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VERNER'S LAW IN ITALY 
 
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VEENEK'S LAW IN ITALY 
 
 AN ESSAY 
 
 IN THE HISTORY OP 
 
 THE INDO-EUEOPEAN SIBILANTS 
 
 R. SEYMOUR CONWAY, B.A. 
 
 FOUNDATION SCHOLAK OF GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDQE, 
 
 WADDINGTON CLASSICAL SCHOLAB IN THE UNIVEESITY OF CAMBKIDGE, 
 
 EXHIBITIONEB IN LATIN IN THE UNIVEESITY OF LONDON, 
 
 WITH A 
 
 DIALECT MAP OF ITALY 
 
 EFHEAWOOD, B.A., F.R.G.S. 
 
 LONDON 
 TRUBNER AND CO., LUDGATE HILL 
 
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PBAECEPTOEIBUS MEIS 
 ET INTEB EOS POTISSIMUM 
 
 GULIELMO GEORGIO RUSHBROOKE 
 
 LITEEAEUM HUMANIOEUM AC LINGUAE SANSCEITICAE 
 
 AD SCHOLAM OIVITATIS LONDINENSIS 
 
 EBVEEENDO DOCTOEI 
 
 HUNC QUEMCUNQUE FASCIGULUM 
 
 D. D. D. 
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Prefatory Note viii 
 
 Introduction. (First principles : scope of the Essay : title : 
 
 results hitherto accepted : results of the Essay.) §§ 1 — 5 . 1 
 
 I. The Phonetic relation op S and B. (Nature of the 
 change oi Sto B: its physiological and historical causes : 
 note on s and ch in Old Church Slavonic : s before nasals 
 and other consonants in Latin.) §§ 6 — 13 ... 7 
 
 II. S between vowels in Umbrian. (Chronology of the Iguvine 
 tables : accent in Oscan and Umbrian : discussion of the 
 Umbrian evidence : eso- or esso- in Italic?) §§14 — 27 . 18 
 
 III. S BETWEEN vowels IN OscAN. (Extent of the Oscan evi- 
 
 dence : its discussion : tt or ss in Oscan and pro-ethnic 
 Italic ? Note on Bartholomae's theory.) §§ 28—30 . 37 
 
 IV. Rhotacism in the Minor Italic Dialects. (Enumeration : 
 
 Picentine : Marruoinian : Sabine : Pelignian : Marsian : 
 Volscian: Faliscan: classification: Mr Heawood's map.) 
 §§ 31—39 . . . . 45 
 
 V. S between vowels in Latin. 
 
 A. Introductory Considerations. (Aspect of the ques- 
 tion : special characteristics of the change : borrowing : 
 date of rhotacism in Latin : the change of the Latin accent : 
 list of words : elimination of irrelevant examples.) §§ 40 
 —52 . . . . . 55 
 
 B. Evidence as to the causes op the change op S to 
 
 B. §§ 53—60 74 
 
 C. Evidence as to the change op accent. § 61 . . 83 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 A. The subsequent history op S between vowels in 
 Latin and Romance. §§ 62 — 66 . . . . 86 
 
 B. Final S in Aryan. §§ 67—74 . 94 
 
 C. Final S and B in Umbrian. §§ 75 — 77 . 107 
 
 D. The development op the Latin perfect. § 78 . 110 
 
 Index op Words cited D'g'feed /3y M/crosoft® 113 
 
NOTE. 
 
 In the course of the following essay I have striven to be accurate in 
 acknowledging its obligations to my numerous teachers. In some places 
 however I may have unconsciously reproduced what I have heard or read, 
 — a mistake almost inevitable to those whose information is derived partly 
 from lectures and partly from books, — or in others equally unconsciously 
 I may be reproducing what I have not heard or read but what has been 
 already suggested, and accepted or refuted long ago. And further than 
 this, some of the principles on which my small superstructure is based 
 I may have regarded, perhaps prematurely, as the common property of 
 scholars and needing no formal acknowledgment. This is especially the 
 case with borrowings from the Orundriss der Vergleichenden Grammaiik. 
 To this references are generally given in specific points, but no number 
 of references could in the least express my sense of the debt which all 
 students of language owe to its distinguished author, Dr Karl Brugmann. 
 And I am anxious, in view of the one or two points in which I have ven- 
 tured to diifer from his authority, to acknowledge beforehand my share 
 in the stimulating influence his teaching has everywhere exerted on the 
 study of linguistic science. 
 
 In all that concerns Latin I owe very much to Dr Roby's lists of 
 parallel forms which have been constantly before me. The evidence in 
 Umbrian, Oscan and the Minor Dialects could hardly have been found 
 except in Biicheler's Umhrioa and Zv^taieflf's two handbooks, the Sylloge 
 Inscriptiomimi Oscarum, and the Iriscriptiones Italiae Mediae Dialeeticae. 
 Osthoff's Oeschickte des Perfects is of course indispensable, however much 
 one may differ from his conclusions. 
 
 The essay was written in March last as a dissertation for the Lan- 
 guage Section of the Classical Tripos, Part II, 1887, and has since been 
 thoroughly revised and enlarged by the Appendices. The last of these is 
 of course only printed as a suggestion. 
 
 (JONVILLE AND CaIUS COLLEGE, 
 
 CAMBKiriQE, September, 1887. 
 
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VEKNER'S LAW IN ITALY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. The attempt made in the following essay to reduce to 
 rule a series of phenomena hitherto neglected or First princi- 
 unnoticed is one which, by this time, hardly needs -P'^*- 
 an apology even in England. It is now generally admitted 
 that the modern view of phonetic change is fully justified by 
 its results. The more or less a priori considerations by which 
 its supporters at first sought to defend it were of a kind whose 
 convincing power varies greatly with different minds and even 
 with the same mind at different times; but the mass of evi- 
 dence they have since accumulated is surely sufficient to 
 establish at least this principle, that sound-change, so far as 
 we know it historically, whatever possibilities we may reserve 
 for it in the abstract, happens only in accordance with certain 
 definite sequences which we call Phonetic Laws ; — to establish 
 it, that is, as far as any doctrine can be by purely inductive 
 evidence, a basis, however, which has proved sufficient for the 
 whole fabric of Natural Science. And we may perhaps notice 
 that the power of prediction, which is popularly regarded 
 as the crucial test of all scientific theories, may be said in a 
 sense to have been exercised successfully on behalf of the new 
 principles of the Science of Language. Fresh instances occur 
 every day of stray words that have at length been brought 
 home to their correlatives in other languages after having for 
 long resisted identification through some difficult change of 
 form or meaning, simp^f/ifficajuffiBc/w&ftfeave been led to expect, 
 C. 1 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. § 2. 
 
 that is, we have predicted, that the form which the original 
 sound would take in that language was the one which after- 
 wards has been recognised in this particular word. Conversely, 
 when we know precisely what origin or origins a particular 
 group of sounds existing in any word can have in the language 
 to which it belongs, and precisely what their correlatives are 
 in kindred languages, our field of search for cognates is im- 
 mensely narrowed, and if they have survived, always provided 
 our phonetic generalisations are correctly made, they are sure 
 to be sooner or later discovered. 
 
 2. The endeavour therefore to arrive at further generali- 
 Scope of tlie satioDS of this kind, whether in any particular 
 ^^'"^V- instance it succeed or fail, may be fairly regarded 
 
 as a legitimate method of work, and single explanations and 
 inferences, which while strictly in accordance with the rules 
 of sound-change that we have already recognised, might never- 
 theless, if advanced for their own sake, be considered over 
 fanciful or unduly emphasised, may perhaps claim a more 
 generous indulgence if they help in any way to throw light 
 on the possibility of such a result. And in this case, whether 
 the general rule is finally accepted in the form in which it 
 presents itself in this essay is a matter of small importance ; 
 I shall be more than content if I succeed in achievincr two 
 things; if I can render any clearer the probability that there 
 is some rule to be discovered, and any easier for more ex- 
 perienced hands the task of determining its final form. It is 
 in view of the first of these objects that I have endeavoured 
 to rearrange under a new method of grouping many classes of 
 facts already well known ; as for example in dealing with the 
 Latin changes, most of the words I have discussed will be 
 found somewhere in the collections of Roby, Corssen, Bruo-- 
 mann, Stolz, or Mommsen' ; for the Romance languages I have 
 depended entirely on Diez's Grammatik der Romanischeii 
 Sprachen, except for Italian. My second and more important 
 object was to collect new evidence on the question where it 
 
 1 Boby's Latin Grammar, Vol. i. Corssen, Aussprache des Lat. Brugmann, 
 Grundriss. Stolz, Lat. Grammatik. Mommsen, Vnteritalischen Dialeltcn. 
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INTRODUCTION. § 3. 3 
 
 had not been sought before, — not at least with any approach 
 to exhaustiveness, — namely, in the various Italic dialects, 
 especially of course in Umbrian and Oscan. This I have en- 
 deavoured to carry out as thoroughly as possible, that is in such 
 a way as to give with equal fullness what evidence there is on 
 both sides, against, as well as in favour of the conclusions which 
 commend themselves to me. 
 
 3. The title ' Vomer's Law in Italy ' suggests the origin of 
 the enquiry undertaken in what follows. The appa- 
 rent irregularities of the change of s to r in the 
 Teutonic languages were explained by Verner as due to differ- 
 ence of accent in the different words ; the Latin accent we know 
 to have prevailingly the same exspiratory character as the 
 Teutonic ; and an attempt to apply Vomer's method of expla- 
 nation to the Latin irregularities led me to the conclusion that 
 the exceptions to the rule were governed by a new set of special 
 conditions closely analogous to those which determine the 
 change of s to r in Sanskrit. My impression that in Latin it 
 was largely governed by accent was strengthened by the paral- 
 lelism of one or two of the Umbrian forms, and this naturally 
 demanded a detailed investigation '. The Appendix on the 
 history of s in Aryan and Romance is really a necessary piece 
 of evidence only separated for convenience. The change of s to 
 r at the end of words in later Umbrian is discussed in the 
 
 ^ In speaking of tlie title I may perhaps deprecate an objection 'that 
 Verner'sljaw does not hold in the Italic languages for the other spirants (/) 
 and therefore presuma,bly not for the sibilants.' If no positive evidence were to 
 be had on one side or the other this a priori argument might be allowed some 
 weight, but it can hardly count for much as balanced against such evidence. 
 Besides it is clearly unscientific to demand that any particular phonetic cause 
 shall have exactly the same apparent effect in all the languages in which it has 
 any effect at all: it is, e.g. no evidence against the Joss of original cr between 
 vowels at some period in the history of the Greek spoken in Attica, that in 
 Laooniau every a whether original or hysterogen equally fell away; yet Attic 
 and Laconian in other respects are obviously far more closely related than 
 Italic and Teutonic. And, after all, in the still confused state of our knowledge 
 of the history of the aspirates in Italic (v. Br. Gds. § 389 Anm. which appears 
 to be a mere slip) it would need considerable boldness to assert that something 
 analogous to Verner's Law had never been in operation at some period of their 
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 1—2 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. § 4. 
 
 same place, as the essay is primarily concerned only with 
 Medial Rhotacism in Italic. 
 
 4. Before concluding this introduction by a statement of 
 Results hither- tte ' laws ' I shall endeavour to justify in the follow- 
 to accepted. ^Qg chapters, it will be convenient to review our 
 present state of knowledge on the subject. 
 
 The rule for Latin that s became r between two vowels has 
 a fairly large number of exceptions ; the only 
 methods of explaining them hitherto, so far as I 
 know, have been to treat them as borrowed words, to suppose 
 s reduced from an original ss, or to assume that the word first 
 came into use after the rhotacism had ceased. These of course 
 must still hold good wherever they can be proved, and the last 
 may be our only resource, provisionally, where we can detect 
 no other variation in the phonetic history of the sound, but we 
 are not committing any inconsistency in rejecting it if a more 
 probable cause suggests itself. Moreover there are a certain 
 number of words for which these assumptions are not merely 
 baseless, but almost impossible, as ndser, which Stolz^ mentions 
 with one or two others, while in the Grundriss^ they are passed 
 over in silence. But a glance at the list of such words given 
 on p. 74 below will shew that they are too numerous to be 
 neglected. In Umbrian again Breal notices asa as 
 the only exception to rhotacism between two vowels ; 
 Brugmann' following him, treats it either as a borrowing from 
 another dialect or as a 'graphische Altertlimlichkeit,' while even 
 Biicheler's* encyclopaedic observation has only detected three 
 other exceptions, the termination -asius, and the pronouns eso- 
 and pis-i. In reality, besides these examples, excluding words 
 in which there is any reason to suppose the loss of a consonant 
 before the s or an original ss, there are over a score of words in 
 the Iguvine Tables which shew s between vowels, aad several 
 well-known names of places in Umbria itself, one of which, 
 Pisaurum, is noticed by Roby, Vol. i. p. 60. In Oscan again 
 when it is written in Latin characters as in the Tabula Bantina, 
 
 1 Lilt. Gram. § 60. i. = § 569 Anm. 3. 
 
 3 ibid. •• Vnilrica, p. 184. 
 
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INTRODUCTION. § 5. 5 
 
 z is used not merely to denote the sound of the Oscan T, i.e. ts, 
 but as a variant of s between vowels — presumably to denote a 
 voiced s. s also occurs between vowels on the same inscriptions, 
 and so far as I know no one has suggested any reason for the 
 variation except the carelessness of the (much-enduring) stone- 
 mason. With regard to the changes in Aryan and Romance, 
 reasons for doubting the explanations hitherto suggested aie 
 given at the end of this essay. Finally the history of medial s 
 before nasals in Latin can hardly be considered settled'. 
 
 5. The conclusions I shall endeavour to justify are as 
 follows : 
 
 A. Medial s between vowels 
 
 Results of 
 
 1. Following an unaccented syllable ^ ^^"^' 
 
 u.. became voiced (z) in (i) pro-ethnic^ Italic, as 
 in *regezent, *foidezos, 
 
 and (ii) in Latin after the first change of 
 accent, as in *suez6rem; 
 
 j8. i. and further became r in Latin Umbrian and 
 other rhotacising dialects, as in Umbr. 
 benurent, tdderor, Lat. regerent, so- 
 roris, 
 
 ii. while it was kept in. Oscan and other non- 
 rhotacising dialects, as in Osc. angetuzet, 
 egmazum. 
 
 2. Following an accented syllable 
 
 a. was kept in all dialects, as in Umbr. ose 
 ('anno'), Osc. eisuc-en, A6sernim, Lat. 
 nasus, miser, quaeso; 
 
 /8. except in Latin and Faliscan v^here it be- 
 came r even when following an accented 
 syllable, if it was (i) followed by i or u. 
 
 its use 
 
 1 Stolz, L. G. § 60. 2. Br. Grds. § 570. 
 A term of this sort is sa i?L«cb 'S^^^^ thaijittle apology need be made for 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. § 5. 
 
 and (ii) preceded by i or u or a long vowel 
 
 or diphthong, as in niris, quaerit, Furius, 
 
 niirus (gen. niirus), dirinait. 
 
 There is scarcely enough evidence to determine whether 
 
 this qualification extended to Umbriau and the other rhotacising^ 
 
 dialects. 
 
 B. Medial s before nasals 
 
 1. which was kept in Oscan and Umbrian (Br. Grds. § 570), 
 
 2. in Latin, 
 
 a. when following an unaccented syllable was lost with- 
 out compensation (Br. l.c-), as in Gatmna, 
 
 /3. when following an accented syllable 
 
 i. arising before and (?) after the period of 
 rhotacism, was lost with compensatory 
 lengthening of the preceding vowel, as 
 in ahenus, primus, dumus (?), 
 
 ii. arising during the period of rhotacism be- 
 came r, as in carmen, v^rna, diiirnus. 
 
 I may add here two corollaries as to the date of the change 
 The Latin of the Latin accent, which, if correct, are a good 
 accent. ^jgg^j more important than the mere explanation 
 
 of the changes of s. They are discussed pp. 64 — 68 infr. 
 
 1. The Latin accent had become bound by quan- 
 
 tity, i.e. it could not go further back than a 
 long penult or antepenult, before rhotacism 
 began, that is before 450 B.C. {v.p. 61 infr.). 
 
 2. But it did not become bound by the number 
 
 of syllables, i.e. restricted to the last three 
 even when the penult and antepenult were 
 both short, until after rhotacism had ceased, 
 that is after 350 B.C. 
 
 There is further independent evidence as well as that of 
 rhotacism that proper names did not yield to these changes till 
 considerably later than the rest of the language. 
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I. The Phonetic relation of s and r ; and the history of s 
 before consonants in Latin. 
 
 6. Before proceeding to discuss the history of s in Italic it 
 is necessary to say a word or two on the phonetic aspect of its 
 change to r, which seems to have been unduly neglected. It is 
 usually stated, clearly as a generalisation from the (apparent) 
 historical evidence in various languages, that s (the breathed 
 dental sibilant) becomes r through the intermediate stage of n 
 (the voiced sibilant), and it is often implied that the change 
 happens only and always by this method. Even Erugmann 
 appears to assume this in discussing the Teutonic rhotacism*. 
 But phonetically there is surely no more reason why the voiced 
 z should pass to the voiced r than the breathed s to the 
 breathed r (rh). It may be said that the breathed r did not 
 exist in the particular languages in wbich s became r; whether 
 this could be proved or not, it is scarcely an answer to the 
 difficulty. We are still left to ask why it did not, if s would 
 naturally have giveu rise to it under the same conditions as 
 those under which z became the voiced r. The following quo- 
 tations give us sufficient data to explain the change, and they 
 say nothing whatever of ;? as a necessary intermediate stage. 
 
 (i) '8 owes its sibilance to the breath being directed on to 
 
 the teeth not by the tip itself but by the blade of „ ^ ,. 
 
 •' '^ ... Quotations 
 
 the tongue The normal position for s is on the fromPho- 
 
 gums a little further back than for th, the tongue "^ ****' ^'' "' 
 
 being somewhat shortened.' Sweet, Handbook of Phonetics, 
 
 p. 39. 
 
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 1 Grds. § 581. 
 
8 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 6. 
 
 (ii) 'The characteristic feature of r is that the friction 
 passage is formed as imjch as possible by the tip 
 alone. Hence the tip generally points upwards, 
 and there is a tendency to make the outer front of the tongue 
 concave, so as to prevent any front modification. The tongue 
 being thus shortened, there is also a tendency to form the con- 
 sonant further back than is the case with the other point 
 consonants. The medium position for r is just outside the arch 
 and it cannot be formed at all in the interdental position.' 
 Ih. p. 37. 
 
 (iii) ' sh is very similar to s but has more of the point 
 element which is the result of its approximation to 
 rh, sh is in fact s arrested on its way to rh [and 
 similarly the voiced zh is z arrested on its way to r]. This is 
 done by retracting the tongue somewhat from the s position 
 and pointing it more upwards, which brings the tip more into 
 play.... The normal position for sh is naturally between that of 
 s and rh, near the arch.' lb. p. 40, 
 
 (iv) ' The above account of the mechanism of s and sh...\s 
 The change of transposed '...by some phoneticians, 'chiefly on the 
 8 ^ sh under ground of the frequent development of sh in lan- 
 mjiuence of y. gy^gg q^^^ qJ g followed by y. But the point of the 
 tongue is clearly directed upwards in the change from s to sh. 
 Theories of the historical development of sounds cannot be 
 allowed to override facts that can be demonstrated by observa- 
 tion, and the change of s into sh under the influence of y may 
 be easily explained as the result of simple retraction of the s 
 towards the y position.' Ih. note, pp. 40, 41. 
 
 (v) ' The position of s giving sibilation to vocalised breath 
 Change of s produces z which differs in no wise from the oral 
 to r. action of s.' 
 
 ' r as pronounced in England differs from z merely in the 
 narrowing and retraction of the point of the tongue. In Scot- 
 land, in Spain, and on the continent generally, r receives a 
 stronger vibration of the whole forepart of the tongue.' M. Bell, 
 Principles of Speech, pp. .53, 54 (quoted by Roby, Vol. I. p. 401). 
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PHONETIC CONDITIONS OF THE CHANGE. § 7. 9 
 
 The following rough lines then may be taken as indicating 
 the three positions of the tongue under the palatal arch. 
 
 7. It is clear therefore that the change from s to r, whether 
 both are breathed or both are voiced, is that of a p]^onet^ccon- 
 continuous retraction elevation and pointing of the ditions of the 
 tip and fore-part of the tongue, and that ^ is no " ""^*' 
 nearer r than s is to rA\ What then would be likely to cause 
 this movement ? Either (1) a mere carelessness of articulation 
 by which the tongue was allowed to slip back slightly from the 
 more or less protruded s position, and at the same time the hinder 
 half allowed to fall slightly so that the front became relatively 
 raised, or (2) the proximity of any sound which required a more 
 backward position of the tongue than that for s, and hence a 
 modification of the s either in consequence of or in preparation 
 
 ^ In passing it is as well to note tliat the peculiar 'narrowing ' of the Eng. 
 lish z by which the tongue is gathered together more closely towards its centre 
 is (i) not found iu the continental z as in Fr. rose, and (ii) does not afieet the 
 general issue one way or the other. Its only effect is to make the hiss or the 
 vibration rather stronger, especially as (iii) it does not appear to have any 
 essential connexion with thS'SSJiS^l ^iMifiM^ than the breathed. 
 
10 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 8. 
 
 for the pronunciation of such a sound. These two purely 
 a priori phonetic conditions correspond very well to what we 
 find actually happening. 
 
 8. The first happens (a) when s sinks to r in consequence 
 Historical of lo^s of a stress-accent. The syllable containing 
 conditions of {^ jg qq longer articulated with so much care and 
 I'^'itro/ distinctness; it is more open to corruption both 
 accent. £j.q^ ij;g ^j-al and acoustic character than if it were 
 
 felt by speakers and hearers to be the most important syllable 
 in the word. Consequently if there is any tendency in the 
 language to draw back the s position to the r position, it will 
 have free play. Or again if there is no such tendency, but the 
 s happens to be in a position where a voiced sound would be 
 easier to produce, it sinks forthwith to z, so to speak nemine 
 contradicente. So that the same cause produces or rather 
 allows the change of s to ^ and the changes of s to rh, z to r, 
 but the former is not by any means the necessary intermediate 
 stage: s may sink to rh in consequence of a rhotacising ten- 
 dency, and then rh may become a voiced r in consequence of 
 vocal surroundings; this is quite as simple as to suppose the 
 order s > z > r, which however in Teutonic at least appears to 
 have been the historical course of the change. In the languages 
 we are dealing with, namely the Italic, r and rh cannot (with 
 any certainty at least) be distinguished, so that we do not always 
 know which of them was the final stage in the progress'. But 
 in Sanskrit we can distinguish them since the breathed r under 
 certain conditions experienced a further weakening to h, and 
 this arises from an original s quite as regularly as does the 
 voiced r". 
 
 ^ Final rhotaoism would seem to be a special case due to loss of accent. In 
 Umbriau tbe frequent omission of tbe r in this position would seem to indicate 
 that, as in Sanskrit, under certain conditions (which the confused state of the 
 transmission on this point has greatly obscured) it was the breathed sound 
 (v. App. C). In the earliest period of Elean rhotacism (Cauer.^ 253, 258) it has 
 been noticed that p appears only before ju. and f , « remaining before vowels, 
 breathed consonants and a pause. 
 
 ' Cf. App. B, and the following section. 
 
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HISTORICAL CONDITIONS OF THE CHANGE. § 9. 11 
 
 9. Again the same careless articulation may be caused 
 (0) by the adjacency of some other sound which 
 absorbs the greater part of the emphasis of the soundswkLh 
 syllable, as for example a long vowel or diph- "("sort em- 
 thong before the s, or which (<y) necessarily curtails 
 the full s-articulation. A clear example of the first is the 
 history of the Latin (original) ss after a long vowel which has 
 become voiced between vowels in many of the Romance lan- 
 guages, e.g. Ital. Juso, Fr. fusible from Lat. fussus^ (contrast 
 It. misso from missus, presso, Fr. empressement from pressus) 
 where the sibilant has yielded to the tendency to vocalise 
 sounds occurring between vowels because there was not enough 
 of the stress-accent on the syllable left to prevent it, after the 
 enunciation of the u. So in Latin, as we shall see later on, s 
 after an accented syllable yields to the influence of a following 
 i or M under the same circumstances. 
 
 The second cause of the weakened articulation, its curtail- 
 ment by an adjacent sound, varies considerably in ., 
 its effect in different languages. In most, I think, the articula- 
 of the Indo-European group the medial combina- ""'"•' ^" 
 tions sk, st, sp are among the most stable at least so far as 
 regards the preservation of the s or some equivalent sound 
 (e.g. Skt. stQi), sp{h), but cch) and where the s is kept here but 
 lost in other consonantal combinations it must be due to the 
 fact that the breathed character of the k, t,p favours the normal 
 prolongation of the breathed sibilant. But before other conso- 
 nants while in pro-ethnic Teutonic s or ^ was kept 
 equally before all except I so long as it followed an 
 accented syllable^ in other languages, at least in modem Eng- 
 lish it appears to be fully kept only before explo- M.oa.eTn Eng- 
 sives and spirants, {descry and disgust, Desdemona '^*^- 
 and destiny, Lisbon and lisping, asphodel and isthrmis, seem to 
 shew exactly the same length of the sibilant in pronxinciation^) 
 
 1 For evidence in favour of these statements, explanation of exceptions, etc. 
 V. Appendix A and Osthofl Perf. Exc. vi. 
 
 2 Br. Grds. § 582. 
 
 ^ If there is any difference the s seems to be longer before c, t, p than before 
 g^d,b. Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
12 VEBNER'S law in ITALY. § 10. 
 
 and half lost before nasals (contrast pris'ner, bus'ness, prismatic 
 with any of the words just given). I think it will be felt that 
 these [pris'ner, etc.) are a good deal nearer the sound in skinner, 
 brimming than lisping is to skipping, buzzed to budding. We 
 may conjecture that the sibilant in these positions would have 
 been completely lost by this time if it were not being constantly 
 Latin and restored by the influence of the written language. 
 Sanskrit. Jq Latin and Sanskrit however, the hiss appears 
 to be abridged before all consonants except breathed explosives 
 and spirants. Contrast Skt. nldas and Lat. nidus with Eng. 
 nest : Lat. pono (for posno), Skt. nolo nama with Goth, asneis, 
 A. S. esne^. 
 
 The difference is clearly connected with the method of 
 dividing the syllables prevailing in the language^ The German 
 habit (attested by the terms ' open ' and ' close ') of beginning 
 every syllable with a consonant and therefore dividing as-neis 
 contrasts with the prospective assimilation usual in Latin. 
 
 10. The second cause suggested above (§ 7) for the retrac- 
 tion of the tongue which changes s to sh and 
 S. Assimilating -., /7\ 7 i -i •• 
 
 influence of lurther to r [a), z to zh and r, is the proximity 
 
 neighbouring ^f some sound which required a more backward 
 sounds. . . ^ 
 
 position of the tongue. Instances abound. But 
 
 before discussing any of them an important distinction must be 
 cited, namely that between Prospective and Retrospective 
 Assimilation. In some, perhaps most, languages the former 
 predominates, in others, e.g. Sanskrit' the latter. And accord- 
 ing to this we shall expect to find the ' alterant ' sounds after 
 or before the s in any one language. Thus in Sanskrit we find 
 the change determined by the preceding sound*: in Latin on 
 the contrary we shall expect to find it determined by those that 
 follow. The class of sounds that exert this backward influence 
 are obvious both phonetically and historically. The Sanskrit 
 
 1 Given by Br. Grds. § 582. 
 
 2 So Osthoff Perf., p. 19. 
 
 ' e.g. the past participles in dha, the change of n to «, etc. 
 
 * For my present purpose it is enough to point out that Brugmanu agrees 
 with Whitney and other Sanskritists that the change from s-* r is only regular 
 after i and u. v. App. B. 
 
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INFLUENCE OF THE HIGH VOWELS. | 10. 13 
 
 guttural k and cerebral (' inverted ') r convert the dental to the 
 cerebral sibilant, s to s. So do the two high vowels i and 
 u, which necessitate the raising of the main body of 
 the tongue towards the front and back of the palate 
 respectively and consequently a slight withdrawal of 
 its tip from the extended s position. Anyone who will 
 take the trouble to pronounce m-s-u or l-s-i^ continuously but 
 prolonging each sound so as to be conscious of the change of 
 position to produce the next, will feel that his tongue is pushed 
 forward to pronounce the s and pulled back again for the i 
 or u. Further if the change towards the u or i position is be- 
 gun before the hiss is stopped by removing the blade of the 
 tongue from the gums, the s passes into sh, and if the backward 
 movement is continued till the tongue reaches the i or u position 
 without the complete removal of the tip we get r (h). Under cer- 
 tain further conditions the s in Sanskrit further passes to r. 
 In Latin a following i or u appears only to exercise this in- 
 fluence when either an i or u precedes the s so that the 
 blade of the tongue is already in the position to which it will 
 have to return after having formed the s, or the articulation of 
 the s itself is weakened, as we have just seen, by a preceding 
 long vowel or diphthong. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 With much diffidence I venture to suggest that the influence of i and v, 
 (the former sometimes disguised in ^) is the true phonetic cause of the 
 variations which Brugmann finds so difficult in the change of s to ch be- 
 tween vowels in Old Church Slavonic, so that nosu ('nose'), rosa ( = Lat. 
 ros) would be as regular as the Latin nasns and rosa. A large number of 
 the cases of the changes of s to ch Brugmann already is forced to explain 
 by analogical influence, and it is not hard to account in this way for all the 
 examples he gives not following an (original Slavonic) i or u. Cf. especially 
 iecM=Skt. tesv,, Gr. rois, iSs^=Skt. tdsdm, Gr. ra-mv. This would also 
 explain the initial change of s to oh in some words, as due to the final u of 
 the nominative and other cases, and the i of still other cases, of the article 
 tu {to-mi, tomu, tend, ti, ty, techu, timu, temi), and of many cases of definite 
 adjectives like novui. v. Oriindriss, § 585. 2, Anm. 2, 4, 5, 6, 588. 2, Anm. 
 2, 3, 4. It is especially to be noticed that k and r convert s to ch =Eng. sh 
 (§ 588. 1) just as in Sanskrit. 
 
 ' By a and i are meant tMg,gSftWgS Si?;croso^'^'^^^ vowels, which in Modern 
 English we should write oo ee. 
 
14 VEENER'S law in ITALY. § 11. 
 
 B. Changes of s before nasals in Italic. 
 
 11. This is the most convenient place to add what little 
 there is to be said as to the changes of s before consonants, 
 especially before nasals, in Italic. In Oscan and Umbrian it is 
 clearly retained before the latter, Osc. posmom, etc., Umbr. 
 ahesnes, etc. In Latin the rule appears to be that given above, 
 § 5 B, namely that during the period of rhotacism s following 
 an accented syllable and preceding m or n became r, a change 
 strictly parallel to its loss in the same circumstances in a non- 
 rhotacising period, as has been pointed out already. The one 
 
 difficulty of course is. How did the words with s in 
 the words this position arise in the rhotacising period, if all 
 under discus- those containing it had already lost it ? The an- 
 
 swer is, by borrowing from another dialect. The 
 legitimacy of this assumption in general will be more conve- 
 niently discussed' when we are dealing specifically with the 
 Latin changes; here it is enough to point out that the very 
 small though, as I think, fairly certain number of examples 
 that come under consideration on this point, speaks strongly for 
 their being borrowed. And in the most important of them, 
 carvien ' a verse,' despite the recent suggestion that the r is 
 original, so that it would be the same word as carmen ' a wool- 
 comb'; the very fact of its juxtaposition with another word of 
 diametrically opposite meaning^ {active instead of passive) 
 seems to indicate that it was certainly not coined by the same 
 people. The advantage of discussing them here is that they 
 shew clearly that the change of s to r can take place inde- 
 pendently of any vocalising influence. ?i and 7n in Latin were 
 certainly more breathed than voiced sounds (e.g. sumpsi and 
 the Ital. difeso with breathed s from ns). The following seem 
 to be examples of the change to r before n and m. 
 
 ' V. infr. §§ 43-4, p. 59 foil. 
 
 '■ Baehrens points out that the meaning ' division ' is a=: old as the meaning 
 
 ' metrical stanza.' Without further entering on the discussion, it may be 
 
 observed that the words shewing CAS {castrare, etc., Skt. i-ns-tram) shew the 
 
 former meaning quite as well as those with CAR (Osc. eanicis ' partis '). 
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8 BEFORE NASALS IN LATIN. § 11. 1.5 
 
 carmen diurnus Privernum 1 urna ? 
 Examples, gernien ? hornus vernus ? ager Falernus ? 
 
 verna veternus ? hodiernus ? 
 
 Carmen has been already discussed. Germen may of course 
 simply have been formed from gero after the rhotacism. For 
 diurnus no word has survived which could supply the same 
 sort of analogy as veteris may have for veterrMs, though in this 
 last instance too the close proximity of meaning of the two 
 words suggests that the second may have been a borrowing. 
 Hornus is surely much better derived with Bticheler from the 
 common Italic word *os osis 'a year' (Umbr. ose, ustite, Pelign. 
 uiis, T. B. 4. osii), originally ho-os-nus, than from ver veris, for 
 * ho-vernus, because if even this derivation is to account for the 
 r it must have been first formed after the rhotacism had begun, 
 and therefore (v. infr. § 47, p. 65) after the first change of the 
 Latin accent so that it would have been pronounced *hov^rnus, 
 and it is surely improbable that the contraction should have 
 taken place in a word thus accented. It would stand on the 
 same level of improbability with ' dixti from dixisti, dixet from 
 dixisnet.' Further it seems more probable that the pronominal 
 ho- should have been in use at the earlier than the later stage 
 of the language. Lastly the meaning is more naturally 'this 
 year's' than 'this spring's' especially as applied to wine. If 
 then Biicheler's derivation be correct, the word is most pro- 
 bably borrowed since the word os appears to occur nowhere 
 else in Latin, so that all the external evidence points in the 
 same direction as that derived from the form of the word. For 
 verna no other likely derivation has been suggested as far as 
 I know except the one given by Stolz' connecting it with VE8 
 ' to dwell ' {vesta, Skt. vas) which is rendered very probable by 
 the parallel of famulus, Osc. famel and Osc. faamat (Zv. 
 S.LO. 14. 1)' dwells '^ 
 
 The remaining examples are less certain. Privernum a 
 
 1 Lat. Gr. § 60. 2. 
 
 2 The name Verna (quoted in Mommsen's Sabine Glossary, U. I. D. from 
 Fest, p. 370) applied to the Eomans in the Liturgy of the Capitoline Sabines, if 
 it is connected with this word which seems doubtful, must have been Latinised 
 in the same way as l/infiTOCi^/fi^JgiBy ^erhehfM- ^3. 
 
16 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 12. 
 
 town in Volscian' territory may well contain an s-stem whether 
 or not it is connected with ver {*ves-7-). vernus may simply 
 be for *ves-nus and if so would have helped the substitution 
 of veris for *vesris. Urna Varro connects with urceus but 
 Vanicek may be right in tracing it rather to uro ustwm, but 
 of course even so it may equally well have been formed after 
 the rhotacism. If Falernus (in Campania) is connected with 
 the name which occurs in two other places in Italy, Falerii in 
 S. Etruria and Falerio in Umbria, the r is derived from s 
 (Falisci) and must be regarded as the form of the name given 
 to the district by the Campanians when adopted by Volscian or 
 Latin colonists. Hodiernus is a doubtful word altogether, but 
 may belong here. 
 
 12. We have now to consider the examples of (1) the 
 genuine Latin words which regularly dropped s be- 
 fore n and m, and (2) (?) the borrowed words which 
 may have done so after the period of rhotacism. They are 
 well known already and need only be discussed in view of the 
 question which of them belong to the latter category. 
 
 (1) pono ahenus (Umbr. ahesnes) deguno are clearly old 
 words. Perhaps dimico may rank with them, but very little 
 can be inferred from the changes of such prefixes as dis- which 
 are especially liable to analogical influence. 
 
 (2) viden satin cet. seem clearly modern. So may be 
 cdnus (Pelign. casnar). We have then one or two words in 
 Festus, casniena caesna (Varro) cosmittere (?) dusmus, which may 
 perfectly well be dialectic forms in use among the soldiery 
 {caesna of course would not be the Umbrian form but it mio-ht 
 be Oscan) or may have been completely introduced into Latin 
 from the same source. Triresmus for triretsmus, pesna petna for 
 petsna naturally are irrelevant. The most important word is 
 cosmis on the Duenos Inscription. This is later than the 
 change of s to r as all the eight commentators agree in taking 
 pacari as an infinitive', and Pauli assigns it at the latest to the 
 middle of the 5th century A.u.C, i.e. 300 B.C. The same com- 
 mentator says the Latin of tlie inscription is 'so rein dass es 
 
 ' For the question of Volscian rhotacism, v. infr. § 37, p. 50. 
 Toitcsia seems certainly a wrong reading, v. Pauli ad \oc., Alt. Ital. Slud. i. 
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S BEFORE VOICED EXPLOSIVES. § 13. 17 
 
 geradezu mustergilltig ist,' and takes cosmis = Lat. comis as do 
 Blicheler, Jordan, OsthofF, and Eing. (Dressel comes, Br^al 
 joins cosmisu.) But Jordan sees in the s a dialectic variation 
 which he traces also in noisi (= nisi) and einom ; the former is 
 allowed as possible by all commentators except Br6al and Pauli 
 who however seems right in explaining nois vois as old forms 
 for nobis vohis (on the strength of a gloss of Festus, nis — nobis). 
 But all other commentators take einom as equivalent to the 
 Oscan form einom for which Pauli would substitute ' ei nom'= 
 i nunc. This seems hardly so likely. But in any case it is 
 quite clear that cosmis must be of Oscan or Umbrian origin 
 whether it had or had not been fully adopted into Latin at the 
 time of the inscription. Dismota occurs in the S. C. de Bac- 
 canalibus but it may be only an etymological spelling. 
 
 It is possible that the same chronological relation holds be- 
 tween nidus didere cet. and Ardea ardeo (the latter g before voiced 
 is generally considered a secondary derivative of explosives, 
 aridus) and digero and mergus. OsthofF (Per/, p. 35) leaves it 
 as an altogether doubtful question why the r appears in mergus 
 and not in sido. In such a common word it must be confessed 
 that the 'borrowing' hypothesis seems very harsh, and the 
 solution of the difficulty may well be that the z was kept in old 
 Latin before gutturals, though lost with compensation before 
 dentals to which it would be more easily assimilated. C£ Skt. 
 majjati but sedus. 
 
 13. We may now proceed to the main subject of the essay, 
 
 the history of s between vowels in the various dia- ^ , , , 
 
 lects of Italy. These are best arranged in the order following sec- 
 
 of least complexity, beginning with Umbrian and ""**■ 
 
 concluding with. Latin and Faliscan. That is to say, we shall 
 
 deal first with the rhotacising and then with the non-rhotacising 
 
 dialects, except that the Latin phenomena are postponed to the 
 
 end on account of their comparative complexity. The results 
 
 of the enquiry on the question of dialect-distribution are given 
 
 in a table at the end of the section on ' Minor Dialects ' (infr. 
 
 § 39, p. 53) and have been further illustrated by a map of 
 
 Italy which I owe to the great kindness and ability of my friend 
 
 Mr E. Heawood of Gonville and Caius College. 
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II, S between vowels in Umbrian. 
 
 14. The question that meets us at the threshold of our 
 . Q enquiry, What was the system of accentuation that 
 
 can and Urn- prevailed in the Italic dialects ? has a very ready 
 brian. answer. Happily there is little to be said on the 
 
 point, but that little may fairly be regarded as certain. 
 
 In § 683 of the Grundriss Brugmann decides in favour of the 
 view that the original Italic accent on the first syllable of all 
 independent words was still retained in the separate historical 
 development of Oscan and Umbrian. This conclusion he bases 
 on the " weitverbreitete Vocalausstossung in den Schlusssilben 
 wie in umbr. pihaz = ' piatus,' osk. tuvtiks ' publicus.' " There 
 seems no reason for doubting his decision, and further evidence 
 of the same sort could be collected with the greatest ease from 
 almost every page of the Inscriptions, e.g. the suppression of a 
 short vowel in the second syllable as in Osc. uupsens from the 
 stem opes-. The conclusions as to rhotacism based on this 
 view, if they are correct, will supply an important proof of a 
 different kind. But the modern forms of geographical names 
 are decisive in its favour, e.g. Pesaro {Pisaurum), Fdlleri 
 (Fdlerii), etc. 
 
 15. It is necessary to preface the discussion of the Umbrian 
 Chronology of f°''™s with a very brief statement of what has been 
 the Tabulae and may be inferred as to the relative date of the 
 
 seven Iguvine tables from their general appearance 
 
 and contents. 
 
 Br^al {Les Tables Enguhines, p. 308) speaks as follows: 
 
 ' Je classerais quant k la copie...les tables de cette fa9on. Les 
 
 plus anciennes me paraissent Stre III et IV.... Puis viendrait 
 
 II b. L'inscription iia a ^t^ selon toute apparence srrav^e arorfes 
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CHRONOLOGY OF THE IGUVINE TABLES." § 15. 19 
 
 II b, car le graveur a serr^ son dcriture pour faire tenir toute la 
 tcxte sur une seule c6t^ de la table. Cette inscription ira est 
 contemporaine de i: toutes deux sont termindes exactement 
 par la mSme formule, ^manant de la m^me autorit^. La pre- 
 miere partie de v, dent les desinences graramaticales appartien- 
 nent a un dtat de la langue plus recent, est probablement parmi 
 les inscriptions en caractferes ^trusques celle qui a 4t6 graves en 
 dernier. Enfin vi, vii et I'inscription Claverniur peuvent ^tre 
 consid^rdes comme ayant 4t4 copides k une epoque ou les 
 caract^res ^trusques conimen9aient de sortir de I'usage.' The 
 evidence on the question generally may then be briefly sum- 
 marised as follows : 
 
 Table i is clearly a copy, abridged from a more ancient in^ 
 scription, at a time when final s had become r. The engraver 
 has made one slip into the modem spelling, adiper arves (1. 28). 
 
 II a was copied at the same time as I and contains two 
 quite distinct parts though they were engraved at the same 
 time. 
 
 Of II b Br^al leaves us uncertain whether he considers it a! 
 copy or an original. The spelling seems consistent throughout 
 so that there is not the same reason for thinking it a copy as 
 there is in the case of 
 
 III and IV, where inconsistencies such as Pupdike Pupdi^e, 
 Jkiivina liuvina can scarcely be otherwise explained. 
 
 V a (i.e. the part in the Etruscan alphabet) ' may be con- 
 temporary with one of its two decrees which were not made at 
 the same date.' The second of them however in point of date, 
 whichever it is, need not necessarily be a copy any more than 
 the other. There is nothing to shew that either of them is not 
 a first-hand record of the decree it contains. They shew the 
 same stage of phonetic development as is represented by the 
 copyist of VI, VII. Hence it follows, since the Claverniur in- 
 scription, V b, is copied in Latin characters from more ancient 
 documents in Etruscan on to the back of v a, that the originals 
 of V b, VI, VII were older than V a. 
 
 VI and VII, though clearly copies (e.g. as being in Latin 
 characters but describing the same system of ritual as that 
 in i) may nevertheless be fairly appealed to as evidence of the 
 
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20 verner's law m italt. § 16. 
 
 later stage of the language, because in process of copying the 
 text appears to have been modernised with very fair con- 
 sistency. For example siirur is substituted in vi and vil for 
 the isont of l, il cet. (Unfortunately there is no place where 
 the word is wanted in V a.) Now as to this there are only two 
 possible hypotheses : 
 
 1. that it occurred in the original (whether this was an 
 inscription or a manuscript, i.e. the decree confirming the ritual 
 re-enacted later) which must have been therefore a good deal 
 later (e.g. as shewing final rhotacism) than the date of Tabb. 
 I — IV, or 
 
 2. more probably that vi, VII are copies of ancient docu- 
 ments modernised in language as well as in alphabet, and 
 modernised so far as to substitute new for archaic words. This 
 second supposition is rendered probable by the relation already 
 described between vi, vii and I. 
 
 These brief notes will enable us to determine more pre- 
 cisely the bearing of the XJmbrian evidence. 
 
 16. In this and the following chapters then we are to ex- 
 ^ , amine the evidence for and against the theory ' that 
 
 the evidence s between vowels remains in all Italic dialects (ex- 
 cept Latin) at the end of the accented, i.e. the first, 
 syllable of the word, but that elsewhere (1) in XJmbrian and 
 other rhotacising dialects it became r, while (2) in Oscan and 
 other non-rhotacising dialects it merely sank to the voiced 
 sound, z.' There follow lists of all words in XJmbrian — 
 
 1. with an originally single s between vowels at the end 
 of the first syllable {at least twenty-eight examples) ; 
 
 2. with s (probably) representing ss or consonant -F s be- 
 tween vowels at the end of the first syllable and elsewhere ; 
 
 3. with s between vowels not after the first syllable, of 
 doubtful origin {one example) ; 
 
 4. with r representing an original s between vowels not 
 after the first syllable {seven examples) ; 
 
 5. with r between vowels after the first syllable {seven 
 
 examples ofx derived from, s). 
 
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S BETWEEN VOWELS IN UMBRIAN. § 17. 
 
 21 
 
 It will be seen that the lists nos. 1 and 4 will contain the 
 evidence in favour of my theory, nos. 3 and 5 the (apparent) 
 evidence against it. No. 2 is added for convenience. Where 
 any words require more than a bare mention, they are discussed 
 at the end of the list in which they first occur. The references 
 cite the Table and line (on the original) of the passage quoted, 
 in the usual way. 
 
 17. The following words in TJmbrian shew .9 between 
 vowels at the end of the first syllable. None are included in 
 which s occurs also as g or s, as for example tasez = tagez, or 
 those in which it is the initial letter of the second half of a 
 compound as in prosesetu. This list alone is surely enough to 
 suggest the inadequacy of the treatment which the question has 
 so far received (cf. § 4 supr.), 
 
 dsa dse dsam cet. passim 
 
 dso VI b. 50 
 
 dsiane la. 26 rusem-eYii&. 9, 24 
 
 seso VI b. 51 
 
 sviseve ll b. 13 
 
 svesu lb. 46, viib. 1 
 
 6se via. 26 «?«aie ib. 
 (cf. us tit e II a. 16) 
 
 vdsus IV 22 
 
 eso- isunt esum-ek pa.«isin), 
 
 also esuf ' ipse ' 
 esunu esone passim, once 
 
 eeaona via. 18 
 nesimei va. 9 (?) 
 
 pisest VI b. 53 pisher Vl b. Words in Urn- 
 
 41 pist V a. 3, via. 7 tetween vowels 
 
 at end of first 
 syllable. 
 
 46 
 
 13 
 
 pesetom 1 freq. in VI (e.g. ooserclomi via,. 13 Doubtful. 
 
 a. 27) 
 
 Fiso Fisiu cet. passim 
 Fisuvi Fisovie Fisuvina 
 
 passim 
 Koisis I. U. M.i 5 
 Vesttne iv 3, cf. Vednicates 
 
 Caesena Cic. ad Fam. 16. 27 
 
 Pisaurum 
 
 H. Misus (mod. Misa) 
 
 R. Aesis Livy 5. 35 
 
 % Sudsa (mentioned by Pliny) 
 
 Rusellde (Etruria) 
 
 I i.e. Imcriptiones Umbiacne.Miimf&,,ax^fi^y Bueheler at the end of his 
 edition of the Tables. 
 
 ooserclomi via. 13 
 vasirilom 1 vi a. 12 
 
 Voisinier I. TJ. M. 1 
 Kdselate ii b. 6, v b. 
 Miiseiate ll b. 5 
 Tesenaces I a. 10 
 Tisenocir vi a. 20 
 
 Modern. B. Pisatello 
 R. Plusa 
 R. Uso 
 
 Proper names 
 in Inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Names of 
 places in Urn- 
 bria from 
 North to 
 South. 
 
22 veener's law in italy. § 18. 
 
 18. Some of these words call for further comment. 
 
 dsa. Brugmann's two suggested explanations are surely 
 both impossible. It cannot be ' an archaism ' because it 
 occurs in the later as often as in the earliest tables 
 while, as has been pointed out (§ 15), archaisms are 
 , generally modernised in vi and VII. And it is equally 
 impossible that it can be a borrowing from another dia- 
 lect in view of its constant use in the cultus of the 
 ancient Umbrian confederacy. There is no trace of any 
 other word which it might have displaced from its signi- 
 fication ; and all historical considerations protest against 
 the supposition that any Italic tribe should have needed 
 to borrow a word to describe the central feature of their 
 domestic and civil institutions. The difficulty of the 
 Latin word ara may as well be mentioned here. The r 
 seems clearly due to the influence of ar&e and its de- 
 rivatives aridus ardeo. The connexion of the words is 
 obvious ; cf Volscian bim asif= hovem arens ' hovem in 
 ara sacrificans^,' and the fact that this was popularly 
 felt is, curiously enough, attested by Varro^ 'ara ab 
 area sive ab ardore ad quern ut sit, fit ara.' 
 
 aso VI b. 50. ' erihont aso destre onsefertu' which Biicheler 
 renders 'idem arsum in dextro umero ferto' (p. 89) taking 
 aso (for asom) as meaning ' to be burnt ' and therefore 
 as a supine of the verb as- (quoted above from Volsc.) 
 for assum, but I know of no justification for supposing 
 a supine in -ssum from a root ending in s. The form 
 would have been astum like ustum gestum aseriatum 
 and all the rest. We must therefore fall back on 
 Biicheler's alternative suggestion both here and in the 
 Marrucinian inscription (Zv. I. M. 6) and take asum 
 (feret) as an infinitive of purpose, which is perfectly con- 
 sistent with its accusative form after a verb of motion, 
 the form being parallel to aferumfagiom Osc. ezmi, etc., 
 and therefore containing only the s of the root. The 
 
 1 So Biicheler, and this is clearly the best intern. , v. Zv. ad loc I I M n 
 ' = L. L. 5. 38. ■ ■ ■ 
 
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5 BETWEEN VOWELS IN UMBRIAN. § 18, 23 
 
 Latin assum with ss cannot belong to a root with a long 
 vowel. Osth. Perf. p. 545. 
 
 asiane i a. 26. Biich. p. 73 ' dictum ab aso videtur ustrinum.' 
 
 eso- isunt cet. The discussion of these pronominal forms 
 (with the variants issoo Vll b. 3 essu vi a. 44 ehesu 
 VII b. 54) will be found infr. § 26, p. 32 seq. along with 
 those in r, ere erek cet. 
 
 esunu esone ' sacred ' or as a noun ' sacrum,' spelt once eesona 
 via. 18 which might be regarded as an attempt to ex- 
 press the accent on the syllable though it may indicate 
 genuine length of the vowel. The word has only a 
 single s in all the Tables : cf further Volsc. esaristrom, 
 Marsian (Zv. 37) esos, Marrucin. (Zv. 6) aisos, Osc. aisusis, 
 though these in themselves would not be conclusive as 
 in at least the Volscian and Marrucinian inscriptions 
 double letters were not used. 
 
 nesimei 'next.' For the (probably complete) loss of the 
 original guttural (?) (Eng. nigh) cf Lat. maior Osc. 
 maimas = Lat. maodm-ae. If its sound had been really 
 felt it would, one would think, have remained as x 
 (fratreyi). 
 
 These cannot be regarded as examples 
 of ' recomposition ' of a final s because 
 final s had become r at the date at which 
 these forms occur, v. supr. § 15, p. 18, 
 cf infr. § 25, p. 30. 
 
 rwsem-e VII a. 9, 24. Biich. p. 106 wishes to translate 'in 
 terram ' but ' cum rure tamen rusem equidem componere 
 non ausim,' with natural but in view of the other ex- 
 amples surely unnecessary hesitation. I need hardly 
 point out the forced character of his alternative explana- 
 tion ' let him pour a libation on to the thorn-bush.' The 
 word would be very difficult to justify in-point of forma- 
 tion or (cf sepse) phonetics, even granting the appro- 
 priateness of the meaning suggested, which is at least 
 not obvious. Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 pisest VI b. 53. 
 pisher vib. 41. 
 pisi V a 3, VI a 7, 
 
24 verner's law in italy. § 19. 
 
 Seso Vrb. 51 = ' sibi,' cf. the Lat. sese, the absence of v in the 
 second syllable being probably at least in Italy proethnic, 
 as perhaps also in 
 
 svesu = ' suo ' I b. 46, vii b. 1. 
 
 sviseve lib. 13 Btlch. p. 145 'in a basin'; its reduplicated 
 form vouches for the singleness of the s. 
 
 ose via. 26 ' anni,' maie=' annua' lb. 46. Of the single s 
 in this word there is no doubt. A nom. uus occurs in 
 the Corfinian inscription and it is identical in origin with 
 the name of the Etruscan sun-god usil, Auselius aurum 
 aurora cet. 
 
 vasus IV 22 (abl. plur.) corresponds exactly with the Latin 
 vasis (abl. plur.) except in declension which shews it is 
 not borrowed from the Latin. It is a consonantal stem 
 and perhaps explains the Latin doublet vas vasum. 
 
 pesetom with the meaning of ' peccatum ' or ' vitiatum ' 
 Doubtful s occurs only in vi where in other words we often 
 or d. have s alternating with s which Bucheler supposes 
 
 the true spelling in this word. But we have always s, 
 and it might be plausibly connected with pessum pes- 
 simus cet. with an original dental [eirecrov iriirTm). If so 
 however there is nothing to shew that the s is not 
 double. 
 
 oosercloni, v. infr. § 21. 
 
 vasirslom Via. 12 Bucheler connects with vacare, 'an open 
 space,' but at first sight it seems at least equally com- 
 parable with vastus. The s of the -slom is of course for 
 s from -clom. 
 
 19. The evidence from proper names may seem at first 
 
 sight less reliable because we are less able to trace 
 
 7opernames. ^j^^^^ cognates, but On the other hand, in this case, 
 
 the form which they shew is in one respect more likely to be 
 
 original, because they are unlikely to contain ss (which appears 
 
 to be almost always of secondary origin) unless indeed they are 
 
 obviously derived from some past participle. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
S BETWEEN VOWELS IH UMBEIAN. § 19. 25 
 
 Fiso Fisiu, cet. have generally been regarded as forms of this 
 kind, as the past participle of fido and corresponding in 
 sense to Juppiter Fidius. But the difference in form is 
 obvious. Are there other examples of deities whose 
 only name was originally a past participle ? Appellatives 
 which are only used in addition to some other more 
 substantive title are clearly distinct. We have Fiisu.. 
 in an Oscan inscription, which may be a borrowed name, 
 but if not points to a single s, and Fisanius in another 
 (Zv. 0. 83) in a batch of inscriptions which regularly 
 shew doubled letters. We have once Fissiu (via. 43) 
 which may of course be the real spelling, though no 
 stress can be laid upon its single occurrence in this form 
 in VI and vii, cf infr. § 27, p. 34 seq. 
 
 Fisuvi etc. are probably connected with Fisus as Marruvium 
 with Marsi. 
 
 Vesune iv 3, Bilch. p. 162 compares Vesta. This and the 
 similar name Vesullia occur fairly often in Oscan in- 
 scriptions. It occurs also in Marsian (Zv. no. 39, cf. 
 § 36, p. 49 infr.). Here the s is certainly single. Bilch. 
 (1. c.) calls attention to the Vesinicates an Umbrian 
 tribe. 
 
 Kaselate lib. 6, vb. 13 
 Museiate ii b. 5 
 Tesenaces (veres) la. 10 
 
 All that is to be said about 
 these names is that they appear 
 to be certainly Umbrian. The 
 last is the epithet of one of the gates of Iguvium, prob- 
 ably derived from a neighbouring place, and the other 
 two are the names of tribes included in the ceremonial 
 (lib. 6). The Kaselates are directed to provide so much 
 corn for the officers of the league (vb. 13), and it is 
 highly improbable that this was anything but a volun- 
 tary act on their part, nor would aliens be likely to join 
 except under compulsion. 
 
 Pisaurum. The modern form Pesaro has been ^^^^j^^ gf 
 already noticed, as evidence of the persistence of places in Um- 
 the old &rst-sy\lab\e mfftt^t by Microsoft® 
 
26 vernee's law in italy. § 20. 
 
 R. Misus (mod. Misa). This is marked in Smith's Ancient 
 Atlas but I have been unable to find any reference for 
 it. De Vit's Onomasticon which I have used where 
 possible has only reached 10. 
 
 Suasa I hardly count as it is so probably connected with 
 Lat. suasum, cf Sentinum, and therefore had origin- 
 ally ss. 
 
 Rusellae Bticheler cites (p. 106) as a name in Etruria clearly 
 of Italic origin'. 
 
 The modern names may reproduce real Umbrian forms. 
 The dialectic form of the name of a place seems generally to be 
 the one that has survived. 
 
 20. A reference to the list of words on p. 21 will shew that 
 Bid i and u asiane pisi nesimei Koisis Voisinier and Aesis are 
 'cfimmin Um- *^® '^'^^^ words which oppose the application to Um- 
 hrian? brian of the further conditions under which s be- 
 
 came r in Latin. No stress whatever can be laid on the i in 
 the unaccented position of pisi and nesimei ; asiane would be 
 kept by asom asa, Koisis and Voisinier may be Sabine names 
 (c£ Buch. ad loc.) and if Aesis is connected with Aesernia the 
 e may possibly be nearer the original vowel. So that we have 
 really no evidence on the question. 
 
 21. The following words appear to have s = ss between 
 vowels : 
 
 ise I b. 8. covortuso vi b. 64. 
 
 S fvOTTh SS 
 
 ^ ■ sese III 2, 3, iv 3 sesust vi a. 6, 8. henuso vi b. 64. 
 
 frosetum VI a. 28. 
 ise covortuso henuso are future perfects like Lat. turhassitur, 
 
 1 In complete ignorance of Etruscan I have not thought it worth while to 
 add other such names though there are several with intervocal s after the first 
 syllable, e.g. Pisa. 
 
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S BETWEEN .VOWELS IN UMBRIAN. § 22. 27 
 
 etc. the aorist conjunctive forms parallel to (the probably 
 indicative forms) amassem, etc.^ 
 
 sese sesust, participle and future of sigmatic perfect from 
 sedeo. 
 
 frosetom from a past participle of the stem fraud-. 
 
 ooserclom via. 13 seems in point of meaning g^^^^pgy 
 equally well derived from au-serclom (cf au- 
 gurium) but Bticheler supposes in this and in 
 
 osatu V b. 22 oseto I. U. M. 2 a loss of p, considering them 
 the phonetic representatives of *dbserclnm and *opseto, 
 comparing the Oscan upsannam, Pelignian npsaseter. 
 But sepse vi b. 13 shews a p retained in a similar posi- 
 tion and it is possible that osatu may not be connected 
 with op- ; ci. frosetom (? audeo, to set about a thing). If 
 the derivation suggested for ooserclom be correct it is 
 another example of the s kept by accent. 
 
 puse pusei pusi in vi and vil (for puee of Tables i — v) as in 
 Oscan probably contains a dental or nasal. 
 
 22. There is only one exception to the rule that s between 
 vowels not at the end of the first syllable became r, s between 
 the termination -asius, in the words vmveUnot 
 
 ' after the first 
 
 kurslasiu II a. 17 syllable. 
 
 plenasier urnasierYa,. 2, 15 
 sestentasiaru III 2 and 
 *eikvasia, the origin of eikvasates III 24 and 
 eikvase{n)se va. 4, 16. 
 
 It is equally an exception to rule in Latin where it occurs 
 only in proper names, which are generally regarded as intro- 
 duced (mostly from Sabine sources) after the period of rhotacism 
 had ceased. It is very common in Oscan, fluusasiais vere- 
 hasiui purasiai (Zv. O. 9) medikei degetasiui (Cipp. Ab. 
 no. 56) which Biicheler explains as 'numerarii.' Also perhaps 
 in diasis (no. 74) the name of a measure of capacity, which 
 Biicheler takes as 'bessis,' but the use of the as to denote 
 
 1 So ^^^^'Bm?f^itr. 8. 274. 
 
28. verner's law in italy. § 23. 
 
 capacity seems doubtful and -is is the regular ending of mascu- 
 line -io- stems in Oscan, so that it may well be simply derived 
 from the numeral, like triarius, etc. It will be noticed that 
 except eikvasia all the words in Umbrian denote measurement 
 and these are just the class of words which we find most fre- 
 quently borrowed. A strong confirmation of this view is the 
 word ezariaf (Btlch. ' escas ') IV 28 not denoting measurement, 
 which may very plausibly be regarded as shewing the genuine 
 Umbrian form of the suffix, as in Latin. Stolz considers -dsius 
 and -drills as distinct in origin and -drius may of course in some 
 cases arise independently, but since in some, e.g. nefdsius, we 
 know it did not, there seems no reason for denying the con- 
 nexion so long as it can be phonetically justified, as in the way 
 I have attempted. The fact that ezariaf occais on the same 
 document as sestentasiaru surely indicates that one of them is 
 borrowed. Mommsen' calls it 'a Sabine ending.' BrdaP, com- 
 paring the frequent Oscan endings of names, -asia (Taurasia) 
 -usium (Canusium, Ve^iusia), supposed the loss of an original n 
 as in Lat. formosus, etc. This is possible but perhaps un- 
 necessary. Aequasius and Equasius occur as gentile names on 
 Roman inscriptions ^ 
 
 Apparent exceptions are ander vacose VI b. 47 {=anter 
 vacaze in lb. 8) ponisiater vib. 50 (cf. puni^ate lb. 15) and 
 the name of the R. Aprusa in Umbria, Plin. S. 20, with which 
 De Vit compares Gens Aprusia, also spelt Aprucia, which indi- 
 cates that here also s was originally a guttural. 
 
 The names Intercisa, Petra Pertusa are clearly Roman and 
 of course have original ss. 
 
 23. The examples of r between vowels not after the first 
 syllable representing original s are as follows. It 
 
 voweis'repre- '^'^^^ ^® ^^^'^ ^^^^ t^^J correspond exactly with z in 
 senting on- Oscan (infr. § 29, p. 38). 
 
 ginal a not 
 
 after the first 1. Gen. plur. fem. hapinaru la. 34 and 
 
 syllable. n 
 
 •^ generally. 
 
 ' U. I. D. Sabine glossary, s. v. Lehasius Vespasia. 
 ^ Also Corssen, who derived them from -ntia. 
 
 3 De Vit gives the reference ' Mommsen 6769 ' but this does not appear to 
 denote any volume in the University Library. 
 
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S BETWEEN VOWELS IN UMBEIAN. § 24. 29 
 
 2. In verbal forms : 
 
 staheren ib. 19 furent va. 22 by ' Systemschwang' 
 
 henurent Va. 26 procanurent via. 1-5 
 
 prusikurenty a,. 27 a??i6re/z47'e?i^ vib. 56 
 
 pepurkurent vb. 5 dersicurent vib. 63 
 
 eiscurent vb. 10 Perhaps /e/w re iia. 4. 
 
 3. Final s before a postposition (before the period of 
 final rhotacism) : 
 
 funtlere lb. 24 ererek iii 32, etc. 
 
 tuvere iia. 33 erarunt iv 1, etc. 
 
 fesnere nb. 11. 
 
 4. In -es- stems tuderor pass, in vi and vii tuderato vi a. 9 
 Tutere I. U. M. 7. Perhaps kateramu (catena) I b. 20 and 
 atero Vila. 11, 27. 
 
 The name Cameria in TJmbria as well as Camerinum in 
 Latium is probably to be connected with Cameses a mythical 
 king of Italy mentioned with Janus in Macr. Sat. I. 7. 19. 
 Ameria is doubtful. Nuceria (Osc. Novkrinom) has an ori- 
 ginal r. 
 
 24. I add for convenience all words in which r occurs be- 
 tween vowels at the end of the first syllable. List of words 
 Where they have any obvious cognate with ori- f*"* ^ ^^' , 
 
 _ •' _ •' ° _ tween vowels 
 
 ginal r it is added in a bracket. B. indicates that after the first 
 this is done with Biicheler's authority. *^ 
 
 herus berua passim (Lat. veru B., cf ' vemo'; 'henuso'). 
 
 (1) erar, erahunt pron. pass. 
 erietu li a. 6 (arietem B.). 
 
 (2) eroim) gen. pi. pron. VI b. 62. 
 
 (3) eru erom v a. 27, vii b. 2 ' esse.' 
 
 erus pass, 'quod dis datur peractis sacris' (Umbr. 
 herio B.). 
 
 (4) ewron^ VI b. 63 nom. pi. 'iidem.' 
 ferest, etc. pass. (Lat./ero B.). 
 
 ferime ill 17 ' gestatorium ' (Lat. fero B.). 
 ferine pass. C^Mf^WflMPferio al.). 
 
30 verner's law in italy. § 25. 
 
 furu I b. 42 (Lat. forum B.). 
 
 heris heries cet. pass, (also in Osc. herentas, etc. B.). 
 
 Jcaru Y a. 25 (Osc. Jcaro B.). 
 
 (5) Icuraia V a. 5, kuratu V a. 25. 
 
 maronato I. U. M. 2 (Lat. Maro, Mercurius Marunus 
 
 B.). 
 naratu naraklum pass. (Lat. narrare B.). 
 «erMS VI b. 62 (Osc. ner, ai/^p B.). 
 nirum lib. 16 {yr)piov B.). 
 orer Via. 37, itrw ib. 14 pron. (Lat. olle B.). 
 per-acm ii a. 10, peretom vi a. 27, alia (Lat. per- B.). 
 pure passim, ' igne,' and vepuratu II a. 42 {irvp B.). 
 
 (6) pure V a. 5, 25, nom. pi. rel. = qui. 
 
 pora VI b. 65, Vila. l = qud {=po-ora as Osc. pollad 
 Cipp. Ab. 8 = po-ollad, poizad (Tab. Bant.) = po- 
 eizad^ B.). 
 
 seritu, etc. pass. (Lat. servare B.). 
 
 (7) surwr sururont pass, in vi and VII. 
 iwru/ib. 1 (Lat. taurus B.). 
 
 mro Via. 30 (Lat. vir, Osc. vereiai B.). 
 
 wres pass. (Lat.yb7'es B.). 
 
 Kureties ib. 4, Eureiate lib. 3, Goredier vib. 45 (Sab. 
 
 .K'Mres). 
 i\rer I. U. M. 1 (N'ero B.). 
 Peraznane ii b. 7 (probably per-). 
 Farie I. U. M. 2 (Lat. Varius B.). 
 R. i\^ar in Umbria, the town Narnia, not Nasnia. 
 
 25. The onlj'' words in which r in this position represents 
 an original s are those marked with numerals, namely huraia, 
 the two nominative plurals euront and pure, the genitive plural 
 erom, and the pronoun ere, pronominal adverb su?'?ir and the 
 infinitive erom. Except the first three which do not present 
 any great difficulty, these are just such exceptions as best ex- 
 emplify the rule. To deal with them in detail : — 
 
 Jcuraia only occurs in the latest of all the tables V a (cf. 
 supr. § 15, p. 19), and it belongs to just the same 
 
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S BETWEEN A'OWELS IN UMBRIAN. § 25. 31 
 
 class of official words as kuestretie uhtretie {kuestr- uhtr-) 
 dequrier all of which would be most naturally borrowed 
 from Latin, as occurring most constantly in the official 
 formulae of the Eoman administration. It is extremely 
 improbable that the process of narrowing which has been 
 carried so far in the signification of auctor, quaestor 
 should have gone on independently in two separate 
 dialects, especially in the case of qvaestor where the 
 change of meaning connotes a series of constitutional 
 changes in the republic. 
 
 euront nom. pi. masc. which only occurs in VI b. 63 side by 
 side with earn (vib. 16, 24) eo {=eof via. 20) eaf (viia. 
 52) (c£ also iepru (ii a. 32) iepi (iii 21) eu ii a. 2, ii b. 9) 
 is the only form in this case which occurs from any pro- 
 noun in the Tables except puri pure (v a. b) and ^orse 
 (vi and vii). The masculine form corresponding to the 
 neuter eu would clearly be *eus which in the later stage 
 of Umbrian would be eur. We might suppose that 
 -{h)ont was simply added to this, but we have the forms 
 erarunt in IV 1 before final rhotacism had begun (no 
 example occurring in III, IV though final s is frequent) 
 andpm va. 3, pisher \ih. 41 after it had set in, which 
 shew that as a rule these affixes were regarded as in- 
 separable. The r therefore may be merely due to the 
 engraver under the influence of the uncompounded form 
 *eur as well as of *eruront the nom. pi. properly cor- 
 responding to the ablative eriront VI b. 48. But we 
 might regard it as an analogy form in real use with no 
 great stretch of probability ; it would be an example of 
 ' recomposition,' and arbitrary, as such forms are, by the 
 side of pisi pisher, though we have no such example of 
 the simple pis surviving (except in the compound sopir) 
 as we have of eu eaf cet. 
 
 pure V a. 25 similarly is either a mis- writing for *pu-rse (as 
 arveitio for *arsveitu, tertu for *terstu, armor for *arsmor) 
 and in 5 similarly mis- written for *pude — a scarcely pro- 
 bable coincidenc@«^f<^fe'c4^''<^^y an analogy form for 
 
32 vernee's law in itily. § 26. 
 
 *pusi under the influence of *pur (Osc. pus Cipp. Ab. 8). 
 Corresponding uncompounded forms we have in nom. 
 sing, poe poi VI a. 5 etc. and they must be contained in 
 the nom. plur. masc. porse vi a. 15 (for *por-de or 
 *pos-de^). Some explanation by analogy of this sort is 
 clearly required since it occurs in the same inscription 
 (v a) as the form pisi ; that the difference between these 
 two is purely phonetic, credat Judaeus. 
 
 26. In the Umbrian pronoun or pronouns corresponding to 
 
 the Latin is ea id, besides forms derived from the 
 
 eso and ere. g^gj^^g ^_ g^^^j g^{^g_ g^^-^^. .^^g appear to have double 
 
 forms with s and r almost throughout. The forms are given 
 in full by Biicheler, Umhrica, p. 192-3. 
 
 Nom. sing. M. ere, erele ? esuf (ioT *es-unt-s) 
 
 F. eru-k eso 
 
 N. edek e-rse esum-eJc esom(-e) 
 
 Dative, common to both, esmei esme esmi-k 
 Genitive, Masc. er (?) ever irer ererek 
 
 Fem. erar, eraront 
 Ablative, Masc. eru{-ku) esu{-ku) essu iso isunt 
 
 Fern, erdk erahunt esa 
 
 Neut. issoc esu 
 
 Abl. PI. eriront esir isir esis{-co) 
 
 erereront (!). 
 
 The genitive plural erom (from the stem i-) may either be 
 due to the analogy of the genitive plural of feminine nouns, or 
 be explained as the other forms in r. 
 
 In ere eso- may we not see an example of a doublet due to sen- 
 tence accent in pro-ethnic Italic, eso-, accented, as a deictic pro- 
 noun, sinking to *ezo-, unaccented, when it was merely anaphoric, 
 which became ere in Umbrian and eizo- (ei in Latin characters 
 = {. (h) in the Oscan alphabet) in Oscan? There are many 
 illustrations of this kind of differentiation in pronouns, Eng. 
 
 1 This -de appears to have spread by analogy from the neuter forms, the d 
 originally being the final of the relative. Perhaps also from the old form of the 
 ablative in -d, which was lost except before this suffix {pu-e = qtio is not ablative 
 but instrumental). Cf. Thurneysen's explanation of Lat. idem. 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
S BETWEEN VOWELS IN UMBRIAN. § 26. 83 
 
 that (deictic) thst (conjunction and relative) : them and 'em, or 
 indeed the neuter form of the demonstrative that appropriated 
 to the deictic meaning, the less emphatic masculine the being 
 used for the article. In German der 'that,' der 'the' (to say- 
 nothing of der ' who ') are only distinguished (except in one or 
 two of the oblique cases) by the emphasis with which they are 
 pronounced, and on p. 439, § 583 ad fin. of the Grundriss Brug- 
 niann refers to an exactly parallel alternation of s and r, in this 
 very pronoun (amongst others) in Teutonic due to exactly the 
 same cause. The weakening of the vowel from a full e to the 
 half sound variously written e, i, ei (h) would be produced by 
 the same loss of accent. The distinction of meaning is pre- 
 served regularly in Umbrian', but in Oscan, as in Latin is, the 
 anaphoric pronoun is occasionally used as a demonstrative ad- 
 jective (T. B. 7 eizeic zicelei, 11 eizac egmad, 24 eizazunc egma- 
 zum, the only three examples) but regularly (eleven examples 
 in Tab. Bant.) as a pronoun ' he, she, it,' while the s form, as we 
 should expect, only occurs in the proper deictic sense (eisucen 
 zicelud T. B. 16), since if it were used in an unemphatic posi- 
 tion the s would sink in Oscan, as it had in pro-ethnic Italic, to 
 the voiced sound, whereas the use of the s form in the emphatic 
 position would not exercise any such positive influence to con- 
 vert the z to s". The influence of the anaphoric form is no 
 doubt responsible for the i in isunt issoc etc. This last word 
 brings us to the only difficulty of this view, if difficulty it can 
 be called, the ss in issoc and esso each of which occurs once in 
 the Tables. But before discussing these forms we may notice 
 another certain example of sentence- accent, the infinitive 
 erom in Umbrian, ezom in Oscan and the forms 
 eram era cet. in Latin'. This coincidence in irregu- 
 larity clearly points to a common cause, the fact that the verb 
 'to be ' was as a rule pronounced, if not altogether as an en- 
 clitic, at least without a sufficiently strong inde- 
 pendent accent to preserve the original s. Suritr 
 
 ' The compound eri-hont contains the anaphoric pronoun just as in Latin 
 idem. Should we' suppose an accent on the affix, erihont ? 
 2 Cf. c. I. supr. §§ 8—9. 
 " Umbr. furent, Lat. /"'■gfLfgld'WA^Jjf.gsb^^g here, v. iiifr. § 56, p. 77. 
 
 c. 3 
 
34! VKRNKR's I^VW- IX ITALY. § 27. 
 
 again, which BUcheler connects probably enough with sveso, 
 comparing the Latin sirempse, is on the same accentual footing 
 in the sentence as igitur, the first i of which is now generally 
 derived from the a of agitur corrupted by loss of accent. This 
 completes the number of words in Umbrian iii which r repre- 
 sents original s between vowels at the end of the first syllable. 
 The question of the as however is important and is best dis- 
 cussed before we leave the Umbrian forms behind us. 
 
 27. It has been generally assumed that these two forms 
 
 sufficiently accounted for the s between vowels in 
 issoc esso. ~ . . . • 
 
 the remaining forms where it was written singly, 
 as proving that the ss was the original form in Umbrian, and 
 therefore also in pro-ethnic Italic, since the pronoun seems to 
 occur in almost all dialects. I think however it will be admitted, 
 after a glance at the evidence briefly discussed in what follows, 
 that though this assumption might have been maintained so 
 long as it seemed necessary from a phonetic point of view, yet 
 if it had to stand or fall simply on the general evidence in 
 support of the ss, it could not be defended with any sort of 
 confidence. 
 
 Issoc occurs once in vil b. 3, sve neip j)ortust issoc pusei 
 suhra screhto est 'si nee portarit ita uti supra scriptura est' 
 (Biicheler), and esso once in vi a. 43, in the formula ' tiom esso 
 hue peracri pihaclu {tertiu) — (subocau suboco) ' in the following 
 line in the same formula occurring with a single s'. But in VI 
 and VII the pronoun occurs elsewhere thirty-nine times, always 
 with a single s. In the same line as issoc occurs appei else- 
 where always spelt with a single p. In vi and VI [ we have 
 ennom as well as (more frequently except in Vll b) enom, but 
 the Oscan and Latin forms of the word (e.g. on the Tabula 
 Bantina, where double letters are consistently^ written where- 
 
 1 It might be suggested that the double ss in these two words was connected 
 with the fact that they were slightly 'out of system.' Issoc =' ita' and essu 
 might very well be so translated in the formula. So that the traditional spelling 
 held in the pronoun but gave way to the attempt at greater phonetic accuracy 
 in the derivative adverb. 
 
 2 E.g. mallom (perh. containing tlje suffix -no-) meddtr. nudicatinom (1. 16), 
 medicatud (1. 24) as Buch. has pointed out are quite regular, the double letter 
 being lightened in polysyllables. 
 
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SS IN THE IGUVINE TABLES. § 27. 35 
 
 ever pronounced but only a single n in einom) seem to prove 
 that a single n was original. A still more certain example of 
 double letters etymologically unjustified is avvei vi a. 3 which is 
 the only other example besides essu in vi, appei perhaps = ad- 
 que (cf. e? re) but Bucheler compares eVe^ which would place it 
 on the same level as avvei : in any case the double letter is only 
 written once. Where it is not justifiable, the reason for it 
 appears to be an attempt to express the accent on a short 
 syllable; at least I can conceive of no other cause for avvei 
 ennom, and it would seem at least a possible explanation espe- 
 cially in the case of s\ Again, apart from the difficulty of 
 explaining the ss etymologically, it is hard to see how it ca"ii 
 have arisen in pro-ethnic Italic ; I do not know of any words 
 in which it is supposed to be Indo-European, and the change of 
 tt to ss does not seem to have taken place in Oscan^ and there- 
 fore not before the separation of the common stock. And 
 further it seems improbable that any language should have 
 possessed two such pronouns as *esso- and *ezo- of such closely 
 neighbouring form and meaning but of difi'erent origin, yet this 
 is the only alternative view of the relation of the Italic originals 
 of the actual forms we find in Latin, Umbrian and Oscan. 
 Finally the evidence of the Oscan inscriptions is strongly in 
 favour of the single s. We have no example at all of a double 
 ss in the pronoun though it is of fairly frequent occurrence, and 
 essuf (which is not certainly connected, and occurs in Umbrian 
 in II and IV, there of course with a single s) only once and on 
 the same inscription as esidu, which is one otherwise carelessly 
 engraved. The only Oscan inscriptions bearing on the point 
 are as follows" : 
 
 Z. 0. 17 is the one just mentioned where we have essuf side 
 by side with esidu {leiguss [LJufrikanuss also occur). This 
 shews either 
 
 ^ Cf. seffei, for *se/ei = ' sibi' in Pelign. (Zv. I. I. M. D. no. 33) and bassim 
 (=|8affi>') C. I. L. 1181. 
 
 2 T. infr. § 30 p. 39 seq. 
 
 ' I do not think I have omitted any in whioli the pronoun occurs except 
 those in which no letters arq]^jft^^^^.5j/i^(,^Ji^(esr.. profated). 
 
 3—2 
 
36 VERN Ell's LAW IN ITALY. § 27. 
 
 1. If the engraver is trustworthy that the two words are 
 distinct and that the pronoun has only a single s ; 
 
 or, 2, as seems more probable, that the writing is too 
 careless to prove either. We have uunated with a single t but 
 on other inscriptions (e.g. no. 63) wherever any letters are 
 doubled we have tt in these perfect forms. 
 
 18. This shews esidu. .'.prufaited. 
 
 63. eisak eituvad with double letters written elsewhere. 
 
 143. 6o-OT= id; the inscriptions in Greek alphabet have 
 double letters. 
 
 In the Tabula Bantina besides the forms with z we have the 
 form quoted above eisucen, and here double letters are used 
 with great consistency. 
 
 This view of issoc essu and essuf is not essential to the 
 explanation of ere and eizo- as due to loss of accent, since it 
 seems at least possible that even ss should be reduced to a single 
 z by the same influence. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
III. S between vowels in Oscan. 
 
 28. We have Oscan inscriptions from Areao/Oscan. 
 
 1. Samnium, including the Frentani. 
 
 2. Campania. 
 
 3. To the North. 
 
 a. In Volscian territory, one name at Tarracina in 
 Latin alphabet but with the Oscan mode of nomenclature. 
 
 /3. Doubtful missiles at Asculum in Picenum. 
 
 7. Doubtful inscription in Aequicolan territory (Z. 0, 1) 
 which Mommsen thinks spurious. 
 
 4 To the South 
 
 a. NoHh Lucania. 
 
 ;8. Bruttii. 
 
 7. Messana. 
 
 No inference therefore can be drawn from s or r between 
 vowels in geographical names south of the northern boundary of 
 Samnium and Campania. 
 
 The direct evidence in Oscan as to the influence of accent 
 is confined to the inscriptions written in the Latin Extent of the 
 alphabet, since the local character does not dis- olcanimerlv- 
 tinguish the voiced and breathed s, using x {z) timu. 
 only to express the compound ts. The Latin z represents both 
 this and the voiced s. Of course there is a good deal of indirect 
 evidence illustrating the forms in other dialects, most of which 
 has been already discussed in dealing with the Umbrian forms : 
 one point, the question oT tt or ss in Oscan and pro-ethnic Italic, 
 
38 verner's law in italy. § 29. 
 
 will be best discussed in connexion with the other Oscan phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 29. 1. s occurs between vowels, representing the breathed 
 B between sound, at the end of the first syllable in the follow- 
 
 vowels at the . i ■ /-\ 
 
 end of the first mg words in Uscan. 
 syllable. 
 
 eisucen T. B. 16 osii T. B. 4 Caisidis (Z. O. 159) 
 
 em/T. B. 19, 21 pieisum T. B. 6 Aesernim (Z. 0. 166) 
 
 nesmwm T. B. 17, 26 praesentid'Y.'B.2\ (coin in Latin letters) 
 
 eisucen, v. supr. § 26. 
 
 esuf, § 27. 
 
 nesimum, § 18. 
 
 osii appears to be a complete word. The stone is not broken 
 off directly before it, but leaves a clear space as thougji 
 before a new word. Perhaps amosio {'annuo ' Fest. 
 Mtill. p. 26) should be referred to Oscan sources. 
 
 pieisum, a dis.syllable, pi- = qu-. 
 
 praesentid, contrast ezom. 
 
 Caisidis, an Oscan name as is shewn by its form OV. C OV. 
 though in Latin letters. 
 
 aserum T. B. 1. 24, has probably lost a nasal before the s. 
 If the s is for ss (ad-s-) it is due to the analogy of the 
 longer forms of the verb in which the single s would be 
 regular by Biicheler's law (cited § 27, p. 34, supr. note). 
 
 2. z occurs between vowels after an unaccented syllable 
 in the following words 
 
 angetuzet T. B. 19 censazet T. B. 20 
 
 eizazitiic egmazum T. B. 24 ezom T. B, 11 (cf. § 26, p. 3-3, supr.) 
 
 and the pronoun eizo- (cf. § 26, p. 33 sup.) and its compound 
 poizad {ligud) T. B. 20. Cf pollad on the Cipp. Abell. and 
 Umbr. pora. 
 
 s occurs between vowels after an unaccented syllable only in 
 
 the last line of the Tabula Bantina, in tacusini of which 
 
 only T,..IM are on (he stonc^tlic intermediate letters 
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tt AND SS IN OSCAN. § 30. 39 
 
 being Biicheler's conjecture, which would not be affected 
 by the substitution of z for s. 
 
 30. The question whether I.-Eu. d+t, t + t cet. had be- 
 come SS in pro-ethnic Italic is one of some import- tt o,, gg ;„ 
 ance and bears directly on the Latin change of s to Oscan. 
 r, but it is most conveniently discussed in this chapter as most 
 of the evidence comes from Oscan'. To begin with however we 
 have the forms adgretus futus gnitus given by Festus which 
 shew t where classical Latin has ss, or s after a long vowel (Ost. 
 Perf. Exc. VI.). These Brugmann explains {Gds. § 501) as 
 contractions like cette for cedite, mattus for maditus. This view 
 seems at least somewhat arbitrary. If it were possible to regard 
 the forms as archaic or dialectic it would be much more natural 
 to do so. Further no example is quoted of ss in Oscan, only 
 Pelign. oisa (v. infr.), but on the contrary ulttiuf from the 
 Gippus Abellanus which Brugmann and Osthoff explain in the 
 same way as adgretus etc., though, as Bartholomae points out, 
 there is no analogy for such a form as *utitio. The evidence 
 seems to shew that tt was regular in Oscan. 
 
 1. We have the double ttiu the 3rd pers. pi. of the perfect, 
 Osc. teremnattens, Pel. coisattens. Into the Evidencefor 
 difHcult question or rather riddle of the origin of **' 
 these forms it is needless to enter here. We may hold with 
 Osthoff that they are all derived from the analogy of the per- 
 fect of the root sta- ; or compare the Latin forms in ss (amas- 
 sem) with Bartholomae, or with others the Celtic t perfect 
 (flsruhirt), but we are bound to keep in view the fact that the tt 
 is regular on all inscriptions which shew any double letters. 
 
 ' This section was written with the body of the Essay in March last (1887) 
 before the publication of Bartholomae's article on the question in Bezs. Beitrdye 
 XII. The issue there raised is rather broader, and in deference to his authority 
 I have added a note at the end of the chapter dealing directly with the theory 
 he maintains. It is however of equal concern to both of us to shew that I.-Eu. 
 t + t, d + t cet. =Osc. tt, not ss as in Latin. I have therefore left this section as 
 it was first written, only noticing where Bartholomae gives evidence that had 
 escaped me or questions any I had accepted. As we worked independently, 
 there is no need to point out more exactly how far our investigations coincided 
 or diverged. Digitized by Microsoft^ 
 
40 verner's law in italy. § 30. 
 
 There is no doubt about the form whatever there may be about 
 its explanation. 
 
 2. iiUtiuf occurs several times quite clearly on the Cipp. 
 Ab. 
 
 3. punttram (ib.) contrasts with the Latin tonstrix etc., 
 and perhaps shews the same stem as Skt. panth- path- {=pnth-). 
 But in this word and in alttram Bartholomae considers the 
 tt a purely Oscan extension of an original t. 
 
 4. The following names (if they are not genuine Oscan, 
 what are they ?) : 
 
 Siuttiis Zv. 0. 62. 
 
 Tittius Zv. O. 108. 
 
 Bla... Zv. 0. Ill which is taken as the beginning of the 
 
 Roman name BlaMius. 
 KoTTft etc. Zv. O. 147 — 152 ; contrast Latin Cossus. 
 SraTTiTjis Zv. O. 160. 
 
 5. Bartholomae gives also 
 
 a. [ajittium C. Ab. 53, cf. aeteis T. B. 12 and Gr. alaa. 
 /3. patt... Zv. 0. 4 which Bartholomae reads as * pattens, 
 
 considering it a sigmatic aori.st from the root pat-. 
 
 He traces the participle in viu pat[tust] Zv. 0. 73. 
 y. angetuzet T. B. " = ingesse^-int," which however for 
 
 the present at least seems doubtful. 
 
 6. The two Latin words fidtilis (in meaning clearly con- 
 ^ ,.,. ... nected with /»)2(io but contrasting with the genuine 
 
 futtths rutdiis . . . . . 
 
 mitto (jutta Latin fusilis) and rutiliis (rutilare) which looks 
 gu m I eia. -^^^^ ^ connexion of RJJDH^ {rufus ruber epv6po<;) 
 seem easily explained as borrowings. Their limited sigaitica- 
 tion points the same way, v. infr. § 44, p 61. So does the 
 combination P. Rutiliics Rufus', the last word being certainly 
 Oscan by the side of Lat. ruber, ruttilo- or rather ruttlo- and 
 rutlci- {-om etc.) would be the regular forms of the two stems in 
 Oscan like meddix and medicd{-tud) by Blicheler's law^ The 
 
 1 So Stolz, though he does not explain the t. 
 
 ■^ Cic. Br. 2V). 
 
 ^ Cf. p. oi u. supv. 
 
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tt AND SS IN OSCAN. § 30. 41 
 
 Eomans in borrowing the word took the easier form and still 
 further lightened it by the anaptyctic vowel'. Futtilis would 
 be a regular adjective in -Hi- formed from the stem of the past 
 participle like fusilis fissilis missilis rasilis sutilis and many 
 more given by Roby, to be distinguished from those like utilis 
 agilis habilis nuhilis fragilis facilis formed from the verbal 
 stem. Further the words mitto gutta (guttur) littera (which 
 seems certainly the right spelling) are quite simply explained 
 as Oscan on this hypothesis, mitto is a frequentative (i.e. a 
 nominal from the past participle) from the root seen in 0. H. G. 
 midan; gutta a past participle, and littera, probably *littra in 
 Oscan, a noun from the root or stem lit- with the common in- 
 strumental suffix -tra-, Vike punt-tram^. 
 
 Against this there is simply no evidence in Oscan. The 
 only possible example of s or ss derived from tt is Fisanius 
 Z. 0. 83, one of a batch of inscriptions in which double letters 
 are regular, and Fiisu . . in Z. 0. 38 (v. supr. § 19, p. 25). Of course 
 these names might be very easily borrowed. Elisuist in Z. 0. 
 11, as the form shews, contains a stem lis found also in liisd.. 
 In no other Oscan inscription is there any example of s or ss 
 derived from tt. In Pelignian (Z. D. 12) we have 
 the phrase casnar oisa aetate, the second word of '' '^""'"' 
 which is generally taken as a past participle of utor in a pas- 
 sive sense, 'having ended his life' or 'having enjoyed (great) 
 age ' (? aetate), the former of which is scarcely the sort of senti- 
 ment we expect on the tomb of a man who further describes 
 himself as Des forte faber ('dives, fortunae faber'). 
 
 ' Bartholomae supposes rutilus derived from Etruscan, but there is of course 
 no evidence for this beyond the phonetic possibility he maintains. 
 
 ^ Ost. Perf. p. 557 gives the four words just mentioned together with littus 
 litus, glutus gluttire, mutus muttire, iuca hucca, Jupiter Juppiter, stupa stuppa, 
 mucus mucciis, sucus succus ; 'es ist ebeu wie gesagt ein problem fur kiinftige 
 forsohung, noch einmal die losung des ratsels zu fiuden, naeh welohem princip 
 die lateinische sprache zur auspragung soloher — sei es satzphonetisoher sei es 
 aiich dialektischei — doubletten gelangte.' After aU the riddle does not seem 
 very terrible, littus for litus may safely be ascribed to confusion with littera: in 
 all the others it is noteworthy that we have an accented u before the double 
 letter. In all but sucus the Romance forms vouch for a short vowel in popular 
 Latin, and it may at least be conjectured that the easier fi, §, took the place of u 
 when accented while the cojfiisSSgflf'tfekilMfM'Si^h that the vowel dropped. 
 
42 VEUNER'S law in ITALY. § 30. 
 
 Sanskrit enas (' that ') = Latin oinos {' one ') ; 
 
 ekas ' one ' perhaps = Oscan eko- ' that.' 
 Why should not 
 
 Sanskrit eSas ' that ' (Gr. ojo?) = Pelign. oisa, 
 
 so that casnar oisa aetats = ' senex unica aetate,' which contrasts 
 very well with the ' few feet ' {pes pros) of soil he occupies ? 
 
 If this explanation be rejected as too fanciful we must 
 either take Bartholomae's suggestion {Bezz. Beitr. 12. 80) that 
 the spelling with s is due to Latin influence like the word faher 
 and the alphabet used in the inscription, or suppose that ss 
 was regular in Pelignian as in Latin and Umbrian ; the diffi- 
 culty would be that Pelignian has the t perfect as regularly as 
 Oscan {coisatens Zv. D. 29). But there is clearly no warrant 
 for doubting that tt was regular in Oscan. If so, it would natu- 
 rally seem to follow, pace Bartholomae's theory, that tt was 
 kept in pro-ethnic Italic, and only sank to a sibilant in some of 
 the separate dialects. Accordingly adgretus etc. would natu- 
 rally be regarded as archaic forms, perhaps of the same age as 
 Lases, Auselius, with others quoted by the glossographers, and 
 the newly-discovered Nmnasioi on the Praenestine inscription 
 (v. infr. § 34, p. 48). 
 
 Note. In the article I have referred to (' Die "\^ertretung des altital. 
 ss im Oskischen,' B. B. xii. 80) Bartholomae develops a theory that Indo- 
 European d + t,t + t cet. had already sunk to ss or some approximate sound 
 in pro-ethnic Italic, which in Oscan was once more converted to tt or J)]'. 
 His main concern is to shew that tt does appear in Oscan to represent 
 I.-Eu. t+t etc., which as we have seen is certainly the case. The rest of 
 his proof seems far more problematical. It is necessary to follow the 
 argument a little closely since, if correct, it affects some of the evidence on 
 the Latin change of s to ;•, though almost equally in favour of and against 
 my theory. Its loss and gain cau be estimated very shortly. Two words 
 in which s derived from tt is kept after an unaccented syllable and which 
 I had explained' on the view that the tt was kept in Latin till after 350 
 B.C. when the period of rhotacism was over, are now thrown on our hands 
 quasillus and excusare. The former like pusillus must then have come 
 into use from Oscan or Sabine later than 350 b.c, and the s of eMusare etc. 
 may have been kept by cmissa. On the other hand if ss (s after long 
 vowels) had replaced tt from the earliest times in Latin my theory gains 
 
 ' \. iufr. § 51, p. 72. 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
baktholomae's theory. 43 
 
 the not inconsiderable support of tlie mass of past participles like laesus 
 fusus rosus cet. in all of whioh we should then regard the preservation of 
 the s as due to accent, just as much as in caseus rdsa etc. 
 
 The arguments for Bartholomae's theory as opposed to the view I have 
 advocated may be very briefly summarised. In justice to him I should 
 add that he seems throughout to regard it a.s a matter of common agree- 
 ment, following Osthoflf and Brugmann, that I.-Eu. tt had become ss in 
 pro-ethnic Italic, and does not attempt to establish this point directly. 
 The only forms in which an admittedly original « or ss seems to him to 
 have become t are 
 
 1. patt-lens?] Zv. 0. 4 which he derives as an aoriat from *pat-sens. 
 
 2. The very doubtful "angetuzet (T. 'B.) = ingesser{nt." The meaning 
 of ' ingesserint ' does not seem very happy in the sentence where it occurs. 
 ' aestimaverint ' is the equivalent usually given for the word from the needs 
 of the contest. 
 
 3. The perfect in tt which he compares, clearly with great probability, 
 to the Latin forms in ss, amassem etc. But it must be observed that even 
 from Thurneysen's investigations the origin of the doubled s in such forms 
 is hardly certain, though if we assume them to be merely bye-forms of 
 the s- or -sis- aorist, Bartholomae's view would give us a very satisfactory 
 explanation of the Oscan forms. 
 
 If his theory were merely that original ss became tt in Oscan it would 
 present no difficulties from my standpoint. Of the objections that follow 
 only those in Oscan would possess any weight against such a view and 
 these are not very serious. 
 
 Turning however to the arguments against the theory as it stands, we 
 encounter a good many substantial difficulties. 
 
 A. In Oscan. 
 
 1. aserum T. B. 20, where the first s is probably from -cfr- {ned-s-}, 
 Bartholomae regards as a late formation. 
 
 2. meliissai Zv. 95, if correctly transcribed, he corisiders a Greek 
 word. 
 
 3. essuf he explains as for *eJcsuf, but the ss is of very doubtful 
 authority, v. § 27, p. 35 supr. So also n\e\ssimas Zv. 0. 41, which is not so 
 certain, as the s is elsewhere regular in this word. Of. § 18, p. 28 supr. 
 
 B. In Latin. 
 
 1. adgretus futus gnitus. 
 
 2. {f)ss remains in vorsus prOsa etc. whereas in words out of system, 
 if the s had existed from the earliest period of Latin we should have ex- 
 pected the regular change of rs to rr. 
 
 3. A very serious difficulty to the view that tt > ss was an Italic 
 not a Latin change is thcPfiBfefilS^ ^^f^sft^ in spelling even after long 
 
44 verner's law in italy. 
 
 vowels down to Cicero's time. It seems equally improbable that the 
 language should have kept for four centuries either the sound of the ss in 
 that position, or the spelling after the sound was lost. Of course the ss in 
 writing may have been merely due to the influence of the forms after short 
 vowels like missus, but again it seems very improbable that the double 
 letters, which themselves were quite a late introduction, should have been 
 written except where they were sounded. The difficulty vanishes if we 
 suppose the change of it to ss only newly completed when double letters 
 began to be written. The long vowel would not lighten the consonant all 
 at once. 
 
 4. Finally there are the words quasillus excusare mentioned above 
 which are more difficult to explain on Bartholomae's hypothesis. 
 
 C. Generally. 
 
 1. No one supposes tt had become ss in Indo-European and there- 
 fore we cannot start with more than )>]) in Italic, 
 
 2. and if therefore this ]•]> became ss in Italic before the dialects 
 split, is it likely that individual dialects should exhibit the converse change 
 of ss to tt 1 
 
 3. The forms with tt in Latin (v. supr.) must have come from some- 
 where, and it does not seem hkely that the same people who failed- to 
 pronounce tt without Usping should have so altered a century or two later 
 as to change t to tt. 
 
 4. Briefly we have three certainties to argue from — 
 
 a. Original t r + < in Indo-European, 
 
 etc. J 
 /3. tt in corresponding positions in Oscan, and 
 y. ss in Latin. 
 
 Clearly the obvious conclusion is that 
 i. ItaUo tt 
 
 ii. remained tt in Oscan, and 
 iii. became ss in Latin. 
 
 This may seem a very small result of so long a digression but the be- 
 lief in an Italic ss seems to be a superstition that dies hard. It is to be 
 hoped that even its ghost may haunt us uo more. 
 
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IV. Rliotacism in the Minor Dialects. 
 
 31. Since the evidence from the minor dialects is so scanty 
 it might seem more logical to discuss them after 
 Latin, but there is very little to be said about them 
 and it is more convenient to place it directly after that of Oscan 
 and Umbrian, to which of course they are more closely akin. 
 
 Mommsen (Untert. Diall.) enumerates Scope. 
 
 Messapian 
 
 Oscan 
 Volscian 
 
 Sabellian 
 
 Marsian 
 Marnicinian 
 Sabine 
 Picentine. 
 
 Zv^taieff (Tnscrr. It. Med. Dial.) gives inscriptions from 
 
 Picentes Marsi 
 
 Marrucini Aequicolani 
 
 Sabini Volsci 
 
 Vestini Falisci 
 
 Peligni Capenates. 
 
 Mommsen (p. 96) describes the Messapii as ' ein vorgriechis- 
 cher den Kretern und Makedonern gleichartiger Stamm.' The 
 rest may be discussed in Zv^taieff's order, i.e. the geographical 
 from North to South, leaving the Falisci and Capenates to the 
 last as more akin to the Latin. It will be seen that in many 
 dialects, e.g. Volscian, where it has been assumed there was no 
 rhotacism on the ground of the occurrence of s between vowels 
 in several words at th^'®S#<fc|ytMe^''fe^E^yllable, the evidence for 
 
4C vebnee's law in italy. § 32. 
 
 such a conclusion is greatly shaken by that of Umbrian and 
 Oscan already discussed. What newer results seem to be 
 afforded by the evidence are given by the table and map at 
 the end of this chapter. 
 
 Picentine. 
 
 32. Zv. D. 1—4. 
 
 There appears to be no final rhotacism in the Piceatine 
 inscriptions; e.g.tetis\ alies\ 
 
 Otherwise 
 
 1. So far as they can be said to be deciphered, they appear 
 to offer no evidence as to rhotacism, and 
 
 2. If they did no conclusions could be based on materials 
 so completely uncertain. 
 
 The names of places, etc., however in Picenum appear to 
 afford ground for supposing that in respect of rhotacism Picen- 
 tine occupies the same position as Umbrian \ Falerio (Mod. 
 Fallerone) was a municipal town only made into a colony under 
 Augustus (Plin. iii. 13. 18). The name can hardly be separated 
 from that of Falerii (Mod. Falleri) in South Etruria, where 
 Falisci shews that r represents an original s. The river Flusor, 
 too (Mod. Chienti), which appears in the Tabula Peutingea is 
 most naturally regarded as an os- es- stem like arhor^ derived 
 from Fluusa (Osc). It is not quite easy to see the origin of 
 the s if it is connected with Jiuo. If rhotacism was present 
 Cumerus (Mod. M. Gomero) may contain an original s and the 
 following names may be fairly regarded as further evidence for 
 the explanation already suggested of the words in Umbrian 
 which shew s between vowels after the first syllable. 
 
 Names in River Flosis (Mod. Potensa), marked in Smith's and 
 
 Picenum. Droysen's Atlases. 
 
 1 In this and the following names of places I am indebted for most of the 
 references to De Vit's Oiwmasticon or the Dictionary of Geography. 
 
 ^ The lengthening of the stem -vowel in honorem, etc., is perhaps peculiar to 
 Latin. 
 
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MAllRUCINrAN. § 33. 47 
 
 River Misius (Mod. Asola, distinct from R. Misciis, Mod. 
 
 Musone). 
 Pausulae Plin. iii. 13. 18. 
 Mod. Riv. Aso. 
 
 Marrucinian. 
 
 S3. Zv. D. 5—7. 
 
 No. -5. In Sabellic alphabet. In the transliteration so far 
 accepted (though scarcely £|,s yet translated) we j^g evidence in 
 
 have the words inscriptions. 
 
 asin rurasim (Corssen ' rusticuna ') irkesie iritn. 
 
 asin gives no certain evidence as to rhotacism. 
 
 In rurasim the a is the same symbol (V) elsewhere trans- 
 literated by u, but the a in asin is \/. The word is altogether 
 doubtful in form and it is improbable that rur- should be the 
 same s.tem as the Latin ruris on the same inscription as asin by 
 the ^ide of the Umbrian asa rusem. On the original we haye it 
 pmictuated ru : rusim. 
 
 irkesie, taken from I • RK..S : IE. The meaning of this 
 word and of irim is unknown. 
 
 No. fi. The Bronze of Rapino in Latin alphabet. It shews 
 (apparently) that Ma,rrucinian had no final rhotacisnti (aisos,^ 
 asignas). It has no double consonants (amatens Maroucai). 
 The dialect geems intermediate to Oscan anid Umbrian, final 
 lis becomes f (iafc) as in Umbrian but the diphthongs are 
 preserved as in O.scaij. 
 
 No. 7. In Latin alphabet AS. an abbreviation for Asinii 
 fiUus. 
 
 On the whole there is no evidence of rhotacism, and there- 
 fore aisos (' dels ') asignas (' natas ad ararn ') esuc (' illo ') asum 
 (' arsum,' cf. § 18, p. 22, supr.) prove nothing; on the other hand 
 they are no evidence against rhotacism in the dialect. There 
 are no names in the district which help us, but geographical 
 considerations, as is c\B^-iti&e>t^ rsuc^smm at Mr Heawood's map, 
 
48 VEIiNEll'S LAW IX ITALY. § 34. 
 
 point to the concluBion that rhotacism was absent from Marru- 
 cinian as from Sabine. 
 
 Sabine, etc. 
 
 34. On the only Sabine inscription (Zv. D. 8) we have 
 No rhotacisjti inesene (as Biicheler has shewn for mensene) and 
 in Sabine. Flusare = Lat. Florali. But the glosses (collected 
 by Mommsen) and many names we find to be distinctively Sabine 
 shew clearly that there was no rhotacism. Fasena, Auselius, 
 Lehasius, Yalesius, Volesus^, Volusus a.Te given by various autho- 
 rities as Sabine. Also Casinum Varro (LL. 7, 28, 29) interprets 
 as ' vetus.' crepero res creperae Varro says are also Sabine and 
 connected with crepusculum; if so they were probably borrowed 
 Sabine names '^ith the s form. Of Sabine origin are the host 
 at Rome. ^f gentile names at Rome in -sius which begin to 
 
 be very frequent on inscriptions under the Empire and had 
 doubtless been widely in use among the un-official classes a 
 good deal earlier. The influx is perhaps to be connected with 
 the migration of the agricultural population to Rome which the 
 reformers strove in vain to check or reverse. Such names are 
 Calvisius Numisius Vnlusius Aedesius Agrasiiis, cf also Maesius 
 'lingua Osca' Fest. Mlill. p. 136. It is curious to note a trace 
 of the origin of the name in the conjunction Calvisius Sabinus, 
 the friend of Pliny the younger, and also Oaesius Sabinus (Mart. 
 7. 27) Caesia Sabina (Cic. pro Caec. 4, 6), and this last name 
 may share with the Umbrian Caesena and the Latin Kaeso the 
 parentage of the numerous gentile names' beginning with 
 Gaes-, Caesennia' Caesellia Caesernia Caesetia Caesidia Caesiena 
 Caesilia Caesinia Caesionia. 
 
 In the new Latin inscription on the fibula from Praeneste 
 we have the dative of a proper name, JSfumasioi. If the date, 
 as Biicheler' holds with the explorers Helbig and Dummler, is 
 
 1 The name of a gigantic Satine Juv. 8. 182, Ov. Pont. 3. 2. 105. 
 ^ Taken from De Vit. 
 
 3 Also Gaesenia, C. I. L. 1191, the n being probably doubled by the Latin accent 
 in its third stage. 
 
 ■■ Jlheini.'^rhe!: Mii.':e\im, Vol. 42 (1887), 2nd no. 
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MAKSIAN. § 36. 49 
 
 as early as the 5th or 6th century B.C. it might be considered 
 an interesting example of Latin in which s had not yet passed 
 to r. At that date it is immaterial whether we regard it as 
 Latin or Sabine. 
 
 35. The solitary Vestinian inscription (Zv. D. 9) offers 
 no evidence. From geographical considerations it y ,■ ■ 
 probably ranks with Sabine and Marrucinian. 
 
 Pelignian (Zv. D. 10 foil.) certainly coincided with Oscan, e.g. 
 28 T. Valesies 29 upsaseter. . .coisatens. The 
 sign s however is always used even where " wnian. 
 (e.g. upsaseter) in the Tabula Bantina we have z {censazet). 
 oisa in 12 has been already discussed, Minerva in 33 
 cannot be a true Pelignian form though the inscription 
 was found at Sulmo. 
 
 Marsian. 
 
 36. Here again the inscriptions (Zv. D. 34 foil.) give no help. 
 We have s between vowels but only after the first syllable 
 esos (37), Caso Casuntonom (43), Vesime (41). Pliny (H. N. 
 17. 22, quoted by Mommsen) notices a similarity between the 
 Umbrian and Marsian met hods of vine culture, which it must be 
 confessed does not prove much. But geographically the Marsi 
 appear connected with the Latins and Volscians and therefore 
 very probably shared their rhotacism. 
 
 Note. In Zv. D. 39 (which Mommsen and others consider a 
 Latin inscription) the third letter of the name of the deity, j^fote as to 
 elsewhere called Vesuna, has been generally read as z. ' Vezune.' 
 It will be seen however on inspection of the facsimile (Tab. vi. 6) 
 that the inscription has been carelessly engraved with only a straight 
 tool (e.g. the o's are square •0-). Hence to make s three strokes 
 were required, ^, but the engraver' was careless about joining the 
 strokes at the right points and instead of ^ we get the lowest stroke 
 affixed too high ^ (the s in the last word libs) and the middle stroke 
 joined to the top too far forward Ti "X the sign in the supposed 
 ' YezuneJ The sign at the end of the first line A is the same with 
 
 ' Compare the forms orS on ffle Loorian mscr. Eoehl I. G. A. 321. 
 C. 4 
 
50 verner's law in italy. § 37. 
 
 its top stroke lost, and all of tliem are merely equivalent to tbe Latin 
 s denoting probably as in Pelignian both the breathed and voiced 
 sound. 
 
 Volscian. 
 
 Zl. The Aequicolan inscriptions, if they are genuine, give 
 no evidence. But we have the names Gliternum 
 Aeqman. (Y\m. iii. 17. 1) Amitemum which may contain -es 
 
 stems (v. supr. p. 16, § 11). Norvesiae proves nothing in our 
 ignorance of the Aequian accent and may have lost an n before 
 the s. The map shews that the geographical argument is not 
 very decisive, but it seems slightly to favour a connexion 
 between Volscian Aequian Marsian and Latin. 
 
 Mommsen states that 'rhotacism is strange to Volscian' 
 relying on the occurrence of s between vowels in the 
 scian. ^^jy inscription (the Tabula Veliterna), but it 
 is always after the first syllable, esaristrom (cf. Umbr. esona), 
 asif (' arens ') and the name Cosuties, and s occurs here in 
 Umbrian where rhotacism was certainly present. Generally the 
 dialect seems closely akin to Umbrian e.g. in the palatalisa- 
 tion of k before e and i (fasia), and the change of final -ns to f. 
 pihom recalls the Umbrian pihatu, etc. The geographical 
 names too, FrUsino (Juv. 3. 224, Mod. Frosinone) Casinum 
 by the side of Liris (which was originally *Loisis if it is to be 
 connected with lira) Privernwtn (p. 15) and the coin inscription 
 Auruncud in Sabine letters if it really is to be regarded as 
 a genuine Volscian form dating from the time when Aurunca 
 still existed, i.e. before it was destroyed by the Sidicini in 
 336 B.C.', all point to rhotacism under much the same conditions 
 as in Latin, and Auruncud would apparently shew that the 
 Volscian accent was the same as the Latin, though I do not 
 think any emphasis can really be laid upon this word. The 
 strong resemblance to Umbrian in other respects seems to me 
 the chief ground for supposing rhotacism in Volscian. 
 
 1 Cf. infr. § 5G, p. 78. 
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FALISCAN. § 38. 51 
 
 Faliscan. 
 
 38. Though there is a fairly large number of inscriptions 
 assigned to this dialect the evidence is somewhat Faliscan MM- 
 confused and it is difficult to arrive at more than a ""'*• 
 probable conclusion. The following are all the words that occur 
 which affect the question of rhotacism : 
 
 No. 55. Gesilia= Lat. Gaesellia. 
 
 56. Caesula. 
 
 60. Zertenea =Sertinia, cf 68 de zenatuo sententiad, which 
 seems to indicate the origin of the z, the preposi- 
 tion being treated as part of the word and the 
 accent of the compound falling on one of the following syllables, 
 dezdnatuo or dezenatuo (according as the Faliscan accent was 
 Italic or Latin). Sucb phrases as these caused a variation in 
 the spelling and the z appeared for initial s even where there 
 was nothing in its surroundings in the sentence to cause the 
 change of sound. This explanation implies nothing as to rhota- 
 cism since the originally sibilant character of the first sound 
 would be preserved in any case by the influence of the large 
 number of cases in which there was no tendency to change 
 it to r or z. The difference between s and z would be less 
 anomalous. 
 
 On this inscription (60) we find mate : for mater, and in 68 
 pretod de zen. sent, shewing that final r had a weak Final r 
 easily assimilated sound as in CretaQ and modern ""eathe ■ 
 English. 
 
 65. M. Clipearius. 
 
 68. Menerva. 
 
 70 a (the inscription in Saturnians). Gond[ec]orant, sai- 
 [pis\su7ne, dederun[f], sesed. 
 
 70 b. Minervai, dederunt, coiraveront. This part of the 
 
 inscription Zv^taieff considers a later addition in Latin. It has 
 
 no trace of either Faliscan dialect or Etruscan alphabet. 
 
 71. Voltio Folcozeo Zeoatoi f. On the Z of Zextoi, cf supr. 
 jjQ gQ Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 4—2 
 
52 VERNER's law in ITALY. § 38. 
 
 This appears to be all the evidence on the question. It 
 Conclusion. leaves us three alternatives : 
 
 1. To consider Faliscan a non-rhotacising dialect, regarding 
 Menerva Glipearius as borrowed from Latin and 70 a as being 
 pure Latin as much as 70 b. Then Caesula as contrasted with 
 Folcozeo^ gives us the original relation between sound and 
 accent. This seems however unlikely since 
 
 a. Menerva occurs in a certainly non-Latin inscr., though 
 it also occurs in Pelignian, and 
 
 /3. the modern name (which wherever it is derived from 
 the ancient appears invariably to represent the pronunciation of 
 it prevailing on the spot) of Falerii is Fallen. This seems to 
 prove also that the Faliscans kept the old Italic accent on the 
 first syllable. 
 
 7. The geographical position of the Faliscans renders it 
 probable that they shared the rhotacism of the Latins and 
 Umbrians. 
 
 2. To consider Faliscan identical with Latin in point of 
 rhotacism though keeping the Italic accent. Caesula and 
 GaeselUa prove no more in Faliscan than in Latin as their 
 origin is so uncertain. We should in this case regard Folcozeo 
 as an Oscan or Sabine name with its original sound exactly 
 reproduced. Coiraveront in 70 b if it is not actually Latin, 
 would give us the same difficulty as the Latin coira cura v. infra 
 § 58, p. 79, and Glipearius would be regular, 
 
 3. To consider Faliscan rhotacism identical with Latin 
 mi7ius the changes due to i and u. Here as in Umbrian there 
 is .really no evidence on the question. Caesula would be 
 regular. 
 
 Of these alternatives the second seems far the most probable 
 and has been assumed in the colouring of the map. 
 
 • The name Folcatius appears in the Index to the first volume of the C. I. L. 
 but in the inaor. (783) it is only a doubtful conjecture, which should perhaps he 
 corrected by the Faliscan form. 
 
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TABLE OF DIALECTS. § 39. 53 
 
 Summary. 
 
 39. The dialects may be divided into five classes in point 
 of rhotacism, though perhaps to little purpose, since a charac- 
 teristic of this kind argues very little by its presence or absence 
 for the affinity of any two dialects in other respects. Indeed 
 the whole argument from geography rests on the 'chain' as 
 opposed to the ' tree ' theory. 
 
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TABLE 
 
 SHEWIKG THE PREVALENCE OF 
 
 RHOTACISM IN THE ITALIC DIALECTS 
 
 AS EVIDENCED BY TRADITION, INSCKIPTIONS, AND LOCAL NAMES. 
 Names in brackets are included under the name they follow. 
 
 I. Dialects in which Rhotacism was certainly present. 
 
 1. Latin (Rutulian). 
 
 2. Umbrian. In this dialect only both final and 
 
 medial Rhotacism. 
 
 II. Dialects in which Rhotacism was probably present. 
 
 1. Picentine. 
 
 2. Faliscan. 
 
 3. Volscian. 
 
 III. Dialects in which there is no evidence but that of geographical 
 
 contiguity. 
 
 1. Marsian. 
 
 2. Aequian. 
 
 3. Hernican. 
 
 4. Vestinian. 
 
 5. Auruncanian. 
 
 I V. Dialect in which Rhotacism was probably absent. 
 
 Marrucinian. 
 
 V. Dialects in which Rhotacism was certainly absent. 
 
 1. Peligcian. 
 
 2. Sabine. 
 
 3. Oscan (Bantian). 
 
 The result is embodied in Mr Heawood's map. Names whose 
 form is of importance are printed in ordinary type : those in Italics 
 shew the distribution of the dialects as denoting the places where 
 inscriptions have been found : those in capitals have no reference to 
 the argument. Modern names are enclosed in brackets. The ground 
 plan of the tribal divisions is enlarged and slightly modified from 
 those given by Mommsen (Unterit. Diall.) and Droysen {Historische 
 Ilandatlas). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
DIALECT MM' OF 
 
 ITALY 
 
 Cir. 400 B.C. 
 
 SHEWING THE AREA OF 
 
 RHOTACISM 
 
 jyuB Jfuri -Iihatai:isrrL 
 ^^i Jihi/tadym prohahle 
 yon Htuttucism. „ 
 No e\-idence ejvt-pt po K/niphictL/ 
 condpiuty 
 .Va/ijt» ot' importan/x ffr their thrni , Ouis liScULTUm 
 
 SilBS at" insaiptutas shfrw^ th^ tir<ai of diaiects , Aits. £aiiii/i 
 MudoTi ruunes tti bracWts . thus .. (Asol f Afffionei 
 
 E Hea»-oodEA.EKG.S-.£«Z 
 
 StojiTords Ge':fQ.' Estab^- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
56 veener's law in italy. § 41. 
 
 something like intelligible order, none made such economical 
 use of the examp'es, i.e. there was none in which the same word 
 appeared so rarely under different headings. It is perhaps in- 
 evitable that there should be a certain amount of crossing 
 between the classes, since in many cases a particular change 
 may be the result of more than one cause, either of which would 
 have been singly sufficient to produce it, as a man may have 
 more than one motive for an action. Nevertheless in com- 
 paring rival schemes, that is clearly the most exact, and there- 
 fore in reality the simplest and truest, which can find a separate 
 category for each separate aggregate of similar cases, or, so 
 to speak, can house the different families of words within the 
 strongest and thickest party-walls. But inasmuch as the pre- 
 sent scheme was only gradually developed it is probably still 
 open to improvement, though for the reasons indicated I am 
 inclined to be content with it as a fair working hypothesis. 
 Accordingly in this as in preceding sections prominence has 
 been given to the difficulties as well as to the advantages of the 
 arrangement adopted. Of one thing however I aili convinced, 
 there is some definite rule, if not discovered, then waiting 
 discovery. 
 
 41. Before however proceeding to discuss the evidence in 
 „ - , the same way in this as in the other Italic dialects. 
 Introductory there are one or two general questions arising from 
 
 the fuller state of our information as to Latin 
 which must be noticed first. These are (1) the points in which 
 the change appears to present special phonetic characteristics, 
 (2) the legitimacy of the ' borrowing * hypothesis, (3) the date 
 of the change of s to r in Latin, and (4) the bearing of the 
 evidence of rhotacism on the change of the Latin accent. 
 
 42. Apart from the general phonetic aspect of the change 
 
 of s to r which has been already discussed, two 
 
 Character- j- . - • t • i ■ i, ,. 
 
 istics of the leatures in Latm rhotacism call for remark, as 
 foTatin^""''' ^®"'& apparently peculiar to it, namely the influence 
 1. Influence of of i and u, and the influence of the r resulting 
 ia?if n on tie f^,^^^^ g on a preceding vowel'. As to the first, it 
 
 1 Br. G<h. § 33. 1. 
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INFLUENCE OF r ON i -AND U. § 42. 57 
 
 may or may not be peculiar to Latin' ; the second clianoe. 
 appears absent in Umbrian, /wreni corresponding to tjw change on 
 the Latin forent'. The rule is that i and U pre- * ""'' "• 
 ceding r that has come from s become e and S respectively. 
 Not much stress can be laid on such examples as tempus tem- 
 poris, cinis cineris, as the o in the first case probably and the e 
 in the second possibly, represents the original vowel, but in 
 sero ("rjfii) where the e is the vowel of the present-reduplication, 
 we know i was original, and it is extremely probable that this 
 was the case in the other two verbs of more or less parallel 
 form, gero and queror, where the Latinised Celtic gaesum and 
 the Latin quaeso quaero seem to shew the strong form of the 
 regular ai : i Ablaut in the Short A series, *giso and *quiso 
 (cf. miser : maestus) being ' 6th class ' or ' aorist ' presents, like 
 mic-dre liqu-ere cet. It is perhaps as well to remark that this 
 influence of r upon i and u is not in any way inconsistent with 
 their influence on s. r may be easier to pronounce than s in 
 connexion with i and u, but o and e easier with r than * and u. 
 Thus 
 
 (u)ru , . , 
 
 >- are easier than 
 
 (u)su , ^ 1 or] . ^, (ur 
 ... . I «,i^ ^c.o.^i. uL^c^u < ;., . , but also } easier than < . . 
 {tp^i J ( {i)si er ) [ir 
 
 It is however remarkable that an original r, as in mr, vireo, 
 pirus, hirundo, hirudo, does not exercise this influence on a 
 preceding i. The reason I suppose must be that the Latin r, 
 which came from Indo-European, was a genuine trilled conso- 
 nant, while the r which arose from the careless and, so to speak, 
 slight pronunciation of s had more vocalic character, and conse- 
 quently more influence on the preceding voweP. 
 
 1 V. § 20supr. p. 26. 
 
 ' The difference however is probably not phonetic. Parent benurent would 
 be restored on the analogy of the singular ftist benust while in Latin the analogy 
 worked conversely, perhaps helped by the infin. fore which may be for *fuere, 
 tuderor etc. shew the regular e. 
 
 '^ This seems fairly well illustrated by the English pronunciation of r. "It 
 is strongest [i.e. most genuinely consonantal] between two vowels, as in merit" 
 (A. M. Bell, quoted by Koby, Vol. I. App. i.), and it does not seem much harder to 
 pronounce the i in birret than the g in merit : but where the r has its weak 
 sound as before a consonant or finally it always 'broadens' (more correctly I 
 think 'lowers') the vowel, a.PSi*ifi?'ii^^UPWffS> y/heie the vowel is not to be 
 
o8 VEENER's law in ITALY. § 42. 
 
 An interesting example of tliis is the difference between the 
 
 Lat Flora J^atin Flora and the Oscan Fluusa\ The original 
 
 Osc. Fluusa. of both was *Fl6voza or Fldvuza in Italic (perhaps 
 
 shewing the same participial sufiSx as some trace in 
 
 the neuter iu Lat. papaver cadaver, and therefore representing^ 
 
 the I.-Eu. stem *bhl- -uos-), which in Latin became immediately 
 either *Fl6vora or *Fl6vura, and ultimately in either case 
 *Flovora and, contracted, Flora, while in Oscan either *Fl6voza 
 sank to *Fl6vuza, or the latter was the form before the lan- 
 guages separated, and * Fldvuza became *Flouza, and ultimately 
 *Fluza written Fluusa. This seems to cast some doubt on the 
 derivation suggested for the Picentine river Flusor (p. 46), 
 since if the contraction had not taken place in Italic it would 
 probably have become *Fl6vura, and hence *F%uror as the 
 Latin Flora. We may suppose, however, that the contraction 
 had taken place in Umbrian before the period of rhotacism, 
 and this is also indicated by the Umbr. rusem- e', as contrasted 
 with the Latin ruris (Zend ravanh-) ihuris (^d'o??). This diver- 
 gence between the influence, or rather the date of the contrac- 
 tive influence, of accent in Latin and the other Italic dialects is 
 further indicated by the Latin ^ 6per-is, humerus, ti'dmerus by 
 the side of the Umbrian onse and the Oscan udpsannaTn 
 l>i lovfMcTifi, and need not surprise us more than the general 
 „, , , divergence of Latin accent from the Italic, which 
 Umbrian rho- was preserved in the other dialects. At a time 
 when accent was shifting, as it must have done in 
 
 distinguished from that of her herd, visitor word. Note that the pronunciation 
 of stirring, etc. is due to the influence of stir, etc. 
 
 ^ Note that of course s in the Oscan alphabet may represent either the 
 voiced or the breathed sound. 
 
 ^ It is scarcely necessary to observe that it does not represent the I.-Eu. 
 feminine form, but an Italic feminine formed from the masculine stem, i.e. the 
 noun which became in Latin ^os. 
 
 * The accent which by the contraction in Umbrian fell on the syllable imme- 
 diately before the z would not it is true (§ 26, p. 33) convert it to the breathed 
 sound but it certainly would prevent its change to ?'. 
 
 * This will be, I think, admitted as an easier explanation than Brugmann's 
 hypothesis of an Indo-European doublet *6meso- *6mso. Further examples of 
 a contraction which took place after but not before the rhotacism are the forms 
 dedro cedre. 
 
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BOKKOWING. § 43. 59 
 
 Latin before the rhotacism (v. infr. § 47), it would naturally be 
 given in pronunciation with less marked emphasis, and hence 
 would not exercise so much contracting influence, and the same 
 interval which allowed the change in Latin from the old accent 
 to the new, would allow the old accent to produce its normal 
 effect in other dialects where it was preserved ; so that there is 
 nothing to prevent our supposing, as it is natural to do, that 
 rhotacism took place, medially, at the same time in both Latin 
 and Umbrian. 
 
 43. Why then should Latin shew these special phonetic 
 
 characteristics, that is if we choose to regard them 
 
 as peculiar to it ? This brings us at once to the C'o)T«Zatiore of 
 
 -, . IT 1 , • T. specialised 
 
 second point to be discussed, the question of Bor- grammar and 
 
 rowing. A glance at any tribal map of Italy re- ^o^^^"'^ 
 minds us how small a number of people the Latins 
 were compared with the multitude of aliens with whom they 
 came perpetually into close contact. At war and at peace, 
 fighting side by side with them in the Eoman armies, or against 
 them almost annually for the first century of the republic and 
 more, admitting them by degrees to full Roman citizenship, 
 erecting public monuments in all the free towns with inscrip- 
 tions written by Romans, but in the local dialect ; — in these and 
 a hundred other ways the Latin-speaking folk were constantly 
 forced to know something of the dialects spoken by their 
 neighbours, and of these perhaps especially the Sabines and 
 Samnites. And the fact that we find a certain number of 
 words borrowed from these sources completely adopted into the 
 Latin vocabulary is the almost inevitable consequence of the 
 history of the language itself. Thanks to the same geographical 
 position, at once central and isolated, which trained the Romans 
 to the headship of the Italic peoples, the language they spoke 
 became in many respects unique among its kindred dialects, 
 such for example as its accent, the imperfect in -bam, the infini- 
 tive in -re, the curious development of the 'perfects' in -si and 
 -ui ; and while these strong individual characteristics, partly as 
 signs of the character of the people who spoke it, partly as ren- 
 dering it intrinsically a(^a§» d|in@»(6i@B@w on for it the predomi- 
 
60 verner's law in italy. § 44. 
 
 nance over its rivals, the isolation of which they are the signs 
 necessitated a considerable addition to its vocabulary when it 
 was spread over a large area. A conquering people may often 
 adopt the language of the conquered, as the Normans in Eng- 
 land ; but it seems that nearly always a language which is 
 adopted largely by aliens, though its grammatical structure 
 may remain long unaltered, admits a host of strange words into 
 its vocabulary. This was the case for example in the transition 
 from Attic to the Koiv!}, and from Latin to the several Romance 
 languages'. 
 
 44. In general of course it is regarded as a fair assumption 
 that a word whose form we find it difficult to ex- 
 borrowing in pla-in hy the laws of the language it is used in, so 
 particular f^j. ^s we know them, has very possibly been bor- 
 rowed from some other after these laws had ceased 
 working. But there is obviously a danger lest this method of 
 avoiding difficulties may only prolong the ignorance of the real 
 phonetic laws which has led us to adopt it, and it is perhaps a 
 pardonable digression to enumerate a few characteristics which 
 may justify the assumption of a borrowed word with more cer- 
 tainty than the mere convenience of the moment. The evidence 
 jp , . I ■ of borrowing is External and Internal. External 
 dence of bor- evidence can hardly be classified, as it includes so 
 lowing. rnany different species: the direct statements of 
 
 grammarians [Minerva a Sabinis, Varro) : our knowledge of 
 the political (e.g. classis^) or natural (e.g. elephas) history of 
 the districts from and into which it was introduced : or some 
 collocation, such as Caesius Sabinus, are among them. But 
 these are of course always accidental and frequently wanting ; 
 the Internal cannot escape notice if they are present. 
 
 ^ It has been pointed out to me that personal names (cognomina, in English 
 the 'Christian' name) are very frequently borrowed, e.g. Philo, Philippus, 
 Blaesus. In the list of words borrowed from Sabine (p. 48) we have many 
 gentile names, which were probably introduced at a time when nomina were 
 not yet distinguished sharply from cognomina. 
 
 2 In point of fact I do not believe classis to be borrowed, but a regular -ti- 
 noun formed from clad- (clades) ' to out.' It has survived from a very early 
 period of the language and its concrete sense prevented its extension by -on- 
 {*classio). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EVIDENCE OF BORROWING. § 45. 61 
 
 Briefly they are 
 
 (1) Irregular phonetic form, judged by some internal evi- 
 
 well established law, e.g. rufus. rowing. 
 
 (2) Irregular flecdon, e.g. pelagus and other Gr. nouns; 
 
 also caro carnis (contrast hominis). 
 
 (3) Irregular gender, e.g. pelagus neuter, caro feminine. 
 
 (4) Parallelism with some word shewing the regular form 
 
 and a kindred hut different meaning, e.g. rifus 
 ruber. 
 
 Especially 
 
 (5) A peculiar limitation or ' secondarisation ' of meaning 
 
 which seems nearly always to attend an alien word, 
 e.g. caro in Oscan ' a part ', in Latin ' (a portion of) 
 meat ' ; rufus in Oscan ' red ', in Latin ' red-haired ' ; 
 vov^fio';^ in Syracusan Greek means a 'coin' {Tab. 
 Her.), being clearly borrowed from the Oscan 
 *numso- = Lat. numerus (v. supr. § 42), in the 
 wider signification of ' number '. 
 
 None of the examples just given affect my theory, but in 
 the course of the following pages we shall have opportunities of 
 applying these conditions with greater relevancy. 
 
 45. It is necessary to summarise once more the evidence 
 for the date of the change of s to r in Latin. Some Evidence as 
 of it appears to have been misinterpreted, and one ^l^thi Elmta- 
 of the passages from Livy I have not seen cited cis"»- 
 before. 
 
 1. Brugmann lays stress on the tradition that Appius 
 Claudius substituted the hooked G for Z in the ^^^^^^ 
 Latin alphabet as shewing that the sound of the Claudius and 
 voiced sibilant had disappeared from Latin at the 
 date of his censorship 312 B.C. 
 
 1 £/ios shews the treatment of the group vowel+n + (T + vowel in pro-ethnic 
 Greek. iJ/xos : vovfi,os as eliiiDi^iiwidiiy Microsoft® 
 
62 verner's law in italy. § 45. 
 
 2. On the fibula which Helbig and Diimmler have recently 
 Praenestine discovered at Praeneste there occurs the word Ifu- 
 
 masioi. The alphabet fixes its date at not later 
 than 500 B.C. and the other words are certainly Latin pure and 
 simple. Cf. § 84, p. 48 supr. 
 
 3. On the Buenos Inscription^ which is not later than 
 
 300 B.C., 
 
 Duenos. 
 
 a. Z certainly does not occur ; 
 /3. while we have the form pacari which as being (pro- 
 bably, V. infr. § 55, p. 76) an analogy form would date from the 
 end of the rhotacising period. 
 
 4. Cicero (Ep. ad Fam. 9. 21) tells us that the consul of 
 „. 336 B.C. was the first of his family called Papirius 
 
 instead of Papisius (v. the following section). It 
 is sometimes said that 'proper names would yield to the 
 Change. in change later than other words' which would seem 
 proper names, ^q imply that the change was conscious, which a 
 real phonetic change appears never to be, though in days of the 
 printing-press the spelling, as it remains the same, may produce 
 a sort of retrospective consciousness. The remark seems equally 
 superfluous if it merely means that proper names would be less 
 frequently used than other words, seeing that the first time 
 they were used they would be pronounced in the new fashion. 
 It is of course quite true if applied only to the spelling of proper 
 names, and perhaps this is all that Cicero or his authority could 
 really vouch for. 
 
 5. So far as I can discover by the help of Halm's index 
 
 there are no passages in Quintilian bearing on this 
 Quintilian. ■ , « 
 
 6. The following passages from Livy give us a good deal 
 
 of help : 
 Livy. 
 
 a. 2. 80, Valerius Volesi filius, who was dic- 
 tator in 492 B.C. 
 
 /3. But the consuls for the same year are given in 2. 28 
 as Aldus Verginius et T. Vetusius, although 
 
 1 Cf. supr. § 12, p. IG. 
 
DATE OF RHOTACISM. § 45, 63 
 
 7. in 2. 41 (486 B.C.) the mother of Coriolanus is 
 throughout called Veturia. 
 
 B. 3. 4 Gonsules inde A. Postumius Alhus et Sp. Furius 
 F'uscus. Furios Fusios scripsere quidam. Id admoneo ne quis 
 immutationem virorum ipsorum esse quae nominum est putet. 
 This gives us the key to the enigma. It shews that Livy con- 
 sidered the form with r the correct one, and the spelling with s 
 as a (perhaps) unexplained solecism. Hence the names of per- 
 sons well known in history like Valerius and Veturia would 
 appear in the form by which they were usually spoken of in 
 Livy's own day, whereas Volesus, which had passed out of use^ 
 after giving rise to Volero, and the label of the lay figure 
 Vetusius would be merely transcribed after Livy's incurious 
 fashion". Sp. Furius Fuscus was consul in 462 B.C. The plural 
 Fusios shews that Livy found the form with the s in some of 
 his authorities and r in others at this place, and chose the r 
 form himself as being the prevailing one, the examples of it of 
 course occurring at later dates. We conclude therefore that the 
 change 
 
 (1) had certainly not taken place in 492 B.C. {Vetusius, 
 Volesus) ; 
 
 (2) probably had not taken place in 462 B.C. if we sup- 
 pose Fusios to represent the genuine spelling at that date. It 
 is possible that the variation here may really go back to a 
 variation in the usage of the Furian family itself in 462 B.C. 
 between the traditional and the phonetic spelling. It seems 
 rather an early date however for disputes as to orthography, 
 and the Papirii must, comparatively, have been ultra-con- 
 servative to have only adopted the new spelling 130 years after 
 the change in sound. They may not however have had occa- 
 sion to spell their names so often in the Consular Fasti. On 
 the whole it is best to regard these two dates 462 B.C. and 
 336 B.C. as the extreme limits in either direction. The change 
 itself must have been complete within a very much shorter 
 
 1 Until re-introduced from Sabine, v. supr. § 34, p. 48. 
 
 2 Illustrated in this case by the fact tbat he does not mention the variation 
 
 of spelling until he has committed himself in a preceding book to both alterua- 
 ,. . . ., Digitized by Microsom 
 
 tives m a similar case. 
 
64 VERNER'S LA.W IN ITALY. § 46. 
 
 period than 130 years in so small a community as the Latins. 
 Conclusion '^^^ °^'^ *^**® 450—350 B.C. may therefore be 
 retained with confidence until further evidence 
 enables us to determine its limits more narrowly. 
 
 46. The last point to be discussed is by far the most im- 
 portant, the bearing of the evidence of rhotacism 
 Date of the ^ ' , . . _ . j. tt -j. 
 
 change of the on the date of the change m the Latm accent, id.as it 
 
 Latin accent. ^^^^ already pointed out that the stock passage in 
 Proper names. Quintilian (1. 5. 22) might be quoted to shew that 
 the old accent lasted longest in proper names'? In a very brief 
 notice of the subject he selects as typical solecisms the accentu- 
 ation of the two names Gandllus and Cethegus on the first 
 syllable. 'Adhuc difiSciUor observatio est per tenores vel ad- 
 centus, quas Graeci m-pocraihia'i vocant cum acuta et gravis alia 
 pro alia ponuntur ut in hoc ' Camillus ' si acuitur prima, aut 
 gravis pro flexa, ut Cethegus, et hie prima acuta (nam sic 
 media mutatur).' It may of course merely represent a natural 
 mistake of non-Latin Italians pronouncing their adopted tongue 
 in the same fashion as their own ; but if so it is a very curious 
 coincidence that both the examples should be proper names, 
 which are not often quoted elsewhere as illustrations. If the 
 view of accent-change as largely analogical be correct, it is easy 
 to see that the old pronunciation would last longest in personal 
 names which are a kind of personal property, it being almost as 
 great a wrong to mispronounce a man's name as to steal his 
 
 1 A general shifting of accent, as distinguished from the change in the 
 few individual words in which it may have begun, does not seem, strictly 
 speaking, to be a purely ^AoweZtc change, but to involve a certain propor- 
 tion of arbitrary analogical influence. There is no a priori evidence 
 that any one method of accentuation is intrinsically easier than another, 
 and hence wlien the accent in a partictdar langiuige was changing there 
 must have been a certain amount of volition exercised on the part of those 
 who first set the fashion. The contrast of classical Latin where accent has 
 become bound by quantity with Oscan and Umbrian and late Latin where 
 quantity has been more or less suppressed in favour of accent seems to 
 point to the wish to pronounce syllables with the length that was felt pro- 
 perly to belong to them, as the motive power of the change. The steady 
 retrogression of accent in modern English, e.g. in such words as indispfitable 
 
 inJhputahlc, seems certainly analogical. 
 
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CHANGE OF ACCENT IN LATIN. § 47. 65 
 
 purse. The II of the modern Fallen seems to indicate that in 
 spite of its long e Falerii was accented on the first syllable. 
 The r in ValeriKS Veturius Masurius Rahlrius Papvrius 
 Etruria Pinarius may be due to an accent on the first syllable 
 retained for this reason, but they are not conclusive since, as 
 we shall see, they can all be explained quite regularly without 
 this hypothesis. 
 
 47. In order to shew as clearly as may be the unmistakable 
 conclusion which is forced upon us by the evidence 
 of rhotacism if we accept the arrangement of the cent. Direct 
 phenomena suggested in this essay, I have arranged evidence of 
 in five classes all the words (1) in which the change 
 of s to r cannot be due to the influence of i or u, and (2) in 
 which it need not, i.e. in which it might conceivably have been 
 caused by the absence of accent in the preceding syllable, and 
 (3) in which s is retained between vowels ; the inclusion of the 
 second class of words enables us to muster all that can possibly 
 be admitted as evidence on the question. 
 
 I. Words whose form is explicable only on the assumption 
 of the oldest accent. j^^^,^^ „^ 
 
 II. Words whose form is explicable on the i"'""/- 
 assumption of either the oldest or the intermediate system but 
 not of the latest. 
 
 III. Words whose form is explicable on the assumption of 
 either the oldest or the intermediate or the latest. 
 
 IV. Words whose form is explicable 7iot on the assumption 
 of the oldest but on that of either the intermediate or the latest. 
 
 V. Words whose form is explicable not on the assumption 
 of the oldest nor of the intermediate but only of the latest. 
 
 By the intermediate stage of accentuation I mean that in 
 which the accent had become bound by quantity in so far that 
 it could not go back behind a long syllable in the penult, or if 
 the penult was short, behind a long syllable in the antepenult, 
 but could go back to the fourth from the end or to the initial 
 syllable, if all that intervened between it and the last were 
 sh ort. Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
66 verner's law in italy. § 47. 
 
 It will be seen therefore that these five classes exhaust all 
 possible combinations of the three stages, it being remembered 
 that any change which is governed both by the oldest and the 
 latest systems will be equally subject to the rules of the inter- 
 mediate (e.g. foideris, a word whose accent was the same when 
 Latin passed into Romance as when Italic passed into Latin) ; 
 and also that any word governed by the intermediate but not by 
 the oldest is governed also by the latest^ and hence the (mathe- 
 matically^) possible classes '' explicable on the oldest or the latest 
 hut not on the intermediate," and " hy the intermediate hut not hy 
 the oldest or the latest" are historically impossible. 
 
 The results are as follows :- — 
 
 1. There are no words whose form is explicable only on 
 
 the assumption of the oldest accent (half-a-dozen 
 examples which might be placed here occurring also 
 as due to the influence of a following i or u, e.g. Pinarius) ex- 
 cept one example of an isolated form in a system in which the 
 remaining forms were all accented on the first syllable; this 
 would clearly be the sort of place in which the old accent would 
 linger longest, and cannot be quoted as evidence that that accent 
 was genuinely in force elsewhere. The example in question is 
 the genitive plural of the first declension, mensdrum, older 
 mensdrom', accented on the first syllable because of mdnsa 
 Tninsam mdnsdd mdnsaes (?) cet. 
 
 2. There is one word with r, one with s, and several proper 
 Cl II 2+ ^^™®^ '^^^'^ ** {gloria from (?) *cUvSzia, caesaries, 
 
 Valerius) which may be explained on either the 
 oldest or the intermediate but not on the latest system. 
 
 ■■ Except in the (purely hypothetical) case of a word of five or more syllables 
 ending in --.---. 
 
 ^ The number of alternative combinations may be represented hy the formula 
 
 which can be expanded in eight ways. The two oases 
 ^-B + C,and -A + B-G 
 I have just explained are impossible, and - A -B - C represents the class of 
 9hanges in accented syllables. 
 
 ' It is of course possible that the change of o to u in this (always) unaccented 
 syllable was before the period of rhotaoism but it is safest to dispense with so 
 doubtful an explanation, especially as vowel degradation as a whole is rather 
 late in Latin. 
 
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CHANGE OF ACCENT IN LATIN. § 47. 07 
 
 3. Counting rus (contracted for *rovos orig. *revos, cf. § 42, 
 p. 58) temporis foederis regere videram pulveris once ^^^ ^^^ ^g_ 
 each as typical examples, there are some TWENTT- 
 
 FIVE words with r and TWENTY with s which are explicable 
 equally on all three systems. 
 
 4. There are some seventeen words with r including most 
 of the best-known examples of the change in root- ^^^^^ iy 21 + 
 syllables, and FOUR with s, which are not explicable 
 
 on the oldest system but by either the intermediate or tho 
 latest. 
 
 5. There are no words which need the supposition of the 
 latest accent. In caer'&leus (older cairUleus) the m ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ 
 seems certainly original (v. infr. § 60, p. 83) and it 
 
 is this which has caused the change. 
 
 From these figures it is obvious 
 
 I. That there is no evidence that at the time when rhota- 
 cism began the oldest accent was in force. 
 
 II. That during the period the intermediate accent cer- 
 tainly came into force. 
 
 III. That there is no evidence that the latest system had 
 come into force before the end of the period, and a, certain 
 amount of evidence that it had not. 
 
 This last conclusion exactly agrees with the inference drawn 
 by Corssen from the contraction of forms like optumus Manlius 
 reccidi imperi, and the degradation of the vowel of the second 
 syllable in benivolus malivolus malig(e)nus, which clearly point 
 to the retention of the first-syllable accent on words of this 
 shape till a fairly late era. It is a natural conjecture that the 
 final change was due to the influence of the Greek accent, sup- 
 ported of course by that of the great bulk of words in Latin 
 which had a long syllable either in the penult or antepenult 
 and therefore an accent in the same position. 
 
 The argument of course implies that the exspiratory cha- 
 racter of the accent in Latin (and also in the other Italic 
 dialects) had at least begun to develop at this time. We can 
 trace a gradual deYelq^mg^i^o^l^^gg^^TQent in accentuation in 
 
68 VERNER's law in ITALY. § 48. 
 
 the history of Latin, from the mainly musical accent which 
 probably came from the final stage of Indo-European, to the 
 almost purely stress-accent which moulded the Eomance lan- 
 guages. The Latin of the cultivated classes at Rome appears 
 to have resisted this tendency with more success than any other 
 of the descendants of pro-ethnic Italic. 
 
 48. Having thus summarised the evidence in favour of the 
 two corollaries as to the change of accent already given, § 5, 
 p. 6 supr., it will be legitimate as well as extremely convenient 
 to assume them in what follows. There follow lists of words 
 arranged under two separate methods, 
 
 (1) according to the phonetic cause of the condition in 
 which the sound is found : 
 
 (2) in the five classes just described. 
 
 It might seem more natural to put the second first, but 
 there is a considerable number of words where the change 
 appears to be due to analogical influence (e.g. Tiios maris for 
 *motis (metior) ara etc.) which are best disposed of in connexion 
 with the first arrangement. After the discussion here the 
 second classification will contain only lists of words with refer- 
 ences to preceding pages. First of all however it is desirable 
 to give a complete list of all words bearing on the question, 
 i.e. all those which shew s, or r representing an original s, be- 
 tween vowels in Latin, arranged according to the authorities by 
 whom they have been collected. This section of the essay will 
 then be concluded by removing from the list such words as 
 have been previously given by authorities but for one reason 
 or another appear inadmissible. 
 
 49. Corssen' gives the following list of words in which s 
 Words with r ^as becom^r between vowels : 
 
 from s. Lar-es ara feriae harena viarius nefarius etc. 
 
 (jf}7*SiRP7L t List 
 
 eram etc. quaero gero liaurio uro sero fieri nares 
 marem aeris cruris thuris juris muris moris flons roris gliris 
 speres (Enn.) foederis etc. liber {? loehesum ?) temporis etc. 
 
 ' .-1 iixspr. 1. 228. 
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Further addi- 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE CHANGE. § 50. 69 
 
 labons etc. arborem puheris pulveris etc. vires sperare prospera 
 plurimvs melioris etc. dirimere dirhibere mensdrum etc. dare ; 
 Curio Aurelius Spurius Furius Valerius Pinarius Papirius Vetu- 
 rius Numerius ; Falerii Etruria Cures. 
 
 The followiug are added by Brugmann and others : pdricida 
 (ttt^o?) mulieris (muliebris from -esris) humerus 
 numerus^ pejerare (Osth., from pejus orig. *pejeris) ^P!'^'^ autho- 
 pacari (Duen. Inscr. all interpp.) haereo queror 
 (questus) curare cura (Pel. coisattens) virus (to?) soror (Skt. 
 svasd) nurus (vvc'i) lira (Teut. leis-, Germ, geleise) oris gloris 
 ruris puris telluris gloria (? «Xeo?, Skt. gravas) vomeris puerius) 
 Marcipor (cf pusus pusa, pupulus for pupus-lus) for *povesus, 
 the r of the perfect, pluperfect, aad future perfect indie, and 
 the imperfect and perfect subj., and of the 2nd pers. sing, pres. 
 ind. pass, legere = i-Xeyea-o. 
 
 The following I think should also be added : caerulus cae~ 
 
 ruleus (v. infr. § 60) glomerare tolerare (probably 
 
 -es- ] . . . . ^^""^ 
 
 from j-stems) acieris (perh. a comparative like **""*• 
 
 mulier) arere (Volsc. asif, Umbr. asom) maereo (maestus), 
 equiria (equiso), pauper (?) pawperies (?) : Masurius (?) Liris (?) 
 Laurentum (Lausus) Aurunci (Ausones) Auruncud (cf § 37, 
 p. 50 supr.) Tibur (?) Ardea (?) Aricia (?) Caere (?) luridus 
 (? 'mala lustra'). 
 
 50, Eoby (l. p. 59) gives the following list of words con- 
 taining s between vowels : 
 
 , n ~ , J ■ • -J n Words with s 
 
 All perfects and supines in -si and -sum irom between two 
 
 stems ending in dentals, asinus bdsium caesaries towels. 
 
 ° _ . . J. T^ . Roby's list. 
 
 caesius casa caseus causa cisium jusus Laser miser 
 
 nasus pusillus quasillus quaeso rosa vasa ; Caesar Kaeso Lausus 
 
 Piso Sisenna Sosia ; Pisa Pisaurum. 
 
 Stolz (Lat. Gr. § 60) gives labosus (Lucil. Non. 8. 46) and 
 alludes to the ' large number of gentile names in 
 -sius.' Volusius Aedesius Agrasius Calvisius are 
 examples. 
 
 To these we must add the following : — rosidus agdso equiso 
 
70 teener's law in italy. § 51. 
 
 Further ex- positus (posivi posui) pusula pusio siser immusulus 
 ampies. (^ sort of gagle, Fest. Mull. p. 112, 113. Cf. Mac- 
 
 beth, 'a mousing-owr) pesestas (Fest. Mull. 210 ' pestilentia ') : 
 Aenesi (Fest. Mlill. 20 ' comites Aeneae ') : Masurius (Pers. 5.90): 
 Tusanis (C. I. L. I. 971) : Aesola (a town in the district of the 
 Latini). 
 
 51. We may dismiss at once names of places situate in 
 
 districts where Latin was not spoken, as Pisa^, 
 
 eliminated^- Pisaurum^. Bisemxa too, like Porsenna, would seem 
 
 (1) as late in- to be an Etruscan name, and in view of the accen- 
 
 troductions, . ,-ii /e^/. /->^\ 
 
 tuation 01 proper names noticed above (§ 46, p. 04) 
 it appears not to affect the argument, hasium cisium pusio 
 (teste Forcellini) do not occur in Plautus though they belong to 
 just that class of words in point of signification which is com- 
 monest in Latin comedy, and we may safely predict that they 
 would have occurred there if they had been in use at the time. 
 Pusula too is a late word, occurring first in Seneca. Gaesum is 
 a Gallic word, and Blaesus apparently (?) a Greek name. 
 
 Citres is a name occurring in Sabine country and must 
 
 (2) as errone- contain an original r : it is to be distinguished from 
 ously derived, -y^ords derived from the Italic root cois- (cusianes 
 koisis coisattens). Spurius is once written ^Trovatov in Dion. 
 Hal. III. 34 : but in view of the clo.se connexion of meaning 
 with a-7Telpa> ('sporadic' 'bastard') and the Oscan.name Mara 
 Spurnius (Z. 0. 82), it seems best to treat this as either a 
 mistaken reading (which of course in the present state of the 
 text is possible enough) or a mistaken etymology, either being 
 due to the influence of ^ov(Tio<i Fusius Furius and similar cases. 
 " causa from cav-ere " should also be placed here (v. infr.), and 
 lahosus if this is supposed to immediately represent the old 
 stem of lahos. 
 
 The chief class of exceptions are those in which s or ss of 
 
 masprobably ^^*®'' 1"^*"^ ^^ descended from an Italic -t-t-. First 
 
 not containimi we have adjectives in -osus which, as Osthoff has 
 
 pointed out, is best derived from -o-vont-tos (Impe- 
 
 ' V. supr. § 19, p. 'i('> n. 
 V. Kupr. § IS), p. 2(i. 
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IRRELEVANT EXAMPLES. § 51. 71 
 
 riossus 414 A.U.C., Verrucossus 521 A.U.C. iu the P''™'^ of rho- 
 consular Fasti), where there was also a nasal to a. adjj. in 
 protect the sound from further corruption^ which °™^' 
 lasted on, as an element in the vowel, till quite late times. 
 Labosus clearly belongs here, whether it is for *labos-osus (like 
 clamosus dolosus fragosus and others given by Roby) or, as 
 seems at least plausible, formed not from the stem lahos-, but 
 from the verb lahare, on the analogy of clamare clamosus 
 onerare onerosus criminare criminosus moratus nwrosus dolere 
 dolosus and others. The meaning ' slippery ' would give a more 
 picturesque tinge to the two passages in Lucilius where it 
 occurs (Non. 8. 46), ' iter labosum,' and ' labosas Tantalu qui 
 poenas ob facta nefantia luvit,' which would describe the cup 
 slipping from his grasp. 
 
 The commonest case is of course that of participles and 
 perfects in s. After a long vowel or consonant the a participles 
 s was written single in Quintilian's^ time, but here **''• 
 in Cicero's the ss was kept in writing, though in pronunciation 
 then, as afterwards, it was probably kept only after short 
 vowels, as in missus, where it was always written from the time 
 of the first introduction of double consonants^. If Brugmann's 
 view of the pro-ethnic character of the change of tt to ss in 
 Italy were correct, all participles like fusus would be citable as 
 evidence in support of the theory advocated in this essay, 
 V. supr. § 30, p. 39 foil. 
 
 The derivation of caussa seems to me so obvious and certain 
 that I can hardly believe it has not been suggested y_ caussa qua- 
 before. On inscriptions of the republic (e.g. C. I. L. stJJus. 
 L 198, 556, and 533) the ss appears regular, and in the passage 
 in Quintilian (7. 20) already alluded to (§ 51 (2) /3. n.) it is 
 
 ' This n appears not to occur in any inscription (v. Index to C. I. L.i.'n 
 adjecta,' where Mommsen gives only vicensumus etc.), but Eibbeck reads it from 
 the MSB. in two passages of Vergil. 
 
 = V. App. A. The fere in the passage there cited seems to me to imply that 
 the remark applied only to the large class of words, mainly participles, in which 
 s or ss came from tt. 
 
 ^ Por the well-known cases of a long vowel with a single s where from the 
 form of the present we should have expected a short vowel with a double ss 
 (casus from cado, fusus horn f undo) , v. Osthoff, Perf. Exo. vi. p. 537. 
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72 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 51. 
 
 given explicitly as one of the words which were so spelt ' Cice- 
 ronis temporibus paulumque infra.' Apart however from spell- 
 ing, which is at best very unsafe evidence unless independently 
 supported, we have the forms of the compounds incusare, excu- 
 sare, where the weakening of au to u shews there was no accent 
 on that syllable, from in-causdre, ex-causdre. The s therefore 
 we should expect to have become r if it had been single. These 
 forms however betray the secret by their resemblance to excu- 
 sum incusum. Is not caussa a past passive participle of an 
 original *caudo, to smite or cut (cf. Cauda, 'the smiter,' caudex, 
 ' the bark, or the stump or plank cut off,' also Caudium, the 
 place where the valley divided or opened out into the plain) ? 
 Res caussa would = ' res decisa' 'res judicata,' and a glance at 
 the article in any dictionary will shew that the forensic signifi- 
 cation of the word is the oldest. A large number of words 
 meaning to 'judge' mean properly to 'cut,' e.g. KpLvai cernere 
 decide. The form *caudo must have died out in this derived 
 meaning and cudo have been substituted in the literal sense 
 from the compounds incudo etc., just as spicio^ miniscor have 
 banished *specio * meniscor, and cludo had supplanted claudo 
 in all writers except Cicero at the end of the republic. It had 
 probably only been preserved so long from the influence of 
 includo etc., by such independent forms as claustrum. An 
 incidental advantage of this explanation is to get rid of the 
 irregular u in the present stem of ciido. 
 
 In qudsillus an original ss has been reduced by the later 
 accent, as in cu7"Alis from currus. Gr. Kd6o<i shews the root 
 *qath. *qath-lo- became qudlo- in pro-ethnic Italic or Latin, 
 *quath-tlo- or a diminutive * quath-tillo- became quassillus in 
 Latin I The same may have happened in Maswrius, or the ss 
 which sometimes occurs in the name may be due to the wish to 
 express the accent (§ 46, p. (35 supr.) on a short syllable (§ 27, 
 p. 35 supr.). On the other hand there is no reason for the 
 loss of a second s in casa, nor for supposing an original ss in 
 quaeso, unless indeed the subjunctive meaning ' I will beg ' or 
 'let me beg' which Brugmann supposes, be considered more 
 
 ' Given by Br. Gds. § 65, Aiim. 2. 
 - V. § 30, p. 39 supr. 
 
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THE EXAMPLES ARRANGED. § 52. 73 
 
 appropriate to the parenthetic ' quaeso ' than the simple ' I beg.' 
 Where it was used as a part of the same verb as quaerit quae- 
 rimus cet. qvar^bam quaer^mus cet. the r, which was phonetically 
 regular in these, forced itself into quaero also, but where it 
 remained out of system as a mere rhetorical particle (cf. Engl. 
 prithee, please) it kept the phonetic form proper to itself The 
 passage in Quintilian (1. 6. 33), even as restored by Halm 
 (' satis est vetus quaeso : quid opus est quaesito dicere ? '), seems 
 too uncertain to be worth discussing here. The singleness of 
 the s in ndsus is shewn by the Sa.nskrit ndsa, 0. Bulg. nosu, 
 Engl, nose cet. Pesestas is probably dialectic ; in Latin the 
 regular form would have been *pestas like clamosus for *clam8- 
 sosus. 
 
 52. I have now only to give the list of words which con- 
 stitute the evidence for and against the theory in Latin, with 
 brief comments where they are needed. They are as follows : 
 
 1. Words in which s is preserved by accent (i.e. in which it 
 occurs between two vowels after an accented syllable and is not 
 followed by i or u, or, if so, is not preceded by i or m or a long 
 vowel or diphthong). 
 
 2. Words in which s has become r after an unaccented 
 syllable. 
 
 3. Words in which s has become r after an accented 
 syllable and is not followed by i or u. These have to be ex- 
 plained. 
 
 4. Words in which s has become r after an accented syl- 
 lable under the conditions described. 
 
 5. Words in which we have s between vowels after an 
 unaccented syllable. Of these there are only four : Pusilliis 
 asellus (infr. § 54) pesestas quasillus v. supr. 
 
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74 
 
 VERNERS LAW IN ITALY. 
 
 53. 
 
 B. Evidence as to the cause of the change of s to r. 
 1. List of words in which s is kept by accent. 
 
 AenJsi 
 
 Caisar 
 
 Gae'sula (? Falisc.) 
 
 KaSso 
 
 Laiisus 
 
 53. agdso 
 asmus 
 cdsa 
 cdseiis 
 
 caesaries (PI. Mil. 1. 1. 64) 
 equfso 
 
 fiisus (' spindle ') 
 imtniisulus 
 
 idser (PI. Rud. 3. 2. 16) 
 mtser 
 ndsus 
 
 pdsitus (posui) 
 pus us 
 
 quadso {quadsere Enn.) 
 rosa 
 rdsidus 
 siser 
 vdsum 
 
 MdsHrius (?) 
 Ptso 
 
 Sisenna (?) 
 SSsia 
 
 Aisola 
 
 aijaso etc. 
 
 54. The words agdso equtso (' stable-boj^ ' 'jockey') like the 
 proper names Kaiso Ptso would be mostly used 
 as appellatives, in the Vocative, and hence its 
 accent would prevail over that of the oblique cases agasdnem 
 etc. They seem to be a genuine Latin formation. 
 
 asinus. The anaptyptic vowel must have been earlier than 
 450 B.C. since *asnos would have become *arnos, v. § 11, 
 p. 14 supr. The simple word has kept the s in asdllus. 
 caesaries, Caesar (' cum caesarie natus ' Fest.) have usually 
 been compared with the Sanskrit kesara (also written 
 kegara) 'hair', and is traditionally distinguished from 
 Kaeso etc. ('a caeso matris utero') which had ss = tt. For 
 the accent of caesaries v. supr. § 47, p. Co foil. 
 fiisus ' a spindle ' apparently occurs first in Catullus (Fore). 
 Is it a past participle, or should we compare Skt. bhush 
 
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S KEPT BY ACCENT. § 54. 75 
 
 ' to adorn, set off, arrange around ' ? It is perhaps neces- 
 sary to remark here that at the time of the rhotacism 
 the vowel of the terminations {domin)-us {milit)-is cet. 
 was S, ^ not u, i. 
 
 immtisulus. Here also the -u(lus) of later Latin was cer- 
 tainly at the time of the rhotacism. I do not know 
 that any derivation has hitherto been given for this 
 word. That suggested (supr. § 50, p. 70) from mus, is 
 perhaps better than nothing. 
 
 positus may of course have been still regarded as a com- 
 pound at the date of rhotacism. It was certainly not so 
 regarded when posui was formed which however is later 
 than Plautus. In compounds it sank to ^postus and this 
 by the side of the regular (re)-posim'' appears to have 
 given rise to {re)quistvi from *requistum (cf. quaestus 
 quaestor) which finally authorised quaesvtum, the original 
 flexion having doubtless been *quaessi *quaestum like 
 gessi gestum. 
 
 p'Asus has kept pusillus and then itself dropped out of use. 
 It must however have been a borrowed word originally. 
 Fusus •.puer{us) asUmb. onse : hwmerus; Osc. Niou/io-ti? : 
 numerus ; rusem : ruris ; Fluusa : floris. 
 
 quaeso. quaesindam etc. (Enn. ap. Fest. 258) are analogy 
 forms. 
 
 rosa. Nothing but desperation could compel an etymo- 
 logist to regard this word as borrowed. 
 
 rosidas. If this form really occurs the vowel of the second 
 syllable was probably intermediate between i and e, 
 and therefore not sufficient to drag back the s to r if it 
 was not predisposed in that direction. This may be the 
 case in luridus (' mala lustra ') where the u would have 
 a more directly rhotacistic influence than the 5 of rosidvs. 
 
 siser. It seems more probable that the Greek aiaapov 
 
 is borrowed from this, than conversely, from (1) the 
 
 change of declension which is more natural from the 
 
 consonantal to the o class, (2) the change of the vowel, (3) 
 
 the irregularity of the cr between vowels in Greek. 
 
 1 The s in podvi would be kept by that oi positus. 
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7G 
 
 VERNERS LAW IN ITALY. 
 
 vdsum, the o stem is probably Latin, the consonantal Um- 
 brian. We have vasus abl. pi. ia Umbrian, correspond- 
 ing to *' vasibus ' {frdtrus = 'frdh'ibus '), while the same 
 case in Latin is vasis. 
 
 Aenesi. The final i was of course oe or oi at 450 B.C. 
 
 Caesula, v. supr. § 38, p. 52. 
 
 Lausus possibly gave his name to the Latin town Lau- 
 rdntitm. 
 
 Sisenna, v. supr. § 51, p. 70. 
 
 2. Words in which s became r after an unaccented syllable. 
 
 55. dcieris 1 
 
 aes *d(i)eris 
 
 drhSrem 
 
 drere 
 
 Aurdra *a'AsSris 
 
 Cdrerem 
 
 cinerem 
 
 coirdre 
 
 cdngerit 
 
 cdnqueritw 
 
 cdnserit 
 
 cms *cre(u)or{s 
 
 cAcumeris 
 
 dM^runt 
 
 eram 
 
 flos *fld(u)oris 
 
 foederis 
 
 fore forent 
 
 gerihat geremus 
 
 glomerdre 
 
 gloria (*gle(u)oria) 
 
 har^na 
 
 haerere 
 
 honoris {*lwndris) 
 
 ln'iiaSnis 
 
 -ioris (*-i(i)Sris) of the com- 
 parative 
 
 Idgere etc. = iXeyecro 
 
 lacerdre 
 
 liberum ? 
 
 maerere 
 
 Mdrciporum 
 
 mulierem 
 
 nilmerus 
 
 pacdri (Duenos Inscr.) and 
 inff. in -are -ere -Ire from 
 -d(i)ere etc., TImb. staient 
 staheren 
 
 pejerdre 
 
 prdsperum 
 
 pfiberein 
 
 piierum 
 
 p-Mv&rem 
 
 querebar 
 
 regere etc. 
 
 rigerem etc. 
 
 rus *rd{u)oris 
 
 serebam 
 
 sirempse 
 
 sordrem 
 
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r FROM S IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. § 56. 77 
 
 sperdre vidSro etc. tolerdre 
 
 timpSris vtdtrim, etc. 
 
 thus *th'&(u)eris vdmSrem 
 
 Aur^lius Aricia 
 
 N'&m Srius A u runca 
 
 Mdsih-ius ? Fdlerii ? 
 
 M4rcurius ? Laurdntum ? 
 
 * Rdbierius ? Tiburis ? 
 
 Vit'tLrius 
 Vdlero 
 
 56. acieris may be a comparative form like mulier. 
 
 Aurora like Flora formed from a noun in -Ss -ons. 
 
 eram forent, etc., v. supr. § 26, p. 33. 
 
 glomerdre tolerdre lacerdre are all probably formed from 
 
 -es- stems. 
 gloria : if this is connected with /cXeo? it must owe its g to 
 
 such collocations as hanc gloriam, magnam gloriam (cf. 
 
 viginti = e'lKari etc.). 
 honoris etc. It is now, I believe, generally held that the 
 
 long vowel of these stems is due to the wish 
 
 -QS -57*15. 
 
 to distinguish them from the neuter nouns 
 in -Sris etc. This explanation is rendered a good deal 
 easier by supposing that the change took place after 
 that of s to r by the aid of the analogy of the masculine 
 nouns of agency in -tor -toris. The gender of arbos 
 (perhaps due to its connexion with the names of trees 
 which were all feminine) protected it from this altera- 
 tion. 
 
 humerus niimerus, v. supr. § 42, p. 58. 
 
 The comparative suffix has been altered in the same way as 
 the nouns in -os -oris. 
 
 liberum belongs to the list if loebesum (Fest.) is correct. 
 
 Aricia was the site of human sacrifices. Does this connect 
 it with areo (' bim asif Volsc.) ? 
 
 Falerii, Mod. Falleri, seems to point to a first-syllable accent, 
 V. supr. § 46, V-D-lked by Microsoft® 
 
78 verner's law in italy. § 56. 
 
 Aurunca. Servius (Aen. 7. 727, Georg. 2. 167) tells us that 
 the Greeks called the Aurunci also Ausones and it is 
 impossible that two such Barnes so exactly alike in all 
 but the variation of s and r (Dion. Hal. calls them 
 AvpajryKOL as well as AvpovyKoi 1. 26, 6. 32) and de- 
 noting so very nearly the same people should be of 
 distinct origin. The reason for the Latinised form of 
 the name easily appears from their history. They 
 belonged (Arist. 7. 9. 10, Polyb. 34. 11, Strab. 5. 4. 3') 
 to the Oscan stock and originally inhabited the part 
 of Italy between Tyrrhenia and Oenotria, which they 
 called Ausonia, a name which at a later date found its 
 way into Latin poetry, probably from a Greek source 
 (Ap. Rhod. 4. 553, Verg. Aen. 10. 54). The city which 
 the Ausones founded in (probably hostile) Volscian 
 territory they called Ausonca (contracted from *Ausonica 
 just as Marrouca is from *Mdrrovica). With this the 
 Romans were at war as early as 505 B.C., again in 495, 
 and 345 B.C. (Livy 2. 16. 17; 5. 26. 27; 7. 28) so that 
 they were familiar with the name before and during the 
 rhotacising period. We only know of it through Latin 
 sources, and therefore in the Latin form, as we should 
 expect, seeing that the city was destroyed by the Sidicini 
 in 336 B.C. The generic name Ausones which was later 
 (Plin. 3. 9. 4, Livy 8. 15. 16; 9. 25) applied to the 
 inhabitants of Gales, Minturnae and Vescia, represents 
 the local name which still survived and has lasted down 
 to modern times in the little river Ausente near the site 
 of Minturnae. 
 
 If the coin Auruncud really dates from before the de- 
 struction of the town in 336 B.C. we might suppose that it 
 proved that the Ausones in Aurunca shared the Latin accent 
 and rhotacism, but even then it would be much more probably 
 explained as due to Latin influence. I have been unable to 
 find any facsimile of this coin to ascertain the genuineness of 
 the jR. 
 
 ' The references in tliie note come from De Vit's 0>wm<isticon. 
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THE EXCEPTIONS. § 58. 79 
 
 3. r from s in accented syllables. 
 
 57. The following words shew r after an accented syllable 
 without any following i or u : 
 
 ara (os) oris etc. 
 
 aurum (gios) gloris 
 
 cura {mos) moris (for *motis) 
 
 lira (ros) roris 
 
 plurimus (pus) puris (for *putis) 
 virus heri (%^69) 
 
 eram ero cet. (mas) marem 
 fore, forent cet. Lares 
 
 dare 
 
 58. ara, v. p. 22, § 18 supr. where it is explained as due to 
 the influence of arire etc., on the strength of a passage 
 from Varro. 
 
 aurum would be a much less common word among the Latin 
 peasantry than Aurdra, and the picturesque connexion 
 between the two is one which was sure to be kept up. 
 Varro again (7. 83) gives us direct evidence of the 
 popular feeliug. 
 
 cura, old Lat. coira, would be naturally governed by the 
 form of curdre etc. which was in most constant use 
 (cf. Eng. ' do '), while cu7-a would be as comparatively 
 infrequent as the Eng. deed. 
 
 lira, I.-Eu. *loisa. To explain the i instead of the regular 
 u I believe recourse is generally had to the influence 
 of the compounded forms dellrus (in the oldest stage) 
 d^llrdre, delirdre. The same cause would explain 
 the r. 
 
 plurimus (ploirome old Lat.) is of course formed from pluris 
 or its preceding forms, ultimately a trisyllabic pliSris = 
 Gr. TrXeow (from 7rXe(t)o(<r)o9). 
 
 vlrvs neut. as compared with its cognate Gr. to? offers a 
 
 peculiarity both of meaning and gender, to? ttovtov as 
 
 a poetical phrase for ' salt ' would strike us as an absur- 
 ^ '■ Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
80 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 58. 
 
 dity, but Lucretius speaks of ' taetri primo7-dia viri' 
 in this sense, where, as in similar phrases, the meaning 
 is obviously helped out if not provided by the proximity 
 of vires, so that the root-meaning of the word was taken 
 to be 'strength, essential potency,' and the analogy of 
 vis vires would have converted *visus into virus. This 
 suggests also a possible explanation of the gender. By 
 the side of this apparent derivative denoting a concrete 
 thing, 'essence, poisonous essence,' stood a real derivative 
 denoting a person, namely vir 'a man,' whose oblique 
 cases only differ from those of virus in the quantity 
 of the I. Accordingly virus was treated as a neuter 
 noun to mark its impersonalitj'-, perhaps on the analogy 
 of vulgus, if that was already in existence. 
 
 These five words (ara aurum cura lira virus) are the only 
 serious exceptions as the rest (v. infr.) are either due to sentence 
 accent (eram) or parts of a grammatical system (dare). Never- 
 theless their number is disquieting, however possible each of 
 the explanations just suggested may be singly. In aurum cura 
 lira the first syllable originally consisted of a diphthong whose 
 second member is i or u, and it would be possible to suppose 
 that in old Latin the two elements had not completely coalesced, 
 so that the words would be virtually trisyllables with the ac- 
 cent on the first, d-u-rum c6-i-ra l6-i-ra, and we might erect 
 this into a special class of changes {'all dissyllables heginning 
 with an i or u diphthong ') at the expense only of adopting 
 Brugmann's explanation of quaeso and regarding Lausus ' as 
 Sabine (v. the list supr. § 53, p. 74). Lira however would still 
 owe its I to delirus and ara and virus would be left. Or again 
 should we suppose them to contain the suffix -ro- affixed to 
 the s of the root in Latin, not in Italic ? On the whole the 
 probability seems to me decidedly to rest with the separate 
 explanations of these words and the single explanation of the 
 other evidence already suggested and given in § 5 as one of 
 the conclusions of this essay. 
 
 ' This would not affect the TJmbrian ; cf. § 42, p. 58 (Fht.mr Flora run em 
 rurh). 
 
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r FROM S IN ACCENTED SYLLABLES. § 59. 81 
 
 oris moris followed the analogy of jflos floris (v. § 42, p. 58 
 supr.) lahos laboris etc. and these with the words 
 which became monosyllables on contraction (rus thus 
 aes, phis crus (?)) together with those in which the r 
 was regular as preceding the i of the stem and follow- 
 ing an i or u or long vowel (glis glirium etc. mus muris 
 (Skt. musiha) jus juris) established the rule for mono- 
 syllables whose nominative ended in s, unless there were 
 some neighbouring word to protect them (as cos, cotis, 
 cautes). The form speres quoted from Ennius is an 
 example of this influence, further helped by sperdre. 
 heri is the locative (cf. teniperi) of an old Latin* hes. 
 
 Lares : Lases : Lar : *las exactly as 
 
 mares : mas and 
 
 arborem : arbosem : arbor : arhos, 
 
 the old nominative *las being lost the sooner because 
 the word was generally used in the plural. 
 
 dare may have been influenced by the compounds prddere 
 didere cet. as well as by the regular -re. 
 
 foreforent have been discussed § 26, p. 33 n. supr. 
 
 4. List of word's in which the change appears to be due to 
 
 i and u. 
 
 59. a. Words where s has become r after an accented 
 syllable between i and i : 
 
 virium etc. serii (*sisit) Papirius 
 
 glirium etc., girit (*gisit) Rabirius 
 
 equiria queritur {*qidsitur) (? for *R&Merius) 
 
 Liris (?) dirimit 
 
 dirhibet. 
 
 With equTria contrast equfso. 
 
 For gerit etc. v. supr. § 42, p; 57. They would be also 
 
 influenced by cringerit etc. The second i of dirimit dirhibet 
 
 stands on a level with that of rosidus luridus § 54, p. 75 supr. 
 
 The words would be ^'^ftfiS&WM&^si^^*'*'"'*^^'^^ dirhib^re cet. 
 
 c. 6 
 
82 veener's law in italy. § GO. 
 
 Faplrius. As to the accent of proper names v. § 46, p. 64 
 supr. For the exceptions Calvisius etc. (Sabine names) 
 V. I 34, p. 48 supr. 
 /S. Where s has become r after an accented syllable be- 
 tween u and u. 
 
 n'drus gen. nurios. Gr. i/uo?, Skt. smim. 
 7. Where s has become r after an accented syllable be- 
 tween u and i. 
 
 jilri etc. Curio 
 
 telMri etc. Etruria 
 
 milri etc. Furius 
 
 haibrit etc. Spurius (?) v. § 51, p. 70 supr. 
 
 {e)'&rit etc. /lawr/if urit would be also in- 
 
 luridus V. supr. § 54, p. 75. fluenced by urshat etc. 
 
 60. S. Words in which s has become r after a long 
 accented syllable before i or is. 
 
 /a-we (feridri) Cadrites (?) 
 
 ?i^m (Bkt. nasi-ka) Falerii Uv. supr. § 46, 
 
 nef drills Findrius) p. 64) 
 parictda ^ 
 
 quadrit (v. supr. § 51, cairuleus 
 
 p. 73) cadrulus 
 vidrius 
 
 and some others where the long vowel is % or u, which have 
 already appeared under (a) or (7). 
 
 caerulus is the only word which needs comment. Brug- 
 mann derives it from caelum by dissimilation of the first I, 
 which is of course possible enough, and we may in that case 
 dismiss the word. But the constant conjunction 'caerula caeli'^ 
 would be rather meaningless, and the parallelism of ruber 'red', 
 rufus 'red-haired', caerulus 'blue', caesius 'blue-eyed' (caesia 
 
 ' The first syllable of pdric'ida can hardly he called unaccented in the same 
 sense as that of sordrem. In such polysyllables we have evidence in Eomance 
 that a bye accent was kept on the first syllable. 
 
 ^ If in spite of this there is a connexion between the words it seems more 
 likely to be that Ciielmii is for * caesium. 
 
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EVIDENCE AS TO THE CHANGE OF ACCENT. § 61. 83 
 
 mV^o = 'Minerva' ('a Sabinis')) seems to connect it with the 
 clearly' borrowed word caesius. On the latest system of 
 accentuation, which was probably fairly established by 200 B.C., 
 the accent on caeruleus (which we find in Ennius side by side 
 with caerulus) would be on the third syllable from the end and 
 this would therefore have been preserved from sinking to u 
 if it had been an original o, since the change from m to o 
 before I in unaccented syllables took place quite late, as is 
 evidenced by the frequent variation in spelling, e.g. Aesola 
 Aesula, and therefore after the final change of accent. It may 
 be thought that the u of cairulus had influenced caerAleus, 
 but the influence is more likely to have been the other way. 
 It is usual to find the older form preserved in such cases. 
 In caesi-us caeru-lus may we not see an example of the 
 common parallelism of t and u stems in the same or different 
 languages ? The it stems in Latin have all disappeared in 
 various ways (e.g. suavis vacuus), but traces of them are left 
 in words in -lo- and -ro- e.g. anguis : angu-lus, inula : Castrmn 
 Inui (cf. yiapadwv), oculus : aiKv<;, ungula : ungu-is vidulus : 
 viduus, also ancora (orig. *anc'tLra; does the change oi 'iJito S 
 before r point to an original s, * ancus, * ancoris ? v. supr. § 42, 
 p. 57) : dryKvpa (for *dyKvp-t,a). For the formation c£ dyKiiXo'; 
 Ba{cr)vX6'; Ka/nrv\o<i. The u stems like tribus (tribulis) are 
 of course distinct. 
 
 There are a few words in Festus about which nothing 
 is known and which may very well be Sabine like fasena: 
 murgisonem 'a mora et decisione' (!) (perhaps to be placed 
 with equiso supr. § 64, p. 74) adasia ' ovis vetula recentis 
 partus'. 
 
 C. Evidence as to the change of accent. 
 
 61. Since all the words in this list have occurred before 
 and have been fully discussed it seems unnecessary to add 
 references, since they can be at once ascertained on reference 
 to the index accompanying the essay, which has been con- 
 
 Digi?rzlWyh%%BbM- 
 
 6—2 
 
84 
 
 VERNEES LAW IN ITALY. 
 
 61. 
 
 structed for me with great kindness by one or two friends. A 
 query denotes that the word had probably not reached the form in 
 which it appears in the hst (in other respects than the change 
 of s to r) before the beginning of the period of rhotacism, e.g. 
 pacdri ? which before 450 B.C. was probably *pacdiesi. For the 
 method of arrangement v. § 47 supr. pp. 65 — 68. 
 
 1. Words in which s which became r fdllows a syllable 
 which was unaccented only on the oldest system of accentuation. 
 
 Idhorisl etc. 
 pUorisl etc. 
 pdcdril etc. 
 tdllicrisl etc. 
 minsdrum etc. 
 
 The proper names Rahlriusi Paplriusi Etrurial Pindriusi 
 Fdlerii etc., stand on a different footing. 
 
 2. Words explicable either by the oldest or by the inter- 
 mediate but not by the latest system of accentuation. 
 
 Words with r. a. *gU(u)dria ; Vdlerius Veturius cet. 
 
 Words with s. ^. caisaries Mdsurius. 
 
 3. Words explicable either by the oldest or by the inter- 
 mediate or by the latest system. An accent in ( ) denotes one 
 probably not prevailing at the time of rhotacism. 
 
 Words with r. a 
 
 foMeris etc. 
 tdmporis etc. 
 r^gere etc. 
 regerem etc. 
 piidveris etc. 
 vtdero etc. 
 c^rerem 
 pfiberes 
 
 aes iflos crus rus thus) d{i)eris 
 drborem prdsperum ltherum{V) 
 
 dederunt etc. cdnserit cdvgerit 
 
 Ugere etc. (= iXeyea-o) prd-dere 
 Vdlero 
 Tibriris ? 
 
 pejerdre tolerdre 
 
 Words with s. 
 
 A 
 
 lacerdre 
 
 m'dl I erem dc i eris 
 
 h'Amerus wAmerus 
 
 pilerum Mdrciporum (for -fuerum). 
 
 dsinus pdsitus Caesar 
 
 cdsa piisus Kaiso 
 
 cdseus qua^so Lausus 
 
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EVIDENCE AS TO THE CHANGE OF ACCENT. § 61. 85 
 
 fisus 
 l&ser 
 ndsus 
 miser 
 
 rSsa 
 rdsidus 
 siser 
 vdsum 
 
 Piso 
 
 Sdsia 
 
 A4sola, 
 
 Words with r. 
 
 4. Words explicable not by the oldest but by either the 
 intermediate or the latest system. 
 
 a. harina Aurdius 
 
 A urdra. Auvanca 
 
 sordris Arioia 
 
 arire haerire maer^re Laur4ntum 
 coirdre sperdre haurire 
 geriham seribam querihar 
 sirempse. 
 
 /8. agdso immiisulus 
 
 equiso Aen^si. 
 
 5. Words explicable only by the latest system of accentu- 
 ation. caerMeus ? 
 
 Words with s. 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 A. S between voiuels in Classical Latin and Romance. 
 
 62. Some amount of doubt still appears to rest on the 
 State of the question of the pronunciation of s between vowels 
 question. (rosa casus) in Latin of the classical period. Corssen 
 asserted, on the ground of the Italian pronunciation, that in 
 this position the s was voiced. This view Mr Roby rejected 
 (Lat. Gr. Vol. I. Pref xlix), asking for a more precise investiga- 
 tion of the facts in the Romance languages. So far as I know 
 this task has been hitherto left unattempted, though the diffi- 
 culty it involves is merely that of comparing data which have 
 already been carefully collected. Little apology therefore is 
 needed for reopening the question in the light of our present 
 information, especially when its solution appears to lie on the 
 surface of the evidence. An examination of the whole of the 
 somewhat complex details of the history of s between vowels in 
 Romance can, I think, lead us to only one conclusion, that s 
 was never anything but a breathed sound in Latin till quite 
 late times, certainly long after Quintilian. The same conclusion 
 is supported by what we can infer from Latin itself of the 
 usual pronunciation of s medially, e.g. from its effect on pre- 
 ceding consonants {apstineo lapsum cet), as has been long ago 
 pointed out. Before however proceeding to deal categorically 
 with ' s between vowels in Italian, Spanish, etc' the evidence of 
 its history in Latin proper needs some slight comment, and 
 that is practically confined to the often-quoted passage in 
 Quintilian (L 7. 20), which appears to have been frequently 
 misunderstood. 
 
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QUINTILIAN. § 63. 87 
 
 63. 'Quid quod Ciceronis temporibus paulunque infra, /ere 
 quotiens s littera media vocalium longarum vel 
 subiecta longis esset, geminabatur ? ut " caussae," 
 "cassus," " divissiories": quomodo et ipsum et Vergilium quo- 
 que scripsisse manus eorum decent. Atqui paulum superiores 
 etiam illud, quod nos gemina dicimus "iussi," una dixerunt.' 
 
 The bearing of this remark has, I think, been missed 
 through neglect of the important modification fere 
 and the general drift of the context. The chapter on the pro- 
 in which the passage occurs deals with orthography nimciation 
 as specifically distinguished from pronunciation. 7. 
 init. ' Nunc, quoniam diximus quae sit loquendi regula, di- 
 cendum quae scribentibus custodienda, quod Graeci opdoypa- 
 (j)iav vocant, nos recte scribendi scientiam nominemus.' The 
 writer is throughout concerned with differences of spelling not, 
 as he understood them, based on any difference in pronuncia- 
 tion, e.g. the man who wrote r)ialus ('apple-tree') without the 
 apex pronounced it in just the same way as those who wrote 
 Tndlus. He deals first (§ 2 — 10) with divergences caused by 
 the desire to spell etj^mologically, as exspecto, obtineo, pro- 
 nounced expecto, optineo, generally allowing the etymological 
 spelling where it served to distinguish two words whose sound 
 was the same ; then (§ 11 — 29) he discusses variations from 
 the modern spelling due to adherence to custom, for example, 
 criticising adversely ('supervacuum') Lucilius' spelling of the 
 nom. plur. of the second declension and of the dative sing, of 
 the third with et, puerei, furei, on the ground that i can 
 denote both the long and the short sound. This shews that he 
 regarded the difference merely as one of spelling, as indeed it 
 had clearly become, since the spelling ei has no etymological 
 connexion with the original oi oe of the nom. plur. Similarly 
 he quotes the modern spelling hsre as opposed to the ancient 
 heri, while in 1. 4. 8 he says the sound is neither e nor i but 
 intermediate. And in all the rest of the examples he gives, it 
 is to be observed that he is speaking not of any change of 
 sound, but merely of the divergence between the modern and 
 an archaizing spelling, nor does he here discuss the latter from 
 an etymological point of view, though he is aware that at least 
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88 VEKNER'S law in ITALY. § 63. 
 
 some of the variations, e.g. the d of the ablative, should be so 
 explained. Now if the single s between vowels had been voiced 
 in his time it would have had an entirely different sound from 
 ss, which is always breathed even in Romance, and he would 
 certainly have alleged this as an argument in favour of the 
 spelling with a single s where the sound was voiced. He in 
 fact concludes the chapter by expressly recommending the 
 phonetic as opposed to the historical spelling. 
 
 It will be agreed then that in the words of which Quin- 
 tilian is speaking, the s, written single in his time 
 
 in a particu- . . . 
 
 lar class of and double in Cicero's, was certainly a breathed 
 sound. It only remains to ask. Which are they ? 
 'fere quotiens s littera media vocalium longarum vel suhiecta 
 longis esset geminabatur, ut caussae cassus divissiones.' These 
 three words all happen to be nouns and this accident has 
 obscured what seems to me the real meaning of the statement, 
 namely, that in Cicero's time the ss was regularly written in all 
 past participles (and their derivatives) whose first syllable ended 
 in s preceded by a long vowel, i. e. the participles of long vowel- 
 stems ending in dentals. Of course the ss was always written 
 after short vowels, in missus etc. both in early and late times, 
 and there was no variation of spelling to comment on : that 
 only occurred after long vowels, and there only in participles 
 and their derivatives, e.g. caseus was never written with ss : 
 hence the modification fere. The participles would form far the 
 largest class of words of this form. But caussae ? That is 
 a participial form too if the derivation from *caudo suggested 
 in § 51 supr. p. 72, be correct. 
 
 Why then was the ss kept in these words in spelling so late 
 as the last century of the republic when, as Osthoff ' 
 
 Onyui of , , , , 
 
 the Cicero- has shewn, the sound must soon have become single 
 man. spell- ^f^gj. ^ JQ^g yowel ? The simplest answer seems to 
 be that the ss itself was of no great antiquity in 
 this position : of course patior : passus etc. would help to keep 
 rddo : rdssus etc., but a spelling that sunk out of use between 
 Cicero and Quintilian could not have been maintained, one 
 would think, by purely artificial considerations over a space of 
 
 i Paf. E.xc. VI. 
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SS IN PLAUTUS. § 64. 89 
 
 very many years before Cicero, when education was confined to 
 a far narrower circle tban during and after the Augustan period. 
 We have then good reason for supposing that the change of tt 
 by which ss came to stand in this position could not have been 
 complete much before the introduction of double letters of 
 which Quintilian also speaks. This first appears in the decree 
 of Aem. Paulus 189 B.C. and became generally prevalent about 
 135 — 115 B.C. (Stolz, Lat. Gr. Init.). From the earliest times 
 the sound of ss where it occurred after long vowels may have 
 been less full than after short, since we find it written single 
 here on the inscription just mentioned in the pluperfect sub- 
 junctive and the perfect infinitive. This does not however 
 affect our question since the s or ss here in all probability had 
 nothing to do with tt and may have been (1) reduced to a single 
 s before the other ss was first pronounced, and (2) only written 
 ss afterwards on the pattern of esse essem. We conclude there- 
 fore that the Ciceronian spelling of the participles „ , . 
 with ss is a trace of the comparatively late change of 
 tt to ss in this position, though one that might hardly have sur- 
 vived but for the influence of the forms with ss after short vowels 
 like missus where the sound survived as well as the writing. 
 
 64. Before leaving the Latin evidence, perhaps some com- 
 ment is needed on the ss in the Plautine words 
 malacissare batissare cet., where it is commonly 
 
 taken as representing the (Campanian or Sicilian sound of the) 
 Greek ^. In view of the Romance evidence as to the invariably 
 breathed character of the ss, no one now supposes that it de- 
 noted a voiced sound in any but these words, and (1) even here 
 it seems still uncertain whether it does represent ^ and not 
 cro", while (2) before the introduction of z in Cicero's time it is 
 difficult to see how otherwise the sound could have been trans- 
 literated. The descendant of the original Gr. l^=a-h must have 
 had a much thicker and heavier sound than the single Roman 
 s, and there was no character in the Latin alphabet to repre- 
 sent the voiced sound. 
 
 65. The facts of the representation of Latin s or ss between 
 vowels in the Romance languages appear to be as Latin s in 
 follows: Digitized by Microsom ^'"""""- 
 
90 vejrnek's law in italy. § Co. 
 
 Spanish. (Diez, Gr. der Rom. 8pr.* i. p. 363.) Latin 
 
 s = s, z, p. s in Spanish is always breathed and 
 
 represents not only Latin s, (rosa deciso) but x ns rs 
 
 ansio anxius, mesa mensa, oso ursus. 
 
 z has a difficult sound which Diez compares to the Eng. ths 
 
 as in deaths, but appears to be always breathed. It has many 
 
 different origins {ti di ce ci st so j), and apparently represents 
 
 Latin s between vowels in only a few words (rosar) though it 
 
 frequently appears initially (zugar), especially before i and e 
 
 {ziiifonia). 
 
 f is of course breathed and represents s only before i and e, 
 
 decir desidere, acechar assectari. 
 
 Examples of Latin s kept in Spanish as a breathed sound 
 
 are 
 
 puse positus deciso decisus 
 
 raso-jo rasus incluso inclusus 
 
 ceso-je caesus cosa ] 
 
 r\ a ■ ■ r causa 
 
 U. bp. riso risus causa) 
 
 In Portuguese (Diez, 1. 384) Latin s between vowels of 
 Portuguese, whatever origin always becomes voiced, except in 
 
 Provencal, words borrowed from Spanish, which kept the 
 French. . 
 
 breathed sound, e.g. queiso = Sp. queso, Lat. caseus. 
 
 In French also every s between vowels is voiced (Diez, 1. 433) 
 
 except where it is the initial of the second half of a compound, 
 
 desuetude vraisemhlance. In Provencal (Diez, 1. 404) it is 
 
 voiced and frequently exchanged with z. In some MSS we have 
 
 occasionally ss not merely to represent Latin ss (fossa) but also 
 
 s in a few words. This may shew a local persistence of the 
 
 breathed sound, but is probably only a freak of orthography. 
 
 In Wallachian however (Diez, 1. 430) s is always breathed 
 Wallachian. ^^^ ^^ frequently replaced by s' (Eng. sh), especially 
 before i. z rarely appears, except sometimes ini- 
 tially. 
 
 Putting aside the Italian changes, which are too in- 
 volved to be much use as evidence on one side or 
 the other, we find that in two out of five languages 
 wo have a sibilant between vowels remaining or becoming a 
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 Summary. 
 
S BETWEEN VOWELS IN ITALIAN. | 66. 91 
 
 breathed sound, and in the other three becoming or remaining 
 voiced. The change from a breathed to a voiced fricative in 
 vocal surroundings is natural, easy, and of frequent occurrence 
 in almost anj;- language, whereas that from a voiced to a 
 breathed in this position is unnatural and unparalleled. There 
 can therefore be no possible doubt as to which of the two was 
 the parent of the other. The evidence of Spanish and Wal- 
 lachian alone abundantly proves that Latin s between voiuels 
 was always breathed, and as we have already seen, all the evi- 
 dence we can get from Latin itself leads us to exactly the same 
 conclusion. Typical examples are — 
 
 Lat. causa = Span, causa, Wal. cause, 
 
 Lat. (late) *rdsa = Span, rosa, Wal. rus'e, 
 
 Lat. casa = Span, casa, Wal. case, 
 
 Lat. caseus = Span, queso, Port, queiso. It. cascio, 
 
 in all of which Latin s is represented by a breathed sound. 
 These prove the genuine phonetic character of the representa- 
 tion, since they cannot have been affected by the participles in 
 -Iso- -rso- -xo- -pso- etc. which, it might have been suggested, 
 had kept the breathed sound in the participles in -so after 
 vowels. 
 
 It now only remains for us to discuss the changes of the 
 sound in Italian. 
 
 66. The rules for the pronunciation of s between vowels 
 in Italian are as follows (Diez, 1. 347 — 8. Dr H. 
 Vockeradt, Lehrbuch der It. Spr. Berlin, 1878, 
 pp. 8, 9) : 
 
 s between vowels in Italian is always voiced except 
 
 1. in adjectives ending in -oso^, glorioso hellicoso and 
 
 their derivatives in -osia -osita ; 
 
 2. in the verbal endings -si -se -sero -so when preceded 
 
 by e, and substantives in -esa derived from these ; 
 
 3. in words beginning with mis- dis- es- tr'as- when the 
 
 1 Fernow held that the s is voiced where the termination is preceded by 
 a consonant, as in ontoso. This apparently arbitrary restriction is unknown to 
 Dr Vockeradt, and only (juoted by Diez in passing. 
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92 teener's law in italy. § 66. 
 
 second half of the compound begins with a vowel, 
 and compounds of words beginning with s with 
 prefixes ending in vowels ; and 
 4. in cosa roso riso. 
 
 The third class we may dismiss from further consideration, 
 the pronunciation of the s being simply determined by its 
 sound as an initial or final when the words are uncompounded. 
 
 The other rules point clearly to the influence of analogy 
 Origin of the o'^ Other arbitrary change. It may safely be asserted 
 distinction, ^jj^t no phonetic cause could have separated riso 
 and roso ,from the mass of other past participles with a voiced 
 s between vowels in which it has exactly the same origin, 
 
 Latin s-« ss- tt. The verbal forms in -eso etc., it is true, 
 
 have a breathed s, but they have no claim to be regarded 
 as anything but an accidental class, acceso from accensus, difeso 
 from defensus, peso from pensus, teso from tensus, but also leso 
 from laesus, crese (Dante, Pg. 32. 32) from *cresus. It seems 
 clear that the reason for the breathed s is to be found in 
 the nasal which originally preceded it in the majority of the 
 forms, as in the adjectives in -oso orig. -onso-, though here 
 the n was only rarely written in Latin, there being no parallel 
 forms to preserve it in the spelling as there was e.g. in 
 accendere : accensus. Nevertheless it does occur in MSS, e.g. 
 Verg. Eel. 1. 5, Publ. Syr. 169, which shews that the nasal 
 colour of the vowel was kept into quite late times. The 
 change of a breathed to a voiced s between vowels must 
 have taken place before this was lost. Afterwards leso C7'ese 
 reso and any others there may be of this form (which altogether 
 would be a far smaller number than those which originally 
 ended in -ensus) came over to the breathed pronunciation'. 
 
 1 The n of the French rendre, Ital. rendere, Port, render, seeias clearly due 
 to the parallelism of the (late) Latin past participle ''resus, itself only a popular 
 coinage. After the breathed sound had been restored by the influence of the 
 other participles in -eso the proportion resus ; tesus gave rendere : tendere in 
 place of reddere, whether this took place separately in Italian, French and 
 Portuguese, or as seems probable on common ground. In the languages in 
 which all the participles kept the breathed s the connexion would not be so close 
 between the forms in -eso and the nasal presents. Hence, as we should expect, 
 the old Spanish form (Catalonian) is )■<•(/■<•, and Proven(,;al, in which the s 
 
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ORIGIN OF ITALIAN BEEATHED S. § G6. 93 
 
 Probably however in course of time the forms in -eso would 
 have yielded to the influence of the others in -aso -oso -uso all 
 with voiced s as rimdso (remansus) spaso {expansus) apparently 
 have done, but for such forms as misso fesso arso corso flusso 
 ripulso avolso, in all of which -so was breathed. These with 
 the forms in -eso seem to have created the feeling that in 
 participles the s might be either breathed or voiced without 
 any clear reason for the distinction. Hence the breathed 
 sound was restored where it was useful to avoid confusion with 
 words of different origin; rOso 'bitten', was by this means 
 distinguished from ^rosa 'a rose', and riso 'a smile' from riso 
 'rice' an Arabic word. Cosa naturally felt the influence of 
 the numerous adjectival forms in -oso -osa to which it would 
 seem more akin than to participles, of which there are very few 
 if any in -oso. 
 
 This account of the breathed s in such cases as due to 
 an analogical and comparatively modern readjustment of pro- 
 nunciation receives a curiously exact confirmation from a 
 passage in an old Piedmontese grammar (Pipino^ pub. 1783). 
 He states (p. 12) that the sound of s between vowels in 
 Piedmontese is " soft like s in the Italian words cosa roso rosa 
 naso Piedmontese Marchese." This shews that in Pipino's 
 time the later rule for the pronunciation of cosa and roso 
 in a different way from rosa naso had at all events not become 
 common in the Court circle in which he moved, but all four still 
 kept their natural sound. So that there are no real exceptions 
 to the rule that 'Latin s between vowels became voiced in Italian 
 as in French, Provencal and Portuguese^, hut re- 
 mained breathed in Spanish and Wallachian.' 
 
 appears to have longer remained breathed, redre. The later Spanish rendir 
 ia due to Portuguese influence, as seems proved by the form renta, which would 
 have become renda if derived from a Latin form with t. 
 
 ' Note that in late Latin the d of rosa appears to have been lengthened, on 
 the analogy perhaps of ros roris. 
 
 2 Camb. University Libr. Aa. 21. 34. 
 
 2 The four dialects most exposed to Celtic influence, as has been pointed 
 out, I think, by Seelmann. 
 
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94 verner's law in italy. § 67. 
 
 B. Final S in Aryan and the change ofS to R in Sanskrit. 
 
 67. The difficulties attached to the history of the sibilants 
 in the Aryan languages have attracted little discussion of late. 
 Bloomfield's attack on the traditional explanations of the 
 changes of final s {A.yn. Journal of Philology, 1882) was an- 
 swered by Osthoff in his History of the Perfect ; but since then 
 no new attempt has been made to face the problem, though it 
 still presents many difficulties. In the Grundriss (§ 556. 3) 
 Brugmann doubtfully repeats Osthoff 's explanation ('nicht 
 unwahrscheinlich '). I trust it will not be thought impertinent 
 to approach the question once more with a slightly clearer view 
 of the phonetic aspect of the changes involved, and in the hope 
 not of producing any new and elaborate scheme, but merely of 
 reconciling what is most probable in the accounts of both 
 authorities. It is clearly necessary to begin by stating briefly 
 what arguments have been advanced on either side. 
 
 68. Bloomfield begins by giving examples of Sanskrit e or 
 
 medially resulting from the loss of s after an 
 Bloomfield. . . , JT _, ^ , , , , , , 
 
 origmal I.-Jiiu. e or o, where he holds that the 
 
 Sanskrit sound is and has always been strictly non-diphthongal. 
 sedus = Lat. sedi, edhi = Gr. iadi, dehi and dhehi, Zend dazdi, 
 nedlyas, Zend nazdyo, medha, Zend mazda. He compares further 
 the loss of the sibilant in sidati, Zend hidhaiti, and in Skt. 
 mldha nlda tida udha dudhabha cet. The Vedic nom. sing. 
 avayds from the stem avaydj, he explains as formed on the 
 analogy of the instr. pi. in -obhis from original -ozhhis. The o 
 in sodaga vodhar is e labialised by the preceding v, lost in sas 
 but kept in Zend hsvas, Gr. crFe^, Arm. vez. Sodhar from sah 
 has followed vodhar from vah. On the strength of these 
 examples he concludes that the o in e.g. agvo dravati is non- 
 diphthongal and goes back directly to the final -os of I.-Eu. 
 *ekuos lengthened by compensation on the loss of the s before 
 the voiced consonant. Similarly an Aryan e resulted from final 
 -es before voiced consonants. When S and d had both sunk 
 to a and -es and -as before breathed consonants to -as the 
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bloomfield's theory. § 68. 9.5 
 
 variants e and o seemed anomalous, and in nearly all dialects 
 the conquered, as it naturally would, since it occurred in 
 an enormously preponderating majority of cases, in Zend, where 
 it banished as except before enclitics, in Sanskrit, Pali and 
 most Prakrit dialects ; but in some of the latter the e was 
 chosen, where it represents Sanskrit -as in all cases, without 
 respect to the character of the following sound. The Vedic 
 ahar udhar usar, are different stems independent of ahas etc. 
 and the one or two rare examples of ar elsewhere for -as as 
 bhimar are arbitrary imitations of this apparent analogy. He 
 concludes that e and o both existed separate from a at the latest 
 period of pro-ethnic Aryan, and finds a further example in 
 the Zend instr. and dat. pi. of -as stems, raocebish, raocebyo, 
 J.-Eu. *leukesbhis, Zend e being regularly the long form of 
 ^=Skt. tt, e.g. Gath. emavant=Skt. amavant with secondary 
 lengthening of the first syllable. Similarly we have occasionally 
 mane vace for mano vaco, which seem to shew the original 
 sound' still resisting the levelling tendency. In Sanskrit mano- 
 bhis etc., shew the victory of the analogical or ' inferential ' 
 extending from external to internal combination. Bloomfield 
 then finally deals with the scansion of o and e in Veda. He 
 proves by almost exhaustive statistics that they are certainly 
 treated as short syllables before vowels, but since he holds 
 they were non-diphthongal cannot accept the native explanation 
 of the loss of the final u and i, " 8 and e were the real sounds 
 here represented by the symbols ('^T '^) ; before other vowels 
 they gave up their qualitative difference and were represented 
 by a, (^) but before a, itself the signs for the long vowels and 
 diphthongs were resorted to, maJcing possible the retention of the 
 quality or colour of the vowels in writing,^' the short quantity 
 being traditionally retained in the metre. 
 
 The theory thus briefly sketched, whether right or wrong, 
 may be said to mark an epoch in Aryan phonology. The 
 resemblance between Sanskrit and Zend final -o and the 
 common Indo-European termination -os when once pointed 
 out by authority is altogether too striking to be left on one 
 
 1 o would of course be regular in the nom. sing, [fihos) but the e would 
 
 come from -ebis etc. at a time when e and S alternated. 
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9G verner's law in italy. § 69. 
 
 side. It must either be accepted and welcomed as an extremely- 
 important addition to our knowledge of the history of the 
 vowels', or fully and finally refuted, and any refutation, to 
 be satisfactory, must substitute a clearer account of the pheno- 
 mena than we have so far attained. It seems almost self- 
 evident from a common-sense point of view that there is 
 a priori far too strong a probability in favour of Bloomfield's 
 theory for it to be summarily put aside simply because we find 
 there may be other explanations of the phenomena that are 
 equally possible and do not involve a greater amount of difiQculty. 
 There is such a thing, surely, as weight of evidence, as well 
 as mere numerical preponderance of the arguments advanced ; 
 and while we cannot allow any theory, however plausible, to 
 override Phonetic Laws that are well-known and fully esta- 
 blished, it is clearly unscientific to overlook the possibility 
 that some of our minor deductions from these may possess 
 far less authority than the Laws themselves. We may be led 
 by adherence to ascertained principles to explain some small 
 number of forms in a particular language in one and only one 
 way, involving the rejection of a theory which deals plausibly 
 with large masses of facts, and in any case we can hardly be 
 too careful in keeping such difficulties in view ; but we ought 
 to be quite certain that it is a principle and not a prejudice at 
 stake. The particular forms are on their trial, quite as much 
 as the theory. 
 
 69. Having said thus much on the general issue we are 
 Defects of his free and bound to notice the weaknesses in Bloom- 
 theory, field's position. In the first chapter of the Perfect 
 
 Osthoff deals with most of them in detail. Brieflj^ they seem 
 to be two, neglect of chronology, and the (apparently unnecessary) 
 assertion of the non-diphthongal character of the Sanskrit e 
 and where they come from final -es -os. Through the first 
 omission he has passed by in silence the very serious difficulty 
 of the Zend forms in -az corresponding to the Sanskrit e. Was 
 the loss of the s completed before or after Zend and Sanskrit 
 
 1 And in the same direction as we are led by all recent investigations, 
 e.g. by the recognition of the c-colouring of the reduplicating vowel in the 
 perfect. 
 
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DIFFICULTIES OF BLOOMFIELD'S THEOET. § 69. 97 
 
 parted company ? If afterwards, as Osthoff points out, we are 
 left to suppose that the change of ^ and Sto a took place in Zend 
 and Sanskrit separately, which is clearly improbable ; if before, 
 where does the a come from in mazda- nazdisMha- dazdi,'vi\i\c\i 
 Bloomfield himself quotes ? These forms at least need to be 
 explained, as well as ' myazda hazdyat. The second defect is 
 equally serious. Why need it be assumed that e and o derived 
 from es os are pure monophthongs? It is at least quite con- 
 ceivable that and e should be diphthongised instead of merely 
 lengthened in compensation for a lost consonant. In modem 
 English we have hardly any pure monophthongal long vowels. 
 Bloomfield's view at all events brings us into very serious diffi- 
 culties. In the first place there is the question of the short 
 quantity of e and o in Veda. The explanation I have quoted 
 verbatim from Bloomfield seems at least very obscure, especially 
 the words in italics (§ 68, supra p. 95). How can the "possibility" 
 of expressing a particular sound " in writing " under certain 
 circumstances preserve the quality of the sound in speech in 
 those circumstances and those oidy ? And for what conceivable 
 reason did the Hindoo grammarians insist on writing o before d 
 but a before at u e and o to denote exactly the same sound ? 
 On the other hand the native theory of the loss of the second 
 component of the diphthong (t, u) has many analogies; not merely 
 in this very group of languages, the locatives Zend zastay-d 
 O. Pers. dastay-a (where of course the i is original) but in 
 the Greek final at ot,, whose short quantity in scansion and accent 
 is simply due to the loss of i. Again if Sanskrit o is merely 
 an I.-Eu. lengthened by loss of s why should not it also 
 represent I.-Eu. o after which s was lost, as for example in the 
 nom. plur. masc. (Osc. Nuvlanus) Skt. agvas? Why do we have 
 a^vd dravanti and not dgvo dravanti 1 On the usual view of 
 the as a diphthong we should answer, ' because a long vowel 
 is not so likely to be diphthongised in compensation for the 
 loss of a consonant as a short one.' Finally, and this is of 
 course the chief objection, why did o and e in Aryan remain 
 
 ' The question of the changes of as in Sanskrit in the middle of words 
 
 (madgm, of. Lat. mergus, majjati = mergit) is yet another difSoulty of which 
 Bloomfield's article makes no mention. 
 
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98 .VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 70. 
 
 nearer to ou ei than to a when they resulted from -?s -Ss before 
 a voiced consonant and not elsewhere ? And if they were not 
 nearer to the sounds which finally became o and e in Sanskrit 
 than they were to a, is it conceivable that they should have 
 been written 6 e and not d 1 
 
 70. Osthoff {Perf. 1 foil.) begins by pointing out the Zend 
 forms with az = Skt. e, and where this equation 
 holds he urges that the loss of the sibilant is a 
 change confined to individual languages, as Latin and Sanskrit, 
 though in some cases (Gr. iBpv(o} the loss is Indo-European. 
 He rejects Brugmann's suggestion of a ' dissimilationstrieb ' as a 
 reason for the opposite treatment of the s in sidati Gr. ihpiia 
 and 1^0) o^o<; Teut. asts., and questions the evidence for the 
 form hidhaiti in Zend. The preliminary chapter concludes by 
 enumerating eight points in the case. 
 
 1. Skt. e = Zend az, in all Bloomfield's examples as well as 
 in miyedha = Tnyazda ' meat-offering.' 
 
 2. The optative hazdyat which Hubsehmann has discovered 
 in Yt. 13. 3. It may, it is true, be a late formation on the 
 analogy of forms like *jaghmydt *ca-khr-ydt, but " this proves 
 nothing, since sedima may equally well be a new formation in 
 Sanskrit." It is and must be purely capricious to deny that 
 Sanskrit e = Zend az. 
 
 3. Sedima for *sddima is not due to ' a slight difference of 
 pronunciation' of the original and the hysterogen e in Indo- 
 European, because Sanskrit levels rather than preserves small 
 vowel-d ifferences '. 
 
 4. The Latin sedimiis may only go back to an Italic 
 *sesdimus. 
 
 The other four points only go to prove the existence of the 
 type of perfect-stem SED- in pro-ethnic Indo-European. 
 
 Osthoff then gives his own explanation of the facts one by 
 one (p. 15). First he states the law for Indo-European that s 
 was lost before voiced explosives when these were followed by a 
 
 1 This was written (1884) before Hubschmanu's discovery of Skt. !=I.-Eu. 9. 
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osthoff's theory. § 70. 99 
 
 second consonant, but kept when it was followed by vowels, 
 iSpvay but 1^0} Zend rodcehyd but opea-fjn, the variation being 
 due to a different division of the syllables ; Zend nazdyS Skt. 
 nedlyas should have been *nddy6 and *nadlyas, but the 
 az e were restored from the superlative form nazdishtS nedish- 
 thas ; this of course on the supposition that the word dates 
 back to Indo-European. The e from az is a change peculiar 
 to Sanskrit and due to the ' i-colouring ' of the z. Cf. Arc. 
 Tot? rats = Att. Toi)? Ta9 Dor. tok? rai/?. Again, in the Sanskrit 
 forms corresponding to Gr. /xtcr^o? Zend mizhdem, mldkvas, 
 midhusas, the dh of the nom. is for dh on the analogy of the 
 other cases, the I.-Eu. forms being mldhv-, mizdu. The Zend 
 instr. pi. radcebish should be -azbish, but has been influenced by 
 the dative form in -ebyS. That in this form we have e not d he 
 attributes to the umlaut of the following y. The dat. plur. of 
 fem. d stems is always -abyo except in one case, Yt. 10. 93 
 haSriehyS, which Osthoff claims as the true form, the others 
 being new formations. Similarly the e in sedus edhi, etc., had 
 nothing to do with the quality of the L-Eu. e. This follows 
 from the chronological difficulty noticed in Bloomfield's theory, 
 and is also supported by the fact that Skt. e in 
 
 kiyedha from Mynt-dha, 
 medha from mndh-dha Gr. fj,evdijpTj';, 
 nedishthas Zend nazdishtS from I.-Eu. nd-s(e)d-, 
 trnedhi from tr-na-z-dhi, 
 
 has for its component not I.-Eu. e but Aryan & of various other 
 origins. Dr J. Schmidt's view of an ' e-colouring ' in the I.-Eu. 
 n in the first two cases, Osthoff thinks " hardly needs refuta- 
 tion." The ' i-colouring ' of ^; however does not affect a preced- 
 ing d, nor (i when the z is followed by Skt. j, arddhvam Tnajjati. 
 [Brugmann (Gds. § 591) confines the change to the words in 
 which the z is followed by d or dh; zbh > dbh {mddbhis 
 usadbhis vidvadbhis) zg > dg (madgas) he considers the regular 
 changes.] 
 
 Passing then to the changes of final s Osthoff (p. 36) 
 develops his theory of the origin of o in Sanskrit before vowels, 
 nasals, liquids and voiced explosives. The ' pause-forms ' of as 
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100 VERNER'S law in ITALY. § 71. 
 
 as in pro-ethnic Aryan were ah ah. These were ' substituted ' 
 for az and az before voiced explosives, and for as as before 
 vowels and all other consonants except dentals and palatals, 
 where the s was kept, because of its close physiological connexion 
 with the following sound, ah became o before voiced conso- 
 nants, and this was made general in Zend except before en- 
 clitics, and in Sanskrit supplanted ah before vowels, nasals and 
 liquids, while ah was kept before breathed guttural and labial 
 explosives, ah became a in Zend and a in Skt. before voiced 
 explosives, and these were similarly apportioned. Then the 
 relation of agvam : kavim, sunum produced kavih, sunuh as the 
 pause-forms of kavis sunus. Then since pitur, etc., also became 
 pituh, etc., before a pause, kavih sunuh produced an analogical 
 kavir sunur in the same position as that in "which pitur 
 appeared, namely before voiced explosives and vowels. This 
 view of the purely analogical change of s to r is held also by 
 Bloomtield (Am. J. P. 3, p. 31 n.) but rejected by Bmgmann, 
 who allows (Gds. § 647. 6) a real phonetic change of i to r 
 before vowels, nasals and liquids, though the i in this position 
 he has to explain as an analogical substitution for s. He does 
 not however reject (§ 556) Osthoff's explanation of the 6. 
 
 71. Having thus reviewed the orthodox position as fully 
 
 rt g ; . and faithfully as we can, it is at least lawful to 
 
 mlts of the .point out where it fails of conviction, and to sift its 
 
 discussion. , • ,• t. -, • , ttt , 
 
 certainties irom its conjectures. We may grant 
 
 Osthoff's law for the loss of s in Indo-European, though the 
 
 direct evidence in its favour is almost confined to the word 
 
 ihpvw ; we are clearly bound to admit that e in some words 
 
 came from az in Sanskrit after it had split off from Zend, 
 
 whether or not we hold with Dr J. Schmidt that the a retained 
 
 an ' e-colouring.' And if we allow the diphthongal character of 
 
 Sansk. e, as we have seen (supra § 69, p. 97) we must, it becomes 
 
 immaterial what the exact character of its first component may 
 
 have been. jSTevertheless, admitting all this as fully as we may, 
 
 we are very far from necessarily rejecting Bloomfield's theory in 
 
 its entirety. It is quite possible for a change which took place 
 
 partially in Indo-European and partially in Sanskrit, to have 
 
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MODIFICATION OF BLOOMFIELD'S THEORY. § 71. 101 
 
 taken place also in the intermediate stage of pro-ethnic Aryan : 
 the forms in nazd- may very well have been formed in Aryan, 
 perhaps on the pattern o£pi-zd-, at a later time than the loss of 
 z before voiced consonants, which Bloomfield supposes took place 
 before ? and S had sunk to a; the word in fact does not seem to 
 occur except in Sanskrit and Zend, and Osthoff himself finds a 
 difficulty in supposing it Indo-European, hazdyat again by 
 Osthoff's own law must be a new formation, and it may just as 
 well have been formed in Zend or later Aryan as at any earlier 
 time. These are the only two forms in Zend which stand in 
 our way since in imazda- etc. the z is not original and did not 
 belong to the earliest period of Aryan. In Sanskrit however 
 we seem to have clear proof {madgus majjati) that z was kept 
 medially before gutturals and palatals after the change of ^ and 
 d to &, but it is not so certain whether it remained so long 
 before bh, since mddbhis usadhhis vidvadbhis may conceivably 
 be new formations from the loc. pi. in -tsu. I do not know 
 whether OsthofFs explanation of e <^ a in Zend (supra, p. 99) 
 has been confirmed, but in want of further evidence than he 
 gives in its favour, we are free to regard the forms ebyo -ebish 
 as shewing a trace of I.-Eu. e (e* < ez-) before -bh-"^ ; the Vedic 
 avayds, Zend mane vace etc. are further evidence for Bloom- 
 field's theory which Osthoff does not notice. In any case we 
 have seen that there is no evidence against the view that z was 
 lost before d dh and n in Aryan before the time when e and S 
 sank to (X. All that is essential to Bloomfield's explanation of 
 Sanskrit and Zend o and Prakr. e as arising directly from I.-Eu. 
 final -8s -Ss is that we should be allowed to suppose a loss of 
 final s before voiced explosives, liquids and nasals in Aryan : and 
 if he were granted its loss only before d dh n r I it would not 
 be a great stretch of probability to suppose that the form they 
 took before these was made general before other voiced explo- 
 sives. 
 
 Such are the reservations we must make in deference to 
 Osthoff's arguments, and these are all. But are there no in- 
 herent weaknesses in his own position ? It is at least a satis- 
 
 ' Indeed until the Zend Avesta is better known can we be certain that other 
 forms with e= Skt. e may mlgUiBB^ 8^jA)erS&itti>'! 
 
102 _ VERNEr'S law in ITALY. § 72. 
 
 faction to recognise our ignorance. And Osthoff's theory cer- 
 tainly presents very considerable difficulties. They seem fairly 
 obvious but I do not know that they have been definitely 
 pointed out before. Whether or not they are fatal or even 
 serious the reader must decide. 
 
 72. The basis of the whole structure is a " substitution of 
 Difficulties of *^® pause-form " for the sound naturally belonging 
 Osthoff's own to final -as -as in the middle of the sentence. On 
 ^'"^^' the average, we may reckon, a word occurs at the 
 
 end of a sentence or clause about once for every seven or eight 
 times that it is used elsewhere ; by Osthoff's theory we are 
 therefore asked to suppose that the form which a word had one 
 time in eight was felt to be so inherently proper to it that it 
 was substituted for the form it had the other seven times. 
 Even if we suppose the early Aryans averaged only three or 
 four words to a clause the improbability is only reduced to 
 4 : 1 instead of 8 : 1. And if it is nevertheless a phenomenon 
 to be expected for some reason or other, why is there no illus- 
 tration forthcoming? Even on its author's own shewing it 
 appears to be without analogy of any kind. But the substitu- 
 tion when made was not completed : -as was kept before 
 dentals and palatals, because of the close physiological con- 
 nexion between them and the preceding s. But surely when a 
 particular sound is substituted for another by analogy, by the 
 feeling that the new sound is the correct one, the change is 
 generally carried out with completeness ? Are we justified in 
 combining analogy and phonetics in this way? Be this as it may 
 we have a far more serious difficulty to the theory in the fact 
 that the forms in -h are only beginning to appear in use in the 
 Rig- Veda where -as is at least as common as ah before k(h) and 
 p(h). If -ah was the regular form in pro-ethnic Aryan, how is 
 it we find the older form in Sanskrit ? Are we really to sup- 
 pose another analogical readjustment, -as t- -as c- dragging over 
 -ah k- -ah p- -ah n- -ah I- ? Credat Judaeus. This difficulty 
 Osthoff does not notice ; Brugmann (§ 556. 3) escapes it only 
 by supposing the exceptions -as k- etc. made in Aryan to the 
 
 original substitution oi ah-, so that the pausc-furm should have 
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bruqmann's view. § 73. 103 
 
 intruded before vowels and voiced consonants but not else- 
 where. Such a limitation is purely arbitrary. Everything 
 seems to shew that the change to Visarga is a late change, 
 almost peculiar to post-Vedic Sanskrit, -ds -as -is -us as ^s us 
 are constantly kept (Whitney, c. 2) where later Sanskrit sub- 
 stituted h for s or s. The final -e in Prakrit = Skt. -as o is one 
 of the strongest points in Bloomfield's case, but Osthoff and 
 Brugmann say nothing about it, and their theory leaves it com- 
 pletely unexplained. Finally what of the phonetics of the 
 change of ah to au through the middle stage a} ? Why should 
 a mere emission of breath like h produce a lowering of the 
 tongue and rounding of the lips ? 3 {gh) is a fairly common 
 sound, e.g. in Teutonic. Does it ever produce a similar labial 
 diphthongisation of the preceding vowel? At all events the 
 change needs illustration and Osthoff gives none. 
 
 73. It is hardly necessary to criticize OsthofFs analogical 
 explanation of the Sanskrit rhotacism, as it has change of s 
 been rejected by Brugmann. The attempt to ex- *" '^• 
 plain a change of an individual sound, not of forms in any kind 
 of system; by an analogy on the narrowest conceivable basis, is a 
 noteworthy example of the dangers of the imaginative method. 
 Like Brugmann's derivation of the Greek perfects in -ku from 
 the single pattern eScoKa, it would have been long ago forgotten 
 but for the distinguished position of its author. Such explana- 
 tions have as a rule the unique advantage that they cannot be 
 directly disproved ; but in this case the fact that h is only 
 beginning to appear in the Veda while -r from -s is fully 
 established renders it untenable. Brugmann's view is that ir ur 
 came by regular phonetic change from -i£ -uz ori- 
 ginally only before vowels, these having been sub- 
 stituted for -is -us on the pattern of the Sanddhi of voiced 
 explosives. Then ir ur displaced -iz -uz before voiced explo- 
 sives. This is open to very little objection. Only if we hold 
 that s may as easily pass to rh as i to r, and that before con- 
 sonants as readily as vowels (supra, §§ 7 — 9, p. 9) we need not 
 assume quite so much shifting in usage as is necessary for his 
 view, havisas would indicate that rhotacism did not tak-e place 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
104 verner's law in italy. § 74. 
 
 between vowels (it is only an accentual accident that it did 
 so in Latin) but we should consider the r the natural phonetic 
 result of an abridged -s before voiced consonants and similarly 
 perhaps the h from rh as the true form of s before k and p. That 
 before voiced consonants final s was kept down to the period of 
 rhotacism, and not changed to d, as it was medially, we may 
 ascribe to the influence of its form before vowels and t o, just as 
 in Zend where -s is universal after i and u. On the other hand 
 there are one or two forms with r before breathed consonants 
 which may possibly indicate that the change took place there 
 also (aglrpada, cf. purpati). This however is quite uncertain ; 
 it is at any rate very simple to suppose that the forms with r 
 before d dh h hh etc. were extended to the position before 
 vowels, e.g. havir daddmi, giving havir ddaddmi. This saves us 
 one of Brugmann's two readjustments, which it is to be observed 
 are supposed to act in a contrary direction. A more definite 
 objection to his view is to be found in the regularity of r be- 
 fore voiced explosives. If *patl daddti *patid bharati had been 
 the regular phonetic forms and -ir was only an analogical sub- 
 stitution we should expect to find a certain amount of variation 
 and traces of -i, -id at least somewhere. But they do not occur. 
 
 74. If then the theories of Bloomfield, Osthoff, and Brug- 
 mann still leave us an open question we are likely to be very 
 sceptical of any further attempts at formulating definite ex- 
 planations. Nevertheless every attempt helps, and equally by 
 its failure or success, so long as it does not violate established 
 principles. The scheme that follows is merely a modification of 
 Bloomfield's theory and claims no positive merit of its own ; 
 I shall be more than content if it is found free from serious 
 errors of principle, and at the same time can afford any light 
 for future research by indicating the limits to which the investi- 
 gation has so far been carried. I leave to the reader's con- 
 sideration without further comment the history of the various 
 changes in the order that seems to me to involve the fewest 
 difficulties, stating the alternatives in the most doubtful points. 
 What amount of probability may attach to it I cannot decide, 
 but it seems to be at least a possible solution. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RESULT OF THE DISCUSSION. § 74. 105 
 
 A. In Pro-ethnic Aryan. 
 
 1. Final. Modified re- 
 a. -8s, -Ss became o^ ei before voiced ex- sioZfid/s 
 
 plosives^ and aspirates, and before theory. 
 
 liquids and nasals. 
 /S. -OS, -es became o^, & under the same conditions. 
 7. -is, -los became -is, -us before all sounds but voiced 
 
 explosives and -iz, -uz before these. 
 
 2. Medial. 
 
 a. -zg-, -zj- remained. 
 
 /3. -ezbh-, -ozbh- probably became -dbh-, -o-bh-. 
 7. -ezd-, -ozd- became -eH-, -o'-d and -ezd-, -ozd- became 
 -e^d-, o^d-. 
 
 3. Later on 
 
 a. and e sank to a, 
 
 /S. 0- and e^ sank to a" and a\ o" and e' to d- and a'. 
 
 B. In Sanskrit. 
 
 1. a. i. a-, of were blended with au, ai and became 
 
 0, e. 
 ii. Or and of sank to a. 
 
 /3. -iz-, -uz- became the cerebral iz, uz, which 
 
 i. Medially became -id- -ud- (Brugmann Gds. § 591) 
 except before d dh, with which they combined 
 to -id- -ud-. 
 ii. Finally probably remained being kept by 
 iii. -is- us-, which became is us and so remained 
 before vowels and breathed consonants. 
 
 2. a. Final and e both appearing before voiced ex- 
 
 plosives, etc., where only one sound -as appeared 
 before breathed consonants and vowels, was 
 everywhere substituted for e except in Prakrit, 
 where e banished o. On the pattern of the 
 Sanddhi of breathed explosives" o was sub- 
 
 1 V. § 71 supra ad fiu. 
 = Br. Gds. § 647. 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
106 vernee's law in italy. § 74. 
 
 stituted for -as before vowels and lost its final u 
 except before a, with which it coalesced, leaving 
 simply 0. 
 /3. Medial -az- 
 
 i. before d, dh became c. 
 ii. before _;" became -a/-, 
 iii. before g and (?) b became -ad-. 
 
 3. Later on 
 
 a. Final i became r, and was substituted for s before 
 vowels as o for -as. 
 
 /3. Final s passed through rh to h except before dentals 
 and palatals. Its retention here probably 
 caused some variation in the other cases, so 
 that the h was not fully adopted until sup- 
 ported by the change of -as to -ah. If we 
 doubt the change to rh, we must put -ih « is 
 on a level with -ah < as. 
 
 ry. mandbkis havirbhis replace the true phonetic forms 
 on the analogy of mano havir. 
 
 4. Finally -as sinks to ah except before t, th, c, ch. 
 
 C. In Zend. 
 
 1. a. a- Or became o e, a" became d. 
 
 /3. Final -as became -a, except before enclitics which 
 
 were practically a part of the word, 
 fy. Final -d became -a. 
 
 2. The ending o is everywhere substituted not merely 
 a. for e but also 
 
 /8. for -&s (before vowels and breathed consonants) 
 7. except before enclitics. 
 
 3. -a was originally proper before voiced explosives, -S, 
 
 elsewhere. 
 
 4. -ts -!t.s remain and banish -iz -uz. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
107 
 
 C. Final S arM R in TJmhrian. 
 
 75. The change of final s to ?- in. later Umbrian has no 
 direct bearing on the theory advanced in the preceding chapters, 
 but the subject is of course closely related to it and it is 
 desirable to put the facts on record more definitely than has 
 been hitherto attempted. Brugmann {Gds. § 655. 9) expressly 
 leaves it an open question whether there are any phonetic 
 conditions which determine the loss or retention of the r, or 
 whether its occasional omission is merely due to a careless 
 engraver. Whether or not any such conditions can be dis- 
 covered will best appear from a few statistics. We have to 
 exclude from consideration all words in which final s never 
 became r, i.e. those, and only those, in which it was only the 
 written representative of a stronger sound, -ss -s{i) -ns -cs -ps or 
 the like, e.g. homonus aveis,fus, sis, vas, erus (Bucheler, Umhrica, 
 p. 184). Also we must distinguish the loss of -/ (= orig. -ns) 
 from that of a genuine -s or -r. Final r is not omitted in 
 V VI and VII in any words in which s is kept in the earlier 
 period (except sei si {=sis) which does not happen to occur 
 at all in I — IV), so that there is, strictly speaking, no loss 
 of final r, only of final s ; hence we must first see where final s 
 is dropped in Tables I — IV. 
 
 76. In Table I a, s is kept sixteen times (five times in one 
 phrase) before a, e, p, t, v, j, and a pause, and pi„aisin 
 
 . dropped once in the adverb heri(s) before p. Tables i—iv. 
 
 In I 6, s is kept twenty-one times, before a, e, i, k, p, t, h, s, 
 s', and a pause, and dropped four times, before a, Jc, p, t = d. 
 
 In II a, s is kept nineteen times, before p, k, f, s, m, v, once 
 before t= d (l. 28), and lost five times before a, p and a pause. 
 
 In II b, s is kept twelve times, before k, p,f, m, and a pause, 
 once before t = d, and dropped twenty-eight times (twenty- 
 seven in a long list of names in which it is kept twice) and 
 once in the adverb heri(s), before a, e, i, k, p, t, s, m, v. 
 
 In III and IV s is kept forty-two times before a, e, i, k, p, t, 
 /; s, n, V, h, and droppgd^hr^g^^nes^^fore a, e, s. 
 
108 verner's law in italy. § 77. 
 
 From this it seems to follow that no rule for the loss or 
 retention ofs in the older periocLcan be based upon the character 
 of the following sound, so far as we can tell from the evidence 
 we have. Curiously words with final s only occur twice before 
 voiced explosives {t = d), and in one place it is kept and in the 
 other omitted. Before all other classes of sound it seems 
 equally kept and lost. On the other hand all words in which 
 it is lost have one characteristic in common and it can hardly 
 be accidental, thei/ are all datives or ablatives plural ending in 
 -e(s) -ei{s) -i{s), except the adverb heri, where the i is probably 
 long. We might conjecture then that after long vowels s was 
 regularly lost under certain further conditions (e.g. before a 
 pause or before some classes of following sounds or perhaps in 
 enclitics, or again in words of more than a certain number of 
 syllables where the last would be further from the accent) which 
 we have no evidence to determine. Then the two forms would 
 be confused and their proper positions obscured in usage. 
 
 77. The variations of final r are much smaller. In VI and 
 Final r in VII it is only omitted in heri hertei (and there 
 y—yil- always) and twice in sei si for sis (VI a 23, b 27). 
 
 Seeing however that these two tables are only modernised 
 copies of documents in which final s was regular, not much 
 reliance can be placed on their apparent consistency in this 
 respect. The engraver probably adopted a uniform spelling for 
 the same grammatical forms wherever they occurred. In VI 
 b 27 si (followed by a vowel) and sir (followed by p) occur side 
 by side, the former being, we may conclude, the genuine form. 
 In V however, which very possibly contains original, not copied, 
 documents, there is less regularity. In the first section (a I — 
 13) not counting herte r is lost twice, once in emantu herte 
 (emantur herte occurring just below) and once in a dative 
 plur. eikvasese A tiedier ; r appears before a, e, u, p, h. In the 
 next section (a 14—6 5) it is lost in this same phrase, but kept 
 before a, e, u, p,t = d,f. In the fragment in Latin alphabet 
 we have it once omitted before d in the same case, Claverni 
 dirsans frater Atiersiur, and kept before a, e, o, p, d, s, m. 
 
 Summing up then we may feel certain of this much, that 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
FINAL / IN UMBRIAN. § 77. 109 
 
 final s or final r that has come from s so far as our evidence 
 extends are only lost after long vowels or diphthongs. In eman- 
 tur the r is probably original. What farther conditions caused 
 its loss or retention it seems impossible to discover. But the 
 statistics given above will be available for further investigation, 
 and may very likely prove more intelligible to other eyes than 
 they are to mine. 
 
 I need scarcely ask the reader to follow the variations of the 
 writing in the case of final /. One tendency seems distinctly 
 observable, both in I — IV and VI and VII, to write it only once 
 in phrases where it occurs at the end of each word in the phrase. 
 This would seem to indicate that it only existed in spelling at 
 the time when the copy was made. However in the probably 
 uncopied Va we have it written once, and in Vb it is once 
 written and twice omitted, all four times before a pause. It is 
 hardly worth while to pronounce any decision on evidence so 
 confused. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
110 
 
 teener's law in ITALY. 
 
 APR D. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATIN PERFECT. 
 
 OSTHOFF, AND 
 
 A. Indo-European. 
 
 P- 
 
 
 EH 
 
 2)8. 
 
 6 
 
 
 uoida 
 
 uoitl'tha 
 
 uoide 
 
 uidma''^} 1 
 
 nitt'te 
 
 uidnti 
 
 eueidgsm 
 
 eueidess 
 
 eueidast 
 
 eueidssma^(s) 
 
 eueid8sta^(s) 
 
 eueidasnt 
 
 edeiksm 
 
 edeikss 
 
 edeikst 
 
 edeiks(9')ma''(s) 
 
 edeiksta''(s) 
 
 edeiksnt 
 
 uidai 
 uitsai 
 uitHai 
 
 Then 1. Middle and Act. of perfect 
 fused ■. • of short vowel of 
 pi. active. 
 
 2. 1 Phonetic development of 
 
 Aor., and loss of aug- 
 ment. 
 
 3. Levelling of 1st pers. plur. 
 
 perf. in consonant and 
 vowel stems and also to 
 anaptyptie vowel in dei- 
 xlmus. 
 
 4. Levelling of 3rd pers. plur. 
 
 B. Latin. 
 
 ■pldl 
 visti 
 vide 
 vidimus 
 
 vistis 
 vidontt 
 
 veidisem 
 veidls 
 veidist 
 veidimus f 
 veidistis t 
 veidisjnt 
 
 First Stage. 
 
 -f- 
 
 deixem 
 deix 
 deixt 
 
 deix(i)mus f 
 deixtis t 
 deixent 
 
 to thematic -ont. 
 Then 5. s becomes r in the 1st pers. 
 sing, and 3rd pers. plur. 
 of aor. 
 
 6. veidls gives veidit for veidist 
 
 on •/• of videris, viderlt, 
 helped hy regimus, re- 
 git. 
 
 7. veidls, veidit give veidl on 
 
 •/. of subj. deice, deices, 
 deicet, supported by vldi, 
 sedi. 
 
 ^ Osthoff {Perf. p. 570) would insert here another stage: "2nd pi. 'risis 
 altered to vistis on ■/• of estis, etc., and the variants visis vistis give rise to 
 visti as well as visi." This seems unnecessary, as it is quite possible that tt!i 
 became st in Latin, though tt may have at once become s,'!, or, more probably, 
 remained as it was, and visti would drag over ^i-ittis. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Ill 
 
 SIMPLIFIED FROM THE THEORIES OF THURNEYSEN, 
 BRUG.MA.NlSr. 
 
 C. Latin. 
 
 Second Stage 
 
 
 D. Final Stage 
 
 vidi 
 
 
 
 'fidi 
 
 
 visti 
 
 
 
 fidisti 
 
 
 vide Wided 
 
 
 
 fidit 
 
 
 vidimus 
 
 
 (2). 
 
 fidimus 
 
 
 vistis 
 
 
 
 fidistis 
 
 
 vido(nt) 
 
 
 
 fidSruni 
 -ere 
 
 
 veidi 
 .veiderem 
 
 
 veldl 
 
 
 
 veidls 
 
 
 veidisti 
 
 
 
 veidit 
 
 (1) 
 
 veidit 
 
 
 
 veidimns 
 
 veidimus 
 
 
 
 veidistis 
 
 
 veidistis 
 
 
 
 veidSr*" 
 
 
 veiderunt 
 -gre 
 
 -erunt 
 -ere 
 
 (3) 
 
 deixem 
 
 (2) 
 
 deixi 
 
 
 dixi 
 
 deix 
 
 
 ' deixti 
 
 
 dixti 
 
 deixt 
 
 
 deixit 
 
 
 dixit 
 
 deiximus 
 
 (1)- 
 
 deiximus 
 
 
 diximus 
 
 deixtis 
 
 
 deixtis 
 
 
 dixtis 
 
 deixent 
 
 
 . deixent 
 
 
 dixerunt 
 
 tutudi 
 etc. 
 
 etc.) 
 
 (4) 
 
 dixisti 
 
 dixistis 
 
 Then 8. The Aorist finally remo- Tlien 10, The expelled veiderem forms 
 
 delled on the Perfect ; vi- 
 dimuSy. vistis, vidi : visti 11. 
 
 gives to veidimus, veidis- 
 tis, veidi, deiximus, deix- 
 tis : veidisti, deixti. 
 veidi, veidit give deixi, de- 
 ixit. 12. 
 
 the pluperfect. 
 
 Finally the remodelled aor- 
 ist imposes its flexion on 
 all genuine perfects like 
 vidi, dedi, fidi, tutudi, 
 and 
 
 on dixi. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
112 VERNER'S law in ITALY. 
 
 The advantages of this arrangement are 
 
 1. That it supposes a fairly continuous development, each stage 
 in the process being so to speak homogeneous until it is completed. 
 
 a. The singular perfect active is remodelled on 
 i. the plural perfect active, 
 ii. the singular perfect middle, and 
 iii. difierent forms within its own system are levelled. 
 
 /3. The aorist which has 
 
 i. meanwhile undergone phonetic change and conse- 
 quent internal analogical readjustment, 
 
 ii. is now gradually and consistently remodelled on 
 the plan of the perfect, which still survives. 
 
 iii. The loss of its 1st person by rhotacism precipitates 
 the fusion of the tenses, and 
 
 y. The flexion of the aorist is now transfeired bodily to 
 the perfect as well. 
 
 2. By taking the aorist as the back-bone of the structure it 
 avoids the diflSculty of lengthening the stem- vowel of the perfect. 
 
 3. It shortens the process by which t or d is added to the 3rd 
 pers. sing, of the form with a long stem-vowel. 
 
 4. It accepts the aid of both methods of explaining the forma- 
 tion of the 2nd pers. sing, in -isti, and 
 
 5. This part of the scheme is not vitiated by Osthoff's objection 
 to "uejdasm etc." in I.-Eu. since deiximus, deixtis would give deixti 
 on the ■/•' of vidimiis, mstis, msti. 
 
 6. Osthoff's objection (Perf. p. 571) to the accent vevdesm/as 
 sedeshos by the side of Casmsna *pruzx4na is now removed if we 
 suppose the first to have belonged to the older, the others to the 
 later stage of the Latin accent : v. supra, p. 65 foil. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 L. 
 
 Latin 
 
 L-Eu.' 
 
 Indo-European 
 
 0. 
 
 Oscan 
 
 Skt. 
 
 Sanskrit 
 
 U. 
 
 Umbrian 
 
 Zd. 
 
 Zend 
 
 Aeq. 
 
 Aecjuian 
 
 0. c. s. 
 
 Old Church Slavonic 
 
 Etr. 
 
 Etruscan 
 
 Goth. 
 
 Gothic 
 
 Fal. 
 
 Falisoan 
 
 Ger. 
 
 German 
 
 Mars. 
 
 Marsian 
 
 Fr. 
 
 French 
 
 Mruo. 
 
 Marruoinian 
 
 Prov. 
 
 Provencal 
 
 Pel. 
 
 Pelignian 
 
 Port. 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 Pio. 
 
 Picentine 
 
 Sp. 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Sab. 
 
 Sabine 
 
 Walo. 
 
 Wallachian 
 
 Vol. 
 
 Volsoiau 
 
 In. 
 
 Italian 
 
 lo. 
 
 Pro-ethnic Italic 
 
 
 
 (The first figure denotes the section, the second the page.) 
 
 acceso In. 66 91. 
 aoechar Sp. 65 90. 
 acieris L. 5S 76, 66 77, 61 84. 
 aQirpada Skt. 73 104. 
 adasia L. 60 83. 
 adgretus L. 30 39, 42. 
 Aedesius L (?). 34 48. 
 Aenesi L. SO 70, 54 76. 
 Aequasins L (?). 22 28. 
 aes a- (i) -oris L. 49 68, 55 76. 
 Aesernia 0. 20 26. 
 A^sernim 0. 5 5, 29 38. 
 Aesis U. 17 21, 20 26. 
 Aesola or -ula L. 
 agaso ti. SO 69, 
 ager Falemus L. 
 agitur, igitur L. 
 iyxiXos. 60 83. 
 Agrasius L (?). 34 48. 
 ahar, ahas Skt. 68 95. 
 ahenus L. 5 6, 12 16. 
 ahesnes U. 11 14, 12 16. 
 aisos Mruc. 18 23, 33 47. 
 aisusis 0. 18 28. 
 
 [a]!tt!umO. 3O40. Digitized by I 
 
 C. 
 
 SO 70, 53 74, 60 83. 
 S3 74, 54 74. 
 11 16. 
 26 34. 
 
 alies Pic. 32 46. 
 
 amassem L. 30 39, 43. 
 
 amatens Mruc. 33 47. 
 
 amavant Skt. 68 95. 
 
 ambrefurent U. 23 29. 
 
 Ameria U. 23 29. 
 
 Amiternum Aeq. 37 50. 
 
 amosio L (?). 29 38. 
 
 ancora L. 60 83. 
 
 AyKvpa. 60 83. 
 
 angetuzet 0. 6 5, 29 38, 30 40. 
 
 anguis L. 60 83. 
 
 angulus L. 60 83. 
 
 ansio Sp. 65 90. 
 
 appei U. 27 34, 35. 
 
 E. Aprusa U. 22 28. 
 
 Aprusia and Aprucia L. 22 28. 
 
 apstineo L. 62 86. 
 
 ara L. 18 22, 40 55, S7 79. 
 
 aradhvam Skt. 70 99. 
 
 arbos, arbor, arbosem L. 32 46, 55 
 
 76, 56 77, S8 81, 61 84. 
 Ardea L. 12 17, 49 69. 
 ardeo L. 18 22, SO 69. 
 
 ,.arerejj, 18 22, 55 76, 61 85. 
 
 icrosofm 
 
 8 
 
114 
 
 INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 AriciaL. 5e 77, 61 85. 
 
 aridus L. 12 17, 18 22. 
 
 arso In. 66 93. 
 
 asa U. 4 4, 18 22. 
 
 asellus L. 52 73, 64 74. 
 
 aseriatum U. 18 22. 
 
 aserum 0. 29 38, 30 43. 
 
 asiane XJ. 18 23, 20 26. 
 
 asif Vol. 37 50, 56 77. 
 
 asignas Mruc. 33 47. 
 
 asin Mruc. 33 47. 
 
 asinus L. SO 69, 54 74. 
 
 -asius and arius U. 4 4, 22 28. 
 
 asneis Goth. 9 12. 
 
 *asnos L. 54 74. 
 
 aso asom U. 18 22. 
 
 -aso In. 66 93. 
 
 assum L. 18 22. 
 
 asum Mruc. 33 47. 
 
 atero U. 23 29. 
 
 Aurelius L. 49 69, 61 85. 
 
 aurora L. 18 24, 56 77, 61 85. 
 
 aurum L. 18 24, 58 79, 80. 
 
 Aurunca, Auruuci, Ausones 37 50, 
 
 49 69, 56 78, 61 85. 
 Auselius L. 18 24, 30 42. 
 
 ,, Sab. 34 48. 
 Ausonia L. 56 78. 
 *ausoris L. 55 76. 
 avayas Skt. 68 94. 
 avolso In. 66 93. 
 avvei U. 27 35. 
 
 B 
 
 -bam L. 43 59. 
 
 basium L. 51 70. 
 
 bassimL. 27 35 (n.). 
 
 batissare L. 64 89. 
 
 b^uivolus L. 47 67. 
 
 benurent U. 5 5, 23 29, 42 51 n. 
 
 benuso U. 21 26. 
 
 berus, berva U. 24 29. 
 
 bhimar Skt. 68 95. 
 
 *bhlv5s I.-Eu. 42 58. 
 ♦bhflsh Skt. 54 74. 
 bim asif Vol. 18 22. 
 Blaesus L. 43 60n., 51 70. 
 Bla[ttius] 0. 30 40. 
 bucca L. 30 41 n. 
 
 cadaver L. 42 58. 
 
 cado L. 51 71 n. 
 
 caelum L. 60 82. 
 
 Caere Caerites L. 49 C9, 60 82. 
 
 eaeruleus L. 47 67, 60 82, 83. 
 
 caerulus L. 60 82, 83. 
 
 Caesar L. 53 74, 54 74. 
 
 caesaries L. 47 66, 53 74, 54 74. 
 
 Caesellia Fal. 34 48, 38 52. 
 
 Caesena U. 17 21, 34 48. 
 
 Caesenia L. 34 48 n. 
 
 Caesennia L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesemia L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesetia L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesia Sabina L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesia virgo L. 60 83. 
 
 Caesidia L. 34 48. 
 
 CaesUia L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesinia L. 34 48. 
 
 Caesionia L. 34 48. 
 
 caesius L. 50 69, 60 83. 
 
 Caesius Sabinus L(?). 44 60, 34 48. 
 
 caesna L. 12 16. 
 
 Caesula Fab. 38 51, 52. 
 
 Caisidis 0. 29 38. 
 
 ca-kr-yat Skt. 70 98. 
 
 Calvisius Sab. 34 48, 59 82. 
 
 camena L. 5 (B) 6, 78 112. 
 
 Cameria, Camerinum, Gameses 23 29. 
 
 Camillus L. 46 64. 
 
 canus L. casnar Pel. 12 16. 
 
 Canusium 0. 22 28. 
 
 CAR 11 14n. 
 
 carmen L. 5 6, 11 15. 
 
 carmen (comb.) L. 11 15. 
 
 caro, carnis L. 44 61. 
 
 casa L. 50 69. 
 
 casa Sp. 65 91. 
 
 cascio In. 65 91. 
 
 case Walo. 65 91. 
 
 caseus L. SO 69, 63 88, 65 91. 
 
 Casinum Vol. 37 50. 
 
 casinum Sab. 34 48. 
 
 casmena L (?). 12 16. 
 
 casnar oisa aetate Pel. 30 41. 
 
 Caso Mars. 36 49. 
 
 (jastram Skt. 11 14 n. 
 
 castrare L. 1 1 14 n. 
 
 casuntonom Mars. 36 49. 
 
 casus L. 51 71 n., 62 86, 63 87. 
 
 Cauda L. 51 72. 
 
 caudex L. 51 72. 
 
 Caudium 51 72. 
 
 *caudoL. 5172,63 88. 
 
 causa and cosa Sp. 65 90. 
 
 causa, caussa L. 51 70, 71, 63 88. 
 
 cause Wale. 65 91. 
 
 censazet 0. 29 38. 
 
 cererem L. 61 84. 
 
 cernere L. 51 72. 
 
 Cesilia Fal. 38 51. 
 
 ceso -je Sp. 65 90. 
 
 C^thegus L. 46 64. 
 
 cette L. 30 39. 
 
 ch initial O. C. S. lO 13 n. 
 
 cinerem L. 42 57, 55 76. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX OF WOKDS. 
 
 115 
 
 oisimn L. 51 70. 
 
 clamosua L. si 71. 
 
 claudo oludo L. 61 72. 
 
 *cl6v6zia L (?). 47 66. 
 
 Clipearius Pal. 38 51, 52. 
 
 Cliternum. 37 50. 
 
 o6-i-ra L. (?) 58 79, 59 80. 
 
 coil-are L. 55 76, 69 80. 
 
 ooiraverunt Fal. 38 51. 
 
 ooisatens, coisattens Pel. 30 39, 42, 
 
 35 49,51 70. 
 congerit L. 59 81. 
 conqueritur L. 59 81. 
 consent L. 69 81. 
 003, ootis L. 58 81. 
 cosa In. 66 92. 
 cosmis L. 12 17. 
 oosmisu L (?). IS 17. 
 cosmittere L (?). 12 16. 
 CossuB h. 30 40. 
 Cosuties Vol. 37 50. 
 Cotta 0. 30 40. 
 covertuso U. 21 26. 
 crepero Sab. 34 48. 
 crepusoulum Sab. 34 48. 
 crese In. 66 92. 
 cruris L. 49 68, 65 76. 
 cucumeris L. 65 76. 
 cudo L. 61 72. 
 
 Cumerus (mod. Comero) Pic. 32 46. 
 oura, coira L. 58 79. 
 curare L. 49 69, 58 79. 
 Cures Sab. 49 69, 51 70. 
 Curio L. 49 69, 59 82. 
 Cusianes L. 6170. 
 
 D 
 
 dare L. 58 81. 
 
 dastaya 0. Pers. 69 97. 
 
 SavUs. 68 99. 
 
 dazdi Zd. 69 97. 
 
 -de U. 25 32 n. 
 
 deoir Sp. 65 90. 
 
 deciso Sp. 65 90. 
 
 dederun(t) Fal. 38 51. 
 
 dederunt L. 61 84. 
 
 degetasiui 0. 22 27. ' 
 
 deguno L. 12 16. 
 
 dehi Skt. 68 94. 
 
 delirare L. 58 79. 
 
 delirus L. 58 79. 
 
 dequrier U. 25 31. 
 
 der = that and the Mod. Ger. 26 S'i. 
 
 dersicurent U. 23 29. 
 
 d6su6tude Fr. 65 90. 
 
 -dha Skt. lO 12 n. 
 
 diasisO. 22 27. 
 
 didere, digero L. 12 17. 
 
 diteso In. 66 92. 
 
 Digitized by 
 
 dirhibet, dirhibere L. 49 69, 59 81. 
 
 uirimit L. 69 81. 
 
 dirnico L. 12 16. 
 
 dismota L. 12 17. 
 
 diurnus L. 11 15. 
 
 divissionea L. 63 87. 
 
 dixet -isset L. 11 15. 
 
 dixti, -isti L. 11 15, 78 111. 
 
 dolosus L. 51 71. 
 
 dudhabha Skt. 68 94. 
 
 dumus L. 6 6. 
 
 dusmusL(?). 12 16. 
 
 edhi Skt. 68 94. 
 egmazum 0. 29 38. 
 eikvasese atiedier TJ. 77 108. 
 eikvasia, eikvasates, eikvase(n)se U. 
 
 22 27. 
 eiuom 0. 12 17, 27 35. 
 eisak 0. 27 36. 
 eiscurent U. 23 29. 
 eisuc-en 0. 6 5, 26 33, 27 36, 29 38. 
 eizeio zicelei 0. 26 33. 
 eizo- 0. 29 38. 
 ekas Skt. ao 42. 
 eko- O. 30 42. 
 elisuist 0. 30 41. 
 emantu herte U. 77 108. 
 emavant Zd. 68 95. 
 enas Skt. 30 42. 
 ennom, enom U. 27 34. 
 equasius L. 22 22. 
 equiria L. 49 69, 69 81. 
 equiso L. 50 69, 54 74, 61 85. 
 eram, ero L. 26 33, 66 77, 58 80. 
 erarunt U. 23 29, 25 31. 
 ere eso- and eizo- U and 0. 24 29, 25 
 
 80, 26 32, 27 36. 
 erietu U. 24 29. 
 eru erom TJ. 24 29. 
 erus U. 24 29, 75 107. 
 esaristrom XJ. 18 28. 
 esas Skt. 30 4'i, 
 esidu 0. 27 35. 
 eso U. 4 4, 17 21, 18 23. 
 esone esunu eesona U. 17 21, 18 23. 
 csos Mars. 18 23, 36 49. 
 esso- and ezo- U. 27 35. 
 essu U. 27 34 n. 
 esuc Mruc. 33 47. 
 esuf and essuf 0. 27 35, 29 38. 
 Etruria L. 46 65, 69 82. 
 euront U. 24 29, 26 30 
 excusare L. 30 42. 
 czariaf U. 22 28. 
 czom O. 18 22, 26 33, 29 18. 
 Microsoft® 
 
116 
 
 INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 faamat 0. 11 15. 
 
 Falerii mod. Falleri. 11 16, 32 46, 
 
 46 65, 58 98, 60 82, 61 84. 
 Falerio mod. Fallerone Pic. 11 16, 
 
 32 46. 
 Ager Falernus L. 1116. 
 famelO. 11 15. 
 famulus L. 11 15. 
 Fasena Sab. 34 48. 
 fasia Vol. 37 50. 
 fefure U. 23 29. 
 ferest U. 24 29. 
 feriae (feriarl) L. 49 68, 60 82. 
 ferime, ferine U. 24 29. 
 fesnereU. 23 29. 
 fesso In. 66 93. 
 Fisanius 0. 19 25. 
 Fiso, Fissiu, Fisiu U. 19 25. 
 Fisuvi U. 19 25. 
 flora L. 42 58, 56 77. 
 Flos, *flo(v)ori3, floris L. 49 68, 55 
 
 76, 58 81, 61 84. 
 Flosis Pic. 32 46. 
 *Flovoza Ic. 42 58. 
 flusare Vest. 34. 48. 
 Fluaor Pie. 32 46, 42 58. 
 flusso In. 66 93. 
 Fluusa 0. 32 46, 42 58. 
 fluusasiais 0. 22 27. 
 foederis L. 47 79, 49 81, 59 100. 
 *foidezos lo. 5 5. 
 Folcatius (?) L. 38 52 n. 
 Foloozeo Fal. 38 52. 
 forent, fore L. 26 33 n., 42 57 n. 
 formosus L. 22 28. 
 fossa Pr0¥. 65 90. 
 fragosus L. 51 71. 
 frosetnm U. 21 27. 
 Frusino Vol. 37 50. 
 fiintlere U. 23 29. 
 furentU. 23 29, 26 33 n., 42 57 n. 
 Furius L. 5 6, 51 70, 59 82. 
 furu U. 24 30. 
 fus U. 75 107. 
 fusible Fr. 9 11. 
 Fusius L. 45 63, 51 70. 
 fuso In. 9 11. 
 
 fusus {spindle) L. 51 71, 53 74. 
 futtilis L. 30 40. 
 futus L. 30 39. 
 
 gaesum Celt. 42 57, SI 70. 
 gerebat etc. Lat. 61 85. 
 gerit (*gi3it) Lat. 59 81. 
 germen L. 11 15. 
 gero, queror L. 42 57, 49 68. 
 glirium L. 59 81. 
 
 glomerare L. 56 77. 
 
 gloria L. 47 66, 55 76, 56 77. 
 
 glos, gloris L. 57 79. 
 
 gluttire, glutuB L. 30 41 n. 
 
 gnitus L. 30 43. 
 
 gutta L. 30 40. 
 
 hadnebyo /or -abyo Zd. 70 99. 
 
 haerere L. 55 76. 
 
 harena L. 55 76. 
 
 baurit L. 59 82. 
 
 havir dadati Skt. 73 104. 
 
 havirbhis Skt. 74 106. 
 
 hazdyat Zd. 69 97, 70 98, 71 107. 
 
 heri L. 58 81, 63 87. 
 
 heris beries U. 24 30. 
 
 herte U. 77 108. 
 
 bidhaiti Zd. 70 98. 
 
 hodiernus L. 1116. 
 
 homonus U. 75 107. 
 
 honoris L. 32 46 n., 55 76, 66 77. 
 
 hornus L. 11 15. 
 
 humerus L. 42 58, 56 77. 
 
 ISpria. 70 98,71100. 
 
 igitur L. 26 34. 
 
 iunnusulus L. 50 70, 53 74, 54 75. 
 
 imperi L. 47 67. 
 
 Imperiossus L. 5171. 
 
 includoL. 5172. 
 
 inoluso Sp. 65 90. 
 
 inoudo L. 51 72. 
 
 incusare L. 5 1 72. 
 
 Inui, castrum L. 60 83. 
 
 -ior -ioris {coinpar.) L. 55 76. 
 
 irkesieMruc. 33 47. 
 
 ise U. 21 26. 
 
 isont U. 15 20, 26 33. 
 
 issoc U. 26 33, 27 34. 
 
 Vfu. 70 98. 
 
 Juppiter L. 30 41 n. 
 
 jus juris L. 58 81, 59 82. 
 
 K 
 
 Kaeso L. 54 74. 
 
 karo O. 24 30, 44 61. 
 
 karu U. 24 30. 
 
 Kaselate U. 17 21, 19 2.5. 
 
 kateramu U. 23 29. 
 
 kepara Skt. 54 74. 
 
 kiyedba Skt. 70 99. 
 
 Koisis U. 17 21, 20 26. 
 
 kuestretie U. 25 31. 
 
 kuraia, kuratu U. 25 30. 
 
 Kureties, Kureiate, Coredier U. 24 30. 
 
 kurslasiu U. 22 27. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 117 
 
 labos (oris) L. 58 81. 
 
 labosus L. 51 71. 
 
 laoerare L. 56 77. 
 
 lapsum L. 62 86. 
 
 lares, lar L. 57 79, 58 81. 
 
 laser L. 53 74. 
 
 Lases L. SO 42, 58, 81. 
 
 Laurentum L. 54 76, 55 77. 
 
 Lausus L. S3 74, 54 76, 58 80. 
 
 Lebasius L. 34 48. 
 
 legere etc. L. 55 76. 
 
 leso In. 66 92. 
 
 *leukesbhia I.-Bu. 68 95. 
 
 liber (oW/ormloebesum) L. 49 68. 
 
 libs Mars. 36 49 n. 
 
 lira (Teut. leis) L. 37 50, 58 79. 
 
 Liris Vol. 37 50. 
 
 littera L. 30 41 n. 
 
 littua L. 30 41n. 
 
 luriduB L. 54 75, 59 81. 
 
 M 
 
 madbhis Skt. 70 99, 71 101. 
 
 madgus Skt. 69 97,70 99,71101. 
 
 maerere L. 5S 76. 
 
 Maesius 0. 34 48. 
 
 majjati Skt. 69 97, 70 99. 
 
 malaoissare L. 64 89. 
 
 m&lig(e)nus L. 47 67. 
 
 milivolus L. 47 67. 
 
 mallom 0. 27 34 n. 
 
 mane /or man5 Zd. 68 95. 
 
 Manlius L. 47 67. 
 
 manObbis Skt. 68 95, 74 106. 
 
 Mara Spurnius 0. 51 70. 
 
 Marciporum L. 55 77. 
 
 Maro L. 24 30. 
 
 maronato U. 24 80. 
 
 Maroucai Mruc. 33 47. 
 
 Marruvium. 19 25. 
 
 Maninus L. 24 30. 
 
 mas, marem L. 57 79. 
 
 MasuriuB L. 46 65, 51 72, 53 74. 
 
 mate : for mater Fal. 38 51. 
 
 mattus L. 30 39. 
 
 mazda Zd. 69 97, 71 101. 
 
 medha Skt. 68 94, 70 99. 
 
 medicatinom, medicatud, meddix 
 
 27 34 n. 
 Menerva Fal. 38 51. 
 mensarum etc. L. 47 66. 
 mensene Sab. 34 48. 
 mergus L. 12 17. 
 mesa Sp. 65 90. 
 midan 0. H. Ger. 30 41. 
 midha Skt. 68 94. 
 midhvas (midhusas) Skt. 70 99. 
 Misous B. mod. Musone Pic. 32 47. 
 Digitized by 
 
 miser L. 4 4, 42 57, 53 74. 
 
 Misius E. (m. Asola) Pio. 32 47. 
 
 misso In. 9 11, 66 93. 
 
 missus L. 5177,63 88. 
 
 Misus (m. Misa) U. 17 21, 19 26. 
 
 mitto L. 30 41. 
 
 morosus L. 51 71. 
 
 mos, moris L. 58 81. 
 
 mucus mucous L. 30 41 u. 
 
 mulierem L. 55 76. 
 
 murgisonem L. 60 83. 
 
 mua muris L. 58 81, 59 82. 
 
 Museiate U. 19 25. 
 
 miisika Skt. 58 81. 
 
 myazda Zd. 69 97. 
 
 N 
 
 Nar Narnia U. 24 30. 
 
 naratu U. 24 30. 
 
 naris L. 5 6, 60 82. 
 
 nasika Skt. 60 82 
 
 nasusL. 5, 5, lO 13 n., 51 72, 53 74. 
 
 nazdy6, nazdishto Zd. 70 99. 
 
 nedisthas, nedlyas Skt. 68 94, 70 99. 
 
 nefarius, nefasius L. 22 28, 60 82. 
 
 Ner Nero U. 24 30. 
 
 ner (nerus Aviip) 0. 24 30. 
 
 nesimei U. 18 23, 20 26. 
 
 nesimum 0. 29 38. 
 
 nest Eng. 9 12 
 
 nldas Skt. 9 12, 68 94. 
 
 nidus L. 9 12, 12 17. 
 
 Niou/x(7us 0. 42 58 
 
 nirum (vripiov) TJ. 24 30. 
 
 nois vois, nobis vobis L. 12 17. 
 
 noisi nisi L. 12 17. 
 
 Norvesiae Aeq. 37 50. 
 
 nose Eng. 51 73. 
 
 nosuO.C. S. 10l3n.,5l73. 
 
 vovflfios. 44 61. 
 
 NovkrinomO. 23 29. 
 
 Nuceria U. 23 29. 
 
 Numasioi L. 30 42. 
 
 numerus L. 42 58, 55 76. 
 
 Numisius L. 34 48. 
 
 *numso 0. 44 61. 
 
 vioi 59 82. 
 
 nurus (us) L. 5 6, 59 82. 
 
 Nuvlanus Osc. 69 97. 
 
 
 
 -obhis from -ozbhis Skt. 68 94. 
 oculus L. 60 83. 
 oinos L. 30 42. 
 oisa Pel. 30 41. 
 ihKbs. 60 83. 
 olle L. 24 30. 
 
 omeso omso (?) I.-Eu. 42 58 n. 
 ibixbs. 44 61 n. 
 Microsoft® 
 
118 
 
 INDEX OF WOEDS. 
 
 onerosus L. 51 71. 
 
 onse U. 42 58. 
 
 ooserclom U. 18 24, 21 27. 
 
 operis L. 42 59. 
 
 optumus opitumus L. 47 67. 
 
 OS oris L. 57 79, 58 81. 
 
 *6s osis (' year ') Ic. 11 15. 
 
 osatu oseto U. 21 27. 
 
 ose ustite uus U. 11 15, 18 24. 
 
 osii 0. 29 38. 
 
 -oso -osa (adj.) In. 66 93. 
 
 oso Sp. 65 90. 
 
 -osas from -o-vont-tos L. 51 70. 
 
 pacariL. 12 16, 45 62, 55 76. 
 
 panthas Skt. 30 40. 
 
 papaver L. 42 58. 
 
 Papirius Papisius L. 45 62, 46 65, 
 
 59 81. 
 parioida L. 49 69, 60 82. 
 patt 0. 30 40. 
 pauper pauperies L. 49 69. 
 Pausulae Pic. 32 47. 
 pejerare L. 49 69, 65 76. 
 pelagus L. 44 61. 
 pepurkurent U. 23 29. 
 peracne U. 24 30. 
 Perazuane U. 24 30. 
 Pesaro In. 19 26. 
 pesestas L. 50 70, 51 73. 
 pesetom U. 17 21, 18 24. 
 pesna, petna, petsna, penna L. 12 16. 
 peso In. 66 92. 
 pessum pessimus L. 18 24. 
 Petra Pertusa U. 22 28. 
 Philippus L. 43 60 n. 
 PMlo L. 43 60 n. 
 pieisum 0. 29 38. 
 pihom Vols. 37 50. 
 Pinarius L. 46 65, 47 66, 60 82, 61 
 
 84. 
 *pis U. 25 31. 
 Pisa Etr. 19 26 n., 51 70. 
 Pisatello B. In. 17 21. 
 Pisauxum U. 4 4, 19 26 
 pisher pisi pisest U. 18 23, 25 32. 
 pisi U. 4 4, 25 32. 
 Piso L. 53 74, 54 74. 
 pi-zd- Skt. 71 101. 
 plenasier U. 22 27. 
 ■wXiovi. 58 79. 
 plurimus L. 57 79, 58 79. 
 plus pluris *pl6oris L. 58 79, 81. 
 Plusa E. In. 17 21. 
 poe poi U. 25 32. 
 poizad O. 24 30, 29 38. 
 poUad O. 24 30, 29 38. 
 ponisiater puni<;ate U. 22 2i^. 
 
 pono *posnoL. 9 12, 12 16. 
 
 pora U. 24 30, 29 38. 
 
 Porsenna Etr. 51 70. 
 
 positus posui posivi L. S3 74, 54 75. 
 
 posmom 0. 11 14. 
 
 praesentid 0. 29 38. 
 
 presso In. 9 11. 
 
 pretod de zen. sent. Fal. 38 51. 
 
 primus L. 5 6. 
 
 prithee, please Eng. 51 73. 
 
 Privernum Vol. 11 16, 37 50. 
 
 procanurent U. 23 29. 
 
 prodere dedere L. 58 81. 
 
 prosesetu U. 17 21. 
 
 prosperum L, 49 69. 
 
 prufatted U. 27 36. 
 
 prusikurent U. 23 29. 
 
 Pubdipe Pupdike U. 15 19. 
 
 pubes L. 49 69. 
 
 pu-e U. 25 32 n. 
 
 puer (-us) L. 49 69, 54 75, 55 76. 
 
 pulverem L. 47 67, 55 76. 
 
 punttram 0. 30 40. 
 
 purasiai 0. 22 27. 
 
 pure U. 24 30, 25 32. 
 
 pure (vepuratu irvp) TJ. 24 30. 
 
 purpati Skt. 73 104. 
 
 pus 0. 25 32. 
 
 pus puris L. 57 79, 58 81. 
 
 puse puze pusei pusi U. 2 1 27, 2 S 32. 
 
 puse Sp. 65 90. 
 
 pusillus L. 54 75. 
 
 pusio L. 50 70. 
 
 pusula L. 50 70, 51 70. 
 
 pusus L. 53 74, 54 75. 
 
 Q 
 
 quaesendum L. 54 75, 58 80. 
 quaesito L. 51 73. 
 quaesivi quaesitum quaestus. 54 75. 
 quaeso quaero quaerebat L. 42 57, 
 
 51 72, 53 74. 
 quasiUus L. 30 42, 50 69, 51 72. 
 queiso Port. 65 90. 
 quelle Fr. 24 30 n. 
 querebar L. 55 76. 
 queritur (*quisitur) L. 59 81. 
 queso Sp. 65 90. 
 quo L. 25 32 n. 
 
 ;• in English in 'stirring '. 42 58 n. 
 
 r in English, final and before conso- 
 nants. 42 57 n. 
 
 Eabirius * R&bierius (?). 46 65, 55 77, 
 59 HI. 
 
 raouebish Zd. 68 95, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 119 
 
 raocebyo Zd. 70 99. 
 
 raao-je Sp. 65 90. 
 
 raseus rasus L. 63 88. 
 
 ravanh- Zd. 43 58. 
 
 -re 0/ infin. L. 43 59, 5S 76. 
 
 rScoidi 1. 47 67. 
 
 redre Prov. 66 92 n. 
 
 regere L. 47 67, 55 96. 
 
 regerem L. 6S 96. 
 
 *regezent lo. S 5. 
 
 render Port. 66 92 n. 
 
 rendere In. 66 92 n. 
 
 reudre Fr. 66 92 n. 
 
 rendir Sp. 66 92 n. 
 
 renta Sp. 66 92 n. 
 
 requisivi requisitum L. 64 75. 
 
 reso In. 66 92. 
 
 *resus L. 66 92 n. 
 
 retre Catal. 66 92 n. 
 
 rimaso In. 66 93. 
 
 ripulso In. 66 93. 
 
 riso In. 66 93. 
 
 ros roris L. 57 79, 58 81. 
 
 rosa Sp. 65 90, 66 93. 
 
 rosa O.'C. S. lO 13 n. 
 
 rSsa L. 53 74, 54 75, 62 86, 65 90 
 
 rose Fr. 7 9 n. 
 
 rosidus L. 53 74, 54 75, 59 81. 
 
 roBo In. 66 92. 
 
 rozar Sp. 65 90. 
 
 ruber L. 44 61, 60 82. 
 
 rufus L (?). 44 61, 60 82. 
 
 -rum (gen. pi. 1st deol.). 47 66, 61 
 
 84. 
 rurasim(?) Mruc. 33 47. 
 rus ruris *re(vJoris L. 33 47, 47 67, 
 
 55 76, 58 81. 
 rus'e Wale. 65 91. 
 Eusellae Etr. 19 26. 
 rusemU. 18 23,42 58. 
 P. Rutilius Eufus L. 30 40. 
 rutilus L. 30 40. 
 rutilare L. 30 40. 
 
 sai(pis)sume Fal. 38 51. 
 
 SED- L-Bu. 68 94. 
 
 sedus sedima Skt. 68 94, 70 98. 
 
 seffei Pel. 97 35 n. 
 
 sei si = (sia) U. 75 107. 
 
 Sentinnm U. 19 26. 
 
 sepse U. 21 27. 
 
 sero serebam L. 42 67, 55 76. 
 
 serit (*siait) L. 59 81. 
 
 aeritu U. 24 30. 
 
 sese L. 18 24. 
 
 sese sesust U. 21 27. 
 
 sesed Fal. 38 51. 
 
 seso U. 17 21, 18 24. 
 
 Digitized by 
 
 sestentasiaru U. 22 27. 
 
 -si, -ui, -vi, perfects in, 43 59. 
 
 Bidati Skt. 68 94, 70 98. 
 
 sirempse L. 26 34, 65 76. 
 
 sis U. 75 107. 
 
 Sisenna L. 51 70, 53 74, 54 76. 
 
 siser L. S3 74, 54 75. 
 
 Siuttiis 0. 3O40. 
 
 snusa Skt. 59 82. 
 
 sopir U. 25 31. 
 
 sororem L. 5 5, 49 69, 55 76, 
 
 Sosia L. 53 74. 
 
 spaso In. 66 93. 
 
 sperare L. 55 77, 58 81. 
 
 speres L. 58 81. 
 
 spicio L. 51 72. 
 
 Spuriua (^iroinof) L. 61 70, 69 82 
 
 staheren U. 23 29. 
 
 2raTTi7)is 0. 30 40. 
 
 stuppa L. 30 41 n. 
 
 Suasa U. 19 26. 
 
 suasum L. 19 26. 
 
 suavia L. 60 88. 
 
 sueus suocua L. 30 41 n. 
 
 *8uezorem O. L. 6 5. 
 
 surur aururout U. 14 20, 24 30, 25 
 
 30, 26 33. 
 sveso U. 26 34. 
 
 taousim (?) 0. 29 38. 
 
 taaam Skt. lO 13 n. 
 
 tasez ta(jez U. 17 21. 
 
 Taurasia 22 28. 
 
 techu 0. C. S. lO 13 n. 
 
 tellus telluri L. 49 69, 59 82. 
 
 temperi L. 68 81. 
 
 tempus temporis L. 42 57, 47 67, 
 
 65 77. 
 teremnattena 0. 30 39. 
 Teaenaces Tesenooea U. 19 25. 
 teso In. 66 92. 
 tesu Skt. lO 13 n. 
 tetis Pie. 32 46. 
 that, the Eng. 26 33. 
 thus thuris L. 42 58, 49 68, 56 77, 
 
 68 81. 
 Tibur L. 49 69. 
 TittiuB 0. 30 40. 
 rats Tois Arc. 70 99. 
 Toitesia (?) L. 12 16 n. 
 tolerare L. 55 77, 66 77. 
 tonstrix L. 30 40. 
 -tor -toria L. 66 77. 
 triarius L. 22 28. 
 Triresmus Triretamue L. 12 16. 
 trnedhi Skt. 70 99. 
 turbaaaitur L. 2126. 
 turuf U. 24 30. 
 Microsoft® 
 
120 
 
 INDEX OF WORDS. 
 
 Tusanis L. 60 70. 
 
 tuB6 0. C. S. lO 13 n. 
 
 tutere tuderor tuderato U. 6 5, 23 
 
 29, 42 57 n. 
 tuvere U. 23 29. 
 
 U 
 
 udha Skt. 68 94. 
 uhtretie U. 25 31. 
 uittiuf 0. 30 40. 
 ungula L. 60 83. 
 upsaseter Pel 21 27, 35 58. 
 (e)urit urebat &c. L. 59 81. 
 urna L. 11 15. 
 urnasier U. 22 27. 
 uru U. 24 30. 
 usadbhis Skt. 70 99. 
 usaie U. 17 21, 18 24. 
 68 95. 
 18 24. 
 22 28. 
 17 21. 
 17 21. 
 18 22. 
 27 36. 
 
 uupsen 0. 14 18, 
 
 usar Skt. 
 usil Etr. 
 -usium 0. 
 TJso E. In. 
 ustite U. 
 ustum L. 
 uimated 0. 
 uups-annam 
 
 21 27. 
 uus V. ose. 42 58. 
 
 vaoe/or vaco Zd. 68 95. 
 
 vacuus L. 60 83. 
 
 Valerius L. 45 63, 47 66, 55 77. 
 
 Valesius Pel. 35 49 ; Sab. 34 48. 
 
 varie U. 24 30. 
 
 *vas Skt. 11 15. 
 
 vas U. 75 107. 
 
 vas vasum L. 18 24, 53 74, 54 76 
 
 Tasirslom U. 18 24. 
 
 vastus L. 18 24. 
 
 vaaus U. 18 24. 
 
 veiro U. 24 30. 
 
 Venusia 0. 22 28. 
 
 ver veils L. 11 15, 16. 
 verehasiui 0. 22 27. 
 veres U. 24 30. 
 verna L. S 6, 11 15. 
 vernus L. 11 16. 
 Verrucossus L. 5171. 
 Vesiuicates U. 17 21, 19 25. 
 Vespasia Sab. 22 28 n. 
 Vesta L. 19 25. 
 VesuUia 0. 19 25. 
 Vesune U. 17 21, 19 25. 
 
 „ Mais 36 58 n. 
 vetemus L. 11 15. 
 Vetusius Veturia Veturius L. 45 62, 
 
 49 69, 55 77. 
 Vezune(?) Mars. 36 49 n. 
 viarius L. 49 68, 60 82. 
 viden, satin L. 12 16. 
 videram viderim videro &c. L. 47 
 
 67, 55 77. 
 vidulus L. 60 83. 
 viduuB L. 60 83. 
 vidvadbhis Skt. 70 99. 
 viginti L. 56 77 
 vir L. 58 80. 
 vis vires L. 58 80. 
 virium &c. L. 59 81. 
 virus L. 49 69, S7 79, 58 80. 
 vodhar Skt. 68 94. 
 Voiainier U. 17 21, 20 26. 
 VoleroL. 45 63,55 77. 
 Volesus L. 34 48, 45 63. 
 Voltio Folcozeo Zextoi f. Fal. 38 51. 
 Volusius L. 34 48. 
 Volusus L. 34 48. 
 vomis vomeris L. 55 77. 
 vraisemblanee Fr. 65 90. 
 vulgus L. 58 80. 
 
 zastaya Zd. 69 97. 
 Zertenea Fal. 38 51. 
 zinphonia Sp. 65 90. 
 zugar Sp. 65 90. 
 
 cambbidoe; feinted by o. j. clay, m.a. and sons, at the university press. 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
TRtJBNER'S 
 
 Oriental $r %,immstit Ij^nUmtiom. 
 
 JL OA-TJ^LOO-TJIB 
 
 BOOKS, PERIODICALS, A¥D SERIALS, 
 
 ^istorp, ^Languages, JReligions, antiquities, litera^ 
 tute, anD (j^eograpDp of tjje Cast, 
 
 ^ffl> KINDRED SUBJECTS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Ti^tJBIsrEI^ & oo. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TRUBNEE & CO., 57 and 59, LUDGATE HILL. 
 
 1888. 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 FAOa 
 
 Triibner's Oriental Series 3 
 
 Serials and Periodicals 7 
 
 Archseology .Ethnography, Geography, History, Law, Literature, Numismatics, 
 
 and Travels 26 
 
 The Keligions of the East 41 
 
 Comparative Philology (Polyglots) 48 
 
 Grammars, Dictionaries, Texts, and Translations : — 
 
 FAOE FA SB 
 
 56 Icelandic 84 
 
 51 Japanese 85 
 
 53 
 53 
 54 
 54 
 66 
 56 
 57 
 
 Accad — V. Assyrian 
 African Languages ... 
 
 Albanian 
 
 American Languages 
 
 Anglo-Saxon 
 
 Arabic 
 
 Assyrian 
 
 Australian Languages ... 
 
 Aztek — V. American Lang. 
 
 Babylonian — v. Assyrian 
 
 Basque 
 
 Bengali 
 
 Bihari 
 
 Brahoe (Brakui) 
 
 Braj Bhak& — v. Hindi ... 
 
 Burmese 
 
 Celtic — V. Keltic 
 
 Chaldaic— «. Assyrian ... 
 
 Chinese v(for books on and in 
 Pidgin -English see under 
 this beading) 
 
 Choctaw — V. American Lang. 
 
 Coptic — V. Egyptian 
 
 Gorean 
 
 Cornish— ti. Keltic 
 
 Cree ) — ». American Lan- 
 
 Creole { guages 
 
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 Pagoda at Mengdn, near tbe Burmese Capital, in a Memorandum by Capt. E. H. Sladen, Politi- 
 cal Agent at Mandal€; with Remarks on the Subject by Col. H. Yule, C.B. — XI. Tbe Brhat- 
 SanbitS. ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaba-Mibira. Translated from Sanskrit 
 into English by Dr. H. Kern. — XII. The Mohammedan Law of Evidence, and its influence on 
 tbe Administration of Justice in India. By N. B. E. Baillie, — XIII. Tbe Mohammedan Law of 
 Evidence in connection with tbe Administration of Justice to Foreigners. By the same. — ^XIV. 
 A Translation of a Bactrian PSli Inscription. By Prof, J. Dowson. — XV. Indo-Parthian Coins. 
 By E. Thomas. 
 
 Vol. V. In Two Parts, pp. 463, sewed. With 10 full-page and folding Plates. 
 1871-2. Us.ed. 
 Contents.— I. Two Jdtakas. Tbe original Pdli Text, with an English Ti'anslation. By V, 
 FausboU.— 11 . On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-jung kwan, in North China. By A. 
 Wylie. — III. Tbe Brhat Sanbita ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-Mihira 
 Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.- IV. Tbe Pougol Festival in Southern 
 India. By C. E. Cover.- V. Tbe Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right Hon. 
 Lord Stanley of Alderlcy.— VI. Essay on tbe Creed and Customs of the Jangams. By C. P. 
 Brown.— VII. On Malabar, Coromandel, Quilon, etc. By C. P. Brown.— VIII. On the Treatment 
 of the Nexus in tbe Neo-Aryan Languages of India. By J. Beames, B.C.S.— IX. Some Remarks 
 on tbe Great Tope at Sancbi. By tbe Rev. S. Beal.— X. Ancient Inscriptions from Mathura. 
 Translated by Prof. J. Dowson.— Note to the Mathura Inscriptions. Bv Major-Gen. A. Cun- 
 ningbam.— XI. Specimen of a Translation of tbe Adi Granth. By Dr. E.'Trumpp.— XII. Notes 
 on Dhammapada, with Special Reference to tbe Question of Nirvana. By B. C. Childers, late 
 Ceylon C.S— XIII. Tbe Brhat-Sanbita ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of VarHha- 
 mihira. Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— XIV. On tbe Origin of tbe 
 Buddhist Arthakatbfis. By the Mudliar L. Comrilla Vijasinba, Government Interpreter to the 
 Ratnapura Court, Ceylon. With Introduction by R. C. Cbilders, late Ceylon C.S.— XV. The 
 Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon. By the Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderlcy,— 
 XVI. Proverbia Communia Syi'iaca. By Capt. R. F. Burton.- -XVII. Notes on an Ancient 
 Indian Vase, with an Account of tbe Engraving thereupon. By C. Home, late B.C.S.— XVIII. 
 Tbe Bbar Tribe. By tbe Rev. M. A. Sberring, LL.D., Benares. Communicated by C. Home, 
 late B.C.S.— XIX. Of Jihad in Mohammedan Law, and its application to British India. By 
 N. B. E. BaiUie.— XX. Comments on Recent Peblvi Decipherments. With an Incidental Sketch 
 of the Derivation of Aryan Alphabets. And Contributions to tbe Early History and Geography 
 of Tabaristdn. Illustrated by Coins. By E. Thomas, F.R.S. " r j. 
 
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 Vol. VI., Part I, pp.-212, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1872. 8«. 
 
 Contents. — The Ishmaelitee. and the Arabic Tribes who Conquered their Country. By A. 
 Sprenger.— A Brief Account of Four Arabic Worlts on the History and Geography of Arabia. 
 By Captain S. B. Miles. — On the Method's of Disposing of the Dead at Llassa, Thibet, etc. By 
 Charles Home, late B.C.S. The Brbat-Sanhit&; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of 
 Tar^ba-mihira, Translated from Sanskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern.— Notes on Hwen 
 Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokbjlrist&n, in which some Previous Geographical 
 Identifications are Reconsidered. .By Colonel Yule, C.B.— The Campaign of .ffiliua Gallus in 
 Arabia. By A. Sprenger.— An Account of Jerusalem, Translated for the late Sir H. M. Elliot 
 from the Persian Text of NSsir ibn Khusrfl's Safan4mah by the late Major A. B,. Fuller.— The 
 Poetry of Mohamed Babadan, of Arragon. By the Bight Hon. Lord Stanley of Alderley. * 
 
 Vol. VI., Part'II., pp. 213 to 400 and Ixxxlv., sewed. Illustrated with a Map, 
 Plates, and Woodcuts. 1873. 8«. 
 
 Contents. -On Hiouen-Thsang's Journey- from Patna to Ballabhi. By James Fergusson, 
 D.C.L., F.B.S.— Northern Buddhism. [Note from Colonel H. Yule, addressed to the Secretary.] 
 — :Hwen Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan, etc. By Colonel H. Yule, C.B. — 
 The Byhat-Sanhita; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. Translated 
 from Sanskrit into English by Br. H. Kern. — The Initial Coinage of Bengal, imder the Early 
 Muhammadan Conquerors. Part II. Embracing the preliminary period between a.h. 614-634 
 (AjD. 1217-1236-7). • By Edward Thomas, F.R.S.— The Legend of Dipankara Buddha. Translated 
 from the Chinese (and intended to illustrate Plates xxix. and l., 'Tree and Serpent Worship '). 
 By S. Beal. — Note on Art. IX., ant6 pp. 213-274, on Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to 
 Ballabhi. By James Fergusson, D.G.L., F.E.S. — Contributions towards a Glossary of the 
 Assyrian Language. By H. F, Talbot. 
 
 Vol. VII., Parti., pp. 170 and 24, sewed. With a plate. 1874. 8*. 
 
 Contents.— The Upa8ampada-Eammav&c&, being the Buddhist Manual of the Form and 
 Manner of Ordering of Priests and Deacons. The Pdli Text, with a Translation and Notes, 
 By J, F. Dickson, B. A. —Notes on the Megalithic Monuments of the Coimbatore District, 
 Madras. By M. J. Walhouse, late M,C.S, — Notes on the Sinhalese Language. No. 1. On the For- 
 mation of the Phu-al of Neuter Nouns. By E. C. Childers, late Ceylon C.S.— The Pali Text 
 of the Mahdparinibbdna Sutta- and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers, late 
 Ceylon C.S. — The Brihat-Sanhita ; or. Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varaha-mihira. 
 Translated from 8j£nskrit into English by Dr. H. Kern,— Note on the Valley of Choombi. 
 By Dr. A. Campbell, late Superintendent of Darjeeling. — The Name of the Twelfth Imdm on the 
 Comage of Egypt. By H. Sauvaire and Stanley Lane Poole.— Three Inscriptions of Para- 
 krama B4bu the Great from Pulastipura, Ceylon (date circa 1180 a. o.). By T. W. Rhys Davids. 
 —Of the Kharij or Muhammadan Land Tax ; its Application to British India, and Effect on 
 the Tenure of Land. By N. B. E. Baillie.— Appendix : A Specimen of a Syriac Version of the 
 Ealilah wa-Xflmnah, with an English Translation. By "W. Wright. 
 
 Vol.VII.,PartII,,pp. 191 to394, sewed. With seven plates and a map. 1875. 8s. 
 
 Contents.— Slgiri, the Lion Rock, near Pulastipura, Ceylon; and the Thirty-ninth Chapter 
 of the Mahavamsa. By T. W. Rhys Davids. —The Northern Frontagers of China, Part I, 
 The Origines of the Mongols. By H. H. Howorth.— Inedited Arabic Coins. By Stanley Lane 
 Poole.— Notice on the Dinars of the Abbasside Dynasty. By Edward Thomas Rogers.— The 
 Northern Frontagers of China. Part II. The Origines of the Manchus. By H. H. Howorth. 
 —Notes on the Old Mongolian Capital of Shangto. By S. W. Bushell, B.Sc, M,D,— Oriental 
 Proverbs in their Relations to Folklore, History, Sociology ; with Suggestions for their Collec 
 tion. Interpretation, Publication. By the Rev. J. Long.— Two Old Simhalese Inscriptions. The 
 SahasaMalla Inscription, date 1200 ad., and the Ruwanwseli Dagaba Inscription, date 1191 A.D. 
 Text, Translation, and Notes. By T. W. Rhys Davids.— Notes on a Bactrian Pali Inscription 
 and the Saravat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson. — Note on a Jade Drinking Vessel of the Emperor 
 Jahtogir. By Edward Thomas, F.R.S. 
 
 Vol. VIII., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with three plates and a plan. 1876. 8». 
 
 Contents.— Catalogue of Buddhist Sanskrit MSS. in the Possession of the R.A.S. (Hodgson 
 Collection). By Prof. E. B. Cowell and J. Eggeling.— On the Ruins of Sigiri in Ceylon. By 
 T. H. Blakesley, Ceylon.— The Patimokkha, being the Buddhist Office of the Confession of Priests. 
 The Pali Text, with a Translation, and Notes. By J. V. Dickson, M.A., Ce.vlon C.S.— Notes 
 "on the Sinhalese Language. No. 2. Proofs of the Sauskritic Origin of Sinhalese. By R. C. 
 Childers, late of the Ceylon Civil Service. 
 
 Vol. VIII., Part II., pp. 157-308, sewed. 1876. 8s. 
 
 Contents.- An Account of the Island of Bali. By R. Friederioh.— The Pali Text of the MahS.- 
 
 parinibbana Sutta and Commentary, with a Translation. By R. C. Childers, late Ceylon C.S.— 
 
 The Northern Frontagers of China. Part HI. The Kara Khitai. By H. H. Howorth.— In- 
 
 ■edited Arabic Coins. II. By S. L. Poole.— On the Form of Government under the Native 
 
 . Sovereigns of Ceylon. By A. deySJ^feEgk^^^fe M^a^^ar, Ceylon. 
 
10 Linguistic Publications of Trilbner ^ Co.^ 
 
 Vol. IX., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with a plate. 1877. 85. 
 
 Contents.— Bactrian Coins and Indian Dates. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Tenses of the- 
 Assyrian Verb. By the Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A.— An Account of the Island of Bali. By R. 
 Friedericb {continued from Vol. VIII. n.s- p. 218).— On Ruins in Makran. By Major Moekler. 
 — Inedited Arabic Coins. III. By Stanley Lane Poole,— Further Note on a Bactrian Pali Inscrip- 
 tion and the Samvat Era. By Prof. J. Dowson.— Notes on Persian Beldchistan. From the 
 Persian of Mirza Mehdy Khfin. By A. H. Schindler. 
 
 Vol IX., Part II., pp. 292. sewed, with three plates. ]877. 10s. M. 
 
 Contents.— The Early Faith of Asoka. By E. Thomas, F.R.S.— The Northern Frontagers, 
 of China. Part II. The Manchus {Supplementary Notice). Part IV. The Kin or Golden Tatars. 
 ByH. H. Howorth. — On a Treatise on Weights and Measures by Eliy4, Archbishop of Nisfbfn. 
 By M. H. Sauvaire.- On Imperial and other Titles. By Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M.P.— Affi- 
 nities of the Dialects of the Chepang and Kusundah Tribes of Nipdl with those of the Hill Tribes ■ 
 of Arracan. By Capt. C. J. F. Forbes. F.R.G.S., M.A.S. Bengal, etc.— Notes on Some Anti- 
 quities found in a Mound near Damghan, By A. H. Schindler. 
 
 Vol. X., Part I., pp. 156, sewed, with two plates and a map. 1878. 8*. 
 
 Contents.— On the Non-Aryan Languages of India. By E. L. Brandreth.- A Dialogue on 
 the Vedantic Conception of Brahma. By PramadA DSsa Mittra, lateOffi. Prof, of Anglo-Sanskrit, 
 Gov, College, Benares. — An Account of the Island of Bali. By R. Friederich (continued from 
 Vol. IX. N.S. p. 120).- Unpublished Glass Weights and Measures. By E. T, Rogers.— China, 
 via. Tibet. By 8. C, Boulger.— Notes and Recollections on Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and 
 Garhwai. By J. H. Batten, late B.C.S. 
 
 Vol. X., Part II., pp. 146, sewed. 1878. 6«. 
 
 Contents.— Note on Pliny's Geography of the East Coast of Arabia. By Major-Gen. S. B. Miles, 
 B.S.C. The Maldive Islands; with a VocabulM^ taken from Francois Pyrard de Laval, 1602 — 
 1607. By A. Gray, late Ceylon C.S.— On Tibeto-Burman Languages. By Capt. C. J. F. S. 
 Forbes, Burmese C.S. Commis^on.— Burmese Transliteration. By H. L. St. Barbe, Resident at. 
 Mandelay.— Ou the Connexion of the Mona of Pegu with the Koles of Central India. By 
 Capt. C. J. F. S. Forbes, Burmese C.C. — Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic- 
 Languages, with Special Reference to Assyrian. By P. Haupt. The Oldest Semitic Verb-Form. 
 — Arab Metrology. II. El-Djabarty. By M. H. Sauvaire.— The Migrations and Early History 
 of the White Huns ; principally from Chinese Sources. By T. W. Kingsmill. 
 
 Vol. X., Part III., pp. 204, sewed. 1878. 8s. 
 
 Contents.— On the Hill Canton of SS15.r,— the most Easterly Settlement of the Turk Race. 
 By Robert B. Shaw. — Geological Notes on the River Indus. By GriflBn W. Vyse, Executive 
 Engineer P.W.D. Panjab. — Educational Literature for Japanese Women. By B. H. Chamber- 
 lain. — On the Natural Phenomenon Known in the East by the Names Snb-M-Kazib, etc., etc.. 
 By J. W. Redhouse.— On a Chinese Version of the Sfiiikhya KirikS, etc., found among the- 
 Buddhist Books comprising the Tripitaka and two other works. By the Rev. S. Beal. — The 
 Rock-cut Phrygian Inscriptions at Doganlu. By E. Thomas, F.R.S. — Index. 
 
 Vol. XI., Part. I., pp. 128, sewed, with seven illustrations. 1879. 5«. 
 
 Contents.— On the Position of Women in the East in the Olden Time. By E. Thomas, F.R.S. 
 — Notice of Scholars who have Contributed to our Knowledge of the Languages of British India 
 during the last Thirty Tears. By R. N. Cust.— Ancient Arabic Poetry; its Genuineness and 
 Authenticity, By Sir W. Muir, K.C.S.I.- Note on Manrique's Mission and the Catholics in the 
 time of Shdh Jabfin. By H. G. Keene.— On Sandhi in Pali. By the late R. C. Childers.- On 
 Arabic Amulets and Mottoes. By E. T. Rogers. 
 
 Vol. XL, Part II., pp. 256, sewed, with map and plate. 1879. 75. 6(f. 
 
 Contents.— On the Identification of Places on the Makran Coast mentioned by Arrian, Ptolemy, 
 and Marcian. By Major E. Moekler. — On the Proper Names of the Mohammadans. By Sir T. 
 E. Colebrooke, Bart., M. P.— Principles of Composition in Chinese, as deduced from the Written 
 Characters. By the Rev. Dr. Legge.— On the Identification of the Portrait of Chosroes II. among 
 the Paintings in the Caves at Ajanta. By James Fergusson, Vice-President. — A Specimen of 
 the Zoongee (or Zurngee) Dialect of a Tribe of Nagas, bordering on the Valley of Assam, 
 between the Dikho and Desoi Rivers, embracing over Forty Villages. By the Rev. Mr. Clark. 
 
 Vol. XI. Part III. pp. 104, cxxiv. 16, sewed. 1879. 85. 
 
 Contents. — The Gaurian compared with the Romance Languages. Part I. By E. L. 
 Brandreth.— Dialects of Colloquial Arabic. By E. T. Rogers.— A Comparative Study of the 
 Japanese and Korean Languages. By W. G. Aston.— Index. 
 
 Vol. XII. Part I. pp. 152, sewed, -with Table. 1880. 5«. 
 
 Contents.— On "The Most Comely Names," i.e. the Laudatory Epithets, or the Titles of Praise- 
 bestowed on God -in the Qur'au or by Muslim Writers. By J . W. Redhouse.— Notes on a newly- 
 discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great. By Major-Gen. Sir H. C. Rawlinson, K,C.B.— 
 Note on Hiouen-Thsang*s Dhanakaeheka. By Robert Sewell, M.C.S. — Remarks by Mr. 
 FergUBson on Mr, Sewell's Paper.— A Treatise on Weights and Measures. By Eliyd, Archbkbop- 
 of Nialbln. By H. Sauvaire. (Supplement to Vol. IX., pp. 291-315)- On the Age of th& 
 Ajantfi Caves. By Rfijendrallla Mitra, CLE. —Notes on Babu R&jendral& Mitra's Paper on 
 the Age of the Caves at Ajuntd. By J. Fergusson, F.R.S. 
 
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 Vol. XII. Part II. pp. 182, sewed, with map and plate. 1880. 6s. 
 
 CoHTENTS.^On Sanskrit Texts Discovered in Japan. By Prof. Max Muller.— Extracts from 
 Beport on the Islands and Antiquities of Bahrein. By Capt. Durand. Followed by Notes by 
 Major-Gen. Sir H. C. Bawlinson, K.C.B.— Notes on the Locality and Population of the Tribes 
 dwelling between the Brahmaputra and Ningthi Bivers, By the late G. H. Damant^ Political 
 Ofiicer, N£ga Hills.— On the Saka, SamTat, and Gupta Eras, A Supplement to his Paper on Indian 
 Chronology. By J. Fergusson, D.C.L.— The Megha-Sutra. By C. Bendall. — Historical and 
 ArchsBological Notes on a Journey in South-Western Persia, 1877-1878. By A. Houtum- 
 Schindler.— Identification of the " False Dawn " of the MusUms with the "Zodaacal Light" of 
 Europeans. By J. W. Redhouse, 
 
 Vol. XII. Part III. pp. 100, sewed. 1880. 4». 
 
 GoNTBNTs, — The Gaurian compared with the Romance Languages. Part II. By E. L. 
 Ei^andreth,— The TJzbeg Epos. By Arminius Vambfty.— On the Separate Edicts at Dhauli and 
 Jaugada. By Prof. Kern. — Grammatical Sketch of the Kakhyen Language. By Bev. J. N. 
 Gushing.— Notes on the Libyan Languages, in a Letter addressed to R, N, Gust, Esq., by Prof. 
 F. W. Newman. 
 
 Vol. XII. Part IV. pp. 152, with 3 plates. 1880. 8s. 
 
 CONTBNTS.- The Early History of Tibet, from Ghinese Sources. By S. W. Bushell, M.D.— 
 Notes on some Inedited Coins from a Collection made in Persia during the Years 1877-79. By 
 Gtty Le Strange, M.E.A.S.— Buddhist Nirvana and the Noble Eightfold Path. By Oscar 
 Frankfurter, Ph.D.— Index.- Annual Report, 1880. 
 
 Vol. XIII. Part I. pp. 120, sewed. 1881. 5s. 
 
 Contents.— Indian Theistic Reformers. By Prof. Monier Williams, C.I.E.— Notes on the Kawi 
 Language and Literature. By Dr. H. N. Van der Tuuk.— The Invention of the Indian Alphabet. 
 By John Dowson. The Nirvana of the Northern Buddhists. By the Rev. J. Edkins, D.D.— • 
 An Account of the Malay " Chiri," a Sanskrit Formula. By W. E. Maxwell, 
 
 Vol. XIII. Part II. pp. ITO, with Map and 2 Plates. 1881. 8s. 
 
 CoBTEMTS.— The Northern Frontagers of China. Part V. The Khitai or Khitans. By H. H. 
 Howorth. — On the Identification of Nagarahara, with reference to the Travels of Hiouen-Thsang. 
 By W. Simpson. — Hindu Law at Madras, By J. H. Nelson, M.C.S.— On the Proper Names of 
 the Mohammedans. By Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M.P.— Supplement to the Paper on Indian 
 Theistic Reformers, published' in the January Number of this Journal. By Prof. Monier 
 WilUams, CLE. 
 
 Vol. XIII. Part III. pp. 178, with plate. 1881. 7s. Gd. 
 
 COHTKHTS. — The Avar Language. By C. Graham.— Caucasian Nationalities. By M. A, 
 Morrison.— Translation of the Markandeya Furana. Books VII., VIII. By the Rev. B. 
 Hi Wortham.— Lettre k M. Stanley Lane Poole sur quelques monnaies orientales rares ou inSdites 
 de la Collection deM. Ch, del'Ecluse, ParH. Sauvaire.— Aryan Mythology in Malay Traditions. 
 By W. E. Maxwell, Colonial Civil Service.— The Koi, a Southern Tribe of the Gond. By the 
 Bev. J. Gain, Missionary.— On the Duty which Mohammedans in British India owe, on the 
 Principles of their own Law, to the Government of the Country. By N. E. E. Baillic.— The 
 L-Foem of the Arabs, by Shanfara, Re-arranged and translated by J. W. Redhouse, M.R.A.S. 
 
 Vol. XIII. Part IV. pp. 130, cxxxvi. 16, with 3 plates. 1881. lOs. &d. 
 
 Contents,- The Andaman Islands and the Andamanese. By M. V. Portman. — Notes on Marco 
 Polo's Itinerary in SouthernPersia, By A. Houtum-Schindler.— Two Malay Myths : ThePrincess 
 of the Foam, and the Raja of Bamboo, By W, E, Maxwell.— The Epoch of the Guptas. By 
 E; Thomas, F.R.8.— Two Chinese-Buddhist Inscriptions found at Buddha Gaya. By the Rev, S, 
 Beal,, With 2 Plates. — A Sanskrit Ode addressed to the Congress of Orientalists at Berlin. By 
 Rama Dasa Sena, the Zemindar of Berhampore ; -with a Translation by S. Krishnavarma. — 
 Supplement to a paper, " On the Duty which Mahommedans in British India owe, on the Principles 
 of their own Law, to the Government of the Country." By N. B. E. Baillie. — Index. 
 
 Vol. XIV. Part I. pp. 124, with 4 plates. 1882. 5s. 
 
 Contents.— The Apology of Al Kindy : An Essay on its Age and Authorship. By Sir W 
 Muir, K.C.S.I.— The Poet Pampa. By L. Bice.- On a Coin of Shams ud Duny9, wa ud Din 
 MahmM Shah. By C. J. Rodgers, Amritsar.— Note on PI, xxviii. flg. 1, of Mr. Fergusson'a 
 "Tree and Serpent Worship," 2nd Edition. By S. Beal, Prof, of Ghinese, London University.— 
 On the present state of Mongolian Researches. By Prof. B, Julg, in a Letter to R, N. Oust,— 
 A Sculptured Tope on an Old Stone at Dras, Ladak, By W, Simpson, r,E,G.S,— Sanskrit Ode 
 addressed to the Fifth International Congress of Orientalists assembled at Berlin, September, 
 1881, By the Lady Pandit Rama-bai, of Silohar, Kachar, Assam ; with a Translation by Prof, 
 Monier "Williams, CLE,— The Intercourse of China with Eastern Turkestan and the Adjacent 
 Countries in the Second Century e,c. By T. W. Kingsmill.— Suggestions on the Formation of 
 the Semitic Tenses. A Comparative and Critical Study. By G. Bertin.— On a Lolo MS. written 
 
 on Satin. By M. T. de La Couperie 
 
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 Vol. XIV. Part II. pp. 164, mth three plates. 1882. 7». 6rf. 
 
 CoNTENTS.-On Tartar and Turk. By S. W. Koklle. Ph.D.-Notice of Scholars who have Con- 
 tributed to our Knowledge of the Languages of Africa. By R. N. Cust--Graminatical Sketch 
 of the Hausa Language. By the Eev. J. F. Sohon, F-,ll-G.S.,-Buddh«t Saint Worship By 
 A. Lillie.-Gleanings from the Arabic. By H. W. Preeland, M.A.-Al Kahirah and its Gates. 
 By H. C. Kay, M. Af-How the Mah4bh4rata begins. By Edwin Arnold, C.S.I.-Arab Metrology. 
 IV. Ed-Dahaby. By M. H. Sauvaire. 
 
 Vol. XIV. Part III. pp. 208, with 8 plates. 1882. 8j. 
 
 Contents.— The Vaishnaya Religion, with special reference to the Siksha-patrl of the 
 Modem Sect called Svami-Narayana.' By Monier Williams, C.I.E., D.C.L.— Further Notes on 
 the Apology of Al-Kindy. By Sir W. Muir, K.C.S.I., D.C.L., LL.D.-The Buddhist Caves of 
 Afghanistan. By W. Simpson.— The Identification of the Sculptured Tope at Sanchi. By W. 
 Simpson— On the Genealogy of Modem Numerals. By Sir E. C. Baylcy, K.C.S.I., CLE. 
 —The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, deciphered and translated, by A. H. Sayce. 
 
 Vol. XIV. Part IV. pp. 330, clii. 1882. 14s. 
 
 Contents.— The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, deciphered and translated, by A. H. Sayce. 
 —Sanskrit Text of the Siksha-Patri of the Svami-Narayana Sect. Edited and Translated bj 
 Prof. M. Williams, CLE.— The Successors of the Siljaks in Asia Minor. By S. L. Poole.— The 
 Oldest Book' of the Chinese (The Th-King) and its Authors. By T. de la Couperic. 
 
 Vol. XV. Part I. pp. 134, with 2 plates. 1883. 6s. 
 
 Contents.- The Genealogy of Modem Numerals. Part II. Simplification of the Ancient Indian 
 Numeration. By Sir E C. Bayley, CLE.— Parthian and Indo-Sassanian Coins. By E. Thomas, 
 F.E.S.— Early Historical Relations between Phrygia and Cappadocia. By W. M. Ramsay. 
 
 Vol. XV. Part II. pp. 1 58, with 6 tahles. 1883. 5s. 
 
 Contents.— The Tattva-muktavali of Gauda-pftmanandachakravartin. Edited and Trans- 
 lated by Professor E. B, Cowell.— Two Modern Sanskrit slokas. Communicated by Prof. E. B. 
 Cowell.— Malagasy Place-Names. By the Rev. James Sibree, jun. — The Namakkira, with 
 Translation and Commentary. By H. L. St. Barbe. — Chinese Laws and Customs. By 
 .Christopher Gardner.— The Oldest Book of the Chinese (the Fh-King) and its Authors 
 (continued). By Tervien de LaCouperie.— Gleanings from the Arabic. By H. W. Freeland. 
 
 Vol. XV. Part III. pp. 62-cxl. 1883. 6s. 
 
 Contents. — Early Kannada Authors. By Lewis Rice. — On Two Questions of Japanese 
 Archaeology. By B. H. Chamberlain, M.R.A.S.— Two Sites named by Hiouen.Thsang in the 
 10th Book of the Si-yu-ki. By the Eev. S. Beal.— Two Early Sources of Mongol History. By 
 H. n. Howorth, F.S.A.— Proceedings of Sixtieth Anniversary of the Society, held May 21, 1883. 
 
 Vol. XV. Part IV. pp. 140-iv.-20, with plate. 1883. 5s. 
 
 Coktents. — The Rivers of the Vedas, and How the Aryans Entered India. By Edward 
 Thomas, F.R.S.— Suggestions on the Voice-Formation of the Semitic Verb. By G. Berlin, M.R.A.S. 
 —The Buddhism of Ceylon. By Arthur Lillie, MJR..A.S.— The Northern Frontagers of China. 
 Part VI. Hia or Tangut. By H. H. Howorth, F.S.A.— Index — List of Members. 
 
 Vol. XVI. Part I. pp. 138, with 2 plates. 1884. 7s. 
 
 Contents.- The Story^of Devasmita. Translated from the Katha Sarit Sagara, Tar^ga 13, 
 Sloka 54, by the Eev. B. Hale Wortham.— Pujahs in the Sutlej Valley, Himalayas. By William 
 Simpson, F.E.G.S. — On some New Discoveries in Southern India. By E. Sewell, Madras CS. — 
 On the Importance to Great Britain of the Study of Arabic. By Habib A. Salmons. — 
 Grammatical Note on the Gwamba Language in South Africa. By P. Berthoud, Missionary 
 of the Canton de Vaud. Switzerland, stationed at Valdfizia, Spelonken, Transvaal. (Prepared 
 at the request of B. N. Cust.) — Dialect of Tribes of the Hindu Khush, from Colonel Biddulph's 
 Work on the subject (corrected).— Grammatical Note on the Simnlinf Dialect of the Persian 
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 Maflfei. — A Konkani Geammae. By Angelus F. X. Mateei. 8vo. 
 
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 Newman, Emeritus Professor of University College, London. Crown 8yo. pp. 
 Ti. and 204. cloth. 1882. 10s. 6d. 
 
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 Catalogue of Marathi Books sold by Messrs. Trubner Sf Co. post free for penny stamp. 
 
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 Bellairs. — A Geammae op the Maeathi Language. By H. S. K. 
 
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 Molesworth. — A Dictionaet, Maeathi and English. Compiled by 
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 revised and enlarged. By J. T. Molesworth. Royal 4to. pp. xxx and 922, 
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 Molesworth. — A Compendium of Moleswoeth's Maeathi aub Engiish 
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 Navalkar. — The Student's Maeathi Geammae. By G. E. Nataikae. 
 
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 Parker. — A Concise Grammae of the Malagasy Language. By G. 
 
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 Svo. sewed, pp. iv. and 48. 2s. 6d. 
 
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 Fkyer. Svo. pp. 44. 2s. 6rf. 
 
 Haas. — Catalogue op Sanskkit and Pali Books in the Libbaet of 
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 Jataka (The) ; together with its Commentary. Being Tales of the 
 Anterior Birth of Gotama Buddha. For the first time Edited in the original 
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 The *' Jataka " is a collection of legends in Pali, relating the history of Buddha's trans- 
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 day, is traceable ; and it has been considered desirable, in the interest of Buddhistic studies as 
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 Miiller. — Simplified Geammae op the Pali Lanoitage. By E. MUllee, 
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 aveo une traduction et des notes par E. Senakt. 8vo. pp. 338. Paris, 1871. 
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 Haug. — The Book op Aeda Yieab. The Pahlavi text prepared by 
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 Garden of Eoses of Mahmoud Shabistari. With Selections from the 
 Eubiayat of Omar Khayam. Crown 8vo. pp. Ti.-64, cloth. 1888. 3s. 
 
 H&fiz of Shi'raz. — Selections peom his Poems. Translated from the 
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 Oriental Bordering in gold and colour, and Illustrations by J. E. Hbreeet, 
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 Haggard and le Strange. — The Vazie op Lankiteait. A Persian 
 Play. A Text-Book of Modern Colloquial Persian^ for the use of European 
 Travellers, Residents in Persia, and Students in India. Edited, with a Gram- 
 matical Introduction, a Translation, copious Notes, and a Vocabulary giving the 
 Pronunciation of all the words. By W. H. Haggaed and Gut Lb Steange. 
 Crown 8vo. pp. xl.-176 and 66 (Persian Text), cloth. 1882. 10s. &d. 
 
 Mirkhond. — The Histoet op the AtIbeks op Sxeia and Peesia. 
 By MuHAMMED Ben KhawendshXh Ben Mahmhh, commonly called 
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 W. H. MoELEY, Barrister-at-law, M.E.A.S. To which is added a Series 
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 by W. S. W. Vaux, M.A., M.K.A.S. Roy. 8vo. cloth, 7 Plates, pp. 118. 
 1848. 7s. 6rf. 
 
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 Palmer. — The Song op the Reed. See page 56. 
 
 Palmer. — A Concise Pehsian-English Dictionaet By E. H. 
 Palmee, M.A., Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge. Second 
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 Palmer. — A Concise English-Peesian Dictionaey. Together with 
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 Notes, chiefly from the Commentary of Muhammed Bin Yahya Lahiji. By 
 E. H. Whinpield, M.A., late of H.M.B.C.S. 4to. pp. xvi., 94, 60, cloth. 
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 Lelaud. — Pidgin-English Sin^g-Sonq ; or Songs and Stories in the 
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 Baranowski. — Anslo-Polish Lexicost. By J. J. Baeanowski, 
 formerly Under-Secretary to the Bank of Poland, in Warsaw. Fcap. 8vo. pp. 
 Tiii. and 492, cloth. 1883. 12s. 
 
 Baranowski. — Slownik Polsko-Akgiblski. (Polish-English Lexicon.) 
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 Cowell. — A shoet Introduction to the Oedinaet Peakeit of the 
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 Cowell. — Peakeiia-Peakasa ; or, The Prakrit Grammar of Vararuchi, 
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 Bellew.^A Geammae of the Pukshto oe Ptjkshto Language, on a 
 
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 and Explanatory. By Trevou Chichele Plowden, Captain H.M. Bengal 
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 pp. 171 to 230 ! Popular Stories, Ballads and Riddles, and pp. 231 to 413 ! 
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 Trampp. — Pasto Geammae. See page 50. 
 
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 Torceanu. — SmPLrpiED Geammae op the Eottmaitian LitfGnrAQE. By 
 E. ToKCBANTj. Crown 8vo. pp. viii.-72, cloth. 1883. 5s. 
 
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 Freeth. — A Condeis-seb B,TjssrAN Geammae for the Use of Staff Officers 
 and others. By P. Feeeth, B. A., late Classical Scholar of Emmanuel College, 
 Cambridge. Crown 8to. pp. iv.-76, cloth. 1886. 3s. 6rf. 
 
 Lermontoff. — The Demoit. By Michael Leemontofp. Translated 
 from the Russian by A. Condie Stephen. Crown 8vo. pp. 88, cloth. 1881. 2s. &d. 
 
 Siola. — A Geadtjated lirrssiAir Eeadee, with a Vocabulary of all the 
 Eussian Words contained in it. By H. Riola, Crown 8to. pp. viii. and 314. 
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 Biola. — How TO Leaen Ettssiaw. A Manual for Students of Eussian, 
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 piled and published under the orders of the Secretary of State for India in 
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 Jaschke. — Tibetait Geammae. By H. A. Jaschke. Crown 8vo. pp. 
 
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 Lewin. — A Manual of Tibetan, being a Guide to the Colloquial Speech 
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 pp. xi. and 176. 1879. £1 Is. 
 
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 pp. Ivi. and 272. With a plate and i portraits. Cloth. By E. J. W. Gibb. 
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 selected Vocabulary, alphabetically arranged, in two parts, English and Turkish, 
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 characters. By J. W. Redhouse, F.R.A.S. Third Edition. Oblong 32mo. 
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 Kedhouse. — Tfekish and English Lexicon, showing in English the 
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 Browne. — An TJEiri Peimee in Eoman Chabactee. By J. F. Beownb, 
 
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 Maltby. — A Peactical Handbook of the Ueita oe Odiya Language. 
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