaten erkannt; mehr denn hundert von diesen sind erkrankt. Die Infection scheint durch zwei einheim- ische Schweine verursacht, deren Fleisch von den Soldaten gekauft und roh genossen worden war. Die Krankheit war jedoch ziemlich gutartig und von den 102 erkrank- ten Militars sind nur 7 gestorben; von 7 zu gleicher Zeit erkrankten Civilpersonen sind 2 gestorben. Die Schweine der beiden Gehofte, aus welchen die inficirten Thiere gekommen waren, wurden auf Trichinen untersucht, und zwar theils lebend, theils geschlachtet; es sind bei ihnen keine Trichinen gefunden worden. Zu bemerken ist, dass im Vorjahre schon einige Soldaten der Gamison an Trichinose erkrankten in Folge des Genusses von Wiirsten, welche aus Brandenburg geschickt worden waren. Es wurde angeordnet, dass die in der Abtrittsgrube des Lazareths wiihrend derSeuche gesammelten Faeces nicht direkt auf die Aecker gefiihrt wur- den sondern in eine gedeckte Grube; es lag namlich die Moghchkeit vor, dass unter den Abfuhrstoffen lebende und befruchtete Darmtrichinen vorhanden seien, welche auf der Weide von Schweinen hatten verschluckt werden konnen."— Zundel, 1879, ^'•■"'Neuere Recherchen haben dargethan, dass unter dem Fleischsalate, durch welchen die Infection verursacht wurde, neben dem frischen Schweinefleische auch solches von amerikanischen Schinken sich befand. 23904— No. 30—01 11 162 BUREAU OF ANIMAL TNDUSTET. fact that the fresh meat is only seldom examined microscopically for this worm, and those worms which might be present are therefore not seen. Farther, however, any mch worms which might be found in our hogs are not dangerous^ and have never caused an infection in man in this I ocalUy, probably because meat is eaten only .when it is weU cooked. In American pork, which is now so common on the market, tnchinse are, on the other hand, frequently found, and it is assumed that of 100 pieces of salted or smoked meat or bacon, 2 are trichinous. These trichinae in American meat are, how- ever, often dead and accordingly not capable of reproduction, and not dangerous. Experiments made on hogs in Diedenhofen and in Basel with American meat which was very trichinous were absolutely negative. Similar experiments in Strassburg upon rabbits also gave four negative results. These experiments are, however, not sufiBcient to suppose the safety of all American trichinous pork, as instances of heavy infection from such meat {for example last year among the troops in Diedenhofen) are known." ^ It must be confessed that it i.s difficult to follow the process of reasoning used by this (jerman official. After making the explicit statement that the meat which caused the epidemic at Diedenhofen in 1877 was eaten raw, and seems to have come from two local hogs, also the equally explicit statement that there was also an outbreak in the garrison in 1876, caused by sausage from Brandenburg, He claims that "any such worms [trichinae] which might be found in our [Alsatian] hogs are not dangerous, and have never caused any infection in man [Menschen] in this locality, probably chiefly because meat is eaten only when it is well cooked." We shall not stop to show that, since Ziindel has not proved that the epidemic of 1877 was not due to the two local hogs, the logical conclusion from his remarks is either (1) that the garrison was not composed of human beings, or (2) that the year 1877 never existed, or (3) that well-cooked meat is the same as raw meat. As neai'ly as can be made out, Ziindel has reasoned as follows: 1. One outbreak of trichinosis occurred in Diedenhofen among the troops in 1877, as a result of eating raw pork. ' "Auch Trichinen sind bis jetzt auf einheimischen Schweinen noch nicht gefunden, so auch nicht auf den fremden hier lebendig eingefiihrten Schweinen. Es kommt dies wohl meist daher, dass das frische Fleisch nur selten auf diese fadenformige Wiirmchen microscopisch untersucht und dass daher etwa vorhandene Trichinen nicht gesehen werden. Aber auch diese etwa bei unsern Schweinen vorhandenen Trichinen sind nicht gefahrlich, haben hier zu Land nie eine Infection bei Menschen verursacht, wohl well das Fleisch nur gut durchgekocht verspeist wird. "In dem amerikanischen Schweinefleisch, welches jetzt so massenhaft im Handel ist, werden hingegen Trichinen hiiufig gefunden und man nimmt an, dass auf 100 Stiick gesalzenen oder geriiucherten Fleisches oder Specks 2 Mai Trichinen vor- handen sind. Diese Trichinen in amerikanischem Fleisch sind aber sehr oft todt, also nicht mehr fortpflanzungsfahig und gefahrlich. " In Diedenhofen und in Basel vorgenommene Fiitterungsversuche mit amerikan- ischem Fleische, welches sehr trichinos war, blieben bei Schweinen ganz erfolglos; gleiche Versuche in Strassburg mit Kaninchen hatteu ebenfalls eiu negatives Resultat. Diese Versuche geniigen jedoch nicht, um die Unschiidlichkeit von allem amerikanischen trichinosen Schweinefleische anzunehmen, da doch Thatsachen von Masseninfectionen (z. B. im Vorjahre beim Militar in Diedenhofen) durch solches Fleisch vorliegen." — Zitndel, 18S0, p. S9. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 163 _ 2. Raw pork is never eaten in this locality; only well-cooked pork IS eaten. "^ 3. Two local hogs furnished the fresh meat used, and some Ameri- can-cured pork was also mixed with it. _ 4 The trichinae in American cured pork are often dead, and accord- mgiy not capable of reproduction and not dangerous. 6. Experiments with American trichinous porkat Diedenhofen, Basel and Strassburg (he might have added many other experiments in thil hne made in Europe) were absolutely negative. Therefore — 1. The German hogs which furnished the fresh meat in the Dieden- hofen epidemic (and which were not examined) were free from tri- chinae. ^ 2. Even if they had had trichinae, these parasites in hogs of this par- ticular region would not have been dangerous, and could not have caused the outbreak, because raw pork is never eaten here. 3. The American-cured pork (which was also not examined) con- tained live trichinae. 4. These American trichinae must have caused the outbreak. 5. Cooking kills the trichinae in hogs of this locality, but not in American pork. Further it will be noticed (see p. 151 of this report) that in 1889, the Kreisthierarzt of Hagenau admits that this outbreak was due to Ger- man meat. Is it necessary to discuss this outbreak further? An analysis of Ziin- del's statement shows that there is absolutely no ground whatever for asserting that the Diedenhofen outbreak was due to American pork. Crepy-en- Valois, France, 1878 17 cases, 1 death. The assertion that this outbreak was due to American meat is abso- lutely without the slightest foundation. Laboulbdne, 1881, pp. 206-216: French hog.— Chatin, 1883, pp. 134-137; French hog.— Salmon, 1884, p.' 478: French hog.— Frankel, 1891, pp. 1388,1389: see p. 000 of present report.— Blanchard, 1887, p. 140: French hog.— Wasserfuhr, 1891, p. 250: French hog. Bremen, Germany, 1879 3 cases, death. Lorent (1884 (II), p. 5) records an outbreak due to a ham which im-s inspected and parsed as free from trichince. ^ He does not state whether this was alleged to be an American or an European ham. Virchow (1884, p. 563) records three cases, diagnosed by Dr. Loose and attrib- ' "Ein amtlich bestellter Fleischbeschauer hatte im Jahre 1879 einen Schinken fiir trichinenfrei erklilrt, durch dessen Genuss bei 3 Personen eine ganz leichte Erkrank- ung an Trichinosis entstand. Nachdem eine medicinalamthche Nachuntersuchung des Schinkens ergeben hatte, dass von 14 untersuchten Praparaten 10 trichinen- haltig waren, hatte sich derselbe wegen fahrlassiger Korperverletzung vor dem Strafgerichte zu verantworten, welches ihn schuldig fand und zu M. 150 Geldstrafe Oder entsprechendem Gefangniss verurtheilte." 164 BUEEArr of animal industry. uted to American ham (see p. 182 of the present report). No detailed data are given upon which a final opinion may be based. School-ship "Cornwall," England, 1879 [43 ^ases, 1 ? death]. This outbreak was afterwards shown not to be trichinosis.— Power, 1880; Cobbold, 1882, p. 6.— Chatin, 1883, pp. 138, 210: It appears that Chatin considers this a case of trichinosis due to American pork. — Cobbold, 1884: Not trichina but Pelodera teres. — Salmon (1885, pp. 479, 485), in describing this outbreak, says: ' ' The so-called outbreak of trichiniasis on board the English reformatory school- ship Cornwall has been much quoted as illustrating the danger of American salted pork, but when closely investigated it proves to be an illustration of jumping at conclusions without evidence, as always seems to have been the case where trichinia- sis has been attributed to our meats. This outbreak of disease occurred between September 23 and October 23, 1879, and 43 boys were attacked, out of a total of 262 boys and 15 officers on the ship. The idea that the disease was trichiniasis seems to have been an afterthought, for the only examination made was of the body of one of the boys two months after it had been buried. Drs. Powell and Cory thought they found trichinae in the muscles and concluded the disease must have originated from the American pork which was used on board the ship; but no examination of this pork appears to have been made, and we are not at all certain that English pork was not used as well. Fortunately, specimens taken from the corpse were submit- ted for examination to that well-known scientist. Dr. Charlton Bastian, and he pro- nounced the worms not trichinae at all, but a hitherto unknown nematoid, which he classed with the genus Pelodera, caUing the species Pelodera setigera. Dr. Cobbold, who is one of the very best authorities on this subject, asserts very positively that the worm was the Pelodera teres, and had probably invaded the body after death. As this worm has never been known to exist as a parasite in the hog, the assumption that the disease was produced by eating pork is an entirely gratuitous one, and the further assumption that it was due to American pork is evidently without the least foundation. * * * ******* "Another was the disease on the English ship Cornwall, which was at first sup- posed to be typhoid fever, and was only decided to be trichiniasis when a body was exhumed two months after burial, and worms, which the examining physician took to be trichinse, were found in the muscles. But we have it on the very best authority that these worms were not trichinse, and there is no evidence even that they caused the disease. The most probable theory is that they gained access to the body after burial." Geestendorf, R.-B. Stade, 1880 More than 7 cases, death. An outbreak in 1880 in Geestendorf deserves a moment's attention. According to Lorent (1884 (I), p. 67), more than 7 cases, death, occurred, which were due to an American hog imported alive. The hogs were ''not sufficiently inspected," from which it would appear that the outbreak was due to meat inspected in Germany and passed as free from trichinae. Lorent says: "Im October 1880 wurden bei einem hier geschlachteten Schweine Trichinen gefunden. Dasselbe gehorte einer Partie Schweine an, welche ein Viehhandler aus Hannover mit dem Dampfer "Kronprinz" von Amerika hatte kommen lassen und war dasselbe hier verkauft worden. Der Fleischbeschauer hatte unter 90 Objecten 3 Trichinen gefunden. In Bremerhaven war diese Einfuhr lebender amerikanischer TRICHINOSIS m GERMANY. 165 Schweine nicht ohne Folgen gewesen. Es wurde durch die Untersuchung erwiesen, Untersuchungvorgenommen war, was auch zur Bestrafung des Verkaufers fuhrte. Em Schlachter in dem Nachbarorte Geestendorf hatte im October von den einge- fuhrtenSchweinensechshalbe gekauft, bei denen die Trichinenschau ungeniigend vorgenommen war. Ein Theil des Fleisches wurde verkauft, der Rest in der eigenen Famihe genoasen. In letzterer sind yier der Mitglieder an Trichinose ertoankt und ausserdem noch in drei Familien eine Anzahl Erkrankungen vorge- This outbreak can have no bearing on the American pork question, as the hog was imported alive; and, further, it was apparently inspected in Germany and passed as free from trichinae. Brussels, Belgium, about 1880 1 case, death. Boulengier (1887, pp. ' 201-204) records a case in hospital where trichinae were found postmortem. It is argued that the infection mast have taken place about seven years previously and that the after symptoms had lasted a long time. Under these circumstances trichi- nosis can hardly be looked upon as the direct cause of death. The patient was a German who had lived in Belgium since 1870. Boulen- gier intimates^ that he believes the man became infected from Ameri- can pork, but this is simply a supposition on his part, and proof is totally lacking. Barcelona, Spain, 1880 « cases, 6 deaths. According to Blanchard (1887, p. 142) 6 persons died in Barcelona after eating American pork. The details regarding this outbreak I have not yet been able to trace, but Somoza (1880, p. 355) refers to out- breaks in "Villar del Arzobispo (1876: 28 cases, 6 deaths), Lora de Estepa (1878: 6 cases, 3 deaths), Se villa, Cadiz, Barcelona, and other places, and remarks further on:^ "* * * gyt j(; ig tjjg g^gg ^jjg^j; j^jj ^jjg observations of trichinosis in our penin- sula have been traced back to hogs born and bred in Spain." Judging from this quotation, the Barcelona outbreak can hardly be looked upon as having been definitely traced to American pork. ^ "Le diagnostic 6tait done de plus Evident; il s'agissait d'un cas d'ent^rite suraigue ou de cholera nostrr^ sporadique * * * U aimait k s'isoler et le moindre effort lui 6tait imm^diatement a charge: bref une lassitude gto^rale chronique, habituelle. II notis sera possible, d'aprSs les donn^es que nous foumira I'autopsie et les lesions musculaires de la trichinose, de rappbrter ces derniers symptomes iL la trichinose chronique (p. 204), que dans le courant de I'ann^e 1880 il s'est plaint, pendant un temps assez long, de douleurs musculaires analogues a celles du rhuma- tisme; que depuis cette 6poque le travail lui dtait deveriu p^nible et qu'il 6tait promptement fatigu6. Son patron m'a aussi affirm^ que depuis lors date la raucit^ prononc^e de sa voix et enfin, circonstance ^tiologique 6vidente, qu'il aimait tout particulierement le jambon d'Am^rique, dont se composaient le plus ordinairement sesrepas." 2 11* * * pero es el caso que todas las observaciones de triquinosis recogidas en nuestra penfnsula han recafdo en cerdos nacidos y criados en Espana." 166 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. ^,f A -A a • taai ? cases. 6 deaths. Madrid, Spain, 1881 -. ..^„x„„ Chatin (1883b, p. 140) refers to cases in Madrid, which he intimates were due to American pork. He says: "The autopsy showed the presence of trichin* in the cadavers of the^e persons belonging to the poorer classes and ordinarily consuming large quantities of salted pork of American origin. ^ _ i. n a j ^i, t^ ■ "In 1881 an epidemic at Madrid, caused by American [meats]: 6 deaths. It is because of this that Spain took action before ua, and that she prohibited the entrance into her territory of American meats." ^ V. & A. (1881, p. 70) mention that trichinae were found in some cadavers about 1881, which were destined for study in the medical fac- ulty of Madrid. Further references to alleged cases in Madrid are given in La Clinica de Malaga, 1883, pp. 127, 132: "Nor should what happened right here in Madrid be forgotten; another farce of trichinosis solemnly given the lie by our illustrious and" beloved friend, Dr. Chicote, in official papers, to which the fabricators of the illness have had nothing to reply.* "In writing the article published in La Correspondencia Medica the 8th of March, the author could not have seen the one which appeared in the Gaceta M6dica Cata- lona seven days later. Belief in a thing can not be forced upon one. Science refuses to permit the writer to place credence in this thing, and as there is no human power which can persuade him to do so it therefore results that the writer of these notes, who is also the author of the article of the 8th of March, can not convince himself that the trichinous ham from the United States, which is coincident with the trichinous sausages from Gilena, could not be the occasion of more dangers in other villages andprovinces of Spain than those caused in Malaga. He inclines to the belief that an error in judgment has been made, which is as possible in the said city as it was in Madrid not very long ago. And this being certain, he considers the judgment formed an erroneous one. He acts in conformity with his conscience in endeavoring to allay the alarm of the public, an alarm which he believes is not well founded." * ^ "L'autopsie a fait d^couvrfr la presence de trichines dans les cadavres de ces personnes, appartenant aiix classes les moins ais6es de la population et faisant d' ordi- naire une assez grande consommation de pore sal6, de provenance am^ricaine." ^ Idem, p. 210: "En 1881, ^pidemie k Madrid, causae par des aalaisons am6ricaiaes: six morts. C'est k cause de cela que I'Espagne a pris les devants sm- nous et qu'elle ainterdit 1' entree des viandes am6ricaines sur son territoire." — Statement by Testelin, French Setiate, June SO, 1882. ^"Tampoco debe olvidarse lo ocurrido aquf en pleno Madrid, con otra farsa de trichinosis solemnemente desmentida por nuestro ilustrado y querido amigo, Dr. Chicote, en documentos oiiciales, y &. los cuales nada tuvieron que responder los inventores de la enfermedad." * "Para escribir el articulillo que se public6 en La Correspondencia M6dica el dfa.8 de marzo, no pudo ver el autor lo que public6 la Gaceta M6dica Catalona siete di'as despu^s. Y como la f6 no se impone y cuando la ciencia se resiste d, creer, no hay fuerza humanaque la persuada, resulta que el autor de estas notasque lo fu6 tambi^n del artfculo del 8 de marzo, no puede convencerse de que el jam6n triquinoso de loS Estados Unidos, coincidlendo con la longaniza tambi^n triquinosa de Gilena, no haya podido ocasionar mds danos en otros pueblos y provincias de Espana que los cauaados en Mdlaga. Se inclina mds &. creer que ha habido un error de apreciaci6n, tan posible en dicha ciudad como lo fu6 en Madrid no hace much tiempo. Y siendo cierto como lo es, que considera err6neo el juicio formado, obra en conformidad con su conciencia al procurar desvanecer la alarma del pdblico que crey6 y sigue considerando infundada " TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 167 Chemnitz, Germany, 1881 ihe details in regard to this case are entirely wanting so that it i. impossible to pass judgment upon it. If the patient had been indl ing his appetite for raw pork, it is not surprising that his paS secured for him an attack of trichinosis. The German authorities however, fail to state whether the case was diagnosed clinically o^ mioroscopically; whether any trichina, were found in the pork- whether the patient ate pork only on the steamer, or whether after arriving in Germany he ate German pork before reaching Chemnitz. Indeed, the only facts we find in regard to the case are that this Ger- man had eaten some bacon on the ship, and that he was taken sick immediately after his arrival in Chemnitz. The conclusion which some persons would naturally draw from these meager data is that this case was due to American pork. The cautious and thinking per- son, however, sees a number of other possibilities in this case. It must, of course, be admitted that there is ^possihiUty that this case arose from American pork, but it must also be admitted that the bur- den of proof rests upon the Saxon health authorities, and I can not therefore admit that it has any definite bearing upon the subject of American pork in Germany, especially since it is not even alleged that the infection took place from American pork exported to Germany. Further, the claim that this particular case arose from the bacon eaten on the steamer is an admission on the part of the Saxon authorities that the case was not due to American pork intended for export to Germany. Diisseldorf, R.-B. Diisseldorf, Germany, 1881 ... 16 cases, 3 deaths. This outbreak is alleged by the German Government to have been due to American pork. Quite aside from the fact that it occurred years ago, before the microscopic inspection was instituted in America for pork intended for export to Germany — ^hence quite aside from the fact that the case occurred under conditions which do not exist to-day (inspection before shipment and reinspection in Germany), and there- fore has no direct bearing upon the present discussion — it will be seen '"In Chemnitz kam ein vereinzelter Fall von Trichinose bei einem Manne vor, der sich auf der Ueberfahrt von Amerika nach Deutschland auf dem Schiffe durch Genuss von amerikanischem Speck inficirt hatte und muuittelbar nach seinem Eintreffen in seinem Heimathorte Chemnitz erkrankte." 168 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. from the following extracts that the opinion of the German Govern- ment is not accepted hj the foremost sanitarians of Europe. Virchow, Hertwig, Brouardel, Frankel, and Wasserfuhr have all examined the case and have not accepted the evidence. Ostertag (1895) first followed Virchow, but later (1899) changed his opinion, without stating his reasons. Virchow, 1884, p. 542: " In the early part of 1881, 16 cases of trichinosis, of which 3 were fatal, occurred in Dusseldorf, all resulting from the consumption of raw ham. The ham in question was designated by the merchant as a Holstein, under which name they are sold from Hamburg. A definite decision regarding this point could not be obtained. The fact that the ham was extremely small does not speak in favor of its being of American import, although suspicion existed that the dealer at that time imported American hams via Antwerp. Nevertheless, this was so uncer- tain that the Government also took into consideration the possibility that this ham might have come from an American hog imported alive, as such were imported in large numbers in 1880. Enough, it could not be ascertained where the ham came from, in spite of all inquiry." ' Weiss, 1890, p. 152: Does not discuss the case, and gives only the statistics. Brouardel, 1883, pp. 1515, 1516: "After having studied the epidemic of Emer- sleben and vicinity, we have endeavored to inform ourselves regarding the reasons which decided the German Government to prohibit the importation of meat from America. "We addressed Dr. Struck, president of the imperial health ofBce, and desired to request of him the reports invoked by the organs of the German Government, upon the epidemics of Dusseldorf, Rostock, Bremen, etc. According to the documents, V. hich we add further on, these epidemics should be attributed to American pork. Unfortunately, Mr. Struck was without doubt too occupied, he was not able to receive us. "Virchow has been kind enough to furnish us information which we think is suf- ficient to fill the gap. He declared to us in the most formal manner that to his knowledge it was not scientifically demonstrated that the consumption of American pork had given rise to a single isolated case of trichinosis or to an epidemic. Vir- chow made this declaration to us several times, notably in presence of Hertwig, the veterinary director of the Berlin abattoir, chief of the microscopic inspection at this abattoir, and member of the imperial office. He himself confirmed Virchow's opinions. "It is very important to note that, following German customs, American pork is eaten raw, and even under these conditions Virchow and Hertwig affirmed that, it had not been demonstrated that a single case of human trichinosis was attributable to this food." [P. 1516] "We regret that we do not possess the documents and the ' "Im Diisseldorf kamen Anfang 1881 16 Erkrankungen an Trichinose vor, sammt- lich in Folge des Genusses von rohem Schinken, von denen 3 todtlich endeten. Der f ragliche Schinken war von dem Handler als ein holsteinischer, wie sie von Hamburg aus in den Kauf gebracht wiirden, bezeichnet worden. Eine bestimmte Entschei- dung iiber diesen Punkt hat sich nicht gewinnen lassen. Der Umstand, dass der fragliche Schinken auffallend klein und unansehnlich gewesen ist, spricht nicht fur amerikanischen Import, obwohl der Verdacht bestand, dass der Verkaufer damals amerikanischen Schinken uber Antwerpen bezogen habe. Indess war dies so wenig sicher, dass die Regierung auch die Moglichkeit in Erwagung zog, dass der Schinken von einem lebenden amerikanischen Schwein herstammen konne, wie deren seit 1880 in grosserer Zahl eingef iihrt sein. Genug, woher der Schinken eigentlich gekommen " ist, hat sich trotz aller Nachforschung nicht ermitteln lassen." TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 169 official reports of the imperial health office. But this affirmation by the author of the first complete study of trichinosis seems to us of great value. The analysis of the address of Kohler, Government commissioner, at the interpellation by Richter and Rickert, who demanded in the Reichstag session of January 9, 1883, the repeal of the prohibition, does not contain any scientific argument, but on the contrary [it contains] phrases which seem to testify that the reporters of the imperial office had to make serious reservations." "Here is a translation of the passages which contain the statements relative to hygiene. The end of the response seems to indicate that the question under debate had another interest, and that the struggle had occupied the scientific field only a moment, tp retake its place among the questions of protection or free trade. "Analysis of the speech by the Government councillor: "' It has been found that the epidemic at Diisseldorf (1881) was, according to a communication of the Royal Prussian Government, of American origin. (15 cases, 3 deaths. ) " 'Also at Bremen, at Rostock, one may accuse American meat. " 'But the proof of this accusation is exceedingly difficult to furnish because' ' ' ' [diag- nosis difficult; American meats mixed and sold as German sausage, etc.] ' "Apr6s avoir ^tudi6 l'6pid6mie de Emersleben et de ses environs, nous avons tenu k nous informer des raisons hygi^niques qui avaient d6cid6 le gouvernement allemand 3, prohiber 1' introduction des viandes d'Am^rique. "Nous nous 6tions adresses k M. le docteur Struck, president de I'office imperial de sant6, et nous voulions lui demander communication des rapports invoqu6s par les organes du gouvernement allemand sur les 6pid6mies de Dusseldorf, Rostok, Brgme, etc. D'aprSs les documents que nous joignons plus loin, ces 6pid6mies auraient 6t^ attributes & la congommation de viandes porcines am^ricaines. Malheureusement, M. Struck 6tait sans doute trop occup6, il n'a pas pu nous recevoir. "M. Virchow a bien voulu nous fournir quelques renseignements qui, nous le pen- sons, Buffisent a combler cette lacune. II nous a d6clar6 de la fa^on la plus formelle que, a sa connaissance, il n'6tait pas scientifiquement d^montr^ que la consommation de la viande porcine am^ricaine eut donn6 naissance k un seul cas de trichinose humaine isoW, ou il plusieurs simultan^s d^velopp^s en forme d'epid^mie. ' ' M. Virchow nous a plusieurs fois fait cette declaration, notamment en presence de M. Hertwig, v6t6rinaire directeur de 1' abattoir de Berlin, chef de service de micro- graphie pour la recherche de la trichine &. cet abattoir, membre de I'office imperial: lui-m^me a conflrme les opinions de M. Virchow. "lis esttres important de noter que, suivant les habitudes allemandes, le pore am(5ricain est consomme cru et que, mdme dans ces conditions, MM. Virchow et Hertwig affirment qu'il n'est pas demontr^ qu'un seul cas de trichinose humaine soit imputable k cette ingestion. "Nous regrettons de ne pas poss^der les documents et rapports officiels de I'office imperial de sant6. Mais cette affirmation de I'auteur de la premiere 6tude complete sur la trichinose nous semble d'une grande valeur. L'analyse du discours prononc^ par M. le conseiller auHque Kohler, commissaire du gouvernement confed6r6, k une interpellation de MM. Richter et Rickert qui, danj la stance du 9 Janvier 1883 du Rgichstadt demandaient la lev6e de la prohibition, ne contient aucun argument scientifique, mais au contraire des phrases qui semblent t&ioigner que les rappor- teurs de I'office imperial avaient du faire de s^rieuses reserves. "Voici la traduction des passages qui renfermentdesaffirmationsrelativesill'hygiene. La fin de la r^ponse semble du reste indiquer que la question d^battue avait un mteret autre et que la lutte n'avait occup6 qu'un moment le terram scientifique pour reprendre sa place naturelle parmi les questions de protection ou de libre ^change. "Analyse du discours de M. le conseiller aulique du gouvernement. On a trouv6 170 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Waaserfuhr, 1891, pp. 248, 249: "In order, therefore, that an article of food may be designated 'injurious to health,' and in order to justify a sanitary police inter- ference with its traffic, it is necessary that the same has, from experience, if not usualh', still at least repeatedly, caused cases of sickness and death. "Has this proof been brought forward with reference to the American pork (hams, bacon, etc.) imported into Germany? "Not in the slightest! We have, indeed, heard many complaints from the defend- ers of the prohibition regarding the extensive distribution of trichinosis and cholera among the American hogs, regarding the poor organization of the veterinary police ■and of the meat inspection in the United States, as well as regarding the faulty prepa- ration of the pork exported from there. But complaints of this nature, such as are pushed to the fore by that side, are— except that they are more or less contradicted by other parties — secondary, lead the public astray, and are of no importance in con- nection with the subject in hand, namely, the question regarding the injurious influ- ence of those wares. Dr. Barth has already very properly brought forward this point in the Reichstag session of January 9, 1883. He said (according to the steno- graphic report) : ' What, in my opinion, was the task of the federated Government in this matter? The cardinal question was a list, or at least an approximately e:^act report, of the cases and deaths which were traced to the consumption of American que I'^pidemie de Dusseldorf (1881) 6tait d'pres une communication du gouverne- ment royal prussien, d'origine.am6ricaine (voy. Archives) (15 cas et Sinorts). "De meme a Br^me, ft Rostock, on pent accuser la viande am6ricaine. "Mais la preuve de cette accusation est excessivement difficile ft fournir parce que: "A. Le diagnostic de la trichinose est difficile, celle-ci ^tant r^cemment etudi^e et ressemblant a d'autres maladies. "B. La viande am^ricaiiie, fum^e et trSs pen saMe, est m^lang^e, accommmod^e, vendue sous le nom de saucisses et saucissons allemands (p. 422). "M. Kohler continue et insiste sur I'impossibilit^ d'un examen serieux du pore am^ricain ft la frontiere: dissemination des morceaux, etc. "Et cependant cette viande serait d'autant plus- dangereuse, qu'elle porterait d^sormais I'estampille officielle. "Nous pourrions recommander au public de ne pas manger de viande de pore am^ricain sans la soumettre ft la cuisson, qui est certainement le moyen le plus sur pour tuer la trichine. — Mais si les Am^ricains, les Anglais, les Frangais ne mangent qu'avec degout du pore incompletement cuit, nos Allemands aiment beaucoup la viande crue ou peu cuite du pore. "Cependant nous ne pouvons pas, par des lois, changer le go6t du pays. Ces lois seraient inuiiles et porteraient atteinte ft la liberty individuelle. — Ce serait un con- tresens. "Une loi de prohibition est done legitime et necessaire. D'ailleurs d'autres ]Etats, France, Autriche-Hongrie, Italie, etc., ont vot6 ces lois. "Elles devront 6tre temporaires et subordonn6es ft I'^tat des marchandises am^ri- caines. Que le commerce am^ricain prenne ses precautions, examine ses pores, sur- veille leur nourriture, etc., ces lois deviendront alors inutiles. "Les inconvenients des lois de prohibition sont r^fut^es par la statistique suivante: En 1880, I'importation du pore frais a &i^ de 23,962,200 kilogrammes, I'exportation de 5,645,300 kilogrammes, d'oii exc^dent ^norme de 18,316,900 kilogrammes d'im- portation. Supposons que trois quarts d'exc^dent de cette importation soient de viande am^ricaine, on aura 13,000,000 de kilogrammes environ. "En 1881, I'importation am^ricaine se r^duit ft 10,000,000 de kilogrammes environ. "En 1882 (jusqu'en octobre), importation 6,000,000 de kilogrammes environ. Exportation, 5,000,000 de kilogrammes. Difference en faveur de I'importation: 1,000,000 de kilogrammes environ." TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 171 pork (Quite right! left.) All else is secondary in comparison-is, in fact, a direct proof on the other side. For the more trichina are eaten in American meat, and the fewer cases of sickness traced in spite of this (calls of Quite right!), so much the more is proof presented that disease is not caused by eating trichinous American meat.' In opposition to this, no other statements founded on facts are found in the Reichstag proceedings of 1883 regarding the injurious action of American meats, except those of the Bundesrath commissioner, who (according to the stenographic reports) expresses himself as follows: 'According to an official communication of the Royal Prussian Government there occurred, for instance in 1881, in Diisseldorf, 15 cases of disease— of these, 3 with fatal termination— which were proved to be due to eating an American ham. Similar cases [literally, establishments] have taken place in former years— for example, I recall in Bremen and Rostock— so that the proofs which are missed by Herr Richter, that in reality the American trichina^ are dangerous, may therefore be [looked upon as] presented.' ^ "Such indefinite statements can not convince a douliter. Further, it is known that they have later, so far as American pork is concerned, and as a result of exact investi- gations by expert physicians, turned out to be in part erroneous, in part unproved. It is probably only because of not being acquainted with these medical investigations, in which Virchow and others have taken part, that it is to be explained that a State minister, who according to his own statement was able to inform himself only from the records, declared again, with great certainty, in the Reichstag session of January 22 of this year, that it was a fai^t, and indisputably proved, that trichi- nosis had broken out in different places in Germany from eating American pork." ■ '"Um also ein Nahrungsmittel als Gesundheitsschadlich bezeichnen zu diirfen nnd um ein sanitats-polizeiliches Einschreiten gegen den Verkehr mit demselben zu begriinden, ist nothwendig, dass dasselbe erfahrungsgemtiss, wenn nicht gewohnlich, so doch mindestens wiederholt Erkrankungen und Tod thatsiichlich veranlasst hat. "Ist dieser Nachweis von dem nach Deutschland eingefiihrten amerikanischen Schweinefieisch (Schinken, Speckseiten u. dgl. ) erbracht worden? "Nicht im mindesten! Man hat zwar von den Vertheidigern des Einfuhrverbots viele Klagen gehort uber die grosse Verbreitung von Trichinose und Cholera unter den amerikanischen Schweinen, liber die schlechte Organisation der Veterinarpolizei und der Fleischbeschau in den Vereinigten Staaten, sowie iiber die mangelhafte Zubereitung der von dort ausgefuhrten Schweinefleischwaaren. Aber Klagen dieser Art, wie sie von jener Seite in den Vordergrund geschoben werden, sind — davon abgesehen, dass ihnen von anderen Seiten mehr oder weniger widersprochen wird — nebensachlich, fiihren nur das Publikum irre und sind ftir die Entscheidung der Frage, auf welche es ankommt, niimlich der Frage nach der gesundheitsschadlichen Wirkung jener Waaren gleichgultig. Sehr richtig hat dies bereits der Abgeordnete Dr. Barth in der Reichstagssitzung vom 9. Januar 1883 hervorgehoben. Er sagte (nach den stenographischen Berichten): "Was meines Erachtens die Aufgabe der hohen Bundesregierungen gewesen ware bei dieser Frage, die Cardinalfrage, das ware ein Verzeichniss oder wenigstens eine anniihernd genaue Angabe der consta- tirten Erkrankungen, beziehungsweise der Todesfalle auf Grund des Genusses von amerikanischem Schweinefieisch. (Sehr richtig! links.) Alles andere ist demge- geniiber Nebensache, ist sogar zum Theil ein director Gegenbeweis. Denn je mehr Trichinen in amerikanischem Fleische genossen werden, und je weniger Krankheits- falle trotzdem constatirt werden (Rufe: Sehr richtig!), um so mehr ist der Beweis geliefert, dass durch den Genuss von trichinenhaltigem amerikanischen Fleische Krankheiten nicht hervorgerufen werden." Demgegeniiber flnden sich in den i. J. 1883 stattgehabten Reichstags- Verhandlungen iiber gesundheitsschadliche Wirkung amerikanischer Fleischwaaren keine anderen thatsachlichen Angaben als diejenigen eines Commissars des Bundesraths, welcher sich (nach den stenographischen 172 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTET. Frankel, 1891, pp. 1388, 1389: "It is not different with the second case, which was reported from Diisseldorf. There are said to have been taken sick there in 1881, as a result of eating raw ham, 16, according to a letter for which I am indebted to the kindness of the Kreisphysikus, Geheimrath Zimmermann in Diisseldorf— 13 persons, 3 of whom died. But the origin of the suspected meat, which came from Hamburg, could not be determined with certainty. Perhaps results would have been obtained if a more exact examination had been made, results similar to those of the case mentioned by Wasserfuhr, where a small trichinosis epidemic in Cr6py-en-Valois in 1878 gave to the French high protectionists the handle for a prohibition of the importation of American meat, [and it was shown] that the guilty hog was not, as stated, an American, but a Norman. Those, therefore, are the two feet upon which later the Colossus of the prohibition was raised. It is not entirely easy not to write a satire."' Hosier & Peiper, 1894, pp. 279, 280: "The possibility that trichinosis can be caused by the consumption of American meat is accordingly not excluded. As a matter of fact, cases of trichinosis which are traced to American hams or bacon have occurred only sporadically. Focke records that in Bremen 12 persons were taken sick from eating an American ham, and later 8 other persons. In 1881 16 persons in Diisseldorf were taken sick with trichmosis after the consumption of raw ham; 3 died. The ham in question came from Hamburg; its origin could not be traced. Berichten) folgendermaassen ausserte: "Nach einer amtlichen Mittheilung der kgl. preussischen Regierung sind z. B. i. J. 1881 in Dusseldorf 15 Erkrankungen, davon 3 mit todtlichem Verlauf vorgekommen, die nachgewiesenermaassen auf den Genuss amerikanischer Schinken zuriickzufiihren waren. Aehnliche Feststellungen haben in friiheren Jahren, wie ich mich z. B. erinnere, in Bremen und Rostock, stattgefun- den, so dass also die von dem Herm Abgeordneten Richter vermissten Beweise, dass wirklich die amerikanischen Trichinen gefahrlich seien, erbracht sein diirften." So unbestimmte Angaben konnen keinen Zweifler iiberzeugen, haben sich iibrigens spater, soweit amerikanisches Schweinefleisch dabei in Betracht kommt, in Folge der von sachverstandigen Aerzten voi^enommenen genauen Nachforschungen bekanntlich theils als irrthiimlich, theils als unerwiesen herausgestellt. Es ist wohl nur aus der Unbekanntschaft mit diesen arztlichen Nachforschungen, bei welchen u. A. auch Virchow sich betheiligt hat, zu erklaren, wenn einer der Herren Staats- secretare, welcher seiner eigenen Angabe nach nur aus den Akten sich hatte infor- miren konnen, noch in der Reichstags-Sitzung vom 22. Januar d. J. mit grosser Sicherheit die irrige Behauptung aufgestellt hat, es sei nnlaugbar und thatsachlich festgestellt, dass die Trichinose an verschiedenen Orten Deutschlands durch den Genuss amerikanischen Sch weinefleisches ausgebrochen sei . " — Wasserfuhr, 1891a, pp. 248, U9- ' ' ' Nicht anders steht es mit dem zweiteh [p. 1389] Fall, der aus Diisseldorf berichtet wurde. Dort sollten 1881 infolge des Genusses von rohem Schinken 16 — nach einer brieflichen Mittheilung, die ich der Liebenswiirdigkeit des Herm Kreisphysikus, Geheimrath Zimmermann in Diisseldorf, verdanke — 13 Personen erkrahkt, 3 gestor- ben sein. Aber die Herkunft der verdachtigen Fleischwaare, die aus Hamburg bezogen war, liisst sich mit Sicherheit nicht mehr ermitteln, und vielleicht ware man bei genauerer Priifung des Thatbestandes auch hier zu einem ahnlichen Ergebniss gelangt, wie in dem von Wasserfuhr (Hyg. Rundschau, p. 250) angefiihrten Falle, 'wo eine im Jahre 1878 in Cr6py-en-Valois ausgebrochene kleine Trichinenepidemie den franzosischen Schutzzollnem die Handhabe zum Verbot der Einfuhr ameri- kanischen Schweinefleisches gab, es sich aber schliesslich herausstellte, dass das schuldige Schwein nicht, wie behauptet worden, ein amerikanisches, sondern ein normannisches gewesen war.' Das also sind die beiden Fiisse, auf denen sich spater der Koloss des Einfuhrverbotes erhob — es ist nicht ganz leicht, keine Satire zu schreiben!" TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 173 wfllT.^ ^'i'-chow the published ca^es are not given in so complete a scientific term that they can be the subject of a serious criticism " ' , Ostertag 1895, p. 418: "After it has formerly been pointed out, especially bv Virchow, that with exception of a (by no means free from criticism) observation in Bremen no certain case of trichinosis could be traced to eating American salted pork."^ Ostertag, 1899, p. 506: "Further, [an outbreak of] trichinosis occurred in Dussel- dorf after the consumption of American meat." ^ Liege (province), Belgium, 1882 11 eases, death. According to Blanchard (1887, p. 141), this outbreak was due to American pork. He says: The disease is, so to speak, unknown in Holland and Belgium . In this last-named country we shall mention an epidemic, due to the use of American salted meats, which occurred in 1882 in the province of LiSge and attacked 11 persons."* The only other reference I have found to this outbreak is one by Chatin (1883, p. 210) to a statement by M. Testelin in the French Senate, who is quoted as having said: "Finally, a seventh epidemic occurred in the province of Liege, in Belgium; eleven persons were attacked. " ^ Until more definite details are found, this outbreak hardly deserves serious attention. Marshall, 1882 ...(?) cases, 3 deaths. According to Chatin (1883, p. 210), M. Testelin also referred to three deaths in Marshall which were alleged to have been caused by American pork. I have been unable to trace this outbreak. Cologne, R. -B. (Cologne, 1883 1 case, death. Bouley (1884, p. 395) cites a case in Cologne. I am unable to find any other mention of this case in the official or other reports unless it ^ ' ' Die Moglichkeit, dass durch den Genuss amerikanischen Sch weinefleisches Trichi- nosis hervorgerufen werden kann, ist demnach nicht auszuschliessen. Thatsiichlicb werden allerdings Erkrankungen an Trichinosis, welche auf Genuss von amerika- nischem Schinken oder Speck zuriickgefiihrt sind, nur ganz sporadisch vorgekommen sein. Focke berichtet, dass in Bremen durch den Genuss eines amerikanischen Schirikens 12 Personen, spater noch weitere 8 erkrankt sein. Im Jahre 1881 erkrankten nach dem Genusse von rohem Schinken in Diisseldorf 16 Personen an Tri- chinosis, 3 starben. Der fragliche Schinken war aus Hainburg bezogen, seine Her- kunft liess sich nicht ermitteln. Nach Virchow sind die angefiihrten Falle nicht in so ausfiirlicher wissenschaftlicher Form veroffentlcht, dass sie Gegenstand ernster Kritik sein konnen." ^ "Nach dem schon friiher, namentlich durch Virchow, darauf hingewiesen worden war, dass mit Ausnahme einer durchaus nicht einwandsfreien Beobachtung aus Bremen noch kein sicherer Fall von Trichinosis auf den Genuss gesalzenen ameri- kanischen Sch weinefleisches habe zuriickgefiihrt werden konnen." * * * ^"Ausserdem ist in Dusseldorf eine Trichinosis nach Genuss amerikanischen Sch weinefleisches ausgebrochen." * "La maladie est, pour ainsi dire, inconnue en Holland et en Belgique. Dans ce dernier pays, nous signalerons une epidemic, due a 1' usage de salaisons am^ricaines, qui a ^clat<5 en 1882 dans la province de Liege et a frapp^ 11 personnes." -' ' ' Enfln, une septieme 6pid6mie a delate dans la province de Li^ge, en Belgique; elle a frapp6 onze personnes." 174 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. is the one quoted by Schwartz in his report for 1882^ as a "proof" that trichinae in imported American pork are alive. This so-called "proof" is ns follows: A oat stole a piece of trichinous American pork from an inspector. Later the cat was killed and found to con- tain trichina. Forgetting that cats eat mice and rats, and that these animals are frequently infected with trichinae, Schwartz concludes that the case is here proved against American pork. Quite aside from the possibility or even probability that the cat became infected from mice or rats, it may be suggested that as this cat belonged to a trichina inspector it is not at all impossible that it might have eaten German pork which the inspector in question had "inspected and passed as free from trichinae. " Possibly Bouley referred to the alleged outbreak of 7 cases in Cologne discussed below. (See also p. 178.) Malaga, Spain, February-March, 1883 1 case, 1. death. Early in 1883, an epidemic of about 26 cases, 3 deaths, which occurred in Malaga, appears to have created a commotion in Spain which almost bordered upon a panic similar to the trichinosis scare which occurred in Germanv in 1860-1866. The various original accounts given by Spanish writers are somewhat confused, so that it is difficult to give the exact extent of the outbreak. As nearly as can be made out, about 26 cases occurred, 4 of which were fatal. It appears, further, that all of the patients ate raw pork sausage coming from Gilena, and that one patient had also eaten of an American ham. It appears, further, that trichinae were found both in the remnants of the sausages and of the ham. Some authors have, on basis of these facts, assumed that one patient became infected from the ham (although it is definitely stated that she had eaten "raw sausage" at various times), while the others became infected from the sausages. The reason for this assumption is not apparent. The first reference to the outbreak appears to be the article by Antonio Linares Henriquez (1883, pp. 141-144), who refers to 6 cases, ^/ith 2 deaths. In connection with 4 of the patients he states that * 'Almost all had eaten pork sausage and had not cooked it in metal ves- sels."^ In referring to a fifth case (fatal), he says: " * * * fori knew that the sick woman had eaten ham, not of the country, Ameri- 1 "Zum Beweise, daas auch die im amerikanischeu Fleisch gefundenen Trichinen nicht immer todt und unschadlich geworden sind, mag die Mittheilung des Kreis- Physikus Dr. Winokel in Miilheim dienen, nach welcher einem dortigen Fleisch- schauer wahrend der Untersuchung triehinenhaltigenamerikanischen Fleisches durch seine Katze ein Fleisclistflckclien geraubt und gefressen wurde. Die Katze wurde nach mehreren Woohen getodtet und voll von Trichinen gebmAdn."— Schwartz, 188S, p. 32. -'' ' ' Oaai todos habfan oomido la carne de cerdo en embutidos (longaniza) y no habian guiaado en vasijas metdlicas." TRICHINOSIS IN GEBMANY. 175 can."i Chatin (188S, pp. 498^90) refers, in a meeting of the Fren<-h Academy of Medicine, to Henriquez's paper, and states that, for one case, tiie source was traced to an American ham, a conclusion not entirely justified by Henriquez's words.^ Henriquez's paper is translated in the Gaz. Hebd. de Med. et de Chir.^ It may be mentioned that in the case alleged to have been due to American ham, no postmortem was held. Trichinae were, however, found both in the sausages and in the ham. An editorial in the N. Y. Med. Journ., XXXVII, p. 577, based upon the French article just referred to, states that "In one instance the patient was known to have eaten of American ham, and the ham was found trichinous." In July, Dr. Francisco Linarez Enriquez (1883, pp. 406-408) mentions 8 cases, 1 death, which occurred in February and March. It is not clear that any of these are identical with the 6 cases, 2 deaths, referred to above. Sausage purchased of a known dealer is given as the alleged source of infection, and American meat is not mentioned. Francisco de Martos Per^z (1883, pp. 51-65) mentions 2 patients who had eaten raw sausages. An article entitled "La trichinosis en Malaga," which appeared in La Correspondencia Medica, No. 8, March, 1883, and was copied in La Clinica de Malaga, 1883, pp. 127-129, discussed the outbreak in rather a sarcastic manner. In speaking of the press reports it says that three versions were current, namely: (l| "As for having introduced trichinous ham coming from America, various per- sons who had eaten it had been attaclied by the illness, of whom 7 had already died; (2) "That trichina had also been found in some sausages coming from Gilena, which so alarmed the people that no one dared to eat pork; (3) "And last, that the illness is already conquered in Malaga; that the sole origin of this was the sausages from Gilena, and not the North American ham ; that although the sufferers reached the number of 20, only 3 had died, and the others, it is sup- posed, had recovered. ( What a tale !) Finally, that if, among the people of Alameda, in the same province, some alarm was produced by the effects brought about by the pork eaten by some persons, a medical examination proved that although the woman was ill, the illness was not trichinosis." ' in* * * pygg gype quB la eufcTma habfa comido jamon, uo dcl pafs, ameH- cano." ^The two passages (see footnotes 1 and 2) in question are rendered as follows: " Presque toutesles malades se rappelaient avoir mang^ de la viande de pore hach^e (saucisses); on n'avait pas employ^ de vases m6talliques pour la cuisson."— "J'eus alors I'occasion de couflrmer mon diagnostic, car j' appris que la malade arait mange d' an jambon, nonpas dupays, mais bien amcricain." '(1) "Que por haberse introducido jamon trichinoso procedente de America; habfan sido atacadas de la enfermedad varias personas que lo habfan comido, de las cuales habfan fallecido ya siete. (2) "Que tambi^n se habi'an encontrado trichinas en unas longanizas procedentes de Gilena por lo que, alarmada la poblacion nadie se atrevia d comer carnede cerdo. (3) "y' ultimo Que ya estit dominada la enfermedad en Mdlaga. Que el ilmco origen de ella fu6 la longaniza de Gilena y no ya el jamon norte-americano. Que 176 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The author intimates that the agitation against pork is supported by conamercial rather than hygienic interests. This article called forth two replies by Antonio de Linares Enriqu^z, in La Clinica de Malaga, 1883, pp. 129-139 (see also p. 175 of present report). Some further details regarding the cases are given; and it appears that in connection with the alleged American origin of the ham he made no extensive investigation, but simply accepted a statement made to him, for he says: " Having examined a very small piece of ham, which was said to me to be American. * * * '" Fidel Fernandez Osuna (1883, p. 237), in referring to trichinosis in Spain, says: "Since 1875, the date on which the mournfully celebrated events at Villa del Arzo- bispo gave the note of alarm, trichina has been observed in Spain in different places and at different dates; in Barcelona, Seville, Lora, Cordoba, and at present in Malaga and Valencia. The hogs, the flesh of which has been the cause of the illness, are native, and it is to be feared that trichinosis exists in many other places, for, in accordance with the extent of its study, new cases will be discovered." ^ Aurelio Abela (1883, pp. 41-51) says there were about 25 cases, with 3 deaths. Regarding the source of infection, he remarks: "Only in the^ sausage coming from Gilena was found trichina, and this in as many preparations as were made. All the persons attacked, including the three whose lives were sacrificed, ate of the same sausage (p. 46).' Only in the sausage from Gilena, of which the persons who were attacked had eaten, was it possible to discover trichina (p. SI)."* Joaquin Perez Risueno (1884, pp. 214-224) discusses in detail the outbreaks which have occurred in Spain, and says in regard to the Malaga epidemic that there were in alP more than 26 cases, 3 of which were fatal. aunque los atacados han sido hasta el niimero de 20, s61o han fallecido 3 y los demds se les supone curados (i Quanta patraiia!). En fin, que si en el pueblo de Alameda, de la misma provincia, se produjo alguna alarma, por los efectos que produjo la came de un cerdo en algunas personas que lo comieron, del reconocimiento facul- tativo result6 que el dicho estaba enfermo, no trichinado." ' "Examinados en feta su casa un trozo de longaniza de la que habfan comido los enfermos de la calle de Mdrmoles y una pequenisima cantidad de jam6n, que se me dijo ser americano, casa de la enferma de la calle de los Friales. * * *" ' "A partir de 1875, fecha en la cual los hechos tristemente c^lebres de Villar del Arzobispo dieron la voz de alarma, se ha observado la triquina en Espana en diversos puntos y fechas. En Barcelona, Sevilla, Lora, Oordoba, y actualmente en Mdlaga y Valencia. Los cerdos cuyas carnes han producido la enfermedad son del pafs, y es de temer que exista la triquin6sis en muchos otros puntos, pu6s & medida que se vulgariza su estudio se descubren nuevos casos." ' "En la longaniza procedente de Gilena, es donde linicamente se ha encontrado la triquina, y esto, tantas veces cuantas de ella se han hecho preparaoiones microsc6- picas. De este embutido comieron todos los atacados incluso los trea & quienes les ha costado la vida y estamos persuadidos-(p. 46). * "Solo en la longaniza de Gilena, de la cual han comido los que fueron atacados, ha sido posible descubrir la triquina." * " Nuevos casos detriquinosis fueron observados al di'a siguiente por el distinguido medico, &, quien de derecho pertenece el honor de su descubrimiento en Mdlaga. TliKJHlNOSIS IN GERMANY. 177 In referring to one case observed by Dr. Linare. Henriquez, he says: "Going to the home of the sick woman, Friars street, No. 30, he observe.! the same eombmation of symptoms in a woman 30 years old, of a good constitution Her Illness had begun some fifteen days before. The dck woman had eaten ham trom America, and raw sausages at different times." " It would appear, therefore, that the statement that this case was due to American meat is nothing more than an assumption. Valencia, Spain, March-April, 1883 6 cases, 1 death. Blanchard (1887, p. 142) in recording the Barcelona cases, adds: " ?.Iore recently, Ferrer y Genoves has published a large number of observations made at Valencia on persons using American pork." * It will be noticed that Blanchard does not directly state that these cases were due to American meat, and upon referring to Ferrer y Genoves (1883, 188'i), I have failed to find that he claims that they were of American origin. * He says (1883, p. 512): "New and careful questioning gave as a result (according to their recollection of the pork) that all this family had eaten some days before their illness, some sausages bought in a pork shop some distance' from Valencia." ' In speaking of patients in Torreon, No. 2, it appeared that they also had eaten meat from the same hog.* The same outbreak is referred to by both Gomez y Rieg (1883, pp. 98, 99) and by Risueno (188-1, p. 224), neither of whom appears to attribute the outbreak to American meat. The former states that the "fact existed that they had used for their supper certain sausages dried, some raw, some cooked, which had been bought outside of the city in that part called Orriols. * * * All the the sausages have same origin," while the latter says that the "only exclusive cause was the eating of pork and sausages, in which afterwards trichinae were found." There occurred in Algimia 3 cases. Un pariente de la familia de calle de Marmoles, habia adquirido embutidos de igual procedencia, y al ir u verle a su casa, Corralon de Santa Barbara, mimero 5, encontro 7 enfermos mas atacados de este parasitismo. Y no fueron los que hasta aquf hemos citado los linicos casos de la infecci6n: la contrajo tambi6n una senorita hermana de la enferma de la calle de los Frailes y adfemiis su criada; presenteronse luego varios casos, unos veintiseis entre todos, sin contar algunos otros que per su poca entidad habi'an pasado desapercibidos [p. 2:31]." ^"Trasladado a la casa de la enferma, calle de los Frailes, numeroSO, observoel mismo cuadro de sfntomas en una senura de unos 30 anos de edad, de buena consti- tuciou; el padecimiento habia empezado unos quince dias antes, y la enferma habfa comido jamon procedente de America, y longanizas crudas varias veces ' ' [pp. 220, 221 ] . 2 "Plus r^cemment, Ferrer y Genoves a public un grand nombre d' observations, faites a Valence chez des individus faisant usage de pore am^ricain." ' ' ' Xuevo y minucioso interrogatorio da por resultado (al recordar las carnes de cerdo) que toda esta familia habfa comido, dias antes de enfermar, unas longanizas compradas en una tocineria algo distante de Valencia." *"Que tambi^n habian comido carnes al parecer del mismo cerdo.— Ferrer y Genoves" [1883, p. 513]. 23904— Xo. 30—01 J 2 178 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1 death, among persons who had eaten of the same sausages as the people in Valencia. From the above evidence, it is not clear that these cases were due to American meat. Cologne, R.-B. Cologne (year?) Teases, ? death. Wasserfuhr, ISeia, pp. 249, 250: "Only in the Eegierungsbezirk Cologne, accord- ing to a statement made by the same State minister in the Keichstag session of Janu- ary 23, 7 cases of trichinosis are said to have recently occurred which could be traced to American pork. It is not p prohibition of American meat was only a pretext. This has recently been admitted at the International Veterinary Congress at Brussels by some of its most competent members." We will add to these statements those which M. Ziindel, veterinarian in chief of Alsace-Lorraine, published in the Eecueil de M6decine last March. "Trichinosis," M. Ziindel says, in this article, "is frequent in the north of Ger- many, and one involuntarily asks himself if Germany really has a right to accuse America of furnishing so many trichinous hogs." "The trichinous meats of America have at least the advantage of only very rarely communicating the parasitic infection, because thetrichinasare killed in the major- itv of cases by the preparation to which the meat is subjected at Chicago or Cm- cinnati while such is not the case with the pork one is called upon to eat in north Germany and which, following the customs of the country, is offered to you only imperfectly cooked. Although at the time of the recent discussions in the German Bundesrath, the Government commissioner was able to cite only three cases of trich- inous infection in Germany due to the consumption of American pork, he could have cited by thousands cases occurring during the same period of time from indigenous trichinous hogs and almost by hundreds the number of cases of death which this infection occasioned. 'See pp. 156, 157 of present report. 190 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. "The following are the statistics of trichinosis observed in hogs in Prussia for six years, taken from the official reports of Dr. Eulenberg: Year. Hogs inspected. Found trichinous. 1,728,595 2,857,272 2,524,105 3,213,155 3,342,303 3,118,780 800 701 1,222 1,975 2,284 1,695 "Which gives a total of 8,677 trichinous hogs in 16,784,210, or 1: 1,934. "To find these trichinous hogs, an army of microscopist inspectors- was necessary, -the number of which increased from 12,000 in 1876 to 18,581 in 1881. In spite of this the number of published cases of trichinosis in man has been considerable; 1. e.— 1876. 1877. 1878. Cases. .. 358 .. 356 1879. 1880. 1881. Cases. .. 400 .. 200 .. 238 ■or 2,040 cases in six years, an average of 340 cases per annum, with a total of 84 deaths, or an average of 14 deaths per annum. "The following figures give the extent of occurrence of trichinaj in pieces of pork of American origin: Locality. Pieces ex- amined. Found tri- eliinous. Kiel, 1880.... Stettin , Hamburg Altona Minden, 1879 Cologne 1,229 41,364 78,597 10,352 50, 000 1,760 29 468 836 178 243 15 1 + 1 + 1 .40 ' ' The proportion of infected pieces in the American importations given in these statistics is certainly not peculiar to Germany. It must evidently be the same in the pork of the same origin imported into England, Belgium, and. France. But notwith- standing this we do not find that trichinosis in man has manifested itself in these latter countries to such an extent that the physicians should at least make mention of it in their lectures, and in many and varied accounts with which the medical journals are filled." Whence this immunity? Evidently from the culinary customs. Given the same conditions of trichinous infection, the chances of producing effect will be greater in the same proportion that the meat is less cooked, as is the case in Germany. But, if the statistics do give in Germany the trichinous infection of American meat in the proportion stated above, on the other hand only four times can he cited in which trichinosis in man can [has been able to] be traced to the use of this meat; from which it must be inferred that the trichinae which the meat conceals are ren- dered inoffensive in the greater number of cases, thanks to the curing, even when the meat is «aten raw or slightly cooked, "according to the customs of the country," as Ziindel has stated in his article. It is therefore not to the American-cured pork that this trichinosis in man should be ascribed, which, according to the official reports, reaches in Prussia an annual average of 340 cases and 14 deaths. TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY. 191 All the trouble comes from home prodvietion. As a result one can truly say that from the hygienic standpoint the prohibition of American meats (in Germany) rather had for its object to-force the people to use exclusively home-production meats, which are much more dangerous than salted meats, because the trichinse which they con- ceal are in possession ot all their reproductive powers. It is now necessary to examine the question whether the prohibitory measure which closed the French ports to the direct importation of American pork has had the result which -was anticipated, i. e., to prevent the consumption of these salted meats from America from which infection was feared. One condition was lacking in order to make this measure absolutely efficacious in this respect, and completely corresponded to the intentions which led to its adoption, i. e. , to apply it to the pork of all countries, on all our frontiers, both land and sea. But our ports, as our land frontiers, having remained open to importations, from England and Belgium, a great amomit of American bacon has only to change its name in order to be admitted into France and be consumed here. In fact, among the meats supposed to be English which enter the port of Bordeaux a certain quantity is of American origin; and the saine holds for Belgian bacon; with the result that the prohibitory measure has caused the loss to our merchant marine of the benefit of the extensive commerce which accrued from America, while the public health has not received from it the protection which was expected. And, finally, as the use of American-cured pork has been able to con- tinue in France to quite a considerable extent in spite of the prohibition against it without having caused any of the inconveniences which people thought they had to fear, this fact should be used as a new argument to show that the prohibition ought not to be maintained, since it is eluded on quite a great scale, and only has as a final result a considerable loss for our merchant marine. The committee should now examine the precautionary measures which should be taken if the prohibitory decree is repealed and American pork enters into French consumption as was the case prior to 1881. The microscopic inspection ia utterly impossible. One can conceive of its rigorous application on entire animals, or on halves, for the trichina; have certain places of predilection where they are encountered quite constantly in infected animals; so that if they are not present in the muscles for which they have a preference, it may be legitimately inferred that they are not present in the other muscles. But the boxes of salted meat exported from America contain parts of several animals, and under such conditions the examination of one does not indicate anything, either good or evil, as to the condition of the others. Hence the necessity, which is an impossibil- ity to submit to a microscopic inspection not onl'y all of the pieces, but the different parts of the samepiece. Technically this is not possible; on the other hand, it would lead to such expense in unpacking the pieces and repacking them m alternate layers of meat and salt that to prescribe this could be considered as equivalent to the main- tenance of the prohibition, as it would not be accepted by the trade. The committee Relieves all the more that it should not advise this, smce, after all the microscopic inspection would not be complete, and consequently it would leave chances that trichinous meat would be put on the market. Witness the epi- demics of trichinosis in man which we see break out from time to time m Germany in spite of the army of 18,000 inspectors whose duty it is to find and condemn tri- """"AlthouTihe microscopic inspection apphed to millions of kilograms is not possi- ble here is another much more practicable inspection which can be -commended ie to determine whether the pork sent from America is perfectly salted- fully TM;^rdXrgt?;t-tre Xh is not musory, for the experience of all ihis conaition gives ^ g daneers of trich nous infection for man r:sstt»trp».tr riT.„ ,.» <». .».. .. ».».».. 192 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. the same culinary conditions being assumed for the two cases. Curing, therefore, renders the meat wholesome, either by killing the trichinae, as is generally the ca e, or by greatly reducing the reproductive power of those parasites which withstand its action for a longer or shorter time.^ It is therefore necessary that imported meats should fulfill the condition of good conservation and perfect salting, as expressed in the technical language of the American trade by the expression "fully cured," a peculiar condition characterized by the grayish exterior, firmness to the touch, and the odor of walnut, which is noticed upon sounding. This condition can be easily ascertained by the municipal meat inspectors already employed in most cities in France. Severity in this partic- ular inspection of the salted meats would furthermore result in placing the foreign shippers on their guard against the losses which would not fail to occur from the nonadmission to our markets of cargoes of meat not fully cured. But although complete curing gives to the consumer of American pork a very good guaranty against the dangers of trichinous infection, even when this meat is eaten raw, this committee believes it ought to repeat that the immunity from trichinosis whic:h our people enjoy over the Germans is chiefly due to the custom of not eating pork of any origin whatever except after it has been thoroughly cooked. The action of cold has also been spoken of as a method of making trichinous pork wholesome. In fact, the laboratory experiments made in France have demonstrated that in salted meat the trichinae do not resist a temperature of minus 10° C. On the other hand, competent experimenters in Germany claim to have found living trichinae in fresh hams which had been exposed one night in winter, and even for three days, to a temperature of minus 18° to minus 20° R. New experiments should therefore be made to solve this interesting question of the action of cold as a means of rendering trichinous meat wholesome. ' The consulting committee on public hygiene in France believes it necessary to again give the advice "that the importation of salted meats of American origin can become free as it was before the decree of February 18, 1881." 1 The experiments made in Germany by Kiichenmeister, in common with Haub- ner and Leisering, prove that the trichinae are killed by prolonged salting. (Haub- ner, Kiichenmeister, and Leisering. Helminthologische Versuche. Dresden, 1863. ) ^In the experiments of the Museum Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, the death of the trichinae was recognized by the staining of their bodies when they ceased to live, while living trichinje were not stained. This is an important differ- ential character in determining the degree of danger of meats in which trichinae have been found. Part IV.-BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRICHINOSIS IN GERMANY (Hassall). For bibliographies on the subject of trichinosis in general, and on the parasite Trichlnella spiralis, see especially Blanchard, 1887; Carus et Engelmann, 1861; Chatin, 1883; Davaine, 1877; Huber, 1895; Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's Office; Taschenberg, 1889; Thompson, 1885; Zool. Anzeiger; Centrbl. Bakter.; Bibliographia Zoologica; Index Medicus, etc. The card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratory of this Bureau con- tains about 2,500 references to this subject. Abela, Aueblio. 1883. — La triquina en Mdlaga • i,„ 1890 — General-Bericht iiber das offentliche Geaundheitswesen im Regierungsbe- zirk Frankfurt a. 0. fur die Jahre 1886 bis 1888. Pp. 170. Frankfurt 1896 -Das Sffentliche Gesundheitswesen im Kegierungsbezirk Frankfurt fiir die Jahre 1892 bis 1894. Pp.120. Frankfurt a. 0. ^""iTsSa-Generalbericht iiber das Medicinal- und Sanitatewesen in. Kegierungs- bezirk Posen fiir das Jahr 1881. Pp.60. 4°. Posen. 198 BUKEAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Genoves y Feereb. 1883.— Casos de trichinosis en Valencia