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KPtTBD BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON
FROFRSSOR OF CHURCH HISTORY, NSW YORK
UNIVERSITY
SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS﻿﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS
BY
C. R. HENDERSON
PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
NEW YORK
LENTILHON & COMPANY
78 FIFTH AVENUE﻿COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY
LENTILHON & COMPANY﻿INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The subject of this little book is full of interest,
whatever may prove true of the treatment. The
publishers have found a public demand for infor-
mation. The Settlement is something new in the
methods of philanthropy. It seems to have ele-
ments of great and permanent value. Dike all
novel and picturesque social movements, its chief
dangers come from inexperienced and impetuous
interpreters and representatives.
The plan of this discussion is simple. In the
first part the characteristic traits of the movement
are presented in brief form, the Settlements are
regarded as distinct growths, each with features
peculiar to itself. In the second part the historic
phenomena are surveyed in order to discern the
essential ideals which are giving shape and inspira-
tion to the work. In the third part attention is
directed to practical methods, and to suggestions
for those who wish to establish Settlements or to
give their support in money or service. In each
part many passages are literally transcribed from
the pages of actual workers, It seemed best to let﻿INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
them speak their own dialect and reveal the local
color and flavor of the particular Houses.
I take this opportunity of acknowledging the
multiplied kindnesses of many English and Ameri-
can residents, and the assistance of my friend and
student, Mr. W. E. M. King, M. A., EL. B., of
Toronto, whose aid in collecting and sifting mate-
rial has been valuable. I was fortunate in having
help in revising the notes from Professor Graham
Taylor, D. D., Mr. Percy Alden, M. A., Miss Han-
nah Fox, Miss Bradford, Miss Holmes, and Mrs.
Mitchell, in a delightful meeting at Chautauqua.
None of these must be charged with my faults.
C. R. Henderson.
The University of Chicago,
April, j898.﻿INTRODUCTORY NOTE
TO
SECOND EDITION. (REVISED.)
On the occasion of reprinting this pioneer sketch
of the Settlement movement, the author is
asked to make a few additions. It is not yet
time for revision, and the text must stand as it
is. Mrs. Montgomery’s Bibliography may be
used to bring up the facts to date, and the
illustrations of the book will still have value as
examples, although they may no longer repre-
sent present facts in the particular Settlements.
The lists on pp. 31 and 43 were as correct as
they could be made in 1898. A comparison with
the list given by Mrs. Montgomery is instructive
and encouraging, since it furnishes the indica-
tions of progress.
Thb University of Chxcaqo,
February iglh> 1902*﻿﻿CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introductory Note.................................... 7
PART I.
Section I.—Historical Introduction.
Industrial Changes..................................... 9
Municipal Development.................................. io
Educational Progress................................... 12
Democratic Feeling..................................... 12
The Quickening of Religious Life....................... 14
Philosophy............................................. 19
The Inner Life of the Universities..................... 20
Section II.—Origin and Progress of the British
Settlements.
Summary of the Preparatory Elements................... 24
Forerunners........................................... 25
Individual Pioneers................................... 26
The University Extensipn Movement..................... 28
The London Charity Organization Society............... 29
Formulation of the Plan of Settlements................ 29
Particular British Settlements........................ 31
Chronological Table, with Location of Settlements....	31
Toynbee Hall.......................................... 34
Oxford House.......................................... 35
St. Margaret’s House.................................. 35
The Women’s University Settlement..................... 36
Mansfield House......................................  37
Settlement of Women Workers in Canning Town.......... 39
Passmore Edwards’ Hall.............................,.	39﻿ii	TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Bermondsey Settlement................................. 40
Rugby Boys’ Club...................................... 41
Scotch Settlements.................................... 42
Section III.—Settlements in the United States.
Chronological Table................................. 43
The Beginning in New York City...................... 46
University Settlement............................... 47
Hull House............................................ 49
College Settlement Association...................... 52
The New York Settlement............................. 54
The Philadelphia Settlement......................... 55
The Denison House................................... 58
South End House..................................... 60
The East Side House................................. 62
The Riverside Association........................... 65
Boys’ Club.......................................... 66
The Church Settlement House............................ .	67
Kingsley House...................................... 70
Welcome Hall........................................ 74
Westminster House................................... 75
Whittier House...................................... 75
Chicago Commons..................................... 76
“ The Forward Movement”............................. 77
A Federation of the Settlements of Chicago.......... 77
Epworth League House, Boston........................ 77
The San Francisco Settlement Association............ 78
The Settlement Idea in Small Towns..............     79
Settlements in other Countries...................... 80
Settlements connected with Foreign Missions.....     8o
PART II.
Theory of the Settlement.
1.	Some Elements of the University Ideal of Life..... 81
2.	The Ideal is Missionary........................... 83
3.	Democratic Conditions............................. 85﻿TABLE OF CONTENTS.	iii
PAUE
4.	The Place of Religion............................ 91
The Creed of Mansfield House...................... 97
Bermondsey Settlement............................. 97
5.	A Provisional Definition of the Settlement....... 98
6.	Mission of the Settlement to the “ Educated Classes”. 101
Monastic Character of the Settlement.............. 103
PART III.
Methods and Results.
Section I.—Laying Foundations.
Choice of a Field..................................... 106
Administration.......................................   108
The Head Worker....................................... 109
Assistants............................................ 109
Examples of Needs to be met by Trained Workers of
Different Kinds..................................... no
Finances.............................................. iii
Section II.—Methods	of	Work actually in Use.... 115
The Settlement not a	Utopia........................... 116
Table Activities in the	Settlements................... 117
A.	—Health........................................... 128
How the Settlement promotes Health............ 130
Country Outings................................ 133
B.	—Industrial and Economic A melioration of the Community 134
Community Action............................... 141
C.	—Instruction........................................ 142
Clubs.......................................... 144
Reading Parties............................... . 145
Classes........................................ 147
Lectures.......................................  147
Libraries and Reading Rooms.................... 147
Discussions.................................... 148
Travel......................................... 150
D.	—^Esthetic Culture................................... 151
Pictures......................................    154﻿iv	TABLE OE CONTENTS.
PAGB
E.	—Sociability...................................... 155
F.	—Political and Legal.................................. 161
Cultivation of Patriotism....................... 165
G.	—Charity and Reforms............................... 166
Relation of the Settlement to the Poor Law and
Public Relief................................... 168
Relation of the Society for Organizing Charity..168
Reforms......................................... 171
The Temperance Reform........................... 171
H.	—Religious A ctivities ................................ 173
Denominationalism............................... 173
Relation of Settlement to Divinity School....... 174
Section III.—Results and Outlook...................... 179
Criticisms............................................ 180
The Settlement as a Place of Social Study............. 183
The Training of Workers............................... 184
“ Boulevard Settlements ”............................. 186
Outlook............................................... 187
Bibliography......................................     191﻿UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND SOCIAL
SETTLEMENTS.
PART I.
Section I.—Historical Introduction.
Industrial Changes.—Economic conditions de-
termine the possibilities of social development and
modify the forms of life. The rise of the Great
Industry is one of the most striking and influential
facts of the century. Less frequently than formerly
do we see the small group of workers carrying on
industries in homes and shops, and using simple
and cheap tools which belong to themselves; but
we now see regiments of wage-workers busy with
costly and complicated machines. These machines
are driven by tireless steam-engines and electric
currents. The operative owns and controls noth-
ing. The employer controls the instruments of
production. When the manager closes his factory
because profits are not satisfactory, thousands of
families face starvation and the door of the world
of industry is barred. The artizan of the city has
not even a garden-patch on which he can raise﻿IO
university, college and
vegetables. He is entirely dependent on the mar-
ket, and must pay cash for all he eats or wears.
A few ‘ ‘ belated industries, ’ ’ like plain sewing, are
carried on at home, but *these are apt to be the most
exposed to the evils of sweating. The modern or-
ganization of industry has divided the breadwinners
into two camps, managers and wage-earners. The
division aggravates, if it does not cause, class dis-
tinctions and hostilities. The harsher features of
the system seem to be yielding to organization, re-
strictive legislation and enlightened philanthropy,
but the contrasts between rich and poor are abso-
lutely greater than ever before.
Municipal Development.—Towns are machine-
made. Troops of laborers gather about the steam-
engine and build or rent homes near the great
factory. Cities are the ganglia of the network of
railroads, the points where communication is broken
and renewed, where freight and passengers are re-
distributed. All modern countries witness the rapid
growth of large towns. The extension of cities is
a curious study. The choice building-sites by lake,
park or forest are taken up by successful managers,
bankers, merchants and professional people. The
less desirable lots, on low damp ground, distant
from woods and water, are left to wage-earners.
The rejected portions are laid out in narrow lots,
many of them fronting on alleys, and the number
of children is usually in inverse ratio of space occu-
pied. The worst parts come to be called the slums.
The managing and operative classes are separated
in the shop and isolated in residence. Their separ-﻿^SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
II
ation accentuates the causes of suspicion, bitterness,
envy and misunderstanding. The city comes to be
a huge aggregation of villages, each with distinct
and antagonistic ideals. Communication becomes
difficult. The very fact that the wealthy approve
a measure, and that it is advocated by the “great
dailies/’ is frequently enough to defeat it at the
polls.
The following description of the situation about
the Bermondsey Settlement might be applied to
some portions of the largest American cities.
“All that we are, for the present, striving for is
that poorer London should come to have the same
advantages as provincial towns of moderate size.
The population which our work affects in Ber-
mondsey, Rotherhithe and the river side parishes,
is not much less than 150,000. Contrast it with
provincial towns of that size. There wealth and
poverty are neighbors. The rich worship with the
poor; their wealth builds and sustains churches, in
which their families work. Institutions—educa-
tional, medical and charitable—spring up from the
generosity of wealthy and enlightened citizens.
Generation after generation, their families contri-
bute to the administration of public affairs and
philanthropic undertakings the service which only
education, leisure, riches and highly-trained Chris-
tian character can give. And hence the solidarity,
the esprit de corps, the local pride which such towns
display. How different is South London, with
its churches starved because members and money
have removed, almost entirely unblessed by the﻿12
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
benefactions of the rich, with scarcely any young
people, of education and leisure, to minister tc
the people, and with that spirit of distrust and de-
fiance steadily growing, of which Independent Labor
Parties and the like phenomena are the manifesta-
tion. This state of things is of concern not only
to these poorer districts, or to London, but to the
whole country, for London now leads the labor
movement, and those who are now forming the
thought of the industrial classes of England have
grown up where churches are weakest, where wealth
is least in evidence as the servant of the common
weal, where sorely needed redemptive ministries
languish and fail because the laborers are too few
to carry them on.”
Educational Progress.—Schools in Great Brit-
ain and America have developed social and class
consciousness. Reading habits are universal. The
newspapers pour a flood of detached items upon the
bewildered mind. The printed page and the illus-
trated journal advertize the delights of our civili-
zation, and set before the starved denizen of the
tenements visions of balls, feasts and operas. Noth-
ing is hidden. All is laid bare. Impressions are
made on millions of men at the same moment. All
are reasoning and debating about the same speech
or bill throughout the nation. The group of labor-
ers, resting at noon under a bridge, are discussing
the same subjects as senators and fine ladies.
Democratic Feeling.—The seeds sown by the
War for Independence and by the French Revolu-
tion have germinated and brought forth fruit. The﻿SOCIAL settlements.
13
Declaration of Independence and of the Rights of
Man are taken seriously. Political power has been
enjoyed long enough to excite ambition to possess
other and more substantial forms of power. Voters
are asking whether the ballot may not be a tool as
well as a toy. Why have a voice in the federal
government, but none in the control of the factory ?
Political liberty is a mere picture; the reality is
economic freedom, the mastery of the materials of
happiness and culture. The present passion of the
workingman is to have a share in determining the
conditions under which society shall use and use up
his physical and mental energies. His ideal is
economic self-government. Socialism is fascinating
because it seems to show him how to transmute
political influence into industrial mastery.
In millions of awakened souls the song of the
ploughman poet is echoed:—
“ For a’ that, and a’ that,
It’s coming yet for a’ that,
That man to man the world o’er
Shall brothers be for a’ that.”
K. Francke, in “Social Forces in German Litera-
ture,” has, in describing Germany, summarized the
tendencies of all modern lands.
“On the one hand, the ruling majority, wonder-
fully organized, full of intellectual and moral vigor,
proud, honest, loyal, patriotic, but hemmed in by
prejudice, and devoid of larger sympathies; on the
other, the millions of the majority, equally well or-
ganized, influential as a political body, but socially﻿14
university, coeeege and
held down, restless, rebellious, inspired with the
vague ideal of a broader and fuller humanity. On
the one hand, a past secure in glorious achieve-
ments; on the other, a future teeming with extrava-
gant hopes. On the one hand, service; on the
Other, personality. On the one hand, an almost
religious belief in the sacredness of hereditary sov-
ereignty; on the other, an equally fervent zeal for
the emancipation of the individual. And what is
most remarkable of all, both conservatives and radi-
cals, both monarchists and social-democrats, inevi-
tably drifting towards the same final goal of a new
corporate consciousness, which shall embrace both
authority and freedom. .	. The end of their con-
flict will be mutual understanding and liberation as
the basis of a new and happier home.”
The Quickening of Reuigious Life.—The
great revivalist of the last century was a practical
philanthropist. John Wesley wrote and preached
against slavery and intemperance. He went to the
mines to convert colliers. He appealed to the neg-
lected masses. Dead formalism, idle controversy,
cold dogmatism, paralytic deism were rebuked by
this intense, convinced, sincere herald of the gos-
pel. His influence is still felt in every branch of
the church.
The religious revival was closely connected with
a powerful movement of reforms. The Friends had
studied the slavery question and found it un-Chris-
tian because it was immoral. Clarkson and Wilber-
force sharpened the conscience of the nation on the
same problem. The discussion was carried into﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
15
court and Parliament. At last the law declared
that the soil of England made man free. The great
commercial nation joined European powers to sus-
press the traffic in slaves on the high seas. At im-
mense cost the slaves of the West Indies were pur-
chased and emancipated.
In the contest with African slavery men learned
to detest the slavery of factories and mines. Revolt
against the bloody lash and suffocating slave-ship
compelled men to investigate the stories of torture
and oppression in the factories.
Enlightened employers, factory inspectors, hu-
mane statesmen, gifted sons of toil, writers of poetry
and fiction, saved the heart of England from petri-
faction and kept pity alive. The Earl of Shaftes-
bury is a type of the Christian humanitarian. He
gave his life to help the insane, the miner, the fac-
tory girl, the chimney-sweep, the unfortunate of
every kind. To carry his measures he was com-
pelled to educate the ruling classes in justice and in
a knowledge of contemporary England.
John Howard and Elizabeth Fry touched with
healing power the most hopeless and abandoned
classes and forwarded prison reform. The dungeon
was changed from a fiendish purgatory to a school
of reform. The insane have been removed from the
crowd of criminals and treated in hospitals for the
sick. The debtor is liberated. Youth and children
have been given, though tardily, a chance to learn
to read.
The High Church Movement. Startled by the
inroads of scepticism and secularism, certain Oxford﻿16	UNIVERSITY, COEEEGE AND
scholars sought to kindle a new life in the State
Church and induce the clergy to earn their stipends.
Reactionary as it may seem to us, this movement
had elements of spiritual force. It led men to
devote themselves to a cause too large for selfish-
ness. Its mysticism and symbolism, impossible as
they are to men of rationalistic temper, did imply a
vision of a large human world in which self-seeking
came to appear mean and unworthy. That which
bears the aspect of mere ritualism and mediaeval
asceticism carried with it the consecration of the
spiritual martyr. Hence the missionaries to the
heathen, and the self-denying ministers among the
poor of London. This spirit brought men of finest
aesthetic culture from the charming quadrangles of
the old university down to the dives of the “sub-
merged tenth. ’ ’ Years before the settlement idea
was thought of these refined children of the ancient
mother of learning, were fighting in their own sad
way the evils against which allied forces are now
gathering for a combined attack. A religious
movement of an entirely different kind prepared
the way for those who could not, even to save their
souls, make the sacrifice of private judgement.
Frederick Denison Maurice, Charles Kingsley,
Thomas Hughes, and all the school of “ Christian
Socialists,” went among the working men of Lon-
don with a cheery, manly, valiant message which
had nothing of asceticism in it. Among them
were men who taught Bible-classes one hour and
boxing classes the next, with equal energy and joy,
with equal religious devotion.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
J7
The sermons and addresses of F. W. Robertson
may be taken as illustrations of the combination of
spiritual forces with ‘ ‘ secular ’ ’ interests. Soon
after the Chartists had shaken England out of moral
slumber and suffered pathetic failure of impossible
dreams, this fine spirit voiced the best thought of
their friends. 4 i There are two ways of improving
a nation’s state; the one is by altering the institu-
tions of the country, the other is by the regenera-
tion of the people’s character. The one begins from
things outward, and expects to effect a change in
things inward; the other takes this line—from things
inward to things outward. The latter is the right
plan. If the Chartist got all he wanted—universal
suffrage, vote by ballot, equal electoral districts, an-
nual Parliaments, paid representatives, and no prop-
erty qualification, and he should succeed in trans-
ferring all power into the people’s hands, and yet it
were to turn out that the majority were just as cor-
rupt and depraved as the minority had been before
them, every honest Chartist will tell us that his
Chartism would have been a failure, and was not
worth the having. ’ ’ This was said in the memor-
able year of revolutions, 1848. Four years later
Robertson made an address in which he brings out
the other side. 0 Progress means increased oppor-
tunities of developing the heart, the conscience, the
intellect. It is not each man’s born right to be as
rich as his neighbor, or to possess the soil. But it
is his inalienable right to be permitted to develop
all the powers that God gave. If the laborer live
so that the death of a child is welcomed by the﻿18	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
thought that there is one mouth less to feed, he can-
not develop his heart affections. If he lives in a
cottage where brothers and sisters sleep in one room,
he cannot develop his conscience. If he comes home
overworn, so that he has no time to read, then he
cannot develop his intellect. Clearly, therefore, de-
fine such a social position for the laboring man as
shall give him scope enough to be in every sense of
the word a Man. A man whose respect is not ser-
vility, whose religion is not superstition, and whose
obedience is not the drudgery of dumb-driven cattle.
Until that time comes, the working classes are not
free. It is the spirit of Christianity that man makes
his circumstances, and, besides that, the circum-
stances make the man. The Scriptures, interested
principally with our spiritual nature, are also inter-
ested with our physical nature; and the Redeemer
of the soul is declared to be the Saviour also of
the body. All the outer and inner life must work
together, until we have done all that in us lies,
not only to preach and teach the truth, but to
take away the hindrances which stand in the way
of truth.”
England, like Germany, has been developing all
through the century a vast system of ‘ ‘ Inner Mis-
sions, ’ ’ philanthropic service for every form of hu-
man misery and need. Every science and practical
art has been leased for the use of those who are in
distress. Invention has been taxed by philanthropy
as well as by manufactures and commerce. And at
the close of the century the charity worker finds
ready a whole arsenal of weapons of modern style﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
19
for the assault on the castles of despair. The helper
of the poor needs less to invent than to use.
Various as were the types of belief, all earnest
souls had this in common,—they all found the serv-
ice of the Lord in doing good to men. People who
could not worship together out of one prayer book,
or go through the same ceremonies, or subscribe to
the same creed, could face the grim foes of the Son
of Man in the dark lanes of the city. There they
met in the encounter with the desperate conditions
and gradually came to a better understanding and a
sweeter temper.
Philosophy.—Along with this ecclesiastical
movement went the steady unfolding of a larger and
more comprehensive philosophy and literature.
Schulze-Gaevernitz and others have told the story of
the intellectual revolution which carried men out of
the eighteenth century and Benthamism into the
spiritual altruism of Carlyle. The conception of
“ utility ” has not been driven off the seas, but has
taken on new cargoes of meaning at every port.
Egoism itself seems almost transfigured in the new
ethics, and self-interest is regarded as including in-
terest in humanity. Altruism is thought to be neces-
sary to personal perfection and happiness.
The gross caricatures of the Religion of Humanity,
as they came from the later vagaries of Comte, have
passed from ridiculous symbols to intelligible content
in plans for betterment. Frederick Harrison did
battle side by side with Hughes. Fantastic and
insane as were many of the notions of the French
sociologist, he and his disciples have rendered a﻿20
university, college and
valuable service to religion, by formulating the idea
of a community continuous in space and time, and
itself worthy of devotion. Christian Socialists and
Positivists meet at the altar of service in the sacred
rites of philanthropy, the divine ritual of self-
sacrifice.
Mr. Herbert Spencer’s influence has been very
great with men of this generation. His extreme in-
dividualism, his excessive distrust of political
agencies of amelioration, his panic of fear of Social-
ism, are not shared by the modern world. The cen-
tral current is all against him. His agnosticism,
copying the lame metaphysics of Mansel, is a passing
phase of bewilderment. But his learned exposition
of the solidarity of human interests, his sublime con-
fidence in the ethical order of this world, his deep
love of truth and justice, his splendid illustration of
the combination of even partial and malign factors
for a beneficent result have, on the whole, con-
tributed to the philanthropic movement of the
century.
The Inner Life of the Universities.—The
nineteenth century long since invaded the mediaeval
cloister and disturbed the quiet of the leisured dons.
Physical science, after many a protest of the clerical
teachers, found its way into the lecture rooms and
compelled attention. With this form of knowledge
came a higher estimate of the value of health and a
more accurate view of its essential conditions.
Scholars found sanitation a suitable subject for a
thesis, and microbes as interesting as Duns Scotus.
Henceforth science had a mission to the feeble and﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
21
the sick, to the workman toiling in dust-laden atmos-
phere, to the child whose play ground is the vile
gutter, to the miner trembling hourly in fear of ex-
plosions. Science opened the eyes of men to neg-
lected cruelties and murderous abuses. Wherever
the student of chemistry and biology went, he car-
ried with him a penetrating analysis of causes, a
scientific curiosity, an accurate method and search-
ing instruments of discovery.
No account of the Settlement movement can omit
the name of Dr. Thomas Arnold. His lectures at
Oxford on Roman history gave him an opportunity
to unfold his exposition of ethical values, his politi-
cal conscience, his profound regard for the sanctity
of the soul, his belief that Church and State must
somehow contribute to the universal kingdom of
truth and goodness. His thoughts turned to some
“great work” in which he would like to join.
“ There are works which, with God’s permission, I
would do before the night cometh; especially that
great work, if I might be permitted to take part in
it. But above all, let me mind my own personal
work,—to keep myself pure and zealous and believ-
ing—laboring to do God’s will, yet not anxious
that it should be done by me rather than by others,
if God disapproves of my doing it.” Stanley says
that the vision he had was of an ideal whole which
might be incorporated, part by part, into the exist-
ing order of society.
It was at Oxford that Professor T. H. Green
wrought upon the minds of some of the choice
spirits of the century and turned them to seek the﻿22
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Holy Grail. His own life illustrated this abstract
but all-inclusive formula of what is worth while:
“ Does this or that law or usage, this or that course
of action—directly or indirectly, positively or as a
preventive of the opposite—contribute to the better
being of society, as measured by the more general
establishment of conditions favorable to the attain-
ment of the recognized virtues and excellencies, by
the more general attainment of the excellencies in
some degree, or by their attainment on the part of
some persons in higher degree without detraction
from the opportunities of others. ’ ’ He insisted that
the ideal of personal excellence could not be reached
in a pure void, but only in helpful relations with
other spirits. i 1 That standard is an ideal of a per-
fect life for himself and other men, as attainable
for him only through them, for them only through
him; a life that is perfect, in the sense of being the
fulfilment of all that the human spirit in him and
them has the real capacity or vocation of becoming,
and which (as is implied in its being such fulfil-
ment) shall rest on the will to be perfect.”
The name of John Ruskin is familiar to all who
care for art. His position as Slade Professor of
the Fine Arts at Oxford gave him access to the
leaders of English thought. Mr. R. A. Woods
says that he made social services interesting and
stirred every department of social activity with his
message.
A few sentences of Ruskin will carry us into the
heart of the movement we are seeking to under-
stand. Perhaps those very words acted upon the﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
23
pioneers of the work for the poor and cheered them
at their toil.
“ In thought I have not yet abandoned all expec-
tation of a better world than this. I believe this in
which we live is not so good as it might be.
I know there are many who think the atmosphere
of rapine, rebellion and misery which wraps the
lower orders of Europe every day, is as natural
a phenomenon as a hot summer. But God for-
bid! There are ills which flesh is heir to and
troubles to which man is born; but the troubles
which he is born to are as sparks which fly upward,
not as flames burning to the nethermost hell. .
We can, if we will but shake off this lethargy and
dreaming that is upon us, and take the pains to
think and act like men, we can, I say, make king-
doms to be like well-governed households, in which,
indeed, while no care or kindness can prevent occa-
sional heart-burnings, nor any foresight or piety an-
ticipate all the vicissitudes of fortune, or avert every
stroke of calamity, yet the unity of their affection
and fellowship remains unbroken, and their distress
is neither embittered by division, prolonged by im-
prudence, nor darkened by dishonor. ’ ’
“Quixotism, or Utopianism: that is another of
the devil’s pet words. I believe the quiet admission
which we are all of us so ready to make, that, be-
cause things have long been wrong, it is impossible
they should ever be right, is one of the most fatal
sources of misery and crime from which this world
suffers. .	. Things are either possible or impos-
sible—you can easily determine which, in any given﻿24
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
state of human science. If the thing is impossible
you need not trouble yourself about it; if possible,
try for it. It is very Utopian to hope for the entire
doing away with drunkenness and misery out of the
Canongate; but the Utopianism is not our business
—the work is. It is Utopian to hope to give every
child in this kingdom the knowledge of God from
its youth; but the Utopianism is not our business—
the work is. ’ ’
Section II.—Origin and Progress of the
British Settlements.
Summary of the Preparatory Elements.—
All the forces mentioned, moving millions of ob-
scure and nameless persons, as well as the great
and renowned, contributed to the establishment of
the first Settlements, made them a natural, inevita-
ble product of the age. Industrial centralization
compels organic social action ; municipal develop-
ment hastens, as in a hothouse, the germination
and growth of the idea and feeling of solidarity ;
educational progress and improvements in commu-
nication furnish a sensitive network of social nerves
of sensation, consciousness and expression; demo-
cratic feeling tends to make patronage charity re-
pugnant on all sides; a quickened religious spirit
intensifies the missionary zeal of the church; phil-
anthropy, by its noble history and present enter-
prises, gives momentum and direction to new en-
deavors, and furnishes institutions ready made for
social uses ; ethical philosophy has passed from the﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
25
narrow and dark valley of egoistic hedonism up to
the sunny highlands of rational and spiritual altru-
ism ; positivism has exalted humanity to a place of
worship ; sociology, in the hands of Comte and
Spencer, has formulated the idea of the social organ-
ism ; the universities have emerged from mediaeval
pedantry into the world of real life; the Charity
Organization Society is unifying the chaotic efforts
of benevolence ; East London has missionaries and
visitors who are acquainted with the people, but
who feel themselves cut off from the warm gulf
stream of learning, piety and culture. The time is
ripe for bringing all these forces into cooperation in
some new and vital movement. The Social Settle-
ment is one of the many agencies in and through
which the modern philanthropy, charged with the
spiritual wealth of all past generations, finds expres-
sion. The Settlement does not create itself by
spontaneous generation. It does not thrust itself
upon the world unbidden. It rises at the divine
call. It grows naturally out of all previous move-
ments, draws life from them, completes and expands
them.
Forerunners.—The precursors of the Settle-
ment were driven to the discovery that workingmen
must help themselves if they are to be helped.
They must grow into their inheritance. Friends
can assist them only by increasing intelligence and
fortifying character. The Christian Socialists,
aroused by the revolution of 1848, and by the reve-
lations of London misery, had sincerely tried to
improve the economic condition of the poor by﻿26
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
schemes of cooperation in manufacture. Their
schemes were wrecked on the shallows of spiritual
defect, their own ignorance and the want of moral
and intellectual preparation of the working people.
Men who had no wealth could not act directly upon
the factory system. Political power was an edged
tool in a babe’s hand. The Christian Socialists
turned their attention to popular education.
Frederick Denison Maurice embodied the educa-
tional principle in the Workingmen’s College estab-
lished in i860. Graduates of Cambridge Univer-
sity, who had come down to London for a public
career, fell under the influence of the great preacher
and enlisted under his banner as teachers. Charles
Kingsley, professor of history at Cambridge and
rector of a country parish, identified himself with
the cause of popular education. He believed in the
divine mission of natural science and in the renew-
ing power of search for truth.
Through these fragmentary and occasional efforts
to help the working people it was found that a still
closer and more continuous labor was necessary ;
that scholars must learn from the people they would
teach; that learning and helping are organic parts
of one process ; that higher life is communicated
only by sharing, by reciprocity.
Individual Pioneers.—First of all were the
educated clergymen who had gone to live and labor
among the poor of London. There was a large
number of such men ; but there are two whose
names shine out with conspicuous lustre, Rev. John
Richard Green and Rev. S. A. Barnett; the former﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
27
the most popular historian of England, the latter
still living and writing, the interpreter of contem-
porary social needs. Nor should we forget the
wives of these eminent men.
Edward Denison was an Oxford man of wealth
and position, who went in 1867 to Rev. J. R. Green,
then vicar of St. Philips, Stepney, Eondon, and
offered his personal service for the help of the par-
ish. The clergyman was surprised almost to the
point of scepticism by this unexpected and unusual
act, but he soon found that the consecration was
genuine. Denison made his home among the peo-
ple and sought most earnestly and tactfully to un-
derstand and assist them. He carried his knowl-
edge of their needs and aspirations into Parliament
and there pleaded their cause, but his career was
soon cut off by death, though his deeds and words
have been living seed. A few sentences from his
letters may give us light upon his motives and
ideals. He saw with entire clearness that residence
among the poor is the essential element in successful
work for them. “Would indeed that we could
have some real Christianity taught. . . Taught—
but in the way our Founder taught it, by living it.
That is the only way. Those who would teach
must live among those who are to be taught. .	.
I am all for people concentrating their efforts
each in some small field peculiarly accessible to
himself or herself. Much more work is done
with less waste, and the benefit to the doer is
greater, owing to the personal exertion required.
Still there must always be people whose duties﻿28
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
forbid them to do this, and who must make others
their agents.”
In another letter we see Denison about his daily
work :—
1 ‘ My opinion about the great sphere of usefulness
to which I should find myself admitted by coming
to live here is completely justified. All is yet in
embryo, but it will grow. Just now I only teach a
night school, and do what in me lies in looking
after the sick, keeping an eye upon nuisances and
the like, seeing that the local authorities keep
up to their work. I go to-morrow before the
board at the workhouse to compel the removal to
the infirmary of a man who ought to have been
there already. I shall drive the sanitary inspec-
tor to put the Act against overcrowding in force,
with regard to some houses in which there have
been as many as eight and ten bodies occupying
one room.”
The University Extension Movement started
at Cambridge about the same time that Denison, an
Oxford man, went to take lodgings in an obscure
quarter of Eondon. Eminent men enlisted in this
cause, among them Professor Seeley, author of
” Ecce Homo,” who was made president of the
“ Workmen’s Social and Educational Eeague. ”
The extension movement was a manifestation of a
social conscience in the universities. It trained
men to study the economic, aesthetic and intellec-
tual needs of wage earners and dependents. It
tended to cure them of pedantry and vanity, and
gave them respect for the powers and qualities﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
29
of the leaders of the workers whom they met in
discussion.
The I/Ondon Charity Or ganiz ation Society
(C. O. S.) was established in 1869. The founders
of this organization had experience among the poor.
They sought to introduce order and system into the
defective and conflicting methods of relief, and to
send among the people a large number of friendly
visitors who might contribute a higher degree of
intelligence and devotion to the study of causes and
to more adequate methods of help. The transition
from occasional visits by non-residents to daily life
with the people in their own territory was natural
and easy. And yet the Settlement has far wider
and higher aims than those commonly associated
with the C. O. S., and it appeals more directly to
democratic ideals of development within the “work-
ing classes.”
Formulation of the plan of Settlements.—
The architect precedes the contractor and mechanic.
Before 1873, at Oxford, there was a group of
teachers and students who were thinking out the
ideals of democracy and trying their theories on
bits of local experiments of real work for their own
town. Ruskin set young men to build a piece of
road. Among his helpers was an enthusiast whom
we are to meet again, Arnold Toynbee. Professor
Green was shaping the raw materials of fancy into
definite action. These men were thinking and
talking of personal residence as the necessary means
of carrying their higher life to the people. Dis-
cussions did not end in talk. One of the most﻿30
university, college and
brilliant members of the group, Arnold Toynbee,
went to London in 1875 to seek a field for personal
service. He confided his dreams and hopes to 'Rev.
S. A. Barnett, a clergyman resident in Whitechapel,
Vicar of St. Jude’s, and sought from the man of
experience counsel and direction. During several
summer vacations he lived and worked in this
region and became a trusted intellectual leader.
He held the position of tutor of Indian service stu-
dents at Oxford, and won many admiring and
attached friends. His London work was chiefly
lecturing on economic subjects. He died March 9,
1883.
The date is important. Out of his ashes sprang
into life the Settlement movement. The friends of
Toynbee resolved to erect for him a suitable memo-
rial. They were thinking of endowing a lecture-
ship for Extension teaching. But several events
turned their thoughts in another direction. In the
year of Toynbee’s death the heart and conscience
of England was stirred by the publication of ‘ ‘ The
Bitter Cry of Outcast London. ’ ’ It was a revela-
tion of domestic, economic and political evils which
alarmed patriots and demonstrated by description
of facts that there was a sore which would never
heal itself, a disease so deep and terrible that it
threatened civilization. Another event was the
visit of Rev. S. A. Barnett to Oxford and his ad-
dress to Toynbee’s friends. He had now been
working for ten years in Whitechapel and spoke
with the authority and weight of conviction based
on first hand knowledge. ‘ ‘ He told them that it﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
31
would be of little use merely to secure a room in
East London where University Extension lectures
might be given, as they were thinking of doing.
He said that every message to the poor would be
vain if it did not come expressed in the life of
brother man.”—(R. A. Woods). The University
Settlement Association was formed to provide neces-
sary funds and to foster the interest in other ways.
Particular British Settlements.—At this
point we may take up the account of the origin,
development and characteristic activities and insti-
tutions of various Settlements in Great Britian. It
will be seen that varying conditions of the commu-
nities and the different gifts and resources of the
workers have produced houses of widely different
forms. While they have some things in common
they have moved out freely in many directions of
experiment. Comparison of these experiments will
lead to certain generalizations as to theory, and to
certain principles of organization which will occupy
the latter part of this discussion.
It will be impossible to do more than give illus-
trative examples of methods. To describe all the
Settlements in detail would involve much repetition.
Those houses have been selected which supply the
most abundant material and which have distinctive
features.
Chronological Table, With Location of
Settlements.
i860—F. D. Maurice establishes the Workingmen’s College
in London.
1867—University Extension starts from Cambridge.﻿32
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
1867—Edward Denison goes to assist Rev. J. R. Green in
Bast London.
1869—Charity Organization Society founded.
1873—Ruskin, T. H. Green and others talk of the idea of
Settlements.
1875—Arnold Toynbee goes to Whitechapel to assist Rev.
S. A. Barnett.
1883—“ Bitter Cry of Outcast London ” published.
Toynbee died.
Rev. S. A. Barnett addresses Toynbee’s friends at
Oxford. He had already been ten years in White-
chapel.
1885—	Toynbee Hall founded, 28 Commercial street, B. Lon-
don.
Oxford House, Mape street, Bethnal Green, B. London.
Pembroke College (Cambridge) Mission, 207a Bast
Streets, Walworth, S. B. London.
1886—	Toynbee House, Glasgow, 130 Parson street.
1887—	Women’s University Settlement, 44 Nelson Square,
Blackfriars Road, Southwark, London.
Chalmer’s University Settlement, Edinburgh, 10 Pon-
ton street, Pountainbridge.
1889—St. Margaret’s House, Ladies’ Branch of Oxford House,
4 Victoria Park Square, Bethnal Green, B. London.
Leighton Hall, Neighborhood Guild, 8, 9, 10 Leigh-
ton Crescent, Kentish Town, N. W. London.
Mayfield House, Cheltenham Ladies’ College, Old
Foad Road, Bethnal Green, B. London.
1889—	Cambridge House (before 1897 called Trinity Court),
131 Camberwell Road, S. B. London.
The Rugby House, 292 Lancaster Road, Notting Hill,
W. London.
Students’ Settlement, Glasgow, 10 Porsit Road, Gars-
cube Cross.
1890—	Mansfield House, 167 Barking Road, Channing Town,
B. London.
New College Settlement, Edinburgh, Free Church, 48
Pleasance.﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
33
1890—	Friends’ New Fast End Mission, Bedford Institute,
Spitalfields, F. London.
1891—	Newman House (R. C.), 108 Kensington Road, S. F.
London.
Passmore Fdwards Hall (formerly University Hall),
Tavistock Place and Little Coran Street, St. Pan-
eras, N. W.
1892—	Canning Town Settlement of Women Workers (affili-
ated with Mansfield House), 461 Barking Road.
Bermondsey Settlement, Farncombe street, Jamaica
Road, S. F. London.
Women’s House of Bermondsey Settlement, 149 Lower
Road, Rotherhithe, S. F. London.
1892—College of Women Workers (Grey Ladies), Dartmouth
Row, Blackheath Hill, S. E. London.
York House, Ladies’ Settlement for Parochial Church
Workers, 27 Holloway Road, London, N.
1894—	Robert Browning Hall, York street, Walworth, S.
London.
1895—	University Settlement, Ancoats, Manchester.
Recent Additions.
Lancashire College Settlement, Hulme, Manchester.
Sheffield Settlement, Neighborhood Guild.
Allcroft Road Neighborhood Guild, 140 Allcroft Road, N.
W. London.
Eton Mission, Gainsborough Road, London.
Chalfont House, 20 Queen Square, W. F. London.
Gonville and Cains College Settlement, Battersea, S. F.
London.
Christ Church Mission, 53 St. Leonard’s Road, London.
Wellington College Mission, 183 Fast street, Walworth,
London.
Harrow Mission Association, 91 Latimer Road, W. London.
Charterhouse Mission, Fabard st., Southwark, S. F. London.
Broad Plain House, Bristol.
Ipswich Social Settlement, Fore street, Ipswich.
Women’s Settlement, Aigburth, Liverpool.﻿34
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Hoxton Settlement, 280 Bleyton street, Wile St. N. London.
Lady Margaret House, Kensington road, Lambeth, S. E.
London.
St. Mildred’s House, Millwall, E. London.
Owens College Settlement, Manor st., Ard wick, Manchester.
Divinity Student’s Residence (Established Church), 14
George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland.
University Hall, Outlook Tower.
Toynbee Hall.—The first home of the move-
ment was Toynbee Hall, soon followed by Oxford
House.
Toynbee Hall was opened in 1885, and Rev. S.
A. Barnett was the first warden. Naturally the
educational work has taken a large place. The
Hall is one of the most prominent centers of Ex-
tension lectures. A valuable library has been col-
lected. Classes in many subjects have been con-
ducted. The people have been led to provide a free
public library for themselves through local govern-
ment. The university men have raised the quality
of primary instruction in neighboring schools by
stimulating and guiding the teachers who are gen-
erally persons of limited experience and knowledge.
By means of a Political Economy Class a number
of workingmen have been trained to take part in
civic movements on behalf of the community in
connection with Board Schools, charitable and edu-
cational administration. The residents and visitors
are free to choose their own party in politics and
their sect in religion, while a generous spirit of citi-
zenship becomes the expression of patriotic and
religious devotion.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
35
Oxford House.—Oxford House was founded
frankly and positively upon Christianity. One of
its most successful features is its clubs for men.
The Federation of Working Men’s Clubs, embrac-
ing forty-three non-political and non-alcoholic clubs,
with a total of nearly 4,000 members has been ail
increasing power for good. In these clubs no
intoxicants are sold or used. This does not alien-
ate very many of the men and their wives are nat-
urally favorable to such a plan. No political test
is enforced, so that all sides are represented and any
useful civic task may be taken up. Religion is frfefc
to all, urged on none. “ It is,” says Rev. A. F.
W. Ingram, ‘ ‘ an impossible thing that any one
with strong Christian faith can be knit up with a
body of men year in and year out, through happi-
ness, through trouble, in the midst of all the ups
and downs of life, without interpreting in some
measure his faith.”
These clubs are self-governing. They have
taught men to rely on themselves, to treat each
other with consideration and courtesy, to heat
contrary opinions and weigh them. With a higher
standard of life the young men are less inclined to
marry at a prematurely early age. Home life itself
is made more rich and attractive by the conversation
which club discussions and reading are sure to start
and sustain.
St. Margaret’s House (begun 1889) is the
Tadies’ Branch of the Oxford House. Its distinc-
tive purpose was ‘ ‘ to provide a center from which
ladies—with time, talents, and experience at their﻿36
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
disposal—could work, to do for the women and
girls of Bethnal Green what the Oxford House was
doing for the men and boys. They aid the parish
work and carry on enterprises of their own, girls’
clubs, hospital visiting, work-house visiting, chil-
dren’s country holidays, school management, assis-
tance to domestic servants, factory girls, etc.
The Women’s University Settlement—Wo-
men entered the field in 1887. The Women’s Uni-
versity Settlement, (founded 1887), has come into
touch with the tenement house work conducted by
the famous Miss Octavia Hill. In 1895, the resi-
dents assisted in the management of seven courts
or small streets of cottages. They collected rents,
looked after repairs, sought to prevent overcrowd-
ing and visited the tenants for various purposes.
They seek to train workers among the poor by
means of lectures and practical work and by visits
with those who have experience. The residents
acquire influence as school managers, assist local
charities, help sickly children to country outings,
and organize clubs for girls and boys. The Associ-
ation declares its objects to be : “To promote the
welfare of the people of the districts of London,
and especially of the women and children, by
devising and promoting schemes which tend to
elevate them physically, intellectually or morally,
and by giving them additional opportunities for
education and recreation. The non-resident work-
ers, not necessarily University women, are admitted
by application to the Uady Warden. The residents
are received after a probation of three months.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
37
The charges for residence are stated to be ^30
to Z35 a year-
The Women’s Settlement has entered upon a
systematic effort to give thorough training to
workers. The ordinary course extends over one
year and is intended to give an outline of general
principles and methods. The student may pursue
some special branch in a second year of study.
Theoretical instruction is given by lectures, papers
and reading for thirteen weeks. Technical training
is given by practice under other workers. Two or
three days a week may be given to charity organi-
zation committee work. Visits to various institu-
tions in London enable the students to become
acquainted with the m ethods and resources of phil-
anthropy.
M anseield Ho use . — The Congregationalists
joined forces in 1890 with Mansfield House, Can-
ning Town, East London, and Robert Browning
Settlement, Walworth, South London, in 1894.
Mansfield House comes close to the wage earning
people and the very poor. It was established from
Mansfield College, Oxford. Mr. Percy Alden, the
Warden, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Will Reason,
have gained a remarkable influence. The house
has earned and deserved confidence by actual ser-
vice. When thousands of men were out of employ-
ment they gathered supplies and fed from six to
eight thousand persons each day. They secure aid
for the poor; send feeble children to the country for
health; provide baths and other means of comfort;
organize public opinion in favor of better schools﻿38
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
and sanitation, and aid in raising the quality of
local government. Mansfield House is a standing
proof that a positive Christian testimony, if it is
thoroughly unsectarian and does not seek prose-
lytes, is not a bat to cordial relations with working-
men. This remark is also true of the Robert
Browning Settlement.
The Directory of Mansfield House shows the
following organization and range of activities:
Percy Alden, M.A., Warden; Will Reason, M.A.,
(since resigned to enter a pastorate,) Finan-
cial Secretary. Some responsible person is in
charge of the Men’s Club, Indoor Games, Chess
Club, Harriers, Federation Delegates, Social Sub-
jects, P. S. A., General and Benevolent Committee,
Sunday Union Worship Hour, Orchestral Society,
Brass Band, Cycling Club, Cricket Club, Fairbairn
House Youth’s Institute, Wave Dodging House,
Children’s Sunday Evening, Mansfield House
Brotherhood, Sick Benefit Society, Doan Society,
Penny Bank, Glee Society, Classes for Study,
Coal Club. For legal advice to those unable to
pay fees they have the service of the ‘ ‘ Poor
Men’s Lawyers.”
The residents have taken an active share in local
politics. In 1896 Mr. Alden was Chairman of the
Public Libraries and Technical Instruction Commit-
tee ; was a member of Public Health Committee, the
Hospital Sub-Committee, and the Housing of the
Working Classes Committee. Mr. Reason has also
been chosen to positions of influence and opportu'
nity through the efforts of tbo tnen in the clubs.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
39
Settlement ok Women-Workers in Canning
Town.—The basis of work : “ The settlement has
been founded upon a distinctly religious, though
unsectarian, basis. It is intended that the manage-
ment shall be entirely independent, but the work
carried on will always be in close cooperation
with the Congregational and other Churches of
the district; and workers from any denomination
are heartily invited.” The scope of work is
indicated in the following specified forms of
ministration which have been found suitable for
women-workers: ‘‘Work among factory girls;
pleasant Sunday afternoon services for women ;
mothers’ meetings and sewing classes; the pro-
vision of happy evenings for school children;
cooperation in arrangement of children’s cheap
dinners in winter, and country holidays and
house missions in summer; formation of educa-
tional classes; the nursing and visiting of the
sick and poor; the management of old clothes
missions, boot and blanket clubs; cooperation in
school board work ; charity organization work;
temperance work; rescue and preventive work;
a training home for domestic work ; a creche;
a work-room.”
Passmore Edwards (formerly University) Hall,
representing the extreme of ‘‘liberalism” in re-
ligion, was founded in 1891. The name of the
gifted Mrs. Humphrey Ward is connected in an
honorable way with its history. The story of
Robert Elsmere may be regarded as an interpreta-
tion of the motives of the institution, Papers﻿4°
university, college and
issued by this house declare its purpose to be
religious. “Its founders seek to take part in
deepening and purifying the springs of the re-
ligious life, and giving direction and guidance
to the practical manifestations of a new spirit
of Christian discipleship.” Residents are not re-
quired to make any declarations or pledge in re-
gard to their religious opinions. The study of
social movements and educational work by lec-
tures and classes are very prominent in the
weekly programme.
The Roman Catholics founded Newman House
in 1891. This House was established as a centre
for Catholic lay work in Southwark. Catholics
in schools, colleges and universities are looked
to for help and support. The residents have
formed a club, a Student’s Union, a Boy’s Home
as the beginning of a work similiar to that of Toyn-
bee Hall, Oxford House and other Settlements.
Bermondsey Settlement, South Eondon,
was organized by the Wesleyans in 1892.
The evangelistic ministry has developed into
many forms: a lantern service for women and
children; a Sunday-school; Guild of Christian
Endeavor; mothers’ meeting; pleasant Sunday
afternoon; popular work-night services; apolo-
getic lectures. The educational departments offer
numerous classes in art, commercial instruction,
history, literature, languages, mathematics, music,
politics, physical science, technical studies, theo-
logy. The social work shows a club, with club
house for men and women, and which excludes﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
41
intoxicants, Sunday games and partisan politics.
There are clubs for working girls and a Boys’
Brigade. The residents seek to engage in local
administration and philanthropy, by poor law
visiting and board membership, Brabazon em-
ployment scheme, board school management, the
Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young
Servants (M. A. B. Y. S.), charity organization
society, friendly visiting, relief of special cases
of distress, Invalid Children’s Aid Association,
district nursing, free legal advice.
The general aims of Bermondsey Settlement are thus stat-
ed in the Third Annual Report:
1.	To bring additional force and attractiveness to Chris-
tian work.
2.	To become a center of social life, where all classes may
meet together on equal terms for healthful inter-
course and recreation.
3.	To give facilities for the study of Literature, History,
Science and Art.
4.	To bring men together to discuss general and special
Social evils and seek for their remedy.
5.	To take such part in Social Administration and Philan-
thropy as may be possible.
6.	And so to do all this that it shall be perfectly clear that
no mere sectarian advantage is sought, but that it
shall be possible for all good men to associate them-
selves with our work.’*
Rugby Boys’ Club is an effort to bring the
members of a great ‘ ‘ public school ’ ’ into touch
with outside life. Military drill, cricket, foot-
ball, seaside camp, bamboo and cobbler’s shop,
debating society, classes and religious instruction﻿42
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
are described in the reports of work. The work
is primarily for boys, but the homes are reached
through the visits of leaders and teachers.
Cambridge House (formerly Trinity Court)
represents the old University in South London.
This House is the center for workingmen’s clubs
and civic movements, Odd Fellow’s lodge and
various mutual benefit schemes and charities. It
has a clerical head and enjoys the countenance
and support of bishops and university professors.
Scotch Settlements.
Scotland was only one year behind Oxford and
London. The Toynbee House (Glasgow) was
established in 1886, in a poor quarter not far
from the cathedral. The poor neighbors were in-
vited to social gatherings and thus friendly rela-
tions were established between them and the
University people.
The Student’s Settlement, of Glasgow, has
brought the students into fruitful work on behalf
of the laboring population. While young men
can spare only fragments of time for such
efforts they can be of use in introducing good
books and scholarly ideals among the poor. The
nation is made one by the formation of personal
friendships of men of all callings.
The Edinburgh College Settlement has
been very successful in making over and beauti-
fying several old courts in the old part of the
city.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
43
Section III.—Settlements in the United
States.
No attempt is made within the restricted limits
of this book to describe minutely all the Settle-
ments of the United States. There is no com-
plete list of them and new institutions are con-
stantly springing up. The few which are here
described with some fulness of detail are among
the most fully developed and those in respect to
which the most material is available. The local
conditions and the inclinations of the residents
have set a peculiar mark on each House, and the
attempt is here made to indicate these character-
istic differences, and the variety of methods of
applying the central principle of residence.
Chronological Table.
1SS7—Neighborhood Guild, named University Settlement
since 1891, 26 Delancey Street, New York City.
1SS9—Hull House (Chicago), 335 South Halsted Street.
New York College Settlement (College Settlements’
Association), 95 Rivington Street.
1891—	East Side House (New York), 76th Street and East
River.
Northwestern University Settlement (Chicago), 252
West Chicago Avenue.
1892—	Association House (New York), 259 West 69th Street.
Community House (New York), 153 Essex Street.
Philadelphia College Settlement, 617 Carver Street.
St Peter’s House (Philadelphia), 100 Pine Street.
South End House (formerly Andover House) (South
Boston), 6 Rollins Street.
Epworth League House (Boston), 34 Hull Street.﻿44
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Clybourne Avenue Settlement (Chicago), 279 Cly-
bourne Avenue.
1S93—Princeton House (Philadelphia), 505 Pine Street.
Minster Street Neighborhood Guild (Philadelphia),
618 Minster Street.
Boston College Settlement (Denison House), 93
Tyler Street.
Darothea House (Boston), 13 Warrinton Street.
Maxwell Street (Chicago), (Jewish), 270 Maxwell
Street.
Whittier House (Jersey City), 174 Grand Street.
Kingsley House (Pittsburgh) 1709 Penn Avenue.
1894—	The Church Settlement House (New York), 329 East
84th Street.
Alumnae House Settlement (New York), 446 East
72d Street.
Phelps Settlement (New York), 314 East 35th Street.
University of Chicago Settlement, Ashland Avenue,
near 47th Street.
Forward Movement (Chicago), 219 South Sangamon.
Chicago Commons, 140 North Union Street.
Westminster House (Buffalo), 424 Adams Street.
Lucy House (St. Louis), 1835 Carr Street.
The Manse (West Oakland, Cal.), 1730 8th Street.
Welcome Hall (Buffalo), 437 Seneca Street.
Community House (New York) 153 Essex Street.
1895—	Social Settlement of Cincinnati, 300 Broadway.
Union Theological Seminary Settlement (New York),
210 East 104th Street.
The Nurses’ Settlements (New York), 265 Henry
Street, 279 East Broadway, and 312 East 78th St.
All Soul’s Friendly Aid House (New York), 248 East
34th Street.
Hale House (Boston), 6 Garland Street.
Medical Missionary College Settlement (Chicago),
744, 47th Street.
Helen Heath Settlement (Chicago), 969, 33d Court.
Elm Street Settlement (Chicago), 80 Elm Street.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
45
Social Settlement of Hartford (Conn.) 15 North
Street.
Log Cabin Settlement (Grace P. O., Buncombe Co.,
North Carolina).
College House (Grinnell, Iowa), 615 Pearl Street.
Tabor College Settlement (Iowra), 1510 South 3d
Street, Omaha, Nebraska.
South Park Settlement (San Francisco), 15 South Park.
Among the more recent additions to the list in America are:
Hiram House (Cleveland, Ohio), 183 Orange Street.
Kirkland School Settlement (Chicago).
Hartley House (New York), 413 West 46th Street.
Beil Adhem House (Boston), Mall Street, Roxbury.
Bowne House (Lincoln, Nebraska).
University Settlement (Lincoln, Nebraska).
Roadside Settlement (Des Moines, Iowa).
Goodrich House (Cleveland, Ohio), 368 St. Clair Street.
Amity Church Settlement (New York City), 312 West
54th Street.
Orange Valley Institute (Orange, New Jersey).
Neighborhood House (Chicago), 1550, 69th Street.
. Delano Settlement, (Evanston, Ill.), Foster Street and
Myrtle Avenue.
Social Settlement (Terre Haute, Ind.), 28 North First
Street.
Neighborhood House (Louisville, Ky.), 324 East Jeffer-
son Street.
Elizabeth Peabody House (Boston) 156 Chambers St.
Lincoln House (Boston), 116-122 Shawmut Avenue.
St. Stephen’s House (Boston), Decatur Street.
Willard “ Y” Settlement (Boston), 11 Myrtle St.
The Berean Mission Settlement (Detroit, Mich.), 642
Russell Street.
Bissell House (Grand Rapids, Mich.), 425 Ottawa St.
Unity House (Minneapolis, Minn.), 1620 Washington
Avenue, North.﻿46
university, college and
Commons (Saint Paul, Minn.), Jackson and 8th Sts.
St. Louis Settlement (St. Louis, Mo.), 2d and Victor
Streets.
St. Stephen’s Home (St. Louis, Mo.), Rutger and 6th
Streets.
Graham Taylor House (Lincoln, Neb.), 945 North 8th
Street.
Dundee House (Passaic, New Jersey), 20, 2d Street.
Neighborhood Settlement (Brooklyn, New York), The
Astral, 184 Franklin Street, Greenpoint.
Association House (New York), 259 West 69th Street.
Calvary House (New York), 335 East 22nd Street.
East Side House (New York), 76th Street and East
River.
Gospel Settlement (New York), 211 Clinton St.
Grace Church Settlement, (New York), 417 East 13th
Street.
Phelps Settlement (New York), 314 East 35th Street.
Union Settlement (New York), 237 East 104th Street.
Young Women’s Settlement (New York), 163 Ave. B.
Eighth Ward House (Philadelphia), Locust Street.
near 9th Street.
Neighborhood Guild (Philadelphia), 618 Addison St.
Happy Home Settlement (Milwaukee, Wis.).
Houses doing a work similar to that of Settlements, but
not having residents:
Neighborhood Guild, 245 Concord Street, Brooklyn.
West Side Settlement, 453 West 47th Street, New
York.
The Prospect Union, 744 Massachusetts Avenue, Cam-
bridgeport, Massachusetts.
San Francisco Boy’s Club, Association.
Los Angeles Settlement Association.
The Beginning in New York City.
The “Neighborhood Guild” was opened at 117 Forsyth
Street in 1887. It was transferred to the University Settle-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
47
ment Society in 1891, and was opened at 16 Delancey Street
in 1893. It is now called the University Settlement. The
aims and methods of the earlier work are described and ex-
plained in a book written by the founder, Dr. Stanton Coit,
and entitled “ Neighborhood Guilds.’’
University Settlement, 26 Delancey Street,
New York, Mr. James B. Reynolds, Head-worker.
The chief work of this pioneer house, within its
own walls, is done through the usual classes and
clubs. The city night schools make provision for
most of those who can study, but supplementary
classes in book-keeping, drawing, dressmaking,
electricity, French, hygiene and stenography are
organized. The clubs provide musical concerts,
dancing, gymnastic exercises, literary culture, soci-
able intercourse and study of reforms.
This Settlement has had remarkable success in
influencing the physical, economic, and political
environment of the community. In this work the
House is simply the centre of activity whose force
is felt afar. It has aided in the formation of
habits of thrift by its penny savings scheme; has
sought prudently and conservatively to aid the
sweated garment workers in time of strike; has
held art exhibitions, at one of which the average
attendance daily for four weeks was 3,200 persons.
Mr. Reynolds has been actively associated with
municipal reform movements, efforts to secure
small parks and better tenement-house conditions,
and to improve local government by non-partisan
methods. He emphasizes the conviction that poli-
tical reform conditions the moral and spiritual pro-﻿48
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
gress of the young people of our cities. 1 ( A care-
ful study of the social conditions of our city has
convinced me that no evil is so potent, and none
works so much to undermine the best efforts of
social and religious reformers as the political cor-
ruption which has flourished so long in our city. .
. . When I consider the amount of money that is
spent annually for religious and moral training of
the children, and see how little of it is directed at
more than the narrowest needs of the people, I
have felt that there is a special need for us to
emphasize this point.”
The House has collected and presented evidence
before a Tenement-House Committee ; has cooper-
ated with various organizations which were seeking
to provide small parks for the crowded neighbor-
hoods ; and has given aid to the movement to im-
prove the condition of girls in mercantile establish-
ments. The Head-Worker was appointed a mem-
ber of the local Board of School Trustees and so
gained power to assist the educational forces.
The information furnished by the Head to the
Municipal and State Legislatures was a material
part of the basis of important new measures.
The Sanitary Union attempts more than its name
suggests, for it acts with various departments of
the city government—Police, Fire, Street Cleaning,
Health and Public Works—to inspect street clean-
ing, enforce ordinances, abate nuisances, clear en-
cumbered fire escapes, examine unsafe buildings
and watch the operation of the Sanitary Code.
This Sanitary Union does not attempt to en-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
49
force laws, but to bring information and encourage-
ment to the police, foremen of gangs, and others
whose duties are executive. In this way there is
less danger of open rupture and conflict, and the
officers of the city are more likely to be prompt and
cheerful in the discharge of their public duties.
Hull House was established in Chicago in Sep-
tember, 1889, by Miss Jane Adams and Miss Ellen
G. Starr.
It is sometimes said that a Settlement must not
start with a fixed programme and assume an iron
form. It must not dictate to life, but must adjust
itself in adapted service to the needs which are dis-
covered. It is said, with justice, that the residents
come first of all to learn the wants of the popula-
tion, and not to impose impracticable schemes con-
ceived in a different social environment. This is
one side of the truth. But the founders of Hull
House did not enter their work without principles
and equipment. They attracted friends and won
confidence just because they knew life and could
give clear expression to their thoughts. The sub-
stantial assistance given by persons of wealth could
never have been won by persons of confused minds.
It is not necessary that all residents should have
the same plan, but it is essential that they should
possess gifts. Merely moving one’s boarding-place
will not make one useful. Working-people are
quick to detect shams, and their estimates of neigh-
bors are shrewd and candidly expressed. Insignifi-
' cant ability will not suddenly blossom into genius
by virtue of lodging in a tenement district. Settle-﻿50
university, college and
merits succeed through the character, force and
insight of sane and informed residents. The re-
markable success of Hull House can be traced to
intelligible causes.
‘‘The original residents came to Hull House
with a conviction that social intercourse could best
express the growing sense of the economic unity of
society. They wished the social spirit to be the
undercurrent of the life of Hull House, whatever
direction that stream might take. All the details
were left for the demands of the neighborhood to
determine, and each department has grown from
a discovery made through natural and reciprocal
social relations.”
The educational work is carried on by college
men and women, and by lectures of the University
Extension Department of the University of Chicago
and other institutions. The service is gratuitous,
the small fees being used to meet incidental ex-
penses of printing, reference books, etc. A Sum-
mer School at Rockford, Illinois, has given many
young women the privileges of life in the college
for women at the nominal expense of three dollars
per week. A reading-room and branch of the Pub-
lic Uibriary, with an excellent sub-station delivery,
are found near the House, and they bring the re-
sources of a great collection of books to their doors.
Small and choice selections of pictures are exhibited
each year. The walls of the rooms always show
fine photographic copies of noble works of great
artists. Beautiful works have been placed in the
neighboring school-house, and a society has been﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
51
formed to carry this work into other cities. Musi-
cal choruses and classes are taught by competent
persons. Concerts are given in the gymnasium on
Sunday afternoons.
Hull House Residents.—“No university or col-
lege qualification has ever been made for resi-
dence, although the majority of residents have been
college people. The organization of the Settlement
has been extremely informal; but an attempt has
been made during the last winter to limit the num-
ber of residents to twenty . . . Applicants for resi-
dence are received for six weeks, during which time
they have all privileges, save a vote, at residents’
meeting. At the end of that period, if they have
proved valuable to the work of the House, they are
invited to remain, if it is probable that they can be
in residence for six months. The expenses of the
residents are defrayed by themselves on the plan of
a cooperative club under the direction of a house
committee. A limited number of fellowships has
been established, one of them by the Chicago branch
of the Inter-Collegiate Alumnae Association.”
For three years all the residents were women;
but after that some young men came to reside near
the House, and gave their assistance as far as con-
sistent with their professional and business life.
The citizens of Chicago have furnished much of
the money and many of the occasional workers, and
it is counted an honor to have any share in the
admirable work. The owner of the property has
given the use of it rent free until 1920. The new
buildings have been provided by generous friends.﻿52
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
The superintendence and teaching are volunteered
by residents, and are unpaid.
Hull House has assisted the Labor Movement by
aiding the organization of trades unions among the
more helpless workers; by investigations and agita-
tion for improved factory inspection; by arbitration
of one strike; by discussions in the Social Science
Club of Working-People. The Nineteenth Ward
Improvement Club stood for street-cleaning and
free public baths. A local council of the Civic
Federation met at the House to consider and pro-
mote the interests of the ward in local government.
Social fellowship is fostered in connection with edu-
cational schemes of clubs and classes. Relief work
for the destitute is not overlooked, and cooperation
with the Associated Charities has marked all the
Settlements of Chicago. A Coffee-House and Kit-
chen provide wholesome food at reasonable rates.
Thrift is fostered by a Penny Savings Bank. But
a mere list can give only a faint notion of the richly
varied ministries of this Settlement.
College Settlement Association.
Pres’t—Mrs. Caroline Williamson Montgomery.
Vice-President—Miss Vida D. Scudder.
Sec’y—Miss Susan G. Walker, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Treasurer—Miss Cornelia Warren.
Fifth Member—Mrs. Jean Fine Spahr.
The officers are elected annually by the Electoral
Board. The movement which led to the organiza-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
53
tion of the Association was one of the earliest Set-
tlement movements in this country. It started
among the students of Smith College in 1887.
The original purpose was to secure support en-
tirely from colleges, but as the work enlarged
other helpers were enlisted. The Association was
formally organized in 1890, and incorporated in
1894. Its function is to induce competent students
to assist in Settlement work, to unite alumnae in
social service and to promote investigation. To
encourage the combination of theoretical know-
ledge with practical works the Association has
awarded a limited number of Fellowships to such
workers as show themselves fitted to collect
material that is of permanent scientific value.
The organization of the Association is simple.
Any College raising a subscription of $100, or one
which represents at least twenty members, is en-
titled to membership and to send two representa-
tives called Electors to the meeting of the Electoral
Board. This Board meets semi-annually to do the
general business of the Association, to appropriate
funds, and is responsible to the Association for the
general policy of the Settlements. It appoints
three members of a local Executive Committee for
each Settlement, and these then elect, subject to
approval, the remaining members of the committee.
This committee appoints the Head-Worker and is
responsible to the Electoral Board for the manage-
ment of the Settlement. A large body of non-col-
legiate members are represented by two Electors.
The Colleges at present represented are;—Welles-﻿54
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
ley, Smith, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Radcliffe, Mills,
Packer Collegiate Institute, Cornell, Swarthmore,
Elmira, Woman’s College of Baltimore, Barnard.
The Association is assisting in the support of
three settlements, % one each in New York, Phila-
delphia and Boston.
The New York Settlement works for better
schools and more schools. The population of the
neighborhood is 700 persons to an acre, and grows
more dense. A little boy appeals to one of the resi-
dents: “Take me to school, lady,” as if she were
clothed with municipal powers. The Head-Worker
has been appointed School Inspector, and can urge
progress with all the force of one who knows the
people. The young teachers come to tea, and are
stimulated and guided by lectures. Girls are taught
sewing by the best methods. The Women’s Home
Improvement Club makes mothers intelligent con-
cerning questions of tenement-house reform and
good city government. In Spring, after the night
schools are closed, classes are organized for study.
Girls are taught music and a new form of pleasure
is introduced into their lives. One child said,
‘ ‘ The days that I wake up and remember that
it is my lesson day, I am so glad.” The work-
ers teach the children the right use of books
and promote the circulation of the public and
private libraries. The Kindergarten teaches the
meanings of nature and trains in helpfulness.
‘ ‘ When the children came to us they knew nothing
of the processes of nature and very little of the
processes of work. They have no idea where the﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
55
flour or the milk or the nuts and apples come from,
and the seasons are hardly distinguishable to them
except by the differences of temperature. They
know very few animals and scarcely any flowers.
One little girl called a cow a horse, and on being
told the name called it * cow-horse. ’ Rabbits and
squirrels were quite unknown, and all birds were
pigeons. ’ ’ But they are taken excursions to
Crotona Park, and the woods are made to tell a
real story of violets, buttercups, acorns and chest-
nuts. Many of the children are taken to the
country for a week or so in summer and come back
healthy, cheerful, their minds full of pictures, their
hands full of flowers for mother. The residents
say : ‘ ‘ There are now coming to us in an ordinary
day in winter two hundred people and there is
much to be done. It has been our earnest endeavor
to live in the midst of our work in as quiet and
healthy a fashion as possible, and several of the
residents, we are glad to say, have improved steadily
in health. It seems to us a great privilege to be
among so many friends, when there is so much to
do and so much to learn.”
The Philadelphia Settlement is developing
1 ‘ specialists ’ ’ in work and yet extending the
range of service for those who can give only frag-
ments of time. The Kitchen and Coffee-House is
designed to furnish the neighborhood nutritious
food at low cost and a clean, cheerful place, free
from all objectionable features, where a comfortable
meal may be had at reasonable rates. There is a
branch of the Free Ljbraa-y in the rooms of the﻿56	UNIVERSITY, COIXEGE AND
Settlement, and it supplies special books on topics
discussed in clubs, lectures or classes. This form
of cooperation is very fruitful. The Circulating
Picture Library sends out mounted photographs of
great pictures into the homes of the people. A
printed slip giving a sketch of the artist and a
description of the subject is pasted upon the back
of each. The art section of the Civic Club of
Philadelphia assists in this undertaking. ‘ ‘ Even
among our Hebrew friends the madonnas are favor-
ites with both mothers and children. It is, of
course, the human interest that attracts them.”
The Mothers’ Meetings are arranged to bring the
Kindergarten leaders into friendly relations with
the mothers. The educational work is carried on
by means of clubs, classes and library service.
The Cooperative Coal Club had in one year 321
members, eight centers for deposit and ten club
visitors, and sold $2,712.39 worth of coal. “This
means a considerable saving to club members, as
the rates are from 40 to 80 cents per ton cheaper
than retail prices and from $2.25 to $2.50 less per
ton than when purchased by the bucket, the cus-
tomary thing in our neighborhood.” For drawing
and manual training the Settlement relies on a
public school and helps to secure regular attend-
ance. This Settlement sets a high value on mili-
tary drill and summer encampment for one or two
weeks for boys.
In relation to training of workers the report of
1896 gives interesting details. “ To our minds the
growing recognition of what is good in the Settle-﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
57
ment idea is shown in the effort made by churches
and philanthropic institutions to come into close
touch with the people they wish to serve, by plant-
ing homes with residents in their midst, instead of
expecting, as of old, that the people will come to
them. We are constantly in receipt of letters from
such organizations asking for young women with
settlement experience to come and show them how
to work.” In order to meet such calls this Settle-
ment has begun to provide lectures on economic,
political and other social subjects, along with the
daily practical experience. It has been found that
workers connected with various city charities are
ready to join with the residents in attending these
lectures and assisting in the discussions. The
University Extension lecture-study method, lec-
ture, syllabus, discussion, is found the most pro-
fitable. Some of the topics considered have been :
Social Economic Legislation, Labor Programmes,
Child Labor, Woman Labor, Factory Inspection,
Sweating System, Industrial Circulation and Arbi-
tration, Labor and Social Insurance, Training in
Social Citizenship, Study of Foods, Medical Relief,
the Tramp Problem, the Relief Agencies of Phila-
delphia, Child-Saving Agencies, Cooperation, the
Housing of the Poor, Popular Recreation, Public
Baths, the Settlement Movement.
It is only by reciting multiplied illustrations of
actual achievements that we can see the range of
usefulness open to Settlements. The College Set-
tlement in Philadelphia found in their neighbor-
hood a space covered by old tenements unfit for﻿58
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
human habitation. Streets and inhabitants went
down together. The miserable houses reeked with
filth and disease and were the nests of all kinds of
vice and disorder. Foul odors defiled the close
summer air. The residents could not silently
tolerate the conditions. They wrent before Mayor
and aldermen with a request to have the property
purchased by the city and made open space for fresh
air, wholesome sunshine, room for play and chance
for beauty. Persistent effort was crowned with
success.
The Philadelphia workers made a house-to-house
canvass for a desirable school board candidate.
The Denison House, Boston, shows the fol-
lowing programme of regular engagements in its re-
port for 1896 :
Monday,
Club of Boys ( Jewish), 4 p. M.,
Dante Class, 4 p. M.,
Residents at Home,
Settlement Conference, once a month,
Travel Class (women over 20) 7.45 p. m.,
Gymnastics (girls over 16), 7.45 p. m.,
Federal Labor Union, once a month.
Tuesday,
Stamp Saving, 4 p. m.,
Home Savings, 3 p. m.,
Club of Girls from 14 to 15, in French and sewing,
4 P. M.,
English Literature (young men), 7.45 p. m.,
English Grammar (women), 7.45 p. m.,
Social Science, conference, twice a month.
Wednesday,
Busy Bees, two clubs in sewing, 4 p. m.,﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
59
Women’s Cooking Class in the homes,
Writing Class (women), 7.40 p. m.,
Young American Club (boys), 7.30 p. M.,
Thursday,
Social Science Club for Students, 11 A. M.,
Young Massachusetts Club (boys of 10), 4 p. M.,
Class of Young Men, 7.30 p. M.,
Residents’ Neighborhood Reception, evening.
Friday,
Mothers’ Club, 3 p. m.,
Kitchen Garden (girls of 14), 4 P. M.,
The Fortnightly Club (girls over 16), 7.45 p. M.t
English Literature Class, 7,45 p. m.,
Saturday,
Kitchen Garden (girls of 8 to 10), 10 A. M.,
Drawing Class, 2 p. M.,
Franklin Club (boys), 3 p. M.,
Class in English Language, 7.30 p. M.
Some of the characteristic forms of social minis-
try at Denison House are the Federal Labor Union,
cooperation with the Women Clerks’ Benefit Asso-
ciation; investigation of sanitary condition of school
houses, assistance to flower missions and Country
Vacation Societies and a Vacation School. The
Vacation School is coming to be an important addi-
tion to the educational appliances of a crowded
neighborhood, whose inhabitants do not go to Eu-
rope nor even to the suburbs for rest and variety.
Children who would be greatly injured, if not
ruined, by roaming the streets, are delighted to
busy themselves with carpentry, sewing, cooking,
elementary science, drawing, reading and short ex-
cursions to the sea shore or wooded hills.﻿6o
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
South End House (formerly Andover House),
Boston ; R. A. Woods, Head-Worker.
The district is occupied by working class people,
living in crowded tenement houses, laboring for
low and uncertain wages in factories and on
the docks. “ Organized vice has its haunts not
far from the homes of honest poverty, adding a
baneful source of evil and distress. But there is yet
little of dull and sodden pauperism. There are
many strong, saving elements among the people
themselves. And in nearly every neighborhood
throughout the district there is now some useful
agency for social improvement.”
The statement of the aim of this Settlement de-
serves particular attention. * ‘ Our Settlement has
for its aim to bring about a better and more beauti-
ful life in its neighborhood and district; to develop
through study and action in this single locality new
ways of meeting some of the serious problems of
society, such as .may be applied in other places; and
to draw into this effort the finest available powers of
heart and mind. It is no part of the plan to build
up an institution complicated, self-contained. The
Settlement is rather, in its truest meaning, a center
of personal forces which become involved with the
interests of the neighborhood without, and spread
themselves through every healthful channel of the
local life.”
The residents take hold of the kind of service to
which they seem called by personal choice and fit-
ness, and by outward need and opportunity. There
is a marked tendency to prolonged residence. Mr.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
6i
R. A. Woods lias been Head from the beginning.
Others have been in this form of social work for
years. All live together in a modest but com-
fortable house, conveniently located for their pur-
poses. At some distance from the home of the resi-
dents, the association controls a building three
stories high, fitted up for kindergarten, clubs, and
reading room.
The Settlement does not lack the usual features
of “institutional” work of its own,—kindergar-
tens, clubs, classes, lectures. But it seeks especially
to influence in the right direction the existing asso-
ciations of the district. “It is not our final object
to center the life of the neighborhood about the Set-
tlement, but rather to discern and incite individual
initiative and mutual aid among the people them-
selves; and thus truly to rehabilitate personal, fam-
ily, and neighborhood life. ... Its chief edu-
cational aim is that the people shall be trained, in-
tellectually and morally, in that greatest influence
of modern life, the power of association.”
Thus the House does not set up its own ecclesias-
tical organization, but seeks to “ strengthen among
people the power of their own form of faith and de-
votion.” The residents associate themselves with
the churches to which they are naturally most at-
tached.
The Settlement is not a relief-giving center, but
the residents cooperate with the Associated Chari-
ties, and especially with the local conference of the
district. They distribute flowers sent to them from
the flower missions, and they look up suitable chil-﻿62
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
dren to be sent by the Young Men’s Christian Union
to the country in the hot summer days. The work-
ers cooperate with the school teachers, the police,
the aldermen and the public library. The Head of
the House was chairman of the Mayor’s Committee
on Public Baths, and helped to secure the location
of the first one in a most crowded region. With
other agencies they seek to promote the circulation
of books and pictures, the cultivation of a popular
taste for music, and the instruction of the people by
University Extension methods. They have been
enabled to foster a spirit of reasonableness and con-
ciliation in connection with the labor movement and
trades unions. They have made some of he most
important and accurate studies of social conditions,
studies which in published form have attracted wide
attention. “The University Settlement,’’ says
Mr. Woods, “is in the best sense a laboratory,—-
with fires kindled by sympathy,—whose results,
though sometimes almost imponderable, will have
as they begin to be applied at large, a far-reaching
and ever-increasing power.’’
The East Side House, New York City, founded
in 1891, was established in a district in which about
50,000 people resided. There were only five relig-
ious organizations, while saloons were found at
every turn, and they supplied the only places of re-
creation. The population was one-third Irish, one-
third Germans, and the others chiefly Italians and
Bohemians.
An association, the majority of them members of
the Protestant Episcopal denomination, was incor-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
63
porated as the responsible government and support
of the House. The initiative was taken by the
Church Club of the city of New York.
At the last report the association owned three lots
at the foot of East Seventy-sixth street, near the
river, and leased a strip of land on the river. Its
material equipment included a swimming pool; a park
with swings, benches and pavilion; a small cinder
running track; a three-story frame building, with
rooms for residents, parlors, reading room, baths,
billiard and locker rooms; a brick gymnasium build-
ing, well equipped; a three-story brick building,
with reading room, manager’s room, and halls for
classes, clubs and entertainments.
The report declares the function of the Settlement
to be “ to extend knowledge 011 all subjects which
promote the welfare of society, and to aid in de-
veloping all the civic virtues—manliness, self-re-
liance, thrift, helpfulness, the love of man, of coun-
try, and of God.”
To this work Bishop H. C. Potter has given the
following strong endorsement in a letter in the
Evening Post, November, 1896: “When Dr.
Chalmers was leaving a great missionary meeting in
Glasgow, when the whole air had been charged with
impassioned speech and high resolve, an elderly
woman, meeting him at the door, said :	‘ Is it a’
done, sir?’ ‘ Na, na, woman,’was his answer; ‘it’s
a’ said—and now it remains to be done.’ ”
” We have just emerged from a period of much
strenuous speech and of ardent exhortation to citi-
zens to awake to the rescue of tlie republic. But﻿64
university, college and
how ? Is anybody sanguine enough to imagine that
a presidential election has revolutionized the con-
stituencies that make up our great political parties,
or reconstructed the hundreds of thousands of peo-
ple in our great cities who are still largely unin-
formed as to questions fundamental to our well-
being ?	‘ The campaign of education ’ in which
we have so many of us been rejoicing has, after all,
in too many instances but skimmed the surface.
Who is to continue it, and how ? I do not hesitate
to say that, for the most difficult and yet imperative
work, we have as yet discovered no agency that, in
almost every respect, is at all comparable with the
College or University Settlement. This is, verily,
work among the foundations; and it is being done
by men and women whose character, spirit, and
methods deserve the highest honor and are worthy
of the widest imitation. ... If any human
agency is to reach, persuade, and enlighten the mul-
titudes in our great cities with whom, finally, so
largely rests the choice of our rulers, the stability
of the republic, and the progress of our civilization,
I am increasingly persuaded that it is that which
has shown itself to be inspired by a spirit so heroic
and distinguished, by methods so singularly wise
and so exceptionally successful.”
The apparent policy and tendency of this Settle-
ment is ‘ ‘ to keep all the social and educational work
of the House as concentrated as possible.” One
finds here clubs for persons of various ages, Kinder-
garten, Penny Provident Fund Bank, a Sunday
School and Children’s Choir, and a Creche. The﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
65
Fellowship-Citizenship Association is composed of
men and women from 19 to 70 years of age. It
listens to lectures and the membership join in free
discussions. The Men’s School Extension Class
gives instruction to men who are preparing for city
civil service examinations. There is a class in
economics and sociology taught by a gentleman from
Columbia University, and started under the advice
of Professor F. H. Giddings. The Webster Free
Circulating Library, under the supervision of the
Board of Regents of the University of the State of
New York, is the only library on the East Side
between Sixtieth street and One Hundred and Tenth
street, with a population of more than 200,000.
An interesting organization, natural to the vicinity
of the river, is the life-saving corps, which has al-
ready rescued several persons from drowning in the
swift tides.
The Riverside Association was organized in
the winter of 1892, for the purpose of assisting the
poor to better conditions. It provides baths, library
and reading room, kindergarten, boys’ department,
women’s and girls’ department, and Penny Provi-
dent Fund. The House is always open. The Head-
Worker is Mr. John F. Harrold.
The Girls’ Club is provided with rooms where
the members can meet in the evenings. Classes are
organized to teach whatever can be useful to work-
ing girls. Social entertainments are enjoyed at fre-
quent intervals. Trained teachers come from Bar-
nard, the Teachers’ College and Berkeley Lyceum.
They feel that it does not so much matter what is﻿66
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
taught, whether cooking, sewing, gymnastics or
poetry, “ as it does what the teacher stands for, to
the busy girls whose outlook she may be, an out-
look into a certain world, where people are aiming
at honorable and beautiful things.”
Boys’ Clubs.—The Riverside Association has
adopted what is called the group system. “The
underlying principle of this system is personal con-
tact with each individual boy, so that each boy’s
disposition, capabilities, and character may be care-
fully studied and the right influences brought to
develop that which is best in the boy, and to eradi-
cate evil tendencies. The workers are carefully se-
lected, with a view to securing only men and women
of strong character and those who are possessed of
patience and tact. Not over five boys are assigned
to each worker, and no more boys are received into
the club than competent workers can be found to
supervise. Each club consists of four managers
and of not to exceed twenty boys. Each club has a
distinctive name, colors and yell. The boys in each
club are required to meet with the managers one
night a week; they must attend one night a week
in the gymnasium; and they may attend a second
night. The reading room of the Association library
is open to the boys on nights when they are not
otherwise employed. ’ ’
At the club meetings the managers teach the boys
the simple rules of parliamentary practice, and after
reading, speeches and a yell, the boys go to the
evening work. They are taught chair-seat caning,
basket-weaving, Venetian metal work, leather-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.	67
work, the making of rope mats, and fret-sawing.
A half hour of fun follows the hour of work.
The object is rather to make a deep impression on
a few boys than to merely entertain a great crowd.
In a mob the worst boys dominate and the person-
ality of the teacher is lost. In a small group the
manager’s character becomes the controlling influ-
ence, and the rough lad is awed and civilized. As
they grow older they will be taught in debating
clubs the functions of government and the duties
of citizenship.
The Church Settlement House; 329 East
Eighty-fourth Street, New York City; founded
1894. Miss Marian L. Gurney, Director. The
population of the district is about 150,000, German,
Irish, with a sprinkling of French and Italians.
Many are of the Jewish faith. Most of the people
earn fairly good wages. * ‘ The Settlement has
never insulted the sturdy independence of its neigh-
bors by offering them charity.” Assistance of an
employment bureau is given, and an organization
of neighborhood women administers such relief as
may be necessary. “In beginning its work, the
Settlement determined to try a two-fold experiment:
(1) the establishing of the work on a self-support-
ing basis; (2) the presentation of the Gospel of
Christ as the only satisfactory resolvent of the
social problem. Now, at the end of its second
year, it has succeeded in demonstrating the possi-
bility of both undertakings. There are usually
eight residents, and of these very few have been
able to contribute anything to the support of the﻿68
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
house beyond their own services. Nevertheless,
we have succeeded in meeting all our expenses, ex-
cept the rent, through the proceeds of the various
classes. ’ ’ Among the regular attendants are found
Atheists, Jews, Protestants and Catholics, and yet
the residents are on the friendliest terms with them
all. ‘ ‘ We are more than ever convinced of the futil-
ity of presenting religious truth to the masses with-
out a practical demonstration of the brotherhood of
man, and the equal hopelessness of attempted social
reform based on any other foundation than that of
the Incarnation.”
The following may serve as an example of the
routine of a week in a Social Settlement.
A Week’s Work at the Church Settlement House.
Daily.—Kindergarten and Primary School. Classes in the
English branches for backward, sickly and crippled chil-
dren, and for those who cannot gain admission to the
. Public Schools. Instruction in the Piano, Violin, Man-
dolin and Zither.
Monday.—Penny Provident Bank. Sewing Class for Girls.
Dancing Class A, for adults.
Tuesday.—Class in Object Drawing for boys. Dancing Class
B, children from four to ten years of age. Class in Ger-
man Language and Literature. French Class. Drum
and Fife Corps.
Wednesday.—Class in Crocheting and Knitting. Juvenile
Auxiliary to the Department of Street Cleaning. Church
Settlement Clean Street League (boys). Good Order
Club (girls). The Church Settlement Cadets.
Thursday.—Women’s Sewing Club: informal talks on house-
hold management, sewing, reading aloud; afternoon tea﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
69
is served. French Class. Singing Class. Church Set-
tlement Band of Mercy, boys and girls, a juvenile auxil-
iary to S. P. C. A. St. Mary’s Guild (girls).
Friday.—Class of Kindergarten Mothers, for study of Child
Culture. Dancing Class C. Children’s Orchestra. Wom-
en’s Bible Class. Guild of the Guardian Angel.
Saturday.—Dancing Class D. Class in Physical Culture and
Elocution. Classes in Embroidery, Painting and Sten-
ography. Young Men’s Reading Club. Knights: of the
Cross (boys from 12 to 16 years old).
Sunday.—Kindergarten Sunday School, 9 A. M. General
Sunday School, 3 P. m.
Dispensary.—Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, from 2 to
4 P. M.
It will be noticed in this programme that a large
place is given to dancing, and this is true of many
of the Settlements. The report says on this point:
“ In spite of the strictures of many conscientious
people upon this feature of our work, good results
are almost more noticeable here than in any other
department. The gain in orderliness, quietness
and courtesy has been very great.” Finding that
young men were too weary to read in the evening,
the residents formed a reading club, in which good
literature was read aloud to the visitors; eye-gate
being closed, great ideas entered at ear-gate. Dis-
covering that many families would suffer rather
than enjoy charity outings, they arranged a sum-
mer home, where the board was two dollars a week
for adults and one dollar for children, just about
the amount of their living expenses at home, and
yet enough to make them feel independent.”﻿70
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
The report concludes by saying: ‘‘As we discern
more and more clearly the outlines of our future
work, we see that our chief function is not so much
to work for the people as with them.”
Kingsley House, Pittsburgh, has clubs, classes,
sewing school, kindergarten, kitchen-garden, penny
provident stamp station, entertainments and parties,
and relief agencies. A few sentences from Miss
Gertrude H. Noyes will reveal the mode of ap-
proach, and the results of friendly intercourse be-
tween the instructed teacher and the ill-taught
children.
‘ ‘ When Kingsley House first opened its doors
to children, we knew very little of the special
conditions of the children’s lives, of the home en-
vironment, race prejudices and all the hereditary
influences moulding their characters. The first
thing to be done then was to get near the children,
to know their fathers and mothers, and to get in
touch with the home spirit. With five widely dif-
fering nationalities represented in our kindergarten
—German, Polish, Hebrew, Irish and American—
the first problem to consider was harmony, to dis-
cover a common basis of interest, and to unite all
upon that one point, if upon no other, was the first
step. Our half-dozen Poles looked with greatest
suspicion upon the five Jews, and the Irish and
Americans were united in their contempt of both
the other races, A great romp all together in some
lively game soon made them forget everything but
their fun. Thus through daily development of
common interests, and most vitally of all, through﻿SOCIAL, settlements.	71
love of our common country, a broad platform of
unity has been established.
“When race barriers were weakened, we began
reaching out into the world little by little. From
what the children were familiar with, we gradually
approached the unfamiliar. Since our neighbor-
hood is one of the greatest labor centers in the city,
everything pertaining to the trades and industrial
life was very near the children. Shoemakers and
puddlers, tailors and mill-workers, glass-blowers
and carpenters, blacksmiths and painters were all
represented. We played we were blacksmiths, and
traced back the iron to the foundry, and from the
foundry to the mine. Then, perhaps, we were
bakers, and discovered that our flour came from
the miller, and that the miller obtained his wheat
from the farmer, and that the farmer planted seeds
which the sun and the rain helped to grow. Thus,
in every possible way, the children have been led
to see the value of all labor, and the interdepen-
dence of industries.
... It would be difficult to imagine a neighbor-
hood more hopelessly barren than ours of all that
nature gives to make the world beautiful; never
having seen grass and trees, and birds and flowers,
the children felt no lack, and found in their cobble-
stones ample delight. To arouse the instinct for
the beautiful, we brought all the world to them in
fragments, leaves and grasses and flowers, and a
thousand things which every country-bred child
knows and loves. The instinct awoke and grew,
and received its fulfillment when we all spent a﻿72	UNIVERSITY, COUUEGE AND
glorious day in the country. With the wonder and
beauty of it in all their hearts, the highest spiritual
life must come, for the Divine source of all beauty
is very near when the beauty has entered the soul.”
It is from these sketches from life that we see
at once the separation of classes and families, the
spiritual poverty, the antagonisms and inner desti-
tution, the pettiness and narrowness of poverty.
And from the same faithful picture we learn how
to understand our neighbors, and how to lead them
upward from common things to patriotism, devotion
to ideals, aesthetic joy and the comforts and inspir-
ation of religion.
The Directors of Kingsley House sum up some
of the more tangible forms of their work:
“ So many people ask the question, * What good
are you doing ? * We still find it hard to take up
and add the source of happiness that flows from the
portals of Kingsley House each calendar year, and
yet the past year has been filled with work. But
very good people press for answer, and let us, for
their benefit, enumerate some few results of the
year. Women and children have been taught how
to bake good bread; how to sew; how to keep
house; how, with but little, to brighten the home;
positions for young ladies secured; sanitary con-
ditions of houses and alleys made better; mothers
taught the care of children; daughters taught how
to care for themselves; the grievance of girls work-
ing in factories, when infringement of laws was
very apparent, made known to proper authorities,
and the wrong righted, physicians sent to homes﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
73
where people were too poor to pay; boys in large
numbers kept off the streets and taught useful les-
sons, given bright evenirfgs under helpful influ-
ences; tiny children taught in the kindergarten;
men taught to read and write; young girls given
bright evenings filled with music; sick and maimed
children helped by practical advice given mothers,
and by placing them in proper hospitals; 4 evenings
at home ’ given to tired and care-worn mothers,
causing them to forget for a time the burden that
falls on them by reason of their environment; books
sent out all over the vicinity, bringing pleasure to
many families.”
Miss Luella Meloy, at the request of Professor
Atwater, made a study of typical dietaries and bud-
gets of poor families in Pittsburg. As an example
take this picture. An American family was studied
twenty-nine days. There were three adults and
six children, ranging from eighteen years to seven
months. The father is a laborer, and earns $1.25
per day, but loses many days in the year from ill-
health. A boarder, by occupation a millworker,
earns $1.25 per day. They have three rooms, for
which they pay $6 per month in advance. They
buy for cash by the day or week and in small quan-
tities. The grocers sometimes give short weight.
Meats are cooked by frying or boiling. Children
drink tea and coffee when they wish them, but
have no milk. The father works outside the city,
and pays twenty cents per day for car fare. He
gave up this job for a night-turn, as food expenses
were less, because the mother and children could﻿74
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
live on bread and tea, and the father did without a
hearty meal by sleeping in daytime.
The investigation showed that seventeen people
were trying hard to live decently in five rooms;
five of these persons were adults about twenty-
seven years of age, two girls aged sixteen and
eighteen respectively, and a young man of nineteen.
Privacy, essential to modesty, is almost impossible
in such crowded conditions. The ventilation must
be bad, the air poisonous. There is much sickness
and feebleness, because the food is defective and
does not make bone and sinew. Such people strug-
gle on for virtue and honesty until privation and
misery have reduced them to moral degradation.
Thus the Settlement reveals to society its prob-
lems and perils in concrete and living instances; it
brushes away wicked palliatives, the unfair hints
that the poor are miserable because they are
drunken, lazy and dishonest. It is only by these
minute, painstaking studies of actual domestic con-
ditions that society can be aroused to do its duty
by the wage-earning people.
Welcome Hall, Buffalo, is an interesting illus-
tration of the combination of Organized Charity,
Church Mission and Settlement ideas. It is sup-
ported by the First Presbyterian Church. It con-
fines its labors to a comparatively small area, and
cultivates this district as thoroughly as possible.
Miss Remington is the Head-Worker. There is no
attempt to build up a church, but to induce the
people to make use of the churches which are con-
venient to them. Religious services and Bible﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
75
teaching are conducted along with class and club
work, and various schemes of cooperation and
relief.
Westminster House (Miss Emily S. Holmes,
Head-Worker) was the first Social Settlement in
Buffalo. It is unique among American Settlements
in one respect: it deals almost entirely with one
nationality—the Germans, and they are compara-
tively permanent. It is well equipped for recrea-
tion and educational ministries. It gives help to
a group of married women, in garments, fuel and
provisions, in return for work done. It cooperates
with the Charity Organization Society by assuming
responsibility for a limited district, and caring for
cases of distress within that territory. The House
is supported by a club of Westminster Church, but
it presents religion in an unsectarian way.
Whittier House, Jersey City, has developed
along the usual lines, and has made good use of its
newsboys’ club, cooperative girls’ club, and class
work of all grades. The House does not seek to
rival existing institutions, but to help all to do their
best work. The residents cooperate with the city
library system, with trained nurses and physicians,
and with the Tribune Fresh-Air Fund. A weekly
conference has been held, and interest in the Civic
Eeague has been sustained. By lending money at
six per cent., in cases of emergency, to honest
working people, on the security of chattel mort-
gages, the House has rescued a large number of
families from the oppression of usury. Miss Brad-
ford, Head-Worker, has thus expressed the relig-﻿7^
UNIVERSITY, COEEEGE AND
ious attitude of the residents: “ We are here to do
the work the churches cannot do. . . . Coopera-
tion, not competition, is our creed. We are here to
live our lives and to share them. Denominations
are nothing to us. But the simplicity, sincerity,
spotless purity and perfect sympathy of Christ is
everything. We are here that we may help those
about us into life, and life 4 more abundantly. * ’ ’
Chicago Commons was established by Professor
Graham Taylor in 1894, and he lives with his
family in the House. Several other families have
chosen to dwell with him in this colony of obser-
vation and service. They have the ordinary appli-
ances of a developed Settlement—clubs, classes,
kindergarten, social recreations and technical train-
ing. They are peculiarly successful in securing the
attention of working men. Their economic confer-
ences are well attended, and the influence of the
leaders is felt in the city. Occasionally the more
public conferences are held in cooperation with
Hull House. The Pleasant Sunday Afternoon is a
unique and impressive service, reverent and beauti-
ful, yet entirely unlike a formal church service.
The presence of men with their families is a dis-
tinct and striking advantage of this House, and
gives it an appearance of naturalness and perman-
ence which does not belong to a group made up
entirely of unmarried men or women. Residents of
the Commons hold services at the County Poor-
house, and some of them assist in the ordinary
work of the neighborhood church. Normal training
classes for social and church workers are main-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
77
tained. Publications are issued to influence public
opinion and arouse interest in civic betterment.
‘1 The Chicago Commons ” is a most useful peri-
odical relating to Settlement work.
“The Forward Movement, Chicago, under
the leadership of Rev. Dr. George W. Gray,
Superintendent, is established in a district where
the population, chiefly English-speaking, numbers
about 50,000. This work is closely akin to the
evangelistic type of “Institutional Churches/’
and is ranked as a Settlement on the ground that
its workers are members of the community and
visitors in the homes of the people. The House
realizes the idea of a church colony, and its pro-
gress will be watched with deepest interest.
A Federation of the Settlements of Chi-
cago has been useful in promoting unity, in pre-
venting duplication of work, in wise location of
new Houses, and in securing comparison of views
of workers all interested in the same city. As
Houses multiply in cities such a local organization
becomes very necessary.
Epworth Eeague House, Boston.—This House
is modelled on Mildmay Mission, Eondon, where Miss
Cooke worked for several years. One of its most
important branches is the medical mission. Medi-
cal advice, drugs and nursing are supplied to the
very poor at low rates. The residents come from
Boston University and from other institutions.
Theological students are among the best workers.
The Epworth Eeagues of the city and surrounding
towns assist with money and personal service.﻿78
university, college and
The people number about 70,000 souls—Jews,
Italians, Portuguese and Irish. The ignorant immi-
grant laborers are often fleeced by the “padrone,”
a kind of Shylock, who keeps»an intelligence office;
and so the Society of Mutual Aid provides a sub-
stitute for him in an honest employment bureau.
Love of Italy becomes the basis for American
patriotism in the enthusiastic assemblies where
Garabaldi and Washington are praised in the same
speeches.
The educational and relief work are kept quite
apart from the religious services, and they are de-
signed to express and illustrate the spirit of Chris-
tianity. There is no attempt to proselyte. But
there are evangelistic services, street meetings and
lodging-house meetings, where the Christian faith
is frankly declared.
The San Francisco Settlement Association
was formed April, 1894, and maintains the South
Park Settlement. The neighbors are principally
working people,—native-born Americans, Irish and
Germans,—most of whom speak the English lan-
guage. This House has the usual clubs, classes,
libraries and lectures. It enjoys the assistance of
teachers and students of the State University and
of Leland Stanford University. The residents are
both men and women.
For other illustrations see “ Bibliography of Set-
tlements,” by Mr. J. P. Gavit, The Commons,
Chicago.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
79
The Settlement Idea in Small Towns.
There is every reason to carry the agencies of
the Settlement into village life and country towns,
where families may be found who are quite cut off
from their neighbors, where the community life is
not shared, and where heathenism of the darkest
kind poisons the* blood. Why should not a group
of good people be formed to give particular study
to the conditions which surround and curse these
isolated and detached members? The rude boys,
who must grow up to be the terror of the country,
might be gathered in clubs, taught gardening, poul-
try raising, tool practice and good manners. The
coarse girls, mis-educated by degenerate mothers,
need to be brought into living and friendly contact
with superior natures, and tactfully led past the
dangerous temptations of girlhood.
Why should not the summer vacation be turned
to account in this way ? The Log Cabin Settlement
seems to point out the path to this end. There are
many neglected, yet healthy and picturesque, neigh-
borhoods in New England and elsewhere which
might be transformed by the fresh and intelligent
life of summer visitors.
The tendency to local union is illustrated by the
“Federation of Chicago Settlements,’’ organized
October 7, 1894.
There is as yet no national federation of Settle-
ments, but a Conference was held in New York﻿8o
university, coleege and
City, May 3-5, 1895. The subject then most dis-
cussed was the relation of Settlements to the Labor
Movements, and a policy of conciliation and media-
tion seemed to meet the approval of those present.
Settlements in Other Countries.
France.—An article in La Revue Hebdomadaire
May 22, 1897, gives an account of the “Club Chari-
table Fransaise,” founded by the Marquis Costa de
Beauregard in the Popincourt Quarter, Paris.
Settlements Connected with Foreign
Missions.
It is not surprising that work akin to that of the
Settlement should be considered by missionaries.
What is a missionary but a resident among the less
privileged? Work with Settlement features may
be found at many stations—class work, visiting
nurses, medical aid, relief agencies, and all the other
modes of philanthropy. Rev. M. L. Gordon, at
Kyoto, Japan, has what he likes to call a household
church, with Sunday school, Bible classes, and per-
sonal helps of various kinds. Mr. Sen Katayama
has established at Tokyo, Japan, the “Kingsley
House”; Rev. Tomoyoshi Murai proposes similar
work for Osaka. The development of the idea
under Japanese conditions will be watched with
interest. Miss Woolfolk speaks of a missionary
university Settlement in Bombay, India.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
8l
PART II.
Theory of the Settlement.
Every institution grows out of a belief, an in-
ward conviction or desire. Voluntary associations
exist for the purpose of carrying out certain pur-
poses. The definition of the social purpose of a
Settlement is a statement of its theory. It is true
that no two residents would state this purpose in
the same words, but there is substantial agreement
as to the ideal.
i. Some Elements of the University Ideal
of Life.—The University has developed a certain
broad conception of culture and perfection wrhich is
shared by an increasing number of the members of
society. The Settlement movement is, in actual
historical origin, in incentive, scope and impulse, a
University movement outward upon the world.
The ideal is comprehensive of all the elements of
well-being, and is the precipitant of ages of reflec-
tion and leisure. The ideal borrows from all litera-
tures in which the entire past has left deposited the
finest results of experience. It involves a catholic
tolerance which issues from the fellowship of learn-
ing, from the modesty taught by debates of peers,
and by the humility of defeat in presence of age-
long problems of research. Even when the Settle-
ment does not proceed directly from classic halls it﻿82
UNIVERSITY, COEEEGE AND
is sure to cherish something of the same generous
estimates of welfare.
Asceticism is not a mark of the institution, al-
though self-sacrifice is not uncommon among the
workers. Manly sport, vigorous physical exercise,
boxing and cooking classes, recreations, prove that
the Renaissance joy in life, the Greek appreciation
of the perfect athlete, are master motives. The
pleasures of sensation and the value of strength,
vigor and grace are all approved, admired and cul-
tivated.
There is keen delight in learning and knowing
and teaching. The intellectual life is one of the
interests, for its own sake, and for the power over
nature and circumstances which it brings. The art
exhibitions, the classic pictures, the attempt to in-
troduce beauty into dingy and dreary schools, mani-
fest aesthetic joy. Delight in beauty, eager search
for artists among the people, restful appreciation of
fine handiwork, are notes of the Settlement. The
charm of fellowship and genial intercourse is valued
by the typical resident. Those who are hungry for
the company of their kind are companionable. In
the clear atmosphere of friendliness common truths
and duties are sought and discovered. The clouds
of suspicion melt away in the kindly beams of in-
telligent sympathy.
Justice is on the lips of the resident. He
dreams with passionate fervor of helping every
man to a fair chance. Mazzini is read. Law it-
self is tested by its tendency to afford equality
of opportunity. The belief exists that only as﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.	83
men grow right within can their institutions be
honorable.
Religion is not ignored, for it cannot be over-
looked by those who care for man and know his
history. Many provincial, sectarian, clerical or
ecclesiastical symbols of religion may be omitted
or slightly heeded. Central, vital, common ele-
ments are sought and emphasized. Historically
the movement began as a religious work, and up to
this day religion is regarded as the crown and blos-
som of the toil. Laymen have put a stamp upon
the institution which ecclesiastics do not always re-
cognize from the outside; but if religion be genuine,
confidence in the essential good at the heart of the
world, yearning for unity of life, hope of universal
reconciliation on the high plane of righteousness,
then religion is present and potent. The individual
is left to choose for himself the particular symbol
which most fitly and sincerely expresses his per-
sonal creed. All are tolerant and all are free. All
is positive and creative, rather than destructive and
polemical.
2. The Ideal is Missionary.—This ideal of
culture is essentially social, missionary, communi-
cative. Given a group of persons possessed by
these modern conceptions and a concerted effort at
betterment of life is certain to follow. Persons un-
der the spell of the word duty and charged with
sympathy, inspired by a religious view of the world,
will somehow attempt to re-read the life of Jesus
Christ. Mottoes of Mansfield House reveal the in-
tentions of its varied external activities;—﻿84
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
“ Measure thy life by loss instead of gain:
Not by the wine drunk, but by the wine poured forth;
For love’s strength standeth in love’s sacrifice,
And whoso suffers most hath most to give. ’ ’
“ When thou makest a feast, bid the poor, the maimed, the
lame and the blind. ’ ’
We can see the starting radical of Settlement
service in such profound words as those of T. H.
Green:	*1 Nor, because much of our intellectual
activity is the result of mere curiosity or emulation,
should we forget that there is such a thing as a
pursuit of truth, in principle identical with the
striving after God which animates the moral life.
Those of us to whom university life is merely an
avenue to the great world, would do well betimes to
seek opportunities of cooperation with those simple
Christians whose creed, though we may not be able
exactly to adopt it, is to them the natural expres-
sion of a spirit which at the bottom of our heart we
recognize as higher than our own. In the every-
day life of Christian citizenship, in its struggle
against ignorance and vice, such opportunities are
readily forthcoming.”
Not less authoritative is the statement of Miss
Jane Addams: “Hull House endeavors to make
social intercourse express the growing sense of the
economic unity of society. It is an effort to add
the social function to democracy. It was opened
on the theory that the dependence of classes on each
other is reciprocal. I have divided the motives
which constitute the subjective pressure toward﻿SOCIAL settlements.
85
Social Settlements into three great lines: the first
contains the desire to make the entire social organ-
ism democratic, to extend democracy beyond its po-
litical expression; the second is the impulse to share
the race life, to bring as much as possible of social
energy and the accumulation of civilization to those
portions of the race which have little; the third
springs from a certain renaissance of Christianity,,a
movement toward its early humanitarian aspects. ’ ’
3. Democratic Conditions*—Democracy has
the political throne and wields the sceptre of the
state. Our civilization depends on making it the
interest of the multitude to protect it. For the mil-
lions armed with power to purchase and with the
ballot hold everything at their mercy. The de-
mocracy, an untutored prince who has passed his
minority in the wilds of neglect, needs an educa-
tion befitting palace and council chamber. Authors
no longer dedicate their books to lordships, and
poets are not required to crook the hinges of their
knees before kings “ where thrift may follow fawn-
ing. ’ ’ Artists have public galleries for patrons. It
is idle to hope that the best culture can remain se-
cure in feudal castles, while the people, armed with
weapons of modern type and dictators of presidents
and senators, have no share in it. Those who popu-
larize art and literature and science, are not merely
laboring for the poor but for the hard-won fruits of
civilization.
It is not difficult to state the purpose of a Settle-
ment. When people have wealth and education,
means and culture, how do they live and what do﻿86
university, college and
they have ? Knowledge and riches give power of
selection. Now the resident desires that the real
values of the best families and neighborhoods should
become common property. The narrowing lust of
gold, coarse and barbaric ostentation, rude display
of finery, brutal insolence of material success,—
that we do not care to make more general. But
that which is intrinsically fine and noble anywhere
we desire to see everywhere. This need not rob
the rich. Philanthropy is not envious. Nature is
not a mine but a laboratory. Give men a taste of
the higher good; direct their best energies; teach
them self-restraint, economy of force, the best way
to create and distribute wealthy the means of gain-
ing enjoyments by cooperation, and the rich will
have no reason to fear. Property never was secure
when the multitude felt themselves wronged. Con-
tentment, so far as content is healthy, comes by
opening a career to every man.
Mr. R. A. Woods has a right to speak for the
Workers and their aims. 1 ‘If society would start
afresh the glow of life in its far-out members, it
must bring them the same fulness and variety of
resource that is needed to keep life glowing at the
centre. There is also the beginning of a better un-
derstanding of the truth which is confessed, but
not believed, that when one member suffers all mem-
bers suffer with it. In a just view of the case, the
massing of the well-to-do over against the poor,
neither group knowing how the other lives, involves
as great evil on the one side as on the other. ’ ’
The central problem of American political life is﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
37
the government of cities. Democracy is here put to
the most severe strain because of the conflict of na-
tionalities. People without a common purpose can
never live together without pressure from without.
Self-government depends on agreement. Our cities
are not self-governed; they are under the rule of
tyrants known as ‘1 bosses. ’ ’ There are various
forces working to unify American life; trade unions,
the English language, the free public school, the
English-speaking churches and missions; but the
most direct and conscious effort to promote unity
among heterogeneous populations is the Settlement.
On this great theme and the relation of Settle-
ments to it, we may do well to consider the weighty
sentences of thoughtful persons who have compre-
hended the spirit of the new philanthropy.
‘‘ The time may come when the politician who
sells one by one to the highest bidder all the offices
in his grasp, will not be considered more base in his
code of morals, more hardened in his practice, than
the woman who constantly invites to her receptions
those alone who bring her an equal social return,
who shares her beautiful surroundings only with
those who minister to a liking she has for success-
ful social events. In doing this is she not just as
unmindful of the common weal, as unscrupulous in
her use of power, as is any city ‘ boss ’ who con-
sults only the interests of the ‘ ring ?’
4 4 If in a democratic country nothing can be per-
manently achieved save through the masses of the
people, it will be impossible to establish a higher
political life than the people themselve crave; that it﻿sa
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
is difficult to see how the notion of a higher civic
life can be fostered save through common inter-
course; that the blessings which we associate with
a life of refinement and cultivation can be made
universal and must be made universal if they are to
be made permanent; that the good we secure for
ourselves is precarious and uncertain, is floating in
mid-air, until it is secured for all of us and incor-
porated into our common life. ’ ’
“ The schoolhouse itself stands as a pledge that
the city recognizes and endeavors to fulfil the duty
of educating its children. But what becomes of
these children when they are no longer in public
schools ? Many of them never come under the in-
fluence of a professional teacher nor a cultivated
friend after they are toilers. Society at large does
little for their intellectual development.” (Miss
Ad dams.;
Professor H. C. Adams, in introducing the papers
“ Philanthropy and Social Progress,” says :
“Their (the lectures,) chief characteristic is a
strongly marked view of democratic sentiment.
Not, of course, democracy as a form of government,
but as a social ideal, a purpose, a feeling; the de-
mocracy of the theorist who asserts for God a com-
mon fatherhood, or of the humanist who asserts for
man a common brotherhood. Nor can it be said
that this policy is pure sentiment; it is at the same
time, a social necessity. Specialization in modern life
has increased the dependencies of men and classes to
such a degree that interdependence is a thing which
is felt, rather than an idea to be reasoned about.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
89
This is the explanation of the unusual interest
which the last quarter of a century bestows on social
and industrial problems. Society is coming to be
in fact organic, and the claim of a perfect organism
that all parts should find harmony of life in the
recognition of a common aim, shows itself in the
attitude which large numbers of persons are assum-
ing before the vexed problems of the day.
Mr. Carl Schurz (Critic No. 781): “In this work
of lessening the distance between the social classes,
there is no agency more deserving of consideration,
encouragement and support than the very enterprise
in behalf of which we are assembled. The Univer-
sity Settlement is an organized effort directed to the
very purpose of bringing the higher culture and the
social elements it represents into the most sympa-
thetic contact with the poor. The University Settle-
ment not only studies their needs and partly minis-
ters to them, but it studies their ways of thinking,
and acquaints them with the sympathetically cor-
responding wray of thinking of people more favor-
ably situated. It seems to overcome the unwar-
ranted distrust existing between them. It endeavors
to moderate and allay the feelings of social antagon-
isms, not by repressing the education which has
sharpened those feelings, but by broadening and ele-
vating that education—not by repelling the new as-
pirations, but by enlightening and ennobling them.
That is a work which our society in its present con-
dition stands peculiarly in need of. Society owes it
to itself that this work should be fostered and en-
larged to the utmost limits of possibility. The Uni-﻿90	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
versity Settlement cannot, therefore, be too warmly
commended to the favorable and generous support
of all good citizens. ’'
Mr. R. W. Gilder said: “Take, again, this ad-
mirable system of the Settlement. London not only
preceded us, but has surpassed us in equipment.
We make a great deal of talk about tenement-house
reform and needed tenements and college settle-^
ments; but in comparison with Tondon we have
hardly got to work. ... If the Settlements
did nothing else they would have a scientific value
as ingenious instruments for deep-sea dredging in
the ocean of humanity. And any one who thinks
that they can bring up nothing but slime is pitifully
mistaken. Many a rare and exquisite jewel of char-
acter; many a transparent and lovely nature; gener-
osities and heroisms that might well put to shame
the pale products of clearer waters—such things as
these are almost the commonplaces of discovery in
the work of the Settlements. If power to resist
evil; if cheerfulness under heavy burdens; if purity
that stands the strain of temptation of a kind else-
where unknown; if mutual helpfulness in the sore
distress that follows the ravages of fire and of sick-
ness—if these are jewels, indeed it would be worth
while, were nothing else accomplished, to be assured
once more that they exist in the deep waters of hu-
man misery; it would be worth while to find again
among the oft ‘ forgotten half ’ nobilities of soul
that increase one’s belief in, and hope for, the race
of man.”
4. The Peace oe Religion in the theory of the﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
91
Settlement. It is manifestly impossible to speak
for all who have done genuine and valuable work
by residence among the poor. Each must speak for
himself, and many of these workers have preferred
to let their deeds rather than their creeds, tell their
motives. Agnostics, skeptics, positivists, secular-
ists, Jews and liberals, have felt the wave of enthu-
siasm for humanity and devoted themselves in the
despair of doubt, or with protest against tradition,
as evangelicals in the clear hope of faith, to a com-
mon cause.
But we are learning that some kind of faith lives
in honest doubt itself, and that those who confess
the humanity of Jesus are really looking upon the
divinity of the Christ. At any rate the religious
motive has certainly been at the heart of the Settle-
ment from the beginning. Employing the deduc-
tive method and recalling the exact statement of
the organizers and inspirers let us permit them to
speak for themselves: “How can creation thrill
him with sympathy and inspire him with strength,
but as a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief ?
To most of us Christ is the expression of God, i.
e., the eternal fact within and without us. .	.	.
Any attempt to preach a purer religion must go
along with attempts at social reform. .	.	. It
is a good thing that our religion is not bound up
with our creeds and institutions—progress would be
impossible. But progress will never be organic un-
til the religious spirit breathes through every act
and institution.” (Arnold Toynbee, Industrial
Revolution, notes, p. 244.)﻿92
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Miss Jane Addams: “The impulse to share the
lives of the poor, the desire to make social service,
irrespective of propaganda, express the spirit of
Christ, is as old as Christianity itself. We have
no proof from the records themselves that the early
Roman Christians, who strained their simple art to
the point of grotesqueness in their eagerness to re-
cord ‘ good news ’ on the walls of the catacombs,
considered this ‘ good news ’ a religion. Jesus had
no set of truths labelled ‘ Religious.’ On the con-
trary, His doctrine was that all truth is one; that
the appropriation of it is freedom. His teaching
had no dogma to mark it off from truth and action
in general. He himself called it a revelation—a
life. These early Roman Christians received the
Gospel message, a command to love all men, with
a certain joyous simplicity. . . . The Christians
looked for the continuous revelation, but believed
what Jesus said, that this revelation to be held and
mode manifest must be put into terms of action;
that action is the only medium man has for receiv-
ing and appropriating truth. * If any man will do
His will, he shall know of the doctrine.’
* ‘ That Christianity has to be revealed and em-
bodied in the line of social progress is a corollary to
the simple proposition that man’s action is found in
his social relationships, in the way in which he con-
nects with his fellows, that his motives for action
are the zeal and affection with which he regards
his fellows. By this simple process was created a
deep enthusiasm for humanity, which regarded man
as at once the organ and object of revelation; and﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
93
by this process came about that wonderful fellow-
ship, that true democracy of the early church, that
so captivates the imagination. The early Chris-
tians were pre-eminently non-resistant. They be-
lieved in love as a cosmic force. There was no icono-
clasm during the minor peace of the Church.
They did not yet denounce, nor tear down temples,
nor preach the end of the world. They grew to a
mighty number, but it never occurred to them,
either in their weakness or their strength, to regard
other men for an instant as their foes or as aliens.
The spectacle of the Christians loving all men
was the most astounding Rome had ever seen. They
were eager to sacrifice themselves for the weak, for
children and the aged.
‘ ‘ I believe that there is a distinct turning among
many young men and women toward this simple
acceptance of Christ's message. They resent the
assumption that Christianity is a set of ideas which
belong to the religious consciousness, whatever that
may be; that it is a thing to be proclaimed and in-
stituted apart from the social life of the community.
They insist that it shall seek a simple and natural
expression in the social organism itself. The Set-
tlement movement is only one manifestation of that
wider humanitarian movement which throughout
Christendom, but pre-eminently in England, is en-
deavoring to embody itself, not in a sect, but in
society itself. Tolstoi has reminded us all very forci-
bly of Christ’s principle of non-resistance. His
formulation has been startling and his expression
has deviated from the general movement, but there﻿94
university, college and
is little doubt that he has many adherents, men
and women, who are philosophically convinced of
the futility of opposition, who believe that evil can
be overcome only with good and cannot be opposed.
If love is the creative force of the universe, the
principle which binds men together, and by their
interdependence on each other makes them human,
just so surely is anger and the spirit of opposition
the destructive principle of the universe, that
which tears down, thrusts men apart, and makes
them isolated and brutal.
“I cannot, of course, speak for other Settle-
ments, but it would, I think, be unfair to Hull
House not to emphasize the conviction with which
the first residents went there: that it would simply
be a foolish and an unwarrantable expenditure of
force to oppose or to antagonize any individual or set
of people in the neighborhood; that whatever of good
the House had to offer should be put in positive
terms; that its residents should live with opposition
to no man, with recognition of the good in every
man, even in the meanest. I believe this turning,
this renaissance of the early Christian humanitari-
anism, is going on in America, in Chicago, if you
please, without leaders who write or philosophize
without much speaking, but with a hint to express
in social service, in terms of action, the spirit of
Christ. Certain it is that spiritual force is found
in the Settlement movement, and it is also true that
this force must be evolved and must be called into
play before the success of any Settlement is assured.
There must be the overmastering belief that all that﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
95
is noblest in life is common to men as men, in order
to accentuate the likenesses and ignore the differ-
ences which are found among the people whom the
Settlements constantly bring into juxtaposition.
How far the Positivists’ formula of the high order
for humanity can carry the Settlement movement,
Mrs. Humphrey Ward’s house in London may in
course of time illustrate. Paul’s formula of ruling
for the Christ which liveth in each man and found-
ing our likenesses on him seems a simpler formula
to many of us.”
Dean George Hodges has given an admirable
interpretation of this topic. He shows that the
Settlement is not a church, and does not pretend to
be one. We do not condemn a physician because
he is not a pastor. Professional functions are dif-
ferent. The Settlement is a ministration to the
bodies and minds of men. Religion, as creed or
worship, is not excluded, but these do not belong
to the Settlement in the same way in which they be-
long to the church. But religion itself may be ex-
pressed in revealing the beauty of human life, since
man is in the image of God.
“Its faith is made evident by its works. We
may know whether it is really religious or not by
looking at it. If to labor to change the city of
destruction into the city of God be religious; if to
teach the Word of God as it is written in the great
world be religious; and if it be religious not to be
ministered unto, but to minister;—we need not be
greatly troubled about the Settlement; for beneath
its roof the blind begin to see and the lame begin﻿96
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
to walk, and they who have been palsied take on
strength, and the poor hear the good news of the
Gospel—that blessed Gospel of the love of God
which is interpreted by the service of man.”
And once more: “Experience has fully upheld
the fundamental principles of our lives and work.
We are more than ever convinced of the futility of
presenting religious truth to the masses without a
practical demonstration of the brotherhood of men,
and the equal hopelessness of attempted social re-
form based on any other foundation than that of
the Incarnation.” (Report of Church Settlement
House.)
‘ ‘ A third principle, resolutely adhered to, is the
avoidance of proselyting, not in appearance only, but
in reality. The motive of the work, as I have said,
is profoundly religious, admitting a consecration as
deep as that attending any missionary enterprise, but
the results arrived at are not specifically religious.
Members of the House have the perfect freedom of
their personal religious affiliations, and are encour-
aged to cooperate in every practical way with the
churches with which they may be identified. But
the attempt to change the religious faith of those
whom the residents may visit in their houses is not
for a moment considered; and this, not as a matter
of policy, but of principle. The one end and aim
of the House is to create a true social unity, to
which all may contribute who have anything of
value to offer. Its chief object is not that of the
churches. The religious motive permeates and in-
forms its methods, but it does not seek chiefly re-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
97
ligious results. Religion in and of itself, as illustra-
ted in the various communions, will never give the
social unity, in any community, which is now the most
essential element in the change of social conditions. ”
(President W. T. Tucker.)
The Creed oe Mansfield House.—Note how
clear, frank, outspoken it is: “ Mansfield House is
a University Settlement, founded for practical help-
fulness, in the spirit of Jesus Christ, in all that
affects human life. We war, in the Master’s name,
against all evil—selfishness, injustice, vice, disease,
starvation, ignorance, ugliness and squalor; and
seek to build up God’s kingdom in brotherhood,
righteousness, purity, health, truth and beauty.”
Bermondsey Settlement has formulated its re-
lation to religion in these words : ‘ ‘ The whole is
dominated and held together by a supreme spiritual
concern to minister in the Spirit of Christ to the
manifold wants of human nature, and thus to set
forth, as we see it, the Divine power and the
breadth of sympathy to be found in Christ. For us
the work of evangelization is the highest and
noblest; but so great is it that it includes all the
faculties, relationships, and conditions of human
life. Any advance of the Kingdom of God must
fulfil itself in all these. And thus we must soon be
seeking to build, by our Master’s help, an earthly
city of God in which regenerated individuals may
walk. The law of Christian service will make all
gifts with which men are endowed, contribute to
that end, and it is our business to try to lay hold of
them for it.”﻿98
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
The religious and missionary purpose of the Set-
tlement has been expressed by the first Warden,
Rev. S. A. Barnett (Practicable Socialism, p. 166):
“ It is an age of the Higher Life. Higher concep-
tions of virtue, a higher ideal of what is possible
for man, are the best things given to our day, but
they are received only by those who have the time
and power to study. ‘ They who want the neces-
saries of life, want also a virtuous and equal mind,’
says the Chinese sage; and so the poor, being with-
out those things necessary to the growth of mind
and feeling, jeopardise Salvation—the possession,
that is, of a life at one with the Good, and the True,
at one with God.” The Settlement is one of the
fdrms of the attempt to make human society fur-
nish the necessary conditions of a holy life.
5. A Provisional Definition of the Settle-
ment.—Our review of the history of the movement
and the testimony as to the ruling motives of the
workers, brings us to the place where we should at-
tempt to state tentatively the characteristic marks
of the Settlement.
“ Homes in the poorer quarters of a city, where
educated men and women may live in daily personal
contact with the working people. Here they may
identify themselves as citizens with all the public
interests of their neighborhood, may cooperate with
their neighbors in every effort for the common good,
and share with them, in the spirit of friendship, the
fruit and inspiration of their wider opportunities. ’ ’
(Ada S. Woolfolk, in Johnson’s Cyclopedia.)
‘ ‘ All definitions agree in making residence in the﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
99
district or neighborhood where work is undertaken
an essential condition.” (National Conference of
Charities and Corrections, 1896, p. 167.)
Miss Dudley says: “A group of educated men
or women (or both) living among manual workers,
in a neighborly and social spirit. Organized work
is not essential, but is a convenient method of get-
ting acquainted with people. Nothing is essential
except residence and a spirit of brotherhood, ex-
pressed actively.”
Dr. Stanton Coit, the first Head-Worker in
America, expresses the central idea of the work in
these words: “Unlike the many utopian dreams
of the earlier communism, the scheme I have been
proposing does not seek to isolate a group of fami-
lies from contact with their surrounding society, or
to disregard the present conditions and motives of
life. On the contrary, it plants itself in the midst
of the modern city, believing that in it there is al-
ready room to lay at least the foundations of the
New and Perfect City.”
The Settlement is not an industrial enterprise,
and it does not compete with employers or with
trade unions. It is not a school, nor a mercantile
establishment, nor a relief agency, nor a Church.
It is nearly allied to a Household or a Colony of
Households. The members of this community sub-
ject themselves to the conditions of their neighbor-
hood; they smell vile odors and look upon disgust-
ing spectacles; they buy food of the same merchants
who serve their neighbors; they listen to the jargon
of the multitude; they enter into the aspirations of﻿IOO
UNIVERSITY, CORTEGE AND
the leaders and join them in plans of betterment;
they aid families, societies, schools, churches to re-
alize personality and to multiply the means of vir-
tue and rational happiness. They have realized
the significance of Charles Kingsley’s words: ‘ ‘ This
bond of neighborhood is, after all, one of the most
human—yea, of the most Divine—of all bonds.
Every man you meet is your brother, and must be,
for good or evil; you cannot live without him; you
must help or you must injure each other.”
If we judge the Settlement, as we ought to do, by
its best and wisest representatives, it cannot be
charged with being something artificial. It does
not come under the condemnation and it does de-
serve the praise contained in the wise words of W.
E. Channing, uttered long ago:
“ We should beware of confounding together, as
of equal importance, those associations which are
formed by our Creator, which spring from our very
constitution, and are inseparable from our being,
and those of which we are now treating, which man
invents for particular times and exigencies. Let us
nevef place our weak, short-sighted contrivances on
a level with the arrangements of God. We have
acknowledged the infinite importance of society to
the development of human powers and affections.
But when we thus speak of society, we mean chiefly
the relations in which God has placed us; we mean
the connections of family, of neighborhood, of coun-
try, and the great bond pf humanity, uniting us
with our whole kind. .	.	. The value of asso-
ciations is to be measured by the energy, the free-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
IOI
dom, the activity, the moral power, which they en-
courage and diffuse. In truth, the great object of
all benevolence is to give power, activity, and free-
dom to others. We cannot, in the strict sense of
the word make any being happy. We can give
others the means of happiness, together with the
motives to the faithful use of them; but on this
faithfulness, on the free and full exercise of their
own powers, their happiness depends. There is
thus a fixed, impassable limit to human benevolence.
It can only make men happy through themselves,
through their freedom and energy. . . . On this
principle, associations for restoring to men health,
strength, the use of their limbs, the use of their
senses, especially of sight and hearing, are highly
to be approved, for such enlarge men’s powers;
whilst charitable associations, which weaken in
men the motives to exertion, which offer a bounty
to idleness, or make beggary as profitable as labor,
are great calamities to society, and peculiarly cal-
amitous to those whom they relieve. On the same
principle, associations which are designed to awaken
the human mind, to give to men of all classes a
consciousness of their intellectual powers, to com-
municate knowledge of a useful and quickening
character, to encourage men in thinking with free-
dom and vigor, to inspire an ardent love and pur-
suit of truth,—are most worthy of patronage.”
6. Mission of the Settlement to the * ( Edu-
cated Classes.—It is almost impossible to dis-
abuse the mind of the prejudice that the Settlement
is a movement merely to help the poor, This pre-﻿102
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
judice is itself a symptom of a deep and serious dis-
ease in people of comfortable society, and an indi-
cation of their false and narrow mental furniture.
The Settlement seeks to correct the cynical and un-
just notions about the “ lower classes ” which too
commonly prevail and which do great harm.
There is hardly an economic or political heresy or
absurdity popular among the wage earners which
does not find able and conscientious advocates among
college bred people. Over against the violence of
striking trade unions there is the petty oppression,
the constant bullying which provoke strikes and fan
the flame of passion into fury. *If the aldermen of
the poor are venal, what shall we say of the treason
and iniquity of the rich men who bribe and buy
them ? Is there anything more pitiless than fashion ?
The Settlement asks young married people, in-
stead of renting a costly * ‘ dove cote ’ ’ (whose rent
they cannot always afford to pay), to spend at least
one or two years where they can share the life, the
cares, the contests of those whose toils make wealth,
culture and progress possible. Even two years thus
spent will help people to return, if they must, to
their former circle, wider, wiser, saner, more just.
It is not well to be cruel and not know that we
are cruel. It will not bring us joy in the end to
discover that we have for years been standing on
human hearts and giving needless pain because we
lacked knowledge of our neighbors. Social leaders
are never fitted for their political and educational
tasks until they know by contact, real and intimate,
11 how the other half lives. ’ ’﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
103
Lewes, in his introduction to Comte’s Philosophy
of the Sciences, writes: “It is one of our noble
human instincts that we cannot feel within us the
glory and the power of a real conviction without
earnestly striving to make that conviction pass into
other minds.” (Nash; “Genesis of the Social
Conscience. ’ ’)
Monastic Character of the Settlement.—
Is the Settlement a natural form of life, sane and
healthy ? A writer in the C. O. S. Review says :
‘ ‘ Settlements multiply. It is almost time for the
historian to begin to investigate the effects and ten-
dencies of this modern lay monasticism.” It has
been urged in many quarters that the Settlement is
ascetic, unnatural, impossible to make general and
permanent, and that it is sure to foster morbid
feeling in residents. What has suggested this
objection ? It is a fact that many of the residents
are unmarried. Perhaps many of them would be
unwilling to take wife and children into some of the
unhealthy and repulsive regions where the poor live.
It may be admitted that the constant comparison of
luxury with squalor, the cries and complaints of
the wage earners, the bitter declamations of social-
ists must tend to arouse a sense of injustice toward
the prosperous members of society. Indeed one
would hardly give his life to Settlement work if he
were entirely contented with the social system of
the age. There are perils in every position, limita-
tions in all situations of life. There are tempta-
tions to partiality, local prejudice, class hate, rash
protest against wrongs which time alone can cor-﻿104	UNIVERSITY, COUEEGE AND
rect. One would be less than human if sympathy
did not give him something of the tone of his
neighbors, especially when their distresses and
wrongs are forced upon his attention day and
night.
But there is another side. Neglected districts
never raise themselves without help from above.
There is as much demand for social missionaries as
in any previous age. Persons without families
naturally can change residence with less difficulty
than others whose ways are set. Just because the
average citizen lacks altruism and has egoism in
excess the social balance must be held by an excess
of devotion on the part of a few. And, further,
the example is likely to spread. There are many
compensations. Persons are not burned by a flame
they are trying to extinguish. Purity does not
suffer taint from those it would redeem. The cold
culture that can know of wrong and pain and not
seek to help is sham culture. It is the slum on one
side and haughty indifference and cynical doubt of
human salvability on the other which are mon-
strous. Bad sanitation and dirty streets are not
necessary. Good schools can be had anywhere.
Beauty will displace ugliness when there is demand
for it.
The capable, sincere, earnest and patient workers
among the poor never express regrets. They never
doubt that life is worth living. Pessimism is a
disease of luxury. Social reformers cannot take
time to indulge in such refinements.
Mathew Arnold tells the story of﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
105
“East London.”
“ ’Twas August, and the fierce sun overhead
Smote on the squalid streets of Bethnal Green,
And the pale weaver, thro’ his windows seen
In Spitalfields, look’d thrice dispirited.
‘ ‘ I met a preacher there I knew, and said :
* Ill and o’erworked, how fare you in this scene?’
1 Bravely !’ said he ; ‘for I of late have been
Much cheer’d with thoughts of Christ, the living bread*
“ O human soul ! as long as thou canst so
Set up a mark of everlasting light,
Above the howling senses’ ebb and flow,
“ To cheer thee, and to right thee if thou roam—
Not with lost toil thou labourest through the night!
Thou mak’st the heaven thou hop’st indeed thy home.”
There are great advantages in having men and
their wives in a Settlement. Such a household can
touch life at more points than one where only men
or only women are found. There is less embarass-
ment and more freedom. In some instances several
families hire apartments in the same block and form
a colony of kindred spirits, all bent on one purpose,
“ The year’s at the Spring,
And day’s at the morn.
Morning’s at seven,
The hill-side’s dew-pearl’d.
The lark’s on the wing,
The snail’s on the thorn,
God’s in his heaven ;
All’s right with the world.”﻿106
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
PART III.
Methods and Results.
Section I.—Faying Foundations.
Choice of a Field.—The selection of a neigh-
borhood for work is an act which requires deliber-
ation and information. Evidently it must be a
neighborhood which requires the service of volun-
tary helpers. If a ward is already fully supplied
with all the appliances and agencies of modern cul-
ture it does not appeal to those who are good mate-
rial for workers. No doubt the residents of fine
avenues have much to learn from the heroic people
who dwell in cottages and maintain a spiritual life
amidst discouraging surroundings. There is no
reason why wage workers should not send mission-
aries to those millionaires who, if newspaper
rumors of bribery and legislative corruption contain
truth, have much need of an army of coarse clad
John Baptists to rebuke their gilt sins and warn
them of judgment. Socialists seriously claim that
the hope of future health and morality must come
from the proletariat, when plutocracy and accumu-
lated wealth have destroyed the moral fibre of the
nation, when luxury has sapped the physical and
spiritual life of the so-called upper classes. So far
as history is concerned this prophecy is not without﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.	107
basis. But this is not the phenomenon we are now
studying. We are assuming that some of the
children of inherited privilege are willing to share
their best goods with their brethren, not by com-
pulsion, but voluntarily. These pioneers of the
higher life must make their homes near the people
they wish to help.
In order to make a wise choice of fields, a pre-
liminary survey should be made. A large map of
the district should be drawn, and on it should be
set down the essential social facts of significance,
dwellings, population, saloons, schools, industries,
nationalities represented, churches, missions, thor-
oughfares, lines of travel, places of amusement,
sanitary conditions, water supply, branches of
libraries, fire departments, police stations, etc.*
The Settlement is not necessarily to be placed
in a criminal neighborhood, but should usually be
located in an industrial community.
Inexperienced workers should, as did Denison
and Toynbee, consult persons of long experience
among the poor. Waste of means and effort, with
consequent discouragement and disappointment, are
almost certain to follow rash, impetuous and unin-
structed efforts to do good.
Where there is a city mission, a society for organ-
izing charity, or a federation of Settlements already
organized, their leaders should be consulted. It is
a pity and a wrong to establish rival establishments
where the waste and neglected places are so vast
and numerous. Courtesy is economy.
* For hints, see “ Catechism for Social Observation,” by C. R. Hen-
derson .﻿108	UNIVERSITY, COUUEGE AND
Administration.—There should be a clearly de-
fined policy in the minds of the workers and their
supporters, and this policy should be frankly and
honestly announced from the first. If a person has
no clear notions, he is not fit for such work. The
poor people are already sufficiently confused. We
do not mean that all the details of work should be
fixed in advance, for it is the merit of residence
that it teaches humility, and instructs in the best
way of doing things. Circumstances must deter-
mine the method. But the workers must be ready
to state, without darkening of counsels or conceal-
ment of purpose, just what they would like to do.
This may be illustrated by the attitude toward
religion and churches. A mission for making de-
nominational proselytes may succeed, often does
succeed by energy and devotion. But that purpose
ought to be made known in all honesty at the start.
Or the most lax attitude to creed may be assumed,
and persons of all shades of belief be made wel-
come; but then a distinct policy of toleration and
of agreement on common ground must be reached
in advance, or bitter heart-burnings and misunder-
standing must follow.
Such a clear agreement is due not only to fellow-
workers, but also to the financial supporters. They
will hot long continue to give money for a purpose
which is contrary to their convictions, and they
ought not to do so. Each form of Settlement will
have its own natural friends. Bankruptcy is the
certain fate of an uncertain policy. Settlements
which have back of them stable and familiar in-﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
109
stitutions, like a church or a college, are saved
much trouble and waste; but we need other types
of Settlements, supported by individuals, and un-
hampered by the special creed of an ecclesiastical
body.
The Head Worker.—When a large work is
contemplated, the Head Worker or Warden becomes
the essential factor. It is his or her function to
give tone and character to the institution, to supply
the element of continuity where workers are com-
ing and going, ‘ ‘ to keep alive among his fellows
the freshness of their purpose, to recall the strag-
glers, refresh the out-worn, praise and re-inspire
the brave” (Barnett). An association which is
established to maintain a Settlement cannot be too
careful in the selection of this person. It is very
desirable that the Head should have previous ex-
perience in some similar work, and not come to the
task without well-defined notions of what ought to
be undertaken. The supporters and head must
have a cordial agreement as to the dominant pur-
poses and principles which give character to the
effort. The daily director must be a person who
can conduct a model household with dignity, gen-
tleness and order. The domestic life is itself an
influence, and should be an example of economy,
fitness, grace and charm. Take every precaution
to choose the right person, who should then be
fully trusted and given a free hand.
Assistants.—It follows that the other residents
should be known to be in sympathy with the policy
of the Settlement, and able to labor in harmony﻿IIO	UNIVERSITY, COUEEGE AND
with the Head. They will retain their individuality
and right of initiative all the better if the common
terms are settled before cooperation begins. The
quasi-family character of the Settlement requires
cordial relations of all who join their labors for a
common end. Some of the residents are offering
only fragments of time. Some are mere amateurs
in philanthropy, possibly curiosity being more of a
motive with them than they suspect. Yet they
may be of use for a time if they are ready to per-
form humble services, and take suggestions kindly
and cheerfully. Other residents will give their
lives to some form of labor among the poor, and
will become efficient and trained servants in various
lines of human endeavor. But in any case, cordial
understanding between all members of the House is
vital to comfort and efficiency.
Examples oe needs to be met by Trained
Workers oe different kinds.—One of the
Mansfield House circulars gives a suggestion of
the kinds of talents required.
1.	We are anxious to secure a lady who has been trained
in kindergarten work to teach some of the more helpless of
our crippled children—children who are too bad to go to
the board schools. Some of these are growing up in their
homes with no interest in life, unable to read or write, or
use their fingers to advantage.
2.	We want to begin house-to-house visitation in one or
two of the very worst streets, which (we say it with shame)
happen to be in close proximity to the Settlement. The
pretext for this visiting will be the collection of small sav-
ings, to be banked in the donor’s name, so that some at
least, who now live from hand to mouth may learn to pro-﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
Ill
vide against the rainy days so common in Canning Town,
where most of the labor ranks as “ casual.”
3.	We are in real need of a lady to devote herself entirely
to temperance and rescue work. .	.	.
4.	We do want a Creche. Over and over again I am told
by a widow that the young baby at home prevents her going
out to daily work, which would be far better for her than the
miserably-paid “shirt work,” or the inevitable “wringer,”
of which there are already too many in each street. There
is a wholesale sacrifice of baby life, partly through ignor-
ance, but often from sheer neglect on the part of the
mothers. Many of our cripples have become so through the
fault of their parents, and we should labor to put a stop to
this wholesale infanticide. How even the “ fittest ” survive
is a daily wonder.
These oracles from ‘ 'Towards Democracy, ’ ’ print-
ed by Mansfield House, record the demands made
on the disposition of self-sacrifice if one would be a
permanent resident.
* ‘ Who are you ? Who are you who go about to save them
that are lost ? Are you saved yourself? Do you know that
who would save his own life must lose it? Are you one of
the ‘ lost ’ ? Be sure, very sure, that each one of these can
teach you as much as, probably more than, you can teach
them. Have you then sat humbly at their feet, and waited
on their lips that they should be the first to speak, and been
reverent before these children whom you so little under-
stand? Have you dropped into the bottomless pit from
between yourself and them all hallucination of superiority,
all flatulence of knowledge, every shred of abhorrence and
loathing? Is it equal, is it free as the wind between you?
Could you be happy receiving favors from one of the most
despised of these ? Could you be yourself one of the lost ?
Arise, then, and become a saviour. ’ ’
Finances—Money is an unpleasant topic and﻿112
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
therefore it should be discussed in advance. There
is no time to make cartridges in the heat of battle.
The Atlantic liner must stow away sufficient coal to
make its voyage of three thousand miles, since there
are no coaling stations on the ‘‘lane. ’ ’ All good
education costs money. Kindergartens, day nur-
series, penny savings banks, gymnasiums, pictures
and books, cannot be had for a wish and a sigh.
Managers must avoid disgraceful debt and repudi-
ation of obligations. Much of the service may be
rendered gratuitously, but experts may require sup-
port and coal dealers must not give the reputation
of the House a black name. A solid guaranty must
rest under every promise. The persons who regu-
larly contribute to the support of a Settlement will
naturally constitute the membership of an associ-
ation for promoting its interests, and appointing its
officers and administrators. The details will be left
to a Board of Directors who will act for the asso-
ciation under the constitution and by-laws of the
corporation.
In the incorporation of a Settlement Association
the central object should be distinctly stated. The
form used by the Hull House is :	“ The object for
which it is formed is to provide a centre for a higher
civic and social life; to initiate and maintain educa-
tional and philanthropic enterprises; and to investi-
gate and improve conditions in the industrial dis-
tricts of Chicago.” The Commons adds the word
‘ ‘ religious. ’ ’
The societies of King’s Daughters and similar or-
ganizations have already rendered notable service﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
113
in the financial and personal support of Settlements.
It is a beautiful work for them to take up.
The ultimate aim is to make the work self-sup-
porting. With advance in wages and improvement
in moral habits almost any community could supply
itself with the means of rational enjoyment. The
statistics of the saloon in Chicago and New York
prove this to be true. The people should be trained
to provide for themselves as rapidly as possible. To
this end fees, however small, are charged for class
instruction and club expenses.
On certain important points a high authority says:
‘ 1 Applicants for residence should be considered both
as to their fitness for social work and their ability to
work in harmony with the residents. So far as pos-
sible, residents should give their whole working
time. In order to be sure of this, each Settlement
ought to be so financed that scholarships should be
provided for residents, and it is a great advantage
if they can pursue their study and work under some
academical connection. In such ways, the casual,
dilettante element can be gradually removed out of
Settlement work without in the least removing its
appeal to the imagination. The Head Worker should
be on an allowance sufficient to justify his giving a
term of years to Settlement work. It is, of course,
well and admirable for those who have means to live
at the Settlements at their own charges, but that is
at best an exceptional and temporary arrangement,
in this country at least.” (R. A. Woods.)
At the same time the principle of the Settlement
is so simple and flexible that any person who has a﻿114	UNIVERSITY, COEEEGE AND
gift or message may rent a flat where he wishes to
live and so become a neighbor. Indeed it is to be
hoped that groups of such persons may frequently
be found to give at least a few years of their lives
to communities which sadly need them. The sac-
rifice involved is not nearly so great as many im-
agine. There is an element of sacrifice in any social
service, but the residents who have worked longest
among the poor disclaim being candidates for the
martyr’s crown. They deny that they are doing
anything extraordinary. They affirm that they
have a good time and they do not see why others
should not live as they do. Fashion often requires
greater sacrifices than such social service. The at-
tempt to ‘‘ get into society ’ ’ often costs much
money, care, worry, heart-burning and vexation.
The mountain is climbed only to find a bare rock, a
cold wind and a misty outlook. Thousands of peo-
ple who crawl, beg, cringe, and flatter their way
to “society” find themselves in an empty room.
They are compelled to dress in garments for which
they cannot pay, to ride in carriages when they
should go awheel or afoot, and at last wake from
delirium of petty ambition and fashionable whirl to
discover that they have traded life’s opportunity for
a bubble. Far more satisfactory would it have been
to invest in plainer living, higher thinking, nobler
aims. This many could do at their own charges,
and not depend on philanthropic associations to sup-
port and govern them.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
115
Section II.—Methods oe Work Actually
in Use.
The bulletin or report of an advanced Settlement
bewilders the reader. The activities are so multi-
farious and fragmentary that the casual visitor may
naturally have a feeling that the residents are work-
ing without a plan. In some cases this may be too
true. But in Settlements that should be regarded
as typical and most useful there is a plan which is
carried out consistently and systematically.
The aims of residents as to specific method may
be gathered from the “ Report on the Questions ”
submitted to former residents of various women’s
Settlements. In answer to the question: “ What
reforms or changes have you come to feel are (a)
most urgent? (£) Most practicable? (r) Where would
you begin ?’ ’ There is a wide range to the answers,
from the home-thrust which suggests that things
would go better if our residents would always keep
their rooms tidy and refrain from gossip, to the full
Socialistic programme. Probably no reform which
has occurred to the human mind within the last de-
cade remains unmentioned. First and universal
comes Improved Housing of the Poor; in quick suc-
cession follow the Organization of Tabor—(first
with the Head Workers)—the Eight-Hour Move-
ment, Playgrounds and Parks, Improved Schools
and School Taws, Municipal Reforms, Persuasion
of the Poor to have Smaller Families, Trade-
Schools, Public Baths, the Introduction of Poetry
in the Tives of the Poor, Income Tax, Coffee﻿Il6	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Houses, Cooking and Sewing Obligatory in Public
Schools, Regeneration of the Upper Classes, Con-
sumers’ League, the Inculcation of Thrift, Free Sil-
ver, Municipalization of Railways, Lighting, etc.;
Temperance Reform, very low in the list; Sweat-
shop Regulations, and finally—mentioned by one
writer only—Direct Religious Work.” As to the
question, Where begin ? ‘1 the general impression
is given by a resident, who, after a lengthy and
minute programme, winds up by saying: ‘ Person-
ally I should begin wherever I could catch on.’ ”
The Settlement Not a Utopia.—A survey of
the Table of Activities suggests the fact that the
Settlement is not a creator or even an inventor.
Inventions unquestionably do arise in the natural
order of daily experience. But the Settlement is
riot itself dependent on an untried theory. It is not
building a castle in the air. Every form of service
known among residents has been tested somewhere
in the world. There are institutions devoted to re-
search and invention, university laboratories and the
great school of competitive life itself. But the Set-
tlement does not profess to make something out of
nothing. Its ladder rises toward heaven, but the
foot is on familiar earth.
What the Settlement does attempt to do is to com-
municate, to make common property in the best
things of life. Health, leisure, money, art, joyous
companies, bright skies, participation in political
thought, religious worship are all goods that rich
people value, in varying scale according to their
taste and character. These are human goods. They﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
117
would make any life larger, any spirit more perfect.
The Settlement is a part of our common land. This
aim takes the Settlement out of the region of
Utopias and gives it the assured place of a promoter
of a good which all the most competent spirits de-
clare beyond all peradventure to be a real good.
Explanation of the Table of Activities.
The Table of Activities is an attempt to show at
a glance the organic relations and distinct purposes
of the Settlement in its most developed forms. It
will be understood that no one Settlement presents
all these forms of work. But the objects are the
same everywhere,—all elements of human welfare
for all members of the community.
The Table may serve both for preview and re-
view.
Table of Activities in the Settlements.
I. INFANCY.
I. PHYSICAL HEALTH.
Health talks to mothers.
Physical care in creches, with practical demonstration and
instruction in the care of infants.
Supply of sterilized milk.
Summer homes.
Sanitary reforms (see 6 and 7).
Charity relief.
2. ECONOMIC WELFARE.
Infants share advantages secured by parents, family and
community.
Beginnings of industrial skill in kindergarten.﻿Il8
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
3. INSTRUCTION.
Kindergarten.
Movement to introduce kindergarten into public schools.
4.	esthetic culture;.
Kindergarten.
Pictures and casts in Settlement and in home.
Musical entertainment and songs.
5.	sociability.
Kindergarten.
Parties.
Games and plays.
6.	political cooperation.
Many reforms of city administration help child life; sanita-
tion, parks, play spaces, vacation schools, etc.
7.	CHARITY AND REFORMS.
Day nurseries (see 1).
Visiting nurses.
All charitable relief for the family and many general
reforms.
8.	RELIGION.
Kindergarten songs, stories, etc.
II. CHILDREN, 6-14 YEARS.
I. PHYSICAL HEALTH.
Gymnastics and physical culture classes.
Games: foot ball, basket ball, cycling, running, etc.
Military drill; summer encampment.
Baths.
Excursions, outings, fresh air, country week, etc. (see 7).
Teaching and training: care of teeth, hair, eyes, skin, gene-
ral cleanliness.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
119
Public playgrounds, secured by lease, gift or city park sys-
tem (see 6).
Child Labor Laws and Factory Inspection; administration,
collection of evidence (see 6).
Vacation Schools.
2. ECONOMIC.
Earning.
Learning to earn. Classes in drawing, sewing, mending,
patching, darning, tools, sloyd, wood-carving. Improve-
ment of public schools and philanthropic efforts.
Saving and investment. Penny Savings Bank; branch at or
near Settlement; solicitors and visitors.
Economy in use and enjoyment. Showing value of co-
operation in securing rooms, spaces, games, excur-
sions, etc.
3. INSTRUCTION.
Children being of school age, instruction is supplementary
in kind, something lacking in school, or for those who
must work in day-time.
Clubs.
Boys’ clubs, in groups by ages, 8-10, 10-12, 12-15. Read-
ing, stories, biography, etc.
Girls’ clubs: games, sewing, reading, songs.
Mixed clubs: children 6-10, advanced kindergarten work.
Classes: drawing, clay-modeling.
Vacation schools: cooperation with school boards and
teachers, parents and friends.
4. esthetic.
Musical classes and chorus work; children 8-14.
Entertainments: musical, dramatic, art exhibits.
5. sociability.
Compare (3), (4) and (2).
Clubs.
Games, songs, readings, stories.﻿120
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Summer: day outings, picnics. Winter: socials, recep-
tions, etc.
6. political.
Child Labor; investigation, agitation, work for legislation,
aid to factory inspectors, etc.
Aid to truant officers in connection with schools, and legis-
lation in relation with compulsory education.
7. CHARITY AND REFORM.
Temperance bands.
Anti-cigarette and anti-tobacco bands.
Adopting-out children of bad parents; cooperation with
Humane Society.
8. RELIGION.
The songs, stories and personal influehce under (2), (3), (4)
and (5) may be suggestive of religious thought and feel-
ing. The personal faith of teacher or leader must find
expression.
Sunday classes.
Happy Sunday Hour.
III. YOUTH : 14-18 YEARS.
1. health.
Boys. Gymnasium and open air sports. Baths. Health
talks and lectures, lantern illustrations.
Girls. Gymnastics. Baths. Health talks.
All sanitary reforms affect youth.
2. ECONOMIC.
Boys. Earning: intelligence office.
Learning to earn: classes in drawing, modeling, manual
training.
Saving. Penny Savings Bank.
Cooperation in use: in purchase of articles, etc.
Girls. Earning: intelligence office.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
121
Learning to earn: sewing classes, drawing, dress making,
cooking.
Saving: Penny Savings Bank.
Cooperation in purchases and enjoyments.
For all youth, elementary questions of economics are dis-
cussed as occasion suggests.
3. INSTRUCTION.
Organized at the Settlement, or in the neighborhood, inde-
pendent of it.
Boys: classes, reading parties, language, mathematics,
literature, science, bookkeeping.
Clubs: reading and debating.
Lectures (short and illustrated).
Girls: classes, elocution, bookkeeping, cooking.
Clubs.
Lectures.
Home libraries: groups of readers in homes with visits and
parties; branch of public library; catalogues, advice in
selecting books. Local lending and reference library.
Reading room. Work for improvement of public schools.
Free popular illustrated lectures in public schools.
4. ESTHETIC.
Stereopticon pictures.
Picture exhibits; loan collections; circulating pictures.
Lectures in art.
Dancing classes.
Concerts. Influence of example of residents in manners,
etiquette, taste. Music.
Same as above, rather more of music, embroidery, drawing.
Mixed choruses.
Dancing parties.
Goncerts.
5. sociability,
All clubs, classes, parties, lectures, concerts, etc., help to
fuse and harmonize the members of a community and
promote interchange of spiritual goods.﻿122
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
It is desirable to limit the social clubs in their purely social
evenings and require them to have at least one lecture or
other intellectual exercise each month. They must not
become mere play organizations. No member should
belong to more than one social club. Visitors admitted
only on social evenings.
6. political.
Learning. The clubs, classes and debating societies give
information, supply incentive to study and practice in
reasoning.
Doing. Youths may take the first lessons in civic conduct
by organizing to keep a certain street or walk clean.
They should not be made rash or vain by work in partisan
or general politics.
7. CHARITY AND REFORMS.
Boys and girls may collect money, give entertainments,
make presents to help the weakest and the poorest.
Temperance and anti-tobacco guilds.
Police court work.
8. religion.
Sunday-school work in neighboring churches and missions.
All the agencies under (3), (4), (5) may be made to minister
to this need.
IV. ADULT WOMEN: 18 YEARS AND UPWARD.
I. HEALTH.
Gymnasium. Baths. Public laundries. Sanitary reforms
(see 6).
Summer boarding homes.
Women workers: physicans, visiting nurses, dispensary,
hospitals.
First aid to sick and injured.﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
123
2. ECONOMIC.
Earning and producing: intelligence office; garden plots
leased; work-rooms for those in distress (see 7).
Trade unions of women organized and encouraged to raise
wages.
Learning to earn: classes in sewing, mending, dress-mak-
ing, millinery, cooking, etc.
Saving and investment: collecting for Savings Bank; Build-
ing and Loan Associations.
Cooperation in use and enjoyment. Rochdale coopera-
tive scheme; cooperative boarding house for unmarried
women; people’s kitchen; restaurant; public laundries.
Clothing, boot, blanket and coal clubs; sick benefit clubs.
3. instruction.
Classes.
Clubs.
“P. T. A.” (Pleasant Tuesday Afternoon), talks, socials,
trips to parks, museums, etc.
Lectures.
Mothers’ Meetings.
Library work: aid in selecting books; home libraries; book
and magazine clubs.
4. ESTHETIC.
Music: classes, choruses, concerts.
Entertainment: dramatic, musical, etc.
Family parties; etiquette.
Lending pictures for homes.
5. sociability.
See (3) and (4).
Parties of neighbors; or by nationality ; or mixed companies
of several nationalities.
“At Homes ” and concerts.
Cooperative Clubs.﻿124
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
6. POLITICAL.
Learning. Women are taught by lectures and books to
see how political and legal administration affects home,
health, Children, school, etc. The law of Domestic Rela-
tions, Contracts, Landlord and Tenant, etc.
Doing.	Women are sometimes voters on school ques-
tions. They can be persuaded to help elect good candi-
dates. Agitation for legislation and factory inspection.
Work as sanitary inspectors, factory inspectors or giving
information to these.
7. CHARITY AND REFORMS.
Study of conditions and problems.
Organization to help the poorest.
Securing friendly help from outside.
Friendly visiting and cooperation with associated charities.
8. religion.
Pleasant Sunday afternoon.
Sacred music.
Mothers’ Meetings.
V. ADULT MEN: 18 AND UPWARD.
I. HEALTH.
Gymnasium. Baths.
Free public baths (secured through 6).
Sanitary reforms in house, shop, street cars, streets, alleys, etc.
Visiting nurses (see 7).
2. economic.
Earning and producing. Labor bureaus. Colonizing schemes.
Vegetable gardens. Trade Unions. Boards of concili-
ation.
Learning to earn. Manual training, mechanical drawing,
mathematics, technical classes.
Improvement of night schools (see 6).﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
125
Savings and investment. Savings Bank made more acces-
sible. Building and Loan Associations.
Economy in use and enjoyment. Instruction and agi-
tation for schemes of cooperation. Local organization.
Encouragement of mutual benefit societies, clubs, lodges,
—aid and guidance.
Economic conferences.
3. INSTRUCTION.
Class work, as demanded. Reading to those who are too
weary and distracted to form a reading habit.
Clubs; with discussions and debates.
Lectures and entertainment, frequently helped by music
and lantern slides; aesthetic and social element mingled
with serious work.
University extension; science, art, literature, social history,
economics, politics, etc.
4.	ESTHETIC.
Music: concerts, classes, choruses.
Pictures: exhibitions, catalogues, lectures on art; holiday
excursions to museums, fine buildings, private man-
sions, etc.
5.	sociability.
All clubs, classes, parties, receptions; etc.
Club rooms: for games, smoking, talking, labor bureau,
recreation, committee meetings;—substitute for saloon.
Coffee houses.
6.	political.
Learning. Lectures, discussions and debates on “ pure ”
politics, i.e. non-partisan.
Doing. The clubs undertake local reforms: the nomina-
tion and election of better councilmen, school officers,
etc., agitation for street cleaning, building and factory in-
spection.
Political reform leagues, and cooperation with general
movements for improved legislation and administration.﻿126
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
6. CHARITY AND REFORMS.
Organization of men to help men who are worse off, —
Society of St. Vincent of Paul as a type.
Cooperation with relief agencies and charity organizations.
Temperance societies, with methods varying according to
local conditions.
Visiting nurses (cooperation to secure).
Provident dispensaries.
Society for the First Aid to the Injured and Sick.
8. religion.
Pleasant Sunday afternoon.
Sacred music.
Sunday lectures.
Aid to neighboring churches.
Bible classes of men.
Ethical studies.
Circulation of classic religious literature, not cheap tracts of
the traditional sort, which do harm.
VI. MORE GENERAL : WHERE SEVERAL CLASSES
ARE CONCERNED.
i. health.
Provident dispensary (see also 7).
Civic efforts to secure better sanitation, schools, govern-
ment, etc. (see 6 and 7).
Public parks, accessible to the poor.
Tenement house inspection.
Drinking fountains.
Public lavatories.
Efforts to secure supply of pure water, milk and sound
meat, vegetables, bread (see also 6).
First Aid to Injured and Sick, teaching and drill.
2. ECONOMIC.
Education in industrial science and processes (see 3).﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
127
Free legal advice (see 7).
Trade unions.
Cooperation.
Committees and Boards of Conciliation in labor disputes.
Investigation of conditions, wages, etc., with publication of
results.
Chattel mortgage lending at low rates.
3. INSTRUCTION.
(see 2).
Discussions of industrial and economic questions. Prizes
offered for essays.
University Extension; lecture-study, class and correspond-
ence methods.
Teaching of wood carving, basket weaving, cooking, dress-
making, technical processes.
Publication of papers.
Distribution or sale of cheap reprints of lectures or articles
useful to the public, cheap editions of poets, essayists.
Library work.
4. ESTHETIC.
Music should be made most prominent, on all possible
occasions.
The measures already mentioned.
Growing plants for prizes.
5. sociability.
Neighborhood calling and visiting.
All the assemblies and clubs above mentioned.
Interchange of visits and invitations between suburbs and
city centre, and between “ East ” and “ West.”
6. political.
“Legal Dispensary” or ‘‘Poor Man’s Lawyer,” for cheap
legal advice.
All measures of instruction and action involving cooperation
of all adults.﻿128
university, college and
7. CHARITY AND REFORMS.
Dispensaries, dental service, surgical helps, and all methods
above mentioned.
Members of all classes should be encouraged to cooperate
as neighbors to prevent pauperism.
Civic efforts of all kinds should engage the united interest
of young and old.
8. religion.
Household worship (neighbors invited).
Public worship.
Sacred concerts.
Encouragement to neighboring churches.
A. The Ministry of the Settlement to the Health
of the people.
How vast and beneficent the victories of science!
To multitudes how useless! Bacteriology in the
bands of the great Pasteur, antisepsis and anaesthesia
from Simpson and Lister, the wonderful arts of
dentists and surgeons, the prophylactic methods of
sanitarians,—these are quickly taken up in palaces
and mansions. Tardily if ever they reach the suf-
fering poor. The average rate of sickness and
mortality among the poor is very great. Poverty
is literally a matter of life and death. In Aber-
deen, Scotland, of whose population only 13.06 per
cent live in one room, the death-rate is lowest of
eight great Scotch towns. The death-rate rises as
the size of the home grows smaller. In Glasgow,
where the death-rate is highest, 24.7 per cent of
its population live in one room. Those who live in
one or two rooms show a death-rate of 27.74 per
thousand, while those who enjoy five rooms furnish﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
129
only 11.23 per thousand. In the rich quarters of
Paris the death-rate was 13.4 per thousand, while
in the poor districts it was 31.3 per thousand.
Crowding is not the only physical evil in the houses
of the poor. Cleanliness and ventilation can with
difficulty be provided and they come to be neglected
from despair. People become accustomed to feeble-
ness and weariness. It seems natural to be ex-
hausted. If the babies die there is savage comfort
in the reflection that the survivors may have more
to eat. If infants are insured the indemnity be-
comes the chief consolation at the funeral. Such
outward conditions pervert bodily appetites and
aggravate vicious propensities. There are few facil-
ities for bathing in the houses of the poor. The
sweat of the laboring man clogs his skin and un-
duly heavy work is laid upon lungs and kidneys.
Pulmonary diseases shadow the poor man’s home.
The rich wards dump their nasty garbage in open
lots before the doors of the poor. The products of
decay breed flies and pestilence among the silent
wage earners. They are too weary to go to the
city hall to complain, and if they did go who would
•hear them? Many of them are foreigners, unac-
quainted with the dark and peculiar ways of our
city officials. They come to think that law is merely
a device of the capitalists to repress strikes and help
‘1 scabs. ’ ’ Government to them is the god of land-
lords. They fear to provoke the wrath of the
house-owner lest he prove his vengeance by ejecting
them the first hour rent is over-due. The local
boss is too busy seeking * ‘ boodle ’ ’ to attend to﻿130	university, college and
such trifles as sanitation. At the best he is too
ignorant to appreciate the arguments of bacteriol-
ogists. He seldom studies the statistics of the
Board of Health, and even the members of that
august body may be tools of aldermen.
How the Settlement Promotes Health.
The residents, just because they live on the ground
and suffer directly from vicious conditions, become
interested in the lot of the neighbors. You cannot
photograph a smell or transmit a headache by tele-
phone, but if you live in a poor district you need
no rumors and witnesses to convince you. The
huge volumes of black smoke roll from tall chim-
neys into the windows of the Settlement and cover
books and curtains with soot and begrime faces, necks
and hands. Nausea and fever warn them of the
causes of sickness and death and give them the
right of self-defense.
Therefore they naturally make common cause
with their neighbors. They may begin by a per-
sonal appeal to the health officers, or to the aider-
man. Occasionally this is fairly successful. But
so long as the people have insanitary habits and
customs the public authorities can accomplish little.
The citizens must be aroused, and to be aroused
must be taught. Ignorance is the first enemy to
fight. The people can get anything they want if
they will unite and ask for it persistently. Back
yards, drains, alleys, walks, street cars cannot be
clean and wholesome without reformation of habits.
Therefore with infinite tact and patience the resi-
dents must teach the principles of hygiene and﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
I3I
sanitation. The magic lantern must reveal the
minute organisms which produce fermentation,
decay and disease. Tracts, books, talks, visits
must show the way to health and strength.
F. W. Robertson points out the spiritual signifi-
cance of these efforts to promote health. “ It must
be an era marking a changed state of things, when
princes and nobles, instead of occupying their time
with battles and tournaments, are occupied with
such subjects as improving the dwellings of the
poor, and the construction of baths and wash-
houses. This, I think, must prove that we have
arrived at a state of things in which the smallest,
the minutest atoms of the species become of im-
portance; when members of the government are
absolutely not ashamed to give lectures, and to en-
lighten the people on the necessity of drainage and
sanitary regulations—surely this is significant. And
in all this we have, I think, the very genius and
spirit of Christianity; we have that which, eighteen
hundred years ago, was declared when the apostle
told us: “Nay, more, those members of the body
which seem to be more feeble are necessary; and
those members of the body which we think to be less
honorable, upon these we bestow more abundant
honor.”
The Settlement is a station for investigation of
actual conditions and already has proved useful in
this field. Of course, the rights of the poor must
be respected; prying curiosity must be forbidden;
respectful treatment must be given to all. But
honest and kind efforts to get at the real causes of﻿132
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
misery are not resented, and they are the first con-
dition of remedy. Until the public knows the con-
ditions fully and accurately nothing will be at-
tempted.
The bulletins and reports of several Settlements
and popular magazines have presented the results of
important studies. The Hartford Settlement in
cooperation with “ The Committee of Fifty,” made
a local study of the liquor traffic, drinking habits
and customs, and their effects on the people. Resi-
dents of Kingsley House (Miss Meloy and -Miss
Shapleigh) have given attention to foods and die-
taries. Miss Chester, of the Tog Cabin Settlement,
measured 150 mountain children that their physical
condition might be compared with that of city chil-
dren. Tenement houses have been studied by
nearly all the Settlements, and large results were
published in the Hull House Papers, the Forum and
elsewhere. “ The Analysis of a Tenement Street,”
shows with graphic power and photographic fidelity
the impressions of a resident.
Investigation leads to agitation. The people are
taught to realize their perils and wrongs. Memor-
ials and petitions, newspaper discussions, assemblies,
mass meetings, protests, injunctions and legal pro-
cesses follow the disclosures of residents. A com-
munity which has once risen to defend itself does
not forget the lesson and is afterward vigilant.
Demonstration of what is possible is sometimes
necessary to convince the officials. Spoilsmen are
obtuse, inclined to regard philanthropists as vision-
ary and impracticable. But when a Head Worker﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
133
actually shows how to clean a ward better and
cheaper than the contractors have done it, the truth
slowly dawns on persons in power.
Pallative measures of relief must be employed to
alleviate immediate misery. Examples of these
forms of ministry may here be given, specimens of
a wide range of work.
Country Outings.—Anticipating the time when
cities shall be made as healthy as open land, the
Settlements have sought to mitigate the evils of
crowded homes by sending the feeble and convales-
cent to the country for recuperation. The means
for this purpose are sometimes collected from gener-
ous friends or by a great newspaper; sometimes the
money is provided by accumulations of small sav-
ings of the better paid artisans themselves. Resi-
dents among the poor are in good position to dis-
cover the need and know who will receive benefit
from the vacation. One of the Mansfield House
appeals paints a picture in few strokes and touches
pity. “Think of what it means to be ill for a long
period in a close, unhealthy room, in a narrow
street. Perhaps the whole life of the family goes
on in this same room, and the smell is far from
pleasant. The sun beats down with pitiless force;
the flies swarm over the sick patient; food is spoiled
by the heat, and at times almost putrid, for the
poor have no larders nor pantries. The transfer
of the sick to a farmhouse in the country, or a
cottage by the sea, is like lifting them from hell to
heaven.”
“One good result of the Holiday Fund comes﻿134
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
before the children are sent away. Every child
has to be examined to see that it is clean, and many
have been turned back to wait a fortnight, till they
could satisfy the doctor. The consequence is that
there is an astonishing amount of washing done.
Not before it is needed in many cases; as once,
when the doctor, enquiring into a very dirty child’s
history, found that she had not had a bath since
she was sent away by the Fund two years ago.”
(Mansfield House Magazine.)
Trained Nurses are valuable allies. Working
people are worn out with toil, and often lack skill.
They are ashamed to go to a dispensary or charity
hospital. They are then worse off than paupers.
“At these times, to be able to command the at-
tention of a trained nurse several times a day often
makes all the difference between life and death.
And such attention should, above all things, be
efficient. The greatest command of Scripture texts
in such a crisis will not make up for lack of train-
ing and capacity, and it is to be feared that some-
times district nurses can supply more of the former
than of the latter. Such a fraud is nearly as danger-
ous as that of sending unqualified practitioners. The
first work of Christianity in providing nursing should
he a concern for professional thoroughness.” (Report
pf Bermondsey Settlement.)
B. The Ministration of the Settlement to the
Industrial and Economic Amelioration of the Com-
munity.
Poverty is a striking characteristic of the com-
munities around Settlements, AU the classes of﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
*35
the poor described in the great work of Charles
Booth are found by residents and visitors. A
few are wretchedly poor, vicious and incapable.
Many hover on the border between absolute depen-
dence and modest self-support. Others are higher
up, and can support themselves if all goes well, but
only by constant toil at low wages. Still others
have fair incomes, many comforts, and an ambition
to do better still. Day and night the facts of
pinching distress, heroic endeavor and increasing
struggle for existence pass in tragic drama before
the eyes of residents. They would be monsters if
this pathetic contest did not awaken sympathy and
demand cooperation. This sympathy has been
expressed by Ruskin:—
* ‘ I have listened to many ingenious persons who
say we are better off now than ever we were before.
I do not know how well off we were before, but I
know positively that many deserving persons of my
acquaintance have great difficulty in living under
these improved circumstances; also, that my desk
is full of begging letters, eloquently written either
by distressed or dishonest people; and that we can-
not be called, as a nation, well off, while so many
of us are living either in honest or in villainous
beggary.
‘ ‘ For my own part, I will put up with this state
of things, passively, not an hour longer. I am not
an unselfish person, nor an evangelical one; I have
no particular pleasure in doing good; neither do I
dislike doing it so much as to expect to be rewarded
for it in another world, But I simply cannot paint,﻿136	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
nor read, nor look at minerals, nor do anything else
that I like, and the very light of the morning sky,
when there is any,—which is seldom nowadays,
near London,—has become hateful to me, because
of the misery that I know of, and see signs of, when
I know it not, which no imagination can interpret
too bitterly.
“Therefore, I will endure it no longer quietly;
but henceforward, with any few or many who will
help, do my poor best to abate their misery. But
that I may do my best, I must not be miserable
myself any longer; for no man who is wretched in
his own heart, and feeble in his own work, can
rightly help others.”*
In these paragraphs we see the first passionate
burst of resentment against a condition of social
misery and degradation, and then the effort to col-
lect one’s powers and look about him with open
eyes and steady nerves till he can discern the
wisest method of help. Unfortunately, many
have come into the sweep of Ruskin’s passion
without advancing to the stage of peaceful self-
control; and they have served to embitter life
without contributing real wisdom to the work of
betterment.
The Settlements have no panacea to offer. The
residents represent all shades of economic theory,
from rank socialism to extreme laissez faire. Many
of them have no large remedy to propose, but have
gone to study the situation, and seek to formulate
their life programme close to the reality.
* Fors Clavigera, Letter I., June, 1871.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
J37
Perhaps the most valuable economic service which
they have thus far rendered is the discovery of the
actual mode of life of various classes of the poor,
with whom the difficulties of existence are most
acute.
Direct relief agencies can go a very little way to
aid the poor. But charity has its place in a method
of economic help. For the present the very exis-
tence of many thousands of persons depends on the
gifts of those who are more fortunate. There will
always be some who will be too weak to provide for
their own necessities. The Settlement acts as any
gentle and kind household must act in presence of
extreme destitution; it must give material help.
Much as the workers dislike to be regarded as
alms-giving agencies, they are compelled to accept
something of this burden, and their situation as
neighbors enables them to administer relief with
clear vision and adequate knowledge.
At a later point, under the head of educational
service, we shall see that the Settlement renders
valuable help to the poor by fitting them to become
more efficient producers, and more intelligent in
saving, use and public administration.
The Settlement does not and cannot take an atti-
tude of indifference toward the trade unions. No
man living among the self-respecting wage-earners
in cities can be neutral upon this point. One may
regret acts of violence and injustice, and honestly
rebuke deeds of tyranny and lawlessness. One
may frankly discuss some of the economic errors
advocated by wage-earners, and if he has tact and﻿138	university, college and
knowledge, his arguments will be considered and
have weight among the modifying influences of
society. But the trade union, even where a mere
minority of the men belong to it, is regarded as the
fortress of the working men. Even women will
calmly face starvation with their children, and ex-
hort their haggard and hungry husbands to stand
firm. The word “scab’ ’ is synonymous with heretic
and traitor. The isolated workman, standing alone
before a huge factory, with nothing but his bare
hands, pitted against costly machinery and masses
of capital and credit, seems to himself a pigmy.
His personality shrinks into a shadow. But in his
trade union he is among his comrades; he is a free
citizen; he has power with him to exact respect
and consideration. A worker among the self-sup-
porting wage-earners who does not believe in organ-
ization can be of little value.
If the resident studies the conditions of working
women, the case is even more pitiful. The isolated
sewing woman is ground by the unregulated com-
petition of her own sisters as between the upper
and nether millstones. Employers and customers,
the most philanthropic, cannot raise their wages
very. far. Nothing but vast organization of the
workers, and refusal to serve society for the wages
of vice or starvation, can redeem them from bon-
dage. Hence the residents have generally come
into friendly touch with the unions, and have
frequently assisted the most helpless to form asso-
ciations.
As Ruskin said to working men: “I beg you﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
139
most solemnly to convince yourselves of the partly
comfortable, partly formidable fact, that your pros-
perity is in your own hands. ’ ’
And yet the effort of the Settlement has aimed
at conciliation. There may be some exceptions. It
would be strange if the sight of misery, and the
stories of consecrated wrong in high places, did not
provoke a rash, hot word. Such indignation may
not be anti-social and destructive, but sound and
conservative. The residents have enjoyed the re-
finements of life. Many of them have come from
families of wealth. They have the large historic
sense which comes with culture. They are naturally
conservative. Much of the wild, bitter assaults on
existing institutions which they must hear seems
to them unwise. Hence they have frequently
intervened to promote rational modes of settling
disputes. They generally advocate boards of arbi-
tration and conciliation. Their teaching tends to
bring into view all the best modes of coming to an
understanding. They seek to make their friends
familiar with the wonderful history of social pro-
tection of labor in all modern countries, and thus
to dull the edge of hatred by suggestions of reason-
able hope and pacific measures.
“A Settlement is not affrighted nor dismayed
when it sees in labor-meetings, in caucuses and
turbulent gatherings, men who are—
‘ Groping for the right, with horny, calloused hands,
And staring round for God with bloodshot eyes, ’
although the clumsy hands may upset some heavy﻿140	university, college and
pieces of convention, as a strong, blind man over-
turns furniture, and the bloodshot eyes may be
wild and fanatical. . . . But the Settlement should
be affrighted, and bestir itself to action, when the
groping is not for the right; when the staring is
not for God, but for Mammon—and there is a
natural temptation towards both. . . . The labor
movement must include all men in its hopes. It
must have the communion of universal fellowship.
Any drop of gall within its cup is fatal. ... If to
insist upon the universality of the best is the
function of the Settlement, nowhere is its influence
more needed than in the labor movement, where
there is constant temptation towards a class war-
fare. ’ ’	( Miss Addams.)
The exhibits of activities in Great Britain and
America will reveal many practical schemes for
aiding the wage-earners to make the most of their
slender incomes. Cooperation in use and enjoy-
ment is a word on every tongue. There are clubs
for the purchase of coal, clothing, groceries and
other necessities of life. The enjoyments of art,
music, social assemblies, which the Settlement pro-
vides at low cost, are constant reminders of the
happiness which can be secured by those who com-
bine friendly efforts for a common end. Food
cooked in a public restaurant, and sold at lower
cost and of better quality than it could be prepared
at home, brings before them the possibilities of
cooperation.
The “Jane Club” has worked successfully at the
problem of cooperative housekeeping for unmarried﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
I41
working women. They have shown how such per-
sons can enjoy freedom, protection and comfort at
a cost within very narrow incomes. (Hull House.)
A feature of the Browning Settlement is a Tabor
Bank, * ‘ where honest and industrious workers can
obtain needed loans by mortgaging a portion of
their wages, and so avoid the extortionate rates in
vogue, which commonly exact an interest of one
penny per shilling per week.”
There are plenty of people to preach thrift and
advise economy. But the Settlements provide con-
veniences for saving. In a great city the savings
bank is a foreign institution. Even if we had
government postal banks, the very poor would not
use them until they were trained. The workers
become missionaries of thrift.
Community Action.—There are some objects
which cannot be attained by individual nor even
by associated action of the poor. The supply of
water, light and conveniences of washing, bathing
and transport is beyond the reach of private enter-
prise in great cities. Friends of the poor are
helping them to see the connection between good
local government and the enjoyment of comforts
which they value.
Thus also legislation on behalf of laborers is
made a matter of Settlement discussion and effort.
Who should most naturally agitate on behalf of the
helpless child prematurely wrecked and crippled by
factory employment, stunted in body and soul by
deprivation of school privileges? The educated
neighbors of the poor can write and speak, and﻿142
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
they have observed the effects of the iniquity of
child labor until it is sadly familiar to them in all
its wretched details.
It has been observed that residents among work-
ing men are apt to become 1 ‘Socialists. ” It is easy
to fling this vague epithet at one we do not like.
No one has a moral right to personally apply
an offensive and injurious phrase without at least
defining what he means. Granted that many resi-
dents are young, inexperienced, lacking the his-
toric sense, moved by emotion, and therefore rash.
Admit that such persons are only too apt to fall
into the ways of thinking about them, and take the
color of the community feeling. Without much
experience in business control, such persons are
very prone to treat property rights superficially,
and give advice to business men which could not
be followed without financial ruin.
All these sins of youth and illusion may be con-
fessed for some of the workers in Settlements, and
yet we can claim for their method a high degree of
wisdom. The extension of government functions
is practicable, and it is inevitable. Not merely
wage-earners, but all others are interested in secur-
ing common objects of use and enjoyment through
our city and state governments. If this is ‘ ‘ Social-
ism, ’ ’ then we are all ‘ ‘ Socialists. ’ ’ The limits of
this tendency will be determined not by theory, but
by trial; by experiment, not by controversy.
C. Instruction. The resident living among the
poor of great cities discovers very early the defects
in our system of public instruction. Knowledge is﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
143
power, an essential factor in securing amelioration.
Intelligent people know how to help themselves by
associations or by the organs of public service,
while ignorance is powerless and blind. Know-
ledge gives wider sympathies, broader views of life
and duty, illumines the mysteries of existence,
quickens invention, increases earning power, opens
new and higher enjoyments as rivals of sensual
appetites.
Most children of the poor leave school at a very
early age in order to assist parents in winning the
means of existence. Parents pressed by poverty
easily yield to the temptation to exploit the
strength of tender childhood. The vast majority
of the poor, and almost all of the very poor, leave
school before they can even look at the studies
which might fit them for citizenship. The defects
in the system of instruction are such that most
children never acquire the training which will make
them ready to understand the processes of machin-
ery and the industrial arts. The hours out of school,
evenings, Saturdays and Sundays, which might be
made educationally valuable, are usually worse than
wasted; they undo the work of the teachers.
There is a multitude of adults for whom our
school system makes inadequate provision, if it
makes any at all. The young people of foreign
birth wish to learn English, as a means of pro-
motion in shops and trades. The study of com-
mercial arithmetic, drawing, chemistry and other
elementary subjects makes the difference between
achievement and defeat in life’s struggle.﻿144
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
The Settlement promotes educational interests,
directly and indirectly, by furnishing instruction,
and by agitation and administration, with the pur-
pose of improving the public system.
Clubs.—One of the most popular and useful
forms of teaching is the club. Purely intellectual
interest will seldom hold a class together without
the added zest of cheerful fellowship and the spice
of play. Games are made a means of attraction
and recreation. The new pedagogy slily slips into
modern games carloads of information and intel-
lectual discipline.
Miss Addams touches the point exactly: “The
University Extension Movement—certainly where
it is clearly identified with Settlements—would not
confine learning to those who already want it, or
those who, by making an effort, can gain it, or to
those among whom professional educators are
already at work, but would take it to the toilers of
East Eondon and the dock-laborers of the Thames.
It requires tact and training, love of learning, and
the conviction of the j ustice of its diffusion to give
it to people whose intellectual faculties are un-
trained and disused. But men in England are
found who do it successfully, and it is believed there
are men and women in America who can do it. I
also believe that the best work in University Exten-
sion can be done in Settlements, where the teaching
will be further socialized, where the teacher will
grapple his students, not only by formal lectures,
but by every hook possible to the fuller intellectual
life which he represents. This teaching requires﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
145
distinct methods, for it is true of people who have
been allowed to remain undeveloped, and whose
faculties are inert and sterile, that they cannot take
their learning heavily. It has to be diffused in a
social atmosphere. Information held in solution, a
medium of fellowship and goodwill, can be assimi-
lated by the dullest. ’ ’
Reading Parties.—In crowded city schools the
teacher has scant time to read stories and beauti-
ful literature to children, and to hear them read
aloud. The habit of reading will not be formed
and retained as a source of permanent culture and
happiness unless it is made easy by frequent and
prolonged practice. The reading habit, with high
ideals of what is fine and worthy, is a very impor-
tant element in aesthetic, moral and religious life.
It is through attractive literary forms that the
spiritual forces are most readily introduced without
shock or offense into the souls of the people.
Through reading parties and clubs the residents
have the power to act upon a host of people who
get very little such help from the over-taxed school
teacher.
The names of some of these clubs are very inter-
esting, since they appeal to fancy, local interests,
literary and historic memories, and patriotism.
Examples of the titles of Girls’ Clubs may be
cited: Tittle Women, Golden Rule, Mayflower,
Violet, American Beauty, Pansy, Tily (Chicago
Commons), American Rose, Sweet Violet, Clara
Barton, Tittle Workers, Good Fellowship (Hull
House).﻿146
university, college and
The boys are a trifle less sentimental. One set
of them boasts the name of Agassiz, and it is build-
ing up a botanical and geological museum from the
spoils of trips in parks and country fields, whither
they are accompanied by a university man. An
Excelsior club has athletic contests and debates,
and publishes a paper. The Kingsley Club pre-
pares its members for good citizenship, seeks to
secure clean streets, and keeps an eye on garbage
contractors. The woodcarvers form a guild which
combines rivalry with a fellowship based on a com-
mon art.
A group of larger girls from a department store
find themselves too weary to study in the evenings,
but they are helped by familiar talks, entertaining
readings and social diversions.
One of the reports shows a Woman’s Club, of
which the Head Resident is president, and of which
there are eight vice-presidents of the neighborhood,
representing German, Polish, Russian, Norwegian,
Irish, Bohemian, English and French nationalities.
What could be more typical of an American city ?
The constitution states that the object of this club
is to associate women of different nationalities and
creeds together in a fellowship that helps each
woman to be a better mother, wife, sister, neighbor
and citizen. Any woman, proposed by two mem-
bers of the club, and elected by a majority, can, on
the payment of ten cents, become a member. Three
months’ absence without explanation is considered
as a withdrawal from membership. The fees must
not exceed ten cents per month. No assessments﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
147
can be levied, and no presents can be made to
officers.
Classes.—There are persons in all communities
who have such a hunger for knowledge, and such
direct interest in learning, that they can be grouped
in classes for serious and systematic instruction.
The night schools of the public system partly meet
this want, and the Settlements are naturally seek-
ing to multiply them and enlarge their usefulness.
But in some cities or districts the night school does
not exist, or it is open only part of the year, or it
does not teach all the branches which the people
desire to pursue, or the older persons may entertain
a dislike to studying with the youth. For various
reasons many Settlements have found a field for
regular evening classes. Usually a small fee is
charged to meet expenses and to maintain the self-
respect of the students. Much of the instruction
is given by persons who, in the daytime, support
themselves at their professions, as architects, super-
intendents of machine-shops or electric plants, law-
yers, physicians and teachers. College women and
men of leisure find here a suitable field for the
exercise of their gifts and acquirements.
Lectures.—The University Extension method
was born at the same time as the Settlement, and
the same spirit pervades both. The House of the
residents is often a convenient center for preparing
and gathering audiences for lectures on important
subjects, and for carrying forward the class work
which is stimulated by the large audiences.
Libraries and Reading-Rooms.—Clubs, classes﻿148	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
and lectures awaken curiosity, arouse the question-
ing spirit, and create a local demand for libraries
and reading-rooms. The Settlement may provide a
collection of books; but its best work is done when
it brings the public library into touch with the
people, and shows them how to use it to the best
advantage. Catalogues and annotated lists of
choice books have been found useful; and the resi-
dents are frequently consulted about the choice of
reading.
Discussions.—There is much unprofitable dis-
cussion in all classes of society. Where there is
much talk folly is sure to find a tongue. Mr. C. S.
Toch very truly said: 11 There is an audience that
all would desire to bring together; but there is an-
other audience often headed by the mere prattlers
and praters of the local community. It is a ques-
tion whether men of this kind want further oppor-
tunities for the exercise of their eloquence. They
have not learned much, and are careless about
learning. They are content to coin their ignorance
into phrases. They are generally dominated by
some particular theory in its crude state, and give
vent to their feelings in regard to it, whatever the
subject of discussion may be.” Personal conver-
sation, in friendly hours of informal intercourse, is
sometimes the most efficient method of curing such
persons of their vagaries and prejudices, unless
they are incurable.
But with all their perils, discussions are indis-
pensable in the education of men. Reading books
and hearing lectures is reception, not creation.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
149
Discussion develops faculty. The crudest attempt
to formulate a thought for a debate gives it dis-
tinctness. Study for a debate is a powerful incen-
tive to reading.
It may readily be confessed that many of the
speeches are incendiary in matter and phrase; that
all kinds of economic, political and religious here-
sies find expression on the free platform of the
Settlement hall. But there is another side. Ex-
tremists correct each other. Error makes itself
ridiculous. There is always some one present who
is shrewd enough to detect a fallacy, and pug-
nacious enough to reply. The final result of a
radical debate is likely to be conservative. The
quiet, well-bred, self-possessed, but sympathetic
resident, with a wide outlook upon history, social
development, science and philosophy, has an oppor-
tunity to hint at wiser methods and better sources
of information. Dogmatism is diluted, and rational
consideration grows in favor. Men of wealth have
occasionally refused assistance to Settlements on
the ground that socialists, anarchists and atheists
were permitted to vent their venom. But a more
sober and instructed view is that the suppression of
some diseases is more dangerous than their break-
ing out. It relieves mental tension in a wronged
spirit to abuse somebody roundly, and then have it
quietly suggested that the abused millionaire might
have a word of defense if he were present. In fact,
if the millionaire knows enough, and can keep his
temper, he is perfectly safe in a Settlement hall, if
he will only stay down off his pedestal and be just﻿150	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
a mail. The modern working man will respect any
friendly person of superior mould; but he dislikes
to take his hat off to a self-canonized demi-god.
Travel.—Among the most important educa-
tional influences in the lives of people of wealth is
travel, especially in foreign countries. There is no
reason why this privilege should be confined to the
well-to-do classes. Many poor people have the
mental qualities which fit them to receive valuable
impressions from visits to Europe, and such mis-
sionaries of taste and good government are sadly
needed in our cities. By cooperation and saving,
and by securing prizes for attainments in the school
work, trips to Europe are not outside the reach of
a large number of the poor. Of course this is
somewhat easier in England than it is in America,
but it is not impossible for us in these days of
cheap ocean transportation. The Bermondsey Set-
lement in 1895 announced an excursion party from
Eondon, July 31st to August 14th, to visit the
wonderful Swiss scenery by way of Bale, Lucerne,
the Rigi, Meiningen, Interlaken and Berne. The
entire cost was to be ^7 10s. Toynbee Hall Trav-
ellers’ Club arranges for excursions in continental
Europe. One excursion of twenty-four days, to
Greece, cost ^19 13s. 3d. each. The club had
ninety-eight members. Saturday and holiday ex-
cursions in and about London, conducted by an
intelligent guide, afford means of pointing out
places of historic interest, revealing accessible art
treasures, and making the citizen at home in his
own country.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
151
D. Esthetic culture. In a sordid, squalid street
of an American city there is little to attract the
eye of a person of refined taste. Poverty leaves
streets and alleys in sad plight. Poverty discour-
ages housewives. Space is too small for gardens.
In tenement flats there is scant room even for the
essential functions of animal existence. “ It is not
only indifference which keeps the public living in
the far East away from the West End art treasures.
The expense of transit ; the ignorance of ways of
getting about ; the shortness of daylight beyond
working hours during the greater part of the year ;
the impression that the day when they could go is
sure to be the day when the museum is closed to
the public ;—all these little discouragements become
difficulties, especially to the large numbers who
have not yet had enough opportunities of knowing
the joy which art gives.’' (Mrs. S. A. Barnett.)
Yet even under such discouraging conditions the
joy in beauty and the aesthetic hunger become
manifest. There may be a devotional picture, an
ugly colored print on the wall, a cheap, machine-
made lace curtain at the window ; a sickly flowering
plant begging for light through a pane against
which dirt has been splashed from the side walk.
Baby is playing with a red ribbon, and catching
with unwashed hands at stray sunbeams. The
adolescent girl will leave school to work for two
dollars a week in a huge and merciless department
store, in order to get money for a smart bonnet or
a bright gown. When starved and city-depressed
children are taken to a place where flowers bloom,﻿152
university, college and
birds sing, and clear waters murmur over pebbles,
it is pitiful to see their outbursts of happiness,
which must soon be damped and quenched in the
mephitic air of the cells miscalled homes.
Completeness of life demands beauty. A com-
plete person is beautiful. Beauty is not bought for
an end beyond itself, but to rest in and live upon.
It is necessary to a true human life, and the poor
have a right to it. Because they have no access to
that “ sweet living land of art,” they grow morose
and revengeful. They feel robbed, erven when
they know not what it is that belongs to their
soul’s rights and is not enjoyed. The gnawing of
aesthetic craving makes them miserable, unsatisfied.
Into the chamber left empty of pictures and music
seven demons came and made their hell of orgies
there. Vacated mansions are haunted by ghosts.
Now that we have discovered the power of muni-
cipal governments, art will be more and more a
right of all, and museums will be made accessible
to the poor as well as to the rich.
Settlements are not always provided with cesthetic
leaders; but when lovers of beauty are in control
the life of the neighborhood has a new element of
hope. With the entrance of this factor of duty it
is literally true:
“Flowers laugh before her in their beds,
And fragrance in her footing treads.”
The function of the Settlement is to cultivate
appreciation, set up standards of criticism, open
laws of interpretation, and to discover and develop﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
153
creative faculty of production. Every human being
is potentially an artist, and persons of talent and
genius are often picked up in unlikely homes. The
history of genius often conducts us to obscure
places, and causes us to stoop to enter lowly doors,
where we journey to pay our debt of admiring
gratitude to the masters of art.
Music is the art of the people and the natural
language of religipn. In one Settlement among
the poor, when piano classes were announced, forty
children appeared for the first lesson. Musical
appreciation and interpretation are promoted by
concerts and lectures. Taste is formed by hearing
good music, and having articulate commentaries
on its spiritual significance. The chorus joins the
genial factor of fellowship with the somewhat aus-
tere pleasures of pure art.
It has been found that working people will enjoy
strong and noble music. Programmes of success-
ful concerts, which attracted and held the attention
of uneducated people, children'and adults, contain
the names of the greatest composers. Sensational
enjoyment is not the end to be sought, but worthy
ideals should be symbolized. The works of J. S.
Bach have been received with genuine enjoyment.
An evening was given to hearing the story of the
Niebelungen Ring, with illustrations from the
Walkuere. A folk-song programme gave them
Russian music, Irish songs, negro melodies. At
Christmas a great hall is filled to hear Gounod’s
“ Nazareth ” and the “Holy Night,” with solo
and chorus. The children sing carols, and the﻿154
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
magic lantern tells the wondrous story in a series
of classic pictures. Such efforts raise music above
mere entertainment, and make it minister to ideals,
social sympathy and sustaining hope.
The discovery and development of musical fac-
ulty come with class work and instruction in instru-
mental and vocal music. Private and class lessons
are given in piano, voice, violin, mandolin. The
writer heard with exquisite pleasure a fine tenor
at a meeting of working people, and found upon
inquiry that the voice belonged to a young man
whose mother sold slate pencils and candy at the
little shop opposite the school-house. Is it not a
pity, a social loss, that chill penury should freeze
the genial current of such souls ? Can society
afford to choke back flowers that blush unseen in
city deserts?
Pictures.—Here is a city district where more
than a hundred thousand people reside, and they
have never, in twenty years, shown the slightest
sign of care for engravings or paintings. No repu-
table merchant of fine prints has thought of wast-
ing time in a canvass of this district. Most people
‘ ‘ in society ’ ’ have imagined, if they took one mo-
ment from selfish pleasures to give it a thought,
that these hard-worked people are without pictures
because they care nothing for beauty and have no
nerves or mind for what is lovely. But this judg-
ment is superficial and built on narrow information.
An occasional charity visitor in these remote regions
has discovered pathetic attempts at decoration. A
gaudy chromo, stripped from a baking-powder box﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
155
or saved from the Christmas edition of a penny
newspaper, had been pinned, unframed, to the wall
paper. Residents of the Settlement became aware
of these suppressed yearnings for beauty. Coming
nearer to the people they learn of aspirations of
which the high world of commerce and fashion does
not dream. They persuade kind possessors of good
pictures to lend them for an exhibition so near to
the people that they can reach the place without
car fare. Invitations are sent out to the inhabitants
of the “ slums.” They pour forth from these huge
caravansaries and from humble cottages by the
thousand to rest their souls and gather delightful
images of the enchanted land of art. Many times
this experiment has been tried with success.
Another graceful work of love adorned is that of
lending photographs and prints in the homes of the
poor. Once in a few months these pictures are ex-
changed for others, and the collection travels about
until the entire group has tasted of their fine
quality. Women who belong to the Settlement
clubs thus become missionaries of perfection,
and they feel theriiselves to be sisters of the mighty
masters. Art is made truly “at home,” and the
home itself is transfigured ; it becomes a shrine of
the muses. It was from the Hull House that the
movement sprang which promises to carry fine
works into our school rooms. Miss Starr was the
founder of the Society of Art in Schools and already
important progress has rewarded the enterprise.
E. Sociability.—The Settlement seeks to cul-
tivate the spirit of friendship because it is itself﻿156	, UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
an element of welfare and happiness, and because
it furnishes a social atmosphere or climate in which
all other good plants flourish and bear fruit.
Social classes may be necessary. In the process of
evolution, up to date, human beings of all degrees
of personal power and all varieties of taste have
been produced. Persons of similar disposition,
who desire the same things and have the same re-
sources naturally come together. Men of wealth
select the choice building sites and let the poor
take what is left. Such classification, satisfaction
and localization it may not be possible to prevent.
Parents desire to protect their children from the
influence of coarseness, dirt and ignorance. They
wish to promote marriage of their sons and daugh-
ters with those who have attained similar position
and advantages. “ Do not marry for money, but
go where money is.' ’
It is useless to quarrel with a force which is so
old and so strong. But we cannot fail to recognize
a danger which goes to the roots of our civilization.
Social classes are held apart by social hates. Enmity
is born of isolation. Our cities are also divided by
differences of race and language. Religion itself,
which ought to hold up the ideal of human unity,
being manifested in clashing creeds, competing
ecclesiasticisms and proselyting campaigns, is itself
perverted into an instrument of hostility and di-
vision.
Social classes exist among the poor as well as
elsewhere. There are many curious principles of
stratification. The mother of a girl who worked﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
157
in a tobacco factory was ashamed to tell her neigh-
bors and her pastor where the child spent her days,
and gave out that she was a ‘ ‘ saleslady ’ ’ down
town. The mother excused herself for the lie by
saying that the children of the neighborhood would
not speak to the daughter if they knew that she
earned her ribbons at a tobacco bench. Dr. Moore
(“A Day at Hull House”) gives a glimpse of the
fact in her story of a visitor. 11 When the coffee
house was opened, with its stained rafters, its fine
photographs, and its row of blue china mugs, it had
a reflective visit from one of its neighbors. He
looked it over thoroughly and without prejudice,
and said decisively :	( Yez kin hev de shovel gang
or yez kin hev de office gang, but yez can’t hev ’em
both in the same room at the same toime. ’ Time
has shown the exactness of the statement. Its
clientele, increasing with its increasing efficiency,
have selected themselves, and it is not the man in
overalls who is the constant visitor, but the teacher,
the clerk, and the smaller employer of the region.
The laboring man sends his children for bread and
soup and prepared food, but seldom comes himself,
however well within his means the fare may be.”
The cultivation of friendship is more than a sen-
timental crusade for an empty sepulchre ; it is re-
quired by the conditions of national and municipal
health ; by the necessities of a free and representa-
tive republic. He who fans the flames of class hate
is a public enemy ; he who fosters genuine sociability
and honest understanding through personal ac-
quaintance performs a patriotic service. This com-﻿158	UNIVERSITY, COIXEGE AND
mon life shapes all the proximate ends of a Settle-
ment. The common work, contests with evil,
striving together for amelioration, study, discus-
sion, concerts, entertainments, are all instruments
of friendliness. In this placid atmosphere of
sociability, on these elevated plateaus where
vulgar mists of prejudice are dissolved in sun-
shine, the knotty problems of industry and politics
may be more soberly and rationally considered.
Mad men never w’ere good reasoners. Hatred
blinds judgment. Class hostilities exclude factors
of testimony which are essential to sound con-
clusions.
The original motto of the guild started by Dr.
Stanton Coit was :	‘ ‘ Order is our basis, improve-
ment our aim, and friendship our principle.”
Gunton's Magazine thus states its central aims :
* ‘ It was the first effort to establish friendly inter-
course between uptown people and the occupants of
the crowded tenements downtown. It was the be-
ginning of that bridge of human service and in-
terest which w’as to connect two alien districts, and
to bring into kindly relations two widely separated
classes. In this lies the significance of the move-
ment, and as the few years have gone by since it
was undertaken, its timeliness and imperativeness
have become more and more apparent. The laissez
faire principle in society is full of unsuspected peril.
Hostile social classes are the result of non-inter-
course and the neglect of that service which con-
ditions the moral well-being of both. Society is
not a chaos, but an order, a unity, a progress. It﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
159
is social aloofness which has begotten our worst
class antagonisms. ’ ’
The Settlement holds out an olive branch to the
neighborhood. These hard-handed toilers have
been saying with bitterness that college people
cared nothing for them ; that wealth rolls by in its
carriages unconcerned ; that the far-away world of
boulevards, parks and fountains, pictures and music
is not for them. But here comes a family group to
share their fortunes, to give and receive social in-
vitations. The fact changes. Feelings change in
response. ‘‘ The human heart responds to the feel-
ings by which it is addressed.” Out of residence
grows familiarity. Cold prejudices thaw in the
genial warmth of social contact. Clubs and choruses
become organs of sociability. “ Family evenings ”
call together men and women. The ‘‘smoke talk”
entices men from the saloon, men who would arm
themselves to resist a prohibition law.
The “club” in England is a permanent and
large body, whose members are together to some
extent every day. The ‘ ‘ club ’ ’ in America is
usually a smaller body, meeting more formally and
for specific purposes at regular intervals.
The club life of the Settlement and its branches
is a distinct contribution to the temperance cause.
It proceeds on the principle of substitution, recog-
nizing the legitimate social function of the saloon
and seeking to introduce more rational agencies of
satisfying the same wants.
“ For the great majority of East Enders these
(public houses) are the sole recreation centres.﻿160	university, college and
Dwellers in comfortable middle-class houses do not
know what it is to live in one, two, or three tiny
rooms. .	.	. Imagine Joe Bangs, the coalie,
inviting six of his mates to tea, some day when
there is no work to be done. There isn’t room for
their twelve legs under the tiny table, to say noth-
ing of Joe himself, the missus and seven or eight
kids, even if there is enough grub to go round.
Neither can you seat them round the room and pass
the cups about, for the simple reason that sitting
round the room is the same thing as sitting round
the table. Man is a social animal; his best instincts
make him so ; and if he cannot meet his friends at
home, he will meet them somewhere else.
‘ ‘ Public houses are more than centres for the
distribution of ‘ the devil in solution.’ They are
the great social ganglia of this East End monster,
and this is a fact that will have to be taken into
account in any effective scheme of temperance re-
form. The play instinct, the social impulse, even
the aesthetic tendencies of the average working
man find at least their easiest and readiest, if not
their only satisfaction, in the public house.”—
(Mansfield House Magazine.)
The People’s Drawing Room is a feature of the
Browning Settlement. They are held on alternate
Tuesdays in winter. Cards of invitation are dis-
tributed without respect of party, church, or call-
ing to the poorest residents in Walworth. A hall
is made bright with pictures, curios, flowers, and
light refreshments are served. A diversified pro-
gramme of song, play and recitation is provided,﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.	l6l
and the effort is made to promote general neighbor-
liness. The hosts and hostesses are well-to-do peo-
ple from any part of London. Etiquette is a kind
of ‘ ‘ minor morals. ’ ’ Good form has meaning and
use, and it is learned by imitation. Example, how-
ever, is not potent, save in the visible presence of
the superior.*
P. Political and Legal. Workers among wage
earners become aware of a certain wide-spread
distrust of law and government. The belief is only
too general that government is under capitalistic
control. Socialists naturally and consistently fos-
ter this belief. The reports of legislative corrup-
tion and purchase of aldermen, tend to deepen and
fix this dangerous conviction. The great journals
and magazines carry the news to all parts of so-
ciety. In times of strike the members of trade
unions find the policemen always protecting prop-
erty and rivals. If they go to law the appeals to
federal and supreme courts take litigation far beyond
their reach. They may not see the other side; the
difficulties of corporations to secure fair treatment
in face of popular prejudice; the almost certainty
that a local jury will not be just to a rich man; and
the legislation inspired by spite against the success-
ful. They very naturally dwell on their own side
of the grievance, and this brooding over real and
fancied wrongs makes them opponents of law.
*A form of invitation used at Browning Settlement is: “ Robert
Browning Hall, Social Settlement, York Street, Walworth. Alderman
and Mrs. Evan Spicer invite Mr............and lady to the People’s
Drawing Room, on Thursday, May 23d, 1895,8.15 to 10.”﻿162	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
The practical difficulty is to make government
seem to the poor as if it were their friend, their
own affair, a thing in which they could make their
personality felt and which could be made to help
them realize the ends of life. Municipal reform
can never be carried by rich men’s clubs. Civic
ambitions must thrill the remotest members of so-
ciety. The great majority of voters must come to
realize that the government is really their own, to
make or to mar.
The Settlement does not pretend to take the place
of any natural institution. Its highest hope is to
leaven existing institutions and promote the better
working of social organs which have issued from
the past. Municipal governments existed before
Settlements vcame into being, and will continue
to act after the new philanthropy has assumed
other forms. The resident casts in his lot with the
people and shares their legitimate aspirations. He
needs fresh air, light, clean streets, wholesome
water, parks, walks, good schools, police protec-
tion, equitable taxation, and all other good things
which only the powerful machinery of government
can provide. He wants all these goods at the low-
est possible cost. Therefore he desires an honest
and economical as well as progressive government.
This is the “civic spirit,’’ the spirit of coopera-
tion pervading the entire community and acting
through the only organization which actually be-
longs to all and is the agency of executing the will
of the people.
Hence the residents seek to create a sound and﻿SOCIAL, SETTLEMENTS.
163
informed public opinion, to influence the selection
of candidates and tlieir election to office; and some-
times they stand for election or appointment to
places in councils, school boards, committees and
administrative places.
‘ ‘ Hitherto the ward politician has been the power;
as boss, as friend of the old and young, as the ad-
vocate of the rights of the people, he has held un-
disputed sway. Now the Settlement introduces
some new factors into the ward or district.”
(Gunton's Magazine.') It stands for the commu-
nity rather than for a class. It makes appeal to
the large human feelings rather than to proletarian
narrowness and passions. Its lectures, classes in
economics and politics and discussions, led by
men of all types, show the limitations of local
champions and call for a higher style of repre-
sentative.
Mr. S. A. Barrett touches the heart of the ques-
tion :	‘ ‘ The social unrest of the last ten years,
which took form in bitter cries, royal commissions
and social schemes, seems now to be settling down
to a steady demand for better local administration.
Voluntary effort has been valuable for making ex-
periments; it has shown what may be done for the
education, for the housing, and for the recreation
of the people. It may, in the future, make even
greater discoveries and show the possibility of
‘joy in widest commonality’ spread. But volun-
tary effort has not been strong enough nor continu-
ous enough to apply generally what has been dis-
covered as good.﻿164
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
‘i Boards and Councils have at their command
money and knowledge, they can levy rates on the
mean and the generous, they by their organization
are able to reach the darkest corners of a district.
They at the same time draw their life from the peo-
ple they serve, their doings are known and have a
direct effect. If they spend foolishly their neigh-
bors become personally aware of the fact; if they
spend wisely the same neighbors see the result in
pleasanter homes and happier lives. Local govern-
ment can do more, and is every day doing more, to
improve social conditions than is done by all the
churches, missionaries and societies put together.
It takes charge of more orphans, nurses more sick,
educates more children, and trains more adults.”
Take an illustration from the sanitary laws which
are designed to protect the health of a community.
They will not enforce themselves. The working
people have little leisure and ambition to look after
their own interests, and they have reason to fear
the wrath of moneyed power interested in abuses.
The Settlement discovers hopeful conditions, cre-
ates public opinion, takes the initiative in making
complaints and prosecuting offenders. Thus it
helps the people to realize that law is the most pow-
erful instrument for helping them against invisible
enemies of health and life.
Another form of legal assistance accomplishes the
same end, the 11 legal dispensary ” or “poor man’s
lawyer.” At certain hours an attorney is in his
Office at the Settlement to hear complaints and give
legal advice to those who are too poor to pay for it.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
165
They examine the grounds of the complaints and
recover damages “ for the mutilated soldiers of
industry, ’ ’ allay strife and save victims from sharks
who prey on the ignorant and unwary.
Cultivation of Patriotism.—One of the Set-
tlements circulated Dr. Edward E. Hale’s appeal to
patriotic boys: “ Boys, if ever you are tempted to
say a word, or do a thing that shall put a bar be-
tween you and your family, your home, and your
country, pray God, in His mercy, to take you that
instant home to His own heaven. Stand by your
family, boy; forget you have a self, while you do
everything for them.
“ Think of your home, boy; talk about it. Let it
be nearer and nearer to your thoughts the further
you have to travel from it. Write often; and rush
back to it when you are free. And for your coun-
try, boy, and for this flag, never dream a dream
but of serving her as she bids you, though the ser-
vice carry you through a thousand torments. No
matter what happens to you, no matter who flat-
ters or who abuses you, never look at another flag,
never let a night pass but you ask God to bless
that flag. Remember, boy, that you belong to
your country as you belong to your mother, and
stand by her.”
This appeal was printed on a calendar, in the
form of a United States flag, and sent to the teach-
ers of boys’ schools in New York. It became quite
popular, and its ringing words on the lofty themes
were recited for the Friday declamations. The
incident is typical of the spirit of Settlements.﻿166	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
G. Charity and Reforms. We begin our sur-
vey with the lowest form of charity, that of direct
material relief to the feeble and defeated class.
True to its principle that life is organic and that the
Settlement must leaven the whole lump, the work-
ers have from the beginning taken their share of
the load of the dependent poor, of the vicious and
criminal. The House is often a depot of supplies,
and its hospitable door reminds us of the mediaeval
monastery where gathered the crippled, lame, halt
and wanderer to receive their doles. So long as
social injustice remains, so long as defectives are
born, so long as there are drunken, shiftless and
vagabond men, so long will there be a necessity for
the various works of relief. Even while we are
toiling at higher ends some mitigation of pressing
misery must be applied.
Many relief societies are composed of a few rich
persons who live at a distance from the distressed
and know nothing about them. They have their
pets and parasites whom they pauperise to the third
generation. They are teased by beggars from all
quarters. Then in sheer despair and disgust they
farm out their charity to expert agents and rest
comfortably in the pious reflection that their duty
is done. These salaried agents investigate cases
which afflict the wealthy patrons and subscribers,
and become skilful in detecting impostors. They
also may be very useful in wise relief of deserving
poor.
But such charity, beautiful and necessary as it is,
is a mere scratch upon the surface, Nothing short﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
167
of actual residence among the poor can discover
the struggles of those who only in extremity appeal
for help. The Settlement becomes a station of ob-
servation, a center of local organization of relief.
It finds out the reticent and modest poor and brings
them into kindly personal relations with those who
can assist them.
The clergyman may give to the poor of his own
parish, but a Settlement touches many who never
go to church. ‘ ‘ Living continually among the peo-
ple, and being admitted into their confidence as no
official or semi-official visitor from the outside can
be, we have brought to our notice many of those
sensitive and reticent men and women wrho prefer
to suffer the greatest privations rather than apply
to the parish or any other relief agency.” (Mans-
field House Magazine.)
The following paragraph will illustrate what goes
on at many Houses, and how actual residents can
adapt their methods of relief to the people who
need help: “In trying to relieve the chronic
poverty of Walworth which the severe winter
made unusually acute, the Staff have sought when-
ever possible to give help in the shape of wages for
work done, eschewing, so far as they could, the
easy but perilous giving of charity. Men from the
ranks of the unemployed were employed in clean-
ing the class-rooms, in tidying up the graveyard at
the rear of the Halls, and in other useful jobs.
One of the Club rooms was entirely cleaned, re-
paired and decorated by unemployed members of
the P. S. A. Trade union rate of wages was paid﻿168
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
throughout; yet the room was done at once more com-
pletely and less expensively than the local contractors
had offered to do it, and the men were proud of their
handiwork. ’ ’
Occasionally it is found wise to establish a dis-
pensary at the House, with a small charge for medi-
cines and attendance where the parties are able to
pay something. But these dispensaries are ex-
posed to all the abuses known to others, except
that the residents are usually better acquainted
with the visitors and can detect imposture.
The Hull House established a model lodging
house for women, where the homeless and friend-
less might secure bed and breakfast and obtain di-
rection in the perplexities and perils of a great
city.
Relation of the Settlement to the Poor
Taw and Public Relief.—The consistent and
natural, as well as the usual attitude of residents to
public relief, is that of friendly cooperation. Hav-
ing acquired an intimate knowledge of the home
life of their dependent neighbors they hold this
knowledge at the service of the almoners of char-
ity. As they become still better acquainted with
the district and gain influence they often seek ap-
pointment on local boards, in order to make their
experience effective in administration.
Relation to the Society for Organizing
Charity.—The attitude of the Settlement to the
C. O. S. will depend very much on local policies on
both sides. The 11 friendly visitor ’ ’ is seeking to
do just what the resident does, to come into vital﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
169
and sympathetic relations with the dependent poor.
Frequently visitors go out from the House and
make visiting for the Associated Charities the er-
rand of the day. It is not seldom a natural method
of finding an introduction to the actual life of the
people. If the relations are not always cordial that
is the fault of limitations in the agents of both in-
stitutions, for there is no real reason why they
should not work in entire harmony. Indeed the
Associated Charities, as in Buffalo, have sought to
fix the permanent centers of their work in some
kind of Settlement. Both organizations seek to
study causes and set in motion preventive agencies.
The Settlement, so far as it deals with the indi-
gent and defective, is seeking to popularize the
higher principles of modern charity. i * The distinc-
tion is now recognized, though not very clearly de-
fined in the public mind, between what is known
as the lower and the higher philanthropy. The
lower philanthropy meant the attempt to 1 put
right what social conditions had put wrong. ’ The
higher philanthropy means the attempt to * put
right the social conditions themselves.’ ” (Presi-
dent W. J. Tucker.) Charity Organization is an
intermediate step from the old to the new phi-
lanthropy since it led to the study of conditions.
The Settlement is far within the sphere of the
new philanthropy because it seeks as its chief
purpose the amelioration of conditions. So far as
relates to the efforts to assist the wage-earning
classes to better terms we have already touched
that point under the appropriate head. The char-﻿170	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
acteristic work of the Settlement is not with
alms-seekers, but with people to whom the very
words charity and philanthropy are detestable,
that is a great majority of self-supporting working
people.
Miss Jane Addams has placed this idea in per-
fectly clear light : “I am always sorry to have
Hull House regarded as philanthropy, although it
doubtless has strong philanthropic tendencies, and
has several distinct charitable departments which
are conscientiously carried on. It is unfair, how-
ever, to apply the word philanthropic to the activi-
ties of the House as a whole. Charles Booth, in
his brilliant chapter on “The Unemployed,” ex-
presses regret that the problems of the working
class are so often confounded with the problems of
the inefficient, the idle and distressed. To confound
these two problems is to render the solution of both
impossible. Hull House, while endeavoring to ful-
fil its obligations to neighbors of varying needs,
will do great harm if it confounds distinct problems.
Working people live in the same streets with those
in need of charity, but they themselves, so long as
they have health and good wages, require and want
none of it. As one of their number has said, they
require only that their aspirations be recognized
and stimulated, and the means of attaining them
put at their disposal. Hull House makes a constant
effort to secure these means for its neighbors, but
to call that effort philanthropy is to use the word
unfairly and to underestimate the duties of good
citizenship.”﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
I7I
Reforms.—There are certain social movements
of our generation which are generally thought of
as ‘ ‘ reforms ’ ’; for example, the Temperance Re-
form, the Social Purity Reform, the Sunday Rest,
and others in the realm of politics.
From the first the workers have naturally studied
the best methods of diminishing the hold of vicious
habits and customs. Those who are conducting
the temperance reform merely in fashionable quar-
ters and down-town halls or country districts, may
never catch a glimpse of the real state of things
where reform is most sorely needed. The best laws
become a dead letter in a huge colony of foreigners
with a population as large as one of the great
towns of their native country. Custom goes before
law and sentiment moulds custom. To begin with
political measures is not to ‘ ‘ hitch our wagon to a
star, ’ ’ but rather to hitch our team to the rear end
cf the wagon. Progress can go no faster than it is
led by the best men among the working people of
different races in cities. They must change their
convictions in relation to the physiology and the
morality of drinking customs before they will sub-
mit to restrictive legislation. The best work now
being done for temperance seldom mentions the
subject, but quietly seeks to educate the people in
science so that they can judge for themselves.
The Temperance Reform.—Professor T. H.
Green was deeply interested in the educational
and political forms of the temperance movement.
In 1872 he joined the United Kingdom Alliance.
In 1875 he set up a coffee tavern in St. Clement’s.﻿1J2
UNIVERSITY, COEEEGE AND
‘ ‘ Even here in Oxford, which has of late been
strangely trying to get up a reputation for sobriety,
anyone who goes below the reputable classes finds
the degradation and hopeless waste which this vice
produces meet him at every turn. It is idle to say
that education and comfortable habits will check
this vice in time. The education of the families of
the sober has no effect on the families of the
drunken. Unless the vice is first checked by a
dead lift of the national conscience, education and
comfortable habits are impossible in those very
families which are to be saved from drunkenness by
them. Meanwhile an immense commercial interest
is fattening upon the evil, and of course doing all
it can to disguise it. ’ ’
Greene’s influence was of course powerful with
those who went down from Oxford to London to
fight the giants of poverty, degradation and misery.
The Settlement people have sometimes been criti-
cised for “friendliness to the saloon.” The only
ground for such an accusation lies in the fact that
residents among the poor have impressed upon them
the fact that the saloon or public house is the only
club house accessible to wage earners. The churches
have refused to provide for the recreative needs of
workingmen, and the temperance societies have in-
vested hundreds of thousands of dollars in talk and
tracts, in conventions and lobbies, which might bet-
ter have gone to opening decent club rooms for rent
to working men. Even when such places have
been opened the working men have often been driven
away by patronizing airs or proselyting schemes.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
173
These facts have compelled those who know the
real feeling of the independent working men to
recognize the social function of the saloon and the
utter inadequacy of the merely antagonistic attitude
towart it.
H. Religious Activities. The Settlement is not
a church and should not be judged by the standards
by which we test the success of a denominational
mission. It is a group approaching the type of a
domestic association, and frequently is simply a
family or a number of families living in a selected
neighborhood. It should be judged by the standard
of family success.
Now families differ in their attitude to religion.
In a home where the heads are deeply imbued with
a devotional spirit an intimate friend might find
some expression of it in family worship. But that
is not an affair to publish. It belongs to the sacred
circle of parents, children and guests.
In no case known to the writer is there a Settle-
ment which is hostile or even indifferent to religion.
The field is open to secularists, agnostics, and all
the rest. So long as men and women of any be-
lief or no belief wish to help their fellow men we do
not curse or forbid them merely 11 because they fol-
low not us. ’’ They may do good after their own
fashion. And many a sceptical and bewildered
soul has sought in such active ministrations of bene-
ficence that refuge from doubt which mere specula-
tion never afforded a tempest-tossed spirit.
Denominationalism.—Perhaps a few of the
Settlements are distinctly denominational institu-﻿174	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
tions. In such rare instances they might, perhaps,
better be ranked with '‘Institutional Churches.”
But mere names are of slight importance. Usually
the conditions of work absolutely exclude denom-
inationalism. Residence is an opportunity of mak-
ing one’s whole life felt. But communication
means sharing, fellowship, friendliness, and this is
inconsistent with the methods of proselyting and
sectarian propagandism.
Relation of Settlement to Divinity
School.—This point has been admirably set forth
by Mr. R. A. Woods:
“ The University Settlement will become an or-
ganized part of the University, one of its profes-
sional schools perhaps, where every sort of latent or
narrowly applied power which the university de-
velops shall be strongly called out, and sent along
lines where it shall begin to be applied to its appro-
priate function of ministering to the common life
of society. .	.	. The necessity of dealing with
the life of the masses of the people, which makes
hospital and dispensary work so important to the
medical student, is now being felt in a marked degree
at the theological seminaries. For several reasons
the work of a Settlement of theological students
must be nearly identical with that of a general Uni-
versity Settlement; the only difference being that
the religious notion will always be kept prominent,
and methods of religious work will receive more par-
ticular attention on the part of the residents. But
the same comprehensive programme must be fol-
lowed. The belief in the helpful influence of every﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
175
good thing must still be held. Nearly as great a
variety of workers can be, or ought to be, called in-
to service. The vast majority of the people in the
depressed sections of cities who are inaccessible to
direct religious efforts are as distinctly a part of the
constituency of one sort of Settlement as of the
other; and they must be appealed to upon such sides
of their better nature as are sensitive to appeals.
Every Settlement must go patiently to work with
the hope of developing means for saving the whole
of the neighborhood; for reaching all the people
who dwell in the neighborhood regenerated in every
part of their lives. ’ ’
All the Settlements seem to be inspired by relig-
ious motives. In the report to the National Con-
ference of Charities and Correction in 1896, twen-
ty-seven replies were returned to the question on
the religious attitude of the workers. “All the
Settlements, so far as known to the committee, are
imbued in a sense deeper than that of creeds with a
religious spirit. Probably the attitude of a majority
of the Settlements is that of the Philadelphia Col-
lege Settlement, which has thus stated its views by
its Head, Miss Katherine Davis: ‘ We have no re-
ligious service. Each resident attends her own
church, and we encourage our neighbors to do the
same. Our influence is distinctly for religion, but
not for any denomination or creed.’ ”
Many Settlements do have distinctly religious
services of their own. The Chicago Commons
publishes on its programme an invitation to their
neighbors to attend daily “Household Vespers’’﻿17^	UNIVERSITY, CORTEGE AND
at 7 p. m., and their Pleasant Sunday Afternoon is a
delightful opportunity of suggesting divine truths.*
At the Browning Settlement there is a Children’s
Service and a Sunday School. In the evening of
Sunday they enjoy a Happy Hour. tl One import-
ant feature is the asking each Sunday evening for
some incident of kindness or heroism that has come
under any child’s notice during the week.” The
Hour of Social Study on the Kingdom of God is
held every Wednesday evening. There are services
on Sunday, only less formal than those common in
churches. ‘ 1 At the heart of the Settlement there
is the fellowship of believers, in unbroken continuity
with the old Congregational church at York street,
which monthly celebrates the Lord’s Supper and
administers baptism.” At Mansfield House the
residents assist in maintaining worship in the Con-
gregational church near the House.
Frequently the residents are left to follow their
own way of manifesting their beliefs, and they at-
tend and assist the nearest churches of their own
faith, just as others do in ordinary life. As Mr.
Woods says: “ The.presumption is always against
having a Settlement introduce any new institutional
scheme. It is always in favor of falling in with
the current of what is already advancing in the
neighborhood. ’ ’
The University of Chicago Settlement expresses
its attitude in these words of Miss McDowell:
1 ‘ These workers hold different religious and social
* Professor Taylor, the warden, is also pastor of a neighboring
church.﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
177
creeds, but they unite in a belief that no class or
neighborhood can live to itself, and that unless we
love our brother whom we have seen we cannot love
God whom we have not seen.
'1 There is also a hope among them that in some
unconventional way the religious feeling may be
crystallized into a form that will recognize that the
life of Christ if sincerely followed will lead to social
justice and political purity. For the kingdom of
heaven within will prove itself in making a king-
dom of heaven without. ’ ’
Perhaps it would be a fair representation of the
general and dominant thought of the residents that
religion must be expressed in action and services in
order that words may gain force and significance.
The people are already familiar with the ideas of
Christianity. But ideas are feeble until they are
incarnated. Religion is not a separate interest of
men, but a bond which unites all. The Son of Man
came into the flesh, and made eternal truth visible
and tangible.
“And so the Word had breath, and wrought
With human hands the creed of creeds
In loveliness of perfect deeds,
More strong than all poetic thought.”
It is this reincarnation of belief in God which
interprets religion to those who are sceptical, alien-
ated, and superstitious.
The Italians of the neighborhood, with “their
invincible poetry,’’ call the Hull House “la casa﻿178	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
di Dio. ’ ’ They have divined its spirit by its deeds
more than by its professions.
Canon Barnett’s statement may be regarded as
typical:—
‘ ‘ My hope is that Settlements may do something
to bring together those forces which are now by
misunderstanding so often opposed; my belief is
that they will best do so when identified with no
party, each Settlement setting an example of men
agreeing to differ, and all together caring for the
common good. The elements of religion are better
spread by the example of life than by the preaching
of doctrines. ’ ’
An American friend thus answers objections:—
* ‘ We are now awaking to the obligations of
brotherhood, and discovering new facts and forces
in such talismanic words as altruism, solidarity,
Stewardship, and 'the struggle for life,’ which has
so long been the accepted principle of evolution, is
not the sole governing factor; a second one plays
an equally important part, viz.: the struggle for
the life of others. This is the ethical factor in the
drama of human development, without which sym-
pathy, tenderness, unselfishness would have no
place or part; and life would have been for us
‘ humans ’ only a continuous fight, and the Hobbe-
sian war state the normal modus vivendi. The
University movement stood first of all for the dues
of brotherhood and the reciprocities of friendship.
And what is more, it stood for these in populous
districts which had been practically abandoned by
the churches. Not that the sympathy of their﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
179
members ceased, for this is to be said to their
honor, that they have been the personal workers
and givers in behalf of the University Settlement.
But when churches formally, or through their pas-
tors, doubt the utility claimed for the Settlement,
and furthermore question whether it is, as a re-
generative influence in society, equal in reach and
permanency of influence to the Christian Church,
then may the disclaimer be in order, that the Set-
tlement sought as best it could to occupy the wide
and needy fi-elds the church had forsaken.”
Section 3. Results and Outlook.—In the
nature of the case educational work cannot be
measured by statistical methods. Commercial stan-
dards do not directly apply. The merchant may
take a trial balance and an inventory any time in
the year and count his gains. The pastor may
count his baptisms and sum up his missionary
collections. But the teacher cannot give definite
returns to the census-taker. The materialist will
certainly misread the facts. The best work is sus-
tained by faith, and not by sight.
The movement is in its infancy. The first Set-
tlement was established in 1885. It is impossible
to form a final estimate of a social movement which
counts so few years since its birth.
Nor can wre deal justly with the movement until
it has been tried on a far wider scale than has yet
been attempted. The Settlement is yet a voice in
the wilderness, and the jungles of huge cities al-
most suppress its cry for justice, light, health and
beauty. Christianity itself asks ages for a fair﻿180	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
trial, to show what it can do, and the area of con-
verted empires to display its true splendors to
advantage.
It must also be said that there has not yet been
time to raise up a host of disciplined and trained
social workers. Much of the work hitherto done
has been undertaken by amateurs and apprentices.
The Settlement has been an academy for the
preparation of the cadets of the future army of
educators. Changes are frequent. The time of
residence is, on the average, too short for the most
effective service.
Criticisms.—The main objections to the Settle-
ments have already been casually noticed. Some
of them may be summed up here and briefly con-
sidered.
It has been asserted that the workers are usually
young and inexperienced persons, without know-
ledge of life or sense of responsibility, who are
easily carried away by- the ravings of labor agi-
tators and enemies of property and order. Many
wealthy people express the feeling that a Settle-
ment is a hotbed of dangerous theories, the rendez-
vous of conspirators against social peace. It may
be admitted that earnest and sympathetic people,
living daily in view of tragical situations, hearing
the passionate pleas of the working men, may
sometimes, through imitation, sympathy and social
contagion, identify themselves too closely with a
single-class interest, and with radical agitators. It
is not easy to be patient in close proximity to mis-
ery and the effects of injustice or ignorance. But﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
I8l
evidence has already been presented to show that
the main purpose of the Settlement leaders is con-
ciliatory, conservative, constructive. The value of
the criticism lies in the indication of a peril.
The more radical labor leaders find fault with
the Settlements for the very opposite reason, that
they are too slow and time-serving; that they deal
in palliatives, and not in complete remedies. The
two criticisms may be left to correct each other.
Those who are accustomed to identify ‘1 re-
ligious ’ ’ work with a certain type of city missions,
whose history is not always encouraging, refuse to
support Settlements because they are not 1‘ evange-
listic/’ and do not exactly copy the methods ordin-
arily employed by denominational agencies. This
objection has been considered in the proper place.
There is room and need for both forms of ministry,
and both will have their friends and supporters.
The Settlement does not always pretend to preach,
but it does put back of the mere symbol of life the
reality of life itself, incarnate in beneficent action
of devoted persons; and there are Settlements
where the evangelistic factor is prominent, and
where the new methods have helped to win back
large populations utterly indifferent to ordinary
parish ministries.
Settlements will succeed, so far as they are edu-
cational institutions, on precisely the same con-
ditions which apply to other schools—the teachers
must know their subjects, and be masters of the
art of teaching. Persons with practical common-
sense and experience may improve the economic﻿182
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
state of their neighbors without much knowledge
of banking or railroads; but if they set up for
teachers, they should first submit to a course of
study in economic science. The trouble is that
human nature is usually confident and dogmatic in
inverse ratio with knowledge. Very small men im-
agined they could tell General Grant how to move
his armies; and men who could hardly organize
a department store are quite clear that they can
make over the entire industrial system of Christen-
dom. If the central principle of the Settlement is
adhered to, that we are all learners in the same
school, there will be little danger from this source.
Speculative cosmogonies will break down any phil-
anthropy. Modest historical study will help all.
The representative promoters of the movement
have no illusions on this subject. They see the
weakness of the scheme. They are quite aware of
its limitations. They are publishing no boastful
pretentions of victories achieved. Nor are they
making comparisons with other forms of social
ministry to the disadvantage of any.
One of the representative women of this move-
ment says: “ Nothing, to the mind of some of us,
could be more undesirable than that Settlements
should tend to perpetuate themselves. Their best
and only ultimately useful function is to further a
state of society which shall have no need of them.
Should the tendency increase to regard a ‘ Settle-
ment ’ with what it now implies of chasms to be
bridged in our social life, as something in itself
ideal and worthy to be perpetuated—another ‘ in-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
183
stitution ’ to be regarded more than the living
soul—there will soon need be an organized ‘ move-
ment ’ to scourge, chasten and regenerate, if not to
exterminate, 1 Settlements. ’ ’ ’
The Settlement as a Place of Social
Study.—Workers very naturally resent the notion
that a Settlement is a “ laboratory ’ ’ where inquisi-
tive investigators may pursue methods of vivi-
section and torture, in order to illustrate or test
sociological theories. They cry out against the
outrage of cold analysis and theory in presence of
hunger, pain and sensitiveness. The protest is
just. And yet science is merciful. Exact, com-
prehensive and digested knowledge is a boon to
the race. A sympathetic student, whose eyes are
open to receive impressions, may be correcting his
vision, purging his mind of prejudice, and gaining
a just perspective while he is honestly teaching
classes in a boys’ gymnasium, caring for a circulat-
ing library, or measuring houses for a sanitary
board. The Settlements have already made dis-
tinct additions to knowledge of our city populations
and their modes of life.
The Settlements have made encouraging progress
in the collection of information. The publications
of residents among the poor are contributions to
social knowledge of the conditions of life in great
cities. It was by actual residents that very much
of the best work of Mr. Charles Booth was done.
His book is probably the largest and most accurate
revelation of the social life of the poor in cities that
has ever been given to the world. The magazines﻿184	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
and publishing houses are bringing before the
thought of educated men and women the diffi-
culties, trials, temptations, hopes, aspirations and
other essential factors of urban society from the
pens of eye-witnesses. Guesses and prejudices are
giving place to sound, accurate and reliable repre-
sentations. Public opinion is made more sane,
sympathetic and prudent. Legislators have more
varied and reliable data for political judgments and
for the framing of statutes.
The Hull House Papers and Maps are very
striking illustrations of the kind of social inves-
tigation which may be carried on in connection
with the most gentle, sympathetic and devoted
labor on behalf of the population studied. Indeed,
only he who loves can see. Sympathy opens not
only heart, but intellect.
The report of the East Side House for 1892
says: “Is it not time to recognize that sociology
and philosophy and theology have need of a labora-
tory as well as physics and biology and medicine ? ’ ’
Clinical practice and demonstration in hospitals is
not regarded as offensive or insulting to the poor,
if the teacher and students are really intent upon
the practical and beneficent aim of their profes-
sion. That they are better fitted to do still more
good in teaching and practicing lifts the clinic
above the level of idle and insolent curiosity.
Science and sentiment are not enemies, but com-
rades; “true knowledge leads to love.’’
The Training oe Workers.—For continuous
work on behalf of the poor there is need of special﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
185
education. Two classes of persons are seeking
this education: well-to-do people who intend to
give a part of their lives in charity work, and per-
sons who must earn their living by professional
service. There are increasing opportunities in
great cities for mission visitors, investigators of
relief societies, secretaries and superintendents of
charity organization districts, agents of public
relief offices, district nurses, superintendents of
missions, assistant pastors. It cannot be claimed
that certain and steady employment can be found
at high wages in any of these lines. But then if
the call comes from above, one should heed it, and
be prepared to render the best possible service.
Residence for a year or two in a Settlement, under
the direction of a Head Worker of education and
experience, is admirable training in practical meth-
ods of philanthropy.
In order to secure an adequate number cf trained
workers of the highest order it will be necessary to
endow fellowships for graduate students of colleges
and universities. The College Settlements Associa-
tion declares that there are many educated women
ready to devote time to this preparatory work, but
there is no salary to support them, and they must
pay for board. Persons without private means are,
therefore, unable to remain long enough to secure
the most valuable results. Endowments in con-
nection with departments of sociology, political and
economic science, and domestic economy, would
return to the nation a rich harvest from modest
investment. 1﻿i86
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
“Boulevard Settlements.”—Professor Gra-
ham Taylor has given this title to the extension of
the idea of social fellowship to fashionable streets.
The children of capitalists are evidently beginning
to feel that no one “set” of society can meet all
the needs of the common human heart. Life in a
class must lack something vital and wholesome.
That comparatively small class of them who possess
property are not safe in ignorance of the powerful
currents of conviction and purpose which sway the
mass of the voting population. We have all seen,
time and again, all the clubs, bankers, preachers,
merchants and ‘1 great dailies ’ ’ unite upon a move-
ment and regard its success as absolutely certain,
and yet witness the hope go down like a card house
under a street roller. When ‘‘ everybody ’ ’ is out
of town, shutters all closed, the majority of voters
are still at their posts. All the summer residents
of great hotels along the Atlantic coast and in the
mountains might be swept away in an epidemic,
and the majority of voters would have no acquain-
tance or friendship which would move them to
tears. The rich and strong and cultivated are in
need of knowledge of the aspirations of their politi-
cal masters. And if they will invite representative
labor leaders, in all sincerity of kindness, and with
patience for their plain speech, they will have their
eyes opened. Parlor conferences have been put to
good uses in promoting missions to the heathen
and charity relief to the dependent; but they may
serve a still higher and nobler use if they bring the
sons and daughters of toil into the mansions of﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.	187
beauty and taste for music, pictures and noble
speech.
Outlook.—Prophecy is natural to man. Yet
when we pass from description, analysis and ex-
planation of past facts to prognostication of the
future, we are venturing on new territory. The
element of faith bulks more largely than strict
knowledge. And yet science itself forecasts the
future; the mathematician describes the unseen
part of the curve from the segment in view; the
astronomer informs the mariner of coming tides
and planetary appearances; and the economist pre-
dicts the probable tendency of particular banking
laws. It is the future which is really most inter-
esting. What can we hope from the forces set free
by the Settlement ?
May we not reasonably hope to see the end of
“slums”? They are not natural, and they are not
necessary. The Settlements have shown that social
cooperation can modify both human dispositions
and outward environment. This is the hope ex-
pressed by the founder of Hull House: “The Set-
tlement movement is, from its nature, a provisional
one. ... I believe now that there will be no
wretched quarters in our cities at all when the con-
science of each man is so touched that he prefers to
live with the poorest of his brethren, and not with
the richest of them his income will allow. It is to
be hoped that this moving and living will at length
be universal and need no name.”
The workers are hopeful and confident. Truth
cannot fail. Personal influence of a good, upright,﻿188	UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
industrious and religious person cannot be in vain.
Let us hear the workers state the grounds of
their hopes.
“ You ask me if it has paid,” said Miss Addams.
“We may as well challenge life itself. What is
the good of having these things if we make no use
of them ? ... We might as well go to the priests
over here at the cathedral and point out to them
that they have not redeemed the people who live
in every direction around them; that in spite of
their preaching and service, and the example of
their pure lives, all manner of sin still exists in their
neighborhood and among the very people who are
reached by them. They do not think their work
has been a failure. . . . They have done some
good. They are doing good every day. . . . The
people here are better. They are getting better
every day. They will grow better to the end.
The number of young women who have different
ideas and different ideals of life is vastly encourag-
ing. The number of young men who view the
questions of morality and purity as you view them,
and as I view them, has grown. It would not be
easy to mass this evidence so it would be convinc-
ing to a stranger, to one who simply looked over
the situation. But it is here. We who live in it,
and are a part of it, know.”
“It is always difficult and often misleading to
speak of the results of work; but in the principles
and the short experience of St. Margaret’s House
there does seem to be much to justify great hopes
for its future. Every year’s experience, every resi-﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
189
dent’s effort to enter into the needs of those whom
she is trying to help, will add to the fitness of the
House to be regarded as a centre for the religious
and social work of women in East London, and a
practical witness among its people to the Chris-
tianity which would care for all human needs, and
believes that they can only be met by patient per-
sonal service.” (Miss Mary Talbot, London.)
“It is all very simple, very commonplace, but
out of just such ordinary materials can chains be
forged, delicate, intangible, yet stronger than steel,
capable of linking together class and class, church
and people, earth and heaven.” (Mrs. Mace, Chel-
tenham Ladies’ College Guild.)
Mr. Gerard Fiennes: “ The prospect before us is
almost limitless; who knows what may spring from
the linking and welding of all classes together in
social intercourse, in pastimes, in discussions of
great questions? In working-men’s clubs, free
from the taint of the pot-house, with ramifications
extending into all the manifold sides of human life,
helping in the home, in the workshop, in the play-
ing-field, Englishmen may be made one in hum-
drum days of peace, as they would be one when
face to face with a foreign invader.”
Canon Barnett writes: “if now the question be
asked, ‘What is the result of such hospitality? Is
there any increase of good will between rich and
poor? Do the meetings bring together the rich
nation and the poor nation? Are they checking
the horizontal cleavage of society?’ the answer
must be that Settlements are too few to have much x﻿190
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
visible result of any part of their efforts. It is
remarkable that they should be so few; remarkable
that men should recognize the needs and the power
of the industrial classes; remarkable that they
should be willing to do so much that seems hard,
and yet refuse to make the sacrifice of giving up resi-
dence in a fashionable quarter. The attractions of
society cannot be so overwhelming; it must be that
men’s imagination fails to grasp the use of resi-
dence among the poor, and that they go on living
in the old way because the new way seems fanciful.
Until, however, the practice becomes more common
it is impossible to collect results, to judge the gain
which comes from knowledge, or to measure the
power of friendship to harmonize conflicting in-
terests.
If Settlements became so frequent as to cease
to seem Settlements, if they kept clear of all
appearance of a mission, then rich and poor would
so know one another that legislation and govern-
ment would be armed to do the greatest good in
the best way; then people of different pursuits and
with different incomes might, by equal manners
and equal tastes, form the friendships which would
hold them together in good times and in bad
times.”
The workers of Settlements have shown that life
under such conditions can be healthy, joyful, inter-
esting and fruitful in a very high degree, and they
have won rapidly increasing numbers to their way
of thinking. A solitary instance is given of a
wealthy family going to reside in one of the poorest﻿SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS.
191
and gloomiest districts of a manufacturing town,
and they are ‘' said to be the happiest people in the
city.” It would not be long before such a family,
clothed with the power of wealth, and inspired by
experience of comfort and elegance, would form a
new Eden about them, whose influence should be
felt far and wide. There is no reason why colonies
of young people should not set up a model’of life
in some block or flat of a neighborhood, and go
seriously about transforming the conditions as their
call for life.
“We shall go further than to see the Spirit of
God brooding upon the face of the waters, to feel
that the hills are filled with His legions, to find
every bush a burning bush, and every rock an
altar; for we dare hope for the time when man
shall begin everywhere to visit man, his brother,
and every visitor shall be a wrestling angel, joining
with his brother in loving emulation of what is
strong, and making him to know the weakness
of the lower life, showing in himself, all uncon-
sciously, a vision of the better life, giving the man
a new name to express the promise of the future,
and leaving him with a heavenly benediction.”
(R. A. Woods.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LIST Otf BOOKS AND PAPERS.
The Commons. A Monthly Record devoted to aspects of
life and labor from the Settlement point of view.
Graham Taylor, Editor, Grand Ave. and Morgan St.,
Chicago. 50 cents per year.﻿192
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE AND
Selected List, For fuller list see Bibliography of College,
Social and University Settlements, by Caroline William-
son Montgomery. Fourth Edition, 1900. Indispensable
for students and workers, and contains much recent
information. For sale by The Commons.
Eighteenth Annual Report oj the Bureau of Labor Statistics
of the State of New York, 1900, pp. 247-429.
“ The City Wilderness,” R. A. Woods, Editor.
“ University and Social Settlements,” W. Reason, Editor.
“ Friendly Visiting," Mary E. Richmond.
“Industrial Democracy,” T. and B. Webb.
“ The American WorkmanE. Levasseur.
“ Democracy and Social Ethics,” Miss Jane Addams.
Mansfield House Magazine (monthly). 50 cents a year.
A Practicable Socialism, Canon and Mrs. S. A. Barnett.
Longman, Green & Co., London. Price 2s. 6d.
Neighborhood Guilds, Dr. Stanton Coit. Swan, Sonnen-
schein & Co., London. Price 2s. 6d. Scribner’s Son’s
New York. Price #1.00.
Literature of Philanthropy, edited by Frances A. Goodale.
Harper & Bros., New York. Price #1.00.
An Experiment in Altruism, Elizabeth Hastings. Mac-
millan, New York. Price 75 cents.
University Settlements. Article in Johnson’s Cyclopaedia.
The Univet sities and the Social Problem, J. Knapp. Riv-
ington, Percival & Co., London.
Letters of Edwaid Denison, edited by Sir Baldwyn Leigh-
ton. R. Bentley and Son, London. Price is.
Arnold Toynbee, F. C. Montague. John Hopkins Press,
Baltimore. Price 50 cents.
English Social Movements, Robert A. Woods. Scribner’s
Sons, New York. $1.50.
Hull House Maps and Papers. T. Y. Crowell, New York
City. Price $1.75.
Philanthropy and Social Progress, T. Y. Crowell, New
York. Price $1.50.
Forward Movements, No. 2 Hand-book Series. ‘‘The Con-
gregationalist, ’ ’ Boston. Price 4 cents.
Poverty, a Study of Town Life, B. S. Rowntree. Macmillan
& Co. #3.50. 1901.
Most of the Settlements publish reports and circulars or bulletins
which exhibit their activities.﻿INDEX
Adams, H. C., 88.
Addams, Jane, 49, 84, 88, 92,
140, 144, 170, 188.
Activities, Table of, 117-128.
^Esthetic Culture, 151.
Administration, 108.
Alden, Percy, 37.
Alumnae Association, 51.
Arnold, M., 104.
Arnold, T., 21.
Asceticism, 82.
Assistants, 109.
Barnett, S. A., 26,34,98,
109, 163, 178, 189.
Barnett, Mrs. S. A., 151.
Beauty, 152.
Bermondsey Settlement, 11,
40, 91, 134.
Bibliography, 191.
“Bitter Cry of Outcast Lon-
don,’’ 30.
Boulevard Settlement, 1S6.
Boys’ Clubs, 65, 146.
Bradford, Miss, 75
British Settlements, 24.
Browning Settlement, 160,
176.
Cambridge House, 42.
Channing, W. E., 100.
Charity, 166.
Charity Organization Society
23, 168.
Chartists, 17.
Chicago Commons, 76, 112.
Choice of a Field, 106.
Christianity, 92.
Christian Socialists, 16.
Chronological Table, with
location of Settlements, 31.
Church Settlement House,
67.
Cities, 10.
Civic Action, 162.
Classes, 147.
Clubs, 144, 145,
Coit, Stanton, 65, 158.
College Settlements Associa-
tion, 52.
Community Action, 141,
Conciliation, 139.﻿194
INDEX.
Cooke, Miss, 77.
Country Outings, 133.
Criticisms, 180.
Dancing, 69.
Davis, Katherine, 175.
Democracy, S5.
Democratic Feeling, 12.
Denison, E., 27.
Denison House, 58.
Denominationalism, 173.
Discussions, 148.
Divinity Schools, 174.
Dudley, Miss, 99.
“Fast London,” 105.
Fast Side House, 62, 184.
Fdinburgh College Settle-
ment, 42.
Fducated Classes and Settle-
ments, 101.
Educational Progress, 12.
Economic Betterment, 134.
Economic Conditions, 9.
Epworth League, 77.
Federation of Settle-
ments, Chicago, 77, 79.
Fiennes, G., 189.
Finances, 111.
Foreign Missions and Settle-
ments, 80.
Forerunners, 25.
Forward Movement, 77.
France, club charitable, 80
Francke, K , 13.
Friendly Visitors, 168.
Gavit, J. P., 78
Giddings, F. H , 65.
Gilder, R. W., 90.
Gordon, M. L., 80.
Green, J. R., 26, 172.
Green, T. H., 21, 84.
Gurney, Marion L., 67.
Hale, E. E., 165.
Harrold, J. F., 65.
Head Worker, 109.
Health, Ministry of, 128.
High Church Movement, 15-
Hodges, G., 95.
Holmes, Emily S., 75.
Housing and Morals, 18.
Hull House, 49, 84, 177, 184.
Industrial Changes, 9.
Inner Mission, 18.
Institutional Churches, 174.
Instruction, 142.
Jane Club, 140.
Japan, 80.
Kingsley, Charles, ioo.
Kingsley House, 70.
Laying Foundations, 106.
Lectures, 147.
Legal Help, 161.
Libraries, 147.
List of Settlements, 31.
London, 11.
Mansfield House, 37, 83,
97, m, 133.
Maurice, F. D , 26.
McDowell, M E., 176.
Meloy, Luella, 73.
Methods, 106, 115.
Missionary Impulses, 83.﻿INDEX.
x95
Monastic Element in Settle-
ments, 103.
Municipal Development, 10.
Museums 151.
Music, 153.
Nash, “Genesis of Social
Conscience,’’ 103.
Needs to be met, no.
Newman House, 40.
New York Settlement, 34.
Noyes, Gertrude H., 70.
Nurses, Trained, 134.
Outlook, 179, 187.
Oxford House, 35.
Passmore, Edwards Hall, 39
Patriotism, 165.
People’s Drawing Room, 160
Philadelphia Settlement, 35.
Philanthropy, The New, 86,
87.
Philanthropy, Social Prog-
ress, 88.
Philosophy, 19.
Photographs, 155.
Pictures, 154.
Pioneers, 26.
Plans, 29.
Political, 161.
Poor Law, 168.
Potter, Bishop H. C., 63.
Reading Parties, 145.
Reading Rooms, 147.
Reason, W., 37.
Reforms, 166, 171.
Relief Agencies, 137.
Religion, 83, 90, 173.
Religious Factor, 14.
Remington, Miss, 74.
Residents, Qualifications, 113
Reynolds, J. B., 13, 47.
Riverside Association, 65.
Robert Elsmere, 39.
Robertson, F. W., 17, 131.
Roman Catholics, 40.
Rugby Boys’ Club, 41.
Ruskin, John, 22, 135, 138.
San Francisco Settle-
ments Association, 78.
Sanitary Service, 129.
Schurz, Carl, 89.
Scotch Settlements, 42.
Settlement Idea in Small
Towns, 79.
Settlement, Provisional Defi-
nition, 98.
Shaftsbury, 15.
Sociability, 155.
Social Classes, 157.
Socialists, 142.
Social Study in Settlements,
183.
South End House, 60.
Spencer, H., 20.
Starr, Ellen G., 48.
St. Margaret’s House, 35.
Students’ Settlement, 42.
Talbot, Mary, 189.
Taylor, Graham, 76, 176.
Temperance, 171.
Theory of Settlements, 81.
Topics for Discussion, 57.
Toynbee, A., 29, 91.
Toynbee Hall, 34.﻿196
INDEX.
Trade Unions, 137.
Training of Workers, 56,184
Travel, 150.
Tucker, W. T., 97, 169.
United States, Settlements
in, 43.
Universities, 20, 81.
University Extension, 28.
University of Chicago, 50,176
University Settlement, 47.
Utopian Ideas, 116.
Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 39
Welfare, Elements, 81, 83.
Welcome Hall, 74.
Wesley, 14.
Westminster House, 75.
Whittier House, 75.
Women’s University Settle-
ment, 36.
Women Workers in Canning
Town, 39.
Woods, R. A., 22, 61, 86, 113,
174, 191-
Woolf oik, Ada S., 98.﻿HAND BOOKS
FOR
PRACTICAL WORKERS
IN
CHURCH AND PHILANTHROPY,
BDITBD BY
Samuel Macauley Jackson,
Professor of Church History in the New York University.
THE BIBLE SCHOOL : A Manual for Sunday School Workers. P»y A. H.
McKinney, Ph.D , Sec. N. Y. State Sunday-School Association,
formerly pastor of Olivet Church. 60 cents net.
SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS. Second edition revised. (Including College
and University.) By Prof. C. R. Henderson, D.D., Prof, of Sociol-
ogy, University of Chicago, Ill. 60 cents net.
THE INSTITUTIONAL CHURCH. A Primer in Pastoral Theology.
By Edward Judson, D.D., Pastor of the Memorial Baptist Chu«ch,
New York City. With an introductory word by Bishop Potter.
60 cents net.
YOUNG PEOPLE’S SOCIETIES. By Leonard Woolsey Bacon and
Charles Addison Northrop, both of Norwich, Conn. 60 cents net.
REVIVALS AND MISSIONS. By J. Wilbur Chapman, D.D., Pastor of
Fourth Presbyterian Church, New York. 60 cents net.
FACTORY PEOPLE AND THEIR EMPLOYERS. How Their Rela-
tions are Made Pleasant and Profitable. Profusely illustrated. By
Edwin L. Shuey, M.A., author of “Industrial Education Necessary, ’
etc. 75 cents net.
THE PRACTICE OF CHARITY. Co-operative and Individual Attempts
to help others By Edward T. Devine, Ph.D , Gen. Secretary
Charity Organization Society, New York. 65 cents net.
THE HARTLEY HOUSE COOK BOOK & HOUSEHOLD ECONO-
MIST. By Ei la A. Pierce, Teacher of Cooking Classes at Hartley
House (Soc. Settlement). 60 cents net.
TO FOLLOW
THE COUNTRY CHURCH. By Rbv. Austin B. Bassbtt, Ware, Mass.,
65 cents net.
CITY EVANGELIZATION. By Frank Mason North, D.D., New York
City, Secretary Church Extension and Missionary Society of the M. E.
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WORKING PEOPLE’S CLUBS. 65 cents net.
RELATIONS OF RELIGIONS AND PHILANTHROPY. By Torn
Huston Einlry, LL.D., Ex-President of Knox College, Galesburg,
Ill. 65 cents net.
NEW YORK:
LENTILHON & COMPANY,
150 Fifth Avbnvb.﻿﻿﻿