KHC-.^.^'^.^-wyyvvvv^v^^^'^'^ 
 
 
 
 ^ntM 
 
 ^SljM 
 
 i^W^yx. 
 
 .uu: 
 
 
 Itt 
 
 
 OT^ 
 
 
 MuMM^' 
 
 
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 PROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 ^^ THE GIFT OF 
 
 T891 
 
 MCIHIERISQ LiBRARX 
 
 /{.'■M4-^'^ ■:-:--^-: J/^/^//£^Z. 
 
^m&MS&?iSJf^,S! "°'"i Lincolnshi 
 
 3 1924 004 557 033 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004557033 
 
lAll Bights BeservedJ] 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY|OF 
 
 PARTS OP ^ 
 
 NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE 
 
 AND SOUTH YOEKSHIEE. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF SHEET 86.) 
 BY 
 
 W. A. E. USSHEE, P.G.S. 
 
 (Pabts by 0. F0X-8TRAFGWATS, F.G-.S., A. 0. G. CAMEEON, 
 0. EEID, F.L.S., F.G.Si, and A. J. JUKES-BEOWNE, B.A., F.&.S.) 
 
 PUBIIBHED BT OEDEB OB THE lOEDS COMMISBIONEKS OP HEB MAJESTY'S XKEASUET. 
 
 LONDON: 
 PRINTED FOB HES MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 BY ETEB AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 FBINIEBB 10 THE QTTEEIT'S MOST EXCELLENT lUJESTY. 
 
 And to be purcbased, either directly ortbroog;}! any Bookseller/from 
 
 E YKE ABS SFOTTISWOOBE, East HABSiira 8ibeet, Fleet;Stbeei, E.C. ; or 
 
 ADAH USD CHAKLES BLACK, 6, NoBTH Bbisqe, EdutbussH; or 
 
 HODGES, FIGrGIS, & Co., 104 Geaetos Steeet, Dublih. 
 
 1890. 
 Price Ttoo Shillings. 
 
LIST OF MAPS, SECTIONS, AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 Tan Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Qeological Surrey of the United Kingdom, und( 
 
 the Superintendence of Ajboh. Gbikib, LL.D., F.R.S., Director General. 
 (For Maps, Sections, and Memoirs illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for lull particulars of all publici 
 
 tions, see " Catalogue." Price It.) 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES,-(Scaleone-inchtbamile.] 
 Maps marked • are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. i 
 
 Sheets S*, 5, 6*, 7*, 8*, 9, 11 to 22, 25, 26, 30, SI, S3 to 37, 40, 41, 44, 47'. 64', 66f, 69t,70*, 83*, 86», price 8«. 6d. each. 
 Sheet 4, 6s. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, 32, S8i 39, 68, 84t, 85t, *e. each. , I. of Wight (New Series), 6». : 
 Sheets divided into quarters ; all at 3s. each quartei'-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are Is. 6d. each. 
 , 1», 42, 43, 45, 46, NW, SW, NE», SB, 48, NWt, S W«, NEt, (SB*), (49tT. 50t, 51*. 62 to 87, (67 HW); 69 to 63, 66 SWt SE1 
 NW*„Sfit, 67 N+, (St), 68 Bt, (ISW), SW+,71 to 76, 76 . (N) S, (77 N), 78, 79, XW*, SW,NE* SE».80NW», SW», Nl 
 SB, 81 NW», SW, NE, SB, 82, 8S«, 87, 88, NW, SW», NE, SB, 89 NW«, SW», NB, SB*, 90(NB*),(SB*),91, WW*),(SW*),NB' 
 SB*. 92 SW*. NB, SB, 93 NWiRWJfB*. SI*, 94 NWt, SWt, (NBt), SBt, 96 NW*, NE*, (SB*), 96 NW*, SW*, NE*, SB' 
 97 NW* SW*. NB*, SB, 98 NW, SW, NE*, SB, 99 (NE*), (SB*), 101 SB, 102 NB*, 103*, 104*, 105 NW, SW, (NE*), m 
 106 NW*, NB* SB* 107 SWt, NB*, SB*, 108 SW*,,NE*, SB*, 109 SW, SB*. 110 (NW*), (NE*), SW*. 
 
 aOKIZOH-TAI. SBCTIOirS, VERTXCAK SECTZOirSr ' 
 
 1 to 146, England, price 6s. each. 1 to 78, England, price 3s. 6i2. each. | 
 
 CODIPKETED COVITTZES OF Bitaj.AWl» Awxt VTAXiES, on a Scale of one-inch to a MUeJ 
 
 Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. J 
 
 ANGLESBYt,— 77N;78. Hor.Seot.40. 1 
 
 ]BEDBORDSHIEB,--46NW,NE, SWt. SBt, 62 NW, NE, SW. SB. 
 BERKSHIRE,^*, 8t, 12*, IS*, 34*, 45 SW*. Hor. Sect. 69, 71, 72, 80. 
 
 BEBOKNOCKSHIRBt.^Se, 41, 42, 66 NW, SW, 57 NB, SB. Hor. Sect. 4, 6, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect. 4 and 10. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* 18* 45* NE, SB. 46 NW, SWt, 62 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. 
 
 CAEKMAETHBNSHIl!(Bt,S7,SS,40,41,42NW,SW, 56 SW, 67 SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 2-4,7,8; andVert. fSect. 3-6, 18, 14 
 OABRNAEVONSHIRB.t— 74NW, 76, 76,77N, 78, 79NW.SW. Hor. Sect. 28, 31, 40. 
 CAMBEIDGESHIRB,t-46 NB, 47*. 51*, 52 SB, 64*. 
 
 OAEI)IGANSHIBEt,-40, 41, 66 NW, 67, 58, 69 SB, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 0HBSHIEE,-7S NE, NW, 79 NE, SB. 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 43, 44, 60. 64, 66, 67, 70. 
 0OttNWALlt,-24t, 26t, 26t, Z9t, SOt, Sit, S2t, & SSt. 
 
 DENBIGHt,-7SNW,74,75NB,78NE,SB,79NW,SW,SE,80SW. Hor. SeOt. 31, 36, 38, 39,43, 44; andVert Sect 24 
 DJSRBySHIREt.-62 NB, 63 NW, 71 NW, SW, SB, 72 NE, SB, 81, 82, 88 SW, SB. Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 09 70 
 DEVONSHIEBt,— 20t, 21t, a2t, 23t 24t, 26t. a6t.& a7t. Hor.Seot. 19. 
 D0R8BTSHIEB,— 16, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 66. Vert. Sect. 22, 
 ESSEX,— 1*, 2*, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. 
 FLINTSHIREt,— 74 NE, 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 GLAMOEGAN8HlEHt,-20, 86, 37, 41, & 42 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 8, 10, 11; Vert. Sect. 2, 4 5. 6 7 9 10 47 
 GIiOUCBSTERSHtRE,-19, 84*, 35, 43 NB, SW, SB, 44*. Hor. Sect. 12 to 16, 69; Vert. Sect. 7, 1] 16 4S to 6*1 ' 
 HAMPSHIEB,— 8t, 9t, 10*, lit, 12*, 14, 16, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HBRBEORDSHIEB,-42 NE, SB, 43, 56, 66 NE, SB. Hor. Sect. 6, IS, 27, 30, 34 ; and Vert. Sect. 16 
 HBETPORDSHIRB,— It N W, 7*, 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. 
 HUNTINGDON,— 61 NV; , 52 NW, NE, SW, 64*, 66. 
 KENTt,— It SW &SB, 2t, St. 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
 
 I;ANCASHIEE,-79 NE, 80 NW, NE, 81 NW, 88 NW, SWt, 89, 90, 91, 92 SW, 93. H. S. 63 to 68, 85 to 87 T S 27 <M, fli 
 LBIOBSTEESHlEE,-63 NE, 62 NE, 63* 64*, 70*, 71 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 46, 48, 49, 62, 122, 124 125 " 
 
 LINCOLNSHIEEt,— 64*, 65, 69,70*, 83*, 84*, 85*, 86*. 
 
 Ml!EIONETHSHIEEt,-69 NB, SE. 60 NW, 74, 76 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31, S2, 36. 37 88 39 
 MIDDLBSEXt,-ltNW,SW,7*, 8t. Hor. Sect. 79. . o.s, oo, a/, so, «». 
 
 MONMODTH8HIEB,-«5, 36, 42 SE, NE, 48 SW. Hor. Sect. 6 and 12 ; and Vert. Sect. 8 9 10 12 
 MONTGOMBRTSHIREt.-66 NW, 69 NE, SE, 60, 74 SW SB. Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 34 35 SB qa 
 NOEEOIiKt,-60NW*,NE*,e4*,66*,66*,67,e8*,69. ". oji, o», oo, sB, 38. 
 
 N0ETHAMPT0NSHIEB,-e4, 46 NW, NB, 46 NW, 62 NW, NB, SW, 63 NE, SW, & SB 63 SB 64 
 NOTTINQHAM,-70*, 71* NE, SE, NW, 82 NE*, SB*, SW, 83, 86, 87* SW. Hor. Sect. 60 61 
 OXrOBDSHIRB,— 7*. 18*, 34*, 44*, 46*, 58 SB*, SW. Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81 82. 
 PJ3MBEOKBSHIEEt,-S8, 39, «), 41, 58. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and IS 
 EADNOESHiaB,-42NW,NB, 66,60 SW.SE. Hor. Sect. B> 6, 27. 
 aXJTLANDSHIEBt,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 
 ^""^^TSlTfnlfer^ii^^T^^' ^^- ™- ''■ «^ ^^- '«> ^* ^^' ^^^ Hor. Sect. 24, 25, 30. SS. S4, 86, 41, U 
 80MEESBTSHIEB,-18, 19. 20. 21, 27, 36. Hor. Sect. 16, 16. 17, 20, 21, 22; and Vert. Sect. 12 46 47 48 m, .„ „ 
 STAEFOEDSHIBB,-64 NW, 65 NE, 61 NE. SB, 62, 63 N(V, 71 SW 72 73 NE SE 81 SB sV ^' *V"'"- 
 
 24. 25, 41, 42, 45, 49, 54, 67, 61, 60 ; and Vert. Sect. 16, wT 18, 19, 20. 21 2S 26 ' ^' ^or. Sect. 18, ia 
 
 SUEFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49. 60, 61, 66 SB*, 67. 
 
 STJEEET,-1 SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12t. Hor. Sect. 74, 7B, 76, and 79. 
 
 SUSSEX,— 4*, Bt, 6t,. 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 73, 76, 76, 77. 78. ! 
 
 WABWIOKSHIEB,-44*, 46 NW, 53*, 64, 62 NE. SW. SE, 63 NW, SW, SE. Hor Sect 23 is rr. m v ..* c 
 W1LTSHIBE,-12*, 13*, 14, 15, 18, 19, 34*, and 86. Hor. Sect. 16 and 69 43 to 61 ; Vert. Sect. 21. 
 
 WOB0BSTEE8HIEE,-4S NE, 44*. 64, 56, 62 SW, SB, 61 SB. Hor. Sect.18, 28, 26, 50, 69 and Vert Sect IK 
 
 GEWERAZ. lUEKOIKS OP THE CEOXiOCZCAK SVKVET ' 
 EBPOET on OOEN WALL, DEVON, and WEST SOME RSET. By Sir H. T. De La Bsf-TTT. i *. L^^ 
 FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALEOZOIC POSSILS in the above CoS KvPpn?-^-' 
 The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GEEAT BEITAIN. Vol I 2U ■ Vol TT if ^ t?!i^*""W. (O.P.) 
 N. WALES, By SiE A. C. Bamsay. App., by J. W. Saiieb and B. Etheeidm 2nd Ed 21s 7vn^^?^'f *• j 
 
 LONDON BASIN. Pt. I. Chalk & Eocene of S. & W. Tracts. By W. Whitj kj™ X ?v , rj '" ■^"- °' Memoirs, &o. 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NBI6HB0UBH00D. By W Wmr*;)^^ k!;°45^™""' *"•> (O-f-i 
 TERTIARY FLUVIO-MARINE FORMATION of the ISLE of WIGHT. B^ Ew^Fo™ ^ 1 
 
 The ISLE OF WIGHT. ByH. W.Beisiow. New Ed. By C. Eeid and a! SiuT^ 8^6 j" ^ 
 
lAll Rights JReierved."] 
 
 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 PARTS OP 
 
 NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE 
 
 AND SOUTH YOEKSHIRE. 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF SHEET 86.) 
 BY 
 
 W. A. E. USSHEE, E.G.S. 
 
 (Pahts by 0. FOX-STRANGWATS, F.a.S., A. 0. G. CAMBEON, 
 0. BBID, F.L.S., F.Q-.S., and A. J. JUKES-BROWNB, BA., F.G.8.) 
 
 PtTBIISSED BT OEDEE OB THE LOEDfl COMMISSIOWEES OB HEB MAJESTY'S TEEASUKT. 
 
 LONDON: 
 FEINTED FOR HES MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 BT ETEE AND SPOTTISWOOPB, 
 
 FEIITTEBS TO THE QUEEN'S HOST EXCELLENT MAJEBTT. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller/from 
 
 EYRE AHD SPOTTISWOODB, East HAEDiif a Steeet, FieetISteeet, E.C. ; or 
 
 ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK, 6, XoETH iJEIDSE, Edikbvbsh ; or 
 
 HODGES, FiaeiS, & Co., IM, GSABTON SiSEEl, DUBUir. 
 
 1890. 
 JPrice Two Shillings^ 
 
 v^ 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 The Map de-.ciibed in the following pages (Sheet 86) 
 includes the southern portion of the Yorkshire Lias and 
 Oolites, and the northern extension of those of Lincoln- 
 shire, together with the underlying Keuper Marls and 
 overlying Neocomian and Cretaceous rocks. Much of 
 the ground is covered with Glacial Drift and Alluvial 
 Deposits. 
 
 The northern part of the area embraced by the Map 
 (Yorkshire) has already been described in twp Survey 
 Memoirs : " The Geology of the Country between York 
 and Hull," by J. R. Dakyns, C. Fox-Strangways, and 
 A. C. G. Cameron, 1886; and "The Geology of 
 Holdemess," by C. Reid, 1885. The descriptions of the 
 rocks in that tract of country are consequently not 
 given in detail in the present work, except in the case of 
 the Drifts of Kelsey HUl, which are of special interest. 
 
 # 
 
 "Withia the area embraced by the Map nothing lower 
 than the Keuper division has with certainty been recorded 
 from evidence furnished by bore-holes. The Rhastic 
 Beds are almost entirely concealed beneath superficial 
 accumulations. 
 
 The Lower Lias yields a rich bed of ironstone, 20 to 30 
 feet thick, known as the " Frodingham Ironstone," but it 
 aflfbrds no important limestones such as are usually met 
 with at the base of the formation in other localities in 
 the Midland and S.W. counties. To make up for thsi 
 deficiency, however, the Lincolnshire Limestone at 
 Kirton-in-Lindsey yields hydraulic limestones, which are 
 
 O 52912. Wt. J 1481, A 2 
 
worked in that neighbourliood for the production of 
 so-called " Blue Lias Lime." It has been found desir- 
 able to make a local separation of these strata, under the 
 name of Kirton Beds, from the more oolitic limestones 
 that overlie them, here described as Hibaldstow Beds. 
 
 An important stratigraphical fact in the region is the 
 unconformable transgression of the upper part of the 
 Cretaceous Series across the older rocks, the strike of the 
 Jurassic Beds being nearly north and south, while that of 
 the Chalk is from S.S.E. to N.N.W. The Lower Creta- 
 ceous Series is a continuation of that in Sheet 83, but it 
 thins out, or is overlapped, by the Chalk near Clixby, and 
 only reappears for a few miles between Ba,metby and 
 Worlaby. 
 
 Ironstone is worked in the middle division, or Tealby 
 Beds, of the Neocomian Series. 
 
 The large Alluvial area along the borders of the Trent 
 and Ouse is of considerable agricultural importance, 
 owing to the extensive system of " warping " which is 
 carried on. To this, indeed, the traditional fertility of 
 the Isle of Axholme is partly due. 
 
 AKCH. GEIKpLB, 
 Director General. 
 Greological Survey Office, 
 Jermyn Street, 
 
 February 19th, 1890. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PEEFACE. By the DmEcioa QmESXL » 
 
 Chapter i, 
 
 INTEODUPTION:— 
 
 Physioai, Fbatpees and Table of Steata 
 
 Chief paubontolooical eoNsroEEATioNs m the Abba 
 
 OH^TER'III. 
 
 Page 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 TRIAS:— 
 
 General description , - . . . . - 6 
 
 Keuper Sandstones ■*-'.. . . ■ - 5 
 
 Keuper Marls. East of -fee' Trent . . . -5 
 
 West of -the Trait - - . . . 6 
 
 RH^TIO OR PENARTH BEDS :— 
 
 G-eneral description •--... 8 
 Detailed notes • - • ■ . -9 
 
 • CHAPTER- IV. 
 LOWER LIAS:— 
 
 General description - - • . . .12 
 
 Basement Beds . - - - - - - 13 
 
 Zones of Ammonitee^tmgmlaitui and Am. BucTda/ndi, below 
 
 the Erodingham Ironstone - - - . - 14 
 
 Erpdingh^m Iroiwtone . ■- ^ - . - - 21 
 
 Clays aboYe tte F^'odiugbam Ironstone - - - 31 
 
 Lias, Nortb of the Humber - - - - - 35 
 
 CHAPTER T. 
 
 THE [JUNCTION BETWEEN THE LOWER AND MIDDLE 
 LIAS 36 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 MIDDLE LIAS :^ 
 
 Pecten-bed Ironstone - - • - - - 42 
 
 Middle Lias Clay - - - - - - 47 
 
 Marlstone Rookied - - - - - - 60 
 
 Middle Lias, north of the Humber - • - - 53 
 
•n 
 
 OHAPTBB Vn. 
 
 TJPPEK LIAS:— 
 
 South of the Hnmber 
 North of the Hnmber 
 
 Pago 
 
 - 65 
 . 67 
 
 ogAPTEK vm. 
 
 THE LOWER OOLITES :— 
 
 General description ... 
 
 INMIKIOE Ooiixe:— - - - . 
 
 Basement Beds • . • 
 
 Lincolnshire Limestone 
 
 Eirton Beds - . 
 
 Hibaldstow Beds . . - 
 
 . 59 
 
 - 69 
 
 - 60 
 . 63 
 . 67 
 
 - 76 
 
 OHAPTEKIX. 
 THE LOWER OOLITES^coM*MM«e(? .— 
 
 GSEAX DOLITB ^EBIES :— . * 
 
 Upper Estnarine Series 
 
 Gfreat Oolite Limestone 
 
 Great Oolite Clay 
 
 Cornbi'ash .... 
 
 - 80 
 
 - 81 
 
 - 82 
 ■ 84 
 
 - 86 
 
 OMAPTER X. 
 
 THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE LOWER A 
 OOLITES 
 
 ND WIDBLE 
 
 - 91 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE MIDDLE OOLITES:— 
 
 Eellawaytf Rock tend Sands 
 Oxford Clay 
 
 - 93 
 
 - 96 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 TEE RELATIONS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER OOLITES - 99 
 
 CHAPTER Xin. 
 
 THE UPPER OOLITES: — 
 Eimeridge Clay - 
 
 102 
 
▼u 
 
 CHAPTEE XIV. 
 
 CBBTAOBOUS ROCKS:— 
 
 General description - 
 Lover Cretaceous:— 
 General description 
 Spirsby Sandstone 
 Glazby Ironstone 
 ' Tealby Clay . 
 Tealby Limestone 
 Carstone 
 Inliera 
 
 Page 
 
 . 106 
 
 106 
 108 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 110 
 111 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 CRETACEOUS UOCKa—Bontmued :- 
 
 TJPPEE CKEIAaEOUS : — ' 
 
 G«n'eral description 
 Red- Chalk.- - ' . 
 LoTTer or Grey ChAlk 
 Middle Chalk, with Flints 
 
 113 
 113 
 115 
 119 
 
 CHAPTER XYI. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS WEST OF THE WOLDS :— 
 
 South oj the Humdeb ; — 
 
 General description ..... 
 
 r General notes .... 
 
 BouUjeb. CiAT < Ancholme District ... 
 
 L Trent District .... 
 
 Old Gbayels : — General notes .... 
 
 On the Oolitic escarpment .... 
 
 In the Bonlder Clay Area, Ancholme Yalley District 
 
 In the Liassic Area ..... 
 
 West of the River Trent .... 
 
 Low-iiEVEL Deposits op the Ancholme Vallet, and Bsown 
 
 BouLDEB Clay . . - . . 
 
 Sand, Peat, asd Alluvium op the Trent Valley : — 
 
 General description ..... 
 
 Sand and Peat east of the Trent. On the Liassic Area 
 ,, „ In the Alluvial Area 
 
 Sand and Peat west of the Trent ... 
 
 Alluvium and Warp ..... 
 
 Peat and Alluvial Deposits op the Ancholme Valley 
 Blown Sand ...... 
 
 Nobth op the Humbee; — 
 
 Glacial Beds ...... 
 
 Warp and' Lacustrine Glaya, Sand and Gravel 
 
 Alluvium, Modem Warp, and Peat ... 
 
 128 
 130 
 130 
 132 
 134 
 135 
 135 
 136 
 141 
 
 142 
 
 151 
 151 
 152 
 162 
 154 
 156 
 161 
 
 164 
 165 
 165 
 
viii 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 Page 
 
 SUPERFICmi DEPOSITS BAST OF THE WOLDS :— 
 
 General description - ' - - - " " ^^^ 
 
 BouiDBE Olat - - - - - ■ " i-^ 
 
 Gkatbl Sand and Loam - _ - - - • " '■'^ 
 Post-Gtlaciai Deposits] — 
 
 Peaf, Clay and Briok-eartfi . - . - • 183 
 
 AUnVium and Waip - ' - - '. • ' ■'■°* 
 
 - APPENDIX L 
 
 SYlSrOPTICAL TABLES OF FOSSILS OBTAINED WITHIN THE 
 DISTRICT :— 
 
 (1.) Lower Lias - - - 
 
 (2.) Middle Lias 
 . (3.) Inferioj; Oolite. . . - 
 
 (4.) .Grreat Oolite Series , 
 (5.) Hiddle^nd Upper Oolites 
 
 188 
 194 
 198 
 203 
 207 
 
 APPENDIX IL 
 
 WELL SECTIONS AND- BORINGS :— 
 
 Borings reaching the Keuper , . . - . 210 
 
 Wells and Borings in Liassic and Oolitic Rocks • - 211 
 
 „ - „ - in the- Wolds - -■ - - 216 
 
 ,, " „ inSuperiicialDepositS) AnciiolHieTalley 216 
 
 „ „ • in the Hnmber Valley - - - 217 
 
 „ „ - in the Trent Yalley - - - 220 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FiGtTEE 1. — Sketch section .showuig feature made by Lias Basement 
 
 Beds, Sonth of Messingham Mill - - ■ - 14 
 
 FiGtTRB 2. — Section along, the Frodrnghami Railway Cutting - - 15 
 
 FiGTJUE 3. — Section in Wraifrby Gra,vel Piij, - _ . - . 136 
 
 FiGTJKES 4 and 5. — Sections in Gravel Pit, south of Taddlethorpe 138, 139 
 FjBTJBB 6. — Diagrani showing extension of the Middle Lias feature 
 . : . .by Chalk GfraTel at Everthorpe - - . - 165 
 
 FiCrtiEB 7. — Sietch of the Humber-shore at Melton, showing Peat with 
 
 stumps of trees --.-.. iqq 
 FiGTJKB 8. — Section in Gravel Pit, west of Wold Newton Church - 170 
 Figuee9. — Chalk-pit at Hessle .«-... 175 
 FiGUKB 10 Cross-section of Gravel Pit, at Kelsey Hill - = 184 
 
THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 PARTS OF 
 
 NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE 
 
 AND 
 
 SOUTH YORKSHIRE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The district described in this Memoir belongs entirely to the 
 basin of the Humber, of which river the whole course, except the 
 mouth, is included in Sheet 86 of the Geological Survey Map. 
 
 Owing to the dominant north and south strike of the rocks 
 throughout Lincolnshire, a series of parallel ridges and valleys, alsd 
 trending north and south, forms one of the most marked features 
 in the physical geography of the district. In each of these valleys 
 ^e find a river flowing northward, or southward, to join tihe 
 Humber.* But while the courses of the minor rivers conform strictly 
 to the line of easiest erosion, the Humber itself cuts abruptly 
 through the successive escaxpments and flows from west to east till 
 it reaches the sea. 
 
 Though generally spoken of as a river, the Humber is more 
 strictly an estuary, for the tide flows freely along its whole length 
 of 37 miles, its fish are marine, and salt-marshes border its whole 
 course. Of the larger tributaries the Ouse enters the Map near 
 the north-west corner ; it receives the Aire, and, after a circuitous 
 course of about 15 miles, flows into the Humber. The Ouse and 
 its tributaries drain a great part of Yorkshire. On the south- 
 west the Trent enters the -area at Misterton, flows northward for 
 about 20 miles, and joins the Humber opposite the mouth of the 
 Ouse. The Trent drains a great part of the Midland counties. 
 
 The other rivers, though of local importance, are much smallec 
 Commencing on the north of the Humber, there is the Hull, 
 which joins the Humber at Hull (more correctly Kingston-upon»' 
 Hull) ; this stream drains the low-lands of Holderness and part 
 of the Yorkshire Wolds. The other streams north of the Humber 
 are of little importance, only draining small areas. 
 
 South of the Humber an intricate series of streams drained 
 the flat lands in the western portion of the Map, but these are 
 now almost entirely superseded by straight drains or canals flow- 
 ing into the Trent or Ouse. Among them, however, the Old Doi^ 
 Idle, and Torne Rivers are interesting as forming the boundary 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Near the centre of the Map 
 is a broad n(H?th and south valley drained by the River Ancholme, 
 and its tributaries. The Ancholme ha? been straitened and 
 turned into a navigable canal called the New Biver, which flows 
 past Biigg and enters the Humber at Ferriby. East of the 
 Lincolnshire Wolds a few minor streams drain the Chalk and 
 low-lands. The principal of these- are the Ulceby, Laceby, and 
 Hatcliife Becks. The Chalk streams are commonly intermittent, 
 some of them failing entirely towards autumn. 
 
 The easterly dip of the Secondary rocks makes the harder beds 
 form north and south ridges with steep escarpments facing 
 westwards. Thus we have, along the western margin of the Map* 
 a wide belt of alluvial and peaty land with low undulating tracts 
 of sand. The soft Triassic beds which underlie these superficial 
 deposits appear as low insulated hills m places, as at Epworth and 
 Crowle. 
 
 On the east of the- Trent the outcrop of the Lower Lias is 
 marked by a range of high land running northward to the Humber, 
 and declining gently eastward from its summit to the foot of the 
 next range or Oolitic escarpment. 
 
 The Oolitic escarpment, known as " the Cliff," is formed by the 
 outcrop of the Lincolnshire Limestone at its junction with the 
 Upper Lias Clays. The steep escarpment slope is broken in places 
 in the lower part by " nabs," or ledges, made by thin ironstone 
 beds in the Middle Lias.. From its crest the Oolitic escarpment 
 falls gently eastward to the Ancholme Valley, which has been exca- 
 vated in the softer upper beds of the Lower Oolites and the 
 Middle Oolite (Oxford) Clay. 
 
 From Elsham southward the Middle and Upper Oolite (Oxford 
 and Kimeridge) Clays form a low table land — capped by Boulder 
 Clay, intersected by numerous valleys, and separated from the 
 Wolds by a low-lying tract of Blown Sand and other superficial 
 deposits. The Liassic escarpment attains a height of 200 feet at 
 Burton near the mouth of the Trent ; the Oolitic escarpment on 
 Sheffield Hill, near Appleby, is nearly 250 feet above the sea level 
 
 East of the Ancholme, the Chalk Wolds present elevations of 
 from 300 to 500 feet. The Wolds form a strip of boldly undula- 
 ting country about six miles wide, which is cut off on the eastern 
 side by an old, partially buried, sea-cliff. Between this cliff and the 
 coast no solid rock is seen, the rest of the district to the ed^e of 
 i^e Map being a low plain of Drift and Alluvium. 
 
 The principal towns vrithin this area are Hull, on the north side 
 of the Humber and near the margin of the Map ; Grimsby, half 
 in this Sheet and half in Sheet 85, on the south side of the Humber 
 not far from its mouth ; Brigg, in the valley of the Ancholme • 
 and Goole, on the south side of the Ouse. Of smaller towns there 
 are in Yorkshire, Hedon, in Holderness ; Hessle, on the Humber 
 above Hull ; North Ferriby and South Cave at the foot of the 
 Yorkshire Wolds ; Howden, in the north-west comer of the Map. 
 In Lincolnshire there U Epworth, capital of the Isle of Axholme' 
 
FOBUATIONS. 
 
 Kirton Lindsey on the Oolite escarpment ; Caistor (or GaBtor) at 
 the foot of the Wolds ; and Bartpn-upon-Humber. 
 
 The Geological Formations represented in Sheet 86 are the 
 following : — 
 
 r Blown Sand. 
 _^ , Shingle. 
 1 Alluvium and Warp. 
 ^Peat. 
 
 ' Valley Gravel. 
 — Low level deposits of the Ancholme 
 Valley (? in part Newer Glacial). 
 'Boulder Clay. 
 -■• Glacial and Interglacial Gravels. 
 _Boulder Clay.. 
 
 "Upper Chalk? (not seen at the sur- 
 face). 
 -■< Middle Chalk, with flints. 
 
 Lower (or Grey) Chalk, without flints. 
 .Bed Chalk. 
 "Carstone. 
 
 t 
 
 "Recent - 
 
 t 
 
 Post Glacial 
 
 1 
 
 
 _Glarial - 
 
 Chalk - 
 
 Neocomian 
 
 Upper Oolite ^ 
 Middle Oolite 
 
 ] TTealby Limestone. 
 
 ■I Tealby Beds-{ Tealby Clay. 
 
 L 
 
 LClaxby Ironstone, 
 Spilsby Sandstone. 
 - Kimeridge Clay. 
 
 rOxford Clay. 
 •< Kellaways Bock. 
 [_ Clay beneath Kellaways Bock. 
 fCombrash. 
 
 fG^at Oolite Series-4gSSli;:gS,_ 
 
 ■I 
 
 o 
 
 Upper Estuarine Series. 
 Lincolnshire THibaldstow Beds. 
 Limestone. ^ Kirton Beds. 
 
 ^TnferiorOoUteSeries-! 
 
 Basement 6eds-< 
 
 Hydraulic Limestone. 
 Lower Estuarine 
 Series. 
 LDogger. 
 "Upper Lias - - Clay and Shale. 
 
 "Marlstone Bock Bed (Bhynchonella 
 Bed). 
 Clay. 
 
 Pecten-Bed Ironstone. 
 "Clays. 
 
 Frodingham Ironstone. 
 Clays and Limestones (including the 
 Basement Beds). 
 Rhsetic or Fenarth Beds, Black Shales, &c. 
 
 Middle Lias 
 
 Lower Lias 
 
 •< 
 
 •c 
 
 j- Keuper 
 
 {Marls with Gypsum. 
 Sandstones (Waterstones). 
 
4 FOBMATIONS. 
 
 In describing the above formations and sub-divisions it has been 
 found necessary to insert several chapters explanatory of th6 
 nature of the junctions or boundaries between divisions, as these 
 have been, in several cases in this area, taken from local peculiari- 
 ties which have not in every case their counterparts elsewhere, in 
 the areas to the north and south. The Chapters, in quesfiion 
 are : — The junction; between the Lower s(nd Middle Lias (Chap. V.) 5 
 the junction between the Lower and Middle Oolites (Chap. X.); 
 the relations of the Middle and Upper Oolites (Chap. XIL). . 
 
 This arrangement has been adopted in order to explain the 
 difficulties, either purely stratigraphicaV, or palaeontological, w|iich 
 were encountered in a districit wherein we might expect to find 
 the commencement of that change in character which distinguishes 
 the Oolites of Yorkshire- from the rocks of the same age in the 
 Midland Counties. 
 
 Palaiontologically, the area embraced in Sheet 86 is somewhat 
 exceptional. Wo find forrfls, elsewhere regarded as zonal, here 
 exhibiting a wide range, a^, for instance. Ammonites capricornus, 
 which occurs up to within a few feet below the Marlstone Rock 
 Bed. Again, we have felt justified, from the occurrence of a cettain 
 form on the same stratigraphical horizon (though individually not 
 restricted to it), in admitting local zones, such as that of Ammonites 
 Henleyi in the Pecten-bed ironstone, Itaken as the base of the 
 Middle Lias in this area, for reasons hereafter given. 
 
 The absence of characteristic fossils, or rather our failure to dis- 
 cover them, such as Ammonites margaritatus in the Middle Lias 
 Clay, although that fossil is comparatively abundant in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Lincoln (Sheet 83), is another difficulty experienced. 
 
 To obtain a boundary between the Upper and Middle Oolites, in 
 the absence of any lithological distinction, we are obliged to attach 
 considerable importance to the occurrence of Ostrea deltoidea and 
 Gryphcea dilatata, the latter being, as far as we know, always 
 stratigraphical ly lower than the former, whilst at the same time 
 Kimeridgian forms saaha-a Ammonites rotwulus, thxow^ the down- 
 ward extension of their range, cannot be relied upon. The relations 
 of the Lower and Middle Oolites in Sheet 86 are not clear ; as 
 the Clay above the Cornbrash (Avicula Shales) in Yorkshire is 
 included in the Lower Oolites, whilst; clay occupying the same 
 relative position in the Midland Counties is taken as the basement 
 bed of the Middle Oolite. In this area the absence of sections 
 and the entire lack of palaeontological data, render the classification 
 of this clay, and even its persistence, very uncertain. 
 
TBIAS, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TEIAS. 
 
 The TriasBio rooka occupy only a very small area at the surface 
 in Sheet 86. On the west of the Trent, at Crowle and Epworth; 
 the Keuper Marls with gypseous bands form islands in the 
 surrounding alluvial deposits, but even on these elevations they are 
 partially concealed by Blown Sand and gravel. At Misterton a 
 hiil of Ilneuper Marl, prolonged from the Triassio area of Sheet 83 
 on the south, rises from the Alluvium. At North Carr Drain 
 south of Misson Level; at Wroot; and at Lindholme, Water- 
 stones are shown on the Map, but as they are entirely concealed by 
 gravels and Blown Sand their occurrence is rather inferred from 
 the adjacent areas on the south and west than proved by observa- 
 tion. A broken line has been drawn through the alluvial area to 
 the north as a boundary between Keuper Marls and Waterstones; 
 this has been done from the evidence afforded by borings. 
 
 On the east of the Trent Alluvium the Keuper Marls are only 
 visible in three places, viz. : — On the west of Blytou, on the north 
 and west of Hardwick Hillj and on the Trent bank between 
 Burton Stather and Cliff End. 
 
 KEUPER SANDSTONES {WATERSTONES.) 
 
 , . At Sandtoft near the county boundary north-west of Epwotth 
 Dr. Parsons* describes a well-sinking in which a white, gritty 
 s^iudstone, considered by him to be Bunter sandstone, was .iseaeh^d. 
 As, however, Mr. Howell has seen nothing to the north of the 
 Humber in the Vale of York which can be identified as Bunter, 
 the sandstone in question is more probably referable to the 
 Lower Keuper, possibly similar to the grey rock met with in the 
 Railway Station well at Naburn, York, and at other places in that 
 district. 
 
 The deep boring at Reedness proved 687 feet of Triassic Sandr 
 stones below the Red Marl (see p. 7), 
 
 In the borings at Goole Waterworks (see p. 210), Sandstones 
 were also encountered. 
 
 KEUPER MARLS. 
 
 East of the Trent. 
 
 On the north-west of Blyton, Keuper Marls are exposed in a 
 pit, and by the road on the steep slopie of the hill. Keuper Marl 
 was observed in Laughton a few chains west of the Church. 
 
 * Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc. N. S. toI. vii. (Pt. 2.), p. 157, 1879. 
 
G TBTAS. 
 
 By the road east of Ferry Flash, and in a pit on the northern 
 elope of Hardwick Hill, Keuper Marls are visible. 
 
 By the Trent hetween Burton Stather and CliflF End weathered 
 Kouper Marls, apparently in situ, were noticed in three places, 
 though much obscured by Liassic dSbris ; the most northerly ex- 
 posure is about a quarter of a mile from Cliflf End, just above 
 the river, and the most southerly is about half a mile from Burton 
 Stather, at about 50 feet above the river. 
 
 West of the Trent. 
 
 The following notes on the Triassic rocks on the west of the 
 Trent are by Mr. Cameron i — 
 
 The weathered Keuper Marls form a stiflf red clay soil over the 
 elevated parts of the Isle of Axholme, and yield good crops. 
 Blown Sand, chiefly drifted from the low-lying land on the western 
 side of the hill, where it is piled in dunes and is still drifting, par- 
 tially conceals the Marls on the higher lands. On the hi^est 
 parts the Marl is in one or two places capped by gravel. The 
 term "Isle of Axholme" is not restricted to the three separate hills 
 of Keuper Marls which rise above the extensive flats of Warp 
 and Peat which surround them, but is applied to that part of 
 north-west Lincolnshire which lies to the west of the Trent and is 
 enclosed by that river and the Tome, the Idle, and the Don. 
 Keuper Marls under about a foot of soil form the elevated ground 
 at Ouston. 
 
 The higher parts of the hamlets of Park and TJpperthorpe are 
 built on Keuper Marls surrounded by Blown Sands : Marls and 
 green shaly beds are exposed in the road between these villages. 
 At Starr Carr and Skiers Flash, Bed Marl is visible in the drain- 
 bottoms, under about 4 fleet of Peat, the latter apparently thinning 
 out in proximity to the higher ground. 
 
 Gypsum occurs at the surface at Epworth and Bumham, and 
 other places on the Isle of Axholma Its outcrop is represented 
 by a blue line on the Map. Foimerly the owners dug out the 
 masses (so near is it to the surface), and filled up the pits again. 
 In character, the Gypsum is thin and fibrous, or massive and con- 
 cretionary, being found either in thin veins, ramifying through 
 the Marl, or as huge tabular blocks. 
 
 At the Low Bnrnham Quarry and Brick Yard, the Marl and 
 the Gypsum are mixed up together in spherical masses. 
 
 Leland thus quaintly describes the Epworth Gypsum, in the 
 Isle of Axholme. 
 
 " The upper part of the Isle hath plentiful quarres of alabaster 
 communely there called plaster, but such stones as I saw of it were 
 of no great thickness and sold for vii^ the lode ; they lay on 
 the ground lyke a smooth table and be bedded one flake under 
 another, and at the bottom of the bedde of them be roughe 
 stones to build withal.^ 
 
TBIAS. 7 
 
 At Misterton thin flaggy sandstones occur in red and green 
 Marls. 
 
 On the north of the Humber there is no surface exposure of 
 Triassic rocks within the area occupied by Sheet 86. But 
 several wells and borehoiles have been carried down through the 
 superficial deposits into the Keuper Marls and Sandstones. 
 These are given in the Memcnr on the Geology of the Country 
 between York and Hull.* The deepest boring is that at 
 Beedness, on the south bank of the Humber, three miles east of 
 Goole ; this passes through 69 ft 8 in. of alluvial and other super- 
 ficial deposits and then through 959 ft. 4 in. of Triassic rocks ; 
 the upper 272 feet of which were mainly Marls ; the lower 687 
 feet mainly Sandstones. 
 
 A. 0. G. C. 
 
 * Mem. GeoL Surrey, 1886. This Memoir describes Sheets 93 8.E., 94 S.W., and 
 so much of 86 as lies north of the Humber. Several of the records of borings &c. 
 there given were collected by Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, and are quoted &om his 
 papers {Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soe., N.S., Vol. vi. (Ft. iv.), p. 214, 1877, and 
 VoLvii. (Pt ii.), p. 158, 1879. 
 
■KOMJIO. fi^DS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 RH^TIO OR PENA.RTH BEDS. 
 
 The Rhaetic or Penarth Beds, so well exposed in the Lea cutting 
 near Gainsboro' in Sheet 83, and also the representatives of the 
 Ammonites planorbis zone of the Lower Lias, which directly overlie 
 them, are very seldom seen at the surface in Sheet 86. Indica- 
 tions of the presence of the Rhsetic Beds and of the Basement Beds 
 of the Lias are very meagre as we proceed from Messinghana 
 northward to the Humber ; whilst the converse is the case with 
 the Liassic strata, from the zone of Am. angulatus upwards to 
 the base of the Oolites ; we propose therefore to trace the Rhsetic 
 and Lias Basement Beds, from Blyton northward, and to^ 
 pursue the opposite course with the Oolites. 
 
 It will be seen, on comparing the Geological Survey Maps 83 
 and 86, that the high ground bounding the Sands and Alluvia of the 
 Trent valley, on the east, whilst exhibiting a general north and 
 south trend, receded at intervals eastwards, its position in Sheet 
 83 at Gainsboro' and thence southwards being a mile and a half 
 further west than at Blyton and at Laughton and Hardwick Hill, 
 in Sheet 86 ; and the trend of the higher ground between Blyton 
 and Hardwick Hill is from 2 to 3 miles further west than the 
 continuation of the feature from Scotter northward to the Humber. 
 The deflection of feature from Hardwick Hill to Scotter {i.e., firom 
 west to east) is irregular, and is so considerable that, were it not 
 for a westerly projection of the high ground between Flixborough 
 and Alkborough, surface evidence of Rhsetic Beds could hardly be 
 expected to the north of Scotter. 
 
 The high ground betweeirBlytonT-Haardwick Hill, Scotterthorpe 
 and Scotter is, for the most part, concealed by Boulder Clay and 
 Sand soils ; ' whilst the Sands which mask the lower grounds, 
 and bound the Trent Alluvium, have so widely encroached upon 
 the steeper' slopes that the exposures of Keuper, Rhaetic, and Lias 
 Basement Beds are very few and far between. 
 
 From Scotter northward to Flixborough, the Rhsetic Beds are 
 concealed by Sand and Alluvium, the Basement Beds of the Lias 
 being exposed near Messingham Mill, through the Sands at the 
 base of the slope. 
 
 From Flixborough to Burton no evidence of Rhaetic or Basement 
 Lias beds is obtainable, and the only places where there are 
 indications of them north of Burton Stather, are near Cliff End, 
 where the high ground slopes sharply down to the river, broken by 
 talus and innumerable slips, amongst the tumbled materials of which 
 some meagre evidence is observable. 
 
 The probability of the occurrence of Rhaetic Beds in the 
 neighbourhood of Burton Stather was pointed out to me by the 
 
BH^TIO BEDS. 9 
 
 Rev. J. E. Cross, of Appleby, before the Survey of the Lower 
 Liassic strata in Sheet 86, south of the Humber, was commenced. 
 The only evidences of the Rhaetic Beds in Sheet 86, south of the 
 Humber, obtained during the Survey of the district are given in 
 the foUoveing detailed notes : — 
 
 The ditch by the road from Blyton Station to Blyton exposes the Black 
 Shales of the EhEetic, apparently along their strike ; a thin layer of selenite 
 was noticed in them. The details of this exposure are given in the Memoir 
 on Sheet 83 (p. 15), as the major part of the section is in that Sheet. 
 
 Black Shales appear to have been turned out in excavating the founda- 
 tions of Blyton Sohoolhouse, but they were not seen in situ, in the village, 
 or on the Keuper Marls forming the steep slope on the north and north 
 west of it. 
 
 Between Blyton and Laughton Rhaetic Beds have been shown at the 
 surface, but wash from the Boulder Olay precludes any examination of, 
 their characters. Near the stream source, south-east of Hall Farm, near 
 Laughton, a blackish soil suggests the presence of Ehsetic Beds, the base- 
 ment beds of the Lias being evidenced by grey and light brown clay 
 soils with surface fragments of hard blue limestone and of bluish and grey 
 shelly limestone, but here again the surface evidence is rendered unreliable 
 by debris from the Boulder Olay. 
 
 Boulder Clay forms the steep slope trending from Laughton Wood to 
 Sootterwood; at the foot of the slope by a fence shown on the Map, about 
 midway between Hardwick WaiTen House and Scotterwood, the sides of a 
 pond in a marshy depression surrounded by sand dunes are composed of 
 Black Shales m situ. 
 
 The Basement Beds of the Lias are exposed in a pit at the west end of 
 Scotterthorpe, and Would be no doubt shown in Sootterwood Lane if the 
 section were not overgrown. 
 
 Rhaatic Beds are evidenced in the following places between Middlemoor 
 and Scotterthorpe : — On the east of the lane to Middlemoor and south of 
 the houses, in a disused clay pit, partly filled with water, a bed of fine- 
 grained, pale pinkish-grey limestone, from 2 to 3 inches thick, is shown 
 resting upon whitish and yellowish clay, with sandy shale (apparently de- 
 composed Black Shales) ; the stone band probably represents the ' ' Sun- 
 stone " of the south of England, which it resembles in texture. 
 
 A similar nodular bed to the above occurs in places upon the Black 
 Shales of the Newark district. As fragments of stone identical in character 
 with this bed occur here and there in superficial gravels on the margin of 
 the Liassic feature in Sheet 86, we may infer that the thin stone band is 
 tolerably persistent. No fossils were obtained in this pit. 
 
 By the path on the Map, just south of the letters oo in the word Middle- 
 moor, ft ditch affords an exposure of the Ehsetic Beds for 7 chains, 
 consisting of dark grey shales with rather thick laminae, shaly arenaceous 
 bands, and finely arenaceous nodular fragments, and a hard, sub-crystal- 
 line, grey, shaly arenaceous limestone, well ripple-marked ; about a foot 
 beneath this a similar stone band occurs containing Fish Scales and Spines, 
 &c. The following is a list of the fossils obtained from these beds ; — 
 
 Estheria minuta, Alberti. 
 
 Myophoria postera, Quenstedt. 
 
 Cardium. 
 
 Fish scales and teeth allied to Oxygnathus. P 
 
 Saurichthys acuminatus, Ag. 
 
 Pyrites was seldom noticed except in the form of decomposed nodules. 
 The upper part of the exposure is generally of a pale grey tint. 
 
 In the ditch by the road leading northwards from the west end of 
 Scotterthorpe further evidence of the Rhsstic Beds was afibrded by dark 
 grey clay, a piece of selenite, and fragments of bufi" arenaceous shale. 
 
 The. - above-mentioned exposures, coupled with feature, render the 
 Bhietic and Lias boundary between Hardwick Warren House and 
 
 o fi29IS. B 
 
lO HH^TIO BEDS. 
 
 Sootterfchorpe relatively deftnite ; but the boundary between Bbsetio and 
 Keuper is by no means so, for the evidences of clay under the drifted 
 Sands afforded by ponds in places, between Middlemoor, Cote House and 
 Scotterwood, are by no means necessary indications of Ehaetio Beds. 
 
 From Scotte^thorpe to Scotter and thence to Messingham no evidence 
 of Ehsetic Beds or Lias basement beds was obtainable. 
 
 Between Messingham and Messingham Mill a small feature is made at 
 the base of the steeper slope by beds which appear to belong to the base 
 of the Lower Lias ; on the west of this feature clays underlie the superficial 
 Sands ; near the turning to Taddlethorpe clay comes neai-ly to the sarfaco 
 and has been worked for brickmakiug ; the pits were unfortunately full 
 nf water, but I was informed by an old man that they had been sunk for 
 15 feet in blue clay : there were no means of ascertaining the character of 
 the clay below the surface, but it is strongly suggestive of the Black 
 Shales, perhaps re-deposited at the surface. From this place to Burton 
 Stather no evidence of anything older than the zone of Am. angulatut in 
 the Lower Lias is visible, the subjacent beds being concealed by talus, Sand 
 and Alluvium. Some doubtful indications of Black Shales were noticed 
 under the Alluvium, at about a mile and a half south of Burton Stather, 
 The presence of Bhastic Beds on the slope may be inferred from an 
 exposure of Keuper Marls through tumbled Liassic debris by the river 
 at half a mile north of Burton Stather. 
 
 At about half a mile north of Burton Church a rain channel down the 
 steep slope, by the path to Burton Stather, exposes bluish-grey shaly clay for 
 from 20 to 30 feet in vertical height. As we may infer from the exposures 
 near Scotterthorpe that the Black Shales of this area have to a great 
 extent lost the fine lamination so characteristic of them elsewhere, there 
 is no warrant for excluding these beds from the Ehsetio series on 
 lithological grounds. But, if we regard them as Bh»tie BedSj the 
 A. planorhis zone of the Lower Lias can be only a few feet in thickness; 
 whilst, on the other hand, the clay might be included in the basement 
 beds of the Lower Lias on lithological grounds. 
 
 At about 90 yards from the summit of the cliff, 12 chains north from 
 the rain channel, whitish tufa and sandy debris are visible ; for the 
 remaining distance down to the river nothing is met with in siiu, the soil 
 is reddish-brown and loamy with occasional fragments of Lias limestone, 
 and close to the river bank pale grey, drab, and brown clay is shown, 
 which may be in part decomposed and tumbled debris from the Bhcetio 
 Beds. 
 
 The exposure of Keuper Marls at about 50 foot above the river at half 
 a mile north of Burton Stather, and the occasional discovery of thin 
 fragments of dark shale and shaly limestones amongst the tumbled 
 debris of the cliff, afford some slight clue to the position of the Bhestic 
 Beds. . 
 
 The absence of sections of the Bheetio and lowermost beds of Lias is 
 amply accounted for by the character of the cliff, which, from about 30 
 feet from the summit, is simply a series of slips, carrying down debris of 
 the Am. angulatus beds of the Lower Lias to the river margin ; and in 
 the occasional exposures through the rents in the broken ground made 
 by minor slips there is no reliable evidence. As, moreover, the Bhsetic 
 Beds may have lost their characteristic appearance of papery shale, and 
 may resemble those exposed near Scotterthorpe, it would scarcely be 
 possible to distinguish their weathered d&yris from Lias clays. 
 
 The thin shaly fragments of limestone, presumably belonging to the 
 basement beds of the Lias, and shaly fragments of more or less arenaceous 
 character to the Bhsatic Shales, and the exposure of the Keuper Marls, 
 whilst rendering the presence of Bhsetic Beds in the cliff a certainty, 
 afford no indication of their thickness. 
 
 The Ordnance height on Burton Church is 205 feet ; if, therefore, we 
 estimate the height of the cliff at half a mile to the north of it at 190 feet, 
 and allow 60 feet from its base up for the Keuper, and 70 feet from the 
 summit downward for the Am. angulaius beds, we shall have 60 feet in 
 vertical height wherein to account for the presence of the Ehsatic and 
 basement beds of the Lias ; and of this it is probable that the Lias 
 
BH^TIO BEDS. 11 
 
 Basement Beds do not oocnpy more than 30 to 40 feet, which, would leare 
 a thickness of from 20 to 30 feet for the Rha»tic Beds. At Cliff End the 
 probable boundaries of the Bhsatic Beds ai-e at 7 chains, and at about 1^ 
 chains from the summit, respectively ; but, as the distance from the fence 
 on the summit to the base of the cliff is considerably underrated on the 
 Map, the lines cannot be drawn in their true positions. 
 
 Through the north-north-east deflection of the cliff firom Cliff End the 
 Bhsatic Beds cannot; remain long on its slope ; the formation probably 
 passes under the Alluvium on the south of the road from Trent Ness to 
 Alkborough ; its disappearance from the cliff, south of Burton, is even 
 more uncertain. 
 
 B 2 
 
12 LOWER LIAS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 liOWER LJAS. 
 
 In Sheet 86 the Lower Lias b^ds occupy a Jpelt of country 
 attaining its greatest breadth of four miles in the south, near 
 Scotter and Northorpe, and extending northward, to Whitton, on 
 the Humber, where the strata are conwaled by Alluvium, from 
 which they emerge between North and South Cave, on the 
 northern margin of the Map. 
 
 To the south of the Humber the Llassic area forms a marked 
 feature near its western margin, dominating the low land of the 
 Trent Valley ; its summit is formed of the intercalated limestones 
 and clays of the zones of Ammonites angulatus and A. Bucklandi ; 
 the ground slopes eastwards to the foot of the Oolitic escarpment. 
 
 Although largely concealed by Boulder Clay south of Scotter, 
 and by Blown Sands between Scotter and Bm-ton, which latter 
 also render their junction with the Rhsetic Beds very uncertain 
 and seldom permit the lowest beds of the series to be seen, the 
 Lower Lias beds in Sheet 86 are of exceptional interest. 
 
 The upper part of the zone of A. Bucklandi is characterised 
 b)' the occurrence of an Ammonite allied to that form, viz., 
 A. semicostatus. This Ammonite often occurs in ferruginous . 
 nodules or beds of limestone, but nowhere in England , is its 
 horizon so distinctly marked as in the district under consideration 
 south of the Humber, where it characterises a zone of ferruginous 
 limestones attaining a thickness of from 20 to 30 feet, and called 
 after the locality in which its economic importance was first 
 discovered, and where it is now most largely worked, " the Froding- 
 ham Ironstone." 
 
 The occurrence of A. semicostatus in considerable numbers 
 throughout this lithologioal horizon is sufficiently marked to 
 constitute a palseontological division, and to make the term 
 Frodingham Ironstone in this district synonymous with the A. 
 semicostatus zone. 
 
 From Whitton southward to Scotter this zone, from its fossils 
 and ferruginous nature, can be easily distinguished from the beds 
 above and below ; but further south it cannot be traced with 
 certainly, as the limestones appear to die out, giving place to loam 
 and clay toward the southern border of Sheet 86, and in the 
 northern part of Sheet 83 the Liassic strata are for the most part 
 concealed by Boulder Clay. Above the Frodingham Ironstone 
 the Lower Lias consists of Clay; below it the limestones of the 
 A. Bucklandi zone are interstratified with clay and shale and pass 
 downward into the loamy clays and rubbly limestones of the zone 
 of .^. angulatus, which rest on the thin even limestones, the shelly 
 limestones, clays and shales of the zone of A. planorbis so very 
 feebly evidenced in this area. 
 
JiOWEB LTAS. 13 
 
 Three sub-divisions of the Lower Lias are shown on the 
 Map : — 
 
 r Zone of Am, caprieomus 
 Clays. J to 
 
 Lower J ,. . -r I » » ^»»- oxynotus. 
 
 Lias 1 Frodingham Ironstone „ „ Am. semicostatus. 
 
 r Clays and Limestones / » » ^'«- Bucklandi. 
 
 < L M j» ^'"' angulatus. 
 
 l_ Basement Beds - „ „ Am. planorbis. 
 
 The Basement Beds, though not separately mapped, are suffi- 
 ciently important to Justify separatie <lescription. 
 
 '• 
 
 Lias Basement Beds] Zone of Am, planorbis. 
 
 The basement beds of the Lower Li^i constituting the zone 
 of Ammonites planorbis, are very seldom exposed in Sheet 86 south 
 of the Humber, owing to the presence of Boulder Clay and Sand 
 between Blyton and Scotter and of Blown Sands from Scotter 
 northward. The zone of Ammonites angulatus on the other 
 hand, is not only well developed but exposed in many pits, on the 
 slope forming the eastern boundary of the Sand and Alluvium of 
 the Trent Valley. The following exposures have been regarded 
 as evidences of Lias basement beds, as we proceed northward 
 from Blyton : — 
 
 Between Blyton and Sootton Common, grey and light brown soil with 
 fragments of hard blue and grey limestone forma the surface near the 
 head of a small stream depression, south-east of HaU I^arm, east of 
 Laughton. i; 
 
 Mr. Cressey, well-sinker, Scunthorpe, tells ?ne that a well was sunk at 
 the new farm buildings near Laughton fW^ood, at about 10 chains south of 
 Scotton Common, in 20 feet of clay. The upper part of this must be 
 Boulder Clagr. The lower part niaybejjias. 
 
 Indications of drab clay and shaly limestone were noticed at the bottom 
 of a Boulder Clay pit on the slope near Sootterwood on the south-west. 
 From Scotter wood to Sootterthorpe,_ and on ttie east and south-east of 
 Scotterwood, the plope is: formed of Lias basement beds. 
 
 At a quarter of a mile east of Scotterwood, shelly limestone is exposed 
 by a pond. 
 
 At rather more than a quarter of a mile south of Scotterwood dark grey 
 foBsiliferous limestones are exposadiunder a thin capping of Boulder Clay 
 in a quarry. The following fossils were obtained from this quarry :— 
 
 Ejunites. 
 
 Lima gigantea, Sow, 
 
 Ostrea. 
 
 Modiola minima, Sow. 
 
 M. pygmsea, Sirmpe. 
 
 Oerithinm semele P B'Orh. 
 
 Encyclus Ghapuisii, T. and P. 
 
 Ammonites (young). 
 
 At the west end of Scotterthorpe thin shaly buff-brown, somewhat 
 arenaceous, limestones, containing Fullastra (P sp.), and grey shales are 
 exposed in a pit, to a depth of from 3 to 4 feeti 
 
 South of Messingham Mill the Basement Beds of the Lias make a small 
 outcrop feature at the foot of the steeper slope, as shown in the ac- 
 companying sketch (Fig. 1) : — 
 
14 LOWER XIAS. 
 
 FiG. 1. 
 
 Sketch — Section thawing feaiwe made hy Idas Basement Beds, South of 
 Messmgham Mill. 
 
 S.8. Blown sand. 
 
 AL. Angulatus Beds. 
 
 BL. Basement Beds of the Lower Lias. 
 
 An exposure on the feature shows shelly limestones in grey clay. The 
 following is a list of the fossils obtained : — 
 
 Area. 
 
 Astarte. 
 
 Modiolaminima, Sow. 
 
 Ostrea liassica, Strickl. 
 
 Pleuromya. 
 
 P. orowoombeia, Moore. 
 
 Ichthyosaurus tooth. 
 
 Between a half a mile and a mile and a half north of Messingham Mill 
 there is evidence of clay in places under the Sands. 
 
 The cutting of the Bametby and Doncaster line does not appear to 
 expose anything below the zone of A. angulatus, to which horizon also an 
 exposure of clay through the Sand at half a mile south of Plixborough 
 Old Church may belong. 
 
 Beds of limestone are visible in the stream bed at about half a mile 
 west of Flixborough Ohurdi, but they may belong to the zone of A. amgu- 
 l(Uw. The exposure of shaly clay in the rain channel by the path to 
 Burton Stather , north of Burton, has been mentioned in the notes on Bhsetic 
 Beds. If Ehsetic, the Basement Lias beds can scarcely exceed 20 feet in 
 thickness. 
 
 Amongst the debris on the broken ground of the slope towards ClifE 
 End the basement beds of the Lias are evidenced by even shaly limestone 
 fragments and pieces of limestone of a difEerent aspect to that which 
 nsually characterises the zone of A. a/ngwlatue. 
 
 From the very slender evidence of the character of the basement beds 
 of the Lias, of which the foregoing is the sum, the observations have been 
 given from south to north and separate from the limestones and clays 
 above them, although no stratigraphical separation has been attempted, 
 as it was found more convenient to trace the other beds below the Frod- 
 ingham Ironstone from the north southwards, and because all the evidence 
 procurable respecting the basement beds of the Lias derives additional 
 importance from the bearing it has upon the position of the Ehsetic Beds. 
 
 Zones of Am. angulatus and Am. Bucklandi, below the 
 Frodingharti Ironstone. 
 
 These beds consist of limestones intersiratified with thicker 
 masses of loamy clay and shale. The lower beds are generally of 
 a brownish colour, but apart from colour they are recognisable 
 by the occurience of Am. angulatus, of a large Lima, and 
 of i;eouliar cup-shaped nodules, or, more correctly, fragments re- 
 
I^OWJCB LIAS. 
 
 15 
 
 sembling the mouth of a funnel, to which my attention was first 
 attracted by Mr. Peacock of Bottesford, in the Gravel Pits of 
 Yaddlethorpe, before the investigation of the beds from which they 
 were derived was begun. No hard-and-fast line can be drawn 
 between the Am. angulatui zone and the darker clays and shales 
 with interstratified limestones which overlie them ; ana as the latter 
 are seldom exposed in section the determination of palaeontological 
 horizons could only be attempted in the fine section in the Rail- 
 way cutting west of Frodingham Station. This cutting does not 
 expose the junction of these beds with the Frodingham Ironstone, 
 and the general absence of a marked feature renders the definition 
 of the base of the Frodingham Ironstone frequently uncertain. 
 
 The beds of the Am. angulatus zone are exposed on the steep 
 slopes overlooking the Trent Valley in numerous pits ; and the 
 whole series, incliiding the Frodingham Ironstone, contains a 
 great abundance of Gryphtsa incurva (G. arcuatd). The upper 
 beds of limestone weather to a pale buflF, brownish, or yellowish 
 tint, but they can generally be distinguished without much diffi- 
 culty from the overlying ferruginous limestones. 
 
 Prof. Judd* comments on tne great thickness of the zone of ^. 
 angulatus in Mid Lincoln and on its diminution northward. He 
 assigns to the alternating limestones and shales, yielding in the 
 greatest abundance the characteristic fossils of the Zone of 
 Ammonites Bucklandi, a thickness of probably not less than 600 
 feet in the Frodingham cutting of the Manchester Sheffield & 
 Lincolnshire Railway. 
 
 By following marked bands from their outcrop by the rails to 
 their outcrop on the top of the cutting, and estimating the height 
 of the latter points, a very fair approximation to the true thickness 
 of the beds may be arrived at. The accompanying diagram 
 represents the cutting on a horizontal scale of about 3 inches to 
 the mile, and a very exaggerated vertical scale of an inch to about 
 160 feet, which greatly exaggerates the dip of the beds. 
 
 Fis. 2. 
 Section, along the Frodingham, Baihuay Cutting. 
 
 The upper beds ontcropping between points 1 and 2 conBist as far as can 
 be seen of irregalar grey and yellowish limestones, broken in places, and 
 containing iron shot grains, and nnmerons G-rypheea &c. These beds 
 
 ♦ The Geology of Rutland (Mem. Geol. Survey), pp. 41 and 43 ; 187S. 
 
16 liOWEB mAS. 
 
 appear to be 20 feet or no in tUokness, the^ are probably only a few feet 
 below the Frodingham Ironstone,- and are intercalated with drab clay and 
 loam. At point 2 beds of dark grey shaly clay with intercalated liraestones 
 crop ont and come to the surface over point 3 where the cutting is about 
 50 feet high. 
 
 At » the section is as follows : — 
 Surface soil. 
 Yellowish weathered limestones, with ^W^**! about 10 feet 
 
 meii/rva abundant in hard and brashy beds - j 
 Fossiliferous grey lirnestones in dark grey clay - about 40 feet. 
 
 The bed outcropping at poidt'3 comes to the surface over point 4, where 
 the cutting is about 25 feet in height. The bed outcropping by the rails 
 at point 4 is at the surface only 5 feet above the rails at point 5 near the 
 termination of the cutting. 
 
 The darker grey clay and limestones between points 2 and 3 pass down- 
 wards, toward point 5, into drab and lighter grey clays with irregular grey 
 or pale drab limestones which may be taken as the uppermost part of the 
 zone of A. cmgulatus. 
 
 At y in the cutting there may be a small fault with a downthrow of 
 2 feet, and at -point 4 the beds are either somewhat slipped or intersected 
 by trivial faults having no effect on the succession. . 
 
 From the western end of the cutting the ground falls in a steep slope, 
 against which the railway embankment abuts ; allowing of a thickness of 
 100 feet for beds belonging to the zone of A. cmgiikiMs on the slope below 
 the cutting, which is certainly more likely 'to be an excessive than an 
 under estimate, the thickness of the zones of .4. cmgulatus and A. Bucklcmdi 
 below the Frodingham Ironstone exposed in the railway cutting would be 
 certainly not more than 110 feet, which, with the liberal allowance of 
 100 feet for the beds below, not exposed in section, amounts to 210 feet ; 
 I do not think, however, that their total thickness exceeds 170 feet. The 
 railway is wrongly placed on the Ordnance Map, being drawn through 
 Frodingham Church instead of 4 chains to the south of it ; and the 
 viaduct is shown about 15 chains north of its true position. 
 
 The most northerly exposure of the zones of ^ angulabus and A. BmhlancK 
 in the district is in a quarry opposite Whitton pier, where the following 
 section is shown under from°2 to 8 feet of gravel : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Brownish clay with a bed of limestone - - 4 
 
 Dark grey shaly clay ... about 6 
 
 Limestone - - - - ' "1 
 
 Brown clay or shale - - " " L 8 
 
 Beds of limestone, more or less weathered to- [ 
 wards the base of the section - . -J 
 
 The limestones are rubbly, earthy, and in places ferruginous ; they 
 contain numerous specimens of Gryphcea incmrva and Pentacnnites. 
 
 Mid-way between Bishopthorpe Farm and the north end of Alkborough 
 village, by the sides of a stream, under a soil of alluvial and rainwashed 
 matter, from 2 to 3J feet of grey clay is exposed. The clay contains 
 numerous Pentacrinite fragments and shells of QryjphoBa imaurva and 
 plaques of limestone. The dip, if any, is very gentle eastwards. This 
 clay cannot be far below the Frodingham Ironstone, which is evidenced at 
 the surface rather more than a quarter of a mile from it in the direction of 
 Bishopthorpe. 
 
 At one mile B. 15° W. from Alkborough Church drains have been 
 excavated in clay and limestone. The limestone fragments, dark grey 
 weathering yellow, are fossiliferous, and in places resemble the Frodin^am 
 Ironstone beds. Two Ammonites, too imperfect for identification, were 
 found in one fragment. 
 
 At one mile east of Alkborough Church, a drain showed 5 feet of 
 grey clay weathering brown, and in several places there is evidence ofabed 
 of limestone containing GryphcBa ineurva, near the surface. 
 
LOWER MAS. 17 
 
 Clay and limestone areTisible in a pond tOoliains north of Alkborongh. 
 
 In a stream bed on the vest side «f Alkboroagh, by tha road iowai^d 
 
 Trent Kess, dark grey clay and beds of argillaceous liijiestone are visible. 
 
 At from 57 to 61 chains north of Bnrton Charoh|'a slip in theappeittdSt 
 
 pinrt of the cliff discloses the debris of beds of the A. angulafus zone and also 
 
 limestone and clay in situ near the surface. 
 
 The debris consists of brown clay with fragments of grey, earthy, decom- 
 posed limestone ; and less frequently of hard, bluish-grey, shelly limestone. 
 A small fragment of Calamite {or Eqwisektim), Peniatriniiee, Lvnuif and 
 the peculiar f annel-shaped nodules characteristic of this zone, were obtained. 
 A little rill on the south side of the exposure falls oyer a olifif 1^ to 15 
 feet high, consisting of tough, grey, mbbly, argillaceous limestonej and 
 dark grey clay or shale. The face of the little cliff is^ coated with tufaceous 
 matter. 
 
 Lower down in talus, 40 to 50 feet from the summit, good .specimefns of 
 lAma and Oardmia were noticed ; also a bad impression of an Ammonito 
 (P A. Johnstoni) and a small piece of A. omgulatus. The debris consists di 
 drab clay with fragments of earthy limestone. 
 
 Between Alkborongh and Normanby, in the districts uncoTered by Sand, 
 the eyidence is often so indefinite as to suggest the presence of a thin 
 Boulder Clay soil ; the junction of the. Frodingham Ironstone with the 
 subjacent beds is very hard to trace, and the latter, owtng to their low dip, 
 seem to extend far eastwards in the stream valleys. 
 
 In the stream with the long plantation, shown on the Map south-east 
 of Thealby, yellowish clayey matter full of fossils (chiefly 'Gryjahoea ineurva) , 
 under red loam, is suggestive of the presence of beds beneath the Iron- 
 stone. 
 
 Between Coleby "Wood and Normanby the ponds appear to be held up 
 by the, clay beds in the A. Buckla/ndi zone. . . ' . 
 
 East of Burton, south of Derby, a farmer told me that the adjacent fields 
 had been deep drained by his father, and that in a depth of 6 feet from the 
 surface (consisting of loamy clay) stiff clay and brashy rook were met with, 
 the beds of rock usually improvyig as the depth increased. 
 
 By the road, a quarter^of a mile, south of Burton Church, oh the slope, 
 the drab clays and limestones of the zone of A. OMgulatus are imperfectly 
 exposed ; from this point to Flixborough clays and limestones are exposed 
 here and there in the drains where the surface is pot covered-by Sand. At 
 rather more than a quarter of a mile noith by east of Flixborough Church 
 a pond now marks what appears to have been a, quarry of limestones inter- 
 calated with clay. 
 
 Between Flixborough and Flixborough Old Church grey clays and lime- 
 stones are imperfectly exposed in a pit on the slope, and in a small pit on 
 the summit beds of grey rabbly limestone were shown to a depth of 
 4 feet. . • 
 
 Normanby Park is covered with Sand, but this is thin enough in places 
 to afford evidence of the subjaceiit rock. The Park is on Frodingham 
 Ironstone, for the most part, but the subjacent beds crop out in the planta- 
 tions • by the road to Normanby, and they appear to form a eignsiderable 
 inlier by the streams in the centre of the Park. Signs of clay and lime- 
 stone are visible by the large pond at the stream confluence south-east of 
 the Hall and in the drains, the sandy soil being very marshy. If not an 
 inlier, this tract will join the main area along the stream at about 14 chains 
 south of the Hall. 
 
 In a field on the east side of the road from Scunthorpe to Burton, east 
 of the triangular wood, south of Coneysby Bottom, clay was exposed in 
 cleaning out drains, under 5 feet of Sand^ it appears to belong to the 
 uppermost bed under the Frodingham Ironstone. Lias clays, and some- 
 times limestones, are visible 'in ponds, pits, and drains both north and 
 south of Coneysby Park House. At about half way between the turnings 
 to Coneysby Park House and to Crosby clay seems to cross the road, its 
 junction with the Ironstone is very indefinite, and as the Ironstone is 
 visible in a well between the turn to Crosby and the bend in the road, the 
 •dip is probably in an easterly direction at an angle of 2°. 
 
18 LOWEB LIAS. 
 
 West of Crosby the janction of the Frodingham Ironstone is vei-y un- 
 certain, -whilBt the main junction would appear to be in the westernmost 
 part of the hamlet. From the roadside drain, at from 10 to 16 chains 
 farther west, numerous fragments of A. B&miaosiatuB were obtained, and 
 a rook was encountered which might be regarded as the lower bed of the 
 Ironstone ; either, therefore, there is but one junction, and that at about 
 15 chains west of Crosby, or a north and south fault has thrown down the 
 patch of Ironstone west of Crosby. Further west bluish clay and lime- 
 stone is evidenced. Limestone with numerous specimens of GryphcBa 
 occurs at the surface on Frodingham Field ; and clay and limestone are 
 partially exposed in pits on the slope between the Railway at Brumby 
 Wood and the road to Crosby. Between Brumby Wood and Taddlethorpe 
 the beds of the A. angulatus zone are exposed in six pits on the slope. 
 
 The best section is afPorded by a large pit on the north side of the road 
 from Brumby to Burringham Ferry ; between it and Brumby Wood partial 
 exposures of the same beds are visible in two large quarries, both of which 
 are concealed in their lower parts by grass and talus. 
 
 The pit on the north side of the road from Brumby to Burringham Ferry 
 aflbrds the following section, given in descending order : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Brown clay soil with blocks of limestone, passing 
 downward into drab and greyish clay with nodu- 
 lar blocks of limestone - - - - 2 
 
 1. Greyish brown clay - - - - 1 
 
 2. Hard, compact, blue limestone - '4 in. to 6 
 
 3. Drab and greyish-brown clay ; bluish in the lower 
 
 parts, with nodular pieces, or impersistent 
 nodular beds, of impure limestone - - 6 
 
 4. Hard grey limestone - - • - 6 
 
 5. Drab clay - - - - - -12 
 
 6. Impure nodular limestone, apparently impersis- 
 
 tent - - - ■ - - 3 
 
 7. Drab and grey clay with nodular fragments, or 
 
 impersistent beds of earthy limestone, large 
 
 Lima • - • - - -46 
 
 8. Very hard even blue limestone (P impersistent) - 4 
 
 9. Grey and brown clay - - - - 1 
 
 10. Decomposed limestone, in part very hard and sub- 
 
 crystalline, with clay partings - - - 6 
 
 11. Hard grey limestone, with Lima - - - 6 
 
 12. Blue clay to the base of the quarry- shown to a 
 
 depth of - - -.-26 
 
 In a talus fragment, either from the uppermost limestone bed or a 
 lower limestone, A. angvlatus was obtained. At about 27 chains south 
 of the above a quarry in the hill-side exposes drab, grey, and brownish 
 clay, with beds of limestone, to a depth of 8 feet from the surface ; the 
 lower part of the quarry is concealed by talus. The limestones are 
 for the most part impure, and break up irregularly through weathering. 
 Largo specimens oiLima are plentiful ; also the funnel-shaped concretions. 
 A harder bed, not exposed in section, exhibits fucoidal surface markings. 
 An Ammonite (? sp.) was found. 
 
 The brown and grey clays and limestones of the A. a/nguhius zone are 
 rery partially exposed in the other pits on the slope north of Yaddlethorpe ; 
 similar partial exposures, at about the same horizon, of dull grey argilla- 
 ceous limestone in drab clay occur on the slope in pits : — on the south-west 
 of Messingham by the road to East Butterwick ; at a quarter of a mile 
 south, at 44 chains south, and in two pits at about a mile and a quarter 
 south, of the Messingham pit, 
 
 Near the road to Frodmgham, at the cross roads at the west end of 
 Brumby, yellowish-brown shaly limestones are exposed by a pond. West 
 and sonth-west of Brumby, in the west part of Aahby, and between A^bj 
 and Yaddlethorpe, yellowish limestones with numerous speoimena of 
 
LOWEB LIAS. 19 
 
 OrypJusa vncwva are exposed in drains and proved by surface fragments, 
 and also at three-quarters of a mile north of Messingham. Similar lime- 
 stones and clays are shoTni between Ashby and Ashby Grange, in ponds 
 and in a quarry a quarter of a mile north-west of Ashby Grange, upon the 
 slopes of the valley between Ashby Grange and Bottesford, and south of 
 Bottesford. 
 
 In cleaning out the ditch by the road toward Twigmoor, between 20 and 
 35 chains nurt^h-eaat of Messingham Church, beds of limestone were 
 exposed in clays. £!ast and south-east of Messingham the outcrop of the 
 beds from under the Frodingham Ironstone is very doubtful. At about 
 three-quarters of a mile from Messingham there are ponds on the north and 
 south sides of the road to Brigg ; blue shaly clay was visible in the pond on 
 the south, apparently associated with lim.estoues, but the height of the 
 water level precluded observation ; the same difficulty has frequently 
 occurred in mapping these beds and the Frodingham Ironstone. 
 
 South-east of Messingham, at half a mile north of Bannelow Farm, the 
 bottom bed exposed in a long pit may.be the uppermost part of the series 
 under the Ironstone. Limestone, w:ith numerous specimens of Gryphasa, 
 is proved by surface evidence on the west of this pit, and also at half a 
 mile north-west of Eannelow Farm. 
 
 All the Lias of which we have indications about Scotton Wood appears 
 to belong to the Frodingham Ironstone and the oyerlying Clay. 
 
 By the road from Scotter to'.Kirton, at the Farm on the Map, about 
 three-quarters of a mile from Scotter, the farmer tells me that rock has 
 been encountered under 2 or 3 feet of Sand. 
 
 Mr. ThoB. Smith, of Scotter, tells me that rook has been got out on the 
 slope opposite Scotter Church ; yellowish-brown limestones with numerous 
 specimens of Chyphcea mowrva are evidenced. 
 
 On the slope south of the west part of Scotter drab clays with beds of 
 limestone are imperfectly exposed in three pits at 36, 50, and 80 chains, 
 reppeotiyely; west from Scotter Church. 
 
 Lias clay is at, or near, the surface near the Scotter end of Scotton 
 Common, as drainage operations (1883) by the road to Scbtter disclosed 
 Boulder Clay with foreign stones upon dark grey clay, with fragments 
 probably washed from the Boulder Clay above. Pale grey beds, resembling 
 decomposed limestones, containing numerous specimens of Lvma occur 
 irregularly in the clay. 
 
 Korth of Scotton Field drains show from 1 to 3 feet of reddish and 
 yellowish sandy soil with bits of flint and foreign pebbles upon bosses of 
 limestone with GryphcBa, associated with loam and clay. 
 
 Gryphssa limestone and clay is also evidenced on the north side of the 
 stream between Scotton and Scotton Common. 
 
 On the north, north-west, and west of Northorpe limestones with 
 numerous specimens of GryphcBa, associated with bluish-grey clay, are 
 exposed in drains, &c. At about seven furlongs west of Northorpe two 
 small bosses of shaly limestone, with Gryphcea, are shown under Boulder 
 Clay in the sides of a pond. 
 
 The beds near Northorpe Station and Southorpe probably belong to the 
 A, semicostatiis zone ; the easterly extension, of the Boulder Clay towards 
 these places precludes any further observations of the beds below the 
 Frodingham Ironstone in Sheet 86. 
 
 The Rev. J. B. Cross* gives the following list of fossils from the Lowest 
 Lias in the nailery of the Trent :— 
 
 Ammonites Johnstoni, Sow. 
 
 „ angulatus (var. catenatus, B'Orb., var. moreanus. 
 
 D'Orb.). 
 Nautilns striatus. Sow. 
 Fleurotomaria basilica? Chap. 
 
 „ sp- 
 
 „ psilonoti, Qtienst. 
 
 * Qtiart. Joum. Geol. Soc., vol. zxzi., p. ISS, 1875. 
 
2.0 LOWSB I.TA9. 
 
 Turitella DeshayfeBift P 2W3. 
 Cardinia crassissim^i ^^. ': 
 „ Listeri, So'ui. 
 „ (ovalsp.) 
 Aetarta oblii^ua, JDmA; ' ' ' 
 
 Pleuromya Dunkeri, Biom, 
 Myacites liasinua, ZieU ' -■"' 
 Eomomya, sp. • 
 Pholadomya prima, Queiwt. '' 
 CarditaHoberti? Terq. \ - 
 Modiola nitidala, Dtmk.' 
 sp. 
 
 Area, sp. . • i ) 
 
 Unioardium cardioideB, Fhil. 
 Avicnla decnssata, iSolif: 
 Lima gigantea, 8<nB. 
 
 „ Heoiiianiii,- YoUn. 
 
 „ hettangienBia, Terq. 
 
 „ (small ribbed sp.) 
 Peoten valoniensis P doubtful; 
 
 „ (small Bmootb. sp.) 
 Gryphsaa, n. sp. 
 
 „ incnrva, Sow. (var.). (Q-. arcuata, Lam.). 
 Ostrea irregalaris, Gold/. 
 
 „ rngata, Qurnist. 
 
 „ liaBsica, Striohl. '■ 
 Carpenteria (TeFqnemia)^ 
 PentacrinuB. 
 Spines of Cidaris. 
 Montliyaltia Haimei, Ghaft 
 
 From the Gryphsaa inourra (arcuata) zone, Frodmgham Mailmay OutHng. 
 
 Ammonites Bucklandi, Sow. 
 
 „ BemiooBtatns, y.^ .B. 
 
 „ Conybeari,, Sow. 
 
 Nautilus BtriatuB, Sow. 
 Belemnites acutas. Mill. 
 Pleurotomaria anglica, Sow. 
 Troohus, Bp. 
 
 Unicardinm cardioidea. Sow. 
 Cardinia Listeri, Sow. 
 
 „ concinna. Sow. 
 Pholadomya ambigua, Sow. 
 Modiola, sp. 
 
 Avicnla. insequivalvia, Sow. 
 Lima gigantea, Svw. 
 
 „ Hermanni, VoUx. 
 
 „ daip\a,,Qiienst. _ 
 
 ,, (small single ribbed Bp.) 
 Pecten textorins, Sehl. 
 „ (small ribbed sp.) 
 
 „ (small smooth sp.) 
 Pinna. 
 
 Gryphsea inourTa, Sow. (G. arcuata, Lam.)m 
 Ostrea arietis, Quensl. ' 
 , Khynchonella. 
 
 Spiriferina Walcotti, Sow. • 
 PentacrinuB, 2 sp. 
 Montlivaltia Kaimei, Chap. 
 
 From the above list it will be seen that A. semieoiiatiis either occurs in 
 beds belowthe Frodingham Ironstone, and that though most plentiful in the 
 Ironstone is therefore not confined to it, or that the uppermost beds in the 
 Frodingham cutting belong to the Frodingham Ironstone if the foasil 
 has been obtained from the uppermost beds. 
 
FBODmOHAM IB0I7ST0NE. 31 
 
 Frodingham Ironstone. 
 
 The Frodingham Ironstone forms a convenient Jithological 
 landmark in the Lower Lias, separating Limestone and Clays below 
 from the Olays above it. It is composed of ferruginous, fossiliferous, 
 limestones not intercalated with play> Palaeontologically* it is 
 the upper part of the zone of A. BucJclandi, constituted the sub- 
 zone of A. ffeometricus by Oppel, that Ammonite being appa- 
 rently identical with A. semicostatus (Young and Bird). The 
 true position of the Frodingham Ironstone was established by 
 the Rev. J. E. Cross, and the results of his investigations were given 
 to the Geological Society in a paper on " The Geology of North- 
 West Lincolnshire." t "It is," he says (p. 118), "undoubtedly 
 Lower Lias and low down in the same. The Ammonites it 
 contains are still chiefly the keeled Arietes, or those keeled 
 Ammonites which are next above them : A. Buchlandi or some 
 cognate species, A. semicostatus (commonest of all, but very 
 badly preserved), .4. Conyheari, A, Brookii of Quenstedt's Jura 
 (which seems not to be Sowerby'e A. stellaris), the species called 
 A. aureus byDumortier, one solitary. specimen which is undoubtedly 
 the A. BoucauUianus of D'Orbigny, A. Boblayi of Buckman, 
 and two large species which may, perhaps, be identified with 
 figures i n Quenstedt's Jura, under the, names of A. Scipionianus and 
 A. compressaries." 
 
 Mr. Cross refers the position of the bed to " the border line 
 between Quenstedt's a and ^ " (lac. bit, p. 119). He gives its 
 thickness at about 27 feet. " It commences below," he says, "with 
 a hard limestone band, in which, and in somewhat similar bands 
 above, most of the fossils lie ; these are intercalated with softer 
 bands of a darker brown colour and rubbly texture, intermingled 
 
 with a brown dust Silica is almost wanting in the 
 
 Scunthorpe stone, and lime is superabundant A good iron 
 
 ore highly charged vnth silica has turned up close to the city of 
 Lincoln ; and this is now mixed with the mass in the proportion 
 of about Jth of the whole. The yield of metal is about 1 ton to 
 3^ of ore ; say, 27 or 28 per cent." 
 
 Mr. Cross speaks of the , Frodingham Ironstone as wholly 
 unknown 15 years before the date of his paper, i.e., in 1860. 
 
 Messrs. Daglish and Howse, in a paper entitled " Some Remarks 
 on the Beds of Ironstone occurring in Iiincolnshire,"J place the 
 Frodingham Ironstone at about the middle of the Lower Lias and 
 give its thickness as about 25 feet. They describe the ore as a 
 calcareous hydrated oxide, with occasional beautiful traces of 
 oolitic structure ; it occurs in rich and poor bands ; the rich contains 
 nearly 40 per cent, of metallic iron, and the poor, shelly and 
 
 • Geology of Kutiand, by Prof. Judd, p. 42 (Mem. Geol. Sur.). 
 f Quart. Journ. Geol, Sac. vol. xxxi., pp. 115-130, 1875. 
 J Trans. N. of Engl. Inst. Engineer!, vol. xxiv., p. 23, &c. 
 
22 
 
 LOWER LIAS. 
 
 calcareous hard bands as little as 12 per cent., the average 
 jiroportion being 25 per cent. 
 
 The analysis* of the rich and poor Ironstone is given as follows : — 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron - 4224 
 
 Protoxide of Iron - 4*16 
 
 Oxide of Mangaiiese - 1*37 
 
 Alumina - - - 4'88 
 
 Lime . . - 1575 
 
 Magnesia - - - 1-57 
 
 Phosphoric Acid - 0*46 
 
 Sulphuric Acid- - 0'02 
 Carbonfc Acid and 
 
 Water - - 22-76 
 Insoluble and siliceous 
 
 matter - - - 5-28 
 
 98-49 
 Metallic Iron — 32-93 per cent. 
 
 Poor. 
 
 Ferric Oxide - 
 
 - l«-85 
 
 Manganic Oxide 
 
 3-50 
 
 Alumina - 
 
 - 3-75 
 
 Lime 
 
 - 35-39 
 
 Magnesia - 
 
 - 0-90 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 - 0-27 
 
 Sulphur - 
 Oarboriio Acid 
 
 - 0-05 
 
 and 
 
 Water - 
 
 - 34-82 
 
 Insoluble and siliceous 
 
 matter - 
 
 - 2-80 
 
 100-33 
 
 Metallic Iron = 13'20 per cent. 
 
 The first furnace at Frodingham was erected hy Messrs. Dawes in 
 1864. 
 
 Messrs. Daglish and Howse also allude to the boring for- Iron- 
 stone west of Kirton Lindsey as follows : " Further south, at 
 Kirton Lindsey, where the Ironstone has been proved at a depth 
 of 50 yards (150 feet), it is said to be too calcareous to be profitably 
 worked." 
 
 Mr. Cross's paper affords the best list of fossils in the Froding- 
 ham (or Scunthorpe) Ironstone; to it may be appended a large 
 worn tooth of Ichthyosavrus communii and large pieces of wood 
 mentioned by Messrs. Daglish and Howse in their paper (p. 25) 
 as having been found in the Ironstone. The fossils obtained 
 froin the Frodingham quarries by Mr. J. Rhodes, the Survey fossil- 
 collector, not mentioned in Mr. Cross's list, are also added and are 
 distinguished by being ^ven in italics. 
 
 Mr. Cross's list thus supplemented is as follows: — 
 
 Ammonites Bucklandi? Sow. 
 Conybeari, Sow. 
 semicostatus, ¥. Sf B. 
 Brookii, Querist, (non Sow.) 
 aureus, Dumortier. 
 gmundensis, Dumortier. 
 boucaultianus, D'Orb. 1 s[i. 
 
 * For further aualysei see paper by J. D. Kendall on the Iron Ores of the 
 English Secondary Eocks. Tranx. N. of Eng. Inst. Engineers, vol. xxxv., Part 
 ii., pp. 111-118, 1886. 
 
FKODINGHAM IRONSTONE. 23 
 
 Ammonites scipionianus?, D'Orb. 
 
 „ compressaries ?, Quensl. 
 
 Nautilus eti'iatus, Sow. 
 Belemnites acutus. Mill. 
 Pleurotomaria Anglica, Sow. 
 Tancredia ferrea, n. sp. 
 Cardinia gigantea, Quenst. 
 
 „ copides? Ryckh. 
 
 „ crassissima? Sow. 
 
 Listen, Sow (var ovalis). 
 
 „ Morrisii;? Terq. 
 
 „ n. sp. 
 Astarte dentilabrum, Ether, 
 CucuUaBa ovum, Qttenst. 
 Pholadomya ambigua, Sow, 
 Plicatula spinosa, Sow. 
 Myoconoha Oxynoti, Quenst. 
 ModioLi Oxynoti, Quenst. 
 
 „ Morrisii, Oppel 
 
 „ Bcalprum, Sow. 
 Hippopodium ferri, n. sp. 
 Gervillia betacalcis, Quenst. 
 Lima gigantea, Sow. 
 „ (small variety). 
 „ Hermanni, Voltz. 
 „ hettangiensis, Terq. 
 „ dupla, Quenst. 
 Lima pectinoides. Sow. 
 Pecten aequalis, Quenst, 
 
 „ (Bquivalvis, Sow. 
 
 „ demiasus, Phil., large, smooth (P. demissaries, 
 0ro8s). 
 
 „ texturatus, Goldf. 
 
 „ textorius, Schl. 
 Gryphfea incurva, Sow, (G. arcuata. Lam.). 
 Oarpenteria, sp. {Terquemici). 
 Spiriferina VValootti, Sow. 
 Crinoid arms. 
 Extracrinus. 
 
 Plumaster ophiuroides, f Wright. 
 Serpula, 
 
 Icbthyosaurus communis, Conyb. 
 Wood. 
 
 The following are detailed notes on the occurrence of the 
 Frodingham Ironstone as we proceed from the Humber south' 
 wards : — ; 
 
 From Bishoptliorpe sonth of Whitton to the Frodingham quarries tho 
 Ironstone beds are exposed here and there in small quarries and pits ; 
 they make a reddish soil, where uncovered by Sand, about West Halton, 
 Ooleby, and • Thealby j their junction with the underlying clays and 
 limestones on the west being scarcely marked by feature, whilst mi the 
 
S4 LOWKB lilAS. 
 
 east they form a gentle dip-slope inclining towards the West Halton 
 Brain valley, -where their junction with the overlying Olay is concealed 
 by Alluvium. From Normanby and Bagtnoors southward the Ironstone 
 is concealed by Sand, beneath which it is exposed in quarries, and occurs 
 in places on the surface where the Sand has been drifted away ; its 
 junction with the overlying Clay is only visible in one place, at the most 
 easterly extension of the Frodingham quarries. 
 
 From Ashby and Manby Common southward to Manton Common the 
 Ironstone exposures are few, and are confined to pits and drains between 
 Ashby Grange and Holme Warren. Near Rannelow the debris of the 
 bed has been seen in a roadside ditch ; but further south, in the few 
 superficial evidences of the Lias in the Sand and Boulder Clay districts, 
 nothing sufficiently characteristic to warrant the extension of the 
 Ironstone, as a distinct lithological division, is visible. 
 
 On the west side of the road from West Halton to Whitton, at about a 
 mile from West Halton, the presence of Ironstone at the surface is 
 attested by numerous fragments, amongst which Am. semicostaUis was 
 found. 
 
 North and west of Bishopthorpe the Ironstone is concealed by superficial 
 deposits. 
 
 Ironstone is well shown near West Halton, but its boundary with the 
 underlying beds is by no means certain on the west and north-west. 
 
 Ironstone is exposed in a disused pit by the road from West Halton to 
 Alkborough, opposite the path to Coleby shown on the Map. The 
 outlying patch to the north and the termination of the Ironstone west of 
 this pit is far from satisfactory, and flinty soils in places suggest the 
 presence of irregular patches of Boulder Clay. 
 
 By a path shown on the Map, at half a mile north-west from Coleby 
 Hall, Frodingham Ironstone has been, dug out ; the rock is exposed for 
 18 inches from the surface ; it is very jfossiliferous, being full of GryphcBa 
 and Peeten; it often exhibits a siliceous appearance with brown fer- 
 ruginous interstitial matter ; beds of this character about 8 inches in thick- 
 ness have been got out near the path in a small quarry, which was nearly 
 full of water but exposed rock at from 1 to 3 feet from the surface, and 
 may have been from 6 to 8 feet in depth j the surface soil contains broken 
 pieces of flint. 
 
 Ironstone has been quarried on the west side of the road between West 
 Halton and Coleby in three places; respectively 40, 30, and 25 chains 
 from Coleby. 
 
 The quarry at 30 chains from Coleby presents the following section 
 of beds, given in descending ordei — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Soil from 6 inches to 2 or 3 f«et. 
 Broken ironstone - - - - - 1 
 
 Brown matter, decomposed - . - 8 
 
 Hard grey limestone partly broken up - - - 6 
 
 Shaly brown loam with impersistent beds of limestone. 
 The loam may have resulted from decomposition of 
 rock - -_- - - . -10 
 
 Thin beds of hard limestone with partings of decom- 
 posed rock, shaly loam - . -09 
 Hard limestone - - - - - -04 
 
 Hard limestone - - - - 1 
 
 Brown shaly matter - - - - - 6 
 
 Hard limestone to the bottom of the quarry 
 
 The total exposure of rock is about 6i feet. The limestones are grey 
 and very hard ; they are often compact and rather siliceous. An easterly 
 dip of 1J° was obtained, but in the west part of the quarry the beds 
 appear to be horizontal. 
 
 The quarry 25 chains from Coleby presents the best section, the total 
 depth being about 8 feet ; the beds exposed are as follows, in desceading 
 order «— 
 
FBODINGHAM IBONSTOHE. 25 
 
 Ft, In. 
 
 Brown loamy soil with pieces of rock - from 1 ft. to 1 6 
 
 1. Brown broken ferruginous limestone - 6 in. ,,1 
 
 2. Brown loamy shale (decomposed rock) - 6 in. ,, 8 
 
 3. Hard brown formginous shelly limestone, in places 
 
 shaly and false-bedded ... about 1 
 f Greyish brown shale (decomposed rock) - - 2 
 I Impersistent bed of hard sub-crystallino grey 
 
 J \ hmestoDe - - - from to i 
 
 J Brown and grey decomposed shaly rock with 
 I fossils, passing in places into yery hard im- 
 [ persistent limestones • - - 1 ft. to 1 6 
 
 [ Yery hard fossiliferous grey limestones, with 
 
 _ J brown ferruginous matter disseminated in 
 ) beds — about a foot, from 4 to 6 inches, and 5 
 (_ inches thick, respectively - - 1 ft. 9 ins. to 1 11 
 
 The three bottom beds would furnish good compact stone, but the 
 decomposed matter in beds 2 and 4 appear to be richest in iron. 
 The following is a list of the fossils obtained from these quarries :— 
 
 Gryphffla 
 
 „ incurva, Sow. ((?. arauata, Lam.). 
 Pecten liasinns, Nyst. 
 Pholadomya. 
 
 TJnicardinm cardioides, Phil. 
 Ammonites semicostatns P, Y. §r B. 
 Belemnites. 
 
 Near the path from Ooleby in the direction of Ooleby Wood, at 
 9 furlongs from Ooleby, brown shelly ferruginous limestones, probably the 
 lowest beds of the Frodingham rock, form the sides of a shallow circular 
 pit. 
 
 At about three-quarters of a mile south-east of the above (north-west of 
 Thealby) shaly beds of rather oherty and very fossiliferous Frodingham 
 rock are exposed for a foot or two in a small pit. 
 
 Ironstone was noticed in a drain near Coleby, on the south, and in two 
 small pits, near the road between Ooleby and Thealby, at 30 and about 
 55 chains distant from Ooleby. 
 
 In a quarry by a hedge, between Thealby Lane houses and Thealby, 
 Frodingham rook is exposed to a depth of from 2 to 3 feet ; in the upper 
 part of the section it forms a brown decomposed stone-brash resting on 
 tough shelly limestone with numerous Gryphcea and small Peeten, with 
 a tendency to split in rough irregular flakes. The limits of the outlier of 
 Frodingham rock, shown west of Thealby, are very ill-defined. East of 
 Thealby the Ironstone makes a very red soil. 
 
 The Farm, where the stream crosses the road between Thealby and 
 Normanby, is called " Normanby Grange"' ; near it, on the north, the 
 Frodingham rock is exposed in quarries on either side of the road. The 
 best exposure is furnished by the quarry on the west side of the road, 
 where rock is shown to a depth of 6 feefc, under Sand and surface soil 
 from to 3 feet thick. The beds consist of alternations of rubbly fossi- 
 liferous limestone and brown shaly matter (decomposed rock), the stone 
 occurs in hard thin beds in places. 
 
 Frodingham rock is visible in a small exposure near the path between 
 Ooleby and Bagmoor Farm, at about half a mile from the latter, and is 
 proved by surface fragments at 60 chains from Bagmoor Farm in a direction 
 W. 38° N. 
 
 There are no sections of Ironstone in Normanby Park, but it was appar- 
 ently cut into, in excavating the sunk fence near the Hall, and it comes to 
 the surface in a clump of trees, neap the avenue, at about 6 chains from 
 the southern gate-house ; elsewhere It is concealed by Sand. As the snb- 
 jacent beds are evidenced in the centre of the Park the thickness of 
 Ironstone in the Park appears to be inconsiderable. 
 
 o 52912. G 
 
26 . . LOWER LIAS. 
 
 Near, the eastern boundary of the plantation, Bouth of the road between 
 Bagmoor Farm arid IToi-manby Park, a ' quarry " exposes about 5 feet of 
 brown, fossilifer.ous, rubbly limestone, under from 2 to 4 feet of Sand. The 
 exposure may have been 4 or 5 feet deeper, as the lower part of the quarry 
 is filled with water. . ' 
 
 Similar rook is evidenced in- a disused pit by the road to High Eisby, in 
 the plantation about midway between the stream in West Halton Drain 
 valley and Normanby Park, 
 
 A pit. is shown on the Map, by the road bordering Normanby Park on 
 the south, at 13. chains from the road to Normanby and Scunthorpe ; in 
 it, under about a foot of sandy soil in.w.hiph one or two foreign fragments 
 were noticed, 6 . feet of rubbly, broken, fossiliferous limestone is exposed ; 
 the beds undulate, but are on the whole horizontal. 
 
 At 30 chains, in a direction east-south-east from the above, near a 
 Farm-house at the corner of the plantation, a pit 6 or 8 feet deep, partly 
 filled with water, showe^d red, rubbly, broken, ferruginous limestone at 
 about 4 feet from the surface. 
 
 At rather more than a quarter of a mUe from the above, in a direction 
 E. 15° 8., a pit, which may have been from 12 to 14 feet deep, filled with 
 watei-to within 4 feet of the surface, showed similar red-brown, ferruginous, 
 brashy limestone. 
 
 Between Coneysby and Norinanby Park the boundaries of the Ironstone 
 are very indefinite, especially its lower boundary in Coneysby Bottom. 
 
 The upper beds of the Frodingham Ironstone have been quarried in a 
 disused pit (no section) at a quarter of a mile due east of Coneysby. 
 
 At half a mile from Coneysby, in a direction E. 30° S., they are partially 
 exposed in a small quarry. 
 
 At about 14 chains north of the cross roads at Crosby, red-brown, rubbly, 
 ferruginous rock was observed in a newly made well. 
 
 Ironstone has been got out from a shallow pit by a hedge midway 
 between Coneysby Old Park House and Crosby ; it appears to be the base 
 of the Frodingham rook. 
 
 East of Crosbj', near the cross roads. Ironstone is exposed under surface 
 Sand in a quarry. 
 
 At a quarter of a mile east of Crosby 6 feet of Ironstone is exposed in a 
 long quarry now worked ; there is communication with the main line by a 
 •siding. 
 
 By the road to Eoxby, or Winterton Lane as it is called, at a half a 
 mile from Scunthorpe, Ironstone is exposed in a small quarry. East of 
 this, and 7 furlongs north of Frodingham Station, is the most northerly 
 extension of the Frodingham quarries, which occupy most of the tract 
 between this point and Sandhouse and Gokewell Common on the south. 
 The lower beds of Ironstone are exposed in the quarried tract south of 
 the B.ailway and on the west side of the road to Soawby and Brigg. In 
 one part of the section, 10 feet of Ironstone is exposed, in another (at the 
 south-east corner of the quarry, between the roads) 5 feet of Ironstone is 
 shown apparently resting upon clay. 
 
 North of the Railway, near the southerly termination of the new road by 
 Swaby's Hotel, and at 8 chains from the path between Scunthorpe and 
 the School-house at Frodingham, in a small pit in a turnip field, very 
 ferruginous, red-brown, rubbly rock has been got out under a red-brown 
 sandy soil 2 feet deep. 
 
 The thickness of surface Sand on the Ironstone varies considerably in 
 the Frodingham quarries ; it increases eastwards, from 2 or 3 to 8 and 10 
 feet, and near Gokewell Common, to as much as 15 feet. The best 
 exposures of the Ironstone are in the sides of the large quarried tract 
 which extends on the east to the stream near Gokewell Common, and in 
 the quarries leading to the works of Messrs. Cliff. The western face of the 
 large eastern quarry exhibits a thickness of from 10 to 12 feet of the 
 Ironstone ; and upon its irregular southern side 15 feet of Ironstone is 
 exposed. Towards the Gokewell stream the upper beds of the Ironstone 
 are to be seen in a narrow extension of the quarry ; and at about a quarter 
 of a mile from the Gokewell stream Clay is exposed, under the Sands, and 
 
FBODINGHAM IRONSTONE. 27 
 
 Testing upon the Ironstone. The floor of the large Frodinghaiu quarries 
 is concealed by debris of sand, rock, and slag, and by buildings and works. 
 There is no appearance of real faulting in the exposures, but the term 
 " fault" is applied to slight undulations occasionally visible in the beds. 
 The decomposed beds which are the richest in iron do not appear to be 
 ^)erBistent, but occur on all horizons, as proved by the extension of the 
 quarries from east to west. The rook varies from red-brown loam to a 
 hard grey and greenish limestone weathering brown ; the intermediate 
 variety of brown, or red-brown, irregularly shaly, or broken, ferruginous 
 limestone is encountered at and near the surface, and in the more shallow 
 ■exposures ; but, in places, the stone beds are intercalated with brownish 
 decomposed matter throughout. The harder beds are visible at some feet 
 from the surface. The rock is everywhere very fossiliferous ; Oardmia 
 and ChyphcBa vneurva being especially numerous, whilst Ammonites are 
 comparatively rare, although in the shallow ditch exposures, near Crosby, 
 and near Eannelow Farm (between Sootter and Manton Warren), fragments 
 of A. BemiBostatus are abundant. 
 The basement bed of the Ironstone is locally known as " Old Man BrOok." 
 The following information respecting wells in Scunthorpe, of which no 
 written records are kept, was obteined from Mr. Cressey, Well-sinker. 
 
 Well at Mr. Tosh's (large new house near the lower outcrop of the 
 Ironstone) between Frodingham Church and the west end of Scunthorpe. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sand • - • • - 3 
 
 Ironstone - - - - 1 
 
 Old Man Book - - - - 1 
 
 Blue clay . - ■ about 2 1 10 feet sunk in blue 
 
 Limestone - - - -10^ clay and limestone 
 
 Blue clay and limestone - - 7 J under the Ironstone. 
 
 Well at Mr. Swaby's Hotel, Scunthorpe. 
 
 Sand, 7 feet - - - - -"] 
 
 BldE^'CkT : : : : 17 feet sunk. 
 
 Blue Clay J 
 
 Opposite Swaby's Hotel, near "an old thatched cottage by Mr, Cressey's 
 house, a well was sunk in 9 or 10 feet of Ironstone, under 3 feet of Sand. 
 
 In Mr. Skinner's well, between Swaby's Hotel and the Bank, under 6 feet 
 of Sand, a white, mortar-like clay was encountered upon the Ironstone. 
 
 At the block of new buildings (shops), on the station side of the Bank, 
 a well was sunk through 6 feet of Sand into the Ironstone to a depth of 
 8 feet. 
 
 Near the Mission House in Wintorton Lane about 18 feet of Ironstone 
 was.snnk through in the wells, under about 2J feet of Sand. 
 
 In a boring, at about three-quarters of a mile east of Frodingham 
 Station, and^nearly half a mile south of the Bailway (main line), at a spot 
 now within the walls of the largest Frodingham quarry. Ironstone was 
 sunk into to a depth of 18 feet 5 inches under 1 foot 4 inches of Sand. 
 
 In another bonng, a mile due east of the above, the whole thickness of 
 the Ironstone was penetrated. The record is as follows :— 
 
 Ft. In. 
 "Sand - - - - - - -30 
 
 Blue shale - - - - - ■ 78 
 
 Ironstone - - - - - - 30 
 
 Blue shale - - - - . -50 
 
 In a boring at Spring Wood Lodge, about a mile east of the above, and 
 in a boring nearly a mile and three-quarters to the north of it, both begun 
 in the Lincolnshire Limestone (Inferior Oolite), the Ironstone was encoun- 
 tered at 258 and 268 feet from the surface, respectively, and both borings 
 were carried to a depth of 24 feet 3 inches in it. *""»- 
 
 2 
 
2JB LOWER LIAS. 
 
 From the above borings and ■well-sections a thioknesa of 30 feet may 
 safely be conceded for the Ironstone, and it. -Bronld appear to rest uj^oti 
 blue clay or shale (varying from 2 to 6 feet or more in thickness) fownmg 
 the nppermost stratum of the underlying intercalated clays and lime- 
 stones. 
 
 Between the roads to Scunthorpe and Brumby, east-south-east of Sand- 
 house Parm, the lower beds of the Ironstone have been got out from 
 shallow surface pits. Both here, and about a quaxter of a mile south-west, 
 the Sand drift is either absent or so thin as to allow of the mapping of 
 patches of Prodingham rock by surface indications. On Brumby Warren, 
 south of the Frodingham quarries, the Sand appears to be very thin in 
 places, but it would be a waste of time to draw lines for rook near the 
 surface, and the evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to warrant the 
 certainty of the rock being anywhere actually at the surface. 
 
 To the north of the road east of Ashby, in a clay pit at half a mile north 
 of Ashby Grange, the base of the Frodingham rook, consisting of ferru- 
 ginous rubbly matter, is exposed under Sand, and resting on clay. Prom 
 this point southward to Holme Warren the lower boundary of the Iron- 
 stone is partly recognizable by feature, partly by the vicinity of clay pits 
 at the turning to Ashby Grange and south of Bottesford Beck ; the rock 
 was also exposed in the Beck at about three-quarters of a mile up-stream 
 from the place where the Bottesford road crosses it, and, in two shallow 
 pits, about 10 chains apart near the letters H and o of the words Holme 
 Warren on the Map. 
 
 There are two or three ponds sotith of Holme Hall in the area assigned 
 to the Ironstone, but their sides afford no exposures, and the rock is pro- 
 bably very thin under a Sand surface. 
 
 The only traces of Ironstone noticed between Holme Hall and Messing- 
 ham were obtained at about three-quarters of a mile north-east from 
 Messingham Church, and they are very slight. 
 
 Nearly a mile to the east of the south part of Messingham, yellowish- 
 brown shelly rock was observed by a pond ; 1 foot bf rook was exposed ; it 
 appeared to be associated with clay, and contained OarAvrdassaA numerous 
 Pectens. From its position, this exposure would appear to belong to the 
 Frodingham beds. 
 
 Near the above, on the north-east, Lias comes to the surface through 
 the Sand ; it is exposed in a pit, and consists of bluish-grey, rather shaly, 
 clay, beneath which stone is said to have been met with ; the bottom of 
 the excavation was full of water. A few foreign pebbles were noticed in 
 the surface sand. This clay belongs to the beds above the Frodingham 
 rock, and the latter would appear to crop out from beneath them, under 
 the sand surface between this pit and the pond above referred to. 
 
 At half a mile north of Kannelow Farm the following section is exposed 
 in a long pit ; the beds are given in descending order : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Sand soil. 
 
 Decomposed rubbly rock, AmmonUes semicostatus - 5 
 Dark grey shale and loam, possibly decomposed rock 
 
 from 8 in. to 1 
 Shelly stone bed, containing numerous Pectens - 3 
 
 Dark grey rubbly clay and shale visible to the bottom 
 
 of the exposure . . - - about 1 6 
 
 It is probable that the upper part of this section belongs to the Froding- 
 ham Ironstone series. From the evidence furnished by the ditch by the road 
 to Scotter, near Kalnnelow Farm, it appears as if the Frodingham beds 
 were associated with clays, the intercalation forming a lithological passage 
 into the Olay series Jibove. ' The section given above renders an intercala- 
 tion with clay probable in the lower j)art of the A. semicostatus zone, so 
 that its boundaries are very indefinite m this locality. In the long pit the 
 following fossils were obtained :— ■ 
 Pecten 
 
 P. ajquivalvis 9, Sov), 
 Ammonites semicostatus, T. I* S. 
 
FBODIK0HAM. IBONSTONB. 29 
 
 ; By the road to Bcotter, for some distance west of the tunimg to Banne- 
 loir Farm, after ditch cleaning oprantions brcvraish, shelly, broken lime- 
 stones were exposed, many pieces of A. eemicostatus and Oardmia were 
 obtained. The e^osore was very shallow, many of the fossils being 
 obtained from the L-onstone soil. The junction of the Ironstone with the 
 underlying beds appears to run across the hill snmmit by a pond on the 
 west side of the Farm on- the Map, on the south side of the road opposite 
 a turaing : from near this Farm, on the east, the ground falls in a dip 
 slope eastward. The junction of the Ironstone with the overlying Clay is, 
 probably either at 3 or at 10 chains east of the turn to Bannelow. Iron- 
 Atone is indicated on the surface in places and is exposed in drains west 
 and south of Kannelow. 
 
 East Garr Farm, a house by a lane leading northwards, is about three- 
 quarters of a ipile south of Bannelow. Mr. Fycock, the farmer, told me 
 that rock was found at the surface in a field on the south side of the 
 turning to his farm, and'that his well was sunk through the following 
 beds at the farm house : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 1. Loamy surface soil - 
 
 ■ about 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2. G-rey sand . . . . 
 
 - about 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3. Clay with occasional stones 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4. Shalyrock - 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 r Dark blue clay 
 5. < Hard blue stone 
 
 L Shale, depth not tested. 
 
 ■ • ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 In this section bed 3 may be Boulder Clay. Mr. Pyrock said that it 
 oomes to the surface most irregularly from under the sand. The beds 
 bracketed 5 may be the upper part of the series underlying the Ironstone ; 
 bed 4i may be the basement bed of the Ironstone, in which case the rock 
 said to be at the surface near the turning to the Farm would be Ironstone, 
 and its boundary with the underlying beds would be about half a mile 
 west of the turning to East Oarr Farm, the ground between being a dip 
 slope. This is the version adopted ; if it is incorrect the junction to be 
 substituted for it would be a half mile to the east, and the breadth of the 
 Ironstone outcrop scarcely a quarter of a mile. Near Scotton Wood, on 
 the north and south. Lias is at, or almost at, the surface, shaly brown 
 stone being ploughed up in. places and exposed in drains ; this rock has 
 been mapped as Ironstone, but the identification is by no means certain. 
 
 East of Scotton a broad tract of Alluvium, fianked by Sands, entirely 
 conceals the beds on the horizon of the Frodingham Ironstone. On the 
 northern border of this tract, the ditch forming the eastern boundary of 
 Scotton Pasture shows ferruginous limestone beds under Sand. The 
 limestones resemble the unproductive beds in the Frodingham quarries ; 
 the following fossils were obtained from them : — 
 
 Cardinia Listeri, Stuich. 
 Gryphsea MaccuUochii, Sow. 
 Fecten. 
 
 In the stream bank, east of Scotton Wood, a ferruginous bed was 
 noticed under sandy clay ; it probably belongs to the uppermost part of 
 the Frodingham rock. 
 
 At about a mile from Northorpe Church, in a north-easterly direction, 
 limestone with Gryphcsa was exposed in the stream bed. 
 
 Between Fox Cover and Northorpe, at about three-quarters of a mile 
 north from Northorpe Station, hard rock is shown in a drain, at a foot or 
 80 from the surface ; it appears to belong to the Frodingham beds. A 
 fragment of Ammoniies semieostahu was picked up on the surface of the 
 adjacent field. 
 
 At half a mile west of Northorpe Hall, in a shallow stream bed, by a 
 hedge, ferruginous, fossiliferons limestone, apparently in «%{, was noticed. 
 Jf in litu, it is probably interstratified with loam or clay. In a lieigli- 
 
30 LOWEB LIAS. 
 
 banring ditch a fragment of A. semieostattis was found in clay j this cannot 
 be relied on, as, although the Boulder Clay boundary is high up in the 
 Northorpe district, debris from it-is carried down the slopes. 
 
 In this district the Frodingham beds no longer present distinctive 
 lithological characteristics, the lower part of the orerlying Clay appears 
 to be sandy, and the beds on the horizon of the Frodingham rock seem to 
 be, for the most part, loamy in the upper part, containing limestones of a 
 more or less ferruginous character, principally in the lower part, as east of 
 Northorpe Station. The underlying beds, on the other hand, seem to be 
 more or less ferruginous, and cannot be separated with any degree of 
 certainty. 
 
 North of the road from Northorpe Station to Gtrayingham a stream 
 ditch affords the best obtainable evidence of the uncertain character of the 
 upper boundary of the A. serrmostaiiis zone. Proceeding up stream from 
 the path to the Farm near Northorpe Station, on the Map, we encounter 
 shaly, indurated, finely micaceons, grey and yellowish-brown mottled 
 loam, ferruginous in places. At 8 chains from the path, at half a mile, 
 E. 15° N., from the Station, a tough rubbly ironstone, apparently 
 3 to 4 feet thick, crops ont. - This Ironstone bed is overlain by dark bluish- 
 grey clay. Higher up the stream there is an exposure of bluish-grey clay, 
 mottled yellowish-brown, loamy in places, but not indurated as in the 
 first observation. It contains in places impersistent plaques of laminated 
 sandstone, or -sandy limestone, and limestone with Peotens. The following 
 is a list of fossils obtained from the sandy-ferrnginoua bed in the stream 
 bank : — ..... 
 
 Cardinia Listeri, Stuieh. 
 
 Gryphaea Maccullochii, Sow. 
 
 Peoten. 
 
 Fholadomya ambigua (long var.), Sow. 
 
 Unicardium cardioides, PhU. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile north-north-west from Northorpe Station, 
 a pit in the plantation, nearly full of water, showed limestones, in part 
 ferruginous and very shelly, in part blue and exhibiting a tendency to 
 split in shaly pieces, resting on grey clay. The limestones contain 
 Pecten and Lima, a fish jaw {Hyhodus) was also found. 
 
 In the ditch, bounding the plantation near the above (30 chains east of 
 Northorpe Hall), several beds of hard grey shelly limestone, weathering 
 bufi'-brown, with numerous specimens of CfryphcBa and of a small Pecten, 
 are interstratifled with light brown and grey clay. 
 
 The following is a list of the fossils obtained from the pit and ditch :— 
 
 Cardinia Listeri, Stuteh. 
 
 CucuUsea. 
 
 Lima gigantea ? Sow. 
 
 Unicardium cardioides, Phil. 
 
 Ammonites semicostatus, T. §r B. 
 
 Hybodus. 
 
 Southorpe cottages, surrounded by a large square ditch, are called the 
 Moat Cottages ; a drawbridge is said to have spanned the moat formerly. 
 Near the south-east comer of this ditch yellowish-brown ferruginous lime- 
 stone is shown upon clay. Thick beds of stone, apparently m situ, are 
 exposed in one part of the ditch. The inhabitants of the cottages being 
 new-comers could furnish no information respecting their well ; they said 
 that the monnds and banks in the adjacent field on the west, called " the 
 Chapel Field," are supposed to be soldiers' graves. A fragment of 
 A. temicostatue'vtiS found on the surface in this field. It is not improbable 
 that the A. semicostatus zone may bo represented by the uppermost beds 
 in the moat and by the surface soil in the field, either forming an outlying 
 patch or dipping down the slope to the Eiver Eau. 
 
 By the Kiver Eau, near the foot bridge (south border of Sheet 86), under 
 brown and drab loamy soil with pieces of flint and worn foreign atones 
 
LOWER IJAS CLAY. St 
 
 trota. 3_to 4 feet thick, the A. semicoatatus beds are represented by rubbly, 
 yellowish-brown, decomposed rock in which a fragment of A. semieostatus 
 was found, also Oardima and Pecten. The thickness of the feed is aboat 
 2 feet 6 inches. Bine clay was evidenced beneath it. 
 The fossils obtained are as follows : — 
 
 Cardinia Listeri, 8Mch. 
 • Xiima gigantea, Sow. 
 Pecten sBquivalvis, Sow. 
 Ammonites semieostatus, T. ^ B. 
 
 Lower Lias Clay, above the Frodingham Ironstone. 
 
 The Frodingham Ironstone is overlain by blue clay and shale, 
 in the upper part of which shaly fragmentary beds or plaques of 
 limestone containing numerous Pectens occur. Owing to its posi- 
 tion at the base of the Oolitic escarpment the exposures of the 
 Clay, are cpnfined as a rule to pits which have been opened on the 
 margin of the feature usually made by the thin ironstone overlying 
 it. The quantity of Pectens in this overlying Ironstone band 
 induced Mr. Cross to give it the name " Pecten-bed." This bed, 
 for reasons hereafter given, has been taken as the base of the Middle 
 Lias {see pp. 36, 37.). 
 
 Exposures of the Clay in the low ground from which the Oolitic 
 escarpment rises are very rare ; its junction with the Frodingham 
 rock is unmarked by feature, and is generally masked by Sands 
 and Alluvium from the Humber scithward to Manton Warren 
 and by Boulder Clay and Alluvium further south. 
 
 The Clay was penetrated in borings, at Spring Wood Lodge, 
 south of Appleby Station, and at a point nearly a mile and three 
 quarters further north. In both these borings the thickness of the 
 Clay from top to base was the same, viz., 89 feet 9 inches. 
 
 In another boring, west of Spring Wood, begun in the Clay at 
 firom 10 to 15 feet below its junction with the Pecten-bed Iron- 
 stone, 78 feet was penetrated before encountering the Frodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 The Clay was also penetrated in a boring near the Railway, 
 9 furlongs south-west from Kirton Lindsey Station, where the 
 sinking was commenced in the Pecten-bed Ironstone, and according 
 to Messrs. Daglish and Howse " the [Frodingham] Ironstone has 
 been proved at a depth of 50 yards."* If we allow a thickness of 
 5 feet for the basement Ironstone bed of the Middle Lias and 
 5 feet for Boulder Clay above it, the thickness of Lower Lias Clay 
 penetrated in this boring would be 140 feet, showing an increase 
 of 50 feet in a distance of 8 miles from north to south. 
 
 From Winteringham to Winterton Cliff House the slope below 
 the basement bed of the Middle Lias, which scarcely makes a 
 feature, affords no sections of the Lower Liae Clay, and the 
 Alluvium of West Halton Drain conceals its junction with the 
 underlying Frodingham Ironstone. Frodingham rock is, however, 
 exposed in the middle of the alluvial tract near the road from 
 
 * Trans. N. o/England Ztisl, Eng., vol. xar., p. 20. 
 
32 VLO^ER lilAS. 
 
 West Halton to Northlands, so that the bteadth of outcrop of the 
 Lower Lias Olay in this locality is not more than 1 6 chains, and 
 as there is no evidence of fault, it must either have an abnormally 
 high angle of dip, about 5° or thereabout, or have attenuated 
 considerably from the thickness of 89 feet, proved in the borings 
 at about four and a half miles further south. 
 
 The Rev. J. E. Cross thus describes the Clay above the Froding- 
 ham Ironstone*: " A thick bed of blue marl succeeds, 90 feet in 
 depth, its lower portion the home, probably, of Ammonites oxynotus; 
 but no opening has been made of any importance in the lower portion 
 of this marl, and its contents are unknown .... I have 
 found in it a little A. Birchii, Sow. Its upper portion is crossed 
 by bands of chert nodules, and has yielded Ammonites raricostatus, 
 Taylori, and, perhaps, Hiq Polymorphus mixtus of Quenstedt. A 
 little higher, again, in the same, I find A. Loscombei, Oxynotus 
 numismalis {(^ueast.), 2LnA Natrix rotundus {QfXixBi.) , . . ,; 
 with these are a large Pinna, Pholadomya ambigua of a huge size, 
 GryphcRa Maccullochii, and Belemnites paodllosus," 
 
 Mr. Cross gives the following list of fossils from the " Olay 
 below Pecten-bed." 
 
 Ammonites raricostatus, Ziet. 
 
 „ Taylori, Sow. 
 
 „ polymorphus mixtus? Quensf. 
 
 „ Uneatua, Schloth.'^. 
 
 „ Loscombei, Sow, 
 
 „ oxynotus numismalis, Quenst. 
 
 „ natrix rotundus, Quenst. 
 
 „ Henleyi, Sow. 
 
 Belemnites paxillosus, Sckl, 
 
 „ clavatus, Schl. 
 
 Myacites unioides. Bom. 
 Pholadomya ambigua (very large)i 
 Sanguinolaria striata, Buckm. 
 Pinna folium, Y. S[ B. 
 Plicatula spinOBa,-;^^. (small). 
 Gryphtea Maccullochii, Sow. 
 Spiriferina, sp., very rare. 
 Terebratula numismalis. Lam. 
 
 „ numismalis oralis, Quenst. 
 
 PentacrinuB (very rare). 
 
 The mention of A. Henleyi in the above list is worthy of note, 
 showing that its range is wider than its apparent prevalence in 
 the overlying Pecten-bed Ironstone would lead one to infer, and 
 confirming its discovery in a large clay pit, 34 to 36 chains south 
 of Gokewell, mentioned further on. 
 
 On the Blope of Sheffield Hill the Clay is exposed just below its junction 
 with the overlying Ironstone bed in two pits, on, the north of the road 
 
 * Quart. Journ.^Geol, Soe.i vol; xxxi., p, 120. 1875. 
 
LOWEB LIAB CliAT. 33 
 
 from NormaBiby Park to High Eisby. Twelve feet of clay is evidenced' in 
 the^uorthermnost pit at half a mile from Bagmoor. In the southernmost 
 pit, just north of the road to High Bisby, the following fossils were 
 obtamed from nodules in the Olay— 
 
 fthynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 
 Terebratula punctata ? Sow. 
 
 Crenatula ventricosa. Sow. 
 
 Gryphsea. 
 
 Lima aniiquata, F Sow. 
 
 Peoten. 
 
 Pinna. 
 
 Flicatnla spinosa, Sow. 
 
 Hippopodium ponderosum, iS^ow. 
 
 » sp. 
 
 Mpdiola scalprum. Sow. 
 Pholadomya ambigua, 
 Pleuromja. 
 Unioardium cardioides, Phil. 
 Belemnites. 
 
 The Olay is also exposed in pits occupying similar positions to the above, 
 on the east of Ooneysby Bottom, on Lodge Hill, and in four or five pits on 
 Crosby Warren (south of the Ordnance mark and height 226, on Santon 
 Warren). 
 
 On the south of the Bametby and Doncaster Line the Clay is better 
 exposed at its junction with the Peoten Ironstone or just below it. 
 
 A solitary example of its junction with the Frodingham Ironstone is 
 afforded by the eastemmoBt extension of the Frodingham and Bruinby 
 Warren quarries in the direction of GrokeweU Common ; here, in December 
 1882, at about a quarter of a mile west of the stream (Bottesford Beck), 
 the termination of the deeper part of the workings showed about 4 feet 
 of clay, possibly redeposited in the upper, but undisturbed and shaly in 
 the lower, part of the cutting where it rests upon Ironstone: no fossils 
 were obtained from it. 
 
 By a disused branch line on Santon Common the Clay is exposed in a 
 pit to a depth of 25 feet below its junction with the Fccten-bed ; south of 
 this exposure a road passes under the branch line, and at from 10 to, 20 
 chains south of the Bametby and Doncaster Line, the junction of the Glay 
 with the Pecten-bed is shown ; just below it, a pit is visible in bluish- 
 grey shaly olay, with Pinnae, &o. At about a quarter of a mile further 
 south, and from thence for about about half a mile, the Clay is imperfectly 
 exposed here and there at its junction with the Pecten-bed in pits. From 
 thence to the little valley in which Gokewell is situated, for nearly half a 
 mile both Olay and Pecten-bed are concealed by Sand and the usual 
 junction feature is absent. 
 
 The Olay is shown at or just below its junction with the Pecten-bed, 
 in about 10 pits between the Q-okewell stream and the road to Ashby ; in 
 about 14 pits between the road to Bottesford and the road to Messing- 
 ham; and in 9 or 10 pits between the road to Messingham and the 
 M. S. and L. Railway ; of these it will only be necessary to allude to those 
 exposures in which fossils have .been found. in the. Clay, many of them 
 bemg comparatively unfossiliferous and concealed to a great extent by 
 talus, whilst several will be mentioned in the description of the' Pecten- 
 bed Ironstone. 
 
 At from 32 to 36 chains south of the Gokewell stream a large pit shows 
 bluish-grey shaly clay containing Fenfaarinites, Ostrea, and BeUrnnites^ 
 under about a foot of ferruginous rubble (base of Pecten-bed). Ammonitet. 
 ^^leyi, Sow., was found on tie. clay e^lrface, but it might have. been 
 washed out" of the overlying Ironstone, of which it appears to be charac- 
 teristic. — 
 
34 XOWEB LIAS. 
 
 At half a mile from Manby in a north-westerly direction, and about 26 
 chains south of the above, the Clay is exposed in a pit from which the 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Lima gigantea. Bow. 
 Bhynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 Terebratula (!Fiagments of). 
 
 West of Manby the Clay is exposed in a pit below its junction with the 
 Pecten-bed, Pecten ceguivaJ^is, and fragments of Peeten and Ostrea were 
 obtained from it. 
 
 In the large clay pit in the south part of Twigmoor farmyard tho 
 junction of the Clay with the. Pecten-bed is shown ; the Clay is exposed to 
 a depth of 8 feet, and famished the following fossils : — 
 
 Hippopodium. 
 
 Pinna. 
 
 Fleuromya ssquistriata P. Ag. 
 
 Ostrea. 
 
 Ammonites capricornas, Sehl. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile south of the above the following fossils 
 were obtained from pits in the Clay: — 
 
 Avicula ineequivalTis, Sow. 
 
 Cardium (cast). 
 
 Hippopodium (sp.). 
 
 Lima pectinoides. Sow. 
 
 Ostrea. 
 
 Pecten seqoiralvis. Sow. 
 
 Ammonites capricornus, ScM. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 North of Manton Common, at a mile and a half to the east of Messing- 
 ham, the upper part of the Clay is exposed in a brick pit ; it consists of 
 dark bluish-grey shaly clay with nodules, in which a bad specimen of 
 LimavmMquata, Sow., and Peeten suhulatw (P) were found. 
 
 Near the above, on the south side of the road from Messingham to Brigg, 
 at a mile and three-quarters from Messingham, the Clay is exposed in a 
 pit under the rubbly base of the Pecten-bed. The Clay contains fragmen- 
 tary lim.estone in thin lenticular pieces, apparently due to solution of the 
 calcareous matter of shells packed closely together here and there. The 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Bhynchonella. 
 
 Gryphsea. 
 
 Hippodium ponderosum. Sow. 
 
 Lima pectinoides. Sow. 
 
 Modiola scalprum, Sow. 
 
 Ostrea. 
 
 Pecten sequivalvis, Sow. 
 
 ,, liasinus, Nyst. 
 Pleuromya. 
 Plicatula spinosa. Sow. 
 Ammonites latsscosta, Sow. 
 Berpula (fragment). 
 
 The Ammonites were found just beneath the Pecten-bed. 
 
 From Holme Warren southward to Bannelow Farm and the road to 
 Scotter, the junction of the Clay with Prodingham Ironstone is un- 
 marked by feature and concealed by Sand. In the road to Scotter the 
 junction is slightly supported by evidence, but from thence to the south 
 margin of Sheet 86 the indefinite character of the beds exposed and the 
 presence of sand soils, Boulder Clay, and Alluvium render it very ob- 
 scure. 
 
LOWER LIAS CLAT. 35 
 
 By a path at a farm (not marked on the Map), rather over a mile east of 
 Messingham and a quarter of a mile north of the road from Messingham 
 to Brigg, somewhat shaly bluish-grey clay is exposed in a pit ; stone ia 
 said to hare been encountered beneath it, possibly the upper bed of the 
 Frodingham rock. 
 
 iNear the road to Scotter.-at about a mile west of Mount Pleasant, a 
 well has been sunk ; the material thrown out from it and banked near it 
 consisted of dark bluish-grey clay with iron and cement stone nodules ; 
 one of these proved to be a fragment of Ammonites armaius i Belemnites 
 Pinna, &e., were also found. Assuming that the Ammonite was obtained 
 in gitu near the surface, and not washed down the slope, its position would 
 be about 15 to 20 feet below the base of the Pecten-bed Ironstone. 
 
 Clay is shown in a pit at 2 miles east from the middle of Scotton 
 village. 
 
 In the Boulder Clay districts between Sootter, Northorpe, Grayingham, 
 and Kirton, sections of Lower Lias Clay are very few and the Boulder Clay 
 boundaries are sometimes unoertaih. Bluish shaly clay is exposed in the 
 Railway cuttings between Kirton and Norfchorpe and the Pecten-bed is 
 also partially exposed. 
 
 The shaly beds, probably in part belonging to this division of the Lower 
 Lias, which are exposed in the ditch east-north-east of Northorpe Station 
 have been mentioned under the head Of Frodingham Ironstone. There 
 appears to be no hard lithological line between the A. semicostatus zone and 
 the beds above in this n^ighbonrhood. 
 
 The only good section of the Clay in the southern part of Sheet 86 is 
 furnished by a large (now disused) brick pit, nearly a mile from Korthorpe 
 Station in a direction east-north-east. In this pit, under a Boulder Clay 
 soil, grey shaly clay containing cement stone nodules, often coated with 
 ferruginous matter, and lenticular pieces of shelly limestone, is exposed; 
 The following fossils were obtained from the nodules : — 
 
 Spiriferina "Walcotti, Bota. 
 Terebratula punctata, Soto. 
 Lima antiquata, Sow. 
 Pinna. 
 
 The top of the section is very- little below the horizon of the Pecten- 
 bed. 
 
 Oa the north of the Humber the Lower Lias is only exposed 
 near North and South Cave. It forms the hill to the south of 
 North Cave, where it is seen in the railway cutting, and the beds 
 may be followed round the hJU to South Cave where they pass below 
 the alluvial flat and are not again seen north of the Humber. 
 
 Between North and South Cave the Lower Lias is covered 
 with great quantities of gravel, composed almost entirely of Lias 
 fragments, in which specimens of Gryphaa incurva are especially 
 abimdant, showing to how great an extent the Lias must have 
 been exposed to denudation, and- also how abundant this particular 
 fossil must have been in those beds. 
 
3e 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE LOWER AND 
 MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 The Peoten-bed Ironstone is separated from the Upper Lias 
 by a bed of ironstone representing the Marlstone Rock and an 
 underlying series of clays over 60 feet in thickness, which appear 
 to contain -Am, capricornus, Schl. (sive maculatus) throughout. In 
 these days it is impossible to establish a boundary either litho- 
 logical or palaeontologicaL They must either be regarded as 
 Lower or as Middle Lias. " We now reach," says Mr. Cross 
 {loc. cit., p. 120), " the border between the Lower and Middle Lias, 
 the latter represented by some 66 feet of blue clay containing, 
 throughout, in the centres of cement nodules the A. maculatus 
 
 (Capricornus of Schlotheim) The margaritatus 
 
 beds seem to be wholly missing ; and we find only 8 or 9 feet in 
 all between the occurrence of A. maculatus and A. communis" 
 
 The detailed investigation of the district has ccmfirmed these 
 statements ; but the extension of our operations beyond the 
 immediate locality described by Mr. Cross has led to tte amplifica- 
 tion of his fossil lists in places; and more especially in two 
 important particulars, viz., that, whereas A. Henleyi has been 
 found by us in comparative abundance in the Pecten-bed, and 
 only in one doubtfiil instance below it, A. armatus has not been 
 found in it by us, but seems to occur some distance below it. 
 Furthermore, we have discovered A. capricornus in the beds 
 below the Pecten-bed. 
 
 From these facts I think we are justified in inferring that 
 A. capricornus cannot in this district be regarded as a zonal 
 Ammonite, forasmuch as it is impossible to say in its range of 
 from 60 to 80 feet to what part the true position of the zone 
 should be assigned. 
 
 Again, the discovery of a single specimen of A. armatus in the 
 Pecten-bed by Mr. Cross is no proof of that bed being its zonal 
 horizon, whereas, although found also below it, the prevalence in 
 it of A. Henleyi is almost sufficient to induce us to regard that 
 Ammonite as zonal as far as this district is concerned. 
 
 If the lower limit of the zone o£ A. margaritatus is to be taken 
 as the base of the Middle Lias, as it has not been found in the 
 clays above the Pecten-bed, these would have to be taken as the 
 uppermost part of the Lower Lias and the Middle Lias would be 
 represented by a Rock Bed, the Rhynohonella Bed, only from 
 5 to 10 feet thick. 
 
 The fact that a certain fossil has not been found in a district 
 where it might be expected to occur, as the sections are so few 
 and BO poor, cannot of course be taken as a proof of its absence- 
 
JUN€I-ION MTWEEN tOWEB AHD MIDDLE LIAS. S7 
 
 but assuming its presence, it would be quite impossible to draw a 
 line in the clays • between' the Bock Bed above, and Pecten-bed 
 below, for its limits. 
 
 As an instance of the' extreme reservation with which we must 
 take the occurrence of Ammonites as evidence of stratigraphical 
 horizons, Prof. Judd may be dted.* In the Eock Bed at 
 " Edmondthorpe, Loddington, and Hominghold Ammonites com- 
 munis. Sow., and A. annulatus, Sow., occur in considerable 
 numbers." A. communis has also been obtained by me in com- 
 psu-ative plenty from a nodular bed in the Middle Lias, near 
 Navenby, south of Lincoln.f 
 
 Prof. Huxley and Mr. Etheridge, in their Catalogue of fossils 
 in the Museum of Geology (1865^ make A. Henleyi Lower Lias, 
 and A. armatus, of Lyme Regis, Lower Lias; but A, armatus 
 of Bird's Hill, Radstock, they class as Middle Lias (p. 218 of the 
 O?italogue). A. maculatus of Hawsker Bottom, Whitby, is put 
 down as Lower Lias, but A. capricornus of Charmouth is regarded 
 as Middle Lias. (N.B. — A maculatus, Y. & B, = A. capricornus, 
 Schl.) 
 
 The boundary between the Middle and Lower Lias has usually 
 been taken by the Geological Survey in the A. capricornus zone, 
 or more properly below the Marlstone, or Rock Bed, at the horizon 
 which exhibited sufficient lithological distinction to enable the sur- 
 veyor to trace a boundary with some approximation to uniformity. 
 As this boundary or litholop^cal change was usually found to be 
 within the limits of the range of A. capricornus, it is said to be in 
 the Capricornus zone, though more properly it might be said to 
 be, as a rule, within the limits of the range of that Ammonite, a 
 zone being the occurrence in abundance at a certain horizon of a 
 certain life form which is by no means necessarily restricted to 
 that horizon ; it is in this sense we must speak of the zone of 
 A. communis. Where the range of a form is as extensive as 
 that of A. capricornus, the congregation of individuals in sufficient 
 numbers to distinguish a particular horizon would be more 
 properly the zone of the fossil, and it is not to be supposed that 
 such zones would be other than local ; that is, within the limits 
 of range of a fossil, its zone, or the horizon characterised especially 
 by its presence, might, and probably would, be found at a 
 different stage in different places. 
 
 Messrs, Tate and BlakeJ object to the Geological Survey 
 practice of drawing a lithological boundary, on the ground that 
 " this might be an argument for mapping local rock beds under 
 local names and the rest as simply Lias, but will scarcely justify 
 calling beds containing the same fossils Middle Lias when they 
 are rocks and Lower Lias when they are clays, as would have to 
 be done." 
 
 * Mem. Geol. Survey, Geology of Butland, p. 65. 
 t Mem. Geol. Survey Sheet 70, p. 42. 
 % The Yorkshire Lias, 1876, p. 219, 
 
-^8 g^UNCTION BETWEEN liOWER AND MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 '; Mr, Barrow does ftot fully meet this objection by stating that 
 " the base line for the Middle Lias .... passing through 
 the middle of the zone of A. capricornus . ., . adopted by the 
 Survey for the rest of England . . .is a line that can be 
 accurately traced. It is impossible to map any boundary line 
 
 between this and the top of the ^. oar^wofMS beds 
 
 In addition, the sudden lithological change is accompanied by a 
 very marked change in physical conditions ; down to the base 
 of the Middle Lias there is an abundance of MoUuscan shell?, 
 whilst in the very uppermost portion of the Lower Lias there 
 is a marked paucity of fossils. Hence this line is easy to trace, 
 is warranted by physical reasons, is of practical utility; and, 
 mpreover, has been followed continuously throughout England."* 
 
 As applied to a small part of the Liassic area of England no 
 doubt the above is sufficiently conclusive. The earlier Memoirs 
 of the Geological Survey seem to show that the boundary taken 
 between Lower and Middle Lias is one based on lithological 
 change, and this change has been taken in many cases as sufficient 
 without any reference to Ammonite zones.t 
 
 In Prof. Hull's Memoirf there is no mention of A. eapricornus 
 
 (sive maculatus), but A. Henleyi is given as a representative fossil 
 
 of the top beds of the Lower Lias, as also in another Geological 
 
 Survey Memoir .§ Dr. Wright, |[ Messrs. Tate and Blakel and 
 
 M. Oppel, 1856, concur in taking the boundary between Middle 
 
 and Lower Lias at the base of the Zone of A. Jamesoni, called by 
 
 Messrs. Tate and Blake the Region of A. armatus. Prof. Judd** 
 
 says : " At Little Bowden brickyard .... we find the 
 
 micaceous clays of the Capricornus-beds forming the top of the 
 
 Lower Lias series." But the same author, p. 74, gives a list of 
 
 fossils from the lowest Middle Lias beds exposed " at the foot of 
 
 the Hill on which the Neville-Holt ironworks were opened," in 
 
 which the only Ammonite mentioned is A. capricornus." {Ibid., 
 
 p. 72) Prof. Judd describes the lower beds of Middle Lias in 
 
 Cranhoe brickyard as " light blue stratified clays with layers of 
 
 concentric balls of ironstone, which fall to pieces on exposure to the 
 
 air. These nodules contain numerous but imperfectly preserved 
 
 fossils, and it is evident that the beds which contain them are 
 
 near the junction of the Middle and Lower Lias." The list of 
 
 fossils which follows contains A. Henleyi, and stfongly resembles 
 
 the facies characterizing the clay just below the Pecten-bed, which 
 
 I would unquestionably regard as Lower Lias, though many of 
 
 the forms are common to the Pecten-bed itself and to the clay 
 
 overlying it. 
 
 • Mem. Geol. Survey, Explanatory of Quarter-Sheet 95 N.W., p. H. 
 t Mem. Geol. Survey, Banbury and 'Wooclstock, on Sheet 45, 1864. Also Mem. 
 Gfeol. Survey, parts 'Wilis and Gloucester, on Sheet 34, 1858, p. 6. 
 J Mem. Geol. Survey, Geology of the Country around Cheltenham, Sheet 44, 1857. 
 
 I Mem. Geol. Survey, Sheet 45, 1-864. 
 
 II Palffiont. Soc. for 1861. 
 
 f The Yorkshire Lias, p. 16, &c. 
 
 ** Mem. Geol. Survey, Giology of Rutland, p. 75. 
 
JUNCTION BETWEEN LOWER AND MIDDLE LIASi 39 
 
 From Prof. Judd's Memoir we cannot base amy definite conclu- 
 sions as to. the maximum, mimmum, and mean thicknesses of the 
 Middle Lias below the Marlatone in . the area he describes, but 
 reference may be made to p. 69, where the succession at the, 
 village of Billesdon is given as follows : — 
 
 'a. Rock bed. 
 
 2. Light blue clay with bands of sandy ironstone (few fossils) 
 
 about 30 feet. 
 
 3. Dark blue clay with Septaria ; numerous fossils; 15 feet 
 
 seen." 
 
 Here they do not seem to be disposed of in 45 feet. Compare 
 also, on or near Slawston Hill, (p. 77.) 
 
 " 3. Marlstone rock-bed, very inconspicuous and scarcely 
 traceable. 
 
 4. Clays, with bands of soft yellow and brown sandy ironstone 
 
 full of small shells, Cardium truncatum, Sow., Pecten 
 ceguivalvis, Phil., &c, 
 ' .5. Clay, with ironstone balls. 
 
 6. Clays imperfectly seen. 
 
 7. Hard ferruginous and somewhat calcareous bed, perhaps 
 
 the lowest of the Middle Lias series." 
 
 " The Middle Lias at this spot may be from 60 to 70 feet in 
 thickness." 
 
 From Prof. Judd's Memoir, which is the most complete, 
 Geological Survey description of the Llassic rocks, there is no 
 precedent against our drawing the line between Middle ^nd 
 Lower Lias at the base of the Pecten-bed. Bed 7 in the 
 Slawston section, above given, and the Cranhoe brickyard fossils 
 would favour this ; on the other hand, the apparently higher range 
 of A. capricornus in North Lincolnshire might suggest a very 
 hypothetical boundary in the clay a few feet below the Eock bed, 
 or it might warrant our regarding the Pecten-bed as the uppermost 
 stratum of the Lower Lias. 
 
 To turn to Yorkshire. In the Scarboro' and Whitby area we 
 find* that the Middle Lias " is divisible into two parts ; the upper 
 Consisting of shales with thin bands of ironstone of variable 
 thickness, the lower of sandstones and hard shales, with sandy 
 thick beds of Gryphaa, Cardium, &c., constituting a sandy marL" 
 
 "The beds of the Lower or Sandy Series are remarkable for, 
 
 prodigious numbers of fossils Of these Cardium 
 
 truncatum is the chief In the lower part Gryphaa 
 
 cymbium predominates and is accompanied by Avicula incBquivahis ; 
 calcareous bands near the base, often consisting entirely oif these 
 
 two species Belemnites and Pecten are tolerably 
 
 abundant throughout." 
 
 In the section of these beds given, 54 feet 4 inches in all, 
 A. margaritatus is noticed in a bed at about 13 feet from the 
 
 M«m. Geol. Surrey, Explanatoty of Quarter-Sheet 95 N.W., pp. 9, 10. 
 
40 JUNCTION BETWEEN LOWER AND MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 top, and A. caprieornus is mentioned, up to about 18 feet from 
 the top. Allowing an average of about 90 feet for the upper, and 
 70 feet for the lower divisions of the Middle Lias in this area, in 
 which they are well developed, there is, unfortunately, no parallel: 
 to be drawn between them and the Iforth Lincolnshire beds, as 
 the Whitby and Scarboro' Middle Lias decreases very much in 
 thickness traced towards the Humber. 
 
 The only specimen of Gryphad cymbium obtained in Sheet 86, 
 south of the Humber, was from the Pecten-bed near Twigmoor. 
 The absence of A. margariiatus, or rather, our failure to discover it, 
 and the fact that the clays below the Bock bed are not arenaceous, 
 render the Whitby and North Lincolnshire types still further 
 removed. 
 
 Cardium truncatum has been found in the lower part of the 
 clay above the Pecten-bed near Harpswell in Sheet 83, but it 
 has^ not been identified amongst the fossils obtained from the 
 Pecten-bed, nor from the clays above and below it, in Sheet 86, 
 south of the Humber. 
 
 If the discovery of A. armatus by Mr. Cross in the Pecten- 
 bed is sufficient to prove that bed to be its zone, we would, judging 
 by the Yorkshire evidence, have to- regard the Pecten-bed as 
 Lower Lias, and either to take all the clays between it and the 
 Hock Bed as Middle Lias, or to draw a line through them (the 
 olay-B-),- unwarranted either by palseontological or lithologioal con- 
 siderations. Upon the whole, we are strongly inclined to regard 
 the Pecten-bed as the base of the Middle Lias, taking the 
 discovery of A. armatus in it as proof of the locally high range 
 of that Ammonite above the normal position of its zone. When 
 w* take into account the extreme probability of the local pre- 
 dominance of life forms at various horizons within the elastic 
 limits of their ranges, and also the many physical changes inter- 
 fering with or interrupting the continuity of deposits of a certain 
 character in far removed and even in contiguous areas, there is 
 no^ ground for dispute respecting so indefinite a boundary as the 
 junction between the Lower and Middle Lias. There must be 
 a liberal allowance for discrepancy, both palaeontological and 
 stratigraphical, in tracing any boundary line, and the only safe 
 rule to follow is the adoption of lines which combine lithologioal 
 distinction with palseontologioal change ; where this cannot be 
 done, and it is impossible, from concealment by Drift or other 
 causes, to trace a boundary by relative position, the next area on 
 the line of strike must be treated chiefly on its own merits, avoid- 
 ing as much as possible any appearance of discrepancy with 
 districts on either side of it in which the sequence though not 
 analogous, is sufficiently manifest. The above reasoning is ap- 
 plicable io the relations of Lower and Middle Lias in Sheet 86. 
 Their relations are concealed by Drift in the adjacent Sheet to the 
 south/ which does not permit observation of the behaviour and 
 change of the beds, and on the north the North Lincolnshire type 
 is cut off by the Humber from -the Yorkshire a.rea, the south part 
 of which is more obscure than the North Lincolnshire area itself. 
 
JtrXOnON BETWKKK I.OWKR AND MIDDLE LIA^S. 41- 
 
 As the junction of the Pecten-bed with the underlying clay 
 is most easy to trace, as A. eapricomus occurs in the Clays below 
 as well as above it, and for the convenient purposes of classification 
 and description, we have adopted a tripartite division of the 
 Middle Lias in North Liucolnsbire, thus : — 
 
 Bock Bed. 
 
 Clay, with lines of nodules and septaria. 
 
 Pecten-bed ironstone. 
 
 O 52912. 
 
MiDDXiE lias;: 
 
 CHAPTER VI. - 
 MIDPLE LIAS, ' ' 
 Peoten-bei> Ironstone. 
 
 Separated from the Frodingham Ironstone by about 90 feet o£ 
 Lower Lias clay and shale, is a thin stratum of ferruginous lime- 
 stone, to which Mr. Cross, in the paper before cited, thus refers 
 (p. 120) : " A narrow ironstone-bed . . . consisting of a rocky 
 band 4 feet thick, the slabs crowded with Pectens of a good size. 
 They resemble the shell which Phillips figures, in his ' Geology of 
 Yorkshire, under the name of • sublcevis,' Young and Bird ; (on 
 turning to ' Young and Bird,' however, I think that for sublcevis 
 we should read * subrufus.') From this profusion of Pectens we 
 have named the bed the Pectew-ironstone. The Ammonites it 
 contains are A. armatus and Henleyi ... I must mention one other 
 of its fossils, a large Tancredia, which seems wholly new, and to 
 which I would give the name • liassica.' " 
 
 Mr. Cross gives the following list of fossils from the Pecten- 
 bed:— 
 
 Ammonites armatus, Soto. 
 „ Henleyi, Sow. 
 
 Belemnites elongatus, Mill. 
 Ehynchonella variabUis, Sckl, 
 Terebratula punctata, Sow, 
 Spiriferina (very rare). 
 Cardium multicostatum, Phil, 
 Cardinia hybrida, Soto. 
 CucuUsea, sp. 
 Cypricardia, sp. 
 Cyprina, sp. 
 Goniomya (rare). 
 Lima antiquata, Soto. 
 
 „ Hermann!, Vbltz. 
 Myacites unioides, Mom, 
 Nucula. 
 
 Pecten corneus, Goldf. 
 Pecten, sp. (like subl»vis, Phif.), 
 Tancredia liassica, n. sp. 
 Unicardium cardioides, Phil. 
 
 Where unweathered this bed seems to consist of a very hard 
 massive rook, to judge from blocks got out from the Boreholes 
 near Low Santon Farm (west of Appleby Station) and near 
 Kirton Lindsey_. The thickness of the Peoten-bed, as given in 
 borings at Spring Wood Lodge, and three-quarters of a mile 
 
PEOTBN-BED IKONSTONB. 43 
 
 further ilorth (between Santou Warren and Appleby Station), is 
 4 teet 2 inches ; and, judging from its surface exposures in Sheet 
 86, south of the Humber, its thickness would appear to be uni- 
 form, or very naarly so. 
 
 Owing to its position, near the base of the Oolitic escarpment, 
 separating thick strata of 6lay, wliere not exposed in section, the 
 presence of the Pecten-bed is ,very JErequeqitly indicated by a 
 feature, breaking the slope in a minor escarpment with dip slope, 
 or horizontal bed-platform, sometimes very narrow, in places of 
 considerable "breadth. TKis tendency to form' subsidiary features 
 frequently gives a greater superficial outcrop to the PeCten-;bed 
 than is presented by the overlying series of clays, considerably 
 more than ten times its thickness. 
 
 The bed-ledge, pr dip-slope, of the Pecten-bed also forms a 
 resting place for sands blown eastward from the warrens at the 
 foot of the Cliff. . 
 
 In the southern part of the district, where the surface is 
 covered by Boulder Clay, the position and extent of the Pecten- 
 bed is sometimes very doubtfuL 
 
 Mr. Strangways communicates the following note :— 
 
 The Pecten-bed forms a narrow band till just west of Winteringhani, 
 where it spreads into a bolder feature, the fields south-west of the Church 
 being covered with fragments of the rock, which have the characteristic, 
 fossils in great abundance. 
 
 c.r. S. . 
 
 From "Winteringham to Winterton Oliff House the , Peoten-bed affords 
 no exposures worth mentioning, and, except in the vicinity of "Wintering- 
 ham Church, it is scarcely marked by subsidiary feature. 
 
 Mr. James Green of Ooleby informed me that this bed has been dug for 
 ironstone on the alope between Northlands and West Halton, east of the 
 spot where Frodingham Ironstone is exposed in the West Halton Drain 
 flat ; no section is now visible. 
 
 . Prom the slope below Winterton ClifE House southward to the Barnetby 
 and Doncaster Line, the Pecten-bed is generally well marked by a feature 
 breaking the slope in a narrow ledge, or, in a series of small nabs or 
 mounds ; it is also exposed at intervals in pits showing its junction with 
 the Clays beneath. 
 
 . The best of three exposures of the Pecten-bed between Bagmoors 
 and Winterton Oliff House is furnished by a ditch at half a mile west of 
 Boxby, where it is exposed to a depth of 3 feet, made up as follows : — 
 
 Pt. In. 
 Brown, rubbly, ferruginous rook, with numerous oasts 
 
 ofPectens - - - - - - 2 
 
 ' A bed of hard ferruginous limestone - - - 1 
 
 The following is a list of fossils obtained from these beds : — 
 
 Rhynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 
 Gryphaea gigantea, Sow., (Oast of.) 
 
 Lima. 
 
 Lima antiquata, ? Sow. 
 
 Pecten aequivalvis, iSfow. 
 
 Oardita. 
 
 Oardinia Listeri, Stuteh. 
 
 Cyprioardia intermedia, Moore. . -. , ' 
 
 Tancredia ovata, Terq. and Fietle. ^ /j 
 
 J> 2 
 
44 > MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 The Pecten-bed is well shown in two pits on the slope of Sheffield Hill, 
 on the north side of the road from Normanbjr Park to High Risby. The 
 northernmost pit, half a mile from Bagmoor, gives the following section : — 
 
 Pi. Is. 
 Surface sand. - - - - - »30 
 
 Broken ferruginous rubble • - - _ - 1 6 
 
 Ironstone with numerous Pectens (broken) in the 
 upper part - - - - - -20 
 
 The underlying Clay is shown through the talus on 
 the sides, and at the bottom of the pit, in all to a 
 depth of - 12 
 
 The following fossils were obtained from the Ironstone : — 
 
 Pecten sequivalvis. Sow. 
 
 „ liasinus, Nyet. 
 Cardinia Listeri, Stuteh. 
 Cypricardia intermedia, Moore. 
 Tancredia ovata, Terq. and Piette. 
 Belenmites. 
 
 The other pit does not aflford as good a section of the Pecten-bed ; it is a 
 few chains further south, by the road to High Bisby. 
 
 Between Sawoliff and Willow Holt the Pecten-bed is affected by a fault, 
 with a downthrow to the south, shifting its outcrop a few chains westward 
 and displacing the accompanying feature. From this point to the Bailway 
 the Pecten-bed is markea by a distinct feature, and its base, a ferruginous 
 rabble, is visible in pits exposing the underlying Olay, near Lodge Hill, 
 and the letters rr "in the words Crosby Warren on the Map. The 
 Barnetby and Doncaster Railway is very much misplaced upon the 
 Ordnance Map. High Santon Farm is nearly half a mile south of the 
 words High Santon on the Map, and at the foot of the Middle Lias Olay 
 slope, below the true position of the Farm, a disused short branch-line 
 terminates. This brianch joins the main line at about a mile and a half from 
 Frodingham Station; The Pecten-bed is well exposed in the road-cutting 
 between the branch and main lines ; it is also visible in a shallow cutting 
 by the main line. 
 
 By the road, now mended and extended, which is the most direct route 
 from Scunthorpe to Appleby Station ; near the branch line, the junction 
 between the Pecten-bed and underlying Olay is well shown. The ferru- 
 ginous rubbly base of the Pecten-bed is also visible in several clay pits 
 near the temination of the branch line. 
 
 At about 30 chains south of the termination of the branch line the 
 Pecten-bed feature becames almost irrecognisable, and from thence to 
 GokeweU Valley a flattish sandy tract and thick woods obscure all indica- 
 tions of the position of the bed. 
 
 From the GokeweU Valley to Low Wood, near Raventhorpe, the Pecten- 
 bed is exposed here and there in pits in the underlying Olay. 
 
 At 30 chains south of the GokeweU stream about a foot of ferruginous 
 rubble, the base of the Pecten-bed, in which A. Senleyi was obtained, is 
 exposed on topof the Lower Lias Olay in a pit. 
 
 At about half a mile north-north-west from Manby the Pecten-bed is 
 exposed in a ditch, in the vicinity of which numerous fragments of the 
 rock have been turned out from drains ; from these fragments the 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Pecten ssqualis, Quenet. 
 
 Modiola scalprum, Sow. 
 
 Myacites (Plenromya) unioides, Mom. 
 
 Pleurotomaria. 
 
 Ammonites striatus, Bein. 
 
 In five or six pits from which Clay has been dug, near the borders of 
 llanbT Common, the base of Pecten-bed is exposed, consisting of decom- 
 
PECTEN-BED XROKSTONE. 45 
 
 posed, rustT>brown, fragmentary fermginons rock ; but it is so much 
 decomposed and so thin that the fossils obtained from it conld not be 
 identified with certainty. 
 
 In a pit by Low Wood, about 30 chains south-west from Manby, about 
 a foot of Fecten-bed rubble is exposed on the Clay. Tholadomya ambigwa 
 Sow. (var,), and Belemnites clavaius (?), Blainv., were obtained from it. 
 
 Between the roads to Ashby and Bottesford the Fecten-bed is entirely 
 concealed by Sand. 
 
 At about 12 chains south of the road to Bottesford the ferruginous 
 Tubbly base of the Fecten-bed is exposed in a pit near the uorth-west 
 corner of Twigmoor Warren. From this pit the junction-feature is 
 maintained for some distance, and along it the base of the Fecten-bed is 
 visible in pits here and there, as far south as Manton Common. 
 
 At about 6 chains south of Twigmoor Farm, 1 foot of shaly ferruginous 
 stone is exposed in a large pit in the Clay below the Fecten-bed. 
 
 At about 20 chains south-south-west from Twigmoor Farm the Fecten- 
 bed was cut through in a ditch in the vicinity of two pits in the under- 
 lying Clay. It consists of shaly ferruginous limestones from which the 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Cypricardia. 
 
 G-resslya lunulata Tate, (like Myacites). 
 
 Grryphsea cymbium. Lam. 
 
 Modiola scalprum, Sow. 
 
 Myacites (Fleuromya) unioides, Bom. 
 
 Fecten ssquivalvis. Sow. 
 
 Pinna fragment. 
 
 Flenrotomaria. 
 
 Bhynchonella tetrahedra, Sow. 
 
 The outcrop of the Fecten-bed from beneath the overlying Clay ia 
 entirely concealed by the Sands of Twigmoor Warren and the north part 
 of Manton Warren. The land rises westward forming a promontory 
 toward Messingham ; at the termination of this feature the base of the 
 Peoten-bed, consisting of a foot of hard rubbly rock, is shown in a pit, 
 upon Lower Lias Clay containing fragmentary limestone crowded with 
 Pectens. 
 
 Between the above and the Twigmoor pits, previously mentioned, there 
 are several clay pits on the slope ; one of these shows the following 
 section : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Kubbly ferruginous rock ... about 1 
 
 Tough brown ironstone - • - - - 1 
 
 Lower Lias Clay, to base of exposure. 
 
 From one of these pits, two miles from Messingham Church, the 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Bhynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 
 Cardita (?). 
 
 Cypricardia. 
 
 ,, inteinedia, Moore. 
 
 Myacites (Pleuromya) unioides. Bom, 
 Unicardium globosnm, Moore. 
 Flenrotomaria (cast). 
 
 East of the above, near a farmhouse by a wood, at a mile and threes 
 quarters sonth-east from Bottesford Church, a partial exposure by a pond 
 exhibited brown soil with fragments of ferruginous rook, on bluish and 
 dark grey clay with bits of Belemnites j on the northernmost side of the 
 pond there is an appearance of a fault with a small downthrow to the north, 
 but the position of the ferruginous material which suggests it may be due 
 to a slip. 
 
 Owing to the very irregular surface of the Sand, blown into dunes and 
 hillocks, it is very uncertain whether the Fecten-bed forms a continuous 
 
4^ MIDDLE tlAS. 
 
 bh^et on its dip-slope in the vicinity of the pond last mentioned. 4- 
 similar difficulty is presented wherever dip-slopes of considerable 
 extent formed by either the Marlstone (Rhynchonella Bed) or Pecten-bed 
 are covered by Sand, as owing to the thinness of either bed, thesnbjaoent 
 diays might have been exposed in patches through the denudation of the 
 stone bands on their dip-slopes prior to the drift of the Sands. 
 
 The junction feature of the Pecten-bed and underlying Olay disappears 
 to the west of Manton Warren House. A pit on the south side of the 
 road to Messingham shows the base of the Pecten-bed, consisting of from 
 1 to 2 feet of rubbly ferruginous material upon Clay with Belenrnites and 
 Pecten, &c. ' 
 
 At about half a mile north-west of Manton Church the junction feature 
 is again visible ; the Pecten-bed is partially exposed as a ferruginous 
 rubble in drains under Sand, the underlying Clay, with fragments of 
 Pecten, Belemnites, &o,, being also exposed. 
 
 From the Manton stream southward to the Cleatham stream the junction 
 feature is well marked ; Lower Lias Clay is exposed in several pits, the 
 presence of the overlying Pecten-bed being usually determinable by soil 
 and surface fragments. 
 
 In the copse, east of the Tumulus, near Cleatham, the Pecten-bed is 
 exposed at about 7 chains up a tributary of the Cleatham stream. The 
 exposure consists of 6 inches of bluish-grey concretionary rock, partly 
 ferruginous, and resting upon blue Clay. 
 
 Just above this exposure this stream cascades over a bed-ledge of the 
 rook which occurs in thin irregular beds affording a total visible thickness 
 of about 2 feet. 
 
 On the north side of the sandy lane from Manton toward Scotter, at 
 about half a mile east of Rannelow, dark grey Clay, weathering to a 
 lighter hue and containing Behnmites, is shown by a pond ; certain 
 stony fragments, which might be due to the breaking up of nodules or 
 impersistent shaly beds in the Clay, suggest the possibility of the presence 
 of a small outlier of the Pecten-bed, on lie Lower Lias. 
 
 From the Cleatham stream southward, the relations of the Pecten-bed 
 are rendered very obscure by the presence of sandy soil and relics of 
 Boulder Clay ; as the dip-slopes thus partially concealed between the 
 stream near Cleatham and the .Railway are of considerable extent, it is 
 not at all improbable that subsequent drainage operations, might prove 
 the mapping slightly inaccurate in some places. 
 
 The presence of Boulder Clay in the neighbourhood suggests a destructive 
 agency which could not fail to affect such rubbly material as the Pecten- 
 bed is composed of, 'and which might, in cases where the sole evidence for 
 mapping the Pecten-bed at the surface consists of a ferruginous soil, have 
 obliterated all traces of the actual rook. 
 
 West of Mount Pleasant, near the Farmhouse on the south side of the 
 road to Scotter, trial workings for ironstone reveal the presence of the 
 Pecten-bed on the lower part of its dip slope, but no sections are now 
 visible. 
 
 The Pecten-bed has been shown at the surface west of Kirton Station 
 on the evidence of soil ; but, on the low ground to the south of this, and 
 in the valley on the north, the mapping is entirely conjectural ; and on 
 the west of Kirton Lindsey the Ordnance Map is defective. By the 
 northernmost of the two roads leading westward from Kirton to the Rail- 
 'Way, a scarcely perceptible feature is made, on the low ground, by br^wn 
 ferruginous stone-brash, very siliceous in part ; and, between this road 
 and that on the south, tough siliceous stone is visible in two places, appa^ 
 rently striking north and south. From these indications, if we assume 
 this to be the normal outcrop of the Pecten-bed, as it cannot be traced 
 southward by feature or surface indications, we must either suppose, that 
 it forms a narrow inlier, produced by a gentle undulation in dip, or, that 
 it is continuous, in a sheet or thin hand, under the superficial deposits, 
 with the patch on the north and the exposure of the bed in the Eailway 
 catting on the west. ' '" 
 
MIDDLB LIAS OLAT. 
 
 47 
 
 ■ ■ The evidence afforded bjf the tWp Railway cuttings between Kir'ton and 
 Northorpe Stations is as follows : — 
 
 •At about 76 chains from Kirtou Station, the: first cutting commences 
 in bluish shaly Middle Lias Clay. From the commencement of the catting 
 the distance of each observation is measured. At 5^ chains there are 
 iildications at the base of. the cutting of the outcrop of the Peoten-bed. 
 At 10 chains the Peoten-bed is shown by a path up the west side of thd 
 cutting, it consists of yellowish-brown ferruginous rubble on a teird 
 irregular grey and purplish stone-bed, both together about 5 feet in 
 thioknesB j beneath it dark blue fossiliferous Lower Lias Clay is visible. 
 The Pecten-bed appears to crop out under the Boulder Olay surface at 15 
 chains, near a Bore Hole. The rest of the cutting, for 20 chains, affords 
 no evidence of the Pecten-bed. The next cutting is about 18 chains farther 
 on, it is 25 chains long, and consists of bluish shaly Lower Lias Clay. 
 The partial exposure of the Peoten-bed in the first cutting is due to bank- 
 ing-up and grass growth. At the Bore Hole, on the south side of the 
 cutting, large bloc& of hard, brown, fossiliferous ironstone are visible on 
 the floor of some grass-grown surface workings ; these blocks resemble 
 those got out' from the sinking near Low Santon Farm (west of Appleby 
 Station) which are said to exhibit the Pecten-bed in its natural and 
 nuweathered state. 
 
 From the Railway cutting southward the relations of the Pecten-bed to 
 the overlying Olay are very indefinite, as Boulder Clay conceals the solid 
 rocks on the higher ground, and Sand soils and Alluvia obscure them in 
 the valleys. 
 
 In the valley, three-quarters of a mile from Kirton Church in a direction 
 W. 30 S., a brick pit shows grey shaly clay, apparently belonging to the 
 lower part of the Oiaya above the Pectenobed. The Peoten-bed probably 
 crosses the valley very near the Clay pit, as it appears to be represented 
 in the stream banks at about a quarter Of a mile south of the brick pit 
 above mentioned. The exposure in the bed and banks of the stream, one 
 mile from Kirton Church, in a S.S.W. direction, consists of a hard ferru- 
 ginous, somewhat nodular, stone-bed, upon sandy ferruginous material^ 
 apparently decomposed rock, under Clay. 
 
 The following fossils were obtained from the ferruginous sandy mate^ 
 rial : — 
 
 Lvma or JAmiea. 
 Oa/rdmia lAsteri, Stutch. 
 PJtoiadomya ambigua {yea:), Sow. 
 
 , From this exposure southward to the margin of Sheet 86 the Pecten- 
 bed is nowhere exposed in section ; it .is for the most part concealed by 
 Boulder Clay and sandy debris ; some faint indications of its feature 
 are to be seen about haU'-way between Scotland Farm and Grayingham, 
 where there are ferruginous fragments in the red surface soil, elsewhere 
 the lines drawn for it are very hypothetical, from very slight evidence, 
 such as change in nature of soil, &c. 
 
 The Peoten-bed is called the Top Ironstone of the Lower Lias (No. 4) by 
 il^essrs. Daglish and Howse,* who assign a thickness to it of from 4 to 5 feet. 
 
 Middle Lias Clay. 
 
 From the Pecten-bed upward to the Ehynchonella Bed, or 
 Marlstone Rock Bed, the slope is formed by grey Clay containing 
 bands of hard nodules in which A. capricornus has been found at 
 Tarious horizons, in the Eailway cutting between Appleby and 
 the Frodingham valley (the only section in which the Olay has 
 been exposed from top to base). 
 
 ■ As a"nile this CJay is exp'bsed at its junction with the overlyinw 
 Eock Bed, in this rest)ect furnishing an exact parallel to the 
 
 " Trans. N. of England Inst. Eng., vol. zziv., p. 2 7. 
 
4^ , MIDDLE LIAa. 
 
 exposures of the Lower Lias Clays at their junction with the 
 Pecten-bed. 
 
 Unfortunately, the borings at Spring Wood and north of it, 
 which are so serviceable in giving the thicknesses of the Pecten- 
 bed and underlying Clay, are very uncertain in their reference to 
 the overlying strata. 
 
 In the Spring Wood boring the stratum above the Pecten-bed 
 is described as "Blue shale," 68 feet 2 inches thick, but the over- 
 lying Eock Bed is called " sandstone," and was thought to repre- 
 sent the Northampton Sand (the Dogger of this district). If 
 this bed, 5 feet 4 inches thick, really represented the Dogger the 
 Underlying shale would include both Upper and Middle Lias Clays, 
 all mention of the intervening Rock Bed being omitted ; this is a 
 supposition too improbable to be entertained. It seems therefore 
 nearly certain that the " Blue shalcj" 68 feet 2 inches thick, in 
 this boring is the Middle Lias Clay, and that the Marlstone 
 Hock Bed is described as " Sandstone," 5 feet 4 inches thick. 
 Applying the same interpretation to the boring further north 
 (bore 4) we find the Middle Lias Clay described as '* Shale with 
 cement nodules," 67 feet 3 inches thick, the overlying llock Bed 
 being 7 feet 10 inches thick. 
 
 Messrs. Daglish and Howse* characterise the Middle Lias Clay 
 over the Pecten-bed (bed 4) as " shale with large cement-stone 
 nodules," proved 160 feet thick, and valuable as a brick-clay, 
 singularly unfossiliferous. This estimate evidently refers to the 
 clay in more southerly parts of Lincolnshire, as they give a section 
 (plate 9) of the beds in the Frodingham district, in which the 
 Middle Lias is given as " shale with cement-stone nodules " 
 67 feet 6 inches thick. 
 
 North, of Winterton Cliff House, where the Pecten-bed and Bock Bed 
 make scarcely any outcrop features, the iuterrening Clay is proved by 
 surface soil and ponds. It is exposed in pits, at about 25 chains south of 
 Winterton Cliff House, at some distance below its junction with the Eock 
 Bed, and, at its junction with the Bock Bed, south of the letter S in the 
 words .Santon Warren on the Map ; but these exposures do not call for 
 description. 
 
 In ttie Eailway cutting of the Bametby and Doncaster Line the Clay is 
 well exposed in places; it is overlain by the Eock Bed, which is now 
 obscurely indicated by orange, consolidated, tufaceous sand, probably a slip 
 of surface sand stained by infiltration from the ferruginous bed. Mr. Gross 
 speaking of this cutting sa^s : " A Eailway cutting called Santon cutting 
 drives right into this [Middle Lias] clay, but few fossils are to be gathered." 
 He gives the following list of fossils obtained from the Clay in Santon 
 cutting : — 
 
 Ammonites maculatus, T. ^ B. = A. capricomus, Schl. 
 
 Belemnites paxillosns, Schl. 
 
 Natica, sp. 
 
 Ehynohonella variabilis, 8ehl. 
 
 Avioula insequivalvis.'iSow. 
 
 Oardium lobatum P Q,iimist. 
 
 G-ervillia Iravis P Biiekm. 
 
 GJ-oniomya (rare). 
 
 ■♦ Trans.- iV. of England Inat. Eng., vol. xxhr., p. 27. 
 
MIDDLE LIAS OIl/IT. 49 
 
 Lima acnticosta, Quenst. 
 
 Myacites, 2 ap. 
 
 Nucnla couiplanata, Phil. 
 
 „ inflata, Qaenst. 
 Ostrea laeyinscala, Sow. 
 Pinna, sp. 
 Flicatula spinosa, Sow. (small). 
 
 At about a mile west of Appleby Station the Survey fossil-collector 
 obtained the following from nodules in the Clay in this cutting : — 
 
 Pecten sequalis, Querist. 
 
 Pholadomya ambigua, Bow. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 Ammonites capricomus, Schl. 
 
 From the Santon cutting southward the Middle Lias Clay is concealed, 
 for about a mile and a quarter, by surface Sands, but its position on the 
 ^lope between the hard beds, above and below it, is quite evident as far as the 
 woods on the north side of Grokewell valley, where features are not easily 
 distinguishable. The first exposure of the Clay worthy of mention is on 
 the south side of the Gokewell valley jnst under the Bock Bed feature : 
 from thence to Manby it is exposed, here and there, in pits and ditches, 
 on, or near, the same horizon. As many of these exposures disclose the 
 base of the fiock Bed it will be unnecessary to allude to all of them. 
 
 At about 66 chains north of Manton Warren House the Clay is shown 
 under the Bock Bed in a ditch and iu two clay pits below the Bock Bed 
 feature. Ter^aimla, Lima, pectinoides and a bad specimen, apparently 
 a Ca/rdi/wm, were obtained from these exposures. Between the above and 
 the road to Messiugham the Clay is exposed in two pits. 
 
 At about 10 .chains north of Manton Warren House there are two clay 
 pits, and in their vicinity fragments of Ammonites, specifically indeter- 
 minable, were obtained from nodules in the Clay, at its junction with the 
 Bock Bed, in a ditch. Between Manton Warren House and Cleatham the 
 Clay is exposed in numerous pits, just under the outcrop of the Bock Bed. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile north-north-west from Cleatham Grange 
 the Clay is shown under the Bock Bed, their junction forming a rather 
 irregular wavy line, probably due to sub-aerial agencies since the opening 
 of the pit. In this pit 5 feet of grey Clay, with a band of nodules at from 
 a foot to 18 inches below the Bock Bed, is shown. In nodules, at 
 3 feet below the Bock Bed, Ammonites, specifically indeterminable, 
 were obtained by the fossil-collector in addition to the following : — 
 
 Avicnla insequivalvis. Sow. 
 Hippopodinm ponderosum, Sow. 
 Pecten. 
 CryptEenia. 
 
 The Clay is also exposed on the west of Cleatham Grange. West of 
 Mount Pleasant, at a quarter of a mile south of Cleatham, the Clay is 
 exposed in a brick-pit to a depth of about 10 feet, the surface being a few 
 feet below the Bock Bed. The Clay is of a dark bluish-grey colour, 
 weathering toward the surface, and shaly in the lower part of the exposure ; 
 it contains hard, brown, finely-micaceous, ferruginous, sandy clay-stone 
 nodules and brown ironstone septaria, occurring iu layers. 
 
 From the nodules and septaria the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Avicula insequivalvisj Sow. 
 
 Lima (like L. gigantea, Sow.). 
 
 Ostrea irregularis, Mimst. 
 
 Pecten. 
 
 Turbo. 
 
 Ammonites capricomus, Sehl. 
 
 Belemnites acuarius, Schl. 
 
 Wood (fragment). 
 
5Q , . MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 At the commenoement of the Railway, cutting sonth-west of Kirton 
 Station the base of the Middle Lias Clay is shown. 
 
 From Kirton Station southward, to themai'gin of Sheet 86 the Middle 
 Lias Clay is generally concealed by Boulder Clay on the higher ground by 
 drift deb7-i3 on the slopes, and by Sand in the valleys. In this district the only 
 exposure of importance is afforded by a brick-pit in a valley, three-quarters 
 of a mile W. 30° S. from Kirton Church. This pit shows the lower part of 
 the Clay, grey shaly Clay with ferruginous nodules, to a depth of from 5 to 8 
 feet. No determinable fossils were obtained from this pit : the Pecten-bed 
 is exposed in a stream bed not far from it, and there is a large pit in Lower 
 Lias Clay at about half a mile from it in the direction of Northorpe 
 Station. 
 
 Maelstone Rock Bed. 
 
 In North Lincolnshire the Kock Bed, or top of the Middle 
 Lias (= Marlstone), has been named "The Rhynchonella Bed" 
 by Mr. Cross, " from the frequent occurrence in it of i2. tetrahedra." 
 It is described by him as " a hard light grey limestone weathering 
 to brown, and seems to contain Ammonites spinatus (Brug.) 
 towards the lower part, and A. communis and A, serpentinus in the 
 upper." 
 
 This is the Middle Lias ironstone (Bed 3) of Messrs. Daglish 
 and Howse (op* cit,, p. 27), not rich enough for smelting near 
 Frodingham, apparently thickening in thfe more southerly parts of 
 Lincolnshire and becoming richer, largely quarried for building 
 purposes and iron ore at Oaythorpe, near Grantham. They give 
 its thickness in the general section of the Frodingham district 
 (op. cit., plate 9) as 7 feet 10 inches. 
 
 The Rock Bed is in places very similar to the Pecten-bed, it 
 varies from a grey limestone to a brown ferruginous limestone or 
 ironstone ; like the Pecten-bed, it is characterised by the abundance 
 of certain fossils, Rhynchonella tetrahedra and Terebratula punctata 
 being the most plentiful. 
 
 In the Spring Wood Boring, as already referred to (Bore 3), 
 the Rook Bed seems to be described as " sandstone," 5 feet 4 inches 
 thick, and in the more northerly borehole (No. 4) a thickness of 
 7 feet 10 inches is assigned to it. In these borings it seems to 
 have been mistaken for the representative of the Northampton 
 Sand or Dogger. 
 
 After much search in the pits and other exposures of this bed 
 in Sheet 86, south of the Humber, only one fragment of an Ammo- 
 nite was obtained, and that so worn that it cannot be determined 
 jyith any degree of certainty ; but tliere are no exposures in the 
 iraHway cuttings now visible. Appended is a list of fossils obtained 
 by Mr. Cross from the Rhynchonella Bed at the east end of Santon 
 Railway cutting (west of Appleby Station) : — ■ 
 
 Ammonites communis. Sow. 
 
 „ cornucopia, Y. 8f B. 
 
 „ serpentinus, Rein. 
 
 „ spinatus, Brug. 
 
 Belemnites paxillosus (large), Schl. 
 Rhynchonella teirahedra, Sow, 
 
MABLSIONE BOCK BED. 51 
 
 Spiriferina (very rar*). 
 Terebratula; subpunctata, Dav. 
 Avioula cygnipes, V. Sf B. 
 Goniomya, sp. 
 Myacites unioides, Rom, 
 
 The occurrence of A. serpentinus in the above list is remarkable. 
 The range of A. communis extends to the Rook Bed, near 
 Navenby, south of Lincoln, and in Rutland {see Prof. Judd's 
 Memoir, pp. 65, 71), but I am not aware of the discovery of A. 
 ferpentinus in it elsewhere. A possibility of the site of the fossil 
 having been wrongly indicated by the navvies employed in the 
 construction of the line, or of its occurrence quite at the base of, 
 but still in, the Upper Lias, suggests itself. 
 
 Mr. Strangways says ; The Bhynchonella bed is well exposed in the 
 village of Winteringham just at the comer of the west lane going down 
 towards the Humber. 
 
 From a small exposure just north of the road going down to West 
 Halton the following species were obtained in the Bock Bed by Mr. 
 Strangways : — 
 
 Khynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 Terebratula punctata. Sow. 
 Belemnites clavatus, Sehl. 
 „ sp. 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 From "Winteringham southward, to within a mile of the Barnetby and 
 Donoaster line, the Rock Bed is scarcely discernible by feature on the 
 slope ; near Winterton OUflP House, and at half a mile to the south of it, 
 and near Lodge Hill, it breaks the slope' in slight features, but no 
 exposures worthy of notice were met with. 
 
 On the slope above Crosby Warren, near the Ordnance height 226 on 
 the Map, the Rock Bed makes a feature, and from this point to the south 
 margin of Sheet 86 it is distinguishable by a feature more, persistent and 
 often more marked than that made by the Pecten-bed ; but its dip-slope 
 seldom attains to as great breadth as is frequently shown by the latter : the 
 greatest breadth of outcrop exhibited by the Bock Bed is in the vicinity of 
 the Barnetby and Doncaster line ; on Twigmoor ; and near Grrayingham. 
 
 West of Appleby Station the steep slope of the Oolitic escarpment is 
 broken by the extensive dip slope made by the Bock Bed, by the subjacent 
 Clay occupying rather level ground, and by the Pecten-bgd feature. 
 
 The Bock Bed is exposed at its junction with the underlying Clay on 
 Santon Warren, at about a mile and three-quarters west from Appleby 
 Station; Rhyndumella tetrahedra, Terebratula, and a fragment of Ammor 
 nites were obtained from it. The Ammonite resembles A. semAoostatms, as 
 far as its worn condition permits one to judge. 
 
 Near Daws Pit, at abont a mile west from Appleby Station, the yellowish 
 brashy ferruginous limestone of the Bock Bed is exposed in a ditch to a 
 depth of from 3 to 4 feet. The following fossils were obtained from it : — 
 
 Bhynchonella, tetrahedra. Sow. 
 
 » ' sp. 
 Terebratula punctata. Sow. 
 Belemnites, hreviformis, Voltz. 
 » sp. 
 
 . . In the east part of Santon cutting orange-coloured sand, partly consoU> 
 dated and tufaceous, occurs above the Middle Lias Clay ; if not a slip of the 
 overlying drift Sand, altered by infiltration through the Bock Bed, this may 
 be the position, of the bed thus referred to by Mr. Cross : The cutting " is 
 
52 . . MIDDLE XIAS. 
 
 capped by a narrow bed, 18 inches, containing a oonfuBed mass of broken 
 Belemnites and shells, together with many coprolites and much pyrites, 
 the whole of a bright green colour." The fossils obtained by Mr. CJrosB 
 have been already given (p. 60). 
 
 From the Bailway southward the Kock Bed is concealed for 30 chains 
 by Sand. . _ 
 
 The true position of High gantun Farm is nearly half a mile south of 
 its -position on the Map ; below the Farm the Eock Bed is proved by 
 surface fragments, and it is turned up by the plough on its feature. 
 Between the Farm and the termination of the disused branch line on 
 Santon Common there is a small cottage (tenanted by the Keeper), at 
 which, I am told, that a well has been sunk through 6 feet of Ironstone 
 to the Clay. The Sock Bed and subjacent Clay are also shown in a pit 
 near Beadings Wood; from thence to Gokewell they are concealed by 
 Sand, but the Bock Bed feature is more or less distinguishable. 
 
 From Gokewell to Kirton Lindsey the Bock Bed is marked more or less 
 distinctly by feature, and it is exposed in several pits, of which the 
 following are the most important : — 
 
 In a ditch section, at half a mile north from Manby, Terebratula pvMstata 
 and Isoca/rd/ia (like I. mmima) were obtained from the Bock Bed. 
 
 At Manby, on the north side of the grounds, yellowish-brown ferruginous 
 shaly limestone is imperfectly exposed. 
 
 • By the road to Ashby the base of the Bock Bed is visible at the surface 
 of a Clay pit. 
 
 On Twigmoor Warren several Clay pits, on the margin of the Bock Bed 
 feature, disclose its rubbly ferruginous base. 
 
 At about 66 chains to the north of Manton Warren House the Bock Bed 
 is well exposed in a ditch ; Bhynehonella, tetrahedra, Terebratula (? punctata), 
 ai)d Behmmiies were obtained in comparative abundance from it; its 
 junction with the underlying Clay is shown in the ditch. 
 
 At about 10 chains north from Manton Warren House the Bock Bed is 
 visible in a ditch and in pits ; its base is also to be seen in several of the 
 numerous pits in the underlying Clay between Manton Warren House and 
 Cleatham. 
 
 At about 16 chains to the southward of Manton Warren House 6 feet of 
 yellowish-brown, shaly, ferruginous limestone is exposed in a pit, from 
 which the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Ditrypa etalense, Piette. 
 Bhynehonella tetrahedra, Bow. 
 Pecten seqnivalvis, Bow. 
 Avicula insqnivalvis, Bow. 
 Pleuromya. 
 Belemnites. 
 
 Near the above, on the south, the Bock Bed is exposed to a depth of 
 :3J feet in a pit ; it consists of light-brown ferruginous limestone. 
 
 A pit at about a quarter of a mile north-north-west from Cleatham 
 "Grange gives the following section ; — 
 
 Fx. In. 
 Surface Sand ... - about 1 
 
 Bubbly ferruginous decomposed rock, splitting 
 : into small pieces ; in the lower part resembling 
 
 a disintegrated conglomerate, throagh the pre- 
 sence of small indurated clay-stone pellets or 
 nodules ; a similar character is noticeable in the 
 Marlstone Bock at Manby - - 1 ft. to 2 
 
 Clay, with fossils, before described (p. 49). - 5 
 
 In the .road at Cleatham, near the turning toward the Grange and 
 "Manton, the Book Bed, consisting of light-brovim crinoidal limestone and 
 'ferruginous rook, breaking into shaly pieces, is exposed at the surface. 
 ' At Cleatham, and from thence to Kirton iindsey, the Bock Bed forms 
 a veiry distinct fe&ture. At about a quarter of a mile south of Cleatham 
 
UIDDL£ UAS,.NOBTU OF THE HUMJ3EB. 53. 
 
 it ia exposed in a ditch, by a patih-road near the brick pit LA the under--- 
 lying Clay, and in a small adjacent quarry. 
 
 _ The quarry shows from 3 to 4 feet of thin-bedded, rubbly, ferruginotts" 
 limestone. In the ditch the beds appear to be rather less ferruginous, and- 
 exhibit a tendency to split in irregular shaly pieces. ',■ 
 
 The following fossils were obtained in the quarry : — 
 
 Bhynchonella tetrahedra, Sow. 
 Terebratula EdtrardBii, Dwv. 
 Avicula inaequiTalvis, Sow. 
 Fecten sequivalvis,. Sow. 
 
 „ te2ftorius,5cM. 
 Belemnites acnarius, 8ehl. 
 
 „ breviformis, Voltz. 
 
 „ acutus, MilL 
 
 Of the above, J2%ne%<me!Za, Terebratula and BeVemnitet are by far the 
 most numerous forms. 
 
 The Bock Bed in this locality would appear to be from 8 to 10 feet in 
 thickness. 
 
 From a small stone pit on its feature, at about a quarter of a mile south- 
 west from Mount Pleasant, the following fossils were obtained in the 
 Bock Bed : — 
 
 Bhynchonella tetrahedra. Sow. 
 
 Terebratula punctata. Sow. 
 
 Pecten. 
 
 Pleuromya. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 The Bock Bed is just viBible at Kirton Station j from thence to the 
 town its feature is well defined. 
 
 In the lower part of Kirton Lindsey beds of ferruginous limestone 
 belonging to it are visible in a roadside ditch near the Graa Works. 
 
 From Kirton Lindsay southward for nearly a mile the position of the 
 Bock Bed is more or less distinguishable by feature, upon which it was 
 exposed in a small quarry at about three-quarters of a mile south from 
 Kirton Church. 
 
 In G-rayingham village the Bock Bed may be at the surface, but its 
 outcrop feature aud relation to the subjacent Clay are concealed by Boulder 
 Clay on the west and. at the cross roaAs on the north of the village. 
 
 At about half a mile south, of Grayingham Church the ferruginous lime- 
 stones of the Bock Bed were observed in a ditch running east from the 
 road to Blyboro' (on margin of Sheet 83). For about a quarter of a mile 
 north from the southern margin of Sheet 86 the Bock Bed is proved at the 
 surface, on the west of the road to Blyboro'. 
 
 The meagre lists of fossils in' the above notes are due to the 
 unfavourable nature of the stone for the preservation of fossils, 
 and to the partial character of the exposures ; a similar remark is 
 applicable to the Penten-bed, niany specimens from both having 
 been rejected as unsatisfactory or quite indeterminable. 
 
 Middle Lias, North of the Humbee.* 
 
 The railway at Everthorpe gives about the best section of these 
 beds of any in the district. The strata here, which are lying very 
 flat, are exposed in the cutting for a distance of over 200 yards, 
 and consist of ferruginous flaggy limesfoiie, with a very irregular 
 
 • From The Geology of the country between York and Hull {Mem. Geol. Survey.) 
 pp. 14. IS, 1886. 
 
54 
 
 MIDDLE TflAS. 
 
 top, much broken by large " pipea" ; below are shales, the whole, 
 including the soft beds at the bottom, having a thickness of about 
 9 feet.* South of here the outcrop curves round through the 
 Ullage of Everthorpe to Castle Farmf and South Cave Church, 
 forming a good terrace to the west of the park It crosses the 
 lower end of the Fjsh Pond, being seen in the road below, and 
 may be followed along the bank to Ellerker, where it crops out in 
 the beck passing through the village; beyond this it gets below 
 the level of the Sands, but has been cut into by a (fitch about 
 three-quarters of a mile to the south, and was also met with in 
 the boring near Brantihgham Grange, as mentioned below. This 
 boring is somewhat doubtful, but it is probable that the alternating 
 calcareous and ferruginous bands with beds of shale 16 ft. 6 in. thiok 
 should be referred to the Middle Lias. 
 
 From the neighbourhood of Ellerker the following fossils 
 were obtained : — 
 
 Rhynchonella tetrahedra. 
 Terehratula Edwardsi. 
 
 „ punctata. 
 Belemnites breviformis. 
 
 The following is the account of the boring near Brantingham 
 Grange as furnished by Mr. T. Allison, Guisborough : — 
 
 of dMmiond^ill boring near Mitt Sill, hetween EllougMon and 
 Bramiingham Orange. 
 
 . 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 
 Drift, r Soil and yellow sand 
 20 ft. 6 in. l Yellow clay 
 
 
 . 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 - 13 
 
 
 
 Calcareous sandstone - 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 Blue limestone, Gave limestone 
 
 
 - 27 
 
 
 
 Dark shale and calcareous bands 
 
 
 - 26 
 
 
 
 >> s> 
 
 
 . 12 
 
 
 
 Grey clay sliale 
 
 
 - 14 
 
 
 
 Brown siliceonB stone - 
 
 
 - 1 
 
 81 
 
 „ ferruginous stone 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 4^9 8 
 
 Blue 
 
 
 . 2 
 
 8j 
 
 Blue shale ... 
 
 
 - 35 
 
 10 P Up. Lias. 
 
 Calcareous ferruginous band - 
 
 
 - 
 
 71 
 
 Shale with broken shells 
 
 . 
 
 • 2 
 
 5 Vie 6 
 
 Calcareons ferruginous band - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 Dark clay shale 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 7 
 
 
 
 P Mid.Lias. 
 
 „ „ „ with calcareous ferruginous bands 6 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 ») ,* j» ■ 
 
 - 
 
 - 28 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 - 192 
 
 ~6 
 
 
 
 
 * MnsBTS. W. Keeping and C. S. Mlddlemiss, in describing this section, make 
 the Middle Lias rather thicker, as they include the. Capricornus beds at the base. 
 Geol. Mag., dec. ii., vol. z., p. 216. 
 
 t There are two places of this name. The text refers to the one at Cave Castle. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 UPPER LIAS. 
 South of thp Humbee. 
 
 The Upper Lias in Sheet 86, south of the Humber, is represented 
 by bluish-grey shales with occasionar thin lenticul'ar limestone 
 patches, resulting apparently from the dissolution of cementing lime 
 from the shells of the organisms found in them. Like the Lower' 
 and Middle Lias Clajrs, the Upper Lias is seldom exposed at any 
 depth below its junction with the overlying bed, which, as in these 
 instances, consists of a ferruginous stratum ; in this case the Dogger 
 — a sandy bed from 18 inches to 4 feet thick. 
 
 Messrs. Daglish and Howae, in the section (Plate 8) appended to 
 their paper {op. cit.) give 25 feet 10 inches as the thickness of the 
 Upper Lias in the Frodingham district. Mr. Cross describes it as 
 ** a blue shale with casts of Ammonites of the falcifer type ; very 
 little explored, about 60 feet in thickness." The Upper Lias was 
 scarcely exposed in the construction, of the Bametby and, X)oncaster 
 line. 
 
 In the Spring Wood boring (Bore 3) we have, over the bed 
 we have taken to represent the Rook Bed, a stratum of dark blue 
 shale, 37 feet 6 inches thick, in part at least Upper Lias, it is 
 overlain by a bed of very hard stone 1 foot 3 inches thick, which 
 would correspond very well with the Dogger ; but even supposing 
 the Dogger to have been so soft as to have escaped mention, the hard 
 stone could not then be higher in the series than the Hydraulic 
 Limestone, or base of the Lincolnshire Limestone, and we 
 should have to deduct about 12 feet for the Lower. Estuarine 
 Clays and Dogger, thus reducing the estimate for Upper Lias to 
 25 feet 6 inches. 
 
 In (Bore 4) the boring north of Appleby Station, above the 
 Rock Bed, we have grey shale, 25 feet ] inches, overlain by 
 sandstone 1 foot 1 1 inches ; this certainly a;ppears to be Upper 
 Lias under the Dogger, and its thickness rather corroborates the 
 alternative interpretation of Bore 3 suggested above. 
 
 Mr. Cross gives no list of fossils from the Upper Lias, Those 
 obtained by the Survey fossil collector were from the M, S. and L. 
 Railway cutting near Kirton Station, and will be mentioned 
 further on. 
 
 The Upper Lias .is entirely concealed by Sand blown up the esoarpment 
 between Santon and Crosby Warrens. Sand also covers it on the low 
 gronnd by the EaUway near Low Santon ; for a mile and a half southward 
 from the road from Brigg to Bottesford.; in its lower part near Reading's 
 Wood; between G-okewell, Manby, and Twigmoor; also from Manton 
 Warren House to Oleatham. 
 
 The Upper Lias occurs, as a rule, near the upper p^rt of the Oolitic 
 escarpment, cropping out at 20 feet or so below its summit. In the Low 
 Santon valley, where the escarpment is breached, the Upper Lias occupies 
 comparatively low ground. There are two iidiers of it in the LincQlnshire. 
 
16 U-PFEB lilAP, 
 
 Limestone area north of the Barnetby and Doncaster Railway. The most 
 northerly of these is in the valley near Eoxby Grange, south of Winterton ; 
 the other occurs in the valley at threet-quacters of a mile south of Boxby. 
 
 Mr. Strangwftys says : " Ammoniies serpenUnus TiraiS found in digging 
 near the Beck, near the Keeper's House, half a mile south of Boxby, at 
 about 4 feet beneath the surface, which was rubbly sandy stuff." 
 
 In a well at Boxby Grange, in the vicinity of the first-mentioned inlier, 
 dark grey shales with A. serpentinus wer6 encountered under about 9 feet 
 of the basement beds of the Inferior Oolite (Dogger and Lower XJstuarine 
 beds). 
 
 The Upper Lias, or rather clay resulting from the weathering aad~ 
 decomposition of its shales, is exposed in the following places : — 
 
 In a pit on Sheffield Hill, by the road from High Bisby west of Ordnance 
 height 248 A on the Map ; at its junction with the Dogger. 
 
 In two clay pits north of Crosby Warren, west of Ordinance height 
 226 A on the Map. . _ 
 
 In a pit at half a mile west of Low. Santon Farm, showing its junction 
 with the Dogger. 
 
 At half a mile south of Gokewell^ near its junction with the Dogger. 
 
 On the east side of the road to Bavemtfhorpe and Manby, at half a mile 
 south of the former, some distance below its junction with the Dogger. 
 
 In four Clay pits between Manton Warren House and Manton. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile north from Cleatham Grange in its lower part, 
 and near the Grange in its upper part. 
 
 In ponds here and there between Kirton Station and Grayingham, and. 
 in a pit south-west of Eirton Mill. 
 
 It is visible at its junction with the Dogger, east and south-east of 
 Grayingham. 
 
 No organic remains were obtained from the exposures of Upper Lias 
 Clay given above ; they are, as a rale, too imperfect to favour the researches 
 of the fossil collector. 
 
 The cutting between Kirton Station and the mouth of the Tunnel in the 
 face of the Oolitic escarpment though not affording a clear exposure, 
 ptesents by far the best opportunities for obtaining fossils from the Upper 
 Lias, the more so as it can be investigated by the spud or pick, at any 
 horizon from top to base. After a careful search the fossil collector 
 obtained specimens from three different horizons in the Upper Lias, which 
 are given in ascending order as follows : — 
 
 At 3 feet above the rails at Kirton Station, just above the Marlstone 
 Bock Bed. 
 
 Lima pectinoides, Sow. 
 
 Myacites (Fleuromya) unioides ?, Bom. 
 
 Encyclus imbricatus, Sow. 
 
 At 10 feet above the rails, at a distance of 14 chains from the mouth of 
 the Tunnel. 
 
 Terebratula punctata, Sow. 
 Ammonites communis, Sow. 
 A. semicelatns, Simpson. 
 Belemnites vulgaris P, Y, 8f B. 
 
 At 25 feet above the rails, at 2 chains from the mouth of the Tunnel. 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Discina reflexa, P Sow. 
 Gresslya. ■ 
 
 Ammonites communis, Sow., several specimens. 
 „ elegans, Y. §c E, many specimens. 
 
 There is every reason to think that the Upper Lias increases 
 in thickness as it is traced southward from the Humber ; this is 
 
Uf PER LIAS. 
 
 57 
 
 apparent by its increased breadth of out-erop in the southem part 
 of Sheet 86, and still further corroborated by its southerly 
 development in the adjacent Sheet 83. 
 
 North of the Humber.* 
 
 . The shales of the Upper Lias emerge, from beneath the Allaviam a 
 little south of EUerker, and in the beds at this village dark laminated 
 'shales are seen, perhaps 20 or 30 feet in thickness. 
 
 In a limestone quarry, about 700 yards to the south, these beds were 
 reached in a trial-shaft for ironstone, and a large quantity of the shale 
 with Ammonites serpentmus was turned out. 
 
 The following is the account of this shaft, furnished by Mr. Allison :— 
 
 Calcareous soil 
 Blue Cave limestone 
 Blue marl 
 
 Yellow calcareous marl 
 Blue shale with nodules 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 Total 
 
 The wellsinker's account slightly differs, but agrees better with the beck- 
 section at EUerker. It was — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 14 
 
 Limestone - 
 Hard stone 
 Clay 
 Stone - 
 Clay 
 
 Hard stone 
 Black Shale 
 
 Total 
 
 2 
 4, 
 
 3 
 6 
 1 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 From this latter account it would appear that the " Stone 3 ft." is 
 the Hydraulic Limestone, and the " Hard Stone 1 ft." the base of the 
 Oolites. 
 
 About here the outcrop of the Lias sinks beneath the sands, nnd is not 
 again seen, although it has been reached in the several trial-holes for 
 ironstone between here and Brough. 
 
 At the point where the footpath to EUerker crosses Whin Moor 
 Lane, a shaft was sunk 17 feet in sand and blue clay ; no particulars of 
 this shaft were kept, but, judging from the outcrop of Middle Lias iron- 
 stone near here, it must have nearly gone through the Upper Lias shale j 
 as also probably did the next shaft, which is 400 yards to the south, jind 
 gave — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Sandy soil - - • • . -30 
 
 Stony clay - - _ - . - 1 
 
 Bottom part of blue Cave Limestone - - - 1 6 
 
 Blue shale with nodules of cement stone - - 17 
 
 Total 
 
 22 6 
 
 By Mr. C. Fox-Strangtvays. 
 
 o 52912. 
 
58 UPPER I-IAS, 
 
 In this section the "Blue Oave Limestone" represents the Basement 
 Bed of the Oolites, as the site of the shaft is certainly below the base of 
 the Cave Limestone, and very near the base of the Oolites altogether. 
 
 The diamond-boring near Brantingham Grange gives 35 ft._ 10 in. of 
 blue shale beloTV the Oolite, if we are right in this interpretation of the 
 section. In Brough a boring at the back of the Bailway Hotel is said to 
 have reached " Sandstone " at 90 ft., while one at the Station is 18 ft. in 
 clay, and then " G-reystone," and one at Castle Hill is 40 ft. to " Stone," 
 but there is so much diacrepancy about these Brough borings that they 
 are of little value. 
 
 * From The Geology of the Couutry between Yori and Hull. Mem. Geol. Survof. 
 pp. 16-18, 1886. 
 
LOWER OOLITES. 59 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 THE LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 The Lowei- Oolites in Sheet 86 present features of considerable 
 local interesti the North Iiincolnshire type being apparent up to 
 the Humber flats, whilst emerging from beneath them we find, 
 on the north of that river, the incoming, in a very attenuated form, 
 of that type which characterises the Yorkshire area, namely, the 
 development of sands and sandstones, and the restriction of the 
 limestones, which form the main laase of the group south of 
 the Humber, to definite horizons of comparatively small thickness, 
 making convenient breaks in the great development of estuarine 
 beds in which they occur. 
 
 The Lower Oolites consist of two main groups, viz. : The 
 Inferior Oolite ; the Great Oolite Series. 
 
 Superficially the area occupied by the Great Oolite Series, in. 
 Sheet 86, is very small, through the northerly attenuation and 
 disappearance of one of its divisions, and owing to its concealment 
 by the Alluvium of the Ancholme for a considerable distance along 
 the strike. 
 
 Inperiok Oolite. 
 
 The Inferior Oolite is distinguished in Sheet 86 by lithological 
 differences in the limestones, constituting the main mass of the 
 series, sufficiently marked and restricted to stratigraphical limits 
 to enable us to separate them by boundary lines. 
 
 The classification of this group south of the Humber is as 
 follows : — 
 
 Lincolnshire 
 Limestone. 
 
 Inferior Oolite-* 
 
 Basement 
 
 Beds ] Olay. 
 
 ?er. 
 
 Hibaldstow Beds. 
 Kir ton Beds. 
 "Hydraulic Limestone. 
 Lower Estuarine Sand and 
 
 The divisions of the Basement Beds cannot be separated by 
 geological boundaries, as the series forms a narrow band on the 
 upper slope of the Oolitic escarpment, and its total thickness is 
 insignificant, probably nowhere exceeding 26 feet. The Lincoln- 
 shire Limestone, on the contrary, affords a marked contrast in the 
 character of its upper and lower beds, so that a geological boundary 
 line can be drawn separating the Hibaldstow and Kirton beds from 
 the Humber southwards. This boundary cannot, however, be 
 traced into Sheet 83 on the south, owing to the merging of these 
 distinctive characteristicB, and to the impossibility of restricting 
 the variations in the Lincolnshire Limestones to definite strati- 
 graphical horizons. 
 
 E 2 
 
60 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 The order of description adopted in the detailed notes on the 
 Lower Oolite subdivisions is from south to north. 
 
 BASEMENT BEDS. 
 
 The upper bed of the Basement Oolites in Sheet 86 consists of a 
 hard fine-grained limestone, which seems to die out and become 
 merged in the lower beds of the Kirton Series in Sheet 83 ; in 
 Yorkshire this is called the " Hydraulic Limestone " ; it rests upon 
 bluish clay or shale with sand irregularly associated (the Lower 
 Estuarine beds), beneath which is the ferruginous sandstone called 
 the "Dogger." 
 
 Mr. Cross* comments on the difference exhibited between the 
 fossils from beds at the bottom of the Inferior Oolite at Santon 
 and those obtained from the overlying beds. He calls the former 
 the Santon Oolites and describes them as " a soft dark-coloured 
 ferruginous bed, and an oolitic limestone bed above it." These 
 beds I take to be above the Hydraulic Limestone in the section 
 at Low Santon Lane ; they belong to a type which can be best 
 studied between Wlnterton and Roxby, and at Raventhorpe on the 
 Oolitic escarpment. Here, however, we are confronted by the con- 
 sideration of the value of the boundary between the Kirton Beds 
 and Basement Beds. It will be seen that the beds for 5 feet 
 above the Hydraulic Limestone in the Cleatham Hill seotionf 
 are identical in character with those immediately below it ; and, 
 further south, in Sheet 83, the position of the Hydraulic Lime- 
 stone is occupied by a series of rubbly limestones in which no 
 distinctive bed has been found. From this it would appear that, 
 although we are justified in marking our stratigraphical boundary 
 by the Hydraulic Limestone, which, owing to its superior hard- 
 ness and fine grain, can be detected, yet, palseontologically, the 
 junction would be some feet above the Hydraulic Limestone, to 
 include beds, of the Raventhorpe type in the Basement Series. 
 
 In the road to Northorpe Station the outcrops of the Hydraulic Lime- 
 stone and Dogger are marked by features, the gentler slope between them 
 being made by the softer Estuarine Beds, which are not exposed.. On the 
 south of the road, at the letter i of the word G-rayingham, on the Map, the 
 Dogger is exposed at a spring given out at its junction with the Upper 
 Lias Olay ; the ground is often marshy at this horizon. The exposure 
 presents one foot of rubbly, red-brown, foasiliferous, decomposed rook, upon 
 a harder bed, of which 6 inches are visible. The following fossils were 
 obtained from the rook : — 
 
 G-aleropygu3 agarioiformiS, i^'ories. 
 
 Oardium (cast, small): 
 
 Oorbis rotunda, Walion. 
 
 Cypricardia. 
 
 Isocardia. 
 
 Modiola sowerbyana, D'Orbt 
 
 Myopsis. 
 
 Fholadomya Heraulti, Ag. 
 
 Thracia. 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, Vol. xxxi., p. 121, 1875. 
 f See Section given on next page. 
 
BASEMENT BEDS. 6:1 
 
 In the following notes beds which really belong to the Lincoln* 
 ehire Limestone are described where the exposures afford indica- 
 tions of the position of the Hydraulic limestone. 
 
 Mr. Nicholson of Willonghton Grange had a well sunk at Grrayingham 
 Warren farmyard, in which, he tells me, that sandy shale was encountered 
 under ahout 2 feet of limestone. This would seem to indicate sand beds 
 of the Lower Estuarine Series, but from the site of the sinking it is more 
 probable that the beds, 'penetrated to a depth of about 24 feet, belong to 
 the Eirton type of the Lincolnshire Limestone. 
 
 By the road south of Eirton Mill, at about 30 chains distant a bed of 
 compact grey limestone, weathering light brown, is exposed ; it marks the 
 horizon of the Hydraulic Limestone. Further south a quarry on the 
 east side of the road shows a thick bed of limestone with coarse irregular 
 oolitic grains in places j it is overlain by a soil of light brown loam with 
 nodular fragments of limestone, 3 to 4 feet in thickness. The' limestone 
 bed is even, and, (including a thin top bed) 2 feet in thickness, it rests upon 
 a 4-inoh baud of brown and grey loamy shale with numerous small fossils, 
 chiefly Ostrea; the bottom of the quarry exhibits the compact Hydraulic 
 Limestone under the shaly band ; the beds conform in dip to the surface 
 of the ground. 
 
 South of the above, on the south side of the turning towards Bedboume, 
 at the cross roads, compact grey limestone intersected by numerous lateral 
 cracks is exposed to a depth of 3 feet ; this is above the Hydraulic Limestone. 
 A larger quarry, near the above, on the west side of the road to Eirton, 
 shows similar limestone with a capping of well-worn Oolitic gravel. The 
 Hydraulic Limestone does not appear to be exposed in these pits ; it is, 
 however, evidenced by feature, by the turning towards Northorpe Station 
 and from thence southwards. 
 
 From Eirton Mill to the section between Cleatham and Mount Pleasant 
 no definite evidence of the character of the Basement Beds of the OoUtes 
 is obtainable. Between Mount Pleasant and the mouth of the Tunnel a 
 boss of rock, apparently m situ, seems to mark the position of the Dogger 
 on the slope ; it is further proved by ferruginous fragments on the ploughed 
 slopes, near the Mill, at a short distance north of E-irton. On the north 
 side of Eirton a block of ferruginous sandstone by a pond, near the road 
 to the Station, also attests the vicinity of the Dogger. The Lower Estua- 
 rine Clays and Hydraulic Limestone are scarcely indicated on the surface 
 between Mount Pleasant and Eirton. 
 
 Between Cleatham and Mount Pleasant a bye-road, leading up the 
 escarpment from a brickyard in the Middle Lias Clays, affords a ditch 
 section of Marlstone, above which the Upper Lias Clays are not exposed ; 
 but near the top of the escarpment the Basement Beds of the Oolites, from 
 the Dogger upwards, are more continuously visible than in any other 
 part of the escarpment embraced in Sheet 86, south of the Bametby and 
 Doucaster Line. The beds, given in descending order, are as follows :— 
 Cream coloured, broken, shaly mudstones, similar 
 
 to those below the Hydraulic Limestone - 5 feet. 
 
 Tough, pale grey limestone, in part siliceous and 
 with oolitic grains, containing very small fossils, 
 representing the Hydraulic Limestone ■ • 2 ft. 3 to 6 ins. 
 
 Impure argillo-arenaceous brashy and shaly stone • 5 feet. 
 Whitish sand-rock, exposed in the upper part of 
 the road-cutting, apparently just above the 
 Dogger, and passing under, or dovetailing into, 
 bluish-grey shales, for the most part concealed by 
 grass; both together constituting the Lower 
 Estuarine Series, and apparently attaining a 
 thickness of ■ - - - •12 feet. 
 
 Dogger, representedby tough, reddish-brown, fine- 
 grained, ferruginous sandstone, very partially 
 exposed, apparently about • • -5 feet thick. 
 
65 liOWBB OOliITES. 
 
 No farther section is seen till the road to Kirton is reached, where the 
 Kirton Beds are exposed in a quarry. 
 
 By the road to Oleatham down the Oliff (Oolitic escarpment), yellowish- 
 brown, soft, broken, ferruginous sandstone, apparently ahout 8 feet_ in 
 thickness, represents the Dogger ; above it whitish sand-rock, resembling 
 that in the foregoing section, is exposed to a depLh of about 5 feet, repre- 
 senting in part the Lower Estuarine Series ; it is capped by an old nver 
 gravel of worn Oolite stones under brown loam, but the overlying beds 
 appear to be similar to the hrashy beds associated with the Hydraulic 
 Limestone in the section just given. 
 
 West of Stainewell Warren, on the south of the Farm (north of the 
 word Manton on the Map), a quarry affords the following section : — 
 
 Ft. Ik. 
 Drift sand .... -50 
 
 Compact grey limestone with scattered oolitic grains, f 10 
 in two beds • - - - - -1.03 
 
 Pale buff-brown shale with small Oetrece - - 6 
 
 Hard, even-bedded, compact limestone (Hydraulic Limestone). 
 
 '.ITie continuity of the Basement Beds of the Oolites, north of the above, 
 
 toward Kaventhorpe, where the oliff is masked by Sand, can be proved by 
 
 feature ; by the occasional presence of ponds held up by the Upper Lias 
 
 Clays below ; and, also, by the patches of the lower beds of the Lincolq.- 
 
 . shire Limestone exposed in quarries near the edge of the escarpment. 
 
 In the lane near Manton, on the east, a thick bed of ferruginous 
 sjandstone (Dogger) is exposed ; the Dogger is also visible on the slope 
 above Manton Church. At the bend in the lane south of Manton Church 
 the Dogger is shown, and, above it, 8 feet of Lower Estuarine clays. 
 
 The lower beds of the Oolites on the descent of the Oliff (Oolitic escarp- 
 ment) near Eaventhorpe, above the Clays of the Upper Lias, consist 
 of broken, ferruginous, soft, brownish sandstone, representiiig the 
 Dogger, seen here and there for 28 yards ; it is overlain by white sand 
 (under a patch of Oolitic gravel) apparently dovetailing into blue shaly 
 clay. The white sand and clay are Lower Estuarine Beds, as on the hill 
 above Oleatham. 
 
 The Hydraulic Limestone is not exposed in the immediate vicinity of 
 the above section ; it may be represented by fine-grained, pale grey lime- 
 stone, exposed to a depth of 18 inches, under 2 feet of thin-bedded, drab- 
 grey, sandy limestone (with small yellowish patches and oolitic granules), 
 in a quarry near the edge of the escarpment. 
 
 A few chains to the south of this quarry, pale grey, nodular, and rubbly 
 limestones are exposed to a depth of from 2 to 3 feet, resting upon pale 
 •drab, loamy shale. In this section the shaly beds would appear i-ather 
 to represent the interstratification usual in the lower beds of the Kirton 
 sub-division than the upper part of the Lower Estuarine Beds, so that they 
 are most probably above the Hydraulic Limestone. 
 
 The Basement ,Beds of the Oolites are concealed at three-quarters of a 
 mile south of Eaventhorpe for 10 furlongs by Blown Sand, which masks 
 the face of the escarpment, and extends over a considerable tract between 
 i'ar Wood and Stainewell Warren. 
 
 Mr. Strang^ays carries on the description in the northern part 
 of the district, as follows : — 
 
 The Basement Beds, which seem to be equivalent to the lowest 
 part of tlie Estuarine Series of Yorkshire, or as much of that 
 formation as lies below the Millepore Bed of the coast and the 
 Oolite of Oave« including the Dogger and Hydraulic Limestone, 
 occupy a narrow band aloDg the cliff edge, extending in a few 
 cases further east over the dip-slope, where the limestone above 
 has been removed by 'denudation. 
 
LIN0OLN8HIBB LIMESTONE. 68"^ 
 
 . These beds probably have a thickness of from 20 to 30 feet ; but, 
 although there are several boreholes and well sections through 
 them, it is impossible to make out from the descriptions how much 
 should be included in these beds and how much in the limestone 
 above. 
 
 The Basement Beds are composed, for the most part, of shaly calcareous 
 beds and thin sandstones, which at the base become very ferraginons. 
 The lowest beds are exposed in the ditches near Granstons Sense, and are 
 very ferraginous, m.nch resembling some bods of the Dogger in Yorkshire ; 
 the higher beds were seen in field-drains about Boxby and Winterton, and 
 in the road-cutting beneath the railway at Santon, where their junction 
 with the Limestone above is well exposed. 
 
 In the road-cutting above alluded to the beds have an abnormally high 
 dip for this series. The Hydraulic Limestone crops out in the road; 
 it IB separated by broken rubbly limestone, with an arenaceous appearance, 
 from Lower Estuarine clays exposed on the west side of the road: the 
 Dogger is not shown. The Hydraulic Limestone is overlain by rubbly 
 oolitic limestones. 
 
 These beds, consisting of hard sandstones with sbaly bands, were also 
 exposed in digging the foundations of a new chapel, at Winteringham, 
 where they form the steep'part of the bank, crossing the village till they 
 dip beneath the Alluvium to the north-east. 
 
 On the Yorkshire side of the Humber these beds reappear from beneath 
 the Alluvium, a little to the north of Brough, and may be traced as a 
 narrow strip beneath the low escarpment formed by the limestone in the 
 neighbourhood of EUerker and South Gave. 
 
 They are much thinner about here than in Lincolnshire, for in the 
 stream at EUerker, where there is a continuous section, there are only 
 ilbout 6 to 8 feet of beds between the Hydraulic Limestone and the Upper 
 Lias Shales. In several boreholes and trial shafts, details of which are 
 given in the Memoir descriptive of this country, these beds appear to 
 vary in thickness from about 11 to 25 feet. They consist of marly shale 
 with a tbin siliceous sandstone with fossils at the base.* 
 
 0. F. 8- 
 
 THE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE. 
 
 The distinction between Hibaldstow and Kirton Beds applies 
 only to that part of Sheet 86, which is south of the Humber. 
 
 The Hibaldstow Beds are so called because they are well 
 exposed at the village of that name.t They form the uppermost 
 division of the Lincolnshire Limestone from Waddingham north- 
 wards to the Humber. They consist of buff or cream-coloured 
 Oolites, the oolitic structure varying from fine and well rounded, 
 to coarsBj irregular granules, sometimes of large size. These beds 
 do not appear to be ever intercalated with clay or Itiam. Their 
 thickness is probably not much more than 20 feet. 
 
 The Kirton Beds are so called from the town of Kirton Ijindsey, 
 in the vicinity of which they present their most marked lithological 
 
 * Mem. Geol. Survey, Geology of the Country between York and Hull, p. 19 ; 1886. 
 
 t In the first issues of the Map (Sheet 86) and in the Memoir on Sheet 83 (p. 44) 
 these beds were termed Ponton Beds ; but as the characteristic fossiliferous Ponton 
 Oolite cannot here be identified it has been thought better to use a local name in 
 this Memoir. It is, however, probable that the upper beds of the Great Pontoa 
 cutting represent those here spoken of as Hibaldstow Beds. The correlation of the 
 lower beds of the same cutting with those of Sheet 86 is less certain, as some of them 
 may represent the upper part of the Kirton Beds. 
 
64 LOWBB OOLITEa. 
 
 characteristics, and are of' the greatest economic importance. 
 These consist of grey limestones, interstratified with beds of 
 loam and claji; near Kirton they contain fine grained nodular 
 limestone bands, which are ground up for cement. In their lower 
 portion the Kirton Limestones, which are partially oolitic, become 
 frequently like the Hibaldstow Beds, weathering yellow and exhi- 
 biting oolitic structure throughout. 
 
 The Basement Beds form the upper part of the face of the 
 Oolite escarpment, the Kirton Beds occupying its crest and the 
 upper part of its dip-slope ; they pass under the Hibaldstow Beds, 
 which usually mate a slight junction-feature at their very sinuous 
 boundaiy line, and occupy the lower part of the dip-slope, ter- 
 minated eastward by the Alluvium between the Bametby and 
 Doncaster Line and Hibaldstow and by the gravel flats south of 
 Hibaldstow. 
 
 Between Waddingham and Grayingham Warren Farm we find 
 limestones, referred to under the head of Hibaldstow Beds, which 
 are similar in colour and texture to beds commonly found in the 
 Kirton series, yet they pass directly under the Great Oolite series.. 
 The Hibaldstow Beds, which are so distinctly traceable south of a 
 line between Grayingham Warren Farm and Waddingham, seem 
 to preserve their very oolitic aspect only in their lower beds, and 
 cannot be traced southwards as a distinct lithological division. 
 The Kirton Beds lose their distinctive characters south of Gray- 
 ingham Warren. By these changes we find as we proceed south-; 
 ward a more and more homogeneous series of beds composing the 
 Lincolnshire Limestone. 
 
 The boundary between the Hibaldstow and Kirton Beds is very 
 irregular, but as far as Sturton, near Scawby, it may be said to 
 follow the Roman Boad, the Kirton Beds running eastwards in 
 the valleys and the Hibaldstow Beds spreading west on the higher 
 grounds. From Sturton to Wressle Houses, near Broughton, the 
 Hibaldstow Beds occur on the lower part of the dip-slope on the 
 margin of the Alluvium, the Kirton Beds running as far east aa 
 the Alluvium east of Scawby and Sturton. Toward Appleby 
 both divisions are largely masked by Sand. 
 
 In the Appleby and Winterton district the Kirton Beds cover 
 a much larger surface than the Hibaldstow Beds, the relations of 
 divisions being complicated by faults on the Santon and Bisby 
 Warrens. 
 
 Mr. Strangways refers to the part of Sheet 86 north of the 
 Humber as follows :— 
 
 In Yorkshire the Lincolnshire Limestone has not been divided 
 but is mapped as one deposit. The main mass of the rock is a 
 good oolitic limestone, massive and blue-hearted, but towards the. 
 base it becomes very shaly ; the change is, however, so gradual that 
 no line can be drawn. In the account of the boring near 
 EUoughton there are 29 feet 6 inches of limestone and 38 feet 
 of calcareous shales, but the cores which were brought out showed 
 that these calcareous shales were really limestone in a soft, uncon- 
 solidated state, very similar to the same beds in the lower part 
 of the Kirton Quarry 
 
LINGOLNSHIBE LIMESTONB. 65 
 
 The limestone is exposed in the bed of the Humber, at low 
 water, at Brough Scalp, but is not seen north of this again for 
 about a mile, being entirely concealed by the thick superficial 
 deposits in the neighbourhood of Brough. About a quarter of a 
 mile north of this village the limestone has been extensively 
 quarried and forms a good feature by Eilerker and South Gave 
 to Newbald and Santon in the next map, where it becomes over- 
 lapped by the Chalk. 
 
 C. F. S. 
 
 The following lists of fossils from the Lincolnshire Limestone 
 beds are given (p. 124) by Mr. Cross. The last list may be from 
 the Hibaldstow Beds : — 
 
 Santon Oolite. 
 
 Marly bed below. 
 
 Ammonites, one specimen allied to A. Truellii, 2>' Orb. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 Modiola ungulata, Y. 6f B. 
 
 Pholadomya fidicula, Sow. 
 
 Ceromya bajociana, ,D' Orb. 
 
 „ comuta, n. sp. 
 Ostrea mima, Phil. 
 Pecten lens. Sow, 
 Hinnites abjectus, PAH. 
 Gervillia acuta. Sow. 
 Pinna cuneata. Sow. 
 Trichites nodosus, Lycett. 
 Glyphsea. 
 
 Limestone above. 
 
 Nerinaea sp. (near to N. Cotteswoldiae, L^e,). 
 
 Turbo, n. sp. 
 
 Trochus, n. sp. 
 
 Neritopsis, n. sp. 
 
 Natica (Euspira). 
 
 Cerithium. 
 
 Alaria. 
 
 Pholadomya fidicula, Sow. 
 
 „ Heraultii, Agass. 
 
 Ceromya bajociana, D'Orb. 
 Modiola cuneata, ? Sow. 
 
 „ Leckenbyi, ? Lj/c. and Mor. 
 Trigonia hemisphasrica. Lye, 
 
 „ Phillipsii, Lye, 
 Opis cordiformis, Lye. 
 Corbicella complanata, Lye, 
 Astarte elegans, Sow. 
 
 „ pumila. Sow. 
 
 „ squamula, D'Arch. 
 
6<5 XOWBB OOLITES.. 
 
 Astarte recondlta, 'PAi'Z. 
 
 „ minima. Sow. 
 
 „ divaricata, n. sp. 
 Cypricardia bathonica, D'Orb. 
 Cyprina trapeziformis, Romer. 
 Corbula. 
 Cardium, sp. (like cognatum, Phil^ 
 
 „ striatulum. Sow. [? 0. Buckmani, Lye. and Mar.] 
 . . laocardia cordata, Buckm. 
 Nucula Hammeri, Def. 
 „ variabilis. Sow. 
 Cucullsea oblonga, Sbxo. 
 
 „ ornate, Phil. 
 
 „ Eolandi, Ti. sp. 
 Myacites. 
 Gresslya ? 
 Ostrea mima, Phil. 
 Pecten aratus, Wcuigeii. 
 
 „ lens. Sow. 
 Lima rigidula, Phil. 
 
 „ large sp. (like L. Hermamii). 
 Hinnites abjectus, Phil. 
 Geryillia acuta. Sow. 
 Macrodon hirsonensis, Li/c. and Mor. 
 Serpula. 
 Echinus. 
 Gidaris. 
 
 Pentacrinus (dwarf sp.). 
 Small corals. 
 
 Then follows a list of Lincolnshire Limestone fossils from the 
 overlying beds. 
 
 Ammonite, one large specimen only known, Humphries- 
 
 ianus type. 
 Pleurotomaria pallium, D' Orb. 
 „ arinata, Miiinst. 
 
 „ sp. 
 
 Natica adducta, Phil. 
 
 „ leckhamptonensis, Lycett. 
 
 „ large sp. (cast). . 
 N. (Euspira) (cast). 
 Purpurina. 
 
 Nerinaea Jonesii, Buckm, 
 Cerithium (cast). ^ 
 Turbo oppellensis, sinistral sp., Lye. 
 Eulima (cast). 
 Patella rugosa. Sow. 
 Dentalium. 
 Modiola ungulata, ¥. §" B. 
 
 „ Lonsdalei, Lyeett, 
 
 „ Leckenbyi ?, Lye. and Mor.] 
 
LINCOJ.NSHIEE LIMESTONE. fij! 
 
 Modiola aspera. Sow. 
 
 Pholadomya fidicula, Sow, (very rare). 
 
 „ Heraultii, Agass. (common). 
 
 Homomya crassiuscula, Lyo. and Mar, 
 
 „ gibbosa, Sow, 
 
 Goniomya V- scripta. Sow. 
 Cardium. 
 Unicardium. 
 
 Cypricardia acutangula, Phil. 
 Astarte rhomboidaliB, Phil. 
 Trigonia hemisphaerica, var. (dwarf). Lye. 
 Area pulchra ? Sow. 
 Lucina bellona, U Orb. 
 Lithodomus (cast of). 
 Lima bellula, Lycett. 
 
 „ proboscidea, Sou). [L. pectiniformis, Sfc^Zo^^.]--. - 
 
 s, laevis, n. sj). ? 
 
 „ sulcata, n. sp. ? . . . 
 
 „ dnplicata. Sow. 
 Himiites abjectus, Phib 
 Pecten lens. Sow. 
 
 „ aratua, Waagen. 
 
 „ articulatue, SchU 
 Gervillia acuta, Sow. - - 
 
 Perna quadrata, Phil. 
 Pteropema. 
 Pinna cuneata, Phil. 
 Ostrea gregaria, Sow. (common). 
 Terebratula submaxillafa, Mor. 
 Waldheimia oinithocepbala. Sow. 
 Rhynchonella quadruplicata ? Dav. 
 
 „ Orossii, Walker. 
 
 Serpula. 
 
 Cidaris (rare). ... 
 
 Echinus (rare). 
 Corals (obscure). 
 
 KIBTON BEDS. 
 
 JVom the sontli margin of Sheet -86 to Kirton Mill, this sub-division is 
 paitiaUy covered by sandy drift soil, but the upper and lower beds are 
 well exposed east of Grayingham. 
 
 Between Grrayingham Warren and Wedge Wood, in a quariy two-thirds 
 of a mile north-north-east of the former, fossiliferous grey limestones, 
 belonging to the upper part of the Eirton'Beds, are exposed. The follow- 
 ing fossils were obtained ;— 
 
 Terebratnla globata. Sow. 
 
 „ _ maxillata. Sow. 
 Cypricardia. 
 Lucina bellona, D'Orh.- 
 Pinna. 
 
6B 
 
 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 At the cross roads east of Grayingham, south of Kirton, beds of com- 
 pact grey limestone (apparently at the base of the Kirton Beds, and 
 just aboYe the Hydraulic Limestone) are exposed in two quarries, described 
 in the notes on the Basement Beds. The following fossils were obtained 
 from them ; — 
 
 Wood (a fragment). 
 Pecten lens, Sow. ■ " ' 
 Lima duplicata, Sow, 
 
 At a mile and a half east of Kirton Mill, in a ditch on the east side of 
 the Boman Boad south of its junction with the high road to Eedbourne, 
 the upper part of the Kirton Beds is exposed to a depth of 5 feet, consist- 
 ing of grey limestones weathering pale brown, and resembling those of 
 Broughton and Wressle Houses ; the Hibaldstow Beds are evidenced in 
 the fields by soil and surface fragmentSj and in situ in a pit, about 12 
 chains south of the ditch. 
 
 By the road to Bedboume, at about a quarter of a mile from Kirton, 
 a large quarry exposes the following section, from the surface down- 
 ward :— 
 
 
 Brown top-soil .-.-.. 
 Bubble of whitish, partly oolitic, limestone fragments 
 
 in light brown soil . . - . - 
 
 Tough, grey, rubbly-fractured, fossiliferous limestone, 
 
 paitly oolitic - - . - 
 
 Yellowish-brown sandy parting 
 ""Tough grey limestone, partly oolitic - -.5 in. to 
 
 Dark grey shaly clay . . - 
 
 Pale bluish-grey limestone, surface irregular 
 Dark grey shale parting 
 Grey argillaceous limestone 
 Dark grey shale parting 
 Irregular pale bluish-grey limestone - 
 Dark grey shale - - - 
 
 Pale grey argillaceous limestone 
 Shaly parting 
 Tough grey limestone . . - 10 in. to 
 
 Brown shaly parting, passing into soft, yellowish-brown 
 ,^ decomposed limestones .... 
 
 "Pale yellowish-brown oolitic limestone with irregular 
 
 granules ...... 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 In. 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 In. 
 8 to 11 
 1 
 
 1„ 2 
 3„ 4 
 1.. 2 
 6„ 9 
 3.. b 
 8,. 9 
 1„ 3 
 
 4„ 5 
 
 Falebrownish or cream-coloured ooliticlimestones, the 
 grains being disseminated in patches throughout in 
 10 rather even beds. A piece of brown drift-wood' 
 was found in the thickest bed. 
 
 11 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 9 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 
 In other parts of the quarry the cream-coloured, or light brown, hue is 
 shown to be the result of weathering, the freshly-quarried basement beds 
 being of a bluish-grey colour, with oolitic grains very sparsely dissemi- 
 nated through them. Within 4 feet of the floor of the quarry occasional 
 fragments of brown drift wood occur in the beds. Traces of plants, which 
 cannot be indentLfied, and Serpula have been obtained in the quarry. 
 The dip in the south part of the quarry is E. 20° S., but it cannot be relied 
 upon, as in a neighbouring quarry, wherein the upper part ig alone 
 
LINOOLNSISBE LIMESTONE. 09 
 
 exposed, the beds appear to be horizontal. The following fosails wore 
 obtained from the large quarry :— 
 
 In the upper part of the quarry above the Cement-stones : 
 Pseudodiadema depressa, Ag. 
 Terebratula. 
 Avicula. 
 
 Gervillia, or Pteropema. 
 Lima dnplicata, Bow. 
 Luciua ? burtonensis. Lye. 
 Ostrea gregaria. Sow. 
 Fecten lens, Sow., many specimens. 
 
 „ annulatuB, Sow. 
 
 „ aratuB Waagen, 
 Nerinsea Voltzii, Beel. 
 
 Below the Cement-stones : 
 
 Small fragments of Wood. 
 
 Fnooid. 
 
 Crustacean claw. 
 
 Corbis Lajoyei, D'Areh., var. cingenda, Lye. 
 
 Corbula ? 
 
 Myaoites jurassi, Brong. 
 
 Pecten lens, Sow. 
 
 Pinna lanceolata, Sow. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 
 Near Kirton Thamnastrea defrMveicma, Mich,, was found in a surface 
 fragment, apparently belonging to the lower beds of the Kirton series. 
 
 Between Kirton and Bedbourne, at more than half a mile north-north- 
 west from Springoliff -House, a shallow quarry shows 1 foot to 18 inches 
 of shaly limestone (oontaixiing Pkoladomya, &o.) upon mbbly nodular grey 
 limestone. The nodular limestones are at the surface on the north and 
 north-west of the quarry. 
 
 The following is a rough estimate . of the section at the mouth of the 
 Tunnel nearest Scawby, as viewed from above : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 1: Pale-buff and brownish, shaly clay or loam - - 6 
 
 2. Limestone - ■ - - - • - 1 
 
 3, 4,/ Shaly limestones averaging 6 inches in thickness 3 
 "' 5, 6. I, Bather even-bedded limestones - - - 2 6 
 ^ Shale or clay parting. 
 
 Nodular limestones with shaly and clay partings in 
 rather thin beds - - • - 3 ft. to 4 
 
 Irregular limestones, apparently - - - 10 
 
 Shaly and clayey matter with nodular beds of lime- 
 stone - - - - - - -50 
 
 Limestone - - - - - - 1 ft. to 2 
 
 Shale at base of catting. 
 
 The numbers prefixed show the probable connexion of the beds with 
 those in the quarries about to be described. 
 
 By the Railway between Kirton and Scawby Stations, west of G-ainsthorpe , 
 the Kirton Beds are. finely exposed, both in the cuttings, which are in- 
 accessible in the upper and middle ]parts, being nearly vertical, and in a 
 large quarry, which furnishes material for the manufacture of a valuable 
 hydraulic lime, sold as " Blue Lias lime." 
 
 The Cement-stones consist of dense, rubbly, nodular, argillaceous lime- 
 stones, with irregular partings of clay and shaly matter, some of which 
 have been used for brickmaHng, and burn to a white brick. The thickness 
 of the Cement-stones is about 9 feet, their place in the quarry will be shown 
 in the following detailed section, in which their component beds are given ; 
 
70 • LOWER 00LITB6, 
 
 bnt as these are of an irregular cbaracter, the thicknesses of the several 
 beds given merely apply to the spot whwethey were measured. 
 
 Ft.Ih; 
 
 On the surface in one part of the quarry, and oyer the 
 adjacent Eailway cutting, a Drift of brown Sand 
 with small broken fragments of Oolite occurs, attain- 
 ing a thickness of . • . . .30 
 
 1. In the Bailway cutting and in part of the quarry a 
 bed of whitish and pale drab shaly cloy is exposed, 
 attaining a thickness of - - - - - 6 
 
 2. Hard even bluish-grey limestone, jointed irregularly 1 2 
 
 3. Pale brown, mbbly, nodular, argillaceous limestone, 
 passing into shale - - • - -16 
 
 4. Brown shale, decomposed shaly limesttme - -06 
 
 5. Hard, rather even-bedded, fine, grey, limestone, in 
 three or four beds, of which the uppermost furnished 
 Lima prdboscidea ani Homonvua gihbosa - 2 ft. to 2 3 
 
 6. Dark bluish-grey shale and decomposed shaly lime- 
 stone, with thin impersistent beds of limestone, con- 
 taining numerous fossils • • • 16 
 
 "Top of Cement-stones, dense grey limestone Sin. to 1 
 Blue clay - -_ - •_ - 6 in. to 8 
 
 Irregular, rubbly, argillaceous limestone - - 1 
 
 Dark blue shaly matter - • - - - 6 
 
 Bluiah-grey clay with nodular limestone - - - 6 
 
 Subbly argillaceous limestone - - - 6 
 
 Dark bluish-grey shaly matter, passing into impure 
 
 limestone and clay - - -din. to08 
 
 Kubbly, grey, argillaceous limestones, splitting into 
 
 very irregular beds - - - - 1 6 
 
 Dark grey shaly matter, passing into clay with nodu- 
 lar limestone - - - - 6 
 Irregular grey limestone - - - - 1 9 
 Hard, even-bedded, fossil iferons, grey limestone, in 
 
 two beds ... from 2 ft. to 2 10 
 
 Hard, even-bedded, grey limestone - - 1 
 
 Do. lowest bed exposed • - • 1 10 
 
 Above the jOement-stones Phaikidomya SeroMVA, Homomya gibloea, and 
 Lima peetimformis were obtained. 
 
 By the Boman Boaid, south of the Lodge by the Bailway between Kirton 
 and Scawby Stations, the following section was disclosed, downward &om 
 the surface :— 
 
 I\r. Ih. 
 Brown and drab soil • - - - -20 
 
 Irregular, shaly, tough limestone, decomposed to a 
 
 drab .hue, containing small fossils. • - - 6 
 
 Hard grey limestone,, with occasional iron-shot oolitic 
 
 grains, also in limestones below , - - - OH 
 
 Parting of decomposed yellowish shale and nodular 
 
 limestone - - - - 1 in. to 3 
 
 Hard, rubbly, grey limestone, in two or three beds - 1 5. 
 Decomposed shaly ferruginous bed, with large irregu- 
 lar oolitic granules, passing in places at its base into 
 tough limestone - ' ■- - - - 9 
 
 Very hard grey limestone - - - - 1 1 
 
 Decomposed brown shaly parting - - - 6 
 
 Very hard, compact, grey limestone, with veins of 
 ' ' oolitic grains, and small fossils, exposed to a 
 
 depth of 16 
 
 The beds dip E. 10° S. at about 2°, a dip of S", taken on a bed surfaoe 
 not being trustworthy. 
 
 ■*a ■ 
 m 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 Q 
 
LINOOLKSHIBB LIMESTONE. 71 
 
 between Kirton and Scawby Stations, at three-qnarters of a mile to one 
 mile from the latter, on the north of the Railway, fragments of yellowiBh- 
 brown ferruginous atone and mbbly, grey, siliceous limestone, are'plentifol 
 on the surface of the lower ground. The low hills are composed of Hibald- 
 stow Beds, pale buff shaly Oolites, these are shown in a road-cntting 
 (partially exposed on either side of the Eailway bridge crossing it) to over- 
 lie fiiliceons and nodular limestones with clayey partings, which, therefore, 
 represent the uppermost part of the Eirton Beds. 
 
 Near this spot a boring for ironstone was undertaken by Mr. Dallison, 
 as I was informed by Mr. Bradley, of Scawby Station Inn, but was 
 abandoned at a considerable depth. 
 
 . A record of this boring, furnished by Mr. Charles Hett, will be found in 
 Appendix II. (p. 212). 
 
 Between the turnings to Manton and Cleathara Grange, at about 15 
 chains from the edge of the escarpment, nodular, mbbly, grey limestones 
 are exposed in a small pit ; at about three-quarters of a mile to the east, 
 near the path on the south of Stainewell Warren, a small exposure of 
 similar beds was observed. 
 
 Between these exposures there appears to be a patch of oolitic rock, 
 representing the base of the Hibaldstow Beds, but from the prevalence of 
 oolitio beds in the lower part of the Kirton Beds and the absence of 
 exposures furnishing reliable dips it might possibly belong to the latter 
 subdivision. 
 
 A larger patch of Oolite, also shown as an outlier of Hibaldstow Beds on 
 the north of the Tunnel, might give rise to a similar doubt. 
 
 By the road to Eirton, at about a quarter of a mile north of the Tunnel, 
 a quarry exposes 15 feet of pale bluish-grey shaly clay, rather loamy ; it 
 contains an even bed of tough limestone about a foot in thickness, and, 
 near the base of the exposure, which is masked by talus, nodular imper- 
 sistent bands of limestone occur. From the rubble which conceals the 
 lower part of the quarry, these beds appear to rest upon dark bluish-grey, 
 impure, fossiliferous, shaly-splitting limestones. Oolitic debris, at the 
 surface rests upon the shaly clay. 
 
 In the limestone refuse concealing "the lower part of the quarry and 
 from the shales the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Montlivaltia. 
 
 Thecosmilia grogaria, MaOoy. 
 
 Serpula socialis, Goldf. 
 
 Gervillia acuta, iS^ow. 
 
 Lima punctata, Sow. 
 
 Myacites. 
 
 Ostrea gregaria, Sow. 
 
 Fholadomya Herauiti, Ag, 
 
 Pecten articulatus, Behl. 
 
 Quenstedtia oblita, PhU. 
 
 Cylindrites. 
 
 I^atica (Euspira) canaliculata, Lye, §f Mor. 
 
 Turbo gemmatus, Lye. 
 
 As no secxions or exposures are afforded between this quarry and the 
 section of the Basement Beds near the top of the escarpment, a quarter of 
 a mile west of it, from the slight dips to the east in both exposures it would 
 appear that the concealed beds represent a thickness of from 25 to 30 feet, 
 \rtiich would place the beds in the quarry at or near the top of the Eirton 
 Beds and would favour the idea that the oolitic patches as shown on the 
 Map are outliers of the Hibaldstow Beds. 
 
 At the letters nt of the words Sturton FlaniCation on the Map a pit 8 feet 
 in depth has been excavated for the purpose of claying the sand soil of the 
 surrounding field. Por 3 feet from the surface (sand soil) weathered frag- 
 ments of compact grey limestone irregularly dispersed in clay rest 
 unevenly upon pale greenish-grey clay and loam with fragments of rubbly 
 limestone ; these are probably disjointed beds of the Cement-stone series. 
 Ghrass- growth and talus conceal the sides of the pit from 4 to 5 feet from 
 the bottom. 
 
72 COWER OOLITES. 
 
 ' On the south, side of the rofbd towards Mautou Warrea Hoase, near the 
 aouth-east comer of Sturtou Plantation, 4 feet of coarsely oolitic limestones 
 are exposed in a quarry. The limestone is penetrated by pipes filled with 
 clay, indicating no doubt the former presence of an overlying clayey bed. 
 The limestones may be represented by the top rubble in the neighbouring 
 pit mentioned above; they are probably on the horizon of the beds 
 immediately above the Cement-stones iu the quarry near Kirton on the 
 east. 
 
 On the south side of Sturton Plantation, between the roads to Scawby 
 and Stainewell, clay is exposed in a large pit ; the overlying bed is shown 
 in an adjacent quarry and cgnsists of limestone, resembling and probably 
 the same as that in the quarry at the south-east corner of the Plantation. 
 
 On Manton Warren, near the top of the Oolitioiescarpment by the road 
 to Messingham, a pit, 3 chains across, shows the lower part of the Kirton 
 Beds, consisting of limestones, partly nodular and rubbly, with oolitio 
 structure in places, and^also in places very ferruginous ; these beds are on 
 a lower horizon than the Cement-stones of Kirton. 
 
 Through the Sand drift on the south of the road to Messingham several 
 large quarries have been opened, exposing about 5 or 6 feet of buff 
 limestones with oolitic grains, in some cases close together and in patches 
 but as a rule scattered throughout the rook. The beds are split up by 
 thick irregular shaly joints in places; drab shaly loam forms the upper- 
 most bed and occasionally contams near the surface fragmentary relics of 
 abed of nodular limestone. 
 
 From one of these quarries, at about half a mile north-east from Manton 
 Warren Souse, MontUvalUa was obtained. 
 
 At and near the letter 8 in the words Sturton Plantation on the Map 
 there are two quarries in which beds, probably just above thehorizon of 
 those in the last-mentioned quarries, are exposed. The northernmost 
 quarry affords the best section, given as follows in descending sequence ; — 
 
 B"i. In. 
 (1.) Grey sandy soil and reddish sand, the latter in pipes 
 . in (2) - - - - from nothing to 2 
 
 (2.) Unworn fragments 6f limestone scattered through 
 green-grey loam, which is the upper part of (3) 
 
 from 2 ft. to 3 
 (3.) Shaly drab and green-gray loam, fossiliferous, 
 
 resting unevenly on (4) - - from 3 ft. to 8 
 
 (4.) Fine, compact, septarian, limestone mass, with 
 crystalline matter and numerous corals. As this bed 
 anpears to be a coral growth its persistence and 
 thickness is doubtful. It is exposed to the bottom 
 of the quarry . '- . from 3 ft. 6 in. to 5 
 
 In bed (3) GervilUa and numerous specimens of Trigonia hemisphcBriea, 
 Lye., were obtained. Bed (4) furnished the following fossils : — 
 
 Isastrsea Richardsoni, Ed. 8f S. 
 Latimaeandra Flemingii, Ed. Sf B". 
 Thanmastrea defranciana P MieJi. 
 Serpula socialis, Goldf. 
 Ehynchonella (young). 
 
 ,, subangulata, P Da«. 
 
 ,, _ spinosa, 8chl. (var, Crossi, Walker). 
 Astarte interlineata. Lye. 
 Lithodomus, small ornamented, sp. 
 
 ,, small smooth, sp. 
 
 Ostrea gregaria. Sow. 
 Amberleya. 
 
 Between Bracken Hill and Broughton, at about a mile south of the 
 latter, rubbly nodular grey limestones belonging to the uppermost part of 
 the Kirton Beds (probably the same as those visible near Scawby Brook 
 on the west of Brigg) are exposed to a depth of from 5 to 8 feet in a 
 
LINCOLNSHIEE LIMESTONE. 79 
 
 qnarry. The limestones are very irregular, beiag in ]^laces separated by 
 tain impersistent drab loamy partings ; they are reif fossiliferous. Ostrea 
 gregcma appears to be the most abundant form, bttt Lima helhda and 
 MoiUola are also very common. The beds nndulate slightly, but are, 
 however, on the whole, almost horizontal. 
 
 Feeten l&ns was obtained at Springfield Cover, south-east of Broughton. 
 
 Near Broughton on the west, in a small exposure of rubbly Kirtoii Beds 
 in a field in Broughton Woods, Terebratula maaMiia, Sow., was obtained. 
 
 Broughtbn Woods, famed for the abundant growth of lilies of the vaUey* 
 which carpet them late in spring, are situated on the west side of the 
 Koman Eoad, between Soawby Wood and G-okewell. The soil is almost 
 wholly Sand, but so irregular in thickness that the tree roots have in many 
 places penetrated it and clamped themselves firmly in Kirton limestones, 
 whilst in some parts of the woods the Saud has been whirled up into dunes. 
 In the Autumn of 1881 many trees were blown down in these woods by a 
 succession of severe storms ; after these gales small patches of ro^ were 
 exposed here and there, where the Sand was shallow, under fallen treesi 
 sometimes with fragments of a bed of limestone clamped by their roots. 
 
 G-rey limestones are exposed in pits on either side of the road to 
 Bottesford at aboiit a quarter of a mile west of the Roman Eoad, and in a 
 pit by the avenue at about a quarter of a mile further north. 
 
 Lower beds in the Kirton Series are exposed south of the road to 
 Bottesford ; on the north and south of the farm on the Map, near the 
 south margin of Broughton Woods ; and just above the Basement Beds, in 
 a quarry by the road showing oolitic limestones. Partially oolitic limestone 
 is shown to a depth, of about 3 feet 4 inches, not far from the Broughton 
 entrance to the Woods. 
 
 Between Liucoln HiU, Scawby,- and Sturton, the surface fragments 
 afford evidence of dull grey semi-oolitio limestones, with large irregular 
 oolitic grains in places ; but they lack the distinctive characters of the 
 Hibaldstow Beds and apparently belong to the upper part of the Kirton 
 Series. 
 
 West of Brigg, between the words Scawby Brook, on the Map, and the 
 high road west of them, irregular, brashy, argillaceous, grey limestones, 
 containing numerous fossils, ^re exposed in a hedge section. 
 
 Similar limestones are shown in a shallow pit near an old wooden 
 windmill, which is apparently situated upon thfl basement beds of the 
 Hibaldstow Series. 
 
 These exposures appear, therefore, to represent the upper part of the 
 Kirton Beds. 
 
 From the hedge-section the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Isastr»a Oonybeari, ilf. Ed/VO. 
 Lima (cast)." '"'■ ' 
 
 Ostrea gregaria, Sow. 
 
 By the road from. Scawby to Messingham limestones in the Kirton 
 Beds have been quarried between the Bomap Boad and Scawby, a,nd from 
 small stone pits near Moor F.arm. The very irregular outlier of Hibaldstow 
 Beds shown on the Map at Scawby would appear to rest directly on a clay 
 stratum, forming the top of the Kirton Beds about here ; as clay has been 
 dug out,' on the western margin of the outlier toward Moor Farm, to clay 
 the field's.whioh are covered with Blown Sand. Near the Boman Road, on 
 either side, west or Scawby Vioaxage, there are shallow pits showing 
 brown and grey clay, and loam. 
 
 * Mentioned by De la Pryme. Diary of Abraham de la Pryme, the Yorkshire 
 Antiquary (published for the Surtees Society), p. 137. 
 
 o S2912. F 
 
74 LOWEB OOLITES. 
 
 On tte north, side of the road east of Broughton, and ahont 30 chains 
 from the village, a quarry affords the following section, given from the 
 surface downwards ;.— 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. Ik. 
 Brown Sand soil . - - - - 1 
 
 Bubble of grey nodular limestone firagmeuts - 2 to 4 
 
 Brownish and drab shaly loam passing into shaly 
 argillaceous limestone at about 6 inches from its 
 base . . • . - - 2 to 3 
 
 Very hard, even-bedded, grey limestone, containing 
 
 small Terebratulm - - • • - 1 
 
 Light brown loamy clay, exposed for ■ -10 
 
 Near Wresslo Houses on the north the upper- part of the Kirton Beds 
 is exposed in two quarries on either side of the turning to Broughton. 
 The quarry on the south side gives the following section downward from 
 the surface : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Brown Sand soil in pipes, giving place to a foot of old 
 
 river gravel in the eastern part of the quarry. 
 
 Bubble of broken grey limestone - - 2 ft, to 3 
 
 Loamy clay with nodular limestone fragments - - 1 
 
 Loamy clay passing into shaly limestone at its base - 1 
 
 Hard grey limestone - - - - - 1 3 
 
 Loamy clay, with a line of race • - 10 in. to 1 
 
 Hard, even, grey limestone - • - - 1 
 
 Pale drab loamy clay - • • - - 2 
 Hard bluish-grey limestones, weathering light grey, 
 
 exposed to the floor of the quarry - - - 4 
 
 In the western part of the quarry the beds appear to be horizontal, but 
 in the eastern part an apparent dip, E. 15 N., at 3°, was obtained. ThQ 
 beds are fossiliferous. 
 
 S A similar easterly dip of 3° was observed in the adjacent quarry on the 
 north. 
 
 . The quarry on the north side of the turning to Broughton gives the 
 following descending sequence : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Dark brown Sand soil ■ - - - - 2 
 
 Bubbly Oolite limestone, the base of the Hibaldstow 
 
 Beds - - - - - - -40 
 
 *Three even beds of grey limestone - - - 3 3 
 
 Pale drab loam - - - - - -16 
 
 Grey limestone - - - - - -13 to 6 in. 
 
 Pale brownish, decomposed, shaly limestone - - 1 
 
 Hard, even-bedded, dark bluish-grey limestone, 
 
 weathering light grey - - ■ - - 1 
 
 Drab and dark grey loamy clay, passing into earthy 
 
 limestone - - - - - - 2 6 
 
 Hard bluish-grey limestones, weathering to a pale drab 
 
 colour -■- - - - - -40 
 
 The beds below the asterisk (*) are the prolongation of those exposed in 
 the adjacent quarry on the south, in which the beds above it are not 
 represented. 
 
 MontUvalUa was obtained in these quarries. 
 
LINCOIiNSHIBB UMESTONE. 75 
 
 Between Bronghton and Far "Wood, abont 12 chains north of Barrow 
 Hill, the Eirtoa Beds are exposed in a quarry belonging to Mr. Kett of 
 Brigg. The section in descending order is as follows :— ' 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Sand soil - - - - - - -10 
 
 Babble of broken fragments of grey limestone, possibly 
 
 in part a superficial gravel - - - - 2 
 
 Pale drab loamy clay, with race, and argillaceous 
 limestone at its base - - - - -40 
 
 Bather even-bedded limestone, weathering to pale 
 greyish-brown - - - - - -10 
 
 Hard bluish limestone • • - - - 2 
 
 Brown shaly loam *nd clay - - - - 1 
 
 Dark grey shaly clay and loam - - - . 1 
 
 Grey limestones to the bottom of the quarry - - 1 9 
 
 The beds dip E. 10 S., at from 2° to 3°, but in the east side of the 
 quarry a dip of 7° was noticed. The limestones are fossiHferous. Iiiusina 
 oellona, D'Orb., was obtained. They appear to be a continuation of those 
 in the quarries near Wressle Houses, in which case the 4-foot bed of drab 
 loam would correspond to the upper beds of loam, from 18 inches to 2 feet 
 thick, in the other quarries. 
 
 In the south-west comer of Bowland Plantation, between the roads to 
 Appleby and Broughton Carr Side, shallow excavations showed the 
 following beds under a surface rubble of limestone fragments : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Tough, grey, even-jointed limestone, quarrying out in 
 
 somewhat irregular shaly pieces - - - 1 2 
 
 Drab shaly loam - - - - - -110 
 
 Hard, even-bedded, bluish-grey limestone - - 1 7 
 
 The dip appears to be N. 30 E. at 5°. 
 
 East of the above,, on the south side of the road, the upper stratum of 
 the Kirton Beds, a grey limestone, is visible at the bottom of old quarries 
 in the Hibaldstow Beds, the dip appears to be in a north-easterly direction. 
 
 On the south of the Barnetby and Donoaster Line, near Low Santon 
 Farm on the east, the upper part of the Kirton Beds is exposed under 
 6 feet of the shaly Oolites (Hibaldstow Beds) ; the top bed, a nodular argil- 
 laceous limestone, 2 feet thick, rests upon 8 feet of pale grey argillaceous 
 limestones in which pieces of wood were obtained; the beds dip in a 
 north-easterly direction. 
 
 Between Winterton and Boxby the lower part of the Kirton Beds 
 is either somewhat abnormal in character, being a development of the 
 brashy material above and just below the Hydraulic Limestone near 
 Cleatham, and of the speckled bed upon the Hydraulic Limestone near 
 Eaventhorpe ; or, through undulations in dip, these varieties are kept at 
 the surface and present an appearance of development. That they should 
 be mapped rather as the base of the Kirton Beds than as a part of the 
 Basement Beds seems evident from the section by the lane on either side 
 of the Railway Bridge at Low Santon (a Farm three-quarters of a mile 
 west of Appleby Station), where, as far as the tumbled character of the 
 , section and an abnormally high dip of from 10° to 15° permits observation, 
 the following section has been obtained — the beds are given in descending 
 order : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Bather compact grey limestones with small fossils. 
 
 Drab and brown sandy or loamy shale, partly con- 
 solidated, with grey clayey shale ; in the upper and 
 lower parts beds of the Bayenthorpe type occur, 
 becoming in places very oolitic, and containing' 
 numerous small fossils at the base • • about 9 
 
 F 2 
 
76 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 ■..-.;':r ■Jii ,h<n- ■.'■,. ^-1 . , I^T; in: 
 
 Bubbly and broken, tough paler brown and -grey, irre- 
 gular oolitio limestones, staioed by ferruginous infil- ; 
 traiion in places - - - - 5 ft. to 6 
 
 Hydraulic Limestone. 
 
 Impure i? 'arenaceous) broken dimestone. ... : .^ 
 
 Lower Bstuarine clays. 
 
 At rather more than half a mile west from Appleby Station Xyaeites 
 {Homomya) Venehyi D'Arch, and Gressh/aabditota, 'Phii., were obtained. 
 
 Mr. Str£ingways supplies the following notes on the Kirton 
 Beds of the ^Appleby and Winterton district : — 
 
 The Kirton Beds comprise the greater part of the Lincolnshire Oolite, 
 and about Appleby cover a larger surface than the rest of the Lower Oolite 
 divisions put together ; they consist for the most part of siliceous earthy 
 limestones, which become purer as we ' ascend in the series. The lower 
 part of these beds is seen in the cutting at Santott, the upper beds are 
 exposed under the Hibaldstow Beds in the quarry close .by ; from here the 
 outcrop extends in a westerly direction along the ridge formed by Samton 
 and Eisby Warrens. ' ' 
 
 At Sawoliff the beds are thrown up by a fault and form a great spread, 
 extending from the cliflE' edge east to Appleby and north to Winterton. 
 In this area the limestone is exposed" at many places and has been quarried 
 and burnt for lime ; the lower beds of the series, however, are somewhat 
 abnormal in character. 
 
 North of Winterton the , bonnda'ries of thaKirtoni Beds become more 
 obscure, and it is a matter ctf "some difficulty to decide how much should 
 be included _within. them. . A large part of the rock when met with 
 beneath the surface in shafts, boreholes, &e. has usually a dark shaly 
 appearance, and this is probably the reason why, in the shafts and bore- 
 holes at Appleby, and also on the north side of theHumber, a considerable 
 part of the section which must include this rook is called " bind." 
 
 These beds when burnt make good agricultural lime. 
 
 ' • O.E. S. 
 
 HIBALDSTOW BEDS. 
 
 Along the' road to Waddinghatti, eastward from the Reman 
 Roadj the more indefinite types of Lincolnshire Limestone notice- 
 able in the north part of Sheet 83, give place to the more definite 
 characters which led to the separation of Hibaldstow and Kirton 
 Beds in Sheet 86. ■ TKe surface fragments on the south'side of the 
 road prove the subjacent rock to be grey limestone without 
 pronounced oolite structure. On the north side of the road, near 
 the turning to Grange, buff, white weathering, oolitic (freestone) 
 rock is exposed in a stone pit to a depth of 5 feet, and further 
 proved by soil and surface fragments to be typical Hibaldstow Beds. 
 
 The lower part of the Hibaldstow Beds between Grayingham 
 Warren Farm and Waddinghamis of a similar type to that met 
 with in the northern part of Sheet 83 on the same horizon, namely, 
 cream-coloured and buff limestone with isolated oolitic grains ; but 
 this variety speedily give? place to the typical oolitic rock. The 
 nature of these changes may be gleaned from the foUowing 
 notes : — 
 
 A shallow quarry, rather more than », quarter of a mile south-south-east 
 of Grange Farm, weat of W'addingham, shows pale bluish-grey, fossiliferous 
 limestone, containing numerous corals, and breaking into irregular frag- 
 ments. Grey limestones are also exposed at Grange Farm. These beds 
 
tlNCOIiNSHIBE LIMESTONE. 77 
 
 resemble the upper limestones of the Kirton Beds, between Grayingliam 
 Warren and Wedge Wood, 
 
 A small exposore of oolitic rook is met with at the foot of the Great 
 Oolite escarpment, at about a quarter of a mile from the margin of 
 8heet86. 
 
 Near the margin of the Map, south-south-east of Grrayingham Warren 
 Farm, stone has been quarried in many places in a plantation ; the pita 
 are overgrown with one exception (near a house), which presents the 
 following section : — 
 
 Irregularly fissile, cream-coloured limestones with oolitio 
 grains irregularly dispersed throughout, (of a brick red 
 colour, apparently through Wming, in places) for 2 feet 
 6 inches from the surface, upon cream-coloured and pale 
 bufflimestone, as above, but more massive, and not fissile, 
 2 f^et 6 inches. 
 
 The undonlying bed appears to be pale drab loam. The limestones are 
 taken as .the base of the Hibaldstow Beds ; they contain numerous fossils, 
 which, however, are specifically indeterminable. The following forms were 
 found : — 
 
 Acrosalenia. Lima. < 
 
 Astarte (P). Myacites. 
 
 Isocardia. ITeriuBBa. 
 
 A well was sunk at the house by the plantation in which the above 
 quarries are situated by Mr. Nicholson of Willoiighton Grange ; it was 
 cai*ried to a depth of about 24 feet in limestone. 
 
 From the above notes it would appear that, the Hibaldstow 
 Beds lose their intensely oolitio character in the lower part near 
 Grayingham Warren and that their upper beds pass into, or are 
 horizontally replaced by grey limestones in the same district. 
 These .changes are more fully treated of in the Memoir on Sheet 
 83.* 
 
 South, of Hibaldstow, near Hibaldstow Mill, the Hibaldstow Beds are 
 exposed in a quarry to a depth of from 15 to 20 feet ; they consist of pale 
 buff and cream-coloured Oolite, in rather thin broken beds,, often contain- 
 ing large irregular granules j one bed either shows false bedding, or the 
 effect ifl produced by irregular jointing. The, beds appear to be horizontal 
 lij, one partof the quarry, and in another to dip to the east at from 1° to 2°. 
 
 Traces of an abandoned quafry are manifest, north of the above, on the 
 south-west side of Hibaldstow. 
 
 The surface debris of an old pit, on the west side of the high road 
 between Hibaldstow Lodge and Eedbourne, exhibits fragments of Oolite 
 with irregular granules, betraying no trace of organisms and occasionally 
 as large as small pebbles. 
 
 A Misused quarry on the north of Eedbourne, opposite the turning to 
 Eedbourne Eiver Head, furnishes no exposure. 
 
 West of Eedbourne the yellowish, and cream-coloured Oolites of the 
 Hiiaaldstow Beds are visible in shallow pits by the Eoman Eoad, at about 
 a mile south of the Eailway ; and in a small quarry near the Eoman Eoad, 
 by tl^e path to Eedbourne, on the Map, about a quarter of a inile further 
 south. 
 
 Near the letter n in the words Islamd J*ond, south-west of Eedbourne, 
 the lower part of the Hibaldstow Beds is exposed, to a depth of about 
 8 feet in a quarry. 
 
 At the cross-roads, east of Elirton and aotith- west of Eedbourne, a shallow 
 ^t exposed beds of ureata-oolonred Oolite.' 
 
 By the road to Kirton, at about 30 chains west of the crOsB-roads, a 
 disused stone pit affords evidence of grey limestone, partly oolitic, which 
 appe^? to belong to the basement beds of the Hibaldstow division. 
 
 * The Geology of the Country arounS Lincoln, Mem. Geol. Sur., p. 4'4. 1888. 
 
78 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 Sonth of the crosB-roads and east of the Eoman Bead, Hibaldstow Bed9 
 are exposed in a small pit by the road to Eedbourne, on the south of the 
 stream ; and, in a larger pit, on the north of the stream, where beds of 
 shaly Oolite are visible to a depth of 8 feet. 
 
 At a mile and a quarter sontn of Bedboume, Hibaldstow Beds are to be 
 seen in pits by the road to Waddingham, and in a quarry on the south side 
 of the valley, at about 10 chains west of the road ; the beds in this quarry 
 are apparently on the same horizon as i^LOse on the road to Kirton, west o£ 
 the cross-roads, and, like them, partially oolitic, compact^ grey limestones, 
 in which I/ucina Bellona, D'Orb., and Trigonia hemiephcBriea, Lye, var., 
 gregaria, and Bhynchonella Bpinota? Schl. were obtained. 
 
 In the drain on the north of Traffords Cover, near Nowstead Old Cause- 
 way, thin, rnbbly-bedded, yellowish Oolite, containing fair-sized irregular 
 granules, is exposed. Oolitic beds are also visible in a small pit at the 
 west end of Trafifords Cover, where they exhibit a gentle anticlinal. 
 
 Oolite has been quarried near Hibaldstow on the north, and not far from 
 Sturton on the south. East of Soawby Station the beds, to judge by 
 SOTface fragments, appear to be much less oolitic than is usual in the 
 Hibaldstow division ; but there is no evidence of their being on a lower 
 horizon. 
 
 The shallow cuttings, near Soawby, exhibit rabbly Hibaldstow Oolite. 
 Beds of Oolite are exposed in the road-cutting where the Bailway Bridge 
 crosses it, south-west of Soawby Station, also in a quarry between the Bail- 
 way Bridge and the Roman Boad. On the east side of the Boman Boad, 
 opposite the path-road toward Manton, horizontal beds of buff and cream- 
 coloured Oohte are visible in a quarry. Oolites are also evidenced near 
 the path-road south of Stainewell. 
 
 One of the largest outliers of the Hibaldstow Beds is met with north of 
 Kirton Bailway Tunnel, between Cleathamand Church HiU : the beds are 
 exposed to a depth of 8 feet in a quarry at the cross-roads to Cleatham (path 
 road) and Hibaldstow Mill, they consist of white Oolite limestones and seem 
 to dip at an angle of 1°, E. IS" N. The rocls contains Corals and Trigonia. 
 The Hibaldstow Beds of the Scawby outlier are exposed in a shallow pit, 
 on the south side of the stream, near the letter b in the words Scawby 
 Hall. 
 
 In the year 1881 the foundations of a new house, near the high road 
 west of Brigg, by the turning to Broughton and Wressle Houses, exposed 
 brownish, rather shaly. Oolite to a depth of 8 feet. Beds of Oolite are also 
 visible in the ditch at Silversides ; in small pits on the south and east of 
 Castlethorpe ; by the turning to Gastlethorpe Bridge ; near the eastern 
 termination of the outlier of Hibaldstow Beds south of Spring Field Cover. 
 In the quarry at Wressle Houses, on the north side of the turning 
 to Broughton, the lowest part of the Hibaldstow Beds is represented by 
 rubbly Oolite, 4 feet thick. 
 
 The Blown Sand boundaries between East Wood and Far Wood give the 
 junction between Hibaldstow and Kirton Beds a more intricate appearance 
 than it would otherwise exhibit on the Map. 
 
 At the north-east end of Far Wood the Oolite is exposed in a quarry. 
 The beds are of a buff colour, the oolitic grains small ; they have been 
 quarried out in tolerably large slabs with irregular surfaces, and are visible 
 to a depth of 5 feet. 
 
 That these beds belong to the base of the Hibaldstow division is proved 
 by two adjacent quarries, in which the bottom rook consists of a thick 
 irregular bed of grey (weathering pale brownish) limestone, directly over* 
 lain by the Oolite beds forming the sides of the excavations ; this bottom 
 rock is the top of the Kirton Beds. 
 
 Mr. Strangways continues the description of this division in 
 the northern part of the area as follows: — 
 
 The Hibaldstow Beds consist of white very oolitic limestone, 
 which is much purer and softer than that of the Kirton^Beds 
 below. A peculiar feature in the structure of the rock is that the 
 
LINCOLNSHIBB LIMESTONE. 79 
 
 oolitic grains are ofteu aggregated together into small lumps about 
 the size of a bean, which give it, at first sight, almost the appearance 
 of a conglomerate. 
 
 The division between these beds and those of the Kirton Series 
 is not always very clear, although they usually make a small 
 feature where they begin to come on. 
 
 In Bowland Plantation this part of the limestone is generally hidden by 
 superficial beds of Sand, bo that the rock is not well exposed ; it has, however, 
 been quarried in former times at a few places along the side of the main 
 road, but these are now much overgrown and obscure. 
 
 In an old quarry by the road to Santon the lower part of this series is 
 just exposed, forming a rubbly brashy Oolite, which is frequently decom- 
 posed into sand : the Hibaldstow Beds about here appear to be very thin, but 
 perhaps the increased dip may in great measure account for the narrowness 
 of the outcrop, or, what is more probable, the limestone may have been 
 denuded before the deposition of the Great Oolite Clay above, as there 
 appear to me to be indications of an unconformity between the two in 
 this neighbourhood. 
 
 To the north of the railroad the rock makes a larger spread and is 
 exposed in an old quarry in Mare Walk Plantation, in the beck near 
 Appleby Mill and in several quarries and other places on Eisby Warren. 
 To the north of this the beds are thrown up by an east and west fault, so 
 that we do not get this portion of the series except in the low ground to 
 the east of Appleby ; there are no good sections about here till we come 
 to Mickle Holme, between which and Walks House the limestone has 
 been quarried at several places. At a new farm-house at the latter place 
 there is a well in which it is said 9 yards of rock was penetrated, but as 
 no account was kept of the character of the rock it is impossible to say how- 
 much of this belongs to the Hibaldstow Beds, and how much to those below. 
 The same difficulty also arises with reference to the borings about Appleby. 
 Five of these, that is, those between Haverholme Plantation and the two 
 shafts inclusive, must have passed through these beds, but there is no. 
 means of estimating how much of the limestone belongs to each group. 
 
 Between here and Winterton this limestone is again hidden by Sands,. 
 Boulder Clay, &c., but to the north of the town the beds rise to a higher 
 level and are better seen, being exposed to the west of the Drift as far as 
 the cross roads, rather more than a mile north of Winterton ; beyond this- 
 the beds are entirely concealed by superficial deposits and are not again 
 seen this side of the Hnmber. 
 
 In a quarry about half a mile north of Winterton the limestone is in 
 larger blocks and seems more massive than elsewhere, but this may arise 
 in great measure from its being more recently worked than the other 
 quarries in the neighbourhood; the rock has a nabit of breaking up veiy 
 much and crumbling to pieces after exposure to the atmosphere, which 
 usually gives it a very brashy appearance. 
 
 0. P. S. 
 
80 LOWER OOLITOJS. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 LOWER OOIATES—contiiiued. 
 
 Gebat Oolite Series. 
 
 The Great Oolite Series embraces four members, as shown in 
 the following table : — 
 
 "Cornbrash. Thin, irregularly jointed, 
 fossiliferous limestone. 
 
 Great Oolite Glaji Dark grey and 
 greenish clay, Ostrea near top. 
 
 Great Oolite Limestone. Thin lime- 
 stones, often brashy. 
 
 Great Oolite 
 Series. 
 
 TDark grey and 
 
 Ig 
 
 greenish clay 
 ^ Upper Estuarine Series-^ irregularly as- 
 
 I'sociated with 
 ^sand. 
 
 In Sheet 83 each of these divisions can be studied from any 
 point, of view desired, but in Sheet 86 they present very much 
 fewer facilities for observation. South of Hibaldstow, although 
 the continuity of the features of the divisions is broken by tracts 
 of Gravel, and Alluvium, we have sufficient proof of the persist- 
 ence and behaviour of each; but from Hibaldstow northward 
 to the Bametby and Doncaster Line the Alluvium of the 
 Ancholme conceals the whole Series, except near Brigg, where 
 there is a small inlier (apparently, of Great Oolite Clay), and near 
 Broughton Carr Side, where Glay with Ostrea is exposed in a 
 Sand tract on the flanks of the Alluvium. 
 
 The Oornbrash is well shoWn near Thornholme Priory and 
 Appleby Mill ; it is, however, separated in this district by Clay 
 alone from the Lincolnshire Limestone. The Clay is about the 
 same thickness as the Great Oolite Clay, which it resembles in 
 character. We are therefore obliged to conclude that the Great 
 Oolite Limestone disappears altogether north of Brigg, and that 
 the Great Oolite and TJpper Estuarine Clays are brought together, 
 and, being indistinguishable, constitute one group ; or that the 
 Upper Estuarine Clay also thins out northward. The alternative 
 is mentioned by Mr. Strangways in his notes on the Hibaldstow 
 Beds, (vide ante, p. 79),.hut L am indisposed to admit that the 
 absence of the Great Oolite Limestone and Upper Estuarine Clay 
 is due to the uncomformable overlap of the Great Oolite Clay 
 upon the Lincolnshire Limestone, not being in a position to prove 
 that the Upper Estuarine Series is really unrepresented in this 
 district, and not regarding the disappearance of the thin series of 
 brashy Great Oolite Limestones as evidence of unconformity. 
 
UPPER ESTUARINB SERIES. 81 
 
 . It should be mentioned that it is possible to put such a con- 
 struction upon the record of the bore hole made on the south side 
 of Bridge Street, Brigg, by Mr. Joseph Parker, 1864-5 (at a spot 
 70 yards west of the River Ancholme), as to give a considerable 
 thickness to the Great Oolite Series, and to make an Upper 
 Estuarine Series composed as follows : — 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 Grey shale - - - 2 10"] 
 
 Sandy shale - - - 10 5 >- 24 2 
 
 Sand - - - - 10 11 J 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 Sandstone rock 
 
 - 
 
 91 
 
 Grey shale 
 
 - 1 
 
 6 
 
 Hard rock, or Boulder 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Grey shale 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 Rook - 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 Unformed rock 
 
 - 6 
 
 10 
 
 This seems natural, and in accordance with the character of 
 the beds as described above; but it entails the existence of Great 
 Oolite Limestone under Brigg, as the overlying beds consist 
 of— 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 11 7 
 
 Over this we have blue shale, 24 feet 4 inches, which would be 
 the Great Oolite Clay. If this be reliable the attenuation of the 
 Upper Estuarine Series and dyilig-out of the Great Oolite Lime- 
 stone must take place between Brigg and Appleby Station. 
 South of Hibaldstow the Great Oolite divisions exhibit^ their 
 usual features ; the Oornbrash occupies a bed platform or dip-slope 
 at the foot of the Kellaways escarpment ; the Great Oolite Clay 
 occupies the steep slope, constituting the Cornbrash escarpment : 
 the Great Oolite Limestone rises from the foot of the Cornbrash 
 escarpment westward to its outcrop, whence the ground falls in 
 a steep escarpment-slope occupied by the Upper Estuarine Series. 
 
 UPPER ESTUARINE SERIES. 
 
 The Upper Estuarine clays and sands are evidenced on the 
 sldpes below the outcrop of Great Oolite Limestone, near 
 Waddingham, and further north on the western slopes of the less 
 pronounced features nearly as far as Hibaldstow. 
 
 Near Waddingham, on the west, blue Clay and loam is shown in the ditch 
 by the road to Q-rayingham, under the Great Oolite Limestone. The 
 following fossils were obtained ;'ji: ' 
 
 Ehynohonella ooncinna (?), Sow. 
 
 Mqdiola imbritiata, Sow. 
 
 Monodonta. 
 
 Oatrea Sowerbyi, Lye. and Mot. var. 
 
 '/iKforth of 'Waddingham ' a ratl],er''^biupt,change froin stone to clay and 
 sand affords indication of a f^nlted strip of Upper UBtnarine Beds. 
 
82 LOWER OOLITKS, 
 
 , In the ditch by the road to Redbonrne, near Waddingham, the Great 
 Oolite Limestone seems to pass into the Upper Bstnarine Series, by clayey 
 interstratifloations. On the west of the road the upper part of the Upper 
 Estuarine beds is blue clay, exposed in a pit ; no fossils were obtained iroiii 
 it. On the east of the road the Upper Ustnarine Series seems to be largely 
 composed of white and buff sand. 
 
 Between Priestland Cover and Pyewipe Hall the relations of the Upper 
 Estuarine beds and Great Oolite Limestone are not clear; the former 
 appears to be for the most part sandy and loamy, but consist of clay in 
 the nppdr part. The junction is risible between the words Pyewipe Hall 
 on the Map. 
 
 Clay with Ostrea is shown beneath the Great Oolite Limestone in the 
 drain north of the words Beanland Cover on the Jd!ap. 
 
 The eastern part of Bedbourne Park is very sandy along the slope upon 
 "which the Upper Estuarine beds shonld crop out, and as white sand was 
 turned out from a well nearly opposite the entrance to the Park (at half 
 a mile south-west from Bedbourne Eiver Head) we may conclude that the 
 Uwer Estuarine Series is chiefly represented by sand. 
 
 Upper Estuarine clay with Ostrea is shown in Clay Dyke, but, as it is 
 bounded by Drift on the west, the lower portion of the series is not 
 exposed.- It is very doubtful whether the sand strip bounding the Great 
 0(Mite Limestone west of Bedbourne Biver Head is not part of the Upper 
 Estuarine Series. 
 
 The road between Hibaldstow Mill and Low Bank exposes the upper 
 part of the Upper Estuarine Series just under the Great Oolite Limestone, 
 for about a chain in a shallow ditch. The Upper Estuarine Series consists 
 of grey clay with sand and grey loam ; it is overlain by a red-brown 
 superficial clay on the west. 
 
 By the road between. Low Bank and Sibaldstow, near the former, in a 
 ditch, rubbly shale and dark grey clay, greenish in places, apparently 
 associated with light-coloured sand, is exposed under shaly Great Oolite 
 Limestone. This is the most northerly exposure of the Upper Estuarine 
 Series we know of, there being no evidence to prove that it is continuous 
 as the lower part of the Clay which, from Appleby Station to the Humber, 
 and possibly from Brigg northward, separates the Cornbrash from the 
 Lincolnshire Limestone. 
 
 GREAT OOLITE LIMESTONE. 
 
 The escarpment feature made by the great Oolite Limestone 
 in Sheet 83 continues northward to Waddingham ; on the north 
 of Waddingham, probably owing to a change in the strike, and 
 to small faults, the limestone feature is deflected from west to 
 east, resuming the northerly trend at a point due north of 
 Waddiugliam Church, from whence to Hibaldstow it is broken up 
 into low hill patches surrounded by superficial deposits on flattish 
 ground. 
 
 The Great Oolite Limestone, in Sheet 86, is generally composed 
 of broken shaly limestone in beds of unequal hardness, much 
 resembling Cornbrash on weathered surfaces, in places, but unlike 
 it in texture, being either a somewhat arenaceous, or a hard, dark 
 grey, siliceous limestone. 
 
 Near Waddingham, by the road to Ghayingham, grey limestone con- 
 taining Pentacriniiet is exposed; it is interstratified with mbbly or 
 braahy material, and below it the clays of the I^per Estuarine Series are 
 shown. The relation of the Limestone to the Great Oolite Clay south of 
 Waddingham is not visible, owing to the gravelly deposits on the flat 
 south of Old Hill. 
 
QKBAT. OOLITE LIMESTONE. 83 
 
 The lower beds of the Great Oolite Limestone north of Waddingham 
 seem to have occasional clayey interstratifications, amounting in places 
 to a passage into the underlying Estaarine Beds. By the road from 
 Waddingham to Bedbonrne the descending section appears to be : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Brashy stone, probably with clayey seams • 3 ft. to 4 
 
 Clay 3 
 
 Brashy stone - - - - 3 
 
 Clay (Upper Bstuarine) - - - • 8 ft. to 10 
 
 From the ditch section by the road to Bedbourne, above mentioned the 
 following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Bhynchonella conoinna. Sow, 
 Myacites calceiformis, Phil. 
 Trigonia undnlata. From. 
 
 South-east of Friestland Cover brashy Great Oolite Limestones, under 
 light brownish loam with fragments of Ottrea, are exposed in the bottoms 
 of drains. 
 
 In a drain south of the letters land in the words Friestland Cover on the 
 Map from 4 to 5 feet of Great Oolite Limestone is exposed, consisting of 
 grey siliceous limestone, weathering light brown, in part very rubbly and 
 irregular, splitting into sbaly fragments, in part tolerably even ; a thin 
 band of light brown loam and clay, with Oatrea, separates two of the 
 brashy stone beds. The following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Ehynchonella coucinna. Sow. t 
 
 Modiola imbricata (P), Bow. 
 Ostrea Sowerbyi, L. §f M., var. 
 Trigonia (fragment). 
 
 From the Great Oolite Limestone in a ditch section at about 30 chains 
 ilorth of Waddingham Church the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Ehynchonella concinna, Sow. 
 Pecten vagans, (P) Sow. 
 Fteroperna plana. Lye. 
 Trigonia nndulata, From,. 
 
 At half a mile east-south-east from_ Pyewipe Hall shaly and hard 
 limestones, much resembling Cornbrash in places, in external appearance, 
 are exposed at a drain, junction, and yielded the following fossils : — 
 Corbicella, sp. 
 CypricardiaP 
 Modiola imbricata. Sow. 
 Ostrea Sowerbyi, L. S^ M. 
 Trigonia nndulata. From. 
 „ costata, Sow. 
 
 In the drain north of the words Beanland Cover on the Map, about 
 a foot of pale bluish-grey, arenaceous, brashy limestone, with numerous 
 Serpula and Ostrea, is exposed ; similar shaly rock is shown in a drain, 
 east of Beanland Cover, communicating with the|,>bove. 
 
 By the road from Bedboume to Bedboume Hays, at the bend near 
 Bedboume Biver Head, about 3 feet of shaly limestone, arenaceous in 
 plaees, and intercalated with' more rubbly materials containing Oitrea, 
 afforded the following fossils :— 
 
 Ehynchonella concinna, Sow. 
 
 Tereb'ratnla. 
 
 Avicula echinata, Bow. 
 
 Trigonia. 
 
 South of this exposure and near a Farm-house on the west of it, hard 
 fragment! of shaly limestone with O^ea have been ploughed np : tilie 
 
84 LOWER OOLITES. 
 
 surface indicates Great Oolite Limestone nearly as far south, as the drain 
 separating this patch from the smaller one of Beauland Cover. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile west of Redboume Eiver Head, in a ditch, 
 beds of irregulaap shaly limestone containing Modiola are visible. The 
 limestones are also exposed in Clay Dyke. 
 
 In all the above-mentioned ptaoes, with the doubtful exception of the 
 patch immediately north of Waddingham,. the junction of the Grreat 
 Oolite Limestone with the overlying Clay is concealed by superficial 
 deposits. 
 
 The Great Oolite Limestone is next at the surface in an irregular patch, 
 forming alow bill feature traversed by the road from Low Bank to Ifibald- 
 stow Mill and extending in one spot to the outcrop of the Great Oolite Clay 
 above. North of the road toward Hibaldstow Mill fragments of shaly 
 limestone have been ploughed up, and in the ditch by the road rubbly, 
 fossiliferous, stone brash was observed. . 
 
 In the bottom of Low Bank Drain for a few chains north of the turning 
 to Hibaldstow about a foot of grey shelly limestone is exposed. In its 
 unweathered state the rock appears to be a hard bluish-grey, somewhat 
 cryBtalline, limestone. The following fossils were obtained from it : — 
 
 Srhynchonella cuneinna, Smo. 
 Terebratula intermedia, 8ow. 
 Lncina P 
 
 Lima rigida. Bow. 
 Modiola imbricata. Sow. 
 Mytilus furoatus, Oeldf. 
 Ostrea Sowerbyi, Jjye. cmd Mor. 
 Trigonia costata, ,8ow. 
 
 „ , striata, Sow, 
 
 ,,' flecta, Lyo. cmd Mor. 
 
 By the road to Hibaldstow, near the above, shaly limestone, with 
 numerous shells, is exposed, apparently resting on Upper Estuarine beds. 
 
 IVom Hibaldstow northward there is no surface indication of the exten- 
 sion of the Great Oolite Limestones, though, as we have seen, they may be 
 represented by 11 feet 7 inches of rook and shale in the boring at Brigg. 
 
 GREAT OOLITE CLAY. 
 
 - On the south margin of Sheet 86, between the Cornbrash (which is im- 
 perfectly exposed in a stream) on the east, and the dip slope of the Great 
 Oolite Limestone on the west, the Grea^ Oolite Clay is concealed by a 
 flat gravel tract. On the north of Old Mill the CJay emerges from the 
 gravel tract and forms an irregular patch, which appears to be cut off 
 from the Great Oolite Limestones on the north by an intervening band of 
 stiff glacial clay. This patch is concealed in places by Sand, which also 
 masks its junction with the Cornbrash on the east, and with the Corn- 
 brash outlier of "Waddingham Church. 
 
 The Great Oolite Clay, which is characterised by an abundance oiOsi/eea 
 in its upper portion; is visible in ponds, on the west of the houses north, of 
 Waddingham Church and north of the letter i in the word Waddrngham 
 on the Map, and by soil,: and in ditches both north and south of the letters 
 (fh in the word Waddingi^am on the Map; 
 
 North of the above thaGreat Oolite Glay forms the surface in three long 
 strips or patches, overlain by Cornbrash Jon the east; the superficial con- 
 tinuity of the Clay is broken by the gravel-flat west of Woothaan Hill and 
 by the Alluvium near Redbpumejiliver Head. ' The .patches thus separated 
 may be called the Nabs Hill patch, the Atkinson's Cover strip, and the 
 Gander Hill strip. ,. . ' 
 
 The letter N of the words Nabs Hill on. the Map is on Great Oolite 
 Clay with numerous Ostrea ; a pit in it furnished Ostrea Sowerbyi. Further 
 si3iitft.the,Clayis ptOTfid-by scfil^randiB showiiin apitbytheigrftvelflat on 
 Uie -vfeat margin of tihe dtdp of OoAtbrasb; .- 
 
GREAT. OOLITJS CLAT. 85 
 
 At the foot of the Kellaways Eoob escarpment,' along the west boundary 
 of Atkinson's OoTer, the Cfombrash seelns to b'e'fioilCealed by a strip of 
 Boulder Clay and Sand. Great QoKte Olay is shown in drains under the 
 Combrash, and clay soil with quantities of Ostrea is ploughed up. 
 
 On the south of Atkinson's Cover, ; at 30 , chains from Wootham Hill 
 House, in a direction N. 35° W., there is a fann, not.Bhown on the Map, 
 called Paradise. 
 
 In the drain west of the bend in the road to Wootham Hill, south of 
 Paradise Farm, Great Oolite Clay is escposed, and also in a pond near the 
 limits of its southerly extension on the south of the drain. 
 
 Great Oolite Clay is exposed in the roadside ditch west of Paradise Farm ; 
 it is ploughed up in the field on the north side of the road, and i@ exposed 
 at its junction with the Oornbrash in two drains south of the path to the 
 house by Atkinson's Cover on the Map. " ' 
 
 In the ditch by the road to Redboume Hays grey Clay was exposed ; it 
 appeared to be mixed with yellowish-brown ferruginous matter and whitish 
 stuff, probably race. This exposure has been mapped as Great Oolite 
 Clay. 
 
 North of the above, near the northern end of the Atkinson's Cover patch, 
 stiff greenish and blue clay is exposed in a small pit. Greenish hues are 
 often present in the Great Oolite Clay. 
 
 The Gander Hill patch forms the ontcrop slope of the Combrash escarp- 
 ment, running from Gander Hill Parm on the north to within 10 chains 
 of the drain between Ryecroft Hill and Redbourne River Head on the 
 south. Clay Dyke cuts through the Great Oolite Clay at its junction with 
 the Combrash, but it is best exposed in the ditch by the road opposite the 
 bridle road to Gander Hill Farm. Here the Clay is dark bluish- gr ey,- 
 greenish in places, and very fossiliferous at its junction with the Com- 
 brash, Ostrea greqqma, Sow., 0. Sowerbyi, L. and M., and BhynehonellcKion- 
 einna, Sow., being the most abundant rortns. From its mode of ocbnri'ence 
 on the slope below the Cornbrash, the Great Oolite Clay may be from 20 
 to 30 feet in thickness near Gander Hill. 
 
 Great Oolite Clay may rest upon the Limestones in Low Bank Drain, 
 east of Hibaldstow, hnt the section is ve:^ obscure. 
 
 From Low Bank to Brigg the Great Oolite Clay is concealed by Allu- 
 vium. It is proved at Brigg j but from Brigg Uorthwards it is concealed 
 by Alluvium and Sand for a distance of nearly 3 miles. The site of the 
 Brigg Borehole, already referred to, is about 25 chains -north-nortiii-east 
 from the spot where Great Oolite Gla>j appears at the surface. The Clay 
 would appear to be 24 feet 4 inches in the Boring and was encountered' at 
 105 feet from the surface, which would require a dip of about S', unless 
 there is a fault between the localities. 
 
 Between the west end of Brigg and the Railway on the south the ground 
 rises almost imperceptibly along the east side of the canal, forming a low 
 feature, merging into the surrounding AUuviiim. Where this tract touches 
 the Railway, dark bluish-grey shales have been got out at a Mill. In a 
 ditch crossing the feature Clay, plentifully charged with broken fragments 
 of Ostrea, is exposed. • _ 
 
 The boundary of the Great Oolite Clay with the Lincolnshire Limestone 
 probably passes from under the Alluvium, and is concealed by Sand on the 
 south of Wressle Wood. - - ' , • 
 
 The Clay, with fragments of Ostrea, is exposed. by^a pond in the S^nd area 
 north of _Broughton Common, near the letter B in the words Broughton 
 Carr Side on the Map. 
 
 On the east of Thorneholme Priory green and blue Clay, with Ostrea, is 
 visible. 
 
 Mr. Cross, in his Paper on North Lincolnshire, says : — 
 
 " Next above the Lincolnshire Limestone there exists a deep clay, 
 perhaps 40 feet, of a bright green colour in parts, the representative 
 doubtless of some member of the Great Oolite Series." 
 
 He gives the following list of fossils from this clay : — 
 
 Icthyodorulite (Hybodus P). 
 Palate of fish. 
 
86 LOWEB OOLITOS. 
 
 Gervillia crassieosta. Lye. Sf Mor. 
 Modiola imgnlata, T. |- B. 
 Ostrea Sowarbyi, Lye. ^ Mor. 
 
 „ BahrUgalaia., Life. §■ Mor. 
 Fema qnadrata P PMll. 
 Trigonia flecta. Lye. §r Mor. 
 „ n. Bp. (near to pullus). 
 
 Oornbragh forms the sorfaee for about a quarter of a mile west from 
 Appleby Station ; its junction with the Great Oolite Clay is shown in a pit 
 on the south side of the Bailway. 
 
 The peculiarity of the country about Appleby Station is the 
 large superficial extent covered by so thin a bed as the Oornbrash, 
 and the very short distance in which the comparatively thick 
 series of Lincolnshire Limestone is disposed of, from its outcrop 
 at the base of the slope in which the Great Oolite Clay pit is 
 situated to the Low Santon road-cutting. This anomaly seems 
 to be due to the fact that whilst the^beds from the Ancholme Level 
 westward to the outcrop of the Great Oolite Clay conform to the 
 contour of the ground, dipping slightly in some places and being 
 horizontal in others, the Lincolnshire Limestone locally exhibits, 
 for these rocks, a high dip. 
 
 C0RNBRA8H. 
 
 Notwithstanding its thin representation there is no member of 
 the Oolites of Lincolnshire more persistent than the Cornbrash. 
 
 In Sheet 86 the position of its outcrop on the margin of, or 
 within the boundaries of, the Ancholme Alluvium accounts for 
 the partial character of its superficial exposures. 
 
 Furthermore, in the south of the Map, where alone we could 
 expect to find evidence of its relation to the Kellaways Bock, the 
 dip-slope of the Cornbrash, where it emerges from the foot of the 
 Kellaways escarpment, south of Bedbourne Hays, and south of 
 Wootham Hill, is masked by Sand, and furnishes evidence of 
 glacial action, by which the Cornbrash has no doubt been shorn 
 in places from its dip-slope. 
 
 Three feet appears to be the normal thickness of the Cornbrash 
 in Sheet 86 ; in lithological character it seems to be almost 
 unvarying. 
 
 Its brown colour is due to weathering, the rock being very thin 
 and exposed at or near the surface. 
 
 Prof. Judd's description in the Rutland Memoir (pp. 218, 219) 
 is very applicable to it in Sheet 86 : — 
 
 "When it has been weathered, it breaks up into flat masses of a 
 light brown colour, each of which is usually coated with stalagmite ; 
 in this condition the appearance of the rock in section has been not 
 inaptly compared to that of a loose stone wall or field-dyke." 
 
 Certain fossils are almost as distinctive of the Cornbrash as its 
 lithological characters ; Avicula echinata, Sow., is perhaps the; 
 most abundant species. 
 
 It should be mentioned that the Great Oolite Limestone bears 
 BO strong a resemblance to the Cornbrash in places, that it was 
 
COBNBBASn. 87 
 
 mistaken for it both on the north and south of Waddingham ; the 
 mistake was rectified on tracing the beds southward into Sheet 83. 
 This resemblance is fortunately very partial. In the road from 
 Bedbourne to Waddingham the uppermost bed, as also beds pre- 
 sumably on the same horizon exposed under the roots of fallen 
 trees, at about half a mile north of Waddingham Ohm-ch, were 
 taken at first for Cornbrash ; as they rested on clay about a foot 
 thick it was thought that the Great Oolite Clay had thinned 
 out. 
 
 Oornbrasli is not exposed on the soathern margin of Sheet 86, being 
 concealed by sandy debris from the Kellaways Bock, and by the superficial 
 gravel of the Waddingham valley ; it ia, however, visible in a stream bank 
 at the road from Waddingham to Black Dyke, at three-quarters of a mile 
 south-east from Waddingham Church. From this exposure the following 
 fossils were obtained : — ....... .^^ 
 
 Clypens Plottii, Klem. 
 Holectypus depressns, LesJce. 
 Bhynehonella, fragment. 
 Ostrea Sowerbyi, L. Sf M. 
 Astarte elegans. Sow., fragment. 
 Isocardia rostrata P, Bow. 
 Trigouia costata, Sow. 
 „ (small). 
 
 Prom this exposure northward, aa in the case of the Great Oolite Clay, 
 the Cornbrash occurs on the surface in patches separated by the gravels 
 and alluvial soils of the Waddingham flat, on the north of Wootham Hill 
 and east of Bedbourne Biver Head. 
 
 Waddingham Church stands upon a small outlier of Cornbrash, masked 
 more or less by Sand. 
 
 Bast of Waddingham the Cornbrash is concealed by Sand, which mantles 
 over the slope of the Kellaways Bock feature; but its position can be 
 ascertained here and there by a slight subsidiary feature. This feature 
 becomes distinct at about half a mile north-east from Waddingham Church 
 the characteristic fragments of fossiliferous limestone being ploughed up 
 and the underlying Great Oolite Clay exposed. The Cornbrash ia overlaifl 
 by blue Clay on the east, which' may be either solid rock or Drift ; if the 
 former, its exposure is exceptional. 
 
 From Nabs Hill to Wootham Hill no evidence of Cornbrash is procurable ; 
 but on crossing the flat that separates Wootham Hill from the Atkinson's 
 Cover patch, we encounter Cornbrash on Great Oolite Clay in a drain 
 south of Paradise Farm (not on Map). From this drain to the road west 
 of Paradise Farm the Cornbrash is probably concealed by superficial 
 deposits, but in the field on the north of the road near Paradise Farm it 
 has been ploughed up, and can be traced thence northward by soil and 
 in ditches nearly as far as the road to Bedbourne Hays. In this extension 
 although its relation to the Great Oolite Clay is very clear, the boundary 
 of the Cornbrash at the foot of the low Eellawaya escarpment is very 
 obaoure, as there is evidence here and there along the west side of Atkin- 
 son's Cover of superficial deposits, probably glacial. 
 
 In one spot on the- margin of Atkinson's Cover the Cornbrash was 
 proved, by the spud; to be very thia on Great Oolite Clay. 
 
 On the west of Atkinson's Cover the Cornbrash is exposed at its jimction 
 with the Great Oolite Clay in drains traversing its dip-slope from east to 
 west, and, in one instance, from north to south. In one of these drains 
 nearly 3 feet of Cornbrash was visible. . 
 
 The following fossils w^re obtained :— 
 
 Waldheimia ornithocephala, Sqw, 
 
 Astarte. . 
 
 Myacites calceiformis, Phil. 
 
 „ decurtata, fM. 
 
 Trigonia fleeta, i. I" If. 
 
 „ elongata. Sow., rar. aagnatata. 
 
88 LOWBB OOLITES. 
 
 The Oormbrash of the Eedbourne Hays and Atkinson's Ooyer district is 
 very imperfectly exposed in the northern part of tthe patch j it is separated 
 from the Gander Hill Oombrash by Alluvium. 
 
 The Grander Hill Gornbrash extends from G-ander Hill Farm on the 
 north to within 10 chains of the drain between Eedbonme River Head and 
 Eyeoroft Hill, on the south ; it forms a low escarpment hUl-crest, whence 
 it declines gradually on a dip-slope to the Alluvium on the east. 
 
 The rock is exposed very near G-ander Hill Farm on the south..east lA a 
 drain ; it is also exposed in drains .south of Gander Hill Farm, on its dip 
 slope Y but its best exposures are by the road to Hibaldstow at the bend 
 south of Gander Hill and by Clay Dyke. 
 
 _ As exposed in the ditch by the road to Hibaldstow, the Oornbrash con- 
 sists of 3 feet or so of grey limestone, weathering bufi", and splittuig_ iii 
 thick irregular shaly pieces, frequently coated by concretionary stalagmitio 
 matter. 
 
 The following fossils were obtained by the Survey fossil collector from 
 this ditch :-i- 
 
 Acrosalenia. 
 
 Holectypus depressus, Leshe. 
 Ehynchon§lla obsoleta, Sow. 
 Terebratula intermedia, Sow. 
 Waldheimia obovata, Sow. 
 Ostrea (fragment). ' 
 Myacites decurtata, Phil. 
 Nerinssa. 
 
 In addition to the above, the following were obtaiiied and identified by 
 Mr. Etheridge : — 
 
 Strophodus magnus, Ag. 
 Aviculai echinata. Sow. 
 TJnicardium (P sp.). 
 
 The Oornbrash is shown resting on the Great Oolite Olay in this ditch, 
 and also in Clay Dyke. 
 
 By Clay Dyke the following fossils were obtained from the Oorn- 
 brash : — 
 
 * Avicula echinata. Sow. 
 
 Oeromya concentriba, Sow. 
 Myacites Vezelayi, lyAreh. 
 Fholadomya FhiUipsi, Mor, 
 
 From Grander Hill to Thomholme Prjory, a distance of more than six 
 mile^, the Oornbrash is concealed by the Ancholme Alluvium, and, 
 perhaps, by Sands beyond Wressle Wood. 
 
 In the Brigg boring it appears to be mentioned as Limestone rook, 
 3 feet thick, encountered at 102 feet from the surface. 
 
 Mr. Cross* gives the following list of fossils obtained from the Oorn- 
 brash of the Appleby district : — 
 
 Ammonites macrocephalus,. Sohl. 
 
 „ Herveyi, Sow. 
 
 Ohemnitzia scarburgensis p (cast). 
 
 ,, vittata, Bean. 
 
 I^atica, sp. (cast). 
 Opis, n. sp. 
 
 Nucula variabilis. Sow. 
 Astarfe minima. Sow. ' 
 Trigonia Moretoni, Lyo. &■ Mor. 
 „ flecta, Lye. §f Mar. 
 „ Eolandi, n. sp., Lyo. 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., yoL xzzi.,. p. 125. 
 
OORXBBASH. 89 
 
 Trieouia Bcarliiirgensia, Lye, 
 Modiola imbricata, Bow. 
 ' „ LoiiB^atei, Ijye. Sf Mor. 
 
 „ giftliosa P, 8<m. ' . , 
 
 „ Sowerbyi =.pli(!ata, 8oi»- 
 Groniomya^V-Bcripta, 9'ow, 
 Myacites modiea, JBean. 
 
 „ d^coi'tata (Tar.}, PhU,, 
 
 „ flp. 
 
 ,, einistra, Agasa. 
 
 „ calcpiform'iB, Phil. 
 Lucina bDrtonensiB P, Lye. ■ 
 
 „ Lycetti = crassa, £^010. 
 Isocardia nitida, Phil. 
 
 Cypncardia, ep. 
 
 Corbis rotunda P Walton. 
 
 Corbicella bathonica P Lye. §■ Mor. 
 
 Area (rare). 
 
 Gresslya. 
 
 Fholadomya Murchisonaa, Bow. 
 
 ,, acnticosta, Bow. 
 
 Cardium Stricldandi, Lye. ^ Mor. 
 
 „ Bemicostatam, PhU. 
 „ cognatum P Phil. 
 Lima rigidala, PhU. 
 „ dnplicata, Bow. 
 • Pecten lens, iS'ow. 
 
 „ rigiduB, Bow. 
 
 „ articalatus, Bohl. 
 
 „ inasquicoBtatuB, Phil, 
 
 „ hemicoBtatUB, Phil. 
 
 „ BubflbroBUB, 13' Orb. 
 Pern a obliqna, Walton. 
 Gervillia acuta. Bow. 
 
 -,, aya,\»,8ow, 
 Avicula echinata. Bow. 
 Terebratula lagenalia, Behl. 
 Waldbeimia obovata, Bow. 
 Bhyncbonella concinna, Bow. (dwarf). 
 Serpula. 
 BchiuuB. 
 
 All the BectionB exposing Cornbrasb near Appleby Station Bhow the 
 underlying Clay. Ammonitee macrocephahts was obtained at rather more 
 than a quarter of a mile from Appleby Station, by the road to Low 
 Santon Farm, from the base of the Combrash, exposed on Great Oolite 
 Clay in a pit. 
 
 The following notes on the Combrash of the Appleby district 
 are by Mr. Strangways :— 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Appleby the Combrash is well exposed 
 at several places. It consists of a thin rnbbly limestone, very 
 fossiliferous, breaking up into small flattish pieces, which are 
 usually covered with a calcareous deposit. 
 
 The best sections of these beds are at Appleby Station and in' a pit 
 close by and also in an excavation on the road to Santon, at which latter 
 place Ammonites macrocephalat was found : there is also a good section at 
 Thomholme Priory, where the Combrash has been removed to get at the 
 Clays below, at this place the commonest species are Trigonia striata, Sow. 
 T. Moretoni, L. & M. ; Modiola imbrieata, Sow. ; M. gibhosa?, Sow. ; Avieula 
 echinata. Sow. ; Amculabraambrmeniis., Sow. 
 
 o 58912. n 
 
90 LOWER OOLIItiS. 
 
 With the exception of the ontUer at Appleby Station, the oatcrop of the 
 Combitish follows the line of Sir Bowland winn's Drain, being seen at 
 three places, namely, jnst north of the railw^ ; about a mile and a 
 quarter north of this point; and agitin at Mickle Holme and Scotney 
 Hill, north of which it passes beneath the Allnvinm of the Ancholme 
 valley, and is not again seen in the county, nor, in fact, until we come to 
 the north side of the Yorkshire basin, a distance of a$bout 46 miles. 
 
 The Combrash also probably outcroips near tho farm at Winterton 
 Holme, but was not seen there, the hill being entirely masked by Drift. 
 
 The Yorksliire CombraBh may be of equivalent age, although 
 it is not a settled point whether it is exactly contemporaneous 
 with that of this county. ' 
 
 C. F. S, 
 
JUNCTION BETWEEN, f^OWXR AND MIDDLE OOLITES. 91 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE LOWER AND 
 MIDDLE OOLITES. 
 
 The relation of the Oornbrash to the Middle Oolites above is 
 very uncertaia in Sheet 86. 
 
 From the Humber southward to Gander Hill, a distance of 
 12 miles, there is only one place where we could expect to obtain 
 evidence of the nature of the junction, . namely, on Winterton 
 Holme, and here it is as effectually masked by Drift as it is by the 
 Ancholme Alluvium on the n,prth and south. 
 
 In the Brigg boring a bed of sandstone, 2 feet thick, was encoun- 
 tered at 82 feet from the surface ; this certainly represents the 
 Kellaways Rock: imder it we have 18 feet of "Blue Shale," upon 
 3 feet of " Limestone rock," which we unhesitatingly regard as 
 Oornbrash. 
 
 The meagre evidence we have, from Gander Hill southward, of 
 this clay, or shale, between the Combrash and the Kellaways 
 Rock may \>e gleaned from the following notes : — 
 
 Kellaways sand and rock is exposed at Gander Hill, so close to Combrash 
 m situ, that there is no room for an intervening clay band of more than 
 two feet in thickness! and, at the same time, there is nothing to justify the 
 insertion of a fault to account for the absence of the " Blue Shale" of the 
 Brigg boring. 
 
 Between Gander Hill and Bedboume Hays the junction beds between 
 Combrash and Kellaways are concealed by AUuvium. 
 
 From Eedbourne Hays southward the Kellaways makes a marked 
 escarpment, the steep slope of which is in Atkinson's Cover. At the foot 
 of the escarpment the Combrash is concealed by a clay, apparently of 
 glacial origin, and the steep slope from top to base consists of sand, which 
 is no doubt to a great extent rain- wash from the Kellaways Sands or Drift 
 Sands overlying them. 
 
 This escarpment-slope above the Combrash, both here and fromWootham 
 Hill and Nabs Hills southward, would represent a greater thickness of 
 Kellaways beds than the 2 feet in the Brigg neighbourhood renders likely, 
 even supposing a very rapid development southward ; it seems therefore 
 probable that the Kellaways is based by clay which is conceded by a 
 thick mask of sand debris on the face of the escarpment. 
 
 By the road south of the letter 5 in the words Nabs Hills on the Map, 
 bluish dioey Clay is shown, its presence at the foot of the escarpment being 
 further proved by ponds : this Clay, if not of glacial or alluvial origin, 
 would be the stratum intervening DOtween the Combrash and Kellawavs 
 Beds. ' 
 
 South of the road from Waddingham to Black Dyke, at about there< 
 quarters of a mile from Waddingham, a pit at the foot of the Kellawava 
 escarpment afforded indications of dark grey Clay ; the pit was grass-grown 
 its sides exposed sand, probably a wash from above, but if in situ 
 as Combrash is visible in the adjacent stream on the west, the Clay can 
 scarcely exceed 4 feet iu thickness, and might not be more than 2 feet. 
 
 The above notes furnish 'all the materials at our disposal for 
 ascertaining the nature pf the junction beds between the Lower 
 and Middle Oolites in this district. It only remains, tlierefore, to 
 
 ' a 2 
 
92 JUNCTION BETWEEN LOWER AND MIDDLE OOLITES. 
 
 refer to the districts on the north (Yorkshire) and on the south 
 (Rutliind) already described in the Memoirs of the Geological 
 Survey, and to follow the classification best suited to the meagre 
 array of evidence afforded in the area under description. 
 
 Mr, Strangways* describes the Gornbrash of Scarborpiigh as 
 " a grey rubbly ironshot limestone, partially oolitic and very 
 fossiliferous," " not more than a few feet in thickness," overlain 
 l»y " about 6 feet of finely laminated bluish-grey shale, containing 
 Avicula echinata, &c. t; "the so-called" clays of the Oombrash 
 " which pass gradually up into the yellow argillaceous base of the 
 Kellaways Eock." 
 
 Although in the Midland Counties we seek in vain for the 
 counterpart o£ the Avicula Shales or Cornbrash Clay, and find 
 the Kellaways Rock often so degenerate as not to be separable fi-om 
 the Oxford Clay, yet there is ahomotaxeous stratum characterised 
 by abundaiice of Ostrea Marshii, as mentioned by Prof. Judd.J 
 
 In the section at Dogsthorpe, given by Judd, the Oornbrash is 
 sejiarated from sandy clay and sandy rock, by an overlying 
 stratum, 7 feet thick, consisting of "hard blue * dicey' clajr 
 with JNucula nuda, Phil., Gorbula, sp., Ammjonites Herveyi, 
 Sow., &c." The lowest bed of this clay is crowded with Rhyncho- 
 nella, and other fossils. 
 
 The Humber valley Alluvium, the glacial deposits of South 
 Yorkshire, and the overlap of the Cretaceous "Rocks in that area, 
 entirely prevent any proof being obtaina;ble of the continuity of the 
 clay above the Cornbrash in Sheet 86, south of the Humber, with 
 the Avicula Shales of the Scarborough district ; and, although cer- 
 tainly homotaxeous, no fossils have been obtained in it, in Sheet 86, 
 to warrant our including it in the Lower Oolites as Cornbrash Clay, 
 as has been done in Yorkshire. On the other hand, although the 
 evidence of a persistent clay stratum at the base of the Kellaways 
 is hardly more conclusive in Sheet 83 (the adjacent Sheet on the 
 south), and fossils have not been obtained, yet the continuity of 
 the Kellaways Beds and Cornbrash with these formations in the 
 Midland Counties is certain; so that the clayey base of the 
 Kellaways, whether persistent or fitful in its occurrence, should 
 be classified in the area under description with the Middle Oolites, 
 as lias been done in the Midland Counties. This view is strength-; 
 ened by the fact that the Kellaways Rock does not constitute the 
 base of the Oxford Clay in the Midland and more southerly dis- 
 tricts. Where separated from the Kellaways, in Sheets 83 and 86, 
 this clay stratum has therefore been included in the Middle 
 Oolites and coloured as Oxford Clay on the Maps. Where, how- 
 ever, it has not been separated, as in the south part of Sheet 83, 
 in Sheet ,70, and further south, its absence is by no means to be 
 inferred. 
 
 * Mem. Geol. Survey ; Geology of Scarborough, p. 10. 
 t See W. H. Hudleston, Proc. Geologists' Assoc, vol. iv., p. 362. 
 "J Mem. Geol. Survey ; Geology of Rutland, pp. 219 and 226. 
 
EELLAWATS BOCK Am) SANDS. 93 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 MIDDLE OOLITES. 
 
 The Middle Oolites in Sheet 86 consist of clay, sandstone and 
 sand. The former is the Oxford Clay, a stratum of dark bluish- 
 grey clay, probably about 300 feet in thickness, resting upon a 
 thin stratum of sandstone near Brigg, which develops further 
 south into a series of sands irregularly consolidated into rock, 
 and may attain to a thickness of 20 feet : these are the Kellaways 
 Beds, as has been shown ; they are, at any rate locally, separated 
 from the Lower Oolites by a thin intervening bed of Oxford Clay 
 or shale, described in the preceding Chapter. 
 
 Through the absence of the stone beds of Corallian age there is 
 no lithological boundary between the Middle and Upper Oolites, 
 the latter being represented by Kimeridge Clay indistinguishable 
 from the underlying Oxford Clay, and only separable from it by 
 the discovery of fossils in the Bailway cuttings near Elsham and 
 in pits in the district east of the Ancholme, south of Brigg. 
 
 KELLAWAYS ROCK AND SANDS. 
 
 The Kellaways Beds consist of an irregular association of 
 yellowish and buflF sands with brownish and buff sandstone, either 
 variety locally predominating ; as the sandstone is crowded with 
 Gryphaa bilobata and Belemnites, whilst the sand is sparingly 
 fossiliferous, the effect of infiltration where sheUy matter pre- 
 vailed amply explains the irregular consolidation of the sand. 
 
 From Redbourne Hays southward the Kellaways Rock forms 
 a marked escarpment feature broken on the north ofWootham 
 Hill and by the Waddingham valley (west of Brandy wharf), and 
 although largely concealed by glacial Sands, more especially at its 
 outcrop, the nature of the rock is well shown in ditch sections. 
 
 South of Brigg, Kellaways Rock is visible near Gorbet Bridge, 
 in imperfect ditch exposures. On crossing the Alluvium from 
 Sand Hill to Gander Hill, a sand pit in close proximity to an 
 exposure of Cornbrash shows the very impersistent character of 
 the Kellaways as a hard rock, a similar instance being furnished 
 by a sand pit in Redbourne Hays Farmyard. 
 
 In the boring made by Mr. Joseph Parker in 1864-5, on the 
 south side of Bridge Street, Brigg, at 70 yards west of the river 
 Anchulme, the Kellaways Rock seems to be represented by a bed 
 of sandstone, 2 feet in thickness, encountered under clay, at 82 
 feet from the surface. It is therefore difficult to account for 
 the exposure of the upper beds of the Lincolnshire Limestone at 
 Sitversides, at half a mile to the west, without invoking a fault or 
 a high dip. 
 
94 MXt)DLE OOLITES." > ' ■ •• 
 
 The Kellaways Rock, if persistent, is eflTectually concealed by 
 the Alluvium of the Ancholme and the Glacial Deposits bordering 
 it between the Barnetby and Doncaster Railway and Brigg. 
 
 From the Barnetby and Doncaster Railway to the Humber the 
 Kellaways horizon is buried beneath the Alluvium of the Ancholme 
 except on Winterton Holme Hill^ where it is concealed by Drift. 
 
 North of the Humber, although concealed by superficial deposits 
 Bouth of Brantingham, the Kellaways Beds come to the surface in 
 the north part of Sheet 86, near South Cave. 
 
 The Kellaways escarpment bounds the gravel flat south of Old Mill on 
 the east, and falls gently eastward merging into the Ancholme Alluvium ; 
 its continuity is broken by the connexion of the Waddingham gravel flats 
 with the Ancholme Alluvium. 
 
 By the Black Dyke road, at a mile and .a quarter from the Ancholme 
 Canal, Kellaways Book was exposed in a ditch to a depth of about 5 feet. 
 At about half way between this exposure and the southern margin of 
 Sheet 86 a roadside section displays sand and rubbly sandstone to a depth 
 of 2 feet ; the sandstone contains numerous Belemnites and GrypJuea 
 lilobata in abundance, besides which Gryphcea with the markings of 
 Ceromya (P) were obtained from it. 
 
 Kellaways Kock is also evidenced by Black Dyke road, at about a mile 
 from the Ancholme. Oxford Clay is at the surface in Black Dyke, at the 
 letter B of these words on the Map. 
 
 From Wootham Hill southward to the Waddingham valley the Kella- 
 ways makes a very distinct feature, but it is impossible to be certain of 
 the extent of surface occupied by the Eock and Sand ; for, as we have said, 
 the consolidation of the sands into hard rock is most irregular, having 
 nothing to do with stratigrapMcal position, and glacial or siibaerial agencies 
 at work uj)on its unconsolidated surface would no doubt produce deposits 
 nearly indistinguishable from its natural soil. This is the case south, of 
 Wootham Hill, where, although there are several exposures of undoubted 
 Kellaways Rack and Sand, the principal, and more especially the western, 
 parts of the feature are covered by Sand in which occasional pieces of 
 flint Occur, but nothing like Kellaways Book is found, although the Sand 
 is indistinguishable from Kellaways Sand. This Sand masks the outcrop 
 slope of Kellaways Eock, and in the southern part of the patch also entirely 
 conceals the Cornbrash. At the letters 6s in the words Na6s Hills on the 
 Map Sand is exposed ; it may be either Kellaways Sand partly slipped, 
 Kellaways Sand blown, or a glacial Sand derived from the same source. 
 On the north side of Waddingham Holme Farm bufiF and white sand is 
 exposed in a ditch j respecting this the same uncertainty prevEkils, 
 
 In a drain on the border of the Alluvium, at about half way between 
 Green Dyke and Black Dyke, south of an exposure of Oxford Clay, 
 Kellaways Bock is visible. 
 
 Kellaways Bods is exposed in a ditch by a lane at some cottages about 
 30 chains south of Waddingham Holme. 
 
 Kellaways Bock is exposed in drains at a quarter of a mile north of 
 Waddingham Holme. 
 
 At the drain junction south-east of WoothamHill the Bock is exposed 
 to a depth of from 3 to 5 feet. Gryphcea dilatata and Sehmnites were 
 obtained in it. At the northern termination of this patch, north and north- 
 east of Wootham Hill, Kellaways Bock is visible. 
 
 The Bedbourne Hays patch is separated from that of Wootham Hill by 
 Alluvium ; its southern margin presents the same difficulties as the patch 
 south from Wootham Hill. 
 
 From the Alluvium northward to within a quarter of a mile of Bedbourne 
 Hays there is evidence of drift Sand with a patch of gravel, extending 
 over the outcrop slope, and for some distance eastward down the dip slope, 
 Of the Kellaways Bock. 
 
 The general composition of the Kellaways is well exemplified by one of 
 the drains in which it is exposed, between the words Atkinson's Cover and 
 
EELLAWATS BOCK AND SANDS, 95 
 
 Hays Wood, on the Map, here it consists of tongh greyish brown sand- 
 tones, broken up in irregnlor pieces, and containing nnmerous specimens 
 of CIryphcea lilohaia axLO. Selemnites i the rock gives place abruptly and 
 irregulafrly to whitish and buff sand and sand-rock containing a few 
 
 The irregnlar association of sand and sandstone is also well shown in a 
 drain along the alluTial boundary south of Hays Wood, and in cross drains 
 from it, at about 25 and 30 chains from Hays Wood. 
 
 Near Bedbonrne Hays, the Kellaways Bock is exposed in a ditch under 
 an irregular capping of clay which maybe Oxford Clay but has been 
 considered as glacial ; as also in a drain at about 12 chains south of 
 Bedboume Hays, and in a drain on the south side of Hays Wood. 
 
 In Bedboume Hays farmyard the Kellaways is exposed in a pit showing 
 two small masses of sandstone with Oryphcea bildbata, in, and on, whitish 
 and buff sand. The fragmentary sandstone is near the surface. 
 
 In a ditch on the south side of the broad drain, between Bedboume 
 Biver Head and the Ancholme Canal, at about 30 chains from the latter, 
 Kellaways Bock, irregularly associated with sand, is exposed. 
 
 From the broad drain at Byecroft Hill the ground rises northward, 
 forming a hill neaxly half a mile in length ; the soil consists of sand with 
 pieces of flint. Clay Dyke intersects the hill, and whitish sand is exposed 
 in it. It is quite possible that, in this instance, and also in the case of the 
 sand hill from Newstead Priory to Sand Hill Parm, about a mile, and a 
 quarter further north, the Kellaways may be represented altogether by 
 Sand, the flints being relics of Boulder Clay, or glacial gravel ; but, there 
 being no certain proof of this, the features in question have been treated 
 as glacial Sand. 
 
 At G-ander Hill, just south of the letter G on the Map, a small patch of 
 Sand forms a mound, or knoll, on the border of the Alluvium. A pit in 
 its summit exposes whitish, bulf, yellowish, and brownish fine sand to a 
 depth of from 1 to 3 feet. A fragment or piece of a bed of tough sandstone 
 containing numerous BelerrmUes, 6 inches in thickness, is noticeable on the 
 sand, under from 3 inches to a foot of brown sandy soil. Within 2 feet 
 from the surface a few pieces of flint were obtained, they may have been 
 washed in from the surface (i.e., gradually subsided to their present 
 positions). A Quartz pebble (apparently m situ) was also found in the 
 sand. In the same field, at a few yards from the pit, a ditch 8 chains in 
 length shows Boulder Clay for 3| chains from the comer nearest to Grander 
 Hill ; the clay appears to be associated.with sand. The rest of the ditch 
 exposes Cornbrash much broken up near its junction with the Boulder 
 Clay. 
 
 It is possible that the Sand in the pit mentioned above may be glacial, but 
 we have on subsequent investigation regarded it as Kellaways, probably to 
 a certain extent mixed with drift soil, and, either separated from the 
 adjacent Cornbrash by a fault, or almost directly superimposed on it. 
 ' By the road from Oadney to Newstead Priory, at about 5 chaius west of 
 Black Bank, Kellaways Bock is visible in the drain. 
 
 Kellaways Bock is shown in a drain at about 12 chains east of Newstead 
 Priory ; between this and the foregoing observation, buff and reddish sand, 
 probably Kellaways, is exposed in a ditch. 
 
 In Faraway Drain south of Gorbet Bridge, Kellaways Bock has been 
 observed under the Oxford Clay. 
 
 In a ditch by the road to Newstead Priory, near Corbet Bridge, from 
 2 to 3 feet of buff and yellowish, ferruginous sandstone and sand, the former 
 containing Gryphoea bilobata and Behrtmiies, is exposed, apparently, on, 
 and under, Clay. 
 
 Near the above, on the west of Corbet- Bridge, the Kellaways Bock 
 makes a small mound feature, traversed by a shallow ditch in which its 
 sand and sandstone is exposed. 
 
 By Faraway Drain, north of G-orbet Bridge, blue shales (Oxford Clay) 
 have been out through, Kellaways Bock apparently forming the bottom, 
 and ill, some places the lower part of the sides of the drain. At a mile 
 and a quarter south of Brigg, slightly ferruginous Kellaways sandstone 
 
96 , MIDI>LE OOLITES. . 
 
 is shown by ther drain; GryphcBa-lilahata,, Sow, and Behmnitea Owemi, 
 Pratt, were obtained from it. 
 
 At about 16 chains south of Eettleby Dyke in the sides of a drain^ 
 between Faraway Drain and the Anoholme Canal, there appears to be an 
 undulating bed of Kellaways Bock. Fragments of mbbly ^and8tone, 
 containing GryphcBa hilobata and Belmmites, were turned out of the drain. 
 
 Kellaways Bock is visible in the bottom of a ditch on the south side of 
 Kettleby Dyke, near the letter K of the word Eettleby on the Map i 
 Avicula- hraam}mriensis, Phil, was obtained from it. At about 9 chains 
 south of this the Bock is exposed in Faraway Drain. ^ 
 
 Mr. Strangways continues the description in the north of the 
 district as follows : — 
 
 Fronl this point northwards to the Humber the Kellaways Bock is not 
 exposed, being everywhere concealed by the Alluvium of the Aneholme;' 
 except at Winterton Holme, which projects far enough to the east to cross 
 its outcrop ; the beds here, however, are covered by Boulder Clay, so that 
 no evidence of the Bock was obtained, and the outcrop shown ou the Map 
 is therefore hypothetical. 
 
 North of the Humber the Kellaways Bock appears again on the flanks 
 of the hill, south-west of Elloughton,* but it is here also so often covered 
 by superficial sands that it is difficult to distinguish one from the other ; 
 farther north, however, it rises above these superficial deposits and forms 
 a good feature in the neigbourhood of South Cave, where it has been dug' 
 for sand and is sufficiently consolidated to be excavated into small cave- 
 like recesses. 
 
 The Kellaways Bock was also met with in a trial shaft at Brantingham 
 and in the cutting of the Hull and Bamsley Bailway just beyond the limit, 
 of the Map, where there was a fine section.f 
 
 OXFORD CLAF. 
 
 From Elsbam Station southward, on the hill sides bounding the 
 alluvial deposits of the Ancholme valley on the east, Oxford Clay* 
 frequently comes to the surface. 
 
 The junction between the Clay and Kellaways Rock is only 
 visible in two or three places, on the west side of the Ancholme 
 ^alfey, south of Brigg, and the Oxford Clay is only exposed in, 
 two or three places, viz., between Waddingham Holme and Bkck 
 Dyke ; by Black Dyke ; and on the east of Redbourue Hays. 
 
 From the Humber southward to Elsham Station the Oxford 
 Clay is concealed by the Alluvium of the Ancholme Level, except 
 -on Winterton Holme Hill, where it is for the most part obscured 
 by glacial deposits. 
 
 North of the Humber the Oxford Clay occupies a small tract 
 near South Cave ; south of Brantingham it is concealed by super- 
 ficial deposits. 
 
 By Black Dyke the lower pan of the Oxford Clay, consisting of bluish* 
 grey and bufi" shnly clay, is exposed, at the letter B of the word flack on 
 the Map j Posidonomya and Leda PhilVvpBii, Mor., were obtained in it. 
 
 The Oxford Clay seems to be near the surface, not far from the southern 
 margin of Sheet 86, on the south of Owersby Drain, at about half a mile 
 from GruUham. 
 
 " Kellaways rock (6 feet) \tas perhaps encountered in tlie well south of Ellooghton 
 ^see p. 164). 
 
 f Mem. Geol, Survey, The Geology of the country between York & Hull, p. 28. 
 
OXFORD CLAT. - 97 
 
 On the western margin of the Ancholme AUuviuiu, east of Bedbonme 
 Hays, blnish-grejf clay with bits of flint forms the snrface ; it is either a 
 Boulder Clay or "the base of the Oxford Clay with relics of Drift. In 
 either case it seems probable that the junction of the Eellaways Bock and 
 Oxford Clay is not far from Bedbonme Hays. At about 92 chains from 
 Waddingham Church, in a direction E. 30* N., Oxford Clay is shown in a 
 drain close to the AUuArium, and iu another place Kellaways Bock is 
 visible in the bottom of the drain. 
 
 At Hobne Hill Oxford day appears at the surface ; it is surrounded by 
 Drift of irregular thickness. 
 
 Oxford Clay forms the slopes between Oaistor Canal and Thornton Lodge, 
 except at 'Winghkll, where it is partially concealed by Drift, and between 
 Winghall and South Wood, where it is frequently masked by sandy soils ; 
 north-west of Gullhan the, Clay is concealed by low-lying Drifts. 
 
 In the drain between Caistoi: Canal and Winghall Ferry, Oxford Clay 
 is exposed at one place, about 7 furlongs west of South Eelsey Church ; 
 Qryphcea dilatata was obtained in it, also a cast of the middle portion of an 
 Ammonite (? hvplex). 
 
 ,, On the north side of Winghall farmyard dark grey clay, containing 
 dryghma dilatata, forms the sides of a pond. 
 
 Between Ings. House . and Oaistor Canal, in a drain at Decoy House, 
 dark grey shaly Oxford Clay w'as exposed for a chain. 
 
 Blue shaly clay is said to have been got out below the farm buildings at 
 nearly a mile and three-quarters from North Kelsey Church in a direction 
 W.16°8. 
 
 Blue clay is exposed in the Brickyard by the side of the Canal, about 
 half a mile north of South Kelsey Church. The fossils obtained from i6 
 will be found in the next chapter, and the section is given by Mr. 'Jukes- 
 Browne in the chapter on the Upper Oolites. The lower part of the pit 
 appears to be in Oxford Clay. 
 
 From the Alluvium of North Kelsey Beck to Oaistor Canal the' slopes 
 are formed of Oxford Clay, partially concealed by Sand at Ings House and 
 north-west and south of it. In this tract (not extending as far east as 
 North Kelsey) the following observations were made :— 
 
 At the head of the valley between Gadney and Kelsey New Mill, a pit 
 shows dark grey shales under 5 feet of Drift. 
 
 At about a mile and a quarter W. 8° S. from North Kelsey Church, dark 
 grey Clay was noticed in the ditch by the roadside in close juxtaposition, 
 to Drift sand. Serpula tetragona. Sow., a minute Gasteropod and C^^culloBa, 
 were obtained in the Clay, 
 
 Between the boundary of the Cadney Gravel and the Alluvium west of 
 it no certain evidence of Oxford Clay at the surface was procurable, but 
 it foi-ms the slopes below the Gravel and Boulder Clay, south of Cadney 
 Church, and south-east from the termination of the Cadney Gravel toward 
 Poolthorn, and also on the north of the Boulder Clay between Cadney and. 
 Howsham. 
 
 Dark grey Oxford Clay, with a nodular stone band, is visible beneath 
 BUperflcial deposits in a drain between Froghall, Low Barf, and Kettleby 
 Dyke. 
 
 South of Brigg Oxford Clay is imperfectly exposed in Faraway Drain 
 between Kettleby Dyke and Black Bank. 
 
 The upper part of the Oxford Clay is exposed in the Bailway cutting 
 between 'VVrawby and Barnetby, and it is also well shown in the cutting 
 between Brigg and Barnetby. ' 
 
 Between Elsham Station aud Kettleby Dyke, owing to the irregular 
 encroachments of the superficial deposits and to its being capped by Grravel 
 and Boulder Clay on the hill, the Oxford Clay ocjcnrs in a vei-y irregular 
 way at the surface ; it separates the older from the newer superficial 
 deposits of the Wrawby district, but in the vicinity of Brigg the newer 
 deposits overlap and conceal it. 
 
 The M. S. and L. Bailway cutting between Brigg and Kettleby Lodge 
 (toward Barnetby) is more than a quarter of a mile in length, and about 
 80 feet in the highest part. It is for the most part capped by a thin 
 
98 MIDBLS OOLftfiB. 
 
 acsiunalation of Boulder Olay. Owing to slips and rainwaah this catting 
 does not present so clear a face as that north of Wrawby ; it is composed of 
 dark grey Ojcford Olay, weathering a lighter grey, and containing 
 thyjpMBa dilatata (often of large siae) associated with fragments of mad- 
 stone, or compact argillaceons limestone j Ostrea gregaria. Sow. Ammomte* 
 athletus, Phil., were also found. The following fossils were obtained by 
 the fossil collector from this catting :— 
 
 Gryphsea dilatata, 8 (no., 0. 
 
 Inoceramns (cast). 
 
 Modiola bipartita, Phil. 
 
 i^ncnla omata, Qtisnst. (cast). 0, 
 
 Thracia depressa. Sow., K. 
 
 Trigoliia (rast). 
 
 Ammonites biplex, 8<yai. 
 
 In tJie above list O denotes foseils of OstfordAan cmd K of Kimeridgi<m type. 
 
 It is possible that the uppermost beds exposed in the cutting may be 
 Eimeridge, but there is no positive evidence of it. 
 
 Oxford Clay was exposed in drains, crossing the hill on the south side of 
 this cutting. 
 
 The cuttings north of Wrawby commence at about 30 chains from Elsham 
 Station. 
 
 In the first and smallest cutting, 15 feet in the highest part, Kimeridge 
 Olay with characteristic fossils is exposed ; but, as the distinction between 
 the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays is a purely paleeontological one, it is 
 possible that the lowest part of the cutting may represent the top of the 
 former. 
 
 ' The next and largest cutting, spanned by the Bridge of the Brigg and 
 Elsham road, is about 30 feet in the highest part, on the west side of the 
 Bridge. It exposes dark bluish-grey clay and shale, containing large 
 glassy crystals of selenite, iron pyrites, alidlaij"ge oviform septaria, binding 
 ferruginous mudstone (olay stone). Two impersistent argillaceous lime- 
 stone bands, containing Ammonites, occur in the clay on the west side of 
 the Bridge. The upper part of this cutting is proved by fossUs to be 
 Kimeridge Olay. The fossils obtained in it are given in the next chapter. 
 
 In Oatchwater Drain blue clay is exposed ; it appears to be Oxford 
 Clay. The following fossils were obtained from it at about half a mile south- 
 west from Elsham Station. 
 
 Serpula tricarinata. Sow. 
 Grypbsea dilatata. Sow. 
 Ammonites plicatilis. Sow. 
 „ rotundas. Bow. 
 
 The boundary between the Oxford and Kimeridge Clays is concealed 
 by Sand north of Elsham Station for about three-quarters of a mile ; it 
 then appears to pass beneath the Alluvium of the Anoholme. 
 
 The most northerly exposure south of the Humber is at the east end of 
 Winterton Holme Hill, west of Scabcroft, where the lower part of the 
 Oxford clay, blue clay with limestone concretions, is shown. 
 
 The following fossils were obtained from the exposure : — 
 
 Serpula tetragona, Sow. 
 Avicula iuEequivalvis, Sow. 
 Gryphssa dilatata. Sow. 
 
 The above is the only exposure of Oxford Clay between Elsham Station 
 and the Humber. North of the Humber the OxJford Clay is uncovered by 
 superficial deposits near South Cave, whence it extends to the northern 
 margin of Sheet 86. 
 
MIDDIiB AND T7PFEB OOLITES. 99 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF THE MIDDLE AND 
 UPPER OOLITJES.* 
 
 In Sheet 86 there is no lithological distinction between the 
 Middle and Upper Oolites. 
 
 The Middle Oolites consist of the sandstone and sands of the 
 Kellaways Rock overlain by the blue Glays of the Oxfordian, 
 containing Gryphaa dilatata in abundance. As we ascend in the 
 series we find Grypheea dilatata giving place to Ostrea deltoidea, 
 and have as yet failed to discover it either in association with or 
 Above the horizon of that fossiL Otherwise the Glays are perfectly 
 homogeneous, there being large nodules of. argillaceous limestone 
 in them, occurring in bands, to which we are unfortunately unable 
 to attach much significance, owing to the very partial exposures of 
 the Oxford and J£imeridge Clays. 
 
 . The Railway cutting north of AVrawby appears to be the only 
 exposure furnishing a palseontological boundary between the Clays 
 of the Middle and Upper Oolites. The cutting is three-quarters 
 of a mile north-east of Wra\Cby. 
 
 The following fossils were obtained by the fossil collector from 
 ironstone septaria in the Clays : — 
 
 Serpuk tetragona, Sow. 
 
 Glyphaea. 
 
 Area (long sp.). 
 
 Astarte carinata, Phil. 
 
 Avicula inaequivalvis, Scn». 
 
 Cardium striatnlum. Sow, 
 
 Corbula. 
 
 Cyprina? 
 
 Exogyra (Gtyphsea) virgula, Def. 
 
 Gryphsea dilatata, Sow, 
 
 Nucula, n. sp. 
 
 „ ornata. Querist. 
 Ostrea deltoidea, Sow. 
 Thracia depressa. Sow, 
 Trigonia. 
 
 Oerithium costigerum, Piette, 
 Ammonites Bakerise, Sow. 
 „ rotundus. Sow, 
 
 To the above we may add Ammonites athletus, Phil., and A. 
 biplex, ? Sow., previously obtained by Mr. Etheridge from this 
 cutting. 
 
 * Since this chapter was in type Mr. T. Koberts' paper on " The Upper Jurassic 
 Glays of Lincohishire " has appeared (^Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xIt., p. 545. 
 1389). The author g^Tes reasons for belieying that the GoraUian Beds are here 
 represented by clays. 
 
100 MIDDLE AND' UFPEB OOLITES. 
 
 Ostrea deltoidea and Exogyra virgvla were found in the upper 
 part of the cutting, which would certainly show that Kimeridge 
 clay constitutes that part of it. Ammonites rotundus, although 
 elsewhere characteristic . of the Kimeridgie Clay, is found at a 
 much lower- horizon in association with Gryphaa dilatata in 
 Catchwater Drain, so it cannot be regarded, as a characteristic 
 Ammonite in this area. , 
 
 Qryphaa dilatata, Ammonites Bakeria, and A. athletus, Astarte 
 carinata and Nwcula omata seem to be evidences of Oxford rather 
 than of Kimeridge Clay. From this it would appear that the^ 
 lower part of the cutting is Oxford Clay. 
 
 The occurrence of. Exogyra virgula calls for further remarkf- 
 because on the continent it is supposed to be characteristic of, 
 and confined to, the Upper Kimeridge, but Prof. Blake finds it to 
 be distributed throughout the Kimeridge Clay in the south of 
 England, and to be more especially abundant about the zone of 
 passage from Lower to Upper Kimeridge. As this fossil has never 
 before been found in Lincolnshire, it raises the following diflSculty : 
 if we regard it as marking the upper part of the Lower Kimer- 
 idge, then either that division has become very much attenuated 
 or else we must consider the whole cutting Kimeridge Clay, ignor- 
 ing any significance that may be attached to the several fossils 
 with Oxford Clay affinities obtained from it, and by so doing 
 deprive ourselves of the only section in which any appearance of 
 a junction is obtainable. 
 
 On the other hand, we may get rid of the difficulty occasioned 
 by the discovery of this single specimen, on the ground that its 
 range is not so restricted as has been supposed,, and admit that 
 its presence here is proof of the. continued downward extension 
 of itf) range as we proceed northward through England. 
 
 Of these opinions the latter appears the most reasonable ; 
 we therefore regard the fossil as occurring in the basement beds of 
 the Kimeridge Clav, the lower part of the cutting being Oxford 
 Clay. 
 
 Although Ammonites rOtundus, a Kimeridge Clay form, has 
 been found in association with Gryphaa dilatata considerably 
 below the horizon of the Kimeridge Clay section ; to take it as 
 evidence, we should have; almost to cut out the Oxford Clay, 
 north of Brigg, and permit its sudden thickening southward. 
 
 In this area as we find Gryphaa dilatata always lower in 
 position than Ostrea deltoidea, if , we attach no significance to its 
 occurrence we can. have no indication of a palseontological 
 boundary between the Clays. If, however, a line be drawn on the 
 Map by the discovery of Gryphaa dilatata, however indefinite 
 such a line may be, it seems roughly to conform to a stratigraphical 
 horizon, and being prolonged to the southern margin of Sheet 86 
 enters Sheet 83 within the region indicated by Mr. Jukes-Browne 
 in the Explanation of that Sheet as the zone of passage between 
 the two Clays, 
 
 • Palaaontologically, then, we may take Ostraa deltoidea m' 
 characteristic of Kimeridge, and Gryphaa dilatata as coofined. 
 
MIDDLE AND UPPER OOLITES. 101 
 
 practically to the Oxford Clay in this area. The line that the 
 discovery of these forms (in Sheet 86, south of the Humber) enables 
 us to draw is necessarily an exceedingly vague one, but it is based 
 on the most rehable evidence we can obtain. 
 
 The base of the Kimeridge Clay jriay be said to run through 
 Elsham Station in the direction of Wrawby Mill, and thence by 
 Howsham and North Kelsey, near South Kelsey, passing into 
 Sheet 83 on the south of Thornton-le-Moor. 
 
 The only pit touch'ing this houndary line is in a Brickyard by 
 the side of the Canal' at about half a mile north oF South Kelsey 
 Church. The following fossils were obtained bjr the fossil oolleetor 
 from the blue clays exposed in this pit :^ 
 
 Serpula. 
 
 Rhynchonella, near to R. oolitica, Dav. 
 Gryphasa Hilatata, Sow. 
 Pholadomya sequalis, Sow. 
 Alalia trifida, Phil. 
 Ammonites plicatilis, Sow, 
 „ rotundus. Sow. 
 
 To the above we may add fossils obtained fto'm the pit by Mr. 
 Jukes-Browne, which are given by him with a section of tho 
 exposure in the succeeding chapter (on Kimeridge Clay). 
 
 Oeromya. 
 
 Gry)Aaea, like dilatata, Sowi 
 
 Ostrea, like deltoidea, Sow. (fragments). 
 
 Thracia depressa, Sow, 
 
 From the above lists it would appear that the junction between 
 the Middle and Upper Oolites is, or was, exposed in this pit ; for, 
 dismissing A. rotundus, which we haye found to range downward 
 into the Oxford Clay, the first list shows Oxford Clay affinities, 
 whilst some of the specimens mentioned by Mr. Jukes-Browne 
 seem to indicate Kimeridge Clay. 
 
lOS UPPEB OOLITXiS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 UPPER OOLITES. 
 
 KIMERIDGE CLAY. 
 
 Stratigraphically, as we have shown, it is impossible to fix on 
 a line of junction that could be traced on the ground in the 
 great Clay series wUch OTerlies the Kellawajs Bock and passes 
 under the Cretaceous rocks of the Wolds. 
 
 Palaeontologically, as we have seen, th6re is a disdnotion between 
 the upper and lower parts of the Claj, but the sections, with the 
 exceptions of the three Railway cuttings near Wrawby, afford a 
 very poor assemblage of fossils. There is one Kimeridge Clay 
 section in which Ostrea deltoidea has been obtained, as also 
 seven species of Ammonites, one of which, A. Kanigii, may be 
 regarded as an Oxford Clay form. 
 
 The smaller cutting, near Elsham Station (the section just 
 referred to), north of Wrawby, is about 18 chains in length, and 
 15 feet in the highest part; towards its extremilaes, the cutting is 
 masked by Sand and talus ; it exposes dark grey shaly Clay, proved 
 by the fossils obtained within 8 or 9 feet of the top of the cutting in 
 the highest part, to be Kimeridge Clay, not distinguishable in colour 
 from the Oxford Clay in the neighbouring cutting. The occiu:rence 
 of the Kimeridge Clay in this place is due either to a deflection of 
 the general strike of the Oolites in rough parallelism to the outcrop 
 of the Cretaceous beds of Elsham and Worlaby, or to a local 
 undulation throwing it in, in a trough ; in either case it is 
 possible that the base of the cutting in which, owing to talus, 
 &a, no fossils were obtained, may be in Oxford Clay. In a band 
 of septarian nodules, in the Clay in the upper part of the cutting, 
 the following fossils were obtained and identified by Mr. 
 Etheridge; those in the clay being very delicate, and Avicula 
 being most plentiful :— 
 
 Serpula tetragona. Sow. 
 
 Anomia? 
 
 Avicula (like expansa, Phil,). 
 
 Gervillia. 
 
 InoceramuB expansus, Blake. 
 
 Ostrea deltoidea. Sow. 
 
 Perna. 
 
 Ammonites biplex, Sow. 
 
 Belemnites nitidus, DollJ. 
 
XIMEBIDO£ CLAT. 108 
 
 The Surrey fossil collector visited this catting on several 
 occasions. The following is the list of the species obtained by 
 him.:— 
 
 Serpula tetragona, Soto. 
 Cidaris spinosa. 
 Area. 
 
 „ (CucuUsea) ^an^panctata, Blake. 
 Avicula ins^myalvias /^ow. 
 
 „ Miinsteri Goldf. (many specimens). 
 Cardium striatulum ? Phil. 
 Ostrea deltoidea, Sowt 
 Fecten lens, Sow. 
 Pholadomya sequalis., 18^020. 
 Thracia depressa. Sow. 
 Alaria trifida, Phil. 
 Alaria (fragment). 
 AmmoniteB altepnans, Von Buch. 
 
 „ biplex, Sow. 
 
 „ plicatilis?, Sow. 
 
 „ near to A. cymodoce, D'Orb. 
 
 „ Koemgii, Sow.^, 
 
 „ rotunduB, Sow. 
 
 „ Kap^ffii, Oppel. 
 
 Belemnites (phragmacone). 
 Fish vertebra. 
 
 In this list there does not appear to be any particularly charac- 
 teristic Oxford Clay form, except, perhaps, A. Kanigii 
 
 In the larger cutting, Ostrea deltoidea and Exogyra virgula 
 were found ; also Ammonites rotundas. The list of fossils obtained 
 in it is given in the preceding chapter. The boundary, or junction 
 line, must occur in this cutting, as characteristic Oxford Clay 
 fossils are numerous ; but how far down in it we should place the 
 base of the Eimeridge'is doubtful. 
 
 From Ferriby to Elsham Sand and gravel conceal the lower 
 part of the Kimeridge Clay, but it forms an irregular band at the 
 base of the steeper elope of the WoMs, just above Horksto^ir, Saxby, 
 Bonby, and Wbrlaby, as also in the following districts: — Between 
 Melton Eoss and Wrawby Mill ; Melton Ross and Gtrasby ; from 
 Audleby, near Clixby^ to Caistor ; and from Nettleton to the 
 southern margin of Sheet 86. Qn the north of the Humber from 
 Welton to the northern margin of Sheet 86 Kimeridge Clay forms 
 a narrow band on the slope below the Chalk. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay comes to the suiface on the sides of the valleys 
 brea,king up the eastern part of the Boulder Clay tracts, near 
 Itowsham, North Kelsey, South Kdsey, and Thornton-le-Moot. 
 
104 -irPPBR OOLITES. 
 
 ' The following notes relate to the few ezposares of the CUy besides those 
 of more importance mentioned abore, which have furnished fosails as we 
 proceed northward : — ' , • ■ 
 
 At Claxby Moor Brickyard blue Clay with ironstone ooncretiolis is 
 exposed. The following fossils were obtained in it.:— 
 
 Astarte P ' . , ,' 
 
 Corbnla. 
 
 Cyprioardia ? , : ' , 
 
 ISfncula. . 
 
 Ammonites rotundus, Sow. 
 
 Limestone concretions, iu the Clay exposed at Holton brickyard, three- 
 quarters of a mile south-east pf Holtoii Church, fumi@hed the following : — 
 Area. 
 Nuoula. 
 
 Thracia depressa, Sow. 
 
 Cerithium forticostatum, Blake (P^C costigerum, Piette). 
 Ammonites pUcatUis, iSow- 
 ,, rotundus. Sow. 
 
 Prom Moortown Hill Clay pit,-three-quarters of a mile west of Moortown 
 Station, the following fossils were obtained : — 
 
 Serpula tetragona, 8oia,. 
 Area longipunctata, Blahe. 
 Avioulu ineectuivalviB, Sow. 
 Ostrea deltoidea, jSow. 
 Pecten lens, Sow. 
 
 .AJaria trifidfti, PAiZ; ' 
 
 . Ammonites, near to A. cymodoce, B'Qrh. 
 
 „ near biplex,'or rotundus (abnormal form). 
 „ rotundus, Sow. ' 
 
 Mr. Strangways furnishes the following note :— *• 
 
 From the Clay below the Keocomian Sandstones, about a mile south- 
 west of Nettleton Church, the fossil collector obtained the following 
 npecies : — 
 
 Terebratnla ovoides, Sow. 
 CucuUsea. 
 - Isocardia. 
 Lucina. 
 • Fanopseai 
 
 Ammonites biptex. Sow. 
 ,, plicatilis, Sow. 
 
 . 0. F. S. 
 
 The section, which appears 'to be on, or near, the junction between 
 the Kimeridge and Oxford Clays, is thus described by Mr. Jukes- 
 Browne : — 
 
 A bricl^ard at South Kelsey, half a mile north of the Church, exposes 
 the following section :— 
 
 Fbbx.. 
 Soil and Chalky Boulder Clay in shallow pockets • -2 
 
 Clean blue shaly clay • - - - - • 2 
 
 Blue shaly clay full of selenite in small crystals • - 4 
 
 Clay with lines of septaria, about 3 feet apart and larger, 
 crystals of selenite - r . » . .10 
 
 The Clay is decidedly shaly, es'pecially that part which is full of selenite. ; 
 but I was informed by the foreman that about 2 feet below the bottom 
 of the open working there is " strong blue dicey clay of -a different nature 
 to that abOTe." Fossils are not very abundant, but I found large Ammo- 
 nites, Thracia depressa; Ceromya, and fragments of Ostrea, some like 
 0. ddtoidta and some like Gryphaii cUlatata. 
 
 A. J.J.-B. , 
 
 The fossils obtained by th^ fossil collector ,&om this pit are'given in the 
 preceding chapter. ' " 
 
SIHEBIDGE CLAT. 105: 
 
 North Kelsey Brickyard is a mile north-east from North Eelsey. The 
 Clay contains limestone concretions from which the following fossils were 
 obtained ; — 
 
 Serpula tetragona. Sow. 
 
 Aviciila insequivalvis, Bow. 
 
 Corbala. 
 
 Modiola bipartita, PMl. 
 
 Opis. 
 
 Plaounopsis P 
 
 Alaxia trifida, PMl. 
 
 Ammonites rotoadns, 8<m^ 
 
 To the north of the Elsham Railway sections,, at nearly a mile and a 
 half north from Elsham Station, blue Kimeridge Clay is exposed in the 
 Worlaby Brickyard. Throjoia depreasa and Ammonites rotundus were 
 obtained in it. 
 
 The Kimeridge Clay was reached in sinking the shaft of the Acre House 
 Mine at the southern border of Sheet 86. It consisted of "very dark 
 coloured highly bituminous shaly Olay," see section on p. 107. 
 
 O 68912. 
 
10& LOWBB CBEIACBOUS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 CRETAOEO US ROOK^. 
 
 The Cretaceous rooks occupy a very lai"ge area in Sheet 86, 
 nearly half of the Map, extending eastward from their outcrop 
 on the escarpment of the Wolds* 
 
 In this area, however, their occurrence at the surface is ve^y 
 much more restricted ;, a line drawn from the south-east corner of 
 the Map,.by< -Riby, Brooklesby, Thornton Station, and Barrpw, to 
 the Humber at Barton, limits the superficial occurrence of the 
 Cretaceous rocks; to the east of it they are entirely concealed 
 by Griacial deposits,, which in their turn pass under the Alluvium 
 of the Humber. On the north of the Humber, in the Boulder 
 Clay and Alluvial districts, east of Hessle and Kirk Ella, no Cre- 
 taceous rock has been noticed at the surface in this Map, 
 
 The Cretaceous area attains its maximum breadth of 8^ miles 
 in the south part of the Map, south of Caistor, Swallow, and Irby ; 
 at Melton Ross, through the encroachment of superficial deposits, 
 it is not much more tiian a mile across ; between Melton Ross 
 and Barton-upon-Humber it attains a breadth of from 5 to 6 miles. 
 At Barton the Cretaceous area o£ North Lincolnshire is separated 
 from that of South Yorkshire by the Alluvial an4 Glacial 
 deposits of the Humber valley from which the rocks emerge on 
 the north side of North Ferriby, and extend thence to the 
 northern margin of the Map, where the breadth of area occupied 
 by them is about 5 miles. The Cretaceous rocks* are divided 
 as follows into — 
 
 UpperJQretaceous^ or -Chalk Series, 
 Lower Cretaceous, or Neocomian Series. 
 
 LowEB Cbetaceocs. 
 
 The Lower Cretaceous series occupies a very small superficies. 
 It occurs on the middle and upper slopes of the escarpment of 
 the Wolds ; but it is only when capping nabs or promontories 
 from which the overlying Chalk has been denuded, as near Nettle- 
 ton Lodge, at Caistor, and on Bametby Gorse Hills, that its 
 outcrop attains any noticeable breadth. 
 
 Owing to the overlap of the Upper, upon the Lower, Cretaceous 
 series the latter is by no means persistent ; it disappears beneath 
 the ChJilk at Clixby, reappearing on Bametby Grorse HUls, whence 
 it extends in a narrow band to Worlaby, where it is again over- 
 
 * Detailed accounts of the classification of the Cretaceous rocks, which it will be 
 unnecessary to repeat here, will he found in the Memoir on Sheet 83, Chaps. X. and 
 XI., 1888 ; Memoir on Sheet 84, Chaps. III. and IV, 1887 ; see also A. Strahan, 
 Quart. Joum. Geoh Soc., vol. ^iii., p. 486, 1886. 
 
LOWER CBETACBOCJS. 107 
 
 lapped, and does not reappear at the surface from Worlaby to 
 the northern margin of the Map. The Lower Cretaceous beds 
 have been exposed by denudation in the south part of the Map in 
 the valleys of Eothwell and Thoresway, where they form two 
 long narrow inliers. ... ., 
 
 The nomenclature of the Lower Cretaceous or Neocomian rocks 
 of Lincolnshire adopted by the Geological Survey, in great part 
 from Prof. Judd, is given in the following table : — 
 
 Cars tone 
 'Tealby Limestofte. 
 
 Neocomian 
 
 Tealby f^«alby Lime 
 
 Bed/ i ^^""^^y ^'^y' 
 
 ^^^^' Lciaxbylroni 
 
 Claxby Ironstone. 
 Spilsby Sandstone. 
 
 Mr. Strangways, who mapped the Neocomian beds on the 
 escarpment of the Wolds, describes them as follows : — 
 
 These beds have a total thickness of between SO and 90 feet 
 on the south of the Map, but several of the divifflons thin out 
 rapidly to the north and disappear before the formation is overlapped 
 by the Chalk about 2 miles to the north of Caistor. 
 
 The best section of the entire series is that olitained from the 
 shaft at the Acre House Mine,* which, commencing in the Chalk, 
 penetrates all the beds down to the Elimerldge Clay; The section 
 is as follows : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Soil - - - - - 2 6 
 
 White Chalk - - -9 ft. to 10 
 
 Beds of yellow day and red marly Chalk - 10 
 Red sand [Carstone] - - - 10 
 
 Limestone rock, hard, and blue-hearted 
 
 [Tealby Limestone] - - - 14 
 
 Blue clay, with the same .fossils as the lime- 
 stone above (Pecten ductus abundant) 
 [Tealby Clay] - - - - 40 
 
 Ironstone, soft and earthy above, solid and 
 finely oolitic below (only the lower part is 
 worked) [Claxby Ironstone] - 13 ft. to 14 
 Coarse greenish-white sands, in places indu- 
 rated into hard sandstone rock [Spilsby 
 Sandstone] - - - 6 ft. to 7 
 
 Very dark-coloured, highly bituminous, shaJy 
 clay. A thin bed at the top is remarkable 
 for its highly inflammable character, and 
 greatly resembles the Kimeridge coal of 
 the South of England. 
 
 * The section is copied from the one given by Prof. Judd in his Taluable paper on 
 these beds, Quart. Jotim. Geo/. Soc, Vol. xSvi., p. 831, 1870. The present manager, 
 at the time of our survey, had not any additional information to give. The Spilsby 
 Sandstone, as here recorded, is thinner than at the outcn^ immediately to the west 
 (see Section on page 109). '<! 
 
 a 2 
 
108 LOWER OEETACEOCS. 
 
 It will be seen from the above section tbat there are five lithe- 
 logical subdivisions of the Neocomian Beds; tbese Prof. Judd 
 jdaoes in three groups : — The Upper Sands ; the Tealby Series, 
 including the limestone, clay, and ironstone ; The Lower Sand 
 and Sandstone. 
 
 Spilsby Sandstone. 
 
 The Spilsby Sandstone, which forms the basement bed of the 
 formation, is one of the most constant of the series, and, from its 
 position immediately on the dense clays of the Kimeridge, usually 
 forma, except where hidden by superficial deposits, one of the 
 most conspicuous features. 
 
 These sands have a tiiokness of from 6 to 30 feet and form a prominent 
 bank on the hillsides about !N'ettleton and at Elsham. They cpnaist 
 prinoijially of soft gritty sand, but in places, as at Elsham and in Nettletoa 
 Dale, indurated into a much harder rock, which either stands out in a 
 small feature or lies about in detached blocks, some of which, at Elsham, 
 are of considerable size ; these harder blocks also contain a few fossils, 
 principally PeetenB, and at Elsham a fragment of an Ammonite was 
 found. At Audleby the upper part of these sands is very stony and 
 coarse, the stones' being as big as split peas and consisting principally of 
 white quartz and Lydian stone, containing apparently no phosphates or 
 iron flakes. At Acre House this sand, being exceedingly sharp and clean, 
 is quarried and sent away by rail. 
 
 Claxby Ironstone. 
 
 Immediately resting on these sands we have the Claxby Iron- 
 stone, the most important bed, both commercially and p'alseonto- 
 logicaily, of the whole series. To the sduth of Xettleton this 
 bed has a maximum thickness' of 14 feet, but thins out to the 
 north and disappears a short distance beyond Oaistor. It may 
 'be divided lithologically into two portions, a dark red earthy 
 ferruginous rods, more or less shaly and concretionary and 
 orreyish-red oolitic beds, which seem to be composed of beautifully 
 polished grains of oxide of iron cemented together In a calcareous 
 sandy matrix ; these latter are the beds which are worked for 
 iron ; they are evidently very calcareous, as may be seen from the 
 fine crystals of carbonate of lime which have been obtained from 
 the Acre House' Mine. These beds, especially the earthy concre- 
 tionary part, are very fossiliferous and remarkable for the 
 abundance df large specimens of Peeten cinctus, which along 
 certain lines are crowded together in great profusion. 
 
 The following fossils have been obtained by the Survey fossil- 
 collector from the hill south of Nettleton : — 
 
 Serpnla gordialis, Schl. 
 
 Cucullsea Gfibrielis, Lsym. 
 
 Ezogyra sinuata, Sow. 
 
 Luoina. 
 
 Fecten cinctus, Sow. 
 
 Trigonia (fragment). 
 
 Belemnites lateralis, Phil. 
 
 „ semicanaliculatus, Blaimv. 
 
LOWER OBETAOEOnS. 109 
 
 The following have been obtained from Acre House Mine :— 
 
 Serpnla autiqoata, 8ov>. 
 ,, filiformia, Bow. 
 „ plexuB, Sow. 
 Vermicularia. 
 
 Waldheintia hippopus, Bom. 
 „ Jnddii, Wcdlcer. 
 „ (F tamariudus, Sow.). 
 
 „ (? Walkeri, Dm.). 
 Area Baulini, Lei/m. . 
 Cucallaaa Gabrielis, Leym. 
 Exogyra conica, Sow. 
 „ sinuata, Sow. 
 Lima, n. sp. 
 Modiola, (sp.). 
 Fanopsea. 
 Fecteu cinctas, Sow. 
 
 „ orbicularis. Sow. 
 Trigonia nodosa, Sow. 
 
 „ ep. 
 Flenrotomaria. 
 Ammonites noricus, Sehl. 
 
 „ nutfieldiensiS) Sow, 
 Belemnites lateralis, Phil. 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 The section of the Olaxby Ironstone beds at the -workings on the 
 Cretaceous escarpment south of Acre House gives the following descending 
 sequence : — 
 
 Fi. In. 
 Tealby Olay - Clay, partly ferruginous. 
 
 i Bubbly brown oolitic ironstone, forming a 
 bedded rock, much decomposed in places. 
 The beds are coated on the surface by 
 limewash (P stalagmitic) - - about 15 
 
 rBed of coarse sandstone, calcareous in the 
 Spilsby J upper part - - - 2 to , 3 
 
 Sandstone. | Coarse grey and greenish sand with large 
 
 L grains disseminated throughout - about 15 
 Eimeridge Clay. 
 
 W. A. E. U. 
 
 Mr. Strangways continues as follows : — 
 
 ' The ironstone beds are well exposed on the flank of the hill between 
 Nettleton and Acre House, where uiey form a small scar in the hill side. 
 
 At Caistor Jihey are seen in the ditch by the roadside to the north-west 
 of the town ; and at Hundon, where these beds have been dug to try the 
 value of the ore, there are about 8 feet between the sandstones and the cal- 
 careous shales above ; north of this the rock has not been observed, and it 
 is probable that it disappears somewhere In the neighbourhood of Andleby. 
 
 TedJhy Clay, 
 
 The Tealby Clay, above the ironstone, follows the outcrop of that bed, 
 making, south of Nettleton, a clayey slope above the drier ground of the 
 ironstone and sands below. North of ITettleton it forms a mere band, 
 which is seen in the road north of Caistor ; at Hnndon, where there are 
 about 12 feet of grey and yellow clays full of oolitic iron fragments and 
 white concretions, and at a few other places ; but it is nowhere very well 
 exposed, and does not call for particular notice. 
 
 South of Elsham, however, these clays come in again and form a marked 
 band between the Chalk and the Heocomian Sands along the fields above 
 
^^'^ Slower oeetaoeous. 
 
 tie Keeper's House. There are hiere one or two old pittf inthem and 
 they are seen beloiv the Red Chalk in the lane jnst south of the village, 
 where they are about 3 or 4 feet thick. 
 
 Tealby Limestone. 
 
 The Tealby Limestone, which attained its greatest thickness 
 in the Map to the south, gradually thins away northwards. 
 
 In the shaft at Acre House it is about 14 feet thick, and it forms a con- 
 siderable spread on the hill tops about Nettleton Lodge and just south of 
 Nettleton. At the head of the valley to the south of this it seems to have 
 been quarried in former times, although' the irregular mounds dotted 
 about may be the result of old ironstone working^. ' 
 
 A considerable portion of the town of Caistoi- stands on this rock, and it 
 spreads out on the hill between here and Hundon, but north of this the 
 bed becomes very thin, and just south of Audleby, where there are some 
 nodular calcareous beds with oolitic grains in shale (apparently the last 
 remnant of the limestone), it finally disappears. ' ' 
 
 Carstone, 
 
 The Oarstone is generally seen immediately below the Chalk, 
 wherever there is a good section, as far north as Clixby, and again 
 at Melton Ross.* It appears to a certain extent to be uncon- 
 formable to the beds below, as at these places the other beds are 
 very thin or have entirely gone-t .. :.,.j.L.;i 
 
 These sands, which have rather the appearance of a fine gravel, 
 are composed of rounded and angular fragments of qxmrtz, Lydian 
 stone, and small phosphatic nodules with irony concretions. They 
 are usually soft and friable, and consequently it is only in a few 
 places that good sections are obtained, although from the pebbly 
 character of the bed it is not difficult to follow its outcrop. 
 
 The thickness of these sands increases with the dip of the strata to the 
 east, for while they are only about 10 feet thick at Acre House there are 
 20 feet of them in the valley south-west of Thoresway. Along the escarp- 
 ment, however, these beds are usually very thin and form a mere line in 
 the country north of Oaistor. The oest sections are in Nettleton Dale 
 near the two farms on the east side of that valley. 
 
 At the ^uthemmost of these farms the following section, is exposed: — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Pale red Chalk - - - - - - 1 6 
 
 Eed Chalk in blocks with quartz pebbles in lower part 2 6 
 Yellow, ferruginous, clayey sandstone, with numerous 
 
 ■pliosphatio nodules, about f X i X J inches - - 4 
 
 Sandstone with scattered pehbles - - - 2 
 
 Bank obscured by rubbish, probably mostly sands, 
 about - - - » • " .80 
 
 * Between these poiniB we have not fonnd any trace of Neocomian beds, although 
 Mr. Jtidd mentions the occurrence of the Lower Sands at Searby. Quart. Joum. 
 Geol. Soc, Vol. xxiii., p. 247. 
 
 + Mr. Jukes-Browne remarks: — The easterly thickening of the Carstone and the 
 fact that the Eed Chalk rests on the Tealby Idmestone at Audleby and on the Lower 
 Sands at Mfelton Ross, suggests to me that the Ked Chalk dissociaites itself from the 
 Carstone, and oversteps the whole Lower Cretaceous Series, which may continue 
 withoutuiterraption beneath the Chalk. 
 
. tOWEB OBETAOEOTJS. Ill 
 
 At the bam opposite Nettleton Gfrange the folldffiiig eection, althdngli 
 less clear tlian tnat above, may be made out :^ . .- . 
 
 Ft. Ik, 
 "Red Ohalk mncli broken and distqrbed as if by^. 
 slipping - - - - - - 4 
 
 ?Sandstone„, gritty belov, pebUy above j nnmerous 
 rolled pbosphatic nodnlps-, about f X ^ inch., with a 
 few scattered ones as large as 2i X 2 X 2. These 
 larger nodnleshave oolitic ferrit^nons grains, Belem- 
 mtes and Bivalyes amongst them - - 8 ft. to 12 ' 
 
 Limestone in loose blocks ... about 8 
 . . » 
 
 At Melton Boss there are coprolites and rolled pebbles with fragments 
 ot Ammonites in the base of the Eed Ohalk, which is here very sandy and 
 contains quartz pebbles, BehrrniUee, &c. The Bed Chalk here rests directly 
 on the Spilsby Sandstone. 
 
 At Elsham there is a thin clayey grit containing phosphatic nodules 
 immediately below the Eed Ohalk, with the usual quartz pebbles, which 
 seems to be the last representative of the Oarstone, for north of this the 
 bed has not been observed. 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 Inlierst 
 
 The following notes are by Mr. Jukes-Browhe, 
 
 There are ^two long and narrow inliers of the Oarstone near 
 the southern border of Sheet 86» These are exposed in two of 
 the deep valleys which drain tbe 4ip-slope of the Chalt. 
 
 The southernmost inlier extends from Thoresway Warren to 
 within half a mile of Oroxby Pond, a distance of 3^ miles; it is 
 nowhere more than 400 yards wide, and only attains that width 
 at Thoresway, where the valley forks into two branches. The only 
 good section is at the fine springs which supply the reservoir at 
 Thoresway, south-west of the church ; these have been cleared 
 out and the following beds exposed in a nearly vertical cliff: — 
 
 D 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Feet. 
 White Ohalk, becoming pink at bottom - - 3 
 
 Bed Ol^lk in several layers, passing down into dark 
 
 red marl and yeUow marly sand (1 foot) - - 7 
 
 Coarse yellow and brown sand with small pebbles of 
 quartz, a few phosphates, and bits of black iron 
 ore . - - - - • -14 
 
 , Band of pebbles about the size of cob-nuts, chiefly 
 j quartz and lydianite - - - - 1 
 
 " Hard, compact; brown sandstone, consisting of small 
 angular quartz grains set in a ferruginous matrix, 
 springs issuing from the base - - - 5 
 
 30 
 
 The beds are nearly horizontal. There is here no definite line between 
 the Eed Chalk and Oarstone, the one seeming to pass gradually into the 
 other ; but the stratigraphy affords strong evidence that there is really an 
 overstep of the lower beds by the Eed Ohalk, and, possibly an uncon- 
 formity between the Oarstone and the Eed Ohalk. 
 
"It2 LOWEB OBETAOEOUS. 
 
 -The junction of the two formations can also be seen in a fimall sand pit 
 by the roadside half a mile south-east of the Church, where I observed the 
 following section: — 
 
 Feet. 
 -Nqdular Eed Chalk - • - - - 3 
 
 Bed marl with lumps of hard Eed Chalk fdll of Belerrmites- , 
 B,ndL.Terebratuld hvpUcaia - • • - • \ 
 
 Mottled, marly sand, yellow, brown, and purple, with 
 
 large nodules of whitish sandy phosphate - - 1 
 
 Yellowish-brown sand with small pebbles of quartz and a 
 few broken and rolTed phosphates - - ■ .8 
 
 The thicknesses given above are approximate only, since there is a 
 complete passage from each stage to the other. ... 
 
 Similar brown sand can be seen above the spring on the north side 
 of the valley midway between Thoresway and Crosby, but the section is 
 obscured by talus. 
 
 The second inlier occurs in the Rothwell valley, but is much 
 smaller, its extreme length being about two miles, and the 
 Carstone is to a great extent concealed by the wash of chalky 
 gravel brought down by rain from the slopes on either side. 
 
 At the spring head, half a mile south of Bothwell Church, a trench 
 exposes the debris of Bed Chalk overlying dark brown sand full of rounded 
 quartz pebbles and rolled phosphates, the whole compacted by infiltrations 
 of lime and iron into a hard rocky mass, which might be called, a con- 
 glomerate. . • 
 
 Lower down the valley and about a furlong south-east of the Chu'rch 
 another spring issues from beneath a mass of hard brown sandstone in 
 regular beds; about 9 feet is exposed and there may be a depth of 5 or 
 6 feet above before the outcrop of the Eed Chalk is reached. 
 ' At the farm in the valley a mile east-north-east of Bothwell a well was 
 sunk through gravel into the Carstone. {See Appendix, p. 216.) 
 
 A. J. J.-B. 
 
 At Bothwell Lodge, a quarter of a mile north-east of the church (not 
 the farm so named on the map) a well was sunk through sand into soft 
 Oolitic Ironstone. 
 
UPPEE OBETAOEOUS. 113 
 
 CHAPTER XV.. 
 CRETACEOUS HOCKS— continued. 
 Upper Cbetaceous. 
 
 The Upper Cretaceous or Chalk series, in this area is 
 composed of four members in the. following descending order : — 
 
 Upper Chalk, without Flints. 
 
 Middle Chalk, with Flints (except near the base). 
 
 Lower Chalk, or Grey Chalk. 
 
 Red Chalk. 
 
 The uppermost member of this series may, and probably doesj 
 occur beneath the Alluvium and Glacial deposits, which cover so 
 large an area in the north-eastern part of Sheet 86 ; but it is 
 nowhere visible at the surface. 
 
 The Middle Chalk, or Chalk with Flints, occupies nearly <;he 
 whole of the area covered by the Cretaceous Rocks at the surface. 
 The Lower, or Grey, Chalk attains a maximum breadth of 
 outcrop of only a mile and a quarter on the southern margin of 
 Sheet 86, on its main outcrop, which to the nor<h of Nettleton 
 Lodge is seldom as much as a quarter of a mile broad. The 
 Lower Chalk is also at the surface on the borders of the Neocomiaq 
 inliers of Rothwell and Thoresway and extends from the former 
 to beyond Swallow and up the Caboum valley, The Red Chalk 
 is thin and is confined to a narrow line on the borders of the Ncot 
 comian beds. 
 
 The Chalk with Flints forms a cliff on the east of the Wolds, 
 against which the Glacial Deposits which conceal it on the east 
 abut ; in places these deposits extend westward over the Chalk 
 and up the valleys breaching it. 
 
 RED CHALK 
 
 The Red Chalk, in South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire 
 probably varies in thickness from 4 to about 6 or 7 feet. It 
 consists of a nodular limestone in several beds, or of hard, nodular, 
 red Chalk in a marly matrix. The outcrop is easy to follow, for over 
 the greater part of the area the Red Chalk marks the boundary 
 between the dry ground of the Chalk and the wet lands of the clays 
 below. 
 
 Commencing at the northern end of the district, the first exposure is 
 seen at the corner of Woo Dale, jnst north of Brantingham, where a small 
 landslip has exposed the Sed Chalk resting on clay with Gryphea diJalata. 
 
114 • UPPER OBETAGEOUS. 
 
 Copions springs are also tlirown out on the east side of the village 
 along the line of outcrop. At the Hall the outcrop is more obscure, but 
 it -wSl probably be just below the house, as the cellars of that building are 
 said to haye been excavated in Chalk. 
 
 At Welton Springs thece is a' good (Bxposnre of the Eed Chalk, and, 
 judging from the nature of the ground, the outcrop passes just above 
 Welton House ;. but beyond this it is covered by Boulder Clay, and there 
 is no evidence as to •where it strikes the Hnmberi -' ■ 
 
 The Bed Chalk probably rises from the Humber at about half a mile 
 north-east of Ferriby Hall; the grey niarly beds seen on the shore at this 
 point cannot be far above it, but from the covering of Boulder Clay and the 
 slipping of the Chalk above towards the Humber, the rock is not seen till we 
 reach the neighbourhood, of Horkstow. In the roads above this village 
 there are several exposures showing beds of Red Chalk containing pebbles, 
 &c. and having the character of a conglomerate. Beyond this the Bed Chalk 
 itself is not seen for some distance, but the base of the Chalk is well marked 
 by the numerous springs which br^ak out above Grange, Saxby, and 
 Bonby, above which places the bed is exposed here and there. 
 
 At Worlaby, again, there are several good sections' showing the Bed 
 Chalk, both in the road on the north side of the village, where the bed, 
 which has a thickness of from 3 to 4 feet, is seen below the bam maAed 
 on the Map ; and also in the road near the Hospital ; and again in the wood> 
 above the Old Brickyard, at which last place there was a"^OQd, section 
 showing 5 feet of Bed Chalk below the Grey Chalk ; at the junction. Which 
 was sharply defined, there was a foot of Pink Chalk. . ^ ' :~ ~''^_ 
 
 Beyond this the line is easy to trace above the Neocomian saads,' wfiich 
 now become more prominent, and the Bed Chalk may be seen, in both the 
 roads leading up out of Elsham. 
 
 On the north side of Bametby, the hill being covered by superficial 
 deposits, the outcrop becomes excessively obscure, and there is no means of 
 estimating exactly how far it extends over the hill towards Bametby i.it is 
 just possible that the outcrop runs behind this mass of Boulder Clay 
 tcrwards Melton Boss. At the spring on the south side of the Railway, 
 at this latter place, beds, of yellow Chalk, containing quartz ■pebbles and 
 Bel&nmUes, are seen.. From this point the outcrop of the Bed Chalk skirts 
 along the edge of the Wolds, above the villages of Bametby, BigJ)y, 
 Sbmerby, Searby, Owmby, and GraSby, but is not well seen anywhere in 
 this region, although it is not difficult to trace it above the clay lands 
 below. South of this the Neocomian beds again appear and the line is not 
 in all cases quite so well defined as it is farther noilih ; the bed is, however, 
 seen at a few places in the neighbourhobd of Caistor. 
 
 In the Nettleton valley there are again some good exposures of the Eed 
 Chalk, which is seen above the barn opposite the Grange, where the beds 
 are rather disturbed, probably from slipping, and also at the Farm further 
 up the valley ; this is, perhajB, "the best section of it in the Map, the Bed 
 Chalk being exposed resting on the sandy beds of the Neocomian, with 
 a considerabliB thickness of Grey Chalkabove jthe Bed Chalk !ia,here about 
 4 feet thick (Sea p. 111.)., 
 
 South, of this the Eed Chalk does not present any good sections, but 
 fragments of the rock are scattered along the hill edge above Acre House 
 and in the shaft at that place it is said to have a thickness of 10 feet, but 
 this must include other beds besides the true Bed Chalk. 
 
 The occurrence of Bed Chalk fringing the Neocomian inliers, in the 
 Thoresway and Bothwell valleys has been described in the previons chapter. 
 South-west of ThoresWayi Church it was found to be 7 feet in thidaiess. -• 
 
LdWER CHALK. 115 
 
 LOWER {OR GREY) CHALK. 
 
 The following description of the Lower (or Grey) Chalk is 
 famished by Mr. Jukes-Browne : — 
 
 This division consists for the most part of grey or greyish-white 
 chalk, in thin beds, hard, and often nodular, with thin partings 
 of shaly chalk at intervals. The fotlowing aippears to be the 
 usual succession of beds in this part: of Lincolnshire, taken in 
 descending order : — 
 
 Feet. 
 6. Grey shaly, marl, soft and crumbling, sometimes 
 
 including a layer of whitish chalk, about - 2 
 5. Hard greyish white chalk with occasional thin 
 
 layers of shaly marl, about - - - 36 
 
 4. Firm grey chalk passing- down into- rough 
 
 nodular chalk with some green-coated nodules, 
 
 about - - - * - - 3 
 
 3. Rough greyish-white chalk in thin beds with 
 
 shaly partings, about - - - 26 
 
 2. Hard grey gritty and shelly stone in massive 
 
 beds, about - - - - - 4 
 
 l.t Ifard conipact yellowish pink chalk,, about 1 or 1^ 
 
 Total about - - - 72 
 
 The lowest of these beds (No. 1) is the equivalent of the so- 
 called " Sponge Bed " of Hunstanton, and the shelly stone above 
 (No. 2) is identical with the " Inoceramus Bed " of that locality 
 and is equally full of broken fragments of Inoceramus shell. 
 No. 3 is.similac to the chalk which occurs in a similar poaitipn 
 in Norfolk and South Linoolnshire, and these three sub-divi- 
 sions appear to be the equivalent of the Ohalk Marl. 
 
 The grey chalk (No. 4) occupies the position of the Tottemhoe 
 stone and is believed by Mr. W, Hill* to be its equivalent, a cor- 
 relation which was not thought of at the time Lincolnshire was 
 surveyed, because the manner in which the Lower Ohalk of 
 Cambridgeshire passed into that of Norfolk and Lincolnshire was 
 not then known. 
 
 The greyish white chalk (No. 5) is that which is partly coloured 
 pink near Louth, but no such colouration has been observed in 
 North Lincolnshire. Discoidea cylindrica is not uncommon in 
 these beds. 
 
 The dark grey marl (No. 6) is always a conspicuous feature in 
 the quarries which cut through it. The view that this bed was 
 the continuation of the marls of the Belemnitella plena zone, 
 
 * Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv., p. 325. 
 
116 L&VTEB, CHALK. 
 
 suggested in the explanation of Sheet 84, has been confirmed bj 
 Mr. Hill* who -found the characteristic Belemnite in the great 
 quarry near Barton on Humber. 
 
 The main outcrop of the Lower Chalk enters Sheet 86 to the south-east 
 of Acre House, and the first exposure is in a pit foj the roadside one mile 
 east-south-east of that place; the beds exposed being probably, those 
 numbered i in the preceding account, as they consist of greyish white 
 Chalk, thin-bedded, and breaking into loose lenticular lumps, with 
 partings of grey shaly marl ; about 20 feet are shown. 
 
 Grrey Chalk was found by Mr. Strangways overlying the Red Chalk in 
 the quarry near the farm 5 furlongs east of Nettletori Lodge ; this would 
 include the Inoeeram/m Bed and overlying chalk, but I did not visit the 
 section. 
 
 The quarry by the roadside 6 furlongs east of Nettleton Church exposes 
 the shBile band (No. 6) with some of the beds above and below, the section 
 in 1883 being as follows : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil - - .1 
 
 Hard bn£f chalk with shaly bands - - • - 5 
 
 Softer marly chalk --- - - -2} 
 
 Soft grey shale, light-coloured at top and bottom, with 
 
 a dark purple-grey band in the middle - - • li 
 
 Yery hard cream-white chalk in regular beds - -5 
 
 Talus concealing the rest - • - • - - 20 
 
 The. top of the hard rock below the shale is nodular and uneven, as if 
 worn and acted upon by currents of water, and shale is deposited between 
 the interstices of the nodular lumps, which are stained yellow outside ; in 
 some places the base of the shale is sandy or gritty, with loose nodules 
 or pebbles of chalk which can be scraped away so as to expose a surface 
 of hard chalk below. 
 
 At G-rasby, near the Church, there is a quarry giving an interesting 
 section of the beds near the middle of the G-rey Chalk ; these are : — 
 
 Feet, 
 Greyish-white chalk, blocky, and not very hard • - 20 
 
 Hara, rough, nodular chalk • • • - 1 
 
 Shale and loose chalk • ... . . Oi 
 
 Hard, grey, sandy stone, containing large A.mmoniteB, 
 and marked at the base by nodules of decomposed 
 pyrites (the grey bed of Mr. W. Hill) - - .3} 
 
 Marly chalk, in thin beds, with partings of shale - 12 
 
 A fault traverses the pit striking north-west and south-east and 
 throwing the upper beds down against the lower; these upper beds 
 contain large lumps of what seems to be marcasite replaced by selenite, 
 in large lozenge-shaped crystals. The grey stone is the bed regarded as 
 the equivalent of the Totternhoe Stone. At the cottage near by, the well 
 is 30 feet deep ; it is sunk through ohalk into the Bed Chalk. There are 
 old pits by the side of the high road in higher beds, and at the cottages 
 about a furlong north of the Church, on the high road, the well is said to 
 be 90 feet deep into " Red rock." 
 
 The following notes on the sections between G-rasby and Ferriby are sup- 
 plied by Mr. Strangways, who surveyed this portion of the escarpment :^ 
 
 In a quarry above Barnetby about 25 feet of the Lower Chalk are seen; 
 
 The Grey Chalk is we.U seen„ftlQiig the xoad.at the .parsonage.; and at 
 
 "Elsham Hill about 25 feet of it is seen in a quarry. At Worlaby the 
 
 * Log. cit. p 329. 
 
LOWER CHALK. 117 
 
 lower beds are seeu above the Bed Chalk, in the wood above the old 
 brickyard, and in the quarry above the Hospital : marly grey chalk is also 
 seen in the Barn quarry at Worlaby. .... 
 
 On Bonby Hill grey chalk with Inoeeramus is found. 
 
 The dark shaly band (No. 6) is seen in all the three large quarries facing 
 the Humber between Ferriby and Barton on account of the southerly dip, 
 which increases very ■much to the north, as if we were approaching a large 
 fault. In the largest and easternmost quarry this band dips westward at 
 2° across the quarry face; but in the side, of the road leading to it the 
 angle of dip appear te be about 15°. 
 
 C. F.S. 
 
 In 1883 and in company with Mr. Strangways I visited this largo 
 quaiTy, the entrance- to which is a mile north-east of South Ferriby 
 Church ; theu-ce an excavation has been carried southwards into the hill 
 for a length of more than a quarter of a niile,'with a width of some 200 
 yards ; thelheight of the quarry face at the southern end is about 80 feet, 
 and. the section here exposed is as follows : — 
 
 . , - Fbei. 
 
 f Hard white chalk with flints (inaccessible) • about 40 
 
 ■ I Compact creamy-coloured chalk - - - 2 
 
 Middle J Shale and shaly chalk - - - - 04 
 Chalk. "S Hard, yellowish-white, gritty chalk, full of In- 
 oeeramus, in regular naiassive beds 12 to 18 inches 
 
 thick, with partings of shale - - - 11 
 'Soft grey shaly marl darker below, with a thin 
 
 J .course of sEaly chalk in the middle - - 2 
 
 p^^t" ■< Greyish white thin-bedded and shaly chalk - - 18 - 
 
 onaiK. ] Course of hard, compact, -whiter chalk - - 2 
 
 l_Grey nodular chalk with irregular seams of shale - 6 
 
 Nothing like tha pink beds of Jhe Louth section are seen here, but the 
 hard yellowish or cream-coloured chalk with its basement band of shale 
 are an exact counterpart of the beds above the pink bands near Louth, 
 and are therefore more persistent in. their' extension northwards. - 
 
 The account given by llr. Hill differs slightly in the particulars of the 
 Lower Chalk. He obtained specimens of Belemnitella flena from the 
 soft shaly marl. 
 
 Along the outcrop north of the Humber there are but few exposures, 
 but the following account is quoted from the recent paper by Mr. W. 
 Hill ;— * 
 
 "The first exposure of any part of the Lower Chalk worthy of note, 
 north of the Humber, is in the Greystones pit about' three-quarters-of a 
 mile north of the village of Melton near "Welton. Only a few feet of the 
 Grey" Chalk'are exposed above the talus slope which now greatly obscures 
 the faioe, but the Belemnitfe marls* are well shown in thff upper part of the 
 pit. . . . Grey chalk is seen in a catting on the Beverley road^ near 
 Brantingham, and again in a small pit on the hill-side nearly a mile. north 
 of South Cave and in a cutting of a road leading, up to the Wolds near 
 by. . • 
 
 " But no exposure of any importance occurs till the cuttings of the 
 railways to the east of South Cave Station are reache^-t 
 
 * ' Quart.' Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. dir., p. 338. . . ov . «.. o w 
 
 t These are just outside Sheet 86, near the southern edge of Sheet 9#, b.W, 
 
H8 
 
 LOWER OHAI.K. 
 
 The sides of the cutfcisga are obscnred by ddbris &c. which renders a 
 detailed descriptioa somewhat difficult, nor can the whole series be seen in. 
 a continuous section. . . , The first part is taken 85 yards west of the 
 bridge over the line near the entrance to a short tuimel under Sugar Loaf 
 Hill." ^ 
 
 The following is slightly altered from Mr. Hill's section :— 
 
 Ft. Ih. 
 
 Middle f Chalk with flints about - - - - 100 
 
 Chalk L Hard cream-coloured chalk without flints - 13 
 
 Tellowish grey marly chalk, soft but enclosing 
 
 lenticular beds of harder material - - 19 
 
 A variegated marl, upper part usually bluish or 
 Lower yellowish grey, centre dark-grey in places 
 < almost black, its base almost invariably 
 Chalk greyish buff passing down to - - • 1 4 
 
 A rough nodtdar layer, nodules parted by green 
 grey marl ; this bed also graduates into the 
 chalk beneath • - • • 8 in. to 1 
 
 Mr. Hill's section is continued at a point on the south side of the lino 
 between 300 and 400 yards west of the last position : — 
 
 Ft. Is. 
 
 W hitishchalk, weathering in platy pieces, 
 apparently in courses divided by marl 
 bands ; all rather hard - - 23 
 
 Hard whitish chalk passing down rapidly 
 into greyish with a marked grey marly 
 band at base (fossils) • . - - 1 3 
 
 The G-rey Chalk^ Hard whitish chalk, weathering into 
 rough platy fragments divided into 
 courses by marked marl-bands -60 
 
 Softer marly chalk, rather nodular, 
 bedding indefinite, stained a bright 
 I)ink - - - - - 4 
 
 JWfaitish rough hard chalk, in courses - 3 
 "Hard grey nodular chalk, becoming 
 platy below; green-coated nodules 
 at base (fossils) - - - 1 6 
 
 The section is continued near Weedly Springs, the next 8 feet at the 
 east end of the short tunnel and the remainder on the north side of the 
 line 200 yards east of the signal box : — 
 
 Ft. Ik. 
 
 {Hard whitish chalk, rather rough about - 20 
 Hard grey chalk, more gritty at its base, 
 divided into courses by marl-bands - 10 
 Bed of compact limestone, yellowish 
 white rather obscure and broken • 1 
 Red Chalk - 69 
 
 This section, as Mr. Hill remarks, shows a complete continuation of the 
 Lincolnshire facies thus far north of the Humber. It is interesting as 
 exhibiting a band of pink chalk in the same position as the lower of the 
 two pink beds at Louth, although no such coloured band has been seen 
 witlmi the limits of Sheet 86. "Mr. Hill says : " the sponge bed " seemed 
 to me to be present but with_ no distinct parting between it and the red' 
 chalk. Above it grey and gritty chalk, the equivalent of the " Inoceramns 
 Bed " passes up gradually into the hard and whiter chalk marl .... 
 Large Ammonites are common as usual at or just above the horizon of the 
 "Grey Bed." 
 
 "The Grey Bed" 
 
MIDDLE OHALE. 
 
 11? 
 
 The foUowing is a list of the fossils obtained by Mr. Hill from the 
 South Cave cuttings : — 
 
 
 Chalk 
 Marl. 
 
 I'S'. 
 
 Grey 
 Chalk. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Diaooidea «ylindrica. Lam, • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 K 
 
 flolaster subglobosus, teake. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 TerebratuUna graoilis, ScJMth, • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Terebratula semiKlobosa, Soto, • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ic 
 
 „ biplicata. Sow, 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Kingena lima, Seji, 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Ostrea Tesioularis, iom. - • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 . X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 
 Fecteu orbicularis. Sow, • 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 ? 
 
 
 „ gldbose,. Sow. • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Inooeramus latus, Manf, - • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Spondylus striatns. Sow, - • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 Belemnitella sp. > • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 
 Turrilitestuberculatus? Sow, - 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Ammonites rothomageasis, D'Orb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ BP. (large) - 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 Glypheea cretacea, M. Coy. ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 
 Fish-teeth - . . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 
 Inliera. 
 
 The two inliera of Bed Chalk and ITeocomian have already been men- 
 tioned, and the Lower Chalk is of course exposed along the slopes of the 
 deep valleys in which they ooo\ir. It is also found in the Caboum Valley, 
 a branch of the Kothwell and Swallow inUer, though the northerly inclina- 
 tion of the base line of the Chalk carries the Ked Chalk below the bottom 
 of the valley. The exposures observed in these inliers are few and small. 
 
 At Croxby there is a pit in' the Grey Chalk on the east side of the valley, 
 but no good section is exposed. 
 
 In the road cutting south of the farmstead one mile east-north-eust 
 of Eothwell I found yellowish chalk with Bisooidea cylmdviea and traces 
 of the grey shale band (No. 5). 
 
 THE MIDDLE CHALK. 
 
 The Middle Chalk of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire has a very 
 different aspect from that of the south of England, but it appears 
 to possess representatives of the same zonal divisions. Litho- 
 logically it is divisible into two T£ry unequal parts, the lowest 
 CQnsistiug of yellowish shelly chalk without flints (the zone of 
 RkymTionella Cuvieri) and the upper of white compact Chalk with 
 numerous layers of flints (zones i£- Terebrdtiilina gracilU and 
 
120 MIDDLE CHALK. 
 
 Holaster planus). The former is only from 13 to 15 feet thick, 
 the latter is at least 150 feet and probably much more.* 
 
 Zone of Rhynch. Cuvieri. — In Lincolnshire the marls which 
 form the top of the Lower Chalk are succeeded by hard yellowish 
 Ghalk in massive beds with shaly partings ; these are full of frag- 
 ments of Inocej^mug shell and specimens of Inoceramus mytiloides 
 and of Rhynchonella Cuvieritire common. » It was pointed out in 
 the Explanation of Sheet 84.(1884), that this rocky Chalk was 
 probably.the condensed equivalent. of the Melbourh Rock and the 
 overlying shelly Chalk which in Cambridgeshire are from 50 to 60 
 feet thick and make up the zone oi Rhynch. Cuvieri. Mr. W. Hill 
 has recently expressed his concurrence* in t&is view.t 
 
 • • ' - A.J.J.-B. 
 
 Mr. Reid'furnishe's the following description of the Chalk with 
 Flintsi:— ^ ...... 
 
 Nearly a third of the area 'of Sheet 86 'is occupied by Cha'k 
 with Flint?, which forms the- greater "part-of t^e Yorkshire and 
 Lincolnshire Wolds,- and-also underlie* the -Boulder Clay plain to 
 the east. Probably .the flintless Upper.Chalk is j-epresented in the 
 district east of Hull, an4 in^y afco extend a short distance into 
 Lincolnshire ; but there are no sections of it visible at the surface. 
 
 The Chalk with Flints consists of .hard white Chalk, in the 
 lower part thick-bedded, but becoming markedly stratified, or 
 even flaggy, in the upper part." Partings of grey clay occur 
 abundantly. Near 'the 'bastf the fliilts aYe in small scattered 
 irregular nodules, often "with" a Wack" centre, but more usually 
 grey throughout. These nodules -are -often embedded in a layer 
 ef hard, white chalk, which is closely united to the flints, and is 
 divided by joints or cracks which cut through chalk and flint.3 
 alike, so that the latter are 'Severed like pebbles in a cleaved 
 conglomerate. Occasionally the nodules are pinkish, but neither 
 the large black nor the red flints found in the Boulder Clay, 
 appear to occur in place in this district. Upwards tlie proportion 
 of flint becomes gradually greater, and the scattered nodules form 
 regular lines. Then the flints are found closer together, often 
 forming large flattened masses or floors several yards across, and 
 thin seams of tabular flint are abundant, both in the planes of 
 bedding and in joints. In the higher portion the flints are 
 6uriotisly interbedded with, or penetrated horizontally by chalk, 
 and send tongues into the chalk. Their surfaces are also' often 
 honeycombed in a very peculiar way, for on this horizon instead 
 of forming nodules, or solid masses, the flint tends to ramify in 
 spongy, imperfectly formed masses along the bedding planes of 
 the chalk. Fossils are very scarce, Inoceramus Cuvieri and 1. 
 Brongniarti hemg the only species noticed within this Map. 
 
 C.R. 
 
 * The liroken line CDgraved npon the Map is the diTision between the Chalk -mth 
 flints and that -without flints ; it does not. therefore represent the actual base of the 
 Middle Chalk, but runs about 14 feetjnbov^ it. : .... 
 ' t Quart. Joum. Geol, Soc., vol. xMv., pp. 33d-364. 
 
COAIM. WITH ELINTS* 121 
 
 Mr. Jutes-Browne contributes the following notes on the 
 Middle Chalk:— - - - - 
 
 Zone of RhyncKpnelta Cuvieri. 
 
 The most eontherly point op the main ontc]ro|> where these beds were 
 observed was in* the quarry sonth-east of Caistor, near the old windmill, 
 which sBbws the whole of this zone and its junction with the chalk above : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil and rabble - • - > • - 3 
 
 Hard white chalk with two lines of flints - - - 6 
 
 Shale and shaly chalk • - - - - 0| 
 
 Hard greyish chalk in beds about one foot thick with 
 
 partings of grey shale • - - • - 11 
 Soft grey shale (seen at one place). 
 
 About - . - 20J 
 
 The shale partings in the lower part are 4 to 6 inches thick and contain 
 rounded nodular lumps of hard yellowish chalk. Fragments of Inoeera/mi 
 are abundant in this grey chalk. A similar section is visible in the quarry 
 a quarter of a mile east-north-east of the Church. 
 
 A. J. J.-B. 
 
 The following notes on sections north of Caistor are hy Mr. 
 Fox-Strangways who surveyed that portion of the outcrop :— ' 
 
 ■ In Elsham Church Wood a quarry, about 40 feet deep, shows the lower 
 flintless beds of the Middle Chalk and some thickness of the flinty chalk 
 above.. 
 
 At the upper cross roads near Horkstow a pit exposes a similar section 
 the upper beds consisting of white' chalk with bands of nodular flint, 
 weathered and splitlSng up vertically j the lower beds of which about 
 6 feet are exposed are thick-bedded, with a marked (shaly) band ac the 
 junction. The beds dip at about 13° towards the scarp. 
 
 At South Ferriby north-east of the Church this junction is again 
 exposed in a chalk pit, the whole pf the zone of Shyntih. Cwiieri being seen, . 
 together with some of the underlying Grey Chalk, including the soft shaly 
 baud (No. 6) ; this is much broken and disturbed, probably from slipping, 
 the quarry being just at the north-west angle of the "Wolds. 0. F. S. 
 
 The following notes are by Mr. Jukes-Browne ; — 
 
 Passing over the Humber a fine section is to be seen in the large quarries 
 west of Hessle station ; I visited these in company with Mr. Strangways in 
 1880, and took the following notes of the section then exposed : — 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Chalk rubble - . . . - - 2 
 
 Fare white chalk, rather hard, with a layer of large 
 
 nodular grey flints - - - - - 6 
 
 Continuous layer of greyish-white flint stained 
 
 yellowish by iron in places - - - - 4 
 
 Hard and tough semicrystalline limestone, tinged 
 
 with yellow (like Chalk Rock) - - - 2 
 
 Soft chalk with horizontal strings of grey marl "09 
 
 Massive white chalk without flints - - -30 
 
 The same with large flints near the base - - 3 
 
 Thin layer of clay. 
 
 White chalk with flint nodules • - - 2 
 
 Thin layer of clay. 
 White chalk with flints of irregular elongate shape 
 
 and Inoceraimts Brongnia/Hi • - - - 6 
 
 O S2913. T 
 
122 : UPPEE OBETACEOUS. 
 
 Ft. In..- 
 Layer of dark clay - - - - - 2 
 
 White chalk, in courses of from 2 to 3 feet thick, wit;h- 
 
 oat flints {InoeeraWMs mytiloides) - - • 26 
 
 Rough yellowish chalk (with.. Inoe. myiiloides) seen in 
 
 pits belo-w the level of the rails • - - 10 
 
 Total - - 61 3 
 
 I took thS chalkVhich Is seen below the level of the line to be that 
 which is usually folind abbve the zone of Bel. plena, but the succeeding 
 beds are different from any seen elsewh^e, and it would seem as if the 
 sharp demarcation which prevails in Lincolnshire (and again at South 
 Cave) betweSn the Sone ofBhyneh;. Ciwmti and that of TerS)ra1mlina gra- 
 cilis were here bridged over by the local occurrence of passage beds. 
 
 Dr. Barroi^ thoug}it a representative of the still higher zone oiHolaster 
 planus exists here, but I saw no evidence to support this idea ; on the 
 contrary I should imagine that barely half the zon« of Ter.gracUi» was 
 here shown. He was, however, the first to identify the occurrence of tbe 
 lower zones here.* 
 
 In 1878 Kev. J. F. Blake gave some account of the quarry, from which 
 the following is extractedf : " There are three distinct bands in it, known 
 to the workman and quarried for different purposes. The lowest bedj; 
 is worked for whiting as it is entirely free from flints, except thin layers 
 between the great beds. It is this that produces the great number of 
 shark's teeth (P%c%0l2^{« mammtiZoris) for which the quarry is noted and 
 it also contains Inoeerawms Cuvieri [? mytHoidee], Next above this is the 
 "road stone" only used for that purpose on account of the nodular flints 
 which it contains ; its fossils as noted by me are Terebratulvna gracilis and 
 llcJdnoconus svhrokmdus and others are noted by Dr. Barrois. The top is 
 the " limestone " which is burnt. This has flints in bands but at wide 
 -intervals. . . . It is overlaid some height further up by the chalk with 
 thick-bedded flints to be noticed hereafter." 
 
 The ne:«:t good section of the lower part of the Middle Chalk is in the 
 railways cutting near Sugar Loaf Hill, east of South Cave and just 
 outside the northern edge of Sheet 86. The beds here differ from those 
 just described, but are similar to the Lincolnshire type. Between the 
 lowest layer of flints and the laminated gr6y marl (zone of Bd. jjfewa, see 
 p. 118) tliere are 13 feet of "hard rough cream-coloured chalk weathering 
 into platy pieces with rough surfaces) divided into courses not less than a 
 foot thick by bands of yellowish-grey inarl."§ 
 
 Inliere. 
 
 The outcrop of the zone of Ehynch. CuvOri can of course be followed 
 round the three inliers in the southern part of the sheet, and the broken 
 line en^aved on the Map is the boundary line between it and the over- 
 lying chalk with flints. Exposures were observed in each of these 
 inliers : — 
 
 1. Thoresway and Croxby InUer. — There is a pit by the side of the road 
 a Quarter of a fliile north of Thoresway Church, showing, in the upper 
 part, friable white chalk, broken into small blocks by vertical joints, and in 
 the lower part- hard thick-bedded chalk with irregular layers of grey 
 shale. Betweeji these Jevels there is taluB, but no flints were seen, and 
 the whole may belong to the Chalk without flints. 
 
 * Becherches sAr le Terrain Ci£tac£ Superieur de I'Angleterre et de I'lrlande, 
 
 1876 i p. 189. 
 + Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. v., p. 252. 
 
 t That is, the lowest hed above the level .of the rails in the main quarry. 
 £ W. Hill, Quart. Journ. Geol. 'Soc., vol. 44, p. 339. 
 
CHALK WITH TUNTS. 123 
 
 2. BothweU Inlier. — ^The jnnction of the flint-bearing and flintless Chalk 
 is exposed in a pit half a mile south-east of Bothwell, the section here 
 being as follows : — 
 
 Soil and rubble - -- -• - -' - 3 
 
 Hard white chalk, with courses containing embedded 
 
 grey flints — .• . . . .10 
 
 UTodular chalk and grey shale, in -thin layers - - 0| 
 
 Hard greyish chalk in thick beds - • • 10 
 
 Small specimens of Sihynchonella Cwvieri occur in the shaly beds. There 
 is a slight inclination to the north-east. - ' - 
 
 Another pit, some 6 furlongs west-north-west of BothweU, also shows 
 these hard laokj beds which underlie the Chalk with flints ; they are 
 separated by layers of buff-coloured marly shale, 4 to 6 inches' thick, 
 and containing loose nodules or lumps of chalk. In the hard beds here, I 
 found a small Ammonite, badly preserved, but resembling Am. prosfpet 
 rianua ; broken shells of Inoeera/inme were also abundant. 
 
 3. Cahowm and Swallow Valley. — The greyish rocW beds are seen in th6' 
 floor of the pit half a mile south-east of Caboum Church ; but a better 
 section is exposed in a pit on the south side of the road a mile east of 
 Gabourn, as follows ; — 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil and rubble - • • - - - 4 
 
 White chalk with flint nodules - - - • 14 " 
 
 Hard rough chalk, with layers of grey shale - - Of 
 
 Hard greyish white chalk, gritty, with fragments of 
 Inoeeramus, in thick beds • - - - 8 
 
 The junction line here Is at a higher level than the continuation of the 
 feature would indicate, as if it were thrown up by a small fault. 
 
 The same beds are again seen in a pit on the north side of the road 
 vest of Swallow ; about 6 feet of them are exposed with a shaly bed at 
 the top, overlaid by the white chalk with flints, of which there are 10 or 
 12 feet. 
 
 Besides the pits already mentioned where the base of the Chalk 
 with Flints is exposed, these beds may be seen at the following 
 
 Thoresway. — A pit 5 furlongs south-east of the Church. 
 
 BothweU. — Fits half a mile west, half a mile north-north-west, and one 
 mile north-east of the Church. 
 
 Cabonm. — A pit half a mile south-eaet of the Church. 
 
 Cuxwold. — A pit a quarter of a mile south-east of the Church. 
 
 Croxby Pond, by the roadside east of the Lake. This shows two thin 
 seams of grey clay. Another pit half a mile north-east of the Fond shows 
 about 20 feet of hard white chalk with layers of flint, nearly continuous, but 
 thinning and thickening lenticularly ; one of these averages 5 to fl- 
 inches in thickness, and does not spUt conchoidally but rectangularly. 
 
 Hatcliffe. — A pit half a mile north-east of the Manor House Farm. 
 The floor of this pit is a continuous layer of flint ; in the chalk above 
 there are several thin horizontal layers of flint and four layers of lenticular 
 flints, one of which, about 5 feet from the top, includes interlaminated 
 layers of chalk. Another pit, nearly half a mile south-eaat of HatcEffe, 
 shows similar chalk "with lines of large lenticular flints, and one continuous 
 layer of grey flint 6 to 8 inches thick ; there is also a thin seam of 
 grey marfy clay. 
 
 1 2 
 
18 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 6 to 8 in. 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 to 4 in. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 124 UPPER ORETACBODS. 
 
 "West Ravendale. — ^An excellent section of this part of the Ohalk is seen 
 in » chalk pit by the roadside at this place showing : — 
 
 Ft. Ik. 
 .Ghalk with large nodules and discontinnons layers 
 
 of flint .. 
 Continuous layer of flint and chalk, interlaminated 
 MsiBsive chalk without flints- 
 Layer jof grey .marly clay - - - » 
 ChiB.lk.with scattered-flint nodules . . - 
 Continuous layer of solid flint . - - 
 Chalk with large nodules and discontinuous layers 
 
 offiint ■ . . . . -22 
 
 51 
 
 Another quarry, sonth-east of the above, shows the same series, and 
 there are oW workings all along the steep slope of chalk, which forms the 
 north-east side of the valley. 
 
 The same Ohalkwith flints can be seen in pits half a mile south-west and 
 5 furlongs north-north-east of East Kayendale. 
 
 In a pit 3 furlongs north-north-east of "Wold Newton some very large 
 Faramoudra-like flints occur, the section being like that at Bavendale. 
 
 Another pit, 5 furlongs south-south-east of Wold Newton, shows about 
 25 feet of Chalk, with layers of flint about 2 feet apart, and scattered 
 nodules of flint between these layers, 
 
 A. J. J..B. 
 
 Mr. Eeid continues the'descriptions as follows :— 
 
 Hawerby. — ^A pit behind the farm buildings half a mile norlh-west of 
 Hawerby Church shows weU-bedded, flaggy-looking Chalk, with beds of 
 tabular flint. Dip not obtainable, but apparently small. 
 
 East Bavendale. — A pit three-quarters of a mile north of the village 
 shows 30 feet of Chalk with many layers of tabular grey flints ; a seam of 
 marl an inch thick occurs low down in it. 
 
 The tabular flints in the sections in this neighbourhood are gecerally 
 imperfect, containing tongues of Chalk. Some of the layers are nodular,' 
 but irregular-shaped nodules are comparatively rare. 
 
 East Bavendale Field (due east of). — ^An old pit shows bedded Chalk 
 with tabular flints. 
 
 At Swallow Vale there is a pit showing Chalk, with scattered nodular 
 flints. 
 
 At Swallow a pit 10 chains east of the Church exposes Chalk, with flint 
 nodtiles. 
 
 Audleby Top Coyer, near Clixby. — In a pit Chalk, with scattered flint 
 nodules, is exposed. The dip is north-north-east. 
 
 Irby Church (half a mile south-east of). — Thin-bedded Chalk, with, 
 irregular layers of tabular flints, is exposed in a pit ; dy) not obtainable. 
 
 Irby. — In a pit a quarter of a mile south-west of the Church Chalk, with 
 floors of flint or tabular flints, and some decayed pyrites, is exposed. 
 
 Irby. — ^Pits a quarter of a mile north-west of the Church show Chalk 
 with nodular and tabular flints and a seam of marl. Two vertical joints 
 are filled with flint. The direction and amount of dip are uncertain. 
 
 At Aylesby Washing Dales there is a pit in flaggy Chalk with continuous 
 floors of flint. 
 
 Eiby Church (half a mile south-east of). — A pit shows a section of Chalk 
 with many layers of tabular or flattened nodular flints (14 lines in 30 feet). 
 
 Biby. — ^In a pit one mile south-south-west of the Church, Chalk, wilii 
 flint floors and thin tabular flints, is exposed. The bedding is horizontal , 
 
 Biby (half a mile south-west of). — ^A pit shows Chalk with marl partings 
 and layers of flat or nodular flints. 
 
 Biby Church (half a mile west of).— There is a pit in hard Chalk ; the 
 flints more nodular than in any of the sections previously noted ; at one 
 point a nearly vertical joint is filled with flint. Fragments of a large 
 Inoeercmvi are common. 
 
CHALK AVITH PtlNTS. 125 
 
 Eeelby (half of a niile south-soath-east of). — -A pit fnrniaheB an expoBore 
 of Chalk with flints. The dip to the north-east is very slight. The Chalk 
 a.t the bottom of this pit shows openfissares, through which the water rises 
 after wet weather or in winter. 
 
 Keelby (a quarter of a mile south of). — Chalk, with nodular flints, 
 imperfect flints, and floors of fliiit, is exposed in a pit. 
 
 Brocklesby (half a mile south of). — A pit shows Chalk with floors of 
 flint and large nodules. Dip about east-north-east. 
 
 Limber (half a mile east-south-east >of).— Ghalk with impeffect and 
 flattened flints is exposed in a pit. 
 
 Limber. — A well at Mr. Frankish's honae was sunk entirely in Chalk 
 with layers of flint to a depth of 168 feet. 
 
 Limber (one and a quarter miles south-south-west of). — Chalk with many 
 layers of flat and tabular flints is exposed in a pit. The beds are horizontal. 
 
 Limber. — A pit one and a half miles west-south-west of the Church 
 shows Chalk with many layers of imperfect flints. 
 
 Limber. — ^In a pit in the village, a quarter of a mile west of the Church, 
 Chalk with tabular or flat flints is exposed. 
 
 Limber Parva. — A pit (with lime-kiln) afibrds a section of Chalk with 
 floors of flint and a few partings of marl. The dip is north-east. The 
 depth exposed is 40 feet. 
 
 Somerby Dolter (north of). — ^There is a pit in Chalk with nodular 
 pinkish flints. 
 
 ■ Kirmicgton. — ^A pit half a mile south-east of the Church exposes Chalk 
 with nearly continuous layers of flattened flints. 
 
 Kirmington Yale, Chalk with a few scattered flint nodules. 
 
 Ulceby (south of). — A large pit, 28 feet in depth, exposes Chalk with 
 layers of nodular flints, a few thin seams of tabular flint, and two or three 
 partings of marl. The Chalk is quite horizontal and undisturbed, except 
 by step faults, none of which let down more than 8 inches. 
 
 Uloeby (by the roadside, one mile west ofj. — There is a pit in Chalk 
 with many continuous regular layers of imperfect flints and a few lines of 
 nodnles. At one spot, near the bottom of the pit, there is an enormous 
 flint nodule, which bends the beds as though it were a boulder dropped 
 fi-om above. The dip is due east at 1". The thickness exposed is 30 feet. 
 
 Wootton. — A pit, west of the Hall, shows 25 feet of Chalk with many 
 lines of imperfect tabular flint and flattened flints, and partings of marl. 
 Two or three small faults are seen, none more than a few inches ; as usual 
 in this district, the downthrow is against the dip. The beds dip E. 25° N., 
 at an angle of 2°. 
 
 Wootton. — An old pit near the tumulus at How Hill is in Chalk with 
 a layer of large flattened or tabular flints. 
 
 Wootton. — A pit near Dunkirk exposes Chalk with tabular flints and 
 large nodules. On one horizon there are a number of large Inocerami. 
 The beds dip east-south-east at-l°. 
 
 Croxton. — North of Parsonage Farm, there is a small pit, in Chalk with 
 layers of flattened nodular flints, often containing parts of a large species 
 of InoceramuB ; there are two or three partings of marl. 
 
 Croxton. — A pit a quarter of a mile north-west of the Church, exposes 
 16 feet of Chalk, with a layer of large grey flints, a few nodules, a mass 
 filling a vertical joint, and one marl parting. The dip is probably due 
 east. 
 
 Thornton Curtis. — In a pit due north of the Church Chalk with nearly 
 continuous beds of flint, and containing marl seams in the lower part, is 
 exposed. 
 
 Thornton. — A pit three-quarters of a mile due west of the Church shows 
 Chalk with many layers of flattened and tabular flints. The beds dip about 
 N. 10° E. at an angle of 1°- A small fault with downthrow to the south 
 is visible. 
 
 Thornton Curtis (north-west of). — There is a pit in Chalk with large flints 
 passing into tabular masses. 
 
 Burnham (three-quarters of a mile east of). — 20 feet of Chalk is exposed 
 in a pit. The section consists of Chalk with many layers of large flat or 
 
126 UPPER CRETACEOUS. 
 
 tabular flints one tabular flint being only 1 inch thick but several yards 
 long. A few nodular fiinta are nearly black, but all the others are grey. 
 Near the top of the section there is a marl seam 3 inches thick, and at the 
 base a marl parting. Fossils are rare, the most common being fragments 
 of a snlcated Inoceramus. The beds dip E. 30 N., at an angle of 1°. 
 
 Burnham.; — There is a pit three-quarters of a mile east of the Plantation, 
 in Chalk with many layers of flint, occasionally tabular, and several marl 
 partings. Several small step faults are visible. The beds dip £. 20° 8., 
 at an angle of about 4°, but both direction and amount of dip are rather 
 uncertain. 
 
 Bnmham (a quarter of a mile south of). — A pit shows Chalk with layers 
 of nodular and flattened flints and seams of marl. Mints are not nearly so 
 abundant as in most of the pits in the neighbourhood. The dip appears 
 to be N. 25° E., at an angle of 2°. 
 
 Burnham . — There is a pit, at the cross roads north of Burnham Plantation, 
 in thin-bedded Chalk with tabular flints ; the flints are very imperfect and 
 irregularly mixed with Chalk. One flint, 2 feet 7 inches high and 2 feet 
 across, was an ujjright cylinder, but not like a Paramoudra. The dip is 
 southerly but variable. 
 
 •On the other side of the road, just north of the last section, there is 
 another pit showing a i-inch seam of marl, and a 1-inch seam of tabular 
 flint over 20 feet long. Both these pits show^disturbances, but no definite 
 fault line is traceable, and the direction of th*e dip is very doubtful. 
 
 Melton High Wood (half a mile north of).— Chalk with scattered flint 
 nodules and a 2-inch seam of marl is exposed in a small pit. 
 
 Melton Boss, Whiting Works. ~A large pit exposes on each side of the 
 rail a thickness of 50 feet of hard rubbly Chalk with occasional seams of 
 marl, and a few scattered nodular flints, some of which are pink. The 
 direction of dip is north-east. 
 
 Melton Boss (about half a mile north of). — A pit shows Chalk with 
 scattered pinkish flint nodules and partings of marl, full of joints and 
 small faults. The dip is uncertain. 
 
 Elsham. — A pit near Court Close exposes Chalk with scattered nodular- 
 flints and a marl parting. The direction of dip is north-east. 
 . Elsham (three-quarters of a mile north of J. — A pit shows Chalk with 
 nodular flints, full of open flssures and much shattered. The beds dip in 
 an easterly direction, but the exact direction and amount are not clear. 
 
 Elsham (half a mile north of). — ^There is a pit in Chalk with scattered 
 £int nodules and a few. marl partings, much shattered and full of open 
 flssures. The direction of dip is E. 15° N. 
 
 Worlaby (one mile north-east of). — Thick-bedded Chalk with scattered 
 flint nodules is exposed in a pit ; dip not obtainable. 
 
 Saxby Mill (just south of). — ^A pit shows Chalk with nodular flints. The 
 .dip. is untrustworthy, as faults, with downthrows to the north, are seen in 
 the pit. 
 
 Barrow (south of). — ^A large pit exposes Chalk with many horizontal 
 .layers of flint. 
 
 Barrow. — A pit at the cross roads, three-quarters of a mile south-west 
 of the Hall, shows horizontal beds of Chalk with flint nodules and tabular 
 flints. 
 
 Barton. — ^There is a pit, half a mile south-east of Deepdale Farm, in Chalk 
 with' layers of flint nodules, one line forming large irregular tabular masses, 
 .and a 2-inch seam of grey marl. The beds dip at 2° in a direction S. 20° E. 
 
 Barton. — A pit in Deepdale, half a mile west of the farm, shows bedded 
 "Chalk with very rare flint nodules. The beds dip N. 25° E. at an angle of 
 2°. 
 
 Barton Wold Farm.— A dip N. 10° W. at 2° was obtained in Chalk with a 
 few flint nodules. 
 
 Barton. — There is an old pit, one mile east-south-east of the Church,- in 
 Chalk with layers of large flint nodules. 
 
 .Barton. — ^A pit half a mile east-north-east of the Lodge exposes bedded 
 Chalk with tabular flints, flint nodules, and partings of marl ; one cheese- 
 shaped flint, 20 inches across by 14 inches deep, was noticed. 
 
 Barton (one mile south-east of) — ^An old pit, near the Lodge, affords an 
 exposure of Chalk mth many nodular flints. 
 
CHALK -WITH ILINTS. ; 127 
 
 Barton (near the Mill, south-east of).— Chalk with large flint nodules is 
 exposed in a pit. 
 
 Barton. — A pit a quarter of a mile from the Tillage, on the Barrow road, 
 shows Chalk with layers of nodular flints and a 2-inch seam of greenish clay. 
 The dip is S. 10° E. , at an angle of 1". 
 
 Barton. — A pit by the high road west-south-west of Kingsforth exhibits 
 Chalk with a few scattered nodular or finger-shaped flints, and a 1-inch 
 seam of greenish marl containing broken up Chalk. The beds dip north- 
 east at about 4°. 
 
 Barton. — There is an old pit, half a mile south of Beacon Hill, in Chalk 
 with tabular flints. 
 
 Barton. — ^An old pit, three-quarters of a mile"west-north-west of Beacon 
 Hill, shows hard Chalk with a few nodules of grey flint ; dip not obtaia- 
 able. 
 
 Barton. — A pit half a mile west-south-west of Hill Farm exposes horizon- 
 tal beds of Chalk with a few flint nodules. 
 
 Barton (west of) — A. pit shows 50 feet of Chalk with a few scattered flint 
 nodules throughout. Dip S.S.E. Small faults, with downthrow to the 
 north, are visible. 
 
 Barton.— There is a pit, half a mile north-east of Grange Farm, in Chalk 
 ' with lines of nodular grey flints. 
 
 Perriby Hall (one mile east of). — In a pit near the Farm there is an 
 exposure of Chalk with nodular grey flints ; dip not obtainable, 
 
 O.R. 
 
128 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.— W, OV THE WOLDS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVL 
 
 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 WUST OF THE WOLDS AND SOUTH OF THE 
 HUMBER. 
 
 South of the Humbeb. 
 
 The superficial deposits of the Anoholme and Trent valleys are 
 of such variable oompositionj and their relations, both as to time 
 and position, so ill-defined by surface indications, that it is not 
 always certain to which of the great classes, G-lacial or Post- 
 Glacial, a deposit may belong. The boundaries of the Drifts are 
 also rendered indefinite by the frequent resemblance they exhibit 
 to the solid rocks on which they rest, as in the case of the sands 
 on the Kellaways Rock Sand, and the Chalky Boulder Clay, and 
 Clay at a lower level on the Lias, Oxford, or Kimeridge Clays. 
 
 The Chalky Boulder Clay is the oldest known glacial accumula- 
 tion in the area, it occurs in the districts composed of the Oxford 
 and Kimeridge Clays, and covers a considerable part of the Liassic 
 area ; but upon the Oolitic escai-pment, and on its dip-slope rising 
 westward from the Ancholme valley, it is absent. The Chalky 
 Boulder Clay caps the higher grounds, having been deposited 
 upon a surface through which the Ancholme and its larger 
 tributary valleys have since been cut. 
 
 Although where typically developed this Boulder Clay is 
 crowded with Chalk fragments, it is variable in character, and 
 is often without Chalk in districts remote from the Wolds. 
 
 Upon the Chalky Boulder Clay patches of Gravel, usually 
 much current-bedded, occur here and there, notably on Wrawby 
 Hill ; organic remains have not as yet been found in them. 
 
 Similar gravels occur in patches, at various heights above the 
 Alluvium of the Trent, on the "Liassic rocks in districts where 
 there is no Boulder Clay; they are usually composed of local 
 materials so arranged as to suggest conditions somewhat analogous 
 to those which produced the Eskers. 
 
 These gravels appear to be of different ages, they may be the 
 relics of a denudation extending intermittently from early Glacial 
 to newer Glacial, and perhaps even to early Post-Glacial, times. 
 
 There are four small patches of Gravel composed of Oolitic 
 materials upon the very summit of the Oolitic escarpment, a posi- 
 tion which, coupled with their isolated and fragmentary condition, 
 would indicate a relatively greater antiquity than that assigned 
 to the other gravels ; and would possibly refer them to a period 
 anterior to the Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 The Gravels of Hardwick Hill and some other places show a 
 distinct derivation from the Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 The excavation of the Ancholme valley through the Chalky 
 Boulder Clay resulted in the accumulation of a series of sanda and 
 
BOirt&EB CLATf. 129 
 
 gravels associated with red-brown grey-veined Clay, which is 
 regarded by Mr. Jukes-Browne as Newer Glacial. 
 
 In the Ancholme valley bottom this Clay is usually thin, and 
 apparently impersistent in the sand and gravel. 
 
 In places, as in Little Carr Drain, the Clay is evenly laminated 
 and indistinguishable in character from the ancient Warp o£ the 
 H.umber between Barton and South Ferriby. There are, however, 
 tracts of rising ground on the flanks of the Ancholme valley, as, 
 north of Wrawby, at Winterton Holme and Winterton, where the 
 Clay cont^ns chalk pellets, and must be regarded as a true Boulder 
 qay. 
 
 Although there is no reason to doubt the contemporaneous origin 
 of this Boulder Clay and the stonelees and laminated Clay, it is 
 manifestly impossible to tell whether the overlying sands and 
 gravels are referable in part or altogether to Post-Glacial deposi- 
 tion; so that except where the Clay is of sufficient superficial 
 extent to be mapped separately, we include it . with the sand 
 and gravel under the general term "Low level deposits of the 
 Ancholme valley." These deposits are, as a rule, separated from 
 the Chalky Boulder Clay, by a slope formed of Oxford Clay, j 
 
 The section in the low clifE near South Ferriby seems to 
 establish a distinct connexion between the stoneless clay and the 
 true Boulder Clay, and shows that both were accumulated subse- 
 quently to the formation of the indurated gravel and sand bed on 
 that shore which may belong to the Eaised Beach period. 
 
 There is a strong probability that the Low level deposits of the 
 Ancholme valley are represented by laminated clays, sands, and 
 gravels in the Alluvial districts forming the western portion of 
 Sheet 86. 
 
 The undoubtedly Post-Glacial deposits in this Sheet, consist of 
 Peat, Warp and Blown Sand. Where the Blown Sands rest upon 
 deposits of sand and gravel from which they have been derived, 
 as in the districts between Elsham and the Humber and between 
 Brigg and Bametby, iand in parts of the Trent valley, it is 
 impossible to distinguish them by definite boundaries. 
 
 The Superficial Deposits on the west of the Wolds will be 
 described under the following heads, or sections : — 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 Old Gravels. 
 
 Low-level deposits of the Ancholme Valley and Brown 
 
 Boulder Clay. 
 Sand, Peat and Alluvium of the Trent Valley. 
 Peat and Alluvial deposits of the Ancholme Valley. 
 Blown Sand. 
 
 The Blown Sands are confined to the area west of the Wolds. 
 Much of this Sand may have been drifted prior to and during the 
 accumulation of the Peat and Alluvial deposits mentioned in the 
 two preceding sections, and considerations as to derivation might 
 entitle it to a prior positioil, but as, in many tracts, the Sand is 
 shifting now, it has been given last. 
 
,130 SUPEEPIOIAI, DEPOSITS. — W. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 ' Geographically the deposits on the west of the Wolds naturally 
 fall into two groups, those of the Ancholme Valley and those of 
 the Trent Valley. 
 
 The occurrence of marine sands between two Boulder Clays in 
 the area on the east of the Wolds, prevents an absolute correlation 
 of the drifts on that side with those on the west of the Wolds, 
 .and calls for a separate description, which is furnished by Mr, Beid, 
 who surveyed that district. 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 The Chalky Boulder Clay, where typically developed in the 
 vicinity of the Ancholme and Trent valleys, consists of bluish- 
 grey clay, weathering pale brown, containing numerous fragments 
 of chalk and flint, and occasionally of foreign grits and of quartz. 
 
 In the Ancholme district the Chalky Boulder Clay is confined 
 to the area south of EUham Station (on the Barnetby and Don- 
 caster Line), between the Ancholme Alluvium on the west, and 
 the Barnetby, Louth, and Lincoln Line on the east. In this 
 district it caps the higher ground of the Oxford and Kimeridge 
 Clays. 
 
 In the Trent district Chalky Boulder Clay caps the highest 
 part of the Liassic area in the south part of Sheet 86, between 
 ■ Blyton, Scotterwood, and Messingham, and the Oolitic escarp- 
 ment. On its western margin the Boulder Clay obscures the 
 junction of the Lias and Bhsetic beds. 
 
 From Messingham northward to the Humber, one small patch 
 of Boulder Clay on the northern slope of the valley east of Flix- 
 borough, by the road between Frodingham and Burton, forms the 
 sole direct evidence of glacial action. Whether it indicates the 
 northerly extension of the Chalky Boulder Clay over the Liassic 
 area to the Humber, or is of more- recent formation there is no 
 means of proving. 
 
 (a.) Ancholme District. 
 
 The ramification of valleys which intersect the Oxford and 
 Kimeridge Clay districts, south of Elsham Station, as they have 
 in most cases been cut through the Drift to the solid rock, 
 interferes with the continuous extension of the Chalky Boulder 
 Clay, cutting it up into a series of isolated patches. 
 
 Prolonged from Sheet 83, on the south, the most westerly patch of 
 Bonlder Clay on the margin of the Ancholme Alluvium occurs at G-ullham 
 Farm, between which place and Claxby Moor there are two other patches. 
 At Grullham the Chalky Boulder Clay is at a rather low level, being bounded 
 on thfc -west and north-west by sands which overlie the Low-level Clays 
 of the Ancholme valley, or form a wind-drift derived from them. 
 
 About Thorton-le-Moor, South Eelsey and North Kelsey the boundaries 
 of the Boulder Clay patches occur high up on the slopes. 
 
 The Thornton-le-Moor patch extends from a little west of that village 
 jiearly as far eastward as Holton-le-Moor ; as in the other patches, there is 
 abundant evidence of the characteristic Chalky Clay. 
 
 The South Kelsey patch terminates at Winghall fiarmyard, where it is 
 "separated by a narrow band of Oxford Clay from gravel and clay of the 
 Low-level series, which here occurs rather high upon the slope. 
 
BOuiDEB ca^r. 131 
 
 Bainwash, prodacing a scattering, of Boulder Clay d^ris down the 
 slopes, obscures the signs of the Oxford Clay, where the ditches; are not 
 deep on the western slope from the South Kelsey patch to the Ancholme 
 Alluvium ; and the same remark applies to the other parts of the Oxford 
 Clay district and to the area occtipied by Kimcridge Clay south of 
 Bametby. 
 
 At Decoy House the large North Kelsey patch of Chalky Boulder Clay 
 is separated by about 2 chains' width of Oxford Clay, on the slope, from 
 sand,' which is probably connected with the Low-level deposits rtf the 
 Ancholme Yalley. Similar sands separated by wider belts of Oxford Clay 
 from the Ohallsy Boulder Clay on the hill tops occur at and to the north 
 .oflngs House. 
 
 Between Gadney and Kelsey New Mill the Oxford Clay is exposed in a 
 ,pit in which it is capped by 5 feet of Grravel, forming the base of the 
 Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 _West of North Kelsey the Boulder Clay of Q-adney may be continuous 
 with the main mass as shown on the Map, but the ridge is slightly lower 
 for 10 or 12 chains, suggesting the probability of its insulation. 
 
 From the gravel patch at Cadney, which overlies its western termination, 
 to Howsham, and from Howsham northward to Howsham Barf, Chalky 
 Boulder Clay covers the higher gound ; it is characteristic Chalky Clay, 
 
 North of the road to Howsham, at three-quarters of a mile from Cadney, 
 three large boulders of siliceous grit are visible on the slope, one of them 
 being nearly 5 feet in length. ' Alth<ingh some distance below the boundary 
 of the Chalky Boulder Clay they have evidently come from it. A similar 
 boulder occurs in Cadney, at the turning to Brigg. 
 
 The slope below the Chalky Boulder Clay north-east of Cadney is 
 "broken by a small hill-feature capped by gravelly loam which is probably 
 the relic of an outlying pajioh of Boulder Clay denuded. 
 
 The most northerly patch of Chalky Boulder Clay in this district lies on 
 
 , the spur of high ground between Elsham, Bametby, and Brigg ; it is for the 
 
 most part overlain by the Gravel of Wrawby Hill, which also conceals its 
 
 junction with the Oxford Clay on the east of Wrawby ; it emerges from 
 
 beneath the gravel in the north part of Wrawby, and has been quarried 
 
 "for gravel on the north-west of the village where the included fragments 
 
 are remarkably numerous. The Chalky Boulder Clay (pale brown clay 
 
 with numerous chalk and flint pebbles) is also exposed in the stream west 
 
 of Wrawby Church at 12 chains from the high road. Oxford Clay is 
 
 ' visible at about 7 chains from the high road. On the west of Wrawby 
 
 the Chalky Boulder Clay is separated from the Low-level Ancholme 
 
 Valley Clay and its associated deposits by narrow bands of Oxford 
 
 . Clay. 
 
 Proceeding from Wrawby toward Brigg the boundaries of the Gravel 
 and underlying Chalky Boulder Clay soon become conterminous. South 
 of Wrawby Mill the Chalky Clay emerges from the Gravel, extending 
 thence southward on the projecting hill cut through by the Bailway, 
 between Brigg and Bametby. In this cutting the Oxford Clay is overlain 
 by 5 feet of brown and grey clay with small worn flints and pellets of 
 Chalk. 
 
 In draining the hill, on the south side of the Bailway, the clay 
 was found to be full of Chalk fragments, which, when not mashed up in 
 it, are well worn and often striated. In some of the drains a spit of buff 
 sand and gravel was cut through, in the Boulder Clay. Beneath about 4 
 feet of this Boulder Clay and gravel Oxford Clay was exposed on the 
 slopes separating the Chalky Boulder Clay from Low-level Ancholme Valley 
 Clay, exposed at 3 chains "below it, north of the letters igg in the words 
 Glamford Brigga on the Map ; Oxford Clay forms the slope for 2 chains, 
 separating the Chalky Boulder Clay from the sands of the Low-level Clay 
 series on the east. 
 
 The Chalky Boulder. Clay seems to be overlain by the Low-level Clay, or 
 there intervenes a strip of Oxford Clay too naiTow to be detected, about 
 Gorse Cover, east of Brigg. The exposures furnished by a ditch bounding 
 
132 SUPEEFICIAL DEPOSITS.^ — ^W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 what nsed to be called Gorse Cover proceeding doWn the hill>re as 
 follows : — 
 
 For 2 chains from the summit, sand, grey and brown mottled clay 
 resembling the Low-level Clay. _ 
 
 For 4 chains sand and gravelly soil. 
 
 Chalky Boulder Clay. 
 
 At two chains further unctuous grey clay (P Oxford Clay). 
 
 The Low-level Clay has been got out of the ditch further down. 
 
 North of Elsham Station there is no land on the flanks of the "Wolds Of 
 sufficient altitude to show the Chalky Boulder Clay, and on the Lincoln- 
 shire Limestone, on the west of the Ancholme Alluvium, it is never 
 found. 
 
 The gravelly nature of the Chalky Boulder Clay, near Wrawby, and in 
 the drains south of the Hallway cutting between BriggandBarnetby, may 
 explain the 5 feet of gravel representing the base of the Chalky Boulder 
 Clay between Gadney and Kelsey New Mill, and shows that some care is 
 necessary in distinguishing between a gravelly soil or thin patch of Chalky 
 Boulder Clay and a bond fide gravel underlying it. 
 
 (6.) Trent District. 
 
 The main mass of the Chalky Boulder Clay extends from Scotterwood 
 Farm southward into Sheet 83 ; it is for the most part concealed by Blown 
 Sand upon Scotton Common, but on the south of the Common and upon 
 the slope extending from Scotterwood to Laughton Wood it forms . the 
 surface. In this tract the Boulder Clay is by no means uniform in com- 
 position. 
 
 Between Sonthorpe and Blyton the prevalent colour of the Clay is drab 
 and pale brown; it contains broken flmts and, in places, pebbles of hard 
 Chalk, saooharoid grit and quartz 5 the western margin of the Boulder 
 Clay, near Southorpe, is loamy. Near Northorpe the Boulder Clay con- 
 tains pebbles of flint, quartz, and saccharoid grit. At about halfway 
 between Blyton and Northorpe stones are sparsely disseminated in the 
 Clay. 
 
 Near Scotton Field characteristic Chalky Boulder Clay is exposed in 
 the ditches. 
 
 In Scotton Common the limit of the Boulder Clay under the Sand does 
 not appear to come east of the letters mm in the words Scotton Common 
 on the Map. 
 
 Bluish-grey Boulder Clay, with bits of flint and foreign fragments, 
 often jaspideous, was exposed in draining by the road near the Scotter 
 end of Scotton Common. , , -r, , :■ .-1, 
 
 The slope south-west from Scotterwood is composed of Boulder Clay, 
 which has been worked in several pits, apparently for the gravel furnished 
 by its contained fragments. 
 
 At half a mile south-west of Scotterwood a pit on the slope shows drab 
 and brown Clay, marbled with bluish-grey veins, containing worn 
 fragments of white flint and Chalk, and, less frequently, pieces of Lias 
 limestone and shale, white saccharoid grit, and of other grits. One 
 fragment of purplish porphyritic rock was obtained. 
 
 In a pit near Scotterwood, on the west, the Boulder Clay is exposed to 
 a depth of from 10 to 15 feet ; it seems to be made up of Lias, Ehsetio and 
 Keuper materials, and contains worn fragments of flint. Lias limestones 
 and, occasionally, foreign grits. The floor of the pit appears to be Lias. 
 
 At the bend in Scotton Common Fence, north-west of Laughton Wood, 
 the ditch shows 4 feet of reddish-brown clay, loamy toward the surface ; 
 containing pebbles and angular fragments of flint. Chalk, foreign grits 
 and Lias limestone. The sandy soil of the Common has probably been 
 blown over the surface from the west and north j it appears to be very 
 thin in places, as yellow clay has been turned out in one spot by the road 
 to Hardwick Hill. 
 
•BOITLSER CI^Y^ 133 
 
 In the village of Laughton two large boulders are visible. The smaller 
 one stands by a farmhouse near the Church; it is composed of grey 
 fossiliferons rock resembling quartzite. The larger boulder stands in 
 front of the Blacksmith's shop in the lower (westernmost) part of the 
 village. It had been moved with great labour from the old site of the 
 shop, some years ago. This boulder is 5 feet X 4 feet x from 2 to 3 feet 
 in greatest dimension. It is composed of very hard greenish-grey rock, . 
 weathering brown (P metamorphio). This boulder bears a date 1766, 
 probably the date of removal from the Boulder Clay area or its ontskirts. 
 32i c. is also inscribed on it ; if meant for weight it is a great mistake 
 through omitting the multiplication by 3rd dimension. 
 
 A. considerable stretch of flat ground,, with brown loamy soil with 
 pieces of flint, occurs on the soqth-east of Northorpe Station ; it appears 
 to be the Alluvium of the tributaries of the Biver Eau, probably formed 
 of debris from the Boulder Clay upon the surrounding hills. Flanking 
 this plain both on the north and south there are narrow tracts of gently 
 rising land composed of sandy detritus, which may be the result of 
 atmospheric denudation, as there is apparently no deposit in this district 
 corresponding to the Low-level Clay of the Ancholme Valley. Above 
 these gentle slopes the Oxford Clay forms the hill sides, and is capped by 
 the Chalky Boulder Clay of Scotland Farm and by a patch further east 
 (both prolonged from Sheet 83 on the south) ; also by a patch of Boulder 
 Clay extending from G-rayingham westward toward Northorpe Station and 
 toward Fox Cover, east of Northorpe. Seven feet of Boulder Clay (browi 
 clay with fragments of flint) rests on the Lias in the Railway cutting 
 north-east of Northorpe Station. The Girayingham patch is very loamy 
 in places, which may be partly accounted for by the ferruginous Liassic 
 beds which it conceals. 
 
 On the south-west of Kirfcon Lindsey a patch of Boulder Clay, chiefly 
 composed of grey clay with flint frap;iiients, caps the high ground ; it is 
 cut through by the Railway ; near this patch, on the south-east, is a smaller 
 hill-capping of Boulder Clay. 
 
 Between Kirton Lindsey and Manton Warren there are two patches of- 
 grey flinty Boulder Clay with occasional old rook fragments ; the larger, 
 patch is about a mile west of Mount Pleasant; the smaller, at less than a 
 Inile west of Oleatham. In the dispersion of foreign fragments in the 
 soils of the sandy and loamy districts about Messingham, we have some 
 indication of the former extension of the Bonlder Clay ; and in the vaUeys 
 between Grayingham and Cleatham txmiulus, sandy deposits occur, in 
 which traces of partial derivation from the Boulder Clay are apparent. 
 
 By the road to Scotton Wood, proceeding np the gentle slbpe from the 
 streani on the east, a freshly cleaned ditch showed sand with grey clay 
 near the stream, giving place higher np to loam and clay with occasional 
 worn grit fragments of fair size, upon bluish clay with Lias fossils (either 
 a Boulder Clay made up of Lias materials kneaded up, or Lias in sita). 
 A cross drain on the north, of the road showed similar clay with broken 
 fragments of Lias limestone, interspersed in places with bits of flint and 
 
 Suartz. Just about here the soils are very variable. A farmer, 
 [r. Pyoook, of East Carr Farm (small farm by turning in direction of 
 Bannelow), tells me that he sunk through the following beds before 
 reaching rock in a well at his house : — . 
 
 Loamy soil, about 18 inches. 
 
 Grey sand, about 18 inches. 
 
 Clay with occasional stones, 3 feet. 
 
 The last-named maybe Boulder Clay;, he tells me that it is very 
 irregularly covered by sand, and frequently comes to the surface. No 
 reliance can be placed on soils by hedges, as Mr. Pycock informed me that 
 it is customary to bank np the hedges with the best soil procurable in their 
 vioinity to promote their rapid growth. 
 
 North of the letter a in the word Rctnnelow Bonlder Clay, at least 
 3 feet thick, seems to form an inlying patch in the surrounding sands ;• it 
 appears to consist of grey slightly loamy clay, light brown near the surface, 
 with veiy small fragments of flint. 
 
134 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.— W. OF «HE WOLDS. 
 
 ' On tbe dip-slope of the Fecteo-bed, the soil is brotm sand with numerous 
 ftasments of decomposed ferruginoas rock and occasional pieces of flint'' 
 and pebbles of old rocks. 
 
 ' Further north oi), the surface of the Sand-waste on the dip-slope of the' 
 Pecten-bed, east of Messingham, and amongst the Sands occarring in 
 patches on the high ground and covering extensive areas in the lower' 
 district, north of Messingham,. fragments of flint are found here and- 
 there. 
 
 Between Messingham and the Humber the only direct evidence of 
 glacial action is furnished by a small patch of grey Boulder Clay 'with flint' 
 fragments, and whitish marl overlain by Gravel, on the north side of the" 
 valley by the road from SVodingham to Burton, east of Flixborough. 
 This patch is entirely surrounded by Sand; from its isolation it is not 
 possible to say whether it represents Chalky Boulder Clay or the 
 accumulation of a later period. 
 
 On the east side of the road between Alkborough and West Halton 
 numerous pieces of flint are scattered over the surface,' also at about 
 half a mile west of West Halton, and between Walcot and Coleby, at 
 half a mile from the latter ; these may be relics of Boulder Clay, or of 
 Gravel. 
 
 The sloping ground, on the lower part of which Bishopthorpe is situated, 
 is composed of brown loamy soil with numerous bits of flint ; this may be 
 gravel soil, as gravel was met with in sinking a well at the turning to the 
 I^rm, and is exposed on the south side of the stream, west of the Whittoit 
 and the West Halton road, and south-west of Bishopthorpe. 
 
 Old Gbayels. 
 
 Whilst tbe gravels we are about to describe may be unhesita- 
 tingly referred to the same general period, except perhaps those on 
 the Oolitic escarpment (first described in the detailed notes), it is 
 not possible to prove the former continuity, or actual contempora- 
 niety of isolated patches. 
 
 With the doubtful exception abovei mentioned, these gravels are 
 relics of a long period of denudation, intervening between the 
 accumulation of the Chalky Boulder Clay and the deposition of 
 the Low-level deposits of the Ancholme Valley, and as such it is 
 only natural to find their sites, even in contiguous places (as near 
 FHxborough) varying considerably in height. 
 
 As the deposits of the Ancholme Valley are regarded as partly 
 Glacial it is more than probable that the sands underlying the 
 Peat and Alluvium of the Trent flats, and the stiff laminated day' 
 of the Humber and Trent Valleys are of the same general age, 
 if not strictly contemporaneous. So that, unless these valleys bad 
 been filled with a great thickness of Newer Glacial deposits, it is 
 difficult to assign a Post-Glacial age to the Old Gravels, their 
 positions pointing to a date of formation intermediate between the 
 accumulation of the Chalky Boulder Clay on the one hand and. 
 that of the Brown Boulder Clay and Low-level Clay on the other. 
 
 (a.) On the OoUHc eeearpment. 
 
 iy the upper road (■i.e., the road on the top of the Oolitic escarpment) 
 to Kirton, at about 8 chains from the south margin of Sheet 86, a small 
 
OBAVELS. 135- 
 
 deposit of Gravel, of worn fragments of Lincolnehire Limestone^ occurs. 
 A similar G-raTel forms a small patch by the same road near the cross 
 roads north-ea?t of Gravingham : it is shown in a quarry by the road. 
 On the east pf the Gravel patches the soil is brown and loamy with Oolitic 
 rock fragments, and occasionally bits of flint. 
 
 'At abont 30 chains north of the first letter n in the word Msmton, on 
 the Map a Gravel patch makes a small featnre in the npper part of the 
 Oolitic escarpment, obscnring the junction of the Basement Oolites and 
 Upper Lias. 
 
 By the road to Bottesford, neajr the stiinmit of the Oolitic escarpment, 
 the lowest beds of the Eirton series are exposed in a quarry, under 4 feet 
 of Gravel composed of worn materials of Lincolnshire Limestone. 
 
 In the Spring Wood boring the first bed mentioned is " Gravel, round 
 limestone and sand " 18 feet, upon 10 feet 4 inches of red sand. This is 
 probably broken limestone, as there is no Gh'avel on the Oolites in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 At Wressle Houses a patch of Gravel, about a foot thick, is shown on 
 the upper beds of the Kirton series, in the southernmost quarry. 
 
 (&.) Gravels in the Bowlder Clay wrea, Aneholme Valley district. 
 
 A small patch of Gravel has been mapped on Gravel Hill, near Thornton- 
 le-Moor, by Mr. Strang ways, who mentions the occurrence of " a little 
 gravel in some of the ditches and ponds," but the name is deceptive, as 
 " no gravel is worked in this district," " the general character of the fields 
 ia clayey " " with a little marl (gravel) in places." This is probably the 
 same as that between Cadney and Eelsey. 
 
 The South Kelsey Gravel is exposed in a gravel pit thus described by 
 Mr, Strangways : " 8 feet of rounded gravel, stratified, on Boulder Clay. 
 Some shell fragments (F derivative). At the southern end it is coarse and. 
 unstratified with some angular flints. The Gravel is composed almost 
 entirely of rounded flint." 
 
 Cadney Chramel. — The limits of the Cadney Gravel are defined by level 
 on all sides except the east, where it overlies Chalky Boulder Clay. The 
 Gravel has been extensively worked in a large overgrown pit, in a piece 
 of waste ground in the village. It consists principally of flint fragments 
 more or less worn, interstratified with coarse sand, &c., the whole being 
 pale brown or buff in colour. The Gravel is generally indicated on the 
 surface, especially on the south and west parts of the patch, by worn flint 
 fragments. Near the fork in the lanes west of Cadney, fine, pale brown, 
 buff, and grey, laminated, cohesive sand was exposed in a drain. 
 
 Wrawby Gravel. — Wrawby Hill is capped by a patch of Gravel resting 
 upon Chalky Boulder Clay which it overlaps on the east of Wrawby. The 
 actual junction of the Gravel and Boulder Clay is not exposed in section. 
 The connexion between the. Wrawby Gravel and the Low-level deposits of 
 the Brigg district is very obscure, and also its relation to the small 
 adjacent Gravel patch which extends to Erigg Station. This smaller 
 patch consists of similar Gravel of well-worn flints, associated with sand> 
 The southernmost gravel pit in the Wrawby patch, at the letter B in the 
 words Union ^buse on the Map, affords no section, but well-worn flint 
 fragments are thickly scattered over the soU. 
 
 On the upper part of the slope to the south of the western end of 
 Wrawliy village the Gravel is exposed to a depth of 15 feet in a pit. The 
 deposit is coarse and fine, and composed chiefly of flint fragments, but it 
 also contains pieces of Chalk, and of grits foreign to the district. 
 
 The flints are for the most part well worn, and are largest in the lower 
 part of the section. The matrix is light brown and cream-coloured sand. 
 The Gravel is associated with irreguur lenticular strips of sand and very 
 
136 
 
 SUPEBPIOIAt DEPOSITS.-^*'; OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 fine gr&vel. The aocorapanying sketch ehows the distribution of the finer 
 and coarser materials : — 
 
 a. Pipes of brown soil with angular flint fragments. 
 
 6. Yellowiah gravel. 
 
 c. Irregniar lenticulw conrses of fine gravel and sand.^ 
 
 d. Whitish sand dovetailing into gravel of average-sized firag* 
 
 ments. 
 
 e. CJoarser gravel with lenticular patches of coarser sand. 
 
 Fi&. 3. 
 Section in WraMby Gravel FU. 
 
 4 feet 
 
 ci: 
 
 
 " OJdpits, in which no sections are now visible, are met with near Wrawby 
 OhisPCh and the road to Elsham west of the north part of Wrawby. 
 
 At about 10 chains from St. Helen's House, north of the words Gorge 
 Cover, on the Map, a small pit shows well-worn, pale buff Grravel. 
 
 Near Wrawby Mill a pit shows Gravel of worn and fractured fragments 
 of flint and Chalk in pale brown and whitish sand, with curved lenticular 
 strips and beds of fine sand, with coarser seams at from 2 to 3 feet from 
 the surface. The pit is from 5 to 8 feet in depth ; in the deepest part the 
 gravel gives place to sand irregularly ; the sand contains bo'w coarse and 
 fine grains intermingled ; the stones-in the gravel are for the most part 
 srcLiiill, but fragments as large as a clenched fist are present in it. 
 
 In an adjacent pit there is an exposure of 7 feet of well-worn flint and 
 Chalk Gravel in a sand matrix, as above described, with one or two small 
 lenticular sixips of fine sand with alternating coarser bands. 
 
 A patch of Gravel at Barnetby Goree Hills has been mapped by Mr. 
 Strangways, who describes it as " Chalk gravel, angular and rounded." 
 
 (c.) Gra/oels in the Liaeeie area. 
 
 Ora/vdeast ofNorthome. — A small patch of Gravel, apparently resting on 
 Boulder Clay, makes a feature, at 90 chains from Korthorpe Station, in a 
 direction E. 10° N. A pit in it shows a section 10 feet deep : — 
 
 Ft. Ins. 
 Brown loamy surface soil with pebbles and broken 
 pieces of flint, upon brown loamy clay with pebbles 
 and broken flints occuring in pipes in gravel - 3 
 
 Gravel composed of pebbles,' subangular and nearly 
 angular fragments of LiaiSsic ^nd Cretaceous rocks, 
 worn specimens of Gryphdea' and Belemnites, in a 
 coarse sand mi^rix cotn'posea of similar materials - 7 
 The upper part of the gravel for from 3 to 4 feet shows no trace ■ of 
 hedding, but lower down the fhigments are distributed with regard to 
 
.GBAVELS. 137 
 
 gravity; and rather fine gravel and seams of coarse sand are intercalated 
 with the larger gravel. 
 
 Blyton Gvwvel The Blyton Gravel patch honnds the Alluvium of the 
 
 Blyton valley on the east and extends from Long Bridge northward for 
 50 chains on the west side of the road to Scotton Common ; on the east 
 side of the road it sends out an arm, which crosses the road to Korthorpe 
 at the letters g and B in the words Lon^ Bridge on the Map, where it has 
 been exposed in pits not now affording sections. In the northern part, 
 and just north of Blyton, the Gravel is exposed in several pits. 
 
 In one pit north-east of Blyton Church, near the road to Scotton 
 Common, false-bedded stratified Gravel is exposed to a depth of 6 feet 
 6 inches. It consists of two false-bedded masses of gravel, composed of 
 worn fragments of Lias and of Bhstic Beds and angular bits of flint 
 and quartzite pebbles, separated by a 6-inch seam of fine brown sand. The 
 Gravel matrix is very coarse sand. The upper bed of gravel is 3 feet 
 thick, and the lower is exposed to a depth of 3 feet. 
 
 Hwdwiek Sill Grmiel. — ^Hardwick (pronounced Haddick) Hill, near 
 Scotter and Susworth, rises from a low Sand tract bordering the Alluvium 
 on the north and west. On the east it is connected with the high land of 
 Scotton Common, near Hardwick Warren House ; on the south it extends 
 in a ridge as far as the village of Langhton. West and south-west of 
 Hardwick. Warren House Keuper Marls are exposed on the slope through 
 the enveloping Sands. The hill is capped by Gravel, consisting of worn 
 and subangular fragments of quartz, quartzite, grit, green Kenper sand- 
 stone, and Liassic (P also Oolitic) stones. The Gravel is concealed for the 
 most part by Blown Sand, which has swept up the slopes of the hill, 
 obscuring its junction with the Keuper, save in the two instanoeSj where 
 the latter is exposed, as before mentioned. 
 
 The Gravel is exposed to a depth of from 3 to 4 feet in pits on the hill, 
 on the north of the road to Ferry Flash. Near the road, on the south side 
 of the hill, springs are given out, apparently from the junction of the Gravel 
 and Marl. Near LaughtonMill and Langhton there are several pits by, 
 the path and on the east of it, one being 12 feet in depth. 
 
 Tne only exposure worthy of record is near the eastern boundary of the 
 patch in a gravel pit recently worked at the letter g of the word Lod^re, ' 
 on the Map. In this pit 6 feet of Gravel is exposed ; it is roughly sorted, 
 into masses of average-sized and of very small fragments, mostly of foreign . 
 derivation, with bits of flint more or less angular, in a reddish sand matrix. 
 Apart from the rough distribution of materials, no lines of bedding are' 
 apparent in the deposit. A large boulder of green metamorphio rock 
 2 feet 10 inches X 1 foot 10 inches x 1 foot partly concealed by Blown. 
 Sand was noticed near the path junction not mr from Hardwick Warren 
 House, at the foot of Hardwick Hill; The base of the boulder is embedded . 
 in Keuper Marl. 
 
 Scotter Grcwels. — There axe three patches of Gravel in the vicinity of 
 Scotter. 
 
 Between Sootterthorpe, Scotterwood, and Scotter, a Gravel patch of 
 considerable extent affords one section, a small pit, in densely packed 
 gravel, composed of rather -small worn Lias fragments, with a general 
 mortar-like appearance, dwiiig to efflorescence of Alum. The pit is at the 
 letter e in the work Beck, or the Map. 
 
 A large Gravel patch occupies the slope, and rests on the summit of 
 the higher ground in the south part of Scotter. Near its western termi* 
 nation, not far from the road to Scotton Common, the following section is 
 shown in a quarry : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Coarse gravel of worn Lias fragments - - 1 to 2 
 
 Greyish white sand of similar material to the gravel, 
 with numerous fragments of Lias shells (Gryphcea, 
 &o.) and presenting a stratified appearance • 1 to 2 
 
 Lias limestones and clay. « 
 
 Neai^the Mill (near Scotter Church on the south-west) a large pit 
 exposes Gravel, in one part, to a depth of 12 feet. The Gravel is of a dirty 
 white or dull buff colour, wd,i9 CQwpoaed of wpm fragments of Lias limo« 
 
 o 52912. ' K 
 
138 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. — 'W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 ^ones arrranged-witli regard to gravity, shOwmg false -bedding in places 
 with a northerly dip of about 15°. 
 
 The graveljpits near Scotter Vicarage are for the most part concealed 
 by grass, &c. 
 
 In one place Gtravel, of worn fragments of Lias in a drab sandy matrix^ 
 is intercalated mth irregular courses of sand. 
 
 In the northernmost part of Scotter, on the east of the stream, the high 
 ground terminates in a rounded hill, or knoll-:featiire, formed by a Gravel 
 patch. A large pit, 12 feet in depth, shows pale drab gravel of Lias 
 fra^ents, generally well worn and of various sizes, in fine gravel of 
 sinlilar materials, bedding is indicated in one place by a general assortment 
 of materials with regard to gravity, in impersietent bandsj in another place 
 current bedding is shown. The part exposed is for 5 feet downward from 
 the surface, the section being elsewhere grass-covered. 
 
 About half-way between Scotter and Messingham, a Gravel patch 
 occupies a depression and mantles up the slopes on either side. 
 
 A pit in a field by the road shows 5 feet of Gravel of Liassic fragments, 
 more or less worn, and occasionally of quartz and flint ; the materials are 
 distributed with regard to gravity, in even beds, thus : — 
 
 Brown soil. 
 
 Stones of various sizes in a fine gravel matrix. 
 
 Band of rather small gravel. 
 
 Very coarse sand seam of Liassio materials. 
 
 Gravel of average-sized stones. 
 
 Seam of fine sand. 
 
 Gravel of medium sized fragments. 
 
 Taddlefhorpe Gravels On either side of the valley south of Taddle- 
 
 thorpe, and west of the road to Frodingham, patches of Gravel occupy part 
 of the slopes. 
 
 On the south of the valley the Gravel makes a subsidiary feature on the 
 slope. Due east of Messingham Mill, a pit, mostly overgrown, affords 
 evidence of the Gravel upon Lias day and limestone. 
 
 On the north of the stream the Gravel forms the slope and summit of 
 the hill, it is exposed in three pits. 
 
 The westernmost pit shows about 20 feet of gravel, chiefly composed of 
 worn Liassic limestone fragments, often of very large size, bedding is 
 roughly indicated by the assortment of material ; but, although deeper, 
 the section is by no means so interesting as that in the easternmost pit. 
 
 The easternmost pit is about 10 feet deep ; bedding is shown by the 
 distribution of the coarser and flner gravels and brown sand, giving dips 
 which seem to be in southerly and westerly directions. 
 
 In the north side of the pit the materials are distributed as shown in the 
 accompanying sketch : — 
 
 Figs. 4 and 5. 
 
 Sections in Oravel Pit, south of YaddUthorpe. 
 
 Fio. 4. 
 
 North Side of Graoel Pit' 
 
 a. Brown Sand of brok& LiassioBhells, &c. 
 g. Gravel of small and average-sized fragments. 
 0. Gravel of large and average-sited fragments. 
 
GBA-YBLS. 
 
 139 
 
 '. On the west side of the pit Grravel of small and average-sized fragment 
 forms the snrfaoe ; ifc rests -apon brown sand, succeeded by coarse aaid 
 rather fine mixed gravel, in which there is an impersistent seam of sand. 
 The south side of the pit exhibits the relations shown in the accompany- 
 ing sketch : — 
 
 Fie. 6. 
 South side of Gravel PH. 
 
 G 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 b 
 
 b.s. Brown soil. 
 ss. Brown sand, 
 gg. Fine grayeL 
 
 &Gr. Coarse and medium-sized gravel. 
 At (a) the section is about 8 feet deep ; at (6) it is about 7 feet. 
 
 The northernmost pit is small and unimportant. The Taddlethorpe 
 Gravel is bounded by a patch of sand on the north ; although the way in 
 which the sand dovetails into it in the pits suggests the outward passage 
 gf the Gravel into sand, there are no patches of sand m situ which could 
 be proved in any way contemporaneous with the Gravels. 
 
 At a mile west of Ashby, on either side of the road to Burringham 
 Moor, the steeper slopes are broken by small Gravel features. On the 
 north side of the road the Gravel is exposed in a small pit, and consists 
 of worn Liassic materials ; the patch on the south side of the road is 
 indefinite. 
 
 Ooneysby JBottom. — On the south side of the stream, 70 chains from 
 Flixborough Old Church in a direction due east, a pit exposes well-worn 
 Gravel, but angular fragments of flint are plentiful. Most of the harder 
 beds of the Lias appear to have contributed to the formation of the Gravel. 
 Nodules with Ammonites ea/prieornus occur in it. Intercalation of finer 
 material gives to the deposit rude traces of bedding in the western part of 
 the pit, 
 
 A large worn boulder of yellow Oolite, 4 feet long by 2 to 3 feet 
 deep, occurs at the base of the deposit in the eastern comer of the pit ; it 
 is embedded in white and drab marl, very irregularly overlain by gravel. 
 
 Near the boulder on the east side^ about 4 feet of whitish marl is shown 
 under 5 feet of gravel, whilst on the other side 2 feet of marl, apparently 
 containing a nest of gravel, is (Jverljiin by about 7 feet of grayel. 
 
 On the north side of the stream a large pit shows a small patch of Gravel 
 apparently resting on Boulder ' Clay. This Gravel is cemented into a 
 breccia by ferruginous infiltration ; in places it contains fragments of Lias,, 
 flint, &c. and a boulder of Oolitic rock ; Boulder Clay is shown in a pit 
 on the west side of the road. The gravel occurs on the slope and appears 
 to be a small outlier of the larger patph on the south side of the Valley. It 
 is surrounded by Sand, probably blown., , 
 
 Flhslorough GVawefe.— WeSt of Flixbofough a pitct of Gravel occurs on 
 the hill-side,' at from 80 to 100 feet, about, above the Alluvium. The 
 deposit is exposed to a depth of 5 feet in a pit : . it Qonsists of gravel and 
 coarse brown sand, composed of local Lias fragments and occasionally bits 
 of selenite. Many of the Lias fragments are of large size and but slightly 
 woni. ' 'The general distribution of the materials gives the deposit a stratified 
 
 K 2 " 
 
140 SUPEBTIOIAL DEPOSITS.— W. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 appearance, and in one ^Iac6', near tlie surface shows an indication of 
 current-bedding. The Crravel rests on a shelving surface of Lias rock, 
 forming the floor of the pit. The boundaries of this patch are indefinite ; 
 it occupies an intermediate position between a larger Gravel patch north 
 of Flixborough (with which it might have been once connected) and a small 
 patch bordering the Alluvium close to its southern termination. 
 
 The lower Gravel patch is well exposed in a large pit, on the south side 
 of the road from Flixborough to Plixborough Stather. The distribution 
 of the stones with regard, to gravity shows bedding with a south-westerly 
 dip; bedding is also still more markedly indicated by strips of black 
 sand, composed of lignite, which occur here and there irregularly. The 
 section is from 5 to 10 feet deep. The stones are seldom large ; they 
 consist of well-worn fragments of Lias limestone ; a fragment resembling 
 Sunstone (top of RhEetic Beds), and bits of selenite were obtained in the 
 Gravel. ,The northern extension of this Gravel is very doubtful it does 
 not appear to be connected with the patch jiast above it. 
 
 The patch of Gravel north of Flixborough occurs on the slope, at about 
 the same height as that on the west of Flixborough, from which it is 
 separated by a stream valley; but it rises with the slope, so that the 
 greater part of it is probably not much short of 200 feet above the sea. 
 This Gravel has been worked by the path to Burton, and near its western 
 and lower boundary. 
 
 There may have been au extensive deposition of Gravel on the summit 
 of the Liassic escarpment north of Flixborough, as traces of gravels of Lias- 
 sic materials are shown by the road to "Waterton Olough on the south of 
 Burton, overlain by the Sand which extends south-east from Burton. 
 A trace of similar Gravel is also evidenced near the source of a spring 
 at the top of the escarpment about half a mile north from Burton Church. 
 
 Whitton Qravel. — ^Whitton Church and the northern part of the village 
 is upon Gravel, which passes upward from the level of the Alluvium in a 
 south-westerly direction. How far this deposit may extend on the sum- 
 mit of the Liassic clifT is very doubtful, as the soil might be taken aa 
 indicative of Lias m situ near the escarpment, but south of "Whitton it is 
 all sand. Opposite Whitton Pier, from 2 to 8 feet of Gravel is shown in a 
 quarry, resting on Lias at about 30 feet above the Alluvium. 
 
 Outside the pit, the Gfravels rest upon brashy ferruginous limestone, at 
 from 10 to 15 feet above the Alluvium. The section shows : — Brown 
 gravel of worn Lias stones upon soft brown saudstone and sand, with 
 derivative shell fragments, dividing the gravel irregularly and attaining 
 a thickness of 2 feet, the sandstoUe being uppermost. Below this bed the 
 gravel is consolidated in places into a bed 1 foot in thickness, containing 
 large fragments in a matrix of finer gravel and coarse sand. 
 - Near Whitton Church a large gravel pit shows the following section 
 from the surface downwards : — 
 
 Fi. In. 
 Very coarse gravel of worn Lias stones - - 20 
 
 Brown sand, gravelly in the upper part, from 1ft. 4in. 
 
 to 3 ft. 6 in. thick averaging - - - - 2 5 
 
 Gravel ; stones not so large aa in upper bed, exposed 
 to a depth of- - - - - -50 
 
 . The lower gravel bed thins out upwards against the sloping quarry floor 
 of Lias rock, so that on the south, or landward, side of the pit the section 
 is not more than 22 feet altogether. By the Alluvium the Gravel is 
 represented by a bank of large worh stones in a matrix of coarse, brown, 
 consolidated sand, in part made u^ of broken derivative shells. At 44 
 yard's further east patches of consolidated gravel of finer material, with 
 falserbedded courses of brown sandstone, are visible. 
 
 The sloping ground on which Bishopthorpe is situated is probably com- 
 posed of gravel with broken flints, as gravel was encountered in sinking 
 a weir at the turning to the Farm, and is exposed in a small pit not far on 
 on the south-west That the Whitton Gravel is continuous under the 
 latervening Sand or contemporaneous with the Bishopthorpe Gravel is 
 very doubtful, not to say improbable. 
 
OBAVELS. 141 
 
 The discrepancies in the height of the Whitton Gravels are due to tha 
 fact that they have evidently been banked np against a steep slope of 
 Lias rock ; the same is the case in the upper Flizborough patches and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The following notes on the older gravels in the Triassic area 
 of the Isle of Axholme are by Mr. Oiinieronj who surveyed the 
 area west of the Trent : — 
 
 (d.) Gravels West of the Bwer Trent. 
 
 In places in the neighbourhood of Owstou, a deposit of flat fragments of 
 Marl is found at 3 feet belovr the surface. 
 
 At High Bumham, the most elevated spot in the Isle of Axholme, 200 
 feet above sea level, Gravel is exposed. It consists of coarse red sand 
 vrith numerous quartz pebbles and fragments of Marl, with a small pro- 
 portion of Triassic saadstoue, and an occasional fragment of igneous rock. 
 From 4 to 5 feet of the Gi'avel is exposed under 1 foot of pebbly soil. 
 
 In the south part of Low Bomham, stratified sand and gravel is ex- 
 posed to a depth of 5 feet. The Gravel consists of flattened fragments of 
 Marl with a few well-worn fragments of quartz, grit, and igneous rock 
 (P basalt). 
 
 At the signpost on the hill top, south of Epworth, a trace of Gravel ia 
 evidenced by sand, often black, containing stones here and there. 
 
 At Beltoft, gravel pits on the brow of the hill overlooking the Alluvium, 
 show Gravel to a depth of 8 feet, in beds dipping sharply in the direction 
 of the slope of the hill. The gravel consists of flattened Marl fragments 
 with a smaller proportion of quartz, coarse grit, ironstone, and igneous 
 rock — the pebbles in a matrix of red sand. 
 
 A trace of similar Gravel to that at Beltoft occurs in the most southerly 
 of the plantations at Moonfield Thick. 
 
 The Belton Gravel patch is exposed, to a depth of 8 feet, in pits at the south 
 end of Belton Hill. It consists of stxatified sand and gravel, dipping with 
 the slope of the hill. The gravel is chiefly composed of flat fragments of 
 green indurated Keuper Marl and Sandstone, fragments of ironstone, 
 quartz pebbles, &o. 
 
 Wroot is a low hill surrounded by Peat-flats ; the soil is Gravel, except 
 on the south, and in places on the east and north, where fine Sand has been 
 banked up in mounds by the winds. 
 
 The Gravel is exposed in two pits. One of these exhibits 9 feet of red 
 sand and gravel. 
 
 The other pit also afibrds a section 9 feet in depth, consisting of coarse 
 and fine gravel interstratifled with seams of flne sand, about 4 inches 
 thick. 
 
 The Gravel consists of flat Triassic fragments, quartzites, and a few 
 sabangular fragments of Carboniferous limestone. The colour is red, 
 suggesting the idea that the deposit is of no great thickness and rests on 
 Triassic Sandstones. 
 
 On the east of the hill, south-east of Wroot village, greyish clay with 
 stones is exposed in a ditch. 
 
 At Misson stratified red sand and Gravel with many quartzites, occurs, 
 as at Wroot. 
 
 _ . On the east of Orowle, Gtravel, chiefly composed of flat Triassic frag- 
 ments, interstratifled with sand, is exposed to a depth of 15 feet in pits in 
 the south part of Crown Hill. 
 On Danes Hill near Eastoft, in the Alluvium north-east of Crowle Hill, 
 the Gravel is concealed by a sand surface. 
 
 A. C. G. 0. 
 
142 STJPBEFIOIAL DEPOSITS.— "W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 Low-LETEL Deposits of the Anoholmb Vallet 
 
 AND Bkown Bouldek Clay. :,, 
 
 On the lower ground bordering the Alluvium of the Ancholme, 
 on either side, tracts of clay, sand and fine gravel frequently occur. 
 
 The Clay has been frequently noticed at a level some 2 or 3 
 feet lower than that of the adjacent Alluvium ; but it also occurs 
 on the slopes up to 30 or 40 feet above the Alluvium, and in places 
 it contains chalk fragments. 
 
 In many exposures, more especially on the west side of the 
 Alluvium South of Brigg, the gravels and sands rest irregularly 
 upon a bed or seam of reddish grey-mottled Clay, from 1 to 4 feet 
 thick, which is allmost invariably found to rest upon sand and 
 gravel. 
 
 Early in the year 1883 Mr. Jukes-Browne endorsed an opinion 
 I had temporarily entertained before, and had even partially 
 mapped in accordance with, viz., that there were two Glacial 
 Clays in the district, the Chalky Boulder Clay, and a Low-level 
 Clay of newer glacial age. That view was adopted, and in accord- 
 ance with it the drift mapping has been re-modelled. 
 
 As far as the mapping of these Low-level deposits is concerned 
 it makes very little diflfererice whether we include them in the 
 Glacial or Post-Glacial series ; with Mr. Jukes-Browne* I regard 
 the Clays and subjacent deposits as of late glacial age, but consider 
 the age of the overlying sand and gravel as doubtful. 
 
 There are very important considerations, however, involved 
 in the assignment of a glacial age to these deposits ; for as we 
 find them beneath the Alluvium of the Ancholme valley, and 
 occupying, here and there, the low ground on its borders, the 
 Aiiicholme and its tributary valleys would have been excavated to 
 their present depths at or before the close ^f the Gladal Period, 
 which would scarcely leave any denudation to be effected in that 
 district in Post-Glacial times. Again, if we connect in fancy the 
 Gravels on the Chalky Boulder Clay at Wrawby and Cadney, the 
 measure of denudation since the accumulation of the Chalky 
 Boulder Clay would be represented by the heights of these gravels 
 above the neighbouring valley bottoms. ' 
 
 Notwithstanding the probability that the Low-level deposits of 
 the Ancholme Valley are partly represented by the sands and 
 laminated Warp of the Trent, Ouse, and Humber, these beds are 
 not included in the present description, as it is impossible to describe 
 these latter deposits apart from the Warp and Peat. 
 
 Their irregular distribution necessitates a description of the 
 Low-level deposits in the foUovnng order in the detailed notes : — 
 As far north as Cadney on the east of the Ancholme; south of 
 Brigg, on the west of the Ancholme; the Brigg, Wrawby and 
 Howsham district ; north of Elsham, east of the Ancholme ; west 
 of the Ancholme from Brigg northward. 
 
 * See " Boulder Clays of LiDeolusbire " Toy A. J. Jukes-Browne, Quart, Joum. 
 Geol. Soc., vol. zli., p. 114. 
 
LOTV-tEVEL. DEPOSITS. OF ANCHOLME VALIiEV. 145 
 
 Owiffg to the very indefinite age and relations of the members 
 of the Low-level series it has been found impossible to avoid inci- 
 dental and even descriptive mention of Blown Sands and of Alluvial 
 deposits in the following detailed notes : — ' 
 
 (a.) South of Oadney. 
 
 At the ■western termination of the hill on which Thornton-le-Moor 
 stands, a spread of sand and gravel forms a very low feature with great 
 difficnlty separable from the AUnyium, A drain hy the letters rnton 
 in the words Ihornion Oarrs, on the Map, in two or three places showed 
 dark grey Clay, which, being penetrated hy the spud, was found to rest 
 on sand. 
 
 On the south of Owersby Drain and north and north-west of GuUham a 
 considerable spread of sand, often devoid of stones, bounds the Alluvium ; 
 it may be in part Blown Sand. 
 
 Oxford Clay is exposed in a pond on the north side of Winghall Farmyard, 
 separating the Chalky Boulder Olay from a deposit of gravel a few feet 
 below it, on the south of the farmhouse. The gravel is exposed to a depth 
 of 5 feet in a pit ; it consists of well-worn stones, for th^ most part small, 
 of flint, chalk, &c,, well stratified, thin beds or courses of coarse sand and 
 fine drab mud alternatiag with the gravels. The gravel does not ■ appear 
 to be more than 10 feet in thickness. Just below the pit, at a spring, 
 typical Low-level Clay is shown by a pond ; the gravel seems to rest on 
 it. This gravel should be specially compared with that at the letter r in 
 words Little Oarr Drain south of Elsham Station. 
 
 The height of the deposits at Winghall is somewhat exceptional ; they 
 may cover the lower ground, but no reliable evidence was obtained. 
 
 Holme Hill is a very low mound of Oxford Clay, for the' most part 
 shrouded and surrounded by sand and gravel, very variable in thickness ; 
 the Oxford Clay is apparently at the surface in the farmyard and for 12 
 chains to the north of it. 
 
 North, south, and east of Ings House brownish sand, apparently devoid 
 of stones, containing small ferruginous concretions, mantles up the Oxford 
 Olay slopes, in places very nearly to the level of the Chalky Boulder 
 Olay, as in a drain by Decoy House Lane, where Oxford Clay is shown 
 for a chain between the Boulder Clay exposed above, and sand below. 
 Bast of Ings House, from the material tui-ned out of the ihe drains the 
 sand appears to be gravelly and to be associated with brown Clay, which 
 might belong to the Low-level series. The sand between Gadney and 
 Ings House is full of ferruginous concretions, in places. 
 
 Oh the south of the village of Oadney, the lower, ground bordering the 
 Alluvium, consists of red-brown, grey-veined. Low-level Olay ; this Clay 
 is separated by a strip of Oxford Olay, on the slope, from. the southern 
 margin of the Oadney Gravel for more than half a mile. At 5,0 chains 
 from Redcar Bridge the Clay seems to bound the Gravel. 
 
 South of the letters ne^ of the word Gadney, on the Map, the Clay comes 
 high up the slope to the junction of the Chalky Boulder Clay and Oadney 
 Gravel. The Chalky Olay is under the east end of the Oadney Gravel ; but 
 there does not appear to be_ any evidence to show that the Oadney Gravel 
 anywhere, at contact, overlies the Low-level Clay. 
 
 The slope between the western end of the Cadnoy Gravel and the Alluvium 
 is very indefinite, it may be either masked by talus from the Gravel 
 above, or formed of sandy material belonging to the Low-level series. 
 
 At the letter w in the words Netostead Priory, on the Map, brown and 
 grey Olay, containing fragments of flint, occasional pebbles of quartz and 
 pieces of Oolitic rock, is exposed in a ditch (Boulder Olay or /remame). 
 ^- Further south brownish sand is shown, apparently in irregular association 
 with the Olay above mentioned. j ' - ' ' 
 
 The sand forming the hill between Newtsead Priory and Sand Hill 
 Farm may belong -to. this series, hut in the districts to the south the 
 
144 8UPEBFI0IAL DEF0SIT6. — ^W. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 KellawayB Bock is so largely composed of sand, from which no doubt 
 these Low-level sands were principally derived, that we are always 
 compelled to mention them in indefinite terms. 
 
 The Oxford Clay, north of Cadney, is bounded on the east by a long 
 strip of sands and gravels, separating it from the Allnvium between North 
 Carr Bank and Kettleby Dyke. The gravel makes a featm-e at its northern 
 termination, near Kettleby Dyke; it consists of coarse well-worn flint 
 pebbles. This gravel which passes under the Alluvium probably belongs 
 to the tow-level series. 
 
 (5.) South ofBrigg, wett of the Ancholme. 
 
 At about 12 chains west of the Ancholme at the southern margin of the 
 Map, in a drain, the red-brown, grey-mottled. Low-level Clay is exposed, 
 under yellowish sand and gravel, the whole capped by from 2 to 3 feet 
 of Peat. The Low-level Clay is also exposed under the Alluvium west of 
 the above at 0° 29' longtitude. 
 
 By Black Dyke Oxford Clay is exposed ; not far to the west of the ex- 
 posure the Low-level, red, grey-mottled Clay is shown under gravel beneath 
 the Alluvium in Black Dyke. 
 
 The Waddingham valley west, south, and east of Old Mill consists of 
 a flat tract of fine gravel, which is indistinguishable from Alluvium 
 by leyel. In this instance the gravel flat is regarded as Alluvial. 
 
 iVom Hibaldstow to Priestland Cover a continuous stretch of flat land, 
 composed of fine gravel at the surface, conceals the junction of the 
 Great Oolite Clay and Limestone, and of the G-reat and Inferior Oolites. 
 The parts of this tract which are in line with, or a continuation of, the 
 stream-valley gravels on the west we regard as recent gravelly Alluvium, 
 and those parts which do not betray the same intimate connexion 
 with the existing drainage, and are found to overlie the Low-level 
 Clay irregularly (as the South Ferriby cliff gravel overlies it) we regard 
 as sands and gravels of the Low-level series. The gravels are almost 
 invariably composed of' fine Oolitic detritus, not much worn ; they are 
 exposed in most of the drains, for from 2 to 5 feet, near Hibaldstow 
 Lodge, Redbourne River Head, Beanland Cover, at Priestland Cover, and 
 other places. At Hibaldstow Lodge and east of Beanland Cover the gravel 
 makes a very indefinite boundary with the Oolitic rocks. 
 
 From Wootham Hill southward the higher part of the Kellaways Rock 
 feature is composed of sand, in places containing bits of flint, especially on 
 the north of Furze Closes. North of Waddingham Holme yellowish and 
 whitish sand is exposed. The relations of the Kellaways Rock and under- 
 lying beds are so enigmatical that we are disposed to regard these sands as 
 drifts possibly belonging to the Low-level series. Similarly, on the south of 
 Redbourne Hays, sand soil with flints masks the Kellaways Rock feature j 
 but near Paradise, a farm in the south part of the tract, a patch of gravel 
 occurs ; and in the ditch bounding Atkinson's Cover on the east, in one 
 spot, greyish Clay full of race was spudded through to fine gravel ; further 
 north clayey and loamy material is shown in the ditch. About a quarter 
 of a mile north-west from Wootham Hill houses, characteristic red-brown 
 Low-level Clay is exposed for 6 chains west from the bend in the road, a 
 few chains south of Paradise. 
 
 At 20 and 30 chains from Waddingham Church in a north-west direction 
 red brown grey- veined Clay was noticed in association with sand and 
 gravel. Between the bends in the road on the north of, and near, the 
 letter W in the word Waddingham, on the Map, grey, very plastic. Clay was 
 spudded into to a depth of 2 feet, when faint indications of mottled sand 
 with small stones were obtained. The Low-level Clay extends from this 
 eastward, but on approaching the Kellaways escarpment its place is taken 
 by sand and gravel. South of the letter h in the words Na6s Hills, on the 
 Map, bluish dicey Clay has been noticed by the road, but it may be the 
 Clay above the Cornbrash. 
 
 At Waddingham Church, near Old Mill, at the letter B of the words JBlack 
 Dyke, and further north, patches of eand with bits of flint occur. 
 
LOW-LETEL DEPOSITS OF ANOHOLME VATXET. 145 
 
 B/ the Btream-drain on the Map, north of the letter d in the words 
 Beanlani! Cover, red, grqj- veined Clay is shown under gravel, the upper 
 part of which is taken as a comparatively recent redeposit. 
 
 At about a quarter of a nule due north of the north-east corner of Bean* 
 land Cover reddish-brown Clay, apparently belonging to the Low-level 
 series, containing race, was spudded into in a ditch ; it seems to pass under 
 Band and gravel on the north and west. The deposits of the Low-level 
 series are well exposed in ditches and drains south of Bedboume Biver 
 Head ; at 50 chains from the houses red grey- veined Clay was observed at 
 the surface. The Clay is very well exposed in a drain running due south 
 from Bedboume Biver Head ; in one spot, near the houses, the section 
 shows chocolate and purplish-brown Clay overlain by gravel and sand, 
 and resting upon gravel. 
 
 On the east of Bedboume Hays a patch of gravel, chiefly composed 
 of angular flints, rests on grey clay, either Oxford Clay soil with bits of ■ 
 flint, or Low-level Boulder Clay. 
 
 Clay Dyke intersects a low mound of sand with bits of flint, extending 
 northward from Eyecroft Hill ; the connexion of this sand with the 
 Low-level Clays is not shown, the lower part of it may belong to the 
 Kellaways. The siirface sand of G-ander Hill may belong to this series, 
 but below it is Kellaways. At Gander Hill a patch of Low- level Clay 
 rests on the Cornbrash, and is exposed in a ditch at a few yards from the 
 Kellaways Sand-pit. 
 
 In Clay Dyke, due north of the first letter B in the words Bedboume 
 JBiver Head, the following section is visible : — 
 
 Sand upon fine brown gravel, very irregularly overlying : — 
 Brown and grey Clay, apparently passing downwards into bluish 
 clay with gravel. 
 
 A fine ditch section by the road from Low Bank to Hibaldstow Mill, 
 where the drain crosses it, shows — 
 
 , . Ft. In. 
 Sandy soil, with fine gravel at the base resting 
 
 irregularly upon the Clay below - - 3 
 
 Bed-brown, grey-mottled Clay, grey at the base - 2 to 3 ft. 
 
 Grey and yellowish-brown sand and gravel, about 1 
 
 StifiP, brown, grey-veined. Clay, a continuation of that in the ditch, is 
 exposed by the road for 6 chains eastward, concealing the Upper 
 Estuarine Beds to within 2 chains of their junction with the overlying 
 Great Oolite Limestone. 
 
 By the drain east of the Mill, in Hibaldstow, 3 feet of gravel, of small 
 Oolitic fragments in brown sandy loam, rests upon red- brown grey-veined 
 Clay. Between this and the road from Hibaldstow Mill to Low Bank the 
 Low-level Clay is exposed by the drain in places under an irregular 
 capping of sand and gravel. 
 
 In Low Bank, near ClaylJyke, gravel, of small fragments of Oolite and 
 flmt m drab sandy loam, is exposed. Between Low Bank and the 
 Alluvium west of Bedoar Bridge Low-level red-brown Clay is shown 
 _ Near the Mill in Hibaldstow, on the north, a ditch presented a most 
 interesting section, consisting of :— Gravel of unworn and subangular 
 fragments of Oolite, resting irregularly upon red-brown Boulder Clay 
 tnarbled with grey, and stifl' blue clay, with whitish sandy patches, con- 
 tammg very small fragments of Oolite. The gravel above seems to pass 
 into sand both apparently occurring in lenticular seams in the uppermost 
 part of the Clay. . 
 
 ■r .T^^ J°^^^"^ ™^y ^^ advantageously compared with Winghall and 
 
 Little Car Drain gravels : — , 
 
 The patch of Great Oolite shown on the Map between Hibaldstow Mill 
 
 and Low Bank Dram forms a low hill feature. On the south of the road 
 •from the Mill to the drain the slope and western part of the summit of 
 ^thM feature is formed of Oolitic gravel^hioh is exposed in a pit, about 
 
 5 feet in depth. The gravel is of a light brownish colour; and compoaed 
 
146 aUPBKEIOIAIi DEPOSITS. — W. OP THE WOIiDB. 
 
 of fragments, seldom large, more or less worn, cliiefly derived from the 
 stone bands in the G-reat Oolite Olay. The distribution of the fragments 
 and the presence of a thin bed or seam of brown sand near the top of the 
 expfisure indicate horizontal bedding. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile east from the Millin the north-east part of 
 Hibaldstow fine Oolite gravel makes a flat tract, from which the groimd 
 lises in a mound, facing westward, to the summit of a low hill, on wMeh a 
 farm, not shown on the Map, is Situated. From the base of the slope to 
 its summit a sm.all nearly circular patch of Oolitic gravel is indicated on 
 the surface, and exposed in a pit to a depth of 3 feet. The pit. shows 
 gravel of Oolitic fragments more or less worn and distributed in coarse 
 and fine beds and seams, dipping sharply westward, down the slope. 
 Near the northern margin of the gravel Oolitic rocks, are at the surface-, 
 but on the east, where it is not defined by feature, it is hard to say whether 
 Upper Estuarine Clay or Low-level Clay bounds it. ; 
 
 (c.) Brigg, Sowsham, and Wrawhy district. 
 
 By the Railway near the high road east of Skegger Beck a patch of 
 gravel is exposed in a pit to a depth of 5J feet ; it consists of light brown 
 sand of medium sized and rather fine grains of flint and quartz, worn 
 and unworn, with small subangular fragments dispersed throughout in 
 irregular impersistent streaks, the stones are flint. Chalk, and occasional 
 fragments of old rocks. - 
 
 The following notes are furnished by Mr. Strangways, they may refer to 
 beds in the Low-level series : — 
 
 Grasby Low Cottages ; Alluvium over gravel in the Beck. 
 Grasby Low Farm ; sand over gravel; 
 Near Wether Plat ; rounded Cnalk gravel. 
 
 0. F. 8. 
 
 The sides of a drain,* running through Proghall and Low Barf, from 
 Kettleby Dyke to South Bamk,' exhibit a very irregular association. of sand 
 and Clay. In one spot .10 feet of sand in one barus is faced by red-brown 
 Clay on the other. Light brownish sand, with small broken and worn 
 flints, occurs in patches on, and apparently in, brown Clay, which is 
 exposed to a depth of lO' feet. Pockets of small broken and well-worn 
 flint gravel occur here and there in the red-brown Clay. . '. 
 
 in one spot the section, downward, is as follows : — 
 
 Fi. Ins. 
 
 Indian-red-brown clunchy Boulder Olay with 
 bluish-grey mottling, containing a few pieces 
 of flint, &c. - - - - - 3 
 
 Brown loam with grey clayey patches, making 
 a tenacious loam, with small bits of flint, rather 
 numerous . - - - . about 2 
 
 Oxford Clay with brown nodular stones. 
 
 Near Kettleby Dyke the sides of the drain, from 5 to 10 feet deep, are 
 composed of sand, which conceals the Low-level Clay for some distance 
 eastward. 
 
 At about a quarter of a mile east-north-east from Howsham Barff, a 
 ditch section shows brownish sand, with angnlax flints here and therOj 
 irregularly overlying red-brown, grey-mottled Olay without stonea, 
 exposed to a depth of from 3 to 4 feet ; this Clay near Skegger Beok, 
 where it forms the entire section, is about 6 feet thick. 
 
 At half a mile from Howsham Barfi', in a direction E. 22° N., red-brown, 
 grey -mottled Clay is shown under sand and gravel. 
 
 It is very difficult to determine what to call the grsivels and 
 «ands of the low lands on the west of Bigfay and Barnetby., 
 
 * See figure in Quart, i/burn. 6eo2. iSoc, vol. zli., p. 125. 
 
LOW-LEVEI/ DEPOSIT? OF ANOHOLMB VALLBT. 147 
 
 Although it is more than probable that they belong in the main 
 to the Low-level series, perhaps not associated with clay through 
 unfavourable conditions for its deposition, yet it is incredible to 
 suppose them altogether untouched by subsequent fluviatile and 
 fflolian agencies. We are, however, unable to map Blown Sands or 
 recent river gravels in this tract, there being no means of 
 distinguishing them. 
 
 Between Kettleby Lodge aiidBarnetby Junction there are two patches erf 
 well-worn flint gravel making features in the sand tract. Sand is exposed 
 to depths of from 6 to 10 feet in ditches and drains on the slope . between 
 Wrawby Mill and Eettleby Lodge, By the road from Kettleby Lodge to 
 Wrawby, a few chains north-west of the B,ailway, reddish sand, with bits 
 of flint in places, is shown. Low-level, red grey-mottled Clay under red 
 sand was noticed at about 7 chains from the Railway. South of Kettleby 
 Lodge a patch of gravel, of worn fragments,, chiefly flint, occurs on either 
 side of the high road ; it is bounded by sand on every side but the south, 
 where indications of the Low-level mottled Clay have been obtained. The 
 Clay is surrounded by sand. , ^^ ,,, , ^ xi. -ht ' 
 
 At the bottom of the letter t m the worlds Kettleby Carrs, on the Map, 
 grey and brown mottled Boulder Clay, containing worn fragnients of flint 
 and Chalk, is exposed in a ditch : it appears to be overlain by coarse pale 
 grey sand with worn granules of Chalk and flint. South of this red-brown 
 OTjey-mpttled Clay was noticed in one or two places. 
 
 Between Kettleby Carrs and Westrim there is a large patch of sand 
 with broken fragments of flint and gravel ; it probably belongs to the Low- 
 level series, as red-brown grey-veined Clay was ploughed on both sides of 
 the Railway at the letters FOE, in the words. ffi-«lJfFOKI> BBIGGSontM 
 
 Map. 
 
 There appears to be no intervening strip of Oxford Clay between, the 
 Low-level Clay and Challsy Boulder Clay south of the letters Gorae Go in 
 the words Gorse Cover on the Map. 
 
 The Low-level Clay was shown on either side of the valley between the 
 words Oover and BBIGG8, on the Map ; it is red-brown, grey veined, and 
 stoneless ; the band of Oxford Clay separating it from the Chalky Boulder 
 Clay, on the south side of the Lino, is scarcely more than 3 chains in 
 breadth. 
 
 The sands and gravelly; sand, upon which the upper part of Brigg is 
 situated, seems to overlie the Low-level Clay bn the south of the Station.^ 
 
 At the letter e in the word Westrim, p;ii' the Map, reddish-brown, grey 
 mottled, rather plastic, Boulder Clay, with small flint fragments and sandy 
 matter in it at about' 3 feet from the surface, is shown in a ditch. The 
 Clay is also exposed near the letter m of the word Westrim, on the Map. 
 
 On the slope south of the Railway, near Brigg Station, a small pit, 
 about 4 feet m depth, shows brownish and yellowish-brown sand, with a 
 gravelly surface of flint fragments, and containing small flint pebbles and 
 occasionally pebbles of grit and (?) syenitic rock. 
 
 On the south of Woodbine Cottage a sand pit, 6 feet deep, but only 
 exposed for 2 feet from the surface, shows light brownish sand of medium 
 sized grains, with a seam of worn and unworn fragments of flint, and 
 occasionally of chalk, at 18 inches from the surface. 
 
 The sand is somewhat loamy and contains bits of flint in the drain, on 
 the north side of the Union House ;: a similar sand was dug into, in the 
 foundations of the large house at the turning to Brigg Station, l^'ear 
 Bedcome, and by School House Lane the sand is more like ordinary 
 Blown Sand, being apparently devoid of stones, and of pale grey brownish 
 or straw coloured tints. ' 
 
 - Between Brigg Union House and the Station there is a patch of 
 gravel, resembling the large patch on Wrawby Hill ; it has been worked 
 in a very large pit now converted into a garden; the exposures shoiy 
 rather small well-worn flint gravel and sand, near the surface. 
 
148 SUPERFICIAL t)EPOSlTS.-<-W. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 Thie gravelis Eeparated from tte Wrawby Gravel, partly by Lowlevel 
 Clay, partly by sand with bits of flint ; so it must either rest directly upon 
 Oxford Clay and be entirely surrounded by newer deposits of the Low- 
 level series, or belong to the upper part of that series and rest on Low- 
 level Clay. I have no means of proving either hypothesis. Again, if this 
 is an outlier of the Wrawby Hill Gravel- it would on the second hypothesis 
 make that gravel not only more recent than the Chalky Boulder Clay but 
 posterior to the Low-level Clay (compare gravel between Elsham Station 
 and Wrawby, vnfra). 
 
 On the south of the high road to Wrawby, near the path to_ Woodbine 
 Cottage, red-brown grey-veined Clay of the Low-level series is exposed 
 in drains, on the lower part of the slope below the Wrawby Hill Gravel, 
 an intervening band of Oxford Clay is also shown toward Wrawby. 
 
 At about half a mile to the east of Wrawby Church, on the north side 
 of the lane leading to Carr Drain, a pit now for the most part concealed 
 by rain-wash and grass growth has been excavated in reddish-brown and 
 grey Clay, got out from the sides of the pit by spudding. A surface speci- 
 men of Gryphcea dilatata proves the vicinity of the Oxford Clay. 
 
 By the drain due east of Wrawby Church, on the west side of the high 
 road, reddish and purplish-brown, grey-mottled. Clay, overlain by reddish 
 sand and gravel, is exposed. 
 
 A short distance further north the mottled Clay is evidenced by the 
 high road, and gravel is shown on the west of the road. 
 
 In Catohwater Drain, near School House Lane, on the east, red-brown 
 mottled Clay is exposed, also in the direction of Little Carr Drain. Korth 
 of Little Carr Drain^ in Catchwater Drain, from 5 to 6 feet of reddish- 
 brown, grey-veined. Clay, containing a sand patch in one place, rests 
 unevenly on the Oxford Clay (with its broken masses of earthy limestone 
 often containing Grypfima dilcUata) and is separated from it in places by 
 an irregular impersistent gravelly seam. 
 
 At half a mile north of Wrawby Church (south of the letter D in the 
 words Little Carr Drain on the Map), a ditch exposed reddish-brown 
 Boulder Clay with numerous chalk fragments overlying chalky gravel and 
 Band. 
 
 South of Elsham Station, on the west side of the high road. Little Carr 
 Drain gives the following interesting section in descending order : — 
 
 Fine gravel and coarse sand, with small pebbles and 
 subangular fragments of flint, chalk, and, occasion- 
 ally, quartz - - - - - - 2 
 
 Eed-brown clean Clay, splitting along even laminae, 
 the surfaces of which are generaUy coated with 
 films of sandy matter . . • - from 2 to 6 
 
 The Clay, where thickest, is exposed to the bottom of the drain, but it 
 speedily attenuates westward, showing an underlying bed -of gravel, 
 Bimilar to the uppermost bed. 
 
 The sudden thinning of the Clay in this section might reasonably induce, 
 one to think that it would be impersistent, wedging out, and so permit- 
 ting the gravel and sand beds above and below to coalesce in one indis- 
 tinguishable mass. This may be the case in the Bametby valley and 
 pernaps in other places ; but in the district between Elsham Station and 
 .Brigg the Clay seems to be well developed. 
 
 The upper gravel in Little Carr Drain section makes a small mound 
 feature on the north side of the Drain, on the west side of the high road. 
 A pit in it shows about 6 feet of coarse and fine, sorted, gravel, with a 
 Strong dip, apparently quaquaversal. The gravel is composed of weU-r 
 worn and subangular fragments of flint, chalk, and occasionally of Red 
 Chalk ; numerous serpuloid bodies occur in the sand, they seem to have 
 been derived from a soft grey rook (P Neocomian claystone) of which a sub- 
 angular fragment was found. The sand is also composed of worn materials. 
 
tOMT-LEVEL DEPOSITS O? ANCHOLMB VALLBf. 149 
 
 From the gravel feature toward Datohwater Drain the Oxford Clay is 
 concealed by sand in which bits of flint may occur. This sand is either the 
 relics (from 2 to 4 feet thick) of the materials above the Low-level Clay, 
 and so passes into gravel, or it is Blown Sand. 
 
 Sand covers the slope south of Elsham Station; in the ditches by the 
 high road yellowish-brown and orange sand is shown to depths of from 2 
 to 5 feet. The age of these sands is exceedingly doubtful ; although they, 
 have no doubt been much shifted by winds, the apparent association of 
 gravel with them toward Worlaby, about Kettleby Lodge, and north of 
 the letter i-in the -words Little Carr Drain, on the Map, would almost 
 justify us in including them in the Low-level series. 
 
 Between the letter n in the words Little Oarr Drain, on the Map, and 
 the Eailway east of it, grey and yellow Clay is exposed, resting upcm grey 
 and yellow sand. As the Glay cannot be referred to any of the sohd forma- 
 tions, and does not appear to be alluvial, we have considered it an exposure 
 of the Low-level Clay. . _ ,.,,.„„, x <• 
 
 Mottled Clay beneath sand is shown in a drain about 2 furlongs west ot 
 Elsham Station. " ^ ^ -i 
 
 The chalk quarries by the side of the railway, three-quarters of a mile 
 east of Melton Robs, show hollows filled with loam and rubbly chalk* 
 
 (d.) East of the Ancholme, north of Elsham. 
 Mr. Strangways has made the following observations between 
 Elsham and the Humber, on the east of .the Ancholme : — 
 
 Sand is shown in a drain at Bonby HiU. 
 
 Gravel is exposed in a drain between Bonby and Saxby. 
 
 Chalk gravel is visible in drains below SaxW. 
 
 Grravel is shown in a drain below "Willow JEeads and in drains below 
 Grange. 
 
 In Horkstow gravel pit t)ie stones are nearly aU of chalk, and are well 
 rounded ; one or two foreigners (igneous). 
 
 In the drain by Horkstow Bridge Road sandy soil rests on red-brown 
 Boulder Clay streaked with grey. 
 
 In Fulsoar Drain, at South Grange, South Ferriby, gravel ia shown. 
 
 At the south end of South Ferriby there is an old sand pit. 
 
 Mr. Tripp's Well was sunk through about 15 yards of gravel. 
 
 The two last observations show the abrupt ending of the sanditnd 
 gravel against the Kimeridge Clay bank at South Ferriby. 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 On the Humber bank, near South Ferriby, there is a fine 
 gravel, of chalk and flint fragments, exactly similar in appearence 
 to, though differing in composition from, the gravels of the flats 
 near Hibaldgtow, Redbourne, and Waddingham. This gravel is, 
 however, partially bedded in the lower part of the cliff, and it 
 rests on Boulder Clay vrhich in one spot appears to be intercalated 
 with it, an irregular strip of red-brown Clay occurring in the 
 gravel. The following detailed observations on this coast tend to 
 show that the Low-level deposits are of newer glacial age. 
 
 On the Hnmber cliff, near South Ferriby, fine gravel, composed of 
 angular and subangular. fragments of flint and chalk, rubbly in places 
 above, stratified below, rests on light red-brown Boulder Clay, containing 
 bits of chalk in places ; farther east dark brown gravelly matter forms a 
 soil on the gravel which contains a band of Clay with bits of flint and 
 chalk, apparently Boulder Clay ; beneath this' irregular tongue of Clay the 
 gravel has a red loamy matrix and the occurrence of seams of sand in it 
 here and there give it a well stratified aspect. Further east, near a little 
 house, the Boulder Clay is represented by from 4 to 5 feet of brown loamy 
 
150 SUPEBPIOIAL DEPOSITS. — W. OP THE WOLDS, 
 
 Olayfrith stones, mostly small, of local rocks and various kinds of- grit 
 and qnartz pebbles, &c., dispersed throughout with a tendency to weather- 
 ing along lines resembling bedding. This Olay resembles the Boulder 
 Olay at Oleethorpes and appears to pass into the stratified Olay. 
 
 Mr. Jukes-Browne describes parts of this section thus ; — 
 - Hear the middle of the cliff, where it is about 12 feet high, the following 
 is seen : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil and weathered clay (3 or 4 feet) passing down into 
 
 reddish-brown sandy Boulder Olay - - - 10 
 
 Eed-brown clay and light-coloured sand, interlaminated 
 
 andresting on a layer of hard ripple-marked sandstone 1 
 Coarse grarel of large rolled stones, grey chalk and red 
 
 chalk among them, seen for - » - - 1 
 
 Hard grey chalk on the beach below. 
 This even superposition of Boulder Clay on an old sea-beach is particu- 
 larly noteworthy. 
 
 Still further east the lower part of the Boulder Clay is a dull purplish 
 or chocolate brown, stiff and unctuous, with small stones and numerous 
 fragments of black shale probably derived from the upper beds of the 
 Kimeridge Olay. At the east end of the section, where the cliff is about 
 20 feet high, this purplish clay was seen to pass up into the reddish olay 
 of Hessle type by a gradual change of colour and without the intervention 
 of any loam or sand. 
 
 (e.) West of the Ancholmejrom Brigg northward. 
 
 The small patch of Great Oolite south of Biigg seems to be overlain by 
 gravelly and clayey materials of the Low-level series scarcely separable 
 from the Alluvium by feature on the north and east. 
 
 By the path-road to Castlethorpe, north of Silversides, red-brown, 
 grey -veined, Clay of the Low-level series is exposed in a ditch, and forms 
 a strip of flattish land on the borders of the Alluvium; north-east of 
 Castlethorpe a patch of gravel bounds the Alluvium ; the Low-level Olay 
 seems to come out from beneath it, crossing the road to Castlethorpe 
 Bridge and extending for half a mile beyond it. The Low-level, Clay is 
 exposed under Alluvium in a drain at the letters ck in the words BricJ; 
 Hills on the Map ; it is also exposed at about 10 chains north-west of this 
 drain. 
 
 The following are from Mr. Strangway's notes : — 
 
 Sootney Hill road. Gravel. 
 Borings in the Carrs — 
 
 Through 30 feet Gravel, clay, and limestones (Taylor). 
 
 Through 40 feet clay and gravel (Burton). 
 
 At Mickle Holme Farm there are two wells 21 and 17 feet deep ; nothing 
 but sand penetrated. 
 
 Winterton Holme Farm.— In the dyke three quarters of a mile east of 
 the Farm, purple-brown clay with grey streaks, containing chalk pebbles, 
 is exposed. A large boulder of Dolerite lay on the bank. 
 
 Winterton Briot^ard (disused) .^-Beddish Olay, with grey streaks and 
 containing pellets of Chalk, apparently 10 to 15 feet thick, of which 5 to 6 
 feet is exposed, is said to rest upon thin limestone. " This olay is said not 
 to make good bricks on account of white checkers." 
 
 ■Winterton Holme, West House.— Clay 7 yards, on gravel. 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 Mr. Jukes-Browne adds : — 
 
 Where the road to Winterton Holme crosses the Roman Boad, a dyke 
 shows dull reddish-brown Olay with a few stones, overlain to the south by 
 sand and loam with freshwater shells. 
 
 A. J. J.>B. 
 
DEPOSITS OP. THE TRENT VALLEY. 151 
 
 Sand, Peat, and ALtuvirM of the Teent Valley. 
 
 . Whether the valley of the Trent was connected at one time 
 with that of the Witham, producing the insulation of the greater 
 part of Lincolnshire, or existed as a wide estuary, one thing is 
 tolerably certain, vii?., that the valley-bottom consisted of sand 
 (marine or estuarine). The sand was exposed for a petiod of suffi- 
 cient duration to be drifted into dunes and mounds and wafted 
 eastward up the slopes bounding the valley. The asolian drift 
 probably became general during an elevation which drained the 
 valley sufficiently to permit of the formation of a marshy soil, 
 upon which trees would appear subsequently to have flourished 
 for centuries. From partial inundations, unfavourable dimatic 
 conditions or other causes, the valley became unfit for forest- 
 growth, and was tenanted by marsh vegetation, in which the trees 
 decayed. 
 
 Throughout the period of forest growth the Trent was no doubt 
 in existence, but its alluvial sediment never appears to have covered 
 the Peat-land on its borders, although some feet below the present 
 high-water mark. 
 
 Sand and Peat east of the Trent, 
 
 In the Frqdingham district, and here and there in the Liassic 
 area further south. Peat beds occur in the sand, suggesting the 
 probability of the sands above them being blown, and those 
 beneath being an alluvial or estuarine deposit. 
 
 . In the lower part of Section Common, at abont a mile West of Scotton 
 Church a bed of Peat occurs on the surface, resting on greyish white sand. 
 
 West of Oleatham, by a plantation a mile and a half east of Sootter 
 Church, buff and yellow sand with impersistent seams of peaty matter is 
 exposed in a drain, resting upon from 1 to 2 feet of black Feat. 
 
 At half a mile west of Twigmoor, and at half a mile east.Jiorth-east of 
 Ashby Grange the surface of the sand is peaty. 
 
 By the stream diie soiith of the letter e in the words Brumby Warren on 
 the Map the section is as follows : — 
 
 Ft. Is. 
 Yellowish sand - - • - - -16 
 
 Peat • - • . . . -lo 
 
 White and grey sand - - - - - 5 
 
 The easternmost part of the Frodingham Quarries extends as far eastward 
 as the stream, near the north-western boundary of Grokewell Common, on 
 the Map. In this part of the quaorries, where the Ironstone is overlain by 
 blue Lias Clay, the sand occurs in two beds separated by a stratum of 
 Peat. The upper sand is buff and yellowish ; it varies in thickness from 2 
 or 3 feet to 15 feet ; this sand differs from the lower bed in colour. 
 
 , The Peat bed crops out under the surface sand at about a quarter of a 
 mile from the Gokewell stream, it forms a very marked band attaining to 
 about 8 feet in maximum thickness. 
 
 The Peat contains fragments of birch stems and roots. 
 
 The lower sand bed is from 2 to 6 feet thick. It is greyish white in 
 colour, and contains patches of peaty matter. -, The lower jdnd makes an 
 
152 SUPEBFICIAL DEPOSITS. — V. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 nneven junction with the Lias Clay which is exposed for about 4 feet at 
 the termination of the deeper part of the section (forming a second 
 narrower catting through the bottom of the larger one). The sand fills 
 pipes or cracks in the surface of the Clay and often contains very small 
 fragments like broken Lias fossils. The base of the cutting at this part, 
 for a foot or two, is sihaly Lias Clay, but for 3 feet abo^e it the Clay may 
 be redeposited ; the small fragments in the sand occur at the junction. 
 
 The impersistence of the Feat bed in the sand east of Frodingham is 
 well shown in a long quarry on the south side of the Railway at about a 
 mile from the station. In this exposure the Frodingham rook is overlain 
 by about 8 Teet of sand, in which at one spot a lenticular seam of Peat 
 occurs, in a basin-shaped depression in pale buff sand ; the overlying sand' 
 is brownish, and the Feat thms out toward the surface on either side. 
 
 The Peal bed seems to be at or near'.the surface for some distance from, 
 the Bidlway, on either side, at about a mile east-north-east from Froding- 
 ham Station. 
 
 Alluvial area east of the Trent. 
 
 Peat growth seems to have prevailed over a great part, if not 
 the whole, of the alluvial area ; but owing to the practice of arti- 
 ficial warping, it is seldom visible at the surface, and where it is 
 visible its boundaries are either topographical, as on the north side of 
 Bottesford Beck from three-quarters of a mile to a mile and a 
 quarter east of East Butterwick, where the surface ofa large field 
 consists of unwarped Peat ; or very indefinite in flaggy marshes, 
 where no sections are to be seen and sand rises in low irregular 
 mounds. 
 
 The peaty surface matter rests upon sand in most cases, and 
 often renders the boundary of the sand very indefinite, as on the 
 east of East Butterwick and Ashby Decoy as the sand is black- 
 ened by peaty matter, which may be merely a film. 
 
 In a well in the Trent Valley,, at the cross-roads on Brumby Common, 
 about 20 feet of Peat resting on clay, not penetrated at a depth of 20 feet, 
 was encountered under 30 feet of sand ; the underlying clay is probably 
 Bhaetic Black Shales. This would appear to be a lower Peat bed in the 
 Trent Yalley, as the surface Peat la almost invariably found to rest on- 
 sand. 
 
 Sand and Peat west of the Trent. 
 
 The relations of the deposits forming the flats on the west of the 
 Trent are identical with those on the east, but the flat land 
 being so much more extensive, there are much larger tracts of 
 Peat at the surface unconcealed by artifical warp, as on Thorne 
 and Goole Moors, w^est and north-west of Haxey. Mr. OameroB, 
 who surveyed this district, notes a thickness of 20 feet of Peat on 
 Thorne Waste, and on Hatfield Moor, east of Lindholme, 11 feet 
 of it on gravel. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson tells me that " the surface of the peat where warp- , 
 ing has not taken place is in many places only 2 feet above low 
 water level in the Trent," 
 
 The following notes are by Mr. Cameron : — 
 
 At Gunthorpe a stratum of Peat, from 6 inches to 5 feet in thickness 
 was found in wells, under Warp, varying from 1 to 15 feet in thickness! ' 
 
DEPOSITS WEST OP THE TRENT. 
 
 153 
 
 aad roBtmg occasionally upon Clay or Warp, but more frequently on 
 sand. The water is hard, furring kettles, so that the water of the Trent 
 is preferred to it and largely used. ' , 
 
 In a well at Althorpe (old name Aletorp) no Peat was encountered, being 
 ftppaVently, as at Gunhouse Wharf; a channel of the river during the 
 growth of the wood and Peat. 
 
 Much of the Peat is arable land, perfectly flat, and of a black 
 or brown colour. Dotted about are hillocks of sand, on which 
 are built the bouses of the inhabitants. 
 
 Much of this deposit cannot now be seen, bemg buried under 
 artificial or natural deposits of Warp, but enough remains in the 
 wastes or moors, the black lands, and. the submerged forest on 
 the Humber foreshore, to show how densely wooded the country 
 has been. 
 
 In the cultivation of the Peat land, much trouble and expense 
 is caused by the great numbers of trunks and stumps of trees. 
 Where a clearing has been effected these may be seen made into 
 gate posts (chiefly oak stained black by the Peat) or they are 
 stored for future use. 
 
 On the edge of Thorne Waste, works are erected for con- 
 verting the wood into charcoal, used as manure. Attempts have 
 also been made to produce parafiin, but apparently without success. 
 
 The wastes of heather-covered Peat may never perhaps be 
 cultivated. In some places, indeed, they have been for a time 
 under cultivation but have been allowed to lapse again into their 
 ori^nal wild state. 
 
 Just west of Misterton and bordering the Peat a deposit of 
 black clay with fresh-water shells, now drained and cultivated, 
 indicates the site of a recent lake or tarn, a lingering patch of the 
 watery morasses that formerly covered everything below high- 
 water mark for miles around. 
 
 Here and there spots of low-lying wet land, neither drained nor 
 cultivated, and overgrown by rushes, reeds and sedges, still continue 
 as remnants of the marshes or morasses. 
 
 The North Car Drain is brown reedy earth on Peat. Idle Stop Drain 
 shows the Peat to be thin, and to rest on red sand; Monkham Drain 
 and the Snow Sewer are both on Feat, so is the Misson Level and the 
 drains intersecting it. 
 
 At Haxey the Railway Station is on Warp, artificially deposited on an 
 old floor of sand (Humber beds). In the Grunthorpe Drain, Haxey Gate, 
 and West Stookwith, the Warp clay is seen. 
 
 At Ouston Ferry the Warp is 15 feet thick and is underlaid by Peat. 
 
 Ouston Ferry. — Seven inches of Warp is said to have been deposited 
 between two tides, on the banks of the Trent at this place. [This and the 
 following statement are on the authority of the ferryman,] 
 
 Six feet .might be laid down artificially in three summers, this how- 
 ever, not constant, as the Warp is deposited imevenly, owing to cur- 
 rents in the water. 
 
 • At Temple Belwood clay land made from the Keuper Marl comes down 
 to the edge of the Warp, which has there been artificially laid down, on 
 Peat. All drains of 3 feet on the clay lands reach the Keuper. 
 
 Further round on the east on the border of the Alluvium, at 
 Fr^oghall, Feat, 3 feet thick, with numerous rCots and trunks of trees, 
 chiefly oak, is found. Here the Peat has almost thinned out between a 
 
 o 53912. !• 
 
154 SDPEEEIOIAL DEPOSITS. — W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 large Spread df sand on the one side and the Alluvial cIot of the Rirep 
 Idle, on the other : under the Feat, is a soft unctuous blue Clay. 
 
 The Idle and the Don are now mere ditches, but their former courses 
 are conspicuous in the line of brown Warp meandering through the 
 black F6at- lands, or by sinuous troughs to bo met with occasionally ia 
 the Sand. 
 
 A. c. a. 0. 
 
 Alluvium and Warp, 
 
 The true Alluvium or flood loam of the Trent does not extend 
 far from the river bank on either side ; beyond its limits the flats 
 are composed of a Eeat bed or peaty soil on sand, bat owing to 
 the process of artificial warping (i.e., conducting water charged 
 with sediment through channels cut in the river bank to tracts 
 previously surrounded by banks) the original Peat furface is 
 seldom visible. 
 
 In a footnote to p. 38 of The History and Topography of the 
 Isle of Axholme, by the Rev. W. B. Stonehoase, M.A., a reference 
 to a paper by Ralph Oreyke, Trans. Soc. Arts, Vol. 43, is thus 
 given : " It is said that the practice (o£ warping) was first in- 
 troduced about the middle of the last century on some land in the 
 rieighbourhood of Howden " (border of Yorkshire). 
 
 The formation of the Alluvium proper or natural warp by pre- 
 cipitation of sediment held in suspension by water overflowing the 
 channel of the river explains the fact that from the Trent banks 
 the ground usually falls very gently, merging into the bounding 
 flats; for the heavier particles subsiding nearer the channel the 
 materials spread by the waters would decrease in amount as 
 they encroached on the flats, so that at a short distance from the 
 bank a scarcely perceptible film might be thrown down on the 
 Peat. 
 
 Mr. Cameron, who surveyed the area wesit of the Trent, fur- 
 nishes the following notes : — 
 
 Much valuable land is made in the north-west corner of Lin- 
 colnshire and those parts of Yorkshire and Nottingham bordering 
 the Humber and Trent by artificially warping the old "going 
 land" (ancient warp), also the Peat and sand, a process by which the 
 unprofitable soil is buried under fresh deposits of rich alluvial 
 sediment, with which the waters of the Humber and the rivers 
 flowing into it are heavily weighted. 
 
 Certain parts of the district, or particular farniSj are enclosed by 
 banks, the tidal waters are made to enter through floodgates and 
 dirains and to flood the surface, there to remain till the mud is 
 deposited ; the water is then drained ofE, the process being repeated 
 at intervals until the required depth of soil is accumulated. 
 
 By this process land is raised 6 feet in three summers, or 2 feet 
 in a year, the Warp not taking long to settle when the waters are 
 
DEPOSITS WEST OP THE TRENT. 155 
 
 undisturbed by currents; Where, however, currents exist the 
 Warp is deposited unevenly. 
 
 In the immense tracts of natural Warp, now arable land, the 
 maximum thickness seems to be 40 feet, which has accumulated at 
 no very distant date in some form of estuary. 
 
 Marling tends to consolidate Feat ; lime and calcareous manures having 
 a useful effect on mossy soil. Feat, when limed, produces white clover, 
 daisy,. and grass, where none grew before. Lint or flax grows well on 
 Peat. Mossy soil is always thinnest where it lies on sand or gravel. 
 
 By the term "Marl" is here understood .Warp, clay artificially or 
 naturally laid on. _ 
 
 In artificial warping, if the land ia too high to be reached by the warpiiig 
 drains, " Oart warping " or " Dry warping " is resortud to ; for instance, 
 Where a sand hill can be warped all round, but not itself buried, the 
 sediment that has been deposited round it- is carted onto the hill itself ; 
 or an elevated patch of heather-covered Peat is transformed into arable 
 land in the same way, tram rails being laid to the nearest clay flats. 
 
 A. 0. a. 0. 
 
 The processes of artificial warping have been by no means uniformly 
 carried on in the Trent valley, some tracts being so thinly warped as 
 barely to conceal the peaty substratum, others so thickly that Peat is not 
 shown in the drains. The tendency of warping is to compress the Peat, 
 so that irregular warping does not produce any appreciable inequality in 
 the surface level as it would do were the substratum inoompressable; 
 The deposition of artificial Warp is also very uneven ; on Mr. Peacock's 
 farm (rather more than a mile from Bast Butterwick in the direction of 
 Ashby Becoy), for instance, the Warp in the same field varies from 1 to 3- 
 feet in depth.* 
 
 East of the Trent. 
 
 The natural Warp does not seem to extend far from the river bank ; but, 
 as it is impossible to distinguish it from artificial Warp at the surface, its 
 boundary is very vague, even where sections are exposed by the cleaning 
 out of drains . 
 
 In West Common North Drain, when cleaned out, the natural and 
 artificial Warps were shown to rest irregularly on Peat, but were scarcely 
 distinguishable.'the one from the other. The natural Warp does not appear 
 tp extend for more than 14 chains from the bank of the Trent at East 
 Butterwick ; from thence its boundary seems to run northward by Meerholo 
 Clough and Oar Dyke to points about a quarter of a mile east of Burring- 
 ham J'erry and Boggard Hall, crossing the Doncaster and Barnetby line 
 on the east side of Gunness Station. From. Grunness Station on the 
 inside of Amcotts Hook the natural Warp probably spreads, extending to 
 about three-quarters of a mile from the river between Gunhouse and 
 Grange. 
 
 At Neap House it may extend to 3 furlongs from the Trent bank; and 
 it seems to constitute the whole alluvial' flat from Flixborough Stather 
 northward to Burton Stather, and also the Trent Ness flat, at the con- 
 fluence of the Trent and Humber. Between Flixborough Stather and 
 Burton Stather the natural Warp may be partly overlain by artificial 
 
 • For details ns to the process of Warping, tee the following papers in Journ. Roy 
 A'gric. Soc: :— P. Pus^, vol. iv., p. 295 ; R. Creyke, vol. v., .p. 398 ; T. J. Herepath 
 (with analyses;, vol. xi., p. 97 ; J. A. Clarke, vol. xii., pp. 387, 371. Dry Warping 
 is described by W. Edwards, vol. xi., p. 180. An analysis (by E Hunter), of 
 Warp from the bank of the Onse at Goole, is- given by Dr. H. F. Parsons, Proc. 
 Yorkshire Geol. Soc, N.S., vol.' vi. (Et. iv.), p. 229. 
 
 L 2 
 
156 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. — "W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 Warp, especially sin the neighbourhood of a farm (not shown on the Map) 
 east of Oottley Hall. 
 
 The natural Warp varies from brown loamy clay and brown loam to dark 
 grey, drab, and grey and brown clay. 
 
 Near the mouth of the Trent and in the Humber Bank, between 
 Whitton Channel and Pudding Pie Sand, chocolate-brown clay, 
 marbled with grey, and evenly-bedded in places, is exposed ; this 
 clay is identical with the (newer glacial) Low-level Clay of the 
 Ancholme valley, but it is not overlain by gravel and sand. It 
 appears to be natural Warp, but if cOiitemporaneous with the Low- 
 level Clay it certainly cannot be regarded as ordinary Alluvium, 
 although the flat surface beneath which it occurs is alluvial. 
 
 By the AUuYinm, at the phice where the stream on the north side of 
 Flixborongh emerges from its narrow channel, a very gentle slope is com- 
 posed of alluvial clay and loam with fresh-water and land shells, mixed 
 with tnfaceoos matter in places. The next stream on the north seems to 
 have offected a similar deposit where it emerges from Burton Wood. 
 Between the streams on the low tract flanking the Alluvium white tufa 
 and orange and yellow tafaceous matter, indurated by ferrnginouB infiltra- 
 tion, conceals the sand subsoil. 
 
 In a stream course, about half-way between, Alkborough and Whitton, 
 from 2 to 3 feet of alluvial or rain>wash soil is shown ; a piece of coarse 
 bla,ck potteiy was found in it. The stream-bed is composed of Liassic 
 rock. 
 
 Peat and Alluvial Deposits of the Ancholme 
 Valley. 
 
 The deposits of the Ancholme Valley are very difficult to classify, 
 owing to the uncertainty respecting the age of part of the Low- 
 level deposits. In the excavations on Island Carr it would appear 
 that the Low-level Clay and its associated sand and gravel under- 
 lies the more recent AUuvium and Peat. These deposits no doubt 
 occupied the Ancholme V^alley, and were subsequently deuuded 
 and re-deposited ; the chief diflSculty presented by the district 
 being the impossibilitjr of ascertaining to what extent such re- 
 deposition took place. 
 
 Thus, whilst the Low-level sand and gravel is clearly defined 
 in sections showing its relation to the Clay, where this relation is 
 not manifest they could not be distinguished from Alluvial deposits 
 of more recent date formed from them. 
 
 After the deposition of the Low-level deposits the Ancholme 
 flats, by elevation of other causes, appear to have been at least 
 partially covered by wood growth or vegetation, which was in 
 process of time invaded by the river, or submerged beneath an arm 
 of the Humber Estuary ; the clay, silt, and gravel then formed, 
 being subsequenlly deserted by the waters, furnished soil for the 
 growth of woods over the flat lands; in some cases, as pointed out 
 by Mr. Atkinson, the size and nature of the trees point at least 
 to centuries of this woodland growth, traces of which as the 
 upper Peat bed cover so large a part of the surface south of 
 Brigg. Through stoppage of drainage or depression of the area 
 
m ill ■ ■— IMWIWP" 
 
 DEPOSITS OF T^p ANCHOLME VALLEY. 157. 
 
 the woodland became converted into a morass, Trom which it 
 has been reclaimed by a thorough sjstein of drainage. To 
 Mr. Atkinson, the Engineer who superintends these woi-Ms, I am 
 largely indebted for valuable information respecting borings and 
 sections in Sheet 86. 
 
 The Alluvium of the Ancholme consists of dark grey and brown 
 clay and brown loam; north of Brigg its limits are easily defin- 
 able ; but south of Brigg the alluvial clay is by no means co-exten- 
 sive with the flat ground, and it is frequently concealed by a peaty 
 surface soil. Where the clay is either at the surface or so close 
 to it that the peaty matter may be disregarded hypothetical, 
 boundaries between Alluvium and surface Peat have been drawn 
 on the Map. 
 
 A narrow patch of AUavium occnrB by the Ancholme at the margin of 
 Sheet 86. Brown alluvial clay is at the surface between Ings Souse 
 and Oaistor Canal, it is most probably continuous, under the Peat, with 
 the main mass of alluvial clay at the surface, which extends northward 
 from Green l)yke, near Wootham Hill, by Swing Bridge and Redoar 
 Bridge. 
 
 From Low Bank, nenr Hibaldstow, southward, a flat tract, not separable 
 from the Alluvium, by level, and composed of fine gravel generally found 
 upon the Low-level Olay, extends around the low features made by the 
 Great Oolite rocks. A similar gravel flat occurs at the south margin of 
 the Map (Sheet 86) near Waddingham and south-east of Old Mill. 
 
 The gravels of these tracts are chiefly composed of small frag- 
 ments of local Oolitic rocks and of flint. From the flat tongues of 
 gravel are traceable in the Inferior Ooliie districts on the west, 
 as west of Hibaldstow Lodge, and west of Beanland Cover and 
 Pyewipe Hall, and up the Waddingham Valley. 
 
 In the main we have had to describe the gravels of this tract 
 with the Low-level Clay (newer glacial} series, and their irregular 
 association with tiie Low-level Clay, and position, irrespective of 
 present drainage lines, in places, as north of Hibaldstow, may 
 justify this view ; but to the sti'eam-Valley deposits extending 
 west from the tract a more recent age must be assigned, and it is 
 incredible to suppose that no re-deposition of the gravels between 
 the Inferior Oolite districts on the west and the Alluvium on the 
 east, took place, we have therefore drawn hypothetical lines 
 connecting the stream-valley deposits with the Alluvium with 
 which we may regard them as roughly contemporaneous, the parts 
 of the gravel-flats within these lines being taken as redeposited. 
 
 South of Oaistor Canal the Alluvium seems to consist for the most part 
 of flat peaty soil, mixed, perhaps, with films of alluvial loam. The sub- 
 stratum is fine gravel, similar to that of the Waddingham vaUey, &c., but 
 more largely composed of flint. The surface is frequently a peaty gravel 
 soil, but alluvial matter has subsided upon it in distinguishable amount 
 here and there, as by Owersby Drain and east of Old Mill, so thac whether 
 the surface of the gravel were a re-deposit or not it would be scarcely 
 possible to map it separate from the true alluvial soil. 
 
 Korth of Wootham Hill the soil is black and peaty. 
 
 In the drain near Eedboume Biver Head Feat is exposed under alluvial 
 clay. 
 
 On the south of Gadney a tree trunk, with stool 28 feet in len^h, 
 and another nearly 20 feet long, was noticed in the Peat. Trees were alB& 
 
138 SUPEEFIOIAL DEPOSITS. — ^. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 noticed in the peat and peaty soil west of Ings HonsCj near tb.e junction 
 of tjie Ancholme anji Qaistor Canals,.on the west of Holme Hill, and by 
 Green Dyke. 
 
 " On Oadney Oarrs the soil is for the most part peaty, the A-Uuvium 
 consists of brown clay. • ' 
 
 On Froghall Carrs, near South Bank, the soil js peaty in places j jit 
 about half a mile south of. Froghall a trace of flint gravel was observed. 
 
 ■ The surface of the Alluvium is peaty between Low Bank Drain and 
 Eedcar Bridge, and from thence southward to Ryecroft Hill, south bf 
 Newstead Old Causeway ; by Black Bank- ; on either side of the road to 
 Gadaey; at about half- w^y between Newstead .Priory. and 3and'HiU 
 Farm ; and south of Silversides,. near Brigg. 
 
 North of Newstead Priory, the Alluvium is covered by black peaty soil 
 containing bog oak, ' ' ' 
 
 For the following information I am indebted to Mr. Atkinson, 
 of Bi'igg : — 
 
 Section disclosed in digging day on Island Carr, between the 
 riyer and canal, north of the high road on the west side of Brigg. 
 
 Ft. Its. 
 
 Soil and Peat - - 1 ft. to 1 3 
 
 Alluvial clay with remains of freshwater 
 
 plants - - - 3 ft. or 4 
 
 Peat - _ - - about 6 
 
 Boulder clay resting on the bed of limestone 
 
 -In the same briok-yarcj, probably in enlarging the excavation 
 .above described, an interesting discovery was made; it was thus 
 described by .Mr. Atkinson, in a letter to me, in April .1884: — 
 
 •'..I heard the other day that they had found same old wood m 
 the brick-yard below my office. .1 found an ancient roadway, 
 made of riven oak planks laid edge to edge, transversely. Under 
 these are trees and branches (some yew) laid lengthwise. At the 
 -ends of the oak planks holes have been made and stakes driven 
 through to secure them. The planks are all in situ and do not 
 jseem to have been disturbed in any way. The road is 6 feet 
 below the present land level, it rests upon and is pegged into.z, 
 stony deposit. This deposit changes into red boulder clay, 50 
 yards to.the.aouth and;into.sand about the same distance nojth. 
 
 ,Above the road there is 5 feet of soft alluvial clay, with sedges ; 
 and.above.that the surface Peat, 1 foot thick. These are altogether 
 undisturbed." 
 
 (From a letter dated May 4th, 1884.) " The surface of the road 
 is about 1 1 feet above low water in the.Humber, and 13 feet below 
 high water. It is about 3 feet below the present drainage level 
 of the Cai's. 
 
 Within living memory the Oars about Brigg used to be 
 under water three months in each year. 
 
 Roman remains are found in the surface Peat." 
 
 He says in the letter previously. quoted " I have just lately cut 
 through the ancient road (said to be Eoman) between Eedboume 
 find North Kelsey. It has been carried on oak piles; but the 
 roadway was in the upper. "SQeii. This Peat bed contains remains' 
 cf gigantic oak trees, w^ich must have been centuries old. 
 
DJSP081XS OF THE ANOHOLME VALLEY. 1 59 
 
 The drift below the Alluvium was not level, and so the Peat 
 which grew thereon varies considerably in thickness. Thus in 
 Alcock's brick-yards, just south of the M. S- & L. Kailway, and 
 westward of the old River Ancholme, there is 15 feet of clay and 
 then 3 feet of Peat." 
 
 Mr. Atkinson considers that " the road (discovered at Brigg) is 
 on the horizon of the lower forest-bed of the Ancholme level. 
 
 Nothing metallic has been discovered .near the road, but there 
 
 has been found a bit of round bone, with a 'mortise' 
 
 sunk half way through, and three small holes bored through each 
 «de." 
 
 At 500 yards from the site of the old road in a south-easterly 
 direction,* "a most interesting boat of a very primitive type was 
 found," in 1886, lying "almost at fight angles to the old channel 
 of the River Ancholme." 
 
 " The Tipper edge of the boat was 2 feet below the surface of the 
 ground at the .bow and 3 feet 7 inches at the stern." 
 
 " The boat is made out of one huge log of oak, which hag been 
 dug out or hollowed," the length is 48 feet 6 inches, and depth 
 2 feet 8 inches at the bows, and 3 feetl inch to 3 feet 4 inches 
 at the stern. 
 
 .. *'_The beds passed through in digging are in the following order, 
 beginning at the top : — 
 
 • Surface soil. 
 
 Peat and forest bed. 
 
 TA Kii •1, ^^'i -I 1 -?■ With remains of sedges. 
 JJarfc bluisn-grey alluvia! clay.J ° 
 
 Peat and fSrest bed. 
 
 Drift. " - • 
 
 The upper edges of the boat were -slightly above the junction 
 of the two clay -beds." Remains of Diatoms, all marine forms, were 
 identified in the brown clay by Edmund Grove, A.M.Inst. C.E„ 
 " In a sample of the grey clay Mr. Grove found acicular sponge 
 spicules but no trace of Diatomacese," ..." the bed of the 
 Humber is cut in these clays, and for some distance from that 
 river up the Ancholme valley the clay is covered with a bed of 
 recent Alluvium or Warp." "Th^ present Alluvium or ' Warpi* 
 with which the Humber is now so highly charged, is of quite a 
 distinct chai'acter from the two clays below liie upper Peat."- " The 
 trunks of enormous oak trees mixed with the remains of yew, 
 birch, and hazel are frequently found in the . upper Peat." 
 " Roman remains are only found in the upper Peat." In the paper 
 from which the above quotations were taken, the remains of the 
 Roman road in the Upper Peat crossing the Ancholme Level in 
 North Kelsgy parish are, also refered to. 
 
 J . ■ ■ ^ - - 
 
 * From "Notes on an Ancient Boat found at Brigg."— By Alited Atkinson. 
 Archfeologta, vol. SO (10 pp.), 1687. 
 
160 SUPEEFIOIAL DEPOSITS,— ^W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 The bones found in the excavations "on Island Oarr were indentified as 
 follows by Mr. E. T. Newton ;— 
 
 Bed deer {Oefvus ela^Tim) - scapula, tibia, piece of antler, left 
 
 ramus of lower jaw, vertebrae. 
 
 Ox ... ischinm. 
 
 Sheep ... humerus. 
 
 Dog ... pelvis, scapula. 
 
 Human ... lower jaw; all molar teeth have been 
 
 lost during life. 
 
 Lower Peat. — In the above the upper Feat is spoken of in 
 contradistinction to the lower Peat bed of the Ancholme Valley, 
 which has been encountered in places, but from its depth beneath 
 the surface, apparently from 8 to 16 feet or so, it is difficult to 
 obtain authentic information respecting it. I am indebted to Mr. 
 Atkinson for the following observations respecting this bed : — • 
 
 " In buildiug Castlethorpe Bridge over the Ancholme we found it about 
 9 feet below the surface. In deepening the old river near Coal Dyke 
 End it was met with at about the same depth. An old man who worked 
 there has often told me that the hazel-nuts, acorns, ' oak-apples ' (galls) 
 &c. were as fresh as if they had only been there a few months. Antlers 
 were frequently met with.- 
 
 Mr. Finny, Chemist, Brigg, has a pair of antlers found in Clark's 
 brick-yard, near the Bailway, at a depth, it was said, of 12 feet. That 
 would probably be in the lower Peat." 
 
 On Bronghton Oars rather peaty clay was encountered at about 26 ft. 9 in. 
 from the surface in sinking a well through : — 
 
 , , Fr.lN. 
 
 Top Peat . . . . . ,. Q 9 
 
 Blue clay - - - - ' -■ • 20 
 
 Tough silty clay - > - . - - 6 
 
 Harder clay, rather peaty - « - - 5 
 
 There is no evidence to show that the Peaty clayis representative of the 
 lower Peat bed ; it is, however, possible. In a neighbouring weU on Brough- 
 ton Carrs no Peat was encountered below the surface. The lower Peat is 
 exposed under Alluvium in the drain near Kedboume Biver Head. 
 
 According to Mr. Strangways :— 
 
 At Thornton Bridge the Alluvium and gravel average about 3 feet. In 
 one place the section consists of: — 
 
 Pi. In. 
 
 Alluvial soil - - • - - -10 
 
 Gravel • ■ • - - « -13 
 
 Boulder clay. 
 
 Lower down the Beck there is an exposure of— 
 
 Ft. Is. 
 
 Alluvium " ■ • - - -20 
 
 Gravel • • - * ■ • -03 
 
 Shale. 
 
 0. P. S. 
 
BLOWN SAND. 161 
 
 On the north BJ4e of tlie hi^h road to Bigby, between Slfpgg?r Beck and 
 the Bametby and Lincoln Kailway, a fresUy-cut drain, about 4 feet deep, 
 gave the following section ; — 
 
 Bafif, and yellomsh sand, in parts irregularly overlain by pealy 
 
 matter. 
 Coarse grey sand (apparently containing comminuted fresh-water 
 
 shells) with peaty matter her,© pad there, at ,the bottom of the 
 
 drain. 
 Patches of flint gravel occur in and under the sands. 
 
 On the south side of the Bailway at the lettei- B in the words G-lamford 
 friggs, on the Map, a stream bank shows allnvial clay upon yellowish sand 
 and flint gravel for 5 chains. 
 
 The alluvial clay is used for brick>making at Brigg, where there are 
 three brick-yards, and also on the north side of the Bametby and Doncas- 
 ter line, east of Thornholme Priory. 
 
 On Broughton Carrs the Ancholme Canal and ditch beside it show, dark 
 grey upon brown, alluvial clay. 
 
 , On the west of Blanker Dyke the "surface of the Alluvium is peaty in 
 places, near its junction with the Blown Sands. 
 
 Between the Decoy and Thornholme Priory the surface of the Alluvium 
 is peaty and its boundary indefinite, owing to the admixture of the border- 
 ing Blown Sand in the surface soil. 
 
 In the drain to Birdhonse Clough west of Decoy, peaty matter and trees 
 occur in sand, which may be a recent wind drift. 
 
 Mr. Strangways gives the following section of a well at the 
 Farm on Winterton Oarrs ; — 
 
 Clay - - . « . . -15 yards 
 
 Gravel under. 
 
 He also notices the occurrence of a forest-bed under the Allu- 
 vium, at the Humbeir bank below Ferriby Hall. 
 
 " Buried tre6s under about 8 feet of Warp clay." " Very little gravel 
 under the trees." 
 
 Lacustrine deposits. — Traces of lacustrine deposition, consisting 
 of white and whitish consolidated loam, or levigated mud, with 
 recent fresh-water shells, are met with in the following places : — 
 
 By Little Oarr Drain, east of the high road to Elsham, forming a small 
 patch, apparently filling a hollow in the surface of the Low-level deposits, 
 bounded or concealed, on the east, by sand, probably blown over the lower 
 ground. 
 
 In a drain on the east of Priestland Cover, apparently associated with 
 sand. 
 
 In a stream bank, in a narrow extension of the Waddinghttm gravel 
 tract, flanked on the east and west by sands, at nearly a mile east from 
 Waddingham Church. 
 
 A whitish tufaceous deposit is visible by a tributary of the Hibaldstow 
 stream, at about half a mile south of Scawby Station. 
 
 Blown Sand. 
 
 At the foot of each of the great escarpment features, which are 
 also the leading geological lines in North Lincolnshire, we find 
 extensive deposits of Blown Sand upon the low ground. 
 
 At the foot of the Wolds. — About Olixby, Caistor Nettleton, Owersby, and 
 Claxby Moors there is an extensive tract of sand, which is nowhere found 
 to conceal the Cretaceous escarpment, although it has doubtless formed the 
 
162 SUPEEFIOIAL DEPOSITS.— W. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 source from which, the patches of sand on the Wolds east of Oaistor and 
 north of Cabourn Mill have been blown. 
 
 In the Barnetby valley the sandy deposits have been irregularly blown 
 over the surface, so that no distinction between the wind drift and the 
 deposit m situ can be made with certainty. Again, bhe sands of Brigg 
 appear to have been drifted by wind in plfices, as, neai' Eedoome. On the 
 north- of Wrawby the low6r ground at the foot of the Wolds, extending to 
 South Ferriby and bounding the Ancholme Alluvium on the east, is 
 largely composed of Blown Sand, which, however, cannot with any degree 
 of certainty be separated from -the sandy and gravelly deposits, which it 
 partially conceals. . , ■ 
 
 Oolitic Escarpment. — ^The Blown Sand, piled up at the foot of the Oolitic 
 escarpment, north of Kirton, has been drifted eastward, entirely covering 
 tho steep slope of the escarpment near Twigmoor Warren, and between 
 Crosby and Sainton Warrens, and extending irregularly down the dip-slope 
 of the Inferior. Oolites to Soawby and Bronghton. 
 
 Blown Sand extends entirely across the Inferior Oolite area from 
 Santon and Eisby Warrens to Appleby Oarrside, Broughton Oarr Side, and 
 Wressle Wood, where it is bounded by the Alluvium of the Ancholme. 
 
 Jjiassic area. — It is a curious fact that the'Sands prevail north of Kirton 
 and Seotter, where the Boulder Clay districts terminate. In the Boulder 
 Clay districts, sand, associated either with gravel or Boulder Clay, occurs, 
 and'in or near many of the valley bottoms sandy soils conceal the solid 
 rooks J but, except on or near the borders of the Trent Alluvium, no 
 extensive deposits of sand are found. Between Ashby, Bottesford, and 
 Emmanuel Bridge, and near Ashby Grange, there are some indications of 
 G-ravel, or Boulder Clay, having once extended over the area; or of the 
 sands being partly of gljj;cial origin. Jf ear Ashby the soil is loamy, and 
 occasional foreign pebbles are found on the surface, and a small boulder 
 of grit was noticed in a field between Ashby Grange and Bottesford Beck. 
 
 The Liassic rooks are to a great extent concealed by Blown Sand, which 
 appears in the first instance to have been an estuarine deposit in the Trent 
 valley and in the valley at the foot of the Oolitic escarpment. In the 
 Trent valley the natural and artificial Warp, or Alluvinm, rests upon a bed 
 or soil of Peat, beneath which sand is generally found ; the sand patches in 
 the. Alluvium of the Trent, are inliers of this, sand stratum, but they have 
 been heaped up into mounds and dunes by the action of the wind ; and the 
 sands which occupy a low tract on the eastern borders of the Alluvinm of 
 the Trent have also been sifted_ by aeqlian action and spread overhigh 
 land, as on Scotton Common, near Messingham, Taddlethorpe, and Mix- 
 borough, Burton, Alkborough and Whitton. 
 
 South of Flixborough Old Church the sands cover the slope of the Lias 
 escarpment ; also in places near Seotter. 
 
 .At the. foot of the Oolitic escarpment from Thealby and Bagmoors south- 
 ward to Kirton Lindsay the lower and major part of the Lower Lias dip- 
 slope, as well as the Middle Lias features, in tie lower part of the escarp- 
 ment, are covered by Blown Sand. 
 
 East of the Biver'Trent. — In the north of Brumby Common the surface 
 is very marshy ; Blown Sand forms low hills and, mounds and occurs in a 
 labyrinth of irregular patches of swampy ground, apparently consisting of 
 Peat and Warp ; the surface is covered by rank marsh vegetation and the 
 topography of the Map is very defective. 
 
 About a mile from Boggard Hall there are long banks of sand, by and 
 near drains ; also on the south side of the road to Burringham Ferry, 
 which, though doubtless erected as warping banks, in most oases, present 
 here and there, as on either side of the road to Burringham Ferry (at 
 about a mile and a quarter east of the Trent) so undisturbed an appearance 
 as to suggest inliers of sand cut through-4n warping operations rather 
 than artificial embankments. 
 
 At about a mile west of Ashby Decoy Farm two small banks of sand on 
 either side of the road appear to be in situ,. 
 
•BLOWN SAND. - 163 
 
 The very irregular occurrence of the sands in the Alluvium, 
 on the east of the Trent, in which, here and there, they form low 
 mounds, and the extensive Blown Sand tract which conceals the 
 junction of the Keuper, Khsefcic, and Lias rocks, suggest seolian 
 derivation from an extensive estuarine deposit, which, except in 
 the vicinity of the river, is found to underlie the Peat and Warp. 
 
 It would, however, be impossible to distinguish at the surface 
 this sand. in flattish districts from Blown Sand derived from it. 
 
 West of the River Trent. — On the west, as on the east of the 
 Trent, a considerable area is covered by sand, occurring in low- 
 lying tracts very little above the level df the Peat and Warp land 
 in places, and abutting against the Keuper Marl hills of Misterton, 
 Epworth, and Crowle. It has been blown upwards over the 
 higher ground at Haxey. The sand also occurs on the Carrs, or 
 flats, in inlying patches surrounded by Warp on Peat. -\ 
 
 On this, as on the other side of the Treqt, it is quite impossible 
 to say whether the sand on the low grounds, where not piled in 
 dunes or low hills by seolian action, .is an original, and undisturbed 
 estuarine deposit or not. The marked feature round the Marl hill 
 of Haxey, over which sand had been continuously blown, induced 
 Mr. Cameron to draw a line separating the sand mantling over 
 the slope from that occupying the low-lying tract at its foot, an^ 
 this line has been shown on the Map, as it has some agricultural 
 significiance, but it must not be taken as a geological boundary. 
 
 Mr. Cameron says : — 
 
 The sand land on the elevated parts, having a subsoil of Keuper (red 
 clay), is considered 20Z. per acre better than the so-called " Grey Sand " 
 land of the levels. ' 
 
 The sand of the low moorland tracts is called " grey land"; it is often 
 shown resting on the Keuper Marls. 
 
 OToMownd. — ^A good deal of light sand occutb on a Marl subsoil in the 
 higher parts of the district. The sand is often merely a thin surface soil; 
 and appears to have been blown off the adjacent lower laud. On the edge 
 of the Peat at the Monkham drain the Keuper appears to be only thinly 
 covered with sand. 
 
 Compacted, ferruginous sand is found round the base of the high lands 
 at Park. A shallow section of yellow and silver-grey eand, very dense, 
 is exposed in drains to a depth of about 5 feet. 
 
 In the Upperthorpe sand-pits, and the waste land adjoining, sand has 
 accumulated to a considerable height iji dunes, strongly suggestive of wind 
 action. 
 
 By the road "from the New Torne (Thorne) river to Woodhouse 
 yellowish sand is shown. . - - . 
 
 Pan, or hard jpompact sand .of a red colour, the .particles being held 
 together. by. an oxide of iron, is fonnd beneath the Peat of Sandhill. 
 
 Three feet of.sand is shown on Keuper at Ealand going to Tetley. 
 Yellow and white sand, in the banks of the Double River, rests on 
 Keuper. 
 
 White sand on red clay or Marl is visible at Canal House, 
 
 The following section was disclosed in Mr. Bobinson's. brick-yard 
 Orowie Wharf in 1883 :— 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Clean red sand - - - - - -20 
 
 Red and green clay (Keuper) - - - - 6 - 
 
 A. C. (J. 0. 
 
164 superficial ssfosits. — ^fl. of the wolds. 
 
 North of the Humber. 
 
 Glacial Beds. — Boulder Clay occurs along the north shore of the 
 Humber from Eed Cliff to Hessle and from thence spreads north- 
 eastwards over the eastern slope of the Wolds, as will be described 
 in the next chapter. "West of Eed Cliff and Melton, the Boulder 
 Clay is overlain by later superficial beds of the Humber, and is 
 not seen at the surface within the northern part of Sheet 86. It 
 has however been proved by borings, and it probably underlies the 
 whole of the alluvial area referred to. The thickness of the drift 
 Taries considerably in short distances, and consequently the old 
 surface of the Trias was much more uneven than the present 
 suriace of the country. 
 
 Gravels. — Gravel occurs near North Cave and Everthorpe, and 
 again from Brantlington southwards to the Humber. At North 
 Cave the gravels, which are stratified and rounded, are composed 
 almost entirely of Lias fragments ; and the great quantity of speci- 
 mens oi Gryphaa incurva contained in them is very remarkable; 
 in some of the pits between North and South Cave this shell is so 
 abundant as to warrant their being called a " Gryphite gravel."* 
 
 Along the ridge between Ullorker and Brongh similar coarse gravels 
 oconr, but here most of the included fragments are from the Oolite ; and 
 it is cnrious to observe in both these cases that the rocks from which 
 these gravels are derived outcrop at the spot or lie immediately to the 
 north. . 
 
 A pit near Brough well shows the irregular character of this gravel. 
 It consists mainly of Chalk and Oolite ; but there are some foreign pebbles, 
 as well as fragments of ironstone, coalt. and decayed wood. The sand 
 lies in wavy beds, presenting a very marked appearance in the lower part 
 of the section. The upper part has at one time been used as a burial 
 place, as numerous bones as well as entire human skeletons and urns with 
 burnt bones, have been dug out. 
 
 The slight hollow in the Oolites .. east of Ellerker is filled with a 
 deposit of Sand and Chalk-gravel, which is 4 feet thick in the shaft 
 at Woo Dale ; but increases to 7 feet in the' borihg near EUoughton, 
 where it. rests on 13 feet of clay with flints, and to 26 feet in a well 
 south of that village, where it rests on clay. The section her© is — 
 
 Well, a quarter ofawdle sowth of EUoughton. 
 
 Sand 
 Clay 
 Stone 
 day 
 
 IT. : 
 26 
 
 IN. 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ■a 
 
 Total - . 50 
 
 Whether the upper of these clays is Boulder Clay is not certain, although 
 it probably is, and in that case the 6 feet of stone would be the Eellaways 
 Eock. About Brough these sands and gravels are probably thicker, but 
 the sections are not reliable. At Melton the sand and gravel die out, but 
 at Bed Cliff, on the Humber bank, there is an isolated patch resting on 
 stiff purple Boulder Clay. 
 
 * See Tate aiid Blake : The Torkshire Lias, p. 69. 
 
NORTH OF THE HUMBEB. _ - 165 
 
 Besides the above there is a curious deposit of chalk-gravel, on 
 the edge of the hill at Everthorpe, which has been cut through by 
 the railway, exposing a good section showing that this gravel has 
 been deposited against an old bank of the Middle Lias, and 
 extends that feature about 200 yards further to the west, causing 
 a deceptive appearance of the outcrop. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Diagram showing extension of the Middle Lias feature by Ohalk Cfravel 
 at Everthorpe. 
 
 Warp and Lacustrine Clay, Sand and Gravel, 
 
 These deposits cover much of the country near the Humber, 
 the sands making slightly rising ground, above the general flat 
 surface. 
 
 The beds have a thickness varying from 25 to 90 feet, although 
 in some cases, especially near the edge of the rising ground, they 
 thin away to less than this. 
 
 The sands have a thickness varying from a few inches to 10 or 
 15 feet. They consist of clean yellow and white soft sand, which 
 is often ferruginous, and causes the water issuing at their base to 
 be highly charged with iron. The sands are frequently inter- 
 stratified with thin seams of peat and black earth, containing 
 freshwater shells and plant remains, which give to the surface the 
 character of a black sandy mould. 
 
 There is usually a thick deposit of laminated clay below the 
 superficial sands, and in the vicinity of the Humber a bed of 
 Peat. 
 
 This Peat thickens to the-SQuthjof Goole, and is probably the 
 same as that exposed in the banks of the Humber at Melton, 
 South Ferriby, and Whitton. 
 
 Alluvium, Modern Warp, and Peat. 
 
 Along the sides of the principal rivers, such as the Ouse, 
 Derwent, and others, there is a strip of modern alluvium, forming 
 a narrow tract below the level of the surrounding coimtry. This, 
 as it approaches the Humber, becomes merged with the modem 
 warp or tidal alluvium of that estuary, which latter is continuous 
 with the ancient warp so that no lines can be drawn between 
 them. At Brough there are 18 feet of this clay. 
 
 Intimately associated with these deposit is a bed of peat, which 
 varies in thickness from a few inches to as much as 20 feet. It 
 
166 
 
 STJPEKFIOIAI, DEPOSITS.— W. OF THE W0U)3. 
 
 is well exposed in the Humber at Melton below high-water mark, 
 and has been met with in several of the sections (given in the York 
 and Hull Memoir). This peat contains the stumps and trunks of 
 great numbers of trees, the former being firmly rooted in the 
 sands, and exhibiting the marks of tools with quantities of waste 
 chips, thus showing that these beds have been covered up since 
 the ailvent of man. 
 
 Fig; 7. 
 Sheteh of the Humber-Shore at Meltoni showing Peat with StvMps of Trees. 
 
 
 Level of Lot 
 
 ( X Indicates tree-sttfrnps - 
 in the Feat.) 
 
SUPEEFIOIAL DEPOSITS. — B. OP THE WOLDS. 167 
 
 CHAPTER XVII.* 
 SUPERFICIAL DEVOSlTS—contiiiued. 
 
 EAST OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 The great variability of the Drifts in different parts of Sheet 86, 
 and tlie extreme uncertainty as to their correlation, make a 
 geographical classification the only one which can be adopted in 
 this district. The Wolds form a division between two Drift- 
 covered areas, which apparently have little in common. East of 
 the -Wolds there are Inter-glacial Marine Gravels ; both Boulder 
 Clays are uniformly purple and chalky, when unweathered ; and 
 there is no marked valley-erosion between the two Boulder Clays 
 there seen. West of the Wolds Mr. Ussher's account shows that 
 no marine shells have been found in any part of the Drift ; and 
 that there may be two Boulder Clays of very different lithologioal 
 character, separated by a period of great erosion. Towards ihp 
 south-eastern margin of the area Mr. Jiikes-Browiie considers that 
 this distinction of litholbgicali character is again recognisable {see 
 pp. 170, 171). 
 
 The following account of the maj-itime area east of the Wolds is 
 largely taken from the " Geology of Holderness." t 
 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Owing to the uncertainty of the correlation, the Boulder Ciays 
 will be described together, whether above or below the Marine 
 Gravels. The lithologioal differences between the two divisions 
 are so slight, and there is so much difficulty and uncertainty in 
 tracing the beds, even with the nearly continuous cliff section of 
 Holdernesfs, that it is evidently quite hopeless to attempt to 
 correlate isolated inland sections by their lithological character. 
 The differences also, often disappear when the beds are traced 
 laterally, and are largely due to chemical changes and weathering. 
 
 Although the greater part of the area east of the "Wolds is covered with 
 Boulder Clay, there are very few good sections in the interior j and the 
 following notes include all which can be clearly seen in Sheet 86, and show 
 anything but a few feet of Boulder Clay of the common type. For the 
 mapping of the country there was abundance of evidence in the deep ditches , 
 except where the land is low and marshy. 
 
 The greater part of the southern half of Holderness, being very low, shows 
 few good exposures, except in the cliff, and at Hessle and Kelsey Hill. 
 Boulder Clay, weathering reddish with ash-coloured joints, is mentioned as 
 occurring at the bottom of the excavations for the Albert Docks, Hull, 
 separated from a lower bed of purple Boulder Clay by a seam of sand.j 
 Similar beds were seen in the new Alexandra Bocks. Numerous well- 
 borings penetrate to the Chalk, but the details are generally of little real 
 
 * By Clement Reid. 
 
 t Memoirs of. the Geological Survey. Geology of Holderness and the adjoining: 
 parts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, by Clement Keid. 1 885. 
 
 t J. C. Hawkshaw: "The Construction of the Albert Dock," ke.—Proc. Inst. 
 C.E., vol. xli. p. 4»2. 
 
168 SDPERFICIAL DEPOSITS.— E. OF THK WOLDS. 
 
 value. Some good exposures were laid bare in the cuttings for the Hull 
 and Bamsley Railway, where it entered the Wolds, though nothing was 
 seen but weathered reddish Boulder Clay resting on Chalk, or only sepa- 
 rated from the Chalk by a foot or two of rubble or chalky gravel. In 
 places the Chalk was glaciated and broken up to a depth of several feet. 
 
 The only other sections of interest north of the Humber are those at 
 Hessle and Kelsey Hill. Having been taken by Mr. S. V. Wood as the 
 type of his " Hessle Clay," these will be described fully ; but it may be at 
 once observed that neither of the sections can be accepted as showing the 
 original character of the Boulder Clay. In each case the clay has under- 
 gone great alteration and weathering. 
 
 The Hessle sections show Boulder Clay overlying mammaliferous gravel, 
 but overlapping it and resting directly on the Chalk where the cliff 
 becomes- higher. At present the exposures are bad, but Prof. Phillips has 
 published an account of them, as seen in 1826, in which he gives several 
 sections, and describes the Boulder Clay as a thick bed of brown and blue 
 clay, with chalk, flints, granites, gneiss, syenite, limestone, porphyry, horn- 
 stone, and coal. He also found what seemed to be an elephant's tusk.* 
 Similar clay can still be seen both here and at several spots in the neighbour- 
 hood. Mr. Cameron observed that in the low cliff of North Ferriby there 
 is a purple chalky Boulder Clay, the upper portion of which weathers red. 
 
 The Boulder Clay overlying the gravel at Kelsey Hill ballast pit, near 
 Keyingham Station, on the Hull and Withemsea line, is so much 
 weathered, though nearly 13 feet thick, that for a long time I felt uncertain 
 whether it was anything but rainwash. The common occurrence of flints 
 in it seems, however, to show that originally the deposit was a chalky 
 Boulder Clay ; but all or nearly all, calcareous matter having been dissolved 
 out, it is now simply a stony loam or brick-earth. South of the Farm the 
 Boulder Clay sinks almost to the marsh level, and in the railway cutting 
 it has become purple and chalky. A short distance north there is no Boul- 
 der Clay on gravel hills over 50 feet in height, but no definite system can 
 be traced in these irregularities. Another Boulder 'Clay., in this neighbour- 
 hood only known from borings, underlies the Gravel, and seems to rise to 
 the surface around Keyingham. These sections will be again referred to in 
 the description of the Marine Gravels. 
 
 Under the Humber there is evidently a considerable thickness of 
 Boulder Clay, though none of the borings yet made have shown the full 
 depth of the old, probably pre-glaoial, Humber Valley. Mr. Kelsey, the 
 engineer to the North-Eastern Bailway Company, has kindly communicated 
 to me a series of borings across the Humber. {See Appendix II., p. 217, 
 &o.) They prove that Boulder Clay, interstratified with sand and gravel, 
 reaches a depth of at least 83 feet below the present level of high water ; 
 and, judging from the dip, there will be a still greater thickness in the old 
 channel, but borings Nos. 5 and 6 were not continued suflSciently far to 
 settle the depth to the Chalk. 
 
 On the south shore of the Humber a well made some years ago at 
 Killingholme Coast Guard Station penetrated through Warp and Boulder 
 Clay to a depth of 107 feet without reaching the Chalk. Here, again, the 
 old channel seems to have been found. 
 
 A section seen in the low cliff of South Ferriby is the only exposure of 
 Boulder Clay on the south shore of the Humber. It corresponds closely 
 with that seen at North Ferriby, and exhibits Boulder Clay separated 
 from the Chalk by thin ripple-marked flaggy sandstone. From this point 
 eastward Boulder Clay forms a belt separating the Chalk Wold from the 
 Humber flat, clearly showing that the ancient Humber Valley was_ not 
 only deeper but wider than the present one, and was subsequently partially 
 filled with Drift, through which the present river is excavating its channel. 
 
 At Barton-on-Humber drainage works and wells showed good sections 
 of purple chalky Boulder Clay of the ordinary character ; and similar, 
 though less challsy, clay ii-regularly overlies the Chalk in the large pits 
 
 * Phillips : "Notice of the Hessle Drift as it appeared in sections above Forty 
 Yeftrs Biace," — Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 250. 
 
BOULDEB OLAT AND GBAV£L. 169 
 
 west of the town. The lower part of the little Dale which runs W£st-aonthr 
 west into the Wolds is also filled with Boulder Clay ; a well about a quarter 
 of a mile from Mount Close has been sunk through 15 feet of clay before 
 reaching the Chalk. This old channel filled with Brift seems to be con- 
 tinued under the town, towards the Humber, though there is now no trace 
 of it at the surface. From the descriptions of the well-sinkers and builders 
 the old Dale is very well defined under the Drift, and must haye steep 
 sides like the Wold Dales of the present day. At the junction of King 
 Street and High Street there is, according to Mr. Westaby,— 
 
 Feet 
 Clay and Chalk (Boulder Clay) - - - - 30 * 
 
 Gravel • . - - - - -33 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Probably this is about the centre of the channel, for other wells in the 
 town show the Chalk much nearer the surface. 
 
 South of Barton Boulder Clay stones are scattered over the Wolds to a 
 height of about 150 feet, but there is nothing to show positively whether 
 the Boulder Clay has been denuded, or whether no more Drift ever lodged 
 there. The Chalk is often glaciated to a depth of several feet, and foreign 
 stones have been forced into it. 
 
 The ditches around Barrow and Goxhill show numerous exposures of a 
 purple Boulder Clay, but the only good section is in a sand-pit about a mile 
 north of Barrow Church. Here a very chalky Boulder Clay overlies the 
 ■and, appearing to follow the slope of the hill ; the greatest thickness 
 seen is only 3 feet, though wells in the neighbourhood show that in places 
 it becomes much thicker. The Boulder Clay at the surface in the low 
 lands seems usually to overlie the fossiliferous gravel; hut at the edge 
 of the Wolds, near Thornton and Ulceby stations, Boulder Clay, rests 
 directly on the Chalk, perhaps rising from beneath the gravels. Nearer the 
 Humber the intervening gravels are often missing, the two Boulder Clays 
 coming together, as they apparently do on the coast. Many of the borings 
 show nothing but clay above the Chalk, though others show two beds of 
 Boulder Clay separated by gravel. 
 
 Boulder Clay of the same character is found all through the low lands 
 between Halton and Grimsby, but there being only ditch sections, with the 
 exception of a small pit at Great Coates, it is unnecessary to give further 
 details. Along the edge of the Wolds, however, the relations of the beds 
 can be well observed, and Boulder Clay can be seen both over- and under- 
 lying the fossiliferous gravel. The surface Boulder Clay of the low lands 
 overlying the gravel thins out about a mile from the Wold edge ; and as the 
 gravels rise, patches of an older Boulder Clay are found to lie between 
 them and the Chalk. The outliers at IJloeby may belong to one of these, 
 though in this instance the absence of the gravels prevents the true age 
 being definitely determined. However, in the large valley of Croxton, 
 through which the railway passes, the evidence is perfectly clear: for not 
 only is Boulder Clay seen in ditches at the bottom of the Dale, but on 
 digging in the centre of two pits in stratified fossiliferous gravel very 
 characteristic chalky purple Bonlder Clay was found. It is also interesting 
 to find that this Boulder Clay is, in its lithologioal character, jquite indis- 
 tinguishable from the newer chalky and purple Boulder Clay which overlies 
 the Gravel a short distance further east. The sections being near the 
 bottom of the valley show conclusively that the Dale existed before the 
 deposition of this lower Boulder Clay, and that its deepest erosion is uncon- 
 nected with the Gravel Period. 
 
 Near Brocklesby, Limber, and Irby there are apparently other outliers 
 of the same Boulder Clay, though the want of open sections prevents their 
 relation to the Gravel being definitely proved. South of Laceby the Grravels 
 suddenly thin out, the two Boulder Clays come together, and there is 
 nothing to show whether it is the upper or lower one which rests directly 
 on the Chalk. 
 
 ' Eetuming to Grimsby, some of the most interesting sections were 
 exposed .during the main drainage works, which were going on during niy 
 o 52912. - - - ^ 
 
170 
 
 SUPEBPIOIAL DEPOSITS. — ^E. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 stay there. These showed two Boulder Clays, puri)!'©, 'ch9,lky, andexactly 
 alike, separated sometimes by a mere line of division, sometimes by gra- 
 velly sand in which fragments of the inter-glacial shells were fonnd. 
 Though the sections were examined almost daily, not the slightest difference 
 could be detected between the two Boulder Clays, either in their matrix, or 
 in the included boulders. There was a seaward, dip in the beds, so that the 
 line of junction between the two clays on the north was a good deal below the 
 level of high water ; but to the south, as the upper Boulder Clay rose above 
 high-water level, its character gradually changed ; it lost much of its cal- 
 careous matter, and joints with a blue and green mottling on their faces 
 appeared i]j it. This weathered Boulder Clay was lately visible in a sand- 
 pit close to. the Eqman Catholic Church, where it wraps round a mound of 
 the fossiliferous inter-glacial sand. Being fully exposed to the weather, 
 the Boulder Clay has changed into a stony brick-earth. 
 
 Brick-yards near Grimsby and Cleethorpes show deep sections of the 
 Boulder Clay, sometimes with a line of division in it. One of these pits, 
 near Cleethorpes, has been dug to a depth of nearly 20 feet below high- 
 water, but'shows only a chstlliy purple Boulder Clay, like that of the cliff, 
 but showing no divisions. At another, about half a mile south-east of 
 Grimsby station, a large collection was made of stones from the Boulder 
 Clay. Among them was a block of Rhomb-porphyry, a very marked and 
 characteristic rock from the neighbourhood of Christiania, and also nume- 
 rous boulders of the Halleflinte and Porphyrite. Many of the other rocks 
 are also probably Scandinavian, though they have not at present been 
 definitely traced. They includesd red Flint (Danish), Gneiss, Mica Schist, 
 Garnetiferous Hornblende Schist, hard Sandstone or Grit, Carboniferous 
 Limestone, Diabase, and several varieties of Quartz or Felspar Porphyry. 
 
 Great caution is necessaiy in this district in the collection of Boulder Clay 
 stones ; for enormous quantities of Scandinavian and Bussian rocks are 
 brought annually in ballast from the Baltic ports, are used for road metal, 
 and find their way on to the fields in manure. They are usually, how- 
 ever, Basalts and Gametiferous Gneiss of a qtiite different character from 
 any yet found in the Boulder Clay. 
 
 Between the Wold and the salt marshes near Tetney and Fulstow the 
 belt of Boulder Clay becomes narrower : the Gravels have died out; and, 
 there being no sections, it is impossible to say whether only one or all of 
 the Boulder Clays are represented. Well sections seem to show that the 
 Drift is banked against a very steep slope, if not an actual cliff of Chalk. 
 
 C. R. 
 
 The following notes by Mr. Jukes-Browne refer to the " Older 
 Glacial Drift " on the Wold and in the Valleys at the south-east 
 corner of the Map : — 
 
 Older Cflacial. — ^A mass of Chalky Boulder Clay caps the Chalk Woldg, 
 east of Binbrook in Sheet 84, and its northern prolongation just crosses 
 the south edge of Sheet 86 between Swinhope and Wold Newton. 
 
 Fig, 8. Section m Gra/vel Pit west of Wold Newton Ghweh, 
 
 
 '.Q- 
 
 ■ <C3'. 
 
 .^^£°2SKiiitTV 
 
 ' No sections of this 'clay were exposed at the time of my visit, though 
 Mrerttl old pita eziriled &bSn 'w&idh it liad apparently been dug for claying 
 
BOULDER Ot:iT- AND GEAVBt,, 171 
 
 the lighter soils ; but I foiind a deep excaisiiizlon for gravel, by the side of 
 the road, one mile due west of Wold Newton Church. The section in the 
 centre of this is as below ; — 
 
 Feet. 
 Brown soil full of flints in pockets - - 2 ft. to 4 
 
 Coarse gravel, composed of flints and lumps of Chalk in a 
 
 matrix of sand and fine gravel » - - - 40 
 
 Chalk with uneven surface. 
 
 From this depth of 40 feet the Chalk rises steeply on either side in a 
 series of rough steps, and the workmen said that the gravel died out in a 
 distance of about 20 yards to the southward-; the longer axis of the trough 
 thus excavated out of the Chalk runs from north-west to south-east. The 
 Gravel is bordered by Boulder Clay on the south and on the east. 
 
 Large masses of chalk occur in the graviel ; one such mass, with flint- 
 bands nearly vertical, and now half-quarried away, must have measured 
 some 8 yards in length, according to the workmen's account, the part left 
 is 10 feet wide by 8 in height. Another mass, 8 feet broad, was just being 
 exposed at the time of my visit (June 1883) ; while near the entrance there 
 was athird long tabular mass of chalk, about 20 feet long and passing 
 into re-assorted white marl ; but the greater part having its bedding so 
 little disturbed that it might have been in am. A vertical section near 
 the entrance was therefore as follows :-^- 
 
 Fbet. 
 Brown soil and flints - • • - -1 
 
 Bedded chalk with seam of marly clay - ■ • - 2 
 
 Sandy gravel enclosing a lenticular layer of hard chalky 
 
 sand, laminated and contorted - - - - 4 
 
 Coarse gravel, loose and unstratifled - - -6-1- 
 
 The seam of dark grey marly clay at the base of the Chalk was from 
 2 to 6 inches thick, and exactly like the bands which so frequently occur 
 in the Chalk with flints. It would seem therefore that a mass of chalk 
 together with a clay band had been quarried out of the hill, and embedded 
 in the gravel without disturbance of its bedding or destraction of the 
 clay. This could only have been accomplished if it were frozen into a 
 mass of ice. 
 
 Some of the flints found here are very large, being 2 feet square and 
 8 inches thick, but such lumps could have been obtained from certain 
 flint bands in the Chalk of the vicinity, and the whole of the materials are 
 evidently of local origin. The phenomena are altogether such as would 
 be produced by the action of coast-ice acting upon a frozen shore of Chalk ; 
 though doubtless some of my colleagues will suppose them to be equally 
 well explained by land-ice. 
 
 Newer Glacial-^The boundary line of the newer Boulder Olay 
 enters Sheet 86 exactly at the south-eastern corner, and tongues of 
 it run for some distance up the valleys in which the farms of 
 Cadeby and Beesby are situate. Thence the boundary, runs to 
 Hawerby, where the manner in which the clay is banked against 
 the Chalk is proved by the following information furnished by 
 Mr, Harness, whose house stands about 150 yards north-east of 
 the Church ; he states that in his fathers time a well was sunk in 
 the yard to a depth of 52 yards through clay, finding only a poor 
 spring at that depth, which ran dry in the summer time ; the clay 
 occupies the stirfape as far as the churchyard, but Chalk is found 
 below the Church, so that within 150 yards of the boundary line 
 there is a depth of more than 150 feet of Boulder Clay. 
 
 But, although this steep slope, or olifE, of ^Chalk now forma a 
 boundary line for some distance northward, yet there id^ "ample 
 
 M 2 
 
fl.72 SUPERFIQIAL DEPOSITS.— B. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 "evidence that the Boulder Clay originally surmounted it and 
 covered the still higher ground which forms the ridge between 
 Hawerby and "Wold Newton. An outlying patch of this envelop- 
 ing sheet of clay still remains on the very highest tract north of 
 Stocks Furlong Cover where the height above O. D. is given as 
 382 feet. Again, though have Chalk is found for some distance 
 along the eastern slope of the hills north of Hawerby, yet near 
 East Bavendale there are two places where it is still continuous 
 from the base of the slope in the parish of Ashby to the very 
 highest ground in Bavendale Field, a thick sheet of clay still 
 covering this ridge and sending two long tongues southward one 
 along the high ground and one into the valley which comes down 
 from Wold Newton. From the mapping it is qnite clear that all 
 these patches and tongues formed parts of one continuous mass 
 which originally enveloped this tract of ground, and that the 
 existent boundary lines are the result of subsequent detritive 
 agencies which have stripped the clay off the steeper slopes and 
 laid bare the underlying Chalk. There is no evidence, however, 
 that this mantle of clay ever extended farther than about 2 miles 
 westward of the,old cliff-line,_or to heights greater than 400 feet. 
 Thfe foHowing- are netes of sections and exposures in this tract 
 -above described :— 
 
 At a brickyard three-quarters of a mile south of East Bavendale Chnrch, 
 ihe working face (1883) showed from 2 to 6 feet of reddish-brown loam 
 with seams of small flints and pebbles, evidently a wash from the slopes 
 above. At the base of this, in some places, there is sand with springs of 
 water. It rests on a greyish-blue stony clay, quite different from the ordi- 
 nary Hessle or Purple clays, but certainly a Boulder Clay, and having a 
 good deal of fine silt in its composition ; this has been dug for 10 feet. The 
 proprietor (Mr. Willis) had trial holes made on the slope above and east of 
 this face, finding a red-brown marly clay full of stones "like that at Olee- 
 thorpes." I was also informed that westward (near the road) there are 3 or 4 
 feet of red loam overlying peaty sand and sandy gravel full of black-stained 
 'flints. At the kiln there is solid Chalk, probably a boulder or dislodged 
 mass, for the cistern at the house above was dug in a " mixture of sand, 
 gravel, and chalk stones " part of a bed of sand and gravel which has been 
 'formerly dug in the next field to the northward. 
 
 Another intercalated bed of sand runs throughEast Bavendale and is dug 
 in a sand pit by the roadside west of the Ohxurch. The sand is full of small 
 'pebbles and interstratified with layers of sandy gravel; the bedding undu- 
 lates but is not contorted j the pebbles are like those in the Boulder Clay 
 and pieces of grey shale ( P Kimeridge Clay) are frequent. In the ditch 
 by the side of the road, north of this pit, there is hard brown sand passing 
 eastward into stifi" sandy loam, full of stones and boulders, brown mottled 
 with grey along the lines of shrinkage ; it is, in fact, a very sandy form of 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 Ait West Bavendale there are two large mounds or hillocks of lo&my 
 sand and gravel with brown Boulder Clay bedded between and around 
 them. 
 
 Between the farm half a mile north-east of West Bavendale and the copse 
 called Bacon Kolt anew drain had been made (1883), exposing a reddish- 
 brown Boulder Clay below a variable depth of sandy loam, "but in one place 
 4, dark ash-grey clay without stones took the place of this loam. This 
 drain runs -into the deep ditch leading to Bacon Holt.and here there is 
 yellow brown sandy loam (5 feet) overlying dark red-brOwn clay mottled 
 with grey and full of , grains of sand (3 feet seen). 
 
BOULDER Cr*AY AND GRAVEL. 173 
 
 _ The Boulder Clay which occupies the Bavendale valley forma a con- 
 tinuous strip and passes beneath the alluvium of the Hatcliffe valley. It 
 has been removed from the steeper slopes near Hatcliflfe, but an extra- 
 ordinary mass of glacial deposits occurs to the south of Hatcliffe, bedded 
 into an old valley which was evidently the pre-glacial continuation of that 
 which passes by Swinhope and Thorganby. This old hollow is filled with 
 beds or masses of clay, loam, gravel and sand ; the two latter forming banks 
 aijd mounds of considerable size, while brown clay and loam appear to 
 occupy liie lover ground, but the whole arrangement is so confused and 
 irregular that the mapping is little more than guess-work. 
 
 At- Mr. Haxby's house half a mile south of Hatcliffe I was informed 
 that the well was sunk 27 feet through sand without reaching the bottom. 
 of the deposit and this seems to be part of a bank stretching completely 
 across the valley. In the hollow to the west of the house there is browfu 
 Boulder Clay full of stones ; on the other side of this " bottom " there is a 
 steep hill rising some 50 feet above it and seemingly composed of sand, 
 which has been dug at the northern extremity. This hill is crowned by a 
 fine tumulus not indicated on the Ordnance Map. Another deep hollow 
 Separates this eminence from the Chalk hill to the westward. South of this 
 an isolated mound ( ? of sand) rises out of tho loamy flat ; but the slopes 
 near Gunnerby seem to consist of a red-brown loamy clay, some old 
 excavations west of that farm being known as the " clay holes." The hill- 
 top, south-west of Gunnerby is capped with sand, which has been dug in 
 severalplaces, but the eastern, southern, and western slopes of tihe hill con- 
 sist of Chalk. Clay and loam border the watercourse to the west at a much 
 lower level to a point about 6 furlongs south-east of Gunnerby, where the 
 valley contracts into a very narrow passage. 
 
 The mounds of Drift above described have completely blocked the 
 ancient course of the stream between this point and Hatcliffe, forcing it 
 to excavate a new channel passing through the Chalk hills, which originally 
 formed the western slopes of the old valley. This new out will be described 
 on a later page, but the contrast between the aspect of the different sections 
 of the valley north of Thorganby is very striking and interesting. 
 
 The valley below Oroxby Pond is also blocked by a large mound of Drift, 
 and brown Boulder Clay has been dug at the south-east comer of the Pond, 
 which appears to occupy the place of a lake naturally created by this- 
 barrier, but enlarged by an artificial dam. 
 
 Between Beelsby and Irby the covering of Boulder Clay is less broken 
 up by subsequent erosion. It rides over the ridge near Wellbeck, fills the 
 valley on its westeni side, and rises again to cover the high ground by 
 Beelsby and Ijby Holmes. Evidence of the pre-glacial contours is found 
 by observing the rapid rise in the base line of the clay from the valley 
 bottom opposite Hatcliffe Manor House to the top of the hill east of Beelsby. 
 The Hatcliffe valley and its continuation northward to the Moats near Irby, 
 being evidently in existence before the fom^ation of the Boulder Clay, 
 while the valley in which Beelsby lies and the gorge which the modern 
 stream has cut through the ridge north-west of Hatcliffe Top are as clearly 
 the result of Post-glacial erosion.' 
 
 In the road-cutting half a mile south-west of Beelsby Church the usual 
 red-brown Boulder Clay is seen, and thence its base rises gradually till it 
 croBseB the road near the farmstead nearly a mile from the church. 
 The boundary then runs northward to Beelsby Top Farm, but is concealed 
 by a Jong patch of Blown Sand. The height of the ground here must be 
 nearly 40(1 feet above CD., and ihere i^ no sign of Boulder Clay anywhere 
 to the westward, so that I am inclined to think that the clay never 
 extended much farther in that direction* 
 
 At the pond by-Beelsby Top Farm there is a clean, brown , loamy clay, but 
 in the field to the south-east an open grip shows stiff mottled clay of the 
 Hessle type, with a few stones. Thence the same clay caps the high 
 ground northward, between Beelsby and SwaUow. 
 
 A.J.J.-B. 
 
1T4 StrPEBFIOIAL DEPOSITS. — E. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 Gbavel, Sand and Loam. 
 
 Though it has been impossible to make two divisions on the 
 Map, the Gravels belong to at least two types. There are fossil- 
 iferous Gravels — generally marine — showing a cold, but scarcely 
 Arctic climate, and no clear evidence of ice-action. There are 
 also coarse unfossiliferous Gravels, often inextricably mixed with 
 the Boulder Clay. These latter have already been partially 
 described in Mr. Jukes- Browne's account of the Drift in the 
 Wold Valleys near fiavendale. The few remaining patches in 
 this Map occur at Scartho, Bamoldby, Waltham, and Holton, but 
 none of them are now worked; and as gravel is brought long 
 distances from Laeeby, they would appear to be of little economic 
 value. Borings prove the occasional occurrence of another bed of 
 gravel, lying on the Chalk, as in other parts of Holderness, but 
 this bed is not seen at the surface. 
 
 Clean laminated clay has been worked at the Brick-kiln between 
 Barnoldby and Waltham. At the time of my visit this section 
 was very obscure, though the laminated clay appeared to be a bed 
 in the Boulder Clay. There is nothing to show on what horizon 
 it occurs. 
 
 The jnter-glaoial beds are very curious, being often banked 
 against the old cliff, which forms the eastern edge of the Wold. 
 They consist principally of Marine Gravel, but, in places, are of 
 fluviatile or sub-aerial origin. 
 
 On the nortli bank of the Hnmber, at Hessle, is the well-known Gravel 
 originally described by Prof. Phillips, and considered by him to be Pre- 
 glacial. The most siariking feature of this neighbourhood is the steep 
 slope of the Chalk towards the Hnmber, forming what is commonly called 
 Hessle Cliff, though it is hy no means vertical. On this lies irregulaily 
 the mammaliferous Grravel, covered and overlapped by Boulder Clay. 
 
 The section in an overgrown pit by the side of the line, just west of 
 Hessle Station, shows at the south-west corner, — 
 
 Feet. 
 Purple Boulder Clay, weathering with greenish joints, 
 many small fragments of Chalk, but few large boulders 10 
 
 Bedded sand with Chalk, loolong very like an old " run 
 of the hill" - P 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 About 100 yards north, and close to the line, the section is, — 
 
 Feet. 
 Boulder Clay as before - - - - - 8 
 
 Bedded sand . • - - - - OJ ' 
 
 Chalk rubble -. - - - - - 4 
 
 Chalk. 
 
 Here the surface of the Chalk has ■ risen considerably. The cuttings 
 further TT.est are now much overgrown, but the sections are similar to the 
 'above, the Chalk having a steep slope to the south. 
 
SAND AKD GBAVEL, 
 
 175 
 
 Fis. 9. Chalh-pit at EessU. 
 
 1 Bonlder Clay. 
 
 2 Sand and gravel. 
 
 3 Ghalk. 
 
 The diagram, Fig. 9, represents the north side of the large pit still 
 further west. It s^ows Boulder Clay overlapping the Gravel, and resting 
 directly on the Chalk ; and also that there is not only a north and south 
 slope of the Chalk, but also an east and west irregularity, probably an old 
 channel connected with the Humber. In this or the adjoining pit bones 
 of Ulejphas fri/migemus, Rhmoeeros, Egv/ua eahallua, Oervus, and Bos ? have 
 been found j but no marine fossils are yet known, though the deposit is a 
 long way below the level of the old shelly gravels with which it is often 
 correlated. 
 
 From these details it will be seen that we have really nothing by which 
 to fix the age of the Hessle Gravel. It lies on the Chalk, and is covered 
 by a Boulder Clay ; whether another underlying Boulder Clay has been 
 denuded there is no positive evidence. What is the age of the overlying 
 Boulder Clay we cannot say ; it may correspond with any of the divisions 
 on the coast, or with a division unrepresented there. Prof. Phillips' 
 reference of the Hessle Gravel to a Pre-glacial period may turn out, with 
 fuller evidence, to be well founded, though, as far as they are yet known, 
 the fossils, do not appear to support this view. 
 
 The marine Gravel forms a very important horizon in the 
 Drift, as it distinctly lies between two masses of Boulder Clay, 
 though the overlying clay has often been denuded. 
 
 North of the Humber, the exposures border on the flats a few miles east 
 of Hull. Going eastward the first to be reached are a number of sand-hills 
 lying between Hedon Haven and the Humber. Into one of these the 
 stream has cut, forming a low cliff facing the Humber for nearly a mile, 
 but never rising over 30 feet above high water. This is the well-known 
 section of High PauU mentioned by Phillips and Prof. Prestwich ; but 
 since they wrote it has been sloped and biiilt over for the Battery, and 
 cannot now be examined. 
 
 The fullest account of the appearance of the cliff before it was hidden 
 is that given by Prof. Prestwich,* who describes the section as showing 
 Sand with but little gravel, containing the same shells as Kelsey HiU, but 
 in fewer numbers and more broken. This sand reposed on an irregnlar 
 surface of grey clay; but the clay containing no boulders or fossils, be 
 could not reel certain about its being Boulder Clay. Subsequently, in 
 digging below the base of Paull Cliff, Mr. T. J. Smith soon found the clay 
 to become stony, and the specimens he sent to Prof. Prestwich had the 
 
 ♦, « On the Occmrence of the Cyrena fluminalis, together with Marine Shells of 
 ReEent Species, in beds of Sand and Gravel over beds of Boulder Clay near Hull." 
 —Quart, Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., p. 446. 
 
176^ SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. — E. OJP THE WOLDS. 
 
 ordinary aspect of Boulder Clay. . The gection measured by Prof. PreBt- 
 ■wich was : — 
 
 Feet. 
 
 {Soil and silly gravel ■ - - 8 
 
 Sand and gravel with shells - - 12 
 
 Sandy dark-oolom-ed clay without 
 stones - - - - 6 
 
 Section obtained I 
 by digging at the > Clay with stones (Boulder Clay), 
 foot of the cliff. J 
 
 Further east Mr. Cameron noted a pit-section near Newton G-arth show- 
 ing— 
 
 Feet. 
 Small gravel, with marine shells, much coal, and various 
 • foreign pebbles ■ - . .- »L . . - . 7 
 
 and also another pit on the south side of Boreas Hill in similar beds. 
 Numerous other hills south of Hedon rise through the Alluvium to a 
 height of about 25 feet, but none of them show sections. About Byhill the. 
 Gravel forms a considerable spread not exceeding 25 feet above mean tide. 
 A pit bordering on the Marsh showed — 
 
 Feet. 
 Sand and gravel with numerous shells - - --9 
 
 On the north side of the railway the land becomes much "higher, a^ 
 Kelsey House exceeding 50 feet; and Gravel forms an extensive spread 
 bordering on the marsh, and overlapped irregularly by Boulder Clay. 
 Many years ago a ballast pit was opened in this hill, and worked so exten- 
 sively that it is now a quarter of a mile long. This is the typical section 
 of Kelsey. Hill so fully described by Prof. Prestwich and Messrs. Wood 
 and Borne ; but not having been worked for some years, great part of the 
 pit is now overgrown. However, at one spot a clear face of about 12 feet 
 of much weathered Boulder Clay with small stones can be seen overlying 
 the Gravel. The Gravel rises about 35 feet above the marsh level ; and 
 to test its thickness Prof. Prestwich and Mr. Smith had a boring made 
 from the bottom of the pit expecting "to find the base of the gravel at a 
 depth of 10 or 12 feet; whereas, after penetrating with difficulty to a 
 depth of 36 feet, always in the gravel, but the lower bed more argillaceous, 
 the work had to be abandoned. These borings, at Kelsey Hill gave," — 
 
 Feet. ; 
 Sand and gravel with shells • - - - 4 
 
 Larger gravel ■ - - - - -16 
 
 Smaller gi-avel - - - - - - 8 
 
 Larger gravel in grey loam (Boulder Clay P) - - 8 
 
 36 
 
 From this it would appear that the Gravel must be upwards of 60 feet 
 "thick at Kelsey Hill, probably as much as 80 feet. 
 
 - The Gravel is false-bedded and shingly, with beds of sand ; and Prof. 
 Prestwich noticed in it pebbles of limestone with scratches more or less 
 obliterated, proving that in part it was derived, from an underlying 
 Boulder Clay, though in this place the lower Boulder Clay must be 
 much below the sea-level. Fossils are common, and one of the most 
 noticeable peculiarities of this locality is the extraordinary abundance of the 
 fresh-water Gorhicwla f/ummalia mixed with the marine species. Even 
 now this shell may be picked up in hundreds scattered over the floor of 
 the pit and in the ballast of the line. 
 
SAND AND GHAVBl. 177 
 
 ; More recentfy another closely adjoining pit has been opened to provide 
 ballast -for the concrete at the Alexandra Docks, and for the new railway. 
 This pit was being worked so fast that the sections varied from day to day. 
 In May 1884 it showed at the north end a perfectly clear face of boldly 
 current-bedded shingle an^ sand *of abotlt 'Si f&et, without any trace of 
 Boulder Olay. On the west side, also about 40 feet high, and close to 
 Kelsey Houle, a purple, cHalky, Boulder'Clay oterlies the Gravel, resting 
 most irregularly on it («ee Fig. 10, p. 184). This disturbance is probably, in 
 part at least, subsequent to' the deposition of the 'Boulder Clay ; for a fresh- 
 water alluvial deposit in one place fills a basin in the G-ravel, lined with 
 Boulder Clay, and is apparently contorted with it. This Boulder Olay 
 sweeps down towards the marsh both south and east of Kelsey Hill farm, 
 its base descending from 50 feet above the sea to about 20 feet in a quarter 
 of a mile. 
 
 In both pits the Gravel has been worked till water is reached, but the 
 same shingly current-bedded character is found throughout. The stones 
 are principally flint and chalk, with many foreign rocks derivedfrom the 
 Boulder Olay, but no large boulders. Derivative Jurassic Anvmonites and 
 GryphcBa meurva also occur. Among the stones are many blocks and 
 pebbles of Chalk bored by Pholds, showing that in places the sea must 
 have cut into bare Chalk and not Boulder Clay. 
 
 The fossils are like those of the abandoned pit, but there are naturally 
 slight differences between different parts of the same hill. It is interest- 
 ing to note that Dr. Jeffreys' list from the old pit contains several 
 species not found by the Survey ; and the Survey list, principally from the 
 new pit, contains several not found by Dr. Jeffreys. The slight differences 
 in these adjoining pits are quite as great as are found on opposite sides of 
 the Hnmber, or even between the Gravels of one extremity of Holdemess 
 and the other. 
 
 ' From both pits mammalian remains have been obtained ; but, unfor- 
 tunately, many of those found in the earlier workings were not 
 preserved, and the new pit yields fewer than the old.. The bones in the 
 collections of Mr. Freeman (presented to the Geological Survey), Mr. 
 ' Mortimer, Messrs. Lucas and Aird, and the Hull Museum, belong to 
 Elephas pri/migeiims, Bhmoceros leptorhmiM, Bison prismis. Bos primigenms, 
 Oervvs ia/randus,, and Trichechus rosmarus, but no small mammals are yet 
 known. Only one or two indeterminable fragments and some fish 
 vertebrae were found in the course of the Survey. This, however, is no 
 test of their abundance, as the whole of the collection from the new pit 
 was made during a few hours, and the sand was not sifted for teeth of 
 voles or fish. A full list of the fossils from Kelsey Hill will be found in 
 the Holdemess Memoir. The discovery of the Walrus at Kelsey Hill is 
 noteworthy, for at the present day this species seldom strays far from the 
 mai:gin of the ice. Its occurrence is in keeping with the somewhat boreal 
 character of the marine mollusca. The few land-mammals are not charac- 
 teristically arctic, for the reindeer has lived as far south as Scotland within 
 the histori c period. 
 
 About half a mile from Kelsey Hill, in the north-east continuation of 
 the same Gravel, there are two small pits ; one, not far from Gospel Hill 
 showing a patch of Boulder Clay overlying the Gravel. These yielded 
 several species of mollusca corresponding with those of Kelsey Hill. 
 Still further north-east, at Kea Hill, near Ridgemont, the Gravel sinks; 
 and is apparently overlapped by Boulder Clay. 
 
 Southward, Keyingham is built on the Gravel, which here rises to a 
 height of 65 feetj thou^ overlapped within ar short -distance by Boulder 
 Clay. South-west of Keyingham the Gravel reappears, skirting the marsh, 
 and only reaching an ekvationrof 25 feet. A pit due south of St. Phillip's 
 Cross has yielded BiMcmum undatwrn, Ostrea eduUs, Oa/rdiwm edule, Macira, 
 sp., TelUna halthica, and Oorhicula fmnwnaUs, the last shell beiog much 
 ■scarcer than at Kelsey Hill, only a mile distant. 
 
 Grossing the Humber at Hull, Marine Gravels reappear on the south 
 side, near Barrow and Goxhill, forming a belt which stretches for 10 
 
178 SDPEEFIOIAL DEPOSITS.— 'E. OF THE WOliDS. 
 
 miles along the fooii of the Wolds. The first section feachedi is a small pit 
 half a mile north-north-east of Barrotr Monastery. Here there is — 
 
 Soil , - 2 
 
 Boulder Clay, very chalky, apparently foUo'vring the 
 
 slope of the hill - - - - - - to 3 
 
 I'alse-bedded chalky sand, with a few small stones j no 
 
 shells observed - - - - - - 7+ 
 
 A pit a few yards higher np the hill shows only sand without Boulder 
 Olay. The absence of shells in the above section is unusual, but is 
 probably due to the constant shifting of the sand. In other pits seams of 
 fine nnfossiliferous chalky sand sometimes alternate with shelly gravel. 
 
 From this point to Littleworth the Gravel is overlapped or cut out by 
 Boulder Olay ; the upper Boulder Olay sometimes resting directly on the 
 lower one. That the G-ravel is not so disconnected as would appear from 
 the Map, is, however, shown by numerous wells on the Barrow and 
 Goxhill road. For nearly a mile these pierce the upper Boulder Olay, and 
 derive their supply of water from the Gravel, which yet makes little show 
 at the surface. 
 
 South and east of Littleworth the Gravel is exposed along the course of 
 the Beck, and overgrown pits show that it must be of some thickness. 
 The first open section is a small pit close to the rail, a quarter of a mile 
 north of G.'homton Station. Here false-bedded gravelly sand is dag to a 
 depth of about 8 feet, and broken shells can be found throughout. The 
 species obtained were Ca/rdmm edule, Oyprina islandica, Mactra suhfruneata ? 
 Peaten islandieus ? TelUna halthdca, and Balcmus, sp. Another pit close 
 to the Station shows 1^ feet of fine sand, with a patch of small gravel at the 
 top, but it is much overgrown. A pit close to the stream west of Long 
 Looks shows sand and false-bedded chalky gravel of Boulder Olay stones, 
 with rolled pebbles of loam and marl. All the Gravels in this neighbour* 
 hood show the influence of strong currents, and appear to have been 
 deposited as constantly shifting banks. 
 
 In a pit near Ulceby Station there is about 9 feet of gravelly sand and 
 loam, the lower part passing into false-bedded chalky and carbonaceous 
 sand. North-west of the station a deep and long ditch exposes chalky 
 Boulder Olay, rising from beneath Gravel, and resting immediately on the 
 Chalk. On the east side of the stream the Gravel appears to pass under 
 an upper Boulder Olay. 
 
 South of Ulceby the 100-foot line (there are, however, no levelled 
 contour lines yet in Lincolnshire) sweeps into an old submerged valley; 
 and in this sheltered arm of the sea, as we should expect, there is a 
 marked improvement in the state of preservation of the fossils, and at 
 last we obtain evidence of comparatively still water. A section in 
 Brookiesby Park, just outside the shelter, shows only gravelly sand, with 
 much-broken shells, including Oardmm edule, Gyprma islandica, Maetra 
 svhirwncata, TelUna halthica, and Dentalmm entaUs. But a small pit, a 
 mile further west, near the rail, and not far from Oroxton, shows a 
 decided change, whole shells being abundant, and delicate species preserved. 
 With the assistance of Mr. A. W. Eaven I dug through the sand, and 
 reached Boulder Olay in two adjoining pits, the section in the upper one 
 being as given below : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil - 
 
 Well-worn sandy Gravel with shells - - 3 I -.n 
 
 Sand with fewer shells - - - "* '' 
 
 Boulder Clay (purple and chalky) • 
 
 I- 
 
 It is interesting to find Boulder Clay beneath the Marine Gravels, not 
 only in the open di,stricts, but even in a deep valley like that of Groxton. 
 
 A full list of the shells obtained at Oroxton is given in the Holderness 
 Memoir. The fauna is essentially the same as that of the Selsey Hill and 
 
SAND AND GBAVEL. 179 
 
 Lsoeby pits, with the addition of a single Bpeoimen'of a very thin TAUna, 
 apparently 27. tenwia, and a portion of Oytherea chione. Both are Bpecies 
 unknown elsewhere from this horizon. The Corhieula fhmdnalis, of which 
 three Bpecimens were fonnd, is at present unknown from anyother locality 
 in North Lincolnshire, though abundant at Kelsey Hill. The abun- 
 dance of ScroUculwria piperata and Riseoa (Eydrobia) uhioe shows the 
 proximity of areas of tidal mud, though the bed in which they are now 
 preserved is clean sand. 
 
 Ai Kirmiugton, a mile south of the last section, a still more marked 
 change takes place. On a high-lying, gently inclined surface of the Chalk 
 and Boulder Clay an outlier of the shore-deposits of the old sea has been 
 preserved. These _ consist of Sarolieularia warp, very like that now 
 forming between tide-marks in the Eiumber, marsh peat, and well-worn 
 flint-shingle. The elevation above the sea is apparently about 80 feet, but 
 there are no levelled heights in the neighbourhood to guide one. Pits on 
 the north side of the village show the best sections, that at the briofc-yard 
 giving— 
 
 Feet. 
 "Well-worn beach-shingle, principally flint, but a few large 
 
 white quartzites - - - - - -10 
 
 Laminated warp, Serdbioularia piperata, Rissoa uIvcb, 
 
 TelVma haltMecii, Cardiwm echde, Maatra suhtrimeata, 
 
 MyUhis eduUs, and abundance of Foranvimfera - 10 
 
 Peat, consisting almost entirely of reeds - - - OJ 
 
 Warp with Bissoa uIvcb • • - - -Otol 
 
 Sand .......6 
 
 Chalky gravel, not pierced (from the information of the 
 
 brick-makers). 
 
 27 
 
 The shingle is systematically worked off the Warp, and is also 
 extensively dug in a pit on the other side of the road. As is necessarily 
 the case where coarse gravel has been rolled about and deposited on soft 
 clajr, the shingle rests on an eroded surface of the Warp. The Warp is 
 similar to that of the Humber, and contains, like it, in certain seams 
 abundance of Serohieulmria, Biesoa and TelUna halthiea. Of the other 
 species we have only the young. TelKna ialthica is always the thin- 
 shelled estuarine form. This thoroughly agrees with Mr. H. B. Brady'a 
 remark about the Foramwwfera collected at the same time, that " the 
 species and the appearance of the specimens alike indicate a starved 
 shallow water fauna." 
 
 The Peat Bed is a most nn satisfactory deposit to examine. It is 
 composed entirely- of reeds; at -least nothing else determinable could 
 be found in it ; no seeds; no wood, no- moss, and no elytra of beetles, 
 such as peat ordinarily contains. -It does not appear to be a drifted deposit, 
 as the underlying bed is -full of small roots; neither does it necessarily 
 show any great change of level, for brackish- water lagoons full of reeds 
 often form behind shingle beaches, and their surface may be several feet 
 below high water of the sea outside, though it cannot be below the level of 
 mean tide. Eeeds may also grow out of water a foot or two in depth. 
 
 Beneath the Peat there is another impersistent bed of Warp full of 
 ItAseoa wlvcB, showing alternations of estuarine and fresh- water conditions. 
 The sand beneath, owing to water being reached, could only be examined 
 to a depth of 5 feet ; but the brick-makers state that it is 6 feet thick, 
 and rests on gravel, the lower part occasionally containing shells. There 
 is, however, nothing to show whether these are fresh-water or marine, or 
 ■n^hether the statement is correct. The part exposed was ferruginous, and 
 contained no trace of either chalk or fossils ; it had evidently lost its 
 calcareous matter by solution. 
 
 On the other side of the little valley that runs through the middle of 
 the village of Kirmington, there is also clean laminated clay, which in 
 the cellars at Mr. Frankish's house is 10 feet thick, and rests on sand 
 from which water is obtained. 
 
180 
 
 SUPEBFIOIAL DEPOSITS. — E. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 . Around Kirmington Yale there is also sand alid Bandy loam, wHch may 
 be either a modification of the Warp, or of the accompanying Sand. 
 There is no clear section. 
 
 Still higher up the Dale there is an outlier of Gravel, consisting of rolled: 
 6halk, slightly worn fiint, and a few foreign pebbles. This is probably 
 a valley deposit, of the same age as the Inter-glacial Beds, and it is worth 
 careful searching for mammalian remains. Unfortunately I could never 
 find the men at work to inquire whether any have been found. 
 
 Leaving the Croxton and Kirmington. fiord, we pass the open-sea 
 deposits of Brocklesby, and soon reach another iidet. This is much less 
 interesting, for it appears to have been more open and exposed to the run 
 of the sea. It has two entrances separated by an island of Chalk. At the 
 mouth of the southern one, near Keelby Grange, there is an overgrown pit 
 showing 15 feet of small Gravel and Sand, with abundance of shell frag- 
 ments. The species obtained, 18 in number, all occur at Kelsey Hill and 
 Laceby ; there are no fresh-water species among them, and it is doubtful 
 whether the upper part of this wold valley was occupied by a river; as 
 was the case with the larger fiord at Kirmington. The marine shells found 
 near Keelby do not show the influence of brackish-water, for S.crohicularia 
 and Hydrohia ulvm are missing. Even littoral species , such as Littorina and 
 Pwrjpura are absent. The beds at the only pit which yields many fossils 
 must, however, have been exposed to the scouring action of the tides. The 
 more sheltered area around Limber, next to be described, deserves careful 
 examination for relics of a land and fresh- water fauna. 
 
 The MoUusca found at Keelby were as-foUows : 
 
 Anomia ephippium P L. 
 Astarte borealis, OJiemn. 
 Cardium echinatum, L. 
 
 edule, L. 
 
 Corbula gibba, Olivi. 
 Cyprina islandica, Lwm. 
 Donaxvittatus, BaO. 
 Mactra solida, L. 
 
 — ^~ subtruncata, BaC. 
 
 Ostrea edulis, L. 
 Solen siliqua P L. 
 Tellina balthica, L. 
 Venus gallina, L. 
 Dentalium entalis, 2/. 
 Bnccinum undatum, Xr. 
 Ifassa reticulata, L. 
 Pleurotoma tnrricula, Mont. 
 Trophon bamf&us, Mont. 
 
 Near Limber Nursery Boulder Clay appears from beneath the Gravel, 
 but everywhere else in the neighbourhood the Marine Beds overlap the 
 Boulder Clay, and rest directly on the Chalk. Great Limber is partly on 
 Gravel and partly on Chalk, the Gravel lying in a valley, and having its 
 limit generally well-defined by a sharp rise of Chalk. The town Gravel- 
 Pit yielded a few shell-fragments. 
 
 South-east of the village a brick-yard shows the following section : — 
 
 Soil and loam ...... 6 
 
 Blue Warp 
 Pan - 
 
 Sandy loam 
 Buff sand - 
 Sand (bored) 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 or 10 
 
 37 or 38 
 
 Similar laminated clay, 4 yards thick, is said also to occur at the cross 
 roads near Limber Schools, though it is apparently hidden by Gravel. The 
 abrupt rise of the Chalk at Limber brickyard is very curious ; for one of 
 the cottages belonging to the pit is on Chiilk, while not 80 yards away, on, 
 the same level, there is at least 37 feet of Sand and Warp, 
 -• The Warp was searched for shells and microscopic fossils, but nothing 
 whatever could be found.. Probably it is the same Warp, as that at 
 Kirmington, and the absence of Foraminifera is due to dissolution of the 
 calcareous matter. On close examination it is seen to be full of race, con- 
 centric iron stains, and incipient ferruginous concretions. It seems to be 
 a general rule in all formations that where this structure is found any 
 
SAND AND GBAVEL. 181 
 
 calcareons fosaila will be dissolved away ; the two changes, solutiou of the 
 carbonate of lime and oxidisation of the carbonate of iron, generally going 
 together. 
 
 South of Limber a long atrip of the travel has been mapped as ruuniiig 
 npFoz Dale, but it is very doubtful whether this is entirely correct. For 
 half a mile south of the Irby road there is certainly worn gravel, but the 
 higher part of it may be merely "blown sand and rain- wash lodged in the 
 bottoni of the valley. 
 
 About half a mile north-east of G-reat Limber Cover there is a curious 
 section showing — 
 
 Soil and sandy gravel - • - - -0to44"| 
 
 Boulder Clay, with Chalk and foreign stones, mostly V feet. 
 
 small - - - " - " • 5 to J 
 
 Pockets of pebble-gravel. 
 Chalk with flints. 
 
 The upper gravel is appafentl;^ part of the outlier mapped, but what the 
 nests of pebble-gravel belong to is not clear. Near the southern end of the 
 same outlier, an old pit and some rabbit-burrows show gravel containing 
 shell fragments. 
 
 Half a mile south-south-east of Keelby a large Chalk-pit shows, near 
 the middle of the north-east side,^ 
 
 Stony soil - - - - • -In 
 
 Loamy bedded Sand, with a few scattered stones " ^ Lf + 
 
 EoUed.GravelofBoulder Clay stones - . - . ■ 5 r®^'" 
 
 Chalk with flmts, dip to the north-east, ver^ slight - 20+ J 
 
 At one spot in this pit, near the wood, about 2§ feet of Boulder Clay is 
 preserved beneath the Gravel, which is here a well-worn very coarse 
 shingle, principally of Chalk and flint. 
 
 In Riby Grove several sand-pits have been opened, but the only section 
 now to be seen (1883) is just west of the house : — 
 
 Gravelly Sand, with shell fragments and a few perfect 
 shells .-.. . . . 4, feet. 
 
 Unfortunately this is a very small and bad exposure, but it is evidently 
 highly fossiliferoiis, and with a clean section more than the 18 species 
 found ought to be obtained. 
 
 Irby Dale appears to have been another old fiord, the Gravel running up 
 it in much the same way as at Croxton j but now the Marine Beds are 
 only represented by patches separated by denudation. One of these caps 
 an isolated Chalk hill rising in the middle of the Dale due north of Irby. 
 Another, a little higher up, clings to the west side at Irby Dale woods. A 
 pit in this outlier shows — 
 
 Fine false -bedded sand and gravel, with carbonaceous 
 matter, and fragments ot Cardmm, eckile, Tellina halthica 
 Mactra subtruncata, A8tarteborealis a/ad My a, sp. - 4 feet. 
 
 Still higher up the valley a pit in the outlier above the Folly gives — 
 
 Feet. 
 Eubbly and worn Chalk Gravel, with a few foreign 
 pebbles -.--.-- 20-h 
 This is capped at the lower end by a foot of chalky Boulder Clay ; and 
 from the clayey wet nature of the groimd to the south there may be a 
 small outlier of Boulder -Clay extending a few chains in that direction. 
 The Gravel would seem to be- a high-lying- estuarine or fresh-water 
 equivalent of the Marine Beds. 
 
 The isolated Chalk hill immediately north of Swallow village is also 
 capped by similar gi'avel. In a pit close to the last house there is — 
 Gravel of rolled Chalk, witB a few Boulder Clay stones - 51/,. 
 Chalk- with flint nodbles -" -" - - - lOJ^®®'^' 
 
 The "higher parts of this large Dale apparently contain no Gravel, 
 North of Irby Holmes Wood there is an old pit in similar rolled Chalk 
 Gravel, resting partly on Chalk. Its relation to the Boulder Clay is fiot 
 clear, though it probably passes under the clay. 
 
3^ SUPEEFICIAL DEPOSITS.— E. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 Eeturning to the open conntry, the only pit between Biby and Lace'by 
 is a large one in Laceby Hill. This hill rises as a conspicnous monnd, 
 like those north of the Hnmber, to a height of about 50 or 60 feet. The 
 section is : — 
 
 False-bedded gravelly Sand, with masses of Shingle in 
 the lower part (worked till water is reached) - - 40 feet. 
 
 Abnndance of Boulder Clay stones' are found, though Boulder Clay 
 cannot here be seen either above or below the Gravel. Boulders of Ohalk 
 bored by Pholas and annelids are oommon. I'ossils are plentiful and wellr 
 preserved, but the only important difliarenoe between the list and that from 
 Kelsey Hill is the entire absencp of the fresh- water Oorbiouhi, fluminaUa 
 from Laceby. No fresh-water shells and no mammalian bones have 
 yet been found there. 
 
 South of Laceby the G-ravels are abruptly overlapped by Boulder Clay, 
 and for a long distance cannot be found. North-east of Laceby, after 
 disappearing for about a mile, they re-appear in the shallow valley of 
 Laceby Beck, and are probably close to the surface, thoagh never rising 
 to any height, all the way from Laceby to the Humber Marshes. 
 
 At Great Ooates there is an interesting inlier, cut into by the Beck. A 
 pit a short distance from the north-east side shows, — 
 
 Feet. 
 Boulder Clay, purple and chalky (on the higher ground) 1 to 5 
 Gravelly Sand, with shell fragments principally near the 
 top • - - - - . -12 
 
 This pit was deepened till water was reached, and shows that the base of 
 the Sand must be below the level of the Marsh, which is about the level 
 of ordinary high tides. Mr. CordeaiuS: and I obtained here 17 species of 
 moUusca.* They are veiy fragmentary, though small light shells are 
 sometimes little injured. Special attention was paid to this pit, as it is 
 one of the few places where Boulder Clay can be clearly seen in sectioii 
 vertically over the shelly Gravels. 
 
 The same sand bed passes under the "Boulder Clay on which Great 
 Coates is built, and supplies the wells. Mr. Oordeaux also informs me 
 that in lowering the cellar at his house this bed was cut into, and yielded 
 such a constant supply of water that a special drain had to be constructed 
 to carry it away. From the amount of water it would appear that sand 
 must extend for some distance under the Boulder Clay ; and it is probable 
 that the bed is continaous with the outcrops in Laceby Beck, and bordering 
 on the Marsh between Little Coates and Grimsby. 
 
 In Grimsby itself, close to the Boman Catholic church, a small sand-hill 
 rose above the level of the Ma.rsh, but has lately been almost entirely dug 
 away. It showed sandy Gravel with rare shell fragments, including 
 portion of Vemos galUna, overlaid by a much-weathered mottled stony 
 Boulder Clay, with little or no Chalk. In the recently completed drainage 
 works, which lie considerably beneath high- water level, the upper Boulder 
 Clay was seen gradually to cut through this Sand towards the Humber, and 
 in places to rest directly on the lower Boulder Clay, with only a reddish 
 line of division. The base of the. Sand also sinks in the same' direction, 
 though more slowly. At the corner of 'Wellington Street and Heneage 
 Street the section was : — 
 
 Fbet. 
 Soil and made ground - - • - - 2 
 
 Peaty clay -- - - - - -5 
 
 Boulder Clay, chalky - • - . . 3 
 
 Sand with stones and shell fragments (rising to the 
 south) GwrdAwn ed/ule, TelUna baUhiea, Maetra ««&• 
 tnmcata P Mya, sp. » - . ■ - - 2 J 
 
 Boulder Clay, chalky -. - - - - Oi-|- 
 
 * See table in Geology of Holderness, p. 70. 
 
POST-GLACIAL DEPOSITS. 183 
 
 The surface of the ground is about the sea level. 
 
 Eastward this is the last section of the Marine Gravels, which apparently 
 sink beneath the sea level, or are cut out by the newer Boulder Clay. 
 Southward there are no more exposures in the district under consideratioit, 
 but, as pointed out to me by Mr. Jukes-Browne, the bed re-appears 20 
 miles away, beyond Louth. 
 
 In the " Greology of Holdemess " I have given an outline of the Physical 
 Geography and Natural History of this period, and full lists of fossils. It 
 is therefore tmnecessary to treat of these again. 
 
 , . Post-glacial Deposits. 
 
 OWing to the difficulty often found in separating the Becent 
 Deposits from those of older date, part of these have already been 
 described in the last chapter. It now remains to describe the 
 undoubtedly Post'glacial Peat, Alluvium, and Warp. 
 
 Large areas in the eastern part of Sheet 86 are occupied by 
 Alluvial flats liable to be flooded by any unusually high tide or 
 heavy:: rainfall. Mueh of this land — ^now some of the most 
 valualjle in the district — ^was permanently under vrater within the 
 period- of written history. A still lat^r area was formerly carr- 
 land or tidal flat, though now protected by embankment and often 
 raised by artificial warping. There are, however, a few sections 
 in older beds of Post-glacial date which must be described before 
 the Recent Alluvium. These are of very limited area, but of great 
 interest, pointing as they do to a probable former submergence of 
 about 40 feet. 
 
 Peat, Clay, and Brick-earth. 
 
 South of the Humber there is shingle near Barton, which, 
 though coloured on the map as Glacial, has very much the look of 
 a raised estuarine beach. The same beach can be followed, though 
 erhaps not continuously, round the escarpment of the Ohalk to 
 beyond Horkstow. Not rising more than 60 feet above the sea, it 
 forms for several miles a terrace at the foot of the Wolds. 
 
 Crossing the Humber there is one deposit, which from its peculiar posi- 
 tion, can only be referred to a period of submergence. This is a peaty 
 fresh- water bed, occurring in what at first seems a most unlikely place, 
 
 the top of an isolated sand-hill rising boldly 40 feet out of the marsh. 
 
 The cross-section, shown in Fig. 10, is constructed from faces exposed in the 
 new pit at E^elsey Hill during May 1884. At the time of my first visit 
 the peaty clay haid been cut back just beyond the deepest part of the 
 hollow ; on the second visit the faces were in the position noted. A few 
 days later, and the evidence would probably be entirely destroyed, though 
 fresh deposits might be cut into. 
 
 Over the Inter-glacial Sands and Gravels there is a very irregular 
 capping of Boulder Clay, which has subsided into hollows, perhaps through 
 the slipping of the sand when saturated with water. In one of these there 
 is a fresh-water deposit, apparently formed in a pond about 50 feet wide 
 in each direction. The peaty clay is full of plant remains and elytra of 
 beetles, including a Donami,, which does not quite agree with any species 
 known to Mr. G; O. Waterhouse, and a Oyrmus only determinable gene- 
 rically. It also yielded the much decayed wing-bone of a large bird. 
 But all other calcareous fossils have disappeared, though the occasional 
 
184- 
 
 SUPERFIOIA-L DEPOSIl"8.— E. OF THE WOLDS. 
 
 occurrence of the insoluble portion of the frnit of Chora shows that both 
 it aud shells may once haTe been abundant. The few plants determined 
 throw no light on the climatic conditions. They were the pondweed, reed, 
 and water-crowfoot, all species having a wide range. Overlying the clay 
 
 Fig. 10. Cross-section of Gravel pit at Kdsey Hill. 
 
 W^'- 
 
 1 Stony brick-earth. 
 
 2 Blue clay,"! 
 
 3 Peaty bed, > Freshwater Beds. 
 
 4 Blue clay, J 
 
 5 Earthy gravel. 
 
 6 Boulder Olay. 
 
 7 Marine gravel. 
 
 there is coarse unstratified gravel,"wHoh at one point appears to be banked 
 against a vertical wall of Boulder Olay. When the gravel rests directly 
 on the disturbed Marine Beds it is not easy to distinguish them ; and this 
 may account for the curious appearance of the southern end of the section, 
 where the unstratified gravel looks almost as if it passed under Boulder 
 Clay, though everywhere else it distinctly overlies it. Capping the hill 
 and resting indiscriminately on. any of the Tjeds is a stony loam, with 
 joints weathering green and mottled. At first this was taken to be ;a 
 Boulder Clay, but closer examination showed that it was only a rebon- 
 Btruoted bed, being full of small roots from top to bottom. 
 
 This Fresh-water Bed must have been formed when the submergence 
 was about 40 feet, for it rests partly on porous graY6l,"and water could not 
 remain in the pond unless the line of saturation were 40 feet higher than 
 now. The coarse gravels also show the agency of- running water ; yet 
 Kelsey Hill is now considerably the highest point in the neighbonrhxwd, 
 and the lower area with whiclS. it is connected is almost an island. On 
 three sides it is surrounded by marshes at the sea level, and on thB 
 fourth by a low tract of land, not more than 10 feet above the sea; 
 through which the Junction Drain has been carried. It seems, therefore, 
 that not only has the sea-level altered, but many of the valleys in the 
 Boulder Clay have been cut since the period of the Raised Beaches. 
 
 Alluvium and Warp, 
 
 Turning next to the estuarine Warp and the accompanying 
 " Submerged Forests " of the Humber shore, we find that the 
 ■only sections of the older portion have been seen during the 
 excavation of the docks at Hull.* 
 
 * Grimsby Docks are in Sheet 85. They are described in the " (Jeology .of 
 Holderness." 
 
ALLUVIUM AND WARP. 185 
 
 Writing in 1866, Dr. Foster thus describes the beds exposed in 
 the Albert Docks* : — 
 
 " In the^ cuttings at the east end, the upper stratum is silt, .... 
 and immediately under the silt the trunks, roots, and branches of oak 
 trees, together with a peat soil of two feet in thickness, beneath that a 
 strong clay soil, and under this (so far as is uncovered) an extensive bed 
 of blue sand, containing the fresh-water LymncBa, Planorhis, Sfa. 
 
 " At a depth of 40 feet below the level of the adjoining land,- trees 
 (chiefly oak) are found in all positions ; those which are upright and still in 
 situ having been broken offwithm three feet of the roots. One oak-tree, of 
 noble dimensions, is perfectly straight; its trunk being 45 feet long, and in 
 the thickest part measuring 12i feet in circumference ; it is tolerably 
 sound, but blackened in colour. This tree lies nearly north and south, but 
 others, which have also fallen, are to be met with in every direction. 
 
 " In a hole caused by the decay of a branch, was found a quantity of 
 hazel-nuts, possibly the winter store of some provident squirrel ; the shells, 
 though black, were quite perfect. 
 
 " The undulating state of the original surface may be seen by the silt 
 above being of a lighter colour than the lower stratuDi. It is evident, from 
 the position of the roots, that the ground on the north or land side, on 
 which the trees grew, has been higher than the south or river sids. . . . 
 The trees . . , would require at least 300 years to attain the dimen- 
 sions given." 
 
 According to Messrs. Wood and Romef these docks — 
 
 " showed the Hessle Clay irregularly denuded and over. 
 
 lain by a bed of silt upwards of 20 feet thick, at the bottom of which 
 were, the remains of a forest growiog upon, and with the stools in places 
 rooted into, the Hessle Clay. This deep accumulation of silt abounded to 
 the very bottom (where the shells rested on the forest) with the ordinary 
 estuarine mollusca of the Humber, — Scrdbiculariapiperata, Tellina solidula, 
 Oardium edule, Littorma littorea, 8^e. In part this forest-bed was also under- 
 lain by the silt, showing an oscillation of level during its growth .... 
 At Hull the dock-borings showed this forest to be now from 20 to 
 ?i7 feet below high-water mark of ordinary spring tides." 
 
 After the completion of the works Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw read 
 a paper, unfortunately only published in abstract, giving fuller 
 particulars of the sections exposed.! From this abstract the 
 following account of the peat bed is taken : — 
 
 " The Albert Dock extends for 4,000 feet along the Humber foreshore, 
 and all the excavations were carried to a depth of at least 8 feet, and in 
 some instances of 27 feet, below the level of low water. 
 
 " Before the commencement of the excavations the Hessle Clay, peat, 
 and overlying silt were met with in succession on the foreshore, the 
 level of the top of the peat bed at the west end of the area being about 
 three feet above the level of low water, and its thickness from three to four 
 feet. Eastward the bed folio \fed the undulations of the clay without much 
 variation in generallevel for half a mile, when it began to dip, attaining 
 a depth of 12 feet below low-water level at the lock entrance, and then 
 rising again. From this depression of the peat-bed, and the appearance 
 
 * " On the Discovery of Ancient Trees below the surface of the Land at the 
 Western Dock now being constructed at Hull." — Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866 Trans, 
 of Sections, p. 52. 
 
 f " On the Glacial and Post-glacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east 
 Yorkshire." — Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, Vol. xxiv., p. 157 ; 1868. 
 
 t 'Tlotes on the Peat and Underlying Beds observed in the construction of the 
 Albert Dock, Hull." — Quart. Journ. Choi. Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 237 ; 187). See also 
 Proc. Inst.C.E., vol. xli., p. 92, PI, viii. x; 1875. 
 
 O 52912. K 
 
186 SUPERFICIAL DEPOSilS.''^-'E. OP THE WOLDS. 
 
 of the overlying silts, the author thought it probable that this had been 
 an old channel of the river Sull 
 
 "The peat rested directly on the Hessle Clay, into which roots pene- 
 trated to a distance of five or six feet, generally following the direction' of 
 vertical joints. , . . 
 
 " At its highest level, at the west end of the dock, the peat consisted 
 almost entirely of vegetable matters, including large accumulations of 
 moss, leaves, and masses of brushwood, layers of oak-leaves with acorns, 
 hazel-nuts, and fir-cones. Numerous remains of Coleoptera, chiefly wing- 
 cases, were found. Trunks of oak trees, some of them 60 feet long, were 
 scattered through the peat, and had evidently fallen where it grew ; and, 
 from the characters presented by most of them, it would appear that they 
 had grown close together. In this part of the bed, at the level of low- 
 water, and beneath a thick layer of moss, the remains of a fire were found. 
 The author suggested that, from the small extent occupied by the remains 
 of this fire, it was probably the result of human agency, as, if it had origi- 
 nated by lightning or by the friction of dry branches, it could hardly have 
 been confined to so small an area. 
 
 "With regard to changes of level, whilst in other places an upward move- 
 ment has been indicated, the area examined seems to furnish evidence only 
 of depression. Thus the surface of the peat in the supposed old channel of 
 the river Hull is 12 feet below the level of low water, whilst the bed of the 
 present river at South Bridge is only 6 feet below that level. The depres- 
 sion of the forest converted the land on which it grew into a marsh, where 
 soft vegetable matter accumulated rapidly and soon covered up the fallen 
 trees, the soundness of the timber indicating no long exposure to the 
 weather. As the land continued to subside, the marsh was invaded by the 
 waters of a tidal estuary, in which the Mollusca lived whose shells occur in 
 the grey clay overlying the peat, and even in the peat itself. Of these the 
 following forms occur ■.-^Serdbieiikuna piperaia, Owrdi/wm edule, Tellima 
 jsolidula, Sydrohia, sp., and BvMina dbtma — all, except the last, in great 
 abundance. 
 
 Turning now to the new Alexandra Docks, which are about 
 .2 miles lower down the Humber, we find very similar sections, 
 showing an old land surface at the same level, or perhaps slightly 
 lower. In May 1884 the following section was measured, but 
 since the water was shut out and the Dock drained, the warp has 
 subsided considerably. 
 
 The top of the section is now probably below the level of mean 
 tide, though originally slightly higher. The lowest point reached 
 .at this spot is 52 feet below the coping : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Clayey Warp . - . . - about 15 
 
 Warp sand, increasing towards the shore - - 5 to 
 
 Clayey Gravel with Liiiorina . - - - 1 
 
 Traces of the ' ' Submerged Forest,'' consisting of a 
 peaty seam with occasional tree-stumps. This bed is 
 here much eroded by the overlying G-ravel, but the 
 underlying Boulder Clay is often full of small roots 
 Beddish-purple chalky and stony Boulder Clay, much 
 weathered in the upper part, but where the bed is 
 thick the base is very like the older Boulder Clay. 
 Blue joints occur throughout, though principally in 
 the higher portion. Much Chalk and fliat. Carbonife- 
 rous Limestone, Coal Measure? Sandstone, Green- 
 stone, Quartz, Porphyry, &o. &o. - - about 6 
 Fine bedded chalky Sand, without fossils - about 6 
 Dark Durple, very chalky, Boulder Clay, unweathered - 4-h 
 
ALLUVIUM AND WAEP. 187 
 
 Another part of the Docks gave ; — 
 
 Feet. 
 Warp (silty sand) ..... 18 
 
 Liguite and peat ...... 2 
 
 Gravel. 
 
 Probably Boulder Olay would be found immediately beneath. 
 
 A year previously many tree-stumps had been seen on about 
 the same level at another point ; but so much water was coming 
 in, that they could not be properly examined to ascertain whether 
 they were actually rooted in the clay. The stumps subsequently 
 seen were fewer iii number, but had certainly grown where they 
 are now found ; most of them were small, but the navvies stated 
 that now and then large trees occur. All the. stumps observed 
 appear to be oak. 
 
 The overlying warp contains abundance of shells, the common 
 Humber species, Scrohicularia plana, Tellina balthica (thin- 
 shelled and small), Cardium edule (stunted), Hydrobia ulvce, and 
 Bulla obtusa being scattered throughout, though other forms are 
 rare. A boat was also found in the warp, and a bronze dagger. 
 Warp, however, is so rapidly deposited that the depth at which such 
 •articles occur is no evidence of their antiquity. In the buried 
 forest itself no trace of the contemporaneous existence of man 
 appears to have' been noticed in these excavations; and the 
 remains of a fire, probably caused by human agency, is still the 
 only fact pointing in that direction. 
 
 Similar sections were seen in Grimsby Docks (in Sheet 85). 
 These are described in the " Geology of Holderness," in which will 
 also be found an account of a large number of well-sections and 
 trial borings on the marshes, and also a fuller account of the 
 recent warp of the flumber in the area east of Hessle and Ferriby. 
 
 The small strips of Alluvium bordering the becks east of the 
 Wolds call for no special remark, as no deep sections are visible. 
 The surface is usually very peaty. 
 
 C. B. 
 
 N 2 
 
188 
 
 FOSSILS FBOU THE LOWER LL&.S. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 SsfNOPTicAL Tables of Fossils obtained within the 
 DiSTSiOT. Compiled by "W. A. E. TJsshee :^ ' 
 
 (1.) Lower Lias, 
 
 (2.) Middle Lias. 
 
 (3.) Inferior Oolite Series. 
 
 (4.) Great Oolite Series. 
 
 (5;) Middle and Upper Oolites. 
 
 The Tables inelude Mr. Cross's lists ; the fossils collected by the officers 
 of the Survey have been identified by Messrs. Sharman and Newton. 
 
 Lists of fossils from the following rocks and deposits will be foiind in the 
 text : — 
 
 EhsBtic Beds, p. 9; Cretaceous, pp. 108, 109, 119 ; Drift, pp. 160, 176-187. 
 
 (1.) Lower Lias Fossils. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Idmestone and 
 
 
 
 
 Clay below 
 
 Prooingbaxn 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Erodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Clay above 
 
 ¥roaingham 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 
 
 
 til 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 •s 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 
 
 4= 
 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 PH 
 
 ^C? 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 ! 
 
 s 
 
 ll 
 
 
 m 
 
 5 
 W 
 
 1, 
 
 DO 
 "1 
 
 
 B 
 
 D 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 S 
 
 EO 
 
 o 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wood (tbund by Messrs. DaKlisb and HowseJ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CCELENTEEATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Moutlivaltia Haimei, Chap, • • - 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BOHINODBEMATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Criuoidarm 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Extraorinus • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 Very 
 rare 
 
 Pentaorinus 
 
 
 K 
 
 Ssp. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 Plumaster ophiuroides, Wright 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spines Of Oidafis 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOSSILS FROM THE LOWER LtASf- 
 
 189 
 
 FOSSITiS, 
 
 Limestone and 
 
 Clay below 
 
 Frodingham 
 
 Iionstone, 
 
 Frodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 r 
 
 si 
 
 OlayabOTe 
 
 Froainghani 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 II 
 
 ANNELIDA. 
 
 Serpula 
 
 BBACHIOPODA. 
 
 Bhyuchonella 
 
 tetrahedra, Sow, 
 
 Bpiriferina ... 
 
 „ 'Walcotti, Sow. ' 
 Terebratttla numismalis, Zam. 
 
 „ numiqmalis, Tar.pvaliS) Q««;><^. 
 
 I, - punctata, /Sow. • 
 
 LAMELLIBBANCHIATA. 
 Area .... 
 Astarte • . • . 
 „ dentilabrom, Hth, . 
 „ obliquo, iHefA. r 
 : Avicula decu^sata, Golc^. • 
 „ iaxquivtiviSrSovi. • ■ 
 Cardinia concinna. Sow, . 
 
 „ copides ( Sycki, 
 „ cra^sissima, Ag, • 
 
 „ gigantea, Quentt, • 
 „ Listen, Som. • • 
 „ Listeri, var. oralis, Stuteh, 
 „ Morrisi f Xerq. • 
 
 „ n. sp. ... 
 » (ovaI,sp.) 
 . Cardita Heberti ? Jfej-g.. 
 I Cardium .... 
 I Carpenteria (TercLuemi^) . 
 ; Crenatula ventricoaa Sow, • 
 
 Very 
 rare 
 
190 
 
 FOSSILS FBOM THE LOWEE LIAS. 
 
 
 Limestone and 
 
 Clay below 
 
 Frooingham 
 
 Ironstone, 
 
 Frodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Clay above 
 
 Frodingham 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 •s 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 o 
 
 gl 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 a 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 ■s 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 LAMELLIBEAlfOHIiTA-«)»<. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Onculleea ...... 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ovum, Qaemt, 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Gervillia betacalcis, Quentt. • 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Grypheea, n. sp 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sp. . - 
 „ arcuata, Zam. ( = O. incurra. Sow.) 
 
 
 B<ire 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ • Maccnlloohii.Sroio. ■- 
 
 
 , 
 
 • . 
 
 -, 
 
 X 
 
 .- 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 Hinnites ...•■-.. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippopodium -• , •. 
 
 
 . 
 
 • . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ ■ponderosum, iS'ow. • ■ . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 X - 
 
 
 ferrifEth. • . . . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 •. 
 
 . 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 Homomya 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lima antiquata, a'ow. . . . . 
 
 
 
 • , 
 
 -. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 ? 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ dupla, Qnentt. .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 -. 
 
 '. 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 „ gigantea, iSbiD. . . . . 
 
 
 X 
 
 * X 
 
 '. 
 
 ■K 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 „ Henuanni, VoUz. i. . . . 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ hettaugiensis, Z\»-9. 
 
 
 X 
 
 ' . 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ peotinoides. Sow. . . . . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 • X 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (small single ribbed sp.) . ■ . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (small variety) - • . . . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Modiola ...... 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ minima, Sow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Morrisii, Oppel. 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 •v 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ uitidula, D«»i. . fr " 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ozynoti, Queiurt. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . X 
 
 
 
 
 „ pygmeea, Simpi. • • , • 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 „ Kcalpnun, Sow. 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ■ X 
 
 •. 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Hyaciies (Fleuromya) liaiinus, Ziet.- 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ unioides, J2Sm. 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 •. 
 
 -■ 
 
 
 , 
 
 » 
 
 Myoconoha oxynoti, Quentt. - 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 -. 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Ostrea 
 
 M 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 •• 
 
 
 -• 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
FOSSILS PEOM THE LOWER LLiS. 
 
 19J 
 
 « 
 
 Limestone and 
 
 Clay below 
 
 Krodingham 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 FrodinRham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Clay above 
 1 Frodingham 
 1 Ironstone. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ll 
 
 ■ti 
 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 '3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •a 
 
 tl 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 
 M 
 
 " 
 
 o 
 
 " 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 09 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 LAMB LLIBEANOHIATA— eo»<. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ostrea ariotis, QuejMt 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Mas^ca,Stricil.- 
 
 X 
 
 X . 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ragata, Quenst. r ■ ■ -. 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pecten --..',.. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 . • 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ seaualis, Quemt. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ seqiuvalvis, >So«i. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ demisBus, PAtJ. (P. demissaries, Croat) 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . • 
 
 ,. 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 
 „ liasinus, Nygt. - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ (small ribbed sp.) 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (small smooth sp.) ... 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ subulatus P ■ . . - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 ,; teitoriufl, Schl, ■ - • -. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ texturatus, OoW. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ valoniensisP J>^. 
 
 
 X , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pholadomya - .- - • . -, 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ,- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ambiRua, jSow. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 » » (yery large) - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 .. » (longYar.) ... 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 prima. Querist. . - 
 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pinna - - ■ - . - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ folium, r.i&S. • - ■ . -. 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 .^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Pleuromya __^ - . - . 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 • ' 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 sequistriata,.? .4ffs - . - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ crowcombeia, Jfooff 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Dunkeri, JRSm. - . ■ 
 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 small 
 
 + 
 
 Flioatula spinosa. Sow. - ■ ■ - 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 K 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Sanguinolaria striata, Buckm, • 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 X 
 
 Tancredia ferreat.BM. .- 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 T7nicaTdium.oaTdioides Phil, -, • 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 ' 
 
 A 
 
 
 
192 
 
 FOSSILS :pkom the LOWEB XIAiS. 
 
 
 
 Limestone and 
 Clay below 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Prodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 Clay above 
 
 Prooingliam 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 j 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 •a 
 
 is 
 
 "S 
 
 H 
 
 p 
 
 -« 
 
 ■a 
 •3 
 
 1* 
 
 ." 
 
 o 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cerithium, semeleP If Orb. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eucyolus Cbapnisii, T. <& P. ■ 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pleuiotomaria ... 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 - , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ anglica. Sow, • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ basilica ?CA<>2>.. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ psilonoti, 0,11,61101. 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Froolins - - . . 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turritella, Seshayesia ( Terq. 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonites augulatus, var. catenatus, D'Orft. 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ „ var.moreanus.iJ'Ori. 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ armatus, iSfoio. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 -. 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ aureus, JHm. . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Bucklandi, iSaw. . • - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 „ Brookii, Queiuf. (non Sow.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ boucaultianus, D'Orbi - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ capricomus, ScM. . . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ compresaarius f Quetut. • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Conybeari, ySow. . . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ gmundensis, Duuii • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Henleyi, Sow. ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ J oimstoia. Sow, . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 atieoosta. Sow, ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X . 
 
 
 „ lineatiu i ScM. • . . .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 „ Losoombi, Sow. ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 „ natriz, var. rotundus, Quentt, - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J< 
 
 „ polj'raorphus, var. m 
 Quenst. 
 
 iztusr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
FOSSILS FEOM THE LOWEH LIAa. 
 
 193 
 
 POSSILS. 
 
 Iiimestone and 
 Clay below 
 
 . li^wuighani 
 Ironstone, 
 
 Frodingham 
 Ironstone. 
 
 li 
 
 ^1 
 
 IS 
 
 Clay above 
 
 Frodingbam 
 
 Ironstone. 
 
 
 3 
 
 g<3 
 
 CEPHALOPODA.— co»<. 
 
 Ammonites raricostatus, ZUt, - 
 
 scipioniauus f Q««w<. 
 „ semicostatus, T. & B. 
 
 Taylorl, /Sow. 
 (young) 
 Belenmites ... 
 
 ! „ aoutus, Jfi7i. • 
 
 „ clavatus, Schl. - 
 „ ^axQlosus, Schl. • 
 Kautilus striatua, Sov>, - 
 
 PISCES. 
 
 Hybodus 
 
 EEPTILIA. 
 
 Ichtbyosaurus commuuis. Convbwn (men- 
 tioned by Da^lish and Howse). ■ ■ ' • 
 
194 
 
 rOSSILa FEOM THE MIDDIE LIAS. 
 
 (2.) Middle Lias Fossils. 
 
 i 
 
 Pecten.Bed. 
 
 Middle Lias 
 Olay. 
 
 Bock Bed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DS 
 
 d 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t» 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 s 
 
 Sx 
 
 i 
 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 
 "S 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ti 
 
 "S 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 st 
 rl 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 Sx 
 
 r! 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 .a 
 
 *< 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 03 
 
 fl 
 
 8! 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 to 
 If 
 
 4" 
 
 ■s 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 • 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Wood .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 J 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ditryi)aetBl6nse,.Pte<to. , - 
 
 .- 
 
 • • 
 
 ■ 
 
 J 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 •• 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 BBACHIOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bhynchonella ... 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 .. 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ tetrahedra, Som. 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 .• 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 . . 
 
 
 ., 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 vumbilis, 8cM. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terebratula 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Ed-wardBi.DfW). • 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 •■ -1 • 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 „ punctata, Sow. 
 
 'x 
 
 
 • 
 
 • ' 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 » 
 
 X 
 
 „ Bubpunctata, Sav. • 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Spiriferina ... 
 
 Very 
 rare. 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Very 
 rare. 
 
 
 
 
 LAMELLIBBANCHIATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AviculacyBmpes,PAiZ. (T. &B.) 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ insequivalTis, Sow. 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Cardinia hybrida. Sow. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Listeri, Stuich . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cardita .... 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cardium lobatum ? Quemt. - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ xnulticoBtatum. Phil. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CucuUsea . - . - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oyprioardia 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 intermedia, Jlfoors- 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FOSSILS FHOM THK MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 195 
 
 
 
 Pecten Bed. 
 
 Middle Lias 
 Clay. 
 
 Eock Bed, 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _po 
 
 a 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 i.. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Hi 
 
 i 
 S 
 
 
 1 'v*i 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 
 j-S 
 
 3 . 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i& 
 
 ^n 
 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 ^00 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 •s 
 
 § 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 "S 
 
 .2 
 § 
 
 h 
 
 ll 
 
 Son 
 
 ll 
 S a 
 
 s p. 
 
 1? 
 
 
 s 
 ■s 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 1 
 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 PM 
 
 .«• 
 
 S 
 
 64 
 
 £ 
 
 a 
 
 r«l 
 
 w 
 
 Iz; 
 
 -*» 
 
 f« 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cont. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cyprina .... 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grervillia Isevis t Buc&m. 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Goniomya 
 
 rare 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 rare 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Gresslya lumilata, Tate (Uke 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Myacites). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gryphsea oymbium. Lam. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ gigantea. Sow. - 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hippopodium ponderosum. Sow. 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Isocardia (like minima, OoW.) 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 '. 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 Lima . . . - 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ aouticosta, Qamst. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ antiquate. Sow. - 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Hermanni, Volts - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (like gigantea. Sou.) 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 „ peotinoides, /Sow. - 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Modiola scalprum. Sow. • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Myacites (Pleuromya) - 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 2sp. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ „ unioides. Bom. 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Nuoula . . - • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ (f Leda) oomplanata. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PMl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ inflata, Quentt. • 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 •X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ostroa irregularis, Miimat. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 * 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ItBTiuscnla. 'Sow. - 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fecten . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 , 
 
 . r") 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 
 X 
 
 „ ffiqualis, Quenst. • 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ squlvalvis, Sow. - 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ comeus, Ghldf. - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ liasinna, JVvtt. - 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ textorius,>SfcW. - 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
196 
 
 3"0SSILS,> FROM THE MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 
 Pecten Bed. i 
 
 Middle Lia« 
 Clay. 
 
 Rock Bed. 
 
 i '" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 J» 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1.- 
 
 BO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 JB 
 
 5--S 
 
 ox* 
 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 ■s- 
 
 1 
 § 
 
 1 
 ■g 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 rl 
 
 |3 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 So 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 •s 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 ■g 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 "1 
 
 n 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 & 
 
 ,♦« 
 
 S 
 
 « ' 
 
 93 
 
 » 
 
 -*• 
 
 <!• 
 
 15 
 
 -^ 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eont. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fecten (likesublsevis.PM.) - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Phdladomya ambigua, .Sow. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 ? 
 
 . 
 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pinna .... 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 » 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 je 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Flicatula spinosa, /Sow. • 
 
 . 
 
 .• 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tancredialiassica,JS;A. • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ovata, Terq. cfc PietU 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 ' '• 
 
 small 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TJnicardium cardioides, FM. • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ globosum, ilfoora • 
 
 " 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crypttenia- 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Natica . - . - 
 
 .• 
 
 \ m 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' 
 
 -jfc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pleurotomaria 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 '>< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turbo .... 
 
 , • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 * 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 GEPFATiOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonites 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 '• 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ armatus. Sum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ caprifeornus, SeW. 
 . (= A- maottUttus, 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 x + 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ communis, Soyo. . • 
 
 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ cornucopia, T.i&B. 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■• 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Henleyi, Sow. , 
 
 >< 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ gtriatus, Bein. 
 
 
 
 
 |x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ serpentinus, Bein. 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ,• 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 i .„ , spjnatus, Br«ff. .- 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
FOSSILS PEOM THE MIDDLE LIAS. 
 
 197. 
 
 
 PectoTi Bed. 
 
 MidcUo Lias 
 Cliiy. 
 
 Eock Bed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J" 
 
 1 
 
 
 -" 
 
 1. 
 ^x 
 
 u 
 
 " x' 
 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 
 i 
 
 § 
 a- 
 
 en 
 
 
 til 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 - 3 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 JO 
 09 
 
 2 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 § 
 
 |25 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 
 3 . 
 
 a 
 
 15 
 
 o 
 •s 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 
 S5 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 pi< 
 
 H" 
 
 « 
 
 04 
 
 OB 
 
 ia; 
 
 r4« 
 
 09 
 
 Iz; 
 
 p^ 
 
 rW 
 
 CEPHALOPODA— co»*. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Belemnites ... 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 * 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ aontuB, Miller 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 „ acuarius, Schl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 „ breviformis, Yoltz - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ clavatus, /ScAJ. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 „ elongatus, MMer - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 large 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ paxiUosus, Schl. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 The Upper Lias fossils collected in Sheet 86 were obtained from the 
 Kirton Station Sailway Cntting, vide p. 56. Including Am. serpentwus, 
 discovered near Roxby, of 10 species found, five occur in the Middle Lias, 
 viz. : — 
 
 Terebratula punctata, Bow. 
 
 Lima pectinoides,' Sow. 
 
 Myacites (Pleuromya) unioides, Mom. 
 
 Ammonites communis, Sow. 
 
 A. serpentinus, Hei/n. 
 The three forms first mentioned are also found in the Lower Lias. 
 
r98- 
 
 FOSSILS FBOM THE INFEEIOE OOLITE. 
 
 (3.) Inferior Oolite Fossils. 
 
 
 43 
 1 
 
 Mr. Cross's List. 
 
 3 
 
 eg 
 
 1 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 ^1 
 
 PLANTjE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'ucoid ....... 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 Wood - 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 CCELENTEEATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Small Corals 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Otsoure Corals .--... 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Isastrsea Oonybeari, M. JSdw. - - . . 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 Elchardsoni, Ed.&H.'- 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Latimseandra Flemingii, Ed. & B. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Montlivaltia - - - .'."■. 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Thamnastrea Detranciana, Mieh. . - . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Theoosmilia gregaria, JIf'Coy . . - . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 ECHINODEEMATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aorosalenia ..---.- 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 • 
 
 X. 
 
 Cidaris - • ..... 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Echinus - ..... 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Galeropygus agarioiformis, Forbei - - - - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pontacrinus (dwarf sp.) ■ - ... 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Fseudodiadema depressa, ^^r. . - ■ - 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 ANNELIDA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Serpula .--...-. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ' 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 CRUSTACEA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Crustacean claw ...... 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Glyphsaa 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 BEACHIOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bhynchonella .---•-. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ spinosa Sohl., var. Crossii, Walker 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 p 
 
 
 „ spinosa, /Soft?. - • . - . 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 H 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 P 
 
 
 
FOSSILS FBOM THE INEEEIOB OOLITE. 
 
 199- 
 
 
 
 
 
 •43 
 
 Mr. Cross's List. 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 rossiLs. 
 
 i 
 
 If 
 
 il 
 
 GGtaq 
 
 'O'O 
 
 BEACHIOPODA-COB*. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bbynchonella subangulata, Dcm. - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 p 
 
 
 Terebratula . . - - - 
 
 * r 
 
 • . 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 " 
 
 
 „ globata. Sow. - ■ ; 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ maxiUata, Sow. 
 
 - 
 
 • . 
 
 ' . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ subtnaxillata, Mor. • 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Waldbeimia ornithocephala, 5'ow. -_ ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Area pulohra. Sow. • 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 Aetarte - . - ■ 
 
 '. 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 „ divarioata, £th.^ 
 
 ■ , : 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X , 
 
 
 
 
 „ elei^ns, Sow. ■ 
 
 ■ .• 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ interlineata, Lye. 
 
 ■ 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ minima, Sow, • 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ pumila. Sow. - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ reoondita, Phil. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ rbomboidalis, Phil. 
 
 ■. , -■ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ sqnamula, B'Arch. 
 
 ', ' " 
 
 _- 
 
 
 
 X __ 
 
 
 
 
 Avioula ■ 
 
 -' 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 Oardiam 
 
 ■ 
 
 - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X . 
 
 
 
 „ striattilum, PhU. [Buckmani, tigc. 
 
 (fcfior.J - 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 „ (like cognatum, Phil.) - ■ 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Ceromya bajooiuna, J'OrS, 
 
 ; 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ comuta, CVoss.MS. n. sp. 
 
 .- 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corbicella oomplanata, lyyc. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Corbia Lajoyei, D'Aroh., var. cingenda, Lye 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ rotunda, Lj/c. & Mor. 
 
 
 - 
 
 X , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corbula 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 ? 
 
 
 GucuUiea oblonga, Sow. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ ornata, Phil, 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Rolandi, Eth. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Cyprioardia - 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ acutangula, PhU, 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 bathonioa, B'Orb. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Cyprina trapeziionnis, Som. 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 OerviUia acuta, Sow, ■ 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 X. 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
200 
 
 FOSSILS FBOM THE INEBBIOB OOLITE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. Cross's List. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 » 
 
 I'OSSILB. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 5« 
 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIiTA-co»<. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (JerviUla (or Pteroperna) 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 Goniomya T-acripta, Sow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Gresslya 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ abduota, Phil. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 HinniteB abjectus, Phil. 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Homomya crassiuscula, I/yc. 
 
 & Mor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ gibbosa. Sow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 Isocardia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 cordata, Suckm. • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lima - - - . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ bellula, Xyc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ duplioata. Sow. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ (large sp., like Hermanni) ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ IsBvie, Cross. US. n. sp f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J.. 
 
 
 
 „ pectiniformis, Schloth. (L. proboscid 
 
 ea, Sow.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ punctata, iSow. - . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ rigidula,PA»J. ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ sulcata, Cross. MS. n. sp ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Lithodomus . - - • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ (small ornamented sp.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ (small smooth sp.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 Lucina Bellona, S'Orb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 burtonensis, Zyc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 Macrodon hirsonensis, Lye. & Mor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Modiola aspera. Bow. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ cuneata. Sow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 „ Leckenbyi, Lj/o. <fc Mar. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ Lonsdalei, ij/c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ Bowerbyana, D'Ort. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ ungulata, Y.&B. 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Myacites .... 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ jurassi, £ro«^. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ (Homomya) Veaelayi, VAroh. 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 Myopsis 
 
 
 Tf. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nucula Hammeri, D^f. 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
F.QSSILS PEOM-THE ISPEEK^SjQQBiSrBi, 
 
 2Da 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 Mr. Cross's List. 
 
 II 
 
 5« 
 
 
 LAMELLIREANOHIATA— po»<. 
 Nucnla variabilis; /Soto. 
 Opis cordifermiSrZi/c!. 
 Ostrea ptregaria, &)«). - 
 
 >. (Gryphoea) mima, PMU 
 Peoten annulatus, iSow. 
 „ aratus, Waagen 
 „ articulatus, Schl. • 
 n }ena, Souk - 
 Perna quadrata, Ph/il. 
 Pholadomya fidicula, Sow. • 
 „ Heraulti, .^^. • 
 
 Piana • • - • 
 
 ,1 cuneata, Sov>. or Phil. 
 „ lanceolata, Sow. 
 Pteropema ... 
 Quenstedtia oblita, Phil, 
 Thracia - 
 
 Trluliilt^snuilusus, Ji^cr. 
 Trigonia hemisphserica, Lye. 
 
 „ hemisphserica, var. gregaria, Iiyo. 
 .1 Fhillipsii, Zyc. 
 Unicardinm ... 
 
 GASTEROPODA 
 Alaria • 
 Amberleya 
 Cerithium 
 Cylindrites 
 Sentalium 
 Eulima • 
 Natica (Euspira) 
 
 „ large sp. (cast) 
 
 „ adducta, Phil. 
 
 „ canaliculata, Lyo. £ Xor. 
 
 n leokhamptonensis. Lye, 
 
 o S2912. 
 
202: 
 
 FOSSILS FBOJU THE XNFEBIOB OOLITE. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mr. Cross's List. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 1 
 
 if 
 
 la"* 
 
 GASTEBOFODA-eo»«^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nerin»a • • - - ;• 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ Jonesii, Buckm. • . -. • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ Toltzii, Dert. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 K 
 
 
 „ (allied to N. «attesw>ldlffi.£;e.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 Nerltopsis, n. sp. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Patella rugosa,,Sfow. -. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Fleurotomaria armata, Miinai. • . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ pallium, J>'0)-& 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Furpurina • - : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ 
 
 Trochus, n. sp. - . - , . . • 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 Turbo, n.sp. - - - ., • 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ Kemmatus, Zpc. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ oppellensia. Lye, (sinistral sp.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 . CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonites, (large specimen Humphrieaianus type) • 
 
 
 . 
 
 . - 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 (alUed to A. TrueUii. J>'Ori.) 
 
 
 X ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bolemnites -.-.•.. 
 
 
 X ■ 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
FOSSILS FROM TBE GBGAT OOLIIK 
 
 203- 
 
 (4.) Great Oolite Fossi 
 
 TA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Great Oolite Seriei. 
 
 
 S 
 1= 
 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 citeatOoUte 
 Clay. 
 
 Combrash. 
 
 FOSSII^. 
 
 \ 
 
 "a 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 -2 
 
 i 
 
 BCHINODBEMATA. 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Acrosalenia • ' - 
 
 • • • 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 ClypeusPlottii,ijfli» 
 
 * * • 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 Echinus '.■-■- • '• 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 Holeotypus depressus Leike 
 
 ■ ' ■ • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 " 
 
 X 
 
 
 AITNELIDA. . 
 
 ' ■ " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Serpula - . 
 
 • 
 
 A , 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 ■ BEAteHIOtOBA: 
 
 « a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ehynchonella - • . . ' * 
 
 ', 
 
 .' 
 
 .' 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ oonciiina, iffoie. 
 
 ,- X 
 
 X. 
 
 X 
 
 
 . 
 
 dwarf 
 
 X 
 
 , , obmleta.JSow. 
 
 -• 
 
 ., 
 
 , 
 
 
 X 
 
 -„_ 
 
 Terebratula -. 
 
 • 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 . „ intei^nediaj Som. . 
 
 ■ -" " • 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 Waldhaimia lage;ialis, ScM. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ oboyata, l^ow. - 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 lAMBLtlBRANCHIATA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Area • . -. 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 rare 
 
 X 
 
 Astarte.. -,.,-. ... 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ elegans.S^ow... 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 II minimal Sow, - ■« 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 Avicula braamburiensis, Phil. - 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ ecjiinataj /Sow.. 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Cardium cpgnatqm F, P%t2. - 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 „ semicostatumi Phtt. , 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 ,1 Strickland!, I/yo. ds Mor. - 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 Ceromya concentrica, jSow. - 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 o 2 
 
204 
 
 FOSSILS PRQM XHBllGBBA5;.QOMXB,[iI 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 Qreat Oolite Series. 
 
 OrsatXIaUte 
 Clay. 
 
 CowrijWRsir. 
 
 aa 
 
 I 
 
 LAMELIilBBANOHIATA-«o»<. 
 Oorbicella • - • 
 
 „ bathonica (, I/ye. & llor. 
 Oorbis (? rotunda. Walton), 
 C^ricaidia 
 Gerrillia crassicosta, J/go. Si llor- 
 
 ^ ovata, Sam. • 
 Goniomya V-soripta, Bow, 
 Gresslya 
 Isocardia nitida, PhU, 
 
 „ rostrata f, Sow. 
 Lima dnplicata. Sow. 
 „ rigida. Sow. • 
 „ n^dnla, Phil. • 
 Ludna. ... 
 „ linrtonensisf. Lye, 
 „ Lyoetti, Oppel (= L. crassa, iSbw.; 
 Modiola gibbosa ?, Sowi 
 „ imbricata. Sow. 
 „ Lonsdalei, Lye. <fc Mor, 
 „ Bowerbyana,I>'OrJ. (=M.plicata,iSoti>. 
 „ nngulata, K £ S. 
 Myacites calceiformis, Phil, 
 
 „ decurtata. Phil, 
 
 „ modica, Bean. 
 
 „ siniatra, Ag. 
 
 „ Vezelajri, IfAreli. 
 Mytilus fnroatus, Golcy. 
 H^ucula Tariabilis, Sow. 
 Opis, n. sp. 
 bstrea gregaria,-5ow. ■ 
 
 „ Sowerbyi, I/ue. & Xor. i 
 
 „ subrugulosa, i»c. <fc iKbf. 
 
 Tar. 
 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 
 * 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 var. 
 
FOSBIL3 FBOir THEi GREAT OOLITE, 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 
 Great Oolite Series. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Gtreat Oolite 
 Clay. 
 
 Combrosb. 
 
 POSSILSJ 
 
 1 
 
 
 1. 
 ax 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 LAMELIiIBRANCHIATA-i-co»«. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tecten artioulatus, Schl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 „ bemicostatus, PhU. • 
 
 ': '• . • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 „ iniecinicostatus, Phil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 u lens. Sow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ rigjdus, /Sow. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ subflbrosua, D'Orb. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 X 
 
 „ Tagans, Sow. • ' 
 
 . 1 '. ' . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pema obliqua> Walton ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ CLuadj'ata, FhiX. 
 
 , - "i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 
 
 -.-• 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 Fboladomya acnticosta, Sow 
 
 ■ ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 „ MurohisonsD, iSow. ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ Fhillipsi, ^or. • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 Fteroperna plana, I/yc, . . • 
 Xrigonia . . • . . 
 
 
 
 X 
 • X 
 
 
 
 small 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ costata, <Sro«>. • • . 
 
 
 
 > X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ elongata, Sow., var, angustata, Lye, 
 
 
 
 » • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ flecta, I/ye. & Mor, ■ > 
 
 
 
 > X 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ Moretoni, I/yc. & Mor, • . 
 
 
 
 > . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 „ n. sp. (allied to T. pullus, Soto.) ■ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ sculpta, var. Solandi, Zyo, • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 „ acarburgensls, I^c. • • 
 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■X 
 
 „ striata, iSow. - . • 
 
 
 
 ■ X 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 „ nndulata, J<Vo»i. • . . 
 
 
 
 • X 
 
 
 
 
 
 UnJcardium ..... 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 GA8TEBOF0DA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cbemnltzia scarburgenais ?, Iiyc. & Mor, • 
 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 „ vittata, £«a», 
 
 
 ■ « 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 Monodonta ....... 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Natlca 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 Norinsaa 
 
 * « 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 X 
 
 
206 
 
 FOSSILS FBOM THE GBEAT OOLITE. 
 
 
 Great Oolite Series. 
 
 
 & 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 1 
 
 Great Oolite 
 Clay. 
 
 Combrasli. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 \, 
 
 1 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 Atnmopites maOTOoephalns, Schl. (=Henreyi, Sw.) • 
 
 PISCES. 
 JchthyodoruUto (f Hybodns) • ' • 
 BtrophodUB magnus, .l(r. . . • • • 
 Palate of fish ...'.•.• 
 
 • 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 b 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 . . . .... 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
FOSSILS PEOM, THE MIDDLE AND UPPER OOLITES. 20* 
 
 (5.) MiDDi^B AND Upper Oolite Fossils. 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 Middle Oolites. 
 
 I 
 
 Upper 
 
 and 
 Middle 
 Oolites. 
 
 I 
 
 Eimeridge Cla^ . 
 
 4- 
 
 ^■3 
 
 S^ 
 
 11 
 
 EOHIKODEKMATA. 
 Cidaris ipinoBS, ^9'. • • 
 
 ANNELIDA. 
 
 Seipnla . - • . 
 
 ,1 tetngona, Soto, • 
 
 >i trioarinata, Sow. • 
 
 CRUSTACEA. 
 
 Gljphiea 
 
 BBACHIOPODA 
 
 Shynohonellai near to B. oolitica, 
 JDa«. 
 
 Terebiatula OToidei, Boif. 
 
 LAMELLIBBANCHUTA. 
 Anomia . • • • 
 Area . . • i 
 
 „ (longBp.) 
 
 „ (Cuoulliea) longipunctata, 
 
 Astarte • ' - . - 
 u oarinata, PhU. • 
 
 ATicula(like ezpansa, PhU.) 
 „ innquiyalTis, Sote. • 
 „ MtiMteri, Ooldf. • 
 
 
 * Lower part of Oxford Clay includes sections at Black Dyke and Winterton Holme, 
 t Upper part of Oxford Clay includea sections at U miles west of If ortb Keleey Cburch and 
 Catohwater drain. 
 
208 
 
 rOSSILS FROM THE MIDDLE AND •DPFEK OOLITES. 
 
 I'OSSILS. 
 
 Middle Oolites. 
 
 Middle 
 -Otdites. 
 
 Hi 
 
 n 
 
 Eimeridge Olay. 
 
 ■go 
 
 lit 
 
 Ha 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA— co»«. 
 
 Cardium striatulum, Phil. • 
 Ceromya - ■ • . 
 
 Corbula- . . . . 
 
 Guculliea . . , . 
 
 Oyprina- - , . . 
 
 Cypricardia . . . - 
 
 Exogyra Tirgula, D^/". • 
 
 Gervjllia • - . . 
 Gryplieeai mth markings of Ceromya 
 
 „ bilobata. Sou), • 
 
 dilatata> Sow, 
 
 Inoceiamus ■ - . ■ 
 
 „ expansus, Slake 
 
 Isocardia . . • . 
 
 Leda Fhillipsiii, Mor. ■ - • 
 
 Lucina - ■ - . • 
 
 Modiola bipartita, Phil, 
 Xucula • ■ • 
 
 „ n. sp. - 
 
 „ ornata< Quensf. 
 
 Opis ... 
 Ostrea deltoidea. Sow, 
 „ gregaria. Sow, 
 Fanopsa 
 Feoten lens. Sow. 
 Femb • 
 
 Fholadomya sequalis, Sow, 
 Flacnnopsis 
 
 JLLovex pact of Oxford Ola^. includes sections at Black Dyke and Winterton Holme 
 f Tpper jpart of Oxf oriil'OliQr insliides tec^i^na # U miles west of ITortli Kelsey ObunA 
 Datfibw&tto drain. '-'->.-,;- . . ■ . . ^ . .^ . ^ -..Mir 
 
 And 
 
FOSSILS PBOM THE MiDI>LE^ ANb TJPtEfit OOLITES. 206 
 
 
 Middle Oolites. 
 
 Upper 
 
 and 
 Middle 
 Oolites. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay* 
 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 ■s 
 
 1' 
 
 1 
 
 CD ' 
 
 t5 
 
 1 
 
 •s 
 
 si 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 •A 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 LAMELLIBBANCHIATA-con^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fosidouomya (?)■•- 
 
 • 
 
 "x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thracia depregsa, iSow, 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 < 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 « 
 
 X 
 
 Trigonia. . . - . 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GASTBBOPODA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alarja - - - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ triflda, PAi;. - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 « 
 
 X 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 
 Cerithium forticostatum, Slake - 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 ', 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ costigerum, Piette 
 
 ■ 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 •- 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OBPHATOPODA. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ammonites altemans. Von Bwch ■ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 .« 
 
 . 
 
 ,, 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 athletuB, P»«. - 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 • X 
 
 X 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ BakeiiK, Sew. • 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 - , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ biplex, SoxB. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 -X 
 
 p 
 
 
 X 
 
 ■", 
 
 , 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ (neartobiplexorrotnn- 
 dUB, abnormal form). 
 
 
 ' , 
 
 ■ 
 
 "• 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 „ (near to o;modoce. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Kappffii, Oppel • 
 
 
 ' 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 - 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Koenigii, /Soto. - 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ plicatilis, iSTow. ■ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 . 
 
 
 X 
 
 f 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 „ rotundas, 180W. - 
 
 
 
 ".> 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 Belemultes .... 
 
 X 
 
 
 • 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nitidus, Dojy. • 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ Owenii, Pro« ■ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 !■ 
 
 PISCES, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jisli vertebra .... 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Lower part of Oxford Clay includes sections at Black Dyke and 'Wihterton Holme 
 + Upper part of Oxford Clay includes sections at li miles west of Mforth KelsevCiuirc&Bffil 
 ^Btobwater drain. j^z-wvubuu 
 
210 
 
 WELL SECTIONS AND BOEINGS. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Well Sections and Borings. 
 
 Borings reaching the Kewper* 
 
 Goole Waterworks. Bawcliffe Bridge. 
 
 Information supplied to Mr. Cameron by the Clerk of the Works... 
 
 Fesi. 
 Made ground, clay - - - - • - 10 
 
 Clay 16 
 
 Sand - . . . . ■ .' .25 
 
 Bed Sandstone, encountered at 50 feet from the surface. 
 
 There are two 12-inch bores left in the trial holes (two in number) 
 adjacent to the well; in them the water stands at 4 feet &om the surface. 
 These bores «) down to 50 feet, at which depth the Red Sandstone (Keuper) 
 is reached. It is not at present intended to penetrate further. The water 
 is to be brought to Goole in' pipes,' laid alongside' the Dutch river, to a 
 pumping station. . ... 
 
 Mr. Strangwaya obtained the foUo'wuig information : 
 
 Boring at the New T^ent Brewery, Crowle Wharf (Thome). 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Bine clay - * - 
 
 
 60 
 
 Bock, water, and alabaster. 
 
 
 2J 
 
 Olay. 
 
 
 
 . . - 
 
 
 15 
 
 Bock 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 5 
 
 Clay. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 15 
 
 Bock 
 
 
 .. 
 
 ■ . 
 
 
 5 
 
 day 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 . 15 
 
 Bock 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 • 5 
 
 Olay- 
 
 » 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 Bock 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 2i 
 
 aay 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 5 
 
 Total depth 
 
 145 
 
 At this point water rose to within 5 feet of the surface. 
 
 Messrs. Strangways and Cameron consider that the uniformity of thick- 
 ness assigned to the rock and clay beds in this section precludes absolute 
 reliance on the details, though the section is of importance as proving the 
 presence of Eeuper Marls as far west as the site of the boring. As, how- 
 ever, the strata in question may be on or about the same horizon, in the 
 lower part of the Keuper Marls, as those in the-CIarborough Bailway* 
 cutting (Sheet 83), there is nothing very remarkable in the occurrence of 
 shaly sandstones in the Marls at regular intervals. 
 
 * For other borings reaching the Keuper Beds see The Geology of the Country 
 between York and Hull (ilfem. Geol. Survey), 1886. 
 
WELL SECTIONS AND BORINQS. 
 
 211 
 
 Wells and Borings in Liassic and Oolitic Rocks, 
 
 Becord of a boring made-on the south side of Bridge Street, Brigg, at a 
 distance of 70 yards west of the River Ancholme; by Mr. Joseph Parker, 
 in 1864-5. 
 
 Commnnioated by Mr. Atkinson, of Brigg. 
 
 • Vegetable soil and clay, loose 
 - Blue Shale . - \ 
 
 • Sandstone Bock - • 
 
 Drift 
 
 Oxford Clay 
 Kellaways Bock 
 
 At this depth (84 ft.) water rose nearly to the 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 40 
 42 
 2 
 
 surface. 
 
 Oxford Clay 
 Combrash • 
 Great Oolite Olay 
 
 P Great Oolite Lime- 
 stone 
 
 Blue shale 
 
 Limestone rock • 
 
 Blue shale 
 
 Sandstone rock - 
 
 Grey shale 
 
 Hard rook or boulder 
 
 Grey shale 
 
 Bock 
 
 Unformed rock • 
 
 Upi«r EBtuariner£^5;S. '. '. 
 
 aenea ■ , y^^^^ ^^^^ PSibaldStow beds) 
 
 Lincolnshire Lime- 
 stone 
 
 Limestone rock - 
 Farting or fissure 
 Limestone 
 
 Parting ... 
 Limestone rock • 
 Shale ... 
 _Limestone rock, with fissures 
 
 Lower Estuarinel 
 beds and Upper | Blue shale 
 Lias . -J 
 
 Middle Lias 
 
 {Limestone rock and fissures 
 Blue shale 
 Limestone rock . 
 Blue shale 
 
 Total depth 
 
 18 
 3 
 
 24 4 
 
 91 
 
 1 6 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 1 1 
 6 lOj 
 
 2 101 
 
 10 5^4 2 
 10 11 J 
 
 >n 7 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 4 6 
 
 1 
 34 3J 
 
 108 S 
 
 11 10 
 21 
 
 6i 
 
 12 Si 
 
 364 3 
 
 >44 7 
 
 The correlations of the beds given in the above boring are my own, as 
 no other interpretations accord so weU with the distribution of the rocks 
 in the district ; but I have not ventured to identify the beds below the 
 Lincolnshire limestone, as it is quite possible that the 108 feet of " Blue 
 Shale " mentioned may include the Lower Estuarine beds, the Upper Lias 
 and Middle Lias Glays, through the omission of mention of the Dogger 
 and Marlstone Bock Bed. On the other hand, 108 feet might represent the 
 Upper Lias- alone on this latitude (as it thiekens southward). Then the 
 "Limestone rook and fissures" below would be the Marlstone Book Bed, 
 and the blue shales "below Middle. Lias with a nodule or impersistent 
 calcareous band of 6^ inches. 
 
212 
 
 WELL SECTIOllTS ANB BOBINGS. 
 
 Boring for Ironstone, by the Eailway, at half a mile south-west of Scawby 
 
 - Station. 
 
 Commanicated by Mr. Charles Hett, A.M.Inst. O.B., of Brigg. 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Clay 
 
 Kock 
 
 Clay 
 
 Eock 
 
 Clay 
 
 Bock 
 
 Clay 
 
 Book 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 5 feet to 6 [Hibaldstow Beds.] 
 
 4 01 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 1 1 >,Kirton Beds. 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 5 
 11 
 
 ,0 P pLower Estuarine. 
 g l- P Upper Lias. 
 
 7 0? Marlstone Rook Bed. 
 
 Clay. .. - - - - .57 
 
 Stone - - • - 1 
 
 Shale - - - .92 
 
 Bock very hard (probably Iron- 
 stone) - .' 'i 
 
 The want of detail in this boring forbids the correlation of the beds 
 with any degree of certainty. It is probable that limestones occur in the 
 18 feet 8 inches of clay, as such a development in the Eirton Beds is quite 
 abnormal. The Upper Lias may also include a coilsiderable part of the 
 57 feet of clay, unless the latter represents clayey Kirfcton Beds as well 
 as Lower Estuarine clays, mention of stony bands being omitted. 
 
 Well at Mr. Foster's, the' neW hOuse at the turning from the Brigg and 
 Hibaldstow road to Castlethorpe. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Cressey, well sinker, Scunthorpe. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Yellowish brashy stone • - • . - 7 
 
 Clay - - - - • - 4 ft. to 5 
 
 Dark blue stone. 
 Hard limestone. 
 The top bed is the base of the Hibaldstow Beds. 
 
 The following bojrings, 1 to 4, vere communicated to me by Mr. Atkin- 
 son; they were subsequently furnished^ to Mr. Strangways by the Eev. 
 J. E. Cross, with, otherSj which are given further on. We commence 
 with Bore 3, in the Oolitio area, south of Appleby Station, as its site. 
 Spring Wood Lodge, is shown on the Ordnance Map, and the positions of 
 the other three borings are indicated with reference to it. The correlations 
 are my own ; from the Dogger downward they are tolerably certain. . 
 
 Bore 3. At Spirag Wood Lodge. 
 
 There being no' 
 surface deposits 
 at this spot 
 Oolitio lime- 
 stone is no 
 doubt thus de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Probably Lower lEstuarine- . 
 
 Dogger - 
 
 Ft. Iw. 
 
 Lincolnshire 
 Limestone. 
 
 Gravel (round limestone) 
 
 and sand - - 18 
 
 Red sand - - 10 
 
 (possibly Lower Estuarine) 
 
 Upper Lias 
 
 Middle Lias 
 
 r Marlstone 
 J Bed. 
 
 >' Lower XdB8' 
 
 1 Clay 
 LPeoti 
 
 relay 
 
 Fecten bed' 
 
 Frodingham 
 L Ironatone 
 
 Blue shale - • 24 ;0 
 
 Stone, very hard - 1 3 
 
 . ! Dark blue shale -37 6 
 
 Eock "1 Sandstone (Northamp- ' i ' 
 
 J ton bed) i • - S .4^ 
 
 • Blue shale - • 68 2 
 
 • I Ironstone top bed • 4 2 
 , - Blue. Lias shale - 89 9 
 
 ili^nstonebottcitobed - 24 ff^ 
 
WELL SECTIONS AND BOEIKGff. 213 
 
 Bore 4, 1 mile and 54 chains north of Bore 3. 
 
 Lincolnshire Limestone • Limestone 
 
 Probably in part Lower £sta- Blue shale 
 
 arine. 
 Dogger - . . . Sandstone - • 
 
 Upper Lias ... Gtrey shale 
 
 ("Marlstone Eook 1 Sandstone (Northamp- 
 Bed. J ton bed) 
 
 Clay - . Shale, with cement 
 
 nodules 
 Peoten bed • Ironstone top bed 
 "Clay - . Blue Lias shale - 
 
 ."^"SSne. :}lronstone bottom bed . 24 3 
 
 Middle Lias < 
 
 Lower Lias 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 1 H 
 
 25 10 
 
 7 10 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 9 
 
 Bore 1, 2 mileo due west of Bore 3. 
 
 Sand ..... r 
 
 Ironstone (Frodingham rock) ... 
 
 Bore 2, 1 mile and 2 or 3 chains due west of Bore 3. 
 
 Sand .-..,. 
 
 {Blue Shale ... 
 
 Ironstone .• . - 
 
 Blue Shale 
 
 Bore 1 is of no value, but in Bore 2 we have the Prodingham- Ironstone 
 penetrated, and its relations to; the Lower Lias above and below, 
 exceptionally shown. 
 
 Mr. Strangways furnishes the following notes : — 
 
 There are nine sections (horeholes and shafts) nearly in a straight line, 
 between the Keeper's Lodge at Spring "Wood and Appleby .r. These 
 sections, althou^ tolerably clear for the divisions of the Lias, are not so 
 for the Oolites above, probably from the fact of the very sfi'aly character 
 t>f much of the limestone which in these accounts seems to have been 
 frequently entered under the name of " bind." 
 
 The following sections are also in these beds : — 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 pe 
 
 18 
 3. 
 
 5 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 m 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Boring at I^ozby. 
 
 Kock (limestone P) 
 Measures to blue clay 
 
 Well at Koxby Grange. 
 
 Soil - 
 
 Gravelly stuff (probably brokep ropk) - 
 
 Shale 
 
 Grey stone, very hard . - . 
 
 15 6 
 
 * The Rev. J. E. Cross very kindly procured these sections- for us. They were 
 made by Mr. Winn (to whom we are indebted for permission to puhlish ,th.em), in order 
 to prove the depth and nature of the Lias Ironstones, , 
 
2U 
 
 WELL SECTIONS AND BOEINGS. 
 
 The Parsonage well on the opposite side of th« stream is very similar to 
 this last. 
 
 High Kisby. ^ 
 
 Well 15 yards all rock (limestone and greystone}. 
 
 Bozby. 
 
 -Limestone ' . 
 White and red sand 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 2 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Winterton. 
 
 Well 16 yards (limestone, thin greystone, and blue shale). 
 
 0. F. S. 
 
 The four borings given nnder, viz., two at Haveiholme J'lantation and 
 North and South Shafts Appleby, were furnished to Mr. Strangways by the 
 Bev. J. E. Cross. 
 
 The correlations are mine ; but in the North and South (Appleby) 
 Shafts trom the Middle Lias upward it is impossible to be certain as 
 it is probable that the junction's between Upper Lias, Lower Estuarine 
 Series and Kirton Beds occur in the items mentioned, and so could not in 
 any case be severally }>racketed. The mention of sand and gravel in the 
 upper beds vhaj be due to oolitic limestones being misinterpreted, as at 
 Spring Wood jiodge. 
 
 W.A. E.tr. 
 
 Boring! at Haverholme Plantation. 
 Due north of the Spring Wood Lodge Boring. 
 
 B.- 
 
 -7 furlongs N. of Spring 
 Wood Bore. 
 
 Fi. In. 
 4 
 
 78 9 
 
 Cornbrash limestone 
 Sandstone ^ 
 Shale 1 
 
 White saud [ 
 Clays J 
 
 Limestone (not bored 
 tlxrough) - - - 43 3 
 
 A. — 5i furlongs N. of Spring 
 Wood Bore. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Sand - 7 
 
 Limestone - 40 6 
 
 pLr. Estuarine Shale -70 
 
 P Dogger - Limestone - 4 4 
 
 P Upper Liaa 'Shale -15 6 
 
 r Limestone - 6 7 
 
 Middle Lias -3 Blue ghale • .60 5 
 
 {.Ironstone -35 
 
 Blue shale. 
 
 In Boring B. the beds nnder the Cornbrash are evidently given in so 
 generalized a way that no correlation of Qreat Oolite Clays and Hibaldstow 
 Beds could be attenroted. The 60 feet erf " Blue shale," in Bore A., 
 appears to be Middle Lias, and the shale 15 feet 6 inches thick may be 
 the sole representative of the- Upper- Lias. - 
 
 Detailed account of the South Shaft, Appleby. 
 
 Earth • 
 Yellow sand 
 Grey sand 
 Gravel - 
 Grey sand 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 . 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 - 2 
 
 
 
 ^10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
WELZi SECTIONS AND BOBINQS. 
 
 2U 
 
 Detailed account of the South Shaft, Appleby— co»M«««J. 
 
 Bine clay 
 
 Gravel • 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Gravel - 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Blue bind « 
 
 Blue limestone • 
 
 Blue bind 
 
 Strong blue limestone 
 
 Strong bind 
 
 Blue bind 
 
 Strong blue limestone 
 
 Strong bind 
 
 Blue mnd 
 
 Strong bind 
 
 Stone - 
 
 Blue bind 
 
 Strong blue limestone 
 
 Clay parting 
 
 Sfrong blue lim^tone 
 
 PJLower 1 Stone bind 
 Estuarine ! Blue bind 
 and f Ironstone 
 Dogger. J Sandstone with iron 
 
 "Blue bind 
 
 Blue bind 
 
 ^ Strong blue limestone 
 
 I Blue bind 
 
 LStrong bind • 
 
 1 Strong stone - 
 
 P Upper 
 
 Lias. 
 
 P Marl- 
 
 stone 
 
 B, kB d J ^*°^® mixed with sulphur and ooprolites 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 Ft. Is 
 
 1 0' 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 . 7 
 
 2 Oj 
 
 
 2 6' 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 2 6 
 
 >.I1 10 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 3 0- 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 ^16 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 6^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 • 6 8 
 
 2 0. 
 
 
 t !}« = 
 
 1 11. 4 1 
 3 0/*^ 
 
 12 0"! 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 
 1 
 
 >69 4 
 
 38 
 
 
 1 4^ 
 
 
 5 6 
 1 6 
 
 7 
 
 142 9 
 
 .Detailed account of the North Shaft, Appleby. 
 
 Lincoln- 
 shire 
 Limestone. 
 
 Earth 
 
 'Limestone gravel - • 
 Yellow limestone 
 Blue limestone 
 Strong blue limestone 
 J Clay parting 
 '^ Strong blue limestone 
 Blue bind 
 
 Strong blue limestone 
 Strong blue bind 
 Stone bind - 
 Blue bind 
 _ , . . Yellow bind - 
 Correlation giuebind - 
 
 '^^. "^ Blue Umestone 
 nncertmn. gj^^ ^ind - 
 
 (^Strong bind - 
 PAUUpper|Bi,,,i„, . 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 
 
 7 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 
 9 
 3 3 
 2 0' 
 2 8 
 6 
 
 1 6 
 27 0' 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 54 
 
 ^•26 2 
 
 >12 2 
 
 i>.87 
 
316 WEftly SBOTJIQNS AND BORINQS. 
 
 Detailed account of the North Shaft Appleby— eontinued.. 
 
 Ft. In. Ft. In. 
 "Marl- 1 
 stone ('Strong stone • • - ^ S\ ir n 
 
 c3 
 <B 
 
 3 
 
 Bock f Stone mixed jrith coprolites and snl- 
 Bed; J phnr. 
 
 Clay - Blue bind 
 
 gg^ |lr6nstone (Pecten) 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 4 10 
 
 Lower Lias "I „, , . , „„ „ 
 
 Clay /Blue bind - - - - 93 
 
 Froding-^Vrfio ■ of Ironstone (Scunthdrpe low 
 hanilron- \ ^^^^ - ^ 
 
 Btone. J 
 
 293 2 
 
 Wells and Borings in the Wolds. 
 
 Gahowm. — At the farm_ 1 mile north-east of the Church. Informa- 
 tion supplied to Mr. Clement Beid by Mr. Hopking. 
 
 _; , . Feet. 
 
 Chalk, to gravel (Carstone) - . . . 162 
 
 Swallow.— 'M, the farm 1 mile north-west of the Church. Information 
 supplied to Mr. Clement Reid by Mr. Hopkins. 
 
 Feet. 
 Chalk, becoming red - - - . . 174 
 
 Gravel, as bright as glass (Carsto^e) • - . ] 
 
 175 
 
 Supply of water Tery limited and soon exhausted by pumping. 
 Biothittdl. — ^At the farmstead one mile B.N.E. of the Church. Informa- 
 tion obtained from the foreman- by Mf. A. J. JukestBrowne, and frpjn 
 specimens on the spot. ' 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil and earth - - - - - - 4 
 
 Gravel of small chalk pebbles - - - - 16 
 
 Clean red clay - - - - - • 1 
 
 l:rteScr'}«-«*°- I 
 
 29 
 
 Wells amd Borings in Sitperflcial Deposits. 
 
 Anckolme valtey. — Wells sunk on Broughton Carrs, three-quarters of a 
 mile south-east of the Old Decoy, 50 yards apart. Information supplied 
 by Mr. Oressey.i of Scunthorpe, Well-sinker, to Mr. TJgsher. 
 
 Ft. 
 Top Peat ...-.- 
 Blue clay - - - : - 
 
 Tough, light-coloured, silty clay, about 
 Harder, clay, I'ather peaty » . . 
 
 Peat 
 
 Blue clay ' 
 Gravel (spring) 
 
 29 9 
 
WELL SEOXIONS AND BOBINQS. 
 
 217 
 
 South Kelsey, at the Ball Inn, near the Chnrch. Communicated by the 
 landlord, Mr. Boome, to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne. 
 
 Feet. 
 Soil . -- . - - - . -2 
 
 White clay (Boulder Clay) - - - - - 16 
 
 Fine yellow sand - - - - - • 6 
 
 Humber Valley : — !Humber Bed, between Hesslo a^d Barton.* 
 
 Borings made for the North-Eastern Eailway. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Kelsey to Mr. Clement Reid. 
 
 No. 2 bore-hole, 300 yards east of Hessle Ferry. (Commences at level 
 of high water.) 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Yellow clay .... 
 
 - 6 
 
 Light-coloured warp clay 
 
 . 7 
 
 Soft dark warp clay ... 
 
 . 7 
 
 A little stronger warped - . . 
 
 - 5 
 
 Dark peat --•.'. 
 
 - 7J 
 
 Clay and Gravel . . - - 
 
 . 2} 
 
 Pebbles and flinty Gravel 
 
 - 3i 
 
 Light-coloured warp ... 
 
 . 2 
 
 Fine sand and loose Chalk 
 
 - 2 
 
 To Chalk . 
 
 - 42} 
 
 Ked-coloured loose .Chalk 
 
 - 7J 
 
 White Chalk and flint ■ 
 
 - 16 
 
 66 
 
 No. 3 bore-hole, 7 chains south of No. 2, and immediately within the 
 Humber bank. (Commences at level of high wat«r.) 
 
 Yellow warped clay 
 
 
 Feet. 
 - 7 
 
 Black silty warp . - - . 
 
 
 - 16 
 
 Blue warp and turf ... 
 
 
 - 11 
 
 Yellow warp - . . . 
 
 
 - 4 
 
 Warped Chalk, gravel, and flint 
 
 
 - 6 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 , 
 
 - 4* 
 
 Bed coloured Chalk 
 
 . 
 
 - 10 
 
 White Chalk and flint, full of water 
 
 " 
 
 - 14 
 
 68 
 
 . 
 
 
 —— 
 
 * These borings are reproduced iiom the Geology of Holderness. 
 Surveg), pp. 151-153. 
 o 62912. 
 
 (..Wem. GeoL 
 
218 WELL SECTIONS AND BOKINGS. 
 
 No. 4 bore-hole, 10 chains south of No.' 3 (in 26 feet of water). 
 
 Tbet. 
 
 - H 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 10^ 
 
 1. 
 - ' 3 
 
 . 2 
 
 - 4 
 
 - 3 
 
 Peat 
 
 Blue warp and peat 
 
 bellow clay 
 
 Fine gritty Chalk and sand 
 
 Yellow warp 
 
 Yellow sandy warp 
 
 Sand, pebbles, and loose Chalk 
 
 ' To Chalk - - i. 24J 
 
 White Chalk and flint, full of water - - - 30 
 
 54i 
 
 No. 8 Bore-hole, 10 chains south of No. 4 (in 33} feet of water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Black warped sand - . - - - 19 
 
 Warped sand and gravel - 
 
 To Chalk 
 Loose yellow Chalk and flint 
 White Chalk and flint 
 Very soft Chalk 
 White Chalk 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 8 
 
 6 
 51 
 
 No. 7 bore-hole, 8 chains south of No. 8 (in 33 feet of water). 
 
 Feet, 
 Fine Sand, to Chalk - . - . -23 
 
 Loose Yellow Chalk -- - . . - 9 
 
 White Chalk and flint, full of water - . - 16 
 
 48 
 
 No. 11 bore-hble, 12 chains south of No. 7 (in 36i feet of water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Fine quick boiling Sand - - - - - 18 
 
 Dark loamy Sand " - - - - - 9 
 
 To Chalk - - - 27 
 
 White Chalk, full of water - - - - 4 
 
 31 
 
 No. 9 bore-hole, 12 chains south of K^o. 11 (in 39 feet of water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Quick boiling sand . - - - - 25 
 
 Dark loamy sand - - • - - - 10 
 
 To Chalk - - - 35 
 
 Chalk, full of water - - . - - 4 
 
 39 
 
WELL SEGIIONS AND BOBINGS. 
 
 219 
 
 JTo. 10 bore-hole, 17 chains south of No. 9 (in 27J feet of -water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Fine light sand - - - - - - 25J 
 
 Coarse dark {jand 
 White Chalk - 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 m 
 
 - 48 
 
 - 3 
 
 61 
 
 No. 12 bore-hole, 26 chains south of No. 10 (in 24 feet of water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Loamy sand - - - - - - 25 
 
 Coarse sand and Gravel - - - - - 11 
 
 Sand, coarse Gravel, and Chalk pebbles - - 5 
 
 White Chalk 
 
 To Chalk 
 
 - 41 
 
 - 5 
 
 No. 6 bore-hole, 10 chain's aotfth of No. 12 (in 25J feet of water). 
 
 Feet. 
 Sandy warp - - . . , - - 7 
 
 Strong marl 
 
 Fine Sand, full ef water 
 
 Soft red clay 
 
 Sand and Gravel - 
 
 Strong marl [Boulder Clay] 
 
 Gravel - - 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 Chalk notreached at - 58J 
 
 No. 5 bore-hole, 22 ohaiils south of No. 6 and immediately within the 
 .• Humberbank about f mile east of Barton Water Side (oomnaencea 
 on the warp about 3 feet below high-water level). 
 
 Feet, 
 Bied clay ...-.- -SJ 
 
 Peat ....... 3 
 
 Coarse sand - - - - - - 20 
 
 Strbng clay, small chalk stones [Boulder Clay] - 8 
 
 Soft warp - - - - - - - 28 
 
 Strong fine clay - - - - - -5 
 
 Chalk not reached at 
 
 72J 
 
 Boring at Reeds Island in the Humber. Information supplied by 
 Mr. Owston to Mr. Strangways. 
 
 Warp to bed of the Humber 
 
 Black olay 
 
 White sand 
 
 Blue clay 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Soft clay 
 
 Fine clay 
 
 Ironstone 
 
 White Chalk 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In. 
 
 - 90 
 
 
 
 . 3 
 
 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 - 13 
 
 
 
 - 15 
 
 
 
 - 27 
 
 
 
 . 25 
 
 
 
 - 7 
 
 
 
 The water rose 2 feet 10 inches above the surface. 
 
 192 
 
 P 2 
 
220 WELL SECTIOKS AND BOBINGS. 
 
 Trent Valley ; — The following accounts of three wells in the AUuviam 
 on the east of the Trent were furnished by Mr. Oressy, well-sinker,. 
 Scunthorpe, to Mr. Ussher : — 
 
 ^ell at. the Inu at Grtmhonse Wharf. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Strong warp. -.- - - - -10 
 
 Clay 3 
 
 Silty warp . - - - - -14 
 
 Well on the sonth-oast of Neap. Ho. 
 Band bed - - 1 
 Peat, about 2 feet • i- 11 feet. 
 Sand, 8 or 9 feet - J 
 
 Well at the cross roads by the new house on Brumby Common. 
 
 Feet. 
 Sand --..... 30 
 Peat bed - . - • - . about 20 ? 
 
 Clay (not penetrated in sinking) - - about 20 
 
 Mr. Cameron supplies the following accounts of Althoi-pe and Gun- 
 thorpe (near West Stockwith) : — 
 
 ■Althorpe Wells, old name Aletorp. 
 
 Feet. 
 Warp - - . . , . . - 8 to 10 
 
 Sand - • . . . . . - 2 
 
 Warp. 
 
 Gunthorpe. — The relatipn of the surface deposits as seen in drains 
 appears to be : — 
 
 Warp 1ft. to 15 ft. 
 
 Peat - - - - - - 6 in. to 5 ft. 
 
 Clay or Warp below again sometimes, but oftener sand. 
 
 Hard water, furring kettles, so that Trent water is preferred and greatly 
 used. 
 
 Well-seeUons, 8fc. m, the northern part of Bheei 86 (JT. of the Sumber). — 
 Several borings, &o., are given in the " Geology. of the Country," between 
 York and Hull. Mem. Geol. Survey, \^&. The following is a list of those 
 not printed in this memoir : — 
 
 Barnsby on the Marsh, p. 43, 47. 
 
 Bamsley Bridge, p. 5. 
 
 Eastrington, p. 43. 
 
 Ferriby, p. 45. 
 
 Goole, p. 5-7. 
 
 Hessle, p. 45. 
 
 Howden, p. 44. 
 
 Hull Waterworks Tunnel. 
 
 Melton preek,^p. 45. 
 
 Reedness (on south bank of Humber), p. 7. 
 
 Staddlethorpe, p. 43. 
 
 Thimble Hall, p. 44. 
 
 Walling Fen, p. 47. 
 
 Welton, p. 45. 
 
221 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Acorns in Peat, 160. 
 
 Acre Honse, 108-110, 114, 116. 
 
 Mine, 105, 107-109. 
 
 .ffiolian Drift, 151. 
 
 Aird and Lucas, Messrs., 177. 
 
 Aire, B., 1. 
 
 Alabaster, 6. 
 
 Albert Docks, Hull, 167, 185. 
 
 Alexandra Docks, HuU, 167, 177, 186. 
 
 Aletorp or Alethorpe, 153, 220. 
 
 AlkborougK 8, 11. 16,17, 24, 132, 156, 
 
 162. . 
 Allison, T., 54, 57. 
 Alluvium, 63, 106, 134, 143, 144, 146, 
 
 150, 154, 156, 157, 165, 183. 
 Alum, efflorescence of, 137. 
 Amcotts Hook, 155. 
 Ammonite Zones, 4. See Zone. 
 Ammonites, remarks on species, 21, 36- 
 
 38, 41, 42. 
 Ainmonites communiain Middle Lias, 37, 
 
 50, 51. 
 serpentinus in Middle Lias, 
 
 50, 51. 
 Analyses of ironstone, 22. 
 Ancholme Canal, 94, 96, 96, 158, 161. 
 Eiver, 2, 59, 80. 81, 86, 88;- 
 
 90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 181, 144, 157, 
 
 159, 162, 211. 
 
 Valleys 96, 128, 129, 130, 133, 
 
 134, 135, 142, 156, 160, 216. 
 
 age of the beds in, 134, 
 
 156. 
 
 ■ excavation of, 142. 
 
 Appleby, 2, 42, 47, 64, 75, 76, 79, 88, 
 89,213-216. 
 
 Carreide, 162. 
 
 Mill, 79, 80. 
 
 Station, 31, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 
 
 51, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 1.94, 
 
 212. 
 Arietes Ammonites, 21. 
 Ashby, 19, 33, 45, 52, 139, 162, 171. 
 
 Common, 24. 
 
 Decoy, 152, 156, 162. 
 
 Grange, 19, 24, 28, 151, 162. 
 
 Atkinson, A., 152, 156-160, 211, 212. 
 Atkinson's Cover, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94? 
 
 144. 
 Audleby, 108-110. 
 Avleula-sbales, 4, 92, 172. 
 Aylesby Washing Dales, 124. 
 Axholme, I. of, 2, 6, 141. 
 
 aeon Holt, 172. 
 agmoor Farm, 25, 26. 
 agmoors, 24, 43, 44, 162. 
 
 Ballast from the Baltic ports, 1 70. 
 Barnetby, 97, 114, 116 129, 131, 132, 
 
 U6, 148, 162. 
 — — - Goree Hills, 106, 136. 
 — — — Junction, 147. 
 
 and Doncaster Railway, 14, 33," 
 
 43, 44, 48,51, 55, 56, 61, 64, 75, 80, 
 94, 130, 155, 161. 
 Barnetby Louth and Lincoln Eailway, 
 
 130. 
 Barnham, 126. 
 Bamoldby, 174. 
 Bamsby-on-the-Marsh, 220. 
 Barnsley Bridge, 220. 
 Barrois, Dr. C, 122. • 
 Barrow, G., 106, 169, 178. 
 Barrow, 177. 
 Barrow Hill, 75. 
 
 Monastery, 178. 
 
 Barton-upon-Humber, 3, 106, 116, 117, 
 
 126^-127,129,217. 
 Barton "Wold Farm, 126. 
 Basalt in ballast, 170. 
 
 (Dolerite) in Boulder Clay, 150. 
 
 Basement Beds, Inferior Oolite, 3, 58-64, 
 68, 71, 135, 198-202. 
 
 Lias, 3, 8-11, 13, 14, 
 
 188-193. 
 Beach, raised (estuarine), 183. 
 Beelsby, 173. 
 
 Beanland Cover, 82, 83, 84, 144, 145, 
 157. 
 
 Belemnitella plena zone, 115. 
 
 Beltoft, 141. 
 
 Belton Hni, 141. 
 
 "Bind." 76. 
 
 Bigby, 114, 146, 161. 
 
 Billesdon, 39. 
 
 Binbrook, 170. 
 
 Birch in Peat, 151, 159. 
 
 Bird, J., 42. 
 
 Birdhouse Clough, 161. 
 
 Bird's Hill, Eadstock, 37. 
 
 Bishopthorpe, 16, 24, 134, 140. 
 
 Bituminous Clay, 105, 107. 
 
 Black Bank, 95, 97, 158. 
 
 Dyke, 87, 91, 94, 144, 207-209. 
 
 Shales, Bheetic, 9, 10. 
 
 Blake, Prof. J. F., 37, 38, 100, 122, 
 164. 
 
 Blyton, 5, 8, 9, 13, 130, 132, 137. 
 
 —^— Gravel, 137. 
 
 Station, 9. 
 
 Blown Sand, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 43, 55, 
 62, 129, 130, 132, 137, 143, 147, 149, 
 151, 161, 173, 180. 
 
 Blue Cave Limestone, 54, 57, 68. 
 
222 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 "Blue Lias Lime," 69. 
 
 Boat in Feat, 159. 
 
 Boggard Hall, 15.5, 162. 
 
 Bonby, 103, 111, 149. 
 
 BonbyHill, 117, 149. 
 
 Boome, — , 217. 
 
 Boreas Hill, 176. 
 
 Borings, 5, 7, 27, 28, 31, 48, 50, 57, 58^ 
 
 63, 64, 71, 76, 81, 86, 150, 157, 167, 
 
 168,210-220. 
 Bottesford„19, 33, 45, 73, 135, 162. 
 BottesfoTd Beck, 28, 33, 152, 135, 162. 
 Boulder Clay, 1-3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 29, 30, 
 
 31, 34, 35, 43, 46, 50, 79, 106, 128, 134, 
 
 139, 149, 150, 167-169,217, 219. 
 
 r-r- -, I age of, 142. 
 
 — brown, 129, 134, 142. 
 
 chalky, see Chalky Boulder 
 
 Qif^y. 
 
 foreign rocks in, 131-133, 
 
 135, 137, 159, 168, 170. 
 Boulders of Chalk, 172. 
 
 Oolite, 139. 
 
 not of local origin, 131-133, 
 
 135, 137, 150, 170. _ 
 
 ■ of Scandinavian rooks, 170. 
 
 Boundaries, lithological and Falsonto- 
 logical. Lower and Middle Lias, 4, 36- 
 41, 91, 92, 99-101. 
 
 — -i-^, 36-40. 
 
 -, Lower and Upper Oolites, 
 
 -, Upper and Middle Oolites, 
 
 91-92. 
 
 99-101. 
 Bracken Hill, 72. . 
 Bradley, — , 71. 
 Brady, H. B., 179. 
 Brantingham, 94, 96, 113, 117. 
 
 -^ Grange, 54, 58. 
 
 Brantlington, 164. 
 
 Brick Clays and Brickyards, 6, 10, 38, 39, 
 
 48, 104, 105, 150, 160, 163, 170, 183, 
 
 207-209. 
 
 Hills, 150. 
 
 Brigg, 2, 19, 26, 34, 35, 72, 73, 75, 78, 
 
 80-82, 84, 85, 88, 91, 93, 95, 129,131, 
 
 132, 135, 142, 144, 146, 150. 156-158, 
 
 161, 162, 211. 
 
 Station, 147. 
 
 Union House, 147. 
 
 Brocklesby, 106, 125, 169, 180. 
 
 . . Park, 178. 
 
 Brough, 57, 58, 63, 65, 164, 165. 
 
 Scalp, 65. 
 
 Broughton, 64, 68, 72-75, 78, 85, 162. 
 
 Carrs, 160, 161, 216. 
 
 Carr Side, 75, 80, 162. 
 
 — Woods, 73. 
 
 Brown Boulder Clay, 129, 134, 142, 
 Brumby, 18, 28. 
 
 Common, 1S2, 162. 
 
 Warren, 33,. 151. 
 
 Wood, 18. 
 
 Bunter Sandstone, 5. 
 
 Burnham, 6, 125, 126. 
 
 . High, 141. 
 
 ■ Low, 6. 
 
 Bnrringham Ferry, 18, 155, 162. 
 
 Burringham Moor, 139. 
 
 Burton, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 130, 134, 
 
 162. 
 Burton Stather, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14. 155. 
 
 Wood, 156. 
 
 Butterwick, East, 152, 155. 
 
 Caboum, 119, 123, 216 
 
 Mill, 162. 
 
 Valley. 
 
 Cadney, 97, 1,-31, 135, H2, 143, 158. 
 
 Carrs, 158. < 
 
 Caistor,3, 103, 106-110, 114, 121, 162. 
 
 Canal,- 97, 15,7, 158. 
 
 Nettleton Moor, 161. 
 
 ' Cambridgeshire, 115. 
 Cameron, A. G. Cj 6, 141, 152, 154, 155, 
 
 1634 1€8, 176, 210, 220. 
 Canal House, 163. 
 Car Dyke, 155. , 
 
 Carboniferous Limestone iu Boulder 
 
 Clay, 170. 
 Carr Praip,,148. r > : 
 
 Land, 183. 
 
 Side, 85. 
 
 Carstone, 3, 107, 110-112,216. 
 
 , unconformity^, 110, 111. 
 
 ". Cart-warping," 155, 
 
 Castor, see Caistor. 
 
 Castile Farm, 54. 
 
 Castlethorpe, 78, 150, 212. 
 
 -^—_ — ^. — ^Bridge, 150, 160. 
 
 Catchwater Drain, 98, 100, 148, 149, 
 
 207-209. 
 Caye, North, 12, 35, 164. 
 Soufli, 2, 12, 35, 54, 63; 65,94, 96, 
 
 98, 117, 119, 164. 
 
 Castle, 54. 
 
 — '^ Limestone, 54, 57. 
 Caythorpe, 50. .1 
 i Cement Stones, 6, 9, 35, 36, 48, 64, 68-72. 
 
 See also' Limestone and Hydraulic 
 
 Limestone. 
 Chalk, 8, 103, 111,150, 167,168, 216- 
 
 219. 
 
 boulders, 172. 
 
 Dip slope of. 111. 
 
 Escarpment (The Wolds), 2, 106, 
 
 107, 121, 161, 167, 
 
 glaciated, 168, 169. 
 
 Lower or Grey, 3,, 113, 115-119. 
 
 r- Mail, 115-119. 
 
 Middle, 3, 113, 117-127. 
 
 •Bed, 3, 111-114, 116-119, 164, 
 
 216j,217. 
 
 Rock, 121. 
 
 streains, intermittent, 2. 
 
 striated, in Boulder Clay, 131. 
 
 Upper, 8, 118. 
 
 with flints, 3, 113, 119-127. 
 
 ■ Wolds, 1, 2, 102, 106, 107, lis. 
 
 121, 161, 167,168. 
 Chalky Boulder Clay, 128-135, 142, 148, 
 
 147, 168, 169. 
 Changes of level, ,186. 
 Channel, old, of-the Humber, 168, 169. 
 Chapel Field, The, 24. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 223 
 
 ChaTcoal, 153. 
 
 Chaxmout^ 87. 
 
 Chemical obanges !u Boulder Clay, 167. 
 
 Chert, 32. 
 
 Christiania, boulder from, 170. 
 
 Church HiB, 78. 
 
 Clarborough Railway cutting, 210. 
 
 Clarke, J. A., 155. 
 
 Clark's Brickyard, 160. 
 
 Clay Dyke, 82, 84, 85, 88, 145. 
 
 bituminous, 105, 107-. 
 
 — r— gteemsh, in Chalk, 127. 
 
 in Great Oolite, 82, 85. 
 
 holes, 173. 
 
 ironstone,. 49. ; . , 
 
 Clays of the Cornbra'sh, 92, 211. 
 Claxby Ironstone, 3„,10?, 108, 109. 
 
 Moor, 104, 130, 161, 207-209. 
 
 Cleatham, 46, 49, 62, 55, 61, 62, 75, 78, 
 
 133,151,194-197. 
 
 Grange, 49, 52, 56. 71., 
 
 — — : — Hill, 60. 
 
 Cleathorpes, 150, 170. 
 
 Cljff, Jfessrs., 26. , . 
 
 Cliff, Old, East of theWolds, 2, 1 13, 174. 
 
 CliflfEnd, 5; 6, 11, 14. 
 
 — : — The, see Oolitic Escarpment, 
 
 Cflixby, 103, 106, 110,: 124. 
 
 Moor, 161. , . 
 
 Coal, in Boulder Clay, 168. 
 
 Dyke End, 160. 
 
 Coleby, 23, 24, 25, 134, 188-193. 
 
 Quarries, 188-193. 
 
 . Pall, 24. ; „ 
 
 : — Wood, 117. 
 
 Coneysby, 26. 
 
 -1 Bottom, 17, 26, 33, 139. 
 
 Park House, 17. 
 
 Coprolites,.52, 216. 
 
 Corallian Beds, 93, 99. 
 
 Cordeaux, — , 182. . . 
 
 Cornbrash, 3, 4, 80-82, 84-92, 95, 145, 
 
 303-206. 
 
 Clay, 92, 211. 
 
 Dip-slope, 81, 86, 87. 
 
 . — Escarpment, 81, 85, 88. 
 fossils from, 87-89, 203-206. 
 
 ■ of North Yorkshire, 90. 
 ' Limestone, 214. 
 
 Cote House, 10. 
 
 Cottley Hall, 153. 
 
 Craislound, 163. 
 
 Cranhoe, 38, 39. 
 
 Cressey.— , 13, 27, 212, 216, 220. 
 
 Cretaceous escarpment (The Wolds), 
 
 2, 106, 121, 161, 167. 
 
 rooks, 3, 102, 106-127. 
 
 — ■ overlap of, 65, 92, 102, 
 
 106,107. 
 Lower, overstepped by 
 
 Carstone, 110, 111. 
 Creyke,'E., 154, 165. 
 Crosby, 17, 18, 27. 
 
 inlier, 122. 
 
 Warren, 33, 44, 51, 55, 56j 162. 
 
 Cross, Rev. J. E., 9, 19, 21, 22, 31, 32, 36, 
 
 40, 42, 48, 50, 51, 85, 60, 65, 85, 88, 
 
 188-206, 212, 213. 
 Crowle, 2, 5, 141, 163. 
 
 Crowle Hill, 141. 
 
 Wharf, 163, 210. 
 
 Croxby, 119. 
 
 — Pond, 111, 123, 173. 
 
 Croxton, 125, 169, 178, 180, 181. 
 Cuxwold, 123. 
 
 Daglish, J., 21, 22, 31, 47, 48, 50, 55, 
 
 188, 193. 
 Dallison, — ,71. 
 Danes HUl, 141. 
 
 Dapish flints jn Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Dawes, <:—, 22. 
 Daws Pit, 51. 
 Decoy, The, 161. 
 
 House, 131. 
 
 ,— — . Lane, 143. 
 
 De la Pryme, — , 73. 
 Deepdale Eainn, 126. 
 Denudation Gravels, 128. 
 Derby, 17. 
 Derwent, B., 165. 
 Diabase, in. Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Xiiatoms in Alluvial Clay, 159. 
 Dip, high, '93.' 
 Dip-slope of Chalk, 111. 
 
 Cornbrash, 81, 86, 87. 
 
 — Erodingham Ironstone, 24. 
 
 Lower Lias, 162. 
 
 Marlstone, 51. 
 
 Oolites, 62, 64, 128, 162. 
 
 Pecten-bcd (Lias), 43, 46, 
 
 134. 
 Disturbance in Drift, 177. 
 Docks at Grimsby, 187. 
 
 — ^ at Hull, 1B7, 177, 184-187. . 
 
 Dogger, 3, 48, 5j5, 66, 69-62, 212-215, 
 
 Dogger, Torkshire, 63. 
 
 Dogsthorpe, 92. 
 
 Dqlerite, in Boulder Cl^y,.150. 
 
 Don, n., 1, 6, 154. 
 
 Doncaster and Bametby Railway, 43, 
 
 44, 48, 51, 55, 61, 64, 75, 80, 94, 130, 
 
 155, 161. 
 Double River, 163. 
 Drainage areas, 1, 2. 
 " Dry Warping," 156. 
 Dunkirk, 126. 
 ! Dunes, 45, 73, 151, 162, 163. 
 Dutch River, 210. 
 
 Ealand, 163. 
 
 East Butterwick, 18, 162, 155. 
 
 East Carr Farm, 29, 133. 
 
 Easterly dip of rocks, 2. 
 
 Eastoft, 141. 
 
 East Ravendale, 124, 171, 172. 
 
 East Wood, 78- 
 
 Eastrington, 220. 
 
 Eau, R. 39. 
 
 Edmoudthorpe, 37. 
 
 Edwards, W., 155. 
 
 EUerker, 54, 57, 63, 65, 164. 
 
 BDoughton, 54, 64, 96, 164. 
 
 Elsham, 2, 93, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 
 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 121, 126, 
 130, 131, 136, 142, 149, 161, 207-209. 
 
 Elsham Station, 92, 96, 102, 130, 132, 
 143, 148, 149. 
 
224 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Embankments, 183. 
 Epworth, 2, 5, 6, 163. 
 'Escarpments, 1-3, 161. 
 
 Chalk (The Wolds), 2, 106, 
 
 107, 121, 161, 167. 
 
 Combrash, 81, 85, 88. 
 
 Great Oolite, 77, 82. 
 
 -Kellaways Rock, 85-87,91, 
 
 93, 94, 144. 
 
 - Lias, 2, 10, 140. 
 
 Marlstone, 51. 
 
 Oolite (The CliSf). 2, 31, 
 
 43,55,56, 59-62, 64, 71, 72, 128, 130, 
 134, 185, 162. 
 
 ■ Yorkshire, 63. 
 
 — Pecten Bed (Lias), 43. 
 
 — SpiUby Sandstone, 108. 
 ' Upper Estuarine, 81. 
 
 Estuarine Gravel, 181. 
 
 Baised Beach, 183. 
 
 Sands (Drift), 151. 
 
 Series, XJpper,3,80-82, 84,211. 
 
 • —Escarpment, 81. 
 
 fossils from, 81, 
 
 203-206. 
 
 Lower, 3, 59-63, 76, 
 
 188, 193, 211-215. 
 Estuarine Series, of Yorkshire, 62. 
 Etheridge, R., 37, 88, 99. 
 Everthorpe, 53, 54, 164. 
 Exogyra virgnla, 99, 100, 103. 
 
 Faraway Drain, 95, 96. 
 
 Ear Wood, 62, 75, 78. 
 
 Faults, 27, 45, 82, 93, 95, 116, 117, 126, 
 
 127. 
 Felspar porphyry in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Ferriby, 103, 116, 117, 187, 220. 
 HaU, 114, 127, 161. 
 
 , South, 117, 121, 129, 144, 149, 
 
 150, 162, 165, 168. 
 
 — , North, 2, 106, 168. 
 
 Ferry Flash, 6, 137. 
 
 Finny, — , 160. 
 
 Fiords, 178-182. 
 
 Flints, Danish, in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 
 Flint floors, 120, 124-126. 
 
 Flints in Chalk, 113, 117-127. 
 
 tabular, 120, 124-126. 
 
 Flixborongh, 8, 17, 130, 134, 139, 140, 
 
 141, 156, 162. 
 
 — Church, 14, 17, 162. 
 
 -^— — Gravels, 139. 
 
 Stather, 140, 155. 
 
 Fluviatile Gravels, 174, 181. 
 
 Folly, The, 181. 
 
 Foraminifera, in Warp, 179, 
 
 Foreign rocks in Boulder Clay, 130, 132, 
 
 133, 135, 137, 149, 150, 169, 170. 
 Forest Bed, 159. 
 Formations, List of, 3. 
 Fossils from the : — 
 
 Basement Beds, Lias, IS, 14, 188-193. 
 
 Inferior Oolite, 60, 
 
 198, 202. 
 
 Claxby Ironstone, 108, 109. 
 
 Combrash, 87-89, 203-206. 
 
 Cretaceous rocks, 108-123. 
 
 Fossils from the : — 
 
 Drift, 160, 169, 174, 175-187. 
 
 FrodiDgham Lronstone, 22, 23, 25, 
 30, 31, 188-193. 
 
 Great Oolite, 83-86, 203-206. 
 
 Hibaldstow Beds, 66, 77, 78, 198-202. 
 
 Inferior Oolite, 60, 198-202. 
 
 Kellaways Rock, 93-97, 207-209. 
 
 Kimeridge Clay, 99-105, 207-209. 
 
 Kirton Beds, 67, 73, 76, 198-202. 
 
 Lias, 13, 14, 19, 20, 32-35, 56, 188-197. 
 
 Lincolnshire Limestone, 65-73, 76, 
 77, 198-202. 
 
 Lower CJhalk, 115-119 
 
 ■■ — Lias, 12-41, 188-193. 
 
 Marlstone, 50, 53, 194-197. 
 
 Middle Chalk, 119-123. 
 
 Lias, 48-54i 194-197. 
 
 Neocomian, 108-112. 
 
 Oxford Clay, 96-101,207-209. 
 
 Pecten Bed (Lias), 42-46, 194-197. 
 
 Red Chalk, 111. 
 
 Rhaetic Beds, 9. 
 
 Rock Bed (Middle Lias), 50, 53, 194- 
 197. 
 
 Santon Oolite, 65, 198-202. 
 
 Upper Estuarine Series, 81, 203-206. 
 
 Upper Lias, 56, 197. 
 Foster, Dr., — , 1 85. 
 Fox Cover, 29. 
 
 Dale, 181. 
 
 Freeman, — , 177. 
 
 Freshwater Plants in Alluvium, 158. 
 
 Gravels and Sands, 174, 181. 
 
 shells in alluvium and peat, 
 
 156, 165. 
 Frodingham, 16, 18, 33,47, 55, 130, 134, 
 
 138, 151, 152, 188-193. 
 
 first furnace at, 22. 
 
 Ironstone, 3, 22, 14-35, 42, 
 
 177, 188-193, 212, 213, 216. 
 
 analysis of, 21,22. 
 
 description of, 27. 
 
 ; Dip-slope, 24. 
 
 Fossils from, 22, 
 
 23, 25, 30^ 31, 188-193 
 
 ''-' Quarries, 26, 28. 
 
 llailway, 20. 
 
 Station, 15, 27, 44, 152. 
 
 Fulsoar Drain, 149 
 Fulstow, 170. 
 Furze Cover, 144. 
 
 Gainsboro', 8. 
 
 Gadney, 97, 132, 143, 157. 
 
 GainstiioTpe, 69. 
 
 Gander Hill, 84, 85, 88, 91, 93, 95, 145.- 
 
 Farm, 85, 88. 
 
 Ganston's House, 63. 
 Gametiferous gneiss, iu ballast, 170. 
 hornblende - schist in 
 
 Boulder Clay, 1 70. 
 Geological Formations, List of, 3. 
 Glacial Drift. See Boulder Clay, 
 
 Gravel, Sand. 
 Gjaciated Chalk, 168, 169. 
 Glamford Briggs, 131, 147, 161. See 
 
 Brigg. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 225 
 
 Gneiss in ballast and Boulder Cray, 168, 
 
 170. 
 Gok«well, 32, 33, 44, 49, 52, 55, 56, 73. 
 
 Common, 26, 33. 
 
 Valley, 44. 
 
 Goole, 2, 5, 7, 165, 220. 
 
 Moors, 152. 
 
 Gorse Cover, 131, 132, 136, 147. 
 
 Gorbct Bridge, 95. 
 
 Gospel Hill, 177. 
 
 GoxhiU, 169, 177. 
 
 Grange, 76, 114, 127, 149, 155. 
 
 Granite in Boulder Clay, 168. 
 
 Grantham, 50. 
 
 Grasby, 103, 114, 116. 
 
 Low Cottages, 146. 
 
 Farm, 146. 
 
 Gravel, 3, 5, 35, 62, 103, 112, 128-187, 
 
 216, 217, 219. 
 
 ? pre-glacial, 128, 174. 
 
 , of Iiiassic fragments, 35. 
 
 Grayingham, 30, 35, 51, 53, 56, 60, 67; 
 
 68, 81, 82, 133, 135. 
 
 Warren, 64, 67, 77. 
 
 Farm, 61, 64, 76, 
 
 77. 
 Great Coates, 169. 182. 
 Great Limber Cover, 181, 
 Great OoUte, 3, 59, 64, 80-90, 144, 150, 
 
 157. 
 
 Clay, 79, 80, 84, 87-89, 144, 
 
 211. 
 
 206. 
 
 • Escarpment, 77, 82. 
 
 . Fossils from, 83-86, 203- 
 
 - Limestone, 80, 81, 82-84, 
 
 86, 211. 
 Great Ponton, 63, 
 Green Dyke, 94, 157, 158. 
 Green, J., 43. 
 Grey Bed (Tottemhoe stone), 115-119. 
 
 Chalk, 113, 115-119. 
 
 " Grey Land," 163. 
 
 Grey Sand, 163. 
 
 Grimsby, 2, 169, 170, 182. 
 
 Grimsby Docks, 187. 
 
 Grit, in Boulder Clay, 131, 137, 1.70. 
 
 Grove, B., 159. 
 
 Gryphaea inourva, zone of, 20. 
 
 ■ virgula, 99, 100, 103. 
 
 Gryphite gravel, 164. 
 GuUham, 97. 
 
 Farm, 130. 
 
 Gunhonse, 155. 
 Gunnerby, 173. 
 Gunness Station, 155. 
 Gunthorpe, 152, 220. 
 
 Drain, 153. 
 
 Gypsum in Keuper Marls, 6. 
 
 Halleflinta, in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Hall Farm (E. of Laughton), 9, 13. 
 Halton, 169. 
 
 West, 23,24, 26, 32, 43, 51, 134, 
 
 151, 194-197. 
 Drain, West, 24, 31, 43. 
 
 Hardwick Hill. 5, 6, 8, 128, 132, 137. 
 
 Hill Gravel, 137. 
 
 Warren House, 9, 187. 
 
 Harpswell, 40. 
 Hatcliffe, 123, 173. 
 
 Beck, 2. 
 
 - Manor House, 173. 
 
 ■ Top, 173. 
 
 Hatfield Moor, 152. 
 Haverbolme Plantation, 79, 214. 
 Hawerby, 124, 172. 
 Hawfcshaw, J. C, 167, 185. 
 Hawsker Bottom, Whitby, 37. 
 Haxey, 152, 153, 163. 
 
 Gate, 153. 
 
 Hays Wood, 95. 
 
 Hazel, in feat. 159, 160. 
 
 Hedon, 2, 176. 
 
 Haven, 175. 
 
 Herepath, T. J. 155. 
 
 Hessle, 2, 106, 122, 164, 167, 168, 174, 
 
 175, 187, 217, 220. 
 Clay, 150, 168, 172, 180, 185, 
 
 186. 
 
 Ferry, 217. 
 
 Station, 121. 
 
 Hett, C, 71, 75, 212. 
 
 Hibaldstow, 63, 64, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 
 
 83, 88, 144, 146, 149, 157, 161. 
 Beds, 3, 59, 63-65, 68, 71, 
 
 73-80,198-202,212,214. 
 
 fossils from, 66, 77, 
 
 78, 198-202. 
 Lodge, 77, 144, 157. 
 
 ■ Mill, 77, 78, 82, 84, 14S. 
 
 High Burnham, 141. 
 
 High Paull, 175. 
 
 High Bisby, 26, 33, 44, 56, 214. 
 
 High Santon Farm, 44, 52^ 
 
 Hill, W., 115-120, 122. 
 
 Holaster planus, zone of, 119, 120. 
 
 Holderness, 1, 167, 174, 177. 
 
 Holme Hall. 28. 
 
 HUl, 97, 143, 158. 
 
 Warren, 24, 28, 34. 
 
 Holton-le-Moor, 104, 130, 174, 207-209. 
 Hopkins, 216. 
 
 Horkstow, 103, 114, 121, 149, 183. 
 
 Bridge Boad, 149. 
 
 Hornblende Schist, gametiferous, in 
 Boulder Clay, 170. 
 
 Horninghold, 37. 
 
 Hornstone, in Boulder Clay, 168, 
 
 Howden, 2, 154, 220. 
 
 Howell, H. H., 5. 
 
 How Hill, 125. 
 
 Howse, B., 21, 22, 31, 47, 48, 50, 55, 188, 
 193. 
 
 Howsham, 92, 97, 101, 103, 131, 142. 
 146. 
 
 Howsham Barf, 131, 146. 
 
 Hull, 1, 2, 120, 167, 175, 185. 
 
 Hull, Professor, E., 38. 
 
 Hull Museum, 177. 
 
 Hull, Biver, 186. 
 
 and Bamsley Kailway, 96, 168. 
 
 and Withemsea Bailway, 168. 
 
 Waterworks Tunnel, 220. 
 
226 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Humbef, E., 1, 7, 9, 12, 23, 31, 40, 43, 
 51, 56, 59, 63, 64, 65, 76, 79, 82, 91, 
 92, 94, 98, 101, 103, 114, 117, 121, 129, 
 130, 134, 142, 149, ISO, 158, 154, 156, 
 158, 159, 161, 164,-165, 168, 169,175, 
 177, 183, 185, 186, 217. 
 
 Humber ■VaHej;,.pre-glacial, 168, 169. 
 
 Handon, 109, 110. 
 
 Hunter, E., 155. 
 
 Huxley, Professor T. H., 37. 
 
 Hydraulic Limestone, 3, 55, 57, 59, 60, 
 61, 62, 63, 6J8»,7S,!76. ' . ... < 
 
 Idle, B., 1,6, 154. ,.,: 
 
 Idle Stop Drain, 153. 
 
 Igneous (and Metamorpbie). Bocks in 
 
 Boulder Clay, 133, 137, 14,9, 170. . , 
 Inferior Oolite, 1, 59-79, 198-202. 
 
 Basement Bed, I, 60-63. 
 
 , — — r — rr , Fossils 
 
 from, 60-63, 198-212. 
 — Baventhorpe type of, 60, 
 
 75. 
 Inliers, Chalk, 122. 
 
 Neocomian, 111-113, 119. 
 
 Bed Chalk, 11 1-114, 1 1 9. . i . . 
 
 Inoceramus Bed (Chalk),. 115,118. 
 Interglacial Beds,.I67, 174, 180, 183. 
 Intermittent Chalk Streams,; 2. 
 Irby, 106, 121, 173. 
 
 Dale, 181. 
 
 Holmes, 173. 
 
 Holmes Wood, 181. 
 
 r.Eoad, 180. 
 
 Iron Pyrites 9, 52 98, 116, 124. 
 Ironstone, Frodingham.. See Jrodipg- 
 
 ham Ironstone. 
 
 • Claxby (Neocomian), 3, 108, 
 
 109, 112. 
 
 ■ Middle Lias, 3, 36, 38, 39, 42- 
 
 47, 49, 50-.53. 
 Island, Carr, 158, 160. . 
 
 Pond, 77.. 
 
 Isle of Axholmie, 2, 6, 141. 
 
 Jeffreys, Dr. J. G., 177. 
 
 Judd, Prof. J.W., 15, 21, 37, 38, 39, 51, 
 
 86, 92, 107, 108, 110. ; 
 jukes-Brbwne, A. J., 92, 97, 100, 101, 
 
 104, 110, 111, 112, 115, 120, 121, 128, 
 
 124, 128, 142, 160, 167, 170, 174, 177, 
 
 183, 216, 217. 
 Junction between Lower and Middle 
 
 .Lias, 4, 36-41. 
 
 , , Lower and Middle 
 
 ■ Oolite, 4, 91, 92. 
 I , [ ; Middle and Upper 
 
 Oolite, 4, 99-101. 
 
 Keelby, 125. 180, 181. 
 
 Grange, 180. 
 
 Keeping, W., 54. 
 
 Kellaways Bock, 3, 86, 87, 92-96, 99, 
 
 102, 128, 145, 164, 211. 
 ■■ , Fossils from, 92-96, 
 
 207-209. 
 
 Kellaways Bock Escarpment, 85-87, 
 
 91, 93, 94, 141. 
 Kelsey, — ,;168. - 
 — ^™— ^ 135 217. 
 Hill, 167, 168, 175, 177,179, 
 
 182, 184. 
 
 Hill Farm, 177. 
 
 House,' 176^ 
 
 New MiU, 97, 132. 
 
 ■ North, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105, 1 30, 
 
 131, 158, 207, 209. 
 
 ■ So;jth, 92, 97, 101, 1Q3, 114) 130, 
 
 131, 135,207-209,217. 
 Kettleby Carrs, 147. 
 
 Dyke, 96, 97, 146. 
 
 Lodge, 147, 149. 
 
 Keuper Marls, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 137, 163, 
 
 Sandstones, 3, 5, 6. 210. 
 
 . ■ — , in gravel, 137. 
 
 Keyingham, 177.. .r .. , . 
 . ' ' ., , , Hr Staljpn, 168. 
 Killingbolme Coast Guard Station, 168. 
 Kimeridge -Clay* 3. 99, 102.-10V107, 
 
 108, 113, 128, 130,131,.149,150,207^ 
 
 209. 
 Fossils of, 99-105,207- 
 
 209. 
 Kgiitijerilge iClay, Oxford Clay, relations 
 
 of, 99-101. 
 
 ^-.Coal, 108. 
 
 Kingston-npon-HuU, 1, See Hull. 
 
 KirkEUa,.lQ6. 
 
 Kirmington, 12.5, 179, 180. 
 
 Vale, 125. 
 
 Kirtqa (Kirton Lindsey), 3, 19, 22, 31, 
 
 35, 42, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 61-64, 08, 
 
 69, 78, 133-135, 162. 
 Beds, 3, 59-64, 67-77, 79, 133, 
 
 198-202, 212,214,215. 
 = Fossils of, 67, 73, 76, 198- 
 
 ■ MiU, 56, 61, 67, 68. 
 
 ■ Bailway Tunnel, ,78. 
 
 ' Station, 46, 47,:5p, S3, 55, 56, 69, 
 
 70, 71, 197. 
 
 Laceby, 169, 174, 179, 182. 
 
 Beck, 2, 182. 
 
 HUl, 182. 
 
 Lacustrine Beds, 161, 165. 
 Land shells in Alluvium, 156. 
 Laughton, 5, 9, 13, 137. 
 
 Hill, 8. 
 
 Mill, 187. 
 
 Wood, 9, 13, 132. 
 
 Leiand, J., 6. 
 
 Lias, 3, 4, 130, 133, 136, 140, 141, 152, 
 156, 163, 211. 
 
 Ammonites, species of 21. See 
 
 Zone. 
 
 of N.Yorkshire and Lincolnshire 
 
 compared, 37, 40. 
 
 Basement Beds, 3, 4, 8-11, 13, 14, 
 
 31. 
 
 Fossils, 13, 14, 
 
 188-193. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 227 
 
 Lias Escarpment, 2, 10, 140. 
 — — Lower, 3, 4, 12-41. 
 
 Clay, 31. 
 
 -Dip-slope, 162. 
 
 Fossils, 19, 20, 188-193, 
 
 197. See Frodingham Ironstone. 
 
 ■and Middle, junction of. 
 
 36-41. 
 — Middle, 3, 4, 36-54, 211-216. 
 
 Clay, 47-50. 
 
 Fossils, 36-54, 194-197. 
 
 ■ Tifpper, 3, 4, 55 -58, 211^215. 
 Fossils, 56, 197. 
 
 Liassic gravel, 35, 
 
 Lilies of the Valley in Broughton Wood, 
 
 73. 
 Limber, i25, 169, 180, 181. 
 
 Nursery, 180. . - 
 
 Parva, 125. 
 
 Limestone, Bhsetic, 9. 
 
 Lias, 3, 12-18, 19, 21, 34, 36, 
 
 29, 30, 31, 34, 42^5, 62, 53, 64, 67, 
 
 58. 
 
 •7-; OoKte, 3, 59-92, 144,, 
 
 Lincoln, 4, 
 
 Hill, 73. 
 
 Lincolnshire and N. Torkshiie Lias, 
 
 37-40. 
 Lincolnshire Limestone, 2, 3, 27, 55, 59, 
 
 61-80,82,85, 86, 93, 132, 135, 198- 
 
 302, 211-213, 215. See Hibaldstow 
 
 Beds, Eirton Beds. 
 — fossils &Qm,il5.- 
 
 73, 76, 77, 198-202. 
 Lindholme, 5, 13. 
 
 Lithologieal boundary XLias), 36-41. ^-n 
 Little Carr Drain, 129^ 143, 145, .148, 
 
 149, 161. 
 
 Coates, 182. 
 
 Littleworth, 178. _ . 
 
 Lodge Hill, 33, 44, 51. 
 
 Loddington, 37. 
 
 Long Bridge, 137. 
 
 — :: — Looks, 178. 
 
 Louth, 117, 118. 
 
 Low Bnrnham, 6. 
 
 Bank, 82, 84, 85, 145, 157. 
 
 Bank Drain, 84, 145, 158. 
 
 Barf, 97, 146. 
 
 ^— Level Deposits of the Ancholme 
 
 Valley, 3, 129, 142-160. 
 
 Santon, 55. 
 
 Farm, 42, 47, 56, 75. 
 
 Lane, 60, 86. 
 
 Wood, 44, 45. 
 
 Lower (or Grey) Chalk, 3, 113, 115- 
 
 119. ' 
 
 Cretaceous, 3, 106-112. 
 
 overlapped by Car- 
 stone, 110; 111. - - • 
 Estuarine Beds, 3, 55-68, 76, 188, 
 
 193,211-215. — - 
 
 Keuper, 5. 
 
 ■ and Middle Lias, junction of, 4, 
 
 36-41. 
 
 Lias, 3, 4, 12-41, 162, 188-193, 
 
 197,212,213,216. 
 Lower Lias, Fossils of, 12-41, 188, 193. 
 
 Lower Oolites, 3, 4, 59-92, 198-206. 
 — - Peat, 160. 
 
 Sand and Sandstone (Spilsby 
 
 Sandstone), 108. 
 Lucas and Aird, Messrs., 177. 
 
 Manby, 34, 44, 45, 49, 63, 55, 56, 194- 
 
 197. 
 
 Common, 24, 44. 
 
 House, 194-197. 
 
 I Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire , 
 
 Eailway, 15, 65, 97, 159, 207-209. 
 Manor House Farm, 123. 
 i Manton, 46, 52, 66, 69, 71, 73, 78, 135. 
 
 Common, 24, 34, 45. 
 
 Warren, 37, 31, 45, 73, 133. 
 
 House, 46, 49, 52, 55, 
 
 56, 72, 194-197. 
 I Marcasite, 116. 
 Mare Walk Plantation, 79. 
 Marine Gravels and Sands, 130, 151, 167, 
 
 168, 174-184. 
 Marl, 5-7, 115-119, 126, 155, 
 Marlstone, 3, 4, 36, 37, 46, 47, 50-63, 
 
 61, 194-197, 211-216. 
 Marlstone, Dip-slope, . 51 . 
 
 Escarpment, 61. 
 
 Tdssils from, 50-53, 194-197. 
 
 Marly Grey Chalk, 117. 
 Meerhole Clough, 165. 
 Melbourne Bock, 120. 
 Melton,. 164-166. 
 
 ' Creek, 220. 
 
 High Wood, 126. 
 
 Boss, 103, 106, 110, 111, 114, 
 
 126, 149. 
 
 , near Walton 117. - .. 
 
 Messingham, 8, 10, 18, 19, 28, 33, 34, 
 
 35,45, 46, 49, 72, 73, 130, 134, 138, 
 
 162. ■:.) "' 
 
 Mill, 8, 10, 13s 138. 
 
 Metamorphic (and igneous) Bocks in 
 
 Boulder Clay, 133, 137, 149, 170. 
 Mica schist in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Miokle Holme, 79, 90. 
 
 — Farm, 150. ■ 
 
 Middlemiss, C. S., 54. 
 
 Middlemoor, 9, 10. 
 
 Midland Counties, Combrash Clay, 4, 
 
 92. 
 Middle Chalk, 3, 113, 117-127. 
 Lias, 8, 4, 36-64, 162, 165, 194- 
 
 197,211-214. 
 
 -^— ^ N. of the Humber, 53, 54. 
 
 Fossils from, 48-54, 194.- 
 
 197. 
 
 Clay, 3, 4,' 47 -50, 194-197, 
 311,212. 
 
 and Lower Lias, junction of, 4, 
 
 36-41. 
 
 Oolite, 3, 4' 93, 99-101, 207-209. 
 
 and Lower Oolite, junction of, 
 
 4, 91, 92. 
 
 and Upper Oolite, junction of. 
 
 4, 99-101. 
 Mill HiU, near EUonghton, 54. 
 Millepore Bed, 62. 
 
228 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MissoD, 141. 
 
 Level, 5, 153. 
 
 Misterton, 1, 6, 7, 153, 163. 
 Moat cottages, 30. 
 Moats, The, near Irby, 173. 
 Monkham, 163, 
 
 Drain, 1 53. 
 
 Moonfield Thick, 141. 
 
 Moor Farm, 73. 
 
 Moortown Hill, 104, 207-209. 
 
 Station, 104. 
 
 Mortimer, B. 177. 
 liount Close, 169. 
 Pleasant, 35, 46, 53, 61, 133. 
 
 " Nabs " 2. 
 
 STahbs Hill," 84, 87, 91, 94, 144. 
 
 Nabum, 5. 
 
 Navenby, 37, 51. 
 
 Neap House, 155, 221. 
 
 Neocomian Beds, 3, 107-113, 119. 
 
 Inliers of. 111, 113. 
 
 Thinning of, 107. 
 
 Nettleton, 103, 104, 108-110,114,207- 
 
 209. 
 
 . Dale, 108, 110. 
 
 Grange, 111. 
 
 Lodge, 106, 110, 116. 
 
 Neyille Holt, 38. 
 
 Newark, 9. 
 
 Newbald, 65. 
 
 Ne-wstead Old Causeway, 78, 158. 
 
 Priory, 95, 143, 158. 
 
 Newton, E. T., 160, 188. 
 Newton Garth, 176. 
 New River, 2. 
 
 Thome (Tome) River, 163. 
 
 — — Trent Brewery, 210. 
 Nicholson, — , 61, 77. 
 Nodular Flints, 120, 121, 123, 124. 
 Norfolk, Lower Chalk of, 115. 
 Normanby, 17, 24-26. 
 
 Park, 17, 25, 26, 33, 44. 
 
 Northampton Sand (Dogger), 48, 50, 
 
 212. 
 Northlands, 32, 43. 
 Northorpe, 12, 19, 29, 30, 33, 132, 133, 
 
 136, 137. 
 
 Hall, 29. 
 
 Station, 29, 30, 47, 50, 60, 
 
 133. 
 Nottingham, 154. 
 North Carr Drain, 5, 153. 
 
 Cave, 12, 35, 164. 
 
 Ferriby, 2, 106, 168. 
 
 Kelsey, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105, 130, 
 
 181, 158, 207-209. 
 — — Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Lias 
 
 compared, 37-40. 
 
 Oak, in Peat, 158-160. 
 
 Old Channel of the Humber, 168, 169. 
 
 — Cliff, E. of the Wolds, 2, 113, 174. 
 
 — Don, R., 1. 
 Old Man Rock, 27. 
 
 Old Mm, 84, 94, 144, 157. 
 
 Oolites, 3, 4, 59-106, 198-209, 211-215. 
 
 Dip-slope of, 62, 64, 128, 162. 
 
 Lower, 3, 4, 59-90. 
 
 '■ and Middle, junction of, 
 
 91, 92. 
 
 Middle, 3, 4, 91-101. 
 
 and Upper, junction of, 
 
 99-101. 
 
 Upper, 3, 4, 207-209. 
 
 of Cave, 62. 
 
 Oolitic Escarpment (The Cliff). 2, 31, 
 
 43,55,56,59,59-62, 64, 71, 72,128, 
 
 130, 134, 135, 162. 
 
 Torkshire, 63. 
 
 structure in Ironstone, Neoco- 
 
 mian, 108-110, 112. 
 ^-^^.— in Ironstone, Liassic, • 
 
 21. 
 
 in Limestone, Neoco- 
 
 mian, 110. 
 
 . Jurassic, 
 
 62-64, 68, 70-73, 76-79, 92. 
 Oppel, Ai, Zones of Lias, 38 
 Ouse, B., 142, 165. 
 Ouston Ferry, 153. 
 Overlap of Chalk, 65. 
 Upper Cretaceous Beds, 92, 
 
 106, 107. 
 Overstep of Carstone, 110, HI. 
 Owersby, 161. 
 
 Drain, 143. 
 
 Moor, 161. 
 
 Owmby, 114. 
 
 Owston, 141, 219. 
 
 Oxford Clay, 3, 4, 92-101, 128-131, 146- 
 
 149, 207-209, 211. 
 
 -, Fossils of, 92-101, 207- 
 
 209. 
 
 -, Kimeridge Clay, relations 
 
 of, 4, 99-101. 
 
 " Pan," 163. 
 
 Paradise Farm, near Waddingham, 87, 
 
 144. 
 Paraffin, from Peat, 153. 
 Faramoudra-like flints, 124. 
 Park, 6. 
 
 Parker, J., 81, 93, 211. 
 Parsonage Farm, Croxton, 125. 
 Parsons, Dr. F., 5, 6, 155. 
 Paul Cliff, 175. 
 
 , High, 175. 
 
 Peacock, — , 15. 
 
 Peat, 3, 129, 134, 142, 151-154, 162, 
 
 164-166, 179, 183, 186, 216, 218-220. 
 Pecten Bed (Middle Lias), 3, 4, 31-38, 
 
 40-48,53, 134, 194-197,212,213, 216. 
 
 Dip-slope, 48, 46, 134. 
 
 ■ Escarpment, 43. 
 
 ■Fossils from, 42-47, 194- 
 
 197. 
 
 (Neocomian), 108. 
 
 Penarth Beds, 3, 8-11. 
 Phillips, Prof. J., 42, 168, 174, 175. 
 Phosphate of Lime, 52, 110-112, 216. 
 Physical Geography, 1. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 229 
 
 Flanker Dyke, 161. 
 
 Plants, freshwater, in AUavial Clay, 158. 
 
 Plaster, 6. 
 
 Pockets of Gravel in Clay, 146. 
 
 Ponton Beds, 63. 
 
 , Great, 63. 
 
 Oolite, 63. 
 
 Porphyrite in Boulder Clay, 168, 170. 
 Post Glacial Beds, 129, 184. 142, 151- 
 
 163, 165, 166, 183-187. 
 Pre-Glaoial Gravel ?, 123, 174. 
 
 Cliff, E. of the Wolds, 113, 
 
 174. 
 
 ■ Valley, 168, 169. 
 
 Prestwich, Prof. J., 175, 176. 
 
 Priestland Cover, 82, 83, 144, 161. 
 
 Pryme, — de la, 73. 
 
 Padding Pie Sand, 156. 
 
 Purple Boulder Clay, 167, 168, 172. 
 
 Pusey, P., 155. 
 
 Pycock, — , 29, 13.3. 
 
 Pyrites, 9, 52, 98, 116, 124. 
 
 Quartz and Quartzite in Boulder Clay 
 
 130, 133, 137. 
 Quartz-Porphyry in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 Quenstedt, F. A., zones of Lias, 21. 
 
 Bace, 74, 85, 180. 
 
 Bainwash, 112, 131, 148, 168, 180. 
 
 Baised Beach (Estuarine), 183. 
 
 — , Period, 129. 
 
 Bange of Ammonites, zones. 
 Bannelow, 24, 29, 46, 133. 
 
 Farm, 19, 27, 28, 29, 34. 
 
 Eaven, A. W., 178. 
 Bavendale, East, 124, 171, 172. 
 
 Field, 171, 172. 
 
 -r- Valley, 173, 174. 
 
 West, 124, 172. 
 
 Baventhorpe, 44, 56, 60, 62. 
 type of Inrerior Oolite, 60, 
 
 75. 
 Bea Hill, near Bidgemont, 177. 
 Beading Wood, 52, 55. 
 Becent Deposits, 3, 129, 151-163, 165, 
 
 166, 184-186. 
 Bed Chalk, 3,110-114, 116-119, 164, 
 
 216,217. 
 
 unconformity of. 111. 
 
 Flint (Danish) in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 
 Hill, 177. 
 
 Bedcar Bridge, 143, 157, 158. 
 
 Bedcome, 147, 162. 
 
 Eedbourne, 61, 68, 69, 77, 78, 82, 83, 87, 
 
 149, 1.^8. 
 Hays, 83, 85, 80, 87, 88, 91, 
 
 93, 94, 95, 97, 144, 145. 
 
 Park, 82. 
 
 , Biver Head, 77, 82, 83, 84, 
 
 85, 87, 95, 144, 157, 160. 
 Beedness, 5, 220. 
 Beeds Island, 219. 
 
 Eeid,C., 120, 124-127, 130, 167,216, 217. 
 Beindeer, in Gravel at Kelsey Hill, 177. 
 Ehffitic Beds, 3, 8-12, 130, 152, 163. 
 Bhodes, J., 22. 
 Bhomb Porphyry in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 
 Bhynchonella Bed (Middle Lias), 8, 36, 
 
 47, 50-53, 194-19Y. 
 
 Cnvieri, zone of, 1 19-123. 
 
 Eiby, 106, 124, 182. 
 
 Biby Grove, 181. 
 
 Bidgemont, 177. 
 
 Eisby, High, 26, 33, 44, 56 214. 
 
 Warren, 64, 76, 79, 162. 
 
 Elver Valleys, 1, 2. 
 
 Boad, old, on Island Carr, 158. 
 
 Eoberts, T., 99. 
 
 Book Bed (Marlstone), 3, 36, 41, 47, 50- 
 
 53, 55, 194-197. 
 Boman Boad, 64, 68, 70, 73, 76-78, 150, 
 
 158. 
 Borne, Bev. J. L., 176, 185. 
 Bothwell, 107, 112-114, 119, 123, 216. 
 
 Lodge, 1 12. 
 
 Inlier (lK)wer Cretaceous), 112, 
 
 12.1. 
 Eowland Plantation, 75, 79. 
 Boxby, 26, 43, 56, 60, 63, 75, 194, 197, 
 
 213,214. 
 Bozby Grange, 56, 213. 
 Russian Bocks in Ballast, 170. 
 Butland, 92. 
 
 Bycroft Hill, 85, 88, 95, 145, 158. 
 Eyhill, 176. 
 
 St. Helen's House, 186. 
 
 St. Phillip's, Cross, 177. 
 
 Salt Marshes, 170. 
 
 Sand. See Blown Sand and Gravel. 
 
 Hill, 93. 
 
 Hill Farm, 95, 158. 
 
 Sandhouse, 26. 
 
 — — — — Farm, 28. 
 
 Sands, Estuarine or Marine, 151. 
 
 Sandstone in Boulder Clay, 170. 
 
 Sandtoft, 5. 
 
 Santon, 48, 49, 51, 60, 63, 65, 76,79, 89, 
 
 194-197. 
 ——^ Common, 33, 52. 
 (High) Farm, 44, 52. 
 
 Low, 53. See Low Santon. 
 
 Oolite, 65,. 198-202. 
 
 Eailway Cutting, 50. 
 
 Warren, 33, 43, 48, 55, 76, 162. 
 
 SawclifiF, 44, 76. 
 
 Saxby Mill, 126. 
 
 Scaboroft, 98. 
 
 Scandinavian Drift in Boulder Clay, 1 10. 
 
 Scarboro', 39, 40, 92. 
 
 Scartho, 174. 
 
 Scawby, 26, 64, 69, 72, 73, 78, 162. 
 
 Brook, 72, 73. 
 
 :-- Station, 69, 70, 71, 78, 161, 212. 
 
 Wood, 73. 
 
 School House Lane, 147, 148. 
 
 Scotlind Farm, 133. 
 
 Scotney Hill, 90, 150. 
 
 Scotter.S, 10, 12, 13, 28, 29,34, 85, 137, 
 138, 162. 
 
 Gravels, 137. 
 
 ——^ Warren, 27. 
 
 Scotterthorpe, 8, 10, 137. 
 
230 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Seotterwood, 9, 10, 130, 137. 
 
 Farm, 132. 
 
 Scotton, 151. 
 
 Common, IS, 19, 132, 137, 151, 
 
 162. 
 
 Pasture, 29. 
 
 Field, 19, 132. 
 
 Wood, 19, 29, 133. 
 
 Scunthorpe, 17, 26-28,44, 2 1 2, 216, 220. 
 — • — Ironstone, 2 1, 22. See Frod- 
 
 ingham Ironstone. 
 Searby, 110, 114. 
 Selenite, 9, 98, 104, 116, 139. 
 Septaria, 49, 98, 99, 104. 
 Shaly or Marly partings in Chalk, 120- 
 
 126. 
 Sharman, G., 188. 
 Shafts. See Wells. 
 Sheffield Hill, 2, 82, 44, 56, 188-197. 
 Shells, in glacial and interglacial beds, 
 
 135, 170, 174-182. 
 Silurian Grit in Boulder Clay, 131. 
 Silversides, 78, 93, 150, 158. 
 Sir Eowland Winn's Drain, 90. 
 Skegger Beck, 146, 161. 
 Skiers Flash, 6. 
 Slawston Hill, 39. 
 Smith, Thos. (of Scotter), 19. 
 
 T. J. (of Hull), 175, 176. 
 
 Somerby, 114. 
 
 Dolter. 125. 
 
 South Bank, 146, 158. 
 
 Cave, 2, 12, 35, 54, 63, 65, 94, 96, 
 
 98, 117, 122, 164. 
 
 Cave Cutting, 119. 
 
 • Ferriby, 117, 121,129, 144, 149, 
 
 162, 165, 168. 
 
 Grange, 149. 
 
 Kelsey, 92, 97, 101, 103j 104, 
 
 130, 131, 135, 207-208, 217. 
 
 Southorpe, 132. 
 
 : Cottages, 30. 
 
 South Wood, 97. 
 
 Spilsby Sandstone, 3, 107-109. 
 
 — Escarpment, 108. 
 
 Sponge Bed (in Lower Chalk), 115, 1 18. 
 
 Spicules in Alluvial Clay, 159. 
 
 Springcllff House, 69. 
 
 Springfield Cover, 73. 
 
 Spring Wood, 48, 60, 55, 107, 135, 213. 
 
 Lodge, 27, 31,42, 212. 
 
 Springs, 111, 112, 114, 118. 
 
 Staddlethorpe, 220. 
 
 Stainewell, 72, 78. 
 
 Warren, 62, 71. 
 
 Starr Oarr, 6. 
 
 Stocks Furlong Cover, 171. 
 
 Stockwith, West, 153, 220. 
 
 Stonehouse, Kev. W. B., 1 54. 
 
 Streams, intermittent, 2. 
 
 Striated Chalk, 168, 169. 
 
 in Boulder Clay, 131. 
 
 Strahan, A., 106. 
 
 Strangways, C. Fox-, 43, 57, 58, 59, 62, 
 64, 76, 78, 80, 89, 92, 96, 104, 107, 
 109, 114, 116, 117, 121, 135, 136, 146, 
 149, 150, 100, 161, 210, 212, 213,214. 
 219. 
 
 Sturton, 04, 73, 78. 
 
 Plantation, 71, 72. 
 
 Sub-a6rial gravels, 174. 
 Submerged Forests, 153, 184, 186. 
 
 ■ Valleys, 178-182. 
 
 Sugar Loaf Hill, 118. 
 
 Sulphur. 215, 216. 
 
 Sunstone, 9. 
 
 Superficial Deposits, 128-187. 
 
 Susworth, 127. 
 
 Swallow, 106, 119, 123, 124, 173, 216. 
 
 Swing Bridge, 157. 
 
 Swinhope, 170, 173. 
 
 Syenite in Boulder Clay, 168. 
 
 Tabular Flints, 120, 124-126. 
 Tate, R., 37, 38, 164. 
 Talus, 8, 14, 18,71, 102. 
 Tealby Beds, 3, 107-110. 
 
 Clay, 3, 107, 109, 110. 
 
 Xjimestone, 3, 107, 109, 110. 
 
 Temple Belwood, 153. 
 
 TerebratuHna gracilis, zone of, 119, 122. 
 
 Tetney, 163. 170. 
 
 Thealby, 17, 23, 25, 162. 
 
 Lane, 25. 
 
 Thimble Hall, 220. 
 
 Thoresway, 107, 111, 113, 114, 123. 
 
 -InUer (Middle Chalk), 122. 
 
 Warren, 111. • 
 
 Thorganby, 173. 
 
 Thome (or Tome), R., 1, 6, 210. 
 
 Moors or Waste, 152, 153. 
 
 Thorneholme Priory, 80. 85, 88, 89, 
 
 161. 
 Thornton, 125. 
 
 Bridge, 160. 
 
 Carrs, 143. 
 
 — — — Curtis, 125. 
 
 Lodge, 97. 
 
 Station, 106, 169, 178. 
 
 Thornton-le-Moor, 92, 101, 103, 135, 
 
 143. 
 Tidal Alluvium, 165. 
 Tool-marks on Trees in Peat, 165, 166. 
 Torne (or Thome), E., 1, 6, 210. 
 Tottemhoe Stone (or Grey Bed), 115- 
 
 119. 
 Towns in the district, 1. 
 TrafEord's Cover, 78. 
 Trent, 1, 5, 8, 19, 130, 141, 142, 151, 
 
 154, 162, 163. 
 
 Ness, 11, 17, 156. 
 
 District, 132. 
 
 Flats, 134. 
 
 Valley, 12, 13, 15, 128, 129, 130, 
 
 151. 152. 
 Trees in Peat, 165, 166. 
 Triassic Rocks, 3, 5-7, 141. See Bunter, 
 
 Eenper. 
 Tufa, 10, 156. 
 Tumulus, 173. 
 Twigmoor, 19, 34, 45, 51, 55, 151, 194- 
 
 197. 
 -^— — - Farm, 45. 
 Warren, 45, 52, 162. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 231 
 
 Ulceby, 125. 
 
 Beck, 2. 
 
 Station, 169, 178. 
 
 Unconformity of Carstone, 110, 111. 
 
 Oolite, 79, SO. 
 
 Bed Chalk, lit. 
 
 Upper Chalk, 113. 
 
 Estuarine Series, 3, 80-82, 84, 211. 
 
 , Escarpment, 81. 
 
 , Fossils from, 81, 
 
 203-206. 
 Lias, 3, 55-58,60-63, 135, 197, 
 
 211-215. 
 
 , fossils from, 56, 197. 
 
 Oolites, 4, 99-105, 207-209, 214. 
 
 and Middle Oolites relations of, 
 
 99-101. 
 
 Sands (Carstone), 108. 
 
 Upperthorpe, 6, 163. 
 
 Ussher, "W. A. E., 167, 188, 194-197, 
 
 216, 220. 
 
 Waddingham, 63, 64, 76, 78, 81, 82, 88, 
 
 84, 87, 91, 94, 97, 144, 149, 157, 161. 
 
 Holme, 94. 
 
 1. Valley, 93, 144, 157. 
 
 Waloot, 134. 
 
 Walks House, 79. 
 
 "Walling Fen, 220. 
 
 Walrus, in gravel at Kelsey Hill, 177. 
 
 Waltham, 174, 
 
 Warp, 129, 142, 155, 156, 162, 165, 168, 
 
 179, 180, 183, 184, 187, 217-220. 
 Warping, 152, 154, 162. 
 Wash of Chalky Gravel, 112. 
 Waterhouse, C. 0., 183. 
 Waterstones, 5. 
 
 Weathering of Boulder Clay, 167. 
 Wedge Wood, 67, 77. 
 Weedy Springs, 118. 
 Welton, 103, 220. 
 
 House, 114. 
 
 SjSrings, 1 1 4. 
 
 Wellbeck, 173. 
 
 Wells and Shafts, 5, 7, 26-29, 75, 58, 
 
 63, 77, 107, 134, 150, 161, 164, 178, 
 
 182, 210-220. 
 
 Westahy, , 169. 
 
 West Common Xorth Drain, 155. 
 Halton, 23, 24, 26, 32, 43, 51, 134, 
 
 151, 194-197. 
 
 Halton Drain, 24, 31, 43. 
 
 Eavendale, 124, 172. 
 
 Stockwith, 153, 220. 
 
 Wether Plat, 146. 
 
 Whin Moor Lane. 57. 
 
 Whitby, 37, 39, 40. 
 
 Whiting, from Chalk, 122, 126. 
 
 Whitton, 12, 23, 134, 156, 162, 165. 
 
 Channel, 156. 
 
 Gravels, 141. 
 
 Pier, 140. 
 
 Willis, — , 172. 
 Willoughton Grange, 61, 77. 
 Willow Heads, 149. 
 Holt, 44. 
 
 Winghall, 97. 130, 143, 145. , 
 
 Ferry, 97. 
 
 Winn, — ,213. 
 
 Winteringham, 81, 43, 51, 63. 
 Winterton, 56, 60, 63, 75, 76, 79, 129, 214. 
 
 Brickyard, 150. 
 
 Carrs, 161. 
 
 CM House, 31, 43, 48, 51. 
 
 Holme, 90, 91, 129, 150, 207- 
 
 209. 
 
 Hill, 98. 
 
 ■ Lane, 26, 27. 
 
 Witham, E., 151. 
 
 Wolds, The, 1, 2, 102, 106, 107, 113, 168, 
 
 169. 
 Wold Newton, 124, 170-173. 
 Woo Dale, 113, 164. 
 Wood, S. v., 168, 176, 185. 
 Woodbine Cottage, 147, 148. 
 Woodhouse, 163. 
 Woods, growth of, in old Ancholme 
 
 Valley, 156. 
 Wootham, 93. 
 
 HiU, 84, 85, 86, 87, 94, 157. 
 
 Hill House, 85, 144. 
 
 Wootton, 125. 
 
 Worlaby, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 114, 
 
 116, 117, 126, 149,207-209. 
 Wrawby, 97, 98, 99, 102, 129, 131, 132, 
 
 135, 136, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 162, 
 
 207-209. 
 Wrawby Hill, 131,148. 
 
 Mill, 92, 101, 103, 136, 147. 
 
 Wressle Houses, 64, 68, 74, 75, 78, 135. 
 
 . — Wood, 85, 88, 162. 
 
 Wright, Dr. T., 38. 
 Wroot, 5, 141. 
 
 Yaddlethorpe, 10, 15, 18, 138, 162. 
 
 Gravels, 138. 
 
 Yew, in Peat, 159. 
 
 Young, G., 42. 
 
 Yorkshire, Middle Lias of, 39, 4U. 
 
 Oolites, 4, 59. 
 
 Wolds, 1. 
 
 Zone of, — 
 
 Ammonites angulatus, 10, 12-18. 
 
 BvcUandi, 12-17, 21. 
 
 capricornus, 4, 13, 36, 54. 
 
 geometricus, 21. 
 
 Henleyi, 4, 32, 36. 
 
 maculatus, 36. 
 
 margaritatii.1, 4, 36. 
 
 oxgnotws, 13. 
 
 planorbis, 9, 10, 12, 13. 
 
 semicoslatus, 12, 13, 19- 
 
 31. 
 
 Belemnitella plena, 115, 117, 122. 
 Gryphcea incurva, 20. 
 JBolaster planus, 119, 120, 122. 
 Bhynchonella Cuvieri, 119-123. 
 Terebratulina gracilis, 119, 122. 
 Zones, A.mmonites, of Oppel and Quen- 
 stedt, 21. 
 
Londoh: Printed by Evbb and Spottiswoodb, 
 Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 
 For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 ' [11481.— 500.— 10/90.] 
 
CEKSKAI. lasmoiRS OF THE GEOXiOCS'ZCAIi SVAVSr—con-tinued. 
 Tie WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KENT, 8UEEBT, SUSSEX, and HANTS). ByW. TopLET. 17«. 
 The TEIASSIO and PEEMIAN BOOKS of the MIDLAND COUNTIES of ENGLAND, By B. Hull. 6». 
 The SENLAND. By S. B. J. Skebtohlt. 36». 6d. 
 The MANUPAOTUBE of GUN PLINTS. By B. B. J. Skeetchlt. 16». 
 
 The SUPEIiPIOIAL DEPOSITS of SOUTH-WEST LANOARHIEE. By C. E. Db EiKOB. IQi.Sd. 
 NORTH DEEBISHIRE. By A. H. Geeen, C. Lb Neve Pobtee, and J. B. DakSkb. 2ndEd. By A. H. Geeem and 
 
 A. SiBAHAir. 68. ed. 
 BUENLBT COAL FIELD. By H. HtrLi, E. H. Tiddemait, and Others. 12». 
 TOJKKSHIRE COALFIELD. By A. H. Geebn, B. Busseil, and Others. 42s. 
 EAST SOMEBSET and BEISTOL COALFIELDS. By H. B. •Woodwaed. 18s. 
 SOUTH STACFOBDSHIBE COAL-FIELD. By J. B. Jukes. (3rd Edit.) {Out of print.) 35. Sd. 
 ■WARWICKSHIRE COAL-FIELD. By H. H. HOWBII,. U.U. 
 LEICESTERSHIRE OOAL-PIBLD. By Edward Hull, 3s, 
 EEUPTIVE BOCKS of BBBNT TOE. By F. EuTLEY. 15s. 6d. 
 FELSITIO LAVAS of ENGLAND and WALES. By F. BtJTLET. Bd. 
 
 flOLDEBNESS. By C. EBID. *s. 
 
 The PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BBITAIN, By C. Beid. 6«. M. 
 
 BBITIsa OBGANIC REMAINS. Decades I. to XIII., with 10 Plates each Price 4«. ed. each 4to ; 28. Bd. each 8vo. 
 
 MONOGBAPH I. On. the Genus PTBBTGOTUS. By T. H. Huxlet, and J. W. Salteb. 78. 
 
 MONOGBAPHIL On the Structure of the BBLEMNITID.*!. By T. H. Huxlet. 2s. fid. 
 
 MONOGliAPH III. On the CROCODILIAN REMAINS foimdin the ELGIN SANDSTONES. By T. H. HuxiET. 
 
 MONOGBAPH IT. On the CHIM^aSEQID FISHES of the British Cretaceous Bocks. By B. T. Ne wton. 6«. 
 
 The VEETBBBATA of the FOREST BED SEBIES of NOEFOLK and SUFFOLK. By B. T. Nbwion. 78. 6d. 
 
 CATALOGfUE of SPECIMENS in the Museum of Practical Geology, illustrative of British Pottery and Porcelain. By Sir 
 H. BE LA- Beche and Tebkh AM Eeeks. 165 Woodcuts. 3rd Ed, by T. Reeks and F. W. Rtidlee. Is. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 A dIsORIPTITE GUIDE to the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY, with Notices of the Geological Survey 
 lifeSchoolofMines, and the Mining. Record Office. By Robeei Huht and F- W. Eddlbe. 6d. (SrdEd.) (O.P.) 
 
 A DiiSCEIPTIVB CATALOGUE of the EQCK SPECIMENS in the MUSEUM of PRAOTICiL GEOLOGY. By 
 A. 0. Rambat.H. W. Beistow, H. Baueemah, and A.Geikib. Is. (3rd Edit.) (Out of print.) 
 
 CATALOGUE of the FOSSILS in the MUSEUM of PRACTICAL GEOLOGY ; 
 
 CAMBRIAN and SILURIAN, 2s. 6d. ; CRETACEOUS, 2s. 9d. ; TERTIARY and POST-TERTIARY, l8. 8d. 
 
 SHEZST IKEiaOZRS OX* THE SEOXiOeZCAIi SURVET. 
 
 Hiose marked (O.P.) are Out of Print. 
 1. 2 7 - - GEOLOGY OF LONDON, &c. By W. Whitakeb. Vol. I., 6s. Vol. II., 6s. 
 
 - FOLKESTONE and RVB. ByF. Deew. Is. 
 ■ S. BERKSHIRE and N.H.\MPSHIRE. By H. W. Beistow audW. Whitakee. Ss. (O.P.) 
 
 - PARTS of OXFORDSHIRE and BBRKSHIEB. By B. Hull and W. Whitakee. 3s. (O.PJ 
 '.--PARTS of WILTS, and GLOUCESTERSHIRE. ByA.c. Ramsat, W.T. Avblihe, and B. Hull. 8d. 
 
 - CHELTENHAM. By B.Hull. 2s. 6d. 
 
 - BANBURY, WOODSTOCK, aud BUCKINGHAM. By A. H. Gebei?. 2s. 
 tS SW - - WOODSTOCK. By E. HtriL. Is. 
 
 4,7 . - N.W. ESSEX & N.B. HERTS. Ey W. WHiTAsaE.W. H. PEsKiira.W. H. Daitoit, & F. J. BBHifETT. 3». ed. 
 
 48 SW- - COLCHESTER. By W. H. DAiTOir. ls.6d. __ 
 
 48 SB - - EASTERN END of ESSEX (WALTON NAZE tttid HARWICH). By W. Whitakee. 9d. 
 
 48 NW NE IPSWICH, HADLEIGH, and FELIXSTOW. By W. Whitajiee, W. H. Dalton, aud F. J. Benitett. 28. 
 
 49 S, so" SE - ALDBOBOUGH, &c. ByW. H. Dalxon . Edited, with additions, by W. Whitakee. Is. 
 49 N ■ SOUTHWOLD. By W. Whitakee. 2s. 6d. 
 
 BOSW - - STOWMAEKET. By W. Whitakee, F. J. Eesheit, and J. H. BiAKE. Is. 
 
 BONW- ■ DISS. BYE, ic. By F. J. Beiwett. is. 
 
 60 NB - -■ - HALESWORTH and HARLESTON. By W. Whitakee and W. H. Daxtoit. Is. 
 
 Bi SW - "- CAMBRIDGE. ByW. H. PEjjiriifa and A. J. Jukes-Browite. 4s. 6d. 
 
 n SB - - BURY ST. EDMUNDS and NEWMARKET. By F. J. BBNNErT, I. H. Blake, and W. Whitakee. Is. 
 
 B3BE - i . PART of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. By W. T. AVBIINE and RiCHAED TEEHeH. 8d. 
 
 BSNB - i^i fiAETS of NORTHAMPTONSHIRE and WAR WIOKSHIRB. By W. T. Avelikb. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 6SSE - * - PART of DBICESTERSHIEE. By W.TAiBOI Avblisk nud H. H.HOWEIL. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 «4 - - - RUTLAND, &o. By J. W. JuDD. 12s. 6d. 
 
 «6 NE, SB - NORWICH. By H. B. Woodwaed. 7«. 
 
 66 SW - , ,,,ATTLEBOROUGH. ByF. J. Behnbtt. Is. 6d. 
 
 66 NW - '. »*ERBHAM. By J- H. BLAKE. Is. 6d. 
 
 67 - . YARMOUTH and LOWESTOFT. By J. H. Blake. 2s. 
 
 68 E - - CROMBR. By C. ItEID. 68. 
 
 68NW SW. EAKENHAM. WELLS, &c. By H, B. WooDWAED. 2s. 
 
 70 ^'.^ : B.w. LINCOLNSHIRE, &c. , By A. J. Jukbs-Beowhe and W. H. Dalton. 4s. 
 
 71 IVI! . NOTTINGHAM. By W. T. AVBIINB. (2iidEd.) Is, 
 
 79 NW - RHYL, ABBRGEL^ and OOLWYN. iy A. Steabait. (Notes by R,H. Tiddbman.) ls.6d. 
 79SB - - PLINi MOLD, and RUTHIN. By A. SOSAHA* (Parts by O.B.DBRAirO|). 4s. 6d. 
 80NW - PRBSCOT, LANCASHIRE. By E. Hull. (Si'd Ed., With additions by A. Steahait.) 3s. 
 
 80 NB- - ALTRINCHAM, CHESHIRE. ByE.HuLl. 8d. (O.P.) 
 
 »?Nw'sw" 8TOCKP&T%AC0LBSpfBLD; CONGLETON, & LEEK. ByB. Hull and A. H. Geeeit. 4s. 
 
 R9SE '. PARTS of nStTIN^GHAMSHIRB and DERBYSHIRE. By W.T. AVEllME. (2ndEd. 6d. 
 
 11 NE PARTsffNOTTINGHAMSHlRB.YOHKSHlEE, and DERBYSHIRE. By W. T. AVEIISE. 8d. 
 
 Is . ■ LINCOLN %^W.A.E. USBHEJi,A.J. JuKES-BKOWirE,andA.STEAHAlf. Ss. 
 
 SI T!4«1T TiTNCOTjNSHIRE. By a. J. Jukes-Beowne. Ss. 6d. 
 
 m '. : N LINCOLNSHIl^^S^ Bv W. A. E. Usbhee and Others. 
 
 WNW- - PARTOofNOras7YORKSHIRE,andD^ (2ndEd.) By W.T. AVELIKB. 6d. 
 
 87 SW- - BARNSLEY. By A. H. Gebeh. 9d. 
 
 lliv ' ' P4RT^fthf^0EK™HiEE COAL-FIELD. By A. H. Geben, J. R. Daktnb, and J. C. Waed. Is. 
 
 %l NE ■ ■- DBWSBUEY &c By A. H. Gebes, J. R. Daeyits, J. 0. Waed and R. Russell. 6d. 
 
 89SE - - BOLTON, LANCASHIRE. ByE-HUM. 2s.. 
 
 foSB ■ : Thl^'^OUNT'EYTelw^ei^LIVEipO^^^^^^ ByC.B. Ob EA.CB. 3d. (O.P.) 
 
 SXwl - SOUTHPOETLYTHAM, and SOUTH SHORE. ByC. E. De Rancb. 6d. 
 
 2? aw ■ The OOTOTEYbetweiii BLACKPOOL and FLEETWOOD. By C. E. De Rakc^ 6d. 
 
 «i NW " - S^OUTHEBN PAR^f t to FURNESS DISTRICT in N. LANCASHIRE. By W. T AVBIISB. 6d. 
 
 tl SB ■ BRADFORD andSKIPTON. By J. R. Dakyns, C. FOK-STEAjiGWATS. R. RUBSEll, and W. H. Daiiot. Bd. 
 
 BSNW- - NORTH and BAST of HARROGATE. By C.Fox-HrEAiirswAYB.6d. 
 
 ill' - vruT^'i^ii^^rToi§i^:'i^^''^T^^^e^^^ i>ocK8about 
 
 ,J)SNW- - <-'^^|,';J^|^||y|°-vf.'^'^^^-i,iHE,A.H.GEEE»iJ.R.DAKYKS,J.C.WABD,andE.Rus3B (O.P.) 
 
S3 SB 94 W 
 94 NW- • 
 
 84 NE - 
 958^, SE . 
 96 NW 
 96 SE 
 98 NB - 
 
 96 NW, SW 
 
 97 SW - - 
 
 88 NB - 
 101 SE 
 104 SW, SE 
 lOgSE 
 108 NE 
 110 SW 
 
 SBEET MEiaOIRS OF THB aEOabOGZCA]L Sintvm^coittinued. 
 
 COUNTRY between t6uK & HULL. By J. B. Daktks, 0. Eox-SiEAsawATS, and A. G. Oambeos. 1«. 
 
 DEIFFIELD. By J. E. Daktks and 0. Pox-Steanswatb. 9d. 
 
 BEIDIiINGTON BAT. By J. E. DAKTNsand C. Fox-STEAJTSWAfs. Is. 
 
 SOAEBOROUGH and PLAMBOEOUGH HKAD. By C. Pox-Steaitgwatb. Is. 
 
 WHITBY and SCAEBOROtJGH. By C. Pox-Steawowats and G. Baeeow. Is. 6d. 
 
 NEWMALTON.PICKBEING.andHBLMSLEY. By 0. Fox-Steah-SWATB. ]« 
 
 ESKDALE, ROSBDAI/B, &c. By C. PQX-STRAitaWAys, £5. Eeid and G. Baeeo-w. Is. 6d. 
 
 NOETHALlEBTON and THXESK. By C. Pox-SxEAifCfiTA-rs, A. G. Cameeoit, and G. Babeow. Is. «d. 
 
 lirGtEBOR0TJGS,. wilU parts of WBNSIyEYDALB and WHAEFEDALE. By J. E. Daktits, E. H 
 
 ; T^tetiH,'-:WjiGSSSisM.A.-STBAJU.ir. 2s. 
 , KEBS^fSOSSIU^Kiaall^ENDAi. By W. T. AVEiiiTB, T.JIc K. HrGHBS, and E. H. Tiddemah. 2». 
 , EBNl)Mfa;-B»:W. XiKmEinia and T. Mo K. HxraHES^ SndUd; by A. Steahait. 2s. 
 
 NOESISSEW PAS1*;m tie ENGLISH LAKE DISTEICT. By J.C.Waed. 9«. 
 
 NOE^a GLBTEIiAND. , By G. Baeeow. ls.6ii. 
 ©TTEEBTJEN and EISDON. By Huoh Miij.eb. 2s. 6d. 
 
 OfiBVIOT HILLS. By O. T- Cloucht. Is. ed. 
 
 PlASHSTTSandKIELDEB. By 0. T. CiouoH. Is. 
 
 THE MINERAL DISTRiCTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 COAL-FIELDSi — Scale, one inch to a mile. 
 Anglesey, 78 (SW). 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 36. 
 Ooalbrook Dale, 61 (NB & SE). 
 CleeHiIl,6S(NE, NW). 
 
 Plintshireaiid Denbighshire, 74 (NE4SB),79 (NE, SE). 
 Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW, NE, & SB), 82 (NW & SW), 
 
 81 (NB).87 (NB, SE), 88 (SE). 
 Forest of Dean, 4S (SB & SW) . 
 Forest of Wyre, 61JSE), 65 (NE). 
 Lancashire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). 
 leioesterahire, 71 (SW), 68 (N W). 
 
 Sorthumberland & Durliam,103, 105,106 (SE),109(SW,SE). 
 N. Staffordshire, 72 (NW), 72 (SW),73(NB),80 (SE) , 81(SW). 
 B. Statfordsbire, 54 (NW), 62 (SW). 
 Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 61 (NW & SW). 
 South Wales, 36,37, 38, 40,41, 42 (SB, SW). 
 Warwickshire, 62 (NB SB),e3{NW SW),54 (NE),5S (NW). 
 Yorkshire, 88 (NE, SE), 87 (SW), 92 (SE), 93 (SW). 
 
 COAL-FIELDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRICTS- 
 
 Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 tThe Coal-flelds and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are published on a scale of six inches' to a mile, 
 nt 4s. to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six.inch 
 nlapB, not intendedf or publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, iTermyn Street, 
 London. 
 
 Xiancastaire. 
 
 Sheet 15, .Ireleth.— 16, TJlverstone.— 17, Oartmel.— 22, 
 
 Aldin2;ham. — 47. Clitheroe.— 48, Colne.— 49.. LaneshawBr.— 
 
 B6, Whalloy.— 56, Haggate.— 67, Winewall.— 81, Preston.— 
 
 „62, Baldersione. — 68, Acorington.— 64, Burnley.— 65, Stiper- 
 
 JfienMoor.— 39, Layland.— 70, Blackburn.— 71, Haslingden,— 
 
 ■ 7%, Cliviger, Bacup.— 73, Todmorden.— 77, Chorley.— 78, 
 
 Bolton- le-Moor8.^9, Entwistle.— SO, Tottington.— 81, 
 
 Wardle.— 81, Ormskirk.— 86, Btandish.— 86, Adlmgton.— 
 
 87, Bolton-le-Moors.— 88, Bury, Hey wood.— 89, Rochdale, &o. 
 
 .?^92, Bickerstaffe,- 93, Wigan.— 94, West Houghton.— 
 
 i SB, Eadcliffe.- 96, Middleton, Prestwioh.— 97, Oldham.^lflO, 
 
 . 'Sno^Fsley.— 101, BUlinge.— 102, Leigh, Lowton.— 103, Ashley, 
 
 , Eecles.— 104, Manchester, Salford.— 105, Ashton-nnder- 
 
 l/yne.— =106, Liverpool -107, Prescott.— 108, St. Helen's.— 
 
 I'iOH, Winwick.— Ill, Chepdale.— 112, Stockport.— 113, Part 
 
 , of LiTerpool. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 Sheet 1, Eyton.— 2, Gateshead.— S, Jarrow.— 4, S^ Shields. 
 -^, Greenside.— 6, Winlaton. — 7, Washington. — 8, Sunder- 
 land.— 9, Pt. of Hnnstanworth.— 10, Bdmondbyers — 
 il, Ebohester.— 12, Tantoby,— 13, Chester-le-St.^iei Hun- 
 
 Surbam — continued. 
 
 stanworth.— 17, Waskerley.— 18, Muggleswiek.— 19, Lan- 
 chester.- 20, Hetton-le-HoIe.— 22, Wear Head.— 23, Eastgate. 
 —24, Stanhope.— 36, Wolsingham.— 26, Brancepeth.— 30, 
 Benny Seat.- 32, White Kirkley.— 33, Hamsterley.— 34, 
 Whitworth.— 38, Maize Beck.— 11, Cockfleld.— 42, Bp. Auck- 
 land.— 16, Hafrksley HiU Ho.— 52, Barnard Castle.— B3,' 
 Winston. 
 
 Wortbiunberland. 
 Sheet 44, Eothbury.— 45, LongftamlBtgton.— 46, Eroom- 
 hill.— 17, Coquet Island.— 64, Longhorslfey,— 66, Ulgham.— 
 56, Druridge Bay .-^63. Netherwitton.'^-64,' Morpeth.— 65, 
 Newbiggin.— 72, Bedlingion.— 78, BIyth.— 80, Cramungton.— 
 81, Earsdon.— 82. NB. of Gilsland.— 8Si Coadley Gate,— 87 
 Heddon.— 88, Long Benton.— 89, Tynetnonth.— 91, GMetti 
 head.— 92, Haltwhistle.— 93,: HaydonBridge.— 91, Heitoin.-a'; 
 95, Corbridge. -96, Horsley.— 97, New6astle.--S, Walker.— 
 101, Whitfield.- 102, Allendale Town.— IDS, SlalE— 105, New- 
 lands^— 106, Blackpool Br.—107, Allendale.— IKfilanohland. 
 —109, Shotleyfleld.— 110, WeUhope,— 111, 112,jAnenhead8. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Sheet 56, Seamess.— 66, Skiddaw.— 63, Thaotthwajte.-^ 
 84, Keswick.— 65, Dockraye.— 69, Buttermere.^70, Grange!— 
 71, Helvellyn.- 74, Wastwater.— 75, Stonethwaite Fell. 
 
 'Westmorland. 
 
 Sheet 2, Tees Head.-^, Dufton Pell.— 12, Patterdale.— 18 
 Near Grasmere.— 25, Qrasmere.- S8, Eendal. 
 
 Torksblre. 
 
 Sheet 7, Redcar.— 8, 9, Saltburn, Ac— 12, Bowes.— 33, Wv- 
 oliffe.— 17, Gutsboro'.— 20, Lythe.— 24, Xlrkby Eave*S% ortb. 
 
 26, Aldborougb.— 32, 33, Whitby.— 38, MarsSe.-^S9,^^ 
 
 mond.— 46, Little Beck.— 47, Robin Hood's B&,—BsM. 
 holme.— 68, Leybourne.— 82, Kidstones.— 84, «!. Wm 
 97, Foxup.— 98, Kirk Gill.— 99, Haden Carr,— 100, Lpfl 
 116, AmclifEe.- lie, Conistone Moor.— 138, Kiikby jB 
 
 —184, Dale End.— 185, Kildwiok.— 200, Keighm 
 
 Bingley.— 202, Calverley.— 203, Seacroft.— 201,. AheriSrd^ 
 216, Peeke .Well.— 216, Bradford.- 217, CWyerlefe: ' 
 Leeds —ai9i Kippax.— 281, Halifax.— 2S2. Birgf 
 Bast Ardsley.- 234, Castleford.— 246, Hu^SfstS. 
 Dewsbnry.--a48, ■ Wakefield,- 249, Pontefra»t.'^a60«WinK- 
 ton.— 260, Honley.— 261, Kirkburton.- 262, DartonT— 268 
 Hemsworth.— 264. Campsall.-!^72, Holm firth.— 273, Peui- 
 stone.— 274, Barnsley.-27S, Darfield.— 276, Brodsworth — 
 28), Langsell.— 282, Wortley.— 283, Wath upon Deame.— 
 284, Conisborough.— 287, Low Bradford.— 288, Ecclesfleld.— 
 289, Eotherham.— 290, Braithwell.— 29s, Hallam Moors — 
 295, Handsworth.- 296, Laughtoii-en-le-Morlhen.— 299. 
 Waleswood.— 300i Harthill. 
 
 MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 ^imbracing the prodttoe of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By R. HuifT. Prom 1853 t6 1857, inclusive 
 ls.6d.eac&. ISSS.Part I.,U.6d.; PaHZI.,5a. 1869,ls.6(i. 1860, 8s. 6d. 1S61, 2s.; and Appendix, 1». 1862, 2s 6a 
 1893.2«.6<2. 1864,2s. 1866,2s.6<i. 1886 to 1881, 2». each. 
 
 (These Statistics are now published by the jETonte (3^ea,aspartsofthejEepo)"<so/«&ei«sj)eo4or»<!/'i8'i»e».) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Part I. The North and NorSh Midland Counties of England (Out of print). Part II. South Staffbrdshjre PHpb i« 
 Part III. South Wales. Price Is. Sd. Part IV. The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. Is. 3d. 
 

 
 -jH>g?s?«^fef*_ir. 
 
 
 j^,}i^'fi^n 
 
 "rsN^ 
 
 ^^W-A, 
 
 i'i^M 
 
 -;fe,g,,(H«» 
 
 ^«H?^' 
 
 
 8«WS55' 
 
 uamr^^ 
 
 I ^r^! ''^ 
 
 mp^'2nm^m^^f^ 
 
 p^^m 
 
 
 
 
 SqqaB' 
 
 
 ^^!^i 
 
 i^ ■■ 'ft. 
 
 l^9A0t^§§:' 
 
 mr^, 
 
 ^/^v\'.r^ /->,!'/-, 
 
 
 >; '':_; ' :.y \ f 
 
 \r\rsr\