i Se Cea “ cay A ue ‘ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM 8.F.Phillips Cornell University Library ‘gion NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS BY SANBORN TENNEY AND ABBY A. TENNEY ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED WOOD ENGRAVINGS CHIEFLY OF NORTH AMERICAN ANIMALS REVISED EDITION NEW YORK -:- CINCINNATI -:- CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY CoprricHt, 1895, BY ABBY A. TENNEY. NAT. HIST. OF AN. WwW. P. 2 THIS BRIEF ACCOUNT OF The Animal Kingdon IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO THE YOUNG PREPAC E, THIS little volume contains a brief account of the Animal Kingdom, and it is hoped that it may aid parents and teachers in interesting the young in the delightful and important study of Natural History. As indicated on the title page, it serves the purpose of a key to the Natural History Tablets, but is also complete in itself without the Tablets. It is proper to add that the engravings are the same, with few exceptions, as those in Tenney’s “ Manual of Zodlogy,” and that those of the Mammals are mainly from Schinz, Audubon and Bachman, and Richardson; of the Birds, mainly from Audubon and Wilson; of the Reptiles and Batrachians, mainly from Holbrook; ‘of the Fishes, from Storer, Holbrook, DeKay, and from nature; of the Insects, from Harris, Emmons, Say, Sanborn, and from nature; of the Crus- taceans, mainly from nature and Reports; of the Mol- lusks, from Binney, Woodward, Gould, Lea, Conrad, 7 8 PREFACE. and from nature; of the Echinoderms, from nature, Agassiz, and Muller; of the Acalephs, from Agassiz; of the Polyps, from Dana, Milne-Edwards, Verrill, and from nature; and of the Protozoans, mainly from Ehrenberg and Huxley. Both this volume and the “Elements of Zoology” already announced by Messrs. Scribner and Co., and which will combine the study of the Anatomy and Physiology of Animals with that of Descriptive Zoology, are intended to precede the Manual men- tioned above. VASSAR COLLEGE, POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y., August, 1866. In the present edition a few changes have been made, as the volume is no longer to be used in con- nection with the Natural History Tablets. May, 1895. CONTENTS.. PAGE. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS........... I VERTEBRATES, OR BACKBONED ANIMALG....... 19 MAMMATS.iaceneae aateden Gris katt bummed ates aon ohms 22 BERD SiS seine isin ce ieee tee adalat ees Aes meena oye Atk 92 FRED TTT ES heer d viens ten teak piseaee oraicen cietine-denavessareelen sbi 114 BATRACHTANSS: qeveu ccm iee Seamus ees aen cms 120 FISHES ica: wwautniema seca on whic helen ar eA eee eda 124 EWEN GATE Sos ares a ayacercvered say ee eeesmca antes deve ONaeER eae SIA 139 ARTHROPODS, OR JOINTED ANIMALGS............ 139 INSECTS inc. se wiedss ecuade Se eee ees nace ale mats weer pe gee 139 JAERI GEUNILD Sion Ava daichonte pete tieres oe ere magn ranaiatara meees eee 193 MW-RPAP ODS S52. 2 kelaleirrt Mie che niyo catalase re oda aie aus oes 197 GRUSTACEANG sao 5 peisiidd seeps taser do Gee sete ee masta 197 MOLLUSKS, OR SOFT-BODIED ANIMALGS......... 203 GEPHALOPODSAdwea cas Ao eus ance ease eu Gah eee 205 (GASTROPODSs: uayast.. Gudea eee eater Seeger 210 HETEROPODS AND PTEROPODS........ 0.000 eee eee 222 TJAMBLLT BRAN CHIA :io2.0.c 050.0005 coeinrelshsieie 08 acs itn “ateiace acerte 223 10 CONTENTS. PAGE VERMES, OR WORMG...........: cece cceereeereereees 229 BRACHIOPODS «wave siwauridiae sawiea ee sacune aimineed * 231 POV. ZOAS ica oes vies va tg ee a Dede asereder sain ah eee RES ERED 232 PARASIPIC “WORMS: aici s aster ssbisitcs oa COS SESH ERR RR EES 233 ECHINODERMS, OR STARFISHES........... . 5-5-5. 233 HOLOTHURTANS 5, Haas smeacord deena sums Sods ets 233 ECHINOIDBA, 5 Le ciin eerie Motels eave sone ery teen Ne 234 SHAS SIMERS talinpsretactarytaecr mph Berctn a uceneve: Ce ereNd aiteneaar eat saeY 238 OPHIUIRANS Ss nics dchcdod ote eta eRae eRe UES 240 GRIN OLDS: i's sca ee ee ee ee oan eee 241 CCELENTERATES, OR LASSO-THROWERSG......... 242 IN GATFE PHS). niive suhaus ie devant en ee etn ayes ke dee es, (PAD PoLyPs Reade atta ach se Se Vege Retiee & aviaseh ER CRON dus tconens SUiaS Sheree 252 SPONGES ri coarser tesa ect sere eae aa ee 265 PROTOZOANS sic retains seein Ae aeeeee alee sams 266 CONCLUSIONS a cot cae eeeacminp it aes ake Mendes sacar 269 NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS. A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. ANIMALS are living beings which feed upon plants, —or, in many cases, upon animals whose food is plants,— and in which the sense of feeling and the power of motion are well developed. The kinds of animals are very numerous,— more numerous than the kinds of trees in the forest and the flowers of the meadows and fields; and they are of all sizes, from those so minute that thousands can sport in a drop of water, to those of large dimensions, like the Horse and the Ox, the Elephant and the Whale; and their forms are as various as their sizes and kinds. But the name Animal is given to them all, whatever their size or form, and whether they swim, creep, fly, walk, or run. Animals are most interesting objects for study, and the child as well as the man is delighted with learning their forms, structure, color, habits, and names, and soon becomes as eager as a naturalist to find a new Bird or a new Butterfly. Some kinds of animals, as Man, Cattle, Deer, Sheep, Beasts of Prey, Birds, Turtles, Lizards, Snakes, Frogs, and Fishes, have a backbone, and a spinal cord which is enlarged at the forward end into an organ II I2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. nt NY GE Fig. 1. — Deer — American Elk. Fig. 2. — Bird — Duck, GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 13 called the brain; and as the backbone is made up of parts called vertebra, these animals have been named VERTEBRATES. See Figures 1-6. Fig. 4. — Snake. Fig. 6. — Fish. Other animals, as Bees, Butterflies, Flies and all other Insects, Spiders, Mites, Crabs, Lobsters, and 14 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. ; Fig. 9. — Earthworm. Shrimps, are made up of a series of rings, or joints, each bearing a pair of jointed appendages, and hence are called ARTHROPODS from a word which means jointed legs. See Figures 7 and 8. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 15 Fig. 12. — Snail Shell. Fig. 13. — Fresh-water Mussel. Other kinds of animals, as Squids, Snails, Mussels, Clams, and Oysters, have neither a backbone nor a jointed body; but the whole body is soft, usually with a shell outside, but sometimes without a shell, and they are called MOLLUSKs, from a word which means soft. See Figures 10-13. 16 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. Still other kinds of animals, as Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins, Sea Stars, Serpent Stars, and Crinoids are Fig. 15. — Sea Star or Starfish. star-shaped, or flower-shaped, their parts radiating from acommon centeroraxis. They havea distinct stomach and their skin is usually hardened and covered with GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. 17 Fig. 17. — Sea Anemone. Fig. 16. — Jeilyfish. Fig. 18. — Coral Polyps. Fig. 19. — Coral Polyps. NAT. HIST. AN,— 2 18 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS. spines. Hence they are called ECHINODERMS or Hedgehog-skinned. See Figures 14, 15. A third kind of animals, like the Earthworm (Fig. 9), is jointed, but has no jointed legs. These are called VERMES or Worms. Such are the Sea-worms (Fig. 456), the Hair Worm, and the Vinegar Eel. There is another sort of animal in which the parts radiate from a center. These are the Jellyfishes, Sea Anemones, and Coral Polyps. In these animals there are always found microscopic lassos for capturing their food. So we may call them the Lasso-throwers. The zoologists give them the long name CCELENTERATES, from the fact that the wall of the stomach is not separate from that of the body. See Figures 16-10. There is a still lower group of animals, related to the Ceelenterates. This is the type of the SPONGES. See Figures 511, 512. There is a group of still simpler animals, so small that they can be seen only with the aid of the micro- scope. These are called PROTOZOANS, which word means first or stmplest animals. See Figures 513-520. VERTEBRATES, OR BACKBONED ANIMALS. THE Vertebrates, as stated on page II, have a back. bone made of parts, each one of which is called a vertebra. This backbone is the most important portion of a bony frame- work called the skele- ton. Upon this skeleton is placed the flesh, and outside of the whole is the skin, which is naked, or covered with hair, fur, feathers, or scales, accord- ing to the kind of ani- mal. Within the head is a wonderful organ called the brain, which has a branch called the spinal cord, extending through the body, and contained in a tube formed above the main part of the backbone. From the spinal cord and_ brain there are little branches, called nerves, which reach to all parts of the head and body. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves are called the nervous system, which Fig. 20.— Skeleton of the highest Vertebrate — Man. b, 6, backbone A single vertebra, the round white space show- ing the place of the spi- nal cord. S Re Ret A y 7 ey) } 20 VERTEBRATES is much the same in its general character in all verte- brates. This system as it appears in Man, the highest vertebrate, is shown in Fig. 22. Besides inclosing the brain and spinal cord, the skeleton protects the organs for breathing and digestion, and supplies the levers by which the muscles move the animal. As the brain and spinal cord are alike in their position and general outlines in all vertebrates, only differing in size and in degree of perfec- tion, so also are the skeletons of all ver- tebrates alike in their principal features. The backbone of one, in its position and general outlines, cor- Fig. 22. — Nervous system of the highest Vertebrate — Man. responds to that of a, principal brain, called the hemispheres; 4, all the others; so smaller brain; c, spinal cord giving off its branches ||; eae with the head and limbs. The arm of Man, the arm of a Monkey, the wing of a Bat, the leg of a Mole, the leg of a Dog, the paddle of a Seal, the leg of a Sheep, the paddle of a Whale, the wing of a Arm of Man Arm of Gorilla. Wing of Bat. 1 Leg of Mole. Leg of Dog. Paddle of Seal. Leg of Sheep. Wing of Bird. Leg of Turtle. Fin of Fish. Ud fa 20 Co BLA ‘be Bla ‘Sly “Se ‘Le -Blg “gz “Bq "gz RI 62 "31 "IE °SIq ‘of “B17 ‘te Bly €£ Sty 22 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. Bird, the leg of a Turtle, and the fin of a Fish, corres- pond to one another in their most important features, each being modified according to the use to which it is put. This is quite plainly seen in Figs. 23- 33, where corresponding parts are marked with the same letter. The Vertebrates are divided into Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes. MAMMALS. The Mammals are Vertebrates whose skin is covered with hair and which bring forth living young and nour- ish them with milk. Man, Monkeys, Beasts of Prey, Hoofed Animals, Whales, Bats, Moles, Squirrels and Rats, Sloths, Kangaroos and Opossums, and Duckbills, come under this head. They all breathe air by means of lungs, have warm blood which is sent throughout the body by means of a heart constructed like that of Man, and the neck has only seven vertebre. Man. Man is at the head of the Animal Kingdom. He is the only animal to whom the upright position is nat- ural; the only one which has a perfect hand; the only one whose forward extremities — arms and hands — are not used for locomotion; the only one that laughs; the only one that speaks a language; his brain is larger than that of almost any other animal,* and he can live in all countries. But Man is also far more than an animal. He has a mind and a soul and can learn much about the things which God has made. * The brain of the Elephant and of the Whale is larger than that of Man, but the animals themselves are also far larger. MONKEYS. 2.3 MONKEYS, OR QUADRUMANA. Apes and Monkeys are animals all of whose four feet are hand-like, as the great toe can be shut against the other toes, like a thumb. Hence comes their Fig. 34. — Chimpanzee scientific name, Quadrumana, which means /our- handed. But though these hands are well adapted for grasping and climbing, they are much inferior to the perfect hand of Man. Some kinds of Ape can stand 24 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. upright, but not firmly, for the soles of their feet nearly face each other, and cannot be brought flat to the ground like the foot of Man. About eighty kinds of Monkey live in the forests of the warm parts of Asia and Africa, and even more kinds in South A i Es 4 Fig. 35. — Orang-outang. America. Those of Africa and Asia have thirty-two teeth, their nostrils near together, and their tail, even when present, is not capable of grasping objects. Most of the Monkeys of America have thirty-six teeth, the MONKEYS. 25 nostrils far apart, and many of them have the tail capable of grasping objects, and thus of being used in climbing and in picking up objects which cannot be reached by the hand. Monkeys live mainly on the trees, and feed upon fruits, nuts, eggs, and insects. They are mischievous and thievish. The Chimpanzee of Western Africa is one of the Monkeys having no tail, which are called Apes. Of all its tribe, it is thought to be the most like Man; but the great African Ape, called the Gorilla, is a larger species. Although when in an upright position the Chimpanzee somewhat resembles a human being, its long muzzle and other characters separate it widely even from the lowest tribes of the human family. The Orang-outang is an Ape which inhabits Borneo, and is smaller than the Chim- panzee. The latter may be nearly five feet high. The Fig. 37. — Kahau. Fig. 38. — Spider Monkey. Kahau of India is about the size of a large dog, and is named from its peculiar cry. The Baboons, often 26 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. called Dog-headed Monkeys and Mandrills, have a very long muzzle, like that of a Dog, as shown by Fig. 36. They are common in Africa; some of them are very large and ferocious; in appearance they are the ugliest of all the Apes. The Spider Monkey of Fig. 39. — Marmoset. Fig. go. — Lemur. South America is so called from its long, slender legs. Its long tail is of great aid in climbing. The Marmosets vf Brazil are very small and curious Monkeys, with long, soft, and beautifully col- ored fur. The Lemurs, or Makis, are pretty monkey-like ani- mals, most of which live in Madagascar. The tail is quite bushy, and in many respects they much resem- ble common four-footed animals. The Aye-aye is a curious monkey-like ani- Fig. 41. — Aye-aye. mal, about as large asa Cat, FLESH-EATERS. 27 which lives in Madagascar. Its incisor teeth are like those of the Rodents, its middle finger is exceedingly elongated and slender, and its tail is bushy. Some kinds of Monkeys imitate the actions of men, and their efforts of this sort are often ludicrous. FLESH-EATERS, OR CARNIVORA. These animals have their teeth and claws very sharp, and they capture and devour other animals for food. In the Cats, the back teeth, or molars, have sharp edges, and those in the two jaws shut by each other like the blades of scissors, and thus cut the flesh into pieces fit for swallowing. In others, like the Bears, the back teeth are fitted for grinding, and such do not live exclusively on flesh. Cats, Hyenas, Dogs, Civets, Weasels, Bears, and Seals are the chief Carnivora. Fig. 42. — Teeth of a Flesh-eater. Cats. Of all the Carnivora the Cats have the keenest senses and the quickest movements, and they are the most rapacious. Their tread is noiseless, the bottoms of their feet being like a cushion ; they stealthily approach their prey, and when near enough, seize upon it with a sudden spring. The name Cat is given not only to the domestic varieties of this sort, but also to the Lion, Tiger, Panther, Leopard, Puma, Lynx, Jaguar, and Wild Cat. The Lion, Panther, and Leopard inhabit 28 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. Africa and Southern Asia, and the Tiger is found in Asia, the first and last being the largest of all the Cat tribe. The Puma is found from Canada to Patagonia; it is larger than the largest Dog, and preys upon Fig. 44.— Canada Lynx. deer, sheep, hares, and sometimes attacks human beings. It climbs trees, and often lies upon a limb in FLESH-EATERS. 29 wait for prey. The Jaguar inhabits South America, and is found as far north as Texas and as far south as Patagonia. The American Wild Cat and Canada Lynx much resemble each other, but the Lynx is the larger, being about three feet long, and has ears tipped with long black hairs. They feed upon small quadrupeds and birds, often pursuing the latter into tree-tops. Hyenas. Hyenas live in Africa and Asia, and are about the size of avery large Dog. They live in dens and caves, come forth at night in search of food, feeding mainly on animals which they find dead. They are ferocious and greedy, and have such stout teeth and powerful jaws that they are able to crush the bones of the largest prey, the fragments of which they swallow without masticating them. Dogs, Wolves, and Foxes. The Dog is the only animal that has followed man to all parts of the world. The varieties are numerous, and differ from one another greatly in their appearance and habits. Some of the most distinct varieties are the Greyhound, St. Bernard, Newfoundland, Eskimo, Shepherd Dog, Fox Terrier, Deerhound, Bloodhound, Spaniel, Setter, Pointer, Poodle, Terrier, Mastiff, etc. The Dog is noted for its sagacity, courage, and faith- fulness. Wolves are ferocious and greedy animals, about the size of a large Dog. They often hunt in companies or packs, and thus are able to kill animals which singly they could not master. In newly settled parts of the 30 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. country, they destroy sheep, calves and other animals of the farm. The White and Gray Wolf is found in nearly all the thinly settled regions of North America. SS Fig. 45. — American White and Gray Wolf. The Prairie Wolf is common in the regions west of the Mississippi River. Foxes are distinguished from all the rest of the Dog family by their pointed muzzle and large bushy tail. They are the most sly and crafty of all animals, con- triving to steal turkeys, geese, chickens and whatever they want to eat, and carry them away to their lurking- places in the woods and thickets. They are hunted with hounds, which go in swift pursuit, while the hunter, knowing the habits of the animal, conceals himself in some valley or other locality where the fox will be almost sure to pass, and when it comes near enough shoots him down. But it must be stated that, in many cases, the shrewd movements of the fox deceive both the hunter and the dogs. If captured alive, which rarely happens, and struck while it is ina situation from which it cannot escape, the fox feigns itself dead, though unhurt, and when its captor is off his guard, will jump up and run away. FLESH-EATERS. aT Civets, Civets are about the size of the house Cat, and with one exception belong to the Old World. The Civet of Texas and California is of a grayish color, its tail being white with black rings. It lives upon the trees, is lively and playful, and, though shy, is easily tamed, and some- REN times kept as a pet. Fig. 46. — Civet. Fishers, Martens or Sables, Weasels, Otters, ete. These animals have, in most cases, a slender body, and long soft fur, especially in winter. They are quick in movement, and destructive to other small animals. The American Fisher is about the size of a Cat, but with a much more slender body, and is nearly black. The American Sable, or Pine Marten, of the Northern States and Canada, is much smaller than the Fisher, of % iN STROH LE Fig. 47. — Weasel. lig. 48. — American Sable. a brownish-yellow color, and is celebrated for its beau- tiful and valuable fur, which is generally called the Hudson Bay sable. The fur known as the Russian sable comes from a very similar animal which lives in Siberia. The Pine Marten delights in dense woods, 2 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. Ww where it pursues and captures hares, birds, and squir- rels, swiftly following the latter even among the tree- tops. Its retreats, especially in winter, are hollow trees, and it is often seen by the hunter sitting with the head just out of its hole. If shot while in this position, it falls back into the hole and is lost; so the hunter, knowing its habits, walks slowly around the tree; the sable comes out to gratify its curiosity by a look at the hunter, and is then shot and falls to the ground. More than a hundred thousand skins of this animal have been collected in northern North America in a single year. True Weasels vary from five inches to a foot in length, and are generally brown in summer and white in win- ter, the tail tipped with black. There are half a dozen kinds in North America. The fur known as ermine is furnished by the Weasels, the most valuable coming from Siberia. Weasels are generally bold, courageous, and extremely bloodthirsty, eagerly attacking animals much larger than themselves. They destroy rats and birds, and commit great havoc among poultry, a single individual having been known to kill fifty chickens in one night and the evening of the following day, and to kill several chickens in a coop near which a man was standing. Minks are about a foot and a half long to the tail, and are dark brown or black. They. are found about ponds and streams, and their fur is very beautiful, and is often sold under the name of American Fig. 49 — Mink. sable. FLESH-EATERS. 33 The Wolverine, found in the Northern States and Canada, and in the northern part of Europe and Asia, Fig. 50. — Wolverine. is about three feet long, of a dark color, and is very powerful and ferocious when attacked. It is very troublesome to sable hunters, breaking down their wooden traps, and eating the bait and game. It is so shrewd that it scarcely ever enters the trap, and hence is not often caught. Fig. 51. — American Otter. NAT. HIST. AN.— 3 34 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. Otters live in and about the water, and feed upon fish. They are sportive in their disposition, and amuse themselves by “sliding down hill.” Selecting a steep bank of a river, they slide head foremost into the water, and repeat the operation many times, appa- rently with delight. Otters are three or four feet long from the nose to the tip of the tail, the color dark brown, and the fur is of two kinds, one short, fine, and thick, the other long, coarse, and scattered. When taken young, Otters are easily tamed, and become so familiar that they will le in the lap like a cat. Skunks are found only in America, and are notorious on ac- count of their disagreeable odor. They are a foot and a half long to the tail, and the color is black and white. They live in burrows, and seek their food at night, eat- ing beetles and other small in- sects, and eggs. Since their food consists so largely of insects, they are useful to the farmer. Their fur is also of commer- cial value. oO ——— Fig. 52. —- Skunk. FLESH-EATERS. 35 )y) iy) Why WABI ) Wha Cs ih ‘ Pa tm i i ( «! \\ i Fig. 54. — Grizzly Bear. peg ye We 36 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. The Badger of western North America is about two feet long, with a stout body and short tail, and its color is gray. The hair is long, extending on the hind part of the body so as nearly to conceal the tail. Badgers live in burrows, and dig with astonishing rapidity. Bears and Raccoons. Bears and others of this family walk on the sole of the foot. They feed upon flesh, berries, and roots. The Raccoon of the United States is about as large asa middle-sized Dog, with a thick body, looking some- what like a small Bear with a long tail; the color is grayish, and the tail is ringed with black and dingy white. NE Bears are very large. Fig. 55.— Raccoon, The Grizzly, of the Rocky Mountains, is six or eight feet in length, and weighs in some cases eight hundred pounds, and the nails or claws are six inches long. It is the most powerful animal in America, and when wounded is very dangerous to the hunter. It has been seen to drag away a Jarge bison, after killing it. The Black Bear of the Northern States is much smaller than the Grizzly and less ferocious, seldom attacking men when not molested; but if disturbed when accompa- nied by its cubs, it fights very savagely. Seals and the Walrus. The Seals and the Walrus live in the sea, but often come upon the rocks and ice-banks to lie in the sun- HOOFED ANIMALS. WA shine. The head of the Seal much resembles that of a Dog, and its eyes are beautiful and intelligent in ap- pearance. When taken young, Seals are easily tamed, and become attached and obedient to those who feed Fig. 56. — Seal. them, coming at call and performing curious feats ac- cording to their master’s directions. Some years ago, in a large tank of sea water in the Aquarial Gardens at Boston were two seals called “Ned” and “ Fanny,” which were so tame that they would come to the keeper at call and allow him to handle them, would shoulder a miniature musket, turn the crank of a hand organ, shake hands with the bystanders, and ‘ Ned,” espe- cially, would even “throw a kiss” to the ladies. Seals feed upon fish, and always eat in the water. They are from three to twenty feet long. The Walrus has a body as large as the largest Ox, and is covered with short brown hair. Two of its upper teeth, the canines, or eyeteeth, in the male grow to be tusks two feet long. These tusks assist in climbing upon the ice-banks, serve as a means of defense, and aid in securing food. The Walrus is found in the Arctic Ocean. Their skins, oil, and ivory are valuable. Hoorep ANIMALS, OR UNGULATES. These are Mammals which feed wholly upon vegeta- . tion, and which have hoofed feet, and use their limbs 38 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. only for standing, walking, and running. Some of them, as the Hog, Deer, Antelopes, Sheep, Goats, and Oxen, have the foot divided or cleft, forming an even number of toes. Most Ungulates of this sort chew the cud, and from the latter fact are known as Ruminants, a name which means cad-chewers. Others, as the Horse, Ass, and Rhinoceros, have only one toe or an odd number of toes. There are thus two groups of Hoofed Mammals, the odd-toed and even-toed Ungulates. Most of the domestic animals belong to the Ungulates. Hogs. The Hog has four toes,—although only two are used in walking,—a long snout, coarse bristles, a simple stomach, and teeth fitted for a mixed diet. There are incisor teeth in both jaws; the grinders are capped with rounded elevations. The purely herbivorous Cat- tle and Horses have ridges of enamel on the grinders. There are numerous kinds of Hogs, more than fifteen having been described, mostly from the old world. The Wild Boar of Europe is the race from which our Domestic Hog has sprung. Perhaps other species have been tamed in other parts of the world. Many nat- uralists think that the Hog of China and Eastern Asia came from another species. The crossing of this form with our native Hogs has given rise to many of the best breeds. The wild Hogs of America are quite different from the Wild Boar, and are small animals, called Peccaries. They are chiefly found in South America, but one kind is found as far north as northern Texas. CUD-CHEWERS. 39 Hippopotami. The Hippopotamus is a huge hog-like animal, living in the rivers of Africa. It measures as much as twelve fect in length. It lives in herds of twenty to forty individuals in the beds and near the banks of rivers, where it finds its food. This is chiefly grass and water plants, of which it consumes an immense quantity, as its stomach can hold five or six bushels. In places inhabited by man it often does great harm to the fields and gardens, whose products it prefers to the wild vegetation. CUD-CHEWERS, OR RUMINANTS. The remainder of the even-toed Ungulates are called Ruminants, from the fact that they chew the cud. The stomach has four divisions. The food goes into the first of these, the paunch, when first swallowed, and is afterwards brought up and chewed again. When swallowed the second time it goes into the true stomach, where it is digested. To this group belong Camels, Deer, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, and Antelopes. Camels and Llamas. The Camel is a native of Central and Southern Asia, and, from the earliest times, has rendered such impor- tant services to the inhabitants of the East in carrying merchandise across the deserts, that it has been called the “ship of the desert.” Its feet are fitted for travel- ing in the sand, being covered with horny pads rather than with hoofs. Its strength and power of endurance are very great, it can live on the coarsest and most 40 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. scanty vegetation, and travel for days without drinking. It can carry from five hundred to one thousand pounds, Fig. 57. — Llama. The Camel is larger than the Horse, and stands very high. There are two kinds,—one with two large humps upon the back, and the other with only one hump. Both live in the Old World and are found only as domesticated animals. The Llamas inhabit the Andes of South America, are much smaller than the Camel, being only four or five feet high, and have no hump. They live in herds, and are tamed and used as beasts of burden. The Alpaca is a variety of Llama with long woolly hair, which furnishes material for valuable fabrics. This is also a domestic animal; there are also wild forms known as the Guanaco and the Vicuna. Deer. The Moose, Reindeer, Deer, and Elk all belong to the Deer family. The males have solid, bony horns CUD-CHEWERS. 4l called antlers, which they shed once a year, new and larger ones growing to take the places of those which have been shed. UNS EEE SSS Fig. 58. — Moose. The Moose is the largest of all the Deer kind. It is as large as a Horse, and has an exceedingly long head, large flattened horns, and very long legs. It travels with an awkward gait, but with great speed, easily mak- ing its way through deep snows, bushes, over brush- heaps, fallen trees, fences, and whatever obstructions lie in its path. It was quite common in some parts of 42 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. Maine, northern New York, and Canada, but is rapidly disappearing, The color is grayish brown. The Reindeer is a much smaller animal than the Moose, being about five feet long and three feet high. It has become celebrated for the services it renders the Laplanders, who keep large herds of Reindeer, and use them for beasts of burden and for drawing their sledges. Their milk and flesh are good for food, and their skins are used for clothing. They are very hardy animals, Fig. 59. — American Reindeer, or Caribou. and subsist on the coarsest fare, eating the tender por- tions of shrubs in summer, and in winter scraping the snow from the ground and feeding upon the “reindeer moss.” The American Reindeer, or Caribou, of Maine and Canada, and other northern parts of North Amer- ica, is by some thought to be of the same kind as the CUD-CHEWERS. 43 one found in Lapland. Unlike their relatives, both the male and the female Reindeer have horns. The American Elk, or Wapiti, is another kind of Deer which lives in the wooded regions of the north- ern parts of North America. It is nearly as large as the Moose, and has horns five or six feet Jong, and very much branched. Fig. 60. — American Elk, or Wapiti. The Common Deer, of the wild regions of the United States, is one of the most beautiful and graceful of all its family. It is very timid, and, when alarmed, bounds swiftly away. It is about the size of a Sheep, but with a much more slender body and much longer legs. It 44 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS. is hunted in the autumn and winter, and great num- bers are sent to the markets. Its flesh is called veni- son, and is highly prized for food. Fig. 61. —Common, or Virginia. Deer. The Musk Deer inhabits Thi- bet, and is much smaller than the Common Deer, and has no horns. In each side of the upper jaw are long canine or eyeteeth, like tusks. The musk used in making perfumery is furnished by this animal. It ~uw®= is contained in a pouch on Vig. 62. — Musk Deer. the under side of the body. Antelopes. Antelopes are found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, but are most numerous in southern CUD-CHEWERKS. 45 Africa, where there are many kinds, and where herds of thousands are sometimes seen together. Their horns are hollow, composed of horn, and are variously wrinkled and curved. Antelopes vary in size from those as small as a Deer to those as large as a Horse. Most of the Antelopes belong to Africa. The Pronghorn Antelope, of the Rocky Mountains, is larger than a Sheep, with much longer neck and legs. Its hair is coarse and thick. It gets its name from the Fig. 63. — Pronghorn Anteiope. prong, or branch, on each horn. This animal was found at times in large numbers, herds of a thousand and more having often been seen. The progress of settle- ment has exterminated the antelope over much of the region which it once inhabited and in which it was so abundant. It sheds its horns annually, and is the only Antelope which does so. The Mountain Goat of the Rocky Mountains, is an Antelope, and not a true Goat, as one would suppose 46 VERTEBRATES: MAMMALS from its name. It is, however, nearly allied to the Goats. It is entirely white, except its horns and hoofs, which are black. Its fleece is long and very fine, being equal in quality to that of the celebrated Cashmere Goat. It inhabits the lofty peaks of the mountains, frequenting the steepest places. fF [oom il