i TW«t! * CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL This is to certify that the accompanying thesis of M & \f d ef~ <2 m 5 Date 3 /• ./P.Z~ Title of thesis toTOr/ft 'T /M 'Ae /* Please give the exact title, as the form here given will be used on the Commencement Program. 8929 (QonteU Uniucriiity library 3tljara, N«n ijurk FROM31924101401770 401 770 Date Due   THE WORLD’S APPLE MARKET ******* THESIS ******* Present eel to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by Harvey Snyder Adams June, 1933T i^i«u A 1-13 THE WORLD’S APPLE MARKET With special reference to the commercial apple crop produced in important regions throughout the world, the varieties of apples grown by and quantity exported from the United States, the important markets for American grown apples, domestic and foreign.1 . . ...' . .. . . . . , .. . - ■ - ........Acknowledgments In preparing this thesis the writer has received valuable information and suggestions from members of the Department of Agricultural Economics ana Farm Management ana the Department of Horticulture of this University, which help has been much appreciated. To Dr. James E. Boyle whose constructive criticisms have aided in making this study center upon the more vital phases of the economics of fruit marketing special recognition and acknowledg ment is given.CONTENTS Chapt er Page I - Summary and. Conclusions ....... 3 II - History of Commercial Apple Growing ... 8 III - Apple Production in the United States . . 14 IV - Production in Other Countries.................33 V - Hank of the Apple Crop in the United St at es..................................39 VI - varieties of Apples Grown.....................31 VII - Exports of Apples from the United States . 41 VIII - Important Foreign Markets ................... 47 IX - Carlot Shipments hy Regions and States . . 53 X - Prices and Receipts of Apples on Dif- ferent Markets.......................... 56 XI - Marketing Costs and Methods. ..... 65 XII - Appendix......................................73 XIII - Bibliography. ................................94\ I In making this study the writer has endeavored to ascertain in which countries and regions the apple is being grown, both commercially and for home use, and, as far as possible, trace the development of the apple industry in those regions from the early plantings to the present date# Very definite limitations were encountered in at- tempting to correlate the data on yields with prices, or the influence of prices upon apple plantings through- out the United States. That some relation exists there is little doubt, however, in most cases the data does not furnish conclusive evidence to justify positive statements concerning the relation of one factor to another. On the other hand, in comparing the receipts of apples on the New York City and Boston markets with prices for a period of years it was found that a reason- ably accurate correlation prevailed. Commercial apple plantings increased very rapidly in regions having special climatic conditions favorable to fruit growing, in fact almost simultaneously,with the improvement in transportation facilities between these regions and the large centers of population. Control of moisture conditions through irrigation -1- » * ... • - . ... - ... i ... . 1 '* ... V «made possible by the building of large reclamation projects in the west and northwest largely accounted for the large plantings of apples for commercial purposes in these reg- ions during a period which had been precedes, by fifteen years of relatively low prices for apples. With the exception of the more recent commercial plantings very little attention has been given to special- isation in the production of a few varieties primarily ad- apted to our large domestic and foreign markets. Regions with such specialization are marketing their fruit at a great advantage when compared with those having many vari- eties most of which are poorly aaapted to the market and shipping requirements. Much progress has been made by the fruit growers dur- ing the past decade in marketing their apples. Through united efforts in organized cooperative associations more efficient grading, packing, warehousing, advertising, and marketing have been made possible as well as more intelli- gent and economical production. The marketing channels which have been numerous,and frequently costly,are being reduced in number with those remaining, gradually becoming- more efficient factors in our distribution process.• s. -- .= * • • • • ........ .. . ■. 4 • ’ ' • . ... ,L : . 1 ■ ... • t- v ' ■ " * ■ . J * -3' Summary and Conclusions Commercial apple growing has become a highly developed and highly specialized industry. During the last tow dec- ades it has made the greatest strides in regions where it has been recognized as such. Co-operative grading, packing, warehousing, and market ing have enabled the apple grower to sell his product on th world’s best fruit markets in competition with citrus and other fruits. The commercial apple crop in the United States repre- sents 40 to 60 per cent of the total crop, the average for the past six years being 47 per cent. In 1931 it was 63 per cent of the entire crop reflecting the importance of the commercial orchards in the Pacific Northwest. Commercial apple growing in the Northwest reached a high degree of development on newly irrigated land because of the high acre value of the product or the lack of com- petition of equally valuable crops. In the apple growing regions of the Northwest there is a definite correlation between commercial orchard plant- ings and the building of irrigation projects. The most important commercial plantings in the United States were made during the following years: 1860-1875 1885-1895 1890-1900 1900-1910 New York. Pennsylvania and Virginia, Ozarks and Prairie States. Western and Northwestern States Very few important plantings have been made since 1910 » ■ . ■ - '• - 1 - • • ■ . I .;. > - . . . - : , ... ♦ . . » ... -4- Until new plantings are made it is hardly expected that the commercial crop will exceed the record crop of 1920, totaling 36,273,000 barrels. For the 5-year period, 1916 to 1920, 69 per cent of the commercial crop was marketed in barrels, and 31 per cent in boxes. The most important commercial apple growing regions today in order of importance are as follows: 1. The Pacific Northwest 2. Western New York 3. Shenandoah—Cumberland (Penna., Maryland, Virginia) 4. California The Dominion, of Canada is the second important com- mercial apple producing country in the world. Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand are third in importance with a crop half as large as that produced in Canada. An important factor in the Australian industry is the fact that their harvesting and marketing seasons correspond with cur winter and spring, *chus providing an active market for their surplus fruit in the United States and Europe. While apples are an important product in America and Europe they are a relatively unimportant fruit in Asia and Africa. During the 5-year period, 1914-1916, the apple ranked eighth in importance when compared with the value of other farm crops produced in the United States. The apple is our leading fruit crop. More than one-fourth of our total production consists - of two varieties, Baldwin and Ben Davis. The first twelve varieties provide over SO per cent of our total apple crop. In establishing a commercial orchard a few varieties well adapted to the region and market requirements should he planted in preference to many varieties as too frequently has been the case in the past. During the 1919-1920 shipping season, 77 per cent of the fruit shipped from the Pacific Northwest consisted of six varieties, and of these six, two varieties furnished half the shipments. Exports, when measured by the average for 5-year periods from 1853 to 1921, have increased from 37,000 to 1,800,000 barrels annually. The largest exports of ripe apples from the United States occurred during the 1913- 1916 period. For the last five years, 1917-1921, the annual exports were only 77 per cent of those for the pre- vious period. There was only one year, 1915, when the to- tal exports exceeded 2,000,000 barrels. The value of ripe and green apples exported during the three years, 1919, 1920, 1931, exceeded that for the fourteen years, 1896 to 1909, and for the entire 7-year period, 1913 to 1913. The total value of exports for the past three years has slightly exceeded $43,500,000, an average of more than $14,000,000 per year. When including the exports of dried apples the total value of apple exports reached the high mark of $18,581,110 in the year 1919. Two years later, in 1921, the total value of exports of ripe and dried apples was $16,188,708. For the years 1919, 1930 and 1931, the exports of ap— • - * - - - * ♦' • V. . . I -6 pies represented 6.5, 4.9, and 9.6 per cent, respectively, of the commercial apple crop for those years. The simple average for the three years is 7 per cent. The average annual exports for the six year period, 1916 to 1921, were 5.6 per cent of the commercial crop. The United States is the greatest fruit producing as well as the greatest fruit consuming country in the world. Apples represent fifteen per cent of the total value of fruit exports. Statistics for a period of years show that more than two-thirds of our apple exports (in value) are to the United Kingdom (England, Ireland, Scotland and VZales). The Scandi- navian countries are becoming more important markets as il- lustrated by the increase in exports since 1910. With an improvement in economic conditions Germany should again be- come an important market for American apples. The average annual shipments of apples in the United States for the years 1916 to 1920 were approximately 75,000 cars. It is a big undertaking to move this volume of a product to market without waste or loss. In the Pacific Northwest alone where in 1919 sixty per cent of the fruit was shipped during October and November, it required an average of 415 cars at the sidings per day for each shipping day in those two months to move the crop to market• From 1915 to 1920 prices of apples practically trebled while the purchasing power remained almost constant at 74 to 78 until 1919 when it rose to 90 followed by a fall to 85 in 1930. The secular trend of purchasing power of apples • - ' • . .... .... ■ ' ‘ — V •. .. • ....... - - ■ ■ » • — • - - • k. , •• ... . -7 from 1910 to 1920 was downward falling considerably below that for 31 farm products. During the first four years of the period, 1910 to 1920, a box of oranges had a slight advantage over a bushel of apples in purchasing power. For the remainder of the period, however, organes fell much below apples in purchas- ing power when compared on the same base, 1909-1914. Better warehousing facilities near the large producing sections would prove an important factor in stabilising prices during the heavy crop moving months. In marketing apples there are three to six channels through which the fruit passes before it reaches the ulti- mate consumer. Each of these renders a service and makes a charge for same. Time and place services are legitimate marketing costs and deserve a fair compensation. Gross profits of retailers vary from 7b to 250 per cent. Lowering this margin taken by retailers by a reduc- tion in price would increase the consumption of apples and, through the increased volume of business, return equally good profits. Attempts to increase the use of apples in the diet should be directed toward the weak link in the marketing process, namely, the one connecting the retailer and the consumer.- - c -8 II History of Commercial Apple Growing The apple industry in the United States has re- sponded to rather definite cycles. Periods of heavy planting and high prices have alternated with periods of less extensive plantings and low prices. Commer- cial apple growing dates hack to about 1850. It was about this time that two brothers, A. J. Downing and Charles Downing, were devoting much of their time to the development of the apple industry in the Hudson Valley. The former in 1845 published one of the first treatises on apples entitled "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America" which served as a reliable guide on apple growing for many years. Another early leader in the apple industry was Patrick Barry, part owner of the Mt. Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, founded in 1840. Mr. Barry was a pioneer in the commercial development in West- ern New York, a region which long has held first place in the commercial apple industry in the United States. Another region which has held an interesting as well as an important place in the history of apple growing is the Piedmont or Albemarle Pippin Region at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia. It was the Albemarle Pippins which Arthur Stevenson •- * . • - - ' i * « * ... -• ' ' - ■ . . . * . ... .... . : . .. ....... .. ■ '' * ..... ‘ ' . .. - X. . t . . ..... .... .... ; -. . ■ . ... .... .. ■ . ... S. . . V. - ■ a- . w ... .. .... .. ». • Ji i. --Cl w American Minister to England, sent to the late Queen Victoria, that so pleased her that she caused the import tax on apples to be removed. This marked the beginning of our export trade to England, which was in the future to play so important a part in furnishing a market for our surplus apples. It was during the eighties that the commercial plantings in the Missouri River and Ozark Regions were made, continuing through the nineties. This region for many years had the largest number of trees in the United States. The late spring frosts occuring during the period 1900-1910 caused a very heavy loss of trees in this region materially affecting its importance as a commercial apple section. Included in this section are the Loess Apple Belt along the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri, southwestern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, and northeastern Kansas, and the Ozark region in southern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas. The Ben Davis apple grows to perfection in the Ozark Mount- ains and until within recent years was produced almost exclusively. In reoent years the Winesap and Jonathan varieties have become important in the new plantings. The first section in the far west to take up apple growing on a commercial scale was the Pajaro Val- ley in California. Several commercial orohards were set out in 1858 by Isaac Williams and Judge R. F. Peck- man. Mr. Williams offered his first fruit on the San Francisco market in 1867. From this date the demand * ■ '■ ■ *■ - v- .. .. . u - - .. * ~ ■ , V t f " * ................ ■ . . u ■ • - 4t ■' ■ • - .. r . . .. ■_ v. * ► '' ..... -10 for apples of good quality increased and numerous plantings were made. The period from 1880 W 1900 witnessed a rapid development of the apple industry in California at a time when the famous Wenatchee and Yakima Valleys in Washington were in their infancy. The Pajaro Valley differs from most other regions in the northwest in its climatic conditions. The rain- fall here is sufficient to grow large yields without resorting to irrigation. Even today California is the second state in importance among the western states. The Yellow Newtown and Yellow Bellflower are the leading varieties, the former entering largely in- to the export trade, and the latter offered on the home markets. Standardization in package, methods of handling, and cooperation in marketing their product, have not in California made as rapid progress/as in the northwest. A large percentage of the growers sell the fruit on the trees for a lump sum to Slavonian packers, who care for the orchard, do the spraying, thinning, and finally the harvesting of the crops. By thus assuming the grow- ers risk these small packers quite naturally require a safe margin in making their contracts. This system cannot give the same return to the owner as would ac- crue if he performed these operations and combined with other growers in packing and marketing the fruit oo-operatively. Commercial apple growing in the State of W^ash-* ■ * - ■ > s. » ’ .. *-11 ington, now the leading state in this industry, dates hack to 1877 when the first orchard was planted in the Yakima Valley by an Indian named Klickitat Peter. This region has a very small rainfall and must resort to ir- rigation. In 1888 and 1889 the first irrigation compan- ies were organized followed by a rapid development of the apple industry. Six years later, in 1894, the total shipments from the Yakima Valley did not exceed twenty- five carloads. With the development of the irrigation projects came very extensive plantings of apple trees, especially during the years 1900 to 1908. The Wenatchee Valley, lying north of Yakima and separated from it by mountain ranges, started its de- velopment in 1896 when the Gunn ditch was built to pro- vide water for 600 acres of land. The development in this valley was pehnomenal up to 1913 when it possessed a total of 30,000 acres of irrigated land most of which was planted to fruit. This valley is today the leading and most intensive apple growing region in the world. The total acreage in North Central Washington, includ- ing the Wenatchee Valley and the upper Columbia River Region, is approximately 40,000 acres. For the ship- ping season of 1919-1920 the shipments reached 12,300 cars cf apples. Land values are very high, averaging nearly $2,000 per acre. The co-operative marketing of fruit is highly developed. The organizations are the logical outgrowth of a great need requiring the market-* ing of their fruit in distant markets. It is here that the grading, packing, and standardization has been de- * » ■ . .... v ■■ .. .. 4. X ■ - ■ ■ ■ ' . . . * ■ .. {. -12 veloped to the highest degree known in the history of commercial apple marketing. Another prominent apple growing region XX in the northwest is the Hood River Valley in Northern Oregon. This Valley has a rainfall equal to that in New York and differing widely from the Wenatchee and Yakima Val- leys. In spite of this fact irrigation has been found advisable and is common in most of the orchards. Due to the fact that light bearing varieties, such as the Yellow Newtown and Spitzenburg preaominate, the yields do not compare with those in the important valleys in the state of Washington. In order of importance the principal apple growing states in the Northwest are Washington, California, Ore- gon, Idaho, and Colorado. Small areas in other western states may be found in Utah, Montana, and New Mexico. The unusual development in all of these states reached its height during the decade from 1900 to 1910 when many important public and private irrigation projects were completed. By ignoring state lines we find that the leading apple districts of the West are as follows: District Average Annual Production 1916-1919 Bushels Wenatchee, Washington 6,686,675 Yakima, Washington 6,015,250 Watsonville, California 2,787,500 Southern, Idaho 1,894,750 Hood River, Oregon 1,625,000 Western Slope, Colorado 1,492,500 30, 501,675 TotalI X. — ■■ ♦ .. ,-13 Important commercial sections also are found in the North Central States, notably in the lake and river valley regions of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In the east, in addition to those already discussed, commercial growing districts are located in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, North Car- olina, and the famous Baldwin belt in New England. While the apple has been grown in America for the past three centuries yet it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that it was recognized as a food product of commercial importance. It was during the years 1860 to 1875 that most of the commercial plantings were made in New York, 1885-1895 in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1890-1900 in the Ozarks and the prairie states, and 1900 to 1910 in the western states. Very few important plant- ings have been made since 1910. These numerous plantings when taken collectively reached their maximum bearing during the decade from 1910 to 1920 when the total production in the United States in- cluding the crop from the farm orchards averaged nearly 200,000,000 bushels annually. The 1914 crop was the 000 largest on reoord totaling over 253,000/bushels, with the 1920 crop second, amounting to more than 240,000,000 bush- els. Because of the small plantings during 1910-1920 it is not expected that these yields will be greatly exceeded during the next decade. It is possible, however, with the many orchards in the far west only coming into maximum production that the record commercial crop of 1920 may be exceeded■ ■ ■ ■ 4 , , " t .... . . > « ' t-14 III Total Apple Production in the United States There is a very marked fluctuation in the total bush- els of apples produced in the United States from year to year aue largely to seasonal conditions. The high record year as shown in the accompanying chart was in 1914 when the crop exceeded 353,000,000 bushels. This was more than 100,000,000 bushels above the preceding year, and only 33,000,000 bushels above 1915. Since production records have been kept there are two years in the recent history of the crop which stand out in bold relief as low crop years. They are the years 1890 and 1931, the only two in the past 33 years in which the total apple crop in the United States fell below 100,000,000 bushels. Among the high yielding years are 1896, 1904, 1906, 1913, 1914 and 1930, the latter being second only to 1914 the year with the largest crop on record. In general the high crop years were years when lower prices prevailed although there are numerous exceptions to this during the period of a rising price level. Assuming the yield for the period 1909 to 1913 as a base for an average yield we find by referring to the chart that during 15 years of the past 33 the yield was above the average and during the remaining 18 years below this level. Twelve states produce about 70 per cent of the total crop. For information on yields in the most important states refer to the table in the appendix containing sane for the pastJ L-15 five years. During this period the states in oraer of importance rank as follows: New York, Washington, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, Michigan, California, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Oregon, West Virginia, ana North Carolina. In comparing states the total yield must not be con- fused with the commercial crop in which the states are placed in a different order. Pennsylvania, for example, drops from third to sixth place when rated according to commercial production. Apples produced in farm orchards for home use and for local markets only are not marketed in standard containers and are not included in the commer- cial crop. If sent to market in carload lots they usually are shipped in hulk ungraded. This study is concerned largely with the commercial apple crop of the United States a discussion of which follows.• • < • I .. • — • . 1 • - ■ • •• - '• - ...................... . — - ■ . - ... ■■ v . •» - • . V • .. r .. ■ ♦ -16 Table 1— Total Apple Production in the United States - Bushels (000 omitted) 1889 143,105 1906 216,720 1890 80,142 1907 119,560 1891 198,907 1908 148,940 1892 120,536 1909 146,122 1893 114,773 1910 141,640 1894 134,648 1911 214,020 1895 219,600 1912 235,220 1896 232,600 1913 145,410 1897 163,728 1914 253,200 1898 118,061 1915 230,011 1899 175,397 1916 193,905 1900 205,930 1917 166,749 1901 135,500 1918 169,625 1902 212,330 1919 153,238 1903 195,680 1920 240,442 1904 233,630 1921 96,881 1905 136,220 Average Annual Production based upon 5-year average, 1909-1913, 176,482,000 bushels Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1920, p. 652.- ■MN /ffr f Z <7 »** &-1? The Commercial Apple Crop The commercial apple crop always is quoted, in barrels a convenient distinction from the total crop reported in bushels only. It is only within the past six years that separate figures of reasonable accuracy have been compiled for the commercial crop. The accompanying chart shows the variation in the annual production of this crop for the years 1916 to 1921 with the record commercial crop of 35,272,000 barrels in 1920. Because of the severe spring frosts in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other eastern states in 1921 the commercial crop for this year was the lowest for the period. No authentic records could be obtained for years preceding 1916. The commercial crop usually represents 40 to 60 per cent of the total apple crop of the United States, the average for the past six years being 47 per cent. In 1921 this percentage greatly increased, as was to be expected in a low crop year, and reached the 62 per cent mark. The accompanying statistics show clearly where our commercial apples are produced. The Pacific-Northwest leads as a region with New York dropping to second place. The Shenandoah-Cumberland Region in Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Virginia, and West Virginia holds third place. In point of young trees ano. potential production this region... , . J. - . , - ■ - . . •>. . ....... > . ' . . 1 .......... . - . . t . . . + .. - . .. » _ .. . ■ 1 • ■ - ...... ..v > - ,. i <■.. \. ... .. ■ , , ■ . • i. ... • • . ..... v . • z ’ - ■ S .... .... , - ...., , ; . . . ... . .... . ..... * 2. . , 0 ■ .. . ■■. .. . . . .. • . ; .... - - ..... . - ... * .... ..J.. ■>.- ■ -.. 3 ' . <....• -- v' .. . I --18 ranks above New York and rivals the great commercial apple producing section inX the Northwest* A comparison Toy states shows that during the past five years Washington wrested first place from New York in 1921 and 1919. With the rather conspicuous lack of young orchards in the latter it probably will not be many years before Washington will occupy first place among the commercial apple producing states 75 to 80 per cent of the time. During the same period California has occupied a place among the first five states four-fifths of the time. Virginia has a similar record, most of the time occupying third place. Other states inducted in this group from time to time are Michigan, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Idaho, ana Illinois. Of the entire commercial crop, 50 to 72 per cent of it is produced by five states with those prac- ticing modern methods of grading, packing, and marketing rapidly coming to the front.► ....... . . . . : ..... . . ... . . ... ..... ...... ' ..... ... ;, ...... ■ . . > - - - . ... ...... U -19 Table 2—r Commercial Apple Crop in the U. S.i (Barrels 000 omitted) 1921 1920 — — - 20,098 36,273 1919 - - - 26,223 1918 - - - 24,743 1917 - - - 23,341 1916 26,747 Yearbook, U. S, Department of Agriculture, 1920, p. 653• ♦ 4 */sr// « - • . ... . ... ’ - . . • < t -38 verted, into cider. Chile is an importing country of fresh fruits. According to production statistics for Spain, the ap- ple crop in 1910 was equivalent to 7,043,000 bushels, largely produced in the northern provinces. The crop is largely consumed within the country. Apple exports for the years 1909-1913 averaged only $33,000 in value being very low in the list of fresh fruits exported annually. Japan is the most important apple growing country in the far East. Most of the fruit is grown in the northern provinces. Eastern Asia is the important market for sur- plus fruit. Even though this country grows some of its apples on elaborate trellises, most of the orchards in the commercial sections are similar to those in the United States. The industry was started about 50 years ago when foundation stock was introduced from California. The vari- eties are largely American and European varieties. In 1914 the apple crop of Japan was 1,600,000 bushels. Special in- terest attaches to the fruit industry of Japan because of the popular belief among American fruit growers twenty years ago that the destructive San Jose scale insect was brought to the United States from this country. It has since been established that the insect likely was intro- duced with nursery stock from North China and not from Japan. Russia and other countries in Eastern Europe produce some apples which are consumed largely within the country, very small quantities entering the export trade.* - .. V. * u . ■ a . . . /. ♦ ..... . . ? f .. . . L. . ; < ii - . .... . . ' . ► ♦. »-39 V Rank of Apple Crop in the United. States Value of Total Apple Crop in 1918----- $ 229,990,000 " « " " ” ’’ 1919--- $ 275,463,000 Apples in 1919 ranked ninth in the list of farm crops, being exceeded in total value only by wheat, oats, cotton, corn, potatoes, hay, tobacco, and barley. The total value of the apple crop was about three times that of rioe, almost twice that of rye, and about equal to that of barley. Over a period of years the apple orop varies in rank from eighth to twelfth in value as com-' pared with other farm crops. The greatly fluctuating yield of apples from year to year due to climatic conditions ac- counts for the annual change in rank. With the growth of the commercial industry in the United States the apple is maintaining an important position among other agricultural products as illustrated by the export data found elsewhere in this study. The apple is the leading fruit both in tonnage and value of product and destined to maintain its important position among fruits. European and South American count- ries are rapidly expanding their demand for apples for table use and reflect a very significant trend toward in- creased consumption. In the United States, also, the de- mand for apples in the cities is growing and should prove to be an important factor in maintaining the rank of the- - " . . .. . .. - ........ . .. . > -30 of the commercial apple among other food products* With the greater efficiency and increased per capita production of the American farmer a larger proportion of our popula- tion is making the city or large town its home* The per- centage of rural population has been dropping rapidly from S decade to decade. According to the 1920 Census reports, less than 30 per cent of the population is now classed as rural. Having in mind these facts as well as the fact that our total population has greatly increased we can readily see that the market for agricultural products among the non'-agricultural people must become larger each year. The apple should be included in this increased demand and should have little difficulty in maintaining its present rank among other farm products. In the five year period, 1914-1918, the estimated annual value of important farm crops in the United States was as follows:. 1. Corn • • • * • • • • • • • § 3,634,804,000 2. Wheat .......... 1,198,737,000 3. Hay 1,133,376,000 4. Cotton . . . 1,097,039,000 5. 773,752,000 6. Potatoes 372,239,000 7. Tobacco 308,436,000 8. Apples• . . , 184,774,000 >* zVI Table 5— Varieties of Apples grown in the United. States Percentages of normal crop of all apples 1. Baldwin. . . 13.4$ 2. Ben Davis . . 13.3$ Two varieties............26.7$ 3. Northern Spy . 6.0 4. Winesap. . . 5.0 5. R. I. Greening 4.7$ 6. Jonathan . . 3.6$ 7. Rome Beauty . 3.0 8. Early Harvest. 2.0 9. Grimes Golden. 2.0 10. Wealthy. . . 2.0 11. York Imperial. 2.0 12. Maiden Blush . 2.0 Next Ten Varieties 33.0 First Twelve (12) Varieties 60.6$ All Other Varieties 39.4$ Other Varieties producing more than one per cent of the total crop in order of importance: Oldenberg, Red Astrachan, Fall Pippin, Red Limbertwig, Yellow Newtown, Red June, Gano, Yellow Transparent, Stayman Winesap, Golden Russet, » «. - < <•' . . . . z VTompkins King, Yellow Bellflower, Fameuse (Snow), Gravenstein, Tolman Sweet • Table 6— Varieties of Apples Shipped from the Pacific Northwest^ in 1919-1920 Variety Carloads Percent 1. Winesap ...... • 8,319 • . 25.0 2. Jonathan. ..... . 5,989 . 18.0 3. Rome Beauty . 4,335 . 13.0 4. Spitzenberg . 2,994 9.0 5. Yellow Newtown. . 2,328 . 7.0 6. Delicious . 1,663 . 5.0 Miscellaneous .... . 7,653 23.0 Total. . 33,270 . 100.0 Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1920, p. 654. Kitchen, 0. W., Seifert, E. M Jr., and Hal1, Mary B. The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples* U .S.Department of Agriculture, Bui. 935, p.4. 1921* Table 7— “33 Varieties of Apples Shipped by the Sebastopol Apple Growers’ Union, Sebastopol, California during Season of 1931 Variety No. of Boxes 1. Alexanders ............................. 7,401 2. Arkansas Blacks ........................ 3,810 3. Astrachans ............................. 1,087 4. Baldwins ............................. 17,744 5. Beliefleurs ........................... 8,158 8. Ben Davis ............................... 432 7. Bevans Favorites ......................... 433 8. Bietigheimers ............................. 95 9. Cook Seedlings ............................ 28 10. Delaware Reus ........................... 79 11. Delicious ................................. 70 13. GRAVENSTEINS ......................... 274,933 13. Grindstones ............................. 118 14. Hoovers ............................... 10,553 15. Jonathans ,............................ 10,829 16. Kings ................................. 10,354 17. Late Gravensteins ...................... 5,749 18. Maiden Blush ............................. 178 19. Mammoth Black Twigs ...................... 130 30. McIntosh Reds .......................... 103 21. Newtown Pippins ........................ 4,789 32, Nonesuch ................................. 410 33. Northern Spy ............................ 169 24. Ortley Pippins ............................ 32 25. Pearmains ............................... 113 26. Red Cheek Pippins ...................... 553 27. Rhode Island Greenings ,................ 8,973 28. Rome Beauties ......................... 14,909 39. Rosy Reds ................................. 83 30..Skinner Pippins ..................... 329 31. Smith Cider ............................ 1,093 33. Spitzenburgs .......................... 34,506 33. Sunury Varieties ........................ 155 34. Tallman Sweets ............................ 41 35 . Twenty Oz . Pippins ..................... 568 36. Virginia Greenings ....................... 450 37. Wageners ............................ 17,583 38. Williams Favorites ....................... 695 39. Willow Twigs .............................. 18 40. Winter Bananas ........................... 353 434,781 n Annual Report ' tDistribution of Varieties by Regions Western New York The most important varieties in this region are Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Twenty Ounce, Duchess, and Wealthy. Hudson Valley Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, North- ern Spy, and McIntosh. New England Baldwin, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Me Intosh, Fameuse, and Wealthy. Virginia Albermarle Pippin (Yellow Newtown), Ben Davis, York Imperial, Winesap, Stayman, Delicious. Southern Pennsylvania York Imperial, Stayman, Grimes Golden, Duohess, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, Early Harvest. Ohio Valley Rome Beauty, Ben pavis, Grimes Golden, Stayman, Duchess, Yellow Transparent, and Wealthy. Michigan Northern Spy, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Ben Davis, McIntosh, Duchess, and Wealthy. Illinois Wealthy, Duchess, Red June, Jonathan, Stayman, De lioious. Ozarks Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Stayman, Grimes Golden Yellow Transparent, Winesap.* * < ' . ... , ' : . ....... Missouri River Region Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Winesap, Wealthy* Northwest, including Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, Montana, Colorado Winesap, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown, Delicious, Stayman, Grimes Golden, Winter Banana and Ortley. California Yellow Newtown, Yellow Bellflower.^ 1 Folger,J.D., Thomson,S.M. The Commercial Apple Industry of North America. The Macmillan Co. pp.393, 393. It is interesting to note that the two leading vari- eties of apples in the United States make up nearly 27 per cent of our normal apple crop and that the first twelve varieties constitute over 60 per cent of the total crop, With the growth of the commercial apple industry leading fruit growers are learning the wi3dom and importance of fewer varieties, well selected as to adaptation to soils and climate, as to quality, and as to shipping and keep- ing qualities. With the abandonment and loss of many trees, especially in farm orohards and in commercial re- gions where poorly adapted varieties were planted, there should come about a new alignment of varieties in order of relative importance. Anyone wishing to set out a com- mercial orchard in any of the well known apple regions today need not experiment in varieties. These have al- ready been determined through the many experiments during the last sixty years and through recent studies of market demand. The shipping and keeping qualities also have be- come well known to producers and merchants. The proppeot-t ♦ • • .... J . .. ~ ... <• - x- ■ - - i. . . .... .. . *- . . , ......... ♦ - , ’ . , -li .. . .. .. • .... . . -. ' . i.; .... •-36 ive grower by applying to the pomologist at his state agricultural experiment station or to the United States Department of Agriculture has at his disposal a vast store of practical information for use in determining the varieties for his orchard. Among the commercial varieties Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Esopus, and Yellow Bellflower are rapidly declining in importance. They are gradually being replaced by other varieties having a better combination of desirable qualities. ...... . ... . ... . . , . ...... Table-8 -37 varieties of Apples Packea and Shipped by the Western New York Fruit Growers’ Co-operative Packing Association,Inc. Season of 1931-1923 Variety In Bushel Baldwin Containers ~t&T7J 1419 R. I. Greening 262 Roxbury Russet 12 Northern Spy 730 Ben Davis 110 Wealthy 8548 Tompkins King 198 Hubbardston 783 Telman 165 Twenty Ounce 1562 Spitzenburg 25 Maiden Blush 2059 Stark 3 McIntosh 642 Wagener 158 Gravenstein 910 Gillflower 20 Golden Russet 4 Rome Beauty 201 Fall Pippin 537 Hendrick Sweet * 80 Cranberry Pippin 270 Alexander 529 Jonathan 293 See k-N o-Furt her 45 Total Quantity In Barrels Shipped (Bbls.) 6 b 84,472 84,945 6,609 6,696 5,905 5,909 3,614 3,857 3,562 3,599 274 3,123 2,406 2,472 1,026 1,287 822 877 285 806 733 741 0 68 S 556 557 185 399 325 378 7 310 302 309 279 280 161 338 46 225 191 318 94 184 7 183 85 185 154 169 ’ - ■ t . . a -38 Table-8 Con’d Variety In Bushel Containers UbuTT" In Barrels (Bbls.) Total Quantity Shipped Pippin 395 34 166 Bottle Greening 6 148 150 Snow 155 97 149 N. VZ. Greening 313 89 140 Holland Pippin 375 9 134 Boiken 38 116 126 Detroit Red 386 0 129 Ontario 39 115 135 Canada Red 33 113 124 Bellflower 35 110 132 Swaar 29 111 131 Ribstcn Pippin 338 2 111 Sutton Beatuy 131 66 no Rambo 39 94 107 Gano 29 76 86 Total 40 Varieties 31785 11336C 120522 81 Miscellaneous Varieties Shipped— A. Brandy Greasy Pippin Arkansas Black Grimes Golden Baker Sweet Haas Beauty of Kent Hog Island Sweet Belle Bond Hulbert Bittersweet Hyde KingI“39 Taole-S Con’d 81 Mi so el I an sous Varieties Shipped.—Con’t Black Twig Jeffries Blenheim Jersey Sweet Blue Pearmain Jewett Red Bismarck King David Eos ton Russett Lackawaxen Canada Russett Lady Colvert Laay Sweet Cooper’s Market Longfellow Crab Mann Dutchess Mother English Streak Munsey Sweet Grand Duke Natural Fruit Fall Genetian Newton Pippin Fall Greening Nonpareil Flower of Genesee Oliver French Spitzenberg Paradise Sweet Gloria Mundi Parker Golden Sweet Peck’s Pleasant Pewankee Perfect Porter Pount Sweet Pumpkin Sweet Unknown Priestly- Valentine Red Sweet Vandeveer Red Streak White Graft St, Lawrence linesap Salome Winter Banana ' . ■ 1 ■■ ■ ■ .... -40 Table-8 Oont’d 81 Miscellaneous Varieties Shipped—Oont’d. Scott’s Winter Winter Pippin Senator Strawberry Smoke House Winter Sweet Sour Sweet Wolf River Steel Red Yellow Transparent Stearns York Imperial Sweet Greening York Pippin Sweet Russett Winter Strawberry Twenty Ounce Pippin 81 Miscellaneous Varieties, Bu.— 1,937 81 ’’ " Bbls.- 949 Quantity in Bushels Quantity in Barrels Total Quantity Shipped (Bbls.) Grand Total of all Varieties Shipped Number of Varieties 131 23,713 114,309 123,113I I I-41 VII App^e Exports Exports of apples, including green and ripe, and dried fruit, have shown a remarkable growth since 1896. During that year the total value of the apple exports was $3,045,586. By the year 1900 the value of exports had in- creased to nearly four million dollars, by 1905 to over six million, 1910 over seven million, and by 1915 to nearly 10.4 million dollars. Most of the increase in value of ex- ports was due to the increased exports of ripe fruit which in 1896 were valued at $1,880,013 and in 1915 at $7,686,094, The value of dried fruit exported increased nearly one mil- lion dollars from 1896 to 1901. Beginning with 1903 the value varied annually from $2,000,000 to $2,500,000. Only once previous to 1915 did the value of dried fruit exported exceed three million dollars. This was in the year 1911 when they amounted to $3,851,295 or more than 40 per cent of the entire apple exports from the United States for that year. The advent of the World War marked a very sharp decline in our apple export trade. Considered more a3 a luxury dur- ing the war period they suffered greatly and by 1918 were valued at only $3,500,000. This was a drop of nearly seven * million dollars from the previous high mark reached in 1915, This condition was changed with the signing of the armistice. Early in 1919 Europe as well as the United t • - u. , 'v * •• 1H-S- /V 'Thous&'rtci. Pdr-re Is /£% Moo tf/c ty£- Mm /< Value i'ohs  & <'• ‘ Z WoV£ £Xso & i% -\K^ -43 States entered upon a period of unprecedented prosperity and. at once began to demand, among other things, the Ameri- can apple to which she had become accustomed prior to the war period. The year 1919 shewed the most remarkable values in the history of the United States export trade in apples. These exports consisted of 1,713,367 barrels of apples valued at $14,471,283, and 24,704,359 pounds of dried ap- ples valued at $4,109,282, or an aggregate value of $18,581, 110. This is an increase of 45 per cent in the total value, but a decrease of 11 per cent in the quantity of ripe apples, and 36 per cent in the quantity of dried apples exported, as compared with the pre-war year 1913, when the aggregate val- ue of exports was $10,136,603. The accompanying tables show the fluctuations in ex- ports from year to year as well as the values per unit. A careful study of these impresses one with the fact that the changing production due to seasonal conditions, frost in- jury, etc., has a direct bearing upon the price as well as the volume of exports from year to year. While the average annual crop from 1910-1920 has exceeded that of 1900-1910, yet the increase is very much less than the difference in value would indicate, nothwithstanaing the fact that many new orchards in the Northwestern States have come into pro- fitable bearing during the last decade. From the record high value of apple exports of $18,581,110 in 1919 there was a drop to $15,597,720 in 1920, and a somewhat smaller drop to $16,188,708 for 1931. The greater decline was intbhe dried apple exports which fell*- - ± .. t • <-43 from slightly over four million dollars in 1919 to one and. one-half million in 1220. During the past year, 1921, these recovered to $2,206,843 in value as compared, with the five year average 1910-1214 of $2,763,415. The effect of the war was to reduce our apple exports, in some cases, notably Germany and Belgium, entirely elimina- ting the markets. Parallel with this falling-off in 1915 came great increases in exports for several years to such countries as Denmark, Norway and Sweden, lasting until the effective blockade of the North Sea in the latter part of 1917 and 1918 practically eliminated these markets. One of the accompanying tables shows the rapidly increasing exports by months for the year 1919 illustrating the rapidity with which the volume and value of exports recovered after the close of the war. In this case the high export month which normally would have occurred in November or December 1918, was advanced to February 1919 when the total exports of ripe apples for the month reached 493,996 barrels, valued at $3,792,361. For the mo&th of March the exports were 286,979 barrels worth $2,619,902, making a total in exports of ripe apples for the two months of February and March 1919, of 780,975 barrels valued at $6,412,263. With the exception of 1912, 1913, 1915 and 1916, the exports of ripe apples for these two months in the first year following the war exceeded in value the annual exports of any year pre- vious in the history of our export trade. It is estimated that the combined fruit crops of the United States exceed in variety, quantity, and value, those of any other nation. This country is one of the greatest i .. . '■ \ • ... . ; . ...... : i./ J. '■ .' . ■ ; ■; ■ •- J.. . j. M •p * s 9 g/- i: 00 h/ vod!VI JXfifD - *• \\2^ ' 4V -- 'tf - -W" \t&\--44 fruit-consuming as well as fruit-producing nations in the world, yet, in addition to the domestic consumption $122, 678,783 worth cf all kinds of fruit were exported during the year 1919, 15 per cent of which consisted of dried and fresh apples. This percentage does not include the value of canned and preserved apple products. During this depression period it is to be expected that the value of apple exports will continue to decline while the quantity of ripe apples should compare favorably with the exports for the past decade, excepting the two low years of 1917 and 1918. When compared with the five pre-war years, 1910-1914, they should be represented by an index number of approximately 100 in quantity, and at least 120 in price per unit.Ilion Pounds /dtue From ■" - 1 -®n zd~±j ESS ' zjxfcrt • -rf-H-H- ••H~TiH~ i . • Z 1- V~i Z\ / \ lJ / \ / \ u Z \Z 1 W l^jzpn.~;; 4 r: 7 jldigtp 11 V ■ Writ __ ! 1'llllHlb ~x. j..l|j-1.1. 1. ..1 m 'H~: ■ i~ /W w> lids' THE \lNtT£P S TATES QLUNrrry Value tf/S- 1/201721 o o i'j rv' a cJ a- 4/ V. * < UJExports of Apples by Months 1919—Year of Highest Prices Green or Ripe Dried Months Barrels ISIS Value Average price per Barrel Pounds Value Average price per pound Jan* 213,107 $ 1,527,498 $ 7-17 2,306,575 $ 346,331 cents 15 Eeb. 493,996 3.792,361 7.68 1,208,392 182,193 15 Mar* 286,979 2,619,902 9.13 2,838,155 428,737 15*1 Apr* 137,40$ 1,455.211 10.60 7.623,924 1,073,391 14.1 May 20,71+7 280,71+7 13-36 1,178,257 219,095 16 June 8,610 101,733 11.30 2,809,427 532,470 19 July 23,450 170,161+ 7.25 1,562,188 299,855 19.2 Aug* 21,659 162,860 7-55 438,025 72,887 16.6 Sept* 34,619 238,780 6.90 561,773 121,405 21.6 Oct* 115,715 1,038,251 8-97 277,648 55,689 20 Hov* 213,270 1,739,297 8.15 1,815,234 343,561 18*8 Dec* 142,806 1.344,478 9.40 2,084,761 434,214 20.8 Total 1,712.367 $14 ,471,282 $ 8.45 24,704,359 $4, 109,828 16*6 Av. Av. Total Value (Ripe and Dried Apples) of Exports — $18,581 >110 Table 3-  r > r-46 Export Varieties Up to the present time the favorite export varieties have been Yellow Newtown, York Imperial and. Baldwin. In England a preference is shown for the yellow varieties, dating hack to the quality of the famous Albemarle Pippins (Yellow Newtown), shipped from the State of Virginia. In the Scandinavian countries the red varieties command the best price, including Baldwins, Kings, and Ben Davis, all marketed in barrels. Few green or cooking apples are de- manded in these northern countries. The box-packed apples in greatest demand are Jonathans, Spitzenberg, Winesaps, and Arkansas Blacks. The western box pack is preferred. This preference for box-packed apples may be attributed to the fact that they can be shipped more safely and are mere likely to arrive in a satisfactory con- dition. Boxed apples also are better adapted to handling for inland transportation. The following varieties have proved very well adapted to the export trade: Barreled Boxed Baldwin Yellow Newtown Yellow Newtown Winesap York Imperial Jonathan Ben Davis Spitzenberg Rhode Island Greening Gano\ .1 w - V ... vJ .. .. . . ........... .... . .... ... . ............. . . - „. ■ . v - • * ‘• - - .... . • . . . .................................................... v ... >.. - V -< .. . . /' -47 - VIII Important Foreign Markets The important foreign markets for apples are located in Northern Europe, Canada, Mexico, and south America. Dur ing the shipping season of 1920-31 the principal ports of destination in Europe were Liverpool, Lonaon, Glasgow, Man Chester, and Scandinavian ports. Eefore the war Hamburg ana Bremen, Germany, were important markets, but to date have barely started to recover. The past five years have shown a great increase in demand for American apples in Mexico, Brasil, Argentina, and Cuba. Tc some degree Aus- tralia, New Zealand, China and the Philippine Islands have demonstrated their ability to absorb some of our surplus apples. It is hoped that these markets can be extended as better facilities and channels for marketing the fruit in these newer countries have been developed. Since the har- vest season in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand comes about six months later than that in the Unitea States con- siaerable quantities of fresh fruit are imported by these countries in off seasons. This market can be further de- veloped and be made to serve as an additional outlet for apples from the Western States and Canada. During the past the United Kingdom has been our best customer taking one million ana more barrels annually. The largest exports to this country were made in the fiscal year 1915-1916 totaling 1,747,393 barrels. The year 1904 was second with 1,553,341 barrels, and the calendar year 1921 third with a total of nearly one and one half millionV- ~ . - - J • - •* . . S ‘ V _ < « , - . v. w » ................. - ■ . -i. ........... ' ■ i .. - . .. ' ’ . . ' - . .... .... ; . « V . .... v . .4 .......... „ , . .. ; .. /. . . . J . . . v ....... . «. .. «. ... , .. . .... .... ... ' ' .......... ( X . . . .... ......................... . ■ ' .... . . v . . . . , . ' . .. . . V , ~ .......... ». , .. . ... ... . ■ s. .'.... ■ r • s . . * .J .. . , . V - - ‘ . . • > . i ' . . , .A . U _■ . * -• ' • 1 «*•«’' - * " ' - ■ - * ... .*• . ...• -•> -■ ->> • ......... * .■ - .. • . ; ». - ♦ . ... . . .. .. . ...... ... - - «. ' ' 1 ' ................................................ V .. - < . ...................... ;, - . -- • ' V ■ ■ •' >-43 barrels. Canada furnishes our next best marxet frequently taking more than 300,000 barrels annually. Our greatest volume of exports to Canada were made in the fiscal year 1913-1914, totaling 377,000 barrels of apples. Since the disappearance of the German market for ap- ples Norway has become the third most important market for American apples. During the past three years the average annual exports to Norway totaled nearly 100,000 barrels. At the present time South America gives the greatest promise of becoming an important market for apples, a mar- ket as yet largely undeveloped. Reduced costs in getting cur apples to these distant markets trill be the greatest factor in bringing about a demand for this fruit. At pre- sent the high costs, by the time a package of high grade apples reaches these foreign markets, puts the price out of reach of many who otherwise would consume them. A special effort is being made by exporters of fruit to ship by the consignment method ana thereby decrease the costs and profit per package, giving the consumer the benefit of a lower price. Since a large number of ve3sel3 with re- frigeration facilities are sent to Argentina for cargoes of fresh meat it is planned to utilize the cold chambers for the shipping of apples southward. This opportunity to profitably utilize what otherwise would be lost space is expected to justify lower ocean freight rates resulting in a price to the consumer which will encourage increased consumption of apples. In order to assure the safe transportation of apples to South America it is necessary that the fruit be care- i. . .. . V 49 fully selected, graded, and packed. Only fruit classed as ’’Fancy” or ’’Extra Fancy” should be used. For this mar- ket the box package is preferred for the reason that fruit arrives in much better condition than when packed in bar- rels . Another potential demand for American apples exists in the far east, notably in China. With one-fourth the popula- tion of the world this country whose people are great lovers ana consumers of fruit should present one of the most prob- able fields for the extension of cur exx;ort trade. These facts combined with the increased wage-earning capacity of the Chinese laborer and improved transportation facilities, will enable a large proportion of the people to enjoy what in the past have been considered as luxuries beyond their reach. The high quality of the American apple as compared with its principal competitors of low quality from Japan ana Chosen, will prove of special advantage in the develop- ment of this market with almost unlimited possibilities. -50 Table-10 Barrels of Apples Exported to Important Countries during 1919, 1930, and 1921 United Kingdom 1921 barrsls 1,498,839 1920 barrels 1,250,033 1919 barrels 1,209,855 Canada 166,410 374,358 158,859 Norway 80,333 67,434 147,586 Sweden 13,465 14,432 34,950 Denmark 38,638 12,982 33,281 Mexico 42,017 37,925 23,565 Cuba 33,569 32,263 26,548 Argentina 9,829 32,688 15,159 Brazil 13,760 24,856 16,860 Panama 7,042 7,701 Australia 2 3,766 Netherlands 4,101 3,092 Germany 1,569 50 Philippines 10,634 11,026 15,682 All Other Countries 36,116 25,305 30,003 Total 1938,224 1,797,711 1,713,387 Per Gent Exported to the United Kingdom 77.4 89.5 70.7 ' ■ • • < *-51 In 1919 the United States exported 1,209,855 barrels of apples to the United Kingdom alone, and 158,859 barrels to Canada* A large portion of the latter is exported to Europe and not consumed in Canada. In this year our exports to Norway were 147,586 barrels. No other country received 100,000 barrels or mere of our apples during 1919. In studying the accompanying tables it is interesting to note the growing importance of the Northern European countries especially Norway and Sweden, as well as Mexico, ana the two South American countries, Argentina and Brasil, in our export trade. For example, the exports to Norway have had a consistent growth from a value of $9,000 in 1910 to $1,697,000 in the year 1919. The value of the latter, however, was greatly increased by the effective war blockade of the preceding year, 1918, when no apples were exported to Norway. The value of our exports continuing to this country in 1920 was $778,000, Norway KftttKXXKg as our third most important market. Prior to the World War, Germany was the second largest market for our apples. For the present, however, this mar- ket has disappeared. As soon as the rate of exchange and general economic conditions reach a more stable level, Ger- many should again become an important market for American apples. Were it possible to place our apples on foreign markets at a price comparable with that paid by our consum- ers at home there would result a greatly increased demand for this fruit. After shipping them 3,000 to 5,000 miles the transportation and added merchandising charges have ad- ded much to the price ana frequently have put the fruit in I. - -52 the luxury class ana out of reach of many prospective con- sumers. Any movement tending toward, the reduction of these added costs in the form of lower ocean freight rates and greater efficiency in marketing should bring about a wider market for our surplus apples ana prove af great benefit to the industry. -• - ' •... . - - • — -53 IX Car-load Shipments of Apples The primary or car-lot distribution of the annual ap- ple crop of the United States is a large undertaking and requires extensive market machinery to move the crop with- out serious loss and waste. The importance of an efficient organization is obvious when we remember that the bulk of the crop is moved during the two months of October and No- vember. It is during these months that the railroads have great difficulty in supplying the necessary car3 to move the apple crop to the large markets, to the seaboard, and to the great central storage warehouses at important rail- road centers. The average annual shipments for the five years from 1916 to 1920 were approximately 75,000 carloads. A large number of these cars had to be moved during the busy crop moving season when other crops such as potatoes, cabbage, wheat, and oats were demanding their allotment of freight cars. In 1919-20 according to a study of the monthly movement cf apples in the Pacific Northwest, 60 per cent of the cars were shipped during October and No- vember. This required 32,000 cars for this region alone during that time. Assuming fifty-three business days dur- ing the two months, we find that an average of 415 cars would be needed at the sidings of the various packing houses each day to be loaded ana started toward their des- tinations . Similar problems have arisen in the eastern commer- cial apple growing regions from year to year. Where com- A f . - J . .. . . - ■ . - - . .. .. . .. «• i ... ..... . ..... . ..... ......... - ... .... .1 . 4. . . V. ••• - *** XK - ,, G . . 4.A J:t VII U.<2. pACiFfC A- 1/K //£ W yOftK CENTRAL APPALACHIAN A1L&IH&B. ! J CAftLOn /Pw-Zo Pacific M.w. /VewYork Central Apr All other SB /w-i? U.s. PAC/PCAM New/orr Central Arp Allqjher U.S. IW'/ft Pacific/M New York Central aPP All qtrer CARLQT&ftlPNlWs of apples bYrtaion& 1' °o 4' % f ' £*' ... . ciixU. L- - V'< . -• •• . < 1 ' j . WHHHi AJA A\ i ' ‘-\\ A* A iOfetej ~ ■11111 ■ i . - ..->’ • ■ ■ BWbsMl iMitn \ '* S V-« v A\- Af\i\ -Ir'A ; A A..,- _ i A a, a. '*> \[ ■■■BBBiBHM ,UM.i jU - ;■.. , . ;••>. • ,.. ’. ■'.' ■ . -• . •;•* . ’ • -" . :.'??reSsMBEy3BMl - ■-a ven!K‘^ ftn -A ■: -*V. oai. ik’RAr’frt’l - ■> i, VV •• > f-- •_. A J- •fA v ' A,.. A 5 -A 'A" A,7.. V ? A -54 mercial orchards are located near large centers of popu- lation as in the Hudson Valley, New England, Western New York, Southern Pennsylvania, Southern Ohio, ana parts of the central western states, the motor truck has been press&a into service during the height of the marketing season and has materially aided in facilitating crop movement during this period. Producers have realized the great need for enlarged and improved warehouse facilities in the commer- cial regions and have taken steps toward supplying same. Frequently gorwers have sold their fruit in hulk at a great sacrifice in price rather than assume the risk of properly packing, storing, and marketing the apple crop. The mar- keting of their fruit in this manner is not usually con- sidered good business, nor does it serve as a very good ad- vertisement for the region. Much of the fruit is consigned in carload lots. Of the three classes of fruit, boxed, barreled, ana bulk, the box-packed apples usually arrive in the best condition. and Boxes can be packed to better advantage/are not subject to as much jolting back and forth in the car. Considerable more attention is being given to the loading in cars and the prevention of injury to the fruit while enroute to mar- ket .■ Chart VIII 100*6 Pacific /Vo ft a west Qarlot Shipwi&vts WeaawSL Valley/I / / I I XXX >6 i v a\^ •.: / t A >3 cT\ , Av--1 s. t-V I / : # . / / / t I i t / /. V /" ■ / *■ iJf.V.-t-' 3- • lose ■« % ■*. '. >? S/ft-S ■-A \ ’>•. 4-a a-55 TP"b3 3**" 1 -——-Carloads of Northwestern Apples Shipped to Important Markets 1919-1920 Season (Primary Distribution) Chicago . • ft • c • 4,254 cars Minneapolis. • • • ft ft 4,058 New York City • ft • • ft 2,401 Denver. . • ft • • ft 1,292 Omaha. • ft • « ft 700 Pittsburgh . • ft • • ft 630 Kansas City. * • * • ft 583 Seattle . ft ft ft • ft 569 Grand Islanu, Nebraska • ft 477 Philadelphia • • • • ft 471 North Platte, Nebraska • ft 450 Yakima, Washington • • ft 448 St. Paul. ft 329 Le Hoy, Minnesota. • • ft ft ft 321 Minot, North Dakota ♦ • ft .308 St. Lauis • ft ft ft ft 306 Cheyenne. • ft • ft • 297 Spokane . ft 274 Baltimore ft ft • • ft 260 Eoston. . ft 247 SanFrancisco ft ft • ft ft 333 I . XI V) k O £ is 5 k X I I/) Uj ^5> k Qc 53 X. vo *< III fk * q. &, 0 /0 O' 0 Q h ~~ v;.,,;. s.,: : ..•< - ?M.” > •. •• : . :•*■ ," .- • - • .• • • ' ; . • ■ '’WBajscJw.’i ~ tv^\ ie--WSOB Vm .7" tv. CHA *> i ; ’> 1 5 ‘.AJ V’ ’• ? W i " ~ . t- * i t - - $ - u » i\ •i ■/■../£ v\. * v vx. ’•• ’» \ \ i .)■ < ■ • ft ) ■ ■ A AH Y ' .: ' 4 \ ■fesfe -'- ; J.-.•■■:< •. ;> A> *¥ .'• k*T* ■;■'»' & '?'■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ s /may :- W< 7 HOB ■ff \ i s » '■ '-■'' * •— i feA "« - » - » AU ’•!&&' • ■■: - • V ' ; . 'T V •* * •■ j T, U:- -V-M ?,ViO.\ r<- S’ '•■. , .-• ■ ■ M ■ AMY - 7AM -7 - -.,- -- .»i i<-. > ’/-A, A. .7 *• -i ,-■. ■ «-• AM s» <# ■'., <„• •*-..# ’• - « MAM56 X Prices Paid Producers of Apples The accompanying chart shows the seasonal variation in prices paid producers in the United States for the ten years, 1912-1921. The greatest variation occurred in 1930 when the price reached $3.97 per bushel in July and drop- ped to $1.15 in December, a total drop of $1.82. The year 1914 also showed a wide variation in price, $1.42 in July and $0.57 ih November. During the entire period there was but one year, 1931, which showed a rise in price from July to November. Thi3 unusual change followed the high crop year of 1920, and was a reaction of the tremendous drop which preceded it and of the short crop accompanying it, the latter bring- ing the lowest on record for 31 years. In the other nine years the lowest price paid pro- ducers prevailed during the height of the harvest season, the drop usually starting in July when the crop prospects for the year are well known by buyers and producers. - . - Monthly Pipce Pa/p Producers fee Apples /h THE 11. S. /T 72 M rari- ty ’vj vi ''pee. NT ss Chart X Qz - /1fot 00 o'00S ooo'ooo't ODD 'OOS'I sja-^-i^g 0 0 '' & 000 '00/v’*’ nTT'T^ - V f'i > \ 'L ~4 s*< ; i / —■»w»iii..n...^ K‘ r r-’S. ., „ . ___________________________________________________ x" ~ f « , x*—t' ■ £ X £> 5 r% xr p ' •*' X •x' $ Kw u# u d/ :..jx i? fc V  Chart XIII -58 Purchasing Power of Apples During the entire period from 1910 to 1920 there were only two years when the purchasing power of apples exceeded the average for 31 farm products. These years were 1911 and 1914 with apples ten points above in the former and only one point above in the latter. For the other nine years apples had a purchasing power of one to twenty-eight points below that of farm products in general. The lowest purchasing power was reached during the two war years 1918 and 1917, during both of which, the total crop, as well as the commercial apple crop, was relatively lew. The index number on the other hand constantly in- creased during the latter half of this decade reaching the high point of 213 in 1920. The accompanying chart shows graphically hew unreliable is the index number of prices received for any commodity when used independently of purchasing power as a basis for comparison. To be of real significance the price must be interpreted in units of other commodities that can be purchased by a bushel, a barrel, or ton of the product in question. There was a decrease in purchasing power of farm products from 1910 to 1920, and an even greater decrease in the purohaling power of apples when measured by com- modities which the farmer purchased. A comparison with • ... V - J - . ■ > . . . . s . . .... . • . ... v ...... ... . . . ... . v. , ........ W *- W.< .4. 1. : W * j .. - • * '■ •J- - . 1 .x. i. » - S. «. k . V •' . k ..... t . < . . .. . ■ ..... . , ..... J k .< k ~ i .. " - . ..... . ■-59 oranges shows that during six of the eleven years the purchasing power of apples ranked highest. These years were 1910, 1911, 1914, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Orgnges had a higher purchasing power in 1912, 1913, 1915, 1916 and 1918. For one year only, 1913, did they have a higher purchasing power than the 31 farm products. The range for oranges also is much wider, varying from 42 in 1920 to 123 in 1913, a total range of 81 points as comparer with 35 for apples.  .. v ..... ' . .. . ... _,.... . . . . . ......... -•>, .... .... ... .. . . . • . j . . .. v . , -60 Table-13 Average Yearly Price Paid Producers for a Bushel I of Apples, Index Number, and Purchasing Power. . Prioe per Bushel Index No. Purchasing Power of Apples Purchasing Power of Oranges Pur chas ing Power of 31 Farm Pro 1920 — $ 2.C8 *213 85 42 86 1919 - 1.85 197 90 60 97 1918 - 1.41 150 74 83 102 1917 - 1.26 133 74 60 100 1916 - .91 96 76 80 94 1915 - .73 78 76 83 98 1914 - 1.00 101 100 87 99 1915 - .85 91 89 123 97 1912 - .88 91 90 97 98 1911 - 1.03 106 109 97 99 1910 .98 103 103 93 105 *Base , 5 year average August, 190$ i to July, : 1914. 1 Warren, States. G. F U.S . Prices of Farm Products in the United • Department of Agri, Bui.999. ^921 Chart XIV INPft /tUMBEII AN&f’URMAS/n Power of Apples Mo-ifeo ('O/HP^£p WrrH puRoUAH MS Power || of 3t Farm Products / f I in / _____ /?/? ofApples / _________p,R of 3/FarmFrop/jcts J ill / _________TnoeiNo. fof Prices oFrfffLEs / P, P nr OffAR&EG ( /A* !?H p/R. Afa AM AM /M I?IJ /AS A?/ ’ V . • • • * ■■ • V - • ... v . V . . . -63 Table-13 Average Prices Received, for Apples Exported from the United States^ Green and Ripe Dried Apples Price per Barrel Price per Pound 1913 1914 • • • • ♦ ♦ • • $ 3.80 3.70 . . $ 0.07 . . .078 1915 « • • • • 3.53 • • .078 1916 • • • • • 4.31 « • .076 1917 • • • • • 4.69 • • • .088 1918 • • • • 5 .40 • • .141 1919 • • • • 8.45 « • .166 1920 • • • ♦ • 7.84 • • .171 1921 • • ♦ • 7.22 ♦ • .111 1 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce.  /—64 Table-14 Monthly Fluctuations in Prices Received for Apples Exported in 1919n Green and Ripe Price per Bushel Dried Apples Price per Pound January $ 7.1? $ 0.15 February 7.68 .15 March 9.13 .151 April 10.60 .141 May 13.36 .16 June 11.30 .19 July 7.25 .193 August 7.55 .166 Sept ember 6.90 .316 October 8.97 .300 November 8.15 .188 December 9.40 .308 Average for ISIS — 4? 8.45 §0.166 Bureau of Foreign ana Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce# V • •' ► ■ -35 XI Marksting Costs Of all costs entering into the marketing of a box or barrel ofapples, that of the retailer is the highest. Usu- ally this item exceeds all the other distribution costs combined. The number of channels through which the product passes varies greatly. Ordinarily the grower sells to the local dealer or to the fruit growers association who in turn ships to a wholesaler in the large city markets or to a broker. The wholesaler sells to the jobber or to the re- tailer, or in some cases direct to a large consumer. It is possible,therefore, that a barrel of apples passes through from three to six of the marketing channels before it reaches the ultimate consumer. Each of these agencies renders a service and makes a charge for same. While the intrinsic value of the apple has not been increased since the fruit left the orchard, yet the value of time and place service has been added to the commodity and greatly enhanced its price. In other words, the apple grown in the State of Washington is a different apple by the time it reaches New York and commands an entirely different price. In fact, the grower, were he suddenly to exchange places with the city purchaser at a fruit stand, would not be able to re- cognize his product by the price, so great has been the change. Investigations show that a reduction in price by re- tailers would materially increase the consumption of ap- pies ana eventually result in equally good, profits for '1 . 4 . . .... •• • - : - K . k • ■ ' ... i ■ . ■ ■ ■ . . (. -86 the retailer. These reduced prices and better business practice should prove beneficial to grower, dealer, and consumer. In general, the gross profits of fruit stand vendors range from 100 to 350 per cent. Grocers cater- ing to a high grade trade and maintaining a credit and delivery service also receive large gross profits, due partly to the fact that they are selling these services as well as the fruit itself. These handling the cheaper grades of apples usually operate on a margin of 75 to 100 per cent of the purchase price. These include largely cash dealers such as cash grocers, peddlers and push cart men, the latter creating quite a demand by delivering the fruit at the home of the consumer. In the large cities a large quantity of fruit is handled in this way. The chain stores in some cases also move a large quantity at low prices. These prices usually are far be- low ordinary retail prices and frequently return a gross profit of not exceeding 25 per cent. These sales, of course, do not include any telephone, credit and delivery service. The accompanying table shows the various costs entering into the marketing of apples by one of the 5 and 10 cent stores which in the fall of the year conducted special sales at very low margins. hJ c+ O o H- B C P 2 s3 oa V • CJ o • * TO • g fcJ »■ p .CD *O TO C+ cf • CD o =i P Hj K c+ w O1-,- H H* R=^ • W l-» > »o • CP R* CD o co V P *d H JV • CD co c+ • R' H »-•- <5 co CD R CD 03 c+ • R- Os P Cost of Marketing 113 Barrels of .Apples Through the Medina of 5 and 10 cent stores* Per Barrel Per Cent of * Consumers Dollar Grower received for .Apples (on the tree) $ 1.455 33.49 Cost of barrel, picking, grading, packing & hauling .660 17.46 Fruit Growers Association, Selling Charges .135 3.57 Freight, origin to destination .416 11.00 Cartage at destination .05 1.31 Loss to Wholesaler (Shrinkage) .032 .34 Cost to Wholesaler $ 2.748 Wholesaler1s profit .203 5.53 Cost to Stores $ 2.956 Profit to 5 and cent stores .324 21.80 Price Paid by Consumer $ 3-78 100. •-9 & h-J CD 1-J 03 I 02 -Q t -38 In the preceding table it is shown that the freight charges amounted to 11 per cent of the consumers price. This charge must be added to most of the fruit sold on city markets and represents the cost of place service in our marketing system. The following table shows the different freight rates in effect between the most important producing centers and nine of the principal terminal markets in the united States. These rates prevail for 100 pounds, or approximately 2 bushels, or 2/3 of a barrel of ap- ples. (See Appendix). Important as it may seem to the sonsumer the freight rate represents but a small percentage of the price paid by him. More important than this is the margin taken by the dealer. Any improvement aiming toward the cheapening of our system of distribution should first be directed toward this weaker link in our marketing channels.- - ■ . S. •. • ...... <• . ... .z • . **' .* • ’* v. ». ■ ■ »- , ... .' ; ■ < .. . . . . .. j Shrinkage Market investigations show that the shrinkage, induct- ing decay and deterioration, of perishable products handled on our large markets averages 30 to 40 per cent of the middleman’s margin of profit* It is evident that some one must hear this loss, consequently it is added to the con- sumer’s price. It is logical, therefore, that any reduc- tion in this loss through shrinkage will lessen the neces- sary margin of the dealer and make possible, either a lower price to the consumer or a larger return to the producer, or both. Among the causes of this unusually heavy shrinkage are the glutting of our markets with perishable products through poor distribution, improper care of the product before and after it reaches the market, frequent handling, rough treat- ment after it reaches the retailer, and lack of proper storage and refrigeration facilities. With apples there is also a very heavy shrinkage on the farm. Frequently the farmer will allow his fruit to rot or become over-ripe be- cause he oannot find a satisfactory market for it, or be- cause he is too busy seeding or harvesting another crop considered of greater importance. The trouble quite often may be traced to a lack of proper market information or marketing facilities. That the losses through shrinkage could be reduced, there is little doubt. There is evidence that progress is being made in this direction through con- certed efforts on the part of producers organizations and distributors, especially through a more efficient use of by- products made possible by a large volume of business.- -i ._______________________________ . • Advertising It is only within recent years that organized and consistent advertising of apples has been practiced by growers and dealers. The immediate stimulus to an ad- vertising campaign was supplied by the citrus fruit growers who for the past ten years have been engaged in constant advertising of orgnges and other fruits* The apple growers realized that in order to cope with their nearest competitor they must employ similar tactics to create and maintain a demana for theijr fruit. In October 1919, a well planned aavertising campaign was evolvea by the growers of Northwestern box apples in cooperation with wholesalers, jobbers, and dealers in the box apple trade. The advance advertising was carried in the New York Packer and other marketing and fruit journ- als calling upon the dealers to aid in "The Eig Box Apple Advertising Drive." This was followed by the appearance of carefully prepared and uniform advertisements in ap- proximately 500 city newspapers. Feature lines were as follows: "Washington, Oregon and Idaho Jonathans." Fresher, cheaper, "Delight in Every Bite." "Order a Box of Jonathans from Your Grocer Today," "Butchers’ Bills ana Pastry Shop Bills Drop in Families that Eat Applsg,*’-71 "An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." ’’Food Value of One Apple Equal to one Lamb Chop, Two Slices of Bread, or One Egg. etc., etc." Stress was placed upon the effect upon the vigor and health of children, upon the quality of the fruit, and the economy of the fruit sating habit. In addition to Jona- thans such varieties as Rome Beauty, Winesaps, and Spit- zenbergs were featured in the daily paper advertising. The campaign started October 15th and was continued for a month. Statements from wholesalers and jobbers in- dicated that they were well pleased with the results. Many inquiries were received from consumers who wished to purchase fruit by the box and sales of box apples were greatly stimulated. "The "Skookum Brand" is a good illustration of the policy of national advertising participated in by both grower and distributor. It demonstrates, further, the value of a trade-mark and the importance of standardiza- tion of product and package. Many growers organizations today are marketing their fruit through large distribu- ters such as the American Fruit Growers, Inc., and the North American Fruit Exchange, and are cooperating in financing consistent advertising of their particular brand.■72 XII APPENDIXTotal Production of Apples }-> in 12 Leading States (Bushels—ooo omit tad). Yearbook, U.S.Department of Agriculture 1920, P« Sol • State .. Ji21... 1920 1919 1918 ..1917 New York 12,557 55,650 16,SCO 40,873 16,266 Washington 2S,062 15,420 25,348 16,451 19,230 Pennsylvania 2,20S 23,937 7,972 16,OSO 11,646 Virginia 70s 15,21c 5,950 10,063 11,77s Michigan 6,317 16,500 6,4su 9,792 4,146 California 6,500 6,003 3,640 6,560 6,804 Ohio 3,39° 13,193 2,SO6 7,005 5,760 Illinois 2,3*1 6,175 4,543 3.^59 7,51s Missouri 430 5,032 5,773 4,245 8,070 Oregon 5,571 3.300 5,579 3,384 ** ,335 West Virginia 420 7,000 3,^78 5,856 4,520 North Carolina 593 7,900 2,500 3,5&$ 4,500 Total 70,187 173,370 100,275 127,406 104,573 Table-16I I 1 I tCommercial Crop in Important Apple States (Barrels-coc omitted.) Yearbook, U.S.Department of Agriculture, 1920, p.653. State 1$ 21 1920 1313 1512 1317 13 Washington 7,750 3,523 6,311 4,296 4,620 4,392 New York 3,000 3,275 2,575 5,350 2,053 5,544 Virginia 156 2,635 1,50s 1,756 1,687 2,173 Michigan 1,203 3,167 1,10s 1,425 515 1,414 California 1,230 1,000 1,400 1,127 1,174 1,174 Pennsylvania 221 2,000 753 1,115 354 1,225 Illinois 33 7 1,441 750 S37 1,554 1,040 West Virginia 63 1,167 643 1,092 63s 1,140 Missouri 30 1,033 1,127 735 1,123 675 Oregon 1,300 300 1,357 671 713 301 Ohio 360 1,353 264 902 503 747 Colorado 312 73S 323 527 701 677 Idaho 1,227 731 1,053 112 S73 170 Arkansas 16 724 1,020 241 409 245 limsas 29 236 45s 333 650 560 i^anaas Table-17.-75 Table-18^ Commercial Production of Apples Marketed in Boxes and Barrels (000 omitted) Year Unit ed States 33 barrel States *9 box St at es ? 4 Northwest bbls. bbls. bbls. Box Stabes bbls. 1930 34,281 36,593 7,688 6,568 1919 26,174 14,353 11,831 9,121 1918 34,743 17,640 7,103 5,154 1917 22,467 13,914 8,563 6,313 1918 35,059 19,103 5,957 4,301 ♦ Fruit in box states quoted in barrels. X The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples. U. S. Dept. of Agri. Bui. 935, p. 3. 1921. ♦ ♦ - ■ t ’ ■ •. j: Table-19 United. States Apple Exports 26 Years,1896-192^ Year Barrels Value 1896 1,137,714 $ 1,880,013 1897 881,279 1,858,117 1898 452,729 1,413,494 1899 499,638 1,331,661 19CC 741,575 1,831,563 1901 599,006 1,761,394 1903 1,254,558 3,391,940 1903 1,980,879 5,251,930 1904 1,550,068 4,200,233 1905 1,453,446 4,063,700 1906 1,348,917 4,094,625 1907 1.119,313 3,906,179 1908 1,052, 996 3,396,437 1909 839,730 2,863,035 1910 1,670,295 5,456,450 1911 1,436,335 5,383,943 1912 1,813,456 6,618,938 1913 1,930,331 7,417,400 1914 1,541,361 5,695,621 1915 2,176,918 7,686.094 1916 1,670,543 7,305,766 1917 958,104 4,496,707 1918 579,916 3,135,303 1919 1,712,367 14,471,282 1920 1,797,711 14,088,733 1921 1,936,724 13,981,865 Average 1910-14- 1,676,333 6,094,270 (5 yr •) 2. Bureau of Foreign ana Domestic Commerce, U. S Department of Commerce . .... -77 Table-20 Average Annual Exports Ey Five Year Periods For Seventy Years^ 1852—1921 Barrels of Ripe 1852-56 1857-61 1863-66 1867-71 1872-76 1877-81 1882-86 1887-91 1892-96 1897-1901 1902-06 1907-11 1912-16 1917-21 Apples 37,413 57,045 . . 119,433 • ♦ . . 132,756 . . 509,735 . . 401,886 . . 532,511 • • 530,810 . . 779,980 . . 1,368,608 . . 1,225,655 . 1,824,500 . . 1,396,865 1 Bureau of Foreign ana Domestic Commerce, U. S Department of Commerce.■J-J , - . Exports of Apples 1913-1921 Better Fruit, September 1931 Year Green or Ripe Av .Price per Bbl. i Pounds Dried Barrels Value Value Av.Price per pound. cents 1921 1,936,224 13.9sl.s65 7.22 19,962,000 2,206,343 11.1 1920 1,797,711 14,088,733 7.34 3,823,000 1,503,937 17.1 1919 1,712,367 14,471,282 3.45 2^,704,359 4,109,828 l6» 6 1918 579,916 3,135.203 5.40 2,200,483 3H,35O 14.1 1917 95S,104 4,496,707 4.69 7,352,773 691,111 8.8 1916 1,670,543 7,205.766 4.31 13,186,467 1,002,007 7.6 1915 2,176.992 7.686,992 3,53 33,908.508 2,671,601 7.3 1914 1,541,361 5.695.621 3-70 = 31,027,551 2,441,094 7.3 1913 1,920,221 7,417,400 3,3° ; 38,734,465 2,719.203 7* 'TC-©to^i i -s2 (»i I « > . . - -7S Table-32 Exports of Dried Apples 1896-1921 1896 Pounds 24,486,000 Value $ 1,165,573 1397 31,711,000 1,546,218 1893 30,098,000 1,931,859 1899 23,961,000 1,558,*61 1900 36,961,000 2,134,566 1901 14,505,000 900,789 1902 32,236,000 2,147,660 1903 43,658,000 2,506,973 1904 45,806,000 2,512,325 1905 32,034,000 2,105,614 1906 36,041,000 2,497,955 1907 31,642,000 2,418,643 1908 35,055,000 2,570,921 1909 29,196,000 2,262,508 1910 22,643,000 1,847,548 1911 44,279,000 3,851,295 1912 37,748,000 2,957,936 1913 33,734,000 2,719.203 1914 31,028,000 33,906,000 2,441,094 1915 2,671,601 1916 13,186,000 1,002,007 1917 7,853,000 691,111 191s 2,201,000 24,704,000 311.352 1919 4,109 ,828 1920 8,828,000 19,962,000 1.508,987 1921 2,206,843 Average 1910-14 34,886,256 2,763.415 (5 yr«) 1 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce - 1 < • < ( I ■ -30 Table-33 Appife Exports by Months Six Most Important Months of Each Year.i Barr si s 1918-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-30 September 139,503 24,730 14,942 34,619 October 346,014 68,985 90,780 115,715 November 378,330 150,644 104,573 313,370 December 343,573 190,390 160,035 142,806 January 303,904 33,776 313,107 161,157 February 130,666 26,233 493,996 90,215 Total for 6 months 1,530,979 494,747 1,077,433 757,783 Note effect of World War on change in highest export month• The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples U. S. Dept* of Agri* Bui, 935, p. 3. 1931*it ■ ■ ... Exports of Apples from the United. States By Customs Districts for Fiscal Years Ending June 30th Maine & New ■ 1914 bbls 1215 1916 1211 1218 1919. tols. 1920bbls« 1921 Hampshire. 50,279 404796s 7,391 10,059 2,724 190,193 32,274 35327 Maryland 3,345 65.451 137,548 320 53.524 56,308 26,999 Massachusett »342,720 499.391 416,705 446,206 1,272 411,181 250,188 198,754 New York 728,459 1,040,213 532,300 680,910 74,507 510,154 914,174 1,192,572 Philadelphia 10,437 48,369 19,036 83,648 121,560 32,686 Florida 4,884 5.947 7.510 15,806 18,53^ 22,987 21,908 New Orleans 6.092 7,915 12,956 20,715 10,808 6,018 7,259 San Antonio 25,814 12,749 24,704 30,526 San Franc i sc o 49,832 45,412 48,781 43.092 21,801 13,724 23,080 25.363 Washington 114,723 107,027 71,778 46,985 51,061 25,509 74,343 118,417 Dakota 61,001 47,508 79,823 56.316 74,041 49,214 25.193 58,288 Michigan 21,447 24,854 46,887 54,498 91,382 51.399 85,147 44,388 Montana & 116,444 108,313 101,692 131,874 203,140 113,621 103,691 51,637 Idaho All Others 21,614 49,057 33,282 93.2Q7 52,826 32,093 58,044 122,000 Total — 1,506,569 2,351,501 1,466,321 1,739,997 635,409 1,576,348 1,797,711 1,936,224 Table-‘ ! 1 I ' Countries to Which U. S. Apples are Exported, 1919-1920 Value 1910 1911 1912 1913 ...... 1914 1915 1916 United Kingdom $2,155,000 $4,317,000 $3,616,000 $5,051,000 $3,113,000 $6,086,000 $3,297,000 Canada 279,000 503,000 736,000 914,000 1,040,000 739,000 859,000 Denmark 0 0 0 ITS r-J 45,000 36,000 . 53,000 28,000 248,000 252,000 Norway 9,000 18,000 16,000 50,000 29,999 79,000 113,000 Argentina 3,000 4,000 39,000 39,000 157,000 261,000 244,000 Mexico 63,000 66,000 95,ooo 107,000 51,000 30.000 . 48,000 Brazil 32,000 47,000 81,000 62,000 125,000 142,000 157,000 Cuba 69,000 93,000 79,000 79,000 74,000 90,000 122,000 Australia 11,000 33,000 2,000 72,000 201,000 82,000 150,000 Belgium 3,000 9,000 7,000 8,000 17,000 Netherlands 8,000 5,000 14,000 11,000 15,000 93,000 6,000 Sweden 9,000 1,174 14,000 5,000 27,000 44,000 Panama 29,000 45,000 45,000 52,000 45,000 40,000 Germany 408,000 451,000 510,000 1,209,000 917,000 Italy 1,360 1,021 459 6,000 23,000 3,000 200 Prance 1,236 4,oco 8,000 11,000 20,000 3.000 9,000 New Zealand 25,000 34,000 37,000 34,000 45,000 22,000 28,000 Philippines 7,ooo 14,000 17,000 34,000 56,000 37,ooo 33.000 All Other 56,837 79,437 70,313 92,634 128,701 105,466 156,572 Total $3,175,433 5,777,458 5,409,946 7,898,634 6. 089,701 8,087,466 5.518,772 Countries to Which U« S. Apples are Exported. (Continued.) 19x9-1920 Value 1917 19 is 1919 1920 1921 United. Kingdom $ 5,^91,000 $ 10,000 $ 9,557,000 $9,788,000 Canada 949,000 1,721,000 1,122,000 1,527,000 Denmark 55.000 1,279 ... 394,000 146,000 Norway 105,000 1,697,000 778,000 Argentina 415,000 203,000 20s,000 374,000 Mexico 193,000 334,000 194,000 333.000 Brazil 161,000 116,000 207,000 284,000 Cuba 13 1,000 192,000 246,000 248,000 Australia 115,000 34,000 „ .-I’h.ooo Belgium 16,000 1,694 Netherlands 731 2,000 26,000 Sweden 26,000 457,000 156,000 Panama 35,000 35.000 . '72.000 . Germany 563 84 545 Italy 3,000 1,000 France 47,000 51 27,000 7.000 . New Zealand 32,000 18,000 105,000 11,000 Philippines 43,000 37,000 85,000 All Other 214,505 . . 129,19s 186,19s 216,494 To$al 7,979,236 2,813,091 14,471,28a 14,088,733 13,981,865 Table-25 Oon1^. -2 3 -84 Table-36 Gar-lot Shipments by Most Important Regions 1919-30 1918-1919 1917-18 Cara Cars Cars Pacific Northwest 33,370 19,376 33,984 New York 10,334 22,900 5,867 Central Appalachian 11,393 9,625 7,312 T Ot ci I United States 82,514 69,553 58,534 1916-17 Cars 17,693 10,306 11,748 57,831 p The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxea Apples U. S. Dept. of Agri. Bui. 935, p. 4. 1921.w v .. . t ;; -35 Table-27 Car-lot Shipments by Box Regions 1920-21 1919-20 1918-19 Washington 21,652 27,169 16,232 California 4,503 4,153 3,473 Oregon 3,169 5,443 3,246 Colorado 2,860 3,225 1,984 Idaho 2,784 3,943 536 All Others 1,329 1,658 1,110 Total 36,297 45,591 25,581 I ■86 Table-28 Car-let Shipments by Barrel Regions 1930-21 1919-20 1918-19 Rew York 33,830 10,386 32,900 Virginia 8,709 7,075 4,227 Michigan 6,174 3,435 2,862 West Virginia 4,889 3,849 3,919 Illinois 3,457 2,935 3,376 Pennsylvania 3,403 1,366 1,794 Arkansas 3,666 4,553 1,065 Missouri 1,725 3,155 1,167 All Others 7,930 6,890 4,439 Total 73,783 41,444 44,049 * Carloaas Shipped from Barrel Regions in 1921-23 - 29863 « ” " Box " ” 1921-23 - 54730 * To April,!, 1923 ' ' . • . . . .. - • Carloads of Apples Unloaded on Ten Important Markets 1916-1920. Year Jew York Chicago Phila. : ’ittsburg St.Louis Cincin- nati St .Paul Minnea- polis Kansas1 City j Washington Total 19x6 10,191 5,252 5.342 3,445 3,225 1,338 589 S69 953 459 29,663 1917 7.996 ^,335 2,343 2,498 2,117 656 284 586 988 333 22,116 1918 11,336 4,536 2,701 2,951 1.540 1,130 410 568 709 633 26,514 1919 10,601 6,069 2,864 2,216 1,379 1,450 227 348 674 387 26,215 1920 11,058 7,102 3,217 2,792 1,612 1.617 401 464 1,006 590 29,859 Ave rag 110,236 5,459 2,293 2,780 1,975 1,234 332 567 8 66 480 26,873 Tabie-39 “37t I i ' ! - i i i i ( » ( J « ■ 1 ■ ~ ■ ■ - t f ■ c • i-88 Table-50 Average December Jobbing Price on 10 Markets 1920 1919 1919 (Price per Barrel) Box Apples January New York . $ 4.71 . . $7163 . . $3.30 Chicago • • • 5.23 • 4 8.41 4 4 3.03 Philadelphia • • 4 4.13 • • 7.01 4 4 Pittsburgh. 4 4 • 4.68 • 4 7.84 4 4 3.81 St. Louis . • • • 4.83 4 4 7.54 4 4 Cincinnati. • • • 4.87 4 4 7.86 4 4 3.74 St. Paul • • 4 5.53 4 4 4 8.80 4 4 3.35 Minneapolis • • • 5,84 4 4 9.00 4 4 3.6S Kansas City • • • 5.66 4 4 7.62 4 4 3.15 Washington. • • • 5.52 4 4 8.09 4 4 3.83 Jobbing Price Ranges of Baldwins on Three Large Markets Average for Oct. to Jan. 1914-1922 (Per Barrel) 1914-15 1915-16 191$-17 1717-1S 1318-19 1919-20 1920-21 1921-22 New York $2.75-1.65 $3.19-1.81 $3.91*2.75 $4.31-238 $6.44-4.75 $3.44-7.00 $5.19-3.94 $7-83-6-35 Philadelphia $2.50-1.75 3.41-2.59 4.5O-3.OO 5.19-3.12 5.75-4.00 8.56-6.75 4.31-3.75 7.50-633 Bo ston $2.08-1.83 2.67-2.17 3.42-2.75 4.00-3.33 4.63-2.13 7-33-6.33 5.50-4.25 6.75-5-75 68- XC-STO.'eii i-90 Table-33 Recent Weekly Receipts and Prices on Important Markets, 1932 New York Baldwins, A 3i inch Barrels Market Cars April 3 Prices March 27 One Year Age New York 51 Per t 7.50-8.00 7.50-7.75 5.25-5.50 Bo st on 15 8.00-8.25 7.75-8.50 5.00-5.50 Philadelphia 25 7.50-8.00 8.00 5.50-5.75 Baltimore 8 7.CO 7.00 5.50 Pittsburgh 44 7.00-7.50 7.50-8.00 4.75-5.00 Cincinnati 19 8.00-8.25 8.35 5.75-6.00 Chicago 7 7.50-8.00 7.50-8.CO 4,75-5.25 St. Louis 8 — - . , .... .. New York 107 A7/ 3.50-3.75 r/f /3’<7X 3.50-4.00 3.50-5.00 Boston 11 Philadelphia 31 3.00-3.50 3.00-3.50 Baltimore 11 2.50-3.00 3,25-3.50 2.30-3.80 Pittsburgh 20 3,00-3.25 2.75-3.25 2.75-3.75 Cincinnati 14 Chicago 31 3.00-3.50 3.00-3.50 2.25-3.50 St. Louis 8 Kansas City 11 3.50-3.75 3.50-3.75 3,50-4.00 ;.......................- - - ■ ................................. 4 ITable-33 Average Wholesale Prices of Apples (All Varieti In New York City from 1893-1913 Total Receipts Average Pri Year Barrels per Barrel 1883-84 335,000 $ 3,43 1894-95 526,000 2.60 1895-96 736,000 2.21 1896-97 1,427,000 1.41 1897-98 877,000 2.66 1898-89 651,000 3.25 1899-1900 933,000 2.33 1900-01 896,000 2.50 1901-03 554,000 3.73 1902-03 1,540,000 2.08 1903-04 2,044,000 3.39 1904-05 1,865,000 2.09 1905-06 1,567,000 3,30 1906-07 3,228,000 2.64 . 1907-08 1,688,000 3,05 1908-09 1,858,000 3,22 1909-10 1,898,000 3.18 1910-11 1,932,000 3,57 1911-12 1,875,000 3.68 1912-13 2,439,000 2.59 Average Price 1893 to 1903 3.63 Average Price 1903 to 1913 3.87 * * • ' • * *-92 Table-34 Average Wholesale Prices and. Receipts of Apples (All Varieties) in Boston from 1885 to 1915 Total Receipts Barrels Av. Price per Barrel 1885-86 486,000 I 1.81 1886-8? 619,000 2,00 1887-88 402,000 2.34 1888-89 545,000 1.89 1889-90 385,000 3.83 1890-91 191,000 3.89 1891-93 568,000 1.89 1893-93 575,000 2.44 1893-84 175,000 3.09 1894-95 685,000 2.03 1895-86 379,000 2.33 1896-9? 1,131,000 1.2? 1897-98 466,000 3.95 1898-99 418,000 2.63 1899-1900 498,000 2.33 1900-01 686,000 1.97 1901-03 397,000 3.44 1902-03 1,359,000 1.94 1903-04 1,190,000 3.45 1804-05 1,106,000 1.93 1905-06 709,000 3.11 1906-0? 910,000 2.50 1907-08 750,000 3.49 1908-09 433,000 2.86 1905-1910 465,000 2.78 1910-11 760,000 3.13 1911-13 768,000 3.34 1912-13 1,011,000 3.36 1913-14 531,000 3.27 1814-15 788,000 1.95 Average Price 1895 to 1895 $ 3.43 1895 to 1905 3.33 1905 to 1915 2.67  - .. ., • Marketing Costs Freight Bates »~3 CJ CD CD P H- hi CD ch c+ 3 H CD H- To Spokane, Washington Rochester, New York Winchester, Va. Distance (Miles) ♦Bate per 100 pounds Distance (Miles) ♦Bate per 100 pounds " T LI ■ IL _* LLIXUL J XU-.-LL-W Distance (Miles) Bate per 100 pounds 0 D* r c+ O H- hti O Chicago 1835 $ 1.25 605 $ 0.31 770 $ 0.42 £ > on c 4 Hi H- Detroit 2118 n 322 .245 1. i.imiuiii ' i l .1 -l j 612 .32 O fe; ch ch H §f CD CD • CD d Q Indianapolis 2019 n 536 .295 664 •39 Cincinnati 2120 n 514 .275 553 1 •36 W H £ £ hJ • to c Pittsburgh 23O3 f 286 .215 302 .24 <0 X oi a O1 p. > Buffalo 2371 « 69 .115 435 •27 •d bJ »d CD F' co a> F-' {Q Philadelphia 2652 n 369 .22$ 223 • 25 » • a • New York 2744 n 370 .225 315 •27 co Boston 2868 428 •25 54s •295 ♦Bates in Effect March 31» 1920 Table-3 5.t C'-94 BIBLIOGRAPHY U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbooks, 1850 to 1920. U, S. Department of Agriculture Bulletins, No’s. 266, 267, 302, 446, 483, 518, 614, 935, 999, 1080, 1196 and. Department Circulars 145, 146. Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y, Bulletins 226, 229, 262, 307 Circulars 22, 28. Kolger, J. C., and. Thomson, S. M. The Commercial Apple Industry of North America. The Macmillan Company. 1921. Commercial Intelligence Service, Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada. Weekly Reports. International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, Italy. Bulletins of Agr’l. Statistics, 1920 and 1921. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign ana Domestic Commerce, Reports, 1894 to 1921. Crop Reporter, 1915 to 1931. Bureau of Markets ana Crop Estimates, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Market Reporter, 1919, 1930, 1921, Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.-95 Weather Crops ano. Markets, January to May, 1932. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Oregon Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Bulletin No. 152. American Fruit Grower, American Fruit Grower Co., Chicago, Illinois. Issues for 1930 and 1921, Better Fruit, Better Fruit Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon. Issues for 1919, 1930, ana 1931. Green’s Fruit Grower, Green’s Fruit Grower Co., Rochester, New York. Issues for 1920 and 1921. International Apple Shippers Association, Rochester, N. Y. Report for 1920-1921. The Country Gentleman, Curtis Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Issues for 1916 to 1932. The National Stockman and Farmer, Stockman-Farmer Publish- ing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Issues for 1918 to 1922. The Packer, Barrick Publishing Co., Kansas City, Missouri. Issues for 1921 and 1922.* ► 1 ' « ♦ ► ■ » * » V ♦ <