RNMES an PRINTING 0 OFFICE ie U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 117°00' 115°00' 114°00' —- BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. I . | 13°00" 112°00" 11°00" 110°00’ 109°00' 108°00’ 107°00’ 106°00' [ | 34 STATIONS ‘ ALONG THE LAND BOUNDARY BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. FROM THE : RIO GRANDE TO THE PACIFIC © COLLECTING STATION re s MONUMEAT 2 2. | Sj Boe = . . : s * \, o. ie 3 WY \ NY le > ») »)) \ FF) } | 3) 4 / / i i ' A Fg o 1 ay \' Xe ! Q COGS \ 1 : | \ ' A \ i 7 \ { o> = et 4 ! a5 \\ TL 3 & ke \ 7 x d } ' it ar se \9 ° Mon}lO___ =< 5 : AS . ' en a ee eee = e : ‘3 : : Mona0\9- Li Mon. 30 % Lake Palomas / \ Y\. et ei eae ~ ks 138 Mog i Ft. uathyca " ‘ Laguna Ghizman Z 1 io ©. / 4s 3029 28 24 2920,-.0 16 Jere = “ “o—0- . 7 Pee aaa =O 6 ~~ Dae = Mon | Mon. 100 (34 11917 Mon.60 oO \ . P32 31° a ) \ o ! Y \\ * SCALE [ c = = = — Kilometers. 50 r 100 200 300 a rt | Sh 32° 3 Uv 319 ——— 30° PVROOOR Ff Lake OF BOUNDARY 2000 1 2000 1500 7 ey { poe ZN a ho 1000 Pay [A Gry 1500 as = a ‘s 1000 500 K HY ee Ao seal eee age YY YA 500 meters 50 Kil.m. Oo - SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 56 ‘rou MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY : OF THE UNITED STATES A“DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF.MAM- MALS OCCURRING IN THAT REGION; WITH A_ GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE NATURAL HISTORY, AND A LIST OF TREES * BY EDGAR ALEXANDER MEARNS, M. D. Major and Surgeon, U.S. Army PART I Families Didelphiide to Muride « WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 ORNITH QL Tht MHS \9o7 PusiisHED APRIL 18, 1907. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Budletin and the Proceedings. The Bulletin, publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more or less extensive works intended to illustrate the collections of the United States National Museum and, with the exception noted below, is issued separately. These bulletins are monographic in scope and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological and botanical groups, faunas and floras, contributions to anthropology, reports of expeditions, etc. They are usually of octavo size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. This work forms No. 56 of the Bulletin series. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as Contributions from the National Herbarium, and containing papers relating to the botan- ical collections of the Museum, have been published as bulletins. ‘ The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended as a medium of publication of brief original papers based_ on the collections of the National Museum, and setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived there- from, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions .of. lim- ited groups. A volume is issued annually, or oftener, for distribution to libraries and scientific establishments, and in view of the importance- of the more prompt dissemination of new facts a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. CHarLes D. Watcort, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Wasnineton, U.S. A., March 16, 1907. It TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. TLABUE OR CONTENTS) .sicicleie dig cie-cicie cs cisisie siete ee a oc ee een eects cess v Lis? OF TULUSTRATIONS.... 2. 22:056000.cseccancdene eens n erm eetaseeemerereseanie xI ‘ Organization of the International Boundary Commission ........-..-.------- 1 Establishment of the biological section of the Survey......-.---------------- 2 Persons who participated in the field work of the biological section .......... 5 ACKMOW ed gM CHS. .2 ccacce ceca -cinelemcnineee meme memaiececiae cers eweees 6 Monuments and boundary sections.-...-..-.---+----------0- eee ee eee eee 7 Itinerary ........-..-- ie Reheat nee ene ease n aaa ne eee 8 General character of the region explored .........-..-.-----2-----------e-e- 23 Flora of the Mexican Boundary region....---.--------------2-2- eee e eee eee 32 List of trees of the Mexican Boundary Line. .........----------+--------0--- 36 Pinus strobiformis (Mexican white pine).........-....-.. -.2----------- 36 Pinus cembroides (Mexican pifion) --.....-.-....------------------ 2+ 37 Binusiedulig:C Bin on) pies ecursctacelecasiaceieomwsesemamtesane a tessoseeoed 37 Pinus monophylla (Single leaf pifion)... +. . 37 Pinus torreyana (Torrey pine)..-.-----.------ 2-0 e cece eee ee ee eee eee eens 38 Pinus arizonica (Arizona pine) ..--..-------- eee e nee e ene eee een eees 38 Pinus ponderosa (Bull pine) ..-.-.------------------e eee ee eee eee ee ei 38 Pinus mayriana (Mayr pine) .....-...-------- 22 -e eee ee ee eee eee eee eee 38 Pinus chihuahuana (Chihuahua pine)..-.....-..-.-----------------e-0- 39 Pinus sabiniana (Sabine pine) ...-....-...--------------- eee eee eee eee 39 Pinus coulteri (Coulter pine).........--..--2 22-20-20 0 - ee eee eee eee eee 39 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Douglas spruce) ...--.--.-------------+---- was 89) ADieS:CONCOLOE (WIEBE) wi ince camera eve wine Oo tertiniciretaieennoneeeeioaccms 40 Taxodium distichum (Bald cypress)........---------------ee eee eee eee 40 Libocedrus decurrens (Incense cedar) .-.-.-------------------------ee- 40 Cupressus goveniana (Gowen cypress) .....---------------- 2 eee eee eee 40 Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress) ...........-------- Pirie ahah tee a 41 Juniperus monosperma (One seed juniper)...-...-....----------------- 41 Juniperus californica (California juniper) ....--.--..------------------- 42 Juniperus pachyphlcea (Alligator juniper). .-..--..---------.------+--- 42 Neowashingtonia filamentosa (Fanleaf palm) -...---.------------------ 43 Yucca treculeana (Texas Spanish bayonet) ...........--------.-2-220-e5 43 Yucca brevifolia (Schott yucca) ....-- Sees cis eR nesEcaeee se eeeeese 43 - Yuceca-radiosa, (Desert:yueca) x2 cccnemcicc secs set oe seceieemmeeseseodeees 43 Yucca macrocarpa (Largefruit yucca) --...----..------------- eee eee ee 44 Yucca mohavensis (Mohave yucca) .......-.---2.-2.22----- 22-2 eee ee 5 44 Nolina bigelovii (Bigelow nolina) .........---.--------------+--------- 44 Juglans rupestris (Western walnut) ........-..-.------+---------------- 44 Hicoria pecan (Pecan) -..-. 2-00-02 eee eee eee eee ee eee eeen, as5 45 Salix nigra (Black willow)......--------200--- 22 cess cece ee eee eee cee ee 45 Salix occidentalis longipes (Longstalk willow)......-..----------------- 45 Salix amygdaloides (Almondleaf willow) .........--.------.----------- 46 Salix levigata (Smoothleaf willow) ........-.-.-...---20--.------22---- 46 Salix fluviatilis (Longleaf willow) ...........222-000.-002eeecee scene eee 46 Salix argophylla (Canescent willow)........-.----.-.----------2-----+-- 46 Salix taxifolia (Yewleaf willow) ...........2222--2-2.-222-02-2022-2-0- 46 Salix lasiolepis (Bigelow willow)......-.-.-.--------------2.222-0- coe 47 Salix nuttallii (Nuttall willow).....- isratandiatalcioraiciaiei standin Adieu desea cae AT Populus tremuloides (Aspen; quaking asp) ......---------------- ++... 47 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of trees of the Mexican Boundary Line—Continued. Page. Populus augustifolia (Narrowleaf cottonwood) ....------------+---e--+5- 47 Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) .-...-----.------+--e- ee eee eee 48 Alnus oregona (Red alder)......-.----------+--+-+-- aneeeuec ince oaes 49 Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak)... -- Lai eicep atau bewigieie meen ceisiae 49 Quercus breviloba (Durand oak) -.....---------------20- cere reer eee 50 Quercus undulata (Rocky Mountain oak) .....-..---------------+-+-+-- 50 Quercus engelmanni (Engelmann oak; evergreen white oaks) seule asa 50 Quercus oblongifolia (Oblongleaf oak; blue oak) ....------------------ 50 Quercus arizonica (Arizona white oak) :.......-.--------------------- 51 Quercus reticulata (Netleaf oak) .....--.--.----------------0 2-2-2222 51 Quercus toumeyi (Toumey oak).......-.-------2-- 22-22 ee ee eee eee 51 Quercus dumosa (California scrub oak).....---.----.-----------+-6---- 52 Quercus emoryi (Emory oak) -...----.----- 22-22 - ee eee eee eee ee eee 52 Quercus chrysolepis (Canyon live oak) ..-.-...-..----.---------------- 52 Quercus agrifolia (California live oak) -........-.---------------------- 53 Quercus hypoleuca (Whiteleaf oak) .......--..------------------------ 53 Quercus wislizeni (Highland live oak)......--.------------------------ 54 Quercus texana (Texas red oak) ......----- 22-222 - eee eee ee ee eee ee eee 54 Quercus californica (California black Oak) teres trduioedseaeenenel sate 54 Ulmus crassifolia (Cedar elm)... 2.22 0.2 ssveessaseeceeuceeees sed esses 54 Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) .cc2c0cees+ssecscnsebheeseeysseeee coe 54 Celtis reticulata (Palo blanco) ........--22----20eeeeeeecceeeeee eee eeee 55 Celtis mississippiensis (Sugarberry) ......-.-...----------------------- 55 Morus rubra (Red mulberry) ......---....--2-.---- 262-2 eee eee eee 55 Morus celtidifolia (Mexican mulberry) ..........---..2222--2eee-eee eee 55 Umbellularia californica (California laurel) .........--.---------------- 56 Lyonothamnus floribundus asplenifolius (San Clemente ironwood) .--.-. 56 Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) ........-..--------------------------- 56 Platanus racemosa (California sycamore) ........---------------------- 56 Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore) -..-..-.-..---------------------- 56 Vauquelinia californica (Vauquelinia) ...-..---.-22----------------+--- 57 Cercocarpus parvifolius betuloides (Birchleaf mahogany)._....--....--. 57 Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus (Entireleaf mahogany) ..--..-...- 57 Adenostoma sparsifolium (Red-shank chamiso) ................-------- 57 Amelanchier alnifolia (Western service tree) .-..- Ae ASR ease chiens 57 Heteromeles arbutifolia (Christmas berry).......--.----------.-------- 57 Prunus demissa (Western choke cherry) ....-...----.---------------+--- 58 Prunus salicifolia (Willowleaf cherry; Mexican cherry) .....-....--...- 58 Prunus ilicifolia (Hollyleaf cherry) .....-...-------------------------- 58 Prunus integrifolia (Entireleaf cherry) -....-..-.-----.----------20--+- 58 Acacia farnesiana (Huisache) .-.....----.----.-2------ 2-2 eee eee eee eee 58 Acacia gregpil (Devils claws) - .so (Type) ..2caecscwweneceircinectemweese a asememeens 20.—Odocoileus crooki. Teeth of type. 4a, Prods: of right upper molar series; b, crowns of same; ¢, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of same; e, incisor-canine series, front view....-.---.- 21.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. Metatarsa] gland............- Oscesee 22.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. a, Upper surface of tail; 6, lower sur- TACO sie edie aie cee cto Ries eet ame oases be ine earreaeiee 23.—Odocoileus hemionus canus. El Paso, Texas --.....-..--.2------- 24.—Teeth of Odocoileus hemionus canus. a, Profile of right upper molar series; b, crowns of right upper molar series; c, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of right lower molar series; e incisor- canine series; front: Vi€W.cace cee vedo adadseseeceseccecl eee ems 25.—Diagram of antlers of Odocoileus hemionus canus ......-.-.-.----- 26.—Antlers of Odocoileus hemionus eremicus.....-..--.-..+--+------ 27.—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. Skull of young male.....--...-. 28.—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. a, Tail, upper surface; 0, tail, Under'surlace nc ie. caetennasiecinenes Sorennareiecseseecceece mad 29.-—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. Metatarsal gland ..........-.-- 30.—Odocoileus hemionus californicus. Teeth of young male. u, Pro- file of right upper molar series; 6, crowns of right upper molar series; c, profile of right lower molar series; d, crowns of right lower molar series; ¢, incisor-canine‘series, front view..-.-....-- 31.—Antilocapra americana mexicana. u and c, Forefoot; 6 and d, ©» SUPIMATOOE ci, pcdaansclds seston aes ocean Sone Boake adeloae 32.—Antilocapra americana mexicana. Tail. a, Upper surface; b, lower SUTMACC ete teccee Dri ancasgeneseceseecun eos seseaeceetaaaecceene 33.—Skull of Antilocapra americana mexicana. .....----.--...---------- 34.—Horn of Ovis canadensis mexicana ...........-.----------0-2ee-ee 35.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Feet of adult male. a and b, Forefoot; 6. and d, Hindloot.we secs ss seisswssa geeenied sesale dtioee sink ces 36.-—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Skull of type.....-..--.--.-..---..---- 37.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Skull of adult male. u, Lateral view; Od orsel VIEW ato eee tea lee Mactamceiee Ss o See eae ne aa 88.—Ovis canadensis gaillardi. Horn of type .-........-...----.---.- - 39.—Ovis canadensis. Skull of adult male. Three Buttes, Montana. a, Lateral view; 0, dorsal view.....-.--.--..--.-.---22---eeeeee 40.—Sciurus mearnsi. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral Vi8Wocasscecienen woteinpeesieses nt Soke tak dendaasdedsaeees 186 188 189 190 192 192 195 195 196 210 211 211 212 212 220 221 225 236 240 241 241 242 243 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII Page, Fic. 41.—Sciurus griseus anthonyi. Laguna Mountains, California. wu, Fore- foots by HindfoOti...ccsecccjecccin sect ceeeeeeeaee yaaa ees eects 265 42.—Sciurus griseus anthonyi. San Diego County, California. «, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral view. .....- qos sisichloweyeriaeezees 266 43.—Sciurus apache. San Luis Mountains, near Monument No. 65. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view......--.----------- 272 44.—Sciurus arizonensis, huachuca. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, lateral view ........------------ 278 45.—Sciurus rufiventer texianus. Dorsal view of skull. Fort Clark, WX Shs acaisis disuse ted tetieieloe ae tele ie letule ute slew eintninpclareiparrcuareiaraa 282 .46.—Sciurus rufiventer. Dorsal view of skull. West Northfield, TNO: cyano ase cee ao eeeericetecteyx Ge 6 = Sie wieTateremreeeineieisreavenions 282 47.—Eutamias dorsalis. a, Teal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, lateral view. 290 48.—Ammospermophilus harrisii saxicola. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; 0, ventral view; c, lateral view.....------------ 2-22 eee eee eee eee 307 49.—Callospermophilus lateralis. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral view; ¢, lateral view..........---------- 310 50.—Citellus tridecemlineatus. Fort Snelling, Minnesota. u, Dorsal Vidw.s (bi, VENtTALVIOW 2. ccd ccmte de ee eee cig oeainse cis mre eee. 327 51.—Citellus tridecemlineatus. Fort Snelling, Minnesota .........-.-- 328 52.—Citellus mexicanus parvidens. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral WiGWi-¢,. lateral VIEW 2 ssic a cin ccm emime caememnicmmieieiiimeecieieisenem 329 53.—Citellus spilosoma arens. Fort Hancock, Texas. a, Forefoot; 6, i hindfoot ...-.....---. PE Sn eee eeesaeteraneeceeie EeIeeemtmaase 331 54.—Citellus spilosoma macrospilotus. La Noria, Sonora, near Monu- ment No. 112. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral view... 334 55.—Citellus tereticaudus. Quitobaquita, Arizona.........-..--...---- 337 56.—Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; Gy lateral View scsaarasvecsiceewiedite bata lciolne ea sae Walaraiesclasrsnearesare 340 57.—Castor canadensis frondator. (Type.) a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view} ¢, lateral View wassiveseses cusses cs s tomeeeemeeeeiame ccs 351 58.—Mus alexandrinus. a, Skull; 6, upper molars; c, lower molars -... 363 59.—Mus musculus. a, Forefoot; 6, hindfoot; c, ear; d, tail.........--- 364 60.—Onychomysiongipes. u, Skull; b, lower molars: c, upper molars... 370 61.—Onychomys pallescens. a, Skull; b, lower molars; c,upper molars... 371 62.—Onychomys melanophrys. u, Lower molars; b, upper molars ..--. 378 63.—Onychomys torridus. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot; c, tail ........---- 375 64.—Onychomys torridus. a, Lower molars; 6, upper molars ....-.---- 375 65.—Onychomys torridus arenicola. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; 8, ventral view; c¢, lateral view --.----...----------- 2-22 eee eee 3877 66.—Onychomys torridus perpallidus. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral view......-----.-----------------eeee 378 67.—Baiomys taylori. Under surface of feet. a, Forefoot; b, hindfoot.. 381 68.—Baiomys taylori. Crowns of molar teeth showing progressive stages of wear. a, c, ande, Lower series; b, d, and f, upper series ..... 381 69.—Baiomys taylori. Skull. «u, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral VIEW. sine alias aiciicomrnue vaulene stant nes aaqaesesdauer ent eek 382 70.—Peromyscus sonoriensis. a, Dorsal view of skull; 6, crowns of lower molars; c, crowns of upper molars ....-...-.--------.---------- 385 71.—Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus. Skull. «a, Dorsal view; b, ventral View?) cy lateral VIEW sc. 5< scciecieisicictee boe pistes mamiamietienid ammci 393 72.—Peromyscus sonoriensis rufinus. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; b, upper series ..........222. 2-22-2222 ee eee eee ee ee eee 393 XIV Fia. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 73.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. Anterior upper molar of three individuals, showing changes in the form of the enamel patterns Ade tor Wear. .icocecacecccecaccdaeness neneeseeesesesee. oases 74,—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. a, Hindfoot; 8, tail......--.- 75.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. Skull. a, Dorsal view; }, ventral view; c, lateral view ....-..-----------------+- eee eee 76.—Peromyscus sonoriensis deserticola. .Crowns of molar teeth. a, Upper series; b, lower series. ...-..---..----++----ee-eee ee eeee 77.—Peromyscus sonoriensis mediug. Skull ..-.-------+------------- 78.—Peromyscus sonoriensis clementis. Skull_......---------------- 79.—Peromyscus leucopus. «a, Forefoot; 6, hindfoot; c, tail......-.-.. 80.—Peromyscus mearnsii. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, lateral Vasw cc osc as0s cece sedicmeei ss manaceasecenesicnee sete 81.—Peromyscus mearnsii. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; 6, UPPSr! SELIES cuss Saisie secret ewan teas ek cmmeesssee eee sete 82.—Peromyscus texanus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; c, lateral view ...-..--------- 2-2 enon eee en cee nee eee e nee 83.—Peromyscus texanus. Crownsof molar teeth. a, Lower series; 5, UPPer SETIES 622022 cc ances erecwer st cumecnwesemee se ewes ss sie 84.—Peromyscus tornillo. Skull. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c¢, lateral view ...... 2-22-2220 eee eee ee ee eee ee eee 85.—Peromyscus tornillo. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Lower series; 6, Upper SerleS sy .cdcestteas qgeacaewielseeecnad Sansa ducanaeces 86.—Peromyscus arizone. Skull. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral VWieWe ees Soe datesssincmeee se sawioe dasseceeteecads 87.—Peromyscus arizone. Crowns of molar teeth. a, Upper series; }, lower series..Ge5 03s suascdudeeceteeeuacs 22. eee eau eee 88.—Peromyscus boylii. Skulland teeth of type. a, Skull, dorsal view; b, crowns of lower molars; c, crowns of upper molars ...--..-..- 89.—Peromyscus boylii pinalis. Skull and teeth. u, Skull, dorsal view; b, crowns of lower molars; c, crowns of upper molars........-.- 90.—Peromyscus boylii pinalis. Lower surface of hindfoot ........... 91.— Peromyscus boylii penicillatus. Skull of type. a, Dorsal view; 0, ‘ventral view ; ¢, lateral view......-------- Bi pee Pera oie ea ha 92.—Peromyscus boylii penicillatus. Crowns of molar teeth of type. u, Lower series; b, upper series .....-.-.---------------------- 93.—Peromyscus martirensis. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; ¢, lateral ViGW 2-252 issmeocnscedeeeeeeeg ts tede Bins eek esse 94.—Peromyscus martirensis. Crowns of molar teeth. u, Lower series; O; Upper SeTICS <) we ase ss cececee ssa ak eee oad ash eesknieene 95.—Peromyscus stephensi. Skull. a, Dorsal view; b, ventral view; c, lateral VCWsissisa2sSaciciecinnadethicee sete. diem aeacecws a ceniclen 96.—Peromyscus stephensi. Crowns of molar teeth. u, Lower series; 8, Upper S6MES 2 ciccecesestaaddoncencetasnecei's saehereeeeeae:s’ 97.—Peromyscus californicus insignis. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ven- tral view; c, lateral view.-.-.-.--. seueite ees 4 eaictcceceeescmiea oe 98.—Peromyscus californicus insignis. Crown of molar teeth. a, Lower series; 6, Upper Sriesesicec sewers oles cue et oeeseeaeercccseass 99.—Peromyscus eremicus. u, Hindfoot; ), tail..............2----... 100.—Peromyscus eremicus. Skull. a, Dorsal view; 6, ventral view; C lateral Vie Wiccsaeewu = npasaseeesceaateaus Dr. J. N. Rose considers the Salton River tree an undescribed species, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VI 1. PopPuLus FREMONTIH (SEE Pace 48), 2. Across THE RIO GRANDE RIVER (SEE PAGE 80). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY, 49 the Verde Valley showed any foliage by March 25; but on descend- ing to Ash Creek, March 26, we found a beautiful grove of cotton- woods in full foliage; and March 27, on reaching New River, the foliage of the cottonwood here, and farther on along New River near its junction with the Agua Fria, had assumed the dark, rich tint of green, characteristic of the fully developed leaf. The trees were feathery with “cotton,” which hung in festoons from the drooping branches. I gathered a quantity of it at Huston’s Ranch for stuffing and packing specimens. ALNUS OREGONA Nuttall. RED ALDER. Small trees were found on the San Diego River in California. Alders were not seen elsewhere on the Mexican Boundary, but on the headwaters of the Verde River, in central Arizona, Alnus acuminata grows commonly along streams, and has the proportions of a medium- sized tree. QUERCUS GAMBELII Nuttall. GAMBEL OAK. This is a deciduous white oak, growing only at or near the sum- mits of the higher mountains. It occupies the Canadian or lowest division of the Boreal Zone, and is often associated with the Mexican white pine, Douglas spruce, and aspen. In good soil ‘it reaches a height of 20 to 60 feet, with a trunk from 1 to 3 feet in diameter. Some trees seen on the Mogollon Mountains, Arizona, probably exceeded these dimensions. At the base of San Francisco Mountain, near Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1886 and 1887, I camped in a handsome grove of these trees, which had long ago excited the admiration of the members of Captain Sitgreaves’s party, but which was over- looked by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, who observed: ¢ There is something remarkable respecting the history of this tree in the San Francisco Mountain region. Sitgreaves and other early explorers speak of it as abundant about the mountain, while we did not find it at all in the very places where it was formerly common. Its absence explains the absence of several species of birds which might be expected at the mountain, but which are rarely found except in oak scrub. On the higher peaks of the Mexican Boundary region this oak usually becomes reduced to a scrubby bush from 2 to 4 feet in height; but on the Animas Mountains, close to the summit of next to the highest peak of the range, a tree was seen which was 2 feet in di- ameter and 30 feet in height, with rough, whitish bark, resembling that of the eastern white oak (Quercus alba). Large examples @North American Fauna, No. 3, p. 119, September 11, 1890, 30639—No. 56-—07 m——4. 50 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of this tree are scarce on the San Luis Mountains; and few were seen that reached 25 feet in height on the San José Mountains; but large trees were frequently seen in the Huachuca Mountains. (Plate V, fig. 2.) Its vertical range on the San Luis Mountains is from 2,204 meters (7,230 feet) to the summit, or 2,400 meters (7,874 feet) ; on the San José Mountains, from 2,085 meters (6,840 feet) to the summit (2,541 meters, or 8,337 feet) ; and on the Huachuca Mountains, from 2,133 meters (7,000 feet) to the summit (2,887 meters, or 9,472 feet). The two largest specimens seen on the San José Mountains measured, respectively, 24 feet in diameter and 30 feet in height (altitude 7,150 feet), and 2 by 60 feet (altitude 7,250 feet; beside a spring). ¥ QUERCUS BREVILOBA (Torrey) Sargent. DURAND OAK. This is a large evergreen oak, abundant along the streams of Texas as far west as Devils River. It usually leans toward the streams along which it grows, the branches frequently touching those of the opposite side. In Texas this species is the analogue of Quer- cus agrifolia in California. QUERCUS UNDULATA Torrey. ROCKY MOUNTAIN OAK. This is a scrub oak, ranging from western Texas to Arizona. It is less abundant on the Mexican Boundary than farther north. QUERCUS ENGELMANNI Greene. ENGELMANN OAK; EVERGREEN WHITE OAK, This is a tree of the Upper Sonoran zone, west of the Coast Range, in California and Lower California. This zone was crossed between Campo and Tecate Mountain (Monuments Nos. 240 to 245), on the Mexican Line. Farther north, between San Diego and Cuyamaca Mountain, it forms a somewhat broader zone, below the range of Pinus sabiniana. It is a handsome evergreen oak of medium size. QUERCUS OBLONGIFOLIA Torrey. OBLONGLEAF OAK; BLUE OAK. This is the oak of the lower timber line on the mountains of the interior region, where the groves of this tree bear a general resem- blance to apple orchards in the East. The leaves are small, glaucous, and evergreen. We found it on the Dog Mountains, in Guadalupe Canyon, and on the Mule, San José, Huachuca, Patagonia, and Pajaritos rhountains, always forming a narrow belt at the lower general timber line. Its vertical range is from 1,266 meters, or 4,157 feet (Monument No. 73, in Guadalupe Canyon), to 1,874 meters, or MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 51 6,150 feet (near Gallina Springs, San José Mountains). Its longi- tudinal range, on the Mexican Line, is from the Dog Mountains to the Pajaritos Mountains (Monuments Nos. 54 to about 188). The largest tree seen measured 2.63 meters in circumference and 20 meters in height (Cloverdale, Grant County, New Mexico). QUERCUS ARIZONICA Sargent. ARIZONA WHITE OAK. This oak, which in Arizona is commonly known as the white live oak, to distinguish it from Quercus emoryi, which is called the black live oak, is the commonest of the genus along the Mexican Border, perhaps excepting the Emory oak. It is a rather low, widely spreading tree, with the short trunk from 1 to 4 feet in diameter and 20 to 60 feet in height. As a rule this species begins just above the lower edge of timber, commencing a little higher than Quercus oblongifolia, with which it is associated in the lowest part of its range. Its extreme vertical range is from 1,267 meters, or 4,157 feet (Guadalupe Canyon), to 2,500 meters, or 8,200 feet (San José Mountain). Longitudinally its range coincides with that portion of the Mexican Boundary Line which is formed by the parallel of 31° 20’ (Monuments Nos. 53 to 127). We found it in the Dog, San Luis, Animas, Guadalupe, Cero Gallardo, Mule, San José, Huachuca, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, and Pajaritos mountains. It belongs to the Transi- tion Zone. QUERCUS RETICULATA Humboldt and Bonpland. NETLEAF OAK, This oak, which is remarkable for its long-stalked acorns, was only found on the San Luis, Animas, and Huachuca mountains. At the summits of these high ranges it is a shrub, but lower down it becomes a small tree with rough, whitish bark. On the west side of the San Luis Mountains, in Turkey Canyon, it descends to 1,893 meters (6,210 . feet). The largest tree seen was perhaps 20 feet in height and 6 inches in diameter; but none were measured in the field. QUERCUS TOUMEYI Sargent. TOUMEY OAK, This oak is about 8 to 10 meters (25 to 30 feet) in height, with a short trunk 15 to 20 dm. (6 to 8 inches) in diameter, usually dividing near the ground into several stout wide-spreading branches, which form a broad head. It occurs sparingly in the neighborhood of Monument No. 40, in Grant County, New Mexico, and abundantly in the Mule Mountains in Cochise County, in southern Arizona. It isa tree of the Upper Sonoran Zone. 52 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. QUERCUS DUMOSA Nuttall. CALIFORNIA SCRUB OAK, This scrubby oak was found on both sides of the Coast Range Mountains, in California, its range extending to the Pacific coast and neighboring islands of the Santa Barbara group. It belongs to the Upper Sonoran Life Zone, in some places reaching the Lower Sonoran. QUERCUS EMORYI Torrey. EMORY OAK, This evergreen black oak was first met with going westward in the Dog Mountains in Grant County, New Mexico, and was com- mon thence to La Osa (Monument No. 140), at the western extremity of the Pajaritos Mountains. With the exception of Quercus oblongi- folia, its distribution is lower than the rest of the oaks. On the west side of the San Luis Mountains the lowest tree in prolongation of Turkey Canyon is a cherry at 1,680 meters (5,510 feet) and the second an Emory oak at 1,683 meters (5,520 feet). From this point it is common up to 6,500 feet (1,981 meters) altitude. On the east side of the San Luis Mountains, near White Water, it was found at 1,654 meters (5,425 feet) altitude. On the Dog Mountains its range extends from the base up to the altitude of 1,753 meters (5,750 feet), where it ends with the one-seed red juniper. On the San Jose Mountains, near Gallina Spring, it was found as high as 1,963 meters (6,440 feet). The Emory oak is the most common and the most valuable tree of its genus in Arizona. Its acorns are sweet and toothsome, its foliage glossy and beautiful, and its trunk tall and straight. It occurs in the upper Sonoran Zone, but seldom penetrates the Transition Zone. The finest specimens grow in valleys, usually near streams. The largest ones seen along the Boundary were in the Pajaritos Mountains. Some of these were nearly 30 meters (100 feet) in height and about 1 meter (3 to 4 feet) in diameter. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS Liebmann. CANYON LIVE OAK. This is an evergreen shrub on the tops of the highest mountains of the Elevated Central Tract, becoming a small tree lower down on the slopes of these mountains. The leaves are small, coriaceous, and glossy; sometimes entire, but the young shoots usually bear spine-angled leaves which resemble those of the holly. On Nigger Head peak of the Huachuca Mountains its range extends from the altitude of 1,951 meters (6,400 feet) upward. Specimens were taken at 6,400 feet from a tree 2 feet in diameter and 25 feet in height. At U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VII 1. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA (SEE PAGE 53). 2. QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA (SEE PAGE 53). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 53 2,133 meters (7,000 feet) this oak was reduced to a shrub, having spiny angled instead of mostly entire leaves. On the San Luis Mountains this tree was not met with on the main ridge north of Turkey Canyon below the altitude of 2,240 meters (7,340 feet), and only spiny-leaved shrubs were seen; but in Turkey Canyon trees were found as low as 2,133 meters (7,000 feet), having mostly entire leaves and ranging from 6 to 9 meters (20 to 80 feet) in height. The bark is usually rather smooth and blackish gray. The acorn cups are very characteristic. In the Canelo Hills, between the Huachuca Mountains and the Santa Cruz River, two handsome trees were seen. It was also found on the highest peaks of the Coast Range Mountains, in California. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA Née. CALIFORNIA LIVE OAK, A tall, handsome tree, bearing boat-shaped evergreen leaves. It is the common oak tree of the low valleys of the Pacific Coast Tract. We did not observe it on the east slope of the Coast Range Moun- tains, though it appeared as soon as the divide was crossed, in the vicinity of Jacumba Hot Springs. It again disappeared in the low country bordering the Pacific Ocean, where it is replaced by the serub oak (Quercus dumosa). In San Diego County, California, this tree sometimes reaches the height of 23 to 30 meters (75 to 100 feet), with the trunk 0.5 to 1.5 meters (2 to 5 feet) in diameter. {Plate VII, fig. 1.) QUERCUS HYPOLEUCA Engelmann. WHITELEAF OAK, A handsome evergreen oak, with medium-sized leathery leaves covered on the under surface with whitish tomentum. It is usually a small or medium-sized tree, but near the lower spring in Turkey Canyon of the San Luis Mountain are several trees that reach nearly 30 meters (100 feet) in height, with straight trunks 1 meter (about 3 feet) in diameter. At the highest spring on the north side of the San José Mountains at 2,297 meters (7,250 feet) altitude is a white- leaf oak measuring 23 meters (75 feet) in height by 0.67 meter (2 feet) in diameter. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) The extreme vertical range of this oak is from 1,775 meters or 5,825 feet (Turkey Canyon, San Luis Mountains, Chihuahua) to 2,877 meters or 9,440 feet (summit of\Animas Peak, New Mexico). As in the case of other species of oak, it becomes a shrub on the mountain summits. On the east side of the San Luis Mountains the lowest were noted at 1,865 meters (6,120 feet); on the west side at 1,775 meters (5,825 feet). In Millers Canyon of the Huachuca 54 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mountains it begins, below, at 1,829 meters (6,000 feet) along with the maple (Acer saccharum grandidentatum). The whiteleaf oak was found only on the Animas, San Luis, Guadalupe, San José, and Huachuca mountains. QUERCUS WISLIZENI A. de Candolle. HIGHLAND LIVE OAK. A small tree, which we found only about the summits of the Laguna Mountains of the Coast Range in California. It is readily distinguished from Quercus chrysolepis by its very different fruit. QUERCUS TEXANA Buckley. TEXAS RED OAK. This is the red oak, or Spanish oak, of Texas: found sparingly at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas, and abundantly on the hills to the northeast of that place. Specimens were identified by Mr. George B. Sudworth, dendrologist of the Forest Service. QUERCUS CALIFORNICA (Torrey) Cooper. CALIFORNIA BLACK OAK, A large, handsome oak, growing with the Sabine and Coulter pines, in the higher portions of the Laguna Mountains in the Coast Range of California. The acorns, which are large, are an important article of diet with the Indians of the region, in whose huts we saw large sacks of them. We were also informed that during hard times, when the ground was deeply covered with snow and the Indians threatened with famine, they were sometimes obliged to chop down the pines in order to obtain the acorns, which wood- peckers (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi) habitually store, in large quantities, in holes pecked in the pine bark. ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA Nuttall. CEDAR ELM, A tall tree, 15 to 80 meters (50 to 100 feet), along the streams of south central Texas. It was not seen west of Devils River. CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS Linnzus. HACKBERRY, The hackberry is a common tree in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. It was first met with, going west at Monu- ment No. 40, about 100 miles west of the Rio Grande, in the Apache Mountains. It was found in the canyons of the Dog Mountains, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 55 New Mexico, and on the plain near Alamo Hueco Spring, several remarkably large specimens were observed growing beside a dry arroyo. In descending through Guadalupe Canyon, from the high Animas Valley, the first hackberries were met with at the altitude of 1,481 meters (4,860 feet). A photograph of one was made at 1,493 meters (4,800 feet). It is of frequent occurrence on the upper course of the San Bernardino River. On the western slope of the Sulphur Spring Valley, at the altitude of 1,402 meters (4,600 feet), a superb grove of hackberry trees occupies. the bed of a dry water- course. It is common in ravines of the Mule, Huachuca, and Pata- gonia mountains, as well as throughout the upper Santa Cruz Valley. None of the largest specimens was measured; but I should roughly estimate their size at about 1 meter (3 feet) in diameter by 15 meters (50 feet) in height. The altitudinal range of this species is from 975 meters, or 3,200 feet (on the San Bernardino River near the mouth of Cajon Bonito Creek), to 1,700 ‘neters, or 5,578 feet (Bisbee, Arizona). CELTIS RETICULATA Torrey. PALO BLANCO. This tree was collected at Monument No. 90, Mexican Boundary Line, south of Bisbee, Arizona. It has been recorded by Dr. N. L. Britton as among the collections sent in by Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox from the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. As observed by us, it is a small tree in arroyos, below the general timber line. I did not meet ‘with it, to the eastward, beyond the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui. CELTIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS Bosc. SUGARBERRY. A common tree at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas; also on the Devils River, Texas. MORUS RUBRA Linnezus. RED MULBERRY. Texas, east of the Devils River. Las Moras Creek, at Fort Clark, in Kinney County, received its name from the former abundance of this tree on its banks. At present it is scarce there, only a few small trees having been observed by us, but we were fortunate in obtaining a specimen. MORUS CELTIDIFOLIA Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. MEXICAN MULBERRY. 7 This mulberry was first seen in the Dog Mountains. There are some fine ones at Dog Spring, which, we were informed, were the only trees around the spring when the ranch was first established. 56 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The species was subsequently found in Guadalupe Canyon; on Cajon Bonito Creek, one of the heads of the Yaqui River; at Niggerhead in the Perrilla Mountains; at the base of the San José Mountains, Sonora; on the San Pedro River and Babocomeri Creek (altitude 1,481 meters, or 4,860 feet), Arizona; on the upper Santa Cruz River; and it also occurs at Forts Whipple and Verde, in central Arizona. Its vertical range is from 1,219 meters (4,000 feet or less) up to about 1,524 meters (5,000 feet). UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA (Hooker and Arnott) Nuttall. CALIFORNIA LAUREL, This small but handsome tree was found only at or near the sum- mits of the Coast Range Mountains, in the Transition zone. LYONOTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS ASPLENIFOLIUS (Greene) Brandegee. SAN CLEMENTE IRONWOOD. A small tree on San Clemente Island, off the coast of southern California. PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linnzus. SYCAMORE, A very large tree; common on the banks of streams east of the Pecos River, in Texas. PLATANUS RACEMOSA Nuttall. CALIFORNIA SYCAMORE, The range of this sycamore is from the west slope near the sum- mit of the Coast Range Mountains to the Pacific. In the neighbor- hood of the Boundary Line it is a smaller tree than the Arizona sycamore. PLATANUS WRIGHTII Watson. ARIZONA SYCAMORE. A splendid tree, 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) in diameter and 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) in height, growing along streams of the Elevated Central Tract. I first met with it in the Dog Mountains, New Mexico. It was subsequently found along nearly every stream or watercourse to the western extremity of the Pajaritos Mountains of Sonora and Arizona. Its determined vertical range is from 975 meters or 3,200 feet (junction of Cajon Creek with the San Ber- nardino River, Sonora) to 2,042 meters or 6,700 feet (San José Mountains, Sonora). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 57 VAUQUELINIA CALIFORNICA (Torrey) Sargent. VAUQUELINIA. A handsome tree, about 3 to 5 meters (10 to 15 feet) in height, growing sparsely on the otherwise barren hills bordering the Guada- lupe Canyon, in the adjacent corners of Arizona, New Mexico, Chi- huahua, and Sonora. A tree that was photographed grew at the altitude of 1,402 meters (4,600 feet) in the southeastern corner of Arizona. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS BETULOIDES (Nuttall) Sargent. BIRCHLEAF MAHOGANY. A tall shrub or small tree, abundant in the mountains of the Coast Range in California. CERCOCARPUS PARVIFOLIUS PAUCIDENTATUS Watson. ENTIRELEAF MAHOGANY. This is the common mahogany of the mountains of the Elevated Central Tract. It was found at the summit of the Hachita Grande (altitude 2,545 meters, or 8,350 feet) and in canyons of the Dog Mountains (altitude 1,868 meters, or 6,129 feet) ; is common on the lower slopes, ranging also to the highest summits of the San Luis, Animas, and San José mountains, and is also common on the Hua- chuca, Patagonia, Pajaritos, and other moutains of southern Arizona, as well as at Bakers Butte, in central Arizona. ADENOSTOMA SPARSIFOLIUM Torrey. RED-SHANK CHAMISO. A very attractive small tree of the west slopes of the Coast Range Mountains, found by us from Jacumba Spring (Monument No. 233) west to Pine Valley, California, and Nachoguero Valley, Lower Cali- fornia, its range being much narrower than that of the common shrubby chamiso (Adenostoma fasciculatum obtusifolium S. Wat- son). The “red-shank” has red branches, reddish shreddy bark, and bears small white flowers copiously in June. AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA Nuttall. WESTERN SERVICE TREE, A small tree, at the summit of the Coast Range (Laguna Moun- tains), California. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA (Poiret) Roemer. TOYON; CHRISTMAS BERRY. A small tree, ranging from the Santa Barbara Islands up to about 1,372 meters (4,500 feet) altitude on the west slope of the Coast Range Mountains, in California and northern Lower California. The form which we found on San Clemente Island grows to be a larger tree with broader leaves than that of the mainland. 58 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL .MUSEUM. PRUNUS DEMISSA (Nuttall) Walpers. WESTERN CHOKE CHERRY. This, a tree of medium size, was found near the summit of the Laguna Mountains of the Coast Range, about 15 miles north of the Mexican Border. PRUNUS SALICIFOLIA Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. WILLOWLEAF CHERRY; MEXICAN CHERRY. The common cherry of the Elevated Central Tract. A small tree 0.84 to 0.64 meter (1 to 2 feet) in diameter and 6 to 10 meters (20 to 35 feet) in height, with white wood and thin-seeded fruit. It was obtained in the San Luis, San José, and Huachuca mountains. Its determined vertical range is from about 1,341 meters, or 4,400 feet (Cajon Bonito Creek, Chihuahua), to 2,198 meters, or 7,210 feet (San José Mountains, Sonora). On the north slope of the San José Moun- tains a tree measuring 0.34 meter (1 foot) in diameter and about 5 meters (15 feet) in height was found at the altitude of 2,027 meters (6,650 feet) ; a tree 0.34 by 6 meters (1 by 20 feet) at 2,042 meters (6,700 feet) altitude; a tree 0.64 by 10 meters (2 by 35 feet) at 6,740 feet altitude; several trees at the Upper Spring (2,054 meters or 7,060 feet altitude), the largest measuring about 0.5 by 7.5 meters (1.64 by 25 feet) ; a tree 0.64 by 7.5 meters (2 by 25 feet) at 2,194 meters (7,200 feet) altitude, and several small trees at 2,197 meters (7,210 feet). PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA (Nuttall) Walpers. HOLLYLEAF CHERRY. This, a small-sized tree, is the common cherry on the summits and Pacific slopes of the Coast Range Mountains, in the neighborhood of the International Boundary Line. PRUNUS INTEGRIFOLIA (Sudworth) Sargent. ENTIRELEAF CHERRY. A tree about 5 to $ meters (15 to 25 feet) in height, growing in moist canyons on San Clemente Island, California. ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linnzus) Willdenow. HUISACHE. This beautiful and fragrant tree was found on the banks of Las Moras Creek, Kinney County, Texas. It is an abundant species in the region round about San Antonio, Texas. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 59 « ACACIA GREGGII Gray. DEVILS CLAWS. A common tree of Arizona and southern California; abundant along the Mexican Border. The larger trees have the trunk a foot in diameter and reach the height of 20 feet. At Pozo de Luis these acacias were shedding their leaves in January. It is a species of the Sonoran. Zone. In southwestern Texas there is a shrub acacia resembling Acacia greggii (Cat. No. 1523, July 1, 1893, Sierra Blanca, Texas), but with smaller leaves.* PROSOPIS ODORATA Torrey and Frémont. TORNILLO; SCREW BEAN. A slender, graceful tree, bearing twisted pods and whitish spines; abundant along streams of the Lower Sonoran zone from the Rio Grande of Texas to the Coast Range Mountains of California. It is usually of the size of the devils claws (Acacia greggii), though some- times rivaling the mesquite. Along the Colorado River, in the vicinity of Fort Mohave, Arizona, the forests of screw beans are utilized by the Mohave Indians, who use the fruit for food. Heaps of screw beans may be seen in all of their settlements. PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA Torrey. MESQUITE, This is a common tree or shrub, as the case may be, from the Gulf coast of Texas to the Pacific Ocean, though it is rare west of the Coast Range Mountains, along the Mexican Boundary Line. The vertical range of the mesquite is from sea level (near Monument No. 258), and below it (in parts of the Colorado Desert) up to the lower timber line (altitude 1,692 meters, or 5,550 feet, near Langs Ranch) on the mountains of the interior. This is an exceedingly variable species. In Texas it grows as a small tree, having a drooping habit, and fern- like, long pinnate leaves. In the deserts of New Mexico, Arizona, and California it becomes a shrub, forming mounds or sand hills in the most fertile places. Along the Colorado River and its tribu- taries it becomes a tree of considerable size. Along the Santa Cruz River, in Sonora, are forests of unusually large mesquites, some of which measure 24 feet in diameter and 50 feet in height. The mes- quites of the Colorado River bottom, below Fort Mojave, also have distinct trunks and grow to an unusual height. @ Another acacia ( Acacia constricta Bentham), usually considered as a shrub, becomes a small tree on the headwaters of the Yaqui River, near the Inter- national Line and the boundary between New Mexico and Arizona, 60 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, On the head of the Yaqui River, in Guadalupe Canyon, and along Cajon Bonito Creek and the San Bernardino River the mesquite has the habit of a tall, much-branched shrub, or frequently a small tree, with a distinct trunk, bearing pods of a peculiar form and leaves with crowded and very small pinne. It is probable that at least three forms of the mesquite will eventually be recognized from the Mexican border of the United States as follows: (1) The mesquite of eastern Texas, west to Devils River, having a slender, drooping habit, with few and long leaflets; fruit not seen. (2) The mesquite of the upper Rio Grande, extending thence west to the Pacific Ocean; differs from the above in habit of growth and in having smaller leaflets.* (3) The mesquite of the San Ber- nardino, Guadalupe, and Cajon Bonito creeks, headwaters of the Yaqui River, having minute leaflets and a different fruit from No. 2. The mesquite loses its foliage in winter, regaining it in April and May. At Maricopa, March 31, 1885, it was noted as not yet in leaf, and at Deming, New Mexico, April 24, 1885, as just unfolding its leaves. CERCIS RENIFORMIS Engelmann. TEXAS REDBUD. This small tree is very abundant in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Texas, and thence west to Devils River, growing in the neighborhood of streams. PARKINSONIA ACULEATA Linnzus. HORSE BEAN. This graceful tree is extensively cultivated in the border towns. It grows from Texas to California, but was only found in a wild state in the neighborhood of La Osa and La Ventana, in Pima County, Arizona, and sparingly on the Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mex- ico. It is a tree of the Lower Sonoran zone. The trunk is usually less than 0.34 meter (1 foot) in diameter, the tree seldom exceeding 9 meters (80 feet) in height. PARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA Torrey. SMALLLEAF HORSE BEAN. A beautiful and abundant tree, on the Mexican Border between the Pozo Verde Mountains and the Colorado River. It is also found about Fort Lowell, and along the Gila, Salt, and Verde rivers, in Arizona. The bark is smooth, waxy, and bright yellowish-green throughout, including the trunk down to the ground. This tree often reaches the height of about 6 meters (20 feet), with the trunk «Dr. Mearns’ No. 1 is Prosopis glandulosa Torrey, his No. 2 is Prosopis velutina Wooten.— EDITOR. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 61 0.34 meter in diameter. We found it most abundant at Pozo de Luis and in the Sonoyta Valley. Its local distribution differs from that of the Palo Verde (Cercidium torreyanum) in that its habitat ex- tends to the hills and rocky places instead of being restricted to the edges of arroyos. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM (Watson) Sargent. PALO VERDE. This tree resembles the small-leaf horse-bean (Parkinsonia mi- crophylla), but is larger, with the bark less yellowish and waxy in appearance; bark mostly smooth, but gray on the large trunks, instead of green throughout. The leaves are larger. The well- known Palo Verde is a tree of the Lower Sonoran Zone, ranging from the Colorado Desert, where it blooms in April, east nearly to the Pozo Verde Mountains, on the Mexican line. On the plain west of the Sierra de Ja Salada the finest specimens of this beautiful tree were seen. The largest had a trunk nearly a meter (2,5 to 3 feet) in diameter and about 10 meters (33 feet) in height. SOPHORA SECUNDIFLORA (Cavanilles) de Candolle.' FRIJOLILLO; FRIGOLITO; CORAL BEAN. A small tree of the Rio Grande Valley, abundant in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Texas, where it is known to the Americans as the laurel and to the Mexicans as the “ frijolillo.” It bears deep green leaves of about 9 elliptical-oblong coriaceous leaflets and showy terminal racemes of violet (sometimes white) flowers, which are very fragrant; but, like those of Robinia, becoming overpowering and nauseating when kept in large amount in a close room. The large woody pods contain 1 to 4 rounded red beans, as large as small marbles, and said to be poisonous. It is abundant in Devils River Valley. EYSENHARDTIA ORTHOCARPA (Gray) Watson. EYSENHARDTIA. A. small tree in canyons on the headwaters of the Yaqui River. It grows abundantly about the rock bases of Niggerhead, the Cerro Gallardo, and at San Bernardino Springs. PAROSELA SPINOSA (Gray) Vail. INDIGO THORN; MANGLE. This is a tree 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33 feet) in height and 2 to 4 cm. (7.9 to 15.7 inches) in diameter, spiny and of close habit. Its copious violet-colored flowers yield a delicious fragrance. It was first met with in the Sonoyta Valley, Sonora, Mexico, where, contrary to the habit of other trees of the region, it grew in the sandy bottoms of 62 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. arroyos instead of upon their banks. It suckers profusely. We also found it in arroyos about Tule Wells, and in canyons at the eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains in California. It is known to Mexicans as the “ mangle.” ROBINIA NEOMEXICANA Gray. NEW MEXICO LOCUST. This beautiful locust grows in mountain canyons, ranging from western Texas to Arizona. The largest are small trees from 3 to 4 meters (10 to 15 feet) in height, ripening their fruit in August. On the San José Mountains, Sonora, Mexico, its range extends from 1,737 to 2,621 meters (5,700 to 8,600 feet), or from the Scnoran to the upper limit of the Transition zone. OLNEYA TESOTA Gray. SONORA IRONWOOD; PALO DE HIERRO, This important tree of the Sonoran deserts ranges from the Sierra de Moreno (Monument No. 146) to the Sierra de la Salado (Monu- ment No. 175), on the Boundary Line, reappearing on the Colorado Desert to the westward, where it is called “ Arbol de Hierro.” It is known in Arizona as the “ Palo de Hierro ” and is a tree 6 meters (20 feet) in height and half a meter (14 feet) in diameter, with gray, shaggy bark on the trunk and larger limbs, the young shoots being bright green. The wood makes poor fuel and gives rise to a very dis- agreeable odor when burning. Between the Sierra de la Salada and la Représo, in which region this tree is generally distributed, though largest and most numerous along the arroyos or dry watercourses, the finest examples of the ironwood tree were seen. One of them was three-fourths of a meter (24 feet) in diameter and 10 meters (33 feet) in height. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA Linnzus. HOPTREE, Several species of Ptelea were collected. On San José Mountains, State of Sonora, Mexico, was found Ptelea sancta Greene and perhaps P. betulifolia; on San Luis Mountains was found P. jucunda Greene, a handsome species with chestnut-colored branches, while on Hua- chuca Mountains P. cognata Greene is a common shrub. The leaves of the last exhale a very powerful odor. HOLACANTHA EMORYI A. Gray. HOLACANTHA, This was a large tree, west of San Bernardino River, near Monu- ment No. 79, Mexican Boundary Line. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 63 KQGEBERLINIA SPINOSA Zuccarini. KCEBERLINIA; JUNCO. An intricate spiny shrub growing in sandy places along the Rio Grande of Texas and west to Tucson, Arizona. FREMONTODENDRON CALIFORNICUM (Torrey) Coville. FREMONT TREE; FREMONTIA. This tree was found in the Jamul Valley, between El Nido and Dulzura, California. RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA (Nuttall) Bentham and Hooker. WESTERN SUMACH. This, the only arborescent species of sumach seen by us on the Mexican Line, was found at Point Loma, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. ACER SACCHARUM GRANDIDENTATUM (Nuttall) Sudworth. LARGETOOTH MAPLE. This is the hard maple of the Mexican Border region. I also saw it in the Mogollon Mountains, of central Arizona, where the leaves turned red in October. Usually it is a small tree in ravines or canyons of the mountains; but in Turkey Canyon, in the San Luis Mountains, near Monument No. 66 of the Mexican Boundary Mine, a tree was found which measured 2.25 meters (7.4 feet) in circumfer- ence 1 meter above the ground, the trunk continuing about the same size for 6 meters (20 feet), then dividing into three nearly equal branches. This tree was estimated to be about 18 meters (59 feet) in height. Several trees of this species in the neighborhood approach this one in height. It was common at about 1,970 meters (6,000 feet) altitude on the San Luis, San José, and Huachuca mountains. ACER NEGUNDO Linnezus. BOXELDER. The boxelder was found on the San José Mountains, State of Sonora, Mexico, and on the Huachuca Mountains and the Verde River, in Arizona, ranging in altitude from 1,006 meters or 3,300 feet (in the Verde Valley) to 2,085 meters or 6,840 feet (canyon on north side of the San José Mountains). UNGNADIA SPECIOSA Endlicher. TEXAS BUCKEYE; MEXICAN BUCKEYE. This is a very small tree, found in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. The seeds or “ beans” are similar to chest- nuts, but poisonous. 2A photograph of this tree is reproduced and faces page 15 of the Report of the Boundary Commission, 1898. 64 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SAPINDUS MARGINATUS Willdenow. WILD CHINA TREE. The wild china tree was found along Las Moras Creek at Fort Clark and on the San Pedro River in Texas, and thence along the Border Line, in the Sonoran Life Zone, to south-central Arizona, rang- ing in altitude from 300 to 1,070 meters (about 1,000 to 3,500 feet). It was abundant, forming handsome shady groves in valleys on the headwaters of the Yaqui River and in the Verde Valley of central Arizona. RHAMNUS CROCEA Nuttall. EVERGREEN BUCKTHORN. This tree was found at Campbell’s Ranch at Laguna, in the Coast Range Mountains, 32.2 km. (20 miles) north of Campo, and on San Clemente Island. This last specimen but slightly resembles Rhamnus insularis Greene. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA de Candolle. BEARBERRY; CASCARA BUCKTHORN, The bearberry was found in the San Luis, San José, and Huachuca mountains, and on the headwaters of the Cajon Bonito Creek near the boundary of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. ZIZYPHUS OBTUSIFOLIUS Gray. OBTUSELEAF ZIZYPHUS. In Arizona and Sonora this species sometimes becomes a small tree having a trunk 1 to 4 decimeters in diameter and a height of 3 to 6 meters. The branches are all armed with very long spines. It usually branches from the ground around main trunks, spreading so as to form an impenetrable growth. CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelmann. GIANT CACTUS. This, our tallest cactus, bears an edible fruit and attains the height of 12 meters (40 feet). It is known in Arizona and Sonora as the “sahuara.” A good picture of it faces page 23 of the Report of the Boundary Commission, published in 1898. As we moved west on the Mexican Line this species first appeared in canyons of the Pajaritos Mountains, west of Nogales, near Monument No. 130. It extended westward to the west base of the Gila Mountains, east of the Colorado River. In the lower course of the Santa Cruz Valley, from Tumaca- cori northward in Arizona, its range extends farther eastward than on the Boundary Line. It reaches up the Agua Fria Valley of central U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. VIII 1. CEREUS GIGANTEUS (SEE PAGE 65). 2. CEREUS THURBERI (SEE PAGE 66). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 65 Arizona to the head of Black Canyon (between Antelope and Bumble Bee), and up the Verde River to Bloody Basin, between old forts Verde and McDowell. It also occupies southern slopes of hills be- tween San Carlos and Globe City, Arizona. On Tonto Creek its range extends nearly to the Wild Rye. Large sahtaras (40 feet in height) were noted on Ash Creek, a tributary of the Gila, at the foot of Black Canyon, in Graham County, Arizona. The sahuara affords safe nesting places for many species of birds and a secure retreat to several small mammals. It seldom grows upon the desert plains, but appears as soon as the bordering foothills are approached, extending up the slopes and canyons to the upper limit of the Lower Sonoran zone. (Plate VIII, fig.1.) On April 4, 1885, I passed, near Rillito Station in the Santa Cruz Valley, a ranch owned by an Englishman who had planted Cereus giganteus to form a fence, which would have been a great success had not he mistaken some Lchino- cactus wislizeni for the sahuara, the latter having outgrown the bisnagas, leaving gaps in his fence. Respecting the season of flower- ing, etc., I find the following data in my journal: May 5, 1885, when marching from Mountain Spring to Fort Lowell, Arizona, I saw circles of opening buds on the summits of the sahuaras for the first time. Four days later, on Picacho Peak, Arizona, the sahuaras were crowned with wreaths of white flowers. At Casa Grande, May 10— all of the sahuaras are now in bloom. * * * After turning the point of a mountain between the Gila River and Phoenix, Arizona, we came to a forest of the giant sahuara, which I noted as being of somewhat larger size and more branched than those seen between here and Mountain Spring [near Tucson]. I think one that I saw would measure between 40 and 50 feet in height, but this may be an overestimate. One of its arms or joints would exceed the average size of those growing about Bumble Bee or on New River—the northern and upper limit of its range. Lieutenant Gaillard writes: Probably nowhere along the boundary does the cactus growth attain such luxuriance as in the foothills of the Sonoyta Valley. The giant cactus here attains a height of 40 or 50 feet and forms perfect forests, if the word forest can properly be applied to a collection of these strange, ungainly, helpless- looking objects, which seem at times to stretch out clumsy arms appealingly to the traveler, and which one can not see on its native desert without uncon- sciously associating it with the uncouth forms of vegetation peculiar to the Carboniferous era. Maj. John G. Bourke gives the following: And the majestic “pitahaya,” or candelabrum cactus, whose ruby fruit had Jong since been raided upon and carried off by flocks of bright-winged humming- birds, than which no fairer or more alert can be seen this side of Brazil. The “pitahaya” attains a great height in the vicinity of Grant, Tucson, and Mac- Dowell [Arizona], and one which we measured by its shadow was not far from 55 to 60 feet above the ground.—On the Border, 2d ed., 1892, pp. 53-54, 30639—No. 56—07 M5 66 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CEREUS THURBERI Engelmann. THURBER CACTUS; PITAHAYA; PITAHAYA DULCE, On the Boundary Line this huge plant ranges from the Sierra del Cébota west to the Quitobaquita Mountains (Monuments Nos. 150 to 176). Its range does not extend far into the United States, probably nowhere reaching the Southern Pacific Railroad. It bears an excel- lent fruit, two crops ripening each year, in July and October. The Papagos live on it exclusively. (Plate VIII, fig. 2.) CEREUS SCHOTTII Engelmann. SCHOTT CACTUS; SINITA. This superb cactus was found only between the Sierra de la Salada (Monument No. 175) and Monument No. 179. On most of this stretch of country it was very abundant. The range of another giant cactus (Cereus pringled) extends north to within 40 miles of the United States border, south of the Sonoyta Valley. OPUNTIA FULGIDA Engelmann. CHOYA. This arborescent Cylindropuntia reaches the height of 3 meters, or 10 feet. It is abundant in southern Arizona. OPUNTIA VERSICOLOR Engelmann. TREE CACTUS. The tree cactus is a striking feature of the scenery of Arizona and Sonora, where it is locally abundant. OPUNTIA SPINOSIOR (Engelmann) Toumey SIGURA, Locally abundant on the Sonora-Arizona boundary. ARBUTUS ARIZONICA (Gray) Sargent. ARIZONA MADRONA, The madrofia is a spreading tree, with reddish-brown rough bark.. It was found on the San Luis, Mule San Jose, and Huachuca moun- tains, occupying a zone extending from near the junction of the upper Sonoran and Transition nearly to the Canadian or lower Boreal. Its ascertained vertical range is from 1,770 meters, or 5,800 feet (Millers Canyon, Huachuca Mountains), to 2,320 meters, or 7,600 feet (San Jose Mountains, Sonora, Mexico). Some remark- ably fine examples of this tree were found near a spring in Turkey MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 67 Canyon, on the west side of the San Luis Mountains, at an altitude of about 1,970 meters (6,000 feet). The largest was photographed October 2, 1893; three trunks sprang from a common bole, perhaps measuring 9 meters (29 feet) in circumference. The individual trunks measured, respectively, 1 meter above the bole, 3.18 meters (10 feet), 2.51 meters (8.2 feet), and 1.07 meters (3.3 feet) in circum- ference, and the trees were about 20 meters (65 feet) in height. Near the Boundary Line, on the west side of the San Luis Moun- tains, at the altitude of 1,920 meters (6,300 feet), I saw a grove of madrofias composed of unusually large trees. The largest was a double tree having a short trunk measuring 3.5 meters in circum- ference, the forks measuring, respectively, 2.2 and 1.69 meters in cir- cumference; height estimated at 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet). ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PUNGENS Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. MANZANITA. The manzanita is a gnarled and twisted shrub or low tree, having smooth and shiny reddish-brown bark, and berries which in their sea- son are the favorite food of bears, squirrels, and pigeons. It was found in the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones of all the high mountains of the Elevated Central Tract from the San Luis to the Pajaritos (Monuments Nos. 64 to 186). In the Canelo Hills, north- west of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, was seen an arborescent manzanita 4 meters (15 feet) in height and measuring almost a meter (8 feet) in girth of trunk. Other species of Arctostaphylos were abundant throughout the mountains of the Coast Range in California. BUMELIA RIGIDA (A. Gray) Small. SHITTIMWOOD. This is a spiny shrub or small tree of the Sonoran Jife Zone, rang- ing from western Texas to Arizona. In appearance it is not unlike Zizyphus. The largest one seen on the San Bernardino River at Monument No. 77 was about 8 meters (25 feet) in height. BRAYODENDRON TEXANUM (Scheele) Small. (Diospyros texana Scheele. ) MEXICAN PERSIMMON. The Mexican persimmon was abundant in the region surrounding Fort Clark, in Kinney County, Texas. It flowers in April and May. FRAXINUS CUSPIDATA Torrey. FRINGE ASH. The fringe ash was only found by us on the main Hachita peak of the Big Hatchet Mountains, in Grant County, New Mexico, 68 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FRAXINUS VELUTINA Torrey. LEATHERLEAF ASH. This is the common ash of the Mexican Boundary region. Going west we first saw it in damp canyons of the Dog Mountains, and at Alamo Hueco Spring, in Grant County, New Mexico. It was a com- mon tree, west to the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, occupying damp situations through the Elevated Central Tract, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones. In the Verde Valley of central Arizona it grows as low as 910 meters (3,000 feet), and on San José Mountain, State of Sonora, Mexico, it was found up to 2,290 meters (7,500 feet). Specimens from the Dog Mountains, New Mexico, have much broader leaves than those from more western localities. On the Mexican border this tree reaches the height of 25 meters (80 feet), with the trunk 0.64 meter (2 feet) in diameter. At the Upper Spring, in a canyon on the north side of the San José Mountains (altitude 2,210 meters or 7,250 feet) is a grove of ash trees, seven of which measure from 0.3 to 0.5 meter in diameter and from 15 to 20 meters (50 to 80 feet) in height. CHILOPSIS LINEARIS (Cavanilles) Sweet. DESERT WILLOW. A willow-like tree, about 6 meters (20 feet) in height, bearing terminal racemes of purplish flowers, and seed pods 25 cm. in length. (Plate IX, fig. 1.) It grows in sandy watercourses in dry districts from Texas to California, and belongs to the Sonoran Life Zone. I obtained it at Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. After leaving the Rio Grande it was not seen until reaching the Upper Corner Monument (No. 40), in Grant County, New Mexico. It was common thence in suitable localities west to Mountain Spring, halfway up the east slope of the Coast Range of California. It is also abundant in central Arizona. SAMBUCUS MEXICANA de Candolle. MEXICAN ELDER, On the east side of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, 2,290 meters (7,500 feet) altitude, an elder tree 4.5 meters (15 feet) high, with a trunk measuring nearly a meter (3 feet) in circumference, was found. This specimen (No. 1559, U. S. Nat. Mus.) is marked as having been determined by Dr. N. L. Britton; but I have since seen the ripe fruit, which is red. It should be compared with the red- berry elder (Sambucus callicarpa Greene). No equally large indi- viduals were seen, but the species was found in several places in the Huachuca Mountains, extending its range up into the pine belt. On the San José Mountain, Sonora, Mexico, it was obtained from 2,200 to 2,225 meters (7,200 to 7,300 feet) altitude, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. IX 1. CHILOPSIS LINEARIS (SEE PAGE 68). ; 2. Rilo GRANDE OPPOSITE THE FIRST MONUMENT (SEE PaGE 80). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 69 SAMBUCUS GLAUCA Nuttall. PALE ELDER; SANCO. On the east, the Mexican sanco was first met with on the Santa Cruz River of Sonora and Arizona, its range extending westward across the Coast Range of California. Specimens were collected in Arizona, California, Lower California, and Sonora, Mexico. Its habitat is along permanent streams and about springs in the Sonoran Life Zone. At Santo Domingo, on the Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mexico, Don Cypriano Ortejo, alcalde of the village, showed me a tree (specimen No. 2718) measuring 1.5 meters (5 feet) in circumfer- ence and 8 meters (26 feet) in height, which was known to be 34 years old in the year 1894. This was the largest one seen, although many in the Santa Cruz Valley were large. INTRODUCED SPECIES OF TREES, NOW GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION ON THE MEXICAN BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAMAECYPARIS sp. CEDAR. An ornamental shade tree which has sparingly escaped from cul- tivation at Brackettville, Kinney County, Texas. FICUS sp. FIG.. Large trees were found growing without cultivation at Strickland Springs, Kinney County, Texas; in the Pozo Verde Mountains, Ari- zona; in the neighborhood of Sonoyta, Sonora; and at Rancho de San Isidro, Lower California. MELIA AZEDARACH Linneus. CHINA TREE; PRIDE OF INDIA. A favorite shade tree, introduced from Persia, and now thoroughly naturalized in Texas. The umbrella china-tree (Melia azedarch umbraculifera Sargent) grows luxuriantly at Fort Clark, Texas. SCHINUS MOLLE Linneus. PEPPER TREE. A favorite shade tree in southern California, often growing half wild about deserted ranches. EUCALYPTUS (several species). Shade trees at Tucson and La Osa, Arizona, and throughout the coast region of southern California. 70 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. NICOTIANA GLAUCA Graham. CONETON; TRONADORA: TOBACCO. A South American tree, naturalized and frequently cultivated on the Mexican Border, from Texas to California. “ Natives of Buenos Ayres; naturalized in Mexico; formerly cultivated; now wild ” (Botany of California). Several introduced species of palm grow in semicultivation on the Mexican Border, about towns. LIFE AREAS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY REGION. The land areas of North America comprise three primary biologic regions: a Boreal Region, an Austral Region, and a Tropical Region, each forming a broad belt that extends transversely across the con- tinent. In general, the Boreal Region corresponds to British Amer- ica, also including Greenland and Alaska; the Austral Region to the United States; and the Tropical Region to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central America. Owing to the differences of temperature as a controlling factor, the boundaries of these primary regions are, how- ever, very irregular, conforming to certain isothermal lines, rather than to parallels of latitude. Thus, over limited and detached areas in which differences in altitude give similar temperatures, the Boreal belt is pushed south through the whole breadth of the Aus- tral, and extends into Mexico, or portions of the Austral belt are crowded across the Tropical, as in the high table-land of Mex- ico. It is not strange, therefore, that while the border region of Mexico and the United States lies in greater part within the low- est division of the Austral Region (Lower Austral Life Zone), a line drawn from either end of the Boundary Line to the summit of San Francisco Mountains, in central Arizona, crosses the same primary life areas that are bisected by a line drawn from the equator to the north pole through the continent of North America. The mountain ranges crossed by or in close proximity to the Mexican Boundary Line are not nearly so high as San Francisco Mountains, which is the highest land in Arizona; but we have, nevertheless, portions of each of the three primary biologic regions in the boundary strip, begin- ning on the east with the Tamaulipan or highest division of the Tropical Region, rising through the three subdivisions of the Aus- tral Region, penetrating the lowest zone (Canadian) of the Boreal in the highest mountains of the interior, and again descending through the Austral to the Lower Californian division of the Tropical Region on the west. Although the Tropical and Boreal areas of the Mexican Boundary strip are so small as to be geographically insignificant, the fact that MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. val each possesses a wholly distinct flora and fauna gives them biological importance out of proportion to their extent. Before proceeding to a discussion of the composition of their faunal ard floral elements, it will be well to take up the subject of subdivisions of the primary regions, which may be classified as below: Primary regions. Secondary life zones. 1. Arctic or Arctic-Alpine Zone. Le BOPetil Re@@lOthon cca te 4 2. Hudsonian Zone. 3. Canadian Zone. 4. Transition Zone. 2. Austral Region_______-____-_-_____. 5. Upper Austral Zone. ‘ 6, Lower Austral Zone. 3. Tropical Region_._____---._-_-.-_____ 7. Tropical Areas. The Boreal and Austral regions are each naturally divided into three subsidiary transcontinental zones, their boundaries being irregu- larly sinuous in conformity to the governing isotherms, just as in the case of the primary regions.* 4A knowledge of the life areas, and of the so-called faunas and floras is indispensable to the student of biology whose field has an uneven surface, or occupies a large extent of country. The time spent in mastering the life zones of his field will save the expenditure of a vast amount of speculative energy—in wondering, for instance, why it is that he finds as many forms of a certain group at a certain point on the Pacific slope of the Sierra Nevada of California as are found between those mountains and the Atlantic, the answer to which is that the same life areas fall within each field, one in a belt only 10 miles in width. the other more than 200 times as wide. The Historical Synopsis of Faunal and Floral Divisions Proposed for North America, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VIII, pp. 6 to 20), gives the principal authorities on distribution and life areas in America; while, for work- ing purposes, the following will suffice: By Dr. J. A. Allen: On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida, with * * * a Sketch of the Bird-Faunz of Eastern North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., IJ, No. 3, April, 1871. The Geographical Distribution. of North American Mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art. XIV, December 29, 1892, pp. 199 to 243, with 4 colored maps. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam: Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. North American Fauna. No. 3, September 11, 1890, pp. 186+-vii, with numerous colored maps and charts. The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, with Special Refer- ence to the Mammalia. Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, pp. 1 to 64, with colored map. Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants. The National Geographic Magazine, VI, December 29, 1894, pp. 229 to 238, with four colored maps. The Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in North America. Yearbook of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 1894, pp. 208 to 214, with map showing life zones of the United States. 12 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. For an early account of the life zones or belts of plant and animal life in the mountainous portion of Arizona between the Gila and Colorado rivers, including San Francisco Mountain, attention 1s called to the writer’s essay“ on the ornithology of the alpine portions of the area under consideration, based on field work extending from 1884 to 1888, in which 100 species of birds, excluding intruders from the upper Austral Zone, are given as representing the avifauna of the Transition and Boreal zones. It will be observed, on perusal of the literature relating to life areas, cited above, that, accepting Dr. C. Hart Merriam’s latest conclu- sions, which practically differ from those of Allen and other natural- ists only in nomenclature, that we have returned to the teaching of our early physical geographies; that there are but three primary biologic and climatic regions the world around, Tropical, Arctic (or Antarctic), and Austral (or Temperate)—hot, cold, and interme- diate—and that these are based entirely on temperature. Doctor Merriam’s latest work, in extending the long-recognized eastern life zones across the continent to the Pacific, is theoretically logical for three reasons: (1) Because these six subdivisions of the Austral and Boreal régions are based on practical work in the East, where they were originally established by the older naturalists— Allen, Verrill, and many others—for convenience of classification of associated groups of animals and plants, and in the West they could be utilized as convenient, even if not natural, subdivisions of the primary regions; (2) because practical field work in the West, largely conducted under the guidance of Doctor Merriam himself, has proved that these zones are just as natural and just as conven- ient in the West as they are in the East; and (3) that the same zones exist on all sides of the earth and on both sides of the equator, and might as well have been continued at once around the Old World and the New, in which case appropriate names could have been ap- plied to each. While there is nothing new in the theory of “life areas” and “temperature control,” their general systematic appli- cation to the problems dealing with the natural distribution of planis and animals on the earth, and with their artificial introduction into new areas for the uses of man is a matter of importance. Doctor Merriam has defined with admirable clearness a sufficient number of sections of circumpolar life zones, covering the North American continent, for present use; and it is desirable that his system of nomenclature be generally adopted in dealing with them, on account of its popularity and of the large amount of work already based upon it. The correlation of the life zones of the Old World to those of the New has already been taken up by field naturalists employed by the United States National Museum. ¢ Auk, VII, January to July, 1890, pp. 45-55 and 251-264. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 73 DIFFERENTIATION TRACTS.« When the collection of mammals from the Mexican Boundary was assembled, it became obvious immediately that all of the forms varied geographically and that certain regions stamped certain peculiari- ties upon all of the species inhabiting them. Pallid forms came always from the two deserts, and dark forms from the elevated tract which separates them and from the coastal regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Again, the pallid forms from the high Eastern Desert Tract differed from the pallid races of the same species in the low Western Desert Tract, and the darker forms from the Elevated Central Tract differed appreciably from those of the Middle Texan Tract and the Pacific Coast Tract. Besides these five principal tracts, which cover almost the whole extent of the Mexican Boundary, it was found that the elements of differentiation tracts penetrate the line from north or south at several points, and these have been styled Minor Differentiation Tracts, as they are not fairly bisected by the Mexican Boundary Line. The islands off either ex- tremity of the Boundary Line also furnish peculiar mammal forms, and have been called Insular Differentiation Tracts. As a whole, the mammals conform regularly to the characteristics impressed upon them by differences in these tracts. It is certain that no mammal is precisely the same in any two of the five principal tracts, although the degree of variation—which is by no means confined to differences in color, but extends to form, proportion, and size—varies in differ- ent groups and species. In many cases species pass through a regu- lar intergradation, on the borderland, in passing from one tract to the next. In this work I have characterized these intergrading forms as subspecies, distinguishing as full species overlapping and separated forms, when the latter are not known to intergrade in regions north*or south of the line. In the order of occurrence, from east to west, the tracts are as given below: ® Padré Island Tract. Tamaulipan Subtropical Tract. Middle Texan Tract. Eastern Desert Tract. Elevated Central Tract. Yaqui Basin Subtropical Tract. Western Desert Tract. Californian Subtropical Tract. Pacifie Coast Tract. Santa Barbara Island Tract. 4 See Plate II. b The detailed description of collecting stations (pp. 74 to 142) gives a fair idea of the zoographic features of the several tracts. 74 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Padré Island Tract——This comprises the low, sandy islands lying off the coasts of Texas and Tamaulipas, on which peculiar (usually pale colored) mammals exist. Tamaulipan Subtropical Tract—This corresponds to the Rio Grande embayment, a limited area about the mouth of the Rio Grande, in which there is an intrusion of Mexican forms. Middle Texan Tract.—This includes the region crossed by the Rio Grande between the Rio Grande embayment and the Eastern Desert. Eastern Desert Tract—This comprises a portion of the Rio Grande Valley and a group or chain of ancient lake basins and desert plains extending, as bisected by the Boundary Line, from the Quitman Mountains on the east to the meridian line of the Boundary 100 miles west of El Paso. Elevated Central Tract—This lies between the Jast point (Monu- ment No. 58) and the Sonoyta River Valley (Monument No. 163), west of the Cobota and Nariz mountains. This area is more complex than the other tracts, as it contains the high western rim of the con- tinental divide, with altitudinal zones ranging upward from the Lower Sonoran (in the Yaqui Basin) to the lower edge of the Boreal (on the highest mountains); but nearly all of it lies within the Austral Zone. Yaqui Basin Subtropical Tract.—Increased intensity of coloration characterizes the mammals from the valleys containing the terminal streams of the great Yaqui River of Mexico, some of which rise on the United States side of the Boundary. Western Desert Tract—This begins at the Sonoyta Valley, at Monument No. 163, and extends to the east base of the Coast Range Mountains (Monument No. 227). It is divided by the great Colorado River. Californian Subtropical Tract.—This is characterized by the intru- sion of a few peculiar forms from Mexico, in the Colorado Valley and along the east base of the Coast Range Mountains. Pacifie Coast Tract—This occupies the strip of land between the Colorado Desert and the Pacific Ocean (Monuments Nos. 227 to 258) on the Boundary, but extending far to the north and south. Santa Barbara Island Tract—-Characterized by very distinct mammal forms, which have a heavy coloration, the reverse of those found upon the islands of the Gulf of Mexico. DESCRIPTIONS OF PRINCIPAL COLLECTING STATIONS.«a These descriptions are followed by a condensed tabular list of 102 principal collecting stations (p. 143), where the most essential data ¢¥ear location of the collecting stations see Plate I. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 75 respecting them may be conveniently referred to. In my itinerary, beginning on page 8, will be found such facts regarding the inter- veningeand surrounding country as seem to be important. — Sration No. 1.—Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Texas. Altitude, 193 meters (623 feet). Country rather flat; well wooded with decid- uous trees. Birds and shells were collected on the South Fork of Trinity River January 30 and 31, 1892, by Mearns and Holzner. Sration No. 2.—Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. Altitude, 308 meters (1,011 feet). The post is located at the head of Las Moras Creek, a wooded stream encircling it on three sides, and is surrounded by a low, nearly level, grassy, mesquite-wooded country, in which there are a few hills and ridges of limestone. The streams and arroyos are fringed with trees and vines, which not infrequently meet from opposite sides, their branches interlacing above the water. Evergreen oak, elm, and pecan are the principal trees along the streams, and patches of scrub oak, redbud, black persimmon, and other shrubbery cover much of the adjacent strip. Farther away from the streams the country is more open and grassy, often sparsely covered with mesquite, which here has a gracefully drooping habit of ‘growth. The region is thickly settled, and in a few places the soil is cultivated. This station was occupied by me from November 5, 1892, to June 6, 1893, and from July 3 to July 14, 1893. Collections of mollusks, crus- taceans, vertebrates, plants, and rocks were made. In the autumn of 1897 I was again ordered to Fort Clark for sta- tion, and remained there from November 15, 1897, to June 15, 1898, when the occurrence of war with Spain gave me a change of location. During this period malarial sickness prevented field collecting to more than a very limited extent. : Flora of Fort Clark.—In this vicinity, owing to the length of time that I was stationed here, extensive collections were made, as is shown by the following lists: The most abundant native trees are: Texas Spanish bayonet, Yucca treculeana Carriére. Pecan (hickory), Hicoria pecan (Marshall) Britton. Willow, Salix—several species. Durand oak, Quercus breviloba (Torrey) Sargent. Texas oak, Quercus texana Buckley. Cedar elm, Ulmus crassifolia Nuttall. Sugarberry, Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Red mulberry, A/orus rubra Linneus. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis Linneeus. Huisache, Acacia farnesiana (Linneus) Willdenow. 76 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Prairie mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Texas redbud, Cercis reniformis Engelmann. Coral-bean. Frijolito. “Laurel,” Sophora secundiflora (Cava- nilfes) de Candolle. Texas buckeye, Ungnadia speciosa Endlicher. Wild china, Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Mexican persimmon, Brayodendron tecanum (Scheele) Small. The following half-wild species of trees, introduced from other localities, were common: eae Cedar, Chamecyparis. Fig, Ficus. Umbrella china tree, Aelia azedarach umbraculifera Sargent. Desert willow, Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Beautiful cesalpinia, Poinciana pulcherrima Linneus. The plants which make up the bulk of the chaparral and the thickets along streams are the Texas barberry (Berberis trifoliata Moricand), the blackberry (Rubus sp.), the green-bark acacia (Cercid- ium tecanum Gray), the true acacias (Acacia amentacea de Can- dolle, A. berlandiert Bentham, A. remeriana Schlechtendal), the Texas colubrina (Colubrina texensis Gray), several species of sumach* (Rhus trilobata Nuttall, R. microphylla Englemann, etc.), and the button-bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis Linneus), with which are often associated the Texas fog-fruit (Lippia ligustrina Britton), blazing star (ZLacinaria), and horse nettle (Solanum carolinense Linneus). Vines of many kinds make canopies over the smaller streams, and in open spaces the “ calabazilla ” or wild pumpkin (Cu- curbita fatidissima Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth) is abundant. Spanish bayonet, soapweed (Yucca glauca Nuttall), and spotted agave (Agave maculosa Hooker) cover much of the dry plains, in company with shruhs and members of the cactus family, which include, besides an abundance of prickly pears and Cylindropuntias, Cactus stellatus tewanus (Engelmann), Cereus (Echinocereus) ccs- pitosus Engelmann and Gray, and other species of E'chinocereus and several species of the hedgehog-cactus (H'chinocactus horizontha- lonius, E. setispinus, and FE’. hamatocanthus longihamatus). The fauna of this station is rich. Crustaceans, fishes, birds, and mammals are abundant. The reptilian fauna is more varied than at any other station occupied by us. Turtles are numerous in species. Alligator mississippiensis Daudin has once been taken about 32 km. (20 miles) south of Fort Clark, and the species is said to exist in lagoons of the Rio Grande a short distance to the eastward. Lizards are abundant. Among those collected are the horned toad (Phryn- osoma cornutum) and Liolepisma laterale (Say). The banks, pools, and streams swarm with aquatic reptiles; on land the bead snake MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 77 (Elaps fulvius) and rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus atrow*) are abundant; and numerous other species were collected. The following isa list of the land and fresh-water mollusks collected in the vicinity of Fort Clark, Texas: ® 1. Polygyra texasiana Moricand. 18. Planorbis tumidus Pfeiffer. 2. Limaxz campestris Binney. 19. Planorbis trivolvis Say. 3. Bulimulus dealbatus Say. 20. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. 4, Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei | 21. Valvata guatemalensis Morelet. Pilsbry. 22, Amnicola peracuta Walker. 5. Bulimulus alternatus marie Al- | 23. Amnicola sp. bers. 24, Spherium elevatum Haldeman. 6. Glandina texasiana Vfeiffer. _| 25. Spherium solidulum Prime. 7. Pupa fallax Say. 26. Pisidium compressum Prime 8. Pupa contracta Say. 27. Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. 9. Succinea lineata W. G. Binney. 28. Lampsilis texasensis Lea. 10. Succinea avara Say. 29. Lampsilis texasensis compressus 11. Succinea luteola Gould. ‘Simpson. 12. Helicina orbiculata Say. 30. Lampsilis berlandieri Lea. 18. Zonitoides radiatula Alder. 31. Lampsilis mearnsi Simpson. 14. Limnea columella Say. 32. Anodonta imbecillis Say. 15. Limnea humilis Say. 33. Unio popeti Lea. 16. Physa osculans Haldeman. 34. Quadrula undulata Barnes. 17. Planorbis liebmanni Dunker. 35. Quadrula couchiana Lea. Station No. 3.—Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas. Altitude, 760 meters (2,500 feet). Post built on bottom land beside the Rio Grande. Lines of cottonwood and willow mark the shifting courses of the river, which dries up at certain seasons. The river flats are occupied by dense patches of arrowwood, flanked by the tornillo or screwbean and mesquite. Still farther back is an arid waste of sandhills and desert country, forming one of the lower basins of the Eastern Desert Tract, with the characteristic desert flora in which the La@berlinia and a coarse Senecio are conspicuous. This region is sparsely inhabited, not irrigated, nor under culti- vation. This important station was occupied by me from June 7 to July 2, 1893. Large collections of animals and plants were made. The birds and mammals were of special interest, particularly the former, as they were almost all breeding specimens, frequently taken with their nests and eggs, and all typical of the Eastern Desert. @¥For convenience the determinations and nomenclature of Edward D. Cope in the work entitled The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America, printed in the Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1898, are here adopted. ® The greater part of these were collected after the publication of Dr. Wil- liam Healey Dall’s report on the mollusks collected by the Biological Section of the International Boundary Commission, printed in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, XIX, 1896. I am. indebted to Doctor Dall and Mr, Charles Torrey Simpson for assistance in determining these species, 78 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Record of temperature (Fahrenheit) and sunshine at Fort Hancock, Texas. Temperature. Sane a Temperature. Sun- = Highest. | Lowest.| Shine : Highest. | Lowest. | Shine. Per cent. Per cent. 93 50 43 || June 18....-------- 101 59 42 98 44 49 || June 19__..-------- 105 55 50 98 47 51 || June 20_-....---.-- 102 50 52 100 BL 100 |} June 21-..-.-..---- 104 52 52 99 56 100 || June 22__....------ 109 60 49 101 59 100 |) June 23......--.--- 109 64 45 98 59 100 108 58 50 101 52 100 105 59 46 106 49 100 107 58 49 106 50 100 108 80 48 103 64 39 110 62 48 105 64 41 110 70 40 100 62 38 107 61 46 7 49 48 Average for 95 Bl es June, 1893.| 102.9 56.6 46.3 103 58 45 103 60 43 Marimum temperatures. Month. 1889. | 1890. | 1891. ; 1892. | 1893. 61.48] 58.74) 56.84] 60.22] 62.12 70.89 | 71.21 | 65.25] 68.68 65. 32 70.36 | 7.70 | 68.13] 73.12 72.19 85.40} 85.50] 80.33] 81.33 85.10 92.32 | 95.45) 86.43} 90.12 88.09 97.76) 98.76 | 97.16 | 102.03 | 102.86 101.48 | 100.96 | 102.06 | 101.03 |.------- 97.19 | 96.71 | 99.70) 95.90 |.------- 83.26 | 91.33 | 86.76 | 95.10 |.--.--.- 81.93 | 80.00} 83.22] 80.45 j-------- 63.96 | 69.57 | 72.70) 68.38 |_--..--- 68.06 | 64.09 | 60.19 | 58.22 |..-.---- 81.17 | 82.50 | 79.85) 81.21 79,28 Minimum temperatures. 21.41 | 26.16] 14.61) 19.35 16.35 23.85 | 23.68 | 25.36 | 26.86 38.17 34.10 | 32.67 | 31.90] 33.00 29.06 43.80 | 41.10 | 38.43) 35.33 35.96 48.19 | 50.74] 49.68] 45.29 46.58 56.80 | 59.43 | 55.53] 51.56 56. 56 63.77 | 63.67 | 64.38 | 62.50 |...._... 60.55 | 61.39] 59.33) 56.80 47.80 | 53.66] 57.06] 46.03 39.48 | 34.60] 37.09] 39.16 INOVOGURD GF a2sec.cesced emekccainaset: eeeeedeneasheetks eetceawd 22.10 | 28.56 | 27.40 | 27.28 D6CeM HEI. 22. o5, 5-55 eks5 Sakeosasesalssteneeeceraes seed 27.96 | 25.58 | 15.19] 18.25 MEN ce cconinntaeaeunteiebndoskoe weasel cee solr 40.81 | 41.77 | 39.66} 988.45 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 79 Record of temperature (Fahrenheit) and sunshine at Fort Hancock, Texas— Continued. Mean temperatures. Month. 1889. | 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. 41,48 | 42.45 | 35.47 | 39.78 39.23 47.387 | 47.44) 45.380] 47.77 51.74 52.26 | 55.18 | 50.01 | 53.06 50. 62 64.60 | 63.30 | 59.38 | 58.33 60.53 70.25 | %3.09 | 68.05 | 67.70 67.33 77.28 | 79.09 | 76.34 | 76.79 79.71 82,62 | 82.31 | 83.22 | 81.90 |....-.- 78.87 | 79.05 | 79.50] 76,35 |....... 65.53 | 72.49] 71.91] 70.56 |__-...-- --| 60.70 | 57.80} 60.64] 59.80 |....---. November --_- 43.03 | 49.06} 50.05) 47.80 |._..---. DECOMDER jas. acaseecen eet 2ea come acebnecssmesseesabeceseses 43.01 | 44.83] 37.69 | 38.28 |_...---- AVGTEGO tov scscen scott tech eh ehinauas Uhoera ae 61.00} 62.13 | 59.79 | 59.88 58.19 Annual rainfall: 1889, 6.00; 1890, 4.36; 1891, 3.71; 1892, 6.94; 1893, 5.34. Average, 5.25; maximum, 6.94; minimum, 3.71. Station No. 4.—Belen station, Southern Pacific Railroad, El Paso County, Texas. Altitude, about 1,100 meters (3,610 feet). This region was visited by me in June, 1893. It is largely irrigated and under cultivation. Reptiles, birds, mammals, and plants were col- lected. Vegetation.—The Rio Grande and the irrigation acequias are lined with the almondleaf willow, Fremont cottonwood, arrowwood, and Baccharis; the rich bottom land, where uncultivated, supports a luxuriant growth of mesquite and tornillo, or screw bean; and green orchards, gardens, and fields of grain and alfalfa are situated between the river and the canal, beyond which lies the desert, with its contrasting flora of scant cactus, Aa@berlinia, and creosote bush. Station No. 5.—El Paso, Texas. Altitude 1,185 meters (8,724 feet); latitude, 31° 45’; longitude, 106° 29’. The Franklin and Muleros mountains close in upon the Rio Grande several miles above El Paso, that town occupying the upper portion of a desert lake basin, which extends down the river to the Quitman Mountains, where it again enters a canyon. This basin is sandy, arid, and sterile, except on the river flats, which are alluvial and very productive where irrigation has been effected. I was quartered in El Paso while the surveying party was being organized and remained there from February 1 to March 14, 1892. Daily trips were made to the surrounding country, and mammal trapping and bird collecting were systematically carried on. Some- times these excursions were extended to Juarez, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, or down to the cultivated lands about Isletta, on the Texas side of the river; and, after February 17, on which date 80 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mr. Holzner moved to the first camp of the surveying party, located on the left bank of the Rio Grande opposite to the initial monument of the survey. Daily visits were made to that camp. (Plate IX, fig. 2.) Also visited El Paso in Noyember, 1892, and in June, 1893. Flora of El Paso.—Valuable colléctions of plant life were made here. . As usual, the river is bordered by a line of cottonwoods and willows, with arrowwood, Baccharis, screw bean, and mesquite cov- ering the adjacent land. (Plate VI, fig. 2.) The higher sandy country supports the usual scant growth characteristic of Sonoran deserts, including the creosote bush, /'phedra, Keberlinia, and a long list of cacti. The Texas matrimony vine (Lycium torreyi Gray) is a pretty feature of the old, but now abandoned, army post of Fort Bliss. The neighboring Franklin Mountains (altitude 2,175 meters, or 7,136 feet), though rocky, bare, and uninviting, have a more varied flora, of which cacti, aloe, Dasylirion, yucca, and sumach are among the most conspicuous components. About the summits of the highest peaks, where there was enough soil, were found the serrate-leaved Dasylirion, a low yucca, Rhus virens Lindheimer, an Ephedra, sev- era] species of cactus, four or five species of fern, and a liverwort. On the sides and around the base of the mountains, in addition to the above, we found the following: Selaginella rupestris (Linneeus) | Hehinocactus horizonthalonius Le- Spring. maire. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | 2. wiglizent Engelmann. son. Cereus fendleri Engelmann. Agave lechuguilla Torrey. Opuntia (Platopuntia) lindheimeri Quercus undulata Torrey. Engelmann. O. macrocentra Engelmann. O. pheacantha Engelmann. O. tenuispina Engelmann. O. filipendula Engelmann. Opuntia (Cylindropuntia) arborescens Engelmann. Fallugia paradoxa (G. Don) Endlicher. Acacia remeriana Schlechtendal. Fouquieria splendens Englemann. Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. Cactus micromeris (Engelmann) Kuntze. O. grahami Engelmann. C. stellatus texanus (Engelmann) | o. leptocaulis de Candolle. Coulter. “ Garrya wrightii Torrey. C. dasyacanthus (Hnugelmann) Lippia wrightii Gray. Kuntze. Ibervillea lindheimeri (Cogniaux) C. tuberculosus (Engelmann) Kuntze. Greene. Animal life-—This station has a rather varied fauna, and its loca- tion in the midst of the Eastern Desert Tract gives it an importance which is increased by the fact that much biological material was gathered and sent to Washington by army officers stationed at old Fort Bliss in earlier years, furnishing the types of many described species. Fresh-water mollusks are numerous in the Rio Grande, and land pulmonates occur in the mountains. Owing to the lowness of the water in this portion of the Rio Grande at certain seasons, the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 5 81 fish fauna is limited and variable; but we obtained several species. Birds and mammals are fairly well represented, but, as the species will be fully listed in the special reports on those classes, details are omitted here. A number of turtles were found in the Rio Grande at El Paso, and Prot. J. D. Bruner obtained the ornate box-turtle, Terrapene ornata (Agassiz). Lizards and snakes were quiescent during the winter season of our stay; but the efforts of Mr. J. H. Clark, of the old Boundary Survey, and those of Col. J. D. Graham, Maj. W. H. Emory, Lieutenant Ives, Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, and S. W. Crawford, of the Army, have added the following species to the collections of the U.S. National Museum from this station: Lizards. [Anniella texana Boulenger. “A sin- 4 : gle specimen from El Paso, Tex.’’] Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Holbrookia texana (Troschel). Snakes. Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. 4 : Sceloporus spinosus Wiegmann. Cyclophis cstivus (Linneus). Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus | Coluber emoryi (Baird and Girard). (Baird and Girard). Rhinochilus lecontei Baird and Girard. Sceloporus thayerii Baird and Girard. | #@“#enia sirtalis parietalis (Say). Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan}. Batrachias. Anota modesta (Girard). : Cnemidophorus tessellatus (Say). Amblystoma tigrinum (Green). Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and | Amblystoma tigrinum californiense Girard. Gray. Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Gi- | Bufo compactilis Wiegmann. rard). Station No. 6.—Rio Grande, Chihuahua, Mexico, opposite old Fort Bliss, Texas. Altitude, 1,130 meters (3, 708 feet). Birds and mammals collected by Mearns and Holzner, March 14 and 15, 1892. Station No. 7—Monument No. 15, near B. F. Wragg’s ranch, 80 km. (49.6 miles) west of the initial Monument on the Rio Grande. Latitude, 31° 47’. Altitude, 1,280 meters (4,200 feet). This camp was occupied from March 20 to April 7, 1892. The lowest point in ‘the neighborhood (distant 34 miles) is 80 meters lower than the camp. The Florida Mountains, 42 km. (26 miles) northwest of Monument No. 15, have an altitude of 2,249 meters (%, 379 feet), and are said to be wooded with red juniper and pifion pine, and to con- tain good water. They were not visited by any of our party. The nearest water that is available to wild animals is that of the Palomas Lakes, in the Mimbres Valley, 14 miles to the westward. The country is mostly low, rolling, with sand hills and a few volcanic buttes (Aguila Mountains) and low ranges, known as the Seca and Potrillo mountains (altitude 1,280 to 1,800 meters), within a few miles of the camp; these support a erowih of bushes and some grass. There are no trees; but yuccas of arborescent habit (Yucca constricta 30639—No. 56—07 m——6 82 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Buckley) occupy areas in the direction of the Palomas Lakes... Ephedras are the most abundant shrubs. ; The Seca and Aguila mountains, though barren, are rich in color- ing and singular in form. Two elevations, about 3 kilometers (2 miles) southwest of Monument No. 15, were capped by nipple-like buttes of red hornblende-mica-andesite. Below the summits were narrow, horizontal, blackish strata of the same rock, the red variety again appearing below and forming the bulk of the rocky peaks, which rest on a massive base of glassy rhyolite containing opal and an abundance of andesite. A lower ridge a little east of south from the monument and about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) distant from it is capped with a black, impure obsidian in large irregular masses. Un- derlying the obsidian is a liver-colored, fine-grained, homogeneous rhyolite in contact with a red, glassy form of the same in a broad stratum under it. Below these is a slate-colored rhyolite, in the form of plates, which ring like metal. Still farther north, nearly on the mesa level, is an extensive cropping of quite pure vitreous obsidian. Between the two localities above described is an enormous dike of hornblende-mica-andesite, varying in color from steel gray to reddish brown. Near and to the south of it is a peak formed by a most hetrogeneous mixture of volcanic rocks on an enormous scale and of extremely coarse structure. The cavities in the amygdaloid rock of this region discharge chalcedony, rock crystal, agate, etc., which lie thickly scattered on the slopes at the bases of some of the cliffs. Neighboring areas are covered with basaltic lava or fragments of black obsidian and blackish rhyolite. Geologic conditions were here found to have produced a distinct effect upon the local distribution and coloration of animals. The sandy soil varies in color from grayish white to yellow and red, and this variation is correlated with similar variations in the coloring of the reptiles and mammals of the region. The snakes, horned toads, and other lizards evinced a decided susceptibility to the influence of the color tints of their sur- roundings in the localities above described, and it was possible to dis- tinguish the rabbits living in beds of chalcedony mixed with whitish sand from those inhabiting the dark lava flows and beds of obsidian chips. Srarion No. 8.—Palomas Lakes, Mimbres Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico. One mile south of Monument No. 21. Altitude, 1,210 meters (3,970 feet). The Palomas Lakes occupy the lower portion of the Mimbres Valley, forming a chain that ends in Lake Guzman, the lowest part of the basin, in Chihuahua, Mexico. Lake Guzman is also fed by the Corralitos River, which enters it from the south, as well as by other smaller streams. Collections, especially of fishes, were made in Lake Guzman by the naturalists of the old survey; + MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 83 but the locality was not visited by any of our party, though many of the species were collected by us in the Mimbres River (a mere creek), and in the upper Palomas Lakes. The upper lakes swarmed with water birds, of which many were collected from April 7 to 15, 1892. Mammals and reptiles were also abundant. We found but few plants that were fit for the press at so early and dry a season as that of our visit, but Hospital Steward Wagner, who accompanied the party that erected Monuments Nos. 1 to 40 on this section of the Boundary Line, was more successful, as the Monument-Building Party passed through the region after the rainy season. A few Fremont cottonwoods, black willows, kceberlinias, coarse epherdas, cacti, and desert yuccas were the plants most in evidence. Between Monu- ment No. 15 and Lake Palomas there is an extensive grove of desert yuccas (Yucca constricta Buckley). Station No. 9.—Monument No. 23, near Columbus, New Mexico, and 106 kilometers (66 miles) west of the Rio Grande. Altitude, 1,211 meters (3,973 feet). The region is barren and strewn with scoria, with several small mountains around it, the highest being the Tres Hermanas (altitude, 1,742 meters), 10 miles to the northwest. This dry camp was located a short distance south of the Bound- ary, and occupied from April 7 to 15, 1892, during which-time col- lections were made in the immediate vicinity, though daily visits were made by either Mr. Holzner or myself to the neighboring Palomas Lakes, where most of the collecting was done, and where Mr. Holzner camped for two days. Station No. 10.—Carrizalillo Springs, New Mexico. Altitude, 1,381 meters (4,531 feet). There are several large springs, in which there were a few wild fowl and around which aquatic plants and a few planted willows and cottonwoods grew. The nearest Monument (No. 33) is 187 kilometers (85 miles) west of the Rio Grande, on the parallel 31° 47’. The neighboring Carrizalillo Mountains rise to the height of 2,295 meters (7,530 feet), and their summits are sparsely covered with red juniper and smaller vegetation. At this camp the first important collection of plants was made, little having been found at the previous stations. A few land shells and many mammals and birds were collected from April 15 to 22, 1892. Later in the season Hospital Steward Frank Wagner, accompanying the Monument-Ruilding party under Colonel Barlow, also collected plants at this place. The Carrizalillo Mountains are of recent vol- canic formation. The highest peak is of bright red rhyolite. The base of this main peak is also of the holocrystalline variety of rhyo- lite, of a purplish or heliotrope color. Other high peaks of these mountains, on the Mexican side, are highly colored amygdaloidal types of rhyolite. Their ruggedness and beautiful coloring give them considerable beauty. 84 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following is a list of the arborescent flora : Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Populus fremontiit Watson. Sargent. Quercus undulata Torrey. Yucca constricta Buckley. Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. Salix nigra Marshall. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Populus angustifolia James. The mistletoe (Phoradendron bolleanwm Kichler) grows abun- dantly on the one-seed juniper. Other conspicuous plants are the following: Ephedra trifurca Torrey. Parosela pogonathera (Gray) Vail. Phragmites phragmites (Linneeus) | Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Karsten. Thamnosma texrana Torrey. Yueca baccata Torrey. Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Yucca glauca Nuttall. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Dasylirion sp. Cereus remeri Muhlenpfort. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Cucurbita foetidissima Humboldt, Bon- Berberis trifoliolata Moricand. ; pland, and Kunth. Astragalus nuttallianus trichocarpus | Senecio filifolius Nuttall. Torrey and Gray. Perezia nana Gray. Parosela formosa (Torrey) Vail. Sration No. 11—Upper Corner Monument (No. 40) at the west end of the boundary parallel 31° 47’. At this point, 159 kilometers (99 miles) west of the Rio Grande, the Boundary Line bends at a right angle and extends south 49.83 kilometers (30.96 miles) on the meridian 108° 12’ 80’. Our camp was made beside Monument No. 40, in the midst of a tangle of hills known as the Apache Mountains, the highest .of which has an altitude of 1,656 meters (5,433 feet). The only trees were a few réd junipers. Vegetation was, however, more luxuriant than in the region to the eastward. The lowest valley, 4 miles (6 kilometers) west of Monument No. 40, has an altitude of 1,350 meters (4,430 feet) ; like others of the vicinity, it is covered with good grass. Our animals were kept at Mosquito Springs, our men being supplied with water in metal water wagons from wells at a distance. Collections in nearly all of the depart- ments usually covered were made at this place from April 22 to May 15, 1892. The rock formation in the neighborhood of Monument No. 40, in the Apache Mountains, is largely calcareous. Rising im- wnediately north of the Corner Monument is a series of rounded hills of lime rock, in which the network of (mostly projecting) white veins of silicious materials are very characteristic. In places most of the rocks are covered with nodular projections, from differential weathering, which make walking over them very wearing on shoe leather. There has been an overflowing of lava, and fragments ‘of vitreous obsidian are scattered freely about the region. Southwest from Monument No. 40 lie the Sierra Rica of Chihuahua, the base of ESN MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 85 which is largely formed of gray and brown hornblende-mica-andesite, infiltrated with quartz and calcite. The flora is as follows: Juniperus monosperma (Wngelmann) Sargent. Quercus toumeyi Sargent. Quercus dumosa Nuttall. Celtis occidentalis Linnzus. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, pland, and Kunth. Bon- Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. Sapindus marginatus Willdenowy Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. The most abundant shrubs and conspicuous plants are the follow- ing: Yueca baccata Torrey. Yucca glauca Nuttall. Nolina terana Watson. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- son. Dasylirion texranum Scheele. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Fallugia paradoxa (D.Don) Endlicher. Krameria secundifiora de Candolle. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Ptelea baldwinii Torrey and Gray. Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Mortonia scabrella Gray. Cereus fendleri Engelmann. Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. Opuntia leptocaulis de Candolle. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Baccharis pteronoides de Candolle. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail. Perezia nana Gray. Station No. 12.—Big Hatchet Mountain, Grant County, New Mexico. The main peak lies 18.5 kilometers (11.5 miles) west of Monument No. 44, and has an altitude of 2,545 meters (8,350 feet). The lowest portion of the plain to the eastward, distant about 22 kilometers (18.5 miles, has an altitude of but 1,250 meters (4,101 feet). The zone of pifion pine occupies the upper half of these mountains. At the base are a few red junipers, and at the summit a goodly number of checkerbark junipers. Agave applanata parryi is found in abundance at the summit, and A. palmeri (“ mescal”) at the base. A small spring is said to exist in the Hachita Grande, but it was not discovered. In company with Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, Second Cavalry, I established a camp for Mr. Hozlner in the pifion zone, near the main summit of the Hachita Range, May 18 and 19, 1892, visiting the summit and collecting reptiles, birds, land shells, and plants. Mr. Holzner remained until May 25, and collected mammals and birds. The principal trees are: Pinus cembroides Zuccarini. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Sargent. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Quercus undulata Torrey. Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Watson. Frazinus cuspidata Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. 36 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Other plants collected are: Selaginella rupestris (Linneeus) | Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Spring. Petela baldwiniit Torrey and Gray. Usnea barbata (Linneeus) Fries. Cactus dasyacanthus Engelmann. Nolina texana Watson. Cereus remeri Mubhlenpfort. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | Opuntia (Platopuntia and Cylindro- son. puntia, several species of each). Dasylirion sp. Garrya wrightit Torrey. Eriogonum cespitosum Nuttall. Anisacanthus thurberi Gray. Fendlera rupicola Engelmann and Gray. Station No. 13.—Mosquito Springs, Chihuahua, Mexico. These large springs, called “ Ojos de los Mosquitos” by the Mexicans, and commonly known as “Mesquite Springs” to the Americans, are situated 2 kilometers (1.25 miles) east of Monument No. 46, at an alti- tude of 1,270 meters (4,170 feet), in a broad valley fetacen the Boca ‘Grande and Hachita mountains. They mark the western border of the Eastern Desert Tract. The lowest part of the valley is a smooth alkali flat, but the edges are covered with grass, mesquite, and shrub- bery. As water is abundant, mammals and birds are plentiful in the neighborhood of the springs. Mr. Holzner occupied this station from May 10 to 18, 1892; the writer, May 15 to 18, and 19 to 21, 1892. The trees in the neighborhood are the desert yucca, devils claws, mesquite, Kaberlinia, and desert willow. Cacti are abundant. Among those seen were arborescent opuntias, prickly pears (Opun- tia lindheimerit Engelmann, O. filipendula Engelmann, and others). At the spring grew the aquatic Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Hooker and Arnott; the neighboring plains were covered, in places, with the tapioca (Jatropha macrorrhiza Bentham), and toward the foothills, in which the “ ocotillo,” mimosas, acacia, and low yuccas were abundant, were broad slopes occupied exclusively by the creo- sote bush (Covillea tridentata). Many flowerin~ plants gave at- tractiveness to the scenery. Station No. 14.—Lower Corner Monument (No. 53), at the east end of the boundary parallel 31° 20’, and the south end of meridian 108° 12’ 30’’. (See Map, frontispiece.) Altitude, 1,408 meters (4,620 feet). Distance from the Rio Grande, measured on the Boundary Line, 209 kilometers (130 miles). No camp was made here, but the locality was frequently visited from a neighboring camp at Dog Spring. The locality is of interest because of its proximity to Espia, on the Corralitos River, Chihuahua, where the naturalists of the old Mexican Boundary Survey, under Major Emory, made valuable col- lections in zoology and botany. The most abundant plants are the Dasylirion, Nolina, and cat’s claws (Mimosa biuncifera Bentham and MM. lindheimert Gray). Here we first saw the rainbow cactus MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 87 (Cereus pectinatus rigidissimus Engelmann), the range of which extends west to the Pajaritos Mountains. Sration No. 15.—Dog Spring, Grant County, New Mexico. This splendid spring is about 2 kilometers (14 miles) north of Monument No. 55, and has an altitude of 1,475 meters (4,839 feet). It is near the south extremity of the Dog Mountains, a rugged range of which Emory Peak, having an altitude of 1,868 meters (6,129 feet), is the highest. The drainage is toward the Corralitos River, the lowest point surveyed, 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) southeast of Dog Spring, having an altitude of 1,350 meters (4,480 feet). The increase of arboreal vegetation became apparent as we approached this camp from the eastward. The oak, sycamore, walnut, and mulberry were here first met with. Checkerbark juniper crowned the summits of the Dog Mountains, and descended to the foot in a few of the narrow canyons. I camped at Dog Spring from May 21 to 30 and June 3 to 13, 1892, and from September 15 to 23, 1893; Mr. Holzner from May 25 to June 13, 1892. The arroyo extending from Dog Spring to the Corralitos River marks the western extension of several mammals of the Eastern Desert. Extensive collections were made at this camp and in the adjacent Dog Mountains. Leaving the bottom of the valley at our camp and proceeding toward Emory Peak, the ground was everywhere strewn with fragments of chalcedony, many of which had been pasted as ornaments in the cement walls of ancient cliff dwellings by the aboriginal builders. The mountains are largely of rhyolite and hornblende-mica-andesite, the rock being often strik- ingly colored. Flora of Dog Mountains..—Here large collections were made and the following lists show the principal varieties of plant life found: The trees are: Pinus cembroides Zuccarini. Celtis occidentalis Linnseus. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) | Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, Bomp- Sargent. land, and Kunth. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Platanus wrightii Watson. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Yucca constricta Buckley. Watson. Salix nigra Marshall. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. son) Bebb. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Populus fremontii Watson. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Populus angustifolia James. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Fravinus velutina Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Quercus emoryi Torrey. @These mountains are sparsely wooded and of the roughest description. On the east side they are furrowed by canyons with jagged, precipitous sides abounding in caves and erosions. The average height of the higher peaks is nearly 1,829 meters (6,000 feet). 88 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Other striking plants of the Dog Mountains are: Selaginetla (Linneeus ) Spring. Yucca baccata Torrey. Dasylirion sp. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Nolina lindheimeriana Watson. Anemopsis californica Hooker and Ar- nott. Argemone mexicana Linnzeus. Pallugia paradoxra (D. Don) Endlicher. Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Tre- lease. Acacia constricta Bentham. Cassia wislizeni Gray. Astragalus mollissimus Torrey. Astragalus nuttallianus de Candolle. rupestris (Scheele) Jatropha macrorhiza Bentham. Rhus irilobata Nuttall. Rhus microphylla Engelmann. Zizyphus sp. Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Cereus pectinatus rigidissimus Engel- mann. Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. Opuntia filipendula Wngelmann. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Lycium pallidum Miers. Anisacanthus thurberi Gray. Cucurbita fatidissima Humboldt, Bonpland, and Knuth. Ibervillea lindheimeri (Cogniaux) Greene. Baccharis pteronioides de Candolle. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Krameria secundiflora de Candolle. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail. Sration No. 16.—Whitewater, Chihuahua, Mexico. This camp was located on the south side of an arroyo, in which a shallow well supplied us with very bad water, about a mile south of Monument No. 61 and 246 kilometers (153 miles) from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,528 meters (5,013 feet), in the midst of the Whitewater Hills, ipelierasn the East and West Playas. In September, 1893, the Whitewater arroyo contained water. Animal and plant life were abundant, and large collections were made. I occupied this station May 30 and 31, June 2 and 3, June 18 to 22 and 27 to 29, 1892; Sep- tember 10 to 15 and 28, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there June 13 to 22 and 27 to 29, 1892. Vegetation.—There were no forests in the immediate vicinity of the station, the only trees being small mesquites and a few straggling oaks, hackberry, mulberry, and wild china trees, together with the desert yucca. On the neighboring East Playas and West Playas valleys were extensive tracts occupied by mimosa and creosote bushes, with the tapioca (Jatropha macrorhiza Bentham) and several kinds of gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth; C. digitata Gray; Apodanthera undulata Gray, and a species of Ibervillea) in abundance. The plain and grassy hills surrounding White Water abound with aloe, Nolina or bear-grass, Dasylirion, yucca, acacia, senna, sumach, Fedlugia, Trivis, and numerous species of cacti, among which are Opuntia macrocentra Engelmann, O. arbor- escens Engelmann, and the beautiful rainbow cactus (Cereus pecti- natus rigidissimus Engelmann. Crassina grandifiora (Nuttall) Kuntze. Perezia nana Gray. Trizis angustifolia de Candolle. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 89 Sration No. 17—Eastern base of the San Luis Mountains. Mon- ument No. 64 marks the lower timber line on the San Luis Mountains, which is the largest range crossed by the Mexican Boundary Line, and practically continuous with the Sierra Madre of Mexico. The monument is 255 kilometers (159 miles) from the Rio Grande, and has an elevation of 1,620 meters (5,315 feet), the highest neighboring peaks reaching 2,400 meters (7,874 feet), while Animas Peak, at the north extremity of the San Luis Range in New Mexico, is 2,677 meters (8,783 feet) in height. The forest trees at the lower timber line are mostly evergreen oak (Quercus emoryi), though there are cypress, walnut, chérry, sycamore, and gray oak (Quereus grisea) in the low canyons. The open country below the timber line is cov- ered with grass, with occasional areas of mesquite and chaparral. This station was visited by me on June 2, 17, and 29, 1892, and I also camped there September 23 to 24, 1893. Station No. 18.—San Francisco Canyon, east side of San Luis Mountains, Chihuahua, Mexico. The camp was about 8 kilometers (5 miles) southwest of Monument No. 63, in the West Playas Valley. _ Altitude of station, 1,800 metérs (5,906 feet). It was in a wooded canyon, beside a stream (San -Francisco Water) that arises amid the high peaks of the San Luis, and was surrounded by cypress and other trees. The station was occupied by me from June 18 to 19 and 22 to 27, 1892; September 11, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there from June 22 to 27, 1892. Valuable collections were made here, as many of the species obtained belong to the Mexican fauna and flora, only crossing the United States line at a few points. The neighboring summits of the San Luis Mountains were visited from this camp. Station No. 19.—Summit of the San Luis Mountains. Monument No. 65 stands on the highest point crossed by the Boundary Line. It is 261 kilometers (162 miles) from the Rio Grande. The altitude at the monument is but 2,048 meters (6,719 feet) ; but neighboring peaks on the south are from 2,000 to 2,400 meters (6,562 to 7,874 feet), while the main Animas Peak, 29 kilometers (18 miles) to the. north, reaches the height of 2,677 meters (8,783 feet). The naturalists of Major Emory’s survey of the Mexican Bound- ary Line usually referred to the San Luis and Animas peaks as the Sierra Madre, of which system they are in reality the most northern spur. They are to be regarded as the western border or rim of a canoe-shaped continental divide, the Quitman Range forming the eastern rim, and the Eastern Desert occupying the interior of the canoe, where it is cross sectioned by the Boundary Line. At the time that this survey was made a small band of Apaches, under a renegade Indian scout named Kid, frequented these mountains and terrorized the settlers of the surrounding country. Some of these Indians were twice seen in 1893 by members of our party, and their tracks were 90 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. seen in the mountains during the summers of 1892 and 1898. For this reason, as well as on account of the absence of water and the difficulty of transportation, I did not attempt to establish a perma- nent collecting station at the summit of the San Luis Mountains. Stations No. 17, at the lower timber line on the east side, and No. 20 (at Monument No. 66) (Plate ITI, fig. 2), just below timber line on the west side, were’ occupied ; and Station No. 18, in the cypress zone on the east, and a camp at the spring in Turkey Canyon, at a correspond- ing altitude on the west side, were centers of collecting activity for coverdl weeks. During July, 1892, the writer, with the assistance of Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, explored the Animas and San Luis ridges from the San Luis Pass north to the second Animas Peak (altitude, 2,505 meters) and south to the heads of Cajon Bonito Creek, in Mex- ico. In addition to this, I made collections in the mountains on the following dates: May 31, 1892, crossed range at Cook Pass; June 2 and 29, 1892, crossed range at Irwin Pass, near the Boundary Line; June 1, 1892, explored Turkey Canyon to about 1 mile above the second spring; June 2, 17, and 29, 1892, eastern base, near the Bound- ary; June 18 to 19 and 22 to 27, 1892, San Francisco Canyon and adjacent portions of east slope from base to summit; July 5 and 19, 1892, west slope from base to summit; several visits were made during July, 1892, to Mr. Holzner’s camp at the lower spring in Turkey Canyon; September 11, 1893, San Francisco Canyon, east side, from base to summit; September 24, 1893, Irwin Pass from Monument 64 to Monument 66; August 31 and September 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1893, west side from base to summit, in the vicinity of Turkey Canyon; September 25, 26, 29, 30, and October 1 and 2, 1893, west slope of San Luis Mountains, sometimes touching the summit. Mr. Holzner collected birds and mammals on the east side of the San Luis Mountains, in San Francisco Canyon and its vicinity, June 22 to 27, 1892. From July 11 to 23 he camped at the lower spring in Turkey Canyon, on the west side of the range. Flora of San Luis Mountains——Many important plants are found in the vicinity of this station, as will be seen from the lists below. These mountains are largely of calcareous rock, and are steep and much eroded. Where the rock is covered with soil they are wooded, from a well-marked lower timber liné at about 1,600 meters, or 5 ,250 feet altitude, to the summit (altitude 2,400 meters, or 7,874 feet). A list of the trees is given below, their vertical range and relative abundance having been sufficiently commented on: Pinus strobiformis Engelmann. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque) Pinus cembroides Zuccarini. Sudworth. Pinus ponderosa Lawson. Cupressus arizonica Greene. Pinus mayriana Sudworth. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. Sargent. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 91 Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, Bonp- Yucca brevifolia Torrey. land, and Kunth. Yueca constricta Buckley. Platanus wrightii Watson. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Salix nigra Marshall. Watson. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Prunus salicifolia Humboldt, Bonp- son) Bebb. Jand, and Knuth. Populus fremontii Watson. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Quercus gambelii Nuttall. Robinia neomericana Gray. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Acer saccharum grandidentatum (Nut- Quercus arizonica Sargent. tall) Sargent. Quercus reticulata Wumboldt and | Rhamnus purshiana de Candolle. Bonpland. | Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Quercus emoryi Torrey. Arctostaphylos pungens Humboldt, Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. Bonpland, and Kunth. Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. Fravinus velutina Torrey. Celtis occidentalis Linneeus. ) Most prominent of the shrubs and large plants are the following: Yucca baccata Torrey. Rubus deliciosus-neomexicanus (Gray) Yucca glauca Nuttall. “ Kearney. Nolina terana Watson. Fallugia paradoxa (D.Don) Endlicher. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. son. Mimosa grahani Gray. Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Mimosa dysocarpa Bentham. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Trel- Berberis wilcoxii Kearney. ease. Holodiscus dumosus (Nuttall) Heller. | Hrythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Whipplea utahensis Watson. Ptelea baldwinii Torrey and Gray. Ribes viscosissimum Pursh. Opuntia arborescens Engelmann. Rhus toxicodendron Linneus. Garrya wrightii Gray. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Rhamnus californica Eschscholtz. Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poiret. Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Opuntia lindheimeri Engelmann. The Animas (meaning spirit) Range is a continuation of the San Luis Mountains, which, in turn, is connected with the Sierra Madre of Mexico. It lies wholly in New Mexico, the greater portion as well as all of the other higher peaks of the San Luis Mountains being in old Mexico. These two ranges are barely separated where the wagon road passes between them through San Luis Pass. The highest point of the pass is 122 meters (400 feet) higher than the Animas Valley at Monument No. 66 (aneroid readings two hours apart), giving it the altitude of 1,699 meters (5,574 feet). The trees of the Animas Moun- tains are the same as those of the San Luis Range, with the addition of a zone of aspen (Populas tremuloides Michaux) at the top. The main Animas Peak is a-more evenly rounded conical or mound-like eminence than any of the peaks of the San Luis Range, and as a result of this the forest zones are better defined. The northeast side has the 92 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. most timber, the west side being rocky and precipitous. ‘At the sum- mit Populus tremuloides and Quercus gambelii form a distinct forest zone, below which Pseudotsuga mucronata and Pinus strobiformis grow luxuriantly, and are bounded below by a zone of Pinus ponde- rosa, the base being wooded as in the San Luis Range. The presence or absence of forests in this region depends upon the amount of moisture in the ground. This is illustrated by the accom- panying diagram (fig. 2), showing the distribution of trees on the west side of the Animas Mountains. Below the timber line is a barren slope, several miles in extent, at the foot of which is a chain of springs, below these is a belt of fine oak timber (Quercus emoryt and Q. arizonica) which derives moisture from the springs just above them. The diagram also shows the downward prolongation of tim- ber in moist canyons. This is especially noticeable in passing across: Animas Peak ae Timbered? uns Y- oo PI! / v 7 of Bottom of Animas Valley Fic. 2.DISTRIBUTION OF TREES ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE ANIMAS MOUNTAINS. San Luis Pass, which corresponds to the zone of Quercus emoryi and Quercus arizonica, to a broad valley east of the mountains, from which many lines of oak trees are seen extending down ravines from canyons in the San Luis Mountains; and in one instance a straggling line of oaks actually becomés continuous across the valley, joining one from a canyon in a mountain range to the eastward. Station No. 20.—San Luis Springs, Grant County, New Mexico. This is at present better known as Lang’s Ranch, a famous camping place for Government troops in pursuit of hostile Indians. The springs, which are unfailing, are close to the Boundary at Monument No. 66, just below timber line of the western foot of the San Luis Mountains, and on the eastern edge of the broad Animas Valley. (Plate .X, fig. 1.) Altitude, 1,577 meters (5,174' feet) at Monu- ment No. 66. Game was abundant, and water and grazing good. On a preliminary reconnoissance in advance of the surveying parties, conducted by Lieut. D. D. Gaillard, commissioner, accompanied: by the present writer and Lieut. Francis G. Irwin, camp was made at U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. X 1. EASTERN EDGE OF ANIMAS VALLEY (SEE PAGE 92). 2. SAN PEDRO VALLEY (SEE PAGE 101). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 93 San Luis Springs from May 31 to June 2, 1892. Though a purely business trip, occupying five days, made for the purpose of locating future camping grounds with the view to a supply of wood, water, and grass, game was so abundant that we killed seven antelope, two deer, two turkeys, two black timber wolves, and smaller game. This station was occupied by me from May 81 to June 2, June 29 to July 1, July 4 to 16 and 18 to 28, 1892; August 31 to September 10, September 24 to October 2, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there from June 29 to July 11 and July 23 to 28, 1892. Collections were made in other parts of the Animas Valley and in the San Luis Mountains, as well as about the camp. Sration No. 21.—Head of Right Fork of Cajon Bonito Creek. This beautiful stream rises from springs at the side of a wooded canyon, at an altitude of about 1,375 meters (4,511 feet) 6 miles south of Monument No. 67. It constitutes one of the ultimate sources of the great Yaqui River of western Mexico. Collections of fishes, birds, mammals, plants, etc., were made by me from July 1 to 4, 21, and 28 to 24, 1892; September 8 and 27 to 28, 1898. The fauna and flora are largely Mexican. The fish are, of course, those of the Yaqui River. The Texas kingfisher, Mexican cliff swallow, and many other interesting species of the Mexican fauna were obtained. On the middle course of Cajon Bonito Creek, which is parallel to Guadalupe Canyon, in the vicinity of Monument No, 73, are numerous siliceous tree trunks, some of them delicately colored, but which crumble to pieces when struck by the hammer. Vegetation.—In reaching the head of the Right Fork of Cajon Bonito Creek, the west foot of the San Luis Mountains is skirted from Lang’s ranch to the south edge of the Animas Valley, crossing several points of oak timber—prolongations down shallow washes or canyons from the general timber line of the mountains. Tall nolinas cover much of this part of the Animas Valley. Numerous ravines extending from it to the Cajon canyon are wooded near the tops with oaks and alligator juniper, mixed lower down with one- seed juniper, sycamore, hackberry, walnut, wild china, desert willow, ash, mulberry and acacia, with an undergrowth of shrubs, yuccas, prickly pears, choya cacti, mescal, and nolinas. At the head of the stream are springs of rather warm water, and there are hot springs lower down, on the main Cajon Bonito Creek. The banks are forested with cottonwood, sycamore, maple, willows (Salix nigra, S. occidenta- lis longipes, and S. taxifolia), ash, mulberry, desert willow, cherry, walnut, and wild china, with here and there an alligator juniper, a one-seed juniper, or even a straggling Arizona cypress. The rocky acclivities support a growth of grapevines (Vitis arizonica Engel- mann) and poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron Linneus), intermixed with cacti, mescal, dasylirions, yuccas, nolinas, shrubby sumachs, 94 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. thorny mimosas (J/imosa biuncifera and M. lindheimeri), and bear- berries (Rhamnus purshiana), together with innumerable bushes and herbs. \ Srarron No. 22.—Animas Valley. This is a grassy, treeless plain, 272 kilometers (169 miles) from the Rio Grande. The astronomical camp was located at Monument No. 67, altitude 1,573 meters (5,161 feet), near the middle of it. At this point an enormous artificial dam stretches across the Animas Valley. After heavy rains a large lake is formed, which is frequented by waterfowl and game of all kinds. I am indebted to the members of the astronomical party for numerous specimens, especially such as were drowned by a sud- den flooding of the valley after a heavy rain. I crossed the Animas Valley seven times—July 6, 14, 18, and 28, 1892; August 30 and 31, and October 2, 1893. Mr. Holzner crossed it July 28, 1892. ’ Sration No. 23.—Cloverdale, Grant County, New Mexico. Springs of pure cold water are found in a little valley among the hills east of the Animas Valley, only a few miles from the Arizona-New Mex- ico Line and 6 miles north of Monument No. 69. In a canyon a few miles south of Cloverdale is a larger spring and stream, emptying into Guadalupe Canyon, and much frequented by bear, deer, and other large game. I was in that place from July 14 to 18, 1892, col- lecting plants and animals. Vegetation—The region is more or less forested, the principal trees being Mexican pifion, Chihuahua pine, longstalk willow, Fre- mont cottonwood, blue oak, Emory oak, whiteleaf oak, Mexican walnut, and leatherleaf ash. Grape, mimosa, and mescal are also abundant. , Station No. 24.—Hall’s Ranch, Guadalupe Canyon, Sonora, Mex- ico, altitude, 1,267 meters (4,157 feet). Camp was made at Monument No. 78, in the canyon, 293 kilometers (182 miles) from the Rio Grande. Occupied by myself, July 6 to 8, 28 to 29, and August 11, 1892; August 24 to 30, and October 2, 4, 1893; by Mr. Holzner July 28 and 29, 1892. The canyon is sparsely wooded with sycamore, red juniper, oak, ash, mulberry, and grape. Much of the rock is rhyo- lite and brown or yellowish andesitic basalt. In the southeastern corner of Arizona, about 3 miles from Monu- ment No. 73, a large deposit of Tertiary fossils was shown us by Mr. Hall. A few of them were brought away, but a very large quan- tity of beautifully preserved specimens were left on the spot, which T was unable to find again, though several days were subsequently spent in attempting to do so, Mr. Hall having been killed in the mean- time. @¥or a description, with illustrations, of this gigantic aboriginal earthwork by Capt. D. D. Gaillard, Corps of Engineers, U. 8. Army, see the American An- thropologist for September, 1896. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 95 Flora of Guadalupe Canyon.—Here the distribution of plant life is as follows: The trees are: Pinus cembroides Zuccearini. Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Sargent. , Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Salix nigra Marshall. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- son) Bebb. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, and Kunth. Populus wislizeni (Watson) Sargent. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Quercus emoryi Torrey. Bonpland, Other conspicuous plants: Selaginella Spring. Yucca baccata Torrey. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- son. Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Agave schottii Engelmann. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Mimosa grahami Gray. Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Rhus toxicodendron Linneeus. rupestris (Linnus) Celtis occidentalis Linneus. Ceitis reticulata Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Vauquelinia californica (Torrey) Sar- gent. Acacia constricta Bentham. Prosopis sp. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Arctostaphylos pungens Wumboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Frazinus velutina Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Bon-- Rhus virens Lindheimer. Rhus glabra Linneeus. Mortonia scabrella Gray. Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Parthenocissus quinquefolia neeus) Planchon. Cactus (several species). Eichinocactus (several species). Opuntia (several species). Ibervillea lindheimeri Greene. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. (Lin- (Cogniaux) Sration No. 25.—San Bernardino Ranch. Camp was made at Monument No. 77, in a mesquite flat between the San Bernardino Springs and the neighboring San Bernardino River, 310 kilometers (193 miles) from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,133 meters (8,717 feet). The rock is rhyolite and basalt. The San Bernardino River (head of the Yaqui), rising in Arizona, is wooded with willow, cottonwood, boxelder, ash, and mesquite; a few red junipers grow on the adjacent hills; and the creosote bush, mesquite, acacia, and ocotillo occupy the stony mésas and arroyos which constitute. the major portion of the region. The broad meadows below the San Ber- nardino Springs are now covered by grazing herds; but at the time of Emory’s Survey they were occupied by a dense growth of cane, «The Yaqui Basin form of mesquite replaces Prosopis glandulosa Torrey west of the San Luis Mountains, entering Guadalupe Canyon from the Animas Valley. It was found as high as 1,623 meters (5,325 feet), extending through the canyon to the San Bernardino River, where fine mesquite trees were found in the river bottom at the altitude of 1,189 meters (3,900 feet). 96 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. which has since entirely disappeared. Waterfowl were abundant along the San Bernardino River and on the marshy meadows and pools below the springs. Archeological objects and rocks, plants, mollusks, fishes, reptiles, batrachians, birds, and mammals were collected. The writer was present at this station July 6 and 7, July 29 to September 11, 1892; August 17 to 24 and October 4 to 7, 1893. Mr. Holzner, July 29 to September 11, 1892. Flora of San Bernardino River—The principal trees and plants found in this vicinity are given in the lists that follow. The trees are: : Juniperus monosperma (Bngelmann) Populus fremontii Watson. Sargent. Acacia constricta Bentham. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa (Gray) Wat- Salix nigra Marshall. son. Salix occidentalis longipes (Andersson) | Prosopis sp. Bebb. Holacantha emoryi Gray. Salix tavifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, | Acer negundo Linnzeus. and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Other conspicuous plants are: Ephedra sp. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Scirpus olneyi Gray. Vail. Scirpus californicus (Meyer) Britton. | Rhus toricodendron Linnzeus. Yucca baccata Torrey. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Cereus greggi Engelmann. Atriplex sp. Opuntia (several species). Argemone platyceras Link and Otto. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Ribes aureum Pursh. Perezia nana Gray. Mimosa (several species). Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Cassia leptocarpa Bentham. Bonpland, and Kunth. Cassia wislizeni Gray. Cucurbita digitata Gray. Fouquieria splendens Bngelmann. Station No 26.—Near the mouth of Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, Mexico. Altitude, 975 meters (3,199 feet). Cajon Bonito Creek, a terminal twig of the Yaqui River, debouches into the San Bernardino River 10 miles south of Monument No. 77 of the Mexican Boundary. The writer, acompanied by Lieut. D. D. Gaillard, camped there from August 31 to September 1, 1892, when driven out by the sudden flood- ing of the valley, caused by a cloudburst at the head of the stream, in the San Luis Mountains. I had experienced a similar occurrence in a canyon at the head of the Cajon Bonito Creek, where Col. J. W. Bar- low and myself were encamped at the beginning of the storm season. Station No. 27.—Niggerhead, Cerro Gallardo. Monument No. 82. Altitude, 1,374 meters (4,508 feet). Distance from the Rio Grande, 97 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 326 kilometers (202 miles). A hilly region, covered with volcanic scoria, sparsely clothed with grass and brushwood, with a few red juniper trees. Within a radius of a dozen kilometers (7 miles) a range of altitude from 1,200 to 1,640 kilometers (3,940 to 5,380 feet) could be found. Station occupied by myself September 1 and 11, 1892; August 14 to 17; and October 7, 1893. Plants, birds, etc., were collected. Flora of Cerro Gallardo.—The trees and plants obtained near this station are named in the following lists. The trees are: Juniperus monosperma (Engelmann) Sargent. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Bon- Acacia constricta Bentham. Acacia greggii Gray. Prosopis sp. Hysenhardtia orthocarpa (Gray) Wat- son. Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Bumelia rigida (Gray) Small. Fraxvinus velutina Torrey. Other shrubs and conspicuous plants are: Ephedra trifurca Torrey. Yucca baccata Torrey. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- son. Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Cucurbita digitata Gray. Apodanthera undulata Gray. Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. Mimosa dysocarpa Bentham. Mimosa grahami Gray. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Tre- lease. Cassia wislizeni Gray. Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Krameria parvifolia Bentham. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail. Rhus virens Lindheimer. Opuntia of subgenera Platopuntia and Cylindropuntia. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Station No. 28.—Agua Prieta Ranch, Piedras Negras, Sulphur Spring Valley. Monument No. 85, distant from the Rio Grande 338 kilometers (210 miles). Altitude, 1,204 meters (3,950 feet). Occupied by myself September 11 and 12, 1892; August 14; and Octo- ber 7, 1893; by Mr. Holzner, September 11 to 12, 1892. This broad valley, though crossed several times, was not carefully examined, and the collections made were small. Vegetation.—The ground is part bare and part grassy, with exten- sive patches of the gregarious creosote bush (Covillea tridentata), and considerable greasewood (Atriplex), with some cacti. Soapweed (Yucea glauca) and a narrow-leaved yucca having a long caudex were sometimes seen; and some superb hackberry trees formed a grove on an arroyo at the west side of Sulphur Spring Valley, at 30639—No. 56—07 M——7 98 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the altitude of 1,400 meters (4,600 feet). Mesquites, acacias, and mimosas were locally numerous. Sration No. 29.—Dutch Charley’s Ranch, 1 kilometer (? mile) north of Monument No. 88, and 355 kilometers (221 miles) from the Rio Grande. Altitude, 1,316 meters (4,318 feet). A small pool at Dutch Charley’s Ranch usually contains a good supply of water, and the bushes and sedges around it shelter birds and mammals. The region is treeless, except for a few juniper and hackberry trees in arroyos from the Mule Mountains. On the surrounding hills the soil is loose and ashy, in places piled with scoria, or covered with brushwood. The locality was visited by Mr. Holzner, September 12, 1892, and by myself, September 12, 1892, August 12 to 14, and Octo- ber 7 to 8, 1893. Small collections were made. : Vegetation Covillea tridentata and Fouquieria splendens cover much of the. region. Gourds (Cucurbita digitata, C. fatidissima, and Apodanthera wndulata) are numerous; and the thickets about rocky hills are composed principally of woody cactus (Opuntia lepto- caulis), prairie acacia (Acacia filiculoides), senna (Cassia wisli- zeni), mimosas (several species), and low yuccas. Mescal (Agave palmert) is also abundant. Station No. 30.—Johnston’s Ranch, near Monument No. 90, 363 kilometers (225 miles) from the Rio Grande. Altitude 1,390 meters (4,561 feet). This station is at the south end of the Mule Mountains and 14 kilometers (9 miles) nearly south of the mining town of Bis- ~ bee, Arizona. Occupied by myself, September 12 to October 2, and October 7 to 10, 1892; August 12 and October 8, 1893; by Mr. Holz- ner, September 12 to October 2, and October 7 to 10, 1892. The plain on the south and the Mule Mountains on the north are extremely barren. A few trees grew along an arroyo and beside two little artificial ponds, supplied by wells and windmills, for the use of cattle. The collections consisted chiefly of birds, mammals, and plants; also accessories for. mammal groups to be prepared at the U. S. National Museum. Flora of Mule Mountains.—In the lists that follow the principal varieties of plant life found near this station are given. The trees are: Juniperus monosperma (Hngelmann) | Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bon- Sargent. pland, and Kunth. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Platanus wrightii Watson. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Acacia constricta Bentham. Salia nigra Marshall. Acacia greggit Gray. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, | Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. and Kunth. Acer negundo Linneeus. " Populus fremontii Watson. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Quercus toumeyi Sargent. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Celtis reticulata Torrey. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 99 Other shrubs and conspicuous plants are: Ephedra trifurca Torrey. Cassia leptocarpa Bentham. Yueca baccata Torrey. Cassia wislizeni Gray. ‘ Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- | Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. son. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Anisacanthus thurberi Gray. Agave palmeri Engelmann. Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Atriplex sp. Bonpland, and Kunth. Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. Cucurbita digitata Gray. ifimost dysocarpa Bentham. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. Hymenoclea monogyra Torrey and Mimosa grahami Gray. Gray. Sration No 31.—Bisbee, Arizona, 13 kilometers (8 miles) north of Monument No. 91, at an altitude of 1,700 meters (5,578 feet). The town occupies a section of a steep and rugged canyon of the Mule Mountains, whose neighboring peaks rise to the altitude of 2,172 meters (7,126 feet). The mountains are sparsely wooded with oak, red juniper, boxelder, hackberry, sycamore, walnut, and desert willow trees. Mammals, birds, and plants were collected in September, 1892, and October, 1893, by myself and Mr. Holzner. A series of specimens of copper and associated minerals was secured for the U. S. National Museum, through the liberality of the managers of the Copper Queen Mine, which is at Bisbee. Station No. 82.—San Jose Mountain, Sonora, Mexico. From a base level of 1,308 meters (4,265 feet) this mountain rises abruptly to the height of 2,541 meters (8,337 feet). Timber line begins near the true base of the cone on the north side, but considerably higher on the south. The principal peak is about 8.5 kilometers (5.25 miles) south of Monument No. 93 and 386 kilometers (240 miles) west of the Rio Grande (measured on the Boundary Line). This mountain is wooded with aspen and deciduous white oak at the summit, with zones of Arizona pine, checkerbark juniper, and evergreen oak below. The ‘arboreal and low vegetation are quite varied, but water exists in small and uncertain amounts. The writer ascended the main San Jose Peak, in company with Lieut. William P. Jackson, on September 26, .1892, and established Mr. Holzner in a camp at Gallina Springs, in a canyon on the northeast side of the mountain. This camp he again visited, replacing Mr. Holzner, on October 1, 1882. On August 4, 1898, I ascended the two highest peaks from the southwest. On August 5, 1893, Lieut. George H. McMaster and myself ascended the main peak from the north side, near Monument No. 93, and estab- lished a camp at a small spring on the north side at an altitude of 1,830 meters (6,000 feet), from which point I made daily excursions from the base of the mountain to its main summit, and trapped for mammals until August 12. Important collections were made at this station. 100 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Flora of San Jose Mountains.—The plant life of these mountains is given in the lists that follow. The trees are: Pinus strobiformis Engelmann. Pinus cembroides Zuccarini. Pinus arizonica Engelmann. Pinus ponderosa Lawson. Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. Abies concolor (Gordon) Parry. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Salig nuttallii Sargent. Populus tremuloides Michaux. Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus gambelii Nuttall. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Quercus emoryi Torrey. Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightit Watson. Bon- Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Watson. Prunus salicifolius Wumboldt, pland, and Kunth. Acacia greggii Gray. Acacia constricta Bentham. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Robinia neomeaxicana Gray. Ptelea trifoliata Linnegeus. Acer saccharum grandidentatum (Nut- tall) Sudworth. Acer negundo Linneeus. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Arctostaphylos pungens Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Rhamnus purshiana de Candolle. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Sambucus mexicana Presl. Bon- Neither Pseudotsuga mucronata nor Cupressus arizonica were found on the San José Mountains. Other shrubs and conspicuous plants are: Ephedra trifurca Torrey. Yucca glauca Nuttall. Nolina lindheimeriana (Scheele) Wat- son. . Dasylirion wheeleri Watson. Berberis wilcorii Kearney. Holodiscus dumosus (Nuttall) Heller. Philadelphus microphyllus Gray. Rubus deliciosus neomericanus (Gray) Kearney. Fallugia paradoza (D.Don) Endlicher. Rosa fendleri Crépin. Mimosa biuncifera Bentham. Mimosa dysocarpa Bentham. Mimosa grahami Gray. Mimosa lindheimeri Gray. Arnott. Ptelea baldivinus Torrey and Gray. Rhus toxicodendron Linneus. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Rhus virens Lindheimer. Ceanothus integerrimus Wooker and Arnott. ‘Vitis arizonica Engelmann. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Linnzus) Planchon. Opuntia and other cacti. Garrya wrightii Torrey. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. The slender blue racer snake was found at the monument on the summit of San Jose Peak; and the beautiful Elaps euryxanthus of Kennicott was taken at my camp near the north base of the mountain, at the altitude of 1,830 meters (6,000 feet). Station No. 33.—Johnston’s Steam Pump, near Monument No. 93. Altitude, 1,298 meters (4,259 feet). The country about this camp is treeless and grassy, with occasional areas of creosote and other bushes. Unimportant collections were made by myself and Mr. Holz- ner, on October 10, 1892, and by myself August 2 to 5, 1893, N MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 101 Station No. 34.—San Pedro River at Monument No. 98, 395 kilo- meters (245 miles) west of the Rio Grande. Altitude, 1,298 meters (4,259 feet). The San Pedro River at this point is a good-sized stream, containing many fish, batrachians, and turtles, and its waters and banks are inhabited by numerous aquatic species of mam- mals and birds. There are, however, no meadows or marshes of any considerable extent along its banks in this part of its course. Trees are limited to the edge of the stream, where willow, ash, boxelder, cottonwood, and mesquite are the common species. (Plate X, fig. 2.) The.adjacent Huachuca Mountains, of Arizona, crossed at their southern extremity by the International Boundary Line some 13 kilometers (8 miles) to the westward, are well wooded to the base. I was at this station from October 10 to November 1, 1892; July 27 to August 2, and October 10, 1893. Mr. Holzner, from October 10 to November 2, 1892. Important collections were made. Flora of San Pedro Valley —The collections of plants made near Monument No. 98 includes the varieties indicated in the lists below. The trees are: Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Platanus wrightii Watson. Salix nigra Marshall. Acacia greggii Gray. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Acacia constricta Bentham. son) Bebb. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, | Acer negundo Linnzus. and Kunth. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Populus fremontii Watson. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, Bon- pland, and Kunth. Other conspicuous vegetation includes: Yucca glauca Nuttall. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail. Atriplex sp. : Opuntia (several species). Rhus glabra Linneus. Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- Mimosa dysocarpa Bentham. pland, and Kunth. Acacia filiculoides (Cavanilles) Tre- | Apodanthera undulata Gray. lease. Perezia sp. Station No. 35.—Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. This isolated but extensive range (called Sierra Espuela by the early explorers) rises from a base level of 1,275 meters (4,183 feet) to the height of 2,887 meters (9,472 feet). It is almost wholly within the United States, extending nearly north from Monument No. 102 for a dis- tance of 32 kilometers (20 miles). It is 407 kilometers (253 miles) west of the Rio Grande. The highest point, Hasslops Peak, is 143 kilometers (9 miles) north of the Mexican line. The higher timber line is not reached by any of the mountains visible from the Mexican Boundary Line. In the Huachuca range the lower timber line de- 102 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. scends to the edge of the surrounding plain on all sides and sends several wooded prolongations downward, in canyons, several miles ucross the bare plains toward the San Pedro River. The principal canyons on the east side of the range contain spring-fed streams of clear, cold water—the best that we found between the Coast Range and the Rio Grande. The stream in Tanners Canyon contains fish. (Plate XI, fig. 1.) I was on the summit of Hasslops Peak (altitude 2,887 kilometers, or 9,472 feet) October 21 and 26, 1892; also July 31 and October 17, 1893. During October, 1892, and July, 1893, I explored the whole east side of the range from Igos Ranch on the north to Monument 102 on the south. This field appeared to be so rich that, in July, 1893, it was decided to detach Mr. Holzner from the Monument- Building Party, which was necessarily accompanied by myself, from the San Pedro River (Monument No. 98) eastward to the eastern end of the boundary parallel 31° 20’ (Monument No. 53), a region that had been previously explored, in order to have him run a careful line from the base to the summit of the Huachuca Mountains, which he accomplished satisfactorily between July 24 and October 10, 1893. In this, great assistance was rendered by the commanding officers and post surgeon (Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox) at Fort Huachuca. Mr. Holzner’s first camp was established near the lower timber line, in Tanners Canyon, where the “post garden” is situated, on July 24,1893. His line of mammal traps was gradually extended upward through Tanners Canyon to the post sawmill, to which point his camp was moved in August. From this point trapping was ex- tended to the summit of the range, and his camp was again moved from the sawmill to a spring near the summit of a high peak, which overlooks Ramsey Canyon, on September 10. On September 30, 1898, the weather having become severely cold at the summit, Mr. Holzner’s camp was removed to the post garden, in Tanners Canyon, where he remained until October 10, 1893, when Ilse rejoined the writer at Fort Huachuca. Camps were made at the Post Spring, near Fort Huachuca, and at Frauds Ranch, in Millers Canyon, from October 10 to 18, 1893. A complete circuit of these mountains was made, and collections made on all sides of the range. Mr. Holzner collected 207 mammals, 315 birds, and a few plants and land shells in the Huachuca Mountains, between July 24 and October 9, 1898. His work showed commendable enterprise and industry. Flora of Huachuca Mountains.—Much effort was devoted to col- lecting and studying the fauna and flora of these mountains by Major Timothy E. Wilcox, who was for several years stationed at Fort Huachuca, and whose name must ever be associated with the botany of the western part of the United States. The elaborate list by N. L. Britton and T. H. Kearney, jr., and the collections made by U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. XI 1. ViEW Down MILLERS CANYON, HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS (SEE PAGE 102). 2, PATAGONIA MOUNTAINS, SHOWING EMORY OAKS (SEE Pace 105). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 1038 Major Wilcox in the Huachuca Mountains, leave little to be desired more than to separate the trees, as follows: Pinus Pinus Pinus: Pinus son, Pinus mayriana Sudworth. Pinus chihuahuana Engelmann. : Pseudotsuga mucronata (Rafinesque ) Sudworth. Juniperus monosperma (Bngelmann) Sargent. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Yucca constricta Buckley. Juglans rupestris Engelmann, Saliz nigra Marshall. Salix ocidentalis longipes son) Bebb. Salix lasiolepis Bentham. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Populus tremuloides Michaux. Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus gambelii Nuttall. Quercus undulata Torrey. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Quercus reticulata Humboldt and Bon- pland. Quercus emoryi Torrey. strobiformis Engelmann. cembroides Zuccarini, arizonica Engelmann. ponderosa scopulorum S. Wat- (Anders- Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. Quercus hypoleuca Engelmann. Celtis occidentalis Linneus. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Cercocarpus breviflorus Gray. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidenta- tus Watson. Prunus salicifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Acacia greggii Gray. Acacia constricta Bentham. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Robinia neomezxicana Gray. Ptelea trifoliata Linnszeus, , Acer saccharum grandidentatum (Nut- tall) Sudworth. Acer negundo Linneeus. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sargent. Arctostaphylos pungens Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Rhamnus purshianus de Candolle. Frazinus cuspidata Torrey. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Sambucus meaicana Presl. Bon- Bon- Fauna of Huachuca Mountains—Many field naturalists have visited this beautiful mountain range, but it continues to yield rare and novel forms of animal life whenever explored. Unfortunately, Mr. Holzner reached the Huachucas (July 24) after the breeding- season of birds was over, and in a year of phenomenal dryness, when old pine trees died of drought, and birds were obliged to forsake their usual haunts on account of lack of water to drink. This likewise operated to increase the difficulty of finding land-shells, although: the molluscan fauna is rich. Mr. Holzner obtained a new rabbit (Lepus floridanus holzneri) and a new pocket-gopher (Thomomys fulvus intermedius) from the aspen zone at the top; and his collections contain fine series of several rare animals. Of batrachians, only a toad, tree-frog, and a frog (Rana virescens brachycephala Cope) were observed. Principally through the exer- tions of Maj. Timothy E. Wilcox and, to a less extent, those of Drs. aTrans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, pp. 21-44, issued October 22, 1894, 104 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A. K. Fisher and Leonhard Stejneger, Lieut. Harry C. Benson, J. Alden Loring, W. W. Price, Frank X. Holzner, and the author, the following-named reptiles from the Huachuca Mountains are represented in the U. S. National Museum collection : 4 Lizards. Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Callisaurus draconoides ventralis | Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi (Hallowell). (Girard). Holbrookia maculata maculata Gi- Phrynosoma orbiculare (Cuvier). rard. Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan). ont st aia Rc Ea, Cnemidophorus gularis gularis Baird Sceloporus jarrovii Cope. 3 and Girard. Sceloporus torquatus poinsettii (Baird and Girard). Snakes. Diadophis regalis regalis Baird and | Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope. Girard. Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott. Salvadora grahamie Baird and Gi- | Elaps euryranthus Kennicott. rard. Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii (Baird Pityophis sayi sayi (Schlegel). .and Girard). Ophibolus pyrrhomelas Cope. Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard. Ophibolus getulus boylii (Baird and | Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus (Ken- Girard). : nicott). Rhinochilus lecontei Baird and Girard. | Crotalus adamanteus atrox (Baird and EFutenia eques eques (Reuss). Girard). Zamenis flagellum flagellum (Shaw). Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh. Zamenis semilineatus Cope. Crotalus lepidus Kennicott. The turtles of the Huachuca Mountains comprise the common box- tortoise of the region, the Arizona mud turtle (Ainosternon sono- riense Le Conte), and a third, unidentified species, taken from. the neighboring San Pedro River. Station No. 36.—Cienaga, Babacomari Creek, Cochise County, Arizona. Mearns and Holzner: October 18 and 19, 1893. The stream was followed from where it debouches into the San Pedro River to the springs and Cienega at its head, which is about 32 kilometers (20 miles) north of Monument No. 106. It is inhabited by fishes and such aquatic mammals as the cotton rat, muskrat, and beaver, and in winter becomes the resort of many wading and swim- ming birds. Vegetation.—The trees were willows (Salix nigra, S. occidentalis, and S. tavifolia), Mexican mulberry (Morus celtidifolia), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), devils claws (Acacia greggii), boxelder (Acer negundo), wild china (Sapindus marginatus), and leather- @ Since this was written Dr. Leonhard. Stejneger has published an elaborate paper on The Reptiles of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, pp. 149 to 158. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 105 leaf ash (Fraxinus velutina). On the banks is a dense growth of Aster spinosus Bentham; and on the hills are fine groups of Agave applanata huachucensis (Baker) Mulford. Station No. 37.—Santa Cruz Valley, near La Noria, Pima County, Arizona. Mr. Holzner made a careful examination of the fauna of this station from November 5 to 14 and 22 to December 5, 1892; also October 19 to 20, 1893, during which periods he was encamped be- side the Santa Cruz River at Monument No. 111, 437 kilometers (271 miles) from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,390 meters (4,570 feet). The Santa Cruz or San Rafael Valley at this point is a broad and treeless plain, covered with grass, stretching between the Pata- gonia Mountains on the west and the Huachuca and Santa Cruz mountains on the east. The camp of the old Boundary Survey, under Major Emory, was located on almost the same ground as that oc- cupied by Mr. Holzner, whose collections of birds, mammals, and fishes were of unusual value. On October 19, 1893, I placed a line of mammal traps between Monument No. 111 and the town of Santa Cruz, Sonora, to which latter point they were removed on the fol- lowing day. Sration No. 38.—Patagonia Mountains. Mr. Holzner occupied a station at the summit of these mountains, south of Monument No. 114, 448 kilometers (278 miles) from the Rio Grande, at’ an altitude of 1,750 meters (5,742 feet), from November 14 to 20 and 27, 18992. The section of the Patagonia Mountains south of the Boundary Line is called “ Sierra de San Antonio.” These ranges are well wooded and contain springs of good water. (Plate XI, fig. 2.) From a base- level of 1,180 meters (3,708 feet) they rise to the height of 2,217 meters (7,274 feet). Mr. Holzner obtained an interesting series of mammals and birds in them. The flora is similar to that of the Huachuca Mountains at corresponding altitudes. Station No. 39.—Town of Santa Cruz, Sonora, Mexico. The writer, accompanied by Mr. Holzner, camped in the town, beside the Santa Cruz River, about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) south of Monu- ment No. 111, from October 20 to 23, 1893. The river at this place enters a defile between the mountains, and, bending around the Mexi- can section of the Patagonia Mountains (Sierra de San Antonio), it turns and flows northward to the Gila River. The narrow valley in. which Santa Cruz lies is under thorough cultivation, and is covered with beautiful gardens and orchards on either side of the town. The alcalde paid his respects to us promptly, gave us a cordial welcome, and personally assisted us in making collections. On every hand we received friendly services and full liberty to collect specimens wher- ever they could be found, in return for which favors it was a pleas- ure to render such assistance as lay in our power to some of the sick of the village who were commended to us by our friend the alcalde. 106 Among the interesting specimens collected were topotypes of Hes- peromys sonoriensis Le Conte. - Flora of the town of Santa Cruz, Sonora.—Besides the products of orchards, fields, and gardens, the trees and coarser plants in the BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, immediate vicinity are: Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Salix occidentalis longipes (Anders- son) Bebb. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Celtis occidentalis Linnzeus. Morus celtidifolia Wumboldt, pland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightit Watson. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Acer negundo Linnieus. Arctostaphylos pungens Bonpland, and Kunth. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. Bon- Humboldt, Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. The banks and thickets were covered with grape (Vitis arizonica Engelmann), the hills with dasylirion (Dasylirion wheeleri Watson), and an abundance of the buffalo currant (Ribes aureum Pursh) grew along the Santa Cruz River banks, together with the usual comple- ment of dock, cocklebur, gourd, and spiny aster. Level and waste places bordering the river are sometimes covered with the prickly Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana Linneus). Station No. 40.—Santa Cruz River at Monument No. 118 (west of the Patagonia Mountains). Mr. Holzner camped from May 26 to July 10, 1893, near Monument No. 118, 461 kilometers from the Rio Grande, at an altitude of 1,130 meters (3,708 feet), and collected 14 mammals and 379 birds. Srarron No. 41.—Road-crossing of the Santa Cruz River, Sonora, Mexico, 2 kilometers (1.5 miles) south of Monument No. 118. The river is heavily wooded with cottonwood, willow, walnut, very tall mesquites, and other trees. Altitude, about 1,140 meters (3,740 feet). Occupied by Mearns and Holzner on October 23 and 24, 1893, when plants, birds, and mammals were collected. , Station No. 42.—Nogales, Arizona. Monument No. 122. Allti- tude, 1,174 meters (3,852 feet). Distance from the Rio Grande, meas- ured on the Mexican Boundary Line, 469 kilometers (292 miles) ; dis- tance from the Colorado River, measured on the Mexican Boundary Line, 389 kilometers (242 miles). The grove of walnut found by Major Emory’s party on Nogales Creek is now replaced by the thriving town of Nogales, to which the walnut trees gave name. Monument No. 122 stands on the north side of International Street. Mr. Holzner collected nine birds and one deer at Nogales in Decem- ber and January, 1892; also 55 birds from April 14 to May 24, 1893. Assisted by Mr. Holzner, I made collections there from “October 24 to 28, 1893. In the Pajaritos Mountains, at Nogales, intrusive rock appeared in the form of a coarse granite, of which U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. XII tel he 2 1. MONUMENT No. 126, ELEVATED CENTRAL TRACT (SEE P , AG 2. WESTERN PART OF ELEVATED CENTRAL TRACT (SEE Pace 41 Ae MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 107 most of the mountain masses to the westward are composed, until, in the Coast Range of California, it is replaced by fine-grained granite. The Pajaritos also contain effusive rocks—rhyolite and basaliin abundance. Fauna of Nogales—Owing to its location on the International Boundary and the only railroad that enters Mexico west of the Rio Grande, this station has attracted several trained field naturalists, among them Mr. P. L. Jouy, to whose efforts I am mainly indebted for the following list of the reptiles hitherto collected at Nogales: Terrapene sp. Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte. Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan). Ctenosaura multispinis Cope. Anota modesta (Girard). Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Eublepharis variegatus (Baird). Crotaphytus wislizenitti Baird and | Cnemidophorus gularis gularis Baird Girard. and Girard. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Salvadora grahamie Baird and Girard. Uta symmetrica Baird. Rhinochilus lecontei Baird and Girard. Sceloporus jarrovii Cope. Elaps euryzanthus Kennicott. Sceloporus torquatus poinsettit Baird and Girard. Station No. 48.—Corner Monument No. 127, where the Boundary leaves the parallel 31° 20’, 482 kilometers (300 miles) west of the Rio Grande and 377 kilometers (234 miles) east of the Colorado River; altitude, 1,592 meters (5,223 feet). This station is in the midst of the Pajaritos Mountains, which rise from a base level of 1,100 meters (3,609 feet) to the altitude of 1,886 meters (5,924 feet). These rugged and little-known mountains have never received from zoologists and botanists the attention which their importance merits. I was absent in Texas when the detailed survey of them was made by the International Boundary Commission. Subsequently, when at- tached to the Monument-Building Party of the survey, they were but hastily examined from Stations 42 and 44. Their flora is said to be unusually varied, and the name, meaning “ little birds” mountains, is justified by the abundance of small birds during the breeding season, which is doubtless due to the considerable number of water- ing places. (Plate XII, fig. 1.) To the north of these mountains, which extend from Monument No. 126 to Monument No. 142, is a low, open country, which was crossed in several directions by myself in going from Nogales to Tucson, from Tucson to Warsaw, and thence to La Osa by way of Oro Blanco, Arivaca, and Tres Bellotas (= 3 Emory oaks),* and, later, from La Osa to Tiicson and back by way of Labaree, Pozo Bueno, and Buenos Ayres. Station No. 44.—Tumacacori Mission, on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona; altitude about 1,000 meters (3,281 feet). @In the canyons about Tres Bellotas some remarkably fine specimens of Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) were seen, 108 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. As the stream is broadly bordered by trees, and the ajacent country covered by mesquite and brushwood, this river valley is an ideal col- lecting ground. I was there October 28 and 29, 1893, and collected a few birds and mammals. Sration No. 45.—Santa Cruz River, 25 miles south of Tucson, Arizona; altitude, 865 meters (2,838 feet). I collected specimens October 29 and 30, 1898. Sration No. 46.—Tucson, Arizona; altitude, 736 meters (2,415 feet). No place in Arizona has as rich a fauna; and there is con- siderable variety to the flora. The Santa Cruz Valley is well wooded with cottonwood, willow, mesquite, and cultivated fruit trees. I collected there in April and May, 1885; also, October 80 to Novem- ber 30 and December 11 to 12, 1893. Mr. Holzner was there from October 30 to November 5 and November 17 to 28, 1893. Flora of Tuéson, Arizona.—This fertile field has been well cov- ered by visiting botanists and by Prof. James William Toumey, of the University of Arizona, at Tucson. The following list includes the common trees seen by me on my brief visits, when I was the re- cipient of many favors and polite attentions on the part of President Comstock and Professor Toumey, of the university, and of Mr. Herbert Brown, of Tucson, all of whom imparted much useful in- formation respecting the local fauna and flora: Yucca sp. Melia azedarach umbraculifera Sar- Yucca sp. gent. ; Sali2 nigra Marshall. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Salir occidentalis longipes (Anders- | Acer negundo Linneeus. son) Bebb. Cereus giganteus Engelmann. Populus fremontii Watson. Opuntia fulgida Engelmann. Celtis occidentalis~Linnzeus. Opuntia versicolor Coulter. Acacia greggii Gray. Opuntia spinosior (IHngelmann) Tou- Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. mey. Prosopis odorata Torrey and Fremont. | Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Keberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. The vegetation in the region about Tucson presents an extremely picturesque appearance. The streams—Rillito Creek and the Santa Cruz River—are well wooded with screw bean, mesquite, cotton- wood, willow, boxelder, and ash, groups of which are often converted into fragrant bowers by climbing grape and Philibertella, with spiny asters, showy daturas, and many flowering annuals beneath and around them. The foothills of the Tucson and Santa Catalina moun- tains are sprinkled with the giant cactus. Going toward the Santa Catalinas, one emerges upon a plain sloping up to the intervening valley of Rillito Creek. The foreground is spread with prickly pear and the gregarious creosote bush, which, in season, is covered with yellow flowers. Patches of arborescent cacti cover much of the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 109 ground and bear red blooms as beautiful as roses. Mesquites begin as shrubs no larger than the mimosa and acacia on the sandy mésa, but increase to the dimensions of New England apple trees, the mesquite groves of the Rillito having a decidedly orchard-like appearance. On the hills across the stream the giant cactus holds sway, giving a fascinating effectiveness to the landscape at all times . and a peculiar beauty when, in May, each of its huge arms’ unfolds a coronet of white flowers, in the midst of which white-winged doves delight to settle and coo. The green-barked palo verde with its tiny leaflets, the gold and purple flower balls attached to slender branches of acacia and mimosa, and the coral-red tips of bloom to the tall and wand-like stems of clustering ocotillo, give a needed coloring to these rough slopes, which require but the finishing touch of bristling bisnaga, serrate dasylirion, scarlet-flowered cereus and choya, and yellow nopal to complete a picture of strange beauty. When I visited Fort Lowell, in April, 1885, the officers’ quarters were shaded and screened by a beautiful naliy of living ocotillos (Fou- quieria splendens Engelmann), which bloomed, and whose leaves were as freshly green as when growing maturily, although the stems were merely thrust into the ground and nailed to the porch above. This thorny plant is also called candlewood and corral-wood from its uses. The flowers, superficially, resemble those of the F'uschsia. To Col. Bernard J. D. Irwin, surgeon, U. S. Army, the science of herpetology is indebted for very large collections of the reptiles and batrachians of old Fort Buchanan, situated at the head of Sonoyta Creek, a tributary of the Santa Cruz, near Tucson, Arizona. These collections were made at the suggestion of Professor Baird, and are now in the United States National Museum. Since his ree other species have been added to the national collection by Maj. W. H Emory, Lieuts. F. T. Bryan and J. H. Rutter, of the Army; Arthur Schott, Edward W. Nelson, Pierre Louis Jouy, Louis John Xantus de Vesey, Henry W. Henshaw, Herbert Brown, F. X. Holzner, and the writer. The list of reptiles and batrachians known from the region of Tucson, Fort Buchanan, and Camp Lowell is therefore a long one, as follows: Turtles. Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte. | Terrapene sp.o @More important than all Colonel Irwin’s contributions of notes and speci- mens to the Smithsonian Institution was his early training of Charles Emil Bendire, the distinguished author of Life Histories of North American Birds, in exact methods of scientific observation. Bendire was then a young soldier of his command, attached to the hospital corps, and stationed at old Fort Buchanan and other camps in the vicinity of Fort Lowell and Tucson. o> The skin of a box-turtle, taken between Benson and Mountain Spring, Ari- zona, May 4, 1885, and prepared by the writer, .is in the collection of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York, 110 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lizards. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Gi- rard. Callisaurus (Hallowell). Umea scoparia Cope. Holbrookia maculata maculata Girard. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Uta symmetrica Baird. Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus (Baird and Girard). Phrynosoma douglassii (Girard). Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum (Girard). draconoides ventralis hernandesi Phrynosoma solare Gray. Phrynosoma cornutum (Harlan). j Anota platyrhina (Girard). Eubdlepharis variegatus (Baird). Heloderma suspectum Cope. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say). Cnemidophorus tessellatus melanoste- thus Cope. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linnzeus). Cnemidophorus gularis gularis Baird and Girard. Eumeces obsoletus (Baird and Girard). Snakes. Glauconia humilis (Baird and Girard). Diadophis [amabdilis docilis (Baird and Girard) ?]. Zamenis lateralis lateralis (Hallo- well). Salvadora grahamie Baird and Girard. Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger. Pityophis sayi bellona (Baird and Gi- rard). Ophibolus getulus splendidus (Baird and Girard). Rhinochilus lecontci Baird and Girard. Gyalopium canum Cope. Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope.¢ Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope. Eutenia megalops Kennicott. Eutenia elegans marciana (Baird and Girard). Eutenia nigrilatus Brown. Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope. Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard. Crotalus adamanteus scutulatus (Ken- nicott). Crotalus adamazrteus atrog (Baird and Girard). Crotalus confluentus confluentus Say. Crotalus tigris Kennicott. Crotalus cerastes Hallowell. Batrachians. Bufo sp. | Rana virescens brachycephala Cope. Station No. 47.—Old Fort Lowell, Arizona. This abandoned military post, also known as Camp Lowell, is located on Rillito Creek, at the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, 6 miles northeast of Tucson. The stream is clear and contains fishes. Its banks are beautifully wooded with cottonwood, willow, boxelder, elder, ash, and grape. A mesquite-and-cactus country borders it on the south and the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains on the north. The cacti are very characteristic of the country adjacent to the Santa Catalina Mountains. Besides the giant Cereus and the genera Cactus, Echinocactus, etc., there is a remarkable profusion of and variety in the genus Opuntia, of which O. acathocarpa, O. arbor- escens, O. arbuscula, O. leptocaulis, and O. fulgida are among the 2Cope, in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 147, mentions a living specimen of Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope from Tucson, Arizona; but, as he does not refer to it in his Monograph of the Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North.America, 1900, but speaks of specimens of Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope from Tucson, it may be inferred that all were of the latter species, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 111 most conspicuous. This is a well known collecting ground of Messrs. Bendire, Henshaw, Nelson, F. Stephens, Brown, Scott, and Price. The writer also visited the place in April and May of 1885, and again in November, 18938. Mr. Holzner camped there from Novem- ber 5 to 20, 1898, collecting 70 birds and 32 mammals. Sration No. 48,—Warsaw Mills, Pima County, Arizona. This camp was located at springs in Holdens Canyon in the Pajaritos Mountains, about 2 kilometers (1.75 miles) north of Monument No. 182, 505 kilometers (314 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 354 kilometers (220 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 1,220 meters (4,003 feet). I was there from December 1 to 7, 1893, and Mr. Holzner, from November 29 to December 7, 1893. For collecting, this camp was unfavorably located, in a barren and rocky canyon. The only timber was a scanty growth of glaucous-blue and Emory oak (Quercus oblongifolia and Q. emoryi). Birds and mammals were scarce in the vicinity, though numerous in more favorable localities in the neighborhood. Remunerntivs trips were made to Monument No. 127, and to Bear Valley, near Oro Blanco Picacho, at the head of Cafion de los Alisos, where a stream of fresh water, containing fish, and tributary to,the Altar River, was shown us by Mr. C. W. Kempton, the manager,of El Volador Mine, at Oro Blanco. Some of the nearer canyons were well wooded with cottonwood, oak, walnut, hackberry, and sycamore, but were too difficult of access to be vis- ited often from our camp at Warsaw Mills. Flora of Pajaritos Mountains.—The following-named trees were observed in the Pajaritos Mountains, between Monuments Nos. 122 and 140: Prunus Bon- Pinus cembroides Wngelmann. Juniperus pachyphlea Torrey. Yucca brevifolia Torrey. Yucca sp. Juglans rupestris Engelmann. Salia nigra Marshall. Salia occidentalis longipes son) Bebb. Salix taxifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Quercus arizonica Sargent. Quercus toumeyi Sargent. Quercus chrysolepis -Liebmann. Celtis occidentalis Linneeus. Morus celtidifolia Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Platanus wrightii Watson. Cercocarpus parvifolius paucidentatus Watson, (Anders- salicifolia Humboldt, pland, and Kunth. Acacia greggti Gray. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Parkinsonia aculeata Linneus. Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey. Robinia neomexicana Gray. Ptelea trifoliata Linnzeus. Sapindus marginatus Willdenow. Cereus giganteus Engelmann. Opuntia fulgida Engelmann. Opuntia versicolor Engelmann. Opuntia spinosior (Engelmann) Tou- mey. Arctostaphylos pungens Bonpland, and Kunth. Zizyphus obtusifolius Gray. Frazxinus velutina Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Sambucus mexicana Presl. Nicotiana glauca Graham. Humboldt, 112 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Other conspicuous plants are: Ephedra trifurca Torrey, and other Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Lin- species. nus) Planchon.: Cereus pectinatus rigidissimus Engel- Yucca baccata Torrey. ant. Dasylirion wheelerit Watson. Opuntia. (Several species, of sub- Agave sonore (Torrey) Mearns. genera. Platypuntia and Cylindro- Amaranthus sp. puntia.) Rubus sp. Philabertella cynanchoides (Decaisne) Kunzia tridentata (Pursh) Sprengel. Vail. Mimosa. (Several species.) Datura meteloides de Candolle. Acacia. (Several species.) Stenolobium stans (Linneus) D. Don. Erythrina flabelliformis Kearney. Cucurbita digitata Gray. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- Rhus toxicodendron Linneus. pland, and Kunth. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Lobelia splendens Willdenow. Ceanothus fendleri Gray. Xanthium sp. Vitis arizonica Bugelmann. Baccharis. (Several species. ) Lieutenant Gaillard, who was in the Pajaritos Mountains during the flowering season of plants, in his Report (p. 2) observes: The mountains are covered with a fine growth of evergreen oak, juniper, and manzanita, while magnificent walnut, sycamore, and ash trees line the can- yons. Excellent grass covers the hills; thousands of beautiful wild flowers spring up on all sides during the rainy season; game is abundant and the climate unsurpassed. From the highest part of these mountains the view is beautiful beyond description and stretches away for 75 or 100 miles in every direction. Throughout this entire region, probably one of the roughest and most cut up in North America, there are no roads and but a few blind trails. Little or no water is to be found during the dry season, except by digging, although there is evidently a considerable underground drainage, as the Altar River, Arivaca Creek, and Nogales Creek, all permanent streams, derive their waters from the drainage of these mountains, which were notable, not only on account of their beauty, but also because they constituted the last timber- covered mountains encountered on the survey until the Coast Range was reached, and because in them was seen for the first time the strange and ungainly giant cactus (Cereus giganteus), called ‘“ suguaro” by the Mexicans. Sration No. 49.—Arivaca Creek, Pima County, Arizona. This station is 18 kilometers (11 miles) north of Monument No. 135, 532 kilometers (331 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 327 kilometers (203 miles) east of the Colorado River; altitude about 1,000 meters (3,281 feet). This is a wooded stream bordered by a broad plain on the north and near the foothills of the Pajaritos Mountains on the south. The present writer was there during December 8 and 9, 1893, and Mr. Holzner December 7, 1893. Station No. 50.—La Osa, Pima County, Arizona. The camp was one-half mile north of Monument No. 140, 534 kilometers (332 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 825 kilometers (202 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 1,100 meters (3,609 feet). This station is at the western extremity of the Pajaritos Mountains. We camped MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 113 close to the ranch house of Mr. W. S: Sturges. The only water any- where near is the well (Pozo Verde) of the Papago Indians, west of the Pozo Verde Mountains, and a large lake (not permanent) at Buenos Ayres, 6 miles distant. Most of our specimens came from a dry water course running from our camp to join the Altar River in Sonora. Though there is comparatively little wood in the surround- ing hills and plains, this wash was well wooded with fine hackberries, mesquites, and a few oaks (Quercus emoryi and Q. oblongifolia), which latter were the last oaks seen until the Coast Range Mountains of California were reached. This ravine also contained a good deal of underbrush. The neighboring Pozo Verde Mountains, on the west, are barren and rocky. They reach the altitude of 1,419 meters (4,656 feet). Besides mesquite, there grew upon them ocotillo, giant cereus, palo verde, and some bushes and smaller cacti. I was at this station from December 9 to 10 and 14 to 28, 1893, and Mr. Holzner from December 8 to 28, 1893. Large collections of verte- brates were made. Few plants were obtainable at that season. A molar tooth of a fossil elephant was obtained by the Papagos at the Pozo Verde and presented to us by Mrs. W. S. Sturges. Fauna of Pajaritos Mountains.—This region was only seen by us in winter, when the most interesting and characteristic animals were hibernating and not easy to find. The reptilian fauna includes, besides those mentioned as having been collected at Nogales, two poisonous snakes, Hlaps eurywanthus Kennicott and Crotalus tigris Kennicott, and an abundance of the small box turtle (Terrapene), appearing after rains. Of batrachians, a toad (Bufo) and a frog (Rana virescens brachycephala Cope) were found at Warsaw Mills; and at Buenos Ayres, at the beginning of the summer rains, Lieuten- ant Gaillard observed great numbers of a very large frog-like toad, named Bufo alvarius by Girard. Nothing was seen or heard of them until the advent of the early summer rains, which formed a large shallow lake near Buenos Ayres and about 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of the oe Line. These Jarge toads then filled the air with their loud cries, which increased until a deafening roar was pro- ‘duced. Numbers of them were seen hopping about, but their rarity was not suspected by Lieutenant Gaillard, on which account none were collected. The range of Bufo alvarius Girard, extends from Monument No. 73, in Guadalupe Canyon, to the Colorado River (Monument No. 205). I first met with it in a dense growth of arrow- wood (Pluchea sericea) on the edge of the Colorado River at Fort Mojave, Arizona, May 18, 1884. A specimen was carried to Peach Springs and given into the charge of the hotel proprietor, who allowed it to escape during my absence at the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. No specimen of this toad was again seen until July 6, 30639—No. 56—07 m-—8 114 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1892, when Lieutenants Gaillard and Irwin and the writer lay down to rest upon the damp grass beside the San Bernadino Springs, near Monument No. 77. At dusk these huge green batrachians began to hop about us, occasionally landing upon our faces. A few were caught and saved as specimens. No more were seen by me until October 3, 1893, when Hospital Steward E. C. Merton brought me another that he had just caught at a spring situated between Monu- ment No. 73 and Cajon Bonito Creek, in Sonora, Mexico. Another was taken at Quitobaquita Springs, Monument No. 172, January 26, 1894. Station No. 51.—La Ventana Ranch, Pima County, Arizona. This place is about 9 kilometers (5.5 miles) from Monument No. 146, 573 kilometers (356 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 286 kilometers (286 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 675 meters (2,215 feet). The region west of the Pozo Verde Mountains is a vast plain, dry, but otherwise fertile, declining to the level of the Gulf of Cali- fornia and Colorado River. This extensive area is strewn with desert ranges of mountains, trending from northwest to southeast. Monu- ment No. 146, on the Moreno Mountain (altitude, 1,420 meters), marks the western border of the Moreno Flat, which is bounded on the east by the Baboquivari and Pozo Verde Mountains. This flat is covered with grass and shrubbery, and is rich in animal and plant life. In it we found groves of the long-leaved palo verde (Parkin- sonia aculeata Linneeus). In traveling from La Osa to La Ventana we found the first skeletons of the large land turtle, Gopherus agas- sizii (Cooper), whose range extends to the Colorado River. Sration No. 52.—Pozo de Luis, or el Vanori, Sonora, Mexico. Station 8 kilometers (5 miles) south of Monument No. 152, 595 kilo- meters (370 miles) west of the Rio Grande and 264 kilometers (164 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 700 meters (2,300 feet). Camp was made at the Indian village, by the well of Yaqui Luis, at the end of a valley at the west side of the Cobota Mountains, which latter are 1,060 meters (3,478 feet) in altitude. The: rock is granite, uralite-diabase, rhyolite, and basalt. The Indians are mostly Papa- gos, though there are a few Yaquis, among them Luis, the owner of the well. There is no cultivated land beyond a patch of an acre or two beside and watered from the well. To the southwest is a plain that rapidly declines to the coast level at the Gulf of California. There was no bare ground in the neighborhood of this station, the whole region being covered with shrubs and cacti, with trees along the arroyos. Ironwood, mesquite, two species of palo verde, and tall acacias formed a heavy growth along the principal arroyos. Creosote bushes and cacti cover the higher flats, and the giant cereus and ocotillo are abundant on the hills and mountains. (Plate XII, fig. 2.) On the southern slopes of the Cobota Mountains we met with the first MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 115 of the pitaya cactus (Cereus thurberi), which to the westward become a conspicuous feature. Large game was abundant in these mountains. General collections of unusual interest were made here by Mr. Holzner and the author from December 29, 1893, to January 8, 1894. The winter season was unfavorable for collecting reptiles, Uta stansburiana being, as usual, the only lizard common at that time of the year. Flora of Pozo de Luis—tvThe trees are: Salix nigra Marshall. Olneya tesota Gray. Populus fremontii Watson. Opuntia fulgida Engelmann. Acacia greggii Gray. Opuntia versicolor Engelmann. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Opuntia spinosior (Engelmann) ‘Tou- Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey. mey. Cercidium torreyanum (Watson) Sar- | Cereus giganteus Engelmann. gent. Cereus thurberi Engelmann. Other conspicuous plants are of the genera E’phedra, Yucca, Dasy- lirion, Agave, Amaranthus, Atriplex, Fouquieria, Covillea, Simmond- sia, Rhus, Zizyphus, Cactus, E'chinocereus, Echinocactus, Opuntia, Datura, Bouvardia, Cucurbita, Xanthium, and Baccharis (several species, including B. emory?). Station No. 53.—Nariz Temporal, Sonora, Mexico. Station about 10.5 kilometers (6.5 miles) south of Monument No. 159, 626 kilo- meters (3889 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 233 kilometers (145 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 500 meters (1,640 feet). Our camp was at the south end of the Nariz Mountains, beside a pool of surface water, at the western border of the Great Plain, which stretches between the Cobota and Nariz mountains. Much of the Great Plain, which is from 100 to 200 feet lower on the west than on the east side, is covered with grass, though shrubs and cacti cover large portions of it. The Nariz Mountains are very rocky, but sup- port considerable undergrowth, especially near the base, which is also wooded with pitaya cactus, Sonoran ironwood (Olneya tesota), palo verde, and acacia. Along the laguna at the foot of the Nariz Mountains is a heavy growth of mesquite, about 15 feet in height. A very superficial examination of this interesting locality was made by Mr. Holzner and myself on January 8 and 9, 1894, when a few specimens were collected. Major Emory had taken the horned toad (Anota modesta Girard) at this place. Station No. 54.—Santa Rosa Valley, at Monument No. 161, 632 kilometers (393 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 343 kilometers (141 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 516 meters (1,693 feet). Visited by myself and Mr. Holzner January 9, 1894. Station No. 55.—Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico. The camp was at the edge of a mesquite flat beside the Sonoyta River, about 3 kilo- meters (2 miles) south of Monument No. 168, which is 661 kilometers 116 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (411 miles) west of the Rio Grande and 198 kilometers (123 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 400 meters (1,312 feet). The Mexican town of Sonoyta, beside which our camp was located, is near the head of the Sonoyta River, a pretty creek containing several species of fish, which rises south of Monument No. 164 and flows west to Quitobaquita, where it almost touches the International Boundary Line, and thence southwest to the Gulf of California. Some months prior to our arrival, during a period of unusual rain- fall the river had washed away its banks in such a manner as to destroy the then existing system of irrigation entirely and to prevent its reconstruction. At the time of our visit only a few fields on the right (north) side of the Sonoyta River were under irrigation, and these received their water from springs at some distance from the river. Trapping would have yielded better results for our mammal collection had we been there during the period of agricultural pros- perity. Below the village of Sonoyta is a settlement of Papago Indians, who successfully irrigate large fields from the Sonoyta River. The ground had been well plowed with the ingenious wooden plows made by the Indians. A few miles farther down the stream is the Mexican town of Santo Domingo, distant about 14.5 kilometers. (9 miles) from Sonoyta. The freshet, which had been calamitous to the people of Sonoyta, had greatly benefited the residents of Santo Domingo by turning all of the water of the Sonoyta River into their irrigation canal. These settlements of the Sonoyta Valley are surrounded by low mountains and hills—the Sierra de Sonoyta. The highest peaks (altitude, 1,348 meters, or 4,423 feet) are about 15 kilometers (9 miles) south of the Boundary, while those to the north of it, in the vicinity of our station, are from 600 to 900 meters (1,000 to 1450 feet) in altitude. They are covered with a growth of shrubbery and cactus, so that open, grassy stretches of country are no longer visible to the eye, when viewing the country from an elevation, as they are in the region east of the Baboquivari Mountains. The bushy or chaparral country begins about 16 kilometers (10 miles) east of Pozo de Luis (Station No. 52 south of Monument No. 152) and extends west to La Represo (Monument No. 179). From the latter point to the Coast Range of mountains, near the Pacific coast, lies the most barren desert of America. Desert vegetation is abundant around Sonoyta. Fig trees thrive in a half-wild state, cottonwoods and willows border the fields and acequias, and a luxuriant thicket of young mesquite edges the So- noyta, where it has not been dug away to make place for fields and gardens. On the hills the giant cereus and pitaya are the most marked features of the arboreal vegetation, the latter preferring the MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 117 rocky heights; but the screw-bean, palo verde, acacia, ironwood, and elder are abundant in the valleys. The smoother tracts are covered by the choya, tasajo, and other cacti, mixed with sagebrush, grease- wood, creosote bush, ocotillo, and Ephedra. Along the river are patches of gourds, Baccharis, arrowwood, canes and tule. The writer, assisted by Mr. Holzner, collected energetically at this station from January 9 to 25, 1894, and brought together a fine collec- tion of mammals, birds, and fishes; but plants and reptiles were scarce at that season. A frog was taken from the stomach of a chaparral cock; mud turtles (Kinoaternon sonoriense Le Conte) were numerous in springs and in the Sonoyta River; one snake was obtained, at Santo Domingo; and a lizard (Uta snapuriona Baird and Girard) was found in some numbers. Reptiles were reported to have been very numerous in the Sonoyta Valley in warm weather. Lieutenant Gaillard speaks of the horned rattlesnakes, or “ side winders,” which he killed between Gila Bend and Sonoyta as having seemed to-him different from those on the deserts bordering on the Colorado River. The latter were Crotalus cerastes Hallowell. Sration No. 56.—Santo Domingo, Sonora, Mexico. Station 2 kilometers (1.5 miles) south of Monument No. 170, 670 kilometers (417 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 189 kilometers (117 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 360 meters (1,181 feet). Fre- quent visits were made to this locality in January and February, 1894, by myself and Mr. Holzner. Station No. 57.—Quitobaquita, at Monument No. 172, 678 kilo- meters (421 miles) west of the Rio Grande and 181 kilometers (113 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 320 meters (1,050 feet). The Quitobaquita Springs, at which our camp was made, are close to the International Line, in Pima County, Arizona, at the foot of the Sierra de Quitobaquita, whose altitude is 845 meters (2,772 feet). The region is more barren than that around Sonoyta and Santo Domingo. The La Abra Plain, on the east, is covered with coarse chaparral; but the lower course of the Sonoyta River is through a more open and sandy region, the soil being sandy loam and coarse gravel, with the low places incrusted with alkali. The rock is gran- ite, rhyolite, and basalt. Passing down the Sonoyta Valley from the town of Sonoyta, the valley broadens at Santo Domingo into an extensive bottom, which is largely under irrigation and cultivation. A small garden at Quitobaquita is irrigated from springs emerging from a hillside on the right (north) bank of the Sonoyta River and 1 mile from it, at a point 8 kilometers (5 miles) below Santo Domingo. The Sonoyta Valley is a little more than a mile in width at this part’ between low mountains of coarse granite rock. It is partly covered by patches of creosote bushes, shrubbery, and cacti. The giant cereus is common 118 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and there are many pitayas on the rocky hills. The choya forms groves, in which the largest plants are sometimes from 2 to 4 meters in height, and gaunt at that season (January and'February) from the ‘annual shedding of their.joints. The sandy arroyos contain patches of Parosela spinosa, and are bordered by ironwood, large and small- leaved palo verde and mesquite trees. The settlement consisted of three adobe dwellings, a warehouse, and a corral at the springs, and a small house at the garden. From Quitobaquita Springs several streams flow into a shallow, artificial lake, the overflow from which is conducted by an acequia to an extensive field of wheat and white clover, bordered by fig trees and surrounded by a brush fence. This proved to be an excellent col- lecting ground for birds and mammals. A few ducks and waders and one pair each of the white-bellied swallow, black phoebe, and vermilion flycatcher frequented the lake. Dipsosaurus dorsalis and Uta. stansburiana were common lizards. A toad (Bufo alvarius Girard) was also taken. This station was occupied by the writer and Mr. Holzner from January 25 to February 8, 1894. Vlora of Sonoyta Valley (Monuments Nos. 164 to 174).—Trees: Salix nigra Marshall. Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Populus fremontii Watson. Olneya tesota Gray. Acacia greggii Gray. Cereus giganteus Engelmann. Prosopis odorata Torrey and Fremont. | Cereus thurberi Engelmann. Prosopis clandulosa Torrey. Opuntia fulgida Engelmann... Parkinsonia aculeata Linnzus. Opuntia versicolor Engelmann. Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey. Opuntia spinosior (Engelmann) Cercidium torreyanum (Watson) Sar- Toumey. gent. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. Zizyphus obtusifolia Gray—This species (specimen No. 2739, orig. 198) becomes a small tree, having a trunk from 1 to 4 deci- meters in diameter and a height of 3 to 6 meters, and with branches all armed with very long spines. It usually branches from the ground, around the main trunks, spreading so as to form an impene- trable growth. It is common in valleys. Conspicuous plants, other than trees, are: Scirpus olneyi Gray. Datura meteloides de Candolle. Scirpus occidentalis (Watson) Chase. Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. Hooker and Arnott. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) | Aster spinosus Bentham. Vail. Baccharis emoryi Gray. Euphorbia misera Gray. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. (Mexi- Echinocactus wisligeni Engelmann. can name, “ batamote.”) Echinocactus wislizeni lecontei Engel- | Pluchea sericea (Nuttall). (Mexican mann. name, “ cochinilla.”) @'The creosote bush is called by the Mexicans “ gobernadora ” or “ hediondilla,” . 7 and is much used as a remedy for rheumatism in man and (asthma?) in horses MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 119 Species of the following genera also eccur: Typha, Ephedra, Phoradendron (red-berried, on nearly all the trees, but thriving especially upon the mesquite), Atriplex, Amaranthus, Cactus, Echi- nocereus, Echinocactus, Opuntia, Lycium (called “cuanvir ” ‘by Mexi- cans), Cucurbita (palmate-leaved), Xanthium (called “ cadillo” by Mexicans), 7'rixis (a woody species), and Artemisia. Other plants not identified by specimens were called “ chamizo,” “ rama amarilla,” “chicura” (a coarse composite), and “ yerba de la flecha ” (a small, bushy tree, in canyons and arroyos, from Nariz Mountain to La Re- preso; has a double-seeded fruit, and in February red leaves; said to be very poisonous if taken as a decoction). Station No. 58.—Rancho de Agua Dulce, Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mexico. This place is about 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) southwest of Monument No. 173, 690 kilometers (429 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 169 kilometers (105 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 280 meters (919 feet). The writer made several visits to this place in January and February, 1894, collecting plants, birds, and mammals. Lagunas of the Sonoyta River between Agua Dulce and Cerro Blanco are the resort of many aquatic birds. The rock is coarse granite, rhyolite, and basalt. Spherulitic nodules are abun- dant in obsidian flows, which, alternating with sheets of rhyolite, form a high bluff on the right bank of the Sonoyta at Agua Dulce. When the surveying party was working in this vicinity during the month of June, 1893, the heat was intense, the maximum temperature in the shade reach- ing 118° Ff. The standard thermometer used was not graduated sufficiently high to give the temperature in the sun after 8 or 9 o’clock a. m., at which time it ranged from 130° to 140° F., the temperature in the shade at the same time ranging from 95° to 105° F., a ratio which would seem to indicate an average maximum sunshine temperature-during June of about 150° F. The temperature during June, 1893, must be considered, however, as in excess of the average, for a themometer record kept at Sonoyta and covering a period of several years showed this to have been the hottest June during the period covered by the observations. (D. D. Gaillard in Report of International Boundary Commis- sion, p. 23.) Station No. 59.—La Represo, at Monument No. 179, 715 kilome- ters (444 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 144 kilometers (90 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 210 meters (689 feet). This camp is in the eastern part of the Tule Desert. A small collec- tion was made by the author and Mr. Holzner February 8 and 9, 1894. Vegetation—In traveling from the Sonoyta River at Agua Dulce to La Represo we crossed, about midway, a broad forest of the sinita (Cereus schottii Engelmann), one of the largest and most singular of the cacti, which we never saw elsewhere. It occupied a mal pais region, covered with scoriaceous basalt. This forest of giant cacti stretched away as far as the eye could reach into Arizona and Sonora. We ascertained that the range of the largest North American cactus, 120 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cereus pringlei Watson, extends to within a few miles of the Boun- dary near this point, but nowhere crosses the International Line. Other trees seen on this journey were the small-leaf horse bean, whose habitat is quite general, that of the true palo verde (Cercid- cum torreyanum) being restricted to the edges of arroyos. The So- noran ironwood was quite generally distributed and unusually large. The indigo thorn (Parosela spinosa), locally called mangle, was abun- dant all along the Sonoyta, but did not appear again until the Tule Mountains were reached. Mesquites were occasionally seen, and on them: the red-berried mistletoe grew, as it did upon all of the trees mentioned, excepting the mangle and cacti. Ocotillo, yerba de la flecha, pitaya, and bisnaga were abundant. Sration No. 60.—Camel Skeleton, a mile north of Monument No. 181, 729 kilometers (453 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 130 kilometers (81 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 245 meters (804 feet). Small collections were made at this camp, in the midst of the Tule Desert, February 9 and 10, 1894. Station No. 61.—Tule Wells, Yuma County, Arizona, about 6 * kilometers (82 miles) northeast of Monument No. 186, 763 kilometers (474 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 96 kilometers (60 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 375 meters (1,230 feet). There are two ordinary wells at this place, which is in the midst of a wild and rugged desert range called the Tule Mountains, though there are no signs of tules or other aquatic vegetation in the region, and no water on the surface of the ground. The mountains reach an altitude of 756 meters (2,480 feet), and are rocky and barren, the rock consisting of granite, quartz, hornblende-mica-andesite, and basalt. Cacti (Cactus, E'chinocactus, Cereus, and Opuntia), an Agave, and a few stunted palo verde and ironwood trees grow on their rocky sides, and in some of the canyons an enormous nolina, with a tall caudex, which is sometimes a meter or more in diameter, grows sparingly. Along the arroyos a dusty-looking, spiny tree, Parosela spinosa is abundant, the largest individuals reaching the height of 8 meters. Mesquites and large-leaved palo verde, iron- wood, asclepias, creosote bush, and sagebrush are found about the base of the mountains and along dry water courses. There is water in a few places in the mountains, in tanks which are small and hard to find. Plants and animals were collected from February 9 to 14, 1894, by myself and assistant. Flora of Tule and Granite Mountains—No large collections were made in the vicinity of this station. So barren are these desolate ranges that the occurrence of an arborescent nolina (Nolina bigelovii Watson), having a caudex and flowerstalk together measuring 7 meters in height, was a surprise. An agave, in a new form, reap- MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 191 peared for the first time since leaving the Lesna and Cobota moun- tains. This agave was only seen in the Tule Mountains of Arizona and Sonora. The plant is about the size of Agave lechuguilla Torrey, with something of the appearance of Agave applanata parryi (Engelmann) Mulford. The broad leaves have fleshy mar- gins and remarkably stout, deflected spines, which spring from the margins of the leaf, which is similar to that of parryi in shape, glau- cous, and armed with an indurated terminal spine about 25 mm. in length. The flower-stalk is 1 to 3 meters in height and resembles that of Agave applanata parryi. It was not seen in flower. Mesquites here grow to a considerable size, in canyons, and develope a spread- ing habit of growth, the branches forming elbows which reach the ground and are often buried in the sand, the extremities again ascend- *ing. The palo verde is uncommon; but the small-leaf horse bean is abundant, growing up the mountain slopes and canyons, as well as on arroyos, though sparingly in the hills. The Sonoran ironwood as- cends to the mountain tops. In the bed of a sandy arroyo the indigo thorn, in one instance, became a tree one-third meter (1 foot) in diameter and 7.3 meters (24 feet) in height. Hchinocactus wislizent, which was not seen west of the Sonoyta, was here replaced by L’chino- cactus lecontei, which was not seen east of Quitobaquita, where both occurred. A cactus was first found here, growing in the form of a mound, like a pyramid of cannon balls, each as large as a coconut. It occupied smooth slopes of bare ground, covered with small chips of volcanic rock. There were other new forms of cacti, among them a coarse Cylindropuntia having whitish spines; this first ap- peared in the Sierra de la Salada, and, in the desert ranges to the westward, became the prevailing cactus and the chief food plant of the mountain sheep. A very singular plant is Terebinthus micro- phylla (Gray) Rose (Bursera microphylla Gray), which has the ap- pearance of a stout, woody shrub, but is so soft and spongy that when a plant dies it melts down like a cactus and goes to pieces instead of drying hard in its natural form. Reptiles—It was said by several members of the surveying party that gila monsters of a kind different from those at San Bernardino, Monument No. 77 (Heloderma suspectum Cope), were numerous in the Tule and Tinajas mountains, which were surveyed in April and May. At the time of our visit (February) the only reptile much in evidence was the Uta stansburiana, which is often active when the temperature is quite low; but Mr. Joe H. Wheeler, who was the most accurate observer of the civilian employees of the survey, wrote me, in April, 1893, that he found: Lizards, very large, 18 to 24 inches in length; backs of a brick-red color; legs and head black; tail gray or granite color, and not very tapering; belly and breast reddish, and gray tinted on sides. 122 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This description points to the chuck-walla (Sawromalus ater Du- méril), as the alleged gila monster of this region. In April, 1893, Mr. Wheeler found, in the Tule Mountains, a few horned toads and also snakes resembling the coach-whip, which were yellowish with dark stripes across the body and about 4 to 6 feet. He. also found rattlesnakes (Crotalus tigris Kennicott) averaging 18 to 24 inches in length, light brown in color, with stripes across the body, and three to eight rattles. The head was rather large in proportion. Sration No. 62.—Range of Granite Mountains, about 6 kilometers ~ (34 miles) north of Monument No. 187, 766 kilometers (476 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 93 kilometers (58 miles) east of the Col- orado River; altitude about 325 meters (1,060 feet). The writer, who discovered a small tank of water in a canyon of these mountains, trapped mammals and collected birds and plants February 10 ande 12 to 14, 1894. Srarion No. 63.—Tinajas Altas, Yuma County, Arizona, 8 kilo- meters (5 miles) north of Monument No. 191; 789 kilometers (490 miles) west of the Rio Grande, and 70 kilometers (44 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 335 meters (1,099 feet). This im- portant station is at the east base of the Gila Mountains, beside the lowest of a chain of natural rock tanks, in a steep ravine, containing an unfailing and almost inexhaustible supply of good water. (Plate XIII, fig. 1.) The upper tanks are easily overlooked and difficult of access, which facts afford the most plausible explanation of the loss of the lives of many persons whose bones and graves were thickly scattered about our camp. The Gila Mountains reach the altitude of 861 meters (2,825 feet), and are remarkably rocky, with creste sc sharp that it is impossible to walk along their summits. The rock is a coarse granite. Around the base of these mountains the last of the giant cereus were found, on the Boundary Line. One species of palo verde, the small-leaf horse bean, and the ironwood, indigo, thorn, acacia, mesquite, and nolina complete the list of trees, which are mostly confined to arroyos around the base of the mountains. Species of Lotus, Agave, Cotyledon, Fouquieria, Covillea, E phedra, Datura, Nicotiana, Terebinthus, Cucurbita, Euphorbia, and Physalis were common. Of cacti, a species of Cylindropuntia, called “ tasajo,” and another resembling the choya, one small species of Platopuntia that we only saw on the mountains of the Western Desert, a small, long-spined Cereus, the handsome, red-spined Echinocactus leconte?, and several species of the genus (actus were the common sorts. Cereus greggii and one or two other cacti were found more spar- ingly. Collections in botany and zoology were made by the writer and his assistant from February 14 to 23, 1894, during which time a line of mammal traps were carried from the middle of the Lechu- guilla Desert on the east to the summit of the Gila Mountains. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN NO. 56 PL. XIII Looxina Ne 1. TINAJAS ALTAS, WESTERN DESERT TRACT (SEE PAGE 122). 2. CAMPO, CALIFORNIA, PACIFIC COAST TRACT (SEE PAGE 135). MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 123 Reptiles—In February, 1894, we observed but few species of liz- ards here, among them Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, Scelo- porus clarkii Baird and Girard, and a horned toad (specimen No. 41) that assumed two very different phases of coloration—gray on the granite débris around the base of the mountains and red on the Lechuguilla Desert east of the mountains, where the soil was red. Corresponding colorations were observed in the jack rabbits of this region. By pulling hard the men extracted from the crevice of a rock the tail of a huge lizard called the chuck-walla (Sauromalus ater Duméril), respecting which Mr. Joe H. Wheeler wrote in April, 1893, from this place as follows: Lizards very large, 12 to 16 inches in length; with black heads and legs and dirty or brick-colored backs and bellies; tail of a dusty gray; seen on highest peaks of the Tinajas Mountains. Mr. Wheeler also noted dichromatism in the horned toad and the occurrence of the tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris Kennicott) in these mountains. Lieutenant Gaillard thus describes and figures one of two snakes taken between the ranges of the Gila Mountains in April, 1893: “ T saw one in alcohol. It is about 6 inches long, and smaller around than a lead pencil. It is colored thus Ga A, A, jet black bands entirely around the snake; B,B, splotches of red, with pink edges.” This was probably an individual of Chilomenis- cus ciuctus Cope, in which the natural coloring had not yet faded in alcohol. I remember this species as appearing quite red in life. Station No. 64.—Yuma Desert, Monument No. 200, 835 kilometers (519 miles) west of the Rio Grande and 24 kilometers (15 miles) east of the Colorado River. Altitude, 45 meters (148 feet). This is the most barren desert on the Mexican Line, though there is more animal life upon it than was supposed by the members of Major Emory’s sur- yeying party. Only four species of plants—sagebrush, creosote bush, ephedra, and a coarse grass—were discovered on the middle portion of the Yuma Desert, although tender annuals doubtless spring up after rains and soon disappear. The only birds seen were a pair of ravens, which were feeding at deserted camps of the Monument-Build- ing Party. Of mammals, a large species of kangaroo rat, a long- eared fox, a jack rabbit, and a small ground squirrel were quite com- mon. At Monument No. 200, two beetles (Zlcodes grandicollis and E. acuticauda), a desert cricket (Stenopalmatus talpa), a solpugid (Datames californicus), and a scorpion (Hadrurus hirsutus Wood) were collected by myself. I camped there from March 15 to 16, 1894. Lizards were abundant, and the following were collected: Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Girard) ; Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard; Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hallowell) ; Uma rufopunctata Cope. 124 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Of snakes, several individuals of Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, and a great many of Crotalus cerastes Hallowell, were seen, and a specti- men of each taken. Station No. 65.—Gila River at Adonde Siding, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. This station, on the lower Gila, is about 87 kilo- meters (23 miles) north of Monument No. 195. Altitude, 60 meters (197 feet). The Gila Valley is wide at this part. Where the foot- hills approach the valley a few giant cacti were seen. The bottom- land and adjacent arroyos support a growth of arrowwood, Baccha- ris, stramonium, cocklebur, and coarse sedges and rushes along the sloughs. The trees are cottonwood and willow beside the Gila, with ironwood, large-leaved palo verde, mesquite, screw-bean, acacia, and Parosela spinosa farther back. The mesquites are loaded with mis- tletoe. The loose soil of the Gila river bottom is covered with a plant having fleshy leaves, which ranges along the Gila and Colorado rivers to the Gulf of California. Uta stansburiana of Baird and Girard was common, and the only lizard taken; and Kinosternon sonoriense of Le Conte was the only turtle. I made collections at this station from February 14 to 23, 1894. Station No. 66.—Gila River at Gila City, Yuma County, Arizona. Station 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of Monument No. 199. Alti- tude, 50 meters (160 feet). At this point the Gila Mountains close in upon the Gila Valley. The stream, as usual, is bordered by cot- tonwood and willow trees. Mesquite and screw bean are the com- mon trees of the river bottom; ironwood, acacia (A. greggit), Ephedra, large-leaved palo verde, ocotillo, and the giant cactus occupy the foothills and arroyos; and smaller cacti and shrubs occur on the mountains. Along the Gila River are numerous sloughs, bordered with cat-tail, tule, cane, sedge, and rush. One species of gourd had a tuberous root, measuring one-third by one meter. Inter- esting collections of plants, fishes, birds, and mammals were made from March 1 to 5, 1894, by the writer and Mr. Holzner. Flora of lower Gila River —Between Adonde and Yuma the mate- rial collected is indicated in the lists that follow. The trees are: Salix nigra Marshall. Cercidium torreyanum (Watson) Sar- Salin fluviatilis Nuttall. gent. Populus fremontii Watson. Parosela spinosa (Gray) Heller. Acacia greggit Gray. Olneya tesota Gray. Prosopis odorata Torrey and Fremont. | Cereus giganteus Engelmann. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. Other coarse plants are of the genera Ephedra, Typha, Phoraden- dron, Atriplex, Amaranthus, Opuntia (subgenera Platopuntia and MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 125 Cylindropuntia), Nicotiana, Xanthium, and Baccharis (several spe- cies), besides the following: Scirpus occidentalis (Watson) Chase. , Datura meteloides de Candolle. Scirpus -olneyi Gray. Cucurbita palmata Watson. Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail.¢ | Aster spinosus Bentham. Fouquicria splendens Engelmann. Pluchea sericea (Nuttall) Coville. Echinocactus lecontei Engelmann. Philibertella cynanchoides (Decaisne) Vail. No species of Agave, Yucca, Nolina, or Dasyliron was found here or to the westward until the Coast Range was reached. Reptiles —At Gila City we obtained a beautiful snake, Ophibolus getulus boylit (Baird and Girard), a mud turtle, Hinosternon sono- riense Le Conte, and three species of lizards: Crotaphytus wislizenti Baird and Girard, Via symmetrica Baird, and Uta graciosa (Hallo- well). “A few frogs (Rana) were seen, and fishes were abundant in the Gila River. Station No. 67.—Yuma, Arizona. This station is on the left (east) bank of the Colorado River, at the mouth of the Gila. The channels of the Gila and Colorado rivers are marked by lines of tall cottonwoods and a lesser fringe of willows. The adjacent bottom lands, which are broad and subject to annual overflow from the river, are more or less covered with mistletoe-matted mesquites and screw- beans. There are but few cacti, and these only in the hilly coun- try in the vicinity of Yuma, where the creosote bush and desert wil- low also grow. There are a few tall Mexican elders where the soil is alluvial; but the commonest shrubs of the low ground are the arrow- wood and Baccharis. As a result of an investigation along the Colo- rado River, made in January, 1902, by the hydrographic branch of the U. §. Geological Survey, the extent of the alluvial bottom land between Camp Mohave and Yuma was found to be from 400,000 to 500,000 acres. The alluvial deposits extend in a widening band along the Colorado from Yuma to the Mexican Gulf of California, forming a tropical tract which possesses distinctive biologic features. Although the rainfall at Yuma is but 3.06 inches a year, this tract is irrigable, and, like the Nile Valley, subject to annual overflowing. These high waters are rich in fertilizing sediments, are exceptionally free from alkaline salts, and come at an opportune time for irriga- tion. At the time of our visit a Norwegian engineer was engaged «The creosote bush is abundant, extending to the Colorado River and down that stream to its mouth at the Gulf of California. On the rich soil of the lower Gila the finest specimens of cresote bush were seen, measuring almost 4 meters (13 feet) in height. 126, BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in surveying the lower portion of this tract with a view to reclaiming and utilizing it for agricultural purposes. I was here from March 5 to 18, 20 to 21, and 31 to April 1, 1894; Mr. Holzner from March 5 to 18 and 31 to April 1, 1894. Reptiles of the Colorado River, from the mouth of the Gila to the Gulf of California.—Most of the lizards and snakes named in the following list were first collected at Fort Yuma by Maj. George H. Thomas (who became major-general during the civil war and to whose enthusiastic efforts science is also indebted for the first knowl- edge of the Fort Yuma ground squirrel, Spermophilus tereticaudus Baird, and other animals of the region). Others who have gathered reptiles in the Yuma region are Dr. A. L. Heermann, Arthur Schott, H. B. Méllhausen, R. O. Abbott, Charles R. Orcutt, and the nat- uralists of the U. S. Fish Commission: Lizards. Uta symmetrica Baird. Uta graciosa (Hallowell). Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Anota maccallii Hallowell. Eublepharis variegatus (Baird). Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say). Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and Gi- yard). Sauromalus ater Duméril. Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hal- lowell). Uma rufopunctata Cope. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Uta ornate Baird and Girard. Snakes. Glauconia humilis (Baird and Girard). Zamensis flagellum flagellum (Shaw). Zamensis semilineatus Cope. Ophibolus getulus boylit (Baird and Girard). Eutenia megalops Kennicott. Tur Gopherus agassizii (Cooper). The range of the large land turtle the Colorado, at least to the Nevad Eutenia elegans marciana (Baird and Girard). Crotalus adamanteus atrox (Baird and Girard). Crotalus cerastes Hallowell. tles. | Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte. (Gopherus agassizii) extends up a line, where I found it in 1884. The Sonoran mud turtle (Héinosternon sonoriense) I do not remember to have seen below Gila City, on turtle was taken by Miguel, our mouth of the Colorado River and t Station No. 68.—Colorado River, at Monument N edge of the Yuma Desert), Rio Grande; altitude, 855 kk 27 meters the Gila River. Cocopah Indian he head preserved A large marine hunter, near the in alcohol. 0. 204 (western ilometers (531 miles) west of the (89 feet). This camp was beside MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 127 a laguna of the Colorado River, at the east edge of the bottom land. Willow, cottonwood, and mesquite are the prevailing trees, and arrowwood, hemp, anid amaranth the characteristic undergrowth. Mr. Holzner occupied this station from March 13 to 31, 1894, and the writer from March 13 to 23 and 30 to 31, 1894. Collecting was extended across the western half of the Yuma Desert and across the bottom land to the edge-of the Colorado River. Nowhere were larger collections made in the same length of time. Flora of lower Colorado River.—The vegetation from the mouth of the Gila to the Gulf of California is disappointing to a stranger expecting to view tropical scenery. Beyond the broad river bottom, which is subject to regular seasonal overflowing, the Colorado is lat- erally bounded by broad and barren deserts, the Yuma Desert on the east and the Colorado Desert on the west. The river channel is marked by a line of unusually tall cottonwoods and a lesser fringe of willows (Salix fluviatilis). The adjacent bottom lands are cov- ered more or less with mesquite and tornillo (Prosopis glandulosa and P..odorata). The common shrubbery is a dense and monotonous growth of arrowwood (Pluchea sericea) and, in places, of Baccharis. -There are but few cacti, and these only in the hilly granite country in the vicinity of Yuma. No species of cactus, Yucca, Agave, Nolina, or Dasylirion was seen on the flat country between Yuma and the Gulf nor on the bordering deserts. Gourds and spiny asters cover the ground not otherwise occupied for several miles below Yuma. Then, about 26 kilometers (16 miles) below Yuma begins a rank growth of wild hemp that extends to the Gulf of California. This plant is 2 to 6 meters high, varying according to soil and moisture, and commonly grows with a coarse species of amaranth, which at- tains about the same height. Elder (Sambucus glauca). grows spar- ingly along the Colorado banks and is commonly cultivated in the settlements. About Yuma, most mesquite trees are small and heavily laden with globular masses of mistletoe. Farther south the parasite is less abundant and the trees larger, though inclined to a prostrate, straggling growth, many trunks arising from a single bole, the branches radiating and drooping, so that the terminal twigs sweep the ground or are buried in the soil. Some of these trees are very large, covering an area of 50 meters or more in diameter. The bark is much gnawed off by an arboreal species of the wood rat (Neotoma cumulator), whose bulky nest of sticks, coyote melons, and rubbish is built up into the dependent branches. A coarse Ephedra has a predilection for the slopes between the edge of the desert mesa and the river bottom. Wild tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) grows along the Colorado and its acequias, having probably escaped from cultiva- tion. A small native species is also common. The indigo thorn, 128 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. palo verde, and ironwood only occur on the granite hills about Yuma. The cockle (Yanthium) and a coarse Cyperus cover sandy banks; and, as the river broadens toward its mouth, vast savannas, canébrakes, and tule and carrizo marches are encountered. From what has been said it will be seen that the region has little that is distinctively tropical in its flora, its most peculiar feature consisting in the dense growth of willows strung with coyote melons and thickly mixed with stout amaranths and tall hemp, making jungles almost as difficult to penetrate as-the canebrakes. Sration No. 69.—Left (east) bank of the Colorado River, at Monument No. 205, 859 kilometers (534 miles) west of the Rio Grande. Altitude, 26 meters (85 feet). Frequent visits were made to the bank of the Colorado by the writer; and Mr. Holzner trapped mammals there in March, 1894. Sration No. 70.—Las Carpas, Colorado river bottom, Sonora, Mex- ico, 24 kilometers (15 miles) south of Monument No. 205. Altitude, about 20 meters (66 feet). I camped there March 29 to 30, 1894. Sration No. 71.—Cienega Well, Sonora, Mexico, 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of Monument No. 205. The Colorado bottom is many miles in width at this part and covered by’ carrizo, cane, tule, and other semiaquatic vegetation, with mesquites on the drier places and willow and cottonwood beside the marshes and lagunas. I camped there March 23 to 24, 1894. , Station No. 72.—Colonia Diaz, Colorado River, Sonora, Mexico, 48 kilometers (30 miles) south of Monument No. 205. This fertile tract of the Colorado River bottom was visited by myself and an Indian assistant March 29 and 30, 1894. The town was found to be nearly deserted, only three houses being occupied by Mexicans at the time of our visit. Indians burn off the carrizo marshes and stretches of hemp and amaranth at this season, destroying much animal and plant life. The savannas are covered with wing-leaf grass mixed with patches of tule and triangular-stemmed bulrushes. Station No. 73.—Left (east) bank of the Colorado River, oppo- site the mouth of Hardy River, Sonora, Mexico. The Colorado is salt at this place and subject to the ocean tides. My camp was lo- cated on a marshy bank at the lowest point we were able to reach with an escort wagon drawn by eight stout mules. In getting to it we crossed the last ridges on which mesquites could exist, all beyond being impassable if wet. Above these flats, which are inundated when the water in the Colorado is high, and also by the high monthly tides, we crossed the last ridges on which mesquites could exist, all beyond being bare flats or green savannas. The tide creeks and broad bays about our camp were swarming with waterfowl, which were nowhere else seen in so great abundance, Pelicans, cormorants, geese, ducks, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 129 cranes, herons, and small waders almost covered the shores and bays; the sky was lined with their ever-changing geometrical figures, and the air resounded with their winnowing wing-strokes and clanging voices, not only during the day, but through most of the night. The savannas were inhabited by small birds and mammals and were roamed over by herds of feral hogs, descended from good Berkshire stock. The writer, who was at this place from March 24 to 29, 1894, collected plants, mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds (40 specimens), and mammals (71 specimens). A Cocopah Indian, named Miguel, rendered great assistance in obtaining specimens at this place, and subsequently accompanied us for some distance. Station No. 74.—Old Fort Yuma, San Diego County, California. This abandoned military post is on a low bluff overlooking the Colo- rado River and the new town of Yuma, Arizona. Our camp was made among the willow and mesquite trees, just below the fort, and occupied by myself and Mr. Holzner from April 1 to 6, 1894. Station No. 75.—Cooks Well, Salton River, Lower California, Mexico. The shallow lagunas of the Salton slough were the home of myriads of swimming and wading birds; the mesquite groves were also inhabited by numerous species of mammals and birds; but the back country, away from the water, is an arid waste of drifting sand, characteristic of much of the Colorado Desert. This station, which was occupied by the writer and his assistant April 7 and 8, 1894, is about 5 kilometers (3 miles) south of Monument No. 210, 22 kilometers (14 miles) west of the Colorado River (at Monument No. 206), and 205 kilometers (127 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean (at Monument No. 258). Altitude of station, 28 meters (92 feet). Station No. 76.—Seven Wells, Salton River, Lower California. This station is 8 kilometers (5 miles) south of Monument No. 213, 39 kilometers (24 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 188 kilo- meters (117 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude of station, 19 meters (62 feet). A broad band of green foliage marks the course of the stream, which flows with a good current at this part past grassy banks and islands of cat-tails, amid patches of arrow- wood, Baccharis, and spiny aster. The surrounding country is cov- ered with sand hills and ridges, topped with bushy mesquites and dotted with creosote bushes. Along the stream the mesquites grow into trees having distinct trunks. Beneath them one usually sees the nest of the wood rat, well piled with the fruit of the gourd Inown as the coyote melon. The willow: thickets abounded with singing birds, and water fowl were very abundant and tame. At this camp, Hospital Steward, Ludwig Schoenefeldt, who joined my detachment at Yuma, began his collection of plants, which was con- tinued, with interruptions, until August 29, 1894, when we left Sta- 30689—No. 56—07 M——_9 x 130 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tion No. 102, on San Clemente Island.* Plants, mollusks, fishes, batrachians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were collected at this station from April 8 to 18, 1894, by myself and my assistant. Sration No. 77.—Gardners Laguna, Salton River, Lower Cali- fornia. Station about 10 kilometers (6 miles) south of Monument No. 216, 59 kilometers (37 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 168 kilometers (104 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude of sta- tion, 16 meters (52 feet). Camp was made in a dense thicket of tall mesquites, on the north bank of a laguna a mile in length. There were a number of other lagunas, large and small, in the vicinity. All contained fishes and aquatic birds in abundance. Thickets of arrow- wood bordered the stream, and mesquites, as usual, crowned the neighboring sand hills, among which were areas of creosote and greasewood bushes, sage brush, and desert weeds. Willows and an occasional cottonwood tree bordered the stream. This camp was occupied from April 18 to 27, 1894, by myself and assistants. Station No. 78.—Laguna of Salton River, Lower California. Sta- tion about 2 kilometers (1.5 miles) south of Monument No. 217, 58 kilometers (36 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 169 kilometers (105 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 9 meters (30 feet). I visited this place several times while camped at Gardners Laguna, and, with Mr. Holzner, camped there April 27 to 28, 1894, and col- lected specimens, among them examples of the wandering tattler, tree swallow, and other interesting birds. @The great majority of the plants gathered by the International Boundary Commission, United States and Mexico, were personally collected by myself, the rest as follows: David Du B. Gaillard, first lieutenant, U. S. Army, member of the Interna- tional Boundary Commission, frequently brought specimens of plants to the collectors in the field during the progress of the survey. Frank Wagner, hospital steward, U. S. Army, coliected plants along the parallel 31° 47’ and meridian section 108° 12’ 30” (from El Paso, Texas, to Monument No. 53) during the period from August to November, 1892. Harlan E. McVay, first lieutenant, U. S. Army, collected a few plants be- tween the San Pedro and Colorado rivers. Timothy E. Wilcox, major, U. 8. Army, forwarded plauts for the boundary collection from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, during the summer and autumn of 1893. These were in addition to the extensive collections sent by him person- ally, which latter were subsequeutly forwarded by Mr. F. V. Coville to Dr. N. L. Britton, to form a part of the material upon which Doctor Britton’s list of the plants of the Huachuca Mountains was based. Ernest C. Merton, acting hospital steward, U. §. Army, collected plants between the San Pedro River and Dog Spring, along parallel 31° 20’ (Monu- ments Nos. 98 to 55, from August 1 to September 23, 1893. Frank Xavier Holzner, collector to assist the writer, employed by the U. $ National Museum from January 30 to December 10, 1892, and June 1 1893, ie July 20, 1894, gathered a few specimens of plants from time to time and made a considerable collection on the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 131 Station No. 79.—Unlucky Lake, New River, San Diego County, California. Station about 4 kilometers (2 miles) north of Monument No. 221, 77 kilometers (47 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 150 kilometers (94 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 2 meters (7 feet) below the level of the sea. The vegetation is about the same as that along Salton River. As on all of the waters of the Colorado Desert, fish and fowl were here very abundant. My detachment camped here from April 28 to May 3, 1894. Sration No. 80.—Indian Wells, New River, San Diego County, California. Station about 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Monu- ment No. 228, 96 kilometers (60 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 131 kilometers (81 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 6 meters (20 feet) below the level of the sea. Except at the wells, the river was dry at this point. I visited this station May 8, 1894, and Mr. Holzner camped there May 5 to 6, 1894. Station No. 81.—Laguna Station, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. Station about ‘11 kilometers (7 miles) north of Monument No. 224, 104 kilometers (65 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 123 kilometers (76 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Alti- tude, 9 meters (30 feet) below the level of the sea. This part of New River is bordered by arrowwood, mesquite, and a few desert weeds and shrubs. My detachment camped here from May 3 to 6, 1894. Sration No. 82.—Signal Mountain, Colorado Desert, Lower Cali- fornia, Monument No. 224, 92 kilometers (58 miles) west of the Colo- rado River, and 135 kilometers (83 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Thighest altitude, 811 meters (2,661 feet). Visited from Station No. 81 in May, 1894, when Mr. Schoenefeldt collected plants. The ocotillo was again found here. Station No. 83.—Coyote Well, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. Station 13 kilometers (8 miles) north of Monument No. 229, 127 kilometers (79 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 100 kilometers (62 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 100 meters (328 feet). This barren place, without wood or water, was occupied by my party from. May 6 to 8, 1894. A few plants, reptiles, birds, mammals, and rocks were collected. Sration No. 84.—Eastern base of the Coast Range Mountains, San Diego County, California. This station was at the lowest water in the canyon through which the San Diego wagon road passes, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) north of Monument No. 230, 129 kilometers (81 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 98 kilometers (60 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 560 meters (1,837 feet). This can- yon had a fiery temperature. Kphedras, cacti, and a few mesquites and desert willows grew in the canyon, and there was considerable shrubbery on the hills above the camp, which was occupied by my party from May 7 to 9, 1894. 132 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. As soon as this station was reached some of the animals and plants peculiar to the San Diego or Pacific Coast Tract appeared, although many of the desert forms ascended for some distance the canyons and eastern slopes of the Coast Range Mountains, a few of them actually passing through the lowest gaps in the range to the Pacific side. Vegetation.—The traveler who has crossed the Colorado Desert looks back upon its wastes of sand, dotted with the creosote bush, with a feeling of abhorrence, and views the sweltering cliffs at the base of the Coast Range with favor, however grim and uninviting they may appear to one approaching them from the opposite direc- tion. The green tops of the yucca, and even the despised cactus, are a positive pleasure to the eye; and if one is fortunate enough to find a spring and a grove of fanleaf palms (Neowashingtonia filamentosa) in the first canyon that he enters his contentment is complete. There are no palms in the canyon through which the San Diego wagon road passes; but its course is marked far out upon the sloping desert by a line of tree yuccas (Yucca mohavensis Sargent), succeeded by desert willows, mesquites, and cat’s claws, at the mouth of the canyon, which is choked with Hymenoclea, arrowwood, and Baccharis. Growing upon the rocky walls of the canyon are the Zizyphus and Ephedra, besides Nolina parryi Watson, Agave deserti Engelmann, Simmondsia californica Nuttall, and the familiar choya, bisnaga, and ocotillo. Here, also, we took a final leave of the indigo thorn, whose fragrant, violet-colored flowers covered the white sand. Reptiles—In the general region of the boundary, on the Colorado Desert, between the Colorado River and the Coast Range (Monu- ments Nos. 206 to 229), the following-named reptiles have been taken: Lizards. Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird and | Uma rufopunctata Cope. Girard). Uta mearnsi Stejneger. Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Gi- | Uta symmetrica Baird. rard. ues Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard. Sauromalus ater Duméril. Anota platyrhina (Girard). Callisaurus draconoides ventralis (Hal- | Eublepharis variegatus (Baird). lowell). Snakes. Lichanura roseofusca Cope. Eutenia elegans marciana (Baird and Lichanura orcutti Stejneger. Girard). Zamensis flagellum flagellum (Shaw). | Crotalus adamanteus atror (Baird and Pityophis catenifer (Blainville). Girard). Chionactis oceipitalis annulatus Ken- | Crotalus cerastes Hallowell nicott, : STATION No. 85.—Mountain Spring, San Diego County, California. This stat:on is about halfway up the east slope of the Coast Range OF MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 133 and has an altiiude of 775 meters (2,543 feet), the highest neighbor- ing point reaching 1,410 meters (4,626 feet) in height. Mountain Spring is about 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) north of Monument No. 231, 135 kilometers (84 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 92 kilo- meters (57 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. There are some rushes and a few mesquite and -screw-bean trees around the spring, and much underbrush, yucca, cacti, and ephedras on the surrounding hills. A little higher up the slopes the juniper zone begins, and vegetation becomes more luxuriant. The mammals that were collected here were of much interest, as some of them were intergrades between the forms of the Colorado Desert and those of the Pacific Coast Tract. My party remained at this place from May 9 to 16, 1894. Reptiles and batrachians.—The following-named species have been taken on the east side of the Coast Range: Lizards. Crotaphytus collaris (Say). Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger. Sauromalus ater Duméril. Sceloporus vandenburgianus Cope. Callisaurus draconoides rentralis (Hal- | Phrynosoma blainvillet Gray. lowell). Zablepsis henshawi Stejneger. Uta mearnsi Stejneger. Verticaria beldingi Stejneger. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Snakes. Lichanura roseofusca Cope. Crotalus ruber Cope. Zamensis flagellum flagellum (Shaw). | Crotalus confluentus lucifer (Baird and Rhinechis elegans (Kennicott). : Girard). Pityophis catenifer (Blainville). Crotalus mitchelli Cope. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope. Batrachians. Hyla regilla Baird and Girard. | Bufo columbiensis Baird and Girard. Sration No. 86.—West side, near summit of Coast Range moun- tains, San Diego County, California. This station is 5 kilometers (3 miles) north of Monument No. 232, 188 kilometers (86 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 89 kilometers (55 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude, 950 meters (8,117 feet). The writer and Mr. Holz- ner were at this place May 16 and 17, 1894. Flora of Wagon Pass.—This pass reaches the zone of California juniper and single-leaf pifion, and belongs to the Upper Austral Life Zone, barely penetrating the Transition Zone on the highest neighbor- ing peaks, which do not rise above 1,410 meters (4,626 feet). To the west is the beautiful Jacumba Valley. The following is a list of the _ @A list of the trees and shrubs of the upper Austral (Transition) and lower Boreal (Canadian) zones is given in the description of Station No. 92, about 30 kilometers (19 miles) north of Monument No. 240, in a high part of the Coast Range. 134 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATJONAL MUSEUM. trees, shrubs, and coarser plants observed from Station No. 85 (alti- tude, 775 meters, or 2,543 feet), on the east side, to Station No. 8¢ (altitude 860 meters, or 2,822 feet), Range Divide: The trees are: Pinus mononophylla Torrey and Fre- mont. Juniperus californica Carriére. Yucca mohavensis Sargent. Salix fluviatilis Nuttall. Salix argophylla Nuttall. Salix sp. Populus fremontii Watson. Quercus dumosa Nuttall. Quercus agrifolia Née. on the west side of the Coast Cercocarpus parvifotius ~ betuloides (Nuttall) Sargent. Prunus ilicifolia (Nuttall) Walpers. Acacia greggii Gray. Prosopis odorata Torrey and Fremont. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torrey. Chilopsis linearis (Cavanilles) Sweet. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. Shrubs and coarse plants other than trees are: Ephedra sp. Yucca whipplei Torrey. Nolina parryi Watson. Agave deserti Engelmann. Atripler sp. Anemopsis californica Hooker and Arnott. Ribes malvaceum Smith. Adenostoma fasciculatuin obtusifolium Watson. Krameria parvifolia Bentham. Krameria canescens Gray. Peonia brownii Douglas. Amorpha californica Nuttall. Fouquieria splendens Engelmann. (Nuttall) Covillea tridentata (de Candolle) Vail. Nimmondsia californica Nuttall. Rhus ovata Watson. Rhamnus tomentella Bentham. Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Echinocactus lecontei Engelmann. Opuntia (Platopuntia and from Cylin- dropuntia). Arctostaphylos sp. Menodora spinescens Gray. Eriodictyon crassifolium Bentham. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michaux. Cucurbita palmata Watson. Pluchea servicea (Nuttall) Coville. Hymenoclea salsola Torrey and Gray. Sration No. 87.—Jacumba Hot Springs, San Diego County, Cali- fornia. Station about 1 kilometer (.6 mile) north of Monument No. 233, 130 kilometers (81 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 87 kilometers (54 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. meters (2,822 feet). 1894, making general collections. Altitude, 860 My party remained here from May 17 to 31, STATION No. 88.—Ojo, in Nachoguero Valley, Lower California, 0.16 kilometer (0.1 mile) south of the International Boundary. Nearest Monument No. 237. This station, which is 146 kilometers (91 miles) west of the Colorado River and 71 kilometers (44 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean, has an altitude of 1,045 meters (3,429 feet). Occupied by my party from May 31 to June 7, 1894. Sration No. 89.—Campo, San Diego County, California, 1.6 kilo- meters (1 mile) north of Monument No. 240, 156 kilometers (97 miles) west of the Colorado River, and 61 kilometers (38 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. This station, which has an altitude of 780 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 135 meters (2,559: feet), was occupied by my party from June 7 to 8 and 23,1894. (Plate XIII, fig. 2.) Szration No. 90.—J. M. Gray’s Ranch, San Diego County, Cali- fornia, about 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) nearly north of Monument . No. 240, 169 kilometers (105 miles) from the Colorado River, and 61 kilometers (38 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. This station was occupied by my party from June 8 to 9, 1894. Srarion No. 91.—Thomas Cameron’s Ranch, San Diego County, California, 18 kilometers (8 miles) nearly north of Monument No. 240, 167 kilometers (104 miles) from the Colorado River, and 60 kilometers (37 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. Station occupied from June 21 to 23, 1894. Sration No. 92.—Campbell’s Ranch, at Laguna Mountains (Coast Range), San Diego County, California, 31 kilometers (19 miles) north of Monument No. 240, 187 kilometers (116 miles) from the Colorado River, and 92 kilometers (57 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. This station, which has an altitude of 1,675 meters (5,496 feet), was occupied by my party from June 9 to 21, 1894. To Mr. Campbell, the owner of the ranch, we were indebted for the privilege of occu- pying his house and carrying on the work with the greatest comfort, while his employees aided us in various ways. This station lies in the Transition Zone, the highest peaks extending well into the Cana- dian or lowest section of the Boreal Zone. We did not visit Cuya- maca Mountain, the highest peak of the region, about 10 kilometers (6 miles) distant. Flora of Laguna Mountains.—The lists below give the different varieties of plant life found in the vicinity of this station. The following is a list of the trees collected : Pinus sabiniana Douglas. Platanus racemosa Nuttall. Pinus coulteri Lambert. Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall. Libocedrus decurrens Torrey. Hetecromeles arbutifolia (Poiret) Roe- Salix nigra Marshall. mer. Quercus dumosa Nuttall. Prunus demissa (Nuttall) Walpers. Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann. Prunus ilicifolia (Nuttall) Walpers. Quercus wislizent A. de Candolle. Rhamnus crocea Nuttall. Quercus californica (Torrey) Cooper. Umbellularia californica (Wooker and Arnott) Nuttall. Other conspicuous plants are: Rosa californica Chamisso and Schlech- | Garrya sp. tendal. Briodictyon crassifolium Bentham. Rhamnus tomentella Bentham. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michaux. Ceanothus rigidus Nuttall. Arctostaphylos sp. Ceanothus palmeri Trelease. Station No. 93.—Tecate River, Lower California, 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) south of Monument No, 245, 175 kilometers (109 miles) west 136 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the Colorado River, and 43 kilometers (27 miles) east of the Pacific Ocean. Altitude 520 meters (1,706 feet). This station, which is located on the right bank of the Tecate River, at the foot of Tecate Mountain (altitude 1,185 meters, or 3,888 feet), was occupied by my party from June 23 to 27, 1894. Sration No. 94.—San Isidro Ranch, Lower California, about’ 3 kilometers (2 miles) south of Monument No. 250, 190 kilometers (118 miles) from the Colorado River, and 31 kilometers (19 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. This station, which was occupied from June 27 to July 8, 1894, was located on a stream near its origin in a large spring in a nearly inclosed hollow of the Cerro de San Isidro. Sration No. 95.—Jamul Creek, at the old date palm tree, between Dulzura and El Nido, San Diego County, California. This station, which was occupied by my party from July 3 to 9, 1894, is 11 kilo- meters (7 miles) north of Monument No. 251, 204 kilometers (127 miles) from the Colorado River, and 24 kilometers (15 miles) from the Pacific Ocean. Sration No. 96.—Pacific Ocean at the mouth (south side) of Tijuana River, 217 kilometers (135 miles) west of the Colorado River and near the last Boundary Monument (No. 258). My party was encamped at this place from July 9 to 20, 1894. Mr. Frank X. Holzner left the party July 20, 1894, on which date we reached San Diego. Flora of Pacific slope of the Coast Range Mountains —Following | is a list of the trees and other conspicuous plants observed by us between Jacumba Hot Springs (Monument No. 233) and the mouth of the Tijuana River (Monument No. 258), on the Boundary Line. A list of the coarse vegetation at the summits of the Coast Range, north of the Boundary Line, has been given in the description of Station No. 92. The trees are: Pinus monophylla Torrey and Fré- Cercocarpus parvifolius betuloides mont. (Nuttall) Sargent. Cupressus goveniana Gordon. Heteromeles arbutifolia (Poiret) Juniperus californica Carriére. Roemer. Yucca mohavensis Sargent. Prunus ilicifolia (Nuttall) Walpers. Saliz nigra Marshall. Acacia greggii Gray. Salia laevigata Bebb. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Salee fAuviatilis Nuttall. Adenostoma sparsifolium Torrey. Saliz lasiolepis Bentham. Fremontodendron californicum (Tor- Populus fremontii Watson, rey) Coville. Alnus oregona Nuttall. Rhus integrifolia (Nuttall) Bentham. Quercus engelmanni Greene. Opuntia prolifera Engelmann, Quercus dumosa Nuttall, Arctostaphylos Sp. “Quercus agrifolia Née. Sambucus glauca Nuttall. Platanus racemosa Nuttall. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 137 Other Pacific-slope plants are: Ephedru sp. Rhus trilobata Nuttall. Yucca whipplei Torrey. Rhamnus tomentella Bentham. Scirpus occidentalis (Watson) Chase. | Ceanothus leucodermis Greene. Agave deserti Engelmaun. Vitis girdiana Munson. Agave shawii Engelmann, Cereus emoryi Engelmann. Hriogomon sp. Opaitia (Platopuntia and Cylindro- Atripler sp. ; puntia). Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Arctostaphylos sp. Hooker and Arnott. Romneya coulteri Harvey. Basilima millefolium (Torrey) Greene. | Menodora spinescens Gray. Adenustoma fasciculatum obtusifo- | Eriodictyon crassifolium Bentham. lium Watson. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michaux. Rosa californica Chamisso and Schlech- | Cucurbita fetidissima Humboldt, Bon- tendal. pland, and Kunth. Peonia brownii Douglas. Pluchea sericea (Nuttall) Coville. Amorpha californica Nuttall. Baccharis glutinosa Persoon. Rhus ovata Watson. Hymenociea salsola Torrey and Gray. Rhus laurina Nuttall. Artemisia sp. The coastal strip of San Diego County is quite generally cultivated. Orchards and groves of fruit trees are numerous; and many exotic plants have become naturalized, among them several species of the palm, the pepper-tree (Schinus molle Linneus), and the tronadora (Nicotiana glauca Graham), besides an abundance of the eucalpytus. Coarse, flat-jointed Opuntie are grown for hedges, in some instances having reached a height of 6 meters (20 feet). Station No. 97.—San Diego, California, 21 kilometers (13 miles) north of the International Boundary. This was our base camp from July 20 to September 9, 1894. Collections were made by myself from July 20 to August 3, August 15 to 22, and August 29 to September 9, 1894. Reptiles and Batrachians of San Diego region—The following- named species have been taken on the Pacific slope of San Diego County: ¢ Turtles. Emys nigra Hallowell. @ This list is doubtless quite incomplete. The most energetic collectors in this field were Miss Rosa Smith, Dr. Thomas H. Streets, U. 8S. N., General Emory, Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, and Dr. W. A. Hammond, U. 8. A., Drs. J. G. Cooper and J. L. Le Conte, and R. BE. C. Stearns, David Starr Jordan, Messrs. Charles R. Orcutt, Charles H. Townsend, H. W. Henshaw, A. W. Anthony, Andrew Cas- sidy, and the author. 138 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Lizards. Uta mcurnsi Stejneger. Phrynosoma corondatum (Blainville). Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Blainville. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger. Xantusia riversiana Cope. Sceloporus undulatus undulatus (La- | Verticaria hyperythra Cope. treille). Eumeces — skiltonianus (Baird and Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell. Girard). Sceloporus vandenburgianus Cope. Anniella pulchra Gray. Phrynosoma dlainvillet Gray. Snakes. Lichanura roseofusca Cope. Ophibolus getulus californie (De Lichanura simplex Stejneger. Blainville). Zamensis constrictor (Linneus). Rhinochilus lecontei Baird and Gi- Zamensis flagellum flagellum (Shaw). rard). Zamensis lateralis lateralis (Wal- | Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope. lowell). | Butenia elegans couchii (Kennicott). Salvadora grahamiew (Baird and | Butenia elegans couchii (Kennicott). Girard. Crotalus confluentus confluentus Say. Rhinechis elegans (IKennicott). Crotalus confluentus lucifer (Baird Pityophis catenifer (Blainville). and Girard). ? Ophibolus pyrrhomelas Cope. Crotalus ruber Cope. Ophibolus getulus boylit (Baird and Girard). Crotalus adamanteus atrox (Baird and Girard) is reported by Dr. Thomas H. Streets, U. S. N., from Los Coronados Islands, Pacific coast of Lower California, which are in sight from the last Bound- ary Monument (No. 258). Batrachians. Diemyctylus torosus (Eschscholtz). | Hyla regilla Baird? Bufo columbiensis Baird. | Station No. 98.—Ocean Beach, near San Diego, California, 26 kilometers (16 miles) north of Monument No. 258. Here with Mr. Schoenefeldt I made collections of birds, mollusks, crustaceans, and plants, August 17 and 19, 1894. Station No. 99.—La Jolla, San Diego County, California, 37 kilo- meters (23 miles) north of Monument No. 258. Sea shells and plants were collected, August 12, 1894. Station No. 100.—Alpine, San Diego County, California, 29 kilo- meters (18 miles) north of Monument No. 247. Altitude 693 meters (2,275 feet). The writer made general collections at this place, August 3 to 7 and 14 to 15, 1894; Mr. Schoenefeldt having collected @ Bulletin No. 7, U. 8. National Museum, 1877, p. 40. >For an account of the mollusks of this region, see Reports on the Mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-1894, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,, XIX, 1896, pp. 333-379. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 139 plants during the same periods. This station was in the lower edge of the zone occupied by the evergreen white oak (Quercis engel- manni), which crosses the boundary at Portrero. The Californian live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and the sycamore (Platanus racemosa) were also abundant, as was the sumach (Rhus diversiloba Torrey and Gray). Sration No. 101.—Pine Valley, San Diego County, California, 27 kilometers (17 miles) north of Monument No. 240. Altitude 1,280 kilometers (4,200 feet). The writer and Mr. Schoenefeldt collected from August 7 to 14, 1894. Trips were made from this camp to the Laguna Mountains of the Coast Range. The camp was located in a fine forest of the Sabine pine (Pinus sabiniana Douglas), near a stream bordered by the black willow (Salia nigra Marshall) and groves of live oak (Quercus agrifolia Née). On the neighboring hills were thickets of wild rose (Rosa californica) and manzanita Arctostaphylos), together with the toyon or Christmas berry (Het- eromeles arbutifolia). The red-shank chamiso (Adenostoma sparsi- folium) was in full flower. Station No. 102.—San Clemente Island, of the Santa Barbara group, California, 129 kilometers (80 miles) northwest of Monument No. 258, and about 97 kilometers (60 miles) from the nearest main- land of California. The island is 27 kilometers long and 6.5 wide (17 by 4 miles), and 457 meters (1,500 feet) in altitude. Through the courtesy of the Secretary of the Treasury, the writer, accompa- nied by Prof. T. S. Brandegee, Mr. A. W. Anthony, and Hospital Steward Ludwig Schoenefeldt, with a detachment of soldiers, were transported to Smugglers Cove, at the south end of the island, in the U. S. revenue cutter Wolcott, commanded by Captain Roath, to whom, as well as to the other officers of the ship, we were indebted for every possible assistance and polite attention. The party made general collections on San Clemente Island from August 22 to 99, 1894. Flora of San Clemente Island.—The following list gives the botan- ical and wood specimens of trees that were obtained while on this island: ¢ Lyonothamnus floribundus aspleni- | Rhus integrifolia (Nuttall) Bentham. folins (Greene) Brandegee. Rhamnus crocea Nuttall. Prunus integrifolia .(Sudworth) Sar- | Heteromeles arbutifolia (Poiret) gent. Roemer. Cacti covered the greater part of the south end of the island, mak- ing travel difficult. The species noted were Cereus emoryi Engel- mann, Opuntia lindheimeri littoralis (Engelmann) Coulter, and Opuntia prolifera Engelmann. The island fox (Urocyon littoralis) @See Zoe, I, No, 5, July, 1890, for a list of the Flora of San Clemente and other {slands of the Santa Barbara group, by Prof. T, 8, Brandegee, 140 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and San Clemente house finch (Carpodacus meaicanus clementis) were feeding extensively upon the ripe fruit of the prickly pear: (Opuntia lindheimeri littoralis). The rocks were covered with Scelaginella rupestris and Ootyledon,; and from the bank of a stream we obtained a huge tuberous root of an abundant species of £’ chinocystis. We collected species of Eriogonum, Rhus, Convolvulus, Salicornia, Abronia, Solanum, Astragalus, Atriplex, and many other genera. Fauna of San Clemente Island—The following lists show the specimens collected : MOLLUSKS.¢ Land mollusks. Epiphragmophora intercisa Binney. Epiphragmophora gabhi Newcomb. Epiphragmophora stearnsiana Gabb. Marine mollusks. Aemea pelta Uschscholtz. Lucina californica Conrad. Acmeea scabra Nuttall. Macoma nasuta Conrad. Astralium undosum Wood. Monoceros engonatum Conrad. Cardium biangulatum Sowerby. Mopalia muscosa Gould. Chlerostoma aureotinctum Forbes. Muricidea incisa Broderip. Chlorostoma gallina Forbes. Nassa tegula Reeve. Conus californicus Hinds. Norrisia norrisii Sowerby. Cyprea spadicea Gray. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. Glyphis murina Carpenter. Psammobdia rubroradiata Conrad. Haliotis cracherodii Geach, Purpura ostrina Gould. Haliotis fulgens Philippi. Ranella californica Hinds. Lucapina crenulata Sowerby. Scurria (Lottia) gigantea Gray. Insects. Ants, mosquitoes, bluebottle flies, kelp flies, spiders, beetles, yellow- banded wasps, butterflies, moths, dragonflies, and a large black fly were seen. Lizards. Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard.—Collected by the writer and A. W. Anthony, in August, 1894; by the U. S. Fish Commission (Charles H. Townsend *), two specimens, January 23. NXantusia riversiana Cope—‘ Several adults in fine condition. Nos. 15166-15175.” ¢ Note.—No horned toads were found on San Clemente Island; but the writer carried over specimens of Phrynosoma blainvillet Gray, and liberated them at Smugglers Cove in August, 1894. 4See Report on the Mollusks collected by the International Boundary Com- mission, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, pp. 373 to 378, January 27, 1897. The species listed above were all collected in August, 1894, by the author. tb Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 144. ¢ Cope, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XII, 1899, p. 147, MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 141 No batrachian was collected on San Clemente Island, but Hyla regilla Baird, which Mr. Henshaw obtained on Santa Cruz Island, perhaps occurs there. Birds. The following-named species were observed by Mr. A. W. Anthony and the writer. Of those species which are marked with an asterisk (*), specimens were taken. Of water birds, only those actually seen upon the land are included. *1, Lerus occidentalis Audubon. 18. Falco peregrinus anatuin (Bona- 2. Phalacrocorar dilophus albocili- parte). atus Ridgway. *19. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis *3. Phalacrocorar penicillatus (Gmelin). (Brandt). *20. Ceryle aleyon (Linnzeus). *4. Ardea herodias (Linnzus). #21. Empidonax insulicola Oberholser. 5. Nycticoraxz nycticorar nerius | *22. Otocoris alpestris insularis C. H. (Boddaert). Townsend. #6. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linneus). | *23. Corvus corax clarionensis Hartert. 7. Macrorhamphus scolopacewus | *24. Carpodacus mexicanus clementis (Say). (Mearns). #8. Actodromas minutilla (Vieillot). *25. Amphispiza belli clementew Ridg- *9. Hreunetes maurti Bonaparte. way. 10. Helodromas solitarius cinnamo- | *26. Melospiza cinerea clementa C. H. meus (Brewster). Townsend. *11. Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin). “27, Pipilo maculatus clementw (J. *12, Actitis macularia (Linneus). Grinnell). *13. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bona- | *28, Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Ridg- parte). way. *14. Arenaria interpres morinebla (Lin- | #29. Vermivora celata sordida C. H. meus). _ Towusend. *15. Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). | #20. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). *16. Zenaidura macroura (Linneus). *31. Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys 1%. Haliwetus leucocephalus (Lin- (Anthony). neus). Mr. Charles H. Townsend visited San Clemente Island on May 8, 1888, and January 25, 1889, and published® descriptions of three new birds (Nos. 22, 26, and 29 of the above list), and gave a list of six other species collected on the island, including, besides Nos. 24, 25, 27, and 31, two species which we did not obtain: *32, Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas). | *38. Speotyto cunicularia hypogea (Bonaparte). In August, 1897, as publication No. 1 of the Pasadena Academy of Sciences, Mr. Joseph Grinnell published a report on the birds recorded during a visit to the islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in the spring of 1897, enumerating 31 species of land birds. In this, by far the most important contribution to the @Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 139-140. 142 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ornithology of the Santa Barbara Islands, the “ Entire list of water birds observed ” is consolidated, so that only four species of water birds (Larus heermanni, Ardea herodias, Heteractitis incanus, and Arenaria melanocephala) are specifically mentioned as inhabiting San Clemente Island, while, under the heading of Oceanodroma melania, the author observes: Small petrels of some kind were heard at night on the east end of San Nicolas, and at.Mosquito Harbor on San Clemente, but no trace of them was to be found by day. We searched diligently for their burrows, but failed entirely. Mr. Grinnell’s observations covered the periods from March 28 to April 3, and May 28 to June 7, 1897. His list includes Nos. 4, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19-31 of the present list, together with the following: 34. Larus heermanni Cassin. 43. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii 385. Lophortyx californicus vallicola (Nuttall). (Ridgway). 44. Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas). 36. Phalenoptilus nuttallii californicus | 45. Spizella socialis arizone Coues. _ Ridgway. 46, Melospiza lincolonit (Audubon). 37. Aéronautes melanoleucus (Baird). | 47. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieillot). 38. Calypte costa: (Bourcier). 48. Dendroica auduboni (Townsend). 39. Selasphorus alleni Henshaw. 49. Mimus polyglottos —leucopterus 40. Horizopus richardsonii (Swainson). (Vigors). 41. Sturnella neglecta Audubon. 50. Hylocichla guttata (Pallas). 42. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudi- nus (Bonaparte). Mammals. Peromyscus sonoriensis clementis Urocyon littoralis (Baird). (Mearns). ‘ Myotis californicus (Audubon and Phoca largha Pallas. Bachman). 143 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. ‘qUaTUNUOTL 1Y ¢ “S681 ‘bZ PUB Ez “IdEg ‘ZEST ‘62 PUB ‘ZT ‘Z aUNL ‘sUIvAW “qa0J 00G'Z UOTIBAIEsaI [BYIdsOY v 029‘T4 ‘ i “26ST ‘6 07.26 PUB ZZ 0} ST oUNL ‘19Uz]0H : ‘g68T ‘€3 PUB GT 0} OT “Idag ‘zest ‘6s 01 LZ PU ‘Zz OF ET ‘g ‘GZ OUNL ‘Te PUB OE ABI ‘SUIRETT | 829 'T z “Z6RT ‘ST aun 0} gg Ley ‘IaUZ[OH “S68T ‘sZ 0} GT “dog ‘ZEST ‘gt 01 g OUNL PUB OE 0} 1Z ABI 'SUIvAIT | CLP ‘T ‘ZEST ‘OL OUNL 0} ZZ ABN ‘CT ‘ON dwBo ULOIJ SPISTA [BUOISBIDO VBpBUT SUIBINW | BOP ‘T “IOUSBAA ‘ZEST ‘ST 0} OT AB WOT ‘LaUZ[OH +7681 ‘Te 09 6I PUB ST OF GT AVE WO ‘SUIBAW | 013 'T “GBT ‘GZ 01 ST ABIL ‘TOUZTOH ‘2687 ‘6T PUL BI ABTY ‘survaN | chs ‘S *IOUSVM {ZEST ‘OL ABIe O} ZZ “ICY WOT ‘19UZTOH ‘Z681 ‘GT ABI 0} ZZ ‘Id V DOIJ ‘SuULvaTT | PGP ‘T “ZEST ‘JOUSBAA {SUIBJUNOP OT[NezWIVD Bur -10QYSlau oy} Woy oUIvS SuaTMIOads AUBW “ZEST ‘ZZ 01 GT “AC Wo ‘IOUZ[OH puvz survoMl | 188 ‘T “19USBM ‘Z68T ‘GI 01 4 ‘IdV Wor ‘19UzZ[OH pus susvsy | 11Z‘T *(6T JUBTAINUOW) suquINToD 1veu dures Ino WOT] aFVl 9Y} 0} sdiz} A[Vp opBU sNIOSUQ “ZEBT ‘GT 01 Z “Id Y WIJ ‘IOUZ[OH puB suIva}T | O14 ‘T > ‘Z6RT ‘Z “Ad V 01 0% “IBW Woy ‘TauzpoY pus survey | 08z ‘T ‘S68 ‘CL ‘FI “ABW ‘FEUZIOH pus survey | OST ‘T . 068T Ul “SNY UL ‘TOUSBAA 'S6RT ‘VUNL Ul ‘SUIBAW ‘ZEST ‘FI IBA 01 T “Qaq Wort ‘1oUZ[OH puB sUIBAW | CST ‘T "S681 ‘61 AUNL WO ‘sUIBET | COT ‘T "g6eT ‘e Atne 0} 2 BUNS TONY ‘SUIBOTT (pv) ‘Zutidys put uumny “NB UT pe}deT[09 SIUBIZ “S68T ‘GI-E AINE pure ‘gEgT ‘9 SUNL 0} ‘ZEST ‘g ‘AON Woy ‘SUIBO]T 808 ‘IOALY AWUTIL JO RIOT YING “ZEST ‘Te-0g “UBL ‘AaUZ[OH Puy suv | S6T “Sua7OW “don (‘aTOT AM B 8B -Bys Bur SUOTD9T[O9 [BOTZOpOIg ay} 0} SIBJaI SIYL) “OpBUI aIEA SUOTOaT[OD TOYM Aq PUB Tay |-49[[00 Jo . . spnuyynTy #9 19 gg 8g oF SF OF 8& &% 1% ST *(satias MOU) quaui -nuowr Arepunoqg qsorveu 91 Jo requinn *SUTBY -UNOP{ SMT UBS 97q} JO asBq UI9IsBa 9} 1B OUT] AIBpUNOg BUYSNYIYD ‘19}BM9ITY MA, wees srreesttes-> oorxay MON ‘AJUNON yuBIDH ‘Surids 30q crete eee eee eee 02 oTG [OL[B1Bd “WuatvaNnuOU 1d9UI0d IBMOT cette teeter terete eset teres engenylyo ‘ssuridg oymnbsow seeee OoTxeW MON ‘AJUNON JUBIDH ‘UIBUNOW 124918 Sg singeaitemedewaess AF ol Tatrered ‘4yuetanuow r9us00 add TAY poet Sot rssssressss* OOTXOTAT MON ‘sdunds OL[TBZWIBD) PEEGRROEN OOIxXOW MON ‘snquUIN[OD AveU ‘gz ‘ON JUSTINUO]Y’ enyenyiyy ‘aT BA soIquIt ‘sBUIOTUd OxVT iD eee aT Youss 8, 39B1M ‘7 “q rou ‘GT ‘ON JUATINUO], ‘SBUXOL ‘SsITq WOT plo eysoddo ‘vnyenyryo ‘Jeary epuviy ong 8BXOL ‘OSed [T "SBxaL ‘SJUNOD Os’d IH “UW OYTOB’g UIEyINOS ‘uONsBIS UAla_ aie “- sexay, ‘AqUNOD Ose [FT ‘Hooouey WOT “sexe ‘Ajunog AouUIyT ‘grBTD 10g ~"sexay ‘AquNOD JUBIIBY, ‘TOM 110.7 saonid Jo omen LT 9T oT PL st SL IL OL Cal | “uot ays JO laquiny, ~pardnaso aiam fay) youn UO sagpp ay} YnM Layjabo) ‘suorpo)s 6unjqoa}09 fo hunuwung BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 144 “S68T ‘OT 04 8 “300 Woy s104} podurvo pur ‘ZERT ‘OT 190 01 ZL “ydag Woy s}is1A JUSTIA] OpBUT SUIVAW | 00L'T TE Peer UO Pn ba akmnte se BuozZITY ‘vaqsig . . “C68T ‘OL 09 4 120 ‘ PUB ‘Z “990 01 ZT “Wag ‘IeUZIOH “g6ST ‘8 “JOO PUB ZI “SNY ‘ZEST ‘OL 390 04 ZI “4dog ‘survayy | O68 ‘T oe qr BuOZITY ‘vaqsig JO YINOS ApIvaU ‘YOuBY s,WoysuyoL ; 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(‘afoy A B SB -8]8 SUT | -nuoUL e SUOTOOTTOS [BOTBoTOIg oy} 07 SIayeI SIL) ‘apBuT'araA SUOTJDETIOD MIOTAL Aq pus wey |-09]T09 Jo |Arepunog| aowrd Jo oureN : epniyty | save ayy Jo requnn Te of RRR Ge FG &% 61 8T “On -B4s JO JaquUInN, *ponurju0pj—pardnas0 asam hay} yorym uo sayop ays yyun sayjabo) ‘suownys Burzoajj00 fo Rapmung 145 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. ‘AQT[BA UL JUSTINUOTY o “POLT ‘BT 0} OT “9A ‘19UZIOH ‘FEST ‘FT O} 6 "QA ‘SUIBO LL “PEST ‘6 “QAq ‘1OUZ[OH Puv suIvON “PEST ‘6 PUBS ‘Qaq ‘1auz][OH pus surv9dt "PEST ‘8 “Qo ‘IaUZz[OH Pus survayy 2 “FEST ‘8 "aq 0} CZ ‘UKE ‘TOUZIOH pus survey “PEST ‘Cs “UBL ‘IaUZIOH ‘FEST ‘GZ “UBe ‘SUVA “BEST ‘GZ 0} ‘6 “UBL ‘IOUZ[OH pus sulBd PL “PEST ‘6 “UBL ‘IaUZ[OH Pus suIvIW “PEST ‘6 PUBS “UBL ‘19UZ[OH pues sulvoW “PEST ‘8 ‘UBL O} ‘EERT ‘6B ‘DOC Wooly ‘I9UZ[OH PUB suv] “EST ‘6G DUB QZ ‘dE “IBUZIOH pus survey "6ST ‘82 0} g “OAC ‘IOUZIOH ‘6ST ‘8s OF FT PUB ‘oT ‘6 ‘00q ‘SUB “e681 ‘8 puB LZ “daC ‘TOUZIOH ‘e681 ‘6 PUB 8 “9E ‘suIve “2681 ‘2 “0A 01 6% 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gF 90z ‘BuoZzTIY ‘BUN | 19 “FEST ‘G O} T “ABIY ‘IauIZ[OH{ puv survay | o¢ 661 “BuoZiy “YY OylOVd UEyINOG ‘APIO BILD 7¥ JOATY, RID | 99 : “BuOZIIy ‘FONT 'T AVIN 01 €% “Gog ‘Iouz[oy puy survey | 09 261 “UW ‘YU oyloed auseyinog ‘Surpis epuopy 38 JAY BILD | co ‘FOST ‘OT PUL GT “UW PUL FI “qoq ‘sureayy | oF HOG [MERE SS Re ERE NeRamtenerse reat RENAN RRR yasaq vung | FO ; ‘FOL “8G 01 FL “G9 ‘19Uz[OH pur survayy | cee ¢ T6T euoziry ‘AjUNOD vung ‘sei ¥ sefeury | ¢9 “POST ‘FT PUR ‘ET ‘CT ‘OL “Gag ‘survayy | oze o Z81 ““SITOM O[NY JO ISOM SUTBIUNOW ayUBIH Jo a8uv1 MOITEN | ZO “suajant *(s3q10s : gy au) c x “UoT} qaour B 3 (‘aToya BSB -B)S SUI | -nuOouI ‘goerd yo sure Se SU0T}99][09 [BITFOTOLg ay} OF SIoJoI SIYL) ‘apVUT a1aA\ SUOT}DaT[OD Woy Aq puB US AA |-49aT[O9 Jo|$awpuNog To FO STAN gs" epniyry | wsorvou eS ay} Jo 2 qaqunN ® “panuyU0g—paidnovo auan haya yorym uo sanp ay) yun sayjaboy ‘suoynjs Buryoayjoo fo fanunung 147 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. [910 vouaI0TT WSL *ploleuy e “FEST ‘6G 0} CZ "SUY WoOI Yppayeusotps pus ‘surva]y ‘sesopuBig ‘AUOYIUY ‘PERL EL OF 2 “SNY WOIJ ‘JplajausoyoS pus suIVBa]y "PEST ‘CL O} FL PUB LZ 0} S°SNY WOIJ ‘|plajausoyos pus suIBay{ “POST ‘SI 'SNy ‘survey ‘POST “LL'SNY ‘JPTeJoUaoyog “FEST GL PUB LT “Sny ‘surve]T “PEST ‘6 “1dag 01 6z"SNY pur ‘7% 0} CT'SNy ‘g “SNY 0} OZ A[UL WOIZ JP[ayauaoyos PUL suIBII ‘(og Aine paSreyostp SB JoUZ[OH) FEST ‘0S OF 6 ATUL WOIy Yprejemaoyog pus ‘isuzloy ‘survayy “PEST ‘6 018 ATNLE WO] ‘4YprayeusO0ydS pu ‘s9UZ[OH ‘sures “PEST ‘g AIM 01 13 UNE WOT YpTaJausoyIS puy suIBaTT ‘pes ‘e¢ Arne 0} gz euNE UWOIy ‘IOUZTORL ‘ *(ploreue) }99T 0489'S UTBJUNO]{ 97B00L, jo WU, “FEST ‘2% 01 ES AUNE ‘JP[ajouaoyos PUB SMIBOW ‘FEST ‘8G 01 3 STINE ‘IOUZ[OH “FORT ‘TZ 01 6 BUNL WHOL] “YPTeJausoyas Puy ‘TeUZlOH ‘survaye “FEST ‘8% 01 13 OUNL WOIT ‘IP[aJausaoyag puv ‘IauZ[OH ‘suavayy “PEST '6 01 8 UNL WOT] ‘Wp[ajousoyds pu ‘IoUzjOH ‘surBayy “PERT ‘EZ PUB SO} 4 DUNE WOIJ “YPoyatMaoyoS puv ‘wouzloH ‘suvoy “PEST ‘ZL OUNL 0} Te ABN Wor ‘JplofeusorIs pus ‘1oUZTOH ‘swivel “PEST ‘TE 01 LT ABN WOT ‘YP[ayousoyS pus ‘IoUzZ[OH ‘sulvayW “PEST ‘LT 07 OT ABIN MOI] ‘IdUZ[OH pus survayy “LT ABW [HUN Supidg ureyunoy, ye poureurer Iplayausoyag “PERT ‘91 016 ABT WOAy ‘IP[aJousoyoS Puy ‘TouZ[oH ‘suIvETT “FEST ‘6 O1 LZ ABIK WOT ‘YPTeyaue0yas puB ‘IoUZ[OH ‘survey ‘quoTanuOU 1V p “WO} PO 93 IV 0 ous 4086 GLL 09g ed OPS LYG 8G6 8B 8oG &1SS SPS OFS 0% OFS OFS 8&3. S&S 1s 18 T&G BGG. *s10]9UE ‘T9g UTBITINOU Jo WITUMNE |g “ase 1B UCI v- UvdIO IPPRY ‘puUBIs] aUSTII[D uRg UIMIOJ {VO ‘AJUNOD OSaIq uBy ‘AdTTBA OIG SiS Rss Sig Si Siet sieve Peat iataieie BIUION IBD ‘AjuNOD osaIq ug ‘auIdly SipinipiaicioeidecirinssiSisie os BIULOJI[VD ‘AJUNOD O8dIq UBS ‘BI[OL VT PREP SE eS ARES BIUIOJI[VD ‘OSI UBS IvEU ‘Yovag uL3dd0 iS) SSIS Sissies erica eicieintesSirizinieiririaiain BIUIOF]T[BD ‘OZdIq UBS “Gz ‘ON JUSTINUOT IveU ‘(yuBq Vol) Jeary Busnlly, sy Jo UNO ay) 1B ‘URIDQ OyTDBG “BIULIOJITBO ‘AyUNOg oSe1q weg ‘901} Wed-8y8p Plo aq} 48 ‘Hoag [nwee BIUIOJ [VD JAMO ‘YOUBY OIPIs] uVg “RIUIOy “18D JOMOT ‘UTBUNOW 078O9J, Jo ysBoyINOs ‘IOATY 97899, 7 “BIULOFITVD ‘{yUNOD osaIq uvg ‘SUTBJUNOW vuNnseyT ye ‘yYouvy s,[jeqdueyg “BIUIOMTBD ‘4JUNO; OF9I UBE ‘YOUBY S,UOIOUIBD SBTIOT.L, stetassiaisis BIUIONTBD ‘AJUNOD OSaIq UBS ‘TYOURY s,ABID "WW “C EERE RE SEES SRST BIULOFL[BD ‘AJUNOD OF9Iq us ‘odurED riba sis Siatsinie iets BIULON[VD LAMOT ‘AOTTBA OFENZOTOVN ‘of[O “"*" BTUIOFITBO ‘{juNOD OsaIq UB ‘ssuTIds joH vquinoer *BIULLOTITSO ‘AJINOD OSI ug ‘asuey jsvog JO JUIUINS IBEU ‘apIS ySaA, F “BIULOJITBO ‘AqUNOD osaId uRg ‘SUTBJUNOW osuBy ysBvoD ‘Suldg ureyunow; “suridg UIBIUNOW V7.2 ‘OSI UBY O} PBOI UOSBAL oy] UO 197BM SIV OY} 1B SUTBIUNO|Y WBUVY 4SBvOO oy} JO osBq UIDIsBy a cor TOL oot 66 86 16 96 ¥6 86 6 16 06 68 88 48 98 g8 8 \ MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOE REGION. Class MAMMALIA.¢« MAMMALS. Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that suckle their young. (They are usually covered with hair.) Subclass EUTHERIA. Young developed within the uterus from a minute egg which is destitute of food-yolk; milk glands with nipples. Superorder DIDELPHIA. Young born when of very small size and incomplete development, never connected to the mother by a placenta; brain small; its corpus callosum rudimentary. «SUMMARY OF MAMMALS COLLECTED BY THE BIOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY COMMISSION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. The mammals collected by the writer, separately, and by himself and Holzner, jointly, are numbered consecutively from 1412 (Peromyscus, FE] Paso, Texas, February 3, 1892) to 3829 (Urocyon littoralis, ‘San Clemente Island, California, August ‘28, 1894). At such times as Mr. Frank X. Holzner was separated from the writer he kept his own register, beginning with No. 759 (Peromycus, San Pedro River, Arizona, November 1, 1892), and ending with No. 1605 (Procyon, Pacific Ocean, at mouth of Tijuana River, California, July 16, 1894). Nearly all of the specimens were measured by Doctor Mearns, excepting Nos. 759 to 1119 of Mr. Holzner’s collection, which were measured by him. Mamnials collected by Doctor Mearns and by Doctor Mearns and Mr. BE sce ree nt eta ee ban a ui aie pu ea aa aes 2,418 Mammals colleeted by Mr. Frank X. Holaner___------------------------ 847 MEAD! 2.0022e ds eee de Doe eas poeta a aac eaten aaxetetenen 3, 265 Sent by Mr. Holzner to the American Museum of Natural History (about). 233 Total sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mearns and Holzner___ 3, 082 Speciniens subsequently registered at the U. S. National Museum_________ 15 Doctor Mearns’s collection made at Fort Clark, Texas, in 1897-98_______ 111 Louis Mearns’s collection made at Fort Clark, Texas, in 1897-98________ 3 Specmens sent by A. W. Anthony from San Clemente Island____________ 45 Specimens sent by F. X. Holzner from San Diego, June 1, 1895_________ 68 Specimens sent by F. X. Holzner from San Diego, October 1, 1895_______ 55 Specimens collected by Doctor Mearns in Arizona and New Mexico, TSS4= 1888) sec SO ah ee ie A eae 652 Shrews (Notiosorer and Sorex) sent by F. X. Holzner____-_--------___ 2 150 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Order MARSUPIALIA. MARSUPIALS. Young at birth are usually placed in an abdominal pouch formed by a fold of skin about the milk glands of the mother, where they remain for a considerable time. Reproductive organs of peculiar structure in both sexes, nearly all the parts being double in the female. Brain small, the corpus callosum rudimentary. Heart with two vene. Suborder POLYPROTODONTIA. Incisors numerous, small, subequal. Canines larger than the incis- ors. Molars with sharp cusps. (Flower and Lydekker.) Family DIDELPHIID. OPOSSUMS. Incisors 3. Hind feet with the four outer toes subequal, distinct, and a well-developed opposable hallux. Genus DIDELPHIS Linnezeus (1788). Didelphis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758, p. 54. Type.—Didelphis marsupialis Linneus. Arboreal; feet not webbed. ont 5—5 1—1 —3 4-4» Dentition.—l., fo4> C., {21> P., ae M., a= 50. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIDELPHIS FOUND ON THE BOUNDARY LINE.@ Tail black for basal third; generally four-fifths the length of head and body or more (tail ratio about 90-95) ______ Didelphis mesamericana terensis (p. 150). Tail black only at extreme base; generally less than two-thirds the length of head, and body (tail ratio about 70) ----------- Didelphis virginiana (p. 153). DIDELPHIS MESAMERICANA TEXENSIS (J. A. Allen). TEXAS OPOSSUM. Didelphis mesamericana texensis J, A, ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XIV, Art. XI, June 15, 1901, p. 172. Type-locality— Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Type-specimen.—Cat. No. #3433, U.S.N.M. Geographical distribution —The coast region of Texas, from Nue- ces Bay southward, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley, as far up @See Preliminary Study of the North American Opossums of the Genus Didelphis, by Dr. J. A. Allen, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, Art. XI, pp. 149- 188, June 15, 1901. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 151 the valley, at least, as Del Rio, Val Verde County. Sporadically northward to San Antonio, at which point D. m. tewensis occurs with D. virginiana, the latter greatly predominating. It doubtless ranges somewhat to the southward of the Rio Grande, but there are no specimens available for examination from between Brownsville and Tampico. Dichromatic, the black phase, in the material examined, prevailing in the ratio of five to one of the grap phase, as shown by the follow- ing record of specimens examined : Texas: San Antonio, 2, black phase; Rockport, 83—2 in black phase, 1 in gray phase; Corpus Christi, 4 black phase; Nueces Bay, 2, black phase; Alice, 1, black phase; Sycamore Creek, 1, black phase; Del Rio, 2—1 in black phase, 1 in gray phase; Eagle Pass, 1, black phase; Fort Clark, Kinney County, 8—4 black and 4 gray; Brownsville, 6—3 in black phase and 3 in gray phase. Also udditional skulls. Mexico: Matamoros, 1. Total, 31, and 7 additional skulls. (J. A. Allen.) Description.—Pouch complete. Size large (see tabulated measure- ments, p. 152) ; tail long, scaly, prehensile, with basal half black, and apical portion flesh color; ears entirely black; coat consisting of crinkled, wooly underfur mingled with long bristle-like hairs; color dichromatic. Gray phase—An outer long. coat of white bristly overhair, 60 to 80 mm. long over the middle of the back and on the rump; beneath this is a coat of soft long underfur, white for about two-thirds of its length, the apical portion black, the long white overhair and the black outer zone of the underfur giving a dark grizzled general effect. Cheeks pure white, with generally a whitish spot over each eye, and a whitish area surrounding the base of the ears; whole top of the head and nose dusky brown, varying in intensity in different indi- viduals, with a blackish stripe running from the ear through the eye to the nose. Fore and hind limbs black, including the feet except the nails, which are yellowish white; upper part of the limbs more or less grizzled with long white overhair. Beneath, the pelage con- sists mainly of the soft underfur, which is much shorter and thinner than on the upper surface, with the tips of the fur more or less tinged with dusky and with a few long bristly overhairs. Black phase—tLong, bristly overhair black instead of white, be- neath which is the usual soft, long underfur, white for its basal two- thirds and tipped with black. In other respects as in the gray phase. During the breeding season the pouch of the female is lined with fine, crinkled, woolly hairs of a rusty chestnut-brown color. During the nonbreeding period the pouch hairs are often gray, or even whitish. (J. A. Allen.) 152 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Cranial and dental characters—The nasals, with individual ex- ceptions, terminate posteriorly in a pointed angle, the portion ante- rior to the point of greatest expansion being as long as or a little longer than the anterior half of the basal rhomboid. (See tabulated cranial measurements, p. 155.) Remarks.—Doctor Allen observes: Didelphis measmericana tewen- sis differs markedly from D. virginiana in the color and markings of the head and in its much longer tail, but presents no notable cranial differences. It differs from D. marsupialis in the form of the nasals, in its somewhat longer tail, and in the great predominance of the black phase, the prevailing phase in D. marsupialis being gray. Habits—This opossum was found only in the region about Fort Clark, Texas, where it was extremely abundant, the gray and black phases being about equally represented. They were especially numer- ous on Las Moras Creek, where much of my trapping was done, and where it proved an annoyance by invariably getting into traps set for raccoons, armadillos, and other more valuable species. A female taken April 12, 1898, contained young in its marsupium. The range of this species extends west to the Devils River, or, possibly, to the Pecos, beyond which no opossums were heard of. Its Texas range appears to be coincident to that of the Texas persimmon. When hunting at night along the streams of Texas we sometimes came upon an opossum clinging to the branch of a buttonbush near the water and added it to our night’s catch. Once we had a “ ’possum dinner ” at the officers’ club at Fort Clark, and all were agreed that . *possum well cooked tasted good to hungry men. Measurements of 9 specimens of Didelphis mesamericana texensis. Museum A a ju g number. a : 5/8 5 Be 3/2 |] 5 Pu Locality. _ |Sexand) % e |‘3e8] 2 33 ocality. Date age. § = ae 8 gkin.} Skull. | 8 3 S | 2 6 ° a S a 5 & | 0 [A a 1893. mm.| mm. |} mm. | mm 143188 | 143138 | 2242 | FortClark, Kinney County, Texas.| Jan. 18 ? im. 730 | 325 63 49 63180| 68130 | 2243 |....-. do --.-do...) 9 ad. 800 | 360 69 53 143135 | 148185 | 2244 |..... do Jan. 29 J in. 710 | 300 63 48 63181| 63131 | 224€ |..... do Jan. 30} gad. | 883} 380 76 53 143186 | 143136 | 2257 |..... do... -| Feb. 1] Gad. 875 | 400 7 51 63182] 63132 | 2258 |..... do... -| Feb. 2| Gjur. 645 | 295 63 45 143189 | 143139 | 2259 |..... do... -| ...-do../ Q im. 720 | 340 62 52 63133| 63133 | 2288 |..... do... Feb. 10| gf jur. 675 | 390 57 44 63134| 68134 | 2301 |..... do Feb. 25} gad. 800 | 335 63 50 MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 1538 DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA Kerr. VIRGINIA OPOSSUM. Type-locality.—Virginia. Distribution.—Eastern United States, south to the coast region of Georgia and Gulf States.. (J: A. Allen.) Tevas: Vernon, 1 skull; Gainesville, 1 skull; Brazos, Palo Pinto County, 2; Kerrville, Kerr County, 1 skull; Mason, 4; San Antonio, 6; Washington County, 1; Matagorda, 1; Deming Station, Mata- gorda County, 3, and 1 sulls Virginia Point, Matagorda County, 2 ; Velasco, Brazoria County, 2. (J. A. Allen.) Description:—Size large; nails, tips of toes, and soles of feet flesh color; tail short, clothed for about 2 inches at base with long hair like that of the body, the naked portion brownish flesh color, except atthe base, where it is blackish. Ears blacl:, broadly tipped with flesh color, or narrowly edged with this color. The pouch of the female is complete, and usually thickly coated with crinkled wooly hair, usually rufous brown. Pelage of two kinds of hair, an outer long coat of rather coarse white overhair, sufficiently abundant to give tone to the general coloration; beneath this a coat of long, thick, soft wooly underfur about 40 to 50 mm. long on the back, white (sometimes nearly pure snowy white in clean winter specimens, but usually with a slight yellowish cast) for four-fifths of its length, the apical fifth of the long fibers of the underfur being blackish. The long white overhair varies in abundance in different specimens and on different parts of the body, being nearly obsolete on the ven- tral surface, longer on the back than on the sides, and longest on the lower back and at the base of the tail, where it attains a length of 60 to 80 mm. General color above mixed black and white, the blackish tips of the underfur showing through the long overhair; the white basal portion of the underfur also shows through the_ blackish surface of the underfur; ventral surface white, with a slight wash of dusky formed by the blackish tips of the hairs. There is generally a large pectoral area in adult males suffused with sulphur yellow, varying from a faint shade of this tint to quite strong greenish yellow, and varying also in respect to the size of the area. This pectoral spot is generally absent in young males, and apparently always absent in the females. The fur over this area is often satu- rated with an oily, highly odorous secretion from the underlying sebaceous glands, which are probably especially active during the breeding season. There is often a median ventral line of clear white in both males and females, extending from the breast posteriorly, varying in outline and extent in different specimens. Whole head, including the throat and sides of the neck, soiled white or yellowish white, excepting the chin, which is usually darker and like the rest 154 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the ventral surface. The sides of the neck are sometimes strongly tinged with buff. There is also a slight extension forward on the top of the head of the general dusky color of the dorsal surface, which usually forms a V-shaped area, extending to a point midway between the ears and eyes. It is indistinct in outline and varies greatly in intensity and extent in different. individuals, being often absent, the head then being practically pure white. Eyes with a very narrow blackish eye ring, widening anteriorly into a small, usually indistinct, preocular spot, sometimes nearly as large as the eye, but often obso- lete. Fore and hind limbs black. (J. A. Adlen.) Cranial and dental characters——Posterior border of nasals forming a V-shaped point. (See table of cranial measurements, p. 155.) Remarks.—We obtained no evidence of the presence of this north- ern species nearer the International Line than the region surround- ing San Antonio, Texas, where it is said to outnumber Dédelphis mesamericana texensis. MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 155 MAMMALS OF THE “T6T “d ‘TITAX “USBA “00S "OIG “OOIg ‘SBMIOYL os s]USTIOINSVOUT YSU [BIURAD OY} JO oIN]B[OUETIOU 9y} Jo UOTeUBIdxe UB JOG v O°9F | OS Gib | Och | 0°92 | O°9G | 0'0% | SG | FE S38 Cs Raa ia a cee AIOPIIIT, UBIPUT ‘Qqog Woy |* O'SF | 06 OFF : O'SS | 0'°8S | 0°89 | OTe | O'GS | LOT | OOT -| SOT PSS IE STIS AS ERE SS SIRS HSE SEAR STE TE 5 2 SESE EE SLOUT[I] ‘AVBSIVAA |"""* JINpV a[BuUET ste | 96 O°9F | O°GG | O18 1 OCD | O°9Z | OED | HILT | GOL | GEE [ttt ttt terse sere nersetetionetnstereteninsins seciesnas, BIUISITA ‘AJUNOD YIVBIO |" "INpev (4) eremay | gos O'9F | 08 S°Th | O'FR | O°9% | OLE | 00% |---* F6 68 G5 = PR PRR aE Airs Rares Sore ereir a cio nase aha ee AES SASS ESP SF BIQUIN[OD JO JOWIISIG je op-7"* QOLPE [7-777 00g | 6 6°ch 0 ‘gg | O18 | O'F9 | O'SZ | OGD | TIT | MOT | BIT [ort “BIQUIN[OD Jo OLIsT “UOITurYysBAy |°***~ [NpeB apeulag | O8OTZ [77-7 >> O'6F | 8 AVE 1 OSE |e | BOR OE Py Ge SPR) HERRERA ERNE ER Rais en Doin namen nisin puvAivyy ‘Ajun0D Aram0suojy |" -yINpe (4) arewad | zece |-7-° 7" O'6F | 6 OSE | O'S | OOS | OSD | O'S | OID | GOL | GOL | VLE [rrr ttt rte teers AIOYLIAT, UBIPUT ‘qqoD yoy |77*** pro (g) arvw | 4808 OCS | SOL | OL | GEG | 0°48 | SOL | O'°9S | OTA | GAL | SIT | BBE [rors see erc nee es *°SLOUN[T ‘O[[TAOTIOg |" 7 op-*-"* osger [77777 GES | SOK 7 ORO | SOT: | 1GE98.)| OOF | SO80G |, OSE SoTL | RTT | Ge. 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Superorder MONODELPHIA. Young not born until of considerable size and nearly perfect de- velopment, deriving their nourishment before birth from the mother through the intervention of a placenta; a well-developed corpus callosum. (D.S. Jordan.) Order EDENTATA. The name assigned to this group by Cuvier is often objected to as inappropriate—for although some of the members are edentulous, others have very numerous teeth. If the teeth are not always absent, they invariably exhibit certain imperfections, which are indeed almost the only common characters binding together the various extinct and existing members of the order. These are that they are homodont and, with the remarkable exceptions of Tatusia and Oryc- teropus, monophyodont; they are never rooted, but have persistent pulps; except in some fossil forms, they are always deficient in the enamel. (Flower and Lydekker, abridged.) Family DASYPODIDA. -ARMADILLOS. The greater part of the skin strongly ossified. Teeth numerous, simple, of persistent growth, and usually monophyodont, but in one genus (Zatusia[=Tatu]) a succession of teeth has been observed. Zyogmatic arch of skull complete. Fore feet with strongly devel- oped, curved claws, adapted for digging and scratching—three, four, or five in number. Hind feet plantigrade, with five toes, all pro- vided with nails. Subfamily TATUIN Ac. , This group contains but one genus (7atu). Teeth & or 4, very small, subcylindrical. The first and second subcompressed, the last considerably smaller than the others. With the exception of the last, all preceded by two-rooted milk teeth, which are not changed until the animal has nearly attained its full size. Body generally elongated and narrow. Head narrow, with a long, narrow, sub- cylindrical, obliquely truncated snout. Ears rather large, ovate, and erect, placed close together on the occiput. Carapace with seven to nine distinct movable bands. Tail moderate or long, gradually tapering; its dermal scutes forming very distinct rings for the greater part of its length. Fore feet with four visible toes and a concealed clawless rudiment of the fifth. Claws all long, slightly curved and very slender, the third and fourth subequal and alike, the first and fourth much shorter. Hind feet with five toes, all MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 157 armed with strong, slightly curved, gonical, obtusely pointed nails. The third, longest, then the second and fourth; the first and fifth much shorter than the others. Genus TATU Blumenbach (1799). Tatu BLUMENBACH, Handb. der Naturgesch., 1799, p. 73. Type.—Dasy pus novemeinctus Linnzus. Characters, those of the subfamily Tatuine given above. ‘This genus differs from all the other armadillos in having a pair of inguinal mamme, in addition to the usual pectoral pair, and in producing a large number (4 to 10) of young at a birth, all the others having usually but one or two. (Flower and Lydekker.) TATU NOVEMCINCTUM (Linnzus). TEXAS ARMADILLO. [Dasypus] novemcinctus LINNz&Us, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, 1758. p. 51. [Tatu] novemcinctus, BLUMENBACH, Handb. der Naturgesch, 1799, p. 73. Tatusia novemcinctus, TRUE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII (1884), 1885, p. 588. Tatu novemcinctus, T. S. PALMER, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., XI, p. 174, June 9, 1897. Tatu novemcinctum, MILLER and REHN, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 11. ; Cabassous novem-cinctus, ELLioT, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., II, 1901, p. 4, pl. 1 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). Tatu novemcinctum, Bxvior, Field Col. Mus, Zool. Ser., IV, 1904, p. 33, figs. 9, 18 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality —Brazil, South America. Distribution —Rio Grande of Texas, west to Devils River, south across Mexico. This species is found on the Mexican border in the’ Tamaulipan Tropical Tract. Description.—Dentition: M. © or 75’ = 32 or 28. Shield composed of eight movable scutes in the middle and nine on the sides. Tail as long as body without head; covered by twelve rings, and not enveloped in a cone. Length, 240 mm.; tail vertebra, 90; hind foot, 20; ear, 20; carapace, 320 by 400. Cephalic shield pale brown; carapace black, ‘with the scutes on the sides yellowish white; tail brownish black, with the anterior half of scutes yellowish white; ears brown; toes yellowish, claws white; skin of head flesh color with 2 few yellowish hairs. Habitat and habits—Armadillos were quite common in the region about Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. They burrow in oak mats that grow along water courses. The Seminoles, who esteem them highly as food, hunt them at night with dogs trained for the pur- pose. Many carapaces were seen nailed to huts of the Seminole Indians. 158 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Order UNGULATA. HOOFED ANIMALS. Teeth heterodont and diphyodont. Crowns of molars broad with tuberculated or ridged surfaces. No clavicles. Toes with blunt, broad nails, or in the majority of cases with hoofs, more or less in- closing the ungual phalanges. The testes descend into a scrotum. There is never an os penis. The uterus is bicornuate. The mammz are usually few and inguinal, or may be numerous and abdominal (as in Suina), but are never solely pectoral. The cerebral hemispheres in existing ungulates are well convoluted. (Flower and Lydekker, abridged.*) Suborder ARTIODACTYLA. ARTIODACTYLES. ¥ Premolar and molar teeth usually not alike, the former being _ single and the latter two-lobed. Last lower molar of both first and second dentition almost invariably three-lobed; and the first tooth of the upper cheek series always without a milk-predecessor. Nasal bones not expanded posteriorly. Dorsal and lumbar vertebra to- gether always nineteen, though the former may vary from twelve to fifteen. Third and fourth digits of both feet almost equally de- veloped. Stomach ‘almost always more or less complex. Colon con- voluted. Crecum small. Mamma few and inguinal, or numerous and abdominal. (Flower and Lydekker, abridged.) Section SUINA. PIG-LIKE ARTIODACTYLES. The existing members of this group are characterized by their bun- odont molars and the absence of a complete fusion of the third and fourth metapodials to form a “common bone.” The full Eutherian dentition is very frequently present. The existing swine-like animals may be divided naturally into three families: I. Hippopotamide; II. Suide, or true pigs; III. Dicotylida, or peccaries. (Flower and Lydekker.) a@The skeleton of a fossil elephant existed in the Papago well, Pozo Verde, Sonora, Mexico. I obtained fragments of bone and one molar tooth. which were sent to the U. S. National Museum in 1893, and identified by J. M. Gidley as Elephas colombi Falcon. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 159 Family TAYASSUIDA‘.« PECCARIES. Snout as in Suide. Dentition: 73, ¢4, 94,24; total 38. Incisors rooted; upper canines directed downward, with sharp cutting hinder edges. Toes, four on the fore feet and three on the hind feet (the fifth wanting). Stomach complex. A cecum. Confined to the New World.» (Flower and Lydekker.) Genus TAYASSU Fischer (1814).¢ Tayassu Fiscuer, Zoognosia, III, 1814, p. 284. Type—Tayassu pecari Fischer=Sus albirostris Mliger., Dicotyles G. Cuvier, Régne Animal, I, 1817, p. 2837=Tayassu Fisher. Notophorus G. FiscHer, Mém. Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, V, 1817, p. 418. Replacing Tayassu. The genus. Zayassu, containing the American pigs, differs from Sus and the other Old World genera in having but four upper incisors, and only three premolars on each side above and below, the dental formula being ¢ F3, ¢ (=, pm gy M 5-3=38 (fig. 5); their median metacarpal and metatarsal bones are ankylosed into cannon- ¢¥or a plea for the retention of the names Dicotylés and Dicotylide, see Gill, Proe. Biol. Soc., Washington, XV, p. 88, March 5, 1902; see also Thomas, idem, pp. 153, 197; also Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1902, pp. 162, 167. bAlthough not indigenous to the region the family Suidee is represented by feral swine: 7 SUS SCROFA DOMESTICUS. FERAL DOMESTIC HOG. Wild domestic pigs are numerous in many parts of Texas and Mexico, along the Rio Grande, and are particularly abundant and ferocious about the mouth of the Colorado River, in Sonora. If attacked they become dangerous foes. While camped opposite the mouth of Hardy River, at tide water close to the mouth of the Colorado, several large pigs were killed, and their excellent flesh added to our bill of fare. These pigs, descended from Berkshire stock, were black and of extraordinary size. The skull of an adult male, from near the mouth of the Colorado River (No. 60356 U.S.N.M.), measures: Greatest length, 335 mm.; basal length, 342; basilar length (to tip of premaxillary), 292; palatal length to tip of premaxillary, 214; width of palate at first premolar, 51; zygomatic breadth, 169; least interorbital breadth, 81; length of nasals, 168; greatest breadth of both nasals together, 35; occipital depth (to lower rim of foramen magnum), 124. ¢ Elliot, in his Jand and Sea Mammals of Middle America and the West In- -dies (Field Columbian Museum, publication 95, zoological series, IV, Pt. I, 1904, pp. 61-68, fig. xx11 and plates xxv-xxvIII), uses the generic name Tagassu Frisch (Das Natur-Syst. vierfiiss. Thiere, in Tabellen, 3 Tab. Gen., 1775. Type, Sus tajacu Linneeus), and uses the family name Tagassuide. See, however, Thomas and Miller in Ann, and’ Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XVI, pp. 461-464, October, 1905. 160 - BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bones; and an odorous gland occupies the top of the rump. Verte- bre: C7, D 14,15, S 4, C 7. Professor Cope* refers the known species of 7ayassu “to three subdivisions, which may be at some future time regarded as genera.” He places the Brazilian Sus tajacu Linneus in Notophorus Gray, and the Texan Dicotyles angulatus Cope in Dicotyles Cuvier. On the following page he describes what he considers to be intermediate between Tayassu ‘tajacu and 7. angulatum, from Costa Rica, and in conclusion observes: “It appears, then, that the latter [7 ayassu angulatum] must be regarded as a subspecies [of Tayassu tajacu] rather than a species.” His subdivisions would, in such a case, have only the value of subspecies instead of genera. On page 1384, in his amendment to the definitions he had previously given of the sub- family Dicotylinw, of the family Hippopotamide, and of the two included genera, Dicotyles and Platygonus, he says: “That of the subfamily ‘ Digits three’ should be supplemented by the words ‘ on the antericr foot, and four on the posterior.’” Inadvertently the extra digit was placed on the wrong foot, the digital formula being 4-3 instead of 3-4. Subgenus TAYASSU Fischer (1814). Tayassu, MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIV, p. 122, July 19, 1901. Re- stricted to the tajacu-angulatus group.” Notophorus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 43. Type and only species, Sus tajacu Linneus. Preoccupied by Notophorus Fischer, 1817=Tayassu Fischer, 1814. Tagassu, T. S. Parmer, North American Fauna, No. 23, 1904, p. 955. Characters—Smaller than Olidosus,s with the skull less massive. Sides of rostrum excavated over premolars, and divided into upper and lower parts by continuation of the zygomatic ridge (fig. 4a) ; palate narrowed between canines and molars, with a sharp ridge run- ning from first premolar to inner side of canine. ~Teeth smaller and relatively narrow anteriorly; second lower molar very much smaller, with anterior cusp high and slender, the postericr cusp nearly obso- lete. (Fig. 5a.) TAYASSU ANGULATUM (Cope). TEXAS PECCARY. Dicotyles angulatus Corr, American Naturalist, XXIII, No. 266, Feb- ruary, 1889, pp. 146, 147 (original description) : March, 1889, pp. 134, 135. Dicotyles tajacu, Exutot, Field Col. Mus. Zool. Ser., I1, 1901, p. 33, pl. x1 (Synop. Mam. N. Am.). « American Naturalist, XXIII, 1889, p. 134. ® Subgenus Olidosus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash. XIV, July 19, 1902. For “the albirostris group” (=Dicotyles Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 45. Type, D. labiatus Cuvier, Preoccupied by Dicotyles Cuvier, 1817=Tayassu Fischer, 1814), ‘ MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 161 Tayassu angiulatum, MitteR and Ren, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., XXX. No. 1, Dee. 27, 1901, p. 12 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam, to close of 1900). Tagassu angulatum, Wuiior, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., TV, Pt. 1, 1904, D. 63, pis. Xxv, XxvI (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type- specimens. —One from the Guadalupe River, two: from the Llano River, and two from a tributary of the Red River, Texas. Geographical ran ge. —Tropical and Sonoran zones of the Texan and Tamaulipan regions. Description.—Form, pig-like. Tail, abortive. Toes,4-3. A large ‘scent gland occupies the upper part of the rump. Color above black, mixed with soiled grayish white annulations to the bristles. An erectile mane of long black bristles extends from the occiput to the - scent gland on the rump; and an incomplete whitish “ collar ” crosses the hind part of the neck, extending obliquely upward and backward from in front of the shoulder to the black mane on the back. The ears are blackish externally and grayish internally where the long hairs are arranged in five separate lines, which are narrow at base, broadening towards the tip, which they fail to reach. The muzzle, cheeks, and under side of head are lighter in color than the back, having a large admixture of brownish gray an- nuli to the bristles. The under surface is reddish ae ea Dee black mesially, this color fading to brownish gray ~ aru. a, Ricur rore- on the axille and hollows of thighs. The limbs 8 Gee HIND are blackish at the hoofs (fig. 3), becoming paler above as the light rings of the bristles increase in width. The young when newly born are plain yellowish gray on limbs and under parts; above, brownish yellow mixed with black, with a black vertebral stripe extending from the occiput to the gland on the rump; tip of ear dusky. Sometimes the shade of coloring is decidedly red- dish in young peccaries. In growing older the black vertebral stripe grows less conspicuous, as black gradually becomes the predominant color of the upper surface; but the collar and pale annuli do not lose their reddish shade until the animal has nearly grown to mature size. Cranial and dental characters—F¥rom Tayassu tajacu (Linneus) it differs in having the molar crests continued forward to base of canine alveolus instead of terminatng above the infraorbital foramen ; nasal bones pinched or angulate on the middle line instead of rounded in cross section; first (fourth of the old works) superior premolar quadritubercular, with intermediate tubercles, and quadrate in out- line, molariform instead of tritubercular or rounded in outline, pre- molariform; molars wrinkled in angulatum, not so in tajacu. 30639—No. 56—07 M——_11 162 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Habits and habitat-——Though greatly reduced in number, peccaries ure still common in southwestern Texas. They prefer rocky walls of canyons and the vicinity of streams or hilltops where caverns and hollows afford protection, to which they retire during midday. On Las Moras Creek, in Kinney County, Texas, they often join herds of domestic swine, feeding on roots, acorns, and pecan nuts In company with the half-wild pigs known as “ razor-backs.” TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE (Mearns). YAQUI PECCARY. Dicotyles ungulatus sonoriensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, Dec. 24, 1897, pp. 469. 470 (pp. 3, 4 of the advance sheet issued Feb. 11, 1807 ; original description). Tayassu angulatuin sonoriense, MILLER and Reuwn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 12 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mammals to close of 1900). [Tagassu angulatum] sonoriense, Evuiot, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., IV, Pt. 1, 1904, p. 64 (Mam. Mid. Am.). Type-locality. San Bernardino River, Sonora, near Monument No. 77. (Type, skin and skull, No. 32844, U. S. National Museum.) Geographical range—Inhabits the Yaqui River basin of north- western Mexico and adjacent interior region of the United States west of Texas, ranging from sea level on the Gulf of California to the boreal summits of the mountains. Description.—The type, an old male, has the coloration paler than that of the Texas peccary, Tayassu angulatum (Cope). Above there is a mane of long, black-tipped bristles, the longest measuring 135 mm. in length, extending from the crown to the naked gland on the rump, and producing by contrast a sharply black dorsal band. The rest of the upper surface is a pepper-and-salt mixture of com- mingled grayish white, yellowish white, and brownish black colors, the bristles being whitish, ringed and pointed with brownish black. On the flanks there is most whitish, while the shoulders are blackest where the so-called “ collar,” a narrow band of buffy white, extends across the side, behind the neck and in front of the shoulder, and is bordered by blackish on either side. The muzzle, cheeks, and space in front of the eye are brownish gray, annulated with darker. There is a brownish white orbital area, and a spot of brown (glandular) staining below the front of the eye. The under jaw is yellowish, with a triangular blackish patch near the end of the chin. Ears with outer (convex) surface and tip heavily coated with black bristles; concavity with five bands of long, buffy, white hairs. (Fig. 7.) Legs mixed brownish white and brownish black, becoming solid black about the hoofs, and with a light band encircling the foreleg above the accessory hoofs. Under surface of body with a blackish MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 1638 median area, which fades to grayish on the axillary and inguinal regions. Snout livid plumbeous, sometimes flesh color around the nostrils. Hoofs plumbeous black. . Another adult male (No. 20656, U.S.N.M., mounted), killed at the sarne time and place, is almost exactly like the type in coloration. An old female (No. 32858, U.S.N.M.) which was shot by the writer at ¥IG. 4.—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE. (Cat. No. 35815, U.S.N.M.) a, SKULL, LATERAL VIEW; 6b, DORSAL VIEW. Cajon Bonito Creek, Mexico, near the boundary between Chihuahua and Sonora, and about 6 miles south of the United States border, August 11, 1892, is a little paler and more reddish, as is also a skin obtained in Guadalupe Canyon, Arizona. At the Mexican town of Santa Cruz, on the river bearing the same name, a young female was purchased from a Mexican boy in October, 1898, and sent alive to the National Zoological Park in Washington City, where it died during the following winter and is now in the col- 164 BULLELLN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lection of the U. §. National Museum (No. 58986, skin and skull). This specimen resembles the palest form of the peccary, from the desert region bordering the Gulf of California, of which I have * examined a skin obtained from the Seri Indians by Mr. William Din- widdie, of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. From him I learned that this species ranges to the Gulf of California, as I had been previously told by Don Cypriano Ortego, who resides Fic. 5.—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORIENSE, (Cat. No. 35815, U.S.N.M.) @, SKULL, VENTRAL VIEW; b, LOWER JAW, SEEN FROM ABOVE. at Santo Domingo, Sonora, the most western point at which we found peccaries on the Mexican Boundary Line. The Santa Cruz specimen is gray, without red tints, nearly white below, and with the vertebral line less black than usual.¢ aSince the above was written a subspecies humcralis (properly hwnerale) has been described by Doctor Merriam, as follows: TAYASSU ANGULATUS HUMERALIS Merriam. Type from Armeria, Colim. No, 45245, @ ad., U. 8. National Museum, Bio-’ logical Survey Collection. February 26, 1892. E. W. Nelson and EL A. Goldman. Original No. 1945. Characters,—Similar to angulatus, but sides grayer: head yellower; dorsal black band more strongly marked, almost asx sharply as in sonoriensis from Arizona, shoulder stripes yellowish ochraceous, broad and conspicuous, as MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 165 The peccary of the lower Rio Grande and of eastern Mexico is a smaller animal, having relatively small ears and feet (fig. 8) and a blacker coloration. The coat is more dense and the bristles less coarse, rigid, and crinkled than in the form here described. The Texas peccary is blackish, whereas the peccary of Arizona and Sonora is grayish, with a black dorsal stripe. Fic. 6.—TAyassu ANGU- Fig. 7.—TAYASSU ANCU- Fic. 8.—TAYASSU ANGULATUM SONORI- LATUM SONORIENSE. LATUM SONORIENSE, ENSE. (Cat. No. 20657, U.S.N.M.) SKULL, FRONT VIEW. INNER SURFACE OF EAR. a, RIGIT HINDFOOT; b, RIGHT FORE- (Cat. No. 85815, (Cat. No 20656, Foot, U.S.N.M.) U.S.N.M.) A young specimen was seen alive, having been caught by a Mexican ranchman on Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, August 25, 1892, at which time it was about as large as the eastern cottontail. Color, above reddish brown, with a black vertebral area, beginning anteriorly as a black spot on the nape, extending thence in a line backward and again broadening on the lumbar region, where it bifurcates before terminating. Upper surface thickly sprinkled ‘with black hairs ex- cept in the area occupied by the “collar.” Under parts and limbs strongly marked as in yucatanensis, but yellowish fulvous instead of white. Skull of male similar to that of male angulatus; skull of female decidedly larger, with longer tooth row. In skulls young enough to show the sutures the nasal bones are strongly convex posteriorly, long and ‘slender, and only slightly breader between maxille than between premaxille (differing markedly from their condition in angulatus, in which they are very much broader between the maxille); and the ascending or nasal arm of premaxilla is decidedly longer than in angulatus. Remarks.—Compared with sonoriensis of Arizona, the sides are less gray, the dorsal band less sharply defined, the shoulder stripes yellower and much more strongly marked. The sexual disparity in size is greater than in sono- riensis, the female being considerably larger than the male. Measurements.—Type (9 ad.): Total length 960, tail 60. hind foot 215. Skull: Basal length 203, occipitonasal length 224, zygomatic breadth 108, great- est breadth across squamosals posteriorly 99, palatal length 151; length of upper molariform series 67. (C. Hart Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 1901, p. 122. 166 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. reddish or yellowish brown (prairie-dog color) without any inter- mingling of black, but becoming black in a small area next to the hoofs. Young about the same size were afterwards seen at Pozo de Luis, in northwestern Sonora, in January, 1893; which were of a pale budf or clay color, with a less distinet vertebral black stripe. Cranial and dental characters —The lateral dentition seems to be simpler and lighter than in Tayassu angulatum (typical). The pre- molars are usually quadritubercular with one of the inner tubercles often obsolete. The posterior molar is smaller and less roughened by needle-like subsidiary tubercles. The skull itself is slightly broader than that of 7. angulatum. (See figs. 4, 5, and 6.). Measurements of three specimens of Tayassu angulatum sonoriense. Masons a 2 'S Ss gled|8 Is lo number. wa | bo TS Jwoklosis .| 2 Origi Sex | a | |e gla Ola olScla Slag. nal ¢ ® BIPCRIO S/O A Ss leele g- aaa Locality. Date. and | 4 lsElog So }cl | eS | a's | 0B ; age. | g \S4l4 2 52s Skin./Skull.] ber. SE abled) 27 28/6 Sole [se |[Salaeaia josie S|6 & Bees aoa 1892. mm|mm|mm|mm|mm|mm|mm | mm 20658' 35815] 2056 Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, | Aug. 11 | ? ad. 954 65| 90) 130) 100) &5) 210 295 Mexico, near Mexican boundary line. 20657; 35814| 2099) San Bernardino River, Son- | Sept. 8 | @ad. | 920) 65] 128) 115} 95 8s 200! 300 ora, Mexico, near Monu- : E ment No. 77, Mexican ' boundary line. 520656 2.2... I BI 00 |e “in other species, lacking the sharp elbow seen in the hemionus group. Fic, 13.—ODOcOILEUS COUESI, u, SKULL, LATERAS VIEW (Cat. No. 59229, U.S.N.M.); b, AUDITORY BULLA. (Cat. No, 37086, U.S.N.M.) The base of the vomer is not fused throughout, but free posteriorly (fig. 190). The horns (fig. 14) are rather stout, but short. Cranial measurements of 8 specimens of Odocoileus coucsie U. §.National , x a ly £ la lo Ie Museum gy fe a|s¢ z a |e gle number. 2 |elheslfle (28/8 ; i |2\ee/3 38 |, s [Sale o|Sa/ 218 Bele | a faa]o | 4 ea] 8 [es ais o | & sla |e ls ie 2 = 4 aS a | os ad $U 1D : 3 Ee] @ le8laa| 2 |S] s egies &.. i ordi, sexand| 4 |S |g$/88) 3 |B! a |85|he Ee a2 age. 3S a |2elbo| &/as| % /Boloa zo g a | JS 2i84| @ )s8) 8 |ga]—8 4 5 Sie losis | glealF la len. a we | ea, a leSl sy BolS a &/# (88 |S l2e/ 5/8 posi. ie é —|2l8 [8 |S /g2)8 (8 Iss alee aes Z/S le |8\Bs/ee 128 ¢ a ) a |S iA 1 lazle i4j6 “3 4 Se mm,)mm, mNL)MM, WN) MM. MN. | NEN, NM, 58928 | 58928 | 2475 |Cajon Bonito Creek.... ad | 248 | 115 !87 | 7371; 155 71145 216; 80 35816 | 20682 | 2111 |San Jose Mountain ....' f ad. | 240 | 110 | 80 | 58 | 75 | 150 | 69 | 43 205 | 75 i . i : 58862 | 58862 | 2662 |Santa Catalina Moun-' .? ad. | 255 | 107 | 78 | 71 | 78 | 154 | 66 | 45 214; 70 tains, Arizona. ' 35751 | 20574 | 1891 |San Luis Mountains... @ ad. | 221 97 | 67 |....| 63 | 140 | 63 | 38 | 190 74 37085 | 20350 | 1838 Q ad. | 240] 97 | 70 }....) 78 | 147 } 69 | 38 | 203 73 86320 | 21395 | 2513 sf 9 ad. | 230] 91 | 63 |...) 67 140 62 | 88) 193° 67 35748 | 20576 | 1986 Cloverdale, New Mex- ¢ ad. | 241 ) 103 | 72 |....) 68 | 153 | 62 | 39 | 205 71 ico. - : 59229 | 59229 | 2755 |Pozo de Luis, Sonora .. @ ad. | 242 | 103 | 71 }....| 71 | 160 | 67 | 38 | 205 | 74 a All are adults in which the permanent premolars are considerably worn. The renewal of the horns.—The first young horns of a two-year-old buck (No. 22888, U.S.N.M., Cloverdale), killed July 15, were covered with fresh velvet, and measured 51 mm. in length. Another in the second year (No. 32445, U.S.N.M.) had hard, polished spike horns 95 mm. in length when killed, November 27. An adult male (No. ‘59928, U.S.N.M.), killed August 29, had vascular horns only 110 mm. high. An old male (No. 20686), taken September 5, 1892, had horns in mature velvet. Two adults, killed September 8, 1893, had large horns in velvet just beginning to rub off. Another old male (No. 20682 U.S.N.M.), killed October 1, had fully grown horns, but still 180 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. covered with velvet. Still another adult male (No. 58862, U.S.N.M.), killed November 18, had perfect horns, from which the velvet had entirely disappeared. Dental characters—The teeth of the incisor-canine series, like those of Odocoileus tewanus and other white-tailed deer are small and narrow compared to those of the black-tailed and-mule deer. (Fig. 15.) Fic. 14.—ODOCOILEUS COUESI. ANTLERS OF ADULT. (Cat. No. 59230, U.S.N.M.) Replacement of the mith teeth—The mandibular incisors are the first to be replaced. The permanent canines and incisors—found only in the under jaw—are perfected by the time the last molar has risen to its place and before any milk molar has been shed. A male (No. 35750, U.S.N.M.), about a year old, killed July 15, with its Fig. 15.—ODOCOILEUS COUESI, TEETH OF ADULT FEMALES. u, INCISOR-CAN§NE SERIES VIEWED FROM IN FRONT; b, CROWNS OF RIGHT UPPER MOLARS; ¢, OUTER LATERAL VIEW OF RIGHT UPPER MOLARS, mother, had acquired the first (inner) permanent incisors, the sec- ond being plainly visible, carrying the corresponding milk tooth on its summit. Its growing horns, in velvet, were 51 mm. in length. -The last lower molar is just rising above the alveolar socket, and the hindermost upper molar is just breaking through its bony capsule. «The mother (No, 33378, U.S.N.Mf) contained two fetuses, about to he born, one.of which (No. 20558, U.S.N.MI) was preserved. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 181 An older male. (No. 58929, U.S.N.M.), killed August 29, has the last molars slightly more advanced, and the second mill incisor has dis- appeared on the left side, the right resting on the apex of the second permanent incisor. Another male, perhaps sixteen months old (No. 20770 U.S.N.M.), had perfected spike horns measuring 95 mm. in length November 27, and had all of its permanent front teeth. Its last molars have not risen quite up to the level of the first and sec- ond molars. The first lower premolar is appearing beneath the posterior milk molar. It is clear, therefore, that the full comple- ment of 32 teeth is completed shortly after the hardening of its first horns, leaving the milk molars to be replaced by the permanent premolars in the period immediately following. The order of re- placement of the milk molars is from behind forward. The perma- nent dentition is probably acquired by the time the second horns have started, or when the animal is a little more than two years old. At any rate, a female killed with its mother (Nos. 22242 and $9242, U.S.N.M.) June 3, nearly as large as its mother and presumably almost two years old, had shed all but four (three upper and one lower) of its ‘milk molars, so that it would have completed its clen- tition about the time its mother’s next fawn should be born—about the end of July, as judged by the size of the fetuses. Habitat and habits—This small and exquisitely graceful deer occu- pies the southwest corner of New Mexico and southern Arizona, but does not range far to the northward. Three mounted specimens of this deer in the U. 8. National Museum were taken by Mr. E. W. Nelson at Blue River, Graham County, Arizona, November 13 and 14, 1890. T never saw it in northern New Mexico or Arizona, and even in the higher portions of the Gila Basin it is rare or absent. During a residence of four years at Fort Verde, central Arizona, none were seen. On the night of October 6, 1884, General Crook’s party reached a fork’of Canyon Creek, in Tonto Basin, Arizona. The Indians who met us there had killed several deer when guiding the Fort Apache pack train to this camp with a cargo of grain for the animals of the command. One of the skins was small and reddish instead of grayish, and from an Indian named Peaches I learned that it was this species and not the mule deer. On the 15th of the same month we saw them alive for the first time in the canyon between Black ‘River and Ash Creek, near the road from Fort Apache to the Gila River. On the Gila the whites called them fan-tails or dwarf deer. Mexicans simply called them “Cuervo” (Cacalote). Three were -seen at Mr. Hutchinson’s horse camp on the rim of Bloody Basin, between forts Verde and McDowell, April 19, 1888. In the oak and juniper woods of that locality Mr. Hutchinson had killed sev- eral “ fan-tails” and many “black-tails” or mule deer. This is the 182 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. most northern point at which I found Odocoileus coves’. Its range is mainly south of the Gila, where it is still abundant though its numbers are decreasing. On the lower Gila it was said to abound in the mountains north of Gila City. We were also told that it occurs sparingly all the way to the mouth of the Colorado River, along which it is restricted to the wooded river bottom, but we did not meet with it there. No deer were killed by my party in crossing the Colorado Desert. Tracks were numerous along the Salton and New rivers; some of those along the Salton, at least, may have been those of this species; but we obtained no proof of its existence beyond the Colorado River. A belief is prevalent among the settlers of Arizona that a “ dwarf deer,” much smaller than the Sonoran white-tail, inhabits southern Arizona and northern Sonora, in proof of which I have been shown small, scraggy horns, at Safford, Tombstone, and Nogales which were said to be those of this * dwarf deer” or (sometimes) “ fan-tail.” I also found similar shed horns, but saw no white-tailed deer that were different from the present species. A similar view is held respecting the female or young bighorn, which is locally called the “ ibex ” in central Arizona. On the Mexican Boundary we did not meet with this deer until in going west we had passed Monument No. 68. From the east base of the San Luis Mountains to the Santa Rosa range on Sonoyta River the species was found in all suitable localities. None were actually seen beyond the Santa Rosa range. I saw it on the Bavispe River, Sonora, and on the highest peaks of the San Luis, Guadalupe, Niggerhead, San Jose, Huachuca, Pajarito, Poso Verde, and Cobota mountains. Although it delights in the shaded thickets bordering streams at all levels, it seems, especially during the breeding season, to have a predilection for mountain summits. Mr. Hall, whom we found domiciled in a cabin in Guadalupe Canyon, in 1892, had spent several years in that wild region endeavoring to establish a cattle ranch; but Indians had killed his cattle and his vaqueros, and he himself was killed by Mexicans the following year. From this plucky settler I learned much that was of interest about the animals of the region. Mr. Hall said that the Sonoran deer sometimes con- gregate in herds during winter, when they descend from the moun- tains. He had seen hundreds of bucks assembled—a forest of horns. We saw no herds, but small groups were very numerous in some localities. In 1893, a hunting-party from Fort Huachuca reported killing 36 deer on a trip of a few days to Cajon Bonito Creek.: Sonora. We found this species abundant on both sides of the San Luis Mountains, where many were killed to furnish food for our MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 183 party. Next to the antelope it furnished us with the greatest ‘amount of venison. It was last found in abundance in the region about Paso de Luis, Sonora, where several were killed by members of our party. At this place horns had been cast off in the greatest number. During the breeding season many of the does ascend the higher - mountains in company with their progeny of the preceding year. The young, sometimes one, but usually two, are born during July. A female killed at Monument No. 65, on the San Luis Mountains, June 2, 1892, contained one fetus the size of a jackrabbit, and was accompanied a her two young of the last season, one of which also contained a fetus; one shot June 19 on the east side of the same range contained EG fetuses; one taken at Cloverdale, New Mexico, July 15, 1892, contained two young (both male) ready for birth, and a fourth, shot beside Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, July 24, 1892, con- tained two fully grown spotted fawns. The Sonoran deer is the most beautiful species known to me. When surprised in thickets bordering the streams, it sometimes evinced more curiosity than fear. On September 11, 1893, I reached the summit of the highest peak of the San Luis range and was resting in a thicket close to the summit when a sound caused me to bring up my rifle ready for use. I half expected to see an Apache of the Kid’s band, but instead a beautiful doe appeared, followed by a couple of spotted fawns, that immediately began to nurse. I was unseen, and the wind carried my scent from them; but the mother’ tarried but a moment and then disappeared over the ridge, where I heard the pat- ting of-her hoofs and the sound of sliding stones as she bounded away, closely followed by her nimble progeny. This deer usually goes to water about midday and often spends the hottest part of the day in the shade of willows and cottonwoods that fringe the streams. January 10, 1885, Mr. E. W. Nelson wrote me from Springerville, Arizona, as follows: When you get ready to prepare your notes on Arizona mammals, I will be able to furnish you some interesting facts concerning some of the larger species, especially the elk, mountain sheep, white-tailed deer, and other species. The mountain sheep is virtually extinct here now, and the elk will be in a year or two more. It would be interesting to know whether the “ white-tailed deer ” mentioned were Odocoileus couesi or O. crooki. Mr. E. W. Nelson, as already mentioned, sent three specimens of Odocotleus couest to the U. S. National Museum. He collected them at Blue River, Graham County, Arizona, November 18 and 14, 1890. 184 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Measurements of 11 specimens uf Odocoileus couest. U.S. National 2 Museum ® number, * > a Orig: Sex | % 4 3 faunal Loeality. Date. and | % |ZE| 5 mune age.; @ | of] ¢ . oO Skin.| Skull, 7°" eee || ice ‘ , = = | s bat uw . a a |& | 6 aes, oben —— | | mm. | mm. | mm. . | a all a 21424 | 386285 | 166 | Nogales, Sonora, Mexico........--.---- Dee, 24,1892 fg im. | 1383) | 206] 197 20350 | 37085 | 1838 |! Summit of San Luis Mountains, Monu- | June 38,1892 9 ad. | 1430 | 230] 175 ment No. 65. i 1340} 215 | 190 20349 | 37086 | 1839 |....- G Ovswnenine sean erswueneecteueleeins eit J Oheia.cisi cies ?im. 20576 | 35748 | 1986 | Cloverdale, GrantCounty, New Mexico.) July 15,1892 |9 ad. 1410 |} 215 | 180 20569 | 35750 | 1988 wis ...-d0........|f juv.}| 1290 | 220] 178 20577 | (?) 9020 | West slope of San Luis Mountains ..... _ July 21,1892 $ ad. | 1510 | 240} 190 eyes \ aynsteveisis 2104 | San Bernardino Ranch ...........-.--- Sept. 5, 1892 ly ad. | 1530} 270} 203 20682 | 35816 | 2111 | San Jose Mountain, Sonora, Mexico... | Oct. 1,1892 |¢ad. | 1410] 220] 180 58928 | 58928 | 2475 | Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, Mexico... Aug. 29,1893 | fad. | 1480} 260] 205 Q1414 ose exes 2514 | Cajon Creek, Chihuahua, Mexico.. .-. | Sept. 8,1893 ;fad. | 1890} 220] 180 59229 | 59229 | 2755 | Pozo de Luis, Sonora, (?) Mexico...-.. | Jan. 2,1894 |Q ad. | 1450} 260] 183 U. See : From tip of 3s 23 a |e number. . nose to— og a ae a |'s ; ‘s/ ass is & |B Orig- B’o ael/o6°| #4 |eoela inal f ‘ | BU| & /éc| & |avl|a¢ num. Locality. H aq ae) a 3 | os ‘i S o9| 3 |2?| 3 |selsa : ber. ol a8 £ go 4 Skin. | Skull. zis |8 gq |d2] g |eale > & |38| m lse/ m1 14 B) ele |bs| 3 eel ale le ao jee) Ae] 4 la [a ot +. ——_| -—' ——_ | —_ | ——_ | —_ Te mm.) mm.) mmM.| mn.) MM. | Nan. | NM. | mene. | mm. 21424 | 36285 | 166 | Nogales, Sonora, Mexico......-. 137 | 237 | 251 | 480 | 275 | 612 | 380 | 683 | 746 20350 | 37085 | 18388 | Summit of San Luis Mountains, | 143 | 235 | 260 | 505 | 2+0 | 565 | 380 | 800 | 825 i Monument No. 65. 20349 | 37086 | 1839 |..... AG. .dc2 Sanemameseinataccaeate 138 235 245 490 | 280 | 620 | 370 | 730 | 810 20576 | 35748 | 1986 | Cloverdale, Grant County, New | 150 | 23) | 270 | 505 | 282 | 650 | 387 | 820 | 880 Mexico. ! 20569 | 35750 | 1988 |..... QU: niseaetiseteessaataasessienn 135 | vod | 245 510 : 285 | 580 | 380 | 740} 825 20577 | (2) 2020 | West slope of San Luis Moun- | 150 | 230 | 290 | 550 295 | 680 | 415 | 800 | 880 tains. 20684 | ; ‘ fg = 20686 | soqeescie 2104 | San Bernardino Ranch......... 158 | 235 | 280 | 580 | 293 | 610 | 402 | 875 | 885 20682 | 35816 | 2111 san Jose Mountain, Sonora, 150 | 280 | 285 | 520 | 290 | 600 | 395 | 860 | 870 exico. { 58928 | 58928 | 2475 | Cajon Bonito Creek, Sonora, | 150 | 240 | 280 | 587 | 295 | 650 | 400 | 810 | 840 “Mexico. Q1414 J oscars 2514 Cajon Creek, Chihauhna, Mex- | 145 | 220 | 270 | 540 | 280 | 620 | 410 | s80 | S90 ico. 59229 | 59229 | 2755 | Pozode Luis, Sonora, (?) Mexico.} 151 | 233 | 260 | 527 | 280 | 625 | 390 | 790 | 870 oo” ‘Mountain, Arizona). It belongs to the Transition MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 185 ODOCOILEUS CROOKI (Mearns). ’ CROOK BLACK-TAILED DEER. Dorcelaphus crooki Mraxns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 468, Dec. 24, 1897. (P. 2 of advance sheet issued Feb. 11, 1897; original description. ) Odocoileus crooki, MiLLer and Renn, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, No. 1, Dec. 27, 1901, p. 15 (Syst. Results Study N. Am. Mam to close of 1900). Cuervo (Cacalote) of the Mexicans. Akw’aka of the Haulapai Indians. Pe-ash, -Book-tse-ga of the Hopi Indians. Type-locality Summit of the Dog Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico. Altitude, 1868 meters (6,129 fet). (Type, No. 3234, U.S. National Museum.) we Geographical range-—Mountains of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona (Dog Mountains, New Mexico, to Bill Williams zone of the Elevated Central Tract. Description Adult female (type, killed June 9) in summer pelage: Similar in form to the black- tailed deer of the Columbia River (Odocoileus co- lumbianus), but much paler and probably smaller, with larger ears. Color reddish fawn, darker from black annulations on the back, lightening to grayish cinnamon on the sides, and grayish drab on the neck. The legs are cream-buff, except where new clay-colored hair is coming in on the anterior border, the limbs being almost the last part to re- ceive the summer coating. The coloring of the head is very similar to that of the mule deer in corresponding pelage. It has the horseshoe or arrow-mark on the forehead, and other dark j markings of the head to correspond; and the ears fis. 16.—Opocor.zvs are relatively almost or quite as large, and as scant- CROKE. METATAR ily coated with hair. The bushy hair around the — (cat. No. 20572, U.s. metatarsal gland (fig. 16), which agrees in size and = “™? location with that of Odocoileus columbianus (Richardson), is sooty at the base, and white apically. The tail (fig. 17) is colored much as in O. columbianus, but has a longer terminal switch; upper side and extremity of tail all black, lower side white mesially,and naked toward the base. The pelage of this deer is short and coarse in comparison with that of the white-tailed deer of Virginia or the black-tailed deer of the Columbia River region, and, as would naturally be expected, is not so red as that of the latter. The type contained a fetus the size of a cotton-tail rabbit. The dimensions of this individual, meas- 186 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ured: by the author, from the fresh specimen, are as follows: Total length, measured in a straight line, 1,440 mm.; tail vertebra, 195 (to end of hairs, 304) ; ear above crown, 220; ear above notch, 190; ear, width, following curve, 125; distance between eyes, 100; girth of chest, 790; distance from head of humerus to head of femur, 620; from tip of nose to eye, 155; to center of pupil, 175; to base of ear, 290; to tip of ear, 470; to occiput, 295; height of animal at shoul- der, 650; fore limb from coracoid to end of hoof, 680; from olecra- non, 540; length of manus, 300; hind limb from knee-joint, 620; length of pes, 400. Weight, eviscerated and dry, 72 pounds. A male of the second year, bearing horns with a single fork near the end (No. 324%, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; No. 159, Mearns’s collection), killed near the base of Bill Williams Mountain, Arizona, December 5, 1884, is in complete winter pelage. It is in the shaggy pelage of bluish gray or pepper-and-salt, which hunt- ers call the “blue” coat, the color being quite similar to that of the mule deer at the same season. Upper parts ash plymbeous, grizzled with gray and black, with a very slight rusty tint posteriorly and along the sides. The individual hairs are very pale drab at base, shading to plumbeous, then annu- lated with grayish white and pointed with black. As in the mule deer, the color is darkest along the middle of the back, where the black points are widest, Fic. 17.—ODOCOILEUS CROOKI. TaIL : oF TYPE, (Cat,No,20872,US.N.M.) growing paler laterally as the black ot SURFACE; b, LOWER S\UR- points are gradually reduced in width ; and finally become obsolete. The pelage is much finer and more furry than that of the mule deer, and the griz- zling correspondingly finer. Upon the head the grayish-white annuli are sharper and broader than elsewhere, notwithstanding which the face has a blackish aspect, which is heightened by a black V-shaped mark between the eyes, formed by two stripes beginning, one on either side, about 18 mm. internal to the inner canthus of the eye, and converging forward to meet in the median line at the base of the nasal bones. The naked * muffle is separated from three black triangular areas—one above and two lateral—by a narrow band of white which also encircles the nostrils. Upon the upper border of « Although usually described as naked, the muffies of the deer are studded with tufts of capillary hairs, with a long bristle emerging from the center of each of the tufts, which are rather symmetrically disposed in rows. MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 187 the muffle this band assumes the eccentric form of a small round spot, sending off lateral prolongations to join the white circles around the nares. The bases of these black triangular spots correspond to the upper margin of the muffle above and to the outer border of the nostrils laterally, those at the sides ‘blending apically with the whitish area behind them and becoming obliterated toward the angle of the mouth; below them are two white patches, also tri- angular, forming a border to the upper lip, their bases correspond- ing to that portion of the sides of the muffle which is below the nares. The chin, a broad stripe around the angle of the mouth, and the muzzle behind the region just described, are white. A light median area extends backward from the white muzzle, diverges so as to form an anterior border to the V-shaped space, becoming white and broadly encircling the orbits, thence passing indistinctly backward to the base of the ears behind, where there is a large patch of white. There is a smaller triangular white spot in front of the ear notch, and the concavity of the ear is clothed with long white hairs. Throat white, changing to ash plumbeous upon its sides by the abbreviation of the white tips which give the color to this region. Sides of neck ash plumbeous annulated with white. Convexity of ears grayish, like the rest of the upper surface, the coat being dense and rather long; terminal portion edged with blackish. There is a light rusty tinge in front of the base of the horns. The edge of the eyelids, lashes, and brows are jet black. The long bristles around the muzzle correspond in color to that of the hair, those above being black and those below white. Behind the white chin is a black spot at either side of the jaw, barely cut off from the edge of the lip by a narrow white line, and obscurely connected by a dusky grayish band extending across the jaw. Below the throat the neck is ash plumbeous, like its sides. At the chest the color changes abruptly to plumbeous or fuliginous black, growing lighter posteriorly. Ex- cept upon the axille, there is-no white in front of the inguinal region, whence the white extends laterally to the inside of the thighs and upward to the tail, covering its under surface and the buttocks on either side, forming as conspicuous a patch, when viewed from behind, as in the mule deer. There is no white upon the limbs below the axille and hollows of the thighs. The tufts of bushy hair surrounding the tarsal and metatarsal glands are paler than elsewhere, but not conspicuously so; naked portion of the metatarsal gland, which is hard to find among the bushy hair, measures 13 mm. in length. The limbs are rather uniform light fulvous, to which a sandy hue is imparted by a slight admixture of rusty with the exposed plumbeous base of the hairs; their inner sides are somewhat paler and the anterior border rustier. A dusky spot is situated between the false and lower hoofs of the hind limbs. The dorsum 188 BULLETIN 56, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of the tail is broadly black at the end, grizzled with gray, and rusty toward the base. The ears are extremely large and thick, densely coated with hairs on both surfaces, those of the concavity being long and somewhat curly. In proportion to the size of the animal the ears are nearly or quite as large as those of the mule deer. The tail is short, full, and foxy, the white hairs not covering more than the lower half of its surface. The metatarsal glands are smaller than those of the mule deer, larger than in white-tailed deer. They are surrounded by a small tuft of whitish hairs which barely suffice to mark their location. There are no dusky hairs surrounding the light ones. The tarsal glands are also small, with inconspicuous tufts. There is nothing distinctive about the form or size of the hoofs or antlers;. their measurements are given below. Measurements of the fresh specimen (skinned, but with head and limbs entire): From tip of nose toeye,150 mm.; to ear, 240; to tip of ear, 450; to base of horn, 225; to occiput, 280. Ear, height above crown, 190: above notch, 145; width, 110. Distance between Fig. 18. —QpOCOTEEOS CROORT. SKULL or TYPE. (Cat. No. eyes, 100: Girth of head ie hance a TAPERED TENG DE DOOAUTEENE Ts ind antlers, 420, ‘Tail : to end of vertebrae, 210; to end of hairs, 275. Eye, from inner canthus to lachrymal opening, 13; length of lachrymal opening, 18. Front hoof, length of an- terior edge (chord), 40; superior edge, 36; inferior edge (i. e., greatest length of hoof measured below), 66; from tip of hoof to base of accessory hoof, 100; width of one great hoof, 21; width of both taken together, 41; length of false hoof, its external edge, 28.5; its width at base, 17. Hind hoof, length of anterior edge, 40; superior edge, 34; inferior edge, 63; from tip of hoof to base of lesser hoof, 109; width of each great hoof, 18; width of both taken together, 35; length of accessory hoof, its external edge, 23; its width at base, 20, Antler, distance from burr to tip in a straight line, 164; ° MAMMALS OF THE MEXICAN BOUNDARY. 189 following the curve, 180; from the burr to the fork in a straight line, 124; longest tip, 52; shortest tip, 50; circumference of burr, 73; circumference midway between burr and tines, 49; circumference of tines, 25 and 85. Weight estimated at 70 pounds avoirdupois. Cranial characters.—The skull of O. crooki (fig. 18) has very nearly the same conformation as that of Odocoileus columbianus, the lachry- a b c FIG. 19.—D1AGRAM SHOWING POSITION OF VOMER WITH RELATION TO BASI-SIPHENOID. «, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS CANUS (Cat. No, 63144, U.S.N.M.); b, ODOCOILEUS COUESI (Cat. No. 59229, U.S.N.M.); ¢, ODOCOILEUS CROOKI (Type, Cat. No, 35752, U.S.N.M.). ‘mal fossa being deeper than in the Virginia deer, but shallower than in the mule deer. The same intermediate condition obtains with respect to the vomer (fig. 19¢), in the relationships of the nasal and premaxillary bones; and, in short, the whole animal appears to be a compromise between the characteristics of the white-tailed and mule deer groups. Tor the characters of the teeth see fig. 20. Cranial measurements of tivo specimens of Odocoileus crook. ee ee. Measurement, Mus.female Mt Ser : ad. (Orig. | ist, N.Y. No. 1873.) | (Orig. No ype 159.) TOCAITEN SG EMiOL SUN ai osasetia tance e epic euecasee Addamdoodedmmrmccasaateeaense 255 | 260 Greatest breadth: Of SKUL) wccj0c scene ceseanseonsedenzan cssemeneatseecesseeed anes 108 110 Distance between orbits, measured opposite center..............2----2-+---- 5 73 72 Distance between pedicels of horns ............-------------- vemeyeeiveniehites: | anmeeeuinees: 52 jNasal bones, greatestdTengthy, ics cncencsasanteneeaaensenicemaae soneememares neaws | 82 82 Nasal bones, greatest breadth of pair..........-.---.---2-222--2 2 eee eee nae \ 26 27 Nasal bones, least breadth of the pair........2.2. 2.22.2. 2 2 eee eee eee eee | 18 13 From tip of nasal to tip of premaxillary bone ......................-02eee ee eee! 53 57 Total length of premaxillary, measured in situ.........22.2.. 0.20. ee cee eee eee 69 67 Premaxillary bones, from front to premolars..............2.222.22-2.0-0---0-- | 80 82 Premaxillary bones, from front to hinder margin of palate.................-. | 163 | osewevews een Length.of upper tooth row :