Production Note Cornell University Library pro- duced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox soft- ware and equipment at 600 dots per inch resolution and com- pressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Stand- ard Z39.48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the Commission on Pres- ervation and Access and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copy- right by Cornell University Library 1992.^>tate College of AgticttUute At OlofttcU Iniuetaltg Jftfjaca, Sf. ffithnttgGUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS WOODWORTHGuide to California Insects. C. W. WOODWORTH. Professor of Entomology, University of California. 1913. FIRST SEMESTER. THE LAW PRESS BERKELEYNo. There will be sent, as published, to owners on record,matter adding greatly to the value of this book. If address is changed, notice should be teent promptly to the publishers. THE LAW PRESS. BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA. d o m u u © © W GQ © © s a © © 02 02 © © GQ W © © s s © © 02 02 CALENDAR. *d *d W 20^ S 14 15 16 17 18 19 fa 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 cd 6$ 11 12 lo 14 15 16 17 ^ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 s Z ft <5 fa ◄ S Q © 02 • cd l-o fa In—choCalPREFACE. Students in entomology need an outline of the species inhabiting the re- gion in order that they may comprehend the relationship that the special forms under consideration in the various courses bears to the whole assem- blage of insects. This is the more necessary since insects affect human interests in such a variety of ways, requiring that they be studied from diverse and narrowing view points. Those beginning the study of the subject are advised to familiarize them- selves with the illustrations as the first step in gaining the desired general concept. These figures are all of local forms drawn or photographed by the author or made under his immediate direction and have been loaned for use in this publication by the Experiment Station thru the kindness of the Director. Attention is particularly directed under each family to all the more im- portant insects both of the local fauna and of other countries. Synopses are presented for the identification of all the family groups and often for genera and species when of economic importance. The synopses are arranged in an original form which the author has em- ployed in his classes for a number of years and found to facilitate the iden- tification of insects and to emphasize the dominant groups and their dis- tinctive characteristics. The plan of these synopses is to give in the order of size, the names of the leading groups, each followed by the characters distinguishing it from all that follow in the table. When the character is held in common by a larger group and by one or more .smaller groups the latter are given in the same paragraph each followed by its distinguishing peculiarity. In using the tables therefore always begin with the first group and de- termine whether the character applies to the insect in question,and if not, proceed to the next paragraph, wholly disregarding the characters of the smaller groups not heading a paragraph until the leading character aplies and then each of the characters of the smaller groups in that paragraph must be examined. iii.iv GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. All structures referred to in the synopses will be found explained in the general discussion of the order or family or when of general applicability in the introductory chapter and other technical terms used in discriptions are given in the appendix. The names applied to insects have been exceedingly unstable and give a great deal of trouble even to experienced entomologists. Under each family will be found an alphabetical list of all the names that have been applied to California insects with citations to the present accepted nomenclature. The appendix includes many directions which will be of use both in the laboratory and in the field. Finally such a guide as this should be kept up to date. To accomplish this the whole book is held in type so that it may be revised for each semister. The author will appreciate very much to have the mistakes or omissions of this book brought to his attention inorder that they may be rectified in the next edition. He wishes to acknowledge the help he has already re- ceived from members of his staff, particularly Dr. Van Dyke in Coleoptera, Prof. Herms with the parasitic forms of all orders, Mr. Bridwell in the Hy- menoptera and Mr. Coleman in the Coccidae. The Thysanoptera have been revised for this book by Mr. Jones. C.W.Woodworth. Berkeley California. August 1913.CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION . 1 LEPIDOPTERA...............................................19 Papilionina 22 Sphingina 34 Saturnina 35 Bombycina 36 Tineina 60 Hepialina 78. HYMENOPTERA...............................................79 Apina 83 Sphecina 94 Vespina 96 Formicina 100 Chalcidina 111 Proctotrypina 120 Ichneumonina 121 Cynipina 125 Siricina 126 Tenthredinina 127. DIPTERA..................................................129 Hippoboscina 132 Trypetina 132 Muscina 138 Syrphina 144 Phor- ina 145 Asilina 146 Bombyliina 149 Tabanina 152 Bibionina 155 Tipulina 156 Pulecina 169. COLEOPTERA...............................................171 Carabina 175 Tenebrionina 185 Meloina 191 Elaterina 194 Can- tbarina 199 Clerina 203 Hydrophylina 205 Scarabaeina 206 Curculin- ina 209 Chrysomelina 215 Coccinellina 229 Nitidulina 235 Dermest- ina z37 Heterocerina 239 Histerina 239 Trichopterygina 240 Silph- ina 241 Staphylinina 242. HEMIPTERA................................................253 Scutellarina 257 Pentatomina 258 Coreina 259 Reduviina 261 Hydro- metrina 263 Nepina 264 Cicadina 265 Aphina 270 Thripsina 302 Pediculina 306. ORTHOPTERA...............................................307 CORRODENTIA..............................................321 Philopterina 321 Termitina 327 Psocina 328 EPHEMERIDA...............................................330 ODONATA..................................................332 NEUROPTERA...............................................335 Phryganina 335 Panorpina 336 Hemerobiina 336 Perlina 340 APPENDIX.................................................343INTRODUCTION. Insects equal in numbers of species all other living beings, both animals and plants, but systematically they constitute only one of the classes of one of the phyla into which animals are divided. PHYLA OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. Arthropoda: with jointed legs operated by muscles attached directly to the skin or when legless with air tubes or tracheae in every part of the body. Chordata: with back bone or in certain aquatic members only a soft noto- chord between central nervous system and body cavity. Mollusca: with a shell, or where this is wanting, with a well developed eye. (if shell is composed of a small and a large valve, the latter perforated, it is a Molluscoidea.) Echinodermata: body radially arranged. Coelenterata: with a common gastrovascular cavity. Protozoa: unicellular. Annulata. Porifera: many openings into digestive tract. Platyhelminthes: without anal opening, or with whole surface ciliate. Molluscoidea: ends of digestive tract near together Trochelminthes: with retractile anterior ring of cilise. Nemathelminthes: body unsegmented and mouth region not retractile. Insects are by far the most important group of animals in their effects on human interests, excepting only the vertebrates in which man him- self belongs. Entomologists have rendered such signal service in studying and controlling useful and harmful insects that they have generally been called upon to extend their endeavors outside of the class insecta, and to consider all similar matters in other classes or even in other phyla. The problems in the other phyla are: for Chordata, the poisons used for killing rodents and birds, which are commonly classed with insecticides in Mollusca, the treatment of snails and slugs attacking plants corresponding with the treatment of insects doing similar injury, and among the annulata and other worms numerous parasitic forms both on plants and animals 12 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS which cannot well be separated from insect parasites. CLASSES OF ARTHROPODA. Insecta: winged, or one pair of antennae and three pairs of legs, or if legless, with tracheae. Arachnida: without antennae. Crustacea: with two pairs of antennae. Myriapoda. Onychophora: legs not definitely jointed. The plant feeding forms of all these classes are always treated by economic entomologists as tho they were insects, the most important group being the red spiders among the arachnida; of lesser importance are the sow bugs among Crustacea, and the millipeds of the Myriopoda. The Structure of Insects is identical in its general features with that of the other classes of Articulata. The exterior of the body is hardened to give attachment to the muscles and serves as the skeleton as well as skin. The hard parts are the secretion of a delicate layer of cells called the hypoder- mis, which develops originally in the egg as a flat disc from which most of the organs of the body, internal as well as external, arise. This disc is called the ventral plate because it is converted directly into the breast of the insect, cells around the edge multiplying and giving rise to the remaining parts of the body. The first differentiation of the ventral plate is the splitting off from the inner side of two ribbons of cells which become the nervous system, lying as a double chord along the middle line beneath. These produce long slen- der Aliments, the nerves, which grow out to every muscle and sense organ as they are developed. The cells from which these proceed gather them- selves into a regular series of knots which early unite in pairs forming ganglia along the double ventral chord. The ventral plate becomes at the same time marked off into a series of areas, one corresponding with each ganglion. As the ventral plate grows and finally closes over the back, these areas form rings or segments of the body. The cells between these areas not only become somewhat different in ap- pearance but finally secrete a more delicate and flexible cuticle than those forming the general surface of the segment. These thin portions of the skin permit the body to bend between the segments. Long before the segments are completed and even before the two halves of .the ganglia have come together there begins an outgrowth opposite each forming ganglionic mass, showing first as slight elevations of the surface but becoming long and tubular. Soon differentiations of the cells of these pro- cesses similar to those which produce the segments, result in the production of jointed appendages as indicated by the name Arthropoda. In the appendages which become the legs the first articulation to become evident is the knee joint. The adjacent segments are named after human anatomy, femur and tibia.INTRODUCTION. 3 The parts of the knee joint are: — 1. The hinge consisting of a region on both sides where hardened processes from femur and tibia meet. The soft skin being very narrow at these points and folds inwardly out of the way. In the more complex knee joints like that of the grasshopper the hard parts also fold in making long hinges. 2. The guide pieces of the femur, a flat lobe on either side at the tip below the hinge and overlaying the base of the tibia when the knee is flexed. 3. The collar at the base of the tibia beginning as a crease extending over the back of the tibia from hinge to hinge and widening out in the middle like the visor of a cap. 4. The tendons, long slender infoldings of the soft skin both above and below, at the end of the tibia serving respectively the extensor and flexor muscles. These tendons usually reach almost the whole length of the femur. Figure 1. Foot of an ant. 5. The knee caps usually present as two hardened plates above between the ends of the femur and tibia. Almost as soon as the knee can be made out, the structures of the foot or tarsus begin to show. In most legs there are five tarsal joints, the fifth bearing on the tip a pair of claws (ungues), between which there are a pair of pulvilli, or more commonly a single empodium, or both. When the basal joint is enlarged it is commonly called the metatarsus. On the end of the tibia next to the foot there are usually one or more spurs. At the base of the leg there normally develops at least two articulation® allowing motion in two directions and separating off the coxa. Between this and the femur there may be an additional segment or two, the trochanter. Before the legs there are four pairs of appendages exactly similar at first to the rudimentary legs but each soon takes on a different shape, varying also according to the group. These appendages arise from four primitive segments of the head and are: — 1. Antennae, usually long and many jointed. When the basal joint is long4 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. it is called the scape. The next joint (pedicel) is usually separated from the remaining joints (flagellum) by a hinge. 2. Mandible, typically in the form of a somewhat curved cone, ending in a point or with a number of teeth. The two outer angles of the base bear the articular condyles and the soft skin of the basal articulation infolds at the inner angle into a large tendon reaching nearly to the back or top of the head. 3. Maxillae, appendages with very complicated and varying structure. Typically consisting of two large segments (cardo and stipes) hinged together and perhaps corresponding to the femur and tibia respectively, the latter bearing the palpi corresponding to the foot but with structure more like an antenna, and the lobes called galea and lacinia, the latter within and usually sharp pointed or toothed. The stipes is often so. divided as to have a sub- galea from which the lobes arise and a palpifer bearing the palpus. 4. Labium, almost identical in structure with the maxillae but usually grown together forming a lower lip, and often with a less number of dis- tinguishable parts. The terms mentum and submentum are commonly used instead of stipes and cardo and these terms are not used with uniformity in the different orders. Besides the four segments represented by the appendages, from one to four additional segments have been considered by different authors as occur- ring in the primitive head, the best marked of which is the preantennal and the least evident the prelabial. After the appendages begin to develop as evaginations of the ventral plate there begins an invagination at a point on the middle line at about the suture between the mandibular and maxillary segments. This passes between the commissures of the nervous system, dividing the ganglia of the head into two sets which soon unite into two compound ganglia known because of their position relative to this invagination as the supra- and suboesophageal ganglia. At a later period a similar ingrowth from the hind end of the ventral plate produces the intestines and just before the closing in of the back of the em- bryo a third portion of the digestive tract is formed as a single layer of cells which envelop the remains of the yolk and finally becomes the stomach. Usually not until after the insect begins to feed are the walls broken down between these three regions making the alimentary canal continuous thru the body. Around the digestive tract a system of muscles are developed which by constricting the tract from before backward forces the food along the canal. Irregularity in the arrangement of these muscles and corresponding dif- ferentiations of the cellular layer results in the division of the digestive tract into a series of organs as follows: — Stomodseum. 1. Pharynx or mouth cavity, often partly closed by the thickening of theINTRODUCTION 5 wall, if above, the epipharynx; below, the hypopharynx. Into the mouth cavity open a series of glands of varying function but all called salivary glands. Among these are the silk glands found in a great many groups of insects. All of these glands and their ducts are produced as invaginations of the wall of the pharynx. 2. (Esophagus, a slender tube thru which the food passes rapidly. In caterpillars it is rather short but in many insects it reaches fully half the length of the body. 3. Crop or proventriculus, which receives and often holds the food for a considerable time practically unchanged. In bees this organ is the honey sac. In many insects there are large glandular pouches called cceca opening into this cavity. 4. Stomach valve, which provides for the intermittent passing of the food from the crop to the stomach. Often this region is called the gizzard when it is large and provided with a thick muscle layer. The interior cuticle may at the same time be hardened into a very elaborate system of teeth. Mesentron. 5. Stomach, usually the largest portion of the digestive tract. The cells of the stomach wall are large and gland-like; there are no glands opening into this region, and no interior cuticular lining such as is found in all other parts of the digestive tract. Proctodseum. 6. Ileum or large intestine, often appears as part of the stomach, the line of separation however can always be made out by the attachment of the malpighian tubes, which are long slender glands serving as excretory organs. 7. Colon or small intestine, furnished with muscles somewhat like those of the oesophagus, passing the contents along rapidly; and in consequence this region is usually found empty. 8. Rectum, commonly marked out by the thick overlaying rectal glands and is often highly muscular with the interior wall thickened in ridges resembling somewhat the gizzard and which serves as a filter pump to ex- tract the liquid portion of the contents before passing the solid portion out. The most elaborate system of internal organs are the tracheae or air tubes. They are called tracheae because of a general resemblance in function and structure to the wind pipe in human anatomy. There are no organs in the body of an insect comparable to the lungs, the tracheae taking the air di- rectly to every part of the body. In aquatic insects the original openings may finally close, and the exchange of oxygen and carbonic acid with the sur- rounding water is made thru tracheal gills. Tracheae develop as invaginations of the body wall in quite a late stage6 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS in the development of the embryo, a few eases being known in which they are not developed so as to be functional at hatching. The invaginations are formed on either side of the segment. Some of the segments always fail to produce tracheae and in such cases the tracheae of adjacent segments sup- ply the lack. The parts of the tracheal system are as follows: — 1. Spiracles or stomata, at the point of invagination there usually develops an elaborate structure bordered by one or more chitinous rings, within which dense combs of spines stand guard over the slit-like opening. Within the body the trachea may expand into a subspherical chamber and may be pro- vided with chitinous bars with muscle connections enabling the insect to completely close the opening. 2. Spiracular trunks, being the portion of the tracheal system developed before the proximity of the digestive tract resulted in the stopping of the growth at the tips of the invaginations and the beginning of growth at two points like adventitious buds for the production of the lateral trunks. 3. Lateral trunks, resulting from the joining of the whole series of out- growths on a side into one long tube extending almost from end to end of body. The points of union are at first closed just as are those of the three regions of the digestive tract and there always remains at these points a ring of entirely different structure from the surface of the tracheal wall. 4. Dorsal and ventral girdles, developing at various points along the lat- eral trunks, and varying greatly in number and position in different insects. These arise as pairs of large tracheal trunks growing around the digestive tract, meeting and joining in the same way that the elements of the lateral trunks grew together. 5. Branches, which arise at various places along any of the trunks, but chiefly at or near the point where the first forking occurred which subdivide into a great number of very fine thread-like tubes which proceed to invade every tissue and organ and show no tendency to anastomose. There are in addition to the digestive tract and tracheae numerous glands opening thru the skin in various parts of the body in different insects, which arise as invaginations of the skin, usually rather late in the development of the insect. The ducts of the sexual organs also belong to this category. There is first produced a pair of invaginations which are finally pinched off entirely from the skin and finally attach themselves to the end of a single median ingrowth. The first egg therefore passing out from the ovary must first break thru its own investment of connective tissue and into one of the lateral ducts and then thru the walls separating this from the common duct. A special organ to tear the way thru these tissues is developed below the lowest egg in an ovariole. The sense organs of insects consist of: — 1. Eyes located on the head, usually a pair of compound eyes and three simple eyes.INTRODUCTION 7 2. Ears in the form of tympanal organs, found only in a comparatively small number of insects, on the base of the abdomen in grasshoppers and on the base of the front tibiae in katydids and crickets. 3. Modified hairs with a great variety of functions which may be grouped into two classes, (a.) long hairs chiefly serving as organs of touch, certain of them vibrating with definite tones are believed to be organs of hearing, (b.) very much shortened hairs, often almost completely suppressed, retaining and specializing however, the basal structures. These respond to chemical stimuli and may be roughly classed into organs of taste and smell, according as they respond to the contact of liquids or gasses. Many different kinds of these modified sense hairs or pits may occur on the same insect indicating perhaps the possession of senses unknown to us. Besides the cells which took part in forming the ventral plate there were other cells in the embryo which remained in the yolk or only attached themselves to the inner surface of the ventral plate. From these the blood- cells, connective tissue, fat bodies and muscles arise. The blood cells correspond with the white blood corpuscles, nothing existing in insects com- parable with red blood cells. Connective tissue forms a thin investment over all the organs. When invaded by a nerve it develops into a muscle, and when storing an inordinate amount of food material it is a fat body. Since the skeleton of an insect is external it is necessary to cast off the skin from time to. time to provide for the increasing size. This molting pro- cess is quite complicated. The following steps may be recognized: — Preliminary. 1. Storing food to repletion. 2. Growth of skin epithelium, increase in both number and size of cells. 3. Emptying of digestive tract. Somnus. 4. Detachment of epithelium and muscles from cuticle thru the secretion of a fluid as in a blister involving the withdrawal of the contents of the harder parts, (claws, head of caterpillars, etc.) 5. Completion of epithelium over ends of muscles. 6. Secretion of expansion layer which becomes much wrinkled thus provid- ing for enlargement of skin surface. 7. Deposition of new cuticle against expansion layer, largely exhausting the epithelial cells. 8. Regaining of muscle attachment to skin. Molt. 9. Muscle action pulling legs and abdominal parts into thorax. 10. Bursting of old cuticle from internal pressure, along back of thorax. 11. Emergence of the insect.8 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Concluding processes. 12. Completion of expansion of wrinkled parts by blood pressure produced by filling the air sacs and by the contraction of the muscles of the body wall. 13. Hardening of cuticle on exposure to the air. 14. Beginning of feeding. 15. Completion of oxidization of skin pigment. Metamorphosis is the term used to express the changes an insect undergoes from the time it hatches from the egg until it assumes the adult condition. In the more primitive insect it is not very striking. In those that possess Figure 2. Photograph of a vine hopper just molted, and of the skin from which it came. wings the change on becoming adult is very much more evident. The somnus just preceeding the last molt is longer and the whole thoracic structure is reorganized to provide the hinge and musculation necessary for flight. When the change to the adult becomes so profound as to extend the somnus over the entire instar preceeding the acquirement of adult structures we have a third type of metamorphosis. This inactive and non- feeding stage, the pupa, usually becomes very different externally from the larva. The development of complex metamorphosis permits a simultaneous improvement in the adaptation of both the young and the adult insect. Insects having this kind of metamorphosis greatly outnumber all others.INTRODUCTION 9 Hypermetamorphosis arises in a similar way among certain beetles for the better adaptation of the very young and the older larval stages. The wings of insects are of necessity limited to the last stage because provision for molting cannot be made in an organ delicate enough to serve for flight. Wings are so complicated and so useless for this function until they are large organs with hinge and muscles that they must have arisen as an organ for another purpose. Aquatic insects often possess gills some- what similar to wings in structure, and such organs are generally considered as the precursor of the wings. An intermediate stage between the gill and the wing is presented in the wing-like gill covers of certain May-fly nymphs. The most important structures in the wing are the strenghening ribs called veins. The following elements of a venation can be distinguished: — 1. Marginal veins, always present on both edges at the extreme base, sometimes extending all around the wing. The anterior marginal connects Figure 3. Section of a wing showing the folding of the cuticle just before the final mo.t. A. section of vein. B. of membrane C. tangential- section showing the wrink- ling of the membrane in both directions. with the tendon which pulls the wing from t’he rest position, the posterior is continuous with the hind edge of the segment. 2. The primary vein, extending across the wing in front of the middle and at base bearing the lower articular condyle. This vein is also invariably present in functional wings. 3. The anterior and posterior veins, variable in number, usually one anterior and two or three posterior. 4. The independent veins and branches, occupying the spaces in the outer portion of the wing between the veins previously mentioned. They proba- bly all arose as independent veins tho many became attached as branches. 5. Cross-veins, probably developing spontaneously over the wing surface A theory of venation very largely accepted, derives the veins directly from the tracheae of the gill and bases a nomenclature upon a theoretical primitive number and arrangement of these structures. As first presented there were supposed to be eleven of these veins but all the even numbers wereImago. Imago. Imago. Yes. One. Imago.. 10 GUIDE H 2. CT9 B CTQ g. c+ CD 2 *< H 3 B QTQ •a (ft 3" B* r* H Q o a p <~i era 3 a < CTQ a p P CD* X p to d CD P 1st H d p* P. CP? P H- d P 0Q w a CD *1 qCDCDCDqCDqPj y m m m y oq • r- B QTQ GO GO O GG CD O CD d ® CD < o B CD O CD B CD CD B B •-J p o •-* 9 o 9 P P *-4 P >-i 3 3 o o >-s "I CD CD to B . , ir cd h[J ^ P- m C y v- La S dr 3 „ 2 d g P a p« 3 hd m 72 72 CD r §• 5 ? ^ ►d ^ B P d so Figure 4. The five instars of the nymph of the vine hopper.INTRODUCTION 1J12 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS and remaining* numerous in the older groups of insects but in the more modern orders only a few of these are left, tho remaining a very important element of the venation. St£ A. P!V P. , JT.lgi.ure 5- (Opposite page.) Complex metamorphosis, the development of Scu- tellista cyanea, a parasite of the black scale. Beginning to the left above, the figure shows egg, larva, pupa (back and side views), imago black scale overturned Figure 8. Diagram of thoracic structure. Psc. prsescutum. Sc. scutum. Scl. scutel- lum. Pscl postscutellum. Es. episternum. Em. epimeron. St. sternum. {T • i ---- *** v uatn. auu OlUC Views;, lllidgU UlttUK SUd-lC UVCIIUIIIBU showing four larvae, and two black scales showing exit holes made by the parasite.INTRODUCTION 13 soon dropped out leaving six, and names substituted for the numbers as follows:— I. subcostal, III. radius, V. media, VII. cubitus, IX. and XI. anal veins. Three of these were supposed to be simple, III. five-branched V. four or three-branched, and VII. two branched. The radius is the primary vein, the media and all the branches independents. Cross-veins have no place in the system. There are a number of distinct systems of nomenclature used in the different orders as will be explained as each group is considered. The thorax consists of three segments known as the pro- meso- and meta- thorax and these prefixes apply also to all the parts of which each segment is composed. The parts of a segment are: a single piece beneath—the sternum; two on either side— episternum in front and epimeron behind; and four sclerites on the back— the praescutum, scutum, scutellum and postscutellum. The theory has been suggested that they represent vestiges of four primitive segments, but it seems more likely that the development of legs and wings has caused the differentiation from a simple segment. The sutures seem to be in the nature of infoldings to give greater strength wThere the insertion of the leg weakened the segment and where the pull of the leg muscles needed greater resistance. The legs may thus be held responsible for the cutting off of the sternum and the dividing of the upper portion into an anterior and a posterior portion. The development of the wing results in a more complete cutting off of the dorsal portion of the segment. The praescutum and postscutellum may be chitinizations of the intersegmental membrane to give attachment and resistance to the great muscle of flight. The great longitudinal wing muscle which causes the down stroke of the wing by arching up the back connects the anterior ends of segments; thus the hind wing muscle reaches from the metathorax to the first abdominal segment. Where there is a great constriction at the base of the abdomen it is necessarily between the first and second segment. The first abdominal segment is therefore often counted as one of the thoracic segments. Very early in the history of winged insects provision was made for doubling the wing back against the body when not in use. The Odonata and Ephemerida are the only existing groups in which the wings are rigidly attached to the wing roots. In all other cases we can notice: — 1. The articulation of the base of the anterior marginal, and the develop- ment of a tendon for direct muscular attachment. 2. The basal interruption of all veins except the posterior marginal and the primary or their fusion with the base of the primary. 3. The formation of at least one folding area involving all the base of the wing back of the primary, including the posterior marginal vein. Associated with the complication of the base of the wing there is an entirely new plan of musculation. In the Odonata the tendon of the elevator muscle14 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS is attached to the inner end of the wing root and extends toward the breast. The down stroke of the wing results from the contraction of muscles attached to the side below the wing hinge which simply pull the sides in, forcing the blood against the back and wing roots elevating them and so depressing the wing. Figure 9. Diagram of thoracic structure dotted lines showing infoldings for stif- fening the segment. Letters as shown in figure 8. Figure 10. Diagram of wing fold. F. fold area. In the great majority of insects on the contrary the middle of the back is bent up by the pull of muscles extending lengthwise and the up stroke by muscles reaching from back to breast. The full name of an insect consists of: — 1. Genus name, usually a Greek substantive and always beginning with aINTRODUCTION 15 capital letter. 2. Species name, usually a Latin adjective agreeing in gender with the genus name and never written with a capital except when derived from a proper name and usually not even then. 3. Authority, the name of the first describer of the species, usually ab- breviated and inclosed in parentheses if the species was not originally placed in the proper genus. When varieties or subspecies are indicated, the name is formed precisely like the species name and given immediately after it followed by the au- thority of the variety and not that of the species. Sometimes the variety is considered subordinate to subspecies, and then the varietal name stands Figure 11. Wing attachment in JEschna. A. dorsal view. B. view from within. C. section. Letters as in figure 8. aa. articular condyle, w. wing. wr. wing root, awr. anterior wing root. pwr. posterior wing root. md. muscle disk. msn. meso- notum. mtn. metanotum. hp. hinge fold, em elevator muscle, dm. depressor muscle. fourth and the authority fifth. Groups higher than species are often called subgenera. Such names are formed precisely like generic names and given in parentheses between the genus and species name. Names of groups higher than genus never appear as part of the name of a species and are almost uniformly derived from genus names by the substitution of a termination as -idae for family and -inae for subfamily -oidea has served for superfamily, tho the shorter -ina is to be preferred. Order names are not derived from generic names, tho most of them have the common ending -ptera.16 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS The primary classification of insects into orders was originally based on the wings, beginning with the horny winged beetles and ending with the wingless forms. Next the method of taking food was made the basis of separation into two great groups, the biting and the sucking insects. This has of late been largely replaced by a division based on the development those with primitive and simple metamorphosis in one series and those with complex and hypermetamorphosis in the other. None of these plans seem wholly satisfactory; that adopted in this book is chronological, that is the orders are given in the sequence of their appearence on earth as shown by the geological record. Figure 12. Wing attachment in Cicada. Letters the same as Figure 10. The table following gives the original Linnaean system and that given in five recent textbooks. Folsom alone separates the Collembola from the Aptera and Comstock alone the Euplexoptera from the Orthoptera. Both Comstock and Kellogg separate the Mallophaga and Isopoda from the Corro- dentia, and Comstock and Folsom the Siphonaptera from the Diptera. The author differs from the majority regarding Thysanoptera tho all agree as to its location in the series. He differs from all five by placing the Neuroptera and allied forms with the Plecoptera, agreeing rather with most of those who have specially studied these groups in the belief that they are very closely allied despite the difference in metamorphosis. If these groups were made distinct orders, the historical arrangement would place Neuroptera just below Coleoptera, the Mecoptera below Diptera and Trichoptera antedating Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. The placing of Ephemerida lowest of the winged insects by ComstockINTRODUCTION 17 and Kellogg is based on the theory that many veined wings antedated those with few veins and corresponds with the idea of eleven primitive veins. The placing of Orthoptera lowest by Folsom and Sanderson follows those who do not think that wings arose as tracheal gills or in aquatic insects. The arrangement of the four largest and most recent groups, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera is given differently by each author with no very evident reason. Figure 13. Diagram of the genetic relationships of the groups of insects and the three types of venation. Coleoptera: spiracles and dorsal abdominal segments not visible from be- neath. Lepidoptera: densely covered with scales. Diptera: hind wings club-like, or if wingless, thorax separated by constric- tions from head and from abdomen, and without opposable jaws. Hymenoptera: wings hooking together and front wings very narrow near the base, or if wingless, greatly constricted at base of abdomen. Hemiptera: mouthparts tubular, or with long threadlike lancets, or very un- symmetrical, or wanting. Orthoptera: front wings leathery, or if wingless, either front or hind legs are much enlarged, or body is flattened, or thorax is very slender cylindrical. Corrodentia: ant-like or louse-like. Neuroptera. Odonata: wings notched near the middle of the front edge. Ap- tera: wingless and legs shorter than body. Ephemerida: with three tails. Neoptera Apt era ORDERS OF INSECTS.18 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Table showing the Classification of Insects into Orders. xn o bfi be o s o 3 8 a o xn a A -4-i a o xn u © Genera typical of all groups ever given rank Orders of insects as given in this book. a o O a m O fa % fa S3 c$ 02 as Orders. 00 t— CO CO CT5 05 00 o o •i—i rH rH i—1 tH t—i rH 1. Aptera. 7 1* 1 1* 1* 1 Lepisma. 1806 Machilis Latr. 1864 Japyx Halid. 1824 Campodea W. Collembola. 2 Podura. 1806 Smynthurus Lat. 2. Neuroptera. 4 12 3 10 11 3 Hemerobius. 1834 Coniopteryx C. Raphidia. 1803 Sialis Latr. Mecoptera. 13 11 12 4 Panorpa. Trichoptera. 14 12 13 5 Phryganum. Plecoptera. (4) 4 2* 5 3 7 1764 Perla Geof.. 3. Odonata. (4) 3 (2) 7 4 8 Libellula. 4. Ephemerida. (4) 2 (2) 6 2 6 Ephemera. 5. Corrodentia. (7) 6 (2) 4* 6 9 1797 Psochus Latr. Mallophaga. 7 7 1818 Menopon. Nitz. Isopoda.. 5 5 Termes. 1825 Embia La r. 6. Orthoptera. (1) 9 4 3 8 2 Gryllus. Mantis. 1795 Phasma Licht. 1871 Hemimerus W. Blatta. Euplexoptera. 8 Forficula. * 7. Hemiptera. 2 11 5 9 9 10 Notonecta. Coccus. Aphis. Cicada. Thysanoptera. (7) 10* 8 10 Thrips. 8. Coleoptera. 1 18 6 14 14 11 Carabus. 1802 Stylops Kirby. 1869 Platypsylla W. 9. Diptera 6 16 9 15 15 13 Musca. Hippobosca. Siphonaptera. (7) 17 16 Pulex. 10. Hymenoptera. 5 19 8 17 17 14 Apis. 11. Lepidoptera. 3 15 7 13 16 12 Papilio. 1* Thysanura. 2* Pseudoneuroptera. 4* Platyptera. 10* Physopoda.LEPIDOPTERA. The last of the orders of insects to appear on earth is the one comprising the moths and butterflies, these latter developing simultaneously with flower- ing plants and are generally conceded to be the most beautiful members of the class. The beauty of coloring is due to pigment in the scales which cover the body and which are developed to a degree not found in any other order. The pattern is always in mosaic the units of which are so small as rarely to be seen except under the microscope. The distinction between species is almost invariably based on the color pattern. Specimens that are battered and have lost a considerable portion of their scales therefore Figure 14. Diagram showing the flight of a butterfly, become often quite unidentifiable. The most important characters for the classification of these insects are afforded by the venation of the wings. This is often quite hard to make out however because of the scales and can be best studied by bleaching the wings (see appendix.) Most of the features can generally be determined by examining the wings from beneath. The commonest nomenclature for the veins is to number them in order from behind forward using la. and lb. when there are two veins behind the large cell instead of one as is usual. A plan of wing formulae has been devised, based on the common system of nomenclature but applying the numbers to the connecting veins or bars in- stead of those proceeding to the margin; bar 2 being between veins 1 and 2. When veins fork from a common stem it is indicated by an * thus 8* is the common stem of 7 and 8. The formula consists of a list of the bars 1920 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS in the order of size, enclosing in parentheses those of approximately equal size. The use of such formulae greatly facilitates identifications. The following formulae show the venation of our common larger butterflies. Parnasius clodius Papilio eurymedon Neophasia menapia Pontia rapae Synchloe ausonides sara. Callidryas eubule Zerene eurydice Eyrymus eurytheme Eurema nicippe Agraulis vanillae Argynnis liliana Brenthis epithore Lemonias chalcedon Phyciodes pratensis Polygonia faunus Eugonia californica Euvanessa antiopa Vanessa atlanta carye Junonia ccenia Basilarchia lorquini Limitis bredowii Coenonympha California Anosia plexippus Chrysobia virgulti Uranotes melinus Callophrys dumetorum Gaeides xanthoides Epedemia helloides Rusticus acmon Cyaniris ladon Erynnis comma Brephidium exilis Thanaos tristis Hesperia tessellata 11 2 8* 10 6 3 4 5 9 7* 12 2 8* 5 3 4 6 7 10 11 9 11 2 8* 7* 3 5 4 10 6 9 10 2 7* 3 6 4 9 8 6 12 2 (7* 8*) 3 5 9 11 4 6 10 12 2 (8* 9*) 3 11 5 4 10 6 7 11 2 10 3 5 8* 4 7* 6 9 11 2 8* 10 7* 3 5 4 6 9 11 2 8* 7* 10 5 3 4 6 9 11 2 8* 10 3 5 7* 4 9 12 2 10* 3 8* 9* 5 4 6 7 11* 12 2 (3 9*) 8* 11 (4 5) 6 10 7 12 2 10* 3 9* (5 8*) 4 6 11 7 12 2 3 8* 5 9* 11 6 4 10 7 12 2 8* 9* 10* 3 5 11 6 4 7 12 2 9* 3 8* 5 4 6 11 10 7 2 12 9* 8* 3 5 11 4 6 10 7 12 2 9* 8* 5 3 11 4 6 10 7 12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4 11 6 10 7 12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4 6 11 10 7 11 2 9* 8* 10 7 12 8* 2 9* 5 3 11 6 10 4 7 12 2 10* 8* 5 9* 6 10 4 7 12 2 9* 8* 5 3 4 6 11 10 7 12 2 8* 9* 3 4 5 11 6 7 10 11 2 8* 3 5 6 9 10 6 4 7 10 23895647 10 23985647 2 10 9356487 11 2 8* 10 3 5 9 4 6 7 11 2 8* 3 9 10 4 6 5 7 11 2 8* 3 5 9 6 10 7 4 11 2 3 9 10 4 7 10 23598764 12 3 2 11 4 10 6 5 9 7 8 12 3 2 11 10 5 6 4 7 9 8 Almost the only other characters besides those afforded by the wings are those of the mouth. This differs radically from that of other insects. The mandibles are wanting or represented by the merest rudiments in a few moths. The labium is usually represented by a pair of strongly developed pal- pi and the maxillae have combined to form a single tube which at rest liesLEPIDOPTERA. 21 coiled up is a spiral between the palpi. In some of the lower moths the maxillary palpi are also present. The characters used in classification are the relative size, position and clothing of the three-jointed palpi. The larvae of Lepidoptera have usually 16 legs, the first two and the next to the last abdominal segments being legless. Some have a less number by the loss of the more anterior pairs of abdominal legs, the minimum num- ber being ten. All abdominal legs differ in structure from the thoracic legs, and are often called pro-legs. The pupae have the appendages cemented fast to the body except in a few of the lowest moths. The classification of Lepidoptera of longest standing is the separation Figure 15. The head and mouthparts of a larva of a moth, of the diurnals, butterflies, from the moths Another division commonly made is the separation of the smaller forms as microlepidoptera. Re- cently the forms possessing a finger-like projection (jugum) near the base of the hind edge of the front wing have been placed by themselves as the jugatae. The families Sphingidae and Saturnidae comprising our largest moths have each been separated as primary groups. SYNOPSIS OP FAMILIES. Noctuidae: cell of front wings closed by a cross-vein in three sections, a large feeble semicircular portion followed by two small, nearly equal trans- verse portions. Agaristidae: antennae: enlarged outwardly. Nycteolidae: front wings not arched at base. Geometridae: two large, nearly equal sections of cross-vein at end of cell22 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS and antennae not knobbed at tip. Notodontidae, and Bombycidae: anterior vein almost straight near base, the latter without proboscis. Pyralidae: hind wings with posterior area distinctly wider than the costal and median areas combined. Tortricidae: costal area of front wings wider than cell, and palpi obtuse. Lycaenidae: antennae knobbed and eyes not further apart than half their vertical height. Riordinidae: anterior vein forked near base. Nymphalidae: antennae knobbed and front legs much smaller than others. Agapetidae: some of the veins greatly swollen near base. Lymnadidae: with small cell between anterior vein and its basal branch. Tineidae: head rough haired or antennae with basal eye cap. Pterophoridae: wings divided plume-like. Hesperidae: antennae knobbed and far apart at base. Gelechiidae: anterior vein of hind wings connected with cell, and three veins beyond the posterior vein. Xylorictidae: outer branch of primary vein of hind wing not reaching the costa. Hyponomeutidae: wings of nearly equal size, hind wings not heavily fringed. Arctiidae: anterior vein of hind wing arising from middle of cell. Lithosi- idae: without ocelli. Pieridae: antennae knobbed. Papilionidae and Parnassiidae: inner edge of hind wings concave; the former has long tails on hind wing. CEcophoridae: wings narrow oval or lanceolate, primary not approximate but nearly parallel with independant vein in hind wing. Blastobasidae: fringe of front wing making inner edge appear concave. Elachistidae: wings narrow oval or lanceolate. Sphingidae: end of cell of front wings very oblique. Sessiidae: cell of front wing open. Thyridae: two independents connected with posterior vein in front wing. Saturnidae: cell of front wing less than half the length of the wing. Lasio- campidae, Nolidae and Dioptidae: the first two with posterior vein of front wing apparently four-branched, and the last two having frenulas. Hepialidae: independent veins crosing cell of front wing. Micropterygidae: cell open. Cossidae and Psychidae: no jugum on front wing, the former with wings spotted. Syntomidae. Thyatiridae: with posterior vein of front wing apparently three-branched. Platypterygidae: cell of hind wing much shorter on anterior side. Liparidae and Pericopidae: primary and independent veins of hind wings stalked, the latter with large spots on wing. PAPILIONINA — Butterflies. Literature:— Holland, Butterfly Book. Wright, Butterflies of the West Coast of the United States. PARNASSIID/E. These butterflies live in the Sierras, the larvae feed on Sedum and Saxi- fraga.LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 23 Parnassius baldur—clodius. behrii—smintheus. clarius—clodius. Claudius Men. menetresii—Claudius, nomion (Alaska.) smintheus Edw. PAPILIONID/E. Swallow tail butterflies, the larvae mostly feeding on Umbelliferae, but L. phi- lenor feeds on Aristolochia, P. eurymedon on Rhamnus californicus and P. ru- tulus on willow, alder and apple. Euplaedes troilus—Papilio. Jasoniades daunus—Papilio. eurymedon—Papilio. pillumnus (not California.) rutulus—Papilio. Leartius arcelisaus (not California.) mylotes—(not California.) philenor (Linn.) Papilio americanus Koll. asterias—polyxenes. bardii (Edw.) calilornica—zolicon. caladon Lucas, danus (not California.) eurymedon Boisd. hirsuta skin, indra Reak. machaon Linn, mylotes (not California.) pergamus—indra. philenor—Leartias polyxenes Fabr. rutulus Boisd. troilus (not California), zolicon Boisd. Figure 16. Diagram of butterfly vena- tion. Dotted lines indicate veins some- times absent. PIERID/E. The only family of butterflies containing highly injurious species, includes the beautiful orange tipped butterflies Synchloe, the white butterflies Pontia and a number of genera of yellow forms. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Eurymus: color yellow. Nathalis: black dash on hind edge of front wing. Callydrias: without black markings. Zerene: with only a black dot at end of cell in female, and nearly half the wing black in male. Eurema: black band on wing not tapering at each end. Synchloe: wings conspicuously mottled beneath. Pontia. Neophasia: with distinct black mark on costa to end of cell. Anthocharis angelina—Synchloe cethu- ansonia (not California), ra. ausonides—Synchloe.24 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS caliente Synchloe. cooperi—Synchloe cethura. cethura—Synchloe. creusa—Synchloe. edwardsii—Synchloe lanceolata. hyantis—Synchloe ausonides. lanceolata Synchloe. lotta (not California). morrisoni—Synchloe. cethura. reakirtii—Synchloe sara. sara—Synchloe. Stella—Synchloe sara. Callidrias eubule(Linn.) Colias adriane—Eurymus eurytheme. alexandra—Eurymus. amphidisca—Euryms eurytheme. Figure 17. Diagram illustrating the flight oi' a butterfly. A. wing elevated. B. wing depressed. EFGH.plane cutting wing at I. K. projection of path of I. barbara—Eurymus harfordi. behrii—Eurymus. caesonia—Zerene. caiifornica—Eurymus eurythe- me. chrysomelas—Eurymus occiden- talis. chrysthostheme (not California), edusa—Eurymus eurytheme. edwardsii—Eurymus. emelia—Eurymus alexandra. eurydice—Zerene. eurytheme—Eurymus. hagenii—Eurymus eurytheme. harfordi—Eurymus. hyale (not California.) interior (eastern.) keewadin—Eurymus eurytheme. occidentalis—Eurymus. phylodice (eastern.) Pontia 1758 rapae. napi: no definite rutilans (undetermined), scudderi—Eurymus. wosnesenski—Eurymus. Eucherra menapia—Neophasia. Euchloe ansonoides—Synchloe. cethura—Synchloe. creusa—Synchloe. lanceolata—Synchloe. sara—Synchloe. Eurema nicippe (Cram.) Eurymus alexandra (Edw.) behrll (Edw.) emelia—alexandra. eurytheme (Boisd.) harfordi (Edw.) interior (eastern.) occidentalis (Scud.) phylodice (eastern), scudderi (Reak.) Gonepteryx rhamni—Zerene eurydice. Meganostoma caesonia—Zerene. eurydice—Zerene. Midea lanceolata—Synchloe Nathalis iole Boisd. Neophasia menapia Feld, terlooii Behr. Papilio eubule—Callydrias. caesonia—Zerene. nicippe—Eurema. napi—Pontia. rapae—Pontia. Pieris ansonia (not California). , autodice (not California., beckeri—Pontia. calyce—Pontia occidentalis. castoria—Pontia napi. chloridice—Pontia beckeri. flava—Pontia napi. lanceolata—Synchloe. leucodice (not California), marginalis—Pontia rapae. menapia—Neophasia. napi—Pontia. nausturtii—Pontia napi. occidentalis—Pontia. oleracea—Pontia napi. pallida—napi. protodice—Pontia. rapae—Pontia. sara—Synchloe. sisymbri—Pontia. venosa—Pontia napi. yreka—Pontia rapae. dack patch at tip of front wings. 1833LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 25 protodice: veins of hind wings broadly bordered with black. 1854 sisymbri: veins black above. 1866 occidentalis: veins of hind wings narrowly bordered with black. 1871 beckeri: somewhat mottled beneath with green. Pontia beckeri (Edw.) napi (Linn.) occidentalis (Reak.) protodice (B. & L.) rapae (Linn.) sisymbri (Boisd.) Rhodocera rhamni—Zerene eurydice. Synchloe ausonides (Boisd.) australis Gr. caliente (Wr.) cethura Feld. creusa (D. & H.) flora—sara. lanceolata (Boisd.) lotta Beut. sara Boisd. Terias midea (undetermined), mexicana (eastern), nicippe—Eurema. Xanthidia mexicana (not California). Zerene caesonia Stoll, eurydice Boisd. NYMPHALID/E. This family shows the most diversity of form among butterflies. The food habits of the larvae are as follows:— Oaks Adelpha and Basilarchia lorquini. Elm Euvanessa. Poplar Euvanessa and Basilarchia archippus. Willow Eu- vanessa, Basilarchia archippus and Polygonia faunus. Ceanothus Eugonia. Thistle Phyciodes mylitta. Nettle Aglais, Polygonia satyrus Vanessa atlanta and cardui. Azalea Polygonia silvius and zephyrus. Passion flower Agraulis and Euptoieta. Violets Argynnis, Brenthus and Euptoieta. Scrophulariaceae Lemonias. Hops and Boehmeria Vanessa atlanta. Gnaphalium and Antennaria Vanessa huntera. Cnicus, Carduus and Althaea Vanessa cardui. Lavatera assurgentiflora and Malva Vanessa caryae. Plantago, Gerardia and Antir- rhinum Junonia. A migration of very great numbers of Eugonia ocurred in 1912 in the northern part of the state, and a few years before in southern California Vanessa cardui flew in equally great numbers. SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Argynnis: wings mottled with brown or black including a row of round black dots in the center of a broad submarginal band across both wings. Brenthus: these spots also beneath. Euptoieta: median band paler than submarginal. Lemonias: under side of hind wings much paler than front wings. Phyci- odes: second joint of palpi enlarged. Thesalia: more than half of the hind wing beneath yellow. Polygonia: outer edge of wings angular. Junonia: wings with large eyespots above. Euvanessa: wings black with pale border. Aglais: reddish band across wings just within black border. Vanessa: hind wings spotted beneath. Eugonia: no silver spots beneath on hind wing. Basilarchia. Agraulis: front wings more than twice as long as broad. Limenitis: eyes hairy. Adelpha bredowii—Liminites bredowii. Apatura drummondi Kirby. californica—Limenites bredowii. Argynnis adiante—adiaset. Aglais milberti (Goda.) adiaste Behr. Agraulis vanillae (Linn.) adr'aste—adiaste.26 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS aglaja—edwardsii. arge—eurynome. atossa Edw. behrensii Edw. bellona (eastern), bremneri Edw. callippe Boisd. chitone Edw. coronis Behr. cybele—leto. edwardsii Reak. egleis Boisd. egleis—montivaga. epithore—Brenthis. eurynome Edw. hegesia—Euptoieta. hippolyta Edw. hydaspe—Zerene. inornata Edw. irene—ruprestris. Figure 18. Junonia ccenia. juba—coronia. laura Edw. liliana Edw. macaria—eurynome. monticola Behr. montivaga Behr montivaga—egleis. montevaga—i rene. mormoria—egleis. nenoquis—egleis. nevadensis Edw. nokomis Edw. oweni—hippolyta. purpurascens—monticola. ruprestris Behr. semiramus Edw. zerene Boisd. Basilarchia archippus Cram. arthemis (not California), astynax (not California). dissippus—archippus. lorquini (Boisd.) weidemeyer (not California). Brenthis bellona (eastern), epithora (Boisd. morrisoni (not California), myrina (eastern), nenoquis (not California). Charidryas carloa (not California.) nycteis (not California). Chlorippe antoria (not California), celtis (not California), leila (not California). Dione vanillse—Agraulis. Eugonia ca'lfornica (Boisd.) Eresia hernias (undet rmined). punctata (not California). Euptoieta claudia (Cram.) Euvanessa antiopa (Linn.) Grapta c-album—Polygonia oreas. hegesia Cram, faunus—Polygonia. marysas—polygonia. oreas—Polygonia. rusticus—Polygonia faunus. satyrus—Polygonia. silens—Polygonia oreas. silvius—Polygonia. zephyrus—Polygonia. Junonia ccenia Hueb. genovera—coenia. lavinia—coenia. orythia—coenia. Heterochroa bredowii—Limenitis. californica—Limenitis bredowi eulalia—Limenitis bredowii. Kodiosoma lorquini—Basilarchia. I emonias anicia D.& H.) augusta (Edw.) baroni (Edw.) chalcedon (D.& H.) cooperi (Behr.) edetha (Boisd.) gabii (Behr.) hoffmani (Behr. macglashani (Riv.) nubigena (Behr.) palla (Boisd.) quino (Behr.) rubicunda (Edw.) whitneyi (Behr.) Liminitis bredowii (Hubn.) eulula—bredowii. lorquini—Basilarchia. Melitaea anicia—Lemonias.LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 27 augusta—Lemonias. zerena—Argynnis. baroni—Lemonias. Nymphalis lorquini—Basilarchia. campestris—Phyciodes pratensis. Papilio antiopa—Euvanessa. canace—Phyciodes picta. chalcedon—Lemonias. callina—Phpciodes mylitta. collina—Phycioides mylitta. cooperi—Lemonias. dwinelli—Lemonias chalcedon. editha—Lemonias. epula—Phycioides mylitta. gabii—Lemonias. gloriosa (undetermined), helcita—Lemonias hoffmani. hermes (undetermined), hoffmani—Lemonias. leanira—Thesalia. macglasiiani—Lemonias. montana—Phycioides. mylitta—Phycioides. nubigena—Lemonias. obliterata—Thesalia leanira. obsoleta—Thesalia leanira. orseis—Phycioides pratensis. palla—Lemonias. pratensis—Phycioides. pola—Phycioides whitneyi. pulchella—Phycioides mylitta. pulchella—Phycioides pratensis. ciuino—Lemonias. rubicunda—Lemonias. sonorae—Lemonias gabbi. thecla—Thesalia. theona—Thesalia. whitneyi—Lemonias. atlanta—Vanessa, cardui—Vanessa. , claudia—Euptoieta. hegesia—Euptoieta. huntera— Vanessa, vanillae—Agraulis. Phycioides canace—picta. hermas (not California.) montana (Behr.) mylitta (Edw.) orseis—pratensis. picta (Edw.) pratensis (Behr.) tharos (not California). Polygonia faunus (Edw.) interrigationis (not California). oreas (Edw.) rusticus—faunus. satyrus (Edw.) silenus—oreas. silvius (Edw.) zephyrus (Edw.) Pyrameis atlanta—Vanessa, cardui—Vanessa, carye—Vanessa, elymi—Vanessa cardui. huntera—Vanessa. Rhodocera lorquini—Basilarchia Thesalia leanira (Boisd.) thekla (Edw.) theona (Men.) wrightii (Edw.) wrightii—Thesal ia. Vanessa. 1758 cardui. atlanta: red band across front wings. 1775 huntera: two large eyespots beneath hind wings. 1806 carye: black band across cell of front wings. Vanessa antiopa—Euvanessa. milberti—Aglais. atlanta (Linn.) oreas—Polygonia. californica—Eugonia. rusticus—Polygonia faunus. cardui (Linn.) satyrus—Polygonia. carye Hueb. silvius—Polygonia. huntera (Fabr.) zephyrus—Polygonia. marsyas—Polygonia satyrus. AGAPETID/E. These butterflies have been called nymphs or satyrs and our commonest genus Coenonympha, ringlets. All of the species as far as known feed as larvae on grasses and sedges and when just hatched have very large heads, atlantus (Gr.) meadii (not California), baroni (not California). oetus (Boisd.) paulus (Edw.) Cercyonis alope (Fabr.)28 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS F r r 1 fen % : i „.JKm 4?/i v y /*/ ✓ « 7/ , ^ ^VV / #,,i /*t.*LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 29 stephani—Cercyonis. sthenele (Boisd.) sylvestris (Edw.) stephani (Wr.) wheeleri (Edw.) Chionobas californicus—CEneis neva- densis. chryxus—CEneis. galactinus—Coenonympha cal- ifornica. iduna--CEneis nevadensis. ivallda—CEneis chryxus. nevadensis—CEneis. Coenonympha brenda—ochracea. californica D.& H. eryngii—californica. galactina—californica. inornata (not California), ochracea Edw. panphilioides—pamphilius. pamphiiius (Linn.) pulla—californica. Hipparchia boopis—Cercyonis alope. sylvestris—Cercyonis oetus. Libythea bachmanii (not California.) carineta (not California). Neominois ridingsi (not California). Neonympha henshawi (not California), rubrica (not California). CEneis californica—nevadensis. chryxus (D.& H.) iduna—nevadensis. ivallda—chryxus. nevadensis (Feld.) macounii (eastern). Papilio alope—Cercyonis. pamphilius—Coenonympha. Sa4;yrus alope—Cercyonis alope. adriane—Cercyonis alope. atlantus—Cercyon is. baroni—Cercyonis alope. boopis Cercyone alope. californica—Coenonympha. charon—Cercyonis alope. nephele—Cercyonis alope. oetus—Cercyonis alope. paulis—Cercyone. silvestris—Cercyonis. sthenele—Ce rcy o n i s. wheeleri—Cercyonis. ITHOMIID/E. These are .southern forms only rarely reaching California. The food habits of very few are accurately known. Ceratinia lycaste—Dynothea. Mechanitis californica Reak. Dynothea lycaste (Fabr.) Papilio lycaste—Dynothea. Ithomia lycaste—Dynothea. Papilio lycaste—Dynothea. LYMNADID/E. The common well known milkweed butterfly sometimes called the monarch. Sometimes these butterflies assemble in dense swarms which when alighting on a tree almost hide the color of the leaves. Ancsia plexippus (Linn.) Danais archippus—Anosia plexippus. RIODINID/E. A small family closely allied to the Lycaenidae. Food habits unknown. Apodemia mormo—Chrysobia. Lemonias australis—Calephelis. Calephilis australis—(Edw.) mormo—Chrysobia. nemesis Edw. virgulti—Chrysobia. Charis australis—Calephelis. Nemeobius virgulti—Chrysobia. Chrysobia mormo (Feld.) LYC/ENID/E. The dainty little blue and copper colored butterflies constitute this family. Figure 20. (Opposite page.) A series of the commoner California butterflies.30 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS on oak; others are rather general feeders. The A number of species feed habits of very few are accurately known. Agriades podarce (Feld.) Atlides halesus (Cram.) Brephidium exilis (Boisd.) Callophrys apama (not California), dumetorum (Boisd.) Callipsyche behrii (Edw.) Chaiceria cupreus (Edw.) Chrysophanes americana (eastern) arota—Tharsalia. cupreus—Chaiceria. editha—Gaedes. fasciata (eastern), gorgon—Gaedes. helloides—Epidemia. hermes—Tharsalia. hypophleas (eastern), mariposa—Epidemia. virginiensis—Tharsalia. xanthoides—Gaeides. zerae—Epidemia. Cupido ardea (Edw.) clara (Edw.) dsedalus—icarioides. fulla (Edw.) heteronea (Boisd.) hilda Gr. icarioides (Boisd.) pheres (Boisd.) saepiolus (Boisd.) Cyaniris ladon Cram. pseudargoilus—ladon. Epidemia helloides (Boisd.) Everes amyntula (Boisd.) monica (Reak.) tejua (undetermined). Gaedes editha (Barnes), gorgon (Boisd.) xanthoides (Boisd.) Habrodias grunus (Boisd.) Helodes hypophlaeus (not California.) Hemiargus isola (not California). Hypauratus crysalus (Edw.) Incisalia angusta (eastern), eryphon (Boisd.) iroides (Boisd.) Leptotes mariana (Reak.) striata (Edw.) Lycaena acmon—Rusticus. amyntula—Everes. anna—Rusticus. antiacis—Nomiades. arota—Tharsalia. argyrotoxus—Rusticus anna. battoides—Rusticus. behrii—Nomiades antiacus. cajona—Rusticus anna. catalina—Phaedrotes sagittigera. cilia—Agriades. clara—Cupido. cupreus—Chaiceria. dcedalus—Cupido iraroides. echo—Cyaniris ladon. enoptes—Rusticus. erymus—Cupido icaroides. evius—Cupido pheres. exilis—Brephidium. fuliginosa—Satyrum. fulla—Cupido. helios—Cupido phileros. helloides—Epidemia. hermes—Tharsal ia. heteronea—Cupido. icaroides—Cupido. lotis—Rusticus. lupini—Rusticus shasta. lygdamus—Nomiades. maricopa—Icaroides. mariposa—Epidemia. marina—Leptotes. mertila—Nomiades antiacis. mintha—Cupido icaroides. monica—Everes. orbitulus (not California). orcus—Nomiades lygdamus. pardalis—Cupido icaroides. pheres—Coupido. philemon—Rusticus anna. phileros—Cupido. piasus—Cyanirus ladon. podarce—Agriades. polyphemus—Nomiades antiacis. pseudargoilus—Cyanirus ladon. regia—Philotes sonoriensis. rhaea—Phaedrotes sagittigera. rustica (not California) saepiolus—Cupido. sagittigera—Phaedrotes. scudderi (eastern). shasta—Rusticus. sonorensis—Phi lotes. speciosa—Phaedrotes. striata—Leptotes. tehama—Agriades podarce. Satyrium fuliginosa (Edw.)LEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 31 ardea—Cupido. Thanaos pernigra Gr. Strymon melinus—Oranotes. Tharsalia arota (Boisd.) hermes (Edw.) virginienssis (Edw.) Thecla acadica—californica. acis (eastern), adenostomatis Edw. angustus (eastern), auretorum Boisd. be iirii—Cal I i psyche, blendina (not California) californica Edw. chalcis Behr. crysalus—Hypaurotus. cygnus—californicus. dryope Edw. dumetorum—Callophrys. exolita—nelsonii. euryphor—Incisa lia. fuliginose—Satrium. fulvescens—saepium. grunus—Habrodias. halesus—Atlides. iiavia Beut. iroides—Incisalia. loki Sk. melinus—U ranotes. mirabile—iiavia. muiri—nelsonii. nelsonii Boisd pudica—Uranotes melinus. saepium Boisd. spadix Edw. spinetorum Boisd. sylvius Boisd. tacita Edw. tetra Behr. Uranotes alcestis (not California.) melinus (Hueb.) tejuna (undetermined), viaca—Phaedrotes sagittigera. xanthoides—Gaei des. xerxes—Nomiades. virginiensis—Tharsalia. Metura acis (eastern). Nomiades antiacis (Boisd.) lygdamus (Doub.) xerxes (Boisd.) Papilio halesinus—Atlides. Phaedrotes sagittigera (Feid.) speciosa (Edw.) Philotes sonorensis (Feld.) speciosa—Phaedrotes. Polymmatus amyntula—Everes. antaegon—Rusticus acmon. antiacis—Nomiades. arota—Tharsalia. enoptes—Rusticus. exilis—Brephidium. gorgon—Gaeides. helloides—Epidemia. heteronea—Cupido. hypophleas (eastern), icaroides—I ncisal ia. nivalis—Epidemia mariposa. pheres—Cupido. piasus—Cyaniris ladon. ssepialus—Cupido. xanthoides—Gaeides. xerxes—Nomiades. Rusticus acmon (D.& H.) anna (Edw.) battoides (Behr.) chlorina Skin, enoptes (Boisd.) lotis (Lintn.) neurona Skin, scudderi (eastern), shasta (Edw.) HESPERID>E. The small heavy bodied butterflies form this family. They are considered the nearest allied to the moths. Epargyreus feeds on Wistaria, Eudamus pylades on clover and other plants and Pholisora catulla on lambsquarter. Achalarus cellus (not California). Amblyscirtes aenus Edw. simius Edw. Anatojmis regularis Gr. Anchyloxypha arene (Edw.) numitor (not California). Anthomaster agricola (Boisd.) nemorum (Boisd.) pratincola (Boisd.) sylvanoides (Boisd.) verus (Edw.) Atalopedes campestris (Boisd.) Figure 21. (Opposite page.) A series of the commoner California butterflies.32 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS AY/yf>tfALf0AiLEPIDOPTERA — PAPILIONINA. 33 Prenes errans Skin. Pyrgus caespitalis—Hesperia, ericetorum. .Hesperia, petreius—Hesperia caespitalis. licara—Hesperia caespitalis. syrichtus—Hesperia, manden—Pamphilia palaemon. omaha—Potanthus dara. Cocceius pylades—Eudamus. Copaecdes arene—Ancyloxypha. eunus Edw. procris Edw. wrightii Edw. Epargyreus exadeus—Eudamus. tityrus (Fabr.) Erynnis cabelus Edw. Columbia—comma, comma (Linn.) juba—comma, manitoba comma, oregona—comma, ruricola—Atrytona. taxilis—Atrytona. Eudamus aemilea Skin. albofasciatus (not California), exadeus Cram, mexicana H. S. nevada—mexicana. pylades Scud. sympticius (not California), tityrus—Epargyreus. Euphyes verna (not California), vestris (Boisd.) Herperia agricola—Anthomaster. caespitalis (Boisd.) campestris—Hylephila. comma— E ry n n i s. ericetorum (Boisd.) melane—Phycanassa. nemorum—Anthomaster. pratincola—Anthomaster. sabuleti—Pol ites. ruricola—Atrytone. scriptura (Boisd.) sylvanoides—Anthomaster. sylvanus (European), syrithtus (Fabr.) tessellata Scud, vestris—Euphyes. Hylephila campestris—Atalopedes. morrisonii—Atalopedes. phylaeus (Drury.) Larema deva Edw. Leroda comus (not California). Limochroes cerna—manataaqua. manataaqua (Scud.) morrisonii (Edw.) Atrytone melane—Phycanassa. taxiles Edw. Calpodes rhena Edw. Carterocephalus arane—Anchyloxypha. californicus—Potanthus dara. tristis—Thanaos. Ochlodes agricola—Anthomaster. nemorum—Anthomaster. pratincola—Anthomaster. sylvanoides—Anthomaster. verus—Anthomaster. Pamphilia agricola—Anthomaster. aragos (not California), cabeus—Erynnis. californicus Wr. campestris—Anthomaster. chiapa Wr. Colorado—Erynnis comma. Columbia—Erynnis comma. comma—Erynnis. errans—Prenes. huron—Atalopedes campestris. idaho—Erynnis comma. juba—Erynnis comma. manataaqua—Limochroes. mandan (not California). manitoba—Erynnis comma. melane—Phycanassa. nemorum—Anthomaster. omaha (not California). oregona—Erynnis comma. osceola—vestris. palaemon Pall. pratincola—Anthomaster. phylaeus—Hylephila. ruricola—Atrytone. sabuleti—Polites. sylvanoides—Anthomaster. sylvanoides—Erynnis comma. sylvanus (European). taxilis—Atrytone verus—Anthomaster. vestris—Euphyes. yreka—Anthomaster nemorum. Papllio comma—Erynnis. phylaeus—Hylephila. syrichtus—Hesperia. Phoiisora alpheus Edw. catullus (Fabr.) libya Scud. Phycanassa melane (Edw.) Polites sabuleti (Boisd.) Potanthus dara (Kol.) californica—dara.34 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS phylace (Edw.) Nisioniades cervantes (European.) funeralis—Thanaos. propertius—Thanacs. tages (European), tesseilata—Hesperia, caespitalis—Hesperia. Syrichtus caespitalis—Hesperia, ericetorum—Hesperia, ruralis (not California), scriptura—Hesperia, tessellatus—Hesperia. Thanacs brizo B. & . cervantes (European), funeralis S. & A. . icelus (not California). I iIiuu Dyer. Juvenalis (not California.) persius (Scud.) propertius (Linn.) tages (European), tribuilus S. & B. tristir, Boisd. Thorybes aemilea—Eudamus. bathyllus (eastern), mexicana—Eudamus. nevada—Eudamus mexicana. py lades—Eudamus. Thymelious brettus (B. & L.) erynnioides Dyar. SPIIINGINA — Haivkmoths. Monograph:— Rothschild, Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae. SPHINGID /£. The sphinx moths include two important pests; the tobacco or tomato worm Protoparce and Pholus that attacks the grape and Ampelopsis. Other species of little economic importance are: Sphinx on willow, Pachysphinx on willow and poplar, Hyloicus on wild cherry, ash and privet, and Celario on portulaca and other weeds. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Hyloicus: markings on front wings longitudinal. Celario: veins white. Errinyis: no pale band across hind wings. Protoparce: front wings with cross bands. Sphinx: eye spots on hind wings.LEPIDOPTERA — SPHINGINA. 35 Arctonotus: bands in pairs. Pachysphinx: basal third of front wings pale. Euproserpinus and Proserpinus: with broad border on hind wings, the latter with base of hind wings red. Haemorrhagia: wings in part transparent. Anceryx ello—Erinnus. Arctonotus lucidus Boisd. Celerio intermedia (Kirby.) lineata (Fabr.) Chaerocampa procne (undetermined). Cryptopogon ophthalmicus—Sphynx cerasyi. Deilephila daucus—Celario lineata. grafii—Celario intermedia, intermedia—Celerio. lineata—Celario. Dilophonota ello—Erinnus. Erinnus ello (Linn:) Euproserpinus euterpe (Edw.) phaeton (G. & R.) Haemorrhagia senta (Stretch), thetis (Boisd.) Hemeris cyanoglossum—Haemorrhagia thetis. diffinis—Haemorrhagia senta. diffiinis—Haemorrhagia thetis. paipalis—Haemorrhagia thetis. rubens—Haemorrhagia senta. thetis—Haemorrhagia. thetis—Haemorrhagia senta. Hyloicus chersis (Hueb.) drupiferarum (S. & A.) lugens (Walk.) perelegans (Edw.) sequoiae (Boisd.) vancouverensis (Edw.) Lepisesia clarkiae—Proserpinus. ' phaeton—Euproserpinus. Lethia chersis—Hyloicus. Lintneria perelegans—Hyloicus. Macroglossa erata—Euproserpim phaeton. phaeton—Euproserpinus. senta—Haemorrhagia. thetis—Haemorrhagia. Pachysphynx modesta (Harr.) Philampelus achemon—Pholus. Pholus achemon (Drury). Proserpinus clarkiae (Boisd.) Protoparce quinquemaculata Haw. sexta Johan. Pteropogon clarkiae—Proserpinus. Sesia thetis—Haemorrhagia. Smerintaus imperator—Pachysphynx modesta. modesta—Pachysphynx. ophthalmicus—Hyloicus vancou- verensis. pallidulus—Hyloicus vancouver- ensis Sphynx achemon—Pholus. Carolina—Hyloicus. cerisyi Kirby, chersis—Hyloicus. drupiferarum—Hyloicus. ello—Erinnus. lineolata—Hyloicus. lugens—Hyloicus. modesta—Pachysphynx. oreodaphne—Hyloicus chersis. perelegans—Hyloicus. quinquemaculata—Protoparce. sequoiae—Hyloicus. strobi (not California), vancouverensis—Hyloicus. Triptopogon imperator—Pachysphynx modesta. modesta—Pachysphynx. occidentalis—Pachysphynx mo- desta. SATURNINA. SATURNIID/E. The Saturniidae include the largest moths. None are very injurious tho Telea feeds on many plants including fruit trees. Sarnia feedjs on Ceanothus. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Hemileuca. Saturnia: hind wings black. Telea: a small transparent spot36 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS on each wing. Samia: eye spot at tip of front wing. Saturnia: eye spot on middle of wing. Attacus ceanothi—Samia rubra, polyphemus—Telia. Calosaturnia mendocino—Saturnia. Dryocampa riversii (undetermined). Hemileuca artemis—nevadensis. californica—nevadensis. electa Wr. lucina—nevadensis. nevadensis Str. neumoegenii Edw. Platysamia californica—Samia rubra. Pseudohazis denudata—eleganterina. eleganterina (Boisd.) shastensis—eleganterina. Samia californica—rubra, ceanothi—r u b ra. euryalis—rubra, rubra Behr. Saturnia californica—Samia rubra, ceanothi—Samia rubra, eleganterina—Pseudohazis. denudata—Pseudohazis elegan- terina. mendocino Behrens. Telea ceanothi—Samia rubra. eleganterina—Pseudohazis. polyphemus (Cram.) B0MBYC1NA. SYNTOMID/E. Day flying moths with wings shaped somewhat like those of a wasp. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Ctenucha. Lycomorpha:: front wings red. Scepsis: small,spread of wings about 30 m.m. Apitosia multifaria—Ctenucha. Ctenucha brunnea (Stretch.) corvina—rubroscapus. harrisii (undetermined), luteoscapsis—multifaria. multifaria Walk, orthoscapsis—rubroscapus. robinsonii (undetermined). rubroscapus (Men.) Glaucopsis rubroscapus—Ctenucha. Lycomorpha fulgens Edw. fulvicollis (eastern). Scepsis gravis— wrightii. packardi Grote. wrightii Stretch. LITHOSIID/E. The moths of this family feed on lichens. Cisthene faustinula—111 ice. lacteata Stretch, lactea—Clemensia. 111 ice faustinula Boisd. nexa—lllica. nexa Boisd. Clemensia albata Pack ARCTIID/E. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsenae of the Monograph: —Hampson, British museum. Vol. III. /Emilia roseata (Walk.) Ammalo tenera (Hueb.) Antarctia proba—Diacrisia vagans. punctata—Diacrisia vagans. nevadensis—Apantesis. ornata—Apantesis. shastensis—Apantesis nevadensis simplicior—Apantesis ornata. rubra Diacrisia. Apantesis arge (Drury.) blakei (Grote). nevadensis (G. & R.). ornata (Pack.), proxima (Guer.).LEPIDOPTERA BOMBYCINA. 37 Arachnis aulsea (not California), picta (Pack.). Arclia achaia—Apantesis ornata. arge—Apantesis. blakei—Apantesis. bolanderi—Apantesis blakei. caia (Linn.). dahurica—Apantesis ornata. docta—Apantesis proxima. doris—Apantesis arge. edwardsii—Apantesis ornata. fuliginosa—Phragmatobia. geneura—Apantesis nevadensis. nerea—Apantesis. vagans—Diacrisia. Cycnia tenera—Ammalo. Diacrisia rubra (Neum.) vagans (Boisd.). virgincia (Fabr.). Ecpantheria deflorata (Fabr.) incarnata—Lerina. permaculata—T uruptiana. scribonia—deflorata. Epicallia guttata—Platyprepia virgin- alis. virginalis—Platyprepia. Euchaetes elegans—Pygarctia. sciurus—Ammalo tenera. scudderi—Parasemia plantaginis. yosemite—Ammalo tenera. virginalis—Platyprepia. «Bombyx acrese—Eustigmene. caia—Arcita. deflorata—Ecpantheria. plantaginis—Parasemia. virginica—Diacrisia. Callarctia ornata—Apantesis. Callimorpha lecontei—Haploa. Chelonia achaia—Apantesis ornata. proxima—Apantesis. sciurus—Isia isabella. virginalis—Platyprepia. Cordiosoma fulvum—Kodiosoma. nigrum—Kodiosoma fulva. Ctenucha harrissi—Pygoctenucha ter- minaiis. robinsonii—Lerina incarnata. Euprepia blakei—Apantesis. caia—A ret i a. Euschausia argentata (Pack.) Eustigmene acreae (Drury), albida (Strech). Eutrepia acajii—Arctia caia. Euverna clio (Pack.) Halisidota agassizii—maculata. alni—maculata. argentata—Euschausia. californica—maculata. edwardsii—Hemihyalea. maculata (Harr.) roseata—Aemilia. sobrina—Euschausia. euschansia—Argentata. Haploa lecontei (Boisd.)38 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Hemihyalea edwardsii (Pack.) Hyphantria textor Harr. I si a isabella (S. & A.) Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, eavesii—fulva. nigra—fulva. tricolor— fulva. Leptarctia albida—Eustigmene. albofascia—californiae boisduvalii—californiae californica Walk, decia—californiae dimidata—californiae. fulvo fasciata—californiae. lena—californiae. latifasciata—californiae. Lerina incarnata (Walk.) occidentalis—californiae. stretchii—californiae. Leucarctia acraea=—Eustigmene. albida—Eustigmene. californica—Isia isabella. isabella—Isia. permaculata—T uruptiana. Lophocampa maculata—Halisodota. Maenas vestalis (Pack.) Nemeopliila csespitalis Paasemia plantaginis. chicorii—Parasemia plantaginis. clio—Euverna. modesta—Parasemia plantaginis. petrosa—Parasemia plantaginis. rufula—Diacrisia vagans. Noctua arge—Apantesis. fuliginosa—Phragmatobia. Parasemia plantaginis (Linn.) Phoegoptera oinnamomea— Emilia roseata. quercus—Hemihyalea edwardsii. salacis—Halisidota maculata. Phalsena isabella—Isia. Phobolcsia reincarnata Dyar. Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linn.) vagans—Diacrisia. Platyprepia virginalis (Boisd.) Pygarctia elegans (Stretch). Pygoctenucha terminalis Walk. Seirarctia clio—Euverna. Spilosoma vestalis—Haploa lecontei. Turuptiana permaculata Pack. AGARISTID/E. A family of day flying moths with dark wings on which are large white or yellow spots. Alypia octomaculata feeds on grape and ampelopsis and A. mariposa on the flower buds of Clarkia elegans. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Alypia. Pseudalypia: hind wings unspotted. Alypoides: hind tibiae smooth scaled. Androlomia: costa swollen. Agarista dispaci—Alypia. lorquini—Androloma maccullo- gutatta—Alypia. chii. langtonii—Alypia. mariposa—Alypia. Alypia 1775 octomaculata. (65) 1864 ridingsii: (68) front tibiae not orange. 1865 langtoni: (68) octomaculata—markings of hind wings yellow. 1868 mariposa: ridingsii—white markings traversed by black veins, dipsaci: lang- toni—hind wing with yellow subdorsal spot. Alypia brannari—Androloma. conjuncta—Androloma maccul- lochii. dipsaci G. & P. gutatta (unidentified), langtonii Coup, lorquini—Androloma. mariposa (G. & R.). octomaculata (Fabr.). ridingsii (Grote). sacarmenti—langton i i. similis—Androloma maccullochii Alypoides bimaculata (H.S.) Androloma brannani (Stretch.) maccullochii (Kirby), similis—maccullochii. Pseudalypia crotchii Edw. Zygena octomaculata—Alypia. NOCTUID^E. The largest family of the order, including the cut worms which are generalLEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. feeders. The moths have a series of markings uniform enough to be of great value in classification, ana to have received a distinct nomenclature. A series of lines paralleling the outer margin are known as the subterminal, post- median and antemedian abbreviated to st. pm. and am. lines. Just behind the base of the cell there is a dark streak often present, lying at right angles to the lines and known as the basal streak. There are also three spots known claviform just behind the cell, orbicular within the cell and reniform at the tip of cell; the names indicating their usual shape. Monograph: Hampson Cat. Lep. Phal. British Mus. Vol.IV— Abagrotis erratica—Triphaena. Ablepharon absidum—Copablepharon. Acerra addenda— Momma. behrensiana—Xylomania. erythrolita—Xylomania. muricina (Oregon), mys—Momma, normalis—Perigrapha. plusiiformis (Colorado), pulchella—Perigrapha. transparens—Perigrapha. Aconitia angustipennis—Conaconia. areli—Tarache. arizoniae—Tarache elegantula. behrii—T arache. coquilletti—T arache. elegantula—Conochares, flavipennis—T arache. gonella Tarache. lucasi Tarache. Acronycta felina (Grote). frigida Smith, hesperina Smith, impleta Walk, lepusculina (eastern). Agrotis abnormalis—Tarachidia. abnormis—Euxoa. aeneipennis—Feltia. aequalis—Euxoa wilsonii. agrostis—Euxoa. albipennis—Euxoa. alticola—Euxoa. annexa—Feltia. apposita—Euxoa. atomarius—Euxoa. atrifera—Euxoa. auxiliaris—Euxoa agretis. bicollaris—Euxoa. brevipennis—Euxoa. brunneigera—Euxoa. carissima—T riphaena. lithospila Grote. lupina—Merolonche. mansueta Smith. .. marmorata Smith, othella Smith, pacifica Smith, perdita Grote. quadrata Grote. simplex—xylomania. spinea—Merolonche. Actinotia stewarti—Delta. Adelphagrotis apposita—Eurois. indeterminata— E u ro i s. quarta—Eurois. Admetovis oxymorus Grote. similis Barnes. Adonisea languida—Heliothis pulchri- pennis. pulchripennis—Heliothis. Aedophron pallens Smith. Agassizia urbicolor Behr. Agriopodes viridata (Harv.). Agroperina cogitata (Walk.). Agrophila tortricina Zell. The former a com- catenula—Porosagrotis. cicatrosa—Euxoa. cinereicollis Grote. clandestina—havi lae. Clemens Smith, cogitans—Euxoa choris colata—Euxoa. costata—T riphaena. crenulata—T riphaena. cupidissima—T ri phaena. discoidalis—Triphaena. divergens—Euxoa. erratica—T riphaena. emarginata—Triphaena formalis. euroides—Euxoa venusta. evanidalis—Feltia. Agrotis 1776 ypsilon. 1880 havilae: hind wings brown, mon cut worm.40 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS excellens—Euxoa. exsertistigmus—T riphaena. facula—Triphaena formalis. fauna—Euxoa. fenisica—Euxoa. formalis—T riphaena. friabilis—Euxoa. furtivus—Euxoa. fuscigera—Euxoa. gagates—Euxoa. gravis—Feltia. havilae Grote. hollemani—Euxoa. incallida—Euxoa. incivis—Peridromia. inelegans—Triphaena infimatis—Anomogyna. infelix—Euxoa excellens. innotabilis—Eurois indetermin- ata. insignata—Euxoa. intrita—Euxoa. introferens—Euxoa auxillaris. lacunosa—Euxoa. laetula—T riphaena. lagena—Euxoa. lutulenta—Euxoa. malefida—Feltia. mercenaria— Euxoa agrestis. messoria—Euxoa. micronyx—Euxoa. milleri—Feltia. mimallonis—Porosagrotis. nostra—Euxoa. observabilis—Triphaena exserti- stigma. orbis—Triphaena variata. oblata Morr. germana Edw. lithosina Edw. mera Harv. miona Smith, salicis arvalis. superba Edw. oblongistigma—Euxoa. pallidicollis—cinereicollis. perfusca—Euxoa. plagigera—Euxoa. punctigera—Euxoa. pyrophiloides—Noctua. quadridentata—Euxoa. quarta—Eurois. quinquelinea—Euxoa. radix—Polia. recula—Euxoa. rema—Euxoa. remota—Euxoa. rena—Euxoa. rosaria Grote. rufipectus—Triphaena. satis—Euxoa. segregata—Euxoa. sierrae How. serricornis—Euxoa. silens—Euxoa. specialis—Euxoa wilsoni. spectranda—Euxoa verticalis. tesselloides—Euxoa. vaucouveren§is—Feltia. variata—T riphaena. venerabilis—Feltia. verticalis—Euxoa. vorax—Homoncocnemis fortis. vernalis—Anomogyna. volubilis—Feltia. wilsoni—Euxoa. ypsilon Rott. Amathus bicolorago (Guen.) fornica (Smith;, purpurea (Grote). Amphipyra glabella (Morr.) pyramidoides Guen. Anarta kelloggi—Symphistis. mimuli Behr. Andropolia maxima (Dyar.) olorian (Grote). theodora (Grote). Annaphila amicula—decia. arvalis Edw. aurantiaca—I ncita. danistica Grote. casta Edw. decia Grote. depicta Grote. diva Grote. divinula Edw. domina Edw. Anomogyna 1S79 vernilis. 1880 infimitalis: front wings tinged with rufus. Anomogyna infimatis (Grote.) Antaplaga koebelei Ril. vernilis (Grote). Anytus 1857 privata. 1888 evelina: front wings dark. The latter feeds on Lupines and Ribes.LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 41 Anytus evalina (French.) privata (Walk.), sculptus—privata. Apamea cogitata—Agroperina. lunata Smith, nictitans (Linn.). Apatela felina—Acronycta. frigida—Acronycta. hesperida—Acronycta. impleta—Acronycta. lepusculina (eastern) lupina—Merolonche. mansueta—Acronycta. marmorata—Acronycta. pacifica—Acronycta. perdita—Acronycta. quadrata—Acronycta. spinea—Merolonche. theodori—Andropol ia. Aporophila yosemitae Grote. Archenaria alameda (Smith.) Arisolonche albovenossa (Goez.) Arthrochlora feburalis—Monophana. Aspila subflexa—Chloridia virescens. Athetis drasteroides (Smith.) Atethmia canescens—Calymnia oriha. Auchmis confusa—Morrisonia. Autographa albavitta Ott. biloba Steph. brassica (RiI.). falcigera Kirby, gamma (Linn.), labrosa (Grote). ou (Guen.). pasiphseia Grote. Axenus amplus— arvalis. arvalis (Grote). ochraceus— arvalis. Balsa albopunctella Walk. Behrensia conchiformis Grote. Bolina cinis (undetermined.) badeniformis (unidentified), jucunde (unidentified). Bombycia curvifascia (Smith.) elda (French.) Bombyx odora—Erebus. Bomolocha incusalis—Pleonectyptera. Brachylomia rectifascia (Smith.) Bryomima fallax (Smith.) Bryophila fascia (Smith.) viridata—Agriopodes. Cabaloides franciscana (Smith.) Cabalos franciscanus—Cabaloides. Caenurgia adversa (Grote.) Calymnia orina (Guen.) Capnodes californica Behr. Caradrina drasteroides—Athetis. exigua Huebn. extimia Athetis. flavimacula—Laphygma. glabella—Amphipyra. leucorena Namangana. miranda Proxenus. Carneades—Euxoa. Catocala adromache Edw. adulterata (not authentic), aholibah Stretch, aspasia Stretch, augusta—aspasia. californica Edw. Cleopatra—cal iforn ica. electilis—californica. faustina Stretch, francesca—mariana. fratercula G & R. hermia Edw. hippolytia Edw. ilia (Cram), irene—californica. jessica Edw. junctura (eastern), mariana Edw. marmorata Edw. perd i ta—fa u st i n a. portia—stretch ii. relicta Walk, stretchii Behr. verilliana Grote. virgilia—irene. volumina—i rene. zoe—ilia. Cea cirphidia Ham. Cerapoda oblita (Grote.) C lsena contrahens—Eriopyge. Cerma fascia—Bryophila. olivacea Sm. Chabulata fistula (Harv.) Charadra decora Morr. extimia Walk, miranda Grote. Cheophora blanda—Mythimna. Chloridea 1781 virescens. 1827 armigera: front wings without oblique am. m. and pm. lines. 1867 phloxiphaga: hind wings with large black discoidal spot. The corn worm, armigera, is a great pest on sweet corn and tomatoes42 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS virescens feeds on solenaceae and phloxiphaga on Grindelia: ' Chloridea armigera (Hueb.) Chorizagrotis agrestis—Euxoa. phloxiphaga (G. & R.). auxiliaris—Euxoa. subflexa virescens. introferens—Euxoa auxiliaris. virescens Fabr. Chytonix parvimacula Smith. Cirphis 1809 unipuncta. 1852 insueta (79 81) no white spot at lower angle of cell. 1879 dia: insueta—front wings not tinged with red. 1881 farcta: (02) insueta—abdomen not reddish beneath. 1902 palliseca: farcta—blackish bands on tibial spur. C. unicolor is the army worm, perhaps the most injur- ious member of the family. Feeds largely on alfalfa, often migrates into vineyards after cutting. Cirphis dia. (Grote.) farcta (Grote). insueta (Guen.) palliseca (Smith). Cirrhobolina mexicana (Edw.) tetrica (Edw.). Cissura biformata (Edw.) scropulosa (Edw.) subtermina (Sm.). Cleoceris curvifascia—Bombycia. alda—Bombycia. rectifascia—Brachylomia. Cleophan?, eulepis—Copicucullia. occata—Oncocnemis Cobaloides angelicus Smith, franciscanus Smith. Conacontia angustipennis (Grote.) Conochares altera (Smith.) elegantula (Harv.). interrupta Smith. Copablephron absidium (Harv.) Copibryophila angelica Smith. Copicucullia eulepis (Grote.) Cosmia orina—Calypinia. sambuci—Zotheca tranquila. Cradrina drasteroides—Athetis.. Crimona pallimedia Smith. Cucullia serraticornis Lint, solidaginis Behr. Cyathissa pallida—Emarginea. Dargidia procinctus—Hadena. Delta stewarti (Grote.) Deva palligera—Panchrysa. Dianthsecia insolens—Polia. leucogramma—Po I i a. refula—Eriopyge. Dicestra chartarina (Grote). Dicopis damnalis—Eutolype. Drasteria caerulea Grote. Dryobata apina—Dryotype. curvifascia—Bombycia. elda—Bombycia. rectifascia—Brachylomia. Dryotype apina (Grote.) Dysocnemis prorupta (Grote.) oregonica (Edw.). Emarginea pallida (Smith.) Epia minorata (Smith.) Eplzeuxis lubricalis (Geyer.) Erebus odora (Linn.) Eremobia unicincta (Smith.) Eriopyge 1860 contrahens. (87) 1874 puerilis: front wings tinged with pur- plish red. rufula: front wings purplish red. 1879 perbrunnea: rufula—orbicu- very indistinct. 1887 irrorata: male with long downturned hair on under side of front wings. 1890 curta: antennae of male bipectinate. 1905 affructa: pm. line outcurved to vein 4 and then incurved. Eriopyge affructa Ham. contrahens (Walk.), curtica (Smith), irorata (Smith), perbrunnea (Grote). puerilis (Grote). rufula (Grote). Eurois 1865 indeterminata. 1878 streak. Eudryas brevipennis Stretch. Euharveya carbonaria Harv. Euherrichia cervina—Protophana. Eumestleta carmelita Morr. daria (Druce). Euplexia lucipara (Linn.) Eupsephopaectes procinctus—Hadena. apposita: front wings without black basalLEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 43 Eurois apposita (Grote.) penita—includens. indeterminata (Walk.). Euthisanotia brevipennis—Eudryas. pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica. Eutolype dramalis (Grote.) quarta (Grote.) perscripta—Lepipolis. Euros proprius—Symphistis. Eutricopsis naxilis Morr. Eustrotia Includens (Walk.) Euxoa 1841 messoria. (65 74 75 78) 1856 insignata: (74 75 90)front wings not densely irrorate with dark, divergens: (65 78 90 91 00) front wings with cell dark between stigmata. 1865 vetusta: (76) divergens— front without black basal dash, septentri- onal is: messoria—front wings with well defined series of dark dentate marks before st. line, punctigera: (74 75 83 87 90) messoria— front wings without median shade, quadridentata: (74 76) veins 3, 4, 6 and 7 of front wings de- fined by pale streaks strongly indenting the st. line, cicatrosa: quadridenta- ta— front wings with stigma and submedian fascia clear yellow. 1873 auxillaris: antennae of male not strongly serrate and fasciculate. 1874 fuscigera: insignata—hind wings not wholly tinged with brown, in- trita (75) messoria— front wings dark brown, hollemani (78) punctigera— tegulae with prominent median band or shade, plagigera (87) quadridentata hind wings wholly suffused with brown. 1875 brunnigera (90) insignata—orbicular and reniform withoud dark cen- ters. friabilis: intrita—hind wings almost entirely white in the male, feni- punctigera—front wings reddish brown. 1876 satis: (77 80 81 90) vetusta—hind wings entirely suffused with brown, fauna: insignata—front wings with lines indistinct, recula: quadridentata: orbicular v-shaped, open above. 1877 albipennis: satis—hind wing of male white with brown terminal line, of female wholly suffused with brown. 1878 atrifera: (80) divergens—hind wing of male whitish, terminal area suffused with brown, micronyx (90) messoria—hind wings nearly entirely suffused with brown, bicollaris: (00) hollemani—orbocular and reniform not confluent. 1880 tesselloides (00) atrifera—ground color of front wings grey, verticalis: satis—hind wings of both sexes white, terminal areas tinged with brown. 1881 col lata: (00) satis—orbicular open above, 1883 perfusca: punctigera—stigmata defined by blackish. 1887 serricornis: punctigera—front wings rufus, without dark irrorations. oblongistigma: plagigera—front wings with cell suffused with black, brevi- pennis (94) quadridentata—orbicular oblong. 1890 furtiva: (00) divergens—orbicular v-shaped. intrusa: satis—front wings with cell prominently black, nostra: satis—front wing with terminal area blackish, rena: satis—no dark band on tegula. incallida: brunnigera— front wings brownish grey, lutulenta: insignata—median shade prominent, quinquelineata: micronyx—claviform not well defined, remota: (00) punc- tigera—front wings with ground color grey.44 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS 1891 fusimacula: divergens—front wings with reniform confluent or nearly so with orbicular. 1894 segregata: brevipennis—front wings tinged with reddish brown. 1900 compressipennis: divergens—ground color of front wings reddish brown. Caesia: divergens—no white streak on median vein of front wing, silenis: tesselloides—lines about obsolete, laminis: tesseliodes—tegulse rufus at base, vanidica: furtiva—front wing with oblique yellow streakfrom end of claviform. noctuiformis: collata—front wings brown, tocoyae: feniseca— front wings yellow suffused with brick red. relaxa: feniseca—front wings pale fuscous tinged with rufous, naevula: remota— front wings without rufous tint, fulda: naevula—front wing with terminal area dark, lova: bi- collaris—front wings not brown, nevada: hollenmani—front wings with costal area concolorous. Euxoa abnormis (Smith.) acutifrons (Smith), agrestis (Grote). albipennis (Grote). alticola (Smith), atomaris (Smith), atrifer Grote auxiliaris (Grote). bicollaris Grote. bifirmata Smith, brevipennis (Smith), brunniegera (Grote). caecius (Smith), choris (Smith), cicatrosa (Grote). cinereopallida Smith, cogitans (Smith), coiata Grote. compressipennis (Smith), divergens (Walk.), excellens (Grote). fauna (Morr.). feniseca (Harv.). flutea Smith, friabilis (Grote). fulda (Smith;, furtiva (Smith), fuscigera Grote. fusimacula Smith, gagates (Grote). henrietta (Smith), hollemani (Grote). incallida (Smith), incubita (Smith), insignata (Walk.), insulsa—messoria. intrita Mor. Feltia 1825 annexa. intrusa (Smith), lacunosa (Grote). lagena (Grote). laminis (Smith), loya (Smith), lutulenta (Smith), messoria (Harr.), micronyx (Grote). nasvula (Smith), nevada (Smith), noctuiformis (Smith), nostra (Smith), oblongistigma (Smith), perexcellens—excellens. perfusca (Grote). plagigera (Morr.). punctigera Walk, quadridentata (G. & R.) quinquelinea (Smith), recula (Harv.). relaxus (Smith), remota (Smith), rena (Smith), satis Harv. segregata (Smith), selenis (Smith) septentrionalis (Walk.), serricornis (Smith), silens Grote. spectanda—vertical is. tesselloides Grote. tocoyae (Smith), vanidica (Smith), verticalis (Grote). vestuta Walk, wilsonii (Grote). Fala phycophora Grote. (56) claviform filled in with (73 78) 1852 maleflda:LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 45 malefida—hind wings brown. 1873 vancouverensis: 1874 gravis: vancouverensis— head dark, indistinct. 1875 milleri: vancouveren- 1876 aeneipennis: volubilis—front wings without 1878 evanidalis: annexa—orbicular v-shaped black. 1856 venerabilis: (74 75) annexa—hind wings brown, volubilis: (76) vancouverensis—lines sis—head not ferruginous, dark streak beyond the reniform. Feltia aeneipennis (Grote.) annexa (Triet.). evanidalis (Grote). gravis (Grote). malefida (Guen.). milleri (Grote). vancouverensis (Grote). venerabilis (Walk.), volubilis (Harv.). Feralia feburalis—Moniphana. Fruva acerba—Tarache. modesta Edw. Galgula partita Guen. Glser. olivata—Psectraglaea Gortyna albilunata—Apamea lunata. nictitans—Apamea. obliqua—Hydroecia. sawzalitse—Ochria. Graeparia megocula (Smith.) Graphiphora arthrolita—Monima. behrensiana—Xylomania. curtica—Eriopyge. erythrolita—Xylomania. furfurata—Eriopyge affurata. muricina (Colorado), normalis—Perigrapha. pacifica—Monima. pectinata—Perigrapha. perbrunnea—Eriopyge. prseses—Perigrapha. puerilis—Eriopyge. pulohella—Perigrapha. rubica—Xylomania. terminata—Perigraph*. Graptolita contenta (Grote.) dilatocula (Smith), gausapata (Grote). oregonensis (Harv.) puella (Smith). Gyros muirii (Edw.) Hadena adnixa—Tarache. albina—Parasticta. antennata—Parastichtis. binotata—T rachea. castanea—Parastichtis arctica. catalina—Tarache. centralis—T rachea. cinefacta—T rachea. cogitata—Agroperina. cuculiformis—Parastichtis. curvata—Trachea binotata. cymosa—Porastichtis castanea. devastatrix—Sidemia. didonea—Xylomania. divesta—T rachea. evelina—Anytus. ethnica—T rachea. fumcola—T rachea. genetrix—T rachea. genialis—Parastichtis. glorina—Polia. inconspicua—Trachea paviae. indirecta—T rachea. laevigata—Oligia. mariana—T rachea. mustelina—T rachea. occidens—Parastichtis. olorina—Andropolia. pausis—T rachea. pavia—T rachea. pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica. procincta (Grote). rectifascia—Cleoceris. relicina—Parastichtis. stricta—Polia. susquesa—T rachea. tusa—Trachea. unicnicta— Eremobia. violacea—Oligia. Hecatera laudabilis—Polia. Hagena cuculliformis—Parastichtis. Helia occidentalis—Epizreuxis lubri- calis. Heliaca diminutiva—Heliothodes. nexilis—Eutricopsis. ranunculi—Xanthothrix. Heliodes angelica Smith. restrictalis—Microhelia. Heliosea pictipennis Grote. Heliolonche modicella Grote. Heliophana amaryiis Smith. Heliophila dia.—Cirphis. farcta—Cirphis. heteradoxa—Cirphis insueta. megadia—Cirphis dia. minorata—Leucania. oxygale—Leucania. palliseca—Cirphis. unipuncta—Cirphis. Heliosea pictipennis (Grote.)46 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Heliothis armiger—Chloridia. californica—sueta. celeris (Grote). crotchii—Schinia cupes. diminutiva—Heliothodes. graefiana (Tep.) lanul—Schinia. pulchripennis (Grote). phlogophagus—Chloridia phlox- iphaga. proruptus—Dysocnemis. sueta (Grote). vacciniae (Edw.) villosa (Grote). Heliothodes diminutivus (Grote.) fasciata (Edw.). Herrichia cervina—Protophana. Heterogramma palligera—Tetanolita. Himella furfurata—Eriopyge affurata. Homoglaea californica (Smith, carbonaria (Harv.). Homobadena chorda—Oncocnemis. deserta—Litocala sexsignata. elda—Bombycia. Lasionycta 1879 arietis. 1880 defessa: Lasionycta arietis (Grote.) ochracea (Grote). Leucania dia—Cirphis. farcta—Cirphis. henrici—Simyra. heterodoca—Cirphis insueta. figurat?. Oncocnemis. fortis—Homococnemis. picina—Homococnemis fortis. Homoncocnemis fortis (Grote.) Homoptera salicis—PHaecyma. rosse—Phaecyma salicis. rubi—Phaecyma. Hoplolythra discistriga (Smith.) Hydroecia albilunata—Apamea lunata. angelica—Papaipema. lunata—Apamea. obliqua (Harv.). pacifica—Apamea nictitans. Hypena californica Behr. decorata—californica. modesta Smith. Hyssia niveoguttata (Grote.) rncita aurantiacus (Edw.) Ingura cristatrix—Paectes. declinata—Poectes. Jaspidia viridata—Agriopodes. Laphrygma flavimaculata Harv. Lepipolys perscripta Guen. behrensi (Grote). claviform well developed, minorata Smith, oxygata (Grote.) pallens (Linn.), unipuncta—Cirphis. Leucanitis adumbrata—Syneda. Leucania 1758 pallens. 1881 oxygala: hind wings uniformly tinged with fuscous. 1894 minorata: front wing with fuscous shade below median vein. Perigonica 1890 angulata. 1902 tertia: male antennae bipectinate. edwardsii—Syneda. maculosa—Syneda. nubicula—Syneda. ochracea—Syneda. stretchii—Syneda howlandii. socia—Syneda. tejonica—Syneda. Litholomia napaea (Morr.) Lycophonta 1809 margarintosa. 1852 lubricans’: radiola: lubricans—front wings not reddish. Lithophano carbonaria—Homoglaea. contenta—Graptol itha. gausapata—Graptol itha. oregonensis—Graptol itha. Lithocala sexsignata Harv. Litosea aaversa—Ccenurgia. Luperina posticata (Harv.) (03) reniform small. 1903 Lycophontia lubricans (Guen.) margaritosa (Harv.) Lygranthoecia 1864 mortua. 1893 i Lygranthaecia intrabilis (Smith.) mortua (Grote). s at u rata—Sch i n ia. Lythrodes discistriga—Hoplolythra. Mamestra albogutta—Polia. radiola Ham. 11 is: hind wings orange, anetis—Lasionycta. binotata—Trachea, cinnebarina—Polia stricta. chartaria—Discestra. circumcincta—Polia stricta.LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 47 comis—Polia olivacea. crotchii—Polia. cuneata—Polia. davena—Polia olivacea. defessa—Scotogramma. dimmocki—Polia radix, discalis—Polia. incolens—Polia. insulsa—Euxoa messoria. invalida—Polia. laudabilis—Polia. lepidula—Polia. leucogramma—Polia. minorata—Epia. nevadae—Polia. niveiguttata—Hyssia. noverca—Polia. olivacea—Polia. passa—Polia. pensilis—Polia. puerilis—Eriopyge. punctigera—Euxoa. quadrata—Polia. quadrillineata—Pol ia radix—Polia. rectilinea—Polia olivacea. rubrica—Xylomania. septentrionalis—Euxoa. stricta—Polia. subapicalis—Xylomania perlub- ens. trilolii—Scotogramma. unipuncta—Cirphis. u-scripta—T richoclea. ventusta—Euxoa. vicina—Polia. Melanoporphyria prorupta Grote. Melichleptria californiensis—Heliothis sueta. celeris—Heliothis. fasciata—Heliothodes. oregonica—Dysocnemis. graefiana—Heliothis. perminuta—Pseudotamilia. prorupta—Melanoporphyria. pulchripennis—Heliothis. sueta—Heliothis. vacciniae—Heliothis. villosa—Heliothis. Meliopotis bolino—jucunda. cinis—jucunda. hadeniformis—jucunda. jucunda (Hubn.). Merolonche lupina (Grote). ursina S. & D. spinea (Grote). Metalepsis cornuta (Grote). Microhelia restrictalis (Smith). Miodera stigmata Smith. pacifica: Monima 1820 addenda. 1874 arthrolita: male antennae fasciculate. arthrolita—st. line pale. 1902 nys: Monima addenda (Smith), arthrolita (Harv.). mys (Dyar). pacifica (Harv.). Monophana februalis (Grote.) Morrisonia confusa (Hubn.). peractua Morr. Mythimna blanda (Grote). Namangana alfceni (Grote). leucorena (Smith). Nephelodes mimians Guen. Nocloca nesaea (Smith) rivulosa Smith. Noctua armigera—Chloridia. albovenosa—Arsilonche. clemens—Agrotis. gamma—Autographa. havilae—Agrotis. lucipara—Euxplexia. lubricans—Lycophotia. margaritosa—Lycophotia. nictitans—Apamea. oblata—Agrotis. male antennae bipectinate. odora—Erebus, pallens—Leucania. pallidicornis—Agrotis cinnerei col I is. pyrophiloides Harv. rosaria—Agrotis. saucia—Peridromia. virescens—Chloridea. sierrae—Agrotis. Nonagria alameda—Archenaria. Ochria sauzaelitae Grote. Oligia laevigata (Smith), violacea (Grote). Omia nesaea—Nocloa. Oncocnemis albifasciatus Ham. aqualis (Grote). aterrima—Pseudocontia. angustata Harv. behrensi—Lepipolis. chorda (Grote). corusca Smith, exemplaris (Smith), fasciatus—albifasciatus.48 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS figurata Ham. fortis—Homoncocnemis. fragmantis Smith, gracillinea—Oxycnemis. hayesi Grote. major Grote. menantho Smith, mirificalis Grote. oblita—Cerapoda. occata (Grote). pophono Smith. Orrhodia californica—Homoglaea. irrorata—Eriopyge. Orthodes puerilis—Eriopyge. Orthosia bicolorago—Amathes. formica—Amathes. hamifera—Perigrapha transpar ens. posticata—Luperina. purpurea—Amathes. Oxycnesis fusimacula (Smith), gracillinea (Grote). yum a—gracillinea. Pachnobia cinerascens (Smith). Perigrapha 1876 pulchella (87) 1879 cornuta—Metalepsis. Paectes cristatrix (Guen.). declinata (Grote). Palada scarletina Smith. Panthea portlandia Grote. Panchrysa palligera (Grote). Papaipema angelica (Smith). Paragrotis (Euxoa). Parastichtis albina (Grote). antennata (Smith), arctica (Boisd.). castanea (Grote). cuculliformis (Grote). genialis (Grote). occidens (Grote). relicina (Morr.). Peridromia demutabilis (Smith), incivis (Guen.). saucia (Hubn.). Perigea alfkenii—Namangana. falsa—Bryomima. mersa (Morr.). Perigonica angulata Smith, tertia Dy r. praeses (81) antennae of male fasciculate. 1881 transparens: praeses—inner margin of front wing crimson. 1887 termin- ata: pulchella—orbicular absent, pectinata: terminata—postmedian area of front wings concolorous. 1891 prima: antennae bipectinate in both sexes. 1894 normalis: reniform and orbicular confluent. Perigrapha behrensiana—Xylomania, inferior—Stretchia. muricina (Oregon), normalis (Grote). pectinata (Smith), praeses (Grote). prima Smith, pulchella Harv. terminata (Smith), transparens (Grote). Phaecocyma salacis (Behr.). tertia Dyer. Phalaena devastatrix—Sidemia. Phalsena devastatrix—Sidemia. Phaecocyma salacis (Behr.) rosae—salacis. rubi (Edw.). Phoberia indiscreta (Edw.). ilia—Catocala. Phobolosia resincarineta Dyar. Pleonectopoda—Euxoa. Pleonectyptera finitima Smith, incusalis Grote secundatis Grote. subflavidalis Grote. Pleroma cinerea Smith, obliquata Smith. Pleuronectyptera finitima Smith. Plusia brassica—Autographa. californica—Autographa gamma. gamma—Autographa. labrosa—Autographa. lenzi—metallica. metallica Grote. ou—Autographa. russea—Autographa gramma. Podagra crassipes Smith Polia 1852 laudibilis. (65 73) 1856 radix: (91) st. line dentate on veins 3 and 4 forming a distinct w-mark. 1865 stricta: (74) laudabilis—front wing with tip of median vein streaked with white.LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 49 1873 quadrilineata (77) laudabilis— ground color of front wings grey white, cuneata: (74 93) laudabilis—reniform large, kidney-shaped, leucogramma: (74 77 87) antennae of nale fasciculate. 1874 olivacea: stricta—front wings not reddish brown, pensilis: (05) clavi- lorm extending well below the cell. passa (76) prothorax with a divided crest, insolens: (05) leucogramma—front wing not reddish. 1876 nevadae: (00) passa—front wings with distinct w-mark. 1877 alboguttata: quadrilineata—am. and pm lines not approximate behind, discalis (50) leucogramma—prothorax with divided crest. 1878 noverica: vicina—reniform U-shaped. 1880 crotchi: discalis—front wings tinged with brown. 1887 lepidula: leucogramma—pm.line incurved below vein five. 1891 quadrata: radix—front front wings without black basal streak. 1893 densa: cuneata—ground color of front wings yellowish brown. 1900 invalida: nevadae—front wings with am. and pm. lines conjoined by a black streak in submedian fold. 1905 stenotis: pensilis—ground color of front wings white. canites: insolens—ground color of front wings yellowish brown. Polia alboguttata (Grote). canites Ham. crctchii (Grote). cuneata (Smith), densa (Smith), dicalis (Grote). insolens (Grote). invalida (Smith), laudabilis (Guen.). lepidula (Smith), leucogramma (Grote). maxima—Andropolia. nevadae (Grote). noverica (Grote). Porosagrotis 1873 mimallonis. 1879 catenula: of spots. Porcsagratis catenula (Grote). milled Feltia. mimallonis (Grote). Pronoctua pyrophiloides Harv. Prodenia ornithogali Guen. praefica Grote. Prctophana cervina (Edw.). Pseudotamilia 1798 vaifella. 1881 on hind wings. Pseudotamila perminuta Edw. vanella Grote. Pyrocleptria californica Ham. Pyrophila glabella—Amphipyra. Pyrrhia umbria Hubn. Rancora matricaria—Cucullia serrati- cornis. olivacea (Morr.). olorina—Andropolia passa (Morr.). pensilis (Grote). privata—Anytus. quadrata (Smith), qiadrilinea (Grote). radix (Walk.), stenotis Ham. stricta (Walk.) theodori—Andropolia. vicina (Grote). Polia olorina (Grote). theodori (Grote). pm. line reduced to a series Proxenus miranda (Grote) Psectraglaea olivata (Harv.). Pseudoglsea blanda—Mythimna. Pseudoglossa decepta—Mythimna blanda. Pseudoglossa lubricalis—Epizeuxis. Pseudorthosia variabilis Grote. perminuta: no antemedian whitish band solidaginis—Cucullia. Raphia Cinderella Smith, coloradensis Put. pallula—coloradensis. Rhizagrotis abnormis (Smith). lagena (Grote). Rhodosia julia—Timora.50 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Rhynchagrotis (Triphaena). Rhynchagrotis carissima (Harv.). costata (Grote). crenulata (Smith), cupidissima (Grote). exsertistigma (Morr.). Schinia 1852 arcigera. 1874 saturata 1875 cupes: (77) saturata—front formalis (Grote). inelegans (Smith), laetula (Grote). rufipectus (Morr.). trigona Smith, variata Grote. : ground color of hind wings white, yellowish white. 1877 lanul: cupes— markings of front wings not reddish. Schinia arctifera Guen. buta Smith, cupes (Grote). intrabilis—Lygranthoecia. lanul Str. ligeae—Thy reion. Scotogramma 1776 trifolii. 1880 dt ochreifuascia—lanul. packardii—Lygranthoecia mortua saturata (Grote). velaris—lanul. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn.) Scopelosoma napaea—Litholomia. jssa: no distinct w-mark on st. line, Former species feeds on Chenopodium and Atriplex. Scotogramma defessa (Grote). densa—Polia. trifolii (Rot.) Segetia mersa—Perigea. Setagrotis dernarius Smith, infimatis—Anomogyna. radiatus—Lycophotia radiola. Sidemia devastatrix Brace. Simyra henrici (Grote). Sprogueia, fumata—Tarachidia. vernalis—Anomogyna. Stibadium fulignosa Stiria. hutsoni—Stiria. Stiria fulignosa (Smith), hutsoni (Smith). Stretchia addenda—Monima. behrensiana—Xylomania. erythrolita—Xylomania inferior (Smith), normalis—Perigrapha mys—Monima. plusiiformis (Colorado), pulchella—Perigrapha. transparens—Perigrapha. Stylopoda cephalica Smith. Symphistis kelloggi (Edw.). propius Edw. Synedoida biformata—Cissura. scrupulosa—Cissura. subtermina—C i ssu ra. Syneda adumbrata Behr. divergens Behr. edwardsii Behr. hadeniformis—Melipotis jucun da. hastingsii Edw. howlandii Grote. macculosa Behr. mexicana—Cirrhobolina. nubicola Behr. ochracea Behr. perpallida—hastingsii. socia Behr. stretchii—howlandii. tejonica Behr. Taeniocampa addenda—Monima. arthrolita—Graphiphora. carina—Polia insolens. curtica—Eriopyge furfurata—Eriopyge affurata. pacifica—Monima. Taenicampi pavias—Trachea, pectinata—Perigrapha. perbrunea—Eriopyge. praeses—Perigrapha. puerilis—Eriopyge. pulchella—Perigrapha. rufula—Eriopyge. terminata—Perigrapha. Tamila vanella—Pseudotamila. velaris—Schinia lanul. T arache angustipennis—Conacontia. acerba (Edw.). areli (Stretch), behrii (Smith), candefacta—T arachidia. coquilletti (Smith), elegantula—Conochares, flavipennis (Grote). gonella (Stretch), lucasi (Smith), niveicollis Smith, semiopaca—Conochares elegant-LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 51 ula. Tarachidia candefacta (Hubn.). fumata (Smith), tortricina (Zell.). Tetanolita palligera (Smith). Thalpocharea arizonse—Conochares el- egantula. elegantula—Conochares, daria—Eumestleta. Therasea angustipennis—Conacontia. Thyreion ligeae (Smith). Timora julia (Grote). Tornacontia altera—Conochares. Tornacontia megocula—Graeperia. paviae (Behr.). Trichoclea 1887 edwardsi. 1871 antica: Trachea adnixa (Grote). birotata (Walk.), catalina (Smith), centralis (Smith), cinefacta (Grote.) divesta (Grote). ethnica (Smith), fumeola Ham. genetrix (Grote). indirecta (Grote). marina (Grote). mustelina (Smith), pausis (Smith), tusa (Grote). terminal band of hind wing no deep fuscous. U-scripta: am. line absent. Trichoclea antica Smith, edwardsii Smith, postica (Colorado), u-scripta (Smith). Tricholita fistula—Chabultat. Trichosellus cupes Grote. Trichotarche assimilis Grote Triocnemis saporis Grote. Triphaena carissima (Harv.). costata (Grote). crenulata (Smith). Ufeus 1873 plicata. 1883 sagit&ria: cupidissima Grote. discoidalis (Grote). exsertistigma (Morr.) erratica (Smith), formalis (Grote). inelegans (Smith), laetula (Grote). meta (Smith), rufipectus (Morr.). variata (Grote). Tristyla alboplagiata Grote. lines obsolete. Ufeus plicatus Grote. Sagittarius Grote. Ulolonche niveiguttata—Hyssia. Veleria opina Grote. Xanthia bicoloraga— Amathes. palascea Eesp. Xanthothrix neumoegeni Edw. ranunculi Edw. Xylina amanda Smith. carbonaria (Harv.). contenta—Graptolitha. dilatocula—Graptolitha. i ndeterminata—E u rosi s. infructosa—Morrisonia confusa.. oregonensis—Graptol itha. torrida Smith. Xylomania behrensiana (Grote). Xylomania 1865 simplex. 1873 cu curialis (Grote). hiemalis (Grote). patelis (Grote). perlubens (Grote). rubrica (Harv.). simplex (Walk.). Xylomiges cruciles—Xylomania sim- plex. curialis—Xylomania. hiemalis—Xylomania. ochracea—Lasionycta patalis—Xylomania. perlubens—Xylomania. rubrica—Xylomania. simplex—Xylomania Xylomcea didonea (Smith). ialis: antennae of male fasciculate!. patalis: antennae of male ciliated. 1874 hiemalis: (75) antennae of male bipectinate. 1875 behrensiana: hiemalis—orbicular and reniform confluent. 1878 rubrica: (81) simplex—front wings with ground color brownish grey. 1881 perlubens: rubrica—front wings without black basal streak. Xylopbasia albina—Parastichtis centralis—Trachea, antennata—Parastichtis. cinefacta—T rachea.52 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS cogitata—Agroperina. cuculiformis—Parastichtis. genialis—Parastichtis. occidens—Parastichtis. pluviosa—Parastichtis arctica Yrias crudelis Grote. Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote. Zotheca tranquila Grote. viridula—tranquila. NYCTEOLID/E. A small family represented in California by a single species. Nycteola revanyana Scop. PERICOPID/E. A Mexican species extends into southern California. Gnophaela hopfferi—latipennis. latipennis Boisd. DIOPTID>E. Figure 24. Pupa of the oak moth. The oak moth is very troublesome in the bay region completely defoliating the live oaks every few years. It would not be very difficult to control by spraying with lead arsenate if the trees were smaller. Phryganidia californica Pack. NOTODONTID/E. Two moths of considerable importance belong to this family, Datana min istra which feed gregariously on walnut, and Schizura concinna, the red humped caterpillar of the apple. Alastor gibbosa—Nadata. Centra cinerea—Harpyia. cinereoides—Harpy ia. paradoxa—Harpyia cinerea. Ccolepandra—Harpyia. Clostera incarcerata—Melalopha api- cal is. Qoelodasxs. conspecta—Schizura uni- cornis. Datana californica RileyLEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 53 ministra Drury. Dicranura scolopendrina—Harpyia. Drymonia dimidiata—Pheosia. Eumelia severa-----Gluphisia. Gluphisia albofascia wrightii. crenata—septentrional is. septentrionalis Walk, severa Edw. wrightii Edw. Harpyia cinerea (Walk.). scolopendrina (Boisd.). Hyperaeschra strangula (Grote). Ichthpura apicalis—Melalopha. bifiria—Melalopha. brucei—Melalpha. inearcarata—Melalopha apicalis. inornata—Melalopha. ornata—Melalopha apicalis. Melalopha apicalis Walk, alethe—brucei. brucei Edw. inornata Neum. n.uitonoma—brucei. Melia danbyi—Gluphisa severa. Phalaena concinna—Schizura. gi b b os a— N a t d a t a. unicornis—Schizura. Pheosia californiea—dimidiata. dimidiata H. S. portlandia Edw. Schizura concinna S. & A. conspecta—unicornis, ipomoese Doub. unicornis S. & A. Nadata behrensii—gibbosa. gibbosa (S. & A.), oregonensis—gibbosa. Notodonta californiea—Pheosia dim- idiata. pacifica—Hyperaeschra strangu- la. strangula—Hyperaeschra. Oedemasia salacis—Schizura concinna unicornis—Schizura. THYATIRID/E. Bombycia improvisa Edw. tearlei—improvisa. Gluphisia tearlei—Bombycia improvisa LIPARID/E. Figure 25. Cocoons of tussock moth with egg masses. THis family is represented here by a single species. The tussock moth of this coast resembles the eastern species quite closely but is very much more resistant to arsenicals requiring very heavy doses, or the use of some of the other methods described in Cal. Bulletin 183.54 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd. gulosa—Hemerocampa vetusta. Orgyia canae—Hemerocampa vetusta. vetusta—Hemerocampa. Figure 26. Dust mound about a tree to protect it iTom tussock moth larvse after shaking them down. LASIOCAM PID/E. This Family includes three species of tent caterpillars Malacosoma which are at times highly injurious in orchards. Clisiocampa americana—Epicnaptera. disstria—Malacosoma. californica—Malacosoma. drupacearum—Malacosoma dis- constricta—Malacosoma fragilis. stria.LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. Epicnaptera americana Harris. erosa—Malacosoma. disstria. fragilis—Malacosoma. thoracica—M alacosoma. Pseudoneustria—M alacosoma californica—americana. frutetorum (not California). Gastropacha americana—Epicnaptera. Lasiocampa carpinifolia—Epicnaptera americana. Malacosma ambismilis—californica. californica Pack, constricta—frag i I i s. disstria Hubn. fragilis Stretch. BOMBYCID/E. The silk worm of commerce is found in this state only under domestication. See California circular 12. Bombyx mori Linrh- PLATYPTERYGID/E. Drepana arcuata Walk. siculifer Pack. GEOMETRID^E. The larvae of the moths of this family have but ten legs, and walk with a peculiar looping motion and are called loopers, span worms or measuring worms. This peculiarity is also indicated by the name Geometridae. The canker worms Alsophila and Paleacrita are the most injurious members of the family. rubromarginaria—Xystrota paticaria. sideraria—Eois. subalbaria—Eois anticaria. /Ethalodes packardia (Hulst.) >Cthyctera electa Hulst. Alcis californiaria—imitata. dejecta Hulst. sulphuraria Pack. he- Alsophila pometaria Harr. Anagoga pulveraria Linn. Anaplodes arizonaria Grote. delicaria Dyar. Acidalia ancellata—Cinglis. californiaria—Eois sideraria. dataria—Cosymbia. granitaria—Eois.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS 56 magnetoria—Leptomeris. depromaria Grote imitata Walk, latifasciaria (Pack.), metanemaria Hulst. cbliquaria Grote. pacificaria—Eois sideraria. 5-Jnearia—Letomeris. rubrolinearia—Leptomeris mag- netaria. festaria—arizonaria. illustraria Hulst. iridaria Guen. pistacearia Pack. Ania brehmeata Gros. Anisopteryx pometaria—Alsophila. Figure 2S. The three most caterpillar posts attacking the foliage of the apple A. Canker worm. P». Tussock moth. C. tent caterpillar. venata—Paleacrita. Annemoria faseolaria (Guen.). graefiaria Hulst. Apaecasia mercedulata Strech. Aplodes rubrifrontaria Pack. Aspilates opuscularia—Pterospoda. behrensaria—Deilinia. desperaria Hulst. dissimilaria Hubn. Azelina ancetaria Hubn. behrensata Pack, occidentalis Hulst. hubneraria—ancetaria. Baptria californiata—Euchoeca. Biston virginarius—Lycia. Boarmia californica—Alcis imitata. clivinoria—Selidosema clivinar- ium. plumogeraria Hulst. wrightiaria Hulst. Brephcs californicus Boisd. meianis Boisd. Caberodes confusaria Hubn. Camptogramma fluviata—Percnopti I- ota. Caripeta aequaliaria Grote. Catopyrra ferruginosaria (Pack.). Cherodes aegrotata—Sabuloides caber- ata. nubiliata—Sabluoides. Chesiadodes morosata Hulst. Chesias occ.identaliata—(synonymy un- determined). Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guen. phyllinaria Zell. Chlorochlystis inconspicua Hulst. Chlorosea fasciolaria—Annemoria. nevadaria Pack. perviridaria—Annemoria faseo- laria. Choerades nubiliata—Sabuloides. Cidaria glaucata—Hydriomena sordi- data. leoninata—Eur hi nosea. mancipata—Eurhi nosea. multilineata—Mesoleuca . impli- cata. nubilata—Sabuloides. 4-punctata—Cosnocalpe magnol- iata rubrosuffusata—Rheumaptera. subochreata—Eurhinosea manci- pata. Cinglis ancellate Hulst. Cleora atrofasciata—Siagraphia con- tinuata. eaberata—Sabuloides. correllatum Hulst. formosata Hulst. punctomacularia—Philedia. Coenecalpe annellata Hulst. carnata Pack, coenonymphata Hulst. magnoliata Guen. oxygramma Hulst. phlebeculata (Guen.). polygrammata Hulst. Coenocharis interruptaria Grote. Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst. Coremia californiata—Petrophora mu- nitata. convallaria—Petrophora.LEPIDOPTERA — BOMBYCINA. 57 defensaria—Petrophora. pllebeculata—Coenocalpe. perpugnata—Gypsochroa desig- nata Corphista badiaria Edw. meadii Pack. Cosymbia dataria (Hulst). Cymatophora benigna Hulst. bicolorata Fabr. bitactata Walk, californiaria—Platea. guenearia Pack, inquinaria Hulst. occiduaria Pack, subcessaria Walk, umbriferata Hulst. Dasyfidonia avuncularia Pack. Enchoria albifasciata Pack, osculata Hulst. Enemera juturnaria Guen. Enypia venata Grote. Eois anticaria Walk, granitaria Pack, laevitaria Hubn. lanceolata Hulst. microphysa Hulst. occidentata—Leptomeris occi- dentaria. sideraria Guen. Epirrita 12 lineata—Venusia. Ersephila grandipennis Hulst. Eubolia custodiata—Hydriomena. Eucestia rotundata (Pack.), fuscata Gro. Deilinia behrensaria Hulst. carnearia Hulst. falcataria Pack, fceminaria Guen. fumosa Hulst. indurata Dyar. litaria Hulst. nevadaria Hulst. nigroseriata (Pack.) perpallidaria Grote. quadrarla Grote. Ectropis crepuscularia. D. & G. Ellopia californiaria—Platea. placeraria—Pherne. Euchaena argillaria (Hulst.). falcata (Pack.), johnsonaria Fitch. Euchoeca californiata Pack, cretaceata Pack. Eucrostis viridipennata Hulst. Eucymatogogne intestinata Guen. Eupithecia behrensata—Azelina. cretaceata—Euchoeca. longipalpata—M ycteropoda. nevadata—Tephrodistis. rotundopuncta—T ephrodistis. subapicata—Tephrodistis Eurhinosea flavaria (Pack.).58 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS leoninata (Pack.), mancipata (Guen.). Eustroma nubilata Pack. Eutrapela anafracta—Sabuloides. falcata—Euchlaena. nubilata—Sabuloides. Fidonia avuncularia—Dasyfidonia. Geometra illustraria—Anaplodes. ir id aria^ A n a p I o d e s. iridaria—Anaplodes illustraria. rectaria—Anaplodes iridaria. Giaucina incorpriata Hulst. epiphysaria Dyar. Figure 30. Diagram of the venation of the higher moths. Glaucopteryx cretaceata—Euchoeca. implicata—Mesoleuca. magnoliata—Coenocaple. Gonodontis formosa Hulst. Gorytodes uncanaria—Platea californi- aria. Gymnocelis inferior Hulst. minuta Hulst. Gypsochroa designata Hubn. sitellata Guen. Halia cineraria—Symphreta marces- saria. 4-linearia—Cymatophora bitac- tata. marcessaria—Symphreta. tripunctaria—Symphreta. Hemerophila latifasciaria—Alcis. packardaria—Aethalodes. Hesperumia ochresata—Alcis sulphur- aria. Heterolocha edwardsata—Neoterpes. Heterophleps triguttaria Her. Hydria undulata Linn Hydriomena amorata Hulst. autumnalis Strom, banavahrata Strech. californiata Pack. Holochroa dissociaria Hulst. indistincta Hulst. costiguttata Hulst. custodiata (Guen.). herbicolata Hulst. indefinata Gros. latirupta Walk, neomexicana Hulst. packardata Gros. 5-fasciata—sordidata. sordidata Fabr. sparimacula Hulst. speciosata (Pack.), taeniata Steph. Hyperitis notataria Hulst. trianguliferata Pack. Hysepetes californiata—Hydriomena. 5-fasciata—Hydriomena sordida- ta. speciosata—Hydriomena. viridata—Hydriomena sordidata. Hyria occidentaria—Leptomeris. Larentia cumatilis—Coenocalpe mag- noliata. implicata—Mesoleuca. 12-lineata—Venusia. Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee. occidentaria (Pack.), quinquelenearia Pack. Lithostege rotundata—Eucestia. Lozogramma faeminaria—Delinia. juturnaria—Enemera. nigrosehaata—Delinia. sabularia Guen. s-signata Pack. Lycia virginaria (Grote). Cacaria calfiorniaria—Siagraphia. Marmarea occidentalis Hulst. Marmopteryx marmorata Pack. Melanolophia canandaria (Guen.). Mesoleuca californiata—Hydriomena. packardata. etnela Hulst.LEPIDOPTERA BOMBYCINA. 5y implicata (Guen.). truncata Hubn. vasaliata Guen. Metanema argillaria—Euchaena. aurantiacaria—Sabuloides. cerv inaria—Sabuloides. forficularia—Sabuloides caber- ata. forficularia—Guen. inatomaria Guen. subpunctata Hulst. Metrocampa praegrandaria Guen. viridoperlata—praegrandaria. IVlyctei cphora longipalpata Hulst. Nenoria faseolaria—Annemoria. monticola Hulst. Neoterpes edwardsata (Pack.). Nomenia unipecta Pear. Nepytia nigrovenaria Pack, umbrosata Pack. Numeria californica (undetermined.) determined). Nycterosea brunneipennis Hulst. Nyctobia nigroangulata Str. Ochyria abrasaria—Petrophora. earneata—Coenocalpe carnata. gueneata—Hydriomena custodia- ta. lacteata—T richochlamys. lignicolorata—Zenophleps. munitaria—Petrophora. rubrosuffusata—Rheumaplero. Odezia californiata—Euchoeca. Opaecasia mercedulata Str. Orthofidonia elsinora Hulst. Paleacrita longiciliata Hulst. ' vernata tPack.). Panagra flavoR Bciata—Siagraphica neptaria. subminiata—Siagraphica. Percnoptilota fluviata (Hubn.). Petrophora abrasaria H. S. convallaria Guen. defensaria Guer. flavata—Eurhinosea flavaria. leoninata—Eurhi nosea. mancipata—Eurhi nosea. munitata Hubn. nemorella Hulst. prunata—Eustromo nubiliata. truncata—M esoleuca. Phasiana irrorata—Siagraphia. neptata—Siagraphia neptaria. subminiata—Siagraphia. Phengommataea edwardsata Hulst. spoliata Gro. Pterospoda perumbaria. Pterotaea cariosa Hulst. Procherodes catenulata—Sabuloides. Rachela latipennis Hulst. Rheumaptera basaliata—Hydriomena taeniata. brunnercillata—M esoleuca gra* tulata. deiirmata War. georgii (Hulst.). rubrosuffusata (Pack.). Sabulodes anfractata Hulst. aurantiacaria Pack, caberata (Guen.). catenulata Grote. cervinaria (Pack.), nubilata (Guen.). truxaliata (Guen.). Scelidacantha virginata Graef). Sciagraphia californiaria Pack, continuata Walk, denticulata Grote granitata Guen. inorata Guen. muscariata Guen. neptaria Guen. sinuata Pack, spondoplerata Hulst. subminata (Pack.). Scotosia californiata—Philereme. haesitata—Triphosa dubitata. Seiidosema aetholodaria Dyar. califormata-Enemera juturnaria, tnrnaria. clivinarium Guen. correktatum Hulst. delicatum Hulst. humarium Guen. lachrymosum Hulst. laminarium Steck wrightiarum Hulst. Semiothisa denticulata—Siagraphia. inquinaria—Cymatophora. umbriferata—Cymatophora. Sicya crocerariamacularia macularia Harr. Sigela penumbrata Hulst. Slossonia rubrotincta Hulst. stenocapilates Dyar. smithii Gro. Sympherta marcessaria Guen. tripunctaria Pack. Synazis oblentaria Grote. Synchlora denticulata Walk, gratulata Walk.60 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS hersiliata Guen. Pherne parallelia Pack, placearia Guen. Philedia punctomacularia Hulst. Philereme californiata Pack. Phiiobia enotata Guen. Philopsia nivigerata Walk. Philtaea elegantaria Edw. Platea californiaria Her. diva Hulst. Pleymria fulviata—Percnoptilota. georgii—Rheumaptera. Pteropoda opuscularia Hulst. liquoraria Guen. Synglochis perumbraria Hulst. Tephina haliata—Sciagraphia granita- ta. lorquinaria—Sympherta tripunc- taria. monicaria—Deilinia foeminaria. muscariata—Sciagraphia. neptaria—Sciagraphia. sabularia—Marcaria. unicobraria—Alcis sulphuraria. Tephroclystis acutipennis Hulst. annulata Hulst. behrensata Pack, bivittata Hulst. brunneipennis Hulst. californiata—miserulata. cestata Hulst. cretata Hulst. implorata Hulst. laisata Streck. longipalpata Pack, miserulata Grote. misturata Hulst. nevadata Pack, nimbicolor Hulst. nimbosa Hulst. obscurior Hulst. ornata Hulst. raveocostaliata Pack, rotundcpuncta Pack, subapicata Guen. unicolor Hulst. Tephrosia calii'orniara—(Synonymy undetermined), canadaria—Melanolophia. carnearia—Dei I i n ia. celataria—Deilina foeminaria. falcatria—Dei I i n ia. fautaria—Thai lophaga. ferruginosaria—Catopyrrha. nevadaria—Dei I i n ia. nigroseriata—Deilinia. Tctracis cegrotata—Sabuloides caber- ata. aurentiacaria—Sabuloides. cervinaria—Sabuloides. edwardsiata—Neoterpes. mellitularia—Pherne placearia. parallelia—Pherne. trianguliferata—Hyperitis. truxaliata—Sabuloides. Thallophaga fautaria Hulst. Thamnonoma guenearia—Cymatophora mercessaria—Sympherta. 4-linearia—Cymatophora bitacta- ta. 3-punctaria—Sympherta. Trichochlamys lacteata (Pack.). Triphosa badiaria Edw dubitata Pack, pustularia Edw. Venu6ia cambrica Curt. duodecemlineata (Pack.) virginata—Scelidacantha. Xanthrohoe nemoralla Hulst. Xystrota hepaticaria Guen. Zenophlips lignicolorata (Pack.), obscurata Hulst. TINE IN A. A familly of small moths found on the trunks of trees, the larvae feeding on lichens. NOLI D/E. Celama anfracta Edw. aphyla Hamp. minna Bull. Nola apera Druce. hyemalis—Celama minna. minuscula—Roseel ia. Roseelia minuscula Zell.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 61 PSYCH IDAE. The basket worms or bag worms belong to this family. None of the species are common in California. Chalia fragmentella Edw. Oiketicus davidsoni Edw. Hyaloscotes fumosa Butl. Thyridopteryx meadii Edw. Belnoptera fratercula Pag. vitrina Boisd. THYRID>£ Dysodia oculatana Clem. Hexeris enhydris Grote. COSSID/E. The Cossidse have wood boring larvae, woods and poplars, and Prionoxystus on locust trees. The pupal skins of these insects are conspicuous objects on the trunks of these trees. Cossus is quite common on cotton- Cossus populi Walk. Hypopta bertholdi Grote. riversii Stretch. Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck.). Xyleutes robinae—Prionoxystus. Figure 31. Venation of Cossidse and related moths in which the independent vein crosses the cell. Dotted lines are veins not uniformly present. SESIID>E. Day flying moths with partly transparent wings making them resemble wasps. The larvae bore into plants. The most injurious species is the peach tree borer, Sanninoidea. Our species is very similar to the equally troublesome eastern S. exitiosa. The food plants of the other species are:— Pines and Redwood Vespamia, Poplars Algeria and Memythrus, Locust Memythrus, Willows ^Egeria, and Sesia albicornis, Sumac Melitta, Galls on Mesquit Sessia prosopis, Currants and Gooseberries Sesia tipuliformis and Strawberries Sesia rutilans. SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Sesia. ^geria and Paranthene: tongue rudimentary, the latter with tibisq tufted. Albuna and Memythrus: hind independent from middle of cross- vein, the latter with palpi long haired. Sanninoidea: abdominal tufts of male not fan-like, female abdomen with lateral tufts. Aegeria hemizonse—Sesia. lupini—Sesia. impropria—Sesia. mandariae—Sesia rutilans.62 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS noveborasensis—Sesia. pacifica Edw. Albuna artemisise—Sesia mellinipen- nis. Figure 32. Diagram of the venation of. Sesiidre. Pyrotoenia achillce—Sesia. behrensii—Sesia. polygoni—Sesia. Sanninoidea opalescens Edw. Sesia achillae (Edw.). albicornis Edw. behrensii (Edw.) elda—behrensii. eremocarpi—ach i I lae. fragariae Edw. helianthi—behrensii. orthocarpi—fragariae. meliinipennis Boisd. neglecta Edw. novaroensis (Edw.). pictipes G. & R. polygoni (Edw.). pyramidalis Walk. rileyana Edw. resplendens—Sesia meliinipennis rutilans Edw. Melittia glorioa Edw. tipuliformis Clerck. satyriniformis Hubn. Trochilium pacificum—Aegeria. Memythrus robinae Edw. Zenodoxus heucherae—Paranthrene. Paranthrene heucherae (Edw.). Vespamima sequoiae Edw.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. fi3 PYRALID /E. This family includes the mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella, its near relative E. eautella a pest in this state on raisins, the indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella and the meal snout moth, Pyralis farinalis. The bee moth, Galleria, also belongs here, and likewise the root web worms, Crambus, and a whole series of leaf folders and crumplers, including the grape leaf roller, Desmia. Achroa grisella Fabr. Bandera subluteella Rag. P'iffure 34. Work of larvie of peach tree borer. ^]dis funalis—Evergrestis. Acrobasis alatella—Myeolis. tricolorella—Mineola. Aglossa cuprealis Hueb. Ambesa walsinghami Rag. mirabile Dyar. Annaphila immerens—Titanio. Anerastia excantalis—Megaspis. Anoristia olivella Hulst. Aphomia sociella Linn. Argyria auratella (Clem.) Attacapa callipeplella Hulst. Autocosmia nexalis Hulst. Botis annaphilalis—Loxostege. commortalis—Pyrausta. dapalis—Titanio. fodinalis—Pyrausta. fumoferalis—Pyraurta. lethalis—Pyrausta. levalis—Pilocris inguinalis. lulualis—Loxostege anartalis. monulalis—Pyrausta mustelinal- is. mustelinalis—Pyrausta. obnigralis—Pyrausta unifascialis. nasonialis—Loxostege.64 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS nexalis—Autocosmia. oetosignatus—Pyrausta. offiimalis—Loxostege. perrubralis—Pyrausta. prol’undalis—Pyrausta. semirubralis-—Pyrausta* thiallophilalis—Loxostege. unifascialis—Pyrausta. uxorculalis—Pyrausta nicalis. vacunalis—Pyrausta. Calamochrous straminea War. Cayuga bistriatella—gemmatella. gemmatella (Hulst.) Chalcoela gemmalis Hulst. Chilo leachellus—Crambus. Coenochroa californiella Rag. Crambus albilineellus Fern, anceps Grcte. attenuatus Grote. auratellus—Argyria. behrensellus—biothanatilis. biothanatilis Hulst. qausapilir. Hulst. hastlferellus Walk, hortuellus (Hueb.) leachellus (Zin.) luteolellus Clem, occidentalis Grote. pascuellus (Linn.) perlellus (Scop.) pusionellus Zell, toparius—hortuellus. ulse—luteolellus. undatus Grote. unistriatellus Pack, vulgivagellus Clem. Cybalomia extorris Led. Dakruma coccidivora—Laetilla. Dasypyga alternosquamella Rag. Desmia funeralis Hueb. Diaphania hyaiinata Linn. Diasemia eleganialis War. Diastictis caecalis War. Dicymolomyia metalliferalis Pack, opuntiellis Dyar. Dioryctria calrioralis Walk. Dolichorhinia aureofasciella Rag. Eccopsia serratilineella Rag. Elasmopalpus decoralis Walk. Emprepes nuchalis—Noctuelia. Ephestia albocostalis—Epischnia. cautella Walk kuehniella Zell, nigrella Hulst. opalesceila Hulst. Ephestoides erythrella Rag. gilvescentella Rag. ' nigrella Hulst. Epischnia albocostalis (Hulst.) boisduvaliella Guen. fulvirugella Rag. granitella Rag. ruderella Rag. Etiella schisticolor Zell, zinckenella (Treit.) Euchromius ocella—Ommatopteryx. Eury ci eon anartalis—Loxostege. Eurythmia coloradella Hulst. Eustixia octonalis Zell. Euzophera semifuneralis (Hulst.) Evergrestis funalis Grote. rapaealir. Hulst. rimosalis Guen. straminalis Hueb. Gallei ia mellonella Linn. Glyptoteles rhypodella—Nephopteryx. Herculia olinalis Guen. Homoeosoma albiscentellum Rag. impressale Hulst. mucidellum Rag. opaiescellum Hulst. Honora canacostella—montinatatella. mellinella Grote. montinatatella Hulst. oblitella Clem, ochrimaculella—mellinella. scinrella. Rag. undulatella—oblitella. Hornigia lugubrella—Moodna. Laetilia coccidivora (Corns.) Lineodes integra Zell. Liopasia ternalis Led.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 65 Lipographis fenestrella (Pack.) humilis Rag. leoninella—fenestrella. Loxostege anartaiis Grote. annaphilalis Grote. chortalis Grote. flavalis Fern, flavifimbrialis War. linealis Fern, napaealis—Evergrestls. nasonialis Zell, oberthuralis Fern. quadristrigalis Fern, morenalis Dyar. Mineola calignella (Hulst.) tricolorella (Grote.) Monocona rubralis War. Moodna lugubrella Rog. Myelois alatella (Huist.) corniella (Grote.) grossipunctella Rag. Nephopteryx caliginella—Mineola. crassifasciella Rag. fasciolalis (Hulst.) Figure 36. The grape leaf roller. offumalis Hulst. similalis Guen. sticticallis Linn, thallophilalis Hulst. triumphalis Grote. Lygropia rivulalis Ham. Manhatta lugubrella—Moodna. Megaphysis edwardsiallis—Megasis. Megasis cinctella Hulst. edwardsialis (Hulst.) excantalis (Hulst.) Metasia argalis Fern. fenestrella—Lipographa. geminipunctella—oval is. leoninella—Lipographis fenestrel la. oblitella—H onora. ovalis (Pack.) perfuscalis—Sarata. rhypodella (Hulst.) scintillans—Pyla. semifuneralis—Euzophera. subtinctella Rag. undulatella—Honora oblitella.66 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Noctuelia nuchalis Grote. simplex War. Nomophila noctuelia D. & S. Ommatopteryx ocella (Haw. Omphalocera dentosa Grote. Orobaena octonalis—Eustrixia. Ortholepsis jugosella Rag. Pachyzancla periusalis Walk. Palparia ocella—Ommatopteryx. Paraedis napaelis Hulst. Passadena constantella Hulst. Pempelia albipenella—Staudingeria. fenestrella—Lipographis. leoninella—Lipographis fenestrel ovalis—Nephopteryx. coccinea War. commortalis Grote. fodinalis Led. fumoferalis Hulst gracilalis Hulst. laticlavia G.& R. lethalis Grote. mustelinalis Pack, nicalis Grote. octosignalis Hulst. perrubralis Pack, rubricalis Hueb. semirubralis Pack, subnicalis War. unifascialis Pack. Figure 37. Larva of the grape leaf roller. Peoria albidella Hulst. Phalena pascuellus—Crambus. perlellus—Crambus. Phlyctaenia externalis War. ferrugalis Hueb. indistinctalis War. profundalis Pack. Phorasea simalis Grote. Phycis zinckenella—Etiella. Pilocrocis inguinalis Guen. Pinipestris fasciolalis—Nephopteryx. Plodia interpunctella Hueb. Pseudoschoenobius opalescalis (Hulst.) Pyla bistriatella Hulst. scintillans (Grote.) Pyralis farinalis Linn. Pyrausta angustalis Grote. vacunalis Grote. versicolor War. Ragonotia dotalis Hulst. Salebria ochripuncteha Dyar. Saluria ardiferella Hulst. dichrocella Rag. rostrella Rag. Sarata perfuscalis (Hulst.) umbrella Dyar. Schoenobius opalescalis—Pseudoschoe- nobius. Scoparia atropicta Ham. Selagia olivella—Anorista. centuriella D. & S. rectilinea Zell, refugalis—rectilinea Zell. Spermatophthora gemmatella—Cayuga.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 67 Staudingeria albipenella (Hulst.) Stemmatophthora nicalis—Pyrausta. Stenophyes huronalis Guen. Stericta trabalis—Yuma. Symphysa eripalis Grote. Thaumatopsis coloradella Kear. Tinea hortuellus—Crambus. Titanio dapalis Grote. immerens (Hav.) nuchalis—Noctuelia. proximalis Fern. Unadilla erronella Zell. Urulia incongruella Hulst. Valdivia mirabelicanella Dyar. Vitula serratilineella—Eccopsia. Yuma adulatalis—trabalis. Xanthippe descansales Dyar. trabalis Grote. Zophodia fuscatella Hulst. packardella Rag. PTEROPHORID/E. This and the following family are called plume moths because of the very remarkable splitting of the wings shown in the acompanying figure. Aciptalis cinerascens—Alucita. montanus—Alucita. Alucita cinerascens (Wals. cosmodactyla—Platyptilia. montana (Wals.) Amblyptilus cosmodactyla—Platyptih la. picta—Platyptilia. Lioptilus augustus—Pterophorus. grandis—Pterophorus. homodactylus—Pterophorus. inconditus—Pterophorus. monodactylus—Pterophorus. paleaceus—Pterophorus. parvus—Pterophorus. subocraceus—Pterophorus. sulphureodactylus—Pterophorus. Mimescoptilus exclamationis—Stenop- tila. CEdematophorus baroni—Pterophorus. cretidactylus—Pterophorus. eupatorii—Pterophorus. guttatus—Pterophorus. gratiosus—Pterophorus. grisesceus—Pterophorus. lugubris—Pterophorus. Oxyptilus bernardinis Gri. deliwaricus Zell, nigrociliatus—tenuidactylus. ningoris Wals. tenuidactylus Fitch. Platyptilia acanthodactyla Hueb. adusta Wals. albidorsella Wals. albida Wals bertrami—marginidactyla. cardui—carduidactyla. carduidactyla (Ril.) cooleyi Fern, cosmodactyla Hueb. fragilis Wals. grandis Wals. hesperis Gri. marginidactyla Fitch, marmarodactyla Dyar. modesta Wals. monticola Gri. pasidensis Gri. percnodactyla Dyar. picta (Wals.) shastae Wals. williamsii Gri.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 68 Pterophorus augustus (Wals.) baccharidis Gri. baroni (Fitch.) behrii Gri. carduidactyla—Platyptilia. catalinae Gri. cretidactylus Fitch, dacteodactylus—subocraceus. eupatorii (Zell.) gorgoniensis Gri. grandis (Fitch.) gratiosus (Fitch.) grisescens (Walsh.) guttatus (Wals.) hilda Gri. homodactylus Walk, inconditus (Wals.) lugubris (Fitch.) marginidactyla—Platypt i I i a. monodactylus (Linn.) paieaceus (Zeil.) parvus (Wals.) pictipennis Gri. rileyi Fern, subochraceus (Wals.) sulphureodactylus Pack, tenuidactylus—Oxyptilus. Stenoptiia californica Gri. exclamationis (Wals.) gorgoniensis Gri. Trichoptilus lobidactylus Fitch, pygmaeus Wals. wrightii Gri ORNEODID/E. Alucita hexodactyla—Orneodes. Orneodes hexadactyla (Linn.) montana—Orneodes hexadactyla TORTRICID/E. The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is by far the most important member of this family and perhaps of all Lepidoptera. The orange tortrix figured is not of great economic significance. Figure 39. Venation of Tortricidae Alceryr. americana (Fern.) foliana (Wals.) nivisellana (Wals.) permutana (Dup.) Amorbia cuneana (Wals.) Anchylopera biarcuana—Ancylis. Ancylis biarcuana (Steph.) cometana (Wals.) comptana (Fol.) pacificana (Wals.) Archipsafflictana (Walk.) argyrospila (Walk.) cerasivorana (Fitch.) rosaceana (Harr.) virescana (Clem.) kndermanniana—Phalonia. latipunctana—Phalonia. parallelana—Phalonia. smeathmanniana—Phalonia. transversana—Phalonia. Cydia cupressana Kear. inquilina Kear. pomonella Linn. Diachelia tunicana—Epagoge. Dichrorampha plumbana—Hemimene. Carpocapsa californiana—Epagogne. pomonella—Cydia. Carposina commonana Kear. crescentella Wals. Cacoeoi?. argyrospila—Archips. roseaceana—Archips. Commophila macrocarpana Wals. umbrabascana Kear. Conchylis campicolana—Phalonia fernaldana—Phalonia. intactana—Phalonia. Eccopsis pnnctana—Exartema. Enarmonia americana (Wals.) bracteateana (Fern.) edwardsiana Kear. larimana Wals.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 6b luna Kear. placerana Kear. tana Kear. trosulana (Wals.) vana Kear. wana Kear. Epagoge californiana (Wals.) tunicana (Wals.) Epinotia augustana Hueb. incarnana (Haw.) lagopana (Wals.) liturana (Wals.) purpurcillana (Wals.) maculatana (Wals.) miscana Kear. nigralbana (Wals.) paljana (Wals.) palusana Kear. passerana (Wals.) perdricana (Wals.) primulana (Wals.) pulveratana (Wals.) rectiplicana (Wals.) serpentana (Wals.) shastana (Wals.) sonomana Kear. Figure 40. Larva* and moth of the orange Tortrix. Euchromia hemidesma—Olethreutes. Eucosma agricolana (Wals.) albangulana Wals. atomosana (Wals.) baslpunctana (Wals.) biquadrana (Wals.) bolanderana (Wals.) canana (Wals.) cataclystiana (Walk.) crambitana (Wals.) culminana (Wals.) fulminana (Wals.) grandiflavana (Wals.) hirsutana (Wals.) irroratana (Wals.) juncticiliana (Wals.) larana (Wals.) luridana (Wals.) subplicana (Wals.) terracoctana (Wals.) trigeminana (Steph.) vomanana Kear. Eudemis vaccininana (Pack.) Eulia gloverana (Wals.) niscana Kear. Evetria colfaxiana Kear. monophyiliana Kear. pasadana Kear. sabiniana Kear. siskiyouana Kear. zozana Kear. Exartema punctana Wals. Glyphiptera permutana—Alceris. Grapholitha americana—Enarmonia. bracteatana—Enarmonia. roessleri—Trlodia.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 70 perangustana (Wals.) puncticostana (Wals.) rivulana (Scop.) rubipunctana Kear. scalana (Wals.) subplicana Wals. terracostana Wals. trigeminana Steph. utricana (Hueb.) vetulana (Wals.) Pandemia albaniana (Wals.) pyrusana Kear. I’edisca—Eucosma. Penthina conditana—Olethreutes. consanguiana—Olethreutes. trossulana—Enarmonia. Hemimene plumbana Scop. Herdecanema filiana Busk, fraternana Busk Hendecastema cuneana—Amorbla. Hysterosia fulvipllcana (Wals.) inopiana (Haw.) Hystricophora leonana Wals. Idiographis flaviplicana—Hysterosia. inopiana—Hysterosia. Laphoderus gloverana—Eulia. Loxostsenia afflictana—Archips. cerasivorana—Archips. franciscana—Tortrix. rosaceana—Archips. Figure 41 Pieces of orange rind showing entrance holes made by the larva of the orange Tortrix. hebesana—Olethreutes. hemidesma—Olethreutes. Phsecasiophora—Eucosma. Phalonia basiochreana Kear. campicolana (Wals.) carmelana Kear. fernaldana (Wals.) formonana Kear. intactana (Wals.) kindermanniana(Treits.) latipunctana (Wals.) obispoana—carmelana. parallelana (Wals.) smeathmanniana (Fabr.) virescana—Archips. Mellisopus latiferreanus Wals. CEnectra inconditana—Sparanothis. pilleriana—Sparganothis. rudana—Sparganothis. senecionana—Sparganothis. Olethreutes chalybeana (Wals.) conditana (Wals.) consanguinana (Wals.) grisiocapitana (Wals.) hebesana (Wals.) hemidesma (Zell.) infuscana (Wals.) minimana (Wals.)LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 71 transversana (Wals.) vachelliana Kear. Phoxopteris biarcuana—Ancylis. cometana—Ancy I is. comptana—Ancylis. pae: fi c a n a—A n cy I i s. Proteopteryx albicapitans Kear. tmarginana Wals. Pseudoconchilis laticapitana Pyralis smeaUimanniana—Phalonla. Retinia argyrospila—Archips. Rhopalobola vacciniana Eudemis. Sciaphila afflictana—Archips. urticana Hueb. vetulana—Olethreutes. Sparganothis inconditana Wals. pilleriana (Schif.) rudna Wals. senecionana Wals. Smicrates virescana—Archips. Spilonota trigeminana—Eucosma. Steganoptycha augustana—Epinotia. incarmana— Epinotia. lagopana—Epinotia. liturana—Epinotia. purpurioiliana—Epinotia. argentana—Tortrix. hebesana—Olethreutes. puncticostana—Olethreutes. trigonana—T ortrix. vacciniana—Eudemis. Semasia artemisiana Triodia. bucephaloides Wals. cjriseocapitana Wals. infuscana—Thiodia. minimana—Thiodia. pallidicostana—Thiodia. perangustana—Thiodia. rcessleri—Thiodia. terininiana—Thiodia. Sericaris chalybeana—Olethreutes. puncticostana—Olethreutes. rivulana—Olethreutes. Synnoma lynosyrana Wals. Teras albaniana—Pandemis. americana—Alcerys. foliana—Alcerys. nivisellana—Alcerys. permutana—Alcerys. Thiodia apachena Wals. artemesiana (Wals.) daracha Kear. griseocapitana Wals. infuscana Wals. minimana Wals. offectalis Hulst. pallidicostana (Wals.) perangustana Wals. roessleri (Zell.) scalana Wals.72 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. tenuiana (Wals.) Tinea pomonella—Cydia. Tortrix argentana Clerck. augustana—Epinotia, citrana Fern, comptana—Ancylis. franciscana (Wals.) incarnana—Epinotia. inopiaria—Hysterosia. pilleriana—Sparganothis. trianguiana Kea.. trigonana (Wals.) urticana—Olethreutes. Figure 43. Photograph of an orange Tortrix on an orange near a larval entrance. HYPONOMEUTID/E. Araeolepia subfasciella Wals. Calantica polita Wals. Cerastoma cervella Wals. instabiliella—T rachoma. koebelella Dyar. radiatella Don. sublucella Wals. Chaleaela Gemmalis—Choreutis silph- ella. Choreutis bjerkandella Thumb, dyarella Kear. occidentella Dyar. silphiella Grote. sororculella Dyar. Euceratia castella Wals. securella Wals. Glyphipteryx bifasciata Wals. californise Wals. quinqueferella Wals. regalis Wals. unifasciata Wals. Orchemia diana Hueb. Periclymenobius canariellus Wals. dentiferellus Wals. frustellus Wals. Plutella albidorsella Wals. cruciferarum—maculipennis. maculipennis Curt, omissa Wals. porrectella Linn, vanella Wals. Setiostoma fernaldella Ril. Trachoma falciferella Wals. instabilella Wals. senex Wals. GELECHIIDvC. The peach worm, Anarsia, lineatella wajs particularly troublesome tp growers of peaches for eastern shipment, until the discovery of the efficiency of spraying with lime sulfur after the buds were swollen. (See CaliforniaLEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. Bulletin 144). Another important pest is the potato worm Phthorimasa operculella. (See California Bulletin 135). Figure 44. Peach showing a peach worm rrc! its work. Figure 45. Pupa of the peach worm. Anacampsis rhiofructella (Clem.) Aristotelia argentifera Busk. Anarsia lineatella Zell. roseosuffusella Clem.74 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Cleodora canicostella—Paltodora. modesta—Paltodora. sabulella—Paltodora. striatella—Paltodora. tophella—Paltodora. Dactylota snellenella—Neodactyla. operculella—Phthorimaea. paulella (Colorado.) rhoifractella—Anacampsis. rnsposii ffn sol1 a—Aristotelia. -ttrbfacestrig e 11 a Chamb. variabilis Busc. Figure 48. Winter nest of the peach wo n. Deoclona yuccasella Busk. sequepulvella—Glyph idocera. apicitripunctella—Recurvaria. Eucatoptus striatella—Phthorimaea. Gelechia discostrigella Chamb. griseochrella Chamb. lacteochorella Chamb. maculatusella Chamb. occidentella Chamb. ocherfuscella Chamb. ochreostrigella Chamb. octomaculella—Gnorimoschema. Glyphldocera aequipulvella (Cham.) Gnorimoschema baccharisella Busk, coquillettella Busc. occtomaculella (Chamb.) tetradymiella Busc. Lita solanella—Phthorimaea operculel la. Neodactylata snellenella Wals. Paltodora canicostella (Wals.) modesta (Wals.) sabulella (Wals.) striatella (Hueb.)LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. tophella (Wals.) Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) striatella (Murt.) Recurvaria apicitripuncteila Clem. Figfure 49. Cocoons of the peach worm in the curls of the bark. XOLORICTID/E. CECOPHORID^E. Ide osseella Wals. Depressaria arenella Schif. argillacea Wals. arnicella Wals. ciliella Stain, emeritella Stain, klamathiana Wals. novimundi Wals. nubuferella Wals. posticella Wals. psoraliella Wals. sabulella Wals. thoracefasciella (Cham.) thoracenigraella (Cham.) togata Wals. umbraticostella Wals. Er.drcsis lactella D. & S. Ethmia albistrigella Wals. albitogata Wals. arctostaphyella Wals. monticola Wals. obscurella Beut. subcaerulea Wals. CEcophora dimiidella Wals. pseudospretella Wals. Psecadia albistrigella—Ethmia. arctostaphylella—Ethmia. monticola—Ethmia. obscurella—Ethmia. subcaerulea—Ethmia. Setiostoma fernaldella Ril. Walsinghamia diva Ril.76 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. BLASTOBASID/E. Blastobasis iceryseella—Holcocera. Dryope canariella Dietz, occidentella Dietz, fenyeselia Dietz. Holcocera iceryaeella Ril. inconspicuua Wals. irenica Wals. gigantella Cham, stygna Wals. Valentina glandulella Ril. ELACHISTID>E. Butalis aterrimela—Scythris. ochristriata—Scythris. perspicella—Scythris. suffusa—Scythris. Coleophora accordella Wals. acutipenella Wals. bella Wals. costipenella Wals. Cornelia Wals dicscostriata Wals. glaucella Wals. glutinosa (undetermined.) irroratella Wals. lapidicornis Wals. laricella Hueb. lynosyridella Wals. ochrella Cham, ochrostriata Wals. pruniella Clem, tennis Wals. vagans Wals viridicuprella Wals. viscidiflorella Wals. wythiae Wals. Cosmopteryx unicolorella Wals. Heliodines bella Chamb. extraniella Wals. unipunctella Wals. Laverna bifasciella—Mompha. decorella—Mompha. subbistrigella—Mompha. unifasciella—Mompha decorella. Scythris aterrimella (Walk.) ochristriata (Walk.) perspicella (Walk.) suffusa (Walk.) Mompha bifasciella Chamb. decorella (Steph.) subbistrigella (Haw.) Schreckensteinia felicella Wals. TINEID/E. The Tineidae are best known because of three household pests; the clothes moth, Tineola, the carpet moth, Trichophaga and the fur moth, Tinea pellion- ella. Of greatest scientific interest are the yucca moths, Pronuba being necessary to fertilize the blossoms and Prodoxus living on the flower stems can come to matnrity only where the Pronuba has preformed its work. Yucca brevifolia is attended by Pronuba paradoxa and Prodoxus sordidus Yucca baccata and other allied yuccas are fertilized by Pronuba yuccasella and furnish food for Prodoxus coloradensis and y-inversa, and Yucca whip- plei has Pronuba maculata and all Adela fasciella—Trigrapha. flamesella Cham, lactimaculella—flammeusella. punctiferella Wals. septentrionella Wals. trifasciella Cham, trigrapha Zell. Amydria coloradella Dietz, confusella Dietz, obliquella Dietz, occidentella—onagel la. Apotomia fractilinella Dietz. Apreta paradoxella Dietz. remaining species of Prodoxus. Agryrestia cuprasella Wals. mendica Haw. plicipunctella Wals. onagella Dietz, pandurella Dietz. Bebellia somnulentella Zell. Buculatrix euratiella (undetermined). Cremastobombycia grindelilella—L ith- ocoletes. Epielegis cariosella Dietz. Calopacta glutinosi Wals. Cerostoma flavistrigella Busk Epichata nepotella Dietz.LEPIDOPTERA — TINEINA. 77 Eriocrania cyanosparsella Wil. Ethmia albatogata Wals. Gracilaria behrensiella Chamb. elongella Linn, fuscoochrella Beut. nigristrigella Beut. grindelieila (Wals.) incanella Wals. insignis Wal. ledella Wals. leucothorax Wals. mediodorsella Braun, nemoris Wals. propinquinella Braun, salicifoliella Clem. ' umbellnlariae Wals. Monopsis crocicapitella Clem, rusticella Hubn. Ortholophus variabilis Wals. Paralechia californica Busk. Phyganeopsis brunnea Wals. Pliniaca bakerella Busk. spai sisquamella Busk. Prodoxus aenescens Ril. cinereus Ril. coloradensis Ril. marginatus Ril. pulvurulentus Ril. reticulatur; Ril. sordidus Ril. y-inversus Ril. Pronuba maculata Ril. paradoxa Ril. synthetiea—paradoxa. ' uccasella Ril. Paraneura cruciferella Dietz. Phryganopsis brunnea Wals. Sssrdia gracilis Wals. Semiota transverstrigella Dietz. Setomorpha majorella Dietz. line?, arcella Fabr. ehrhorniella Dietz, simulella Dietz, behrensella Chamb. cloacella Haw. defecteila Zell, geniculatelia Dietz, molybanella Dietz, niveocapitella Chamb. occidentella Chamb. pellionella Linn. Tineola biselliela Linn. Tscheria badiella Chamb. ceanothi Wals. sulphurea—bad i el I a. Trichophaga tapetzella Linn. ruptostrigella—nigristrigella. sanguinella Cham, sauzalitoella Cham, shastella Beut. Greya humilis (Wals.) mediostriatella—Isocorypha. punctlferella (Wals.) solenobiella (Wals.) Homoseta maculatella Dietz Incurvaria humilis—Greya. punctiferella—Greya. Figure 50. Venation of the larger Tineidfe. Figure 51. Venation of the smaller Tineidte. solenobiella—Greya. Lecithocera flavistrigella—Greya me- diostrigella. faginella (European.) Lithocolletes agrifoliella Braun, alnicolelia Wal. alniella (European.) apicinigrella Braun, arbutusella Braun, basistrigella Chamb. conglomeratella Zell.78 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. HEPIALINA. HEPIALID/E. Figure 52. Venation of Hepialidse and Micropterygidse. Hepialis anceps montanus. baroni—montanus. behrensii Stretch, californicus Boisd. hectoides Boisd. hyperboreus Mots, inutilis—hectoides. lembertii Dyar. lenzi—hectoides. meglashani—hyperboreus. mendocineolus—sequoiolus. modestus—hectoides. montanus Stretch, rectus—montanus. sequoiolus Behrens. MICROPTERYGID/E. Epimartygyia pardella (Wals.) Micropteryx aurosparsella—Erioceph Eriocephala aurosparsella (Wals.) ala. pardella—Epimartyria.HYMENOPTERA. In the geological stratum in which the first moths appear there are repre- sentatives of most of the larger groups of Hymenoptera, indicating that it is an older order. The structure of the lower forms shows a very close relation- ship with the Lepidoptera and with the Trichoptera universally recognized as the ancestor of Lepidoptera. From the same group the Hymenoptera must also have sprung. The adult insect does not give any very clear evidence of this or of any other relationship.' The most distinctive structure is the dominance of three series of cross- veins in the wing which render the venation difficult to interpret or compare with other venations. The first series of cross-veins extends from the front edge just before the node obliquely towards the base till it reaches the next vein, then turns squarely towards the next vein beyond, marking off two comparatively large basal cells. The second zigzags directly across the wing touching the costa just beyond the node. The third is a little more indefinate. It is usually about midway between the second crossveins and the tip of the wing. The usual conception of the venation hinges on the mar- ginal cell, which is the large cell along the costa beyond the node. Below this are two or three submarginal cells and the remainder of the closed cells are called discoidal cells. The veins radiating from the marginal cell are Figure 53. Venation of the Honey bee. 7980 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. called transverso-cubital veins. The cubital vein arises from the basal cross- vein. On the other side of the cubital there are usually two cross veins which because of their direction are called recurrent veins. A system of formulae has been devised for expressing the salient features of a venation and to aid in rapid identification of groups. The plan is to number the bars surrounding the discoidal cell between the recurrent veins. The first recurrent vein is numbered 1, then along the cubital to the first transverso-cubital vein is numbered 3. etc. Even numbers are given to the bars beneath the cell. Where bars are without the cell as is common with bar 3, it is indicated by as *. The formula consists in naming in the order of size, the bars of a venation, enclosing in parentheses such as may be about equal in size. Below will be found the formulae of most of our genera of bees: — Colletidae Colletes Prosopidae Prosopis Andrenidae Andrena Halictus Sphecodes Agapostemon Panurgidae Calliopsis Panurginus Diandrena Perdita Anthophoridae Anthophora Melissodes Tetralonia Xenoglossa Melectidae Pseudomelecta Epiolus Xylocopidae Xylocopa Megachilidae Alcidamia Anthidium Chelostoma Megachile Osmia Ashmeadella Nomadidae Nomada Melecta Ceratinidae Ceratina Bombus Bombidae Psythyrus Apidae Apis 4 1 6 2 3* 7 5 9* 415627* 4 1 5 2 6 3* 7*—4 1 (2 6 7) 3* (5 9*) 1 4 6 3* 7 2 9* 5—4 1 7 2 3* 9* o 1 4 6 (2 7) 3* 9* 5 1 6 4 2 7 9* 3* 5 4 1 6 7 2 3* 9* 5 4 1 6 5 2 3* 7* 4 1 (5 6) 2 3* 7* 4 1 6 5 2 3* 7* 1 5 2 3* 1 4 6 2 7 (3* 5) 9*—4 1 6 2 7 3* 5 9* 4 1 7 (2 6) 3* 5 9 4 1 7 2 6 3* 5 8* 4 1 7 6 2 3* 5 9* 1 4 6 2 3* 7 9* 5 1 4 6 2 7 5 3* 9* 4 1 6 5 2 7* 3* 41625 3* 7* 6 5 4 1 2 3* 7* 4 1 5 6 2 7* 3* 4 5 1 6 2 3* 7* 4 1 6 5 2 3* 7* 4 1 6 5 2 3* 7* 1 4 6 2 3* 9* 7 5—1 4 6 2 3 7 (5 9) 4 1 6 2 3* 7 9* 5 4 1 6 7 3* 2 9* 5 4 1 6 7 5 2 3* 9* 4 6 1 7 2 5 3* 9* 4 5 6 1 2 7 3* 9* /HYMENOPTERA 81 The difficulty already alluded to in comparing the venation found in this order can be solved in one of two ways, either by assuming 1st. a great amount of fusion of the elements of the venation and of rearrangements of position, or 2nd. simply the suppression of certain parts. The former has been worked out in detail by Comstock and Mac Gillvray They assume that the media is fused with the radius until just before the node where it is turned obliquely backward to the base of the cubitus and then A Figure 54. Venation of Trichopterygidse. A. and B. Chloropsyche. C. Helicopsyche. 1-5 notation ot veins^ used in that order. St. area in which stigma is supposed to develop. O. veins which are vestigial in Hymenoptera. Figure 55. Three interruptions of veins on fold lines. turned outward again to the base of the first recurrent which is its posterior branch; both branches subsequently fork and ultimately the tips unite as follows: the upper fork with two branches of the radius, the two middle forks with each other thus enclosing the third discal cell, and the lower fork82 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. with the tips of the cubital and anal veins. The second solution explains the peculiar crookedness of the median cross- veins and the spurs projecting from it into the second and third discoidal cells and from the first cross-vein into the first basal cell, as vestiges of sup- pressed veins which, if added, would at once make this wing conform in every essential feature with the wing of the Trichoptera. There are two fold lines in the front wing in Hymenoptera, best developed in the paper wasps and their allies where the wings at rest are completely folded flat, making the wing appear to be very narrow. Figure 56. showing names of structures in Hymenoptera and Diptera SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Ichneumonidae: first cubital and first discoidal cells confluent and both recurrents present. Proctotrupidae: ovipositor at tip of abdomen. Pelecinidae: abdomen very long and slender. Mutillidae: body densely clothed with hair. Anthophoridae: tongue long and a dense brush on hind tibiae. Apidae and Bombidae: hind tibiae concave on outer end, the first being devoid of spurs on hind tibiae. Xylocopidoe: marginal cell long. Megachilidae: densely hairy beneath abdomen. Cynipidae: veins distant from costa. Ceroptridae: second abdominal seg- ment covering nearly the whole abdomen. Formicidae: abdomen constricted at base forming one or two hump-like segments. Braconidae: pronotum touching tegulae, and trochanter two-jointed, Ean-HYMENOPTERA 8:1 iidae: abdomen attached to dorsum of thorax. Alysiidae: mandibles spreading outwardly. Crysididae: abdomen of three to five segments, hollowed out beneath. Nomadidse: first joint of hind feet long, and three cubital cells. Andren- idae and Coletidae: basal joints of labial palpi similar to outer joints, the last with tongue acute. Ceratinidae: marginal cell long. Encyrtidae: trochanters two-jointed, Eulophidae: axillae reaching as far as opposite the tegulae. Torymidae, Eurytomidae, Miscogasteridae, Cleonidae and Pteromalidae: female with femoral furrows, the last with but one spur on hind tibiae, the first with pronutum elongate or hind coxae longer tha.* front coxae; the second with pronotum subquadrate, and fourth with mesepisternum large and triangular. Tenthredinidae: abdomen not at all constricted at base, third submarginal receiving a recurrent vein, Hylatomidae: antennae three-jointed. Doleridae: basal vein joining cubital. Selandriidae: only three submarginal cells. Pam- philiidae: prothorax not emarginate behind. Nematidae: abdomen not constricted at base. Cimbicidae: antennae clavate. Panurgidae: first joint of feet long. Prosopidae: no pollen brush on hind femor^.. Crabronidae: only one cubital cell. Oxybelidae: first cubital and first discoi^al cell confluent. Phiianthidae: gaster constricted between fiirst and second segments. Trypoxylidae: head not wider than thorax. Thynnidae and Scoliidae: pro- thorax touching tegulae, the latter with middle coxae distant. Sphecidae: prothorax distant from tegulae. Bembecidae, Larridae, Stizldae and Nyssonidae: abdomen sessile, the first two with but two spurs on middle tibiae, the second and fourth with labrum concealed by clypeus. Pemphredonidae: but two spurs on middle tibiae. Eumenidae: wings folded longitudinally. Vespidae: claws simple. Psamocharidae. Marsaridae and Sapygidae: hind femora shorter than abdo- men, the former with antennae clavate. AP1NA. APID/E The family is represented by a single introduced species, the common honey bee. There are two forms of females, the queen and the workers, the latter very rarely reaching sexual maturity, and then laying unfertilized eggs developing into males or drones. The eggs laid by the queen that produce males are likewise unfertilized. All eggs hatch in about three days; the young larvae are given a special food secreted by the workers, for three days in the case of workers and drones, but queen larvvae receive the royal jelly84 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. thru the whole six days of its feeding life, a mixture of pollen and honey being fed to the others, and they do not grow so rapidly. After feeding is ended the cells are capped over with wax and the imprisoned larva spins a cocoon, pupates and finally emerges. The total time required from the de- CALIFORNIA showing tile IIONEVRFOIONS ' K "Klamath region* N-Northern valleJk F~ Foothills of the Sierras. B-Bay region ^ C~ Central “ ' valley* Middle coast region* ^iir— k k Owens • valley, * F-Plateau region of the south, ' S-Southern ' amt region* * Figure 57. Relief map of California showing honey regions. deposition of the egg to the appearance of the full grown insect is, queen 18 days, worker 21 days, and drone 24 days. Each form of bee is produced in cells of different size. Workers develop in the ordinary comb having five cfells to the inch. Drone comb is similar but with about four and a half cells to the inch and in closing the cell the cap is made dome-shaped. The queen cells are made singly, have very thick and uneven walls, open outwardly, and are about half an inch in diameter and perhaps an inch long.HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 85 When a colony becomes too numerous provision is made for increase by producing and stocking with eggs a quantity of drone comb, then a variable number of quee cells are built and stocked, and as the new queens are about ready to emerge, the old queen and most of the older bees swarm forth number of queen cells are built and stocked, and as the new queens are about86 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. tents except that each worker carries off a crop full of honey. After the swarm adopts new quarters the workers proceed to make wax from the honey which they have eaten by massing together till the body temperature is sufficient to start secretion in the wax glands beneath the abdomen. The jaws are used as wax modeling tools. Besides honey carried in the crop, the bees carry pollen on their hind legs and gather various vegetable gums, the propolis, used to calk the hive. Bee keeping is a large industry in California, some producing honey by the car load. Most of the honey is extracted by centrifugal machines and sold in five gallon cans. Bees wax is a by product. California Experiment Station Publications: Circular 63 Observation hive. Bulletin 217 Honey plants. Apis mellifera Linn. mellifica—mellifera.HYMENOPTERA APINA. Figure 62. Details of construction of an observation hive.88 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. BOMBID/E The bumble bees are strictly social insects but the colonies only exist during the summer months. The queen makes a nest in the ground in the spring. The first workers produced are very small. When the colony becomes populous the queen ceases to forage and finally towards fall numerous drones and queens are produced, the latter after mating seek each a secluded place for hibernation. Psthyrus lives in the nests of bumble bees, and are difficult to distinguish from them. They have no worker cast. Figure 60. Observation hive. Aphathus californicus—Bom bus. Apis fervidus—Bombus. Bombus ambiguus Fra. appositus Cr. californicus Sm. californicus—vosnesenskii. centralis Cr. columbicus—Bombus vosnesen skii. crotchii Cr. dorsalis—Bombus fervidus. edwardsii Cr. edwardsii—fernaldii. edwardsii—ruf oci nctus fernaldii Fra. fervidus Fabr. henshawi Fra. howardii—occidental is. huntei Cr. mixtus Cr. morrisoni Cr. nevadensis Cr. nigrocinctus—crotchii. occidentalis Green, rufocinctus Cr. sitkensis Nyl. sonorus Say. suckleyi—Psythyrus. vosnesenskii Rad. Psythyrus californicus—Bombus. crawfordii Fra. suckleyi Gr. Ceratina acantha Prov. submaratima—acantha dupla Say. CERATINID/E. gigantea Sm. pacificus Sm. tejoniensis—dupla.HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 89 NOMADID/E. All of the members of this family live in the nests of other bees. Bombomelecta edwardsi Cr. pacifica Cr. separata Cr. thoracica Pat. zygos Vier. Epeolus californicus Cr. Figure 65. Meleeta. concavus Cr. compactus Cr. faciatus nevadensis Edw. , nigroceps Sm. occidentalis Cr. superbus Meleeta californica Cr. edwardsii Cr. thoracicus Cr. Nomada angelarum Co. ashmeadi Co. atrofrontata Co. ashmeadi Co. australior—edwardsi i bifurcata Co. bisignata Say. caiiforniae Co. citrina Cr. civilis (Colorada) coquilietti Co. crotchii Cr. 10-punctata Co. edwardsii Cr. elegantuia Co. excellans Co. excurrens Co. flavipes Prov. formula Vier. fragiiis Cr. Hesperia Co humphilli Co. interrupta—interruptellz. interrupteMa Fow. latifrons Co. lepida Cr. marginella Co. melliventris Cr. nigrior—crotchii. obliquella Fow. obliqua—obliquella obscurella Fow. obscura—obscurella opposita Cr. oregonica Co. pascoensis Co. phodosoma Co. rhodotricha Co. rivalis Cr. rubra Prov. sanctaecrucis Co suavis Cr. subangusta Co. subgracilis Co. subsimilis Co. subvicinalis Co. tintinnabulum Co. ultimella Co. Phileremus fulviventris Cr. vinnula (not California). Perdita californica Cr. claypolei Co. interrupta Cr. Stelis carnifex Co.90 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. laticincta Cr. sexmaculata Ash. subcaerulea Cr. M EGACHI LI D/E. This family contains the leaf cutting bees, Megachile, which cut round or oval holes in the leaves of various plants, particularly roses; these are used to line their nests. Anthidium gathers cottony materials from plants for the same purpose. Figure 66. Leaf cutting bee, Megachile. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Osmia: pulvillus present, Chelostoma and Heriades: maxillary palpi three- jointed, the latter with mandibles tridentate. Alcidamia: male antennae de- formed. Anthidium. Megachile: second submarginal receiving both recurrents Alcidamia producta Cr Anthidium atriventris Cr. californicum Cr. compactum consimile edwardsii Cr. emarginatum Say. illustre Cr. maculifrons Cr. maculosum Cr. pallidiventre Cr. provancheri Tit. tricuspidum Chelostoma australis Co. californicum Cr. Heriades albicinctum Prov. glaucum Fow. semirubra Co. Megachile brevis Cr. exilis fidelis Cr. frigida latimanus montivagus Cr. pugnata Say. studiosa Osmia abjecta Cr. albiventris Cr.HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 91 armaticeps Co. atriventris Cr. brevis Cr. californica Cr. cobaltina Cr. davidsoniella Co dubia Cr. exigua Cr. lignaria Say. manura Cr. nigrifrons Cr. purpurea Cr. quadriceps Cr. rustica Cr. titusi Co. XYLOCOPID/E. The carpenter bees are as large as wood making a tube several inches long which is separated into a series of cells, each for a single larva which eats pollen and honey stored by the parent. Xylocopa aeneipennis DeG. californica Cr. fimbriata Fabr. oxpifex Sm. varipuncta Pat. bumblebees. The female burrows into Figure 67. Carpenter bee, Xylocopa. ANTHOPHORID/E. Alcyloscelis afflicta—Diadasia. alboresta—Diadasia. australia—Diadasia. bituberculata—Diadasia. cinera—Diadasia bituberculata diminuta—Diadasia. enavata—Diadasia. freisei—Diadasia. laticauda—Diadasia nerna—Diadasia nigrifrons. nigrifrons—Diadasia. nitidifrons----Diadasia australis opuntise—Diadasia australis, rincornis—Diadasia australis. Anthophora fcricincta—Diadasia af- flicta. abrnptella Co. anstrutheri Co. californica Cr. catalinae Co. corvicolor—infernal is. crotchii Cr. curta Prov. edwardsii Cr. exigua Cr. flavocincta Huard. flexilipes Cr. floridana—Habropoda. ignava Cr. infernalis Dal. maculifrons—petrophila. miserabilis—Habropoda. nigrocincta—flavocincta. ornata pacifica Cr. petrophila Co. solitaria Ritz. stanfordiana Co. subtarsata—tarsata. tarsata Sick, urbana Cr. Anthophorula coquilletti—Eucera. Centris cockerelli Fox. davidsoni—h off manse giae. hoffmansegiae Co. Diadasia afflicta Cr. alboresta Prov. bituberculata Cr. cinerea—bituberculata. diminuta Cr. / v\ 92 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. enavata Cr. freisei Co. laticauda—AI cy I oscet i s. nerea—n i g r i f ro n s. nigrifrons Co. nitidifrons Cr. rincomis—australis, t r icinc ta—aff I i eta Disiaspls olivacea Cr. Emphoropsts interspersa Co. opuntiae—australis, miserabilis Cr. murihirta Co. semifulva Co. tristisima Co. Eucera coquilletti Ash. enavata—Diadasia. intermediella Co. intrudens—T et ra I o n i a. lupina Cr. menucha Cr. nigrifrons Cr. obliqua olivaceae Cr. personatella Co. semilupina—menucha. smithil Dal. sternsii Co. stretchii—T etralonia. tepida Cr. Synhalonia acerba—TetraIonia albicans—T etralonia. Figure 68. Diadasia. Habropoda depresa Fow. floridana (Sm). miserabilis Cr. Macrocera pruinOsa—Xenoglossa. Macrotera californica Cr. Mellisodes actuosa—Tetralonia. bituberculata Cr. californica—smithil. catalinensis—intermediella. edwardsii—T etralonia. albopillosa —Tetralonia. californica—Tetralonia. edwardsii—Tetralonia. intrudens—T etralonia. speciosa (Colorado). Tetralonia acerba (Cr.) actuosa (Cr.) albicans (Prov.) albopillosa (Fow.) californica (Cr.)HYMENOPTERA — APINA. 93 edwardsii (Cr.) fowleri (Co ) hirsutior (Co.) iridotes (Co.) intrudens (Cr.) stretchii (Cr.) virgata (Co.) Xtnoglossa angellrca Co. angustior—patricia. curcubitorum (not California), davidsoni Co. patricia Co. pruinosum (not California). PANURGID/E. Amblyapis illicifolise Co. Calliopsis anthidius Fow. aibitarsis Cr. atriceps—Pan u rg i n us. californicus—Panurginus. cinctus Cr. clypeatus Cr. edwardsii Cr. lateralis—edwardsii Cr. obscurellis Cr. visaliensis Fow. scutellaris Fow. zonalis Cr. Halictoides muileri Co. saundersi Co. virgatus Co. Panurginus atriceps (Cr.) californicus (Cr.) chalybeus Cr. Panurgus regularis—Parandrena. Parandrenna aibitarsis—Calliopsis. ccncinnula Co. enocki Co. eumorpha Co. regularis (Cr.) Perdita califomica claypolei Co. interrupts Cr. rhois Co. trisignata Co. PROSOPID>E. These bees carry the pollen to their with a greater proportion of honey than Prcsopis bakeri—rudbeckiae. basalis Sm. calvus Metz, coloradensis Co. conspicua Metz, coauilletti—episcopal is. cressoni Co. episcopalis Co. ir.esillae—cressoni. nevadensis Co. passadenae—cressoni. polifolli Co. rudbeckae C.&S. COLLETID/E. These little bees live in burrows in conspicuous slimy secretion. Colletes americanus Cr. clypeonitens SW. nests in the honey sac and store it usual. A few are parasitic. Figure 70. Prosopis. tridentulus Co. the ground which they line with a ochraceus SW.94 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. ANDRENID>C. The Andrenidae are among the smallest of the bees. They are often semi- social, many living in a common burrow but within which each maintains its own quarters. SYNOPSIS OF G fiNERA. Halictus: color not metallic Andrenna: basal vein bent. Agapostemon. Augochlora: second recurrent from third submarginal cell. Figure 71. Andrenna. Agapostemon femoratus Craw, texanus Cr. Andrenna chalybea (Cr.) foxii Co. griseonigra Co hesperidus Cr. knuthiana Co. perimelas Co. pertristis Co. phenax Co. stanfordiana Co. subtristis Co. Auglochora pura (Say). Chloralictus incompletus—Halictus, nevadensis—Halictus. punctativentris—H a I i ct us. Conanthalictus bakeri—Halictus. Evylaeus latifrons—Halictus. nigrescens—Halictus. robusta—Halictus. Halictus bakeri Cra. farinosus Sm. gracilis Rob. incompletus Cra. latifrons Cra. longicornis Cra. mellipes Cra. nevadensis Cra. nigricens Cra. punctativentris Cra. purus—Augochlora. robusta Cra. Nomia nevadensis Cr. tegularis Rob. Panurgus chalybea—Andrena. 8 PH EC IN A. PHILANTHID/E. Aphilanthops elsiae Dun. foxi Dun. Cerceris aequalis Prov. californicus Cr. cockerelli Vier. flavocinctus—Eucerceris. Eucerceris flavocinctus (Cr.) insignis Prov. Philanthus californicus Cr. crabriformis Sm. subsimilis Cr. STIZID/E specius—Stlzus. Ammatomus noneduloides (Pack.) Gorytes monoduloides—Ammatomus. Sphecius convallis—speciosus. speciosus Drury. Hoplisoides umbonatus Cam. Hypomellinus flavicinctis Cam. Sphex speciosus—Sphecius.HYMENOPTERA — SPHECINA. 95 Stizus flavus Cam . unicinctus—Stizoides. godmani Cam. Stizoides unicinctus (Say.) OXYBELID/E. Oxybelus impatiens—quadrinotatus. quadrinotatus Say. Astata bella Cr. caerulans Cr. NYSSONID/E nevadicus Cr. nubeculus Cr. This family includes the mud dau store their nests with spiders, others Ammophila argentifrons-Psammophila luctuosa—Psammophila. sseva—Sphex. violaceipennis—Psammophila. rightii—Sphex. Cloptera wrightii—Sphex. Chalybion caeruleum—Chlorion cyan- eum. zimmermani—Chlorion. Chlorion abdominalis (Cr.) ashmeadii Fern, atratum (Lep.) aztecum (Saus.) bifoviatum (Tasch.) cyaneum Dahl, elegans (Sm.) derrifineum (Fox), laeviventris (Cr.) lucae (Saus.) pensylvanicum (Linn.) praestans (Kohl.) rufiventris (Cr.) thomae (Fabr.) Isodonta aztecum—Chlorion. elegans—Chlorion. Palmodes abdominalis—Chlorion. laeviventris—Chlorion. praestans—Chlorion. rufiventris—Chlorion. Pelopeus cementarius—Scelifron. Ancistroma aurantia Fox. dolorosa Fox. tenuicornia Sm. Bembidula nigrifrons (Prov) parata (Prov.) ventralis Say. Larva tenuicornis—Ancistroma. Lyrops pepticus—Tachytes. bers, Sceliphron and Chlorion, which capture caterpillars, grasshoppers, etc. Prionyx atratum—Chlorion. bifoveatum—Chlorion. ferruginium—Chlorion. thomae—Chlorion. Proterosphex ashmeadii—Chlorion. lucae—Chlorion. pensylvanicum—Chlorion. Psammaphila argentifrons (Cr.) luctuosa (Sm.) pacifica Mel. violaceipennis (Lep.) Sceliphron cementarius (Dru.) Sphex abdominalis—Chlorion. atratum—C h I o r i o n. aztecum—Chlorion. bifoviatum—Chlorion. caeruleum—Chlorion cyaneum. cementarius—Sceliphron. cyaneum—C h I o r i o n. elegans—Chlorion. ferrugineum—Chlorion. laeviventris—Chlorion. lucae—Chlorion. pensylvanicum—C h I o r i o n. placidus (Sm.) praestans—Chlorion. rufiventris—Chlorion. saeva (Sm.) thomae—Chlorion. wrightii (Cr.) L ARRIDJE _ ----MTcrobembex monodonta (Say). Monodula nigrifrons—Bembidula. parata—Bembidula. pulchella—Stictia. pulla—Stictia. tenuicornis—Stictia. usitata—Stictia. Stictia nigrifrons—Bembidula.96 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. parata—Bembidula. signata (Linn.) tenuicornis (Fox), usitata (Fox). Tachysphex ashmeadii Fox. crenulatus Fox. spinosus Fox. spissatus Fox. pauxillatus Fox. Tachytes distinctus Sm. elongatus—distinctus pepticus Say. rufofasciatus Cr. Cteniola duplicata Prov. scolopacea—duplicata. tibians Handl. BEMBECID/E. Bembex amoena Hal. nubilipennis Cr. fasciata Fabr. occidental is Fox. spinolae—fasciata. U-scripta Fox. monodonta—Microbembex. PEMPHREDON/E Figure 72. Diagram of the venation Pemphredonidse. Diodontus occidentalis Fox. Mimesa mixtus (Fox). Passaloecus mandibularis Cr. Pemphredon rileyi Fox. Psen mixtus—Mimesa. Stigmup coquilletti—fulvipes. fulvipes Fox. of TRYPOXYLID/E Trypoxylon californicum Saus. tfidentatum Pack. CRABRONID^ rifrons. Figure 73. Diagram of the venation of Crabronidae. Clyplochrysis gracilisimus (Pack.) nigrifrons (Cr.) Crabro abdominalis—Moniaecera. asperatus—Protothryeopus. dilectus—Protothryeopus. gracilisimus—Clytochrysus nig- nigrifrons—Clypochrysis. packardii—Hypocrabro. sexmaculatus—Xestocrabro. spiniferus—Xylocrabro. vicinus—Thyreopus. villosus—Protothyreopus. Hypocrabro packardii (Cr.) Moniaecera abdominalis (Fox). Protothryeopus dilectus (Cr.) villosus (Fox). Thyreopus vicinus (Cr.) Xestocrabro sexmaculatus (Say). Xylocrabro spiniferus (Fox). VE8PINA. MUTILLID/E. The females of the Mutillidse are wingless and are often called woolly ants.HYMENOPTERA — VESPINA. 97 They are unusually abundant in California. Some are parasitic in bumble bee nests but the habits of most of the species are unknown. Agama rustica—M util la. unicolor—M util la. Brachycistis brevis Fox. carinatus Fox. -v'' castaneus (Cr.)d figitiformis Bak. gaudii Cr. o\ grabella (Cr.) dr inaequalis Fox. 0 ’ nudus Fox. ^ rutilans—Cyphotes. subquadratus Fox. ^ Cyphotes californicus Cam. elevatus Blake, heathii Mel. peculiaris Cr. < r" piceiceps Cam. rutilans (Blake.) 7 j similis Cam. Sphaerophthalma anthophorae—Mutii- ,a- anthracina—Mutilla a nr^^ci co- lor. arota—Mutill^,. aureola—Mutina. californica—Mutilla. coccineohirta—Mutilla. 'v : edwardsii—M uti HA. erudita—Mutilla. gloriosa—Mutilla. heterochroa—Mutilla. magna—Mutilla. ocbracea—M uti 11 a. pacifica—M uti I la. pamosa—Mutilla aureola progne—Mutilla. sackeni—M uti 11 a. tecta—Mutilla. testaceiventris—Mutilla gloriosa venifica—M uti I la. zenobia—M uti I la. zephrytis—M uti I la. Glyptemetcpia americana Ash. Monochroa unicolor—Mutilla. Mutilla anthophorae (Ash.)<;- %, fr anthracicolor Dal. c! ^ arota Cr. 7*" athamas Fox. / aureola(Cr.) californica Rad. 4/ castaneus—Brachycystis. clytemnestra Fox ^ coccinohirta Blake. ?=' ^ connectens Cr. connectens Cr. edwardsi (Cr.) /- elevata—Cyphotes. erudita—sackeni. glabrella—Brachycistis. gloriosa (Saus.) l harpalyce Fox. ^ heterochroa Fox. hypermestra Fox. ■ inconspicua—Odontophotopsis. ,, inconspicuus—Odontophotopsic. indiginus Cam. infelix—Odontophotopsis incon- ingenuus Cam. spicuus. magna (Cr.) , ' venifica (Biake). nebulosa (biake).^ nigriventris',s(Tower California^. ochracea (Blake;. *7? pacifica (Cr.) patersonae Med. progne Fox. peculiaris Cr. testaceiventris (Fox). • unicolor Cr. scrupea Say. ' - tecta—gloriosa. peculiaris—Cyphotes. progne Blake, rustica (Blake). i£) rutilans—Cyphotes. sackenii Cr. / v- unicolor Cr. venifica (Blake.) .. zenobia (Blake), v'* zephritis (Fox). ^r- Methoca californica West. 5 > / Norsyma ashmeadii Fox. / Odontophotopsis annulatus Bak. cookii Bak, exogyous Vier. inconspicuus (Blake).' r ocellatus Bak. succineus Vier. Photopsis abstrusa Cam. dificilis Cam. inconspicuus—Odontiphotopsis. linqulatus Vier. insignis Cam.98 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. nebulosa—Mutilla. rustica—M util la. nudata Cam. unicolor—Mutilla. pedatus Cam. 1 HINNIDvE The sexes 'are extremely unlike in this group. Glyphometopa americana Ash. Thonnus canfornicus Pat. Tetcp.«romya anthrcina Ash. TIkHIID>E. Myzina rufiventris—Pterombus. ratiph’- ” brie b’pin. intermedia Cam. robusta Cam. Pteromblis rufiventris (Cr.) Tiphia flavipennis Spin. SCOLIID/E n..s dives Prov. quadricincta Prov. Scoiia consors Saus. Trielis xantiani Saus. Figure 74. Diagram of the venation of Scoliidse. Myzina frontalis—Plesia. These insects are supposed Eusapyga californica Cr. Sapyga aculeata Cr. angustata—nevadica. californica Cr. MYZINID/E Plesia frontalis (Cr.) SAPYGID>E be parasitic on bees. elegans Cr. nevadica Cr. pumila Cr. MARSARID/E Euparagia scuteflaris Cr. Pseudomasaris edwardsii (Cr.) Marsaris edwardsii—Pseudomarsaris CHRYSIDID/E. These insects are able to coil themselves up into a ball, the abdomen be- ing hollowed out beneath to fit closely against the underside of the head and thorax. They are parasitic in the nests of other wasps. Chrysis alfkenella DuB. californica Gril. coerulans Fabr. densa Cr. dorsalis Aaron, halictula Gril. hilaris Dahl, inflata Aaron, intricata Brul. inusita Aaron, lauta Cr. opyima Aaron.HYMENOPTERA — VESPINA. 99 mucronata—parvula. pacifica Say. parvula Fabr. perpulcra Cr. propria Aaron, verticalis Pat. Cleptes purpurata Cr. Ellampus marginatus (Pat.) nitidus(Aaron). Euchrceus edwardsii—Parnopes. Hedychordum continuum Sr. Hedychridium cintinuum—Hedychor- dum. continuum Aar. dimidiatum—Holopyga. viride—Holopyga. Hedychrum dimidiatum—Holopyga. sinuosum—Omalus. ventralis—Holopyga. violaceum Brulje. viride—Holopyga. Holochrysis interfota DuB. Holopyga dimidiatum (Say), ventralis (Say), viride (Cr.) Notozus marginatus—Ellamus. nitidus—Ellampus. Omalus diversa Aaron, laeviventris Cr. sinucsus (Say). Parnopes edwardsii Cr. Spintharis annulipes Mocs EUMENID/E. This and the next family fold their front wings when at rest. These are solitary wasps which store caterpillars in their nests. Ancistocerus edwardsii—Odynerus. lalophila Vier. fulvitarsis Cam. lineativentris Cam. rivularis—Odynerus. sutterianus—Odynerus. trichiontus Cam. Eumenes coloradensis Cr. crucifera Prov. Monobia bicolor Prov. Nortonia nevadensis Cam. Odynerus blandus Saus. claremontis Cam. cytainus Cam. cosmiogaster Cam. edwardsii Cam. fulvitarsis Cam. philadelphiae Saus. pratensis Saus. rivularis Cam. scutellaris Saus. sulfureus Saus. sutterianus Saus. Pteroohilus biplagiatus Cr. Symmorphus philidelphise—Odynerus. VESPID/E. Paper wasps so named because their nests are made of paper manufactured by the insect. The yellow-jackets h ave a very similar history to that given for bumble bees. Hornets make their nests above ground and have equally populous colonies. SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Vespa. Polistes: abdomen only subsessile. Polybia: abdomen petiolate Polistes anaheimensis—aurifer. aurifer Saus. minor Beauv. navajoe Cr. Polybia flavitarsis Saus. Vespa diabolia Saus. germanica Linn, maculata Fabr. occidentalis—germanica. sulphurea Saus. PSAMOCHARID^E. The tarantula hawks, Pepsis, are the largest members of the order. All of the species of the family are supposed to store their nests with spiders. Agenia blaisdelii Fox. Ceropales. ferrugineus—Arachnoproc- Arachnoproctonus ferrugineus (Say.) tonus.100 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. fraterna Sm. stretchii Fox. Pepsis chrysothemis Luc. cinnabarina Luc. formosa (Say.) hesperiae—mildei Stal. sommeri Dahl. Planiceps planatus Fox. Pompilius ferrugineus—Arachnoproc- tonus. formosus—Pepsis. tenebrosus—Pycnopompi I ius. Pycnopompilius tenebrosus (Cr.) FORMICINA. FORMICID/E. The ants are of peculiar interest at the present time in California because of the recent introduction and steady spread of the Argentine species, Irido- myrex humilis, which is killing off all native ants and proving a very serious annoyance about the house. Already the insect occupies all of Alameda and the greater part of San Jose and College Park, and also large areas in Los Angeles, Berkeley, and Stockton. It is present in numerous other localities. Ants are social insects with a wingless worker cast and queens that lose their wings after their nuptual flight.. Literature:— California Bulletin 207. Wheeler. Ants. Aphenogaster paturellis Forel. pergandei Mayr. Camponotus anthrax Whe. fallax Nyl. herculeanus Linn, hyatti Emery, laevigatus Sm. Figure 75. Diagram of the venation Formicidre. maccooki Forel. maculatus Fabr. Cremastogaster lineolata Say. vermiculata Emery. Cyphomyrmex wheeleri Forel. Dorymyrmex bicolor—pyramicus. pyramicus Roger. Echiton californicum Mayr. Formica pilicornis Emery, rufa Linn, rufiventris Emery, subpolita Mayr. tejonia Bick. lridomyrmex analis And. humilis Mayr. Leptothorax andrei Emery, nitens Emery, pergandei And. Liometopium apiculatum Mayr. microcephalum Panz. Messor andrei Mayr. pergandei And. stodderdi Emery. Monomoriurh ergatogyna—minutum minutum Mayr. pharionis Linn. Myrmecocyalis lugubris Whe. E. Isocratus vulgaris Metapon californicum Ash. ENCYRTID/E. Figure 120. Soft brown scale with exit holes of Aphycus flavus.HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA. 115 Bothriothorax californicus How. Aphycus angelicus How. californicus How. coquilletti How. fiscipentfis How. flavus Haw, .. Imrrraculatus Hiw. lecanii How. nigritulus How. Blastotrix yuccae Con Figure 121 Aphycus immaculatus. Figure 122. Comys fusca. nigripes How. planifrons How rotundatus How. Calogaster longiventris Ash. Cerchysius hubbardi Ash. Chrysoplatocerus splendens How. Comys fusca How. Encyrtus dubius—Microterys. flavus—Microterys. Isodromus iceryae How. Microterys dubius (How.)116 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 123 larva of Comys fusca, pupa of Comys fusca and pupa of Coccophag- us lunatus. Figure 125. (Opposite page.) Hyperparasite of Scutellista. 2. the same chang- ing to pupa. 3. Scutellista larva containing hyperparasite the same beneath the scale. 5. normal pupa of Scutellista. 6. parasitized pupa. 7. exit hole of par- asite in old larva skin of scutellista. 8. black scale killed by a fungus, Isaria. 9. fungus covering scale and spreading over twig.HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA. 117118 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.HYMENOPTERA — CHALCIDINA. 119 flavus (How.) Physcus varicornis How. Tineobius californicus Ash. coquilletti Ash. occidentalis How. Tanaostigmodes howardii Ash. tychii Ash. Rhipodens citrinus How. Signiphora australiensis Ash. Prospalta aurantii How. Eucoila minor Prov. FIGITID/E. MISCOGASTERID/E. Figure 128. Dilophogaster californica. Figure 126. (Opposite page.) 1. black scale with exit holes of Scutellista. 2. the same more enlarged. 3. young black scale which died without emerging from the parent scale. 4. eggs and young scale killed by fungus, Isaria.120 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Brasema ruficollis Cam. Semiotellus destructor How. Dilophogaster californica (How.) Tomocerus californicus—Dilophogaster EUCHARIDyE. Chalcura californica Ash. Orasema occidental is Ash. Lophyricera apicalis Ash. EURYTOMID/E. This family comprises the only group of injurious Chalcidina. The members of the principal genus, Isotoma, are known as joint worms. They feed as larvae in the stems of wheat and other grasses. Decatomidea cooke How. Eurytoma californica Ash. tritici—Isotoma. Isotoma agrostidis How. bromicola How. californicus How. grandse Ril. hirtifrons How. tritici Fitch. Orasema occidentalis Ash. TORYMID/E. Megastigmus pinus Par. Monodontomerus montivagus Ash. Syntomaspis californica Ash. AGAONID>E. The one species of this family was imported a few years ago to fertilize the Smyrna fig which previously would not bear fruit. The pollen is produced in the capra variety, ancj in the figs of that variety the insect comes to maturity. The male is wingless and remains within the fig within which it was born. The female after being fertilized, escapes and carries the pollen with which she is dusted to a young fig, fertilizing it. Blastophaga grosporum Grav. MYMARID/E. Anaphes cinctiventris Gir. Gonatocerus californicus Gir. PROCTOTRYP1N A. PROCTOTRYPID>E. Ampulicomorpha confusa Ash. Anectata californica Ash. Balays californica Ash. Ceraphron californicus Ash. salicicola Ash. Cinetus californicus Ash. colon Ash. muscse Ash. Dissomphalis californicus Ash. Epyris longicollis Kief, occidentalis Ash. megacephalis Ash. Gonatopus californicus Ash. Goniocus cellularis Say. Figure 129. Diagram of the venation of Proctotrypidse. Acerota cecidomyidae Ash. Aclista californica Ash. rufescens Ash. Alapatus eriococci Ash. Amblyaspls californicus Ash.HYMENOPTERA — PROCTOTRYPINA. 121 Hadronotus largi Ash. Hemilexus californica Ash. Inostemma californica Ash. Loxotropa californica Ash. Lygocerus californicus Ash. niger How. pacificus As. Negaspilus californicus Ash. Nesitus californicus Ash. Pantoclis californica Ash. montana Ash. Paramesius pallidus Ash. Pentacantha rufitarsis Kief. Phaenipria montana Ash. Polygnotus atriplicis Ash. artemisiae Ash. californicus Ash. eurotiae Ash. Pelicinus polyturator Dru. hauchucae Ash. salicicola Ash. ( striaticeps Ash. Polymecus lupina Ash. Proctotrupes californicus Ash. caudatus Say. pallidus Say. Prosocantha californica Ash. Sparasion pacificum Ash. Telemonus californicus Ash. clisiocampae Ash. gnophaslae Ash. koebelei Ash. Thoron cpacus Ash. Trichopria pacifica Ash. Trichcsteresis floridanus Ash. Zelotypa ashmeadiMetz. Zygota californica Ash. PELECINID/E. Figure 130. Diagram of the venation of Pelecinidae. ICHNEUMONINA. EVAN D/E. Aulacus editus—Odontaulacus. rufitarsis—Odor.taulicus. Evania californicus—Evaniella. Evaniella califorica Ash. Foenus occidentalis Cr. rubrofasciatus Kief, visaliae Brad. Gasteruption pattersonae M. & B. pyrrhosternum Kief, rubrufasciatum Kief. Hyptia fulchi Ash. Odontaulacus editus Cr. rufitarsis Cr. Figure 131. Diagram of the venation of Evaniidse. Pristaulacus fusculatus Brad. ICHNEUMON I D/E. Agrypon puparum Ash. Amblyteles montanus Cr. subfuscus Cr. Anderis californicus Cr. Anomalon californicum Cr. eurekae Ash. maceratum Cr. simile Ash. verbosum Cr. xanthopis Ash. Aperileptus tropicus Day. Atmetus californicus Ash. Bassus cinctus Cr. cinctulus—orbital is.3 22 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. decoratus—Homotropus. euurae—Holmgrenia. humeralis—Homotropus. maculifrons—Sy rphocton us. orbitalis Ash. pacificus—Sy rphocton us. pleuralis—Sy rphocton us. syrphicola Ash. xanthopsis—Sy rphocton us cificus. purgatum Say. Brephactonus californicus Ash. Campoplex assitus Nort. Corinaeus californicus—carinatus. carinatus (Cr.) Campsocryptus brevicornis Cam. Charops fuscipennis Prov. Clepsiporthus subiginosus (Cr.) Cremnodes californicus (Ash.) tuberculatus Ash. Cryptus alamedensis Ash. californicus Ash. cailipterus Say. crotchii Cr. dirus Cr. edwardsii Cr. ferrugineus Ash. pacificus Cr. perplexus Cr. proximus Cr. punicus Cr. purpuripennis Cr. resolutus Cr. tejonensis Cr. turbatus Cr. Cteniscus californicus Cr. excelsus—Exyston. Enytus maculipes Cam. Epachthes basilicus Dav. Eremotylus arctiae Ash. Eriborus triannulatus Cam. Erromenus crassus (Cr.) glabrosus Dav. obscurellus—Monoblastus. Euchrysia hyalinipennis Ash. maculipennis Ash. Eupalmus piceus Ril. Eurythrocryptus rufus Cam. Exetastus maurus Cr. zelotypus Cr. Exachus atricoxalis—Exochus laevis—N etaccel us. pa- Exochilum acronyctae Ash. glabrosus Dav. occidental Cr. Exochys atricoxalis Cr. glabrosis Dav. Exotylus gelechlae Ash. Exyston excelsus (Cr.) politus Dav. Glypta californica Prov. macra Cr. Grotea californica Cr. Hemiteles annulatus ashmeadii Ril. coleophorae Ash. meliteae Ash. Boethus aiaingens Dav. variegatus Ash. Heteropelma longipes Prov. Holmgrenia euurae (As.h) Homotropus decoralus (Cr.) humeralis (Prov.) Ichneumon astutus Holm. californicus—rufiventris. clairmontis Cam. crudosus Cr. cupitus Cr. curvator—T riclistus. diffici I is Cr. infractus Cr. leucopsis Ash. longulus Cr. neutralis Cr. nuncius Cr. odiosus Cr. petulcus Cr. purpuripennis Cr. rufiventris br. semisissis Cr. variegatus Cr. Ictoplectis orgyiae Ash. Ischyrocnemis pacificus Ash. Itaplectus orgyiae Ash. Lampronota hilaris Cr. ocidentalis Cr. Limneria californica Cr. cupressi Ash. eureka Ash.HYMENOPTERA — ICHNEUMONINA. 12 fugitiva Say. noiae Ash. pterophorae Ash. tibiator Cr. Limnoceras edwardsii Cr. Mesochorus irridescens Cr. Mesoleius rubiginosus—Clepsiporthus scapularis (Cr.) stretchii—CEthophorus. CEthophorus stretchii Cr. Ophion arctiae Ril. paimaris Dav. costale Cr. emarginatus—Tapinops. nigriceps Orona petiolaris Cam. OrtLocentris californicu0—Tapi nops emarginatus. Figure 133. An Ichneumon fly. submarginatus (Cr.) Mesotenus gragilipes Cr. Mesochorus iridescens Cr. Mesoleptus scapularis—Mesoleius. Metapodius montanus Cr. Metacocoelus laevis (Cr) Metapon caiifornicus Ash. Metapodius montanus Cr. Monoblastsus obscureilus (Cr.) Monoblastus obscureilus (Cr.) Noemon caiifornicus (Cr.) lusoris (Cr.) Orthopelma cai.rnicum Ash. Otacustes nigroornatus Cam. Orthoporus innumerabilis Dav. Pezomachus caiifornicus Ash. niger Prov. Phygadion albirictus Cr. caiifornicus Cr. crassipes Rov. fulvescens Cr. litamus Cr. phryganidiae Ash. Phytodictus caiifornicus Cr.124 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. obscurellus Cr. Pimpla annulipes Brul. aplopappi Ash. behrensii Cr. brunneifrons Vier. conquisitor Say. erythropus Vier. lithocolletidis Ash. notanda Cr. orgyiae Ril. pterophoriAsh. rubropectus Cr. Polyblastus pedalis (Cr.) Polysphincta koebelei How. Platylabrus californicus Cr. consors Cr. Porizon californica Prov. Pristomerus pacificus Cr. Schletterius ci net Ipse (Cr.) Stencmacris hastatus Dav. Syrphoctonus maculifrons Co. pacificus Cr. pleuralis (Cr.) Stiboscopus erithrostomus Cam. Tapinops emarginatus (Say). Thibetoides flosimoris Dav. Triclistus curvator Fabr. Triphon californicus—Noemon. carinatus—Chlorinasus. communis Cr. , lusorius—Noemon. pedalis—Polybiastus. submarginatus—Mesoleius. subniger Cr. tejonicus—Syrphoctonus crassus Xylonomus californicus Cr. Zaglyptus koebelei—Polysphincta. STEPHANID/E. Stephanis cinctipae—Schlettarius. ALYSIID/E. Adeiura subcompresa Ash. Aphaereta californica Ash. Alysia fossulata Prcv. BRACHONID/E. Apanteles koebelei Ril. Aphidaria basilaris Prov. Aphldus californicus Ash. confusus Ash. ~ lachni Ash. nigrovarius Prov. Blacus atricornis Ash. orchesiae Ash. californicus Ril. cecidomyiae Ash. Bracon angelicus Prov. f atripectus Ash. euurae Ash. juglandis Ash. koebelei Ash. nevadensis Ash politus Prov. sanguineus Prov. xanthonotus Ash. Caenophanes koebelei Chelonus fissus Prov. irridescens Cr. nanus Prov. Eubadizon californicus Prov. Ganychorus atricornis Ash. orchesiae Ash. Heterospilis koebelei Ash. Lipoplexus chenipodiaphidis Ash. piceus Ash. Figure 134. Diagram oi‘ the venation of Brachonidse. rapae Curt, salicaphidis Ash. Lisiphlebus abutilaphidis Ash. baccharaphidis Ash. citraphis Ash. coquilletti Ash. eragrostaphidis Ash. persicaphidis Ash. piceiventris Ash. Macrocentris aciculatus Prov. Meteorus coquilletti Ash. Microdus bicolor Prov. .'crilitis coqu.xlctti—Metorus. Proterops californicus Ash. "nogus cerurae Ash. Rhysalus californicus Ash. Spathius sequoiae Ash. pluto Ash. Toxoneurus californica Ash.HYMENOPTBRA — CYNIPINA 125 CYNIPINA. CYNIPID/E. This family comprises gall making insects and their guests (inquilines). The food plants are Rubus Diastrophus, Rosa Rholites and Lytorhodites, Quercus all other species. The oak galls occur on various parts of the tree as follows:— roots Callirhytis, twigs Disholcaspis, Cynips all species except maculipennis, Andricus quercuscalifornicus, dasydactyli and wisliceni, Calli- rhytis, chrysolepidicola, quercuspomiformis, quercussuttoni, nigra and santse- clarae. staminate flowers Diplolepis dubiosa and Andricus congregatus. buds Andricus pacificus and viltzae Callirhitus maculipennis, eroiphora, clarimontis, bakeri and rossi. leaves all other species The inquilines are known chiefly on the galls of Holcaspis eldoradensis and Callirhytis quercuspomiformis. Andricus chrysolepidis Ash. agrifoliae—Callirhytis quercusag- rifoliae. apicalis—Cal I i r hytis. brunneus Ful. californicus (Bas.) chincopin (Fitch), chrysolepidis Ash. chrystallinus Bas. congregatus Ash. crystallinus Bass, dasodactyli Ash. kingi Ash. kingi Bas. pacificus Ash. parmula Bas. pattersonaeFul. pompiformis (Bas.) quercusagrifoliae—Callirhytis. quercus californicus (Bas.) quercusflocci (Walsh.) quercuspomiformis—Cal I i rhytis. quercussuttoni—Cal I i rhytis. speciosus Bas. suttonii—Callihritis. viltzae Ful. wisliceni Ash. "Biorhiza californica Beut. Callirhytis agrifoliae (Bas.) Callirhytis apicalis (Ash.) bakeri Kief, clarimontis Kief, chrysolepidicola (Ash.) eriphora Kief, eriophora Kief, guadaloupensis Ful. lasia Ash. maculipennis Kief. nigra Ful. polythyra Kief. pomiformis—quercuspomiformis. quercusagrifoliae (Bas.) quercuscalifornicus—Andricus. quercuspomiformis (Bas.) quercussuttoni (Bas.) Figure 135. Diagram of the venation of Cynipina. rossi Kief, santaeclarae Ful. suttoni (Bas.) vaccinifoliae Ash. niger Ful. Ceroptres pompiiormis As... dorsalis Prov. Compsodryoxenus brunneus Ash. Cynips agrifoliaeCal I i rhytis quercusag- rifoliae. agrifoliaeCalliorhytis quercusag- bicolor—Rhodites. californicus—Andricus quercus- californicus. canescens (Bas.) chrysolepida—Cal I i rhytis. chrysolepidocala—Andricus. corallina (Bas.)126 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. cuspomiformis. echina—Diplolepis. heldae Full, kelloggi Full, multipunctata (Beut.) maculipennis (Gill.) oneratus—Synergus. pompiformis—Callirhytis .quer- quercus—Andricus californicus. quercusagnfoliae—Cal I i rhytis. quercusbattatus—Neuroterus. quercuscalifornicus—Andricus. quercusflocci—Andricus. .... . quercuspomiformis—Cal I i rh itis. quercussuttoni—Cal I i rhytis. rifolise. saltatorius—Neuroterus. suttoni—Callirhytis. tenuicornis Bas. quercusechinus — Diplolepis e- chinus. quercus—Andricus quercuscali- fornicus. saltatorius—Neuroterus. suttoni—Callirhytis quercussut- toni. Diastrophus kincaidi Gil. corallina—Cy n i ps. Diplolepis clavula (Beut.) discus (Bas.) echina (O.S.) douglasi (Ash.) dubiosa Full. Disholcaspis chrysolepidus (Beut.) eldoradensis (Beut.) Dryophanta clavula—Diplolepis. discus—Diplolepis. multipunctata—Cy n i ps. Figites chincopin—Andricus. Holcaspis canescens—Trichoteras. chrysolepidis—Disholcaspis. corallina—Cynips. douglasi—Diplolepis. eldoradensis—Disholcaspis. maculipennis—Cy n i ps. truckeensis—Disholcaspis. Lytorhodites arefactus Ash. Neuroterus fragilis Bas. quercusbattatus (Fitch.) saltatorius (Edw.) piceus Full, terminalis Hartig. Periclistus californicus Ash. obliquus Prov. brevicornis Asi.. flavus Kief. Rhodites bicolor (Har.) politus Ash. Synurgus agrifoliae Ash. dimorphus O.S. dubiosus Full, maculatus Full, multiplicatus Ful. niger Ful. ochreus Ful. oneratus (Harr.) punctatus Gill, splendidulus Ful. varicolor Ful. Trichoteras coquilletti Ash. ovalis Lee. nanus Lee. koebelei Oil. SIRICINA. These insects, known as horn-tails, burrow as larvae into the trunks of trees thus injuring the lumber. The common name of the group refers to a pe- culiar process at the end of the abdomen in larva and pupa as well as in the adult. CEPHID/E. Cephus clavatus (Nort.) Phylloecus clavatus—Cephus. rufiventris Cr. ORYSSID/E. Oryssus thoracicus Ash.HYMENOPTERA SIRICINA 127 SIRICID>E. Sirex areolatus (Cr.) y californicus (Ash.) / cyaneus—juvenalis. juvenalis Fabr. ^'^Paururus californicus—Sirex. Urocerus albicornis—californicus. areolatus—Sirex. behrens-ii—Sirex. californicus Nort. caudatus—Xeris spectrum, morr isoni—Xe r i s. Xeris morrisoni (Cr.) tutatrix Fitch, erythrocephala Banks. Figure 136. Diagram of the venation of Siricina. TENTHREDININA. CIMBYCID/E. Abia americana (Cr.) Trichiosoma lanuginosa Nort. Cimbex rubida Cr. Zarsea americana—Abia. SELANDRIID>E. Eriocampa cerasi (Peck). Tenthredo cerasi—Eriocampa. Selandria cerasi—Eriocampa. DOLERID/El__ ^ Dolerus coccinifera Nort. ~~ sericeus Say. cookii olarke. tejonensis (Nort.) distinctus Nort. j^osytheus tejoniensis—Dolerus. parvuila Cr. TENTH REDIN ID/E. Aphanius ienis Roh. Allantus annularis Nort. basilaris Say interruptus Nort. limbatus Cr. Claremontia typica Roh. Hylotoma coerulea Marl. Labida doanei Roh. Macrcphya bicolorata Cr. caiifornica (Nort.) fumator Nort. jugosa Cr. napiensis Roh. pieuricincta Nort. pumila Nort. subviolacea Cr. Pereclista leucostoma Roh. Pleuroneura caiifornica Ash. Figure 137. Diagram of the venation of Tenthredinina. Strongylogaster distans Nort. fidus Cr.128 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Tenthredo addenda Cr. (atlantus—fiavomargi n is. califormcus—M acrophya diluta Cr. edwardsii Cr. flavomarginis Nort. fumipennis Nort. lateraria Cr. obscuripennis Nort. parvula Cr. variata Nort. varipicta Nort. NEMATID>E. The best known member or the family is the gooseberry sawfly Pteronus ribesii Scop, which does not occur west of Missouri. Our P. thoracicus has been bred from Amelanchier canadensis. The smaller genera may be dis- tinguished as follows: Gymnononychus: claws simple. Pristophora: claws with a short tooth. Pontania: length not over 5.5 m.m. Amauronematus: mesonotum and pleurae opaque. Pontania produce the common conspicuous galls on willow leaves and Gymnonynchus is our pear sawfly. Monograph:—Marlatt, Bull. U. S. Ent. Tech. ser. 3. Amandonematis californicus Mari, coquilletti Marl. Gymnonynchus californicus Marl. Nematus edwardsi—Pteronus. „ f / <3rithrogaster—Pteronus. f ' iridescens—Pteronus. ^ mendicus—Pteronus t pava—Pontania. singularis—Gymnonychus. 7 thoracicus—Pteronus. trivitata—Pteronus mendfcua. vertebr atus—Pte ro n us. ■ vicinalis—Pteronus. Pontania californicus Marl. „__ excavatus MarT.' nevadansis (Cr.) 4. -i (pacifica Marl. .// parva (Cr.) resinicola Marl, truncata Marl. Pristophora siskyouensis Marl. Pteronus californicus Marl, edwardsii (Cr.)’ erithrogaster (Nort.) y irridescens (Cr.) koebelei Marl. [ v* mendicus (Walsh). ^ occidentalis MarlJ^, Vr' thoracicus (Har.)( unicolor Marl, vancouverensis Marl.;/^ vertebratus (Say). / - vicinalis ■ 'U " HYLAMTOMID>E. Hylatoma coerulea Nort. Sphacophilus crawii—Schizocerus. Schizocerus crawii (Prov.) ' ophyrus edwardsi Nort. PAM PH I LI I D>E. Lyda bucephalis—Pamphilius. pacificus—Pamph i I i us. verticalis—Pam ph 11 i us. LOPHYRID>E. Pamphilius bucephalus (Cr.) pacificus (Nort.) verticalis (Cr.) caudatus Nort. nigricornis Nort.DIPTERA, The term fly has come to signify a member of the order Diptera, tho in combination the name is used in most of the orders, as sawfly, butterfly, greenfly, whitefly, dragonfly, mayfly, etc. The most constant distinguishing characteristic is the structure of the hind wing, which is a short slender knobbed appendage called the halter, often covered and partly concealed by a lobe of the front wing. When the front wings are absent the halters also disappear. The mouth parts are extremely variable, sometimes all the parts are present but with mandibles and maxillae modified into piercing organs and the epi- pharynx and hypopharynx may be developed into additional lancets, the labium which is always without palpi forming a sheath enclosing all the lan- cets. In the majority of flies the mouth is more or less simplified by the re- duction or suppression of parts and in a few cases the whole mouth is rudi- mentary. The labium remains relatively large in all functional mouths. The one to five jointed maxillary palpi present the most characters of systematic value in the varying number size and shape of the joints The antennae show a great range of structure, being comparatively simple and many jointed in the lower forms, but the higher flies have the third joint enlarged and variously modified and the remaining joints reduced often 129130 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. appearing as a simple bristle on the side of the third joint. The venation affords the most important characters used in classification. Great diversity occurs. The marginals are usually well developed, sometimes continuous around the wing. The anterior marginal is often called the costal. The primary usually has three branches, the third being sometimes forked. The independent vein divides the two basal cells and encloses the discal cell, the large or posterior cross vein closing it externally. The small or an- terior cross vein connects with the primary closing the first basal cell and the posterior basal cross vein connecting with * the posterior vein closes the second basal cell. There are usually two posterior veins enclosing the third basal or anal cell. The open cells beyond the basal cells are called the posterior cells the first being opposite the first basal. A system of formulae has been devised constructed by listing the bars of the discal cell in the order of their size, numbering them outwardly in order using the even numbers below. The following list includes most of our ganera of crane flies. Amalopsis. Bittacomorpha. Ctenophora. Dicranomyia Dichranoptyche. Elliptera. Eriocera. Erioptera. Geranomyia. Helobia. Holorusia Limnobia Limnophila. Pachyrinia Pedicia Ptychoptera. Raphidolabis. Tipula. Trichocera Trimicra. 3 6 7 (1 2 4) 5* .1-21 3 1 4 (2 5* 6) 1 — 2315 — 341652 3 4 2 1 7 5 3 2* 1 5 4 6 (1 7) 2 3 4321 — 421 — 34251 3 4 (1 6) 5 2* 1 — 364 2* 51 3 2 6 4 1 5* 2 3 14 5 •5* 4 3 1 6 (2 7) — 3 2 4 (1 6) 5 — 3 2 5* 4 1 6 7 3 1—1 3 2 15 4 1 2 321 — 3241 3 4 1 5 2 — 3 6 5* (1 7) (2 4) 2 5* 3 1 6 7 4 2 3 4 5 1 The nomenclature of the veins most used consists in numbering the longitud- inal veins from one to six of which the independent isthe forth. Schiner names these subcostal, radial, cubital, discoidal, postical and anal veins Comstock calls the first three the radius, the remainder the media, cubital and anal. He interprets the posterior basal crossvein as a branch of the cubital vein. ;8i 111DIPTEHA. 131 SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Bombyliidae: discal adjacent to last posterior, and each about equal to second basal cell. Tachinidae: arista bare and calypteres large. Asilidae proboscis horny and face densely bristly below. Syrphidae: spurious vein present. Tipulidae: thorax with v-shaped suture dorsally. Empidae: discal and last two basal cells about equal in length and in dis- tance from hind edge of wing. Dolichopidae: discal and second basal cells confluent and first basal cell very short. Tabanidae: last fork of primary vein spreading widely. Culicidae: veins clothed with scales. Mycetophilidae: antennae longer than thorax. Psychodidae: body and wings densely hairy. Cecidomyidae: tibiae without spurs. Chironomidae: veins very feeble on hind half of wing. Stratiomyidae: basal cells more than twice as long as discal cell. Trypatidae: auxiliary vein absent. Borboridae: hind metatarsi shorter than other joints and thickened. Ephydridae and Oscinidae: discal and. second basal cells confluent and third basal absent, the latter consisting of pale colored flies. Agromyzidae, Geomyzidae and Drosophilidae: with oral vibrissae, the first with hind cross vein before middle of the wing, the last with long plumose or pectinate antennae. Threvidae: five posterior cells. Leptidae and Cyrtidae: three pads between the claws, the latter with the head very small. Muscidae: calypteres large. CEstridae: oral opening small. Anthomidae: first posterior cell wide open. Sarcophagidae: with outer half of arista bare Dexidae: base of abdomen bristly. Ortalidae: antennae with dorsal arista. Pipiculidae: head nearly as large as thorax. Conopidae: with long slender proboscis. Sepsidae, Scatophagidae and Helomyzidae: with oral vibrissae, the last with costa pectinate, the second front bristly near antennae. Micropezidae: head subspherical. Sap- romyzidae and Sciomyzidae: first two abdominal segments not at all coalesc- ed, the abdomen of the latter elongate. Pulicidae: wingless. Sarcopsyllidae: labial palpi only one jointed. Simuliidae: heavy veins near costa only. Phoridae: antennae apparently only one or two jointed. Blepharoceridae: wings marked by a net of fine lines. Midaidae. Bibionidae: antennae many jointed. Apioceridae and Scenopin- idae: head not hollowed out between the eyes, the latter with only three posterior cells. The fleas and winged bird lice specialized as parasites on vertebrates are generally separated from other flies tho retained within the order. The more typical flies have generally been classified in one of two ways, by theu 132 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. structure of the antennae, or according to the method of escaping from the pupa. These two schemes are now commonly combined making three groups, one with many jointed antennae, one with a short antenna and the pupa skin splitting normally, and a third group with a circular split. HIPPOBOSCINA. HIPPOBOSCID/E This family includes the winged birdlice and also certain tick-like flies. Lipotenia with rudimentary wings, which infests deer, and Melophagus en- tirely wingless, on sheep. They differ from all other insects by the fact that the whole larval life is passed within the body of the parent. For this reason the family was at one time separated as a distinct order. Hippobosca ovinus—Melophagus. ovinuc (Linn.) Lipotenia depressa (Say.) Olfersia impressa—Stilbometopa. Melophagus depressus—Lipotena. Stilbometopa impressa (Big.) TRYPETINA. AGROMIZID/E. The larva of Agromyza simplex is reported as burrowing in asparagus stems and numerous eastern species attack other plants. An eastern Desmo metopa has been bred from human excrement while Leucopsis and Copto- chaetum are parasitic, the latter on the cottony cushion scale. Agromyza pictella Thom, platyptera Thom, simplex Loew. Coptochaetum Iceriae Wil. Desmometopa halteralis Coq. m-nigrum Zett. Leucccpis r.iqricornis Big. Ochthiphila lispina Thom. DROSOPHILID/E. One species of Drosophila is reported as mining the leaves of cabbages but most of the species live in decaying fruit and vegetables. Drosophila apicata Thom. OSCINID/E. The larvae of all the species of the largest genus Chlorops as far as known feed on the stems of grasses including wheat, and Meromyza is considered a very important pest. Our species of Oscinnus has been reported from wheat but has also been bred from human masses of spiders. Chlorops assimilis Macq. graminea Coq. proxima Say. rubida Coq. Gaurax araneae Coq. excrement. Gaurax lives in the egg Hippelat.es genalis Thom. Meromyza americana Fitch. microcentris Coq. Mcsillus aeneus Fall. Oscinis trigramma Loew.DIPTERA — TRYPETINA. 133 Figure 139 Breeding places of Ephydra milbrge-134 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS Figure 141 Larva of Ephydra milbrse. Figure 142 Pupa of Ephydra milbrse.DIPTERA — TRYPETINA. 135 EPHYDRID/E. Caenia bisetosa Coq. Ephydra californica Pad. cinerea Jones, milbrse Jones. pentastigma—Scate 11 a tarsata Wil. Hydrelna scapularis Loew. Musca mantis—Ochthera. Notiophila decoris Wil. quadrisetosa Thom. Ochthera mantis (DeG.) Parydra appendiculata Loew. aurata Jones. Pelina brevis Walk. Pelomyia occidentalis Wil. Psilopa compta Meig. petrolei Coq. Scatella pentastigma (Thom.) Scatophila hamifera Beck. SEPSID/E. The cheese maggot P. casei also attacks smoked meats. Species of the other two genera live in excrement. Musca casei—Piophila. concolor Thom. Nemopoda atterima Big. obscuripennis Big. fulvicoxalis Big. Sepsis ecalcarata Thom. Piophila casei (Linn.) MICROPEZID/E. Calobata lasciva Fabr. TRYPETID/E. This family contains the fruit flies, highly injurious in other countries, but none of our local species are troublesome. Acidia fratria Thom. cultaris—culta. Carphotrichia culta Wied. Ensina aurifera Thom.U'f- 136 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 144 Larva of Mexican orange maggot. Figure 145 Pupa of Mexican orange m aggot. Figure 146 Fly of Mexican orange maggot. Figure 147 An Ortalid fly.DIPTERA — TRYPETINA. Eutresta abstersa Loew. adspersa Coq. bellula Loew. californica Coq. rufipennis Doane. Eustreta sporosa Wied. Neospilota signifera Coq. Rhagoletis formosa Coq. zephrina Snow. Tephritis acutangula Thom. Straussia longipennis Wiea. affinis Snow. genalis Thom, rufipennis Doane. Trypeta achillae John. californica Doane. gemeiia Coq. aurifera—Ensina. culta—Carptotricha. f emoralis—U rel I i a. fratria—Alcidia. longipennis—Straussi a. Urellia femoralis Thom, naverna Walk. 137 ORTALID>E. Like the preceeding family wings. Acrosticta dichroa Loew. fulvipes Coq. Anacampta latiuscula Loew. pyrrocephalus Loew. Diacrita aemula Loew. Epiplatea scutellaris Coq. many of the species have highly decorated Euxesta notata Wied. Eurycephala myopaeformls Roed. willistonii Coq. Tetropismenus hirtus Loew. Ulida rubida Loew. GEOMYZID/E. The larvae of these flies live in the stems of plants. Anthomyza variegata Loew. Zagonia flava Coq. Baliptera lurida Loew. SAPROMYZIDyE. The larvae live in decaying Lonchaea polita Say. Luxania albiset a Coq. nasalis Hhom. Sapromyza connexa Say. fiaveola Coq. livingstonia Coq. vegetable matter. lupulina Fabr. notata Fall, planiscutum Thom, quadrisetosum Thom, univittata Coq. Larvae aquatic. Sciomyza humilis Loew. nana Fall. Borborus equinus Fall. Limnosia aldrichi Wil. SCIOMYZIDAE. Tetanocera pictipes Lew. plumosa Loew. BORBORID^. fontimalis Fall. Anorostoma grandis Dar. maculata Dar. opaca Cq. Leria pectinata Loew. HELOMYZIDAE Helomyea limbata Thom. lineata Walk. Siligo litorea Aid.138 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. SCATOPHAGID/E. These flies are very abundant on fresh cow manure upon which the larvae feed. Musca ctercoraria—Scatophaga. stercoria (Linn.) Scatophaga furcata Say. Scatomyza apicata Thom, thinobia Thom. MUSCINA. ANTHOMYiD/E. The food habits of the larvae of this family are quite variable, including the feeding on living plants as Anthomyia micropteryx Thom, ochripes Thom, orthogaster Thom. Coenosia argentata Coq. canescens Stein, majuscula Coq. verna (Fabr.) Fannia aethops Mai. benjamini Mai. leaf miners or root borers. Hylemyia acanthoe Walk, variata Fall. Limnophora cyrtoneura Stein. Musca verna Coenosia. Ophyra leucostoma Wied. Phaonia varipes Coq. Schoenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Tetramerinx femorata Mai. MUSCID/E. Figure 148 Life history of the house fly. The house fly, Musca domestica, the stable fly, Stomoxus, the blue bottle flies, Calliphora, the screw-worm fly, Chrysomyia marcelaria and the horn fly, Haematobia, are all very common and important insects. The relation ofD1PTERA — MUSCINA. 139 the house fly in the spreading of typhoid fever has caused special effort to be put forth to prevent their breeding in stable manure. See California Bulle- tin No. 215. SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Lucilia: proboscis not elongate and row of vertical bristles above hind leg Pollenia and Chrysomyia: vibrissal angles distant from oral margin, the latter bright metalic flies. Phormia: mesonotum flattened behind transverse suture. Calliphora: cheeks hairy. Musca: proboscis not elongate. Pyrelia and Pseudopyrelia: middle tibiae with a prominent bristle on the inner surface beyond the middle, the latter with angle of fourth vein rounded. Myiopsila, Morelia and Muscina: last sec- tion of fourth vein only broadly curved, the first with eyes pubescent, the last with first posterior cell broadly open. Stomoxus. Hsematobia: palpi nearly as long as proboscis. j; U 1.1 Figure 149 Effect of quantity of food on size. Calliphora coloradensis Hough. vomitoria (Linn.) Chrysomyia marcellaria Fabr. wheeler! Hough. Conops calcitrans—Stomoxys. Haematobia serrata Desv. -ucillia caesar (Linn.) proxima (Walk.) sericata Meig. stigmaticollis—Phorma regina. Musca caesar—Lucilia. ^ cornidina—Pseudopyrellia; domestica-L inn. proxima—Luci I ia. regina—Phormia. rudis—Pollenia. vomitoria—Calliphora. Morellia micans Macq. Muscina recurva Thom. Myospila medilabunda Fabr. Nitellia glabricula—Pollenia. Phorma regina Meig. Pollenia glabricula Big. rudis (Fabr.) Pyrellia frontalis Thom. Pseudopyrelia cornicina (Fabr.) (Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) SARCOPHAGID/E. The members of this family are called flesh flies. The larvae feed on all kinds of decaying matter. Sarcophaaa davidsonii Coq. palliventris Thom, orpifera Coq.140 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 150. Head and mouth parts of a house fly and concrete manure bin.DIPTERA — MUSCINA. 141142 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS DEXIID/E. Melanodexia tristis Walk. Morphomyia rufinotata. Big. TACHINID>E. i This family and the last are parasitic on other insects. Acemyia dentata. Coq. tibialis Coq. Admontia retiniae Coq. setigera Coq. Aphria ocypterata Town. Archytas analis Fabr. Arthrophoda singularis—Paradidyma. Belvoisia bifasciata Fabr. Biomyia geogiae B.&B. Biepharipeza adusta Loew. monticola—Ghaetogaed i a. Brachycoma davidsoni Coq. Celatoria crawii—diabroticae. diabroticae Shi. spinosa Coq. Chaetogaedia crebra Wulp. monticola (Big.) Clistogaster divisa Loew. immaculata Macq. Clausiella setigera Thom. Cuphocera californiensis Macq. Dejeania rutilioides—Paradejeania. Demoticus melitaeae Coq. Dexia pedastris—Hypostoma. Drepanoglossa occidentalis—E p i g r i- myia. Echinomyia algens Wied. dakotensis Town, decisa Walk, infumata—palpal is Coq. Epalpus bicolor (Wil.) signiferus (Walk.) Eumacronychia decens—Hilerella. Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Epigeimyia occidentalis Coq. setigera Coq. Exorista chelionum Rund. confinis Fal. futilis O.S. nigripalpus Town. Frontania aletiae Ril. armigera Coq. turgida Coq. frenchi Wil. Gaediopsis setosa Coq. Lonia capitata. DeG. Craphomyia maculata Scop. Gymnosoma fuliginosa Desv. Heteropterina nasoni Coq. Hilarella aristatis Coq. decens (Town.) siphonina Zett. Hyalomyia nigrens—Phorantha. Hypostena aenea Coq. barbata Coq. pedestris Wal. tortricis Coq. vanderwulpi Town.) Variabilis Coq. Lasioneura johnsoni Coq. Leskia eucerata Big. Leucostoma atra Town. neomexicana Town. Linnaemyia compta Fal. Lophosis setigera—Clausicella. Macquartia pristis Walk. Masicera eufitchiae Town, frenchii—Frontina. pausiseta Coq. Masistylum macropogon Big Melanophrys flavipennis Wil. Melanospora diabroticae—Celatoria. Metachaeta helymus Walk, sequax Wil. Metaplegia occidentalis Coq. Microphthalma disjuncta Wied. Micropalpus mizcella—Trichophora. Miltogramma erythrocaria—Senotan i a. sephonia—H i larel I a. tr ilineata—Se n ot a i n i a. Musca bifasciata—Belvoisia. planipes—T richopoda. radicum—Trichopoda. Myiophasis robusta Coq. Myocera tibialis Desv. Myotheria vanderwulpi—Hypostena. Ochthera mantis DeG. Ocyptera arcuata—Xanthalmelana. carotinae Desv. Pachyophthalmus floridensis Town. Panzeria radicum Fabr. Paradejeania rutillioides Jean. Paradidyma singularis Town. Parexorista cheloniae—Exorista. confinis—Exorista. Peletaria robusta Wied. Phorocera claripennis—Euphorocera. erecta Coq.DIPTERA — MUSCINA. 143 saundersii Wil. Phorantha nigrens Wulp. occidentalis Walk. Phoriohaeta sequax Wil. Plagia americana Wulp. Plusia brevirostris Coq. Polidea asros Walk. Prospheripa cerebra—Chaetogaedia. Pseudochaeta argentifrons Coq. Pseudomyothris tortricis—H ypostema. Saundersia bicolor—Epalpus. signifera—Epa.pus. Scopolia sequax—Phoriohaeta. Senotainia decisa Town, rubriventris Macq. trilineata Wulp. Siphona plusiae Coq. Siphoplagia anomala Town. Siphoturmia rostrata Coq. Spallanzania antennalis Coq. hesperidarum Wil. Sturmia albifrons Walk, distincta Wied. occidentalis Wil. Tachina albifrons—Sturmia. aletise—Frontina. algens—Echinomyia. analis—Archytas analis. californica —Archytas analis. capitata—Gonia. decisa—Echinomyia. dis juncta—St u r m i a. distincta—St urmia. helumus—M eachaeta. mella Walk, r busta Town, robusta—Pelateria. sigmiferus—Epalpus. Tacbinomyia robusta—Tachina. Thereva plumipes—Trichopoda. Trichopoda pennipes Fabr. plumipes Fabr. Figure 152 Tachina fly. Winthemia adusta Loew. antennalis Coq. Xanthomelana arcuata Say. CESTRID/E. )<. The bot flies are parasitic on animals, CEstrus on sheep, Hypoderma on cattle, Gastrophilus on horses and Cuterebra and Bogeria on rodents. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Cuterebra: mouth parts not rudimentary. Bogeria: arista bare. Gastrophilus. CEstrus and Hypoderma: first posterior closed or nearly so, the first with the median groove of the face narrowed below. Bogeria princeps Hust. „ Cuterebra latifrons Coq. * leporivora Coq. // nitida Coq. / ?*' l > 7 ternebrosa CCq. * Gastrophilus equi (Clark.) nasal is (Linn.) . Hypderma lineata Vill. CEstrus equi—Gastrophilus. nasalis—Gastrophilus. ; ~ ovis Linn.144 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. SYRPHINA The larvae of these wasplike flies are parasitic on Hymenoptera. CONOPID/E. Dalmannia picta Wil. vitiosa Coq. Myopa conjuncta Thom, pictipennis Wil. pilosa Wil. Oncomyia abbreviata Loew. baroni Wil. loraria Lew. Physocephala affinis Wil. burgessi Wil. Zodion fulvifrons Say. triste Big. SYRPHID/E. The syrphus flies feed as larvae ii genus Syrphus and its allies feed on Allograpta fracta O.S. obiiqua Say. Ascemosyrphus mexicanus Macq. » oculierus—mexicanus. baptista—clavata. ' , clavata. Fabr. lemur O.S. obscuricornis Loew. Barachopa vacua O.S. Brachymyia lupina—Criorhina. * / T nigripes—Criorhina. Catabomba pyrastri—Lasiophthicus. Cerea tridens Loew. Chilosia baroni Wil. chalybescens Wil. ' /occidentalis Wil. pacifica Hun. \t pallipes Loew. JtCc townsendi Hun. willistonii Snow. Chrysochlamys croesus O.S. Chrysogaster bellula Wil. nigrovittata Loew. stigma Wil. Chrysotoxum derivatum Walk, villosum—derivatum. Copestylum marginatum Say. Criorhina coquilletti Wil. . humeralis Wil. I, lupina Wil. nigripes Wil. Crioprora alpex O.S. cyanella O.S. Didea laxa Fabr. Eristalis aeneus Fabr. hirtus Loew. latifrons Loew. . decaying vegetation and those of the plantlice. stipulator—latifrons. temporalis Thom, tenax Linn. Eurhinomamallota lupina—Criorhina. metalica—Criorhina lupina. nigripes—Criorhina. Eupseodes volucris O.S. Helophilus latifrons Loew. mexicanus—Ascemosyrphus. polygrammus—Ascemosyrphus mexicanus. similis Macq. Mesogramma gemmata Say. marginata Say. Mesograpta marginata—Mesogramma. Microdon xanthophilis Town. Musca pipiens—Syritta. ribesii—Syrphus. tenax—Eristalis. Myolepta varipes Loew. Ischgrosyrphus tricolor—Syrphus vel- utinus. Lasiophthicus pyrastri Linn. Mallota sackeni Wil. Melanostoma bicruciatum Big. pachytarsis Big. p.ctipes Big. stegnum Say. Nausigaster punctulata Wil. Orthoneura nigrovitta—Chrysogaster- sinuosa—Chrysogaster stigmata. Paragus angustus Loew. auricaudus—Paragus tibialiss. bicolor Fabr. pisticodes Wil. tibialis Fall. Pipiza auricaudatus—Paragus tibialis.DIPTERA — SYRPHINA. 145 Platychirus albimanus Fabr. ciliatus—albimanus. quadratus Say. Pocata alopex—Croiprora. cyanella—Crioprora. bomboides Hun. Scseva arcuata—Syrphus. geminata—Mesogramma. marginata.—Mesogramma. obliqua—Al lograpta. quadratus—Platychirus. Sparzigaster bacchoides—Baccha clav- ata. Sphaerophoria dubia Big. infumata Thom, melanosa Wil. micrura O.S. pyrrhina Big. sulphuripes Thom. Specomyia brevicornis O.S. Spilomyia interrupta Wil. Syritta pipiens (Linn.) Syrphus aenaus—Eristalis. albimanus—Platychirus. americanus—Wied. arcuatus Fall, bicolor—Paragus. clavata—Baccha. fumipennis Thom, infumata—Sphaerophora. intrudens O.S. lapponicus—arcuatus. opinator O.S. pigra—Xylota. protritus O.S. quinquelimbatus Big. ribesii Linn. sulphuripes—Sphaerophora. velutinus Wil. Triodonta curvipes Wied. Tropidia quadrata Say. Volucella avida O.S. tan Big. temnocera Loew. Xylota analis Wil. barbata Loew. curvipes Lew. ejuncida Say. flavitibia Big. obscura Loew. M Figure 153 Syrphus fly. pigra Fabr. esuriens Fabr. marginata—Copestylum. megacephala Loew. mexicana—esuriens. PIPUN CULIDiE. The flies are notable by their large heads. The larvae are parasitic. Pipicula bidens Ores. Pipuncutus aridus Wil. PHORINA PHORID/C. The hunchback flies have very diverse food habits. Aphiochaeta minuta Aid. Phora rufipes Meig. pulicaria Fall. Trineura aterrima (Fabr.) pygmoea Zett. velutina Meig.146 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. ASILINA LONCHOPTERID/E^ Lonchoptera lacustris Meig lutea Panz. EMPIID>E. feeding on decaying vegetable matter. The larvae are aquatic Chrysotus subcostatus Loew. Clinocera maculipes Big. Drapetis nitidula Mel. unipila Loew. Empimorpha barbata Loew. comantis Coq. geneatis Mel. anca Coq. mira BiBg. nuda Loew. Figure 154 Empid fly. Enoplempis mira—Empis. Euthyneura atripes Mel. Hilaria cana Coq. congregaria Mel. nugax Mel. Hilarcmorpha obscura Big. Holocera ravida Coq. Iteaphila peregrina Mel. Leptopeza disparellus Mel. Meghyperus occidens Coq. Microphorus ravidus Coq. Nithicomyia rileyi Coq. tibialis Coq. Platypalpus aequalis Loew. canus Mel. gravidus Mel. Empis aerobatica Mel. bigoti Mel. cinerea—bigoti. comantis Coq. discoventris—dolobraria. doiobraria Mel. falcata Mel. incultus Coq. incurvis Mel. manco Coq. pluto Mel. Ramphomyia amplicella Cq. bifilata Coq. caiifornica Coq. curripes Coq. duplicis Coq. fimbriata Coq. loripedis Coq. luctiosa Loew. nigrita Big. scauritissima Whe. scuellaris Coq. stylata Coq. sudigeronis Coq. Tachydromia schwartzii Coq. Tachytrechus angustipennis Loew. sanus O.S. DOLICHOPID/E. Aptorthus nigripes—Mesorhagia. Apnrostylus di rep tor Whe. Campsicnemis degener Whe. grassator Whe. Dolichopus afflict us O.d. predator Whe. /DIPTERA — ASILINA 147 Hercostomus aurifcr Thom, impudicus Whe. metatarsaus Thom. Hydrophorus breviseta Thom. eldoradensis Whe. Laincalus querulus O.S. canalicuiatus Thom, consanguineus Whe. co rax O.S. crenatus O.S. lamellicornis Thom, metatarsalis—Hercostomus. paluster Mel. pollex O.S. tenuipes Aid. Marcellocerus sanus—Tachytrechus. Medeterus californiensis Whe. xerophilus Whe. Mesorhaga nigripes Aid. Neurigona lienosa Aid. Nothosympcnus vegetus Whe. Paraclius femoratus Aid. Parasyntormon asellus Whe. emarginatum Whe. largotis Whe. Pelastoneurus cyaneus Whe. dissimilipes Whe. longicauda Loew. occldentalis Whe. Polymedon flabelilfer O.S.148 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Psilopodinus pilicornis Aid. Sympycus cuprinus Whe. Synarthrus affine—Syntormon. strataegus—Syntormon. Scellus vigil O.S. Syntormon affine Whe. angustipennis Loew. strataegus Whe. Tachytrechus sanus O.S. ASILIDAE. The flies of this family are called robber flies. They feed very ravenously on other insects and the larvae are also predaceous on other larvae, being found in rotten wood or under the bark of logs. Ablantus fulvipes Coq. mimus O.S. trifarius Loew. Andrenostoma fulvicauda—Nusa. Figure 156 Asilid,fly.' Anisopogon ludius—Heteropogon. senilis—Heteropogon. vespoides—H eteropogon. Asilus abdominalis—Osprioceous. Blacodes clausa—Cophura. cristatus—Cop h u ra. trunca—Cophura. Chrysoceria pictitarsus (Big.) Clavator sabulonum—Lestomyia. Cophura clausa (Coq.) cristata (Coq.) fallei Back, truncata (Coq.) Cyrtopogon aurifer O.S. callipedilus Loew. cerusattus O.S. cretaceus O.S. cymbalistata O.S. evidens O.S. gibber Big. leucozonus Loe ". longimanis Loew. montanus Loew. nebuio O.S. nigricolor ooq. nugator O.S. positivus O.S. princeps O.S. rattus O.S. rejectus O.S. sudator O.S. Dasyllis astur O.S. Dasypogon argenteus—Stictopogon. californiae—Stictopogon. quadrinotatus Big. trifasciatus—Stictopogon. Deromyia pulchra Bac. Dicoionus simplex Loew. Dioctria albina Walk, parvula Coq. pusio O.S. resplendens Loew. rubida Coq. vera Back. Erax cinerascens Bel. furax—cinerascens. Habropogon bilineatus Wil. iudens (Coq.) senilis—Pycnopogon. vespoides Big. Heteropogon ludius (Coq.) senilis (Big.) vespoides (Big.) Holopogon appendiculatus—Cyrtopo- gon giober. nitidiventris Big. umbrinus Back. Lampria felis O.S. Laparus pictitarsus—Ch rysocc ri a. Laphria carbonarius Wil. anthrax—carbonari us. franciscanus Big. fulvicauda—Nusa. rapax O.S. ventralis Wil.DIPTERA — ASILINA 149 Lasiopogon arenicola O.S. bivittatus Loew. Leptogaster scapularis Dig. Lestomyia fraudigera Wi.. sabuionum (O.S.) Mallophora megachiie Coq. Metapogon gilvipes Coq. Myelaphus lobicornis (O.S.) mela8 Big. rufus Wil. Neciaparus pictitarsus Big. Nicocles abdominalis Wli. aemuiaor (Loew.) argentatus Coq. dives (Loew.) Nusa fulvicauda Say. Ospnocerus abdominalis (Say). Pycnopogon cirr.atus O.S. senilis—Heteropogon. rygostalus aemulator—Nicocles. dives—Nicocles Sarapogon hyalinus Coq. luteus Coq. semiustus Coq. Scleropogon jubatus—Stenopogon. picticornis—Stenopogon. Stenopogon albibasis Big. breviusculus Loew. californiae (Walk.) gratus Loew. jubatus Loew. nigrltulus Coq. obscuriventris—californiae. picticornis Low. univittatus—gratus. Stictopogon argentatus Say. trifasciatus (Say). Triclis tagax Wil. Willistonia bilineatus Back. SCENOPID/E. pseudatrichia griseola Coq. Metaphragma planiceps Loew. Nebritis pellucidus Coq. Psilocephala aldrichii Coq. baccata Coq. costal is Loew. marcida Coq. montivaga Coq. pavida Coq. Thereva cornata Loew. THEREVID>E. crassicornis Wil. egressa Coq. furcata Loew. melaneura Loew. nigra Say. otiosa Coq. semitaria Coq. vialis O.S. Xestomyza planiceps—Metaphragma. BOMBYLINA APIOCERID>E. Apiocera haruspex O.S. Raphiomydas acton Coq. Apomydas trochilus Coq. MYDAID/E. The larvae live in decaying wood and are predaceous. Leptomydas concinnus Coq. hirtus Coq. pantherinus Gar. tennuipes (Loew.) Mydas tennuipes—Leptomydas. ventralis Ger. Figure 157 Venation of a Mydiad150 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 158 Mydiad fly BOMBYLIID/E. The flies of this family are particularly abundant in species in this state tho the individuals are not excessively numerous. The larvae are parasitic, some on the eggs of grasshoppers, many on bees and wasps. Figure 159 Bombyliid fly Agyramoiba cybele—Spongostylum. delila Spongostylum. limatulus—Spongostylum varia—Spongostylum. Amphicosmus elegans Coq. Anastocchus barbatus—nitidulus. nitldulus Fabr. Anthrax adumbrata Coq. aenea Coq. agrestis—Lepidanthrax. agrippina O.S. alpha O.S. alternata Say. anna Coq. at rata Coq. bigradata Loew. campestris—Lepidanthrax. caprea Coq. catulina Coq. cautor Coq. cinefacta Coq. consessor Coq.DIPTERA — BOMBYLINA 151 crocina Coq. cumenes O.S. curta Coq. diagonalis Loew. edelia—perplexa. edwardsii Coq. endora Coq. eumenes O.S. fenestratoides Coq. fuliginosa Loew. fulvicoma Coq. fumida Coq. gemella Coq. hircina Coq. inaurata—Lepidanthrax. inculta Coq. inops Coq. junctura Coq. junctuia—Dipalta. lacunaris Coq. lanta—Lepidanthrax. lepidota O.S. levicula Coq. limatulus—Spongostylum. lucifer Fabr. mercedis Coq. mira Cq. miscella Coq. mobile Coq. molitor Loew. mucorea—m uscar i a. muscaria Coq. nebuiosa Coq. nugator Coq. obscura Coq. cedipus—Spongostylum. pallidula Coq. perimteie—alternata. perplexa Coq. poecilogaster O.S. pretiosa Coq. pullata Coq. sabulosa Coq. scitula Coq. serpantura Coq. serpentina—Dipalta. sinuosa Wied. squamigera Coq. supina Coq. syrtis Coq. systis Coq. tantilla Coq. telluris Coq. terrena Coq. turbata Coq. [[ , vana Coq. variata Coq. varium—Spongostylum. vasta Coq. vigilans—perpl exa. vulpina Coq. willistonii Coq. Aphoebantus abnormis Coq. brevistylus Coq. capax Coq. catulus Coq. cervinus Loew. concinnus (Coq.) desertus Coq. fucatus Coq. fumidus Coq. fumosus (Coq. hirsutus Coq. interruptus Coq. leviculus Coq. litus Coq. marcidus Coq. m xtus Coq. mus O.S. pavidus Coq. pellucidus (Coq.) scriptus Coq. tardus Coq. transitus Coq. varius Coq. vittatus Coq. vulpecula Coq. Bibio capicina—Exoprosopa. lucifer—A nth rax. Bombilius albicapillus Loew. aurifer O.S. cachinnans O.S. cinerius Big. fratellus—major, lancifer O.S. laticeps BBig. major Linn, metopium O.S. nitidulus—Anastcechus. recurvus Coq. syndesmosus Coq. Coquillettia vandykei Coq. Dipalta junctura Coq serpentina O.S. Cclimus californicus Big. melanosus Wil. puella Wil. lotus Wil. marginatus O.S. muricatus O.S.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Epacmus nebritus Coq. rufilimbatus Big. Eucessia rubens Coq. Exepacmu8 johnsoni Coq. Exoprosopa agasizii Lew. capicina Fabr. bifurca Lew. divisa Coq. dorcadion—capacina Fabr. eremita O.S. gaurophy lax—H y pera Ionia, grata Coq. paiiens Big. Exoptata divisa—Exoprosopa. Germinaria pellucida Coq. Geron cinctgra Coq. fasciola Coq. hybus Coq. senilis Fabr. trochilu8 Coq. Hyperalonia gazophylax Loew. lanta Coq. Lordotus apicula Coq. buceros Coq. canabis Coq. Lepidanthrax agrestis Coq. angulus O.S. campestris Cq. inaurata Coq. diversus Coq. junceus Coq. miscellus Coq. planus O.S. sororcula Wil zona Coq. Mancia nana Coq. Metacosmus exilis Coq. Pantar bes capita O.S. Paracosmus edwardsii (Loew). insolene Coq. Phthiria diversa Coq. egerminans Loew. humilis O.S. notata Loew. similis Coq. sulphurea Loew. Picas amabilis O.S. atratula Loew. fenestrata O.S. johnsoni Coq. melanocerata Big. nigripennis Loew. obesuia Loew. rufula O.S. serrata. Coq. Rhambdoselaphus mus Big. Spogostylum cybele Coq. daphne (O.S.) deiila Loew. iimatulus Say. oedipus Fabr. vandykei—Coq u i 11ett ia., varium Fabr. Systochus oreas O.S. Thalipsogas ter sy ndesmosus—Bo m by I ius. Triplasius novus Wil. Toxophora maxima Coq. pellucida Coq. vasta Coq. T ABANIN A Eulonchus marginatus O.S. sapphirinus O.S. saragdinus Gers. tristis Loew. Atherix varicornis Loew. Chrysopila anthracina Big. humilis Loew. Dialysis dispar BiBg. Hilaromorpha obscura Big. Leptis costata Loew. incisa Loew. Leptotricha discolor—Triptotricha. CYRTID>E. Oncodes melampus Loew. Opsebius pancus O.S. sulphuripes Loew* Pterodontia vix Town. LEPTIDAE. lauta—Triptotricha. Mythicomyia rileyi Coq. tibialis Coq. Rhachicerus honestus O.S. Symphoromyia cruenta Coq. modesta Coq. pachyceras Wil. trucis Coq.DIPTERA — BOMBYLINA 153 Triptotricha discolor Loew. Xylomyia pallipes Loew. dispar—Dialysis. subula—pallipes. lauta Loew. TABANID/E. Figure 160 Tabanid fly The horseflies are not very abundant in California but in other sections ^re very annoying to stock. The larvae are predaceous and found in all sorts of situations. Apatolestes comastes Wil. noctifer O.S. Chrysops fnlvaster O.S. > pachycera Wil. gigantulus—Silvius. proclivis O.S.154 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figrure 161 Head and mouthparts of a Tabanid Figure 162 Venation of Tabanidae and related groups quadrivitatus—si I vi us. surdus O.S. Corizoneura ruficornis—Pangonia. velutina—Pangonia. Diatominerva californicai—Pangonia. Haematopate americana O.S. Pangonia californica (Big.) dives Wil. hera O.S. ruficornis (Big.) velutina (Big.) Silvius gigantulus (Loew.) quadrivitatus Say. Tabanus aegrotus O.S. captouis Mar. comastes Wil. episatus O.S. insuitus O.S. laticeps Hine. lineola Fabr. phanerops O.S. procyon O.S. punctifer O.S. rhombicus O.S. sonomensis O.S. Aochletus obscurus Coq. Chloromyia viridis—Sargus. Cfitellaria (ata Loew. STRATIOMYID/E. The larvae are carnivorous and found in various situations. Figure 163 A Stratiomyid fly. villosulus Big. Thermoplectus californicus—Taban us epistatus. captonis—T abanus. rustica O.S. haemaphorus—Tabanus sonomen- sis. phaenops—Tabanus. procyon—T abanus. sonomensis—T abanus. Euparyphus apicalis Coq. niger Big. septemmaculatus Adams, tahoensis Coq. Nemotelus arator Mel. tristus Big. Odontomyia americana Day. arcuata Loew. binotata—truquii. cincta Oliv. hodiana Big. . inequatus Loew. megacephala—truquii. pilosus Day. pubescens Day. pyrrhostoma—qi losa. truquii Bel. *DIPTERA —ASILINA 155 Oxcera crotchi O.S. nevadae Big. Sargus viridus Say. maculosls Loew. Stratiomyia barbata Loew. melanosoma Loew. BIBIONINA BLEPHAROCERID/E. The larvae live in mountain streams. Bibiocephala comstocki Kel. doanei Kel. Blepharocera ancilla—Philorus. jordani Kel. ostensakeni Kel. yosemite—Philorus. Liponeura yosemite—Philorus. Philorus ancilla O.S. yosemite O.S. SIMULIID/E. Buffalo gnats or black flies sometimes become exceedingly annoying on account of their blood sucking habits. The larvae are aquatic. Simulium argus Wil. bracteatum Coq, pictipes Hag. hirtipes Fries, venustum Say. vittatum Zet. Figure 164 Venation of Simulidae and related families. BIBIONID>E. The larvae feed on decaying vegetable substances.156 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Bibio hirtus Loew. Scatopse not at a (Linn). nervosus Loew. Tipula notata—Scatopse. Dilophus occipitalis Coq. TIPULINA CECIDOMYID/E. One species, the hessian fly, Myetiola, is a very serions pest on wheat, but not particularly so in this state. Other species feed as larvae on decaying vegetable matter, and one of our species, Arthrocnodax, feeds on red spiders. V Figure 167 Larva of a Mycetophilid. Arthrocordax epiphila Felt, occidentalis Felt. Cecidomyia destructor—Myetiola. radiatse S.&M. Diplosis piniradiatae—Cecidomyia. Myetiola destructor (Bay). MYCETOPHILID/E. The larvae feed on decaying vegetable substances. V Figure 166 Venation of Mycetophilidse and related families. Acnemia varipennis Coq. Alodia bella Job. delita Job. Coelosia flavicauda Win. gracilis Job. lepida Job. modest a Job. pygophora Coq. Cordyla neglecta Job. Dacosia obscura Coq. Gnorista megorrhina O.S. Leia lineola (Adams). striata (Wil.) Mycomyia calcarata (Coq.) f requens—I i tto r a I i s. littoral is Say. mendax Job. Bolitophila hybrida Meig. Mycetophila ienistrata Coq. nemoralis—N eu ratel i a. obscura—Dacosia. / ^ z'' /'DIPTERA BIBIONINA 157 trifasciata Coq. Neoglaphyroptera lineola—Leia. striata—Leia. Neoempheria pullata—Platyura Coq. Neuratelia nemoralis (Meig.) silvatica Coq. Platura pullata (Coq.) scapularis Joh. Rhymosia a Joh. diffissa Joh. imitator Joh. Sciophila calcarata—Mycomyia. CULICID/E. Mosqujtoes are insects of peculiar interest on account of the relation between f Anopheles and malaria and ^3des calopus and yellow fever. The latter insect occurs only rarely in a few sea ports in California and the disease is unknown here. Malaria however is wide spread in the central and northern sections coincident with the distribution of the Anopheles. In the San Francisco bay region two species of salt marsh mosquitoes, ^Edes quaylei and squamiger are at times very annoying. Very successful control measures have been employed. (See California Bulletin Number 178). The two most common fresh water mosquitoes in the same region are Culex tarsalis and Culiseta incidens. >EJes aestivalis Dyer, calopus (Meig.) curiei (Coq.) damnosa Say.158 GUIDE. TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. punctipennis Say. Corethra Trivitata Loew. Culex annulatus—Theobaldia. ciliata—Psorophora. cubensis Big. currei—Aedes. Figure 169 Venation of Culicidse and Figure 171 quaylei D.& K. spenceri (Theo.) squamiger (Coq. sylvestris (Theo.) varipalpus Coq. vittatus Theo. Anophfeles franciscanus McC. maculipennis Mieg. Anopheles. erythrothorax Dyer, incidens—Culiseta. inornatus—C u I i seta, pipiens Linn. pulchripennis—Anopheles, spenceri—Aedes. sauamiger—Aedes. sligmatosoma Dyer.DIPTERA — TIPULINA 159 Figure 172 Culiseta incidens. 1,larva; 2, antennae; 3, mentum; 4, siphonal spines showing variation; 5, scale of eighth abdominal segment; 6, eighth and ninth ab- dominal segments and siphon; all enlarged.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 173 Mdes squamiger. Same parts as in figure 172DIPTERA — TIPULINA 161 Figure 174 JEdes quaylei. Same parts as in figure 172.if, 2 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 175 Culex tarsalis. Same parts as in figure 172.DIPTERA — TIPULINA 163 Figure 176 Wings of female mosquitoes. 1, Culiseta incidens; 2, Culex tarsalis; 3, /Edes squamiger; 4, yEdes quaylei.164 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. / z <3 Figure 177 Claws of 9 /Edes squamigrer: 10 ■ Mosquitoes. 1 - 3 Culex tarsalis; 4 - 6 Culiseta inc-idens; 7 12 ^Edes auavlei.DIPTERA — TIPULINA 165 sylvestris—Aedes. tarsalis Coq. territans Walk. Culiseta consobrina—inornata. incidens (Thom.) inornata (Wil.) maccrackenae D.&H. Grabhamia currei—Aedes. demiedmanii Lnd. Leptoplatys squamiger—Aedec. sylvestris—Aedes. Mansonia signifer Coq.166 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. I'ignire ISO Anopheles larva.DIPTERA — TIPULINA 16? Figure 182 Culiseta. Side view. varipalpus—Aedes. sylvestris—Aedes. Ochlerotatus lativittatus—Aedes Cur- varipalpus—Aedes. riei. Psophora ciliata (Fabr.)168 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Stegomyia calopus—y£des. Taeniorhynchus sierrensis—Aedes var- Theobaldia annulatus Schrank. ipalpus. incidens—Culiseta. Uranotoenia anhydor Dyer. Larvae, aquatic. Eretmoptera browni Kel. TENDIPEDID/E. Paraclunio trilobatus Kief. PSYCHODiD>C. The larvae feed on decaying vegetable substances. Pericoma bipuncta Kin. californica Kin. californiensis—cal iforn ica. truncata Kin. Psychoda cinerea Banks. pacifica—cinerea. Scorax lanceolata—Trichomyia. Trichomyia lanceolata (Kin.) Figure 183 Venation of Psychodidse. TIPULID/E. The larvae of the long legged crane flies called leather jackets are sometimes abundant enough to do serious injury to the roots of plants. Figure 184 Tupilid fly.DIPTERA — TIPULINA 169 Imalopsis calcar O.S. Blttacomorpha clavipes Fabr. Ctenophora angustipennis Low. Dicranomyia badia (Walk.) marmorata O.S. stigmata Doane. obscura O.S. Dicranoptycha sobrina O.S. Elliptera clausa O.S. Eriocera californica O.S. obscura Wil. Erioptera bipartita O.S. dulcis O.S. Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.) Helobia punctipennis Meig. Holorusia rubiginosa Loew. Idioplasta vipio O.S. Limnobia badia—Diceanomyia. califrnica O.S. punctipennis—Helobia. sciophila O.S. Limnibiorhynchus canadensis—Geron* omyia. Limnophila damnula O.S. luteipennis O.S. montana O.S. Mololophilus forciplua O.S. Pachyrhina derruginea Fabr. Pachyrina ferruginea (Fabr. Wulpiana Berg. Pedicia obtusa* O.S. Phylolabis claviger O.S. encausta O.S. Protoplasta vipio—Idioplasta. Ptychoptera lenis O.S. Raphidolabis debilis Wil. Symplecta punctipennis—Helobia.J/ Tipula acuta Doane. betula O.S. bituberculata Doane. clavipes—Bittacomorpha. fallax Loew. ferruginea-—Pachyrhina. graphica Doane. precisa Loew. pubera Loew. simplex Doane. Figure 185 Venation of Tupilidse. spermax O.S. subtilis Doane. tristis Doane. Trichocera trichoptera O.S. Trimicra anomala O.S. pallipes—Anomala. PULEC1NA PULECID>E. The fleas have come to very great prominence cheopus to bubonic plague has been demonstrated, found only on rodents, but C.canis and P. irritans pests. Anomiapsyllus californicus Bak. Cerato^llus acutus Bak. anisus Roth, californicus Bak. ciliatus Bak. > fasciatus Bose, ignotus Bak. londiniensis Roth, multidentatus Fox. niger Fox. since the relation of L. Most of the species are are important household proximus Bak. sexdentatus Bak. / telchium Roth. Corypsylla ornatus Fox. Ctenocephalus canis Curt, felis Roth. Ctenophthalmus heiseri McC. Ctenopsyllus musculi Duges. Hoplopsyllus anomalus Bik. Loemopsylla cheopsis Roth.170 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Odontopsyllus charlottensis Bak. wymani Fox. Pulex cheopsis—Loemopsyllus. SARCOPSYLUD/E. irritans Linn. pallidus—Loeopsylla cheopsi The chicken flea is occasionally abundant and annoying. Echidnophaga gallinacea Westw.COLEOPTERA. Numerically the Coleoptera is far in the lead of all other groups. Half the species of insects are beetles. The order contains about 40 per cent, of all the species of animals and approximately a quarter of all living beings both plants and animals. Historically the group stands intermediate between the older orders of insects and the higher groups. Beetles are the culmination of the tendency seen in the Orthoptera and Hemiptera to produce a fully armored insect, a consummation reached only after the securing of complex metamorphosis which was also the antecedent condition permitting the specializations of structure characterizing the Diptera, Hymenopteha and Lepidoptera. Structurally the Coleoptera are distinguishable by the concurrent special- ization of front wings and abdomen whereby the ventral portion of the latter became enlarged joining with the former, enclosing a cavity into which the spiracles open and within which the second pair of wings lie folded. Both of these structures are absolutely distinctive of this order. Economically beetles fall into a very secondary rank. While many are plant feeders, the great majority feed on decaying organic matter or are predaceous. The classification of beetles was formerly largely based upon the number of joints in the foot, more recently the significance of the venation has been recognized. The system adopted in this book is the use of a series of superfamilies as follows: — 1. Carabina, 2. Tenebrionina, 3. Meloina, 4. Elaterina, 5. Cantharina, 6. Clerina, 7. Hydrophylina, 8. Scarabseina, 9. Curculionina, 10. Chrysomelina, 11. Coccinellina, 12. Nitidulina, 13. Dermestina, 14. Heterocerina, 15. Histerina, 16. Trichopterygina, 17. Silphina, 18 Staphylinina. The classification of Leconte and Horn,which has been generally followed 171172 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. in this country is given below with the numbers of the superfamilies. Coleoptera. (genuina). Isomera. Adephaga. — 1. Clavicornia. — 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. Serricornia. — 4, 5 and 6. Lamellicornia' — 8. Phytophaga. — 10. Heteromera. — 2 and 3. Rhynchophora. — 9. The latest German system, that of Reiter is as follows:— Adephaga. — 1. Polyphaga. Staphylinoidea. Staphylinida. — 18 Necrophaga. — 17. Ptiliigia. — 16. Histerida. — 15. Lamellicornia. — 8. Palpicornia. — 7. Diversicornia. Hygrophili. — 14. Clavicornia. — 11 and 12. Brachymera. — 13. Sternoxia. — 4. Malacodermata. — 5. Teredilia. — 6. Heteromera. — 2 and 3. Phytophaga. — 10. Rhynchophora. — 9. SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Staphylinidae: abdomen exposed and horny above. Clavigeridae: antennas less than six-jointed. Pselaphidse: abdomen inflexible. Carabidae: hind legs with large egg-shaped trochanter, and legs not fitted for swimming. Cicindelidae: antennae on the front. Amphizoidae: metastern- um truncate behind. Haliplidae: hind coxae covering base of legs. Tenebrionidae: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antennae not club- bed, front coxal cavities closed behind. Alleculidae: claws pectinate, ^gialit- idae: six ventral segments. Curculionidae: feet four-jointed, antennae clubbed and either head with a distinct beak, or gular sutures wholly confluent or obliterated. Ipidae: elytra surrounding edge of pygidium. Otiorhynchidae: with scar at tip of mandible. Calandridae: with pygidium undivided in the male. Rhynchitidae, Rhinomacer-COLBOPTERA 173 idas and Anthribidae: with antennae straight and ventral segments free, the first without labrum and the second with prosternal sutures distinct. Chi yscmelidae: feet apparently four-jointed, the fourth joint very minute Figure 186 Structure ol’ a beetle. antennae not distinctly clavate, shorter than legs. Lariidae: front long al- most snout-like. Cerambycidae: similar to Chrysomelidae but with long antennae, (in doubt- ful cases the subcylindrical shape of body will aid in distinguishing this fam-174 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. ily from the preceeding). Spondylidae: feet slender. Malachiidae: body with extensile vesicles. Elateridae: prothorax with spine fitting deep into a cavity on mesosternura, anterior coxae round and ventral segments free. Throscidae: front coxal cavities open behind. Cerophytidae: hind coxae not entirely covering femora. Eucnemidae: labrum concealed. Coccinellidae: feet three-jointed. Sphaeriidae: only three ventral segments. Mydroscaphidae: antennae eighLjointed. Monotomidae: last ventral segment long. Trichopterygidae: elytra truncate. Endomychidae, Ptiliidae and Lath- rid idae: claws slender, the last two with feet slender, the last one with hind coxae widely separated. Scarabaeidae: antennae lamellate. Lucanidae: plates of antennae immovable. Buprestidae: similar to Elateridae, but first two ventral segments connate. Anthicidae: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antennae not clubbed, hind coxae prominent. Monomidae: antennae in grooves. CEdemeridae, Icel- and ridae and Pythidae: head not strongly constricted behind, the first with middle coxae prominent, the last with thorax not margined. Mordellidae and Rhipiphoridae: thorax as wide as elytra, the latter with the lateral sutures or prothorax wanting. Histeridae: antennae elbowed. Anobiidae: head retractile, tarsi five-jointed, abdominal segments five and front and middle coxae round hind coxae transverse. Ptinidae: antennae inserted on the front. Lyctidae: first ventral segment elongate. Psoidae: head prominent. Bostrichidae: tibiar spurs distinct. Hydrophilidae: legs paddle-shaped, antennae clubbed. Dytiscidae: legs paddle-shaped. Grynidae: front legs largest. Meloidae: hind feet four-jointed, others five-jointed, antennae not clubbed. Cephaloidae: head elongate tapering behind. Pyrochroidae: claws simple. Cantharidae: front coxae round, abdomen with seven to nine segments. Sty- lopidae: antennae: not over six-jointed. Siiphidae: hind coxae prominent. Melyridae: metasternum short. Scyd- maenidae: eyes coarsely granular. Clambidae: hind coxae lamellate. Anisi- tomidae: front coxal cavities closed behind Nitidulidae: front coxae transverse. Georyssidae: antennae nine-jointed. Heterochroidae: four abdominal segments connate. Derodontidae, Byrridae, Nosodendridae, Dryopidae and Cupesidae: hind coxae hollowed out to receive femora, the first with metasternum long, the second and third with it short, the third having prominent head, the fourth with fifth joint of tarsi as long as other joints combined. Sphindidae: metasternum long. Ostomidae: meta- sternum emarginate behind. Dascyllidae: with hind coxae contiguous. Helod- jdae: front coxa without trochantin. Dermestidae: metasternum small. Byturidae: second and third tarsal joints lobed beneath. Cleridae: feet with membramous appendage beneath.COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 175 Cucujidae: abdominal segments free. Othniidae: front coxal cavities closed. Scaphidiidae: with fifth abdominal segment longest. Phalacridae: middle coxae transverse. Lymexylidae: head deflexed. Corylophidae: six abdominal segments. Monotomidae, Endomychidae, Cryptophagidae and Ciidae: first ab- ing tarsi four-jointed with third joint very small, the last has all tarsi four- dominal segment longest, the first two with eyes transverse, the second hav- jointed. Erotylidae andMycetophagidae: hind coxae not nearly contiguous, the latter with anterior coxae oval. Colydiidae. Rhyssodidae: feet five jointed. CARABINA CICINDELID/E. The tiger beetles are very active day flying, predaceous insects. Cicindela. Omus: longer than fourth. AmblycMle cylindriformis (not Calif) piccolominii (not Calif.) Cicindela californica—circumpicta. cinctipennis Lee. circumpicta Laf. decemnotata (not Calif.) depressula Casey, duodecimguttata (not Calif.) echo Cas. eureka Fall, fuigida Say. gabii Horn graminea—purpurea, gravidus—h i rticol I is. guttifera—oregona. hyperborea Lee. (not Calif.) haemorrhagia Lee. h i rticol I is Say. imperfecta—pusi I la. latesignata Lee. lauta—purpurea, lemniscata Lee. longilabris Say. lunilonga Schaupp. obliqua—vulgaris, obsoleta Say. oregona Lee. pacifica—haemorhagica. , perviridis—longilabris. plutonica—purpurea, prsetexta—circumpicta. pseudosenilis—echo, purpurea Oliv. Tetracha: third joint of maxillary palpi pusilla Say. repanda Dej. senilis Horn, sierra—vulgaris, sigmoidea—tortuosa. sommeri Mann, sperata Lee. tenuisignata. Lee. terricola—pusilla. trifasciata—tortuosa. rifasciata—tortuosa. tuolumne—lunalonga. vibex—vulgaris, viridisticta Bates, viridissima—vuigaris Say. vulgaris Say. Omus ambiguus Schaupp. audouini Reiche. californicus Esch. confluens—sequoarum. dejeani (not Calif.) edwardsii Crotch, elongatus—californicus. hornii—sequorarum. laevis Horn, lecontei—cal iforn icus. lugubris—edwardsi i. montanus—edwardsi i. punctifrons—sequorarum. sculptilis—californicus. sequorarum Crotch, submetallicus Horn. Tetracha Carolina Linn. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA, eyes small.176 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. CARABID/E. The Carabidae are ground beetles, predaceous both as larvae and adults. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Bembidium: palpi with last joint slender and preceding Joint enlarged. Anil Ms: eyes wanting. Tachys sutural stria recurved at apex. Pterostichus: elytra with margin interrupted, with lateral plica a>nd with dorsal punctures. Psydrus four joints of antennae glabrous. Platynus: elytra obliquely sinuate at tip. Perigona: antennae thickened beyond third joint. Calathus, and Laemosternus: claws serrate, the latter with elytral punctures. Amara: elytra with margin interrupted, with lateral plica and with two setigerous punctures over eye. Nomius: four joints of antennae glabrous. Chlaenius: elytra with margin interrupted and with lateral plica. Barchy- Figure 187 Wing of Carabid beetle. Black areas are reversed in folding, lobus: mentum truncate in front. Calosoma: palpi with last joint triangular and elytra not truncate. Scaphi- notus: hind coxae separated Carabus: third joint of antennae not compressed. An isodactyl us: two setigerous punctures on each angle of clypeus. Galerita: elytra truncate. Dyschirus: body depundulate. Promecognathus: hind coxae separated. Scarites: basal joint of antennae long. Schizogenius: front tarsi dilated. Clivina: thorax more or less quadrate, palpi similar in the sexes. Harpalus: two basal joints of antennae glabrous. Babister: labium unusu- ally short. Patrobus, Pogonus, and Trechus: with two setigerous puncturesCOLEOPTERA — CARABINA 177 over the eyes, the last with terminal joint of palpi acute, the second with head constricted behind the eye. Nothopus: outer angle of front tibia pro- longed. Discorderus and with middle tibia arcuate and serrate within. Sten- olophus, Bradyceilus, and Agonoderus: penulmate joint of palpus bisetose, the first with front and middle tarsi of male bilobed, the last with mentum not toothed. Stenomorphus: body subpedunculate. Lebia: elytra truncate at tip. Psedomorpha: head with antennal grooves, beneath. Brachynus: one setigerous puncture over eye. Zuphium, Dia- phorus and Thai pi us: penultimate joint of palpus pleurisetose, the first with narrow neck, the last with body subpedumculate. Ega: hind coxae separated. Casnonia: head elongate. Tetragonoderus: tibia spurs long. Dromius, Apris- tus, Blechrus, Axinopalpus, Technophilus, Callida, Apenes, Cymidis, Pinaco- dera, Plochinus, and Philophuga: head not constricted behind the eyes, the first four with tarsi slender, the fourth with labial palpi thickened, the third and seventh with thorax lobed at base, the second and fifth with claws simple, the sixth with fourth tarsal joint bilobed, the eighth with coxae hairy above, the ninth With terminal joint of palpi cylindrical, the tenth with base of thorax squarely truncate. Enebria: antennae with four basal joints gLabr;ous.jEuphorticus* Lach- nophorus, and Opisthius: with two setigerous punctures over the eye, the first two with apices of elytra rounded, the first without elytral punctures. Omcphron: scutellum concealed. Loricera: antennae free at base. Metrious: elytra not margined. Notiophilus, front tibia very obliquely truncate. Leis- tes: mandibles explinate at sides. Elaphrus. Trachypachus: elytra not margined at base. Diplochilla and Psydrus: elytra striate, the lattej with two dorsal punctures. Agonoderus lineola Fabr. pailipes Fabr. rugicollis—pailipes. Agonosma californicum (not Calif.) Agcnum brevicale Loxandrus. lamelicum—PI aty n us. Amara foveolata Flay, aurata Dej. blanchardi Hay. brunnipes Mots, californica Dej. conflata Lee. erratica Sturm, fallax Lee. farcta Lee. gibba Lee. imitatrix Horn, impuncticollis Say. inepta—erratica. insignis Dej. insularis Horn, interstitialis "Dej. jacobina Lee. latior Kirby, longula Lee. rectangula Lee. remotestriata Dej. robustula Horn, scitula Zimm. stupida Lee. Anchomenus brunneomarginatus—Pla- tinus. ferrugineus—Platynus. maurus—Platynus. ovipennis—Platynus. rugiceps—Platynus. Anillus debilis Lee. explanatus Horn. Anisodactylus alternans—porosus. amaroides Lee. jrevicollis Lee. brunneus Dej. californicus Dej. confusus (undetermined).178 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. consobrinus Lee. dilatatus Dej. flebilis Lee. hirsutus (undetermined), immanis Horn, irregularis Mots, nivalis Horn, obtusus Lee. piceus Lee. pilosus Horn, pitychorus Lee. porosus Mots, rudis—porosus. semipunctatus Lee. similis—sem i pu nctatus. strenuus Horn, sublaevis—porosus. villosus—piceus. viridescens—porosus. Anisotarsis flebilis—Anisodactylus. Aperies limbata (undetermined), nebulosa Lee. Apheloginia bilineata—Lebia. i'urcata—Lebia. guthula—Lebia. Apristus laticol I is Lee. cordicollis Lee. Axinopalpus biplagiatus (Dej.) oalifornicus—biplagiatus. fusciceps Lee. Badister anthracinus Lee. ferrugineus Dej. submarinus (undetermined). Bembicidium anthostictum (undet.) Bembidium acutifrons Lee. anguliferum (Lee.) approximatum (Lee.) assimile Gyll. bifasciatum (Mots.) bifcssulatum (Lee.) breve Mots, brevistriatum Hay. californicum Hay. cautum (Lee.) carinatum Lee. cojoradense—dentellum. complanulum (Man.) concinnum—perconcinnum. concolor (Kirby.) connivens (Lee.) consanguineum Hay. crurale—du bitans, dentellum (Thumb.) dubitans Lee. dyschirinum Lee. ephippiger (Lee.) erosum—transversale. falsum Bla. flavicauda—T achys. flavipictum—pictum. fuchsii Blais, fumatum Mots, funereum Lee. grandicolle (Lee.) henshawi Hay. hesperum Fall, horni Hay. humboldtensis Blais, incertum (Mots.) incrementum—dentellum. ir.distinctum Dej. insulatum (Lee.) intermedium (Kirby), irridescens (Lee.) laterimaculatum (undetermined) laticeps (Lee.) littoralei—'hesperum. lonqulum (Lee.) lucidum (Lee.) lugubre Lee. maeklini (not California), mexicanum vnot California) mormon Hay. mundum—bifasciatum. muscicola Hay. nanus—T achys. #nebraskense Lee. nevadense Ulke. nigripes—variegatum. nigrocoeruleum Hay. nitidum (Kirby.) nubiculosum Chaud. obliquum—nitidum. oblongum (Man.) obtusangulum Lee. parallelicolle (undetermined), pictum Lee. planatum Ler. planisculum Man. platynoides Hay. politum (undetermined). perconcinnum Bla. pumilus—T achys. quadrifoveatum Man. recticolle Lee. rickseckeri Hay. scudderi Lee. sculpturatum Mots, sordidulum Chaud. sordidulum—timidum.COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 179 spectabile (Man.) striola Lee. subinfaltum (uidetermined). suspectum—dentellum. tigrinum Lee. timidum—versicolor, transversale Dej. trechiforme (Lee.) vandykei Blais, variegatum Say. variolosum Mots, versicolor (Lee.) vile (Lee.) whitneyi Fall, wickhami Hay. zephyrum Fall. Blechrus glabratus (undetermined), nigrinus (Man.) Bomius lucidus—Blechrus. Brachylobus californicus (undet.) caurinus Horn. Brachynus carinulatus Mots, costipennis Mots fidelis Lee. lateralis Dej. tschernikhii Man. Bradycellus californicus Lee. cognatus Gyll. nebulosus Lee. nitens—cognatus. nubifer—ruprestris. rivalis Lee. ruprestris Say. symmetricus Mots, ventralis—ruprestris. Bradytus latior—Amara. Brennus cordatus—Scaphinotus. cristatus—Scaphinotus. dissolutus—Scaphinotus. interruptus—Scaphinotus. obliauus—Scaphinotus. porcatus—Scaphinotus. striatopunctatus—Scaphinotus. striatus—Scaphinotus. Calathus behrensii—ruficollis. obscurus Lee. quadricollis—ruficollis. ruficollis Dei. Calleida croceicollis—Technophi I is. Callida platynoides Horn. Callisthenes discors—Calosoma. Calosoma asnescens Lee. angulatum (not California). (• • r deitzii Sch. discors Lee. eremicola Fall, latipenne Horn, luxatum Say. parviceps Cas. parvicollis Fall, peregrinator Gueri prominens Lee. f rugosipennis Sch. scrutator Fabr./ / semTTSeve Lee. ^ L 5 > simplex Lee. ^ subaeneum Chaud.. tepidum Lee. ' triste Lee. / tristoides—triste. ' 1 Carabus californicus (undescribed), dentellum—Bern bid ium. serratus (not California), taedatus Fabr. truncaticolle (not California). Casnonia pennsylvanica (not Calif.) picta Chaud. Celia aurata—Amara. californica—Amara. farcta—Amara. gibba—Amara. imitatrix—A m a ra. interstitialis—Amara. purpurescens—Amara. rectangula—A m a ra. remotestriata—Amara. robustula—Amara. Chlaenius asperulus—variabiiipes. cumatilis Lec. cursor Chev. qlaucus Lec. harpalinus Esch. leucoscellis Chev. nebraskensis (not California), obsoletus Lec. pennsylvanicus Say. pubescens—pennsylvanicus. regularis—sericeus. rogator Mots, ruficauda Chaud. sericeus Forst. slmillimus Chaud. soiitarius Say. sparsus Lec. tricolor Dej. variabiiipes Esch. viridifrons Esch. Clivina dentipes Dej. ( V ^ . r-.’ ■ • (v, e ." f Tr •/ 4 ( ^-1 i V f ( / ^.\ (180 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. punctulata Lee. Coptodera piceus—Dromius. Cychrus alternatus—Scaphinotus stri- atopunctatus. angusticollis—Scaphinotus. basalis—Scaphinotus cristatus. catenulatus—Scaphinotus mim- us. compositus—Scaphinotus inter- rupts. constrictus—Scaphinotus inter- rupts. convergens—Scaphinotus obliqu- us. cordatus—Scaphinotus. corpulentus—Scaphinotus inter- rupts. crenulatus—Scaphinotus ventri- cosis. cristatus—Scaphinotus. decipiens—Scaphinotus striato- punctatus. dissolutus—Scaphinotus inter- rupts. duplicates—Scaphinotus crista- tus. fuchsianus—Scaphinotus ventri- cosus. gentilis—Scaphinotus ventricos- us. gravidus—Scaphinotus punctat- us. hoppingi—Scaphinotus oreophil- ilus. incipiens—Scaphinotus rugiceps. interruptus—Scaphinotus. lativentris—Scaphinotus ventri- cosis. longipes—Scaphinotus angusti- collis. mimus—Scaphinotus. obliquus—Scaphinotus. oreophilus—Scaphinotus. opacicollis—Scaphinotus obliqu- us. ovalis—Scaphinotus striatopunc- tatus. politus—Scaphinotus interrup- tus. porcatus—Scaphinotus dissolu- tus. punotatus—Scaphinotus. riversii—Scaphinotus .oreophil- us. mgiceps—Scaphinotus incipiens. sculptipenne—Scaphinotus ob- liquus. sinuatus—Scaphinotus interrup- tus. striatopunctatus—Scaph i not us. striatus—Scaphiotus ventricosus. subtilis—Scaphinotus. symetricus—Scaphinotus ventri- ccsus. truncaticollis—Scaphinotus. velutinus—Scaphinotus angusti- collis. ventricosus—Scaphinotus. ventricosis—Scaphinotus. Cymidis abstrusa (not California), amosna—Philophuga. biplagiatus—Axi nopal pus. ca.itornica cribricollis (not California), laticol I is Say. planipennis (not California), punctigera—Pi nacodera. viridis—Philophuga. Cyrtonotus blanciardi—Amara. californicus—Amara. jacobina—Amara. evipennis—Amara. stupidus —Amara. Diaphorus rufulus—Thalpius. tennuicollis Lee. Diplochila impressicollis Dej. Discoderus americanus (not Calif.) amcenus Lee. cordaticollis Horn, crassicollis Horn. Dromius biplagiatus—Axi nopal pus. nigrinus—Blech rus. piceus (Dej.) Dischirius aeneus Dej. aeneolus Lee. analis Lee. aratus Lee. basalis Lee. consobrinus Lee. gibbipennis Lee. intiger—aeneus. laevifasciatus (not California), marinus—obesus. patruelis Lee. obesus Lee. salivagans Lee. terminatus Lee. tridentatus Lee. truncatus Lee. unipunctatus Fall.COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 181 viridens Fall. Ega laetula Lee. Eiaphrus californicus—riparius. clairvillei Kirby, laevigatus Lee. lecontei Cr. pailipes Horn, politus—laevigatus. riparius Linn, viridis Horn. — dpus laevissimus—Promecognathus. Eurytrichus debilis—An isodactyl us. nuphorticus occidentalis Horn. Galerita californica—lecontei. lecontei Dej. Glycerius intermedius Fall, nitidus (Dej.) politus Fall, obtusus Fall. Haplochile pygmea—Nomius. Harpalus albionicus Man. alternans (undetermined), caliginosis Fabr. carbonarius Lee. cautus Dej. ibontpft?—pennsylvanicus. cLepressicollis (undetermined), fraternus Lee. hirsutus (undetermined), pennsylvanicus DeG. poresus Mots, somnulentus DeG. ventralis Lee. vespertinus Cas. Holciophorus ater—Pterostichus. serripes—Pterostichus. Hyperphas caligans—Pterostichus. inanis—Pterostichus. Lachnophorus elegantulus Man. Laemostenus complanatus (Dej.) Lebia angulata (undetermined), bilineata Mots, cupripennis (not California), cyanipennis Dej. cyaneila Lee. furcata (Lee.) goniodera Gem. guttula (Lee.) majuscula Chaud. ornata Say. ruficollis—cyanipennis. viridis Say. Leistus ferrugineus Man. Limaeum laticeps—Harpalus. Lymnaeum laticeps—Bembidium. Loricera caerulescens—pilicornis. californica—semipunctata. foveata Lee. pilicornis Fabr. semipunctata Esch. Loxandrus micans (not California). Loxopeza majuscula—Lebia. Lymnaeum laticeps—Bembidium. Metabletus nigrinus—Blechrus. Metrius contractus Esch. Nebria diversa Lee. eschscholtzia Mer. ingens Horn. metallica (not California), ovipennis Lee. rathvoni Lee. sanlbergi (not California), virescens Chaud. Nomius pygmaeus Dej. Notaphus incertus—Bembidium. Notiophiius obscurus Fall. semistriatus (not California), semiopacus Esch. sylvaticus Esch. Notopus grossus Gchthedromus angulifera. .Bembidium. approximatus—Bembidium. bifosulatum—Bembidium. cautium—Bembidium. connivens—Bembidium. dubitans Bembidium. ephippiger—Bembidium. grandicolle—Bembidium. insulatus—Bembidium. irridcscens—Bembidium. longulus—Bern iV'd i u m. lucidus.. Bembidium. striola—Bembidium. timidus—Bembidium. trechiforme—Bembidium. versicolor—Bembidium. vile—Bembidium. Omophron dentatum Lee. gilae (not California), ovale Horn. Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Pasimachus californicus (not Calif.) mexicanus (not California) vividans (not California). Patrobus californicus Mots, septentrionis Dej. Pelophila californica (not California). Pemphus angusticollis—Scaphinotus. Pericompsus sellatus—Tachys. Perinor.a nigriceps Dej.182 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Peryphus complanulus—Bembidium. concolor—Bembidium. nitidum—Bembidium. parallelocolle—Bembidium. subinflatus—Bembidium. Philophuga amoena (Lee.) castanea Horn, viridis (Dej.) Philotechnus croceicollis—Technophil- us. nigricollis—Technophilus croce- icollis. ruficollis—Technophilus croceb collis. Pinacodera punctigera (Lee.) semisulcata (Lower California), sulcipennis (Lower California). Platynus agilis Lee. bicolor—brunneomarginatus. bicoloratus Gem. brevicollis—f rater. bruneomarginatus (Man ) bogemanni Gyl. californicus Lee. cinctellus—brunneomarginatus. cuorioennis Say. cupreus Dej. depianatus Lee. extensicollis Say. familicus—fossiger. ferruginosis Dej. fossiger Dej. fragilis—agilis. frater Lee. funebris Lee. jejunus Lee. larvalis (not California), maculicollis Lee. maurus Mots, micans—funebris. ovipennis Man. obsoletus—bogemanni. piceolus Lee. planipennis—fossiger. quadratus Lee. rugiceps—brunneomarginatus. simplex—extensicollis. striatus Dej. subsericeus—cupripennis. sulcatus Dej. tenebricosus Gem. variolatus Lee. Plochionus timidus Hald. Poecilus amplicollis—Pterostichus. cursitor—Pterostichus occiden- talis. occidentals—Pterostichus. splendidulus—Pterostichus. suDcordatus—Pterostichus. Pogonus depressus (not California), planatus Horn. Platysma adstrictum—Pterostichus or- angustum—Pterostichus. curtipenne—Pterostichus. longiciolle-—Pterostichus gracil- ior. luezati—Pterostichus. oregonum—Pterostichus. paralellum—Pterostichus Pur- puratus. planctum—Pterostichus. puncticolle—Pterostichus lus* trans. vicinum—Pterostichus. vitreum—Pterostichus. Pristonychus complanatus—Lsemosten* us inaenualis (undetermined.) Promecognathus crassus—lasvissimus. laevissimus Chaud. Pseudomorpha cronkhitei Horn. behrensii Horn. Psydrus piceus Lee. Pterostichus algidus—validus. amethystinus Dej. angustus Dej. ater Dej. brunneus (not California), californicus Dej. caligans Horn, castanipes Men. cejumgenda (not California), conqestus Men. contractus—castan i pes. crenicollir. Lee. curtipenne (undetermined), fuchri Sch. gracilis (undetermined), gracilior Lee. herculaneus Man. hornii Lee. inanis Horn, inermis Fall. isabeMac Lee. laetulus Lee. longicolle—gracilior. luczotii (not California), lustrans Lee.COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 183 californicus—Pterostichus. menestriesii Mots, morionides Chaud. muticus (not California), occidentalis (Dej.) oregonus (not California), orinomum (Leach.) ovicollis Sch. parallelus—protractus. planctus Lee. protractus Lee. purpuratus (not California), scutellaris Lee. serripes (Lee.) splendidulus Lee. subcordatus Lee. tarsal is Lee. valid us Dej. vicinus Lee. vitreus (not California). Scaphiodactylus micans—Loxandrus. Scaphinotus angusticollis Fisch. behrensi Roesch. eordatus (Lee.) incipiens—rugiceps. interruptus (Man.) mimus (Horn.) obliquus (Lee.) oreophilus (Riv.) punctatus (Lee.) rugiceps Horn, striatopunctatus (Chaud.) subtilis (Schaum.) ventricosus Dej. Scarites subterraneus Fabr. Schizogenius crenulatus Lee. depressus Lee. litigiosus—depresus. pluripunctatus Lee. seticollis Fall. Selenophorus opalinus (not Calif.) palliatus Fabr. Stenolophus anceps Lee. californicus Lee. cincticollis Lee. coniunctus day. flavipes Lee. limbalis Lee. ochropezus Say. tener Lee. unicolor Dej. Stenomorphus californicus Mots. T achycell us cognatus—Bradycel I us. conformis Fall, nigrinus Dej. nitidus—GI ycer i us. Tachys anthrax Lee. audax Lee. corax Lee. edax Lee. falli Hay. flavicauda Say. latipennis Hay. mordax Lee. nanus (Gyll.) obesulus Lee. pumilis Dej. rapax Lee. rivularis—nanus, rufotestaceus Hay. sellatus Lee. virgo Lee. * vittiger Lee. vorax Lee. Trachypechys gibsii Lee. inermis Mots. Technophiiis croceicollis (Men.) mgrcollis—croceicol I is. Tenystola striata—Platynus. sulcata—Platynus. Tetragonoderus fasciatus Hald. paliidus Horn, undulatus—fasciatus. Thalpius rufulus Lee. hornii Chaud. Trechus barbarae Horn. californicus—chalybeus. chalybeus Dej. laevigatus—ovipennis. oblongulum—Bembidium. ovipennis Mots, pomonae Fall, spectabile—Bembidium. Triaena foveolata—Amara. longula—Amara. scitula—Amara. Zuphium longicolle Lee. Brychius hornii Cr. Cnemidotus callosus Lee. simplex Lee. HALIPLID^E. Haliplus concolor Lee. lonqulus Lee. ruficollis DeG.184 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. AMPHIZOID/E. Amphizoa insolens Lee. GYRINID/E. This family consists of the surface feeding water beetles called “whirligig bugs” because of their very peculiar habit of swimming. They are predaceous also in the larva stage living at the bottom. Dyneutes sublineatus (not California). Gyretes sinuatus Lee. Gyrinus affinis Aube, confinis Lee. parcus Say. consobrinus Lee. fuscipes (undetermined), marginiventris—plicifer. plicifer Lee. DYTISCID/E. The beetles of this family are aquatic and predaceous. Acilius laticinctus—Thermonectes bas- fossiger—Agabus morosus. latiusculus—semisulcatus. simplex—semisulcatus. semisulcatus Aube. Agabinus glabrellus Mots. Agabus austenii Sharp, brevicollis (Lee.) confertus (Lee.) # discolor—lecontei. erichsoni (undetermined), intersectus (Crotch), lecontei (Crotch.) lineellus (Lee.) lugens Lee. lutosus—lugens. morosus (Lee.) morulus Lee. nigroaeneus Er. obliteratus (Lee.) obsoletus (Lee.) perplexus—sutural is. semivittatus (not California), strigulosus (Crotch), suturalis (Crotcn). tristis Aube. Bidessus affinis >ay. amandus Lee. cinctellus (Lee.) nigrinus Casey, pictodes Sharp, plicipennis (Crotch), subtilis (Lee.) Coelambus hydropicus Lee. lutescens Lee. medialis Lee. Colymbetes anthrax Lee. colloseus Lee. densus Lee. divisus Aube. glabrellus Mots, inaequalis—seminiger. scuiptilis Harr, seminiger Lee. sobrinus—Agabus nigroaeneus. strigatus Lee. Copelatus chevrolatii Aube. Coptotomus interrogatus Fabr. Cybister ellipticus Lee. explanatus Lee. Cymatopterus inaequalis Horn. Deronectes depressus Fabr. griseostriatus DeG. striateilus (Lee.) Desmopachra latissima (Lee.) Dytiscus anxius—circumcinctus. circumcinctus Lee. fuscostriatus—circumcinctus. marginicollis Lee. sublimbatus Lee. Eretes sticticus Linn. Gaurodytes brevicollis—Agabus. conferatus—Agabus. intersectus—Agabus. lecontei—Agabus. lineellus—Agabus. lugens—Agabus. morosus—Agabus. obsoletus—Agabus. semivittatus—Agabus. strigulosus—Agabus. suturalis—Agabus. tristis—Agabus. Graphoderes cinereus Linn, occidentalis Horn. Hydaticus morm^ratus—Thermonectes. stagnalis Fabr. Hydroporus addendus Crotch.COLEOPTERA — CARABINA 185 affinis—Bidessus. amsndus—Bidessus. axillaris Lee. cinctellus—Bidessus. eximius Mots, fortis Lee. fraternus Lee. funereus Crotch, griseostriatus—Deronectes. hardyi Sharp, hydropicus—Hygrotus. impressifrons Mots, latebrosus Lee. latissimus—Desmopachra. lutescens Lee. medialis—Coelambus. mexicanus Sharp, maculavis—affinis. obesus—rivalis Gyll. obscurellus—affinis. palliatus Horn, parallelus Lee. perplexus—tenebrosus. punctinatus Horn, plicipennis—Bidessus. pulcher Mots, quadrimaculatus Horn, rivalis Gyll. striatellus—Deronectes. subpubescens Lee. subtilis—Bidessus. tenebrosus Lee. terminalis Sharp, vilic Lee. Hydrovatus brevipes Sharp. Hygrotus hydropicus (Lee.) Hydrotrupes palpalis Sharp. Ilybiosoma regularis Lee. decipiens Lee. difficilis Horn. Laccophilus atristernalis Crotch, fasciatus Aube. Laccophilus atristernalis—mexicanus. quadrilineatus Horn, terminalis Sharp, truncatus Mots. Rhantus anisonynchus Crotch, binotatus Har. consimilis Mots, diseedens—tostus. divisus Aube, fiavcgriseus Crotch, sinuatus Lee. tostus Lee. Thermonectes basilaris Horn. intermedius—basilaris. marmoratus Lee. Clinidium calcaratum Lee. RHYSSODID/E. Rhyssodes hamatus Lee. Cupes lobiceps Lee. serrata—Priacma. CUPESID/E. Priacma serrata Lee, TENEBRIONINA OTHNIID/E Elacatis longicornis—Othnius. guttulatus Lee. LAGRIID/E. Statira subnitida Lee. TENEBRIONID>E A family of beetles most abundant in arid regions. They feed on dead vegetable matter, a few attacking stored food products. Adelina lecontei Horn. Alphitobius ovatus Cas Alaphrus riparius Linn. piceus Oliv. Alaudes singulars Horn. Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say).186 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Amphidora attenuata—Helops. littoralis Esch. Anaedus rotundicollis Anemia californica Horn. Anepsius atratus Cas. bicolor Cas. catenulosus Cas. deficiens Cas. nebulosus Cas. Aphanotus brevicornis Lee. Apocrypha anthicoides Esch. clavinoides Horn, dyschirioides Lee. Arseoschizus armatus Horn, costipennis Lee. exiguus Cas. simulans Cas. sulcicolMs Horn. Argoporis bicolor (Lee.) costipennis (Lee.) inconstans Horn, sulcipennis—costi pen n is. Asida actuosa Horn, aegrota Lee. angulata Lee. capitosa Horn, carinata Lee. confluens Lee. gabbii Horn, hispidula Lee. hirsutus Lee. impetrata Horn, lecontei Horn. I i rata Lee. luctata Horn, marginata Lee. morbillosa Lee. muricatula Lee. obovata (Lee.) obsoleta Lee. parallela (Lee.) sordida Lee. Auchmobius sublaevis Lee. Batuliodes rotundicollis (Lee.) Batulius rotundicollis—Batuliodes. setosus Lee. Bius estriatus Lee. Blapstinus aequalis Cas. angusta Lee. brevicollis Lee. californicus Mots, coronadensis Cas. crassus—Ulus, dilatatus Lee. discolor Horn, fuliginosus Cas. funebris Cas. gregalis Cas. inquisitus Cas. lecontei Muls. longulus Lee. parallelus Cas. pubescens Lee. pulverulenta Man. rufipes Cas. sordidus—T richoton. sulcatus Lee. validus Cas. Calcar estriatus—Bius. Centrioptera asperata Horn, caraboides—spiculifera. muricata Lee. seriata (Lee.) spiculifera Lee. Centronopus parallelus Lee. Cerenospus armatusLec. bicolor—Argoporus. concolor Lee. costipennis—Argoporus. costulatus Horn. Chilometopon abnorme (Horn.) castaneum Cas. helopoides—Prometopium. Cibdelis bachei Lee. blaschkii Man. laevigatus Cas. Cenemeplatia sericea Horn. Cnemodus testaceus Horn. Coelocnemis californica Man. di laticol I is Man. magna Lee. obesus Lee. rugosa Cas. Coelomorpha maritima Cas. Coelus amplicicollis Cas. avenarius Cas. ciliatus Esch. curtulus Cas. debilis Cas. globulosus Lee. grossus Cas. latus Cas. longulus Cas. obscurus Cas. pacificus Cas. remotus Cas. saginatus Cas. scolopax Cas. solidus Cas. sternalis Cas. Conibius elongatus Horn.COLEOPTERA — TENEBRIONINA. IS parallelus Lee. seriatus Lee. Coniontellus argutus Cas. Coniontis abdominalis. Lee affinis Lee. agrestis Cas. ar.exa Cas. atronitens Cas. audax Cas. avenariuG Cas. biaisdeili Cas. cailida Cas. canonica Cas. ^-jarsonlca Cas. ccmerta Cas. ccngesta Cas. conicollis Cas. ccnvergens Cas. cuneata Cas. curtulus Cas. eylindrica Cas. cylindrica Cas. elongata Cas. degener Cas. clliptica—robusta. eschscholtzii Man. exigua Cas. expansa Cas. extricata Cas. taralonica Cas. filioia Cas. iranciscana Cas. genitiva Cas. giebulina Cas. gravk; Cas. hj. ossuo Cas. inaequalis Cas. inconspicua Cas. infiexula Cas. innocua—elongata. insularis Cas. elongata Cas. inornata Cas. integer Cas. lassenica Cas. lata Lee. iatur. Cas. levetti Cas. limatala Cas. longicollis Cas. lucidula Cas. marginata Cas. microsticta Cas. minuta Cas. montana Cas. nemoralis Esch. nevadensis Cas. obsidiana Cas. cpaca Horn, opacicollio Cas. pacificuc Fall, pagana Cas. pallidicornis Cas. paralella Cas. parva Cas. parvicepu Cas. pauperculuc Cas pectoralis Cas. perpolita Cas. perspicua Cas. picipes Cas. protensa Cas. pudica Cas puncticollis Lee. remotus Fall, robusta Horn, rotundicollis Cas. punctiper. Cas. rugosa Cas. shastanica Cas. sparsa Cas. strenua Cas. subpubescens Esch. suturalis Cas. suturalis Cas. symmetrica Cas, tenebrosa Cas. tenuis Cas. thoracica Cas. timida Cas. tristis Cas. truncata Cas. verna Cas. viatica Esch. Craniotus pubescens Lee. osculans Lee. Cyanaeus angustus Lee. depressus Horn. Cryptadius inflatus (Lee.) oviformis Cas. punctipennis Cas. Cryptoglossa laevis Lee. seriata—Centrioptera. nigropilosa Lee. osculans—Cratidius. rufipes—Stenotrichius. tenebrosa (lower California), verrucosa Lee. Dacoderus striaticeps Lee. Doliema plana Fabr.188 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Echocerus cornutus—Gnathocerus. maxillosus Fabr. Edrotes angusticollis Cas. nitidulus Cas. ventricosus Lee. Eleates explanatus Cas. occidentalis Cas. Eleodes acuticauda Lee. aspera—granulata. armata Lee. behrii Grim, blanchardii Bla. clavicornis Esch. catalinae—om issa. communis omissa. confinis—dentipes. connexa Lee. consobrina Lee. constrictor—parvicoilis. cuneaticollis Cas. dentipes Esch. depressa—Embaphion. distans—gracilis, elegans—dentipes. elongata—dentipes. elongata—grandicollis. emarginata—omissa. estriata—gigantea. farallonica—parvicoilis. f emorata—m i I itari s fischeri—marginata. fuchsii Blai. gentilis—gigantea. gigantea Man. gracilis Lee. grandicollis Man. granulatomuricata—humeral is. granosa Lee. granulata Lee. hirsuta Lee. hispilabris Say. hoppingii Blai. hornii Blai. humeralis Lee. impotens—armata. impressicornis—clavicornis. inculta Lee. intermedia—behri i. intermedia—cordata. interrupta. .omissa. intricata—cordata. laevis—dentipes. laticollis—acuticauda. lecontei Horn, letcheri Blai. longipillosa Horn, marginata Esch. militaris Horn, minor—acuticauda. muricata—humeralis. nana—tenebrosa. neotomae Blai. nigrina Lee. obscura Say. obtusa—granulata. omissa Lee. ordi nata—p i I osa. parvicoilis Esch. parvula—letcheri. peninsularis—omissa. pertenuis—dentipes. pilosa Horn, pimelioides Man. planata—parvicoilis. producta—parvicoilis prominens—dentipes. punctata—acuticauda. punctata—dentipes. pygmaea—omissa. quadricollis Esch. re^exicollis Man. robusta—dentipes. scabipennis Lee. scabricula Lee. scabrosa Esch. sculptilis—hispilabris. stricta—cordata. subaspersa—lecontei. sublaevis—cordata. subnitens Lee. sulcipennis—obscura. tarsalis—quadricollis. tenebrosa Horn, tuberculata—cordata. tuberculata—granulata. tuberculata—humeral is. valida—grandicollis. vandulse—letcheri. veseyi Lee. vicina Lee. Eleodimorpha volcan Bla. Embaphion pderessum Lee. elongatum Horn. Emmenastus ater—Melanastus. crassicornis—Melanastus. longuius—Hylocrinus. nanulus—Melanastus obesus. obesus—Melanastus. obtusus—Melanastus. piceus—Hylocrinus.COLEOPTERA — TENEBRIONINA. 189 thoracicus Melanastus. Epitragus pruinosus—Metopoloba. submetallicus—Polemiotus. Esophus castaneus—Eupsophus. Eulabis bicarinatus Esch. crassicornis Cas. qrcssa Lee. laticornis Cas. obscurus Lee. pubescens Lee. rufipes Esch. Eupscphius castaneus Cas. Eurymetopon abnorme—Metopium. atrum—Emmenastus. bicolor Horn, convexicolle—Metopium. cylindricum—Metopium. inflatum—Cryptadium. Ion gulum— Emmenastus. obesus—Emmenastus. ochraceum—convexicolle. sodalis—Telabis. rufipes Esch. podabs—Telabis incisa. Eusattus agnatus Cas. convexus Cas. ccquilletti Lin. ccstatus Horn, difficilis Lee. dilatatus Lee. dubius Lee. erplanatus Cas. erosus Horn, laevis Lee. muricatus Lee. nanus Cas. politus Hon,, oblongun Cas. productus (Lee.) puberulus Lee. rebustus Lee. Euschides liratus—Asida. obovatus—Asida. Gnathocarus cornutus Fabr. Helcps anqustis Lee. antennatus Lee. bachei Lee. bliasdeli Cas. californicus Man. discipula Cas. edwardsii Horn, cpacur. Lee. ovipennir. Cas. punctatus Gem. punctipennis Lee. rugulosus Lee. strigicol I is Horn, tumescens Lee. Hylocrinus blaisdelli Cas. depressulus Cas. filitarsis Cas. longulus (Lee.) oblongulus Cas. piegus (Cas.) Hypophleus opaculus Lee. substriatus Lee. Iphthimus laevissimus Cas. serratus Man. Lioderma cacti Lee. grandi Mars. Locrodes oblongulus—Hylocrinus. piceus—Hylocrinus. Megeleates sequoiarum Cas. Mecysmus angustus Lee. Melanastus aequicollis Cas. ater (Lee.) crassicornis (Cas.) exoletus Cas. lucidulus Cas. moestus Cas. obesus (Lee.) obtusus (Lee.) otiosus Cas. sterilis Cas. thoracicus (Cas.) vergrandis Cas. Merotemnus elongatus Horn. Metaclisa marginalis Horn. Metopium abnorme (Lee.) convexicolle (Lee.) cylindricum (Cas.) edax Cas. egregium Cas. faustum Cas. gravidum Cas. granulosum Cas. gulosum Cas. insulare Cas. intiger Cas. molestum Cas. opacipenne Cas. probatum Cas. tersum Cas. testaceum Cas. Metopoloba californica Cas. prumosa (Horn.) Micromas maritimus Cas. ovipennis (Horn.) Microschatia inaequalis Lee. puncticollis Lee. Mycotrogus angustus Horn. Nocibiotes gracilis (Cas.)190 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Noserus convexulus Cas. corrosus Cas. plicatus (Lee.) Nosoderma diabolicum—Phloeodes. plicatum—Noserus. porcatum—Phellopsis obcordata. pustulosum—Phloeodes diaboli- cus. Notibius gracilis—Nocibiotes. granulatus Lee. puberulus Lee. pubescens Lee. puncticollis Lee. sulcatus Lee. Nyctobates inermis—pensylvanica. pensylvanica Del. Nyctoporus aequicollis Esch. carinata Lee. cristata Esch. galeata—c r i st at a. pul lata Cas. sponsa Cas. tetrica Cas. Palecyphorus costipennis—Asida sor- dida. Palorus melinus Herb. Pentaphyllus californicus Horn. Phareria debilis Lee. globosa Lee. humeralls Cast, limbalis Horn, pilifera Lee. rotundata Lee. mentana Cas. Phalopsis obcordata montana Cas. Philonthus angulatus—Asida. earinatus—Asida. confluens—Asida. connivens—Asida. costipennis—Asida sordida. hirsutus—Asida. hispidus—Asida hispidula. m ar ginatu s—As i da. muricatulus— Asida. obsoletus—Asida. parallelus—Asida. Phloeodes diabolicus Lee. remotus Cas. Phthora. americana Horn. Phylethus bifasciatus—Alphitophagus. Platydema angustus Lee. janus Fabr. oregonensis Lee. subquadrulnm Cas. Polemlotus submetallicus (Lee.) Prometopion helopioides (Horn.) Schizillus laticeps Horn. Scotobaenus parallelus—Centronopus. Sitophagus complanatus Dei. lecontei—Adelina. Stenotrichus rufipes (Lee.) btibia maritima—Micromas. ovipennis—M icromas. Telabir, fidelis Cas. incisa Cas. opacella Cas. sodalis (Horn.) Tenebrio estriatus—Bius. molitor Linn, obscurus Fabr. ter.ebroides Beauv. Tribolium confusum Duv. ferrugineum Fabr. Trimytis abnorme—Chilometopon. Triorphus gracilicornis Cas. laevis Lee. politur. Cas. punctatus Lee. rugiceps Lee. subpubescens Horn. Trichoton sordidum (Lee.) Troglcderus costatus Lee. tuberculatus Blai. Typhlusechus sinqularis Lin. nucleatus Cas. Uloma olnoulata Lee. marginata—Metaclisa. Ulosonia marginata Lee. Ulus crassus (Lee.) Usechus lacerata Mots. Vacronus tenuicornis Cas. Zopherodes californicus Cas. parvicollis Cas. Zopherus grandicollis Horn, induratus Cas. nucieatus Cas. tristis Lee. Allecula punctulata Lee. Cistela opaca (Lee.) punctulata—Allecula. serica Say. CISTELID/E. theveneti Horn, variabilis Horn. Hymerorus discrepans Prionychus cyanescens—Stenochidius.COLEOFTERA — TENEBRIONINA. 191 Prostenus californicus Horn. robustus Cas. Stenochidius cyanescens (Lee.) Xystropus californicus gracilis Lee. opacus—Cistela. MELOINA MELOID/E. The blister beetles are used in medicine. They feed on the foliage of plants and are sometimes quite injurious. The young larvae are parasitic on bees and are called triungulins because of their trident-shaped claws. They have hypermetamorphoses. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Lytta: antennae with apical joints thickened. Gnathium: mandibles pro- longed beyond labrum. Nemognatha: mandibles prolonged beyond labrum. Zonrtus outer lobe of maxillae not prolonged. Epicauta: lower portion of claws equal to upper. Meloe: elytra short. Marrobasis: second joint of antennae long. Calospasta. Cysteodemus: elytra inflated. Megetra: elytra divergent from scutellum. Porespasta: elytra separating at tip. Phodaga: vertex elevated Tegrodera: body glabrous. Calospasta elegans (Lee.) fulleri Horn, mirabilis Horn, moesta Horn, nemognathoides Horn, perpulchra Horn. Cantharis aeneipennis—Lytta. auriculata—Lytta. chalybeata—Lytta. childii—Lytta. choris—Lytta. compressicornis—Lytta. crotchii—Lytta. cyanipennis—Lytta. difflcilis—Lytta. dolorosa—Lytta stygica. funerea—Lytta. incommoda—Lytta. infidelis—Lytta. insperata—Lytta. lugens—Lytta. lugubris—Lytta. magister—Lytta. melaena (Arizona.) moerens—Lytta. molesta—Lytta. morosa—Lytta. morosa—Lytta. nigripilis—Lytta. nitidicollis—Lytta. oblita—Epicauta. puncticollis—Epicauta. purpurescens—Lytta. rathvini—Lytta. refulgens—Lytta. smaragdula—Lytta stygica. sphaericollis—Lytta. stolida—Lytta. stygica—Lytta. tenebrosa—Lytta. vulnerata—Lytta. Cysteodermus armatus Lee. wizlizeni Lee. Epicauta alphonsii Horn, elegans—Calospasta. fallax Horn, maculata Say. maura (Lee.) oblita (Lee.) puncticollis Man.) straba Horn. Gnathium nitidum Hron. Lytta aeneipennis Lee. atriventris—Macrobasis, auriculata Horn, chalybeata (Gem.) childii Lee. choris (Fall).192 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. compressicornis Horn, crotchii (Horn), cyanipennis Horn, difficilis (Fall), funerea (Fall), incommoda (Horn), infidelis (Fall), insperata (Horn), lugens Lee. lugubris Ulke. magister Horn, maura—Epicauta. moerens Lee. molesta (Horn), morosa (Fall), nigripilis (Fall), n itidicol I is Lee. oblita Epicauta. puncticollis—Epicauta. purpuriscens (Fall), rathvoni Lee. refulgens Horn, sphaericollis (Say), stolida (Fall.) stygica (Lee.) tenebrosa Lee. vulnerata Lee. Macrobasis fallax Horn. IVIegetra opaca Horn. Meloe barbarus Lee. cpacus Lee. sublsevis Lee. strigulcsus Man. Nemognatha apicalis Lee. cribraria Lee. dichroa Lee. dubia Lee. immaculata Say. lutea Lee. nigripennis Lee. piezata Fabr. scutellaris Lee. Nomcispis sublaevis Horn. Phodaga alticeps Lee. Poreospasta polita Horn. Tegrodera erosa Lee. latecincta—erosa. Zonitis flavida Lee. vigilans Fall. PYROCHROID/E. Dendroides picipes Horn. Pyrochroa californica Horn. ANTHICID/E. Amblyderus albicans Anthicus amoenuc Cas. amplicollis Boh. annectens Lee. atomarius Boh. auriger Cas. bellulus Lee. biguttulus Lee. californicus Laf. caesiosignatus Boh. confinis Lee. • corticalis Lee. cribratus Lee. formicarius Laf. hecate Cas. helvinus Cas. herifuga Cas. horridus Lee. inscitus Cas. lugubris Laf. luteolus Lee. maritimus Lee. mercurialis Cas. militaris Cas. nanus Lee. nigritulus Lee. nitidus Boh. nitidulus Lee. obliquus Cas. obscurellus Lee. ovicollis Cas. pinguescens Cas. praeceps Cas. protectus Cas. punctatulus Lee. quadrilunatus Laf. rufulus Lee. seminotatus Cas. squamosus Laf. tenius—Baulius. troglodytes Boh. Baulius tenius Lee. Crophyra abnormis Horn, bardii Horn, crotchii Horn, distinquenda Horn, flabellata Horn, funebris Horn, inconspicua Horn, lequesii Horn, monticola Horn, punctulata Lee.COLEOPTERA — MELOINA 193 vittata Horn. Eurygenius constricta Lee. Formicilla munda Lee. Hemantus enodis Cas. floralis (Linn ) Lappus bipartitus Cas. canonicus Cas. cursor Cas. nitidulus Lee. pinaiicus Cas. turgidihollis Cas. vigilans Cas. Mecynotarsus delicatulus Horn. Notoxus alamedae Cas. apicalis Lee. calcaratus Horn, cavicornis Lee. conformis Lee. constrictus Cas. debilitans Cas. denudatus Horn, elegantulus—talpa. humboldti Cas. lustrellus Cas. monodon Fabr. robustus Cas. serratus Lee. sparsus—conformis. spatulifer Cas. Asclera cana—Oxacis. bicolor—Oxacis. discolor Lee. excavata Lee. quadrimaculata Mots. Oxacis bicolor (Lee^ cana (Lee.) pallida (Lee.) talpa Laf. Meloe floralis—Vacusus. Pedilus punetulatus—Corphyra. Phomalus saginatus Cas. Retocomus decorellus Cas. gratus Cas. Thicanus californicus Laf. franciscanus Cas. Vacusus confinus Lee. nigritulus Cas. Sapintus corticalis (Lee.) corticalis—Sapi ntus. obesus Cas. parviceps Cas. gracilentus Cas. salinus Lee. Stereopalpus incanus Cas. indutus Cas. impressicollis Cas. nimius Cas. pruinosus Lee. subalbicans Cac. variipes Cas. Tanarthropsis alutaceus Lee. infernalis Wic. inyo Wic. brunnipennis Lee. Tanarthrus alutaceus (Lee.) alutaceus—Tanarthrus. CEDEMERID/E. pallida—Oxacis. Ditylus cyanipennis Horn. Ischnomera excavata—Asclera. Nacerdes melanura Linn, sericea Horn. Rhinoplatia ruficollis Horn. Xanthochroa californica Horn. PYTHID/E. Cononotus macer Horn. Spalma quadricollis Horn. punctatus Lee. Rhinosimus aeneirostris Mann, sericans Lee. pallipes Boh. Prioqnathus monilicornis Rand. Trimitomerus riversii (not California). Salpingus alternans Lee. Myodites californicus Lee. Rhipiphorus cruentus Germ. Anaspis atra Lee. collaris Lee. luteipennis—sericea. sericea Man. RHIPIPHORID/E. flavipennis Lee. MORDELLID/E. aspersa—Mordeliistena. comata—Mordeliistena. Mordella rufa—Anaspis. scutellaris Fabr.194 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. vilis—Mordellistena. Mordellistenus aequalis Sm. aspersa (Mels.) comata Lee. militaris Sm. pusio Lee. rufa (Say.) infima Lee. Intermixta Helm, nubila Lee. tosta Lee. unicolor Lee. vilis (Lee.) Pentaris hirsuta Sm. nubila (Lee.) MELANDRYID/E. Beetles of this family feed on fungi. Carebara californica Fall. brevicollis Fall. Dircaea riversii—Phloeotrya. Eustrophus indistinctus repandus (not California). Hallomenus scapularis Mots. Holostrophus impressicollis Lee. Hypulus bicincta—Phloeotrya. riversii—Ph loeotrya. vandaueri—Phloeotria. Lacconotus pinicolus Horn. Marolia fulminans Lee. Myctesus canescens Horn, ccncolor Lee. quadricollis Horn. Nothus iuteus horn. Phloeotrya bicincta (Horn.) riversi (Lee.) vandauri Muls. Phryganiphilus collaris Lee. Serropalpus barbatus Schal Tetratoma concolor Lee. MONOMMID/E. Hyporhagus gilensis Horn. /EGIALITID/E. /Egialites californicus (not California.) fuchsii Horn. 8TYLOPID/E. The Stylopidae are parasitic upon bees and wasps. The females are larva- form. The groui’ have been separated as a distinct order under the name Strepsiptera. Xenos auriferi Pierce. ELATERINA BUPRESTID/E. The Buprestidae have been called the short horned wood borers in contrast with the Cerambycidae. The food habits are as follows: — Pine Acmaeodera connexa, Buprestisadjecta, aurulenta, laeviventris, Calco- phora, Chrysobothris californica, contigua, dolata, Hippomelasgentilis, intrusa. Fir Dicerca californica, sexualis. Cedar Chrysobothrisnixa. Willow Agrilus niveiventris, politus, Anthaxia deleta,. Poplar Buprestis fasciata. Oak Agril- uspolitus, Anthaxia aenogaster, Buprestis gibbsii, Chrysobothris femoratus, Polycesta californica. Mesquite Acmaeodera gibbula, Chrysobothris deleta. merkeleii, octocola, Gyascutus, Polycesta velasco. Alder Dicera hornii. Fruit trees Chrysobothris femorata. Acmaeodera acuta Lee. angelica Fall, alacris Horn. alicia Fall.COLEOPTERA — ELATERINA. 195 bishopiana Fall, bowditchi (not California), comata Lee. connexa Lee. coquilletti Fall, dohrni Horn, dolorosa Fall, fenyesi Fall, flavomarginaata Gray, flavosticta Horn, gemina Horn, gibbula Lee. guttifera Lee. hepburnii Lee. haemorrhoa—stel laris, immaculata—pulchella. jocosa Fall, lanata Horn, lareae Fall, labythrinthica Fall, morbosa Fall, mariposa Horn, nebulosa—gemina opacula (not California), plagiaticauda Horn, porosa Fall, postica Fall, pubiventris Horn, pulchella Herb, quadrivittata Horn, quadriseriata Fall, robusta Horn, stellaris (not California.) tuta Horn, vandykei Fall, variegata Lee. y ersuta—g u tt I f e ra. Actenodes acornis Say. mendax Horn. Agrilus angelicus Horn, blandus Horn, gibbicollis Fall, illectus Fall, jacobinus Horn, lacustris Lee. niveiventris Horn, obolinus Lee. politus Say. walsinghami Cr. Ancylochira aphricans—Buprestis. connexa—Buqrestis. gibbsii—Buprestis. lseviventris —Buprestis. rusticum—Buprestis maculiven- tris. villosa Lee. Anthaxia aeneogaster L. & G. senescens—aeneogaster. cyanella (not California), deleta Lee. expansa—aeneogaster. foveicollis—aeneogaster. nanula—aeneogaster. quercata Fabr. simuala—aeneogaster. strigata—aeneogaster. Figure 188. Buprestid beetle and larva. Buprestis adjecta Lee. apricans (not California), aurulenta Linn, confluens Say. connexa Horn, fasciata Fabr. fulvoguttata—Melanophila. gibbsii (Lee.) laeviventris Lee. langii—fasciata. lauta—aurulenta. longipes—Melanophila. maculiventris Say. subornata Lee. rusticorum—maculiventris. Calcophora angusticollis Lee. planicosta—Gyascutus. Chrysobothris aeneola Lee. californica Lee. caurina Horn.196 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. carinipennis Lee. contigua Lee. cuprascens Lee. cyanella Horn, debilis Lee. deleta Lee. deserta Horn, dolata Horn, errans Gory, femorata Fabr. ludificata Horn, mail Horn, merkeleii Horn, monticola Fall, nixa Horn, octocola Lee. prasina Horn, pubescens Fall, purpurifrons Mots, scabripennis L.& G. semisculpta Lee. sylvania Fall, texana Lee. viridicyanea Horn.) vulcanica—californica. Chrysophana placida Lee. Dicera californica Cr. hornii Cr. pectorosa Lee. prolongata Lee. sexualis Cr. Dystaxia murrayi Lee. Clyposcelimorpha marmorata Horn. Gyascutus californicus—Hippomelas. ccelatus—H ippomelas. cuneatus Horn, obliteratus Lee. planicosta (Lee.) Hippomelas californicus (Horn.) coelatus Lee. appendiculata Fabr. consputa Lee. fulvoguttata (Har.) gentiiis Lee. gultulata Gebl. intrusa Horn, longipes Say. Polycesta carifornica Lee. velasco L.& G. Ptosima walshii Lee. Schizopus laetus Lee. sallei Horn. Taphrocerus gracilis Say. Aulanothroscus validus (Lee.) Drapetes plagiatus (Boh.) Lissomus plagiatus—Drapetes. Pactopus hornii Lee. Throscus mendax Horn. THROSC1D/E. parvulus Lee. sejunctus Horn, sericieus Lee. validus—Aulanothroscus. ELATERID/E. The larvae of the Elateridae are known as wire worms and the species living in the ground feed on the roots of plants and are very injurious. Many of the members of this family live in rotten wood. hispidus Lee. imperfectus Lee. inversus Cand. nevadensis Lee. cpaculus Lee. protractus—Leptoschema. sparsus Lee. subustus—Dolopius lateralis, thevenetii Horn, torquatus Lee. Alaus meianops Lee. Anamesus convexicollis—Aplastus op- tatus. Anchastus bicolor Lee. Figure 189. Wire worm, the larva of an Elaterid. Adelocera cavieollis—profusa. profusa Cand. sparsa Cand. rorulenta Lee. Agriotes apicaiis Lee. californicus—Dolopus. ferrugineipennis Lee. fucosus Lee. /'■ - ,A.....w ■, /. A ♦ • Wei f 1/j v tv cinereipennis Man. '< A , ,/> t: Js-y-irt n ‘P(": <1 ( . ■ < • l (. ) 7 (if ,A//? (\r. * v /( A if /? / y/l s / a (A -<• »f > >, y < yy i cs . » Av VV i.., < 7 y - f ( i u ^ '■- ' A U 'to /u Ac ^,( ^ < Af-v-‘■« •o u 1 f f f ,, ■'('* i a^ j \ 1 i-y-A.COLEOPTERA — ELATERINA. desertus Horn, militaris Cand. puberulus—cinereipennis. recedens—cmnereipennis. regularis—cinereipennis. tantilus—cinereipennis. Aplastus angusticolMs Horn, corymbitoides Horn, molestus Horn, optatus Lee. serratus Lee. speratus Lee. tenuiformis Hor~ Aphricus californicus Lee. Asaphes carbonatus Lee. carjcinus—carbonatus. dilaticol I is Mots, hirtus Cand. morio Lee. tumescens Lee. verna—morio. AthouS agriotoides Fall, aterrimus Fall, axillaris Horn, discors—discrepans. discrepans Reitt. excavatus Mots, fain Reit. ferruginosus Esch. imitatus Fall, ingens Fall, limbatus Lee. nigripilis Mots, nugalis Fall, opalinus Cand. palpalis Fall, polygenus Fall, auadricollis—f al I i. recticollis—rectithorax. rectithorax Reit. scissus Lee. vittiger Lee. Camphylus fulvus Mots. Cardiophorus abbreviatus Bland, aeneus Horn, amplicicollis Mots, bifasciatus Blanch, californicus—Limoni us. carbonatus Blanch, coxalis Blanch, crinitus Blach. dispar Blanch, edwardsii Horn, fenestratus Lee. fulvipes—tenebrosus. gemmifer Blanch, inanus—Horisonotus. latiusculus Esch. longior Lee. luridipes Cand. mimeticus Horn, obscurus Lee. senicuius Blanch, stigmaticus Cand. sufflatus—Horisonotus. tantillus—Anchastus. tenebrosus Lee. transfugus—Horisonotus. tumidicollis Lee. Chalcolepidus rubripennis Lee. smaragdinus Lee. tarsatus Fall, webbii Lee. Corymbetes aeripennis Kirby, angularis Lee. anthrax Lee. bombycinus—fall ax. brewerii Horn, carbo Lee. caricinus Germ, colossus Lee. conjugens Lee. cribrosus Lee. cruciatus Linn, diversicolor—rotund icol I is. edwardsii—cruciatus. excavatus Lee. exclamationis Fall, fallax Say. fraternus Lee. fertivus Lee. fusculus Lee. inf’atus Say. jaculus Lee. leucaspis Germ, linearis Fall, macer Fall, maurus Lee. mirabilis Fall, miserabilis Fall, moerens Lee. monticola Horn, nigricans Fall, nigricollis Bland, nubilis—propola. oblongoguttatus Mots, obscurus Lee. obversus Horn, ochreipennis Lee. cpaculus Lee.198 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. poly genus—A t h o u s. propola Lee. pruininus Horn, rotundicollis Say. rufipennis Fall, rupestris Germ, semiluteus—fa 11 ax. semivittatus Say. serraticornis—colossus, teres Lee. tigrinus—triundulatus. triundulatus Rand, umbripennis Lee. xanthomus Horn. Cryptohypnus cinereipennis— Anchas- tus. gicolor Esch. colon Horn. funebris Cand. gradarius—Hypnoideus. inops—Hypnoideus pectoralis. nocturnus Esch. ornatus—Hypnoideus. pectoralis—Hypnoideus. quadricollis Lee. squaiidus Lee. striatulus—Hypnoideus. tantillus—Anchastus. Dicrepidius corvinus Cand. Dolopius californicus—lateralis, lateralis Esch. simplex—lateralis, subustus—lateralis. Drasterius comis Lee. elegans (not California), grandicollis Horn, livens Lee. praeses Cand. siminolus Cand. Elater affinis Lee. apricatus Say. ater Lee. atripennis Horn. behrensi Horn. carbonicolor (not California) cordatus Horn. cord if er Lee. dimidiatus Lee. fastus Lee. hepaticus Mels. horni Cand. ignobilis Boh. lonqicornis Lee. melinus Lee. moerens Lee. phelpsii Horn, rhodopus Lee. turbulentus—Megapenthes. variegatus Boh. Elatrinuo anthrax Horn. Esthesops dispersus Horn. Euthesanius iautus Lee. pretiosus Lee. Horistonotus basalis Horn definitus Horn, gracilis Horn, inanus (Lee.) simplex Lee. suftiatus (Lee.) transfugus (Lee.) Hypnoides caurinus Horn, chorls Say. cucullatus Horn, funebris—Cryptohypnus. dispersus Horn, dubius Horn, gradarius Horn, nocturnus—Cryptohypnus. ornatus (Lee.) pectoralis (Say.) striatulus (Lee.) Ischiodontus ferreus Lee. Leptoschema protractum Horn. Lepturoides fulvus—Campy I us. Limonius angulatus Mots, californicus (Man.) clypeatus Mots, canus Lee. consimilis Walk, cribricollis Horn, crotchi Horn, discoideus Lee. discollis—maculicollis. fulvipes Fabr. fulvipilis Cand. hiapidus-^californicus. humeralis—ornatulus. infuscatus—pilosus. maculicollis Mots, mandibularis—discoideus. mirus Lee. nitidulus Horn, occidentalis Cand. ornatulus Lee. pilosus Lee. quadrimaculatus—Megapenthes. subauratus Lee. subcostatus—canus. ulkei—mirus. pilosus Lee.COLEOPTERA — CANTHARINA. 199 vernalis Fall. Ludius ater Cand. iecontei Horn, pinguis Horn. Megapenthes aterrimus Horn, elegans Horn, lepidus Lee. moereus Lee. nigriventrls Lee. quadrimaculatus Horn, rogersi Horn, stigmosus Lee. tartareus Lee. turbulentus (Lee ' Melanactes densus Lee. procerus (not California), scliaumi—Plastocerus. Melanotus cribricollis Cand. erro Lee. longulus Lee. oregonensis Lee. variolatus Lee. Meristhus cristatus Horn. Monocrepidius comis Lee. sordidus (not California). Oxygomus ater Horn. Perothops cervina Esch. wltticki Lee. Phlegon ouqueti (not California), herculeanus (not California) Pityobius murrayi Lee. Plastocerus frater—schaumii. megalops Fall, schaumii Lee. Serocosomus debilis Lee. flavipennis—debilis. Tricrepidius triangulicollis—Ischlodon tus. EUCNEMIDyE. Anelastes druryi Kirby. latereillei—druryi. Cryptosorna dohrnii—Palaeoxenus. Dromiolus basalis (Lee.) californicus Bom. hospitalis Blanch, nitens Horn. Eucnemis americana Horn. Fornax pasalis—Dromeolus. Melasis rufipennis Horn. Palaeoxenus dohrnii (Lee.) Sarpedon scabrosus Bonv. Xylobius cylindriformis Horn. CEROPHYTID/E. / Cerophytum convexicolle Lee. CANTHARINA. CANTHARID/E. This family has been more commonly known under the names Telephoridai and Lampyridse. The latter name applying particularly to the group that emit light and are popularly known as fireflies. All the members of the family are predaceous. Calochromus dimidiata (Lee.) Calopteron reticulatum (Fabr.) Cenophengus debilis Lee. Lfictyoptera dimidiata—Calochromus. laetus—Eros. Ditemus obtusus Lee. Ellychia californica Mots. corrusca Linn. Eros laetulus (Mots.) Lamprorhiza riversi Lee. Lampyrus corrusca—Ellychia. Lucidota californica—Pyropyga. Lycus reticulatum—Calopteron. Malthinus fusculus—Malthodes. Malthodes arbustorum Keis. fragilus Lee. fusculus Lee. laticallosis Lee. transversus Lee. Malthacus latimanus—Podabrus. Mastinoceru opacus Malthetius theveneti Lee. Microphotus angustus Lee. Phengodes integripennis—Zarhippus. Photinus californicus—Ellychnia. reversus Gem. Podabrus binotatus Lee. bolteri Lee. , ; /.200 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. cavicollis Lee. cinereipennis Mots, comes Lee. corneus Lee. latimanus (Mots.) lutosus Lee. macer Lee. melifluus—latimanus. mellitus Lee. pruinosus—tomentosus. tejonicus Lee. tomentosus Say. xanthoderus Lee. Polemius languidus Horn. Pterotus obscuripennis Lee. Pyropyga fenestralis (Mels.) indicta Lee. Silis cava Lee. filligera Lee. lutea Lee. pallida Man. Telephorus concors Lee. divisus Lee. fraxini Say. grandicollis Lee. lautus Lee. notatus Man. ochropus Lee. peregrinus—notatus. tibialis—concors. tibiellus Gem. transmarinus Mots. Zarhipis integripennis (Lee.) piciventris Lee. riversi Horn, ruficornis Lee. ater—T richochrous. MALACHID/E. Adasytes laciniatus Cas. Allonyx denudatus Cas. disjunctuh Cas. sculptilis (Lee.) Anthocomus basalis—Attalus. cincteilus—Attal us. difficilis— Attalus. lobatus—Attalus lobatulus. submarginatus—attalus. Atelestus abdominalis (Lee.) basalis—Enerdes. colleris—Enerdes. Attalus basalis (Lee.) cinctus (Lee.) difficilis (Lee.) elegans Horn, lobatulus Lee. oregonensis Horn, rostratus Horn, rufomarginatus (Mots.) setosus Horn, submarginatus (Lee.) transmarinus Fall, trimaculatus (Mots.) unicolor Horn. Biturosomus rufipes—Trichochrous grisseus. Chariessa dichroa Lee. elegans Horn. Charopus hamifer Kies. longieollis—M icrolepus. mcereus—Microlepus Mots, uniformis Mots. Collops argutus Fall, cribrosus Lee. crusoe Fall, histrio Er. insulatus Lee. marginellus Lee. marginicollis Lee. punctulatus Lee. Dasyrhadus impressicollis Fall, longior Fall. Dasytastes bicolor Cas. Catalina^ Cas. dispar Cas. insularis Fall, otiosus C.a*' remissus Cas. Dasytellus inconspicuus Cas. Dasytes senescens—Trichocnrous. antennatus—T richochrous. californicus—T richochrous. brevicornis—T richochrous. brevipilosus—T richochrous. breviusculus Mots, canescens—Listrus. elemental Fall, conformis—T richochrous. constrictus—Eschatocrepis. cruralis (Lee.) cylindricus—T richochrous. difficilis—Listrus. dissimillis Cas. expansus Cas. fastidiosus Cas. fulvitarsis—T richochrous. fuscus—T richochrous. grandiceps—T richochrous. griseus—T richochrous.COLEOPTERA - CANTHARINA. 201 hirtellus—T richochrous. laticollis—T richochrous. luteipes—Listrus. macer Cas. minutus Cas. motschulskei—Listrus. musculus Fall, nitens Cas. parvicollis—T richochrous. pedalus—T richochrous. obseurellus—Listrus. piceus Lee. punctipennis—T richochrous. pusillus Lee. rotundicollis—Listrus. sculptilis—Allonyx, seminidus Lee. sordidus—T rochochrous. squalidus—T richochrous. suturalis—T richochrous. umbratus—Trichochrous. Ebaeus bicolor Pseudobaeus. submarginatus—Atal us. Eneodes abdominalis Lee. basalis (Lee.) collaris Lee. Eschatocrepis constrictus Lee. Eudasytes amplus Cas. ursinus Cas. Eurelymus flavipes Lee. Harpalorhinus biguttulus—Malachius. irirandus—Malachius. Listrus amplicollis Cas. annulatus Cas. balteelus Cas. canescens (Man.) confusus Cas. constricticollis—Eschalocrepis cor strict us. definitis Fall, densicollis Cas. diffici I is (Lee.) extricatus Cas. famelicus Cas. fidelis Cas. incertus Cas. interruptus Lee. interstitialis Cas. !uteipes(Lec.) maculosus Cas. mclannur. Cas. motschulskyi (Lee.) obseurellus (Lee.) pardalis Cas. punctatus Mots. rotundicollis (Lee.) subaeneus Cas. tibialis Mots, tritus Cas. Malachius acutipennis Fall, apicalis Mots, auritus Lee. bakeri Fall, biguttatus Horn, direcus Fall, inornatus Fall, longiceps—Thanaops. macer Horn, mirandus (Lee.) mixtus Horn, nigrinus Fall, pristinus Fan. prolixicornis Fall, spinipennis Horn, thevenetii Horn, ulkei Horn, unicolor Mots, viridulus Fall. Pristoscelis aenescens—Trichochrous. antennatus—T richochrous. ater—T richochrous. moerens (Lee.) Pseudobaenus bicolor (Lee.) Melyria flavipes—Euryelmi''. Microlipus laticeps Lee. longicollis (Mots.) brevicornis—T richochrous. brevipilosus—T richochrous. brevipilossus—Trichochrous. californicus—T richochrous. conformis—T richochrous. cruralis—Dasytes. oylindricus—T richochrous. fulvotarsis—T richochrous. fuscus—T richochrous. grandiceps Lee. griseus—T richochrous. hirtellus Trichochrous. laticollis—Trichochrous. oregonensis—T richochrous. pedalis—T richochrous. punctipennis—T richochrous. auadricollis—T richochrous. rufipes—T richochrous. sordidus—T richochrous. suturalis—T richochrous. tejonicus—T richochrous. umbratus—T richochrous. Rhadalus testaceus Lee. Scalopterus trimaculatus—Attalus.202 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Thanops abdominalis Lee. longiceps Lee. Trichochrous aenescens (Lee.) agrestus Cas. antennatus (Mots) apicalis Cas. ater (Bald.) barbarae Cas. brevicollis Lee. brevicornis (Lee.) brevipillosus (Lee.) brevis Cas. californicus (Mots.) compactus Cas. conformls (Lee.) conspersus Cas. curticollis Cas. cuspidatus Cas. cynildricus (Mots.) discipulus Cas. fallax Cas. femoralis Cas. fimbriatus Cas. fraternus Cas. fulvotarsis (Bland.) fulvescens Cas. fuscus (Lee.) griseus (Lee.) hlrtellus (Lee.) histrix Cas. indigens Cas. innocens Cas. insignis Cas. irrasus Cas. laticolI is (Man.) iobatus Cas. mucidus Cas. nigrinus Cas. nubilatus Cas. parvicollis (Man.) pedalis Lee. politus Say. prominens Cas. propinquus Cas. pruinosus Cas. punctipennis (Lee.) quadricollis Lee. remotus Cas. rusticus Cas. seqaratus Cas. sinuosus Cas. sobrinus Cas. sordidus (Lee.) squalidus (Lee), stricticollis Cas. subclavis Cas. suffusus Cas. suturalis (Lee.) tectus Cas. transversus Cas. umbratuo (Lee.) vilis Cas. villosus Cas. Vectura longiceps Cas. RHIPICERID/E. Sandalus californicus Lee. DASCYLLID/E. The beetles of this family are Allopogon villosus Horn. Anchyteis velutina Horn. Anorus piceus Lee. Cantheris variabilis—Cyphon. Dascyllus davidsonii Lee. lumbus Horn. predaceous on other insects. Euryopogon californicus Horn. Euscaphurus salteror Cas. confusus Mels. Macropoaon testaceipennis Mots. Placonycha edwardsii (Lee.) Stenocolus scutellaris Lec. HELODIDvC. Acneus quadrimaculatus Horn. Cyphon brevicollis Lec. concinnus (Lec.) exiguus Horn, variabilis (Thunt.) Dichranopselaphus edwardsii—Placo- nycha Eucinetus infumatus Lec. Helodes apicalus Lec. brevicollis—Cyphon. concinnum—Cyphon. Scirtes califoricus Wots.COLEOPTERA — CLERINA. 203 CLERINA. CISID/E. Cis dichroa Lee. Enneathron californicum Cas. vitula— Ennearthron. vitulus Man. CLERID^E. The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects. ^Aulicus nero Spin. punctata Lee. Charytessa dichroa Lee. puncticollis Bland. / elegans Horn. undulata (Say.) 5Chlerus abruptus Lee. usta—cylindricollis. carbonarius Spin, cinctipennis Spin, eximius Man. interceptus Spin, moestus Kl. nigroventris Lee. quadrisignatus Say. repandus—Thanasimus. ruflpennis Spin, signaticoilis Spin, sphegeus Fabr. Corgnates marginellus Chev. ruficollis Fabr. Cregya fasciata Lee. rCymatodera angustata Spin, balteata—undulata. californica Horn, cylindricollis Chev. fuscula Lee. morosa Lee. ovipennis Lee. pilosella—ovi pen n is. Elasmocerus californicus Fall. Enopium dichroum—Chartessa. Hydnocera bicolor Lee. discoidea Lee. robusta Horn, scabra Lee. Lebasciella maculicollis Lee. marginella—Corgnates. . i— Necrobia ruficollis—Corgnates. Perilyf^ftjs carbonarius Spin. TilluST undulata—Cymatodera. Trichodes bimaculatus Lee. ornatus Say. tenellus—ornatus. Trogodendron edwardsii Horn. Thanasimus dubius Fabr. duglasianus White, eximius—Clerus. nigriventris—Clerus. repandus Horn, rubriventris Lee. PTINID/E. The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects. Gibbium psylloides Cze. Mezium americanum Lap. Trigonogenius farctus—globulum. globulum Sol. Niptus ventriculus Lee. Ptinus aganatus Fall, alternates Fall, californicus Pic. caelebs Fall, cognatus Fall. eximius Fall, fallax Fall, fur Linn, guadolphei Pic. interruptus Lee. quadrimaculatus (not Calif.) vergrandis Fall, verticali Lee. Hedobia angulata Fall, granosa Lee. ANOBI!D>E. The beetles of this family are predaceous on other insects. Actenobius macer Cas. pleuralis Cas. /204 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. saginatus Cas. Anobiopsis sericans Fall. Anobium quadrulum Lee. Catorama conjunctum Fall, exiguum Fall, gemiatum Fall, gibbulum Fall, latum Horn, luteotectum Fall, mancum Fall, nubilum Fall, obsoleta—latum, palliatum Fall, pusillum Lee. vestitum Fall. Coelostethus quadrulus Lee. truncatus Fall. Coenocara californica Lee. occidens—californica. Calposternus tenuilineatus Horn. Dinapate wrightii Horn. Dorcatoma intiger Fall. pusillus—Catorama. Ernobius alutaceus Lee. callaris Fall, convergens Fall, crotchii Fall, debilis—punctultaus. marginicollis Lee. montanus Fall, nigrans Fall, pallitarsis Fall, punctulatus Lee. socialis Fall, trapecoideus Fall. Euceratocerus macer—Actenobius. pleuralis—Actenobius. saginatus—Actenobius. Eupactus pudicus (undetermined) Eutylistus ulkei Fall. Euvrilletta xyletinoides Fall. Exopioides incisa—Polycaon confertus Ga trails marginipennis Lee. Hemiptychus intiger—Dorcatoma. latus—Catorama. luteotectus—Catorama. palliaus---Catorama. pusillus—Catorama. Lasioderma serricorne Fabr. opaculus Lee. parvulus—opaculus. planicolIis Lee. striatus Mels. Megorama frontalis Lee. ingens Fall. Hadrobregmus gibbicolI is Lee. laticolli Fall, viduum Fall. Oligomerodes catalinae Fall, cccidentalis Fall. Oligomerus californicus Fall. Ozognathus cornutus Lee. Paralobium mundum Fall. Petalium bistriatum (not California) californicum Fall. Pitnus pygmaeus Gor. Pnitodes setifer Lee. Ptilinus acuminatus Cas. Sitodrepa panicea Linn. Sphaericus gibboides Boie. Theca profunda Lee. striatopunctata—Calopsternus. Trichodesma beyeri Fall, cristata Cas. Trypopitys punctatu Lee. Vrilletta blaisdelli Fall, convexa Lee. expansa Lee. murrayi Lee. plumbea Fall. Xestobium affine Lee.: Xeranobium desertum Fall, macrum Fall. Xyletinus distans Fall, fucatus Lee. lugubris (not California). Xyletomerus histricus Fall. puberulum (undetermined). Zarifa insularis Fall. Amphicerus fortis Lee. punctipennis Lee. teres Horn. Bostrychus californicus Horn. Dinoderus truncatus Horn. Acrepis quadrisignata—Psoa. BOSTRYCHIDyC. Sinoxylon declive Lee. sericans Lee. sextuberculatum. Lee. suurale Horn. PSOID/E. Polycaon confertus Lee.COLEOPTERA —* CLERINA. 205 punctatus Lee. stoutii Lee. Posa maculata Lee. quadrisignata Horn, basalis Lee. ramicornis Cas. Figure 190. Polycaon confertus, and a grape twig showing work of larva. LYCTID>E. Tragoxylon californicum Cr. SPHINDID/E. Odontosphindus clavicornis Fall. HYDROPHYLINA Berosus californicus Mots, exilis Lee. infuscatus Lee. miles Lee. punctatissimus Lee. HYDROPHILID/E. ruqulosus Horn, salinus Fall, subsignatus Lee. Brachypalpus infuscatus—Creniphilus. Cercycn capillatus Lee.206 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. depressus Steph. fimbriatus Man. fulvipennis Man. lateralis Marsh, lugubris Payk. luniger Man. navicularis Zim. nigriceps Marsh, quisquilius Linn, tristis III. Chaetarthria minor nigrella Lee. pallida Lee. Creniphilis dissimilis (Horn), infuscatus Mots, rufiventris (Horn.) subcupreus (Say.) Cyclonotum cacti—Dactylosternum. Cymbiodyta dorsalis (Mots.) imbellis (Lee.) punctatostriata (Horn.) Dactylosternum cacti Lee. Helochares normatus (Lee.) Helophorus alternatus—angustulatus. angustulus Man. fortis Lee. obscurus Lee. pallens Cas. Hydrsena pennsylvanica Kines. Hydrobius castaneus—infuscatus. cuspidatus—Phylhydrus. dissimilis—Creniphilus. dorsalis—Cymbiodyta. fuscipes Linn, infuscatus (Mots.) latus Horn. nebulosus—Phylhydrus. scabrosus Horn, rufiventris—Cren i ph i I us. Hydrocharis glaucus Lee. lineatus—Ochthebi us. obtusatus Say. Megasternum posticatum Man. Phylhydrus californicus Horn. Limnebius piceus Horn. Limnocharis piceus—Limnebius Hydrochus vagus Lee. variolatus Lee. , Hyd roph i I us californicus—Tropister- dorsalis Brul. ellipticus—T ropisternus. limbalis—Tropisternus. subcupreus—Creni ph i I us. triangularis Lee. Laccobius ellipticus Lee. carinatus Lee. cristatus—nebulosus. cuspidatus (Lee.) diffusus Lee. fuscus—perplexus. hamiltoni Horn, imbellis—Cymbiodyta. latiusculus—californicus. latiusculus—nebulosus. nebulosus Say. rormatus—Helochares, pectoralis—nebulosus. perplexus Lee. punctatostriata—Cymbiodyta. Ochtheblus costipennis. cribricollis Lee. discretus Lee. fossatus—nitidus. holmbergi Man. interruptus Lee. laevipennis Lee. lineatus (Lee.) nitidus Lee. puncticollis Lee. vectus Lee. sculptus Lee. Tropisternus apicipalpus Chev. californicus Lee. limbalis (Lee.) SCARABjEINA SCARAB/EID/E. This family includes the dung beetles and a series of plant feeding forms known as May beetles, June beetles, Cock chafers, Rise beetles, etc. The larvae are called white grubs. ^gialia blanchardi Horn. Amechanus serratus—Bradycinetus. Coelatus—Psammodius. Amphicoma canina (Horn.) conferta Horn. cooperi—canina. crassa Lee. edwardsii Horn.COLEOPTERA — SCARAB^EINA. 207 rathvoni (Lee.) ursina (Lee.) Anomaea centralis Lee. Aphodius abditus—Ataenius. aieutus Esch. alternatus (Horn), blaisdeli—sparsus. cadaverinus (undetermined) cogregatus Man. consociatus Horn, conspersus Horn, coquilletti Lin. cribratus Lee. gentilis Horn, granarius Linn, hamatus Say. inutilir. Horn, iividus Oliv. luxatus Horn, militaris Lee. nectomae Fall, nevadensis Horn, ochreipennis Horn, opacus Lee. ovipensis Horn, pardallis Lee. rubidus Lee. rugifrons Horn, sparsus Lee. steracorator—Ataen I us. subaeneus Lee. unguiculus Fall, vittatus Say. Ataenius abditus (Hald.) californicus Horn, desertus Horn, gracilis Mels, lobatus Horn, oblongus orn. steracora or (Fabr.) Bolbocerus hornii (Riv.) serratus—Bradycinetus. Bradycinetus hornii—Bolbocerus. Camptorhina seratina Lee. Canthon eorvinus—simplex, humeralis—simplex, laevis (not California), militaris—simplex, perplexus Lee. puncticollis (Lower California) simplex Lee. Chalepus cbsoletus Lee. cylindrica (Esch.) lacustris Lee. latispina Lee. rotundata (Lee.) socialis Horn. Copris moechus Lee. Cotaipa granicollis Hald. ursina Horn. Coenonycha elementina Cas. , parvuula Fall. , rufescens Horn. Cremastochilus angularis Lee. crinitus Lee. depressus Horn, ineptus Horn, pilosicollis Horn. jjianatuS i-ec. quadrauus Fall, schaumii Lee. westwoodi Horn, wneeleri Lee. Cyclocephala dimidiata Burm. hirta Lee. immaculata Burm. longula Lee. villosa Burm. Dasydera cooperi—Amphicoma ursina rathvoni—Amphicoma. ursina—Amphocoma. Dichelonycha clypeata Horn, crotchii Horn, decolorata Fall, fulgida Lee. fuscula Lee. lateralis Fall, longiclava Fall, muscula Fall, nana Fall, pallens Lee pectoralis Lee. pusilla Lee. rotundata—Coelonycha. truncata Lee. valida Lee. vicina Fall. Diplotaxis anqularis Lee. brevicollis Lee. californica—su ban g u I ata. corvina Lee. fimbriata Fall, levicoxa Fall. moe*erts Lee. pacata Lee. sierriae Lee. subangulata Lee. tenebrosa Fall, tenius Lee. Dynacoma margirata Cas.208 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Euphoria californica (not California.) verticollis Horn. Euryomia californica (not California), fasciatus (not California). Geotrupes occidentalis Horn. Gymnopyge hopliseformis Lin. . hopliseformis Lin. Hoplia callipyge Lee. convexula—pubicollis. dispar Lee. irrorata—pubicollis Lee. pubicollis Lee. sackeni Lee. Lachnosterna dubia Smith, errans Lee. fusca (Fro.) lenis Horn. mucoreus—Listrochelus. Lichanthe canina—Amphicoma. edwardsii—Amphicoma. Ligyrus californicus—gibbosus. gibbosus DeG. Listrochelus mucoreus (Lee.) Megasoma thersites (Lower Calif.) .. Melolontha 10-lineata—Polyphilla. Ochodseus californicus Horn, estriatus Sch. gnatho Fall. Odontseus obesus Lee. Oncerus floraiis Lee. Orsonyx anxius Lee. Oxyomus alternans—Atsenius. cadaverinus—Aphodius. gracilis—Atsenius. Pachyplectrus Isevis Lee. Phseochrous behrensii (not Calif ) Plectrodes blaisdelli Cas. Phileurus illatus Lee. Phobetus comatus Lee. centralis—comatus. Pleocoma australis Fall, adjuvans—staff, behrensii Lee. conjugens Horn, edwardsii—staff, fimbriata Lee. hi rticol I is Sch. hoppingi Fall, puncticollis Riv. rickseckeri Horn. staff Sch. ulkei (not California.) Plectrodes blaisdelli Cas. carpenteri Lee. field! Fall, fossiger Cas. palpalis Horn, pistoria Cas. pubescens Horn, riversi Cas. squamosa Cas. Pleurophorus csesus Panz. Plusiotus gloriosa (not California.) Polyphylla cavifrons Lee. crinita Lee. decemlineata (Say). Psammodius coelatus (Lee.) cylindrica—/Egialia. nanus (DeG.) Rhyssemus californicus Horn. Scarabaeus laevis—Canthon. nanus—Psammodius. Serica alternata Lee. anthracina Lee. elongatula Horn, fimbriata Lee. lateralis Csch. mixta Lee. robusta Lee. sericatus Mots, serotina Lee. silaceus Say. simplex Mots, valida Har. Thyce blaisdelli—Plectrodes. fossiger—Plectrodes. hartfordi—Plectrodes. marginata—Di nacom**. palpalis—Plectrodes. pistoria—Plectrodes. pulverea—Plectrodes. riversi—PI ectrodes. squamosa—Plectrodes. Trox atrox Lee. fascifer Lee. gemmulatus Horn, punctatus Germ, suberosus Fabr. Tryssus comatus—Phobetus. Valgus californicus Horn. LECANID/E. The Stag beetles with antler-like jaws belong to this family. The Cal- ifornia species are less conspicuous. Their food habits are as follows: —COLEOPTERA — SCARAB^EINA. 209 Fir Ceruchus, Diphyllostoma. agassii, californicus latus and opacus. Sinodesdron, Platucerus oregonensis. * . Ceruchus punctatus Lee. striatus Say. Diphyllostoma fibriata Fall. striatus Lee. Platycerus agassii. Lee. californicus Cas. chalybseus—oregonensis. ccerulescens—oregonensis. Platycerus. Alder depressus Lee. iatus Fall, opacus Fall, pacificus—agassii Lee. parvicollis—agassi i. thoracicus Cas. Phyllostoma fimbriata Fail. Finodendron rugosum Man. Redwood Diphyllostoma. Oak Poplar Platycerus depressus. CURCULIONINA The members of this superfamily are known as weevils.. They all feed on plants and many of them are injurious. ANTHRIBID/E. Anthribus albinus Linn. Gonops fissungnis Lee. Brachytarsus alternatus Say. Toxotropis approximatus Lee. scabrosus Fabr. IPID/E. The members of this family are the wood borers that make the “pin holes” in the bark of trees and the centipede-like burrows under the bark. They are sometimes very injurious. They have the following food habits: — Pine Dendroctonus brevicornis, jeffreyi, monticolae, volens, Pityophthorus nitidus. Fir Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Spruce Scolytos unispinosus. Ce- dar Phlceosinus cristatus. Cypress Phloeosinus cupressi. Redwood Phlceo- sinus sequoias. Oak Pityophthorus pubipennis Bostrichus pini—Tomicus. Carphoborus bifurcus Esch. simplex Lee. Chaetophloeus hystrix Lee. Corthylus cavus—Cryphalus. dentiger—Monarthrum. scutellaris—Monarthrum. Cryphalus atratulus Lee. carinulatus—Pityophthorus. cavus Lee. dentiger—Monarthrum. digestus—Pityophthorus. pilosulus—Pityophthorus. pubipennis—Pityophthorus. puncticollis—Pityophthorus. retusus—Pityophthorus. striatus—Hypothenemus. sulcatus Lee. terminalis Man. Dendroctonus barberi Hop. brevicomis Lee. brevicornis—barberi. convexifron Hop. frontalis—barberi. frontalis—brevicornis. jeffreyi Hop. monticolae Hop. pseudotsugae Hop. similis—monticolae. simplex—pseudotsugae. terebrans—valiens. valens Lee. Gnathotrichus retusus (Lee.) Hylastes gracilins Lee. macer Lee. nigrinus (Man.) porosus Lee. rugipennis—Hylurgops. subcostulatus—Hylurgops. Hylesinus aspericoliis Lee. crenatus—sericeus. crist?. tus—Phloeosinus.210 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. hystrix—Chaetophlocus. imperialis Lee. nebulosus Lee. sericeus Man. Hylurgops granulatus Lee. rugipennis (Man.) subcostulatus (Man.) Hylurgus nigrinus—Hylastes. Hypothenemus striatus (Lee.) Ips cacographus (Germ.) confusus Lee. latidens Leec. pini Say. plastographus Lee. pubipennis Lee. sexdentatus Esch. Micracis hirtella Lee. Monarthrum dentigerum (Lee.) huttoni Woli. scutellare (Lee.) Phloeosinus cristatus (Lee.) cupressi Hop. sequoiae Hop. Pityophthorus carinulatus (Lee.) confinus Lee. cribripennis Esch. digestus (Lee.) nitidulus Man. pilosus Lee. pubipennis Lee. puncticoliis (Lee.) retusus Lee. striatus Lee. sulcatus Lee. Scolytus californicus Lee. destructor—unispinosus. praeceps Lee . subscaber Lee. terebrans—Chaetophloeus Hys- trix. unispinosus Lee. ventral is Lee. Tomicus cacographus—Ips. Xyleborus caelatu Esch. Xyloterus bivittatus Kirby. hamatus—Pityophthorus carinu- latu . vittiger Esch. CALANDRID>E. The following food habits are known: — Pine Cossonus pisiphilus, crenotus, Rhyncolus oregonensis. Buckeye Rhyn- lolus angularis. Yucca Macrorhynchus, Scyphophorus, Yuccaborus. Cactus Cactophagus. Lupine Rhyncolus pallens. Poplar and Maple Cossonus sub- arcuatus. Drift wood Flassoptes.. Cactophagus validus Lee. t Calandra granaria linn. T ^ ortyzae Una. Cossonus californicus—piniphilus crenatus Horn. f V. piniphilus Sch. subareatus Boh. Dryophthorus bitubercu.atus Fabr. corticalis (not California). Flassoptes marinus Horn. t Lymnantes scrobicollis Gyll. Macrorhynchus protractus Horn. Mesitus tardii Wall. Metamaseus sericeus Horn. ^Vletopotoma repens “"Fhloeophagus minor Horn. Rhina frontalis—Yuccaborus. Rhyncholus anguiaris Lee. brunneus Man. californicus Wol. cylindricollis Wol. dilatatus Ca . dorsalis Lee. oregonensis Horn, pallens Cas. protensis Wot. spretus Cas. i.hynchophorus asperulus (not Calif.) palmarum (not California). Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll. robustior (not California), yuccae Horn. Sitophylus oryzae—Calandra. Sphenophorus abrasus Chit, discolor Man. gentilis Lee. monterensis—vomerinus. pertinax Oliv. pictus Lee. procerus—Cactophagus validus. reticulaticollis Boh. robustus (not California). simplex Lee. subopacus Chit. sayi Gyll. subcarinatus Man. ,VCbLEOPTERA — CURCULIONINA. 211 tardus Fall. Yuccaborus frontalis Lee. vomerinus Lee. CURCULIONID/E. Only a comparative small number or the species of this family of weevils have known food habits. Pine Magdalus cuneiformis, lecontei, Pissodes radiatse, yosemite. Willow Orchestes rufipes, salacis. Lupine Apion proclive,Tychius lineellus. Acanthoscellis californicus Dietz, frontalis Dietz, per plexus Dietz. Alophu constrictus Lee. didymus Lee. Apion abdominaie Sm. antennatum Sm. atripes (not California.) oblitum (not California), bosoletum (not California), occidentale Fall, oedorhynchum Lee. opacicolle Sm. ovale—obsoletum. pennsylvanicum Boh. porosicolle Gem. Figure 191 Alfalfa weevil. brevicolle—cribricolle. caliiornicum—sordidum. clavinatum Sm. cavifrons Lee. chuparosae (Lower California). concoloratum—carinatum. confertum (not California). cordatum Sm. crassinasum Lee. cribricolle Lee. elutipes (Lower California). floridanum (not California). fraternum Sm. funereum Fall. griseum (not California). hesperidum Fall. minor Sm. proclive Lee. proclive Lee. protensum Lee. sordidum Sm. troglodytes Man. turbulentum Sm. typicum—ventricosum. varicorne Sm. ventricosum Lee. vespertinum Cas. vicinum—walshii. walshii Sm. Anthonomus aeneolus Dietz, affinis Lee. albopilosus Dietz, ater Lee. \212 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. brunneipennis Man. canus Lee. confusus Lee. effetus Dietz, figuratus Dietz. hirtus Lee. inermis Boh. melanchoiicus Dietz, moruius Lee. ochreopilosus Dietfi. ornatus Dietz, pauperculus Lee. peninsularis Dietz, pervilis Dietz, densa—Onychobaris. macra Lee. Figure 192. Cotton boll weevil. seriata—Onychobaris. Centrocleonus pilosus Lee. Ceutorhynchus adspersulus Dietz, albopillosus Dietz, angulatus Lee. convexicollis Lee. cyanipennis Germ, decipiens Lee. disturbatus Dietz, equamosus Lee. solani Fall subvittatus Lee. sycophanta Walsh. Alyca ephippiator—Elleschus. Analcis morbillosus—Tyloderma. Aulobaris naso Lee. Bagous californicus Lee. Balaninus uniformis Lee. Baridius californicus Boh. Bariiepton faiciger quadricolle Lee. Barinu dificilis Baris brunneipe? densus—Onychobaris. mucoreus—T richobaris. nasutus—Centrinus. macra—Baris, seriatu —Onychobaris. Barytychius discoideus quadricolle Lee. hornii Dietz, isolatu Dietz, mutabilis Dietz, nodipennis Dietz, obliquus Lec. ovipennis Dietz, pollinosus Dietz. Figure 193. Fuller’s rose weevil. puberuius Lec. pusillus Lec. pusio Man. sericans Lec. subpubescens Lee. testorum Fall. Centrinogyna procera Centrinus confusus Say. lineellus Lec. nasutus Lec. Chelonychus longipes Dietz. Cionistes insolens Dietz. Cleonus erysimi inornatus Lec. molitor Lec. virgatu Lec. vittatus Kirby. Coelogaster zimmermani Gyll. Conotrachelu duplex dehiscens Fall, koebelei—adspersus.COLEOPTERA — CURCULIONINA. 213 littoralis Fall, longatus Lee. lunaus Lee. mamillatus Lee. mediinotus Fall, mucidus—nubilatus. princeps Fall. Copturus adspersus Lee. Elleschus ephippiatus Say. Epimechus mobilis Fall. Emphyastes fucicola Man. Endalus aeratus Lee. limatulus Gyll. ovalis Lee. Epimechus aemulu adspersus Dietz, mimicus Dietz, nevadicus Dietz, soriculus Dietz. Euclyptus ferrugineus Lee. Hypera montivaga Camp, serrana Camp. Lepidosoma californicum Mots, dehiscens Fall, koebelei—adspersus. littoralis Fall, mediiventrus Fall. Cryptohypnuc colon Horn, funebris Chaud. futilis Lee. mops Lee. ornatus Lee. pectoral is Say. squalidus Lee. Cryptorhynchus gracilis Boh. Desmoris constrictus Say. fulvus Lee. incertus Dietz, sordidus Lee. Dinccleus albovestitu hystrix Fall. Dc:; E. The genus Deporaus is found on oak, Rhynchites aureus on manzanita and R. bicolor feeds on rose and thimble berry. Auletes laticollis Cas. nasal is Lee. rugipennis Pier, viridis Pier. Deporaus glastinus (Lee.) Rhynchites aeratoides Fall. aureus Lee. bicolor Fabr. glastinus—Deporaus. nasio Cas. planifrons Lee. velatus Lee. RHINOMACERID/E. The weevils of this family are found on pine flowers Diodyrhynchus byturoides Lee. comptus Lee. Rhinomacer bombiformis Lee. pilosus Lee. CHRYSOMELINA LARIID/E. The snout-like prolongation of the head in this family causes them to be called weevils tho belonging to a different superfamily. Pea Laria pisorum. Bean Mesquite Laria prosopis. Bruchus aureolus Horn, aria Fall, californicus Boh. collosus Fall, desertorum Lee. discopterus Fall, exiguus Horn, fraterculus Horn, gibbithorax Sch. griseolus Fall, impiger Horn, inquisitus Fall, laria Fall, limbatus Horn, obsoletus Say. Acanthoscelides. Broad bean Laria rufimana. obtecus—obsoletus. pauperculus Lee. oerplexus Fall, pisorum Linn, pulius Fall, prosopis Lee. protractus Horn, pruinius Horn, ramicornis Boh. seminulum Horn, sordidus Horn, texanus Sch. uniformis Lee. Zabrotes densus Horn, spectabilis Horn.216 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. CH RYSOM ELID/E. The plant beetles of the family Chrysomelidae are in some cases general feeders tho in most cases they are associated with a particular plant. The following list includes most of the commoner species: — Coniferae Luperoides smaragdinus. Pine Glyptoscellis illustris, pubescens. Fir Syneta carinata Cedar Glyptoscellis pubescens, Willow Crepidodera helxines, Diachus, Disonycha 5-vittata, Galerica flavolimbata, Glyptoscellus albidus, Pla- umbine Cassida bicolor. Sidalcea Calligrapha sigmoidea. Marsh marigold Cal- giodera, Syneta albida, Zeugophora californica. Poplar Syneta albida Zeugc- phora. Alder Haltica bimarginata. Buckeye Luperodes bivittatus. Oak Sy- neta simplex. Ceanothus Luperodes torquatus, varipes Odontota californica, Orsodachna atra. Manzanita Colaspidea varicolor, Colaspis oregonensis Grape Adoxus, Haltica carinata. Raspberry Paria canella. Cucumber Copiocycla bicolor, Diabrotica trivittata. Solanum Cassida pallidula. Datura Lema.. Col- ligrapha elegans. Corn andbeets Chastocnema denticulata. Milkweed Chryso- chus. Goldenrod Trirhabda flavimarginata. Eriogonum Saxinus saucia. Eri- odactylon Trirhabda caduca, eriodactylonis. Grass Disonycha pennsylvanica Sedge Donacia. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Haltica: hind femora enlarged and with transverse impression on base ofCOLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. prethorax not limited on the side by a longitudinal plica, Chaetocnemis: Hind femora enlarged and hind tibiae toothed on outer mar- gin. Euplectrcscelis: size large,5.5 mm. Phyllotreta: hind femora enlarged. Crepitodera and Systena: front coxal cavities closed, the last with elytra not striate. Psilloides: antennae ten- Figure 195. Work of Diabrotica soror. jointed. CEdionychis: last joint of hind foot globose Diabolia: apical spur of hind tibiae large. Glyptina: elytra striato-punctate. Longitarsis: first joint of hind tarsi half as long as tibiae. Apthona: groove on hind tibiae bifurcate. Pachybrachus: middle ventral segments narrowed. Exema: antennae re- ceived in marginal grooves. Euryscopa, Coscinoptera, Babia and Saxinis: front coxal cavities confluent, the first two with claws simple, the elytra of the218 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. first with rows of punctures, and the epiplurae of the last narrow. Diacus: claws simple. Cryptocephalus: prothorax margined. Trirhabda: antennas on front between the eyes and claws simple, cleft or acutely toothed. Diabrotica: front carinate. Galeruca and Monoxia: epi- pleurae extending to sutural angle, the last with front narrow. Luperodes: antennae on front between the eyes. Phyllobrotica: elytra with- out epipleurae. Androlyperus: last joint of maxillary palpi not conical. Scel- olyperus: epipleurae narrow. Criocerus: prothorax not margined. Xanthonia and Adoxus: front coxae distinctly separated, the first with prosternal sutures obsolete. Donacia: first ventral segment very long. Zeugophora: eyes emarginate. Syneta: prothorax toothed at the sides. Tricolema: prothorax subangulate at sides. Orsodachna: prothorax somewhat bell-shaped. Lema: prothorax constricted at middle. Glyptoscelis: front not indexed. Metachroma, Colaspidia and Colaspis: an- terior margin of prothorax straight beneath, the last without supraorbital lines on head, the first with body glabrous. Paria and Chrysochus: body glabrous, the first with hind tibiae toothed towards the tip. Myochrous: sides of pro- thorax toothed. Cassida. Microrhopala, Odontata and Stenopodius: head free, the last with third joint of tarsi narrow, the first with antennae apparently nine-jointed. Coptocycla: antennae extending beyond base of prothorax.COLEOPTERA — CHRY SOM ALINA. 219 Adoxus obscurus Linn. , vitis—obscurus. Androiyperus fulvus Cr. 4 maculatus Lee. Aphthoma subglobosa Mots. Aulacoscelis purpurea Babia quadriguttata Oliv. tetraspilota Lee. Balophila cerina—Glyptina. Calligrapha californica—elegans. elegans Oliv. serpentina Rog. rugulosa—Exema conspersa. . C h ry sQch us cal if orni cus—co ba 11 i n u s. cobaltinus Lee. tenebricosus—cobaltinus. Chrysomela caesia—Gastroidea cyan- ea. californica—Lina. Colaspis cuprascens (Lee.) smaragdula (Lee.) subvittata (undetermined), varicolor (Cr.) Cclaspis californica Boh. Figure 197. Larva Oi Adoxus obscurus. Cassida aurisplendens Man. 9-maculata Man. nigripes Oliv. pallidula Boh. texana—pallidula. Chaetccnema confinis Cr. cribrata Lee. cribrifrons Lee. denticulata ill. ectypa Horn, irregularis Lee opacula Lee. sigmoidea Lee. Chlamys conspersa- -Exema. cpulerta Hnr- subcylindrica Lee. subviridis Lee. oregonensis Cr. Coptocvcla aurichalcea—bicolor, bicolor Boh. oucumeris—Epltrix. helxines Linn, pallida Fail, puberula Boh. sulphurella Boh. subf arinata—Epitrix. bicolor Fabr. Coscincptera oeneipennis Lee.220 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 198 Pupa of Adoxus obscurus. (upper side). Figure 199. Pupa of Adoxus obscurus (lower side).COLEOPTERA — CHR Y SOMALINA. 221 biferia—canella. canella Lee. mucorea Lee. Crepidodera basalis Cr. vafra Boh. Criocerus asparagi Linn, castaneus Lee. chalconotus Man. limbifer Sid. nigerrimus San. sanguinicollis—I us trans. spurcatus Lee. Cryptocephalus auratus Lee. Diabolia aerea Mels. pennsyivanica ill. puncticollis—Monoxia. 5-vittata Say. Donacia atra—Orosdachna. californica Lee. cincticornis Newm. emarginata Kirby. " 4 hi rticolI is Kirby, piscatrix Lee. proxima—cincticornir. Epitrix bicolor ' f pusilla Say. / subtilis Kun. cucumeris Horn. Figure 200 Eggs of Adoxus ooscurus. borealis Chev. ovata Lee. Diachus auratus Fabr. erasus Lee. Diabrotica 12-punctata Fabr. soror Lee. tenella—12-punctata. trivitta Man. viridipennis Lee. vittata (not Canlfornia). Disonycha alternata III. limbicollis—pennsyivanica. maritima Man. parvula Fabr. suberinita Lee. Eumolpus cuprascens—Colaspidea smaragdulus—Colaspidea. Euplectrocelis xanti Cr. Euryscopa lecontei Cr. scapularis—lecontei. subtilis Horn, vittata Lee. Exema conspersa Man. Galeruca angularis—Monoxia guttulata externa Say. consputa—Monoxia.222 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. flavolimbata—Trirhabda. luteocincta—T rirhabda. morosa—Monoxia. sordida—M onoxia. tuberculata—Gal lerucel la. Galerucelia notulata Fabr. marginella Kirby, tuberculata Say. varicolor—Colaspidea. Gonioctena pallida Linn. Haltica aerugincsa Lee. albionica Lee. areola Lee. bimarginata Say. californica Man. carinata Germ. Figure 201. Work of Adoxus obscurus. Galeruca tuberculata Say. Gastroidea caesia—cyanea. dissimilis Say. cyanea (Rog.) Glyptina atriventris Horn, ceria Lee. Glyptoscellis albidus Lee. alternatus Cr. cuprascens—Colaspidea. iilustris Cr. smaragdulus—Colaspidea. pubescens Fabr. squamulatus Cr. cerina Lee. convicta Fall, gracilis Robe, lazulina Lee. lepidula Lee. ligata Lee. I i m bi col I is Lee. maratlma Lee. mitis Lee. oblonga Lee. ochracea Lee. opulenta Lee. plicipennis Lee. V nCOLEOPTERA — CHRY SOM ALINA. 222 probata Fall, prasina Lee. punctipennis Lee. pura Lee. recticollis Lee. seminulum Lee. subglobosa Lee. suborinita Lee. subaenia Lee. suspecta Fall, tegularis Robe, tincta Lee. tombacina Man. torquata Lee. verticalis Robe. Henniglyptus basalis Cr. Lema nigrovittata Guer. Leptothrix recticollis Lee. 11-linetat Lina californicus—Melasoma. lapponica—Melasoma. Longitarsis californicus Mots, livens Lee. mancus Lee. montigagus Horn, repandus Lee. rufescens Horn. Luperodes bivittatus Lee. curvatus Fall, crassicornis Fall, laticeps Horn, morrisoni Jac. smaragdinups Lee. torquatus Lee. transitus Horn, varipes Lee. Luperus abdomnialis bivittatus—Luperodes. flavicornis—Scelolyperus. graptoderoides—Scelolyperus. longulus—Scelolyperus. maculicollis—Scelolyperus. smaragdinus—Luperodes. thoracicus Boh. torquatus—Luperodes. Malachorhinus maculatus Lee. Mantura floridana Cr. Megalostomus mucorea—Coscinoptera. Megistops quadrinotata Boh. Melasoma californica Rog. Metachroma californica Cr. peninsularis (Lower California). Metacycla insolita Lee. Microrhapala melsheimeri Cr. rubroliniata Man. signaticollis Lee. C' >_ *- , \ ' L- ' Monoxia angularis Lee. consputa Lee. debilis Lee. guttulata Lee. puncticollis Say. sordida Lee. Myochrous angulus Lee. Myocoryna 11-lineata Cr. Myoctrous longulus Lee. Odontata californica Horn, hardyi Cr. rubra Web. CEdionychus fimbriata Forst. longula Har. violascens Lee. Orchestris ramosa—Phyllotreta. Orsodachna atra (Ahr.) Orthallica recticomis—Leptothrix. Pachnephorus smaragdulus—G ly pto- scellis. pidea. Pachybrachys analis Lee. circumcinctus Cr. coelatus Lee. donneri Cr. hybridus Sch. livens Lee. lustrans Lee. melanostictus Sch. signatifrons Man. viduatus Fabr. Paria canella Fabr. 6-notatus Say. Phaedon oviformis Lee. Phyllobrotica flavicollis—Scelolyperus. luperina Lee. nigripes Horn, viridipennis Lee. Phyllotreta albionica Lee. denticornis Horn, lepidula Lee. lewisii Cr. oregonensis Cr. pusilla Horn, ramosa Cr. vittata Fabr. Plagiodera lapponica Linn. Psylloides convexior Lee. interstitial is Lee. ' parvicollis Lee. punctatula Mels. A r Saxinu§~bTsignata—saucia. ' politula Horn, saucia Lee. speculifera Horn. ; . Scelolyperus decipiens Horn. O '224 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. flavicollis (Lee.) graptoderoides (Cr.) longulus (Lee.) loripes Horn, maculicollis (Lee.) schwartzii Horn, tejonicus Cr. Stenopodius flavidus Horn. Syneocephalus autumnalis Fall. Syneta albida Lee. carinatus Man. serinata—albida. simplex Lee. suturalis—albida. Systena ligatus—taeniata. mitis—taeniata. ochracea—taen i ata. pallidula Boh. subaenea Lee. taeniata Say. Teinodactyla californica Mots. Thricolema anomala Cr. Trimarcha intricata Hald. Trachycelida bicolor Lee. Trirhabda attenuata Say. caduca Horn, canadensis Kirby, eriodictyonis Fall, diducta Horn, flavomarginata Man. germinata Horn, labrata Fall. luteocincta—flavomarginata. tomentosa Linn. Typophorus oregonensis—Colaspis. vividicyaneus Cr. Xanthonia villosula Mels. Zeugophora abnormis Lee. californica Cr. CERAMBYCID/E. The members of this family are known as long horned wood borers. Most of the species confine themselves to the wood of a single kind of tree. The following food habits are known: — Coniferae Anthophilax. Pine Acanthocinus, Asemum, Callidum hirtellum, Haplidus, Leptura brevicornis, grossa, insignis, valida, Monohammus macu- losus, titillator, Pogonocherus califorincus, Rhagium Tragosonia, Ulochaetes. Fir Callidium, Clytus, Criocephalus Hylotrupes litigiosus Leptura obliterata, propinqua, Monohammus scutellatus, Pachyta liturata, monticola, Phymatodes varius, Pogonocherus oregonus, Tetriopium, Tragosonia, Xylotrechus undu- latus. Spruce Hylotrupes ligneus, Leptura carbonata, nigrella, propinqua, sexmaculata, Neoclytus muricatus, Opsimus, Pachyta spurca, Phymatodes des. Redwood Leptura impura, matthewsii, Phymatodes nitidus. Willow Lep- talia, Ipochus, Saperda liornii, Xylotrechus insignis, nbliteratus. Poplar aeneus, variabilis. Cedar Atimia, Hylotrupes, Leptura matthewsii, Phymato- Hyperplatys, Ipochus, Saperda populnea, Synaphoeta, Xylotrechus annosus. Oak Elaphidion, Ipochus, Phymatodes decussatus, obscurus, Pogonocherus crinitus, Prionus. Walnut Phymatodes juglandis, Synaphoeta. Laurel Lep- tura crassipes, Holopleura. Eucalyptus Leptura crassipes, Necydalus. Man- zanita and Madrone Neoclytus conjunctus. Ceanothus Ipochus. Alder Pyro- trichus. Mesquite Tragidion annulatum. Yucca Tragidion armatus. Cactus Coenopoeus, Monilema. Blueberry Desmocerus californieus. Redberry Des- mocerus cribripennis. Mt. Elder Desmocerus auripennis. Apple Hyperplatys, Milkweed Tetraopes. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Leptura: front coxae conical, eyes not enveloping base of antennae, frontCOLEOPTERA — CHRY SOM ALINA. 225 oblique or horizontal first joint of hind tarsi without brush. Desmocerus and Necydalus: mandibles not fringed, the latter with elytra very short. Strangalia: last ventral segment of male deeply excavated Phymatodes: front coxae transverse, prothorax not margined. Asemum, Tetropium, Opsimus and Dicentrus: ligula horny, the last two with prothorax emarginate, the second with four eyes, the third with femora clavate. Xylo- crinus: mesonotum punctured and pubescent. Callidium: mesonotum pol- ished with scattered punctures. Hylotrupes: prosternum broad. Acmaeops: front coxae conical, eyes not enveloping base of antennae, front oblique or horizontal. Rhagium: prosternum prominent between the coxae. Centrodera: eyes coarsely granulated. Toxotus: tibial spurs not terminal. Pachyta and Anthophylax: prothorax acutely armed on sides, the latter strongly emarginate. Crossidius: scutellum acutely triangular. Stenosphenus: front coxalcav- ities open. Dendrobius, Tragidion, Metaleptus, Purpuricenus, Ammanus and Batyle: mandibles not emarginate at tip, the first with prosternum broadly lobed at base., the last two with front short, the third with pubescence con- colorous with punctures, the fourth with body glabrous and the last with body pilose. Ischnocnemis: with ivory vittae. Oxoplus: prothorax with acute lateral spine. Xylotrechus: tibial spurs large. Cyllene and Calloides: intercoxal pror cess rounded, the first with pronotum transversely excavated at sides. Neo- clytus: front quadrate. Clytus. head not carinate. Monilema: front tibiae sulcate on inner side, humeral angles not prominent. Ipochus: body densely pilose. Pogonocherus: front tibiae sulcate on inner side, front coxae not protuberant. Monohammus and Synaphoeta: scape of antennae with apical scar, the former with body elongate. Acanthoderes, Coenopocus, Hyperplatys and Acanthoci- nus: front coxae rounded, the first with scape of antennae clavate, the second with lateral tubercle of thorax at middle, the third with a long ovipositor. Lipsimena: middle tibiae without external sinus. Tetraopes: last joint of palpi cylindrical and pointed. Idomea and Methia: elytra abbreviated,, the antennae of the latter apparently ten-jointed. Saper- da: all claws simple. Oberea: with two eyes. Elaphidion: prothorax not margined. Atimia: stridulating plate divided. Pcecilobrium, Hybodera, Callimus, Megobrium, Molorchus and Callimoxys: front coxal cavities closed behind, the first four with first abdominal seg- ment very long, the first with palpi broadly triangular, the second with punctures fine, the third with mesosternum wide, the last with hind tibiae curved inwards. Malachopterus, CEme, Eucrossus and Haplidus: ligula horny, the last with palpi slender, the first two with prosternum laminiform, the first with prothorax lobed at base. Bothrylus: front coxal cavities angu- lated. Aneflus: antennae carinate. Romalium: metaepisternum narrower behind. Prion us. Ergates and Mallodon: prothorax pleuridentate, the first with226 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. third antennal joint very long. Tragosoma: metaepimera narrowed behind Derobrachus: antennae filiform. Acanthocinus obliquus Lee. spectabilis Lee. Acanthoderes periinsularis (L.Calif.) Acmaeops basalis Lee. falsa Lee. fuscus—tumida. lisa—Leptura gnathodes. longicornis Kirby, lugens—tumida. marginalis Lee. militaris Lee. pinguis Lee. pratensis Laich. proteus Kirby, subaeneus Lee. subeyanea—tumida. subpillosa Lee. tumida Lee. variepes Cas. vincta Lee. viola Lee. iEdilis obliquus—Acanthocinus. Amannus pectoralis Lee. Aneflomorpha longipennis—Elaphidion. Anaflux linearis Lee. prolixus (Lower California.) protensis (Lower California). .. Anocomus ampla—Hylotrupes ligneus. Anthoprilax tenebrosus Lee. Asemum atrum Esch. nitidum Lee. Atimia confusa Say. dorsalis Lee. Atimia confusa (not California). Batyle suturalis Say. Brothylus conspersus Lee. gemulatus Lee. Callichroma ceneum—Callidium. agassii—Xylocrius. amethestinus—Hylotrupes. blandum—Phymatodes. Callidium antennatum Newm. decussatum—Phymatodes. hirtellum Lee. infuscatum—Phymatodes. ianthinum Lee. hesperum—antennatum. ^a.lffornicur"—antennatum. mannerheimi—Phymatodes dim- idiatum. obscurum—Phymatodes. varium—Phymatodes. vile Lee vulneratum—Phymatodes. Callimoxys fuscipennis Oliv. sanguinlcollis—fuscipennis. Callimus cyanipennis (Lee.) chalybseus—Poecilobrium. longicollis—ruficol I is. opacipennis—ruficol I is. varipes—ruficol I is. dehiscens—ruficol I is. ruficollis (Lee.) Calloides lorquini Bug. Compasa quadriplagiata (not Calif.) puncticollis (not California). Centrodera nevadica Lee. Clytus conjunctus—Neoclytus. lanifer Lee. lorquini—cal Modes, planifrons Lee. nauticus—Xylotrechus. Coenopoeus palmeri Lee. niger (Lower California). Criocephalus asperatus Lee. productus Lee. Crossidius ater Lee. discoideus Say. hirtipes Lee. intermedius Ulke maculicollis—testaceus. pulchellus Lee. punctatus Lee. testaceus Lee. Cyllene antennatus White, crinicornis Chev. Ceruchus punctatus Lee. Dendrohius mandibularis Serv. reduetus—mandibularis. Derobrachus oerminatus Lpc. Dysphaga debilis (Lower California). Desm'"' o '»""ioe^nis Chev. californicus Horn, cribripennis Horn. Dicentrus bluthneri Lee. sexnotata—bluthneri. Euburia ulkei (Lower California). . Elaphidion albafasciatum Lin. imbelle Lee. punctatum Lee. Eustroma validum Lee. Euderces parailelus (not California) Eucrossun villicornis Lee. Eudistenia costipennis Fall. Eustroma validum Lee. Eumichthus oedipus Lee.COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 227 Ganimus vittatus—Malachopterus. Gaurotes cressoni Bland. Haplidus testaceus Lee. Holopleura Helena Lee. marginata—helena. Hybodera debilis—tuberculata. tuberculata Lee. Hylotrupes amethystimus Lee. litigiosus Cas. ligneus Fabr. Hyperplatys aspersus (Say), calii'ornicus—aspersus. Idoemea californica Fail. Ipochus fasciatus Lee. pubescens—fasciaus. subnitidus—fasciatus. Ischnocnemis bivittatus Dup. Lamia aspersus—Hyperplatys. Leptalia macelenta Man. Leptostylus palmeri—Coenopoeus. nebulosus Horn. Leptura aspera Lee. barbarac Fall, behrensii Lee. brevicornis Lee. carbonata Lee. chrysocoma Kirby, coccinea Lee. convexa—instabilis. coquilletti Lin. crassicornis—crassipes. crassipes Lee. cubitalis—Acmaeops. dehiscens Lee. dolorosa Lee. f usciventris—crassi pes. fuscicollis Lee. gnathoides Lee. grossa Lee. impura Lee. insignis Fall, instabilis Hald. kerniana Fall. Iseta Lee. lastifica Lee. lugens Lee. matthewsii Lee. molybdica Lee. nigrella Say. obliterata Hald. pernigra Lin. plagifera Lee. propinqua Bland quadrulum Lee. rhodopus Lee. ruficeps—subargentata. rubida Lee. ruficollis (not California), sanguinea Lee. scripta Lee. sexmaculata Linn, sexspilota Lee. soror Lee. sphaerieollis (not California), subargentata Kirby, subcostata Fall, tribalteata Lee. valida Lee. vexatris Man. vitiosa—obliterata. xanthogaster—crassi pes. Lisemum mokelumne—Asemum nitid- um. Lianema tenuicornis (Lower Calif.) Lilonotus multifasciatus Dup. Lypsimena californica Horn. Malachopterus lineatus Gu«~r. vittatus—I i neatus. Mallodon mandibularis Gem. melanopus Linn. Malthopia oculata—Aneflus linearis. Mathopia oculata—Aneflus linearis. Mecas inornatus Say. Mecotetarsus antennatus Bates. Megobrium edwardsii Lee. Metaleptus angulatus Chev. batesi Horn. Methua sestiva Fail. Monilema semipunctatum (L. Calif.) spoliatum Horn. subrugosum (Lower California.) Molorchus longicollis Lee. Monohaminus maculosus Hald. scutellatus Say. titillator Fabr. Necydalus barbarae Riv. cavipennis Lee. laevicollis Lee. Neoclytus balteatus Lee. carus Fall, conjunctus Lee. infans—m u ricatu I us. interruptus Lee. irroratus Lee. magnus Sch. modestulus Fall, muricatus Kirby, tenuiscriptus Fall, tularensis—conjunctus. schaumii Lee.228 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Nothorhina aspera Lee. Oberea quadricallosa—schaumii. schaumii Lee. tripunctata (not California.) CEme costata Lee. stranqulata Horn, gracilis Lee. Omoscylon subrugosum—Monilema. Ophistomis ventralis Horn. Opsimus quadrilineatus Man. Oxoplus cruentus Lee. jocosus Horn. marginatus (Lower California). Pachyta falsa—Acmseops. liturata Kirby, monticola Rand, proteus—Acmseops. spurcata Lee. lubsenea—Acmseops. Paraclytus brevitarsis—Clytus lanifer. lanifer. Perarthus vittatus Lee. Peritapnia nudicornis (Lower Calif.) Phymatodes seneus Lee blandus Lee. concinnus—vulneratus. crucialis—Clytus lanifer. crucialis—nitidus. decussatus Lee. dimndiatus Kirby, elegans—nitidus. exelis—nitidus. grandis—obscurus. harfordi—decussatus. infuscatus—variabilis. juglandis Leng. nitidus Lee. obliquus—decussatus. obscurus Lee. variabilis Linn, varius Fabr. vulneratus Lee. Physocnemum amestlxinum—Hylotru- pes. Phyton discoideum (Lower California). Pilema cyanipenne—Callimus. Poecilobrium chalybeum Lee. ruflcolle—Callimus. Pogonocherus californicus Sch. rugosipenne Lin. crinitus Lee. concolor Sch. mixtus (not California), oregonus Lee. Prionus ambricornis—californicus. concolor (undetermined). violans (Lower California), laticollis (not California). Purpuricenus dimidiatus Lee. Pyrotrichus vitticollis Lee. Ptychodes trilineatus (Lower Calif.) Rhagium liniolatum Oliv. Rhopalophora—rugicollis (L.Calif.) bicincta (Lower California). Romalium seminitidum Horn, simplicicolle Hald. Rosalia funebris Mots. Saperda hornii Jou. moesta (not California), mutica (not California), populnea Linn. Semanotus amethestinus—Hylotrupes. ligneus—Hylotrupes. Sphsenothecus suturalis Lee. Stenaspis solitaria (Lower California). Stenoptarsis fuscipennis—Call i moxys. Stenosphenus novatus Oliv. Strangalis delicata Lee. Styloxus lucanus (Lower California). Synaphoeta guexi Lee. Tetraopes basalis—femoratus. femoratus Lee. mancus—femoratus. oregonensis—femoratus. elegans (Lower California). Tetropium cinnamopterum (not Calif.) velutinus Lee. Toxotus flavilineatus—vestitus. lateralis—vestitus nubifer—vestitus. vestitus Hald. virgatus Lee. Tragidion annulatum Lee. armatus Lee. Tragosonia harrisii Lee. pilosicornis—harrisii. Ulochaetes leonmus Lee. Xylocrius agassizii Lee. cribratus Lee. Xylotrechus albonotata—undulata. annosus Say. disruptus—insign is. incongruens—insign is. insignis Lee. longitarsis—undulata. nauticus Man. obliteratus—insignis. planifrons—Clytus. undulatus Say.COLEOPTERA — CHRYSOMALINA. 229 SPONDYLID/E. Parandra brunnea Fabr. uniformis Man. Spondylus subpubescens—uniformis. C0CCINELL1N A ENDOMYCH D/E. Aphorista iaeta (Lee.) limbata—Mycetina. morosa (Lee.) Epipocus laetus—Aphorista. Mycetina endomyctoiues—..mbata. • laeta—Aphorista. limbata Horn, hornii Cr. morosa—Aphorista. Phymatophora californica Horn. pulchella Newm. Xenomycetes morrisoni Horn. COCCINELLID^E. The lady birds feed on plant lice and scale insects. Adaiia bipunctata Linn. tlumeraTTs—bipunctata. frigida Sch. Agrabia sicardi Newm. Anatis rathvoni Lee. subvittat aMuls. Aniscsticta serrata Mels. vittigera Lee. Axion pilatei Muls. piagiatum (Oliv.) Figure 202. Axion piagiatum. pleurale—piagiatum. Brachycarttha bliasdelli Nun. lengi Nun. pacifica Cas. Brumus aethiops Bland, histrio Fall, septentrionis Weise. Cephaioscymnus occidentalis Horn, ornatus Horn. zimmermani (not California). Chilochorus bivulnerus Muls. cacti Linn, confusor—bivulnerus. fraternus—bivulnerus. orbus—bivulnerus. pleuralis—Axion pilatei Cleis minor Cas. Coccidula lepida (not California). suturalis—occidentalis. Coccinella abdominalis—Olla oqulata. barda^TrTfasci ata. bridwelli Nun. californica Man. . • Figure 203. Coccinella californica. eugenii—trifasciata. franciscana—9-notata. humboldtiensis Nun. impressa—trifasciata. juliana—trifasciata. melanopleura Lee. menetriesi Muls. monticola Muls. 5-notata—transversoguttata. prolongata Cr. transversalis—transversoguttata transversoguttata Fabr.230 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. trifasciata Linn, 9-notata Herb. 15-notata Kirby. 11-punctata Linn. Cryptognatha catalinae Horn, pusilla Lee. Cryptolaemus monstrouzieri Muls. fasciatus Cas. histrio—Brumus. marginipennis Lee. pilatei—Axion. Harmonia picta Rand. Hippodamia ambigua Lee. apicaiis Cas. Figure Figure 206. Hippodamia ambigua. Cycloneda abdominalis—Olla oculata. converqens Guer. catalinae—Cryptognatha. oculata—Olla. polita—sanguinea. rubripennis—sanguinea. sanguinea Linn. Delphastus catalinae Horn, sonoricus Cas. Didion longulum Cas. parviceps oas. Epilachna corrupts Muls. Eriopis connexa Germ. Exochromus californicus Cas. childreni Muls. crotchii—convergens. 12 punctata extensa—convergens. juncta—convergens. lecontei Muls. moesta Lee. obsoleta—convergens. obliqua—convergens. parenthesis Say. 5-signata Kirby, prolitissima—convergens. punctulata—ambigua. sinuata Muls.COLEOPTERA — COCCINELLINA 231 spuria Lee. subsimilis—5-signata. 13-punctata Linn, trivittata—si n uata. Hyperaspis angustula Cas. annexa Lee. annulatus Boh. arcuata Lee. cincta Lee. dissoluta Cr. effeta Cas. eliyptica Cas. exceisa Cas. fastidiosa Cas. fidelus Cas. fimbriolata Mels, horni—4-oculata. idae Nun. S-notata. Figure 207. Hyperaspis, 8-notata. Linedorus lophenthus Rla. Megilla maculata DeG. Maemie episcopalis Kiroy. Mysia horni—Neomysia. Neomysia horni Cr. Nipus bipltagiatns Cas. niger Cas. Novius? cardinalis Muls. koebelei Oliv. Figure 209. Novius koebeli. Olla abdominalis—oculata. oculata Fabr. Figure 210. Olla oculata. Olia plagiata Cas. Figure 211. Olia plagiata. Figure 208. Novius cardinalis.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 232 Figure 212. Young Cottony Cushion Sca’es on orange leaf. Larva and adult of the Australian ladybird, Novius cardinali ^ beetle also shown feeding upon the Figure 213. Pup;e of Novius eardinalison orange tree.COLEOPTERA — COCCINELLINA 233 Orcus australasiae Boisd. chalybeus Bois. Figure 214. Orcus chalybeus. Psyllobora deficiens Cas. Rhizobius lophanthae Bla. Figure 215. Rhizobius lophanthae. ventralis Er. t igure 216. Rhizobius ventralis. separata Cas. taedata—20—maculata. 20-maculata Ccymnillus aterrimus Horn. Scymnus adventa Cas. aluticollis Cas. ardelio Horn, atramentarius Boh. bisignatus Horn, blaisdelli Cas. Calaveras Cas. californicus (undetermined.) caurinus Horn. cervicallis Cas. cinctus Lee. collaris Cas. conlferarum Cr. debilis Lee. difici I is Cas - e extricatus Cas. flebilis Horn, guttulatus Lee. humboldti Cas. infuscatus Lee. jacinto Cas. jacobianus Cas. lacustris Lee. lecontei—cinctus. lophanthae Ril. luctuosus Cas. marginicollis Man. Figure 217. Scymnus marginicollis. mendocino Cas. mimus Cas. namus Lee. nebulosus Lee. Figure 218. Scymnus nebulosis. pacificus Cr. pallens Lee. 234 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. phlepsi Cr. punctum Lee. saginatus Cas. sarpeton Cas. scitus Cas. solidus Cas. sonomse Cas. bordidus Horn, strenuus Cas. stygicus Cas. suavis Cas. suturalis Lee. tasdatus Cas. tahoensis Cas. tenuivestris Cas. oval is Lee. platyceps Cas. reversa Cas. picipes Cas. Smilia atronitensCas. Stethorus picipes cas. Vedalia cardinalis—Novius. Zagloba ornata Horn, laticollis Cas. orbipennis Cas. Bonvouloiria mus. Calyptobium cur., Cartodere argus Reit. quadrifoveolata Fall. Conionomus australicus Bel. constrictus Gyll. nodifer Westw. Corticaria compta— Melanophthalma americana. cylindrinota (undetermined), elongata Gyll. expansa—Melanophthalma amer- icana. ferruginea Marsh. fulvinennis (undetermined), herbivagans—Melanophthalma similata. inopia Fall. lsevis—Melanophthalma ameri- cana. morosa—Melanophthalma. dis- tinguenda. occidua Fall, planula Fall, prionodera—serrata. pusilla—Melanophthalma distin- guenda. rutula—Melanophthalma distin- guenda. salpinoides Mots, scissa—Melanophthalma ameri- cana. serrata Payk. simplex—Melanophthaima. tenella—Melanophthalma. tenuipes Fall. Dasydercus angusticollis Horn. granvellei—angusticollis. Enicmus aterrimus Mots, crenatus (Lee.) desertus Fall, fictus Fall, minutus Linn, nigritus Fall, sulcatus Fall, suspectus Fall. LATHRIDIID^E. parviceps—M etophthal- caul ar um— Holoparame- , lCOLEOPTERA — COCCINELLINA 235 tenuicornis Lee. ventralis Fall. Fuchsina occulta Fall. Holoparamecus caularum (Aube.) kunzei Aube, pacificus Lee. singularis—kunzei. Lathridius armatulus Fall. costicollis—flavipennis Man. crenatus—Enicmus. flavipennis Man. parviceps—Metophthalmus. tenuicornis—Enicmus. . Melanophthalma americana Man. casta Fall. cylindrinota (undetermined). distinguenda Cam. gibbosa Herb. incompta Fall. insularis Fall. pusilla (undetermined). similata Gyll. simplex Lee. tenella (Lee.) villosa Zim. Metophthalmus parviceps (Lee.) rudis Fall, trux Fall. Revelaria californicus Fall. NITIDULINA COLYDIID/E. Aglenus brunneus Gyll. Anchomma costatum Lee. Aulonium sequicolle—paralleopipedum, longulum Lee. paralleopipedum cay. castaneum Say. simplex—castaneum. Coxelus pacificus Horn, serratus Horn. Deretaphrus oregonensis Horn. Ditoma ornata Lee. sulcata Lee. complex Lee. linearis Cr. pusillus Lee. servus Horn, vergrandis Horn. Oxylaemus californicus Cr. Rhagodera tuberculata Man. Synchita variegata Lee. Brontes debilis (not California) dubius Fabr. truncatus—dubius. Cathartus advena (Waltl.) opaculus Lee. Cryptophagus advena—Cathartus. Cucujus clavipes. ferrugineus—Laemophlaeus. pusillus Laemophlseus. puniceus—clavipes. Dermestes surinamensis—Si Ivan us. Laemophlaeus bigutatus Say. cephalotes Lee. ferrugineus (Steph.) horni Cas. longicornis Man. nitens Lee. puberulus—pusi 11 us. pubescens Cas. pusillus Schon. Lathropus dubius—Brontes. CUCUJID/E. pubescens Cas. vernalis Lee. Narthesius grandiceps—striaticeps. simulator Cas. striaticeps Fall. Nausibius clavicornis Klug. Pediacus depressus Herbst. fuscus Er. Prostomis americana Crotch, mandibularis Fabr. Silvanus advena—Cathartus. bidentatus Fabr. gilse Cas. imbellis Lee. mercator Fauv. nitidulus—planatus. opaculus—Cathartus. planatus Germ. ^ surinamensis (Linn.) Tetephanus lecontei Cas. < i ■l ,A. a f h ' LA ( 4 i F'tc v I<236 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. byturus grisescens Lee. BYT'JRiD/E. Acylomus nebulosus Cas. Eustilbus apicalis Mels, aquatilis Lee. nanulus Cas. notabilis Fall, obtusus Lee. Olibrus aquatilis Lee. PHALACRIDiC. obtusus Lee. rufipes Lee. piceus (undetermined), wickhami Cas. Phalacrus conjunctus Cas. ovalis Lee. penicellatus Say. OSTOMID/E. Alindria teres Mels. Gynocharia pilosula Crotch, oregonus Cas. Nemosoma fissiceps Fall, cylindricum Lee. Peltis ferruginea Linn. pippingskoeldi Man. Pseudalindria fissipes—Nemosoma. Temnochila chlorida Man. yuccas Cr. Tenebroides californica Horn, corticalis Mels, crassicornis—mauritanica. intermedia Horn. mauritanica Linn, pleuralis Horn, sinuata Lee. Trogosita californica — Tenebroides sinuata. crassicornue—T enebroides mauritanica. intermedia—T enebroides. mauritanica—T enebroides. pleuralis—T enebroides. sinuata—T enebroides. virescens—Temnochila chlorida. yuccae—Temnochila. chlorida—T em noch i la. MONOTOMID/E. Bactridium striatum (Lee.) striolatum (Reit.) Furops longicollis Horn. Hesperobaenus appreviatus (Mots.) Monotoma marinum—Phyconomis. mucida Lee. picipes Herbst. rufipennis—Hesperobaenus. striatum—Bactri d i u m. Phyconomis marinus Lee. Rhisophagus abbreviatus—Hesperobae- nus. striolatum—Bactridium. NITIDULID/E. Amartus rufipes Lee. tinctus (Man.) Athonaeus agavensis (Cr.) Brachypterus troglodytes Murr. Carpophilus brachypterus (Say), californicus Sch. caudalis—discoideus. decipiens Horn, dimidiatus (Fabr.) rickseckeri Fall, discoideus Lee. hemipterus Linn, niqer (Say.) pallipennis (Say.) yuccae Cr. Cercus niger—Carpophilus. pallipennis—Carpophilus. sericans Lee. Cybocephalus californicus Horn. Epuraea ambigua Man. avara (Rand.) Vrachypterus—Carpophilus, decipiens—Carpophilus. dimidiatus—Carpophilus. discoideus—Carpophilus. hemipterus—Carpophilus. monogama Cr. niger—Carpophilus. nubilia—avara.COLEOPTERA — NITIDULINA 2 ovata Horn. pallidipennis—Carpophilus. scaphoides Horn, truncatella Man. yuccae—Carpophilus. Glyschrochilus cylindricus (Lee.) vittatus (Say). Ips cylindricum—Glyschrochilus. vittatus—Glyschrochilus. Meiigethes brassicse Scop. Nitidula avara—Epureae brachy pterus—Carpophi I us. dimidiatus—Carpophilus. humeralis—Ziczac. rufimanus Lee. runcatus—Colastus. ziczac Say. Omosita discoidea Fabr. inversa—discoidea. Perthalycra murrayi Horn. Pithyophagus rufipennis Horn. Pocadius dorsalis Horn. Rhizophagus abbreviatus Mots, puncticollis Boh. scalphiratus Man. Smicrips hypocopoides Reit. Strangylus tinctus—Amartus. Tribrachys caudalis—Carpophilus. CRYPTOPHAGID/E. Atomaria fuscicollis Man. laetula Lee. Cryptophagus californicus Man. cellaris Scop. debilis Lee. lecontei Gem. Henoticus serratus Gyll. Dachne californica (Horn.) picea Lee. Engis caliiornica—Dachne. Erotylus boisduvali Chev. caliiornica—T ritroma. EROTYLID/E. Languria californica Fan. convexicollis Horn. Triplax californica—Tritroma. Tritroma californica Lee. MYCETOPHAGID/E. Beetles of this family feed on fungi. Berginus pumilus Lee. Myrmechixemis latridioides Cr. Litargus balteatus Lee. Triphyllus elongatus Lee. transversus—balteatus. Tryphoea fumata Linn. Mycetophagus californicus horn. DERMESTINA. BYRRHID/E. Amphicyrta chrysomelina Er. dentipes Er. eiongata—denti pes. gentilis—dentipes. oblonga—dentipes. parvuliceps—dentipes. ventricosus—dentipes. Bothriophorus minutus Lee. Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby. Cytillus mimeticus—sericeus. sericeus Forst. Limnichus analis Lee. californicus Lee. densissimus Cas. evanescens Cas. naviculatus Cas. nebulosus Lee. perforatus Cas. perpolitus Cas. tenuicornis Cas. Pedilophorus formosus Cas. oblongus Lee. satelles—formosus. Simplocaria inflata—simplicipes. simplicipes Man. puncticeps—simplicipes.V yuy & / - * f * v; • > ha / t V. / ^ / GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. ... «h? / /• L ' - - NOSODENDRID/E. Nosodendron californicum Horn. / f* /> ::i . 0 /\ DERMESTID /E. The Dermestidas feed on dried animal matter such as museum specimens and are sometimes troublesome by attacking hams and bacon. \ r:' ft ::- i Nr » Figure 220. Wing of a Dermestid beetle. Anthrenus apicaljs—Crypterhopalum. conspersus—scrophulariae. lepidus—scrophulariae. obtectus—scrophulariae. occidens—scrophulariae. pictus—scrophulariae. scrophulariae Linn, suffusus—scrophulariae. varius—verbasci. verbasci Linn. Attagenus hornii Jayne, pellio Linn, perplexus Jayne. picpuft Qliv. rufipennis Lee. unicolor (undetermined). Cryptorhopalum affine Cas. apicale Man. * baltcatum Lee. _// filitarse Cas. c ~ fuscuium Lee. niqriconv Lee. Colastus agavensis—Athonaeus limbalis Lee. obliquus—truncatus. ; tinctus—Amartus. ^truncatus (Rand.) yuccae—Carpophilus. Conoteles mexicanus Murr. Cryptarcha concinna Mels. N / ' ' . • ruficorne Lee. tristis Lee Dermestes caninus Germ, carnivorus Fabr cylindricum—Perimegatoma. falsum—Perimegatoma. ^larrlarijjfi Linn. lupinus—vulpir.us. mannerheimii Lee. marmoratus Lee. rattus Lee. signatus Lee. talpinus Lee. triste (undetermined) vulpinus Fabr. Orphilis glabratus—niger. niger Rossi, subnitidus—n i ger. Perimegatoma ampla Cas. cylindricum (Kirby), falsum (Horn), jaynei Cas. variegatum Horn. Trogoderma brevis Cas. ornatum Say. pollens Cas. simulans Cas. sternale Jayne, varipes Cas. / ,* / A COLEOPTERA — DERMESTINA 229 HETEHOCERINA GEORYSSID^E. These beetles live on the margins of streams covering themselves with a mass of wet sand. Georyssus californicus Lee. Dryops productus Lee. striatus Lee. suturalis Lee. Elmis divergens Lee. foveatus Lee. quadromaculatus Horn, seriatus Leec. productus—Dryops. Helicus gilensis—Dryops suturalis. HETEROCERID/E. The members of this family live in burrows, in wet sand on the banks of streams. Heterocerus brunneus Mels. labiatus—gnatho. collaris Kies. luteolus—gnatho. gemmatus Horn. pusilla Say. gnatho Lee. PARNID/E. productus—Dryops. striaus—Driops. suturalis Driops. Lara avara Lee. Macronynchus parvulus Horn. Pelonomus cavifrons Lee. haldemanni Horn. Tnroscinus crotchii Lee. HI ST ERIN A. HISTERID/E. The Histeridae live on dry partly decayed substances both animal and vegetable and are notable by their hard bodies and their habits of retracting their legs into grooves and appearing as dead. Abraeus bolteri Lee. Acritus basalis Lee. maratimus Lee. volitans Fall. ^letes basalis Lee. Anapleus compactus—marginatus. marginatus Lee. Bacanius globulinus Cas. Carcinops aequalis Say. consors Lee. dificilis Horn. 14-striatus Steph. gilensis Lee. opuntiae Lee. tejonicus Horn, tenellus Erich. Dendrophilis californicus Horn. Epierus decipiens Lee. nasutus Horn. planulus Er. regularis Beam. Gnathoncus interceptus—Saprinus ro- tundatus. Hetaerius californicus Horn, morosus Lee. tristriatus Horn, wheeleri Mann. Hister -imaculatus Linn, californicus Mars, fractifrons Cas. gagates Fall, lecontei Horn, immunls Er. lucanus Horn, militaris Horn, punctiger Lee. remotus Lee. sellatus Lee.240 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. sexstriatus Lee. simplicipes Fall, umbilicus Cas. Hololepla cacti Lee. bractea Fr. heiena Lee. fossularis (not California), marginata Lee. pervalida Bla. populnea Lee. princeps—yucateca. vicina Lee. vulcateca Lee. yucateca Mars. Onthophilus lecontei Horn. Pachylopus gaudens—Saprinus. serrulatus—Saprinus. Scaphisoma castaneum Lee. sulcifrons—Saprinus. Paromalus difficilis Horn. mancus (undetermined.) Platysoma punctigerum Lee. Plegaderus consors Horn, fraternus Horn, molestus (undetermined), nitidus Horn. Saprinus aequipunctatus Horn, alienus Lee. behrens.i Horn, bigemmeus Lee. caerulescens Lee. ciliatus Lee. consobrinus Fall, discoidalis Lee. distinguendus Mars, densipunctatus Horn, estriatus Lee. fimbriatus Lee. gaudens Lee. insertus Lee. intjerceptus—rotundatus. interstitialis Lee. intritus Cas. laridus Lee. lentus Cas. I iticol I is Fall, lubricus Lee. lucidulus Lee. lugens Er. obductus—lugens. obscurus Lee. opacellus Cas. oregonensis Lee. paeminosus Lee. neglecta Blais, platysma Lee. populnea Lee. patruelis Lee. pectoralis Lee. pienus Lee. propensus Cas. rotundatus Kug. rotundifrons Mars, scissus Lee. sejunctus—distinguendus serrulatus Lee. sulcifrons Lee. vestitus Lee. vituosus Lee. Teretrius obliquulus Lee. placitus Horn. Tribalister marginellus Lee. Tribalis californicus Horn. SCAPHIDIID/E. rufulum Lee. TRICHOPTERYGINA HYDROSCAPHID/E. Hydroscapha natans Lee. TRICHOPTERYGID/C. Tiichopleryx californicum Mat. volundala Mots, crotchii Mat. sitkaensis Mots, laticollis Maek. Smicrus filicornis Fair.COLEOPTERA — TRICHOPTERYGINA. 241 PTILIID/E Actidum attenuatum Cas. granulosum Cas. politum Mat. robustulum Cas. Motschulskium sinuaticolle Mat. Ptilium collani Maek. columbianum Mat. humile Mat. Ptenidium pullum Maek. Ptilium collani—Ptenium. columbianum—Ptenium. Sphserius poiitus Horn. SPH/ERIID/E. S1LPH1NA SILPHID^E. The Silphidae are the carrion beetles. A few species have been called burying beetles because of their habit of excavating beneath the dead animal upon which they are feeding and upon which they lay their eggs. SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Necrophorus: antennae ten-jointed. Silpha: front coxal cavities widely open behind. Necrophilus. Pinodytes: eyes wanting. Sphaerites: antennae capitate. Agyrtes: epipleural fold narrow. Pteroloma: antennae scarcely thickened at tip. Pelates: antennae arising under a frontal margin. Agyrtes iongulus Lee. Hister glabratus—Sphaerites. Necrophilis hydrophiloides Man. confossor—pustulatus. Iongulus—Ag ry tes. tenuicorne—Pteroloma. Necrophorus guttula Mots, marginatus Fabr. nigritus—pustu I at us. pustulatus Hersch. vespilloides Herb, poilinctor—vespilloides. Pelates lautus Man. Pelates tenuicorne—Pteroloma. Pinodytes cryptophagoides Man. pusio (Horn.) ^ Pteroloma tenuicorne Lee. ^ f / V ■ caraboides Fall. ‘ Silpha aenescens—ramosa. ^ ^ < californica—lapponica., / / lappanica Herb. / ^^ /' opaca Linn. ^ JU>A' ' ramosa Say. , ^ ‘ , Sphaerites glabrates Fabr. / • /1>\£ ^ . V*. t * ? j Sphaerites pusio—Pinodytes. . AN ISOTOM ID/E. Agathidium californicum Horn, concinnum Man. pulchrum Lee. revolens Lee. sexstriatum Horn, virile Fall. Amphicyllis picipennis—Cyrtusa. Anistoma collaris Lee. curvata Man. d ifici 11 is Horn, humeralis Horn. morula—curvata. obsoleta (Mels.) paludicolla Crotch. Catops basillaris—Choleva. californicus—Ptomophagus. cryptophagoides—Pinodytes. pusio—Ptomophagus. Choleva basillaris (Say). californicus—Ptomophagus. clavatum—Colon, inerme—Colon.242 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. luridipennis Man. pusio—Ptomophagus. Colon celatum Horn, clavatum Man. nevadense Horn, inerme Man. Cyrtusa picipennis (Lee.) Hydnobius latidens Lee. longulus Lee. matthewsii Crotch. Liodes confusa Horn. pumilis—latidens. strigilatus Horrn. Pallodes obsoleta—Anistoma. Platycholeus leptinoides (Crotch). Ptomophagus californicus (Lee.) californiscus (Lee.) consobrinus (Lee.) fissus Horn* leptinoides—Platycholeus. pusio (Lee.) Triarthron cedonulli—lecontei. lecontei Horn. CLAMBID/E. Clambus seminulum Horn. SCYDM/ENID/E. Brachycepsis fuchsi Brend. Papusus macer Cas. Catalinus angustus (Lee.) Scydmaenus angustatus—Catalinus. Cephennium anophthalmicum Brend. californicus Mots. Ceramphus deformata (Horn.) Connophron digressum Cas. occidens Cas. Drastophus laevicollis Cas. Eumicris caseyi Brend. Eutheia colon—Veraphis. impressa—Veraphis. Lophioderus gracilis Lee. myops Cas. ventricose Cas. colon—Veraphis. deformata—Ceramphis. fuchsi Brend. gracilis—Lophoderus. ovipennis Cas. ovithorax Brend. pacificus Cas. sparsus Lee. Veraphis colon (Horn), impressa (Lee.) CORYLOPHID/E. ^Enigmaticus californicus (undet.) Sacium amabile Lee. Clypeaster discolor—Sacium. decolor Lee. scitulus—Sacium. scitulum Lee. Sericoderus flavidus Lee. STAPHYLININA Adranes dietzfi Sch. pacificus Wick, taylori Wick, candidum Cas. maurinicum Cas. CLAVIGERID/E. pacificum Cas. politum Cas. robustum Cas. testaceum Cas. Fustiger californicus Cas. PSELAPHID/E. Actium bifoveatum Cas. brevipennis Cas. californicum—fuchsi i. pluriguttatus Lee. Articerus californicus Brend. fuchsii Brend. Batrisodes cicatrosis (Brend.) denticauda (Cas.) lustrana Cas. mendocino Cas.COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 243 monticola (Cas.) occidens (Cas.) pygidialis (Cas.) speculum (Cas.) tulareanus Cas. zephrinus (Cas.) Batrisus cicatrosis—Batrisoides. denticauda—Batrisoides. monticola—Batrisoides. occidens—Batrisoides. pygidialis—Batrisoides. zephyrinus—Batrisoides. Biotus formicarius Cas. Bryaxis albionica Mots. compar—franciscanus. deformata Lee. depressifrons Brend. foveata Lee. franciscanus Cas. loripes Cas. sagax Lee. subtilis Lee. Ctenistes pulvureus—Sognorus. Ctenisis dispar Sharp, raffrayi—dispar. Decarthron brendeli Cas. Euplectus californicus Cas. orbiceps Cas. Faronus isabellse—Prosagola. Morius occidens Cas. Oropus abbreviatus Cas. castaneus Cas. cavicauda Cas. curvipennis Cas. debilis Cas. interruptus Cas. montanus Cas. striatus Lee. testaceus Cas. Pilcpius pulverens Lee. Prosagola cavifrons (Cas.) corticina (Cas.) Ababectus pallidiceps Cas. Acrotona absona Cas. ardeiio Cas. digesta Cas. malaca Cas. servera Cas. shastanica Cas. Actobius elegantulus Horn. formosusFall. gratus Lee. grandiceps (Cas.) isabellse (Lee.) longicollis (Cas.) rubida (Cas.) Pselaptrichus tuberculipalpus Brend. informis Cas. nevadensis Cas. Pselaptus belfragei Lee. Reichenbachia albionica Cas. arthritica Cas. deformata—taphrocera. fallii Cas. fundata Cas. depressifrons Brend. fusticornis Cas. subtilis Cas. taphrocera Cas. tumidicornis Cas. tumerosa Cas. turgidicornis Cas. wickhami Brend. Rhexidius asperulus Cas. granulosus Cas. Sagola cavifrons—Prosagola. corticina—Prosagola. grandiceps—Prosagola. isabellse—Prosagola. longicollis—Prosagola. rubida—Prosagola. subsimilis Cas. Scalenarthrus hornii Lee. Sognorus pulvereus lcc. Trimium californicum Lee. Tychus bipuncticeps—cognatus. cognatus Lee. hexagonus Cas. puberulus Lee. puberulus Lee. sonomse Cas. tenellus Lee. Tyrus corticinus Cas. Valda frontalis Cas. infirmis Horn, ochreaus Horn, paederiodes (Lee.) puncticeps Horn, semiounctatus Horn, senilis Horn, sobrinus Er. Acutalia elegans Cas. Acylophorus gilensis—pronus. pronus Er. STAPHYLINID/E.244 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. ixdota gnypetoides—Atheta definita—Atheta. insons—Atheta. pavidula—Atheta. scolopacina—Atheta. scortea—Atheta. subintima.—Atheta.. Aidochara planiventris Cas. Aleochara castaneipennis—Baryodma. puberula Klug. sulcicollis—Eucharina. tahoensis Cas. valida—M aseochara. verna—Baryodma. Ancseus californicus (Lee.) Ancyrophoma annectens—Haploderus. planus Lee. Anepsiota insignis—Atheta. shastana—Atheta. torpens—Atheta. Anthobium atriventre Cas. aurifluum Fauv. californicum Fauv. diversicolle Cas. fraternum Cas. gilvipenne Cas. nigerimum Cas. punctatum Cas. Figure 221. Wing of a Staphylimid beetle. Aloconota perdita Cas. Amanusa angustula Cas. spissula Cas. Amischia colonia Cas. devincta Cas. Amphicraum alutaceum Cas. binotatum Cas. crassicorne Cas. crassicorne Cas flaviscens Cas. floribundum Lee. maculatum Lee. modestum Cas. opaculum Fauv. pallidum Cas. pilosellum Cas. puberulum Fauv. scutatum Fauv. sparsum Fauv. testaceum Man. subangulatum Cas. tibiale Cas. Aploderus mimeticus Fall, princeps Cas. trinifer Fall. Aploderus annectana—Haploderu*. cephalotes—H aploderus. flavipennis—Haploderus. lineolus—Haploderus. Apocellus analis Lee. gracilicornis Cas. sphaericollis (Say.) Arisota pomonensis Cas. speculifer Cas. umbrina Cas. Artochia productifrons Cas. Asemobius caelatus Cas. Atheta alamedana Cas. aperta Cas. audens Cas.COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 24 barbarse Cas. bicariniceps Cas. blandita Cas. civica Cas. coriaria Kra. definita Cas. dunni Cas. filiola Cas. iugitans Cas. gnypetoides Cas. importuna Cas. informalis Cas. insignis—Athetota. insons Cas. intacta Cas. lepidula Cas. loquax Cas. luscitosa Cas. marinica Cas. meticulosa Cas. neutralis Cas. novicia Cas. oraria Kra. oscitans Cas. paganella Cas. pavidula Cas. perpera Cas. perspecta Cas. perversa Cas. picipennis Man. prolata Cas. querula Cas. repaxa Cas. repens Cas. repensa Cas. satu rata Cas. scolopacina Cas. scortea Cas. setositarsis Cas. shastana Cas. socors Cas. stoica Cas. subintima Cas. timida Cas. terpens Cas. Athetota Insignis (Cas.) Athetalia, bicariniceps—Atheta. repensa—Atheta. Autalia copiosa Cas. elegans Cas. Bamona failiana Cas. tenuissima Cas. Baptolinus fraternus Cas. punctiventris Cas. Barothnius californicus (Man.) Bariodma castaneipennis Esch. bimaculata Grau. denseventris Cas. eludens Cas. imbricata Cas. innocua Cas. minuta Cas. nitidicollis Cas. obsoiescens Cas. robustula Cas. salicola Cas. tolerata Cas. uvidula Cas. verna Say. Belonchus epippiatus (Say). Bisnius procerulus Grav. Blaptolinus fraternus Cas. punct iventris Fall. Bledius apicalis Fall, armatus (Say), bicolor Cas. clarius Fall, cribricollis Lee. deceptivus Fall, diagonalis Lee. episcopalis Fall, eximius Cas. ferratus Lee. flavipennis Lee. foraminosus Cas. forcipatus Lee. fratellus Fall, gentilis Cas. gracillus Cas. gradatus Fall, jacobinus Lee. laticol I is Lee. lectus Cas. luteipennis Lee. monstratus Cas. monticola Cas. nitidiceps Lee. opacifrons Lee. ornatus Lee. parvicollis Cas. persimilis Fall, piceus Fall, plytocinus Lee. pleuralis Lee. punctatissimus Lee. regularis Fall, relictus Fall, ruficornis Lee.hi /<-? Si i. • „ J ;C C 0 .'/ c <■« , 4 f ' ■*» '• *’ •JUv . _ • / / r . / C 7 V ^ " J •• r, r ■> * ■ . fL c • - C- * t i : *’ <’>"0 ' l. < 246- ' /uzl+a^., ^ ■ /: * , • / ' . ' ; . , - GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. A y rusticti^Fall. specularis"^!!. ^ strenuus Cas^\v & tallaci Fal1- V *' f ^ ~ villosus Cas. . Boletobius biserriatus Man. cingulatus Man. cincticollis Say. Bolitochara californica—Stictalia. nigrina—Stictalia. Bratinus californicus Cas. Bryobiota bicolor (Cas.) Bryoporus rufescens Lee. Cafius canescens Maek. decipiens Lee. dubius (Lee.) femoralis Maek. nthocarinus Horn, luteipennis Horn, opacus Lee. seminitens Horn, sulcicollis (Lee.) Calodera attenuata Cas. Caloderma angulata Cas. brevipennis Cas. continuens Cas. contracts Cas. discolor Cas. exilis Cas. luculenta Cas. mobilis Cas. paliens Cas. peregrina Cas. reducta Cas. rugosa Cas. semibrunnea—rugosa. tentilla Cas. Calochroa rubripennis Cas. Cileasilphoides Linn. Colusa brevicornis—Echidnoglossa. erilis—Echidnoglossa exima. exima—Echdnoglosa. gracilis—Echidnoglossa. grandicollis—Echidnoglossa. valida—Echidnoglossa. Colpodota abdicans Cas. egens Cas. fatigans Cas. inceptor Cas. laxella Cas. parva Sahl. pupilla Cas. repentina Cas. sonomana Cas. torvula Cas. zephyrina Cas. Conosoma bipustulatum (Grav.) bisignata—bipustulatum. casaneum Horn. Creoph M us _vi I \osus (Grav.) CrypTobium californicum Lee. pacificum—Hesperobium. pimerianum—Gastralobium. timiuum—Hesperobium. Dalotia pectorina—Dimetrota. Datomicracoruscula Cas. insolida Cas. perpaula Cas. pomonae Cas. Deleaster concolor Lee. LjJiphrum aequicolle Cas. occiduum Cas. Delphota audens—Atheta. fugitans—Athea.. importuna—Athea. intacta—Atheta. lepidula—Aheta. loquax—Athea. novicia—Atheta. oscitans—Atheta. repaxa—Atheta. socors—Atheta. stoica—Atheta. Dianusa bakeri—Eucryptusa. pasadenae Cas. Dimetrota cerebrosa Cas. immerita Cas. incredula Cas. opinata Cas. pectorina Cas. resima Cas. spectator Cas. vacunalis Cas. vigilans Cas. Echidnoglossa aemula Cas. brevicornis (Cas.) concinna Cas. clavicauda Cas. defecta Cas. eminens Cas. exilis—eximia. eximia (Cas.) gaudens Cas. gracilis (Cas.) qrandicollis(Cas.) leviventris Cas. ludibunda Cas. strangulans Cas.COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 247 occidua Cas. quadripennis Cas. tenuicornis Cas. valida (Cas.) ventralis Cas. Eleusis fascietus (Lee.) nigrellus (Lee.) Emplenota arenaria (Cas.) pacifica (Cas.) quadrifer Cas. trilimbata Cas. Engamota absona—Acrotona. Erochomus punctipennis Lee. Eucharina cylindrella Cas. debiiicornis Cas. sulcicollis (Man.) tibialis Cas. Eucryptusa bakeri Cas. fragilis Cas. Euliusa citrina Cas. elsinorica Cas. Iaticol I is Cas. limatula—Gnypeta. mollis (Cas.) sparsella Cas. transversa Cas. Falagriota asperula Cas. collaris Cas. evanescens Cas. lucida Cas. occidua (Cas.) parvipennis Cas. picina Cas. Falagria cavipennis—Tachyota. laticollis—Eu I i usa. lseviuscula—Lissagria. occidua—Falagriota. baenima impedita Cas. Gastrolobium pimerianum (Lee.) Geodromicus humboldtearum Cas. temporalis Cas. Glyptoma costale Er. Gnypeta cerebropunctata (Cas.) curtipennis Cas. experta (Cas.) harfordi (Cas.) impressicornis Cas. leviventris Cas. limatula Cas. linearis (Cas.) lucens—Eliusa. oblata Cas. sensilis Cas. Gnypetella laticeps (Cas.) placidula Cas. Gyrohypnus dimidiatus (Lee.) hamatus (Say), infumatus (Cas.) mollinus Cas. nanus (Cas.) picipennis (Lee.) pusillus (Cas.) Gyronycha attenuata Cas. longipennis Cas. obscura Cas. Habrocerus tarsalis Cas. Habrolinus tahoensis Cas. Had rotes crassusMan. villosus—Creophilus. Haploderus annectens (Lee.) cephalotes Cas. flavipennis (Cas.) linearis (Lee.) Hemithecta ruticollis—Thecturota. Hesperobium pacificum (Cas.) tumidum (Lee.) Hesperolinus angustus Cas. bicolor Cas. brunnescens—parcus. parcus (Lee.) piceus Cas. pomonae Cas. Heterothrops californicus—fumigatus. carbonatus Fall, fumigatus Lee. mediocris Fall, occidentalis Cas. pusio Lee. Homalium algarum Cas. alutaceum Fauv. ater Cas. caesum Cas. exsculptum Maek. fractum Fauv. humile Maek. lapponicum Zett. l longulum Maek. megarthroides Fauv. pacificum Cas. plagiatum Man. pusillum Grav. repandum Er. rivulare Payk. rugipenne Cas. strigipenne Maek. thevineti Fauv. Homalota hesperica Cas. opaca—Pontomolata.248 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Homalotusa tahoensis Cas. Hydromecta benigna Cas. callidula Cas. jugalis Cas. subpollaris Cas. Illobates californicus Cas. nigrinus Cas. lotata tepida Cas. unica Cas. Ischnoglossa alticola Cas. Isoglossa pellax Cas. Isomalus fasciatus—Eleusis. nigrellus—Eleusis. Lathrinaeum atrocephalum Gyll. nigropiceum Cas. pictum Fauv. spretum Cas. subcostatum Maek. Lathrobium californicum Ltc. franciscanum Cas. jacobinumLec. lituranium—Linolathra. puncticeps Lee. sphsericollis—Apocellus. subseriatum Lee. Leptacinodes nigritulus (Lee.) pallidulus (Lee.) Leptacinus brunneaccens—Hesparolin- us parcus. nigritulus—Leptasci nodes, pallidulus—Leptacinus. parcus—H esparol in us. Leptolinus grandiceps—Stictolinus. parcus—H esparol inus. Leptorus californicus—Scopaeus. longipennis—Scopaeus. texanus—Scopaeus. Lestera fusconigra (Cas.) Leucopaederus ustus (Lee.) Leucorus luridus Cas. Linolathra lituraria (Lee.) Liparocephalus brevipennis Maek. cordicollis Lee. Lispinus californicus Lee. linearis Er. Lithocharis alutacea Cas. ochracea Grav. quadricollis Cas. Lomechusa angustata Fall, montana Cas. Maseochara basalis Cas. californica—valida. fustiger Cas. insignis Cas. puberula Cas. valida (Lee.) Medon consanguinea Cas. contigua Cas. convergens Cas. gregalis Cas. languida Cas. latiuscula Cas. lepida Cas. luctuosa Cas. malaca Cas. mimula Cas. puberula Cas. retusa Cas. sinuaticollis Cas. sublesta Cas. Megarthus pictus Cas. Melanalia larvalis Cas. tabida Cas. tetricula Cas. Metaxia adjuncta Cas. famula Cas. fatua Cas. subfusca Cas. Microdota alamedana—Atheta. perversa—Atheta. repens—Atheta. saturata—Athet. Migarthrus pictus Cas. Microglossa grandiceps Cas suturalia Man. Micropeplus costatus Lee. punctatus Lee. tesserula Curt. Mycetoporus hospitalis Fall, humidis Cas. lepidus Er. myops Fall, neotomae Fall. Mymerdonia fauveli Sharp, shastanus Cas. sonomse Cas. Nicrodota alamedana—Atheta. . perversa—Athea. repens—Atheta. saturata—Atheta. Nemota filiola—Atheta. informalis—Atheta. meticulosa—Atheta. perpera—Atheta. perspecta—Atheta. timida—Atheta. Ocalea franciscana Cas. grandicollis Cas.COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. Oligopterus cuneicollis Cas. Oligata pucillima Cas. Olisthaeus megacephalus Zett. Oligomia perpaula—Datomiera. Oligota oviformis Cas. Omegalia abjecta Cas. vieta Cas. Orobanus densus Cas. rufipes Cas. simulator Lee. Orus cervicula Cas. decaptor Cas. distir.ctus Cas. femorata Fauv. fill*us Cas. fraternus Fall, montanus Fall, punctatus Cas. robustulus Cas. Othius caiifornicus—Barothnius. Oxypoda caiifornicus Cas. cernua Cas. cruda Cas. fusiformis Cas. insignis—Athetota. modescans Cas. nimbata Cas. olescans Cas. recensa Cas. Oxymedon rubrum Cas. Oxytelus armatus—Bledius. montanus Grav. niger Lee. nitidulus Grav. sculptus Grav. sobrinus Lee. vergrandis Cas. Ousipalia hesperica Cas. pacifica Cas. Pachystilicus quadriceps (Lee.) Paederillus compotens—Paederus ferrv oralis. Pasderus compotens—femoral is. femoralis Lee. ustus—Leucopaederus. Palaminus livldus Lee. Panalota setositarsalis—Atheta. Paradilacra erebea Cas. memnonia Cas. persola Cas. sinistra Cas. subpaequa Cas. symbolica Cas. vulgatula Cas. Paramedon pallidipenne Cas. Parothius caiifornicus Man. Phaenogyra californica Cas. Philonthus albionicus Man. alumnus Er. alutaceus Horn, bidentatus Horn, bucephalus Horn, caiifornicus—fervidus. caurinus Horn, clunalis Horn, crotchi Horn. i1 igure 222. Oligota oviformis. decipiens Horn, discoidens Grav. dubius—Cafius. ferreipennis Horn, fervus Nord. fiiicornis Horn, flavolimbatus Er. grandicollis Horn, gratus—Actobius. hepaticus Er. instabilis Horn, lecontei Horn.250 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. longicornis Steph. nigritulus Grav. nitescens Horn, psedaroides—Actobius. petteti Horn, picicornis Horn, picipennis Maek. politus Fabr. puberulus Horn, punctatellus Horn, quadrulus Horn, quisquelarius Gyle, semiruber Horn, siegwaldi Man. sordidus Grav. sulcicollis—Cafius. thermarum Aube, theveneti Horn, triangulum Horn, varians Payk. varicolor Bok. ventralis Grav. versutus Horn, virilis Horn. Phloeopora adversa Cas. jacobiana Cas. liberata Cas. Phloepterus longipalpus Cas. Phylosis bicolor—Bryobiota. Phytosus bicolor Cas. maritimus Cas. opacus Lee. Pinophilus densus Lee. Platystethus americanus Er. Platyusa sonomae Cas. Placusa petulans Cas. striata Cas. vaga Cas. Polystoma arenaria—Emplenota. pacifica—Emplenota. Pontomalota californica Cas. nigriceps Cas. opaca (Lee.) Protinus basalis Cas. limbatis Cas. maklini Fauv. salebrosus Cas. sulcatus Cas. Pseudomedon capitulum (Cas.) Pseudopsis detrita Fall, minuta Fall, obliterata Lee. Pseudorus prolixipennis Cas. Pseudota praesaga Cas. Pycnorus armiger (Fall.) Quedius capucinus (Grav.) debilis Horn, desertus Horn, erithrogaster—fulgidus. lasvigatus (Gill.) limbifer Horn, prostrans Horn, seriatus Horn, transparens Mots. Quepisota insignis—Athetota. Ramona capitulum—Pseudomedon. Rheobioma disjuncta Cas. terrena Cas. marcida Cas. Rheocharella fenyesi Cas. Sableta immunis Cas. Scopaeodera nitida Lee. sonorica Cas. Scopaeus armiger—Pycnorus. brunnipes Cas. californicus Fall, longipennis (Fall.) punctatus Cas. rotundiceps—Scopaeoma. texanus (Cas.) truncaticeps—Scopaeoma. Scopaeoma rotundiceps (Cas.) truncaticeps (Cas.) Siagonium punctatum Lee. Silusa californica Barn, decolorata Cas. valens Cas. vesperis—decolorata. Sipalia frontalis Cas. lippa Cas. Somatium oviforme Cas. Sonomata lippa—Sipalia. Stachygraphis maculata Lee. Staphylinus capicinus—Quedius. cinnamopterus Grav— ephinpiatus—Belonchus. fulgidus—Quedi us. laevigatus—Quedius. luteipes Lee. nigrellus Horn, pleuralis Lee. raphynus Lee. rutilicauda Horn, saprinus Lee. tarsalis Lee. villosus—Creophilus. Stenus adelops Cas. aveolatus Cas. , , D • i, ■> (COLEOPTERA — STAPHYLININA. 251 arizoniae Cas. californicus Cas. colonus Er. corvus Cas. costalis Cas. dives Cas. eliypticus Cas. exilis Cas. giliae Cas. incultus Cas. insignis Cas. laetulus Cas. lucidus Cas. iuctuosus Cas. luculentus Cas. pacificus Cas. pinguis Cas. pollens Cas. renifer Lee. sayi Cas. sculptilis Cas. subgriseus Cas. terricola Cas. tristis Cas. vacuus Cas. vestalis Cas. villosus Cas. zunicus Cas. Strictalia aspera Cas. bakeri Cas. brevicornis Cas. californica (Cas.) collaris Cas. laxicornis Cas. minor Cas. nigrina (Cas.) obsolescens Cas. punctiventris Cas. rugipennis Cas. Stilisus occiduus Fall, opaculus Lee. Quadriceps—Pachystilicus. Stictolinus oequalis Cas. franciscanus Cas. grandiceps (Lee.) Strigota intrudens Cas. obliquata Cas. placata Cas. seclusa Cas. seducens Cas. Sunius californicus Aust. longuisculus Man. robustulus Cas. si mil is Aust. tenuiventris Cas. trinotatus—longuisculus. trisignatus—longiusculus. Tachinus agilis Horn, angustatus Horn, debilis Horn, exasperata Cas. faceta Cas. narfordi Cas. instabilis Maek. laticeps Cas. linearis Cas. memnonius Grav. pallipes Grav. remirufus Grav. tachyporoides Horn. Tachyporus bipustulatus—Conosoma, brunneus Fabr. californicus Horn, nitidulus—californicus. Tachyusa arida Cas. cerebropunctata—Gnypeta. experta—Gsypeta. faceta Cas. harfordi—Gnypeta. laticeps— Gnypetella. linearis—Gnypeta. vespertina Cas. Tanyrhinus singularis Maek. Tarphiota fucicola Maek. hirsutulla Cas. iota Cas. lativentris Cas. litorlna Cas. pallidipes (Cas.) Taxicerella immunis—Sabieta. Terasota perdita—Alconota. Tetrallus bernhaueri Cas. trinitalis Cas. Thiasopila asperata Cas. Thinobius gracilicornis Cas. hesperiusCas. macropterus Lee. oxytelinus Lee. sonomae Cas. validus Cas. Thinopinus pictus (Lee.) —^ariggaras^picTus. Thinusa maritima Cas. obscura Cas. Thinotus claviceps Cas. Tilia cavicollis—fusconigra. f ilicornis—f uscon i g ra. fusconigra Mots, rufitarsis—fusconigra. Trachiota cavipennis Cas. < / ' A. (, i - C \c- L f / / /* <• // / / k . ft252 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. lativentris Cas. Trichocanthus pictus—Thinopinus. Trigonurus crotchii Lee. edwardsii Sharp. TrogopMoeus armatus Cas. bladiinus Lee. confinis Cas. debilis Cas. dentiger Cas. diffusus Cas. filum Cas. giliae Cas. lathocarinus Lee. obliquus Cas. occidens Cas. pacificus Cas. pauperculus Cas. prominens Cas. seuiptilis Cas. tanti.ius Cas. Unamis truncata Cas. Valenusa parallels Cas. Vellica longipennis Cas. Xantholinus cephalus—Nudobius. diminutus—Gy rohypn us. hamatus—Gyrohypnus. nanus—Gyrohypnus. obscurus Er. picipennis—Gy rohypn us. pusillus—Gyrohypnnus. Xanthopygus cacti Horn. Zalobius serricollis Lee. spinicollis Lee.HEMIPTERA. The Order Hemiptera is the last great group with simple metamorphosis and the first group to deviate from the simple type of mouth structure. The great majority of the species have a metamorphosis as simple as that of the Orthoptera but among scale insects and white flies the nymph is so Figure 223. Stages in the growth of the • ottor.v cushion scale. modified that the change to adult condition seems to be as great as in the higher groups with complex metamorphosis and with an intermediate stage resembling a pupa hut which is supposed to differ from p, true pupa by 253254 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. being able to take food. It is quite possible that some of these insects may have a true pupa. The mouth parts were modified in this group to enable these insects to feed on the juices of plants and most of them are still plant feeders. TheHEMIPTERA. 155 mandibles and maxillae have been converted into long hair-like organs, the latter uniting to form a single lancet. All three are enclosed in the enlarged labium. This generally consists of a number of telescopic joints (not exceed- ing five), which close up as the lancets are thrust into the plant. Figure 225. Mouthparts of vine hopper. Economically the Hemiptera are of great importance, especially in an arid climate, because they withdraw the moisture from the plant when it can least afford to lose it. Plant lice and scale insects are the most im- portant families as plant pests. A number of groups have become predaceous on other insects. Among these certain Reduviids commonly known as kissing bugs can produce a painful bite. The bed bug is a case of one of these insects becoming a human parasite and the lice are even more strictly parasitic.256 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. The classification of Hemiptera consists in the separation first of the thrips often as a distinct order then the lice also sometimes as a ^distinct order, and the division of the remainder into the Heteroptera and Homop- tera, treated by English entomologists as separate orders. The aquatic Hete- roptera form a natural group as does the Homopterous series including the scale insects and plant lice. Coccidae: beak apparently from the breast and not jointed. Aleurodidae: hind wings as large as front wings, if wingless with oval supraanal plate. Jassidae: hind legs enlarged, with rows of spines on tibiae. Aphidae: beak apparently from breast. Psyllidae: hind legs enlarged. Capsidae: wings with two cells beyond thickened portion and no longitudin- al veins. Lygaeidae: front legs slender, proboscis and antennae four-jointed, and only a few longitudinal veins beyond the thickened portion of the wing. Berytidae: body very slender. Coreidae: similar to Lygaeidae but with longitudinal veins numerous. Pyrrh- ocoridae: no ocelli. Pentatomidae scutellum large. Cydnidae, Corimelaenidae and Scutelleridae: the first two with front tibiae spinose and the last two with scutellum broadlf rounded behind. Membracidae: cheeks touching the front coxae. Cicadidae: three occelli. Fulgoridae: antennae beneath the eyes. Cercopidae: pronotum not hiding the scutellum.HEMIPTERA. Reduviidae: antennae much larger than head and tarsi three-jointed. Cim- icidae: abdomen entirely exposed. Henicocephalidae: the front wings mem- branous thruout. Nabidae: proboscis three-jointed. Emesidae: andPhymat- idae: front legs for grasping, the former with very slender body. Anthochor- idae: with an embolium. Saldidae: proboscis reaching to middle coxae. Corisidae: hind feet without claws. Notonectidae: head not overlapping prothorax. Aradidae: similar to Reduviidae but tarsi two-jointed. Tingidae: wings longer than abdomen. Belostomidae: antennae shorter than head. Nepidae: body slender. Galgul- idae: with ocelli. Nancoridae: legs not flattened. Thripidae: body very small and slender. Philocothripidae: without an ovi- positor. Heliothripidae: ovipositor curving up. Gerridae: Legs as long or longer than body. Veliidae: body widestat pro- thoi ax. Pediculidae. SCUTELLARINA. Aulaccstethus similans Uhl. Camirus porosus Germ. Cimex torridus—Pachycoris. Eurygaster alternans Say. Homeomus proteus Stal. Odontoscells Var.D. SCUTELLER ID/E. Pachycoris fabricii—torridus. porosus—Cam i rus. torridus Scop. Tetyra alternans—Eurygaster. Zophoessa porosa—Camirus.;58 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. CORIMEL/ENID/E. Corimelaena anthracina Uhl. coerulescens Stal. ciliatur. Uhl. cyaneus—coerulescens. extensa Uhl. Thyreocoris ccerulascens—Corimelae- na. PEN T A TOM1N A. ‘PENTATOMID/E. members of this family attack other insects. The harlequin pest. Arma spinosa—Podisus. Arvelius albopunctatus DeG. Brochymena affinis VanD. arborea Say. obscura H.S. quadripustulata— Fabr. Carpocoris lynx Fabr. Chlorochroa lignata—Pentatoma. sayi—Pentatoma. Cimex albopunctatus—Arvelius. custator—Thyanta. lynx—Capocoris. Cosmopepla conspicillaris Dal. uhleri Mont. Dendrocoris pini Mont. Euschistus inflatus VanD. conspersus Uhi. servus Say. Eysarcoris conspicillaris—Cosmopepla integressa Uhl. punctiger (undetermined). Halys obscura—Brochymena. Holcostethus abbreviatus Uhl. Lioderma lignata—Pentatoma. sayi—Pentatoma. Liotropis contaminatus Uhl. humeraiis Uhl. pini Mont. Menecles insertus Say. Murgantia histrionica Hahn, munda Dal. ^Ethus politus—Cydnus. Cydnus conformis Uhl. mirabilis—Cyrtomenus. obliquus Uhl. politus Sign, testudinatus Uhl. for the most part on plants but some cabbage bug, Murgantia, is an important Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal. undata Say. Pentatoma claudus—Perillus binocula- tus. faceta Say. inserta—Menecles. lignata Say. pallidovirens—Thyanea. rugulosa—Thyanta. sayi Stal. servus—Euschistus. Perillus binoculatus Fabr. claudus—binoculatus. splendidus Uhl. Peribilus abbreviatus Uhl. limbolarius Stal. Podisus maculiventris Say. pallens Stal. Prinosoma podopiodes Uhl. Strachia histrionica—Murgantia. munda—Murgantia. Phytidolomia faceta—Pentatoma. Thyanta antiguensis Westw. costa Stal. custator Fabr. pallidovirens Stal. rugulosa Say. taeneola Dal. Trichopepla atricornis Stal. Ziocona splendidus—Perillus. CYDNID/E. teter—Cyrtomenus. Cyrtomenus mirabilis Perty. mutabilis—mirabilis. teter Spin. ’ Geotomus parvulus Sign. Macroporus repitetus Uhl.HEMIPTERA — PENTATOMINA. 259 Pentatoma cinctus—Sehirus. piceatus Stal. Sehirus cinctus Beauv. Trichocoris conformis—Cydnus. Microporus obliquus—Cydnus. Melanaethus elongatus—Geotomus par vulus. Pangeus discrepans Uhl. COREIN A. CAPSIDS. superbus Uhl. Camptobrochis nebulosus Uhl. Capsus caligneus—Cyrtocapsus. media—Lepidea. nubilis—Neurocalpus. rapidus—Calocoris. Catonia cara VanD. costata VanD. Cimex pratensis—Lygus. Glosterocoris ornatus Uhl. Compsocerocoris roseus Uhl. Coquillettia insignis Uhl. Cyphopelta modesta VanD. Cyrtocapsis caligneus Stal. Cerseocoris cerachates Uhl. Dicyplus californicus Stal. Eccritotarsus elegans Uhl. Ectopiocerus anthracinus Uhl. Elidiptera fusiformis VanD. Fulvus anthocoroides Uhl. Hadromena militaris Uhl. princeps Uhl. robusta Uhl. Irbisia brachycornis Uhl. pacificus Uhl. , Actinocoris lunatus—Largus. Capsus minus—Dysdercus. Cimex lunatus Largus. succinctus—Largus. Dysdercus albidiventris Stal. minus Say. obliquus H.S. peruvianus Guer. Lomatopleura caesar Reut. Lopidea cuneata VanD. marginata Uhl. media Say. Lygus annexus Uhl. pratensis Linn, sal lei Stal. convexicolle Reut. vividus Uhl. Macrotylus angularis Uhl. regularis Uhl. tristis Uhl. verticollis Uhl. vestitus Uhl. Melinna elongata Uhl. Neurocalpus nubilis Say. Oncotylus puberus Uhl. Orthcps scutellatus Uhl. Phytocoris eximius Reut. ramosus Uhl. Poeciloscytus basal is Reut. intermedius Uhl. Rhopalostomus bracbycoris—Irbisia. Stiphosoma atrata Uhl. croceipes Uhl. Systiatiotus venaticus Uhl. Telcorhinus cyaneus Uhl. PYRRHOCORID/E. Largus cinctus H.S. convivus Stal. lunatus Fabr.260 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. succinctus Linn. Ctenomacra marginella H.S. Lygaeus peruvianus—Dysdercus. Agalliastes decolor Uhl. Pyrrhocoris obliquus—Dysdercus. Calocoris rapidus Say. BERYTID/E. Berytus spinosus—Jalysus. Neides gracilipes Stal. Jalysus spinosus Say. spinosus—Jalysus. COREIDvC. Acanthia seratus—Harmostes. Acanthocephala declivis Say. granulosus Del. Alydus apicalis—Stachylocnemis. curtulus—Tollius. quinquespinosus Say. tarsatus—Hyalymenus. Anasa obliqua Uhl. tristis DeG. Anisocelis corculus—Leptoglossa. zonatus—Leptoglossa. Archimorus lineolata—Mozena. Aufeius impressicollis Stal. Ceraleptus americanus Stal. Cimex tristis—Anasa. Chelinidea vittigera Uhl. Coreus confluens—Sagotylus. humilis Uhl. Corizus hyalinus Uhl. jscatus—scutatus. nigrosternum Sign, punctiventris Dal. scutatus Stal. validus Uhl. Ficania apicalis Dal. Cistalia signoreti Guer. Crophius bohemani Stal. Cymodema tabida Spin. Cymus bohemani—Crophius. Erenocorus ferus Say. Erythrischius sandrachatus—Oncopel tus. Geocoris pallens Stal. tristis Stal. uliginosus Say. Ischnorhynchus championi Dist. didymus—resedae. resedas Panz. Lygaeosoma solida Uhl. Lygaeus arachatus—Oncopeltus. bicrucis—Melanocoryphus. oiloba—Pamera. bistriangularis Say. Gonocerus apicalis—Ficania. obliqua—Anasa. Harmostes reflexulus Say. serratus Fabr. Jadera haematoloma— H.S. Leptocornis haematoloma—Jadera. , trivittata—Serinetha. Leptoglossa corcula Say. zonata Dal. Lygaeus hyalinus—Corizus. trivittata—Seri netha. Margus inconspicuous H.S. Metapodius granulosus—Acanthoceph- ala. Mozena lineolata H.S. Nematopus rufoscutellatus—Paryphes. Paryphes rufoscutellatus Gray. Rhinuchus declivis—Acanthocephala. Raopalus scutatus—Corizus. Sagotylus confluentus Say. Serinetha trivittata Say. Stachyocnemis apicalis Dal. Syromastes inconspicuus H.S. reflexus Say. Tollius curtulus Stal. costal is H.S. costal is H.S. faceatus—Melanocoryphus. gutta—Oncopeltus. kalnii Stal. leucopterus—Bl issus. nebulosus—Spractisticus. reclivatus Say. reclivatus—Oncopeltus. resedae—Ischnorhynchus. signoreti—Cistalia. trunculentus Stal. Megalonotus sodalicus—Oncopeltus. Melanocoryphus bicrucis Say. faceatus Say. flavomarginellus—bicrucis. Microtoma atrata Goeze. carbonaria—atrata. LYG/EID>E.HEMIPTERA Nysius angustatus Uhl. californicus Stal. Oncopeltus Gutta H.S. reel i vat us Fabr. sandrachiatus Say. Oxy caraeus coriaceipennis—R ny paro- chromus. Pamera bilata Say. Rhyarochromus fallax—Spharisticus nebulosus. Rhyparochromus sodalicus Uhl. Saida uliginosa—Geocoris. Spragisticus nebulosa Fall. Trapezonotus nebulosus—Spragisticus. Arphus coriaceipennis Stal. Blissus leucopterus Say. Cimex atrata—microtoma. — COREINA. 261 REDUVIINA. ANTHOCHORID/E. Figure 234. Triphleps Anthocoris antevolens White, whitei Reut. Piezostethus californicus Reut. Triphleps tristicolor White. f, ■j - »262 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. NABID>E. Cimex ferus—Nabis. Nabis ferus Linn. Coriscus ferus—Nabis. Corythuca caelata Uhl. fuscigera Stal. TINGITID>E. Piesma cinerea Say. ARADID>E. Aradus acutus Say. affinis—tugubris. ampliatus Uhl. behrensi Berg, fuscoannulatus Stal. fuscomaculatus—fuscoannulatus. lugubris Fal. rachus—lugubris. tuberculifera Kirby. CIMICID>£. Acanthia lectularis—Cimex. Cimex lectularis Linn. HENICOCEPHALID>E. Hymer.ocoris formicina Uhl. REDUVNDvE. Figure 235. A Reduviid. The species of Conorhinus and its allies are known as kissingibugs for no very good reason. All the members of this family are predaceous. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Conorhinus: front wings with quarrangular cell in middle of base of mem-HEMIPTERA — REDUVIINA. 263 brane. Polyglampis: frond wings with a discoidal area. Sirthenia, Rasahus and Melanolestes: thorax constricted after the middle, middle tibiae of first without spongy spot, front wings of the last black. Meccus: body pilose. Apiometus: claws simple. Sinea: mesopleurae without tubercles or raised folds on hind edge. Acholla: Iront tibiae without long spines. Zelus. Milyas: front femora shorter than hind femora. Acholla tabida Stal. Apiomerus crassipes Fabr. flaviventris H.S. repletus Uhl. Ascara tabida—Acholla. Cimex rubrofasciata—Conorhinus. Conorhinus protractus Uhl. rubrofasciatus DeG. variegatus Drury Diplodus luridus—Zelus exsanguis. renardii—Zelus. Meccus phyllosomus Burm. Melanolestes abdominalis H.S. picipes H.S. Milyas zebra Stal. Petalochirus biguttatus—Rasahus. Pirates abdominalis—Melanolestes. picipes—Melanolestes. Polyglampis pectoralis Say. Rasahus biguttatus Say. Reduvius carinata—Sirthenea. crassipes—Apiomerus. pectoralis—Polyglampis. Cinea complexa Cand. coronata Stal. raptoria Stal. rileyi Mont, undulatus Uhl. Sirthenia carinata (Fabr.) Zelus cervicallis Stal. exsanguis Stal. renardii Kel. Saida humilis Say. interstitialis Say. luctuosa Stal. orbiculata Uhl. pallipes Fabr. polita Uhl. SALDID>E. sphaceata Uhl. Scanthia humilis—Saida, interstitialis—Saida, luctuosa—Saida, pallipes—Saida. HYDROMETRINA. VELIID/E. Hebrus sobrinus Uhl. Microvelia americana Uhl. Macrovelia hornii Uhl.264 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. GERRID/E. Aqaurius marginata—Gerris. remigis—Gerris. Gerris franciscanus Stal. arginata Say. orbona Stal. remigis Say. robusta Uhl. Hygrotrechus remigis—Gerris. robusta—Gerris. Limnotrechus marginata—Gerris. NEPINA. NEPID/E. Ranatra quadridentata Stal. Galgulus variegatus Guer. GALGULID /E. Mononyx badius H.S. Corixa abdominalis Say. bicolor Uhl. dispersa Uhl. fossarum Leach, inscripta Uhl. CORISID/E. interruptus Say. laevigata Uhl. serrulata Uhl. wallengreni Stal. NOTONECTID/E. Figure 238. A Notonectid.HEMIPTERA — NEPINA. 265 Nctonecta insulata Kirby. < shooteri Uhl. Pisa striola Fieb. undulata Say. BELOSTOMID/E. The larger Belostomidse are commonly known as electric light bugs, being the largest insects commonly found flying about the lights. They live in the water and are predaceous. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Belostoma: first joint of proboscis short. Zaitha. Deinostoma: metasternum with median carina. Pedinocris: mem- branule very short. Belcstoma annulipes H.S. macronyx Mayr. dilatatum—Deinostoma. Zaitha fusciventris Duf. griseum Say. indentata—stolli. impressum—griseum. minor Duf. Dienostoma dilatatum (Say.) stolli A.&S. Pedinocris brachonyx Mayr. NAUCORID>E. Ambryus pudicus Stal. signoreti Stal. CICADINA. CICADID>£. The harvest flies are provided with a very complex musical apparatus on the base of the abdomen of the male. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Tibicen: head narrower than thorax. Zammara: pronotum angularly dilated Platypedia: front edge of the wing bowed as much as hind edge. Cicada. Figure 240. Harvest flies. A. Platypedia areolata. B. Tibicen rimosa. Figure 239. Venation of Cicada. Cicada ariolata—Platypenia. cinctifera Uhl. hesperia—Ti bicen. montezuma Diet.266 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. rimosa—Tibicen. Platypedia areolata (Uhl.) minor Uhl. Tibicen blaisdelii Uhl. cupreosparsa Uhl. hesperia (Uhl.) rimosa (Say.) Zammara smaragdina Walk. FULGORID/E. •: ' i < c Cixius cultus Ball. franciscanus Stal. Liburna consimilis VanD. occlusa VanD. Megamelus bicolor Ball. Neaethus vitripennis Stal. Oiierus aridus Ball. Orinerius rhyparus Stal. Scolops abnormis Ball, pailidus Uhl. viridus Bail. Ticidia cingulata Uhl. Figure 241. Diagram of the main veins in a Fulgorid wing. MEMBRACID/E. Acutalis binotatus Godi. occidental is Godi. ^chmorpha californiensis Godi. Antianthe expansa Germ. Campylenchia curvata Fabr. Centrodontus atlas Godi. Centrotis vittata—Platycotis. Ceresa albidosparsa Stal. bubalus Fabr. Darnis lateralis Fabr. Gargara atlas—Centrodontus. Hemiptycha expansa—Antianthe. Hoplophora tuberculata—PI atycot i s. Membracis bubalus—Ceresa. curvata—Campolenchia. lateralis—Darnis. sagitta—PI atycot is. Platycentris acuticornis Stal. Platycotis asodalis Godi. minax Godi. sagittata Germ, tuberdulata Fairm.HEMEPTERA — CICADINA. 267 vittata Fabr. Smilia vanduzii Godi. Stictccephala franciscana Stal. Stictopelta nova Godi. Telemona ccquiliettiGod:. mexicana Stal. reclivata Godi. rileyi Godi. Tropidscyta tei ruginipennis Godi. JASSID/E. The Jassidae are strictly plant feeders but as a rule are not excessively injurious. The vine hopper, Typhlocyba comes, is the most injurious vine pest in the state (See California Bulletin 198). SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. Thamnotettix: ocelli on front edge of head which is not sharp, only one cross-vein between primary and independant veins. Jassus: without ante- apical cells: Cicadula: with anterior fork of primary vein obsolete. Actlno- pterus: without appendix, on front wings. Scaphoideus: with outer ante- apical cell narrowed to a point at apex. Phlepsius and Eutettix: body broad, the former with front wings reticulate with brown. Empoasca: without ocelli. Typhlocyba: without marginal vein in hind wing. Dicraneura: with two apical cells. Platymetopius: similar to Thamnotettix but with two crossveins. Allygus: with two supernumerary veinlets in front wing. Deltoctphalus: front lesse than twice as long as broad. Tettigonia: occelli on disc of vertex and jugae not projecting. Paropulopa:268 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. body flat. Pagaronia, Bathematophorus and Errh/omellus: eyes well back on disk of vertex, the first with elytha longer than abdomen, the last with elytra much chorter. Draeculacephala: elytra reticulate at tip. Diedrocepha- la: vertex flat. Uhleriella: front edge of head thin and flat. Koebelia: ocelli on face. Huleria and Cochlorinus: vertex much longer than pronotum, the former with wings much longer than body. Agallia: occeli on face below edge of vertex. Pediopsis, Macropsis and Bythoscopus: antennae in feeble cavities, thefirst with thorax obliquely striate, the second with thoracic margin strongly keeled. Idiocerus and Pachyopsis: head wider than base of wings, the former with appendage on membrane of wing. Homalodisca:. Oncometopia: front longitudinally impressed. Phera: head somewhat triangular. Actinopterus acuminatus VanD. Agallia bigloviae Bak. californica Bak. cinereaOsb. inconspicuus—ci nerea. lyrata—perigrinans. oculata VanD. peregrinans Stal. sanguilenta (Prov.) uhleri VanD. Allygus inscriptus VanD. sanguilenta—Allygus. Bythoscopus peregrinus Stal. Chlorita tessellata—Empoasca. Chloroneura abnormis—Dicraneura. Cicada flavescens—Empoasca. irrorellus (Stal.) Athysanus irrorellus—Allygus. Bathysmatophorus uhleri Bak. Figure 244. Venation of a Jassid. lateralis—Oncometopia. sexnotata—C i cad u I a. smaragdula—Empoasca. reticulata Sign. Empoasca albineura Git cto^ct eiiumeura uiu flavescens Fabr. robusta Gil. smaragdula (Fal.) triquetra—Homalodisca. Cicadula nigrifrons—Deltocephalus. sexnotata (Fal.) Cochrorinus pluto Uhl. Deltocephalus cinerosus VanD. tessellata Fieb. Errhomenellus irroratus Ball. Eutettix pannosa Ball. coquillettia—Uhleriella. fusconervis—nigrifrons. minutus VanD. subaenea (VanD.) Homalodisca coagulata—triquetra. nigrifrons Forbes. Dicraneura abnormis Walsh. cockerelli Gil. liturata Ball, triquetra Fabr. magnus Bak. versuta Say. Draeculacephala minor—mollipes. unipuncta Gil. Diedrocephala cythura—Versuta. robustus Uhl. Huleria quadripunctata Ball. Idiocerus alternans Fitch. mollipes Say. amcemus VanD. Jassus acutus—Platymetopius. -HEMEPTERA — CICADINA. 269 fasciaticollis—Thamnotettix. lactipennis VanD. Koebeiia californica Bak. Kybos smaragdula—Empoasca. Macropsis atra Bak. californicus Bak. humilis Stal. Oncometopia lateralis Fabr. Pachyopsis robustus Uhl. Pagaronia interrupta Ball, tredecimpunctata Ball. Paropulopa interrupta Ball. Pediopsis nubila VanD. occidentalis VanD. Phera funebris (Sign.) vitripennis—Homalodisca triqu> tra. Phlepsius superbus VanD. Platymetopius acutus Say. elegans VanD. frontalis VanD. loricatus VanD. Proconia costalis—Oncometopia later- alis. Scaphoideus imistus Say. scaleris VanD. Tettigonia aestuans Walk, atropunctata Sign, cetnura Bak circiilata—atrc punctata. comes—T yphlocyba. funebris—Phera. gothica Sign, hierogliphica Say. mollipes—Droeculacephala. quadriplagiata Walk, reticulata—Draeculacephala. Thamnotettix atropunctata VanD. aureola VanD. bullata Ball, capitata VanD. coquilletti VanD. fasciaticollis (Stal.) mendica Ball, subasnea—Eutettix. Typhlocyba coloradensis—comes, comes Say. Figure 245. The vine hopper. y o Figure 246. Egg of the vine hopper in a leaf. ,/ - / / t W ,, k v ^ C 270 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. flavocapitata VanD. geminata VanD. languida Ball, limbata VanD. lucida Bak. luctuosa Stal. dentata Gil. Uhleriella coquilletti VanD. signata Ball, stygica Ball. Xerophloea peltata Uhl. viridis Bak. CERCOPID/E. Aphrophora permutata Uhl. obtusa Say. dastoptera delicata Ball. APHINA. PSYLLID/E. Plantlice are very important pests,but as a rule quite easy to control spraying with an oil emulsion or nicotine solution. Figure 248. Venation of an Aphid. Aphis alamedensis Clarke, avenae—Nectarophora. betulaecolens—Calypterus. brassicae Linn, calendulicola Mon. ceanothi Clarke, ceanothihirsuti Ess. cerasi—Myzus. cookii Ess. crataegi Mon. dianthi—Rhopalosiphum. gossypi Glo. humuli—Phorodon. lutescensEss. maidis Fitch. mori Clarke. oenotherae Oes. persicaeniger Sm. rosae—Nectarophora. rudbeckias Ess. sorbi Kalt. Calaphis caryae—Callipterus. Callipterus arundicolens Clarke, betulaecolens Fitch, caryae Mon. castaniae Goetze. hyalinus Mon. Chaitophorus viminalis Mon. Cryptosiphum tahoense Dav. Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thom. Eriosoma querci—Schizoneura.HEMIPTERA APHINA. 271 Hyadaphis umbellulariae Dav. Hyalopterus arundinis Fabr. Lachnus alnifoliae Fitch, californicus Ess. Macrosiphum albifrons Ess. laevigatas Ess. Myzus cerasi Fabr. Nectarophora avenae Fabr. baccharidis Clarke, californica Clarke, citrifolii Ash. jasmini Clarke, lycopersici Clarke, rhamni Clarke. rosae(Linn.) sonchella Mon. valerianiac Clarke. Pemphigus betae Doane. fraxinidipetalae Ess. popuiicauiis Fitch. radicoia Es. i Phorodon humuli Fitch. scrophulariaS Thom. Phylloxera vastatrix Pla. Phopalosiphum dianthl Sc hr. violae Es. Schizoneura americana Ril. lanigera Haus. querci Fitch. Siphocoryne fceniculi Pas. Siphcnophora citrifolii—Nectarophora. Figure 249. Eggs of the citrus white fly. The white flies resemble scale insects in the nymph stage but both sexes are winged as adults. The most injurious species is the one attacking citrus trees, A. citri, which has only recently established itself in this state. SeeCalifornia Circulars 30 and 32. Aleurodes acaciae Quain. citri R. & H. amnicola Bemis. coronatus Quain.272 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. diasemus Bemis. errans Bemis. extraniens Bemis. kelioggi Bemis. glacilaris Bemis. gelatinosa Coc. Figure 25th- YemHiott—of—tHi Aleui maskelli Bemis. perileucus Coc. hutcningsi Bemis. inconspicuus Quain. prumosus Bemis. quaintancei Bemis. spiroeiodes Quain. Figure 251. Nymph of the citrus white Kigvro 253. ILxuviuni of the citrus whitefly. interrigationis Bemis. splendens Bemis. irredescens Bemis. stanfordi Bemis msdioni Bemis. tentaculatus Bemis.vittatus Quain. wellmanae Bemis. HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 273 merlini Bemis COCCI D/E. This family includes some if the worst insect pests in the state. See Cali- fornia Bulletins 214, 222, 223 and 226. Aclerda californica (Ehr.) tokionis Coc. Antonia crawii Coc. Aonidia aurantii—Aonidiella. Aonidiella aurantii Nash. Figure 254. Venation of Coccidse. Figure 255. 1. Red scale on lemon. 2. Red scale on nightshade. 3. Red scale on twig of lemon. Figure 256. 1 Different stages in formation of scale covering. 2 The ventral scale formed beneath the insect. 3 Old and young red scales on orange. 4 Larva of para- site, Aphelinus diaspidis, feeding on Red scale; the scale shriveled from abrorption of body contents. 5 Yellow scale containing pupa of parasite Aspidiotiphagus citri- nus. (Opposite page)274 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 275 Figure 257. Tree partially killed by Red Scale.276 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 259. Motile young* of Red scale.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 277 Figure 262 Red scale on leaf.278 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 264 Showing the mature Red scale with its cast skins and scale covering. 1 First cast skin. 2 Second cast skin. 3 The insect itself. 4 The scale covering.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 279 Figure 265. a. Dorsal view of pygidium of Red scale, b. Ventral cast skin of Red scale. From same insect as Figure 260, 3, which is the borsad cast skin. Figure 266. Scale of male. 1 Scale of female, same magnification. 3 Inverted male scale, showing winged insect beneath.280 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 267. Red scale, the insect showing thru the transparent scale. Figure 268 Yellow scale, Chrysomphalus aurantii on orange.HEMIPTERA — APHINA, 281 Aspidiclus abietus (Schr.) assculi John, albus—juglansregiae. albopunctatus—perniciosus. califcrnicus Col. camelliaerapax. citrinus—Aonidiella aurantii. conshiformis—Lepidosaphes mi. coniferarum Coc. ancylur. Putn. andromelas—perniciosus. aurantii—Aonidiella. bambusarum—Odontaspis. bigelovise—Targionia. buxi—Pinnaspis. convexus—rapax. dearnessi—Targionia. densifloriae Brem. dictyospermi—Chrysomphalis ul- duplax—Pseudaonidia paeonia echinocacti—Diaspis. ehrhorni Col. florenciae Col. furfurus—Chionaspis. hederae (Vail.) Figure 269. Oleander scale Aspidiotus hederae. juglansregiae Corns, cstreaeformis Curt, prosopidis—Xerophi laspis. rapax Corns, paeoniae—Pseudaonidia. perniciosus Corns.282 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. pinifoliae—Chionaspis. piricola—Epidiaspis. rosae—Aulacaspis. rossi—Chrysomphalis. salacisnigr ae—C h i o n asp i s. s has tae—co n i f e r u m. tenebricosus—Chrysomphalus. cistudiformis Coma, floridensis Corns, irregularis Coc. irregularis Coc. rubens Mask. Ceorputo ambigua Full, bahiae (Ehr.) Figure 270. Orange infested with Greedy scale Aspidiotus rapax. yulupae Brem. Asterolecanium crawii (Coc.) pqntagona (Targ.) roiae (Bouche.) variolosum (Ratz.) Asterolechanium variolosum Ratz. Aulacaspis crawii (Coc.) Blastothrix yuccas—Ceroputo. Cerococcus ehrhorni Coc. quercus Corns. Ceroplastes ceriferus (And.) cerripediformis Corns. casnothi—yuccse. yuccae (Ccq.) Chaetococcus bambusae (Mask.) Chcrmes hederae—Aspidiotus. oleae—Saisettia. Chionaspis aspidistrae—Hemichionas pis. assimilis Mask, aucubae—Phenacaspis. biclav is— H o wa rd i a. citri Corns. chinensis—Phenacaspis.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 283 cockerelli—Phenacaspis. difficilis Coc. euonymi Corns, furfura (Fitch.) latissima—Phenacaspis. ortholobis Corns, pinifoliae (Fitch.) quercus Corns, salacis nigrae Walsh, sassceri C.& R. spartinse Corns, striata News, wisterias Cool, persicse—Lecanium. pollini—Pollinia. aurantii—Aonidiella. citrinus—Aonidiella aurantii. dictiospermi (Morg.) rossi (Mask.) tenebricosus (Corns.) Coccus abietus—Aspidiotus. adonidum—Pseudococcus, aonidum—Chrysomphalus. beckii—Lepidosaphes. blanchardii—Orthesia. bromeliae—Diaspis. c.eriferus—Ceroplastes. crawii—Pseudococcus, cupressi—Pseudococcus, destructor—Pseudococcus cacti. Figure 271. Red stellifera—Vi nson ia. ulrri Lepidosaphes. variolosum—Asterolecanium. ulmi—Lepidosaphes. vitis—Pufvinaria. ziziphus—Parlatoria. Conchaspis angaeci Coc. hibisci—angaeci. Dactylopius affinis—Pseudococcus, andersoni—Pseudococcus, aurilanatus—Pseudococcus, azalese—Pseudococcus, calceolariae—Pseudococcus, citri—Pseudococcus, coccus Costa. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linn.) and soft brown scale. dudlei—Pseudococcus, ephedrae—Pseudococcus, erigoni—Erium. gloveri—Lepidosaphes. hesperidum Linn, hymenocleae—Pseudococcus, icteryoides—Pseudococcus, lichtensioides—Erium. longispinus—Pseudococcus ado- nidum. ' maritimns—Pseudococcus, pseudonipae—Pseudococcus, quercus—Pseudococcus, ryani—Pseudococcus, salinas—Pseudococcus, sequoiae—Pseudococcus.284 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 273. Cottony cushion scale on or ange twig.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 285 solani—Pseudococcus. Diaspis boisduvalii Sign, bromeliae (Kern.) cacti—ech i nocacti. carulei Targ. cattley ae— (Coc.) crawii—Aulacaspis. echinocacti (Bouche.) fiorinse—Fiorinia. pentagona—A u I acasp i s. rosse—Au I acasp i s. Dorthesia citri—Pseudococcus. Epidiaspis pyricola (Dei.) Eriococcus adenostomse Ehr. artemisiae Kuw. auricariae Mask, bahiae Ehr. catalinae Ehr. howardii Ehr. neglactus Coc. palmeri Coc. Erium erigoni (Ehr.) lichtensioides (Coc.) Eucalymnatus perforatus—tesseliatus. tessellatus (Sign.) Eulecanium adenoocomae—Lecanium. armeniacum—Lecanium corni. cerasorum (Coc.) crawii—Lecanium corni. Figure 275. Male of Cottony cushion scale. Ischnaspis longirostris (Sign.) Kermes austini Ehr. cockerelii Ehr. galiiformis Ril. nigropunctatus E.&C. rattani Ehr. Lecaniodiaspis pubescens Ehr. rufescens (Coq.) Lecanium adenostomae Kuw. areniacum—corn i. cerasorum—Eulecanium. kermoides—Lecanium quercifex. magnoliarum—Lecanium persi- cae. persi cae—Lecaniunu^ pruinosum—Lecanium. pubescens—Lecanium. quercitronis—Lecanium # $uerci- fex. Exaerotcpus caricis Ehr. Fiorina fiorinae (Targ.) Gossyparia spuria (Mod.) Hemichionaspis aspidistrae Sign. Howardia biclavis (Corns.) Icerya purchasi Mask. Figure 274. The cottony cushion scale. corni Bouche. crawii—corni. hqmisphericum—Sa i sett i a. persicae Fabr. pruinosum Coq. pubescens Ehr. quercifex Fitch, quercitronis—quercifex. tessellatus—Eucalymnatus. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newm.)286 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS.HEMIPTERA APHINA. 287 Figure 278. Purple scale on orange leaf.288 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 279. Purple scale after first molt, and mature female. Figure 280. Pygidium of adult female Purple scale.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 2SD Figure 281 Orange incrusted with Purp’e scale. and ventral portion with legs and moth parts pushed Figure 282. Active larva of purple scale.290 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. concolor (Coc.) gloveri (. ack. newsteadi— (Su I c.) ulmi. (Linn.) Leucaspis cupressi Col. japonicus Coc. kellogi Col. Mytilaspis beckii—Lepidosaphes. concolor—Lepidosaphes. longirostris—Ischnaspjs. newsteadi—Lepidosaphes. pomorum—Lepidosaphes ulmi. ulmi—Lepidosaphes. Nidularia californica—Aclerda. Odontaspis bambusarum Coc. qraminis Brem. Orthesia californica Ehr. insignis Doug. Palaeococcus bridwelli Col. Parlatoria blanchardi (Targ.) pergandii Coc. victrix—blanchardi i. ziziphus Lucas. Pnaenacoccus artemisiae Ehr. bahiae—Ceroputo. colmani Ehr. kuwanas Col. ramonae Ess. simplex King, stachylos Ehr. Phaenacaspis artimesiae Ehr. aucubae (Cool.) chinensis Coc. cockerelli (Cool.) latissima (Coc.) Phenicoccus marlatii Coc. Physokermes concolor Col. insignicola Craw. Figure 284. Pine scale, Physokermes ins ignicola. taxifolia Col. Pinnaspis buxi (Bouche.) Pollinia pollirti (Costa.) Prosapophora rufescens—Lecaniodias- pis. paeoniar- (Coc.) Pseudococcus. 1813. citri. 1869. longispinis anal appendages as long as body. 1889. crawii: citri—antennal joint 2 longer than 7. ryani: crawii—antennal joint 1 longer than 5. aurilanatus: band of yellow wax on back. 1890.ephedrae: crawii—fifth antennal joint four times as long as broad. 1891. iceryoides: with dense ventral cottony cushion. 1898. azaleae: crawii—posterior lateral Aliments nearly as long as anal. 1900. quercus: crawii—body greenish brown, maritimus: crawii et al anal Aliments half as long as body. 1901. sequoise: citri—antennal joint 4 as long as 6. 1902. salinas: crawii—cephalic Aliments present. 1903. dudlei: crawii et al—antennal joint 1 longer than 3.andersonni: crawii et al—antennal joint 2 longer than 4. Pseudaonidia adonidum (Linn.) affinis (Mask.) agrifoliae Es. andersoni (Col.) artemisiae Es. aurilanatus (Mask.) azaliac (Tin.) calceolariae (Mask.) citri (Risso.) IIIEMIFTERA — APHINA. 291 Figure 285. Citrus mealy bug Pseudococcus citri. The two figures on the right show the development of the cottony mass in which the eggs are deposited. Figure 286 Mealy bug on lemons.292 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figrure 287. Mealy bug on oranges. crawii (Coq.) cupressi (Col.) dudlei Col.) ephedrae (Coq.) hymenocleae (Coc.) iceryoides (Mask.) junipari Ehr. longipennis—adonidum. maritimus (Ehr.) obscurus Es. pseudonipae (Coc.) quercus (Ehr.) ryani (Coq.) salinus (Coc.) sequoias (Col.) solan! (Coc.) yuccae—Ceroputa. Pseudolecanium distichllum—Sphaero- coccus. Pulvinaria. Antennal formulae: 1758 vitis 3 4 5 2 8 1 (6 7), (3 5) (2 4) (6 7) 8 1. 1870 flocifera 3 2 4 5 8 (1 6 7). 1873 camelicola 3 2 8 (1 4 5) (6 7). 1892 psidii (3 8) 1 (4 5) (6 7). 1983 bigloviae (2 3) 4 (5 8) (6 7). 1896 amygdah 3 4 8 2 5 (6 7) 1898 rhois 3 (1 2 4) 5 8 6 7. 1901 ehrhorni 3 (4 5) 1 (8 6 7) 1906 plucheae 3 (2 4) 1 5 8 6 7. Pulvinaria amygdali Coc. bigloviae Coc. camelicola Sign, ehrhorni King, innumerabilis—vitis. Ripersia festuc* Kuw. villosa Ehr. Ripersiella kelloggi E.& C. plucheae Ehr. psidii Mask, rhois Ehr. vitis (Linn.) Saisettia. 1782. oleae. 1867. hemisphaericum: dorsal pits not in polygonal areas. Saissetia hemisphericum (Targ.)HEMIFTERA — APFI1NA. 29; Figure 290. Hemispherical scale, Saisse-tia hemisphserica, on leaf of Christmas berry.I I 294 - GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS*. Figure 294. Mature Black scales.HEMIPTERA — APHINA. 295 Figure 295. Black scale on olive. Figure 296. Black scale on twig producng smut on leaves below.296 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 297. The sooty mold fungus. Much enlarged. 1 Mycelium. 2 Conidia. 3 Pyc- nidJa with immature spores. Figure 299 Washing oranges to remove sooty mold fungus which grows in the so-called honeydew from the Black scale. Figure 300. 1 Male of Black scale. 2 Same enlarged, scale. Same magnification as 2. (Opposite page.) 3 Puparia of HemisphericalHEMIPTERA — APHINA. 297298 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 303 Development of the male of the Black scale. 1 Second stage 2 Propu- pa. 3 Pupa. Figure 304. 1 Different stages of Black scale. 2 Young Black scale shortly after settling. 3 Eggs of Rhizobius ventralis under Black scale. 4 Hemispherical scale on left and Black of same size on right. 5 Inverted Black scale with 50 eggs of Scutel- lista. (Opposite page.)HEMIPTERA APHINA. 299300 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 306. Antennae and anal lobes. 1 Saissetia oleae. 2 Lecanium pruinosum. 3 Coccus hesperidum. 4 Lecanium corn!. Figure 307 Photomicrographs of derm pores. 1 Saissetia oleae. 2 Saissetia hem- isphaerica. 3 Lecanium corni. 4 Lecanium. 4 Lecanium pruinosum. 5 Lecanium sp. on Heteromeles. 6 Coccus hesperidum. (Opposite page)HEMIPTERA APHINA. 301302 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 308. First and second stages of un&rmored scale insects. 1 and 4, Sais.sctia olese. 2 and 5 Coccus hesperidum. 3 and 6 JLecanium corni. Sphaerococcus bambusae—Chaetococcus. Vrinsonia stellifera (Westvv.) distichlium (Kuw.) Xerophilaspis proscpidis 'Ccc.) Targionia bigeloviae (Coc.) Xylococcus macrocarpae Col. dearnessi (Coc.) quercus Ehr. THRIP 8 IN A. The thrips have been largely neglected by entomologists until within the last few years. The damage done by the pear thrips first attracted g^eat attention and later the orange thrips and numerous other species haveHEMIPTERA — THRIPSINA. been carefully studied. The most troublesome species are the pear thrips, Physothrips pyri, the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, the greenhouse thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, the orange thrips Physothrips citri, and the grass thrips Frankliniella tritici. A number of species are known to feed on other insects. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Sercothrips: adbomen with a silky lustre due to covering of extremely fine hairs. Physothrips: abdomen with saw-like ovipositor, and antennae eight joinetd Heliothrips and Echinothrips: body reticulate, the latter with prothorax as long as head. Li moth rips: tibiae with a pair of stout spines near the tip. Odontothrips and Franklinella: with prominent spines at front angles of prothorax, the latter with tooth at end of front tibiae. Trichothrips: abdomen without saw-like ovipositor and head about as wide as long. Haplothrips: antennae seven jointed. Thrips: antennae seven jointed. Parenothrips: body reticulate. /Eolothrips: antennae nine jointed. Orothrips: wings with dark cross bands. Erythrothrips: wings with longitudinal bands. Ankothrips: last four abdominal segments not closely united. Licthrips. Megalothrips: head more than twice as long as wide. Hoplo- thrips: with tooth at inner side of front femora. Cephalothrips and Crypto- thrips: wings rudimentary, the latter with spine bearing warts on cheeks. Phloeothrips: cheeks with spine bearing warts. Synopsis:— Moulton, U. S. Ent. Tech. Bulletin 21, Jones, ibid. 23. Eolothrips fasciatus Linn, nasturtii Jones. EOLIOTHRIPIDE. kuwanaii Moul. longiceps Cra.304 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Ankothrips robusta Cra. Erythrothrips arizoniae Moul. Calothrips woodworthii—Heliothrjps Orothrips kelloggi Moul. fasciatus. yosemite—kelloggi. robustus—kuwanai i. THRIPID>E. Figure 311. Work of thrips Euthrips citri on fruit. Anaphothrips albus—Euthrips. striatus—Euthrips. tricolor—Euthrips. zeae—Euthrips. Anthothrips flavipes—Haplothrips. niger—Haplothrips. Aptinothrips rufus Gm. connatticornis—rufus. Echinothrips mexicanus Moul. Euthrips albus—Physothrips. albus (Jones). californicSus—Fr»a;n kl iniella trit- ici. californicus—Odontothrips. uli- cis. citri—Physothrips.HEMIPTERA — THRIPSINA. 305 costalis—Physothrips. ehrhorni—Physothrips. helianthi—Frankliniella longir ostrum—Physothri ps. minutus—Frankliniella. occidentalis—Frankliniella. orchidii—Physothrips. parvus—Physothrips. pyri—Physothrips. striatus (Osb.) tricolor (Moul.) tritici—Frankliniella. ulicis—Odontothrips. zeae (Moul.) Figure 312. Characteristic rings at stem end of small oranges made by thrips. Physothrips citri. Frankliniella 1855 tritici. (11) 1895 occidentalis: pale lemon yellow. 1907 minutus: postocular spines wanting. 1911 helianthi: tritici—not shaded with orange. Frankliniella helianthi (Moul.) tritici (Fitch). minutus (Moul.) Haplothrips flavipes (Jone). occidentalis (Perg.) niger (Osb.) Heliothrips 1833 hsemorrhoidalis. 1895 fasciatus: hind and middle tibiae brown. Heliothrips fasciapennis Hinds. haemorrhoidalis Bouche. fasciatus Perg. Limothrips setariae Jones. Physothrips 1904 pyri. (07) 1907 orchidii: head distinctly wider than long, ehrhorni: (y2) pyri—eyes not pilose. 1909 citri: (11) orchidii—last two antennal segments together only about half as long as the sixth. 1901 parvus: citri—wings shaded brown, albus: (12) citri—color white. 1912 costalis: albus—ring vein conspicuous, longiro&trum: ehrhorni—postocular spines wanting. Physothrips albus (Moul.) citri (Moul.) costalis (Jones), ehrhornii (Moul. longirostrum (Jones), orchidii (Moul.) parvus (Moul ) pyri (Dan.306 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Odontothrips ulicis (Hal) Sericothrips albus Jones, apteris Dan. moultoni Jones, reticulatus Moul. Stanford!I Moul. variabilis Bea. Thrips bremneri Moul femoralis—miscrocephalus. haemorrhoidalis—H e I i ot h r i ps. madronii Moul. magnus Moul. miscrocephalus Jones, (ms.) tabaci Lind, tritici—Euthrips. ul'cis—Euthrips. Parenothrips dracaenae Heeg. Fig-ure 313. The work of Heliothrips hgemonhoidalis on orange leaf. PHLCEOTHRIPID/E. Trichothrips dens Moul. dumosa—ilex, ruber Moul. femoralis Moul. ilex Moul. Hoplothrips corticis Serv. Acanthothrips doanei — Hoplothrips corticis. C ry ptoth r i ps calif ornicus—Leptoth cl ps aspersus. salacis Jones. P^nhalothrips errans Moul. Phloeothrips armiger Jones, jennei Jones. Liothrips fasciculatus Cra. stenoceps—fasciculatus. mcconnellii—Leptoth ri ps sus. Megalothrips hesperus Moul. Leptothrips aspersus Hinds, russelli Mor. asper- PEDICULINA. PEDICULID/E. Hematopinus suis (Linn.) vestimenti Leach. Pediculus capitis DeG. Phthirius inguinalis Leach, suis Hematopinus.ORTHOPTERA The Orthoptera is the first group to leave abundant fossil remains and for this reason has bee considered by some entomologists as the ancestral group of winged insects. They are the first group of insects to become hard bodied which probably explains in part the geological record. The Order was grouped with the Hemiptera by Linnaeus and has been combined with the Pseudoneuroptera by many German entomologists. On the other hand it Figure 314. Diagram showing a series of cockroach wings with fold areas ap- proaching the structure found in the wing of an earwig. has not infrequently been split into two orders and occasionally into several. The peculiar wing structure in the earwigs has occasioned their separation as a separate order tho it has been shown that the cockroaches show an ap- proach and and is doubtless the group from which they arose. The three families of jumping Orthoptera are the more modern branch of the order, the other families fall into two series, the cockroaches and earwigs forming a group distinct from all other Orthoptera. and perhaps representing a different line of descent. SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Acrididae: hind legs enlarged for leaping and antennae shorter than body. 307308 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Locustidae: similar, but antennae long. Gryllidae: feet three-jointed. Blattidae: body flattened. Forficulidae: with forceps at end of body. Phasmidae. Mantidae: front legs greatly enlarged. ACRIDID/E. The migratory members of this family have been known as locusts but the more common name of these insects when not migrating is grass hoppers. Locusts probably rank first of all insect pests. Figure 315. Diagram showing the principle veins in the wing of Acrididae- SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Melanoplus: prothorax spined beneath and metasternal lobes as broad as long. Dracotettix: apical spurs on both sides of hind tibiae. Parapomala, Leptysma ,and Arr.ilia: face very oblique, the first with hind tibiae expanded Figure 316. Structures used in the classification of grasshoppers. apically and the second with head as long as pronotum. Dactylotum: less than nine spines on outer margin of hind tibiae. Bradynotus: wingless. Poecilotettix: no median carina. CEdaleonotus: cerinae interrupted between sulci. Hesperotettix: crest equal on prozona and metazona.. ^oloplus: pronotum narrowest in front of principal sulcus. Triberotropus: pronotal carinae evident, twice intersected, the principal sulcus distinct on sides. Aconia and Heliastes: crest deeply interrupted between sulci, the latter with middle independent vein feeble or wanting.ORTHOPTERA. 309 Hadrotettix: pronotum not crested in front. Daratmena: sides of metazona narrowed beneath. Mestobregma: lateral canthi bending at principal sulcus or absent in front. Circotettix: posterior veins of hind wings swollen in the middle. Conozoa: crest as high as on prozona. Hippiscus: prosternum rough. Schistocerca: prosternum spined. Orphulella: face and vertex angled or the latter with distinct foveas. Gym- nes, Bootetix and Ligurotettix: top of head bent up from pronotum, the last Opeia, Horisodotes and Napaia: antennae triquetrus, the first with inner spurs of hind tibiae unequal, the last with front wings shorter than abdomen two very distinctly so, in the second forming an acute angle with face. Pleotroteittix, Brunneria, Stenobothris, Eupnigodes, Aulocara, Psoessa and Stirapueura: temporae visible from above, the first with face and vertex not meeting in an angle as seen from side, the second and third with temporae more than twice as long as broad, the former with prozona longer than metazona, the fourth with pronotum shorter than head, the fifth with prozona longer than metazona and the last with temporae visible throughout the length. CEonomus and Amphitornus: with a distinct median carina on pro* thorax. Alphia: tibiae red. Telmotettix: pronotum extending to tip of abdomen. Paratettix: vertex not narrowed anteriorly. Tettix and Merotettix: vertex advanced beyond eyes, thelatter with vertex wider than an eye. Arphia. Cortophaga, Chimarocephala and Encoptolophus: interspace be- tween metasternal foramina longer than broad, the first with hind wings bright colored, the second with middle independent vein midway between others and the third with head compressed. Camnuia, Agymnastus and Lep- rus, principal sulcus feeble or wanting on sides of pronotum, the first with pronotal carina conspicuous, the second with wings shorter than abdomen. Lactista: costal margin of wing thickened nearly to tip. Scirtetica, Microtus and Spharagemon: with band on middle of wings, the first with crest feebly intersected, the last with intercalary veirn Acridium alutacea—Schistocerca. borckii—M elanopl us. differentialis—M elanopl us. femurrubrum—M elanopl us. granulatus.—Tettix. shoshone—Schistocerca. vaga—Schistocerca. >Colophus arcuatus—chenopodii. californicus Scud, chenipodii (Brun.) Agynastus ingens (Scud.) Alpha cinera (Brun.) Amphitornus ornatus McN. Antonia integra Scud. Arnilia mexicana (Saus.) Arphia behrensi Saus. hesperiphila Rehn. ramona Rehn. sulphurea (Fabr.) Aulocara ellioti Thom. Bootettix argentatus Brun. Bradynotus obesa (Thom.) referata Scud, satur Scud. Bruneria shastana Scud. Caloptenus atlantis—Melanoplus. collaris—CEdalionotus enigma, femoratus—Melanoplus. femurrubrum—Melanoplus. spretus—Melanoplus. viridis—H esperotettix. Camnuia pellucida (Scud.) Chimarocephala behrensi Saus. brevipennis—Chortophaga.310 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. pacifica (Thom.) Chortophaga brevipennis (Scud.) thallassinus Saus. Circotettix maculatus Scud, occidentalis (Brun.) shastanus Brun. verruculatus (Kirby.) Conozoa behrensi Saus. Encoptolophus pallidus Brun. sordidus—pallidus. Eupnigodes megacephala McN. Gomphocerus pelidna—Orphulella. shastana—Brunneria. Gryllus Carolina—Dissosteira. sulfurea—Arphia. Gymnes punctatus Scud. Figure 317. Common California grasshoppers. A Chimaroeephala pacifica, B. Ar- phia sulphurea. C. Conozoa behrensi. D.Camnula pellucida. E. Dissosteira spurcata. F. Hadrotettix mundus. G. Lactista gibbosus. H. Circotettix shas- tanus. I. Trimerotropis pseudofasciatus. koebelei Brun. rebellis—Trimerotropis. sulcifrons (Scud.) wallula (Scud. Dactylotum variegatum (Scud.) Derotmena delicatulum Scud, saussureanum Scud. DisLosteira monstrosus Brun. plutonius Brun. Hadrotettix mundus Scud. Heliastus aridus (Brun.) californicus (Thom.) minimus (Scud.) Hesperotettix festivus Scud, pacificus Brun. pratensis Scud, viridis (Thom.) Hippiscus aurilegulus Scud.ORTHOPTERA. 311 californicus Scud, calthulus (Saus.) lateritius (Saus.) marmoratus Scud, neglectus (Thom.) paradatis (Saus.) Figure 318. Common California grass- hoppers. A. Bradynotus satur. B CEdal- eonotus enigma. stigmosus Scud, zapotecus (Saus.) Horresidotus cinereus Scud. Lactista gibbosa Saus. Leprus glaucipennis Scud, ingens—Agymnastus. intermedius Saus. Leptysma marginicollis Serv. Ligurotettix coquilletti McN. Locusta verruculata—Circotettix. Figure 319. Common California grassh- opppers. A. Telmatettix aztecum. B. Stenobothris Oregonensis. Mastobregma hyalinum Scud, kiowa (Thom.) rosaceum Scud. Melanoplus ablutus Scud, affinis—devastator. angelicus Scud, ascensus Scud, ater Scud, atlanis (Riley.) “biandus Scud, borckii (Stal.) devastator Scud, cinereus Scud, consanguineus Scud, dealbatus Scud. Figure. 320 Melanoplus devastator, nymph. Figure 321. A short winged adult Mel- anoplus. differentiahs (Uhl.) diminutus Scud, femoratus (Burm.)312 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Wl'A. ius tlhffmiti.iita.i Figure 324. Melanoplus uniformis.,-c f .'O ^ ; ' r A £ f • ; '■' '"/r■ ' * j-p-s • / .•• : - c': tfho-" ■ ' '■■ £/Vv .,,7) " c (/ v ■f hs-iU} CJJJr'V i- J s(/l, & IV uA / “«r J V t 4 . / - - • / ■ e.y ■ ' ' Vv /> A > A / ■ ' ‘ /a, -A.-. *v'\ ..7 i , :. > . , > 7 ORTHOPTERA. 313 femurrubrum (DeG. flavescens Scud, fuscipes McN. gracilipes McN. lepidus Scud, marginatus (Scud.) missionum Scud, nanus Scud, olivaceus Scud, pacificus (Scud.) packardii Scud, phaetaliotiformis Scud, pinctus Scud, rileanus McN. similis Scud, spretus (Uhl.) tenuipes McN. uniformis Scud, various Scud, virgatus McN. Menotettix pristinum Morse. Morsea californica Scud. Microtus nubila Scud. Napaia gracilis McN. Ochrilidea cinerea—Alpha. CEdaleonotus enigma (Scud.) Figure 325. The valley grasshopper, CEdaleonotus enigma. Figure 326. The valley grasshopper, CEdaleonotus enigma. pellucida—Camnula. CEdocaia strangulata—Aulocara elliot- ti. CEonomus altus Scud. OPeia testacea Scud. Opomala marginicoilis—Leptysma. mexicana—Ar n ilia. Orphula tepanica—Orphulella affinis. CEdipoda cincta—Trlmerotropis. kiowa—M estobregma. neglectus—H ippiscus. obliterata—Dissosteira spurcata. occidental! s—C i rco tett i x. paradalinus—H ippiscus. Orphulella affinis Scud, compta Scud, pelidna (Burm.) Paratettix hesperinus—Talmotettix. 314 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 238. Prepairing to use fire again grasshoppers.ORTHOPTERA. 315 mexicanus (Saus.) morsea Han. toltecus Saus. Paropomala calamus Scud, virgatus Scud. Pezotettix atlanis—Melanoplus. borckii—Melanoplus. chenopodii—>Eo I oph us. collaris—CEdaleonotus enigma, enigma—CEdaleonotus. jucundus—CEdalionotusenigma, marginatus—Melanoplus. obesa—Bradynotus. pacificus—Melanoplus. variegatum—Dactylotum. Plectrotettix patriae Scud. Pnigodes megacephala—Eupnigodes. Podisma borkii—Melanoplus. Poecilotettix coccinatus Scud. Psinidia sulcifrons—Conozoa. wallula—Conozoa. Psoloessa maculipennis Scud, texana Scud, hyalina McN. juliana Scud, koebelei Brun. Scirtettix occidental is Brun. Scyllina delicatula—Stiraplura pusilla. Schistocerca alutace^_(Harr.) ~~--uari naLrCcucL* shoshone (Thom.) vaga (Scud.) venusta Scud. Spharagemon venustum (Stal.) Stauronotus elliotti—Aulocara. Stenobothris oregonensis Scud. Stichippus californicus—Hippiscus. Stirapleura decussata Scud, delicatula—pusilla. pusilla Ccud. Telmotettix aztecus Saus. aridus Han. hesperinus Morse. Tettix aztecus—Telmotettix. granulatus (Kirby.) mexicanus—Paratettix. toltecus—Paratettix. Tragocephala brevipennis—Chortopha- ga. pacifica—Chimarocephala. Trimerotropis albescens McN. bifasciata Brun. caeruleipennis Brun. caeruleipes Scud, californica Brun. calignosa McN. cincta (Thom.) conspersa McN. coquilletti McN. cristata McN. fallax Saus. c ferruginea McN. „ stigmosus—Hippiscus?? zapotecus—Hippiscus./ 1 pacifica Brun. /, \ pilosa McN. . / ' porrecta McN. V I pseudofasciata 45cud. rebel is (Saus.) . ^ similis Scud. suffusa—cincta. />■-/ - J tesellata McN. thalassica Brun. variegata McN. V vinculata Scud. Thrincus aridus—Heliastus. C californicus—Heliastus. minimus—Heliastus. Xanthippus aurilegulus—Hippiscus cathulus—H ippiscus. lateritius—Hippiscus. pardalinus—Hippiscus. t. r {, LOCUSTID/E. The Locustidae have been called in some of the books, locusts because of the family name and sometimes grasshoppers because of their grass-green color Most of the males have the wings modified into musical organs and the best known species is called katd-did because of its song and this name has come to be used for the whole group. Many of the California species are wingless and therefore voicless.. Ous largest forms are locally called “potato bug.” SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Stenopelmatus: wingless and withous pulvilli.316 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Ceuthophilus: wingless. Tropidischia: hind tibiae spined on both sides. Gam- haurotettix: front tibiae hollowed out beneath. Prixocnemis and Udeopsylla: palpi short, the last with third joint shorter than fifth. Tropizaspis: with short useless wings and prosternum with two spines. Calcopteris: with short useless wings. Anabrus: front tibiae spined above on both margins. Atelophus: with but one spine above. Clinopleura: with four. Idiostatus: with feeble lateral carinae on thorax. Steiroxys and Idionotus: with carinae well developed and divergent behind in the last. Scudderia. Dichopetata: front coxae unarmed. Arethaea: hind margin of wings sinuate. Platylyra: front wingsas long as hind wings. Figure 329. Common California katydids. A Scuderia furcifera. B. Anabris simplex. C. Ceuthophilus paciflcus Ateloplus notatus. E. Stenopelmatus irregu- laris. Anabrus simplex Ateoplus notatus Scud. Arethaea consuetipes Scud. Calcopteris aequalis Scud. Arytropteris steindachneri—Tropizas- femorata Scud. pis. fuscopunctatus Scud.ORTHOPTERA. 317 Capnobotes brunneri Scud. Dichopetala brevicauda Scud. occidentalis (Thom.) # Gammarotettix bilobatus (Thom.) Ceuthophilus bilobatus—Gamarotettix. californicus—bilobatus. califomicus Scud. Hemiodopsylla californicus Scud, celatus Scud. platiceps S.&P. Figure 331. Clinopleura melanopleura. male. henshawi »cud. pacificus Thom, vincuius Scud. Clinopleura fiavomarninata Scud. melanopleura (Scud.) conocephalus acutalus Scud, mexicanus Saus. Idionotus brunneus Scud. Idiostatus bilineatus (Thom.) hermani (Thom.) Locusta occidentalis. .Capnobotes. Orchelimum agile Deg. Phaneroptera mexicana—Scudderia. Prixocnemis validus Scud.318 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Platylyra californica Scud. Raphidophora xanthostoma—Tropidis- chia. Scudderia furcifera Scud, mexicana (Saus.) Steiroxys bilineatus—Idiostatus. borealis Scud, hermani.. I d I ostatus. melanopleura—CM nopleura. Stenopelmatus californicus Brun. histrio Saus. irregularis Brun. longispina Brun. oculatus Scud, pictus Scud. Tropidischia Xanthostoma (Scud. Tropizaspis castanea Scud, diabolica Scud, ovata Scud, steindachneri (Herm.) Udeopsylla nigra Scud. Xiphidium occidentale Morse, spinosum Morse. GRYLLID>E. The crickets have musical organs on the wings slmliar to those of the Lo- custidae with which family they are very closely allied. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Gryllus. 1775. assimilis. 1838. pensylvanicus: totally black. 1901. intiger, black except wings, vocal is: black except shoulder stripes. Figure 332. Common California crickets. A. Nemobius mexicanus. B. Tridactylus minutus. C. Gryllus vocalis. Gryllus assimilis Fabr. intiger Scud, pennsylvanicus Burm. vocalis Scud. Gryllotalpa cultiger Uhl. Myogryllus sicarius Scud. Myrmecophila formicarium Scud. Nemobius mexicanus Walk. neomexicanus Scud. CEcanthus californicum Walk. Tridactylus apicalis Say. minutus Scud. Figure 333 Front wing of a male crick- et snowing modification as a musical or- gan. MANTID/E. The Mantids are predatory , catching other insects by their greatly devel- oped front legs. Litaneutria obscura Scud. skinneri Rehn. pacifica Scud. Stagmomantis californicus R.& H.ORTHOPTERA. 319 Figure 334. Common California Orthopptera. A. Blatella germanica. B. Sphingo- labis californicus. C. Litaneutria pacifica. PHASMID>£. The Phasmidse includes the walking sticks and the leaf insects of the troc- ics. Only a fev rare species of walking sticks occur in this state. Bacillus coloradus—Parabascillus. truncata Caud. Parabascillus coloradus Scud. Spermyle arhuscula—Pseudospermyle. Pseudcspermyle arhuscula Rehn. Timena californicus Scud. FORFICULID/E. We have one fairly common wingless species ofearwig . Doru linearis (Dorn.) Sphingolabis californica—Doru line- tseniata (Dorn.) arjs. Prolabia arachnis Yer. taeniata—Doru. BLATTID>E. Figure 336. Folding of the wing of a Figure 335. Venation of a cockroach. cockroach. Cockroaches have not been annoyed by cockroaches till the last few years and now only in very limited localities. Blatta orientalis Linn. Blattella germanica (Linn.) germanica—Blattella. Cryptocercus punctulatus Scud.320 iCUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Loboptera americanum Scud Phyllodromia germanica—Blattella. Planchora hyalina Saus. Stylopyga orientalis—Blatta. Figure 387. Venation and method of folding’ ol' the wing- of an earwig. Figure 338. Section across the folded wing of an earwig. The numbers locate the areas shown in figure 337.CORRODENTIA, Under the name Corrodentia are now assembled three very distinct groups evidently closely related but differing so in habits and structure as to seem to many to deserve rank as independent orders. The larger group usually designated as the Mallophaga, the biting bird lice, have very evidently been derived from the Psocina in rather recent times probably coincidently with their hosts. The termites are very ancient and are the only group in the order with abundant fossil remains, the others being of too small size and delicate structure. SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Philopteridae: antennae five-jointed. Liotheidae: antennae concealed, four-jointed. Gyropidse: feet with one claw. Trichodectidse: antennae three-jointed. Termitidae: feet four-jointed. Embiidae: thoracic segments as long as broad Psocidae. Atropidae: no ocelli. PHILOPTERINA. The bird lice are as a rule confined to one or a few related host species. The following list gives the hosts of the California species. Grebe Docophorus lari, pertusus. Menopon tridens Nirmus fuscomarginatus. Loon Docophorus columbinus, graviceps, lari. Lipeurus faralloni. Menopon tridens. Puffin Colpocephalum perplanum. Nirmus paciflcus. Auklet Docophorus acutipectus, atricolor, montereyi. Nirmus maritimus. Murrelet Docophorus atricolor, montereyi. Guillemot Docophorus procax. Nirmus fuscomarginatus, paciflcus. Murre Docophorus calvus. Jaeger Docophorus melanocephalus. Nir- mus triangularis. Lipeurus laculatus. Kittiwake Docophorus lari Nirmus lin- eolatus. Gull Colpocephalum funebri. Docophorus lari. Menopon infrequens. Nirmus felix, lineolatus. Tern Docophorus melanocephalus. Menopon tridens Nirmus hebes, praestans. Albatros Colpocephalum pingue. Eurymetopus brevis. 321322 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Gibelia mirabilis. Lipeurus concinnus, densus, diversus, ferox. Menopon ir- rumpens, navigans. Nirmus giganticola. Fulmar Ancistroma gigas. Docophorus occidentals. Eurymetopus brevis. Lipeurus celer, varius. Menopon numerosum. Nirmus maritimus. Shearwater Ancistroma gigas. Docophorus validus. Eury- metopus brevis. Giebelia mirabilis. Lipeurus diversus, fuliginosus, laculatus, limitatus, testaceus. Menopon paululum, petulans. Nirmus giganticola, pacifi- cus. Cormorant Lipeurus Faralloni, toxoceros. Menopon titan. Pelican Colpo- cephalon unciferum. Lipeurus bifasciatus, furficulatus, toxoceros. Menopon consanguinium, titan. Merganser Docophorus icteroides. Lipeurus squalidus temporalis. Trinoton lituratum, luridum. Duck Docophorus icterodes. Lipeurus constrictus, squalidus. Menopon loomisii. Trinoton lituratum, luridum. Rail Menopon tridens Oncophorus bisetosus. Coot Docophorus graviceps, minuto- trabeculatus, pertusus, quadraticeps. Lsemobothrium atrum. Lipeurus longipi- lus, luridus, picturatus. Menopon tridens. Oncophorus advena, minutus. Phal- arope Nirmus furvus. Sandpiper. Docophorus fusiformis. Nirmus complexivius. Sanderling Colpocephalum spinulosum. Nirmus actophilus, complexivus. God- wit Nirmus cordatus. Plover Colpocephalum timidum. Docophorus fuliginosus. Nirmus opacus. Partridge Goniodes mammillatus Lipeurus docopheroides. Grouse Lipeurus perplexus. Goniodes mammillatus. Ptarmigen Goniodes mam- millatus. Chicken Goniocotes abdominalis. Menopon biseriatum, pallidum. Pheasant Gosiocotes creber. Kite Colpocephalum fllavescens, osborni. Menopon decoratum Nirmus fuscus. Hawk Colpocephalum flavescens. Nirmus fuscus. Eagle Colpocephalum flavescens. Docophorus pictus. Owl Docophorus cursor, rostratus, speotyti. Woodpecker Docophorus californiensis, singularis. Menopon funereum. Sapsucker Docophorus californiensis. Flicker Lipeurus macro- cephalus. Hummingbird Nirmus eustigmus, vulgatus. Physostonum. Kingbird Nirmus fcedus. Flycatcher Docophorus communis, fuscoventralis, rufus. Men- opon distinctum. Nirmus fcedus, vulgatus. Physotomum sucinaaceum. Phoebe Nirmus fcedus. Lark Docophorus communis. Jay Docophorus communis Nirmus vulgatus. Menopon persignatum. Raven Colpocephalum subaequale. Crow Men- opon mesoleucum. Blackbird Docophorus communis. Meadowlark Docophorus communis. Oriole Docophorus Communis. Grosbeak Menopon funereum. Finch Docophorum communis. Menopon incertum. Nirmus vulgatus. Physotomum microcephalum. Longspur Docophorus communisSparrow Docophorus com- munis, Menopon incertum, mcestum. Nirmus latiusculus, vulgatus. Physo- tomum diffusum. Junco Docophorus communis.. Nirmus vulgatus. Songsparrow Colpocephalum chrysophaeum, grandiculum. Docophorus communis. Menopon mcestum. Towhee Colpocephalum grandiculum. Docophorus communis. Nir- mus vulgatus. Cardinal Docophorus communis. Bunting Nirmus vulgatus. Tan- ager Docophorus communis. Swallow Menopon mallens. Nirmus longus. Wax- wing Docophorus communis, incisus. Nirmus brachythorax. Phainopepla Nir- mus fcedus. Shrike Docophorus communis. Nirmus fcedus. Warbler Docophorus communis. Menopon ridulosum. Nirmus vulgatus. Chat Nirmus fcedus. DipperCORROENTIA — PHILOPTERINA. 323 Figure 339. Eggs of Menopon pallidum. Figure 340 A chicken louse Menopon pallidum. The two sexes.324 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Nirmus vulgatus. Thrasher Docophorus communis. Wren Docophorus com- munis, mirus. Menopon distinctus, incertum, malleus. Titmouse Docophorus communis. Chicadee Nirmus vulgatus. Bushtit Colpocephalum fumidum. Men- opon robustum. Robin Docophorus communis. Nirmus vulgatus. Bluebird Do- cophorus Communis, incisus. Fox Trichodectes quadraticeps. Pocket gopher. Trichodectes geomydis. Skunk Trichodectes mephitidis. LIOTHEIDyE. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Menopon: eyes not in hollows. Physotomum: sides of head straight. An> cistrona: length over 5 m.m. Colpocephalum. Trinoton and Laemobothrum: forehead with lateral swels- lings, the last with meso and metathorax fused. Ancistrona gigas Piag. Colpocephalum chrysophaeum Kel. epinulosum Piag. flavescens Nitz. fumidum Kel. funebre Kel. grandiculum Kel. numerosum Kel. osborni Kel. perplanum Kel. pingue Kel. spinulosum Piag. strictum K.&P. subaequale Nitz. ridulosum K.&C. robustum Kel. titian Nitz. timidum Kel. unciferum Kel. Menopon biseriatum Piag. consanguineum Piag. decoratum Kel. distinctum K.&C. funereum K.&C. incertum Kel. infrequens Kel. irrumpens K.&C. loomisii Kel. malleus Nitz. mesoleucum Nitz. moestum K.&C. numerosum Kel. navigans Kel. monstoechum Kel. pacificum—tridens. palulum K.&C. persignatum Kel. petulans K.&C. tridens Nitz. -J-1 V L, Trinoton lituraiiinL Nitz. ' l lUTTBunTjWtz. Laemobothrium atrum Nitz. Physctomum diffusum Kel. microcephalum Kel. prominans K.&C. sucinaceum Kel. TRICHODECTID>E. Trichodectes qeomydia Osb. quadriceps Chap, mephitidis Osb. PHILOPTERIDVC. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Lipeurus: body narrow. Nirmus: antennae alike in both sexes. Oncophor- us: legs short. Docophorus. Eurymetopus, Gonioides and Goniocotes: with antennae un- like in the sexes, the first with the last abdominal segment emarginate, the second with an appendage on third antennal segment. Giebelia: with mem- braneous appendage on forehead. Docophorus acutipectus Kel. californiensis Kel. atricolor Kel. calvus Kel.CORRODENTIA — PHILOPTERINA. 325 Figure 341. Eggs of Goniocotes abdominalis. Figure 342. A chicken louse Goniocotes abdominalis upper and lower view.GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. '.j c jjl m: columbinus Den. ' com mums Nitz. ■.a££UttfiJ£ Nitz. XG-A - rr 1i-sv, - !K'< • I r\ t v' H iV£-*-V A /i < h c.yl ^ - ^liMX i^V'Cl ,>/ ? >>. ’ r ' " r • =■; . e^l 'f • - •’ ^ a ,r * fusiformis Den. fuliginosus Kel. fuscoventralis Osb. gigantula Kel. gravicep8 Kel. jcterodea- Nitz. 'Tnclsus Kel. lara Den. Tangus Kel. melanocephala Burm. mirinotatus K.&C. minis Kel. monachus—pertusus. montereyi Kel. occidentalis Kel. pertusus Nitz. pictus Gieb. S/l j platyrhynchus Nitz procax K. & C. rostratus Nitz. rufus Kel. singulars K.&C. speotyti Osb. validus K.&C. Eurymetopus brevis Duf. Giebelia mlrabilis Kel. Goniocotes abdominalis Piag. creber Kel. Goniodes curvicornis Gieb. mammilatus Rud. Lipeurus californicus—docophoroides. celer Kel. . concinnus Kel. constrictus Kel. densus Kel. diomedia Fabr. diversus Kel. docophoroides Piag. faralloni Kel. ferox Gieb. forficulatus Nitz. fuliginosus Tash. gracilicornis Piag. laculatus Kel. limitatus Kel. longipilis Kel. macrocephalus Kel. perplexus Kel. snodgrassi Kel. squalidus Nitz temporalis Nitz testaceus Tasch. toxocerus Nitz. varius Kel. Nirmus actophilis K.&C. americanus—fuscomarginatus. brachythorax Gieb. complexius K.&C. cordatus Osb. ductilis K.&C. eustigmus Kel. felix Gieb foedus K.&C. fuscomarginatus Den. furvus Nitz. fuscus Nitz. gigantula Kel. hebes Kel. incoenis K.&C. latiusculus K.&C. lineolatus Nitz. longus Kel. maritimus K.&C. opacus K.&C. pacificus Kel. praestans Kel. punctatus Nitz. triangularis Nitz vulgatus Kel. Oncophorus advena Kel. bisetosus Piag. californicus—bisetosus. minutus Nitz. La-'-" TERMITINA. k.. ^ , ^ TERMITID/E. fK. /f; In the tr°P*cs the termites or white ants easily take first place as insect - v\. pests but here in California thes are rarely more than objects of interest be- cause of their habits, particularly the annual flight of the winged forms and the great numbers of discarded wings to be seen at the close of the day. Very little is known of the colony life of our species. One will often findCORRODENTIA TERMITINA. 327 colonies in rotten logs or in the ground. The queen probably lives in the ground as she is never seen in the infested log when that is torn to pieces to study the colony. Figure 343. Diagram of the venation of the white ants. Figure 344. Work of a white ant. Callotermes castaneus Burm. castaneus—Cailotermes. marginipennis Latr. marginipennis—Callotermes. Termes flavipes Kol. Termopsis angusticollis Walk, lucifugus Ros. occidentalis Walk. angusticollis—Termopsis. EMBIID/E. Embia californlca Banks. PSOCINA. ATROPID/E. Leptinotis piceus Mots.328 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. PSOCID/E. Figure 345. Diagram of the venation of the Psocidae- Elipsochus punctatus Banks, x Caecilius aurantiacus Hag. Myopsochus macuiosus Banks. _ clarus Banks. Figure 346. The egg tent of a Psocid. Figure 347 Venation of a Psocid.CORRODENTIA — PSOCINA. 329 Figure 348. Hook on the wing of r. Fsocicl.EPHEMERIDA, The mayflies are not well represented in California. The nymphs are aquatic Their venation shows perhaps the largest number of veins found among insects. In this and the following order the wings are rigidly at- tached to the wing root and the musculation of the thorax is different from that of preceeding orders. EPHEMERIDA. Figure 349 Venation of a mayfly Ameletus exquisitus—Siphlurus. Baetisca obesa Say. Baetis obesa—Baetisca. Callibaetis californicus Banks, hageni—tessellatus. pictus—undulatus. tessellatus Hag. undulatus Piet. Heptagenia nitidus Eat. Iron nitidus—Heptagenia. Leptcphlebia rufivenosus Eat. Siphlurus dissitus Eat. exquisitus Eat. 330EPHEMERIDA. 331 Figure 351. Unusual venations of mayflies.f C-^ -O « ct V v/ ic c- c ' r. 5 / (£ y. f ■ r - , i/ / V1 7; / i //?-: C f" -c £> 7-rx . , * C C J >TA-^3C ^ .' J €> + ■> . £ / / iP-Z'S t i y, ; ._> , — - ■’/ • ‘‘ f &- -L* •«..«. V ,....... ‘ \ ^ 7 \.£c {L* C /! C_r?c 3 ->• v~ Vx > ' rv-^ ' ^ A 1 7 c £j C£— ODONATA. These insects are carnivorous both as young and adults. The nymphs are aquatic and notable on account of the greatly developed under lip, which has become a grasping organ for securing their prey. The adults are famil- iarly known as “dragonflies” “darning needles” “snake feeders or doctors.” There are seven families the last two being sometimes distinguished as dam- selflies SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Agrionidae: eyes hemispherical. Calopterygidae: five or more antecubitals. Libellulidae: antecubitals corresponding. Cordulidae: eyes tubercled be- hind. omphidae. /Cschnidae: eyes approximate. Corduligasteridae: touching at but a single point. , . „ ». c* ' Figure 352. Diagram of the wing of Odo- 'v ’ nata. a. arculus. n. node. n.S. nodal sec- y?r} c tB* sti&ma* t. triangle. - ^ ^ \ tcJD i Figure 353. Diagram of the venation of i i^Pelona odiosa—Llbellula. tA^-Lvtv ( saturata_LibeMu,a. *PL <3U**=ccorrupta (Hag.) ^ i ? flavocosta—mandida. fossil dragonflies. LIBELLULID/E. pulchellaDr. C:\k ' * r 1/ haqeni Cal. -SaaK* h -Ow*. mandida Han. ir™'ry semicincta (Say.) Ujgc'JU^epetrum corruDta—Diplax. " • pu.» cv^forensis—Libellula. Libellula forensis Hag. ■VJf ;, longipennis—Pachydiplax. ^ ' f lydia Dru. ' v ;4'• ?• < 1 - w odiosa Hag N saturataUhl. > f & <- '■ ( f S' ( di€ semicincta—Diplax. simplicicollis—Me«othAry>ift— subornata Hag. Mesothemis collocata— simplicicollis. illcta Haq. longipenni s—Pachy d i p I ax. simplicicollis (Say.) Platythemis subornata—Libellula. trimaculata—Libellula. Pachydiplax longipennis Burm. I - ‘ -k/- [y'J /vTY\Avt A? t ■6 £>—> , O-r. tn Xr&l , 1/ *£ Ut ■ i.332 ty ,7a J 4 - y . \ A~'V\ ' *-\A ^•7 . i: ODONATA. 333 CORDULID^E. Epopthalmia elegans Brau. magnifica Say. Micromia pacifica Hag. >ESCHNID/E. >Cschna californica Hag. constricta Say. juncea (Linn.) validus—walsinghami. walsinghami McL. junius—Anax. Libellula juncea—^Eschna. CORDULEGASTERID/E. Cordulegaster dorsalis Selys. GOMPHID/E. Diastatomma bison—Ophiogomphus. obscurus—Progomphus. Gomphus confraternus Selys. olivaceus Selys. sobrinus Selys. specularis—Octogomphus. Neogomphus specularis—Octogomphus. Octogomphus specularis Selys. Ophiogomphus bison Selys. Progomphus obscurus Ramb. AGRIONID>E. Agrion definum—Ischnura ramburii. exclamationis Selys. ramburii—I sch n u ra. Argia agrioides Calv. vivida Selys. Coenagrion exclamationis—Agrion. Enallagma civile Hag. cyathigerum—robusta. robusta Selys. Erythagrion salvum Hag. Ischnura cervula Selys. defixa—ramburii. erratica Calv. exstriata Calv. perpava Selys. ramburii Selys. Lestes stulta Hag. uncata Kirb. unguiculata Hag. Micronympha cervula—Ischnura. defixa—Ischnura ramburii. Oxyagrion rufulum Hag. Pyrrosoma abbreviata Selys. Figure 354. Agrion, showing figure 8 path of wing as seen from adove and from the side. A. position of wing when ready to fly. B. position of complete rest. C. po- sition of rest with expanded wings. CALOPTERYGIDAE. Calnnteryx maculata. Beau. Euthore fasciata (Salys.) Hetaerina californica Selys. Thore fasciata—Euthore. / / ' ' O'- t l \_ V. O'- a i i vCAia lot {O, l V y- - i (i^.C S'l ■ , \ ' ' / , v" 4^' h r *' *• L * /’ ^ /C I '..U (■ t- > ‘ / • ^ * / / ; • Ct-5 a /” t A-t ; ^ ($--/ v ;- cv r; ;V ^ '.0/4 /334 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 355. Diagram ilustrating the fight of Agrion A. From above, the curved line showing the path of the stig- ma. B. From the side, according to the theory of von Lendenfeldt. C. From the side, according to the theory of Marey.NEUROPTERA. The order Neuroptera is very frequently divided on the basis of meta- morphosis, and the two or three preceding orders have been combined with part or all of the order. Each of the superfamilies is sometimes considered a distinct order. SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Myrmeleonidae: antennae enlarged at tip. Serlcostomatidse: wings clothed with hair. Limnephilidae: legs spiny. Leptoceridae, Rhyacophilidae and Hydropsychidae: male palpi five-jointed, the first two with last joint elongate, the second with the basal joint of antennae long. Chrysopidae: prothorax distinctly wider than long. Hemerobiidae: anten nal joints beadlike. Raphidiidae: prothorax much longer than wide. Panorpidae: mouth at end of long trunk. Sialidae. Perlidae: feet three-jointed. Mantispidae: front legs much en- larged. Coniopterygidae: body and wings covered with a white powder. PHRYGAN1NA. RIACOPHILID/E. Agapetus celatus McL. basalis Banks. Riacophila angeiita Banks. PSYCH OMYI DAE. Tinodes consueta McL. KYDROPSYCHID>E. Diplectrona nigripennis Banks. Hydropsyche californlca Banks. ODONTOCERID>E. Neurophilus californicus Hag. Silo californicus-Neurophilus. plutonius Banks. 335336 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. $ERICOSTOMATID>E. Helicopsyche californicum Banks. nigricula McL. Lopodostoma cinereum BaBnks. Silo californicus Hag. Nosopus podiger McL. cinereus—Lepidostoma. Notidobia griseola McL. C A L AM OC E RAT ID/E. Heteroplectron californicum McL. LIMNEPHILID/E. Limnephilus gravidus Hag. occidentals—designatus. Platyphylax designatus Walk. Figure 356. Venation of the larger Phryganeidse, PANORPINA. PANORPID/E. This family includes the scorpion flies, so called because the abdomen in some cases mimic the sting of a scorpion. The larvae live in the ground and both larvae and adults are carnivorous. Bittacus apterus McL. Boreus californicus Pack, chlorostigma Mcl. HEMEROBINA. CHRYSOr'ID/E. The lace wing flies feed on aphids. The eggs which are laid on long stalks are conspicuous objects on the leaves of aphid infested trees. Eremochrysa californica Banks. gravida Banks. punctinervis McL. marginalis Banks. Chrysopa californica Coq. punctinervis—Eremochrysa. externa Hag. Nothochrysa californica Banks.NEUROPTERA — HEMEROBIINA. 337 Figure 358. Green Lacewing, Chrysopa californica. Figure 359. Brown Lacewing. Hemer- obius paciflcus.338 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. HEMEROBID>e. The larvaB of these insects cover the body with excrement and rubbish. They feed on plantlice. Boriomyia coloradensis Banks. Hemerobius moestus Banks. tutatrix (not California.) Pfjyfttiffchntfft nmctuMut Fahr Sympherobius angustus Banks, pacificusBanks. californicus Banks. MYRMELEONIDyE. These are the antlions or as the children usually call them “doodle bugs” "The larvae make conical pitfalls in the sand and lie buried at the bottom of the burrow till some insect falls in the pit and then they grasp it, pull it under the sand and proceed to suck its blood. Acanthaclisis fallax (Ramb.) Brachynemurus coquilletti Cur. exitalis (Walk.) ferox (Walk.) longipalpus Hag. maculosis BBanks. minusculus Banks, peregrinus—Myrmeleon. quadripunctatus Cur. Dendroleon obsoletum (Say.) CONIOPTERYGIDAE. Small insects with wings covered with a white powder. The larvae feed on the eggs of red spiders, puncturing them and lapping out th contents Coniwentzia hageni Banks. sackeni Hag. Formicalio obsoletum—Dendroleon. Maracandula bellula Banks. Myrmeleon distans Banks. exitialis—Brachynemurus. fallax—Acanthaclisis. ferox—Brachynemurus. immaculatus Dru. peregrinus (Hag.) Figure 361. Conventzia hageni, Eggs, larva, pupa. ’ ° NIANTISPID/E. Carnivorous insects living on vegetation and capturing rather large prey. Symphasis signata Hag. "... * • * W -P \ ■ 1 r4'~ NEUROPTERA — HEMEROBIINA. 339 RAPHID.ID/E. These insects are carnivorous, living in the ground as larvae and in the grass as adults. Inocellia hageni Alb. astuta Banks, inflata Hag. distincta Banks, longicornis Alb. oblita Hag. Raphidia adnixa Hag. occulata Banks. Figure 364. Conventzia hageni. Mouth- Figure 363. Conventzia hageni. Mouth- parts oi* adult. parts of larva.340 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. S!ALID>E. The larvae are aquatic and carnivorous. Chauliodes californicus Walk. Sialis fuliginosa Piet, disjunctus Walk. infumai* NA\A/iri- minimu8 Dav. nevadensls Dav. PERLINA. PERLID/E. Aquatic insects in their early life living beneath stones, etc., at the bottom of streams and ponds and feeding on decaying vegetable matter. Alloperla continua Banks. concolor Banks. Dictyopteryx signata Hag. Pteronarchus californicus Newp. Perla californica Banks. • proteus Newm.APTERA. The members of this order are mostly insects of very small size living in damp situations and feeding on decaying vegetable matter. SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. Entomobriidae: abdomen with ventral tube on first segment. Lipuridae: legs very short. Smynthuridae: segments of abdomen obscure. Lepismidae. Campodeidae: middle tail feeble or wanting. Machflidae: outer tails shorter. Japygidae: with pincers instead of tails. SMYNTHURID>E. Papirus maculosus Sch. luteus Lub. Smynthurus albipes Sch. niger—albipes. eisenii Sch. plicatus Cch. LIPURID/E. This family includes the smallest members of the order. They often become extremely abundant in the soil and after rains are often found float- ing on pools as a film completly covering the surface. Achorutes armatus Nic. Lipeura inermis Tull. viaticus (Linn.) Xendlia maritimus (Fabr.) ENTOMOBRMD/E. These are very common insects found most frequently at the surface of the ground under stones, fallen leaves, etc., particularly in moist situations. On cloudy days they may often be seen abundantly running over leaves of grass and other plants. In greenhouses and damp gardens they sometimes become real pests, gnawing off the surface preference for the petals of flowers. Podura maritimus—Xenella. viaticus—Achorutes. Degeeria marginata—Entomobria. multifasciata—Entomobria. Drepanura californica Sch. Entomobria atrocincta Sch. binoculata Sch. coeca Sch. curviseta Bro. of the leaves and showing a decided marginata (Tul.) multifasciata (Tul.) nivalis (Linn.) sexoculata Sch. Isotoma balteata—paiustris. fimetaria (Linn.) lacustris Sch. palustris (Mul.) viridis (Mul.) 341342 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Orchesella rufescens (Linn.) Podura fimitaria—Isotoma. nivalis—Entomobria. palustris—1 sotoma. rufescens—Orchasella. viridis—Isotcma. S'era purpurea Sch. Templetonia quadroculata Sch, Tomccerus niger Bour. Evalljapyx diversipleura sil. propinquus Sil. JAPYGID/E. Japyx diversiunguis Sil. Machilis aurantiacus Sch. MACHILID/E. lepisma reticulata Sch. LEPISMIDyE. CAMPODIDyE, Campodea staphylinus Westw.APPENDIX. The preceding pages deal very largely with the classification of insects. To the majority of students the identification of an insect is simply for the purpose or finding the literature of the insect in question. The science of entomology is much broader. Below will be found suggestions and helps for the study of insects from a somewhat broader view point. COLLECTING INSECTS. Every student in entomology is urged to make a collection of insects, both for the purpose of securing material for the study of classification which every one should understand, and for the purpose of securing first hand information concerning their habits and mode of life. One will find insects almost everywhere, and many can be secured and preserved without the use of any special equipment. Papers for holding insects are usually folded into 343344 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. triangles as follows: For the larger Lepidoptera and Odonata use a piece Of paper the shape and size of a page of this book, folding it obliquely across the middle, doubling over the projecting ends and turning the corners over again making a triangular envelope. One side is now opened, the insect inserted and then it is closed up again and the two acute angles are twisted over and pinched together effectively sealing the envelope. For most butter- flies and other insects a sheet of paper a half, a quarter or even an eighth the size if this page would be used. Insects liable to injure themselves in the paper may be killed by a drop of gasolene, benzine, chloroform or ether which will soak thru the paper, or the envelope may be held for a moment over a flame, heat being very quickly fatal to all insects. The common gelatin to be had at any drug store is one of the most satisfactory containers for specimens of insects and should be regularly carried in the pockets of every collector. On collecting trips a net and a cyanide bottle are almost always carried by insect collectors. A butterfly net is usually made of mosquito netting or some similar fabric, made bag-shaped and two or three times as deep as the diameter. The best nets for sweeping and general collecting is a conical bag about a foot in diameter and a foot and a half to two feet deepr A special shallow net, preferably of wirecloth. Electric lights or any kind of this net is an extension at the tip of the bag to hold a quarter pound paper bag, a narrow sleeve on the inside fits into the paper bag and the insects are driven into this bag by the motion of the net. The paper bags are replaced as fast as they are filled and the insects brought in alive or placed bag and all in a large cyanide jar. The particular advantage of this net is the good condition of the insects even when captured in wet grass. The net hoop may be made by bending a piece of wire into a hoop, the two ends being bent out at right angles so as to lie adjacent and parallel with each other. These ends are then inserted into the small end of a six-inch tin ferrule and soldered fast. This ferrule may serve as a handle or fitted over the end of a handle and held in place by a tack. The cyanide bottle is by far the most convenient means of killing insects for the collection. A wide-mouthed bottle with an easily removed cork is charged with a small lump of cyanide, the vapor given off from which quickly kills any insect which may be enclosed. The cyanide may be covered with wet plaster of paris, which sets at once holding the cyanide in place and preventing the insects from coming into direct contact with the poison, which might discolor them. The plaster may be put into the bottle dry and water added carefully so as to wet only a thin layer of the plaster, tamping it so as to leave no cavities. This dries quicker and is more easily removed when it is desired to recharge a bottle. In either case the bottle must be thoroly dried before using and redried if it becomes wet, otherwise the specimens may be injured. Another method preferred byAPPENDIX. 345 some is to cover the cyanide with sawdust, excelsior, cotton, crumpled paper or any material which will absorb the moisture and hold the cyanide in place, and cover with a piece of cardboard cut so as to fit tight in the bottle. To insure its holding in position, some fasten the edges with shellac or^eollodion or some other material not affected with moisture. The use of the sweep net is the most prolific method of collecting. The method of sweeping is simply to swing the net back and forth so that the open mouth will strike across the tops of the grass or other plants. The end of the net quickly fills with rubbish in which a large assortment of insects will be found. They are usually not sorted out until after the insects are killed. Flowers of many kinds furnish a rich source for specimens. One can use a net or catch many by hand or with a cyanide bottle. Under boards and stones and under the bark of logs and stumps are the richest places for hand collecting. Collecting in the water is often very prolific but requires a special shallow net, preferably of mirecloth. Electric lights or any kind of light is attractive to many insects that fly on warm evenings, and bait of molasses mixed with beer or other alcoholic liquor is also very attractive to night flying insects and is often made use of by insect collectors.. REARING INSECTS. Figure 358. Paper box and lamp chimney cage. The following out of the life history of insects requires the use of a cage. Cages may be made of all manner of shapes and sizes. Jelly glasses and chim- neys of lamps or lanterns are very largely used. Some prefer paper boxes because the air never deposits moisture on the sides. It is distinctly best to keep the insects separate or with very few together and to use new or steril-346 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Figure 359. Bag cages on tree. Figure 360. Cover glass cages on orange.APPENDIX. 347 ized cages, because insects are sometimes subject to contagious diseases which are very fatal, Figure 361. General view of an insetary. Where practical a good plan is to cage the insect under rormal conditions as for instance on its food plant. It is usually more convenient to assemble the insects being experimented with in one place, the insectary. MOUNTING INSECTS. All large insects should be pinned, using insect pins which should be In-348 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. serted in the thorax to the right of the median line and should emerge, in most cases between the middle and hind legs. One fourth of the length of the pin should be above the insect. See that dirt that might render the study of the specimen difficult is re- moved. If the legs are retracted extend them and if the legs or antennae are unusually long bring them up towards the body so that they may be in less danger of being broken off. Pull out the tongue in the case of bees that the palpi may be seen. It is generally desirable to attempt to deter- mine any unknown insect at pinning time to learn what parts must be studied so that care may be taken to keep these exposed. Small insects may be mounted by gluing them to the point of paper tri- angles These should be not over 1 c.m. long nor over 2 m.m. wide at base. The under part of the left side just above the legs should receive the triangle point, the insect being at right angles to the triangle. Before beginning to mount a quantity of triangles should be cut and pinned ready for use. Velvet mounts are undoubtedly the most convenient method for small in- sects. Cut white velvet into pieces one inch by three, lay a piece on a microscope slide pile up, arrange the specimens on the velvet and then lay another slide over them fastening the ends with gummed labels. Mount many specimens of each kind, both side up, and see that all significant structures are exposed. Other specimens may be added by breaking the seal at one end and carefully lifting the upper glass. DRAWING. The only way to effectively study complicated structures ia by drawing them, and the first thing a student should learn is to draw accurately. Ac- curacy in drawing is almost wholly a question of learning to see and appreci- ate proportions. One sees the detail and if a feature of the detail is drawn first it will almost invariably be out of proportion. It will not look right but one is at loss to see wherein it fails to correctly interpret the object. To draw a grasshopper side view for instance proceed as follows: 1st Decide and mark on the paper the total length of body. 2nd Draw the dorsal line locating the proportion the head, prothorax and ely- tra contribute to this line. 3rd Locate the main ventral line, comparing the width of the thorax with the dorsal length of the prothorax. 4th Locate the hind leg noting tne position of the base by its direction from the hind angle of the pronotum, the angle at which it crosses the dorsal line, the length as compared with the elytra, and by the direction the tip of the leg lies from the tip of the wing. 5th Locate the divisions between the abdominal segments. 6th Now proceed to work in the detail, locating the minor points as needed in the same manner as above.APPENDIX. 349 The above directions are sufficient for copying a drawing or for drawing a flat object but where the object has much depth, unless one be already a trained artist he should draw comparison sketches. Comparison sketches are made of the same size but from a point of viev ninety degrees apart. They are drawn in the manner just described, and com- pared by meanm of a series of parallel lines. Every point in each drawing should compare with the corresponding point in two adjacent figures. When comparison drawings fail to agree the one in which the object is seen most nearly perpendicularly is likely to be the more accurate. In any case a careful inspection should show which drawing needs to be changed. USE OF HAND LENS. Insects are so small that the use of a magnifier is essential in their study and every student should be provided with a good pocket magnifier. A % inch (18 m.m.) or a % inch coddington is recommended as a good quality cheap lens and a triplet where one wants the best lens available. The fractional designation of lenses indicates the magnification. The normal focus of the eye is assumed to be ten inches (250 m.m.) and a lense that magnifies twenty times is called a Mt inch lens because the lens causes the rays from the object to enter the eye as tho the object were but half an inch away, the pupil remaining adjusted for the normal ten inch vision. In selecting a lens avoid any showing serious aberration. Aberration is of two kinds, chromatic and spherical. Chromatic aberration may be detected by first putting the lens very close to a printed page and slowly withdrawing it. As the letters begin to lose their distinctness, more or less color will be seen around them. A lens should be rejected if these rainbow colors are very pronounced. Spherical aberration may be seen when the lens is removed still further from the page when the letters will appear distinct again but small and upside down. If the lines are straight and not closer together at the ends the lense is of good quality in this respect. The most important thing in the use of a lens is to see that the point at which one desires to look is in the light. Do not allow the head or the lens to throw a shadow on that which you are endeavoring to examine. The next most important thing is to hold all steady. The best plan is to lay the two hands against each other, one holding the object, the other the lens and bring the cheek against the hand with the eye as close to the lense as possible. USE OF MICROSCOPE. A microscope provides for the use of higher magnification than a hand lense by provisions for better illumination of the object and for greater steadimess. The object is usually so prepairer that light can pass thru the tissue, and it rests on a stage, the lenses being brought into focus by a screw adjustment. In using a microscope observe the following points.350 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 1. See that the slide containing the object is clean, and free from dust and then lay it on the stage of the microscope. 2. Look down the tube and manipulate the mirror till securing the strongest light. If the field is cloudy revolve the eyepiece so as to locate the dirt. 3. Move the object as nearly as possible to position and lower the tube of the microscope till the objective is as close or closer than the focus, doing this with the eye almost on the level of the stage. 4. Bring the eye to the tube again and turn the focusing screw up (never down) till the object comes into view. If the instrument needs cleaning bring the fact to the attention of the in- structor rather than to try to clean it yourself; however the method of cleaning follows: (a.) brush off all dust. (b.) moisten lens with the breath and wipe gently with a clean cloth. (c.) if these means fail slightly moisten a a cloth with a drop of alcohol and apply carefully. MICROSCOPICAL MOUNTS. Microscopical slides are usually made with an aqueous medium or with balsam. Aqueous media are water, sugar solution, mucilage or glycerine jelly. To make these mounts permanent they must be sealed. One of the best method of sealing an aqueous mount is to first mount the preparation between two coverglasses, one much smaller than the other. Now place a drop of balsam on a slide and lay the mount small cover down in the balsam. Balsam mounts require the removal of the water from the specimen which is usually accomplished by the use of alcohol. The alcohol is then replaced by an oil which in turn is largely replaced by the balsam. The oils most used are xylol, turpentine, clove oil and cedar oil. Carbolic acid is sometimes added to the turpentine. When the object is dry it can be placed at once in the oil or even directly into the balsam. SECTIONING INSECTS. For the most careful study of the structure of insects sections are cut bu the use of a microtome. The following method gives good results: 1. Place the specimens in a two dram hoho vial, not filling it more than a tenth full, and kill by filling with boiling water. 2. Harden tissues with alcohol pouring off % the water and adding alcohol. In half an hour pour off a third and add as much alcohol. An hour later % and the next day put in fresh strong alcohol. 3. Remove the alcohol by soaking a few minutes in oil of cloves and then Diace in melted parafine (56 degree.) one or two days, when it is ready to cut.APPENDIX. 351 METRIC EQUIVALENTS. Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometers. 5—41 59 77 95 113 131 149 167 185 203 0 — 32 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 176 194 212 Fahrenheit. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Centigrade. .5* 1.1‘ 1.6* 2.2* 2.7* 3.3* 3.8* 4,4* 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 Weights. Apothecaries — grain 20 scruple 3 dram 8 ounce 12 pound. Avoirdupois — dram 16 ounce 16 pound 2000 ton. Troy — grain 24 pennyweight 20 ounce 12 pound. 9 * * * 0 * 9 6 9*8 8 8 9 L 6 l 6 6 =’■§«! *!U *!|2 fil|2 9 2 6 9 6 1*2 9 6*8 *801 If H 8 9 8 A 8 2 \r 6 L 8 8 S!I2 X 9 S 9 X I* !1 In?« 2 0 4 6 7 9 2 7 4 15 1 3 8 3 2 0 6 0 14 Linear Measure.A Pounds Avoir. Troy & Apoth. Ounces Avoir. Troy & Apoth. Drchm Avoir. Apoth. Pennyweight Troy Scruple Apoth. Grain Troy & Apoth / 6 6 8 9 Sli , .i. *> , 6 ea p-H "*■* u—I ® O "fcj SOQ E 6 2 8 6 0 9 Ti.® 2 l 6 2 0 9II1 9 8 8 4 0 l l elll 0 9 3 6 2 3 % a p j 3 2 8 0 8 6 9 * ° ;3 9 3 7 0 4 3 1 3 8 Mile. 5 6 Rod. 1 4 Yard. 3 3 Foot. 9 6 Inch. Square Measure. Square measure — sq. inch 144 sq. foot 9 sq. yard 31% sq. rol 160 acre 640 sq. mile 2 2 * 2 * X a 'O d* co 0 l 1 X 0 9 X X 5! « .a j £ £ ± .i o-3 8 §◄ 8 & 9 9, L 9 glljj l X * |2 3 9 2 0 3 8 2 7 2 3 6 9 6 1 1 5 0 6 6 4 1 0 3 5 5 3 0 9 1 1 7 0 X 6 9 9 0 8 X 9 2 8111 1 10 7 5 0 0 3 8 4 3 8 2 0 0 3 5 6 9 Square mile. Acre. Square rod. Square yard. Squarefoot. Sq.inch352 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. Cubic Measure. Cubic measure — cubic inch 1728 cubic foot 27 cubic yard. Dry measure — pint 2 quart 4 gallon 2 peck 4 bushel. Fluid measure — minim 60 dram 16 ounce 4 gill 4 pint 2 quart 4 gallon. O §OP 6 , , .a , h .. O CO •«-* -*•* .JL 71-1 cS •*-* ’ T" s6q I 9 I xl! lS 6 0 2 5 4 1 9 5 2 Minum. 1 8 8 xl 7 2 1 2 9 9 0 4 6 4 Imperial. c I f 8 xl I5 4 0 7 8 3 8 7 2 Dram. f 6 0 z 31 I* 5 0 8 1 1 9 0 4 Imperial. 9 9 z 8 9 X 6 1 0 2 5 3 4 6 Cu. inch. 5 f 9 f 6 z 3 3 7 9 8 9 » 2 Fluid ounce I X 9 8 Q 8 2 8 1 7 5 7 4 4 Imperial. 8 l 9 8 L X X 8 4 4 9 7 4 8 Gill. f f 0 f X f X 7 0 4 3 9 3 6 Imperial. Z I 8 f X l f 2 1 1 2 4 3 7 Pint. 9 6 L 9 8 f 9 1 8 1 5 9 2 6 Dry. 6 l X 9 9 9 9 1 7 6 0 9 8 4 Imperial. 9 Z 9 8 Z f 6 1 0 5 6 7 1 8 Quart. 8 9 8 Z X 8 X X 9 0 7 9 6 8 Dry. 8 6 9 X L 6 0 X 8 8 0 4 9 2 Imperial. 9 6 0 6 0 X 9 8 2 6 4 1 8 0 Gallon. f 8 9 9 X z 9 8 2 2 0 1 2 6 Imperial. I f l Z l L l 8 1 3 2 0 9 0 Peck. f f 0 f z z 8 gll3 5 3 i 6 Cubic foot. f 9 6 0 6 0 X 9 all* 8 3 7 4 Bushel. 8 f 8 9 9 X z 9 all* 7 5 1 6 Imperial. 0 8 X 6 * 8 L X 9 ill1 3 2 9 Cubic yard. TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS. Many of the terms used in describing the parts of insects are derived from the latin and have not come into common use in general literature. The following are among those most used: Shape. —Arcuate, curved. Attenuate, much narrowed. Clavate, club- shaped. Cordate, heart-shaped. Cuneate, wedge-shaped. Emarginate, edge with a large blunt incision. Falcate sickle-shaped, 'incrassate, swollen. Lanceolate, lance-shaped. Lobate, with rounded portions produced by deep im- cisions. Lunate, moon-schaped. Mucronate, ending abruptly in a sharp point. Quadrate, square. Reniform, kidney-shaped. Rotundate, round. Sinuate, edge strongly wavy. Spatulate, spatula-shaped. Subulate, awl-shaped. Tri-APPENDIX. 353 quetral, three-sided. Truncate, appearing as if cut off. Tumid, swollen. Surface.— Canaliculate, with a broad central furrow. Ciliate, fringed with hairs. Coreaceous, leathery. Corneous, horny. Fasciculate, with bundles of long hair. Glabrous, smooth, free from hairs. Muricate, covered with small sharp-pointed elevations. Pilose, with abundant rather short erect hair. Por- cate, with very broad and deep grooves. Pubescent, with very fine hairs. Ru- gose, with wrinkles. Scabrous, covered with broad flat scales. Striate, with fine parallel impressions. Sulcate, with rather large grooves. Tesselate, checkered. Tomentose, with long tangled hairs. Ventricose, greatly swollen. Verrucose, warty. Villose, with long erect hairs. Colors.—^neus, bronze colored. Brunneus, a pure bright brown. .Castan- eus, chestnut-brown. Cinereus, dark gray. Cupreus, copper colored. Ferrens, iron gray, Ferrugineus, rust red. Fuliginus, soot brown. Fulvus, light brown. Fuscus, dull dark brown. Glaucus, a bright blue inclined to gray. Livid, a pale yellow. Lurid, a dirty yellow inclining to brown. Luteus, clay yellow. Piceus, pitchy black. Pruinose, covered with a whitish bloom. Sanguineus, blood red. Testaceus, dull yellowish brown; FOUR PLACE LOGARITHM TABLE. The following table of logarithms is designed for rapid percentage determin- ations. Relative abundance of insects should be given in per cents. The use of such tables is so well understood that no explanations will be necessary. This table of logarithms differs from others as follows:— 1st. The use of antilogarithms avoids the inaccuracy of the zero end of the table. 2nd. tions. 3rd. The arrangement in columns, the spacing, and the position of the difference columns, are calculated to lessen the danger of error in reading The use of five digits avoids inaccuracy in the fourth place in interpola- aud to contribute to rapidity of work. 63347 64345 10 448 10 444 20 548 20 542 30 649 29 640 40 749 39 738 50 849 49 836 949 933 048 031 147 128 246 225 3 4 65321 66276 67210 68124 69020 10 418 9 370 9 302 9 215 9 108 19 514 19 464 18 394 18 305 18 197 29 610 28 558 27 486 27 395 26 285 39 706 37 652 37 578 36 485 35 373 48 801 47 745 46 669 45 574 44 461 896 839 761 664 548 992 932 852 753 636 087 025 943 842 723 181 117 034 931 S10 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 1 1 2 2354 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 69897 70757 71600 72428 73239 74036 74819 75587 76343 77085 5 9 984 8 842 8 684 8 509 8 320 8 115 8 896 8 664 7 418 7 159 17 070 17 927 17 767 16 591 16 400 16 194 15 974 15 740 15 492 15 232 24 157 25 012 25 850 24 673 24 480 23 273 23 051 23 815 22 567.22 305 34 243 34 096 33 933 32 754 32 560 31 351 31 128 30 891 30 641 29 379 43 329 42 181 41 016 41 835 40 640 39 429 38 205 38 967 37 716 37 452 415 265 099 916 719 507 282 042 790 525 501 349 181 997 799 586 358 118 864 570 586 433 263 078 878 663 435 193 938 670 672 517 346 159 957 741 511 268 012 743 6 77815 78533 79239 79934 80618 81291 81954 82607 83251 83885 6 7 887 7 604 7 309 7 003 7 686 7 358 7 020 7 672 6 315 6 948 14 960 14 675 14 379 14 072 14 754 13 425 13 086 13 737 13 378 12 Oil 22 032 21 746 21 449 21 140 20 821 20 491 20 151 19 802 19 442 19 073 29 104 28 817 28 518 27 209 27 889 27 558 26 217 26 866 21 506 25 136 36 176 35 888 35 588 34 277 34 956 33 624 33 282 32 930 32 569 31 198 217 958 657 346 023 690 347 995 632 261 319 029 727 414 090 757 413 059 696 323 390 099 796 482 158 823 478 123 759 386 462 169 865 550 224 889 543 187 822 448 7 84510 85126 85733 86332 86923 87506 88081 88649 89209 89763 7 6 572 6 187 8 794 6 392 6 982 6 564 6 138 6 705 7 265 5 818 12 634 12 248 12 00 12 451 12 ! 040 i 12 ! 632 ; li . 196 11 762 11321 11 873 18 696 18 309 18 914 18 510 17 099 17 680 17 252 17 818 17 376 16 927 25 757 24 370 24 974 24 570 23 157 23 737 23 309 22 874 22 432 22 982 31 819 30 431 30 034 30 629 29 216 29 795 28 366 28 930 28 487 27 037 880 491 094 688 274 852 423 986 542 091 942 552 153 747 332 910 480 042 597 146 003 612 213 806 390 967 536 098 653 2)0 065 673 273 864 448 024 593 154 708 255 8 90309 90849 91381 91908 92428 92942 93450 93952 94448 94939 8 5 363 5 902 5 434 5 960 5 480 5 993 5 500 5 002 5 498 5 988 11 417 11 956 11 487 10 012 10 531 10 044 10 551 10 052 10 547 10 036 16 472 16 009 16 540 16 065 15 583 15 095 15 601 15 101 15 596 15 085 22 526 21 062 21 593 21 117 21 634 20 146 20 651 20 151 20 645 19 134 27 580 27 116 26 645 26 169 26 686 25 197 25 702 25 201 25 694 24 182 634 169 698 221 737 247 752 250 743 231 687 222 751 273 788 298 802 300 792 279 741 275 803 324 840 349 852 349 841 328 795 328 855 376 891 399 902 399 890 376 9 95424 95904 96379 96848 97313 97772 98227 98677 99123 99563 9 5 472 5 952 5 426 5 895 5 359 5 818 5 272 4 722 4 167 4 607 10 521 10 999 9 473 9 942 9 405 9 864 9 318 9 767 9 211 9 651 14 569 14 047 14 520 14 988 14 451 14 909 14 363 13 811 13 255 13 695 19 617 19 095 19 567 19 035 18 497 18 955 18 408 18 856 18 300 17 739 24 665 24 142 24 614 23 081 23 543 23 .000 23 453 22 900 22 344 22 782 713 190 661 128 589 046 498 945 388 826 761 237 708 174 635 091 543 989 432 870 809 284 755 220 681 137 588 034 476 913 856 332 802 267 727 182 632 078 520 957 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 APPENDIX. 355 ANTI-LOGARITHMS. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 10000 10233 10471 10715 10965 11220 11482 11749 12023 12303 0 2 023 2 257 2 495 2 740 3 990 3 246 3 508 3 776 3 050 3 331 5 046 5 280 5 520 5 765 5 015 5 272 5 535 5 803 5 078 6 359 7 069 7 304 7 544 7 789 8 041 8 298 8 561 8 830 8 106 9 388 9 093 10 328 10 568 10 814 10 066 10 324 11 588 11 858 11 134 11 417 12 116 12 351 12 593 12 839 13 092 13 350 13 614 14 885 14 162 14 445 139 375 617 864 117 376 641 912 190 474 162 399 641 889 143 402 668 940 218 503 186 423 641 914 169 429 695 967 246 531 209 447 691 940 194 455 722 995 274 560 1 12589 12882 13183 13490 13804 14125 14454 14791 15136 15488 1 3 618 3 912 3 213 3 521 3 836 3 158 3 488 3 825 4 171 4 524 6 647 6 942 6 243 6 552 6 868 7 191 7 521 7 859 7 205 7 560 * 9 677 9 972 9 274 9 583 10 900 10 223 10 555 10 894 11 241 11 596 12 706 12 002 12 305 13 614 13 932 13 256 13 588 14 928 16 276 19 631 15 735 15 032 15 335 16 646 16 964 16 289 17 622 17 962 18 311 18 688 764 062 366 677 996 322 655 997 346 704 794 092 397 709 028 355 689 031 382 740 823 122 428 740 060 388 723 066 417 776 853 152 459 772 093 421 757 101 453 812 2 15849 16218 16596 16982 17378 17783 18197 18621 19055 19498 2 4 885 4 255 4 634 4 022 4 418 4 824 4 239 4 664 4 099 5 543 7 922 8 293 8 672 8 061 8 458 8 865 8 281 9 707 9 143 9 588 11 922 11 331 12 711 12 100 12 498 12 906 13 323 13 750 13 187 14 634 15 996 15 368 15 749 16 140 16 539 17 947 17 365 17 793 18 231 18 679 18 032 19 406 19 788 20 179 20 579 21 989 21 408 22 836 22 275 22 724 069 444 827 219 620 030 450 880 320 770 106 482 866 258 660 072 493 923 364 815 144 520 904 298 701 113 535 967 409 861 181 588 943 338 742 155 578 Oil 454 907 3 19953 20417 20893 21380 21878 22387 22909 23442 23988 24547 3 5 999 5 464 5 941 5 429 5 928 5 439 5 962 5 496 6 044 6 604 9 045 10 512 10 989 10 478 10 979 10 491 11 014 11 550 11 099 11 660 14 091 14 559 15 038 15 528 15 029 16 542 16 087 16 605 17 155 17 717 19 137 19 606 19 086 20 577 20 080 21 594 21 121 22 659 22 210 23 774 23 184 24 654 24 135 25 627 25 131 26 646 27 174 27 714 27 266 28 831 230 701 184 677 182 699 227 768 322 889 277 749 232 727 233 751 281 823 378 946 324 797 281 777 284 803 335 878 434 003 370 845 330 827 336 856 388 933 491 061 4 25119 25704 26303 26915 27542 28184 28840 29512 30200 30903 4 6 177 6 763 6 363 6 977 6 606 7 249 7 907 7 580 7 269 7 974 12 235 12 823 12 424 13 040 13 659 13 314 13 973 14 648 14 339 14 046 18 293 18 882 18 485 19 102 19 733 20 379 20 040 21 717 21 409 22 117 23 351 24 942 24 546 25 164 26 797 27 445 27 107 28 785 28 479 29 189 29 410 30 002 31 607 31 227 32 861 33 510 34 174 34 854 35 549 36 261 468 062 669 290 925 576 242 923 620 333 527 122 730 353 990 642 309 992 690 405 586 182 792 416 054 708 377 061 761 477 645 242 853 479 119 774 444 130 832 550 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9356 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 0 !l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 31623 32359 33113 33884 34674 35481 36308 37154 38019 38905 7 696 8 434 8 189 8 963 8 754 8 563 8 392 9 239 9 107 9 99^ 15 769 15 509 15 266 16.041 16 834 17 645 17 475 17 325 18 194 18 084 23 842 23 584 23 343 24 119 24 914 25 727 25 559 26 411 27 282 27 174 29 915 30 659 31 420 32 198. 32 995 33 810 34 644 35 497 35 371 36 264 38 989 38 734 39 497 40 277 40 075 41 892 42 728 43 584 49 459 45 355 063 810 574 356 156 975 813 670 584 446 137 885 651 435 237 058 898 757 637 537 rll 961 729 514 318 141 983 844 726 628 285 037 806 594 400 224 068 932 81i> 719 6 39811 40738 41687 42658 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 902 9 832 10 783 10 756 19 994 19 926 19 879 20 855 28 087 28 020 29 976 60 954 37 179 38 115 39 073 40 053 46 272 47 210 49 170 50 152 365 305 267 251 458 400 364 351 551 495 462 451 644 591 560 551 0 1 2 * 3 A plan for indexing notes or books is given below. A few examples will render the use of these tables clear. This book would be indicated by In—choCal which would mean a catalogue with synopses and helps for the study of the insects of California.. A textbook on zoology would be marked z—h, A list of the sphingidas of the United States is indicated by InSp—cU PRIMARY DIVISIONS. (One or two letter the initial a capital.) Art. 2. Accounts. Administration. Agriculture. Algebra. Amusements, Anthropology. Architecture. Astronomy. Biography. 2. Banking. Beverages. Biology. Bleaching. Botany. Build- ing. Chemistry. 2. Calculus. Ceramics. Church. Commerce. Customs. Domestic economy. 2. Dentistry. Dichotyledons. Drawing. Dyeing Engineering. 2 Ecology. Education: Electricity. Embryology. Engrav- ing. Ephemerides. Eschatology. Ethics. Evolution. Fiction. 2 Factories. Finance. Forestry. Government. 2. Geology. History. 2. Heat. Horticulture. Humor. Hymnology. Industries. 2. Immigration. Insects. Irrigation. Juvenile. 2. Jurisprudence. Kinematics. Literature. 2. Landscape gardening. Library science. Logic. Medicine. 2. Mathematics. Mechanics. Mining. Morphology. Music, Nature. 2. Numbers. Occultism. 2. Obstetrics. Oils. Optics. Orchestra.APPENDIX. 357 Physics. 2. Painting. Petrography. Philosophy. Piano. Plumbing Pol- itics. Printing. Psychology. Pyrotecnics. Religion. 2. Roofing. Sociology. 2. Sacraments. Sculpture. Ship building. Slavery. Social- ism. Specifications. Statistics. Sujrage. Synthesis. Technology. 2. Taxes. Temperance. Theology. Transportation. War. 2. Women. Xylography. Yachting. Zoology. 2. Zootechny. FORM DIVISIONS, (small letter following —.) addresses, (lectures, essays, papers, tracts, letters, etc.) bibliography. catalogs. dictionaries, (lexicons.) encyclopedias, (collected works.) figures, (illustrations.) helps (study, schools, etc.) indexes, (concordances.) journals, (magazines, newspapers, reviews, periodicals etc.) libraries. museums, (exhibitions.) note, (brief mention.) outlines, (compends, tabular view, synopses, charts, etc.) philosophy, (theory.) questions, (catechisms.) reports (of institutions or associations.) statistics. utility, (economics.) GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. (Following form abbreviations.) Asia. 2 Abyssinia. Africa. Alaska. Anhalt. Argentina. Assiniboia. Ath- abasca. Austria-Hungary. Azores. 3 Afghanistan. Alabama. Alberta. Algeria. Alsace-Lorraine. Andorra. Antarctic region. Arctic region. Arabia. Arizona. Arkansas. Australia. 4. Austria.(kingdom.) Brazil. 2. Baluchistan. Be. (British Columbia.) Belgium. Bolivia. British East Africa. Burma. 3. Baden. Bavaria. Bermudas. Bohemia. Borneo. Bosnia. Bremen. British South Africa. Brunswick. Bukowina. Bulgaria. 4. British Honduras. * China. 2. Canada. Central America. Chile. Columbia. Croatia and Slavo- nia. Cuba. Cv. (Cape Verde Islands.) 3. California. Canary Islands. Cape Colony. Carinthia. Celebes Islands. Ceylon. Coastland. Colorado. Connecticut. Corsica. Costa Rica. Crete. 4. Camiola. Denmark. 2. Dalmatia. Delaware. District of Columbia. Europe. 2. Ecuador. Egypt. England.358 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. France. 2. Falkland Islands. Fiji Islands. Florida. French Indo-China. 3. Fiume. Germany. 2. Galicia. German East Africa. Great Britain. Guatamala. 3. Georgia. German South West Africa. Greece. Gub. (Guiana, British.) Gud. (Guiana, Dutch.) Guf. (Guiana, French.) 4. Greenland. Hungary. 2. Haiti. Herzegovinia. Honduras. 3. Hamburg. Hawaiian Islands. Hesse. India. 2. Iceland. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa, Ireland, Italy, Japan. 2. Java. 3. Jamaica. Kongo Free State. 2. Kamerun. Keewatin. Kongo (French.) 3. Kan- sas. Kentucky. Korea. Liberia. 2. Lippe. Lower Austria. Luxemburg. 3. Lichtenstein. Lou- isiana. Lubek. Mexico 2. Madagascar. Me. (Maine.) Michigan. Mn. (Mecklenburg Schwerin.) Mo.(Missouri.) Mz. (Mecklenburg Stralitz.) 3.Mackenzie Madeira Islands. Manitoba. Maryland. Massachusetts. Minnesota. Mis- sisippi. Montana. Morocco. 4. Montenegro. Moravia. North America. 2. Natal. Nb. (New Brunswick.) Nc. (North Carolina.) Nd. (North Dakota.) Netherlands. Nf. (New Foundland.) Ng. (New Guinea.) Nh. (New Hampshire.) Nicaragua. Nj. (New Jersey.) Nm. (New Mexico.) Norway. Ns. (New South Wajes.) Ny. (New York.) Nz. (New Zealand.) 3. Nebraska. Nevada. Nova Scotia. 4. Novi bazar. Oceanica. 2. Obok. Ohio. Oklahoma Oldenburg. Oman. Ontario Oregon. 3. Orange Free State. Persia. 2. Paraguay. Peru. Philippines. Portugal. Prussia, 3, Pana- ma. Pennsylvania. Poe. (Portuguese East Africa.) Pog. (Portuguese Guinea.) Poland. Porto Rico. Pow. (Portuguese West Africa.) Queensland. 2. Quebec. Russia. 2. Reuss Gera Schleiz. Rhodesia. Roumania. 3. Reuss Griez. Rumelia. South America. 2. Saskatchewan. Sc. (South Carolina.) Cd. (South Da- kota.) Servia. Siberia. South Australia. Spain. Styria. Sumatra. Sweden. 3. Salvador. Samoa. Santo Domingo. Sardinia Saxony. Scotland. Siam. Sicily. Sierra Leone. Somali Coast. Straits Settlement. Switzerland. 4. Salzburg. Smaos. San Marino. Saxa. (Saxe Altenburg.) Saxe. (Saxe Co- burg.) Saxm. (Saxe Meiningen.) Saxw. (Saxe Weimar Eisenach.) Schl. (Schaumburg Lippe.) Sclm Schwartzburg Rudolphstat.) Scias. (Schwartzburg Sandershausen.) Turkey. 2. Tasmania. Texas. Tripoli. Tunis. Tyrol. 3. Tennessee Transvaal. United States. 2. Ungava. Upper Austria. Uraguay. Utah. Venezuela. 2. va. (Virginia.) Vermont. Victoria. Vorarlberg. West Australia. 2. Wales. West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wuertemberg. Wyoming. 3. Waldeck. Washington. Yucon. 2. Yellowstone Park. Yosemite Park. SUBDIVISIONS OF INSECTS. Aptera. 2. Acrididae. .Eschnidae. Agapetidae. Aleurodidae. Amphizoidae. Anthophoridae. Apidas. Arctiidae. Asilidae. Atropidae. 3. ^Egialyt-APPENDIX. 359 idae. ^Eolothripidae. Agaristidae. Agromyzidae. AlysiidaB, Andrenidce,Aniso- tomidae, Anobiidae, Anthieidae, Apbidae, Apioceridae, Aradidae. 4. Agaonidae, Agrionidae, Antbomyidae, 5. Anthribidae, Anthocoridae. Bombylidae. 2. Belostomidae, Bibionidae, Blastobasidae, Bombidae, Bracbon* idae, Buprostidae, Byrrbidae. 3. Bembecidae, Berytidae, Blattidae, Blepbaro- ceridae, Bombycidae, Borboridae, Bostrychidae, Bruchidae, Byturidae. Coleoptera. 2. Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Cbrysomelidae, Cicindelidae, Cler- idae, Corrodentia, Crabronidae, Culicidae, Cynipidae. 3. Calandridae, Calan* dridae, Campodidae, Capsidae, Cecidomyidae, Cepbidae, Ceratinidae, Chironom- idae, Cbrysididae, Cicadidae, Cimbycidae, Cistelidae, Clambidae, Cleonidae, Coccndae, Colletidae, Conopidae, CoreidaeCossidae, Cryptophagidae, Cucujidae, Cupesidae, Curculionidae Cydnidae, Cyrtidae. Calamoceratidae, Calopteryg- idae, Cercopidae, Ceroptridae, Chrysididae, Cimicidae, Cisidae, Clavigeridae, Coccinellidae Colydiidae, Coniopterygidae, Corimelaenidae, Corylopbidae, Cor- dulidae. 5. Ceropbytidae, Corisidae, Cordulegasteridae. Diptera. 2. Dascyllidae, Dermestidae. Dioptidae, Dolicbopidae, Drosopbilidae, Dytiscidae. 3. Dexiidae, Dolcridae. Epbomerida. 2. Elateridae, Empidae, Endomychidae, Epbydridae, Erotylidae, Eumenidae, Evaniidae. 3. Elacbistidae, Embiidae, Encyrtidae, Eucharidae, Eu- lopbidae, Eurytomidae. 3. Eucnemidae. Formicidae. 2. Figitidae, Forficulidae, Fulgoridae. Geometridae. 2. Galgulidae, Gelechiidae, Gompbidae, Gryllidae, Gyrinidae. 3. Geomyzidae, Gerridae, Gyropidae. 4. Georyssidae. Hymenoptera. 2. Haliplidae, Hemiptera, Histeridae, Hydrophilidae. 3. Helo- myzidae, Henicocephalidae, Hepialidae, Hesperidae, Heteroceridae, Hippobosc- idae, Hydroscaphidae, Hylatomidae, Hyponomeutidae. 4. Helodidae, Heraero- biidae, Hydropsychidae. Icbneumonidae. 2. Ipidae, Ithomiidae. Jassidae. 2. Japygidae. Lepidoptera. 2. Latbrididae, Leptidae, Libellulidae, Locustidae, Lycaenidae. 3. Lagriidae, Lariidae, Lasioca,mpidae, Lecanidae, Lepismidae, Limnephilidae, Liotbeidae, Liparidae, Lithosiidae, Lonchopteridae, Lopbyridae, Lyctidae, Ly- gaeidae Lymnadidae. 4. Larridae, Lipuridae. Mutillidae. 2. Malachidae. Meloidae, Miscogasteridae, Mordellidae, Muscidae, Myrmeleonidae. 3. Machilidae, Marsaridae, Mantidae, Megachilidae, Melan- dryidae, Membracidae, Micropterygidae, Monotomidae, Mycetopbagidae, My- daidae, Mymaridae, Myzinidae. 4. Mantispidae, Micropezidae, Monommidae, Mycetophilidae. Neuroptera. 2. Naucoridae, Nematidae, Nitidulidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae. 3. Nabidae, Nepidae, Nolidae, Nomadidae, Notodontidae, Nycteolidae, Nysson- idae. 4. Notonectidae. Orthoptera. 2. Odonata, GEcopboridae, Ortalidae, Oscinidae, Otiorhynchidae, Oxybelidae. 3. Odontoceridae, CEdemeridae, CEstridae, Orneodidae, Oryssidae, Ostomidae, Otbniidae. Pyralidae. 2. Papilionidae, Pentatomidae, Philopteridae, Pieridae, Platypteryg- idae, Proctotrypidae, Pselaphidae, Ptinidae, Pulicidae, Pyralidae. 3. Pam- Philiidae, Panurgidae, Parnasiidae, Pediculidae. Pelicinidae, Pemphredonidae, Pericopidae, Platypezidae, Pbilantbidae, Phloeotbripidae, Pboridae, Pipuncul- idae, Prosopidae, Psamocharidoe, Psocidae, Psychodidae, Pterophoridae, Ptili- idae, Pyrrhocoridae, Pytbidae. 4. PanorpidaeParnidae, Perlidae, Phasmidae,360 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. PhalacridaB, Psoidas, Psychomyidse, Pteromalidas, Pteromalidas, Pyrochro- idae. 5. Psychidae. ReduviidaB. 2. Raphidiidae, Rhynehidas. Riordinidae. 3, Rhinomaceridae, Rhy- acophilidae. 4. RhipiphoridaB,RhysodidaB. 5. Rhipiceridae, Staphylinidae. 2. Saturniidae. ScarabasidaB, Sessiidas, SimuliidaB, SmynthuridaB, Sphingidae, StrttiomyidaB, SyrphidaB. 3. Saldidae, EapromyzidaB, Sarcophag- idaB, Scatophagidas, ScenopidaB, Sciomyzidas, ScoliidaB, Scutelleridas, Scyd- maenidae, Selandriidae, SepsidaB, Sercostomatidas SialidasSiricidaB, Spheg- idae, SpondylidaB, Stephanidas, Stizidas, Stylopidas, Syntomidas. 4. SapygidaB, Sarcopsyllidae, Scaphidiidae, Sphaeridae, Sphindidae. Tenebrionidas. 2. Tachinidas, TenthredinidaB, Thripidas, TineidaB, Tortricidas, TrypetidaB. 3. Tabanidae, TenipedidaB, TermitidaB, TendipedidaB, TermitidaB, Therevidas, ThinnidaB, ThroscidaB, ThyatiridaB, Tipulidas, TingidaBTorymidaB, Trichopterygidas, ThyatiridaB, Trypoxylidas, 4. ThyridaB, Tiphiidas, ThyridaB, TiphiidaB Tiphiidas, TrichodectidaB. Vespidae. 2.VeliidaB, XylocopidaB. 2. XylorictidaB,