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Digital file copyright by Cornell University
Library 1994.THE WOMEN’S
EDUCATIONAL AND
INDUSTRIAL UNION
OF BUFFALO
COMPILED BY
MRS. FREDERICK J. SHEPARDARTS DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO.
Former home of the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union.THE WOMEN’S
EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL
UNION OF BUFFALO
COMPILED BY
MRS. FREDERICK J. SHEPARD
No philanthropy in Buffalo has had a more honorable
career, and none a more far-reaching influence, than the
“Womens Educational and Industrial Union. Many im-
portant reforms concerning women and children have been
accomplished either wholly or in part, through its efforts,
and it is thought a summary of its history should have a
permanent place among local records. Such an organiza-
tion as the Union had long been a dream of one of Buffalo’s
most public-spirited women; and when, in response to the
invitation of the Literary Club of the Church of the
Messiah, Mrs. Abby Morton Diaz, President of the Boston
Union, visited Buffalo in 1884, it was the needed torch
which lighted the flame of enthusiasm. With almost pro-
phetic vision Mrs. Diaz beheld what might be accomplished
in a growing city like Buffalo by a non-sectarian organiza-
tion which should include all classes and conditions of
women. On February 2, 1884, under the auspices of the
Charity Organization Society, Mrs. Diaz made an address
in Concert Hall on *‘Women’s Unions in our Cities.” At
its conclusion Mr. J. N. Lamed offered the following reso-
lution :,
Resolved, That it is the opinion of this meeting that there should
be organized in Buffalo a Women’s Union for promoting the material,
147148 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
moral and intellectual welfare of the women of our city; that such
organization should he wholly independent of creeds and nationalities,
and that this undertaking should include nothing that touches upon
teachings or beliefs in religion.
Besolved, That the following-named ladies be appointed a com-
mittee to take steps towards the formation of the Union proposed,
and that they be requested to meet at the Fitch Institute, corner Swan
and Michigan streets on Tuesday, February 5th, at 2 o’clock in the
afternoon.
The committee referred to represented all the principal
religious denominations in the city. In response to an invi-
tation sent out by the Charity Organization Society the
meeting was attended by women prominent in literary,
social and philanthropic circles, and a temporary organiza-
tion was affected by the appointment of Mrs. George W.
Townsend as chairman, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft as Secretary,
and a nominating committee. A week later (February
13), sixty women met at the home of Mrs. James B. Parke
and elected permanent officers and a board of directors. A
constitution and by-laws, modeled after those of the Boston
Union, were adopted, and committees were appointed to
have charge of Finance, Social Affairs, Hygiene and Phy-
sical Culture, Education, Employment, Library and Protec-
tion. Protestant, Roman Catholic and Hebrew joined hands
on these committees as well as on the board of directors, to
work on a broad basis and on lines never before attempted
in Buffalo. The Charity Organization Society gave the free
use of two rooms in the Fitch Institute, and through the
generosity of carpenters, painters, merchants and private
individuals, they were transformed, into an attractive
library and a convenient office.
On March 27th an informal dedicatory service was held
in honor of its distinguished visitors, Julia Ward Howe,
Abby W. May, Frances E. Willard, and other well-known
philanthropists, who were in town for a mid-year confer-
ence of the Association for the Advancement of Women.WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL AND 1NDUSTB1AL UNION 149
With, their inspiring words and a silent prayer in which
all could join, the rooms were consecrated to a noble work.
The formal opening occurred April 15th, when a public
reception was held; and from that date the rooms were
open every week-day from 10 A. M. to 9 P. M.
The first year’s records show a membership of 794, and
over 1,000 visitors. Activities increased to such an extent
that more room was needed in the autumn, when the
Charity Organization Society again showed its interest by
opening two additional rooms for our use. The first annual
meeting was held in Fitch Institute hall, with an audience
of several hundred. The results reported by the heads of
the various committees demonstrated beyond a doubt the
Union’s right to exist. Another meeting was held in the
evening, when short addresses were made by the Hon.
Arthur W. Hickman, Dr. Roswell Park, Seward A. Simons
and Nathaniel Rosenau. It was not long before we were
again cramped for room. It was then felt that better
results could be attained if we had a home of our own.
Just at this time the Babcock Homestead on Niagara
Square came into the market, and on January 5, 1886,
an option on this property was taken. With but $30 in
the treasury, but with unbounded confidence, all energies
were bent to secure subscriptions. In six weeks’ time the
first payment of $12,000 was made, a mortgage of $6,000
given, and the Union became the owner of one of Buffalo’s
charming old homes. It was an ideal building for this
new enterprise, and was considered sufficiently large to
serve its purpose for years to come. The necessary altera-
tions were planned by Mr. R. A. Bethune, architect, who
gave his services. Carpenters, masons, plumbers, and
painters made liberal reductions on their bills. The rooms
on the second floor not then needed were rented as studios.
The stable was transformed into a well-appointed gym-
nasium. The enlarged quarters made it possible to reach150 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
out in new directions. The Kitchen Garden, the Coteries,
and the Noon Rest were started, and classes in Domestic
Training opened.
The first public reception in our new home was held
October 30, 1886. Addresses were made by the Hon. James
0. Putnam, Nathaniel S. Rosenau and Seward A. Simons.
Miss Mary A. Ripley read an original poem. The high
ideals with which the Union started out, and to which it
always held, received the hearty approval of Buffalo ’s best
citizens, both men and women. Among its most staunch
supporters — always ready with loyal service and wise
council—were the Hon. James O. Putnam, the Hon. Wil-
liam P. Letchworth and the Hon. Sherman S. Rogers. The
first-named was often called the “Commodore’9 of the
Union, a title of which he was rather proud.
The fifth annual meeting was a time of rejoicing, not
only for past achievement, and for the many new avenues
of influence opening out before us, but for the fact that
we were free from debt. The $6,000 mortgage was can-
celled and the burden of semi-annual interest lifted from
our shoulders, leaving us free to direct our energies along
more vital lines. To mark the event an informal luncheon
was served in the gymnasium. While the Union was striv-
ing to advance the aims and objects for which it was organ-
ized— “to provide a common meeting place for women,
with an atmosphere so cordial that none should feel out of
place, where the rich woman should forget her riches, the
poor woman her poverty; to freely give the advantages
women need — graces of heart, culture of the intellect, em-
ployment for the hand and brain, a more exalted opinion of
home life, protection from the oppressor, access to good
literature, and to offer a welcome and sympathy to all who
should cross its threshold” — special committees were ac-
complishing important reforms. The effort begun in 1884
had at last accomplished its object; a police matron forWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTEIAL UNION 151
No. 1 station had been appointed by Mayor Scoville, and
much desirable legislation was secured, which will be men-
tioned in the chapter on “Protection.”
It had long been the wish the Union to have a well-
equipped kitchen and laundry in which domestic training
could be taught on a scientific basis, but there was no room
that could be devoted to this purpose. With the Union
spirit of optimism a well-known architect was consulted
with regard to putting up an addition on the Union’s
vacant lot. Now that we were out of debt, there was great
hesitancy about assuming new burdens, and the hope for a
new building seemed little more than an air-castle. About
this time a reporter called on our president and asked her
to tell him something about the Union. He was told of the
need for enlarged quarters and better equipment for the
Domestic Training Department, more room for the Kitchen
Garden, and of the hope that we might sometime have a
hall for lectures, meetings, and receptions. In the next
Sunday’s issue of the Courier appeared an article entitled
“Mrs. Townsend’s Dream,” setting forth the aims and
objects of the Union and the urgent need of more room if
the work was to be carried on effectively. This article
brought most unexpected results. The first gift was $10,000
from Mrs. Esther A. Glenny to build the hall. A few weeks
later came the welcome gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Charlotte
A. Watson for the Domestic Science Department, and from
Mrs. Porter Norton, the first vice-president, a promise of
the interest of $5,000 for three years to assist in sustaining
that department. These generous gifts were most encourag-
ing and served as an incentive to renewed effort.
On the advice of the architect and other practical busi-
ness men, it was decided to erect an entirely new building,,
and tear down the old one, with the exception of the gym-
nasium, which was in good order and well adapted to its
requirements. On August 8, 1892, the old Babcock man-152 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
sion was vacated, and its demolition begun. The gym-
nasium, which had to be used for office, classes, library
and lectures, was a busy place. Many of the Union’s activi-
ties were necessarily suspended altogether; -others were
carried on under great disadvantage; and this meant a
pecuniary loss of several hundred dollars. Financial
panics are as ruthless to philanthropy as to business, and
the hope that we might celebrate our tenth anniversary
in the new building could not be realized. Only the rooms
needed for the Domestic Science Department were finished
in time for the autumn opening. The Kitchen Garden
children met again in January, much to the delight of
these embryo housekeepers. After many discouragements
the building was ready for inspection, and was thrown
open to the public Monday, October 29, 1894. It was esti-
mated that over 2,000 people visited the Union that day.
The dedicatory services were postponed till the building
should be paid for. Mrs. Glenny builded better than she
knew when her generosity made possible the Union hall,
for it proved one of the strongest factors for the Union’s
social and educational work. William Hamilton Gibson
opened the hall with a course of charming lectures. Since
then it has been the scene of lectures and entertainments
given by many famous men and women.
The continued financial anxiety in the business world
prevented the starting off of any new departments for a
time, and in a measure restricted efforts in those already
undertaken. However, the Union could not stand still.
The completion of its club room on the second floor was a
step forward, and it brought in some return in the way of
rentals. The small gallery was fitted with cabinets and
drawers to receive the Union’s collection of rare autograph
letters, and a committee on Arts and Industries was named
to have charge of this collection. The increased clerical
work connected with running the institution made it neces-WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 153
sary to have a resident superintendent. Mrs. Josephine B.
Loomis, who had served as superintendent with efficiency
and loyal fidelity for seven years, resigned, her home
duties preventing her from living in the building. Miss
Jean Agnew was then engaged, and began her duties
October 1, 1896. From that time until the building was
turned over to the University of Buffalo — with the excep-
tion of about two years when ill health compelled her
absence from town — Miss Agnew gave to the Union a
devotion which is rarely found, and which can be ap-
preciated only by those who worked with her in those
eighteen years.
We have already chronicled one 4‘Freedom from Debt”
festival, which took place when the mortgage on the Bab-
cock property was paid off. To have paid for a second
building without holding any kind of a bazaar, or selling
a single ticket for an entertainment, and to be again out
of debt was ground for further rejoicing. To celebrate
this achievement a luncheon was given October 27, 1897, to
nearly two hundred women. Members from the Boston,
Mass., Youngstown, Ohio, Dunkirk, Rochester, Syracuse
and Auburn Unions came to share our happiness and to
take part in the dedicatory exercises, which were held in
the evening in Union Hall. Mrs. Kehew, President of the
Boston Union, gave an address of greeting, and this was
followed by a reception in the Ripley Memorial Library.
In spite of the continual struggle for an adequate income,
new features were added as opportunity presented. The
“At Homes” not only extended pleasant hospitality to
members and friends, but enabled the committees by ex-
change of duties to become better acquainted with each
other, and with the work. Much thought and care were
given to securing the best methods of carrying on the
•diversified interests, and at the same time to subordinate
methods to the aim of securing “educational, industrial154 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
and social advancement of women.” Two sides of this
triangle were met by the Educational and Domestic
Science classes. To the question, “What was done for the
social advancement of women ?” the reply depends largely
upon the point of view. That the well-to-do stand in as
great need of social advancement as the remainder of the
population, no one who looks at life in the broadest way
will deny. If the Union was a common meeting-ground
for the masses and the classes, where each could give of
what she alone possessed, and by common effort accomplish
a little towards the uplifting of humanity, then we may
assert that this institution lived up to its motto; “Each
for all and all for each.” Every department served to
bring together those who needed to receive and those who
needed to give. That “none are so rich that they have no
needs” was one of the Union’s oft-repeated truisms.
In 1904 the constitution was so amended as to allow men
to become associate life and sustaining members, and among
those soon enrolled were a number of men whose never
failing faith and interest in the work had been most helpful
and encouraging.
After serving the Union as president for twenty-two
years, Mrs. Townsend was obliged to resign on account of
failing health. In all these years hers had been the guid-
ing hand in every endeavor; she had inspired her associates
with her own high ideals. In her final annual address we
find this quotation:	“The idealist is one whose life is
shaped to certain definite ends, and who beholds himself
loyal to certain ultimate purposes.” She herself measured
up to this definition; it dominated her whole thought. To
those who had been privileged to work with her, her de-
parture was a keen personal loss, and every department
missed her sunny presence and encouragement. To her
energy, optimism, and self-sacrificing work is to be attrib-
uted the Union’s growth, and whatever it lias accom-WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 155
plished. Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, who had served as first vice-
president for several years, and also as chairman of the
Entertainment and the Domestic Science committees, suc-
ceeded Mrs. Townsend as president and served for four
years. She was succeeded in turn by Mrs. Thomas B. Bead-
ing, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Henry Wertimer, and Mrs.
Lucien Howe.
Education.
In order to promote the educational interests of women,
a committee in charge of this department provided during
the first year instruction in reading, penmanship, arith-
metic, typewriting, stenography, and bookkeeping. In a
short time classes were opened in free-hand drawing,
water-colors, dressmaking, French and German. As the
need arose china painting, vocal music and parliamentary
law were added. The aim was to help those seeking to fit
themselves for positions, and to make those already em-
ployed more intelligent workers. Many of the classes were
free to members, and offered opportunities otherwise out
of the girls7 reach. The free scholarships given by the
College of Commerce, the Buffalo Business University, and
Bryant & Stratton’s were much prized by the beneficiaries,
who were carefully selected by the committee. With the
opening of the public night schools, there was no further
need of the Union’s free classes, in which about 2,000 girls
had received instruction. Nearly all the teachers had given
their services, while the others received but small remun-
eration.
A prominent feature of the educational work was the
Coteries, at which papers on subjects of importance to
women were read, and the discussions following were often
creditably participated in by those unaccustomed to the
sound of their own voices in public.
In order to overcome in part the ignorance of women
as to the laws of the State which concern their rights of156 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
property, inheritance, dower, guardianship of children, and
many other matters, a course of free law lectures was given
by Seward A. Simons, Sheldon T. Yiele, William B. Hoyt,
George Clinton, and Judge Jacob Stern. Among others
to whom the Union was indebted for lectures were Le Roy
Parker, Charles A. Pooley, S. E. Nichols, William L.
Marcy, William Macomber, and John B. Olmsted. Some
of Buffalo’s prominent men and women gave talks on
political history; and Mrs. C. D. Adsit, of Milwaukee, gave
twelve most enjoyable lectures on etchings and engravings,
illustrating them with a valuable collection of pictures.
A keen interest in art was aroused and several pictures
were given to the Union in consequence. An etching by
Chauval was purchased with the proceeds of a benefit lec-
ture given by Mrs. Adsit, and framed gratuitously by
Oscar Benson. Mr. Henry S. Bliss presented three of
Sangster’s fine etchings, which were framed by Hoddick
Co., Benson & Son, and Mrs. E. H. Dutton. The fas-
cinating lectures on 44The Mysteries of the Flowers,” which
opened the Union Hall, will long be remembered by those
who heard the artist lecturer, William Hamilton Gibson.
Julia Ward Howe — that ever welcome visitor —gave
several lectures at the Union. In her “Reminiscences of a
Winter in Rome,” the speaker told many interesting inci-
dents not only of her last winter in the Eternal City, but
some experiences of her first winter spent there more than
fifty years before. Her talk on “Personal Reminiscences
of Lowell, Whittier, and Holmes,” packed the hall to its
utmost capacity. Many interesting talks were given on art
and literature by other well-known speakers, among whom
were Arthur Kaiser, lecturer in the Chicago University
Extension Work, and John Francis Waters, M. A., of
Ottawa. David Christie Murray gave a complimentary
lecture on “The Novelist’s Note-Book,” which brought in
a substantial addition to the committee’s funds. Four lec-WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 157
tures of distinct educational value were given by the Rev.
F. Hyatt Smith on “American Literature,” the Rev. J.
Aird Moffatt on “ American Characteristics/ ’ Miss Elizar
beth Hirsehfield on “The Influence of New England
Writers/ ’ and Harlow C. Curtiss on “Home Life in
Colonial Times.” A notable event was the lecture given
by the Russian Princess Engeletcheff. After the lecture a
reception was tendered to her in the Ripley Library.
A part of the educational scheme well worth while was
the “Girl’s Union Circle.’' This was practically a club for
girls from the free classes, for the mental improvement and
entertainment of its members. It began with a member-
ship of twenty-seven, which soon increased to nearly two
hundred. The meetings were held monthly from October
to March, the programs of which were often arranged by
the girls themselves and included recitations by members
of the elocution class, choruses by pupils in vocal music,
and the preparation of simple papers, thus increasing the
personal interest. For several years the Circle closed its
season with a dance. This was looked forward to not only
as a pleasant occasion but also as a means of raising money
for the Union. The music was usually furnished free of
charge by some of Buffalo’s best musicians, Miss Seamans,
Mr. Trolius Koons, and Mr. Sternberg being among these
good friends. The receipts averaged about $40 which the
girls took great pleasure in turning over to the general
fund.
The Civic Club — another branch of the educational
work — was “ formed to interest and inform women in mat-
ters relating to municipal affairs, to show how they might
assist in the good government of our city, and to foster all
movements within the circle of its influence which have
for their ends the improvement of any phase of our city
life.” Its motto, “Information before Reformation” was
well lived up to. Talks were given on such vital topics as158 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTEIAL UNION
organization of school boards; care of streets — lighting
and cleaning; neighborhood improvement societies; city
legislation; water supply; outdoor relief; parks, etc. The
voice of the Club was raised in behalf of the street-car
driver, in an appeal that vestibuled cars be provided for
his protection in winter; and a petition was presented to
the Mayor to create a bureau of forestry, for the systematic
beautifying of our streets. The Club’s influence was
exerted in suppressing objectionable posters and advertise-
ments ; it was also instrumental in establishing the truant
school; and under its auspices Katherine B. Davis, of the
College Settlement in Philadelphia, gave a talk on “Women
as a Factor in Municipal Housekeeping.” Of all civic
difficulties none seemed more pressing than the smoke
nuisance, and in its endeavor to practice as well as preach,
the Union bought a so-called smokeless coal at some extra
expense.
Another enterprise was the publication of a small maga-
zine called The Lantern, as a means of interesting the
public in the Union and advertising its activities. The
little pamphlet first appeared in April, 1909, and traveled
far and wide. It had subscribers as far west as Seattle.
Through the efforts of its editor, Mrs. George A. Bailey,
and its business manager, Mrs. John MacGregor, the adver-
tisements secured more than paid for its printing. Nine
numbers were issued.
Philanthropy.
The philanthropic work was carried on according to true
principles of charity; the Union reached out its hands to
the weak, the wayward and the defenseless, bearing the
gifts of womanly sympathy and needed help; visiting and
encouraging the poor, providing food, clothing and deli-
cacies for the sick, befriending and counseling those in
trouble, and assisting women to support themselves. TheWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 159
influence of the Union’s name was shown in one of the
earliest cases brought to this committee. A woman, alone
and helpless, was found in an almost starving condition.
Investigation showed that sufficient means had been left
to make her comfortable for life, but had been withheld.
The mention of the "Women’s Union, and its possible inter-
ference in the case had the desired effect, and the woman
was made comfortable by those responsible for her welfare.
The committee’s efforts were not confined to providing
for mere material wants. A poor friendless Swedish girl
died in the General Hospital. The question was asked,
4‘Must this poor girl be buried like a dog in our Christian
city ? Cannot something be done to show that women take
an interest in their kind?” A simple funeral service was
arranged, a clergyman responded when asked to officiate,
and nine ladies were present. A letter containing a lock
of the girl’s hair was sent to the mother in Sweden, from
whom a note of grateful appreciation was received.
A gratifying part of the work in the early days was the
giving to ten young women, who had not the means to pay
for it, the opportunity to spend one or two weeks in the
country. Boarding places were secured either free of
charge or for a small sum which the committee paid.
Among the applicants for aid, it was not unusual for the
committee to find those in need of a physician’s attention,
and such service was always secured, Buffalo’s best known
doctors responding cheerfully to these calls. Owing to the
unusual number of people out of work during the winter
of 1893-4, calls for help increased enormously. The com-
mittee agreed to feed and clothe thirty families, although
to do this with an empty treasury to start on seemed a
Herculean task. They did, however, care for forty families
for four months, and gave temporary relief to many more.
One family carefully looked after for seventeen months
was finally returned to England by the Immigration Com-160 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
mission, after being comfortably fitted out for the winter
voyage by the committee, which considered itself well re-
warded by the receipt of a grateful letter soon after their
arrival in England. The philanthropic work was some-
what lessened when the city was divided into districts by
the Charity Organization Society. In extreme cases the
required aid was given at once; but that investigation was
necessary was shown in one instance where a woman, with
perseverance worthy a better cause, applied five times to
different members of the committee, each time giving a
fictitious address. The records do not give the exact num-
ber of people helped by this committee, but it was several
thousand.
Social, Affairs.
In the Fitch Institute days, reception, philanthropy,
library and employment work and musical and literary
entertainments were all taken care of by one committee.
A division of the responsibilities was found necessary, and
the duties of the Social Affairs committee thereafter were
confined to the charge of the many social functions given
by the Union and to dispensing its hospitalities. Before
the Union was six months old this committee made the first
move in the effort to secure a police matron. The Women's
Christian Temperance Union, the Young Women's Chris-
tian Association, the Home for the Friendless and the
Ingleside Home soon joined in this movement. The Hon.
William P. Letchworth and the Hon. James 0. Putnam
aided materially in this undertaking, which ended success-
fully only after a two or three years' struggle.
Domestic Science.
The Union was the pioneer in the movement to put
domestic training on a scientific basis. It was a far cry
from the free class of four pupils, who brought their ownHALL WOMEN’S UNION; NOW ABTS DEPABTMENT, UNIVEESITY OE BUFFALO.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND IN DU ST DIAL UNION 161
materials to the one lesson a week from a volunteer teacher,
to the two high-salaried, scientifically-trained teachers, who
gave their entire time to teaching all branches of cooking,
laundering, dressmaking, and millinery. Mrs. S. Y. R.
Watson's gift of $5,000 gave the Union one of the best-
arranged schools in the State. It included a large lecture
hall — which could be divided into four class-rooms by
rolling partitions — a laundry, ironing and sewing room,
cloak room, store room, and a kitchen especially equipped
for class work. The sum of $516.65 — a fund collected in
an effort to establish a cooking school several years
previous, and now given to the Union in memory of Mrs,
Evelyn Schoolcraft Allen by her associates in that work —
was applied to the purchase of permanent fittings. One
hundred and forty-eight pupils were registered in the
school the first year. A course of lectures for housekeepers
was given by men who had made a special study of subjects
assigned them. ‘4House Sanitation" was explained by the
well-known architect, Edward Kent; “The Rights and
Duties of Housekeepers," by LeRoy Parker; “Bacteria,"
by Dr. Herbert U. Williams; “Disinfection and Infection,"
by Dr. Franklin C. Gram: “Chemistry of Foods," and
“Chemistry and Physiology of Digestion," by Dr. Julius
Pohlman; “Food Adulterations" by Dr. William II.
Heath; “Chemistry of Cooking," by Dr. Herbert M. Hill;
“Diet in Health," by Dr. Charles G. Stockton; “Diet in
Disease," by Dr. Allen Jones; “Sanitary and Unsanitary
Conditions of the Flesh of Animals as Human Food," by
F. Thornbury and W. Hinckley; “Selection and Compara-
tive Cost of Proper Meats," by John Valentine.
At the weekly mothers' meetings the women learned
something of the nutritive value of different foods and
were taught how to cheapen a dietary without loss of food
values. They also listened to talks on personal and house
hygiene. Demonstration lessons in fireless cooking were162 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
given to women from various Settlement Houses, and a
4‘workman’s dinner” for six persons at a cost of sixty
cents proved of much interest. Courses of lessons were
specially designed for women desiring to fit themselves as
trained housekeepers in hotels, institutions, or private
homes, and for girls from the Buffalo Seminary, St. Mar-
garet’s and the grammar schools. To show the progress
made by the latter some of the directors and a few invited
guests, including Superintendent and Mrs. Emerson, were
invited to a luncheon cooked and served by these little
grammar-school girls. Their success in this affair gave
them confidence that was invaluable. The Central, Lafay-
ette and Masten Park High Schools sent classes for the
Regents’ courses, and nurses came from the General, Ger-
man, Children’s City, Woman’s, Erie County, Homeo-
pathic, and the Sisters’ Hospitals for lessons in dietetics
and invalid cookery.
The Union teachers had charge of the lessons in domestic
science at the Elmwood School, and for several years sup-
plemented the training of the Fitch Creche nursery maids
with a course in simple cookery for children, laundering
of children’s clothes, and lectures on home sanitation. A
normal course was given to a class of Guild Workers from
St. Paul’s Church, and to classes from Our Lady of Victory
and St. Vincent’s Industrial Schools.
The cry 4 4 Oh, for a miscroscope! ” had gone out from
this department for many years without bringing any
response. At last it reached the ear of that wizard, Henry
Keller, and with his wonderful faculty for producing
things from nowhere, the next day a fine physician’s
microscope appeared at the Union. It was a valuable
addition to the resources of the laboratory.
In the laundry course pupils were required to do prac-
tical work in washing and ironing. The lessons were pre-
ceded by short theory talks, with tests of the propertiesWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 163
of water, soaps, bluing, bleaching powders, etc., and meth-
ods of removing strains. Many of the pupils were sent
by their employers, and they were reluctant to acknowl-
edge that the new methods were any better than their old
ways; but as the lessons advanced they were convinced.
Scholarships in the laundry course were given to several
girls from the different settlement houses; these girls
proved much more satisfactory pupils than the older woman
wage-earners. Always reaching out in every direction to
help those in need, the Union gave twelve free laundry
lessons to a few women from the Wayfare, enabling them
to secure good positions and become self-supporting.
Laundry lessons were also given at Trinity House, and the
Maple-street Mission.
The sewing lessons were planned to meet varied require-
ments. The young girl just finishing school was helped to
a more complete education along practical lines. The older
woman, who “knew how to sew/’ was taught the easier
and more scientific way. For those wishing to perfect
themselves either as teachers or workers, lessons were ar-
ranged with these objects in view. There were scientific
courses in plain sewing, dress and shirtwaist-making,
millinery, household embroidery and basketry. Special
courses in drafting were planned for those preparing to
take the examination for sewing teachers in the public
schools, and normal classes for teachers from the Union
from the various industrial schools were held.
Under the auspices of the Union an exhibition of sewing
was given in Buffalo, December 11-13, 1895, representing
the work accomplished in the sewing schools of New York
City, Brooklyn, Washington, D. C., England, France, Ger-
many, Switzerland and Holland. This exhibition was
largely instrumental in forming the Association of Sewing
Schools in Buffalo and arousing interest in a neglected art.
At a similar exhibition held at the Waldorf, New York,164 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION
the exhibit sent from the Union received special mention.
A benefit entertainment at which two plays were given by
Messrs. Carleton, Douglass and Peter Cornell, Mrs. Thomas
Cary Welch and Misses Cornell and Evans, brought to this
department the welcome sum of $230. The music was
gratuitously furnished by Henry Marcus and Joseph Kuhn,
the printing by Peter Paul, the use of rugs by Adam,
Meldrum & Anderson Co., furniture by Hersee & Co.,
flowers by Palmer, carriages by Miller, Atkinson & Fer-
guson.
Kitchen Garden.
Upon taking possession of the Babcock House the time
seemed ripe for doing something towards training young
girls to look at the necessary work in the home as a thing
in which to take pride. With this object in view the
Kitchen Garden was opened November 6, 1886, to a class
of girls ranging from seven to fourteen years of age. Many
of the girls were obliged to bring their small sisters, and
these little ones were placed under the care of a trained
kindergartner. The older girls made rapid improvement,
and it was gratifying to the teachers to see the faces light
up with a self-respect born of knowing how to do something
well, and to feel that what had been learned in the Kitchen
Garden would, in some cases, be carried into the homes.
The children were taught to make the best of materials
at hand, and to consider cleanliness rather than the quality
of the table-cloth. The chief aim was to fit girls to work
understandingly in their own homes, and to serve con-
scientiously in the homes of others. The lessons included
instruction in building fires, sweeping and dusting rooms,
caring for lamps, making beds, and all the general work
in the home. In these lessons diminutive beds, stoves,
lamps, etc., were used, and formed an object lesson easily
understood and remembered. Some of the fiercest quarrels
were waged over the kitchen sink for precedence at theWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 165
dishpan. Sewing also formed an important part of the
instruction. A simple luncheon was served after the weekly
lesson, and on the Saturdays after Thanksgiving, Christ-
mas, and at the close of the year’s work, a more elaborate
spread was furnished. At first these weekly lunches were
free, but it was considered wiser to have the children make
a small return, so each child was asked to bring a penny
for bread and milk. The generous man who sent in a
supply of buns week after week will never know the
pleasure he gave to scores of little ones. In the death of
Mr. George H. Howard, the Kitchen Garden lost a friend
whose cordial sympathy and material assistance had been
unfailing. The results accomplished in six months with
one lesson a week, by the efforts of volunteer teachers,
showed that it was well worth what it cost in money, time
and effort. “My little girl would not help me before she
went to the Kitchen Garden, now she is glad to do so.”
4 ‘ Our table is now set as you do at the Union. ” “ Our work
is not done as it used to be, but as my little girl learns at
the Kitchen Garden,” were remarks often heard when the
teachers visited the homes of their little pupils. The devo-
tion of the volunteer teachers was praiseworthy; several
giving their Saturday mornings to the cause after teaching
through the week in public or private schools.
The Kitchen Garden Penny Bank was one of the first
of its kind to be started in Buffalo. Children were taught
the importance of saving small sums. An interesting proof
of its practical use was shown in a few years, when the
mother of a former Kitchen Garden pupil drew $40 from
a local bank to send her daughter to a business college.
She said the bank account was the direct result of the
Union’s Penny Bank.
The school proved so attractive that it was difficult to
“graduate” the girls and have them stay graduated, many
of them returning for further instruction. In order to166 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
meet this demand those who had made good use of the
Kitchen Garden courses were given lessons in cooking
simple dishes, and in making plain garments. Each year
the standard was raised, and the plain aprons which the
girls proudly exhibited as their handiwork of the early
days, gave place to work that would have done credit to
more mature seamstresses. For a few of the most faithful
girls, scholarships were secured in the Domestic Science
Department, where they were given more advanced in-
struction in cooking and sewing. These scholarships were
greatly prized by the recipients. For girls who had out-
grown the Kitchen Garden, a course in industrial drawing
was planned by Miss Jessica Beers, and taught by students
from the Art League. Through the generosity of friends
the Kitchen Garden was later provided with paid teachers,
who improved the methods and put the work on a higher
educational basis. To measure up to the enlarged oppor-
tunities, a few boys were admitted to the Kitchen Garden,
and did their share in table-setting, dish-washing, etc.,
thereby gaining some idea of the domestic side of life.
They made bags for skates and books, and the lessons in
housework, when adapted to camp life, held their enthusi-
astic attention. Lessons in whittling were given by the
accomplished Sloyd teacher of the Elmwood School. A
gift from the H. A. Meldrum Co., of a large sized doll’s
bed, gave fresh zest to the lesson in bed-making. Small
but willing fingers made the necessary bedding. In 1897
the children were for the first time asked to pay half the
cost of materials used in the sewing lessons if they wished
to keep the articles made. They were not very responsive
at first, but in a short time each child was most eager to
keep her work. For one of the closing picnics to the Park
Zoo, the children were told to bring the amount of two
carfares as their contribution towards paying for the two
omnibuses, and not a child failed to bring the six cents.f WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 167
In the autumn of 1891 the Union opened a branch
Kitchen Garden at the corner of Michigan and Ferry
streets, with seven children. Twice as many came for the
second lesson, and each succeeding Saturday brought in a
larger class, until the school outgrew its quarters, and
moved to Main and Ferry streets. It soon had an average
attendance of sixty-five scholars. Three other Kitchen Gar-
dens were started in different parts of the city and while
in no way connected with the Union, they were in reality
an outgrowth of the Union’s work, and each school was
represented on the Union’s committee. All these faithful
gardeners felt well rewarded by the evidence that many of
the seeds took root and grew into the happy faces which
greeted them every week. The Union also started a Kitchen
Garden in the Polish quarter on Broadway, with a dozen
girls. This number soon increased to forty, with as many
boys clamoring for admission. One little fellow begged his
mother to dress him as a girl — which she did — so that he
might be admitted. It was not till the lesson was nearly
over that the supposed little blond girl with delicate fea-
tures was discovered to be a boy. Afternoon classes were
opened for the boys, and they were taught basketry, chair-
caning and simple carpentry. The Christmas and Easter
entertainments, with the accompanying ice-cream and cake,,
were sources of great delight to these little foreigners. Sev-
eral cases of extreme poverty were relieved by the teachers,,
and the visits of the district nurse were of great benefit
in giving the children much needed lessons in hygiene.
One of the greatest assets of this work was the influence
transmitted through each little pupil. Every home from
which these children came must have felt this more or
less. The social uplift of a clean plate cannot be meas-
ured ; neither can the pernicious influence of one unwashed.
What the school did for these children was shown when
eighty-four of them were taken to visit the South Park168 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
Conservatory; not an unpleasant incident marred the day,
and the custodian complimented them upon their good
behavior. Without the Kitchen Garden training these
same children might have done wanton injury to the
property, to say nothing of being less appreciative of what
they saw. The sewing exhibit of the Union Kitchen Gar-
den at the Pan-American Exposition was singled out by
experts as by far the best exhibit there. The paid teachers,
Mrs. Cornelia Marcy Green in sewing, and Miss Laura
Weisner, kindergartner, with the invaluable help of the
volunteer teachers, kept the school on a high educational
plane; their methods were studied by, and they were often
asked to give talks to, those starting similar schools. Many
mission industrial classes were opened and our teachers
were urged to transfer interest to the work of their own
churches. The Union interests suffered somewhat in con-
sequence. The Polish Kitchen Garden became too great
a financial burden for the Union to continue, and its efforts
were turned to another nationality — one in our immediate
neighborhood, so that the equipment in our own building
could be utilized.
The work among the Italians was started by Mrs. Isadora
Hatfield Kennedy, a trained social worker, and later carried
on most effectively by Miss Mary Churchyard. The object
was to get in touch with the parents as well as with the
children; to arouse in them an interest in better ways of
living. The men were encouraged to attend night school
to learn to speak English, thereby fitting them to become
better citizens. Children were provided with the necessary
clothing to make them comfortable, and many little serv-
ices were rendered by the teachers. Individual knives and
forks were introduced,— quite an innovation among them.
Many of the girls had fine voices, and the singing class
gave them great delight. A concert given by the children
was a very creditable affair; it also proved an incentive toWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 169
learn to sew, as only those properly dressed were allowed
to appear on the stage. Then came close application to
the sewing lessons, that the simple costume might be made.
The girls also made the dainty white flowers worn in their
hair. The lowering of the voices, and the exercise of self-
control in these restless children were very noticeable. The
cooking lessons were real feasts with their cups of hot cocoa
and some simple dish. The essentials of neatness and per-
sonal cleanliness were included in the bathroom lesson,
and as rewards for improvement in these lines some of the
children were given tooth brushes. It was suspected that
this particular lesson was impressed upon the family so
strongly that all its members availed themselves of the
toothbrush. Several groups of children were taken to the
Park -— where none of them had been — and it is difficult to
realize how much they enjoyed rolling on the grass and
feeding the swans. The little garden showed the good re-
sults of careful training. A class of mothers — few able
to speak English — were given weekly instructions in sew-
ing; the monthly meetings, when work was put away an
hour earlier than usual, and they were served with a cup
of cocoa and a bit of cake, were eagerly looked forward to
.as bright spots in their dull lives. Some of them were
taken to Crystal Beach for a day’s outing. A group of
men, many of whom were too ignorant or too poorly clad
to be willing to go to night school, were given instruction
evenings in English and citizenship. All were eager to
learn and made rapid progress. All this work was invalu-
able in turning into useful channels the energies and re-
sources of these excitable people; but it meant a great deal
of time and labor on the part of Miss Churchyard and her
assistant, Mrs. Helen Jaeger.370 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
Noon Rest.
To meet a demand from Union members who were em-
ployed down town during the day for a place where well-
prepared food could be had at reasonable prices, the Noon
Rest was opened September 24, 1895. The former locker
room of the old gymnasium was transformed into an at-
tractive lunchroom, with the necessary kitchen and pantries^
where appetizing food was prepared and served on dainty
china. Several fine photographs, suitably framed, pre-
sented by Miss Annie Crawford and Miss Emma Kaan,
gave the needed bit of decoration. In connection with the
Ripley Memorial Library, with its books, magazines, daily
papers and easy chairs, an ideal noon resting place was thus
provided. In a few months the average daily attendance
increased from eighty-four to one hundred and fourteen-
While the Noon Rest proved a great convenience to many
women, the annual balance, with but one exception, was on
the wrong side. Its one satisfactory feature was that these
women had been provided with hot lunches, prepared from
the very best quality of materials at rates much less than
they could have been obtained elsewhere. Its banner year
was that of the Pan-American Exposition, when its patrons
numbered nearly 4,000 and over $550 was turned in to the
general fund. When the Noon Rest was closed a Cafeteria
was opened and carried on until the building was turned
over to the University.
Reception.
The Reception Committee held an important place in
the Unions plans, for to it was assigned the duty of
entertaining many local and visiting organizations, and of
acting as hostesses for the public receptions. During the
National Encampment of the G. A. R., held in the sum-
mer of 1897, the Union entertained the National Con-
vention of Army Nurses, the National Convention ofWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 171
Daughters of Veterans, the National Convention of Loyal
Home Workers, and the Department of New York Ladies
of the G. A. It. The Pan-American Exposition drew many
women’s associations to Buffalo and the Union served as
headquarters for the National Association of Colored
Women from July 1st to 12th, the International Council
of Nurses from September 16th to 21st, and the National
Household Economic Association. In October of that year
a reception was given in honor of the New York State
Federation of Women’s Clubs, which was the largest affair
of the kind ever given by the Union. The hall was hand-
somely decorated with rugs and draperies loaned by the
department stores, and a lavish display of flowers sent in
by the florists. Throughout “Old Home Week,” Sep-
tember 2 to 7, 1907, the Union kept open house, serving
tea every afternoon except Wednesday, when a general
reception was given. After the unveiling of the McKinley
monument on Thursday, the building was filled to over-
flowing with a chilled crowd who were grateful for a cup
of hot tea.
Among other visiting organizations entertained by the
Union were the National Association of College Alumnse,
the National Educational Association, the State Assembly
of Mothers, the State Conference of Charities, the Women’s
Christian Temperance Union, and the Western Division of
the International Sunshine Society. For a time the Politi-
cal Equality Club, Mothers’ Club, Nurses’ Association,
Teachers’ League, Investigating Club, Buffalo Kindergar-
ten Training School, and the Society of New England
Women held their regular meetings in our hall or club
room. Hospitality was considered by the Ancients as one
method of worship.172 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
Library.
Lack of room and lack of funds were two very forcible
reasons for the slow growth of the Union’s library; but
from the first it was supplied with the very best current
magazines, either as gifts direct, or for second reading,
and nearly all the Buffalo daily papers were furnished free
of charge, a courtesy which was continued throughout the
Union’s existence, and which was most sincerely appre-
ciated. More than once girls from the old Central High
School contributed money for magazine subscriptions,
thereby helping to make the Library attractive to the shop
girls who often passed their noon hour there. In 1893 a
committee consisting of Dr. John C. Parmenter, President
of the Buffalo High School Alumni Association, Henry P.
Emerson, Superintendent of Education, Matilda T. Karnes,
Mary C. Lovejoy, and Charlotte McMillan, raised a fund
as a memorial of Mary A. Ripley. With this money they
finished and furnished the library in the Union’s new
building, and placed in it a reference library of 500 vol-
umes, at an expense of about $2,000. This gave a much
needed impetus to this department. It was at once regis-
tered in the Public Libraries Division of the University of
the State of New York, which entitled it to a sum equiva-
lent to its own expenditure, not to exceed $200 annually.
The gift of a handsome clock from T. & E. Dickinson was
an ornamental and a very welcome addition to the furnish-
ings of the room. The number of daily visitors increased,
and the Mary A. Ripley Memorial Library proved to be
what its donors intended it should be—an attractive room
in which to read and study. An actual count made of the
number of readers using the room on one hundred and
twelve days — about one-third of a year— was found to
be 1,508. The library received many gifts of books; for
several years, a number of volumes were sent in annually
by Mrs. Stephen C. Clark, in memory of her mother, Mrs.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 173
E. H. Dutton, a charter member, and for many years a
director of the Union. Over a score of periodicals were
subscribed for, and nearly all the publications of the city's
various charitable institutions were sent gratis. During
his term as Congressman, Col. D. S. Alexander kept the
Library supplied with official geographical, educational and
reformatory reports from Washington.
Hygiene and Physical Culture.
The Hygiene and Physical Culture work was started
under the supervision of Dr. Mary B. Moody, and the high
standard set by her was maintained to the end. Free lee*
tures were given on such important subjects as “Sanitary
Drainage of our Homes," “Ventilation of Dwellings," etc.
Courses on “First Aid to the Injured" were given by Drs.
Charles Cary, Bernard Bartow, Henry R. Hopkins, J. W.
Keene, William D. Granger, William S. Tremain and J.
W. Putnam, assisted by nurses from the hospitals in the
necessary demonstrations. Twenty students passed the
examinations in these courses and were awarded diplomas
by the New York Aid Society. The Committee early saw
the need of a gymnasium for women, and began at once
securing the necessary funds. It was not until the Union
had a hojne of its own in Niagara Square that a suitable
place was found for such an undertaking. The old stable
was transformed into a sunny, well-ventilated, and scien-
tifically-equipped gymnasium, and opened to the public
October 30,1886. A large class of pupils was soon enthusi-
astically at work under the supervision of Miss Alice B.
Foster, a graduate of Dr. Sargent's school at Cambridge.
The first year's record showed gratifying results in
strengthened backs, increased girth of chest and lung
capacity, straighter shoulders, freer walk, and a marked
decrease of various ills to which flesh is heir. No pupil was
allowed to enter the classes without taking the required174 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTEIAL UNION
examination, which, in more than one instance, revealed
a spinal curvature unsuspected by parents. In some cases
this trouble was wholly overcome; in others it was much
lessened. The Committee started out with a debt of over
$200 for equipment. This was soon wiped out by the
receipts from two performances of Howells’ 4‘Sleeping
Car,” given by the Buffalo Amateurs, assisted by the
quartettes of Westminster Church and the Church of the
Messiah.
A course of lectures on the “Chemistry of Cooking”
attracted attention outside of Buffalo, the local newspaper
notices being copied in several New York and Chicago
papers. In the first five years 763 pupils took advantage
of these courses in systematic and scientific physical train-
ing; Lancaster, Lockport, Warsaw, Tonawanda, Ithaca,
Batavia and Elmira were represented in this number. Not
only did the Union make a success of its own work in this
line, but it overcame the prejudice encountered at the
beginning, and made possible the opening of other gym-
nasiums. One of the noteworthy courses of lectures was
that on “Home Nursing” — the first of its kind ever given
in Buffalo outside a hospital or training school. These
addresses were given by the superintendents of nurses from
different hospitals. Among the most popular classes were
those for 4 4 Trained Attendants.9 9 This course was planned
so that women might become proficient in the care of con-
valescents, chronic invalids, elderly people, and young
children. Twenty-one pupils passed the first examination.
The committee, as well as her many pupils, owe a lasting
debt of gratitude to Dr. Maude J. Frye for her faithful
and long continued interest in both the “Home Nursing”
and “Trained Attendants” classes. As public and private
gymnasiums and physical culture classes were opened in
different parts of the city, the Union ceased to be the cen-
ter for this special work, but its object had been accom-WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 175
plished. Public opinion had been educated to see that the
girl has the same right to a strong, sound body as has the
boy. The physical emancipation of women had been
-achieved.
Literary and Musical Entertainments.
To give a list of Buffalonians who have appeared for the
benefit of the Union in its two hundred or more free enter-
tainments would be to name all the best musicians in town,
and many of the city’s most honored representatives in
literary, social and dramatic circles. Providing free enter-
tainments was gradually taken in charge by the Girls’
Union Circle and a committee formed for
Special Entertainments.
Under its auspices a series of 4‘Afternoons with Famous
Actors,” was arranged. Through the kindness of Mr. J. R.
Stirling, manager of the Star Theatre, many leading actors
became interested in the plan, and gave some delightful
entertainments. Among them were Selma Herman in
character recitations, and songs by members of her com-
pany; Mile. Rhea, in a lecture on Napoleon; Margaret
Mather in recitations and scenes from “The Honeymoon;”
Joseph Jefferson with a lecture on Dramatic Art; Thomas
W. Keene, in Shakespeare recitations, with Miss Sophie
Fernow in piano selections. Henry Clay Bamaby gave an
interesting talk, interspersed with old songs and ballads,
sung as only he could sing them; James K. Hackett ap-
peared with members of his company. A reception was
given in honor of Julia Arthur who showed a keen interest
in the objects and aims of the Union by becoming a Life
Member.176 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION
Membership.
The Committee on Membership had an essential work t5
perform and but for its strenuous efforts the Union could
not have lived out its thirty-one years of useful activity.
The constitution was amended so that the men might be
eligible for associate members. A Memorial Membership
was also established, and at the request of a friend, accom-
panied by a check for $50, the name of Mrs. Lily Lord
Tifft was placed at the head of that list. This was emi-
nenly fitting, as Mrs. Tifft was one of the Union’s incor-
porators and gave devoted service to it as long as she
lived.
Arts and Industries.
The Arts and Industries Committee was formed to col-
lect examples of women’s work, such as paintings and
other arts, and to obtain original manuscripts of well-
known woman authors. To raise a fund for this purpose
an Autograph Tea was given. The purchaser of each
ticket was entitled to an autograph of some well-known
author. Only two hundred tickets were issued, and these
were all disposed of long before the Tea. Twenty-five
copies of Mrs. Howe’s “Battle Hymn of the Republic’*
were specially printed and signed by the author. The
messages received from William Dean Howells, the Rev.
Henry Yan Dyke, Dr. Hamilton Mabie, Oliver Herford,
and others, in response to the committee’s requests for
autographs, were both appropriate and amusing; that from
Dr. Yan Dyke was as follows:
On the banks of the river Yan-Tze,
In the heathenish province Kwang-se,
The various species of tea —
Pekoe, Souching, and Bohea —
Are produced by the heathen Chinee;
But I give you my word
He never has heard
Of the kind called The Autograph Tea.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 177
The committee conducted classes in basketry, photog-
raphy, and pyrography, and a series of Art Talks were
given by Reginald C. Coxe, Alston Yan Duzee, Charles
Rohlfs, Lucius Hitchcock, and Miss Anna Canfield, of
Chicago. A valuable gift to this department was a hand-
some mahogany cabinet filled with rare specimens of
needlework and hand-made laces. The collection was made
specially for the Union and presented by Mrs. John D.
Larkin.
The Union’s Memorial Album, containing the photo-
graphs of directors and benefactors who have passed over
to the majority, has been given to the Buffalo Historical
Society. The album was a gift from J. P. Adams, and
C. E. Beach kindly prepared the pictures. All the
memorial tablets and the furniture from the Cora Bully-
more room will be placed in a memorial room of the Uni-
versity’s Arts and Sciences building.
Protection.
To the Protective Committee was assigned the duty of
guarding the legal and social rights of women. Its aim was
to see that no wrong should be unredressed and no right
disregarded. That the committee faithfully carried out
this purpose, so far as it was possible to do so, was
demonstrated by the amount of money collected; its suc-
cessful efforts in securing the enactment by the Legisla-
ture of measures for the betterment of society at large,
and of women in particular, and in the settlement of hun-
dreds of cases of every sort and description, from smooth-
ing out domestic quarrels to securing the conviction of
men who had wronged young girls. In the early days the
committee’s efforts were chiefly devoted to collecting un-
justly withheld wages of servants and seamstresses, and
over $35,000 was obtained. As the years passed, employers
found that woman workers had a befriending agency to178 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTE1AL UNION
which, they could apply, and often it was only necessary
to say that the matter would be taken up by the Union,
to ensure payment with no further trouble. Eventually
this branch of work was turned over to the Legal Aid
Bureau. Many criminal cases were brought before the
courts by the committee, and through its exertion more
than one guilty man was sent to State prison, who other-
wise would have gone unpunished. Several Government
pensions were procured for needy people.
Months of time, voluminous correspondence, and the
most persistent effort were necessary to produce results in
the following list of reform acts, nearly all of which were
accomplished by the Union alone.
1887, May 2. After three years, agitation the first Police Matron was
appointed.
1887, November 19. Appointment of two women on Board of Man-
agers, State Insane Asylum.
1890,	April $7. Appointment of woman physicians in all State insti-
tutions where women are housed.
1890,	Two additional Police Matrons appointed.
1891,	December 15. Publication of Abstract of New York State Laws
affecting the rights and property of women.
1892,	January 1. Pirst woman appointed on Buffalo Board of School
Examiners.
1892.	First Jail Matron, appointed after three years' agitation.
1893,	March 22. Bill making husband and wife equal guardians of
their children. This bill passed both houses of the New
York Legislature without a negative vote.
1893. Establishment of the Western House of Befuge at Albion.
1904, April. Alimony Law, providing same measure for enforcing
payments of alimony in judgments of divorce granted in
other States to apply to judgments granted in New York.
1909-1910. Much time and energy was given to obtaining an increase
of salary for police matrons, and to assisting police jani-
tresses to become members of the force that they might be
eligible for pensions. Success met both these endeavors.
A list of lawyers who acted as counselors to the Union
would include nearly every prominent attorney in BuffaloWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 179
between the years 1884 and 1915. The unfailing courtesy
of these busy men never made us feel that we were tres-
passing upon valuable time, and the staunch loyalty with
which they stood by the Union through many an unsavory-
legal trial, helped to make these experiences less unpleasant
for the committee, and will be remembered with gratitude.
Employment.
The Employment Committee sought to devise and adopt
such industrial methods as should be a true help to women,
and to find openings where those having practical knowl-
edge might make it available. From the beginning the
demand for work was far in excess of that for workers.
A task which the Committee undertook was to caution
women against fraudulent firms offering “work at home.”
The Boston and Buffalo Unions worked together in this
matter, each furnishing a list of advertisements appearing
in its neighborhood which had been investigated. This
effort brought forth no visible results, but it prevented
many a poor woman wasting her time and money. So
many letters inquiring about different firms were received,
that the cost of postage to answer them would have been
a serious tax upon the Committee’s resources but for the
gift of a calf, which, when grown to cow’s estate, was
sold for $25. After the Young Women’s Christian Associa-
tion opened a domestic employment bureau, all calls for
general housework were referred to that office.
The urgent need of many women seemed to be to find
a way to sell their own handiwork, and so gain an income
without leaving home. To meet this emergency, a little
comer of one room was set apart where work could be
offered for sale. This was in 1903. In 1910 the business
had grown fo such proportions that there was no room for
it at the Union, and it was moved to a store on Main street,
where a lunch and tea-room was opened in connection with180 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
it. The opening of domestic science classes in public and
private schools made a great difference in this branch of
work, and the Union found itself with a high-salaried
teacher whose time was not filled. To utilize her time, as -
well as the finely equipped kitchen, a bake shop was
started, which supplied hot lunches, bread, rolls, cakes
and pastry to the up-town lunch room and to the Cafeteria
at the Union, and it also filled special orders. Only the
very best quality of materials was used, and the cooking
was done under the most approved sanitary conditions.
Patronage at the lunch room gradually increased, and to
make the place more attractive and convenient, the store
was entirely remodeled. Artistic fittings were designed
and the construction supervised free of charge by Mr.
Harold M. Olmsted. All the work and materials were
either donated outright, or were furnished at cost by local
firms. The Union Bake Shop soon became a factor for good
living, and its products found a ready sale throughout the
city. The lunch room filled a local need for a first class
cafe where well cooked, wholesome and nutritious food was
furnished at reasonable prices. While the Exchange was
never a paying venture, it was an undertaking well worth
while, as it opened an avenue for dealing with individual
need by furnishing a market not otherwise available to
women dependent upon their skill in doing fine handiwork.
Consignments were received from California, Utah, Flor-
ida, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Maryland,
as well as from nearly all the towns in Western New York,
and practically every street in Buffalo.
Finance.
For its first liberal cash gift the Union was indebted to
Mayor Jonathan Scoville. His check for $250 was a cheer-
ing beginning. Other gifts soon followed. Mrs. Henry C.
Jewett and Mrs. Charles Daniels each sent $50 with soMRS. GEORGE W. TOWNSEND.
For 22 years president of the Women's Educational
and Industrial Union.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 181
much graeiousness that a lasting impression was made
upon those who were endeavoring to put this new institu-
tion on a firm foundation. The most distinguished con-
tributor was Grover Cleveland, then Governor of the State,
who gave $25, as did also Mrs. E. H. Dutton and Mr.
Charles W. McCline. With the purchase of the property
on Niagara Square all energies were bent to paying off the
mortgage. Mrs. John Blocher’s promise to paint the house
as soon as it was paid for, was faithfully kept. Had it not
been for liberal contributors from our loyal friends, the
local coal dealers, the limited resources of the Union would
have been taxed to the breaking point to keep up with the
ever-increasing price of coal; but we never suffered and
were able to extend a warm welcome to our visitors. Coal,
wood, checks or bills discounted were always forthcoming.
Buffalo merchants not only gave liberally of money, but
showed their interest by lending rugs, draperies, furniture,
etc., for our public entertainments. Other contributions
were beautiful flowers from the florists; generous amounts
of ice cream for the receptions; carriages for the use of
our president on her rounds of duty calls, and to bring to
the Union those who were giving time and talent for our
benefit entertainments; the use of a grand piano on several
occasions, with free carting of same; barrels of oil, boxes
of soap; pounds of stationery; groceries and provision for
the free cooking classes; reductions on printing bills; truck-
ing for rummage sales; chairs and tables for card parties.
All these gifts and many more were as good as bank checks.
When the new building was erected in place of the
Babcock house, building materials and labor of every
description were given with the liberality characteristic
of Buffalo citizens. Pressed brick to the value of $1,000,
was given by Mr. Louis Kirkover, in memory of Benjamin
Hale Austin, (Mrs. Townsend’s father), as were also many
smaller donations. Mr. Richard A. Waite gave the plans,182 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
as well as a great deal of time in supervising the building
operations. The gifts from Mrs. Glenny and Mrs. Watson
made possible the hall and the Domestic Science Depart-
ment, thereby enabling the Union greatly to extend its
efforts along social and educational lines. The handsome
oak wainscoting and stairway from the office floor to the
fourth story were gifts from Mrs. James F. Demarest as
a memorial of her niece, Frances Demarest Streeter. The
Hon. William P. Letchworth gave the marble, mosaic, and
onyx vestibule, with the oak doors, in memory of his sister,
Mrs. Mary A. Crozer. The Union’s first bequest was one
of $1,000 from Mrs. Helen Whiting, a loyal friend of the
Union from its organization and for many years a sustain-
ing member. As residuary legatee of the David S. Ingalls
estate, the Union was entitled to $17,500; but a contest
over the will somewhat reduced this amount. Other be-
quests were received from El L. Hedstrom, $2,000 ; Mrs.
Delia Spencer Root, $10,000; Dr. Frederick H. James,
$1,000; Mrs. Mary I. Williams, $500; Ethan H. Howard,
$500 ; Mrs. James L, Arnold, $500 ; Mrs. Helen S. Bull,
$500; Miss Hattie Lay, $500; the Hon. James M. Smith,,
$1,000 ; Cora Bullymore, $500; George Howard Lewis,
$8,228.91; Mrs. Charles H. Smith, $1,000; Mrs. George
Howard, $1,000; Edward H. Butler, $1,000 ; Mrs. J. H.
Dawes, $1,000; Mrs. L. E. Tiphaine, $1,000. Some of these
bequests were added to the permanent fund. The Cora
Bullymore bequest, given in memory of the donor and her
dear friend Evelyn Austin, was used to finish and furnish
a Memorial Room, in which some special work could be
conducted. Mr. Josiah G. Munro, one of the Union’s most
frequent and generous benefactors, with a check for $500
sent in the names of ten women with a request that they
be made life members. Mrs. Sidney Shepard’s gift of
$2,000, Bishop Vincent’s of $150, and $325 received from
the Order of the Mystic Shrine, were a few of the manyWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 183
cash donations, all of which were used with wisdom and
discretion. The Union was specially fortunate in its ten-
ants, and numbered among them such well-known artists as
William Graham, Miss Clark, Miss Annie Crawford, Miss
Emma Kaan, Miss Emily Peck, Miss Sarah Chestnutwood,
Urquhart Wilcox, Raphael Beck and Sig. Nuno.
As conditions changed new methods for raising money
became necessary. Bazaars, balls, and card parties were
given and brought in fair returns. Through the courtesy
of Mr. Shea, a benefit matinee was given at Shea’s Theatre
when $860 was realized. Mr. Michael of the Allendale also
gave the receipts over and above expenses of a matinee;
Mr. Adelbert Moot, ever a staunch friend, gave $100 to be
applied to free annual memberships. One hundred young
women were selected who could be of practical use in
furthering the Union’s work. Prom this enthusiastic
young life a Junior Board was formed and new enter-
prises started. All these efforts, however, brought but
temporary financial relief. Two big items of expense,
$250 paid to a man injured by the Union’s auto delivery,
and $500 for repairs to furnace, were rather discouraging
at this time. Then came the pecuniary losses from the
Kermess; while this was an artistic success in every way,
it failed to bring the results confidently expected. It was
quite impossible to go on longer without an assured income.
Each year the expense of heating, lighting and repairs
increased. While still doing yeoman’s service in many
directions, this service would not pay bills.
What was to be done ? There seemed no alternative but
for this non-sectarian, non-political, economically-run in-
stitution— its cause the cause of all women — to close its
doors and go out of existence. To one of the directors came
the happy thought of turning the building over to the
University of Buffalo. That institution could carry on
the educational work at least. The suggestion was ap-184 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
proved by the executive committee which presented the
following resolution to the board of directors:
Resolved, That the Women's Educational and Industrial Union
transfer to the University of Buffalo in trust, to carry out, as stated
in the articles of corporation, the educational purposes for which
the Union was incorporated, the premises at Niagara Square and
Delaware Avenue, known as the Women's Educational and Industrial
Union.
Resolved, That in consideration of this gift the University of
Buffalo guarantees to carry on the work and to create and maintain
three free scholarships to be named by the Women's Educational
and Industrial Union, and that the University of Buffalo assume
current liabilities at the time of transfer.
Resolved, That if the University of Buffalo raises an endowment
fund of $100,000 within one year of the date of execution of the trust
deed to guarantee the continuance of the work, the deed be made
absolute.
Resolved, That this plan is submitted to the members of the
Women's Educational and Industrial Union, provided it be adopted
by the University of Buffalo and its adoption be recommended by its
board.
At a special meeting called January 16, 1915, twelve men
representing the University of Buffalo directors met with
the Union directors, when the matter was thoroughly dis-
cussed. At a special meeting of the Union Mrs. Wertimer,
the president, explained the situation and the purpose for
which the meeting was called. The resolution, which had
been adopted by the board of directors, was then read by
the secretary and its adoption moved by Mrs. Hurrell.
After a discussion the resolution was adopted with -but five
negative votes.
Mr. Montgomery then presented the following resolution,
which was adopted:
Resolved, That the action by the executive committee of the
board of directors be and hereby is confirmed and ratified, and that
the board of directors be and hereby is authorized to take any and allWOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 185
action that may be necessary to carry out and consummate the trans-
fer of the premises of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union
to the University of Buffalo.
Mr. Hamilton Ward was appointed to take charge of all
legal matters for the Union in connection with the trans-
ferance of the property. It was deemed wise that the
Union withdraw from all its activities as soon as possible
after the 1st of March, and that the University should be
allowed to take possession of all rooms not needed by the
Union for work which was necessarily continued until the
annual meeting in May.
The three scholarships in the University at the Disposal
of the Union were awarded by a committee of five, to Miss
Rosario Rossell, Miss Ida Elliott, and Miss Ruth Schmidt.
At a subsequent meeting of the directors it was voted that
these scholarships hereafter be awarded by the University
of Buffalo upon recommendation of a principal of one of
the Buffalo High Schools. At the thirty-second Annual
Meeting, May 2, 1916, the Women’s Educational and In-
dustrial Union authorized its board of directors to take
the necessary steps to terminate the Union’s corporate
existence and to dispose of all its personal property —
except cash in hand and the bonds and mortgages — either
by gift or by sale.
It is interesting to note the changes which have taken
place since the Union was founded thirty-two years ago.
Then there were no women’s club houses, no Settlement
Houses, no City Federation, with its thousands of women
interested in civic improvement, no manual training or
trades schools, no probation officer, no night schools, no
free kindergarten, no lunch rooms exclusively for women.
Neither gymnastics nor domestic science was taught in the
public schools. The Union was a pioneer worker in all
these lines, and helped to mould public opinion. It was
a power for good not only in its native city, but in the186 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
State and Nation as well. Its aid in promoting better con-
ditions was constantly sought from far and near. Organ-
izations have multiplied, and the work originally carried
on by the Union alone is now undertaken by many insti-
tutions, both public and private.
In closing this history let me quote from the report of
the president, Mrs. Lucien Howe, read at the last annual
meeting of the Union, May 2, 1916:
Barely has an institution been so preponderantly the expression of
a single personality as has the Women’s Union been of Mrs. Town-
send. For those of us who knew the Union during the years of its
growth this building is a place of ghosts. They meet one at every
turn — the women of constructive power, the men of leading who weref
their advisors, and pervading all the indomitable will, the glowing,
personality, the spiritual radiance of the Union’s founder and leader,
Mrs. Townsend. Let us not forget that frail figure which stepped
so slowly forward, at the University exercises on the 22d of last
February when, out of silence and darkness, she spoke her farewell
to the city which her life had enriched. ‘1 The Women’s Union/’ said
Mr. Norton, “has founded the University; here is the woman who
founded the Union. ’ ’ It was indeed true. The Union grew by gifts
which came because of her.
In the Arts and Science Department of the University
of Buffalo we see a fulfillment of the Union’s hopes for its
future — a reincarnation of the Union as a center of liberal
training in Buffalo.
Mrs. Townsend’s death occurred December 29, 1916. To
quote from the Buffalo Express:
Buffalo will remember Mrs. George W. Townsend with pride and
affection. She worked in many ways for the well-being of the city,
but the enterprise with which she will be remembered best is the
Women’s Educational and Industrial Union. When one remembers
what the Women’s Union of Buffalo stood for throughout the country
as an object lesson and what it accomplished, it is plain to see what
a title to remembrance Mrs. Townsend possessed in this one achieve-
ment. And yet it was but one interest in a useful life. Mrs. Town-
send was a pioneer in work for improvement in the conditions and
opportunities of women. She was a road-builder, so to speak, for
their benefit, and she built enduringly. Her work will live after her*WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTB1AL UNION 187
APPENDICES
ACT OF INCORPORATION
We, the undersigned, citizens and residents of the State of New York, of
full age, being desirous of forming a corporation for ■ educational, charitable,
benevolent and library purposes under and in pursuance of an act of the Legis-
lature of the State of New York, passed April 12, 1848, and the acts amendatory
thereof and supplementary thereto, do hereby certify as follows:
I.	The name of the Society so to be incorporated shall be “The Women’s
Educational and Industrial Union of Buffalo.”
II.	The particular business and object of said Society shall be to increase
fellowship among women, in order to promote the best practical methods for
securing their educational, industrial and social advancement.
This shall be accomplished as follows:
1.	By the establishment of a reading-room and library.
2.	By maintaining a registry for the higher employment of women.
3.	By organizing and maintaining classes in educational and industrial
branches.
4.	By assisting poor women to collect debts and to establish their legal rights*
5.	By assisting the worthy poor.
6.	By giving courses of lectures on various topics and social entertainments*
7.	By the establishment of a gymnasium for women.
III.	There shall be a Board of Directors of said Society, which shall consist
of thirty-six (36) members, and the names of such Directors for the first year of
the corporate existence of said Society are:
Clara Altman,
Hart H. Bidwell,
Sarah A. Brown,
Jennie W. Carroll,
A. Jane Codd,
Lizzie Crontn,
Ellen M. Davidson,
Agnes A. Fassett,
Louise Flach,
Lucy Jewett,
Selina S. Merchant,
Eleanor Mooney,
Lucinda Oatman,
Nora Pettibone,
Bertha Rosenau,
Lily Lord Tifpt,
Anna P. Underhill,
Elizabeth Wade,
Mary E. W. Austin,
Elizabeth Blocher,
Hattie Caldwell,
Alice Clinton,
Harriet C. Crissy,
Mary E. Daniels,
Lorinda B. Dutton,
Gertrude L. M. Fibre,
Louise B. Hollister,
Anna M. Letchworth,
Mary B. Moody, m. d.,
Jennie Watson Norton,
Louise O’Day,
Kate F. Putnam,
Jennie Rumrill,
Harriet A. Townsend,
Cecilia Utley,
Charlotte S. Williams.
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands, at the City of Buffalo*
this 15th day of May, 1885.
HARRIET A. TOWNSEND,
CHARLOTTE S. WILLIANMS,
CLARA ALTMAN.188 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION
STATE OF NEW YORK,
_	„	S3-
County op Ebib.
On this 15th day of May, 1885, before me personally came Harriet A. Town-
send, Charlotte S. Williams, Clara Altman, Sarah A. Brown, Nora Pettibone, Eliza-
beth Wade, Selina S. Merchant, A. Jane Codd, Gertrude L. M. Fiske, Harriet C.
Crissy, Lily Lord Tifft, Agnes A. Fassett, Cecilia Utley, Jennie Rumrill and Hattie
Caldwell, to me known to be the individuals mentioned and who executed the
foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the same.
NATHANIEL S. ROSENAU,
Notary Public, Erie Go.. N. Y.
I, the undersigned, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the State of
New York, in the Eighth Judicial District, do approve of the foregoing certificate
and censent to the filing thereof.
HENRY A. CHILDS,
Justice Supreme Court.
Officers of the “women’s union” 1884-1916
* Resigned. f Elected to fill vacancy. t Deceased.
1884-	85.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 2d
Vice-Pres., Mrs. Abram Altman; 3d Vioe-Pres., Mrs. P. Y. Carroll; Rec. Sec., Miss
Hattie Caldwell; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft; Treasurer, Mrs. Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. B. F. Bruce, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. I. O.
Crissy, Miss Lizzie Cronyn, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Mrs. James Davidson, Mrs. Conrad
Diehl, Mrs. E. H. Dutton, Mrs. F. F. Fargo, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Martha Ferris,
Mrs. Henry C. Jewett, Miss Anna M. Letchworth, Mrs. Mary B. Moody, m. d., Mrs.
James Mooney, Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. Daniel O’Day, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs.
James 0. Putnam, Miss Nora Pettibone, Mrs. David Rosenau, Mrs. Dexter P.
Rumsey, Mrs. J. F. Schoellkopf, Mrs. E. G. Spaulding, Mrs. C. M. Underhill, Mrs.
Frank A. Wade, Mrs. J. D. Warren, Mrs. Benjamin H. Williams.
Superintendent, Mrs. Mary V. Holmes.
1885-	86
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d. Vice-Pres., Mrs. Abram Altman; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. James Mooney;
Rec. Sec., Miss Hattie Caldwell; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Porter Norton; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Austin Mrs. I. G. Bidwell, Mrs. John Blocher, Mrs.
William Brown, Mrs. P. V. Carroll, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs.
I. O. Crissy, Miss Lizzie Cronyn, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Mrs. James Davidson, Mrs.
E. H. Dutton, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Henry 0. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs.
E. P. Hollister, Mrs. Henry C. Jewett, Miss Anna M. Letchworth, Mrs. George A.
Merchant, Mrs. Mary B. Moody, m. d., Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. Daniel O’Day, Miss
Nora Pettibone, Mrs. James O. Putnam, Mrs. David Rosenau, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft,
Mrs. C. M. Underhill, Mrs. Horace Utley, Mrs. Frank A. Wade.
.Superintendent, Miss Annie L. Prindle.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 189
1886*87
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Abram Altman; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. James Mooney;
Eec. Sec., Miss Hattie Caldwell; Cor. Sec., Miss Anna M. Letchworth, Treasurer,
Mrs. Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. I. G. Bidwell, Mrs. John Blocher, Mrs.
William Brown, Mrs. P. V. Carroll, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs.
L O. Crissy, Miss Lizzie Cronyn, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Mrs. James Davidson,
Mrs. E. H. Dutton, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Henry C. Fisike, Mrs. Richard Flach,
Mrs. E. P. Hollister, Mrs. Henry C. Jewett, Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. Mary
B. Moody, m. d., Mrs. Porter Norton, Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. Daniel O’Day, Miss
Nora Pettibone, Mrs. James 0. Putnam, Mrs. David Rosenau, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft,
Mrs. C. M. Underhill, Mrs. Horace Utley, Mrs. Frank A. Wade.
Superintendent, Miss Ada L. Hudson.
1887-	88
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. H. Dutton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. V. Carroll; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft; Treasurer, Mrs. Henry
RumrilL
Directors: Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. Emmet Austin, Mrs.
John Blocher, Mrs. William Brown, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs.
George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. I. 0. Crissy, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Mrs.
James Davidson, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Henry O. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs.
E. P. Hollister, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Miss Anna M. Letchworth, Mrs. George A.
Merchant, Mrs. James Mooney, Mrs. Porter Norton, Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. Daniel
O’Day, Miss Nora Pettibone, Mrs. James O. Putnam, Mrs. C. H. Rathbun, Mrs.
David Rosenau, Mrs. Horace Utley, Mrs, Frank A. Wade.
Superintendent, Miss Ada L. Hudson.
1888-	89
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. H. Dutton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. V. Carroll; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft; Treasurer, Mrs. Henry
Rumrill.
Directors:	Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. Arthur W. Austin, Mrs. D. S. Austin,
Mrs. Emmet Austin, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. George Bleistein, Mrs. S. P. Bliss,
Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd,
Mrs. Alice A. Cooke, Mrs. I. 0. Crissy, Mrs. Charles Daniels, Mrs. Henry 0. Fiske,
Mrs. Richard Flach, Miss Abby Grosvenor, Mrs. E. P. Hollister, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon,
Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. James Mooney, Mrs. Porter Norton, Mrs. L. S.
Oatman, Mrs. Daniel O’Day, Miss Nora Pettibone, Mrs. C. H. Rathbun, Mrs. David
Rosenau, Mrs. Horace Utley, Mrs. Frank A. Wade.
Superintendent to February 1, 1889, Miss Ada L. Hudson.' Succeeded by Mrs.
Josephine B. Loomis.
1889-90
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. E. H. Dutton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Daniel O’Day; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Porter Norton; Treasurer, Mrs. Henry
Rumrill.190 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
Directors:	Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. Arthur W. Austin, Mrs. D. S. Austin,
Mrs. Emmet Austin, Mrs. E. P. Bach, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. S. P. Bliss, Mrs.
Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell* Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs.
Alice A. Cooke, Mrs. I. 0. Crissy, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs.
P. H. Griffin, Miss Abby Grosvenor, Mrs. E. P. Hollister, Mrs. E. P. Hussey, Mrs.
L.	M. Kenyon, Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. James Mooney, Mrs. Chester Moore,
Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. C. H. Rathbun, Miss Mary A. Ripley, Mrs. David Rosenau,
Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1890-	91
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., $Mrs. Daniel O’Day; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. EUie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs.
S. P. Bliss, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs.
Robert Codd, Mrs. Alice A. Cooke, *Mrs. I. O. Crissy, Mrs. E. H. Dutton, Mrs.
Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs. F. H. Goodyear, Mrs. P. H. Griffin, *Miss
Abbie Grosvenor, Mrs. E. P. Hollister, Mrs. E. P. Hussey, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, fMiss
Anna M. Letchworth, Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. James Mooney, Mrs. Chester
Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Norris Morey, Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs. M. A.
Ransom, Miss Mary A. Ripley, Mrs. David Rosenau, Mrs. Inly Lord Tifft, Mrs.
Frank Wade.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine R. Loomis.
1891-	92
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams ; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. H. Griffin; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs.
S. P. Bliss, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs.
Robert Codd, $ Mrs. Alice A. Cooke, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs.
fF. H. Goodyear, *Mrs. E. P. Hollister, Mrs. E. P. Hussey, Mrs. H. D. Ingraham,
Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, fMrs. Charles Lautz, *Miss Anna M. Letchworth, fMrs. Emanuel
Levi, Mrs. George H. Lewis, Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. James Mooney, Mrs.
Chester Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Norris Morey, Mrs. L. S. Oatman, Mrs.
M.	A. Ransom, Miss Mary A. Ripley, t Mrs. James A. Roberts, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft.
Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1892-	93.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. H. Griffin; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. EUie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. Abram Altman, Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs.
S. P. Bliss, Mrs. J. C. Bryant, Mrs. Louis A BuU, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs.
George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs.
F. H. Goodyear, Mrs. H. D. Ingraham, Miss Ada M. Kenyon, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon,WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 191
Mrs. Charles Lautz, Mrs. Emanuel Levi, Mrs. George H. Lewis, Mrs. Charles P.
Lytle, Mrs. George A. Merchant, Mrs. Chester Moore, Mrs. T. M. Moore, Mrs.
Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Norris Morey, Mrs. M. A. Ransom, Mrs. James A. Roberts, Mrs.
Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1893-	94.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. H. Griffin; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Austin, f Mrs. E. P. Bach, f Mrs. G. Hunter Bartlett,
Mrs. N. G. Benedict, * Mrs. S. P. Bliss, * Mrs. J. C. Bryant, Mrs. Louis A. Bull,
Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. George Clinton, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. Leonard Dodge,
f Mrs. Eugene L. Falk, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Richard Flach, Mrs. F. H. Good-
year, Mrs. H. D. Ingraham, Miss Ada M. Kenyon, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Charles
Lautz, * Mrs. Emanuel Levi, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth, * Mrs. George H. Lewis, Mrs.
Charles P. Lytle, Mrs. George A. Merchant, t Mrs. H. R. Milinowski, Mrs. Chester
Moore, Mrs. T. M. Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Edward R. Race, Mrs. James
A. Roberts, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1894-	95.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. P. H. Griffin; Rec.
Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer, Mrs.
Henry Rumrill.
Directors:	Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. G. Hunter Bartlett, Dr. Ida C. Bender,
Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. George Clinton,
Mrs. Robert Codd, f Mrs. Daniel Desbecker, Mrs. Leonard Dodge, * Mrs. Eugene L.
Falk, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. F. H. Goodyear, *Miss Abbie Grosvenor, fMrs.
Lucien Howe, Miss Ada M. Kenyon, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Charles Lautz, Mrs.
Josiah Letchworth, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth, Mrs. Charles P. Lytle, Mrs. H. R.
Milinowski Mrs. Chester Moore, Mrs. T_ M. Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs.
Edward R. Rice, Mrs. Jamqs A. Roberts, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade,
Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1895-	96
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Porter Norton; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Daniel Desbecker;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. Jennie Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Alexander, Mrs. D. S. Austin, Mrs. G. Hunter Bartlett,
Dr. Ida O. Bender, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs. Louis A. Bull,
Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. Walter P. Cooke, Mrs. Charles S.
Dakin, Mrs. Leonard Dodge, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Lucien Howe, Mrs. L. M.
Kenyan, *Mrs. Josiah Letchworth, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth, Mrs. Joseph B. Mayer,
♦Mrs. H. R. Milinowski, Mrs. Chester Moore, Mrs. T. M. Moore, Mrs. Adelbert
Moot, tMrs. Thomas J. O’Brien, Mrs. Edward R. Rice, Mrs. James A. Roberts, Miss192 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTEIAL UNION
Amelia Stevenson, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R.
Walker, fMrs. Stephen Walker, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Mrs. Josephine B. Loomis.
1896-	97
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Viee-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pre3., Mrs. Daniel Desbecker; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. D. S. Alexander;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. Jennie Rumrill.
Directors:	fMrs.	D. S. Austin, fMiss Anna W. Ballard, *Mrs. G. Hunter
Bartlett, Dr. Ida C. Bender, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs.
Louis A. Bull, *Miss Hattie Caldwell, Mrs. Xucas Chester, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs.
Walter P. Cooke, Mrs. Charles S. Dakin, Mrs. James M. Drill, Mrs. Henry C.
Fiske, Mrs. Lucien Howe, Mrs. L. M. Eenyon, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth, Mrs. Joseph
B. Mayer, Mrs. Chester Moore, Mrs. T. M. Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. Porter
Norton, Mrs. Thomas J. O'Brien, fMrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. James A. Roberts,
Miss Amelia Stevenson, fMrs. D. J. Stickney, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs. Frank A.
Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Stephen Walker, Mrs. George Wing.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1897-	98
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Joseph B. Mayer; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas J.
O'Brien; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin;
Treasurer, Mrs. Jennie Rumrill.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Alexander, Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict,
Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Mrs. Lucas Chester, Mrs. Stephen C.
Clarke, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. Walter P. Cooke, *Mrs. Charles S. Dakin, Mrs.
James M. Drill, Mrs. D. M. Eriee, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Benjamin Folsom,
*Miss Esther Glenny, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth, Mrs. Chester
Moore, Mrs. T. M. Moore, Mrs. Adelbert Moot, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. James
A. Roberts, Miss Amelia Stevenson, Mrs. D. J. Stickney, Mrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs.
Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Stephen Walker, Mrs. Thomas C.
Welch, fMrs. Charles G. Williams.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1898-99
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Joseph B. Mayer, 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. Louis A. Bull,
Mrs. Lucas Chester, Mrs. Robert Codd, Mrs. Walter P. Cooke, Dr. Mary I. Denton,
Mrs. James M. Drill, Mrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske,
*Mrs. Benjamin Folsom, Mrs. William Hengerer, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Adelbert
Moot, Mrs. Thomas J. O’Brien, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. James A. Roberts, Mrs.
Jennie Rumrill, fMrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Miss Amelia Stevenson, Mrs. D. J.
Stickney, Mrs. Thomas Stoddart; fMrs. F. W. Taylor, fMrs. Lily Lord Tifft, Mrs.
Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Stephen Walker, Mrs. Thomas C.
Welch, Mrs. Charles G. Williams.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND 1NDUSTBIAL UNION 193
1899-	1900
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams, 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas Stoddart;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors:	Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. Herbert P.
Bissell, Mrs. Louis A. Bull, Mrs. Lucas Chester, Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, Mrs.
Robert Codd, Mrs. Walter P. Cooke, Dr. Mary I. Denton, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker,
Mrs. James M. Drill, Mrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. William Hengerer,
Mrs. , Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, *Mrs. Joseph B. Mayer, fMrs. Adelbert
Moot, Mrs. Thomas J. O’Brien, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. James A. Roberts, Mrs.
Jennie Rumrill, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Miss Amelia Stevenson, Mrs. F. W. Taylor,
Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Stephen Walker, Mrs. Thomas
C. Welch, Mrs. Charles G. Williams.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1900-	01
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams, 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas Stoddart;.
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. Herbert P. Bissell,
Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs. Lucas Chester, Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, Mrs. Robert
Codd, Mrs. Walter P. Cooke, Dr. Mary I. Denton, Mrs. Daniel Desbecker, *Mrs.
James M. Drill, Mrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. William Hengerer, Mrs.
Eli T. Hosmer, fMrs. John M. Horton, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Adelbert Moot,
Mrs. Walter C. Nichols, Mrs. Thomas J. O’Brien, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. George
A. Ricker, Mrs. Jennie Rumrill, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Miss Amelia Stevenson,
Mrs. Charles P. Stevenson, Mrs. F. W. Taylor, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles
R. Walker, $Mrs. Charles G. Williams.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1901-	02
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin H. Wil-
liams, 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas Stoddart;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Ellie J. Shepard; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. Cyrus A. Allen, Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict,
Mrs. Herbert P. Bissell, Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs. Lucas Chester, Mrs. Stephen
C.	Clarke, Mrs. Robert Codd, Dr. Mary I. Denton, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker, Mrs.
D.	M. Estee, Mrs. Alfred Haines, Mrs. William Hengerer, Mrs. John M. Horton,
Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. Albert E. Jones, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Walter C.
Nichols, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. George A. Ricker, Mrs. Jennie Rumrill, Mrs.
Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. Charles P. Stevenson, Mrs. Louis W. Simpson, Mrs. F. W.
Taylor, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, |Miss Mary H. Williams.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1902-	03.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske;
2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Jennie Rumrill; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas Stoddart;
Rec. See., Mrs. F. W. Barrows; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Arthur W. Austin; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.194 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION
Directors: Mrs. Cyrus A. Allen, Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict,
Mrs. J. W. Bridgman, Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, f Mrs. James W. Clement, Mrs.
Robert L. Cox, Dr. Mary I. Denton, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker, Mrs. D. M. Estee,
Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Thomas M. Gibson, Mrs. Alfred Haines, Mrs. William
Hengerer, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. E. Merton Husted, Mrs. Albert E. Jones,
Mrs. William G. Justice, Mrs. L. M. Kenyan, Mrs. Walter C. Nichols, Mrs. James
B. Parke, Mrs. George A. Ricker, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. George H. Selkirk,
*Mrs. Louis W. Simpson, Mrs. Charles P. Stevenson, Mrs. F. W. Taylor, Mrs. Frank
A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Miss Mary E. Walker.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1903-	04.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske;
2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Thomas Stoddart; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Franklin W. Barrows; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Frank A. Wade; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. Cyrus A. Allen, Miss Anna W. Ballard, Mrs. N. G. Benedict,
Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, Mrs. Jomes W. Clement, Mrs. Robert L. Cox, Dr. Mary
I. Denton, Mrs. A. J. Elias, Mrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Frank L,
Georger, Mrs. Thomas M. Gibson, Mrs. Alfred Haines, Mrs. William Hengerer,
Mrs. E. C. Holbrook, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. E. Merton Husted, Mrs. Albert E.
Jones, Mrs. William G. Justice, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs.
George A. Ricker, Mrs. Jennie Rumrill, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. George H.
Selkirk, Mrs. M. Emmett Taber, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Miss Mary E. Walker,
Mrs. Truman C. White.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1904-	05.
President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry C. Fiske:
2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. N. G. Benedict;
Rec. Sec., Mrs. Franklin W. Barrows; Cor. Sec., Mrs. Frank A Wade; Treasurer,
Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, Mrs, James W. Clement, Mrs. Robert L.
Cox, Mrs.' A. J. Elias, Mrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. T. S. Fassett, Mrs. Frank L.
Georger, Mrs. Reuben J. Getz, Mrs. Thomas M. Gibson, Mrs. William Hengerer,
Mrs. E. C. Holbrook, Mrs. John Miller Horton, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. E.
Merton Husted, Mrs. William G. Justice, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. James B. Parke,
Mrs. George A. Ricker, Mrs. Jennie Rumrill, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. Georg*
H. Selkirk, Miss Effie H. Shiels, Mrs. F. Hyatt Smith, Miss Amelia Stevenson, Mrs.
M. Emmett Taber, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Henry Wertimer, Mrs. Truman C.
White, Mrs. Eugene A. Vaughn.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1905-	06.
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry C.
Fiske; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Truman C. White; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Jennie Rumrill;
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Franklin W. Barrows;
Cor. Sec., Mrs. Frank A. Wade; Treasurer, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. N. G. Benedict, Mrs. Stephen C. Clarke, Mrs. James W.
Clement, Mrs. Robert L. Cox, * Mrs. Charles S. Dakin, Mrs. A. J. Elias, Mrs.
D. M. Estee, t Mrs. Edward Gaskin, Mrs. Reuben J. Getz, Mrs. Thomas M.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION 195
*Gibson, Mrs. P. H. Griffin, Mrs. William Hengerer, Mrs. E. O. Holbrook, Mrs.
-John Miller Horton, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, * Mrs. E. Merton Husted, Mrs. L. M.
-Kenyon, Mrs. Andrew Langdon, Mrs. James B. Parke, t Mrs. George A. Plimpton,
* Mrs. George A. Ricker, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. George H. Selkirk, Miss
JEffie H. Shiels, Mrs. F. Hyatt Smith, Miss Amelia Stevenson, Mrs. M. Emmett
Taber, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Henry Wertimer, Mrs. Eugene A. Vaughn.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1906-	07.
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry C.
Fiske; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Truman C. White; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Jennie Rumrill;
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Robert L. Cox; Cor.
13ec., Mrs. Frank A. Wade; Treasurer, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. Julius Altman, Mrs. Franklin W. Barrows, Mrs. Edward
W. Butt, Mrs. James W. Clement, fMrs. Arthur W. Decker, Mrs. D. M. Estee,
Mrs. Edward Gaskin, Mrs. Reuben J. Getz, Mrs. Thomas M. Gibson, Mrs. Fred
-Greiner, Miss Emily J. Hawkins, f Mrs. William Hengerer, Mrs. John Miller
Horton, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon, Mrs. Andrew Langdon, Mrs.
George E. More, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. George A. Plimpton, Mrs. Charles E.
^Selkirk, Mrs. George H. Selkirk, * Miss Effie H. Shiels, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith,
Miss Amelia Stevenson, f Mrs. Frederick D. Towne, Mrs. G. R. Trowbridge, Mrs.
'Eugene A. Vaughn, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, Mrs. Henry Wertimer.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1907-	08.
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry C.
'Fiske; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Truman C. White; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Jennie Rumrill;
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer; Cor. Sec.,
Mrs. D. M. Estee; Treasurer, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors: * Mrs. Albert F. Aird, Mrs. Franklin W. Barrows, Mrs. George
Bingham, Mrs. Edward W. Butt, Mrs. James W. Clement, * Mrs. Robert L. Cox,
Mrs. Arthur W. Decker, t Mrs. Leonard Dodge, Mrs. Edward Gaskin, Mrs. Fred
Greiner, Miss Emily J. Hawkins, Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins, Mrs. L. M. Kenyon,
Mrs. James S. Ladd, Mrs. Andrew Langdon, Mrs. Harry E. McClure, Mrs. George
E. More, Mrs. Mark Packard, Mrs. George A. Plimpton, fMrs. D. Frederick Potter,
"Mrs. Thomas B. Reading, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. Wilbur F. Smallwood,
Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. Frederick D. Towne, *Mrs. G. R. Trowbridge, Mrs.
Frank A. Wade, Mrs. Charles R. Walker, fMrs. C. M. Wilson.
Superintendent, Miss Ada E. Iggulden.
1908-	09
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry C.
Fiske, 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Truman C. White; 2d Vice-rPres., Mrs. Mark Packard;
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. James W. Clement; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Edward W. Butt; Cor.
Sec., Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins; Treasurer, Mrs. W. C. Letchworth.
Directors:	fMrs. Judson B. Andrews, fMrs. Alice B. Arnold, Mrs. George
Bingham, Mrs. Graeme P. Clarkson, Mrs. Arthur W. Decker, Mrs. Benjamin Des«
becker, Mrs. Leonard Dodge, Mrs. Arthur H. Doolittle, Mrs. Edward Gaskin, Mrs.
Fred Greiner, Mrs. J. W. Grosvenor, Miss Emily J. Hawkins, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer,
Mrs. James S. Ladd, fMrs. Andrew Langdon, Mrs. Harry E. McClure, fMrs. Adelbert
Moot, Mrs. George E. More, Mrs. Walter O. Nichols, *Mrs. George A. Plimpton,196 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTE1AL UNION
Mrs. D. Frederick Potter, Mrs. Thomas B. Reading, jMrs. De Lancey Rochester*
?Mrs. Jennie Rumrill, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. Wilbur
F. Smallwood, Mrs. Wrilson Tifft, Mrs. Frank A. Wade, *Mrs. Charles R. Walker*
*Mrs. C. M. Wilson.
Superintendent, Miss Ada E. Iggulden.
1909-	10
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Thomas B.
Reading; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. William C. Letchworth; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Mark
Packard; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Adelbert Moot; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Edward W. Butt *
Cor. Sec., Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk; Treasurer, Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins.
Directors:	Mrs. Judson B. Andrews, Mrs. B. Alice Arnold, Mrs. George
Bingham, Mrs. Albert H. Briggs, *Mrs. Graeme P. Clarkson, Mrs. Arthur W.
Decker, fMrs. Benjamin Desbecker, Mrs. Leonard Dodge, Mrs. Arthur H. Doolittle*
Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs. Edward Gaskin, Mrs. Fred Greiner, Mrs. J. W. Gros-
venor, Mrs. Franklin B. Hower, Mrs. James A. Ladd, Mrs. Amelia D. Loeberick, Mrs.
Harry E. McClure, Mrs. John Macgregor, fMrs. Roland O. Meisenbach, Mrs. George
E. More, Mrs. Walter O. Nichols, Mrs. John B. Olmsted, *Mrs. D. Frederick Potter*
fMrs. Andrew J. Purdy, *Mrs. Joseph F. Roselli, Mrs. De Lancey Rochester, Mrs.
Wilbur F. Smallwood, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. Walter W. Steele, *Mrs. Wrilson
S. Tifft, Mrs. Henry Wertimer, Mrs. Truman C. White.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1910-	11
'Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Adelbert Moot;
1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Leonard Dodge; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Walter C. Nichols; 3d
Vice-Pres., Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Edward W. Butt; Cor. Sec*
Mrs. Harry Wertimer; Treasurer, Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins.
Directors:	Mrs. Judson B. Andrews, *Mrs. B. Alice Arnold, Mrs. Marcus G.
Benjamin, *Mrs. Albert H. Briggs, fMiss Jean Bissell, Mrs. Henry C. Fiske, Mrs*
Fred Greiner, Mrs. E. C. Holbrook, Mrs. Franklin B. Hower, Mrs. Carlton R*
Jewett, Mrs. George M. Kendall, Mrs. William C. Letchworth, Mrs. Amelia D*
Loeberick, Mrs. Harry E. McClure, Mrs. John Macgregor, *Mrs. Roland O. Meisen-
bach, Mrs. George E. More, Mrs. John B. Olmsted, Mrs. Mark Packard, Mrs. D*
Frederick Potter, Mrs. Andrew J. Purdy, *Mrs. Thomas B. Reading, *Mrs. De Lancey
Rochester, fMrs. Louis W. Simpson, Mrs. Charles E. Selkirk, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith*
*Mrs. Walter W. Steele, Mrs. William F. Wendt, $Mrs. Truman C. White.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1911-12
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Adelbert Moot;
1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Leonard W. Dodge, 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry Wertimer; 3d>
Vice-Pres., Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Edward W. Butt; Cor. Sec.,
*Miss Jean Bissell; Treasurer, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker.
Directors:	Mrs. Judson B. Andrews, Mrs. Charles E. Baker, Mrs. Marcus G*
Benjamin, Miss Harriet Byers, Mrs. John H. Daniels, *Mrs. James A. Gardner,
Mrs. Fred Greiner, Mrs. E. C. Holbrook, Mrs. Franklin B. Hower, Mrs. Oliver
Jenkins, Mrs. George M. Kendall, Mrs. Amelia D. Loeberick, Mrs. John Macgregor,
Mrs. Harry E. McClure, Mrs. George E. More, Mrs. Walter C. Nichols, Mrs. John
B. Olmsted, Mrs. Mark Packard, Mrs. William G. Pennypacker, Mrs. Andrew J*WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTBIAL UNION 197
-f*urdy, Mrs. Louis W. Simpson, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. Guy Wellman, Mrs.
William F. Wendt, Mr3. Frank Webster.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1912-	13
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Adelbert
-Moot; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry Wertimer; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. John B. Olm-
sted; 3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Walter S. Jenkins; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Guy Wellman; Cor.
'Sec., Mrs. George H. Camehl; Treasurer, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker.
Directors:	Mrs. John Andrews, Mrs. Charles E. Baker, Mrs. Guy L. Baker,
Mrs. Marcus G. Benjamin, *Mrs. John H. Daniels, fMrs. Irving Devereaux, fMrs.
-Jacob C. Dold, Mrs. Charles J. Ellis, Mrs. William J. Gunnell, Mrs. E. C. Hol-
brook, Mrs. Franklin B. Hower, Mrs. Oliver Jenkins, fMrs. Albert E. Jones, Mrs.
♦George M. Kendall, *Mrs. Edwin J. Keipe, Mrs. Amelia D. Loeberick, Mrs. Irving
Lyon, Mrs. John Macgregor, Mrs. Henry S. Madden, fMrs. John Madden, Mrs.
-Harry E. McClure *Mrs. Walter C. Nichols, *Mrs. Andrew J. Purdy, *Mrs. Louis
W. Simpson, fMrs. Wilbur F. Smallwood, fMrs. E. R. L. Smith, Mrs. William W.
'Trotter, fMrs. Newton E. Turgeon, Miss Margaret Wall, *Mrs. Frank Webster,
Mrs. William F. Wendt.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1913-	14
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry Werti-
*ner; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry S. Madden; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. John B. Olmsted;
3d Vice-Pres., fMrs. Charles J. Ellis; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Guy Wellman; Cor. Sec., Mrs.
-John Macgregor; Treasurer, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker.
Directors:	Mrs. Charles E. Baker, Mrs. Guy L. Baker, Mrs. Hannah J. Baldy,
Mrs. Marcus G. Benjamin, Mrs. George H. Camehl, Mrs. Charles O. H. Craigie,
Mrs. Alvin W. Day, Mrs. Irving Devereaux, Mrs. Jacob C. Dold, Mrs. William J.
♦Gunnell, Mrs. E. O. Holbrook, fMrs. Arthur S. Hurrell, Mrs. Oliver Jenkins,
Mrs. Albert E. Jones, Mrs. Amelia D. Loeberick, Mrs. Irving Lyon, Mrs. John
Madden, Mrs. R. N. Miller, *Mrs. Clair Montgomery, Mrs. George E. More, Mrs.
William A. Morgan, Mrs. Henry W. Pottle, Mrs. Samuel W. Powell, fMrs. Henry
B. Saunders, Mrs. Wilbur F. Smallwood, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. E. R. L.
-Smith, Mrs. William W. Trotter, Mrs. Newton E. Turgeon, Mrs. Margaret Wall.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.
1914-	15
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Henry Werti-
mer; 1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry S. Madden; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Arthur S. Hurrell;
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Irving Devereaux; Rec. Sec., *Mrs. Guy Wellman; Cor. Sec.,
♦Mrs. John Macgregor; Treasurer, Mrs. Benjamin Desbecker.
Directors:	Mrs. Charles E. Baker, Mrs. Guy L. Baker, *Mrs. Hannah L.
Baldy, Mrs. Marcus G. Benjamin, Mrs. George H. Camehl, Mrs. Roderick J. Cant,
Mrs. Alvin W. Day, Mrs. Jacob C. Dold, Mrs. William J. Gunnell, Mrs. E. O. Hol-
brook, Mrs. Arthur S. Hurrell, Mrs. Albert E. Jones, Mrs. Oliver Jenkins, Mrs.
Irving Lyon, Mrs. John Madden, Mrs. R. C. Miller, Mrs. George E. More, Mrs.
William A. Morgan, Mrs. John B. Olmsted, fMrs. William J. Palmer^ Mrs. Samuel
W. Powell, Mrs. Henry W. Pottle, Mrs. Henry B. Saunders, Mrs. M. L. Shearer,
Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Mrs. E. R. L. Smith, Mrs. William W. Trotter, Miss Mar*
sgaret Wall.
Superintendent, Miss Jean Agnew.198 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTE1AL UNION
1915-16
Honorary President, Mrs. George W. Townsend; President, Mrs. Lucien Howe £
1st Vice-Pres., Mrs. Oliver A. Jenkins; 2d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Irving Devereaux
3d Vice-Pres., Mrs. Frederick J. Shepard; Rec. Sec., Mrs. Norman V. Cook; Cor*.
Sec., Mrs. Harry E. McClure; Treasurer, Mrs. William C. Letchworth.
Directors: Mrs. D. S. Alexander, *Mrs. Guy L. Baker, Mrs. Franklin W*.
Barrows, Mrs. Marcus G. Benjamin, Mrs. George H. Carmehl, Mrs. Roderick J*
Cant, fMrs. Walter P. Cooke, Mrs. Charles A. Damon, Mrs. Alvin W. Day, Mrs.
Jacob C. Dold, fMrs. D. M. Estee, Mrs. William J. Gunnell, Mrs. Bertha Hubbard,,
Mrs. R. C. Hudson, Mrs. Eli T. Hosmer, Mrs. Albert E. Jones, Mrs. Irving Lyon,.
Mrs. Henry S. Madden, Mrs. John H. Madden, Mrs. R. C. Miller, Mrs. Adalbert
Moot, *Mrs. George E. More, Mrs. W. J. Palmer, Mrs. James B. Parke, Mrs. Henry
W. Pottle, Mrs. Henry B. Saunders, Mrs. Anselm J. Smith, Miss Effie Shiels, Mrs.-
L. C. Treat, Mrs. William W. Totter, Miss Margaret Wall.
Superintendent, ■ Miss Jean Agnew.
MEMBERSHIP
Life Members
*Adam, Mrs. Robert B.
Albright, Mrs. J. J.
Alexander, Mrs. D. S.
Altman, Mrs. Henry
Bancroft, Mrs. J. R.
Barney, Mrs. William G.
♦Barnum, Mrs. Theodore D.
♦Barse, Mrs. C. B. T.
Bartlett, Mrs. G. Hunter
Becker, Mrs. Philip
Bemis, Mrs. Esther Glenny
♦Bender, Dr. Ida C.
♦Benedict, Mrs. N. G.
♦Birdsall, Mrs. S. J.
♦Bishop, Mrs. C. F.
Block, Mrs. Joseph
Brim, Mrs. William
Buchanan, Mrs. W. I.
♦Bull, Mrs. Louis A.
Bush, Mrs. John W.
Case, Mrs. Whitney A.
Chandler, Mrs. W. F.
♦Chaney, Mrs. N. P.
Cheney, Mrs. E. O.
Charles, Mrs. Frederick Lyon
♦Chester, Mrs. Lucas
♦Chester, Mrs. Thomas
Chittenden, Mrs. John S.
♦Clarke, Mrs. Stephen C.
♦Clement, Mrs. James W.
Clement, Mrs. Stephen M.
Cooke, Mrs. Walter Platt
Cox, Mrs. Robert Lynn
Crawford, Mrs. John
♦Crpeker, Mrs. L. L.
♦Crozer, Mrs. M. A.
Crouch, Mrs. H. E.
Dakin, Mrs. Anna Felton
♦Daniels, Mrs. Charles
Darling, Mrs. A. L.
♦Davidson, Mrs. James
♦Dawes, Mrs. J. H.
♦Demarest, Mrs. J. F.
Denny, Mrs. J. D.
Desbecker, Mrs. Benjamin
Devereaux, Mrs. Irving
Devereux, Mrs. Virginia Evans;
♦Diehl, Mrs. Louise A.
♦Dodge, Mrs. Leonard
Dold, Mrs. Jacob C.
Douglas, Mrs. William A.
Dunbar, Miss Lucilla
♦Eastman, Miss Sylvia J.
♦Eckley, Mrs. Joseph S.
Eisele, Miss Margaret
Esty, Mrs. Harold N.
♦Evans, Mrs. Charles W.
Felker, Mrs. Samuel D.
Fenton, Mrs. Clarence M.
Ford, Mrs. Henry R.
Forman, Mrs. George V.
Foster, Mrs. James F.
Foster, Mrs. John D.
Foster, Mrs. Orin E.
Fryer, Mrs. Robert L.
Fullerton, Mrs. Henry S.
Ganson, Mrs. James
Garretson, Mrs. E. R.
Getz, Mrs. Reuben J.
Gibbs, Mrs. Clinton B.
♦Glenny,. Mrs. Esther A.
♦Goodyear, Mrs. E. P.
♦Goodyear, Mrs. Frank H.
Granger, Mrs.. Edmund
Grant, Mrs. Henry Y.
♦Green, Mrs. Hiram T.
Green, Miss Keturah
Greiner, Mrs. Charles M.
Greiner, Mrs. Fred
Grosvenor, Miss Abby W.WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTM1AL UNION 199
Grosvenor, Miss Lucretia
♦Guenther, Mrs. G. G.
♦Haines, Mrs. Alfred
♦Hamlin, Mrs. G. J.
Hamlin, Mrs. William
♦Harrower, Mrs. H. C.
♦Haskins, Miss Eliza S.
Hayes, Mrs. Edmund
Hayes, Mrs. George E.
Hedstrom, Mrs. Anna M.
♦Hengerer, Mrs. William
Hersee, Mrs. Annette G.
Hill, Mrs. Emma Reed
♦Holland, Mrs. Nelson
Horton, Mrs. John Miller
Howard, Miss Alice A.
♦Howard, Mrs. E. H.
♦Howard, Mrs. George
Howard, Mrs. Rufus L.
Hubbell, Mrs. A. A.
Husted, Mrs. E. M.
Husted, Miss Edith M.
Hutchinson, Mrs. E. H.
James, Mrs. F. H.
♦Jones, Mrs. Charles Sumner
Jones, Miss Grace E.
Jones, Mrs. Joseph T.
Justice, Mrs. William G.
♦Langdon, Mrs. Andrew
Larkin, Mrs. John D.
♦Latour, Miss Elizabeth
Lautz, Mrs. Charles
Lee, Mrs. Franklin
♦Lee, Mrs. James H.
Lee, Mrs. Walter C.
Letchworth, Mrs. Edward H.
Letchworth, Mrs. Geoffrey J.
Letchworth, Mrs. George J.
Letchworth, Mrs. Josiah
Letchworth, Mrs. Ogden P.
Letchworth, Mrs. Pierre
Letchworth, Mrs. William C.
Lewis, Mrs. George Howard
Linen, Mrs. John R.
♦Littell, Mrs. H. H.
♦Loomis, Mrs. Caroline E.
Lytle, Mrs. Charles P.
McGowan, Miss Elizabeth
McNaughton, Mrs. Pliny
McPherson, Mrs. E. A.
McCready, Mrs. R. W.
♦McWilliams, Mrs. J. J.
♦Manchester, Miss Harriet E.
♦Marsh, Mrs. Janette
Mathews, Mrs. George B.
Mayer, Mrs. Joseph B.
Meldrum, Mrs. Alexander E.
Michael, Mrs. Edward
♦Michael, Mrs. John
Miles, Mrs. H. D.
♦Mitchell, Mrs. S. S.
♦Montgomery, Mrs. H. L.
♦Moore, Mrs. Chester
Moore, Mrs. Theodore M.
Moot, Mrs. Adelbert
More, Mrs. George E.
Muensterberg, Mrs. Helen Rice
Munro, Mrs. Josiah G.
Norton, Mrs. Porter
Ogle, Mrs. Ponsonby
♦Olmsted, Mrs. Elizabeth
Packard, Mrs. Mark
Pardee, Mrs. Alice L.
Pardee, Mrs. Charles W.
Parke, Mrs. James B.
Peters, Mrs. Katherine H.
Pierce, Mrs. Ray V.
Plimpton, Mrs. George A.
Porter, Miss Elizabeth
Potter, Mrs. D. Frederick
♦Ransom, Mrs. M. A.
♦Rathbun, Mrs. C. H.
Rayburn, Mrs. Perry
Rice, Mrs. Edward R.
Richmond, Mrs. Jewett M.
Robb, Mrs. Ruth Larkin
Rbberts, Mrs. James A.
♦Rogers, Mrs. Sherman S.
Rogers, Mrs. William A.
Rosenau, Mrs. David
Ross, Mrs. James H.
♦Rumrill, Mrs. Jennie
Runcie, Mrs. S. H.
Satterfield, Mrs. John
Saunderson, Mrs. Marie Satterfielci
Schaeffer, Mrs. G. A.
Sedgwick, Mrs. Lily Rogers
Shepard, Mrs. Frederick J.
Shepard, Mrs. Sidney
Sidway, Mrs. Franklin
Sidway, Mrs. Ralph H.
Slote, Mrs. John
Spaulding, Mrs. S. S.
Spiegel, 'Mrs. Marcus
Sprague, Mrs. Carleton
Springer, Mrs. Guy M.
Stearns, Mrs. Virginia Bartlett
Stevens, Mrs. Charlotte S.
Stevens, Mrs. Frederick H.
Stevenson, Miss Amelia
Stewart, Mrs. John T.
♦Stickney, Mrs. Josephine
Stoddart, Mrs. Thomas
♦Talbot, Mrs. Calista M.
♦Taylor, Miss Jessie
♦Taylor, Mrs. Sophia
Thomas, Mrs. Adelaide Richmond
♦Thompson, Miss Ann
♦Tifft, Mrs. Wrilson S.
Tillinghast, Mrs. James
♦Townsend, Mrs. George W.
♦Tracy, Mrs. Agnes Ethel
Treglown, Mrs. Henry
Underhill, Mrs. Charles M.
Volckman, Mrs. Mary
♦Walker, Mrs. Charles R.
Warner, Mrs. George P.
♦Watson* Mrs. S. V. R.
♦White, Mrs. George C.
White, Mrs. H. G.
♦White, Mrs. James P.
White, Mrs. M. B.
White, Miss Millicent R.
♦"White, Mrs. Truman C.
♦Williams, Mrs. Benjamin H.
Wilson, Mrs. Charles R.200 WOMEN’S EDUCATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL UNION
Wilson, Miss Edith B.
♦Wilson, Mrs. Jane C.
Wriggins, Mrs. Evelyn Walker
Associate Members.
♦Boldt, John E.
♦Boyd, Thomas E.
♦Devereaux, Irving
Donaldson, R. S.
♦Dudley, Joseph P.
Hayes, Edmund
Hubbell, Clifford
Justice, William G.
Langdon, Andrew
♦Letchworth, William P.
Mathews, Mrs. George B.
Moot, Adelbert
More, George E.
Munro, Josiah G.
Olmsted, John B.
Packard, Mark
♦Pratt, Pascal P.
Rogers, William A.
Shepard, Frederick J.
Underhill, Charles M.
White, Carlton H.
♦White, Truman C.
Wilcox, Ansley
♦Williams, Charles I.
Memorial Members.
Austin, Mrs. Frances C. W.
Austin, Mrs. Mary E. W.
Desbecker, Mrs. Samuel
Dutton, Mrs. Lorinda B.
Perry, Mrs. Anna Letchworth
Tifft, Mrs. Lily Lord
Wende, Mrs. Grover W.
Williams, Mrs. Charles G.
Williams, Mrs. William I.
Deceased.